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HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 ...OF... 
 
 OHIO 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 
 ' AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE STATE : 
 
 HISTORY BOTH GENERAL AND LOCAL, GEOGRAPHY WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
 OP ITS COUNTIES, CITIES AND VILLAGES, ITS AGRICULTURAL, 
 MANUFACTURING, MINING AND BUSINESS DEVELOP- 
 MENT, SKETCHES OF EMINENT AND INTEREST- 
 ING CHARACTERS, ETC., WITH NOTES 
 OF A TOUR OVER IT IN 1886. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY ABOUT TOO ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 Contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90. ' 
 
 E^om Drawings by the Author in 1846 and Photographs Taken 
 Solely for it in 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, and 1890, of 
 Cities and Chief Towns, Public Buildings, 
 
 Historic Localities, Monuments, 
 
 Curiosities, Antiquities, 
 
 Portraits, Maps, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 THE OHIO CENTENNIfIL EDITION. 
 
 By henry , WE, LL. D. 
 
 AUTHOR “HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS CP VIRGINIA’’ AND OTHER WORKS 
 
 Volume I. 
 
 . PUBLISHED BY THE STATE OP OHIO. 
 
 C. J. KREHB[EL & CO., PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1888 BY HENRY HOWE. 
 
 1907 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive^^^^l 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/historicalcollec01howe_1 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 '/•/ 
 
 [This is the Preface to the first edition issued in 1847, and 
 printed from the old plates.] 
 
 
 4 
 
 Introductory to this work, we state some facts of private history. 
 
 In the year 1831, Mr. John W. Barber, of Nev/ Haven, Ct., pre- 
 pared a work upon that our native city, which combined history, biog- 
 raphy and description, and was illustrated by engravings connected 
 with its rise, progress and present condition. Its success suggested to 
 him the preparation of one, on a similar plan, relative to 'the State. 
 For this object he travelled through it, from town to town, collecting 
 the materials and taking sketches. After two years of industrious 
 application in this, and in writing the volume, the Historical Col- 
 lections of Connecticut was issued, a work which, like its successors, 
 was derived from a thousand different sources, oral and published. 
 
 As in the ordinary mode, the circulation of books through ^‘the 
 trade,’^ is so slow in progress and limited in sale, that no merely local 
 work, however meritorious, involving such an unusually heavy outlay 
 of time and expense as that, will pay even the mechanical labor, it, as 
 well as its successors, was circulated by travelling agents solely, who 
 thoroughly canvassed the state, until it found its way into thousands 
 of families in all ranks and conditions, — in the retired farm-house 
 equally Avith the more accessible city mansions. 
 
 That book, so novel in Its character, was received with great favor, 
 and highly commended by the public press and the leading minds 
 of the state. It is true, it did not aspire to high literary merit: — the 
 dignified style, — the generalization of facts, — the philosophical deduc- 
 tions of regular history were not there. On the contrary, not the 
 least of its merits was its simplicity of style, its fullnes of detail, in- 
 troducing minor, but interesting incidents, the other, in ‘fits stately 
 march,” could not step aside to notice, and in avoiding that philosophy 
 which only the scholastic can comprehend. It seemed, in its variety, 
 to have something adapted to all ages, classes and tastes, and the un- 
 learned reader, if he did not stop to peruse the volume, at least, in 
 many instances could derive gratification from the pictorial represen- 
 tation of his native village, — of perhaps the very dwelling in which 
 he first drew breath, and around which entwined early and cherished 
 associations. The book, therefore, reached more minds, and has been 
 more extensively read, than any regular state history ever issued ; thus 
 adding another to the many examples often seen, of the productions 
 of industry and tact, proving of a more extended utility than those 
 emanating from profound scholastic acquirements. 
 
 This publication became the pioneer of others r a complete list of 
 all, with the dates of their issue, follows: 
 
 
 1839. 
 
 (( 
 
 “ Massachusetts 
 
 
 John W. Barher. 
 
 
 1841. 
 
 (( 
 
 “ New York; 
 
 cc 
 
 J.W.Barher and JI.Howa 
 
 1843. 
 
 a 
 
 “ Pennsylvania : 
 
 (( 
 
 Sherman Bay. 
 
 
 1844. 
 
 « 
 
 “ New Jersey; 
 
 (i 
 
 J .W .Barher and H.Howe 
 
 r‘ 
 
 1845. 
 
 a 
 
 “ Virginia; 
 
 C( 
 
 Henry Howe. 
 
 
 1847. 
 
 a 
 
 ‘‘ Ohio : 
 
 (( 
 
 Henry Howe. 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 62406 
 
 
 
PRBPAOfc. 
 
 ( VIIHfVII'.l' 
 
 / ( t I 
 
 ^roiB this list it will be perceived that OHIO makes the seventh stais 
 tvork published on the original plan of Mr. Barber, all of which thus fai 
 circulated, were alike iavorably received in the states to which each respect- 
 ively related. 
 
 Early in January, 1846, we, with some previous time spent in preparation, 
 commenced our tour over Ohio, being the fourth state through which we 
 have travelled for such an object. We thus passed more than a year, in the 
 course of which we were in seventy-nine of its eighty-three counties, took 
 sketches of objects of interest, and every where obtained information by con- 
 versation with early settlers and men of intelligence. Beside this, we have 
 availed ourselves of all published sources of information, and have received 
 about four hundred manuscript pages in communications from gentlemen in 
 all parts of the state. 
 
 In this way, we are enabled to present a larger and more varied amount 
 of materials respecting Ohio, than was ever before embodied ; the whole 
 giving a view of its present condition and prospects, with a history of its 
 settlement, and incidents illustrating the customs, the fortitude, the bravery, 
 and the privations of its early settlers. That such a work, depicting the 
 rise and unexampled progress of a powerful state, destined to a controlling 
 ini^uence over the well-being of the whole nation, will be looked upon with 
 interest, we believe ; and furthermore expect, that it will be received in the 
 generous spirit which is gratified with honest endeavors to please, rathei 
 &an in the captious one, that is dissatisfied short of an unattainable perfection. 
 
 Whoever expects to find the volume entirely free from defects, hts but 
 little acquaintance with the difficulties ever attendant upon procuring such m& 
 terials. In all of the many historical and descriptive works whose fidelity wc 
 have had occasion to test, some misstatements were found. Although we 
 have taken the best available means to insure accuracy, yet from a variety 
 of causes unnecessary here to specify, some errors may have occurred. If 
 any thing materially wrong is discovered, any one will confer a favor by ad- 
 dressing a letter to the publishers, and it shall be corrected 
 
 Our task has been a pleasant one. As we successively tsntered the va- 
 rious counties, we were greeted with the frank welcome, characteristic of 
 the west. And an evidence of interest in the enterprize has been variously 
 shown, not the least of which, has been by the reception of a mass of valua- 
 ble communications, unprecedented by us in the course of the seven years 
 we have been engaged in these pursuits. To all who have aided us, — to 
 (uur correspondents especially, some of whom have spent much time and re- 
 search, we feel under lasting obligations, and are enaoled by their assistance 
 to present to the public a far better work, than could otherwise have heei* 
 produced. H. H. 
 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION. 
 
 A ONCE aged friend of mine, now no longer aged, was wont to refine a very 
 beautiful life with golden scraps of philosophy that seemed to fit in with the 
 varying incidents of seeming good or ill that he or his friends met on their path- 
 way. One of his expressions was : “ We don’t know what is before us.” 
 
 When, in 1847, 1 had written the preface on the preceding pages I could little 
 imagine that forty years later I should make a second tour over Ohio and put 
 forth a second edition Not a human being in any land that I know of has done 
 a like thing. It is in view of what I have been enabled to do for a great people 
 I regard myself as having been one of the most fortunate of men. A spot is 
 now reached which even in my dreams could not have been visioned, and I here 
 rejoice that in the year 1839, now just half a century, I turned my back on 
 Wall Street, with its golden allurements, where I had passed more than a year, 
 to follow an occupation that was congenial with my loves and would widely 
 benefit my fellow-men. “ He that hasteth to be rich shall not be innocent,” but 
 he that labors to spread knowledge in the form of good books that will reach 
 the humblest cabin in the wilderness will feed his own soul, and earth and sky 
 be a delight in his eyes all his days through. 
 
 When, in 1846, my snow-white companion. Old Pomp, carried me his willing 
 burden on his back entirely over Ohio it was a new land opening to the sun. 
 Its habitations were largely of logs, many of them standing in the margins of 
 deep forests, amid the girdled monsters that reared their sombre skeleton forms 
 over a soil for the first time brought under the benign influence of human culti- 
 vation. 
 
 So young was the land that in that year the very lawmakers, 84 out of 107, 
 were born strangers. The list of the nativities of the members of the legisla- 
 ture, which I have saved from that day, is as follows : Pennsylvania, 24 ; Ohio, 
 23; Virginia, 18; New York, 10; all the New England States, 18, of whom 6 
 were from Connecticut ; Maryland, 7 ; Europe, 6 ; Kentucky 1, and North Caro- 
 lina, 1. Only four years before had the State grown its first governor in the per- 
 son of Wilson Shannon, born in a log-cabin, down in Belmont county, in 1802, 
 and to be soon thereafter a fatherless infant, for George Shannon, whose son he 
 was, in the following winter, while out hunting, got lost in the woods in a snow- 
 storm, and, going around in a circle, at last grew sleepy, fell and froze to death. 
 The present governor, J. B. Foraker, that very year of my tour, was born in a 
 cabin in Highland county, July 5th, the day after the American flag had been 
 thrown out joyously to the breeze while booming cannon announced the seven- 
 tieth anniversary of that great day when the old bell proclaimed liberty and 
 independence throughout the land. 
 
 The very State Capitol, as is shown on these pages, in which the legislature 
 assembled, was a crude structure that scarce any Ohio village of this day would 
 rear for a school-house. But the legislators made wise laws, and on the night of 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION. 
 
 their adjournment in that year, after having been absent from their families for 
 months, were hilarious as so many school-boys, and to my astonished eyes from 
 their seats some of the more frolicsome were pelting each other with paper wads. 
 
 In September, 1847, I published my book in Cincinnati with 177 engravings, 
 mainly from my drawings. Seven years of my young life had been given to the 
 travel — very much of it pedestrian — over four States of the Union, and making 
 books upon them — New York and New Jersey in connection with Mr. J. W. Bar- 
 ber, and Virginia and Ohio alone. For thirty years Cincinnati was my home. 
 There my children were born and there I devoted myself to the writing and 
 'publishing of books, a very secluded citizen, mingling not in affairs of church 
 nor State, still paying my pew-rent and always voting on election days a clean 
 ticket. In my life a third of a million of my books have gone out among the 
 people and done good — gone out exclusively in the hands of canvassers number- 
 ing in the aggregate thousands and penetrating every State in the Union. 
 
 In 1878 I returned to my native city. New Haven, and the proud, stately elms 
 appeared to welcome me, there in that charming spot where even the very bricks 
 of old Yale seem to ooze knowledge. In September, 1885, I resolved to again 
 make the tour of Ohio for a new edition. The romance of the project and its 
 difficulties were as inspirations. Since 1846 Ohio had more than doubled in 
 population, while its advance in intelligence and resources no arithmetic could 
 measure. 
 
 No publisher or capitalist, even if I had desired, which I did not, had the 
 courage to unite with me — the enterprise was too risky, involving years of time 
 and many thousands of expense, its success depending upon the uncertain tenure 
 of the life of a man entering his seventieth year. Furthermore, any publisher 
 would have looked upon my enterprise simply from the money-making point of 
 view. I should have been hampered for the means to make the work every way 
 worthy. I could brook no restrictions and would not give the people of this 
 great State any other than the best and most complete results of my efforts. 
 The book must be brought down to the wonderfully advanced point of the Ohio 
 of to-day. I could not in the years of labor required supply the capital to do 
 this, but my health was and is perfect, and I have a light body to move. I 
 formed my plan. First I went among my fellow-townsmen of means for a sub- 
 scription loan to fairly launch me upon the soil. They responded nobly, more 
 than glad to aid me, looking upon me as the instrument for a public good. 
 Some of them had been school-boys with me. Together we had conjugated in 
 the old Hopkins Grammar School : ‘‘Amo, amas, amat,” “ I love, thou lovest, he 
 loves,” and this was a second conjugation. 
 
 In the meantime Judge Taft, Gov. Hoadley and ex-President Hayes had written 
 me encouraging words. I had known the three from their early lives. The 
 latter invited me to his home and was my first subscriber in the State. My plan 
 for getting over Ohio was by obtaining advance-paying subscribers. And so good 
 was the memory of the old book and so strong the love of the State with its 
 leading men upon whom I called that it worked to a charm. My tour had 
 something of the character of an ovation. I was continually greeted with ex- 
 pressions of gratitude from men of mark for the good my book had done them 
 in their young lives in feeding the fires of patriotism and in giving them an 
 accurate knowledge of their noble State. It had been the greatest factor extant 
 to that end, and, as Mr. R. B. Hayes, who has had no less than ten copies in the 
 course of his life, once wrote, has been of an inestimable benefit to the people. 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION. ■ 
 
 Sometimes the expressions of those upon whom I called were too strong for 
 my humility. One old gentleman said : “ What I you are not the Henry Howe 
 who wrote our Ohio History ? ” Yes.” With that he sprang for me, grasped 
 me around the waist, hugged me, lifted me off my feet and danced around the 
 floor. Short of stature, but strong as a bear, there was no resisting his hug. 
 Speaking of it afterward, he said he never did such a thing before — embracing a 
 man I But when I told him who I was a crowd of memories of forty years came 
 upon him and he was enthused beyond control. In other cases old gentlemen 
 brought in their children to introduce to me. In many places visited I did not 
 offer my subscription list. Time would not allow ; only when funds were short 
 did I pause for the means to move. Beside, it is not honorable to draw upon 
 the resources of generous spirits beyond absolute necessity. 
 
 Everywhere I made arrangements with local photographers and took them to 
 the standpoints I selected for views to be taken. These were for new engravings 
 to make a pictorial contrast of the Ohio of 1846 with that of 1886. About one 
 hundred were seen. 
 
 My tour finished, in March, 1887, 1 returned my family to Ohio — to Columbus 
 — for a permanent home, where, in connection with my son, I am now publishing 
 the work, and will endeavor to give every family in Ohio an opportunity to 
 obtain it through township canvassers. In no other possible way can the 
 people be reached and a fair remuneration given for the extraordinary labor and 
 expense. 
 
 No other State has in its completeness such a work as this, and none under 
 the same extraordinary circumstances of authorship. The introductory articles 
 are written by the best capacity in the State upon the subjects treated. Sketches __ 
 of those contributors are given with their articles, as I wish the living public and 
 that unborn to know about the gentlemen who have thus aided me. 
 
 And as for my own part, no one living has had an equal and like experience, 
 and my self-appointed task has absorbed the best of which I am capable. To 
 call it a history tells but a part of the truth. So broad its scope that, to speak 
 figuratively, it is the State itself printed and bound, ready to go into every family 
 in the State, to show the people of every part concerning the whole collectively, 
 and each part in succession, and in all the varied aspects that go to form the 
 great Commonwealth of Ohio, and the history that went to make the sons of Ohio 
 the strong men they are, ever appearing in the front in every department of 
 activity and acquisition. 
 
 Wherever I have introduced living characters my rule has been to admit only 
 such as the public at large should know of, and never to the knowledge of those 
 introduced if it could be avoided. None have been allowed to pay their way 
 into this book, and, where portraits have been engraved for it, it has been at my 
 expense. Sketches of living men with their portraits are herein, which they will 
 never learn from me personally. I have adopted this course to make the 
 work clean throughout, feeling that the people will sustain me in perfect 
 uprightness. 
 
 Throughout are occasionally introduced Travelling Notes, so that it should 
 combine the four attractions of History, Geography, Biography, and Travels. 
 The observations of one travelling over the same ground after a lapse of forty 
 years would naturally be interesting. This feature enables me to make it more 
 useful and instructive to the young, and to give some of the philosophy that has 
 come from experience, and which has helped to brighten and make glad my own 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION, 
 
 way so well that, though the rolling years have at last whitened my locks, within 
 I still feel young, move with agility, and love the world the better the longer I 
 live in it. “ I love the world,” wrote old Isaac Walton ; “ it is my Maker’s 
 creature ; ” but how much stronger would not that old fisherman love it were he 
 here now. Human life never had such a full cup as in these our days of expand- 
 ing knowledge and humanities. 
 
 When I began this work I did not anticipate bestowing upon it so much time 
 and labor, but as I progressed my ambition enlarged, and so I enlarged the plan. 
 Throughout, my great struggle has been financial, but in the darkest hour when 
 beside this burden I was brain-weary from incessant work and diversities re- 
 quiring thought and the turning aside for investigation, I had full faith I should 
 triumph. Providence would not allow such a work for such a people to perish. 
 From the citizens of the State I have received, with a single exception, no direct 
 pecuniary aid other than by advance payments of subscriptions. This exception 
 was Mr. Henry C. Noble, of Columbus, who, in the last dark, trying moment, 
 most generously came to my rescue, and then the fog lifted that had gathered 
 around the very summit of final success. 
 
 Of my old townsmen in New Haven who, in 1885, first aided me for a start, 
 I am more especially indebted to Profs. Henry W. Farnam and Salisbury, of 
 Yale; Henry T. Blake, attorney-at-law; Dr. E. H. Bishop; Charles L. English, 
 ex-banker, and Dr. Levi Ives. Of the twenty-seven on the list five have since 
 finished their life-work and passed away, viz., Henry C. Kingsley, Treasurer of 
 Yale ; Major Lyman Bissell, U. S. A. ; Robert Peck ; Thoihas Trowbridge, shipping 
 merchant, and John Beach, attorney-at-law. Prof. S. E. Baldwin, of theYale Law 
 -School, was the first subscriber anywhere to this work. 
 
 One effect of my work will be to increase the fraternal sentiment that is so 
 marked a characteristic of Ohio men wherever their lot is cast, and that leads 
 them to social sympathy and mutual help. And if we look at the sources of this 
 State love we will find it arises from the fact that, Ohio being the oldest and 
 strongest of the new States of the Northwest, by its organic law and its history has 
 so thoroughly illustrated the beneficence and power of that great idea embodied 
 in the single word Americanism. 
 
 But I must here close with the observation that I have passed the allotted age 
 of human life, and, although in sound health, cannot expect for many more years 
 to witness its mysterious, ever- varying changes. But it will be a just satisfaction 
 to me if, in my declining days, I can see that this work is proving of the same 
 widespread benefit to the present people of Ohio as did that of my young life 
 to those of forty years ago. 
 
 Henry Howe. 
 
 41 Third Avenue^ Columbus, 0., January 1, 1889. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 VOL. 1. 
 
 A 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Abbott, David, Escape of. 679 
 
 Abolitionists, Salem 449 
 
 Academies and High Schools «... 143 
 
 Agriculture in Ohio, History of 100 
 
 Ammens, Sketch of the 339 
 
 Amusing Incidents 277 
 
 Ancient Works,.. ..264, 285, 325, 470, 552, 586 
 Andrews, Lorin, Ohio’s First Volunteer 253 
 
 Andrews, S. J., Sketch of. 511 
 
 Animal Intelligence.... 891 
 
 Anthony, Charles, Notice of. 404 
 
 Anti-Slavery Societies 280 
 
 Appleseed, Johnny 260 
 
 * Arbor Day Celebration, First in Ohio.... 802 
 
 Armstrongs, Notice of 609 
 
 Arnett, Rev. Dr., Notice of. 45 
 
 Art Museum and Art Academy 707 
 
 ' Ash Cave 931 
 
 Ashtabula Harbor 273 
 
 Assault on Gen. Jackson 607 
 
 B 
 
 Bachelor Hermits, The Two 489 
 
 Badger, Rev Joseph 279 
 
 Bark Cutters, The 231 
 
 Baldwin, John, Notice of. 626 
 
 Baum, Martin 847 
 
 Bears and Wolves 278, 317, 492, 552 
 
 Beatty, John, Sketch of. 581 
 
 Beatty, Gen. John, Sketch of. 150 
 
 Bebb, Gov. William, Sketch of. 349 
 
 Beckett, William, Sketch of. 350 
 
 Beecher, Hon. Philemon, Notice of 598 
 
 Beecher, Rev. Dr. Lyman 824 
 
 Beecher, Catharine 824 
 
 Beer Gardens and Music 784 
 
 Benedict, Platt 945 
 
 Bingham, Hon. John 889, 902 
 
 Bishop, Gov. Richard M 813 
 
 Black Hoof, Sketch of. 299 
 
 Black Watch, A Veteran of. 405 
 
 Black Swamp 903 
 
 Blind Institution for the 637 
 
 Bloss, G. M. D., Sketch of. 422 
 
 Bluejacket 908 
 
 Blue Jacket, Sketch of. 300 
 
 Bockinghelas, Notice of. 550 
 
 Bodily Exercises 279 
 
 Boone, Daniel, Anecdotes of. 693 
 
 Boquet, Col. Henry, Sketch of 476 
 
 Boquet’s Expedition 472 
 
 Boulders 93 
 
 Bowman, Expedition of. 694 
 
 Boynton, Gen. H. V 852 
 
 Bradstreet’s Expedition 565 
 
 Bravery of Capt. McClelland 878 
 
 Breckinridge, Reminiscences of. 674 
 
 Brilliant Women 787 
 
 Brown, Gov. Ethan Allen 812 
 
 Brown, Hon. Ezekiel, Notice of. 551 
 
 Broadhead’s Expedition 480 
 
 Brough, Gov. John 615 
 
 Buckeye State, Why Ohio is Called.. 200 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Buckeye Songs 202 
 
 Bullit, Capt., Boldness of. 693 
 
 Burkhal ter, Christian 847 
 
 Burnet, Judge Jacob 816 
 
 Burnet Woods 795 
 
 Bureau, John Peter Romaine, Notice of 681 
 
 “Buskirk’s Battle” 963 
 
 Byxbe, Col. Moses, Sketch of..,.,,.,...,.., 551 
 
 c 
 
 Campbell, Col. Lewis D., Sketch of. 349 
 
 Canal, Sandy and Beaver 359 
 
 Captain, A Sick 776 
 
 Captina, Battle of. 307 
 
 Captivity and Escape of Sam’l Davis 953 
 
 Capture and Escape of Dr. John Knight 882 
 
 Carney, Gov. Thomas, Notice of. 558 
 
 Carpenter, Charles, Notice of 585 
 
 Carroll, Charles, of Carrolltpn, Notice of 359 
 
 Cary, Alice 835 
 
 Cary, Gen. Samuel F 838 
 
 Cary Homestead, 837 
 
 Cary, Phoebe 835 
 
 Case, Leonard, Sketch of. 513 
 
 Cass, Major, Allusion to 344 
 
 Cascade at Clifton 724 
 
 Catholics of St. Martin’s 340 
 
 Central Insane Asylum 630 
 
 Chase, Bishop Philander 988 
 
 Chase, Hon. Salmon P., Boyhood Pranks 
 
 of. 613 
 
 Chase, Sec’y Salmon P 829 
 
 Cheese Industry on the Western Reserve 690 
 
 Chillicothe, Old 692 
 
 Cholera, The Asiatic 761 
 
 Cincinnati a Literary Centre 788 
 
 Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce 707 
 
 Cincinnati Clubs and Club Life 800 
 
 Cincinnati Court House Riot of 1884 806 
 
 Cincinnati, Early Intellectual Life of..., 822 
 Cincinnati, Eminent Citizens of, in Cab- 
 inet and Field 772 
 
 Cincinnati Expositions 799 
 
 Cincinnati Incorporated 755 
 
 Cincinnati in the War Times 765 
 
 Cincinnati in 1847 755 
 
 Cincinnati in 1888 781 
 
 Cincinnati Jail Riot of 1848 808 
 
 Cincinnati Newspapers in War Times... 778 
 
 Cincinnati, Settlement of. 747 
 
 Cincinnati, Siege of. 772 
 
 Cincinnati Southern Railway 794 
 
 Cincinnati Under Martial Law 773 
 
 Cist, Charles 831 
 
 Cist, Henry M 832 
 
 Cist, Lewis J 832 
 
 Civil War, Ohio in the 150 
 
 Clarke, Robert 840 
 
 Cleveland, Its Past and Present 503 
 
 Cleveland, Gen. Moses, Sketch of 510 
 
 Climate, Ohio 87 
 
 Climatic, Changes 535 
 
 Clinton, Gov. George, Sketch of. 423 
 
 Coal Trade on the River, The Early 322 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SH 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Cockerill, Col. John A., Notice of......... 229 
 
 Cofl&n, Levi 826 
 
 Coffin, Catharine 827 
 
 Coffinsberry, Andrew., 870 
 
 Cole, Thomas ..972, 979 
 
 Colleges and Universities........ 144 
 
 College Lands, Settlement of. 283 
 
 “College of Teachers” 822 
 
 Collier, James 979 
 
 Columbia Pioneer Celebration 808 
 
 Columbia, Settlement of. 747 
 
 Confederate Conspiracy at Sandusky 572 
 
 Contraband Soldiers ........ 780 
 
 Cooke, Bleutheros, Sketch of 574 
 
 Cooke, Jay, Anecdote of.... 582 
 
 Coon-Skin Library 288 
 
 Copperas Works. 973 
 
 Coppock, Edwin, Last Letter of... 453 
 
 Copus Tragedy, The 257 
 
 Corwin, Thomas, Anecdotes of 403 
 
 Coshocton Campaign 480 
 
 Courts, Primitive 700 
 
 Cowles, Edwin, Sketch of. 513 
 
 Cowles, Betsy M., Sketch of. 280 
 
 Crawford, Col., Notice of. 483 
 
 Cranberry Marsh 486 
 
 Crusaders Among the Germans 785 
 
 Custer’s Birthplace 899 
 
 Custer, Gen. Geo. A 900 
 
 Customs, Early, 243, 260, 318, 343, 534, 
 
 550,565, 589, 733 
 
 Cumming, Rev. E. H., Sketch of 403 
 
 Cyclone at Washington Court-House... 604 
 Cyclone, the Jamestown 724 
 
 D 
 
 Dahlgreen, Madelaine Vinton, Sketch 
 
 of. 681 
 
 Darlington, Gen., Notice of. 229 
 
 Darke, Gen. William, Sketch of. 529 
 
 Dayton, Riley, The Trapper and Hunter 664 
 
 Deaf and Dumb Asylum 636 
 
 Defiance, Fort, Naming of 545 
 
 Delaware Grape, The 558 
 
 Delaware Tribe, Sketch of. 549 
 
 Denver, Gen. James W., Sketch of 432 
 
 Dennison, Gov. William, Sketch of. 653 
 
 Deserters Executed 343 
 
 Deserted Camp, The 425 
 
 Devenny, Capt. John, Notice of 238 
 
 Dickey, Hon. Alfred S., Notice of. 602 
 
 Doctor, Ride with a 899 
 
 Donalson, Israel, Captivity of. 224 
 
 Dorn, Hon. Henry, Sketch of. 119 
 
 Dow, Lorenzo, Sketch of. 412 
 
 Downing, Escape of 225 
 
 Drake, Benjamin 822 
 
 Drake, Dr. Daniel 821 
 
 Drinking Habits of Cincinnati Pioneers 754 
 
 Drouth, The Great 683 
 
 Drouillard, Joseph, Notice of. 681 
 
 Dunkards, Society of..... 254 
 
 Dunlap’s Station Attacked 750 
 
 Drummed Off the Island 574 
 
 E 
 
 Early Acquaintance, An 268 
 
 Eckley, Gen. Ephraim R., Notice of. 362 
 
 Eden Park 795 
 
 Edgerton, Hon. Alfred P., Sketch of 547 
 
 Edison, Thomas Alva, Sketch of. 580 
 
 Edgingtons, Attack on the 227 
 
 Educational Progress in Ohio 137 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Elevations in Ohio 60 
 
 Ellison, Andrew, Captivity of. 227 
 
 Enos, Dr. Robert K 939 
 
 Erkenbrecher, Andrew 848 
 
 Escape of Eliza Harris 827 
 
 Evans, Platt, as a Captain 771 
 
 Ewing, Thomas, Autobiography of 289 
 
 Ewing, Thomas, and Family, Sketch of 594 
 
 F 
 
 Factory and Workshop Inspection...... 208 
 
 Factories, Children in 216 
 
 Famous Fifth Ohio, The 405 
 
 Farmer, A Ride with a 897 
 
 Farrar, Hon. Wm. M., Sketch of 200 
 
 Feeble-Minded Youth, Institution for... 639 
 
 Fee, Mary E., Notice of 421 
 
 Female, Sharp-Shooting of a 527 
 
 Flood, The Xenia 703 
 
 Findlay, Gen. James 870 
 
 Fins, The 275 
 
 Fire Escapes 212 
 
 Firelands 165 • 
 
 First Gas Wells at Findlay 868 
 
 First Newspaper 754 
 
 First Settlements in Hamilton Co 746 
 
 First Great Northwestern Confederacy.. 471 
 First Anti-Slavery Speech in U. S. Con- 
 gress 416 
 
 Fink, Mike 322 
 
 Fink, Capt. John, Notice of 322 
 
 Foot, John A., and the Connecticut 
 
 Legislature 524 
 
 Force, Gen. M. F., Sketch of 570 
 
 Ford, Gov. Seabury, Sketch of. 686 
 
 Forks of the Muskingum 481 
 
 Fortieth Ohio Infantry 537 
 
 Forts: Amanda, 241 ; Barbee, 302 ; Defi- 
 ance, 540; Dillie’s, 306; French 
 Margarets, 282; Gower, 283; Green- 
 ville, 530; Hamilton, 342; Harri- 
 son, 393 ; Industry, 565 ; Jefferson, 
 529; Jennings, 303; Junandat, 565; 
 Recovery, 529 ; Winchester, 542 ; 
 
 Sandusky 565 
 
 Forrer, Samuel, Sketch of. 121 
 
 Fourierite, Association, A 420 
 
 Four Little Maids... 268 
 
 Four Literary Men ... 712 
 
 Four Votes, The 939 
 
 Foraker, Gov. J. B 917 
 
 Forts (Findlay, 867), (Finney, 859)- (Hill, 
 
 922), McArthur, 876), (Wash’ngton, 
 
 751) 
 
 Fortitude of a Boy 923 
 
 Floating Mills 810 
 
 Frankensteins, The, Sketch of. 404 
 
 Freest City on the Globe 792 
 
 French Policy 255 
 
 French Traders, 255, 282, 564, 584, 585, 662 
 
 French Settle Gallipolis 672 
 
 Freshet of February, 1832 761 
 
 Funeral of a Soldier 779 
 
 Funks, Fighting Family of. 603 
 
 G 
 
 Gallagher, William Davis, Sketch of 712 
 
 Galloway, Samuel, Sketch of 658 
 
 Garden of Ohio 342 
 
 Gas, Natural 77 
 
 Gas Wells of Findlay 871 
 
 Gawky Officer, The 780 
 
 Geddes, James, Sketch of. 120 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 21 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Geography and Geology of Ohio 69 
 
 Geological Surveys, State 62 
 
 German Colonies 305 
 
 German Element in Cincinnati 847 
 
 Giddings, Joshua R., Anecdotes of, 269 
 
 Giddings, Joshua R., Sketch of 271 
 
 Giles, John, A Talk with 899 
 
 Girty Brothers, Notice of 303 
 
 Girty, James, An Interview with 909 
 
 Girtys, The 905 
 
 Girty, Simon 907 
 
 “Globe Factory,” The 525 
 
 Glacial Man in Ohio 90 
 
 Goodale, Dr. Lincoln, Notice of 649 
 
 Goshorn, Sir A. T 847 
 
 Governors of Ohio from Cincinnati 812 
 
 Grant, U. S., Chronology of Life 421 
 
 Grant, Jesse R., Notice of. 414 
 
 Grant, U. S., Boyhood of. 331 
 
 Reminiscences of Parents of. 334 
 
 Analysis of Character of. 335 
 
 Grape Culture at Martin’s Ferry 326 
 
 Graveyard, Ancient 264, 470 
 
 Great Dam at Cincinnati in Ice Age 740 
 
 Great Indian Council 543 
 
 Greatest Floods in Ohio River 804 
 
 Greene, Mrs., Captivity of. 589 
 
 Greenville Treaties 532 
 
 Greenwood, Miles 820 
 
 Grindstone Consumption, The 525 
 
 Groesbeck, Hon. Wm. S .*. 845 
 
 Guthrie Gray Regiment 779 
 
 H 
 
 Hall, Capt. Chas. F 840 
 
 Hall, Judge James 823 
 
 Halstead, Murat, Sketch of 351 
 
 Hamer, Gen. Thomas Lyon, Sketch of.. 331 
 
 Hammond, Charles, Sketch of 311 
 
 Hard Year, The 922 
 
 Hardin, Col. John 838 
 
 Harper, Hon. Lecky 991 
 
 Harris, Col. Leonard A 851 
 
 Harrison, Pres. William Henry 813 
 
 Harrison, Pres. Benjamin 815 
 
 Harrison, General, Anecdote of 362 
 
 Harrison Campaign Meeting 374 
 
 Harrison, Gen., Interview with Tecum- 
 
 seh 392 
 
 Harrison, Gen. W. H., Inimitable Tact 
 
 of 546 
 
 Hardshell Baptists 539 
 
 Harpers, Privations of the 266 
 
 Hayden Falls 659 
 
 Hayden, Peter 934 
 
 Hayes, ex-President Rutherford B., 
 
 Heatheringtons, The 322 
 
 Hentz, Mrs. Caroline 823 
 
 Hero, Visit to the Birthplace of a 897 
 
 Hewitt, Moses, Captivity and Escape of 284 
 
 Hinkson, Col., Notice of 426 
 
 Historic Horn 947 
 
 Hitchcock, Judge Peter, Sketch of. 687 
 
 Hoadly, Gov. George 839 
 
 Hocking Valley Coal Mines 933 
 
 Hoge, Rev. Dr. James, Sketch of. 649 
 
 Holmes County Rebellion 940 
 
 Horse-Thieves and Counterfeiters 734 
 
 House That Jack Built 323 
 
 Howells* Reminiscences 967 
 
 Howells, William Dean, Sketch of. 327 
 
 Howells, William Dean, Notice of. 718 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Howard, J. Quay, Sketch of. 184 
 
 Hughes, Rev. Joseph S., Notice of ....... 552 
 
 Hunt, Josiah, The Indian Fighter 698 
 
 Hunter, Capt. Joseph, Notice of. 588 
 
 Hunter, Hocking H., Notice of. 598 
 
 Huntington, Gov. Samuel, Sketeh of... 505 
 
 Hurd, Hon. Frank H 991 
 
 Hutchins, Capt. Thomas, Sketch of. 479 
 
 I 
 
 Inclined Planes 784 
 
 Indian, Pleasing Feature in Character of 
 
 the 610 
 
 Game of Ball 294 
 
 Customs 297 
 
 Murders 306 
 
 Indians, Delaware, Notice of 255, 548 
 
 Indians, Friendships of. 942 
 
 Indians Tried for Murder 944 
 
 Indian Towns, 242, 255, 293, 387, 466, 532, 
 
 542, 553, 578, 609, 662, 692 
 Indian Chiefs, 242, 299, 391, 476, 532, 543, 
 
 549, 571, 603, 610, 664 
 
 Industrial Expositions 784 
 
 Industrial Home for Girls 558 
 
 Industrial Home for Boys 600 
 
 Industrial Home for Boys, Visit to 600 
 
 Inscription Rock 586 
 
 Itinerant’s Nest 891 
 
 J. 
 
 Jamieson, Milton, Notice of 422 
 
 Jerome, John Baptiste, Notice of. 255 
 
 Jerks, The 279 
 
 Jewett, Hon. Hugh J 979 
 
 Jewett, Judge Thomas L 979 
 
 Johnny Cake, A Huge 278 
 
 John, Capt., Ferocity of 603 
 
 Johnson’s Island 572 
 
 Jurisdiction, Early Civil 122 
 
 K. 
 
 Kail, Mrs. Mary E., Sketch of. 364 
 
 Karg Gas Well 873 
 
 Kautz, Gen. August V 849 
 
 Keifer, Gen. J. Warren, Sketch of 406 
 
 Kelly, Hon. Alfred, Sketch of. 649 
 
 Kelley’s Island, Grape Culture of 585 
 
 Kelley, Datus, Notice of. 585 
 
 Kennan, George 945 
 
 Kenton, Gen. Simon, Adventures of. 377 
 
 Anecdote of 374 
 
 Kenton, Simon, Conversion of 879 
 
 Kenyon College 986 
 
 Kilbourne, Col. James, Sketch of. 614 
 
 Kilbourne, John, Sketch of. 128 
 
 Killbuck, Notice of. 549 
 
 King, Gen. Edward 822 
 
 Kinney, Col. Coates, Sketch of. 714 
 
 Kingsburys, Sufferings of the 263 
 
 Kirkwood, Capt., Cabin of. Attacked.... » 314 
 
 Kirtland, Jared Potter, Sketch of 511 
 
 Klauprecht, Emil 848 
 
 Knight, Prof, George W,, Sketch of 137 
 
 L. 
 
 Lands, Public, of Ohio 128-133 
 
 Lane, Judge Ebenezer, Sketch of 577 
 
 Large Fruit Trees 582 
 
 Latham, E. P., Sketch of. 687 
 
 Laws, The Black 101, 45 
 
 Leatherlips, Execution of 611 
 
22 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Leatherwood God, The 730 
 
 Leavitt, Judge H. H 978 
 
 Lee, Gen. John Calvin, Notice of. 558 
 
 Lefifel, James, The Inventor, Sketch of.. 406 
 
 Leggett, Gen. Mortimer, Sketch of. 687 
 
 Lesson in Ornithology 971 
 
 Lesquereux, Prof. Leo, Sketch of 656 
 
 Liberty Party, The 830 
 
 Life Among the Indians of the Maumee 661 
 
 Life in the Woods, Our Cabin, or 315 
 
 Literary Symposium on Cincinnati 791 
 
 Logan, The Mingo Chief. 960 
 
 Lombardy poplars 321 
 
 Longstreth, Lorenzo, Notice of. 355 
 
 Longworth, Nicholas 817 
 
 Looker, Gov. Othniel 812 
 
 Lost Child, The 417 
 
 Loyal Legion, Sketch of, and Roll of Ohio 
 
 Commandery 155 
 
 Lubberland, A Sort of 969 
 
 Lundy, Benj., Sketch of 311 
 
 Lytle, Gen., Notice of 416 
 
 Lytle, Gen. Wm. H 834 
 
 M. 
 
 Mad Ann Bailey, Heroine of Point Pleas- 
 ant 677 
 
 “Makatewah,” Poem 788 
 
 Mann, Horace, Sketch of. 723 
 
 Mansfield, E. D., Sketch of. 430 
 
 Manufactures of Springfield, Origin 
 
 and Growth of 399 
 
 Maple Sugar Industry 685 
 
 Map, First, of Ohio 614 
 
 Margaret Garner Case 827 
 
 Markbreit, Leopold 849 
 
 Marshes, The Great 880 
 
 Martin’s Mrs. Story 958 
 
 Mastodons, Remains of. 293, 484 
 
 Mather, D,r. William 957 
 
 Matthewsr Justice Stanley 845 
 
 McArthu , Gov. Duncan, Anecdote of.. 307 
 
 McBride, James, Sketch of. 356 
 
 McCooks’ The Fighting 366 
 
 McDonald, Senator J. E, Notice of. , 350 
 
 McDonald, James A. W 979 
 
 McDow ell, Gen. Irvin, Sketch of 647 
 
 McFarland, President, Notice of. 355 ‘ 
 
 Mcllyaine, Bishop Charles P 989 
 
 McK*eever, Abbie C., Notice of 422 
 
 MacLean, J. P., Sketch of 350 
 
 Medary, Samuel, Notice of 414 
 
 Medill, Gov. William, Sketch of 598 
 
 Mendenhall, Prof. T. C 979 
 
 Merrill, Bishop S. M 979 
 
 •• Miller, Col. John 979 
 
 Milliken, John M., Sketch of. 349 
 
 Milliken, Thomas, Sketch of 349 
 
 Milliken, Col. Minor, Sketch of 357 
 
 Miner and His Mule Partner, The 322 
 
 Mineral Wealth in Southern Ohio 958 
 
 Mines and Mining Resources of Ohio... 110 
 
 Minter, Capt. John 552 
 
 Missionaries 301, 467, 578, 584 
 
 Mitchell, Gen. Ormsby M 832 
 
 Mob, Bank 764 
 
 Monstrous Apple-Tree 545 
 
 Moor, Gen. August 849 
 
 Morehouse, Gov. A. P., Notice of. 558 
 
 Morgan, Gen. G. W 990 
 
 Morgan’s Raid 777 
 
 Morgan, Gen. John, Anecdote of 360 
 
 Morgan’s Raid Through Ohio 453 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Morris, Sr., Thomas, Sketch of 414 
 
 Moselle Explosion 760 
 
 Mt. Pleasant 590 
 
 Mud Cottage of an Emigrant 463 
 
 Murder, Execution of Indian for 497 
 
 Music Hall and Exposition Building 797 
 
 Musical Festivals 784 
 
 Mutiny, The Black Swamp 248 
 
 “My Native Land,” Poem 828 
 
 N. 
 
 Nash, Judge Simeon, Sketch of.. 681 
 
 Nast, Dr. Wilhelm 848 
 
 Natural Gas Jubilee 874 
 
 Natural History, A Bit of 897 
 
 Natural Gas Wells of Lancaster 592 
 
 Nichols, Col. Geo. Ward 844 
 
 Niggering Corn 243 
 
 North Bend in 1846 860 
 
 North Bend, Reminiscences of 861 
 
 North Bend, settlement of 748 
 
 Norwalk Academy 945 
 
 Noyes, Gen. Edward F 841 
 
 O . 
 
 Ogontz, The Story of. 571 
 
 Ohio in New York Journalism 718 
 
 Ohio, General Description of 51 
 
 Ohio River Flood 804 
 
 Ohio River, Sources of...... 804 
 
 Ohio State Forestry Association 802 
 
 Ohio Society of New York 178 
 
 Ohio, Outline History of 33 
 
 Ohio Officers, State and National 166 
 
 Ohio History and Historical Men 184 
 
 Ohio River Experiences 237 
 
 Ohio Flour, The First Sent East 584 
 
 Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ 
 
 Home 707 
 
 Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ 
 
 Home, Notes on 709 
 
 Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailers’ Home 569 
 
 Ohio State Fish Hatchery 570 
 
 Ohio Wonderland 920 
 
 Oil-Field Largest on the Globe 246 
 
 Oil Refineries 247 
 
 O. K. Origin of 377 
 
 “Old Guard,” One of the 932 
 
 Oldest Methodist Church in Ohio 411 
 
 Ordinance of 1787 217 
 
 Orton, Prof Edward, Sketch of 59 
 
 “Over the Rhine” 794 
 
 P. 
 
 Paddy’s Run — 352 
 
 Paleoliths 742 
 
 Paper-Mill, First in Ohio 436 
 
 “Parting Day,” Poem 899 
 
 Past and Present of Columbus 614 
 
 Payne, Sr., Henry B., Sketch of. 514 
 
 Peculiar Cartridges 775 
 
 Pendleton, Hon. Geo. H 844 
 
 Penneyroyaldom 732 
 
 Pensioner of the Revolutionary War 604 
 
 Perils of the Coal Miner 966 
 
 Perkins, Joseph, Sketch of. 514 
 
 Perry, Hon. Aaron F 842 
 
 Personal Experiences with Cincinnati 
 
 Home Guards 773 
 
 Peters, Mrs. Sarah 822 
 
 Peters, Hugh 828 
 
 Petroleum ^7 
 
 Petroleum Nasby Characters. 69i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 23 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Pettenger, Wm 97^ 
 
 Penitentiary, Ohio 642 
 
 Phenomenon, Singular 231 
 
 Philanthropist Office, Destruction of.... 762 
 
 Piatt, Jacob WykofF 819 
 
 Piatt, John H 818 
 
 Pike, Samuel N 849 
 
 Pillories, Stocks aud Whipping Posts... 752 
 
 Pioneer Art in Cincinnati 855 
 
 Pioneer Day at Kenton 884 
 
 Pioneer Engineers of Ohio 119 
 
 Pioneer Trials 266 
 
 Pipe, Capt 255 
 
 Piqua, Destruction of. 387 
 
 Plucky Pioneer Woman, A. 527 
 
 Plumb, Senator Preston B., Notice of... 558 
 Poe, Adam and Andrew, The Indian 
 
 Fighters 436 
 
 Poems : Alone With Night and the Stars 236 
 
 Centennial Ode 715 
 
 Crown Our Heroes 364 
 
 Drift Away 422 
 
 Epitaph of Reuben Miller 407 
 
 Fifty Years Ago 713 
 
 Hills of Ohio, Song with Music 296 
 
 Eament for the Dead 433 
 
 Marching Song of Sherman’s Army... 597 
 
 Only 423 
 
 Ohio 364 
 
 Rain on the Roof 717 
 
 Song of Bucyrus 485 
 
 The Spotted Fawn 714 
 
 The Lassie Music 356 
 
 Pompey’s Pillar 723 
 
 Pontiac, Birth-place of. 543 
 
 Poor Man’s Railroad 318 
 
 Popejoy, Esq., Method of Dispensing 
 
 Justice 602 
 
 Powder-Mill Explosion 702 
 
 Powell, Judge Thomas W., Notice of..... 558 
 Prehistoric Monuments of Hamilton 
 
 County 743 
 
 Public Spirit of Cincinnatians 781 
 
 Pugh, Hon. Geo. E 839 
 
 Purcell, Archbishop John B., Notice of... 340 
 
 R. 
 
 Railway Disaster, Ashtabula 274 
 
 Rankin, Rev. John, Sketch of, 338 
 
 Read, T. Buchanan 850 
 
 Read, Prof. M. C., Sketch of. 188 
 
 Reemelin, Karl Gustave 848 
 
 Reese, Dr. Freidrich 848 
 
 Reese, Wm. J., Notice of 598 
 
 Reid, White law. Sketch of.. 718 
 
 Reilly, John 349 
 
 Relic, Ancient 264 
 
 Reminiscences of Dr. Watt and James 
 
 Galloway 704 
 
 Reserve, Western..., 261, 565 
 
 First Landing of Sur- 
 veyors on 261 
 
 Missionary in 279 
 
 Settlement of. 682 
 
 Drouth in 683 
 
 Reynoids, Jeremiah N., Romantic His- 
 tory Of, 431 
 
 River Beacons.... 239 
 
 “Road t< Hell”... 928 
 
 Robinso^ Gen. James 883 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Rock Bridge 930 
 
 Rock House 925 
 
 Rockefeller, John D 517 
 
 Rodter, Heinrich 848 
 
 Riot of 1841 762 
 
 Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., Sketch of. 558 
 
 Rouse, Mrs. R. E. C., Sketch of 515 
 
 Rudolph, Major, Fate and Cruelty of.... 343 
 
 Ruffner Fight, The 257 
 
 Ruffner Family, Massacre of. 257 
 
 Ruggles, Hon. Almon, Sketch of 583 
 
 Russell, Addison P., Sketch of. 430 
 
 f 
 
 s. 
 
 Sandstone Industry 525 
 
 Sanitary Commission, Ohio’s Work in.. 188 
 
 Scalping of Col. Elliott 759 
 
 Schools, Graded, Beginning of. 142 
 
 Scioto Company 614, 668 
 
 Scioto Salt Works 951 
 
 Scotch-Irish, The 237 
 
 Seitz, Enoch Berry, Sketch of. 532 
 
 Serpent Mound, The 233 
 
 Shannon, Gov. Wilson, Sketch of 313 " 
 
 Shaw, Suffering Bennie 971 
 
 Shaylor, Capt., Escape of 529 
 
 Sheep Talk, A Walk and a 892 
 
 Sheep Statistics 893 
 
 Sheep Raising, Profits of. 893 
 
 Shellabarger, Hon. Samuel, Notice of... 404 
 Sherman, Senator John, Speech on Pot- 
 tery Industry 460 
 
 Sherman, Judge Charles, Sketch of....... 595 
 
 Sherman, Gen. W. T., Sketch of...... 596 
 
 Simpson, Bishop 891, 901 
 
 Sinton, David 843 
 
 Slave Hunters at Rankins 339 
 
 Slave Rescue, The Ad. White Case 384 
 
 Smith, Solomon, Sketch of. 551 
 
 Socialistic Society, A 582 
 
 Society of Friends at Wapakonetta 301 
 
 Soldier’s Creed, The 358 
 
 Soldier’s Widow, The 711 
 
 Spencer, Platt R., Sketch of. 276 
 
 Spencer, Oliver M 759, 810, 908 
 
 Spiritualistic Community, A 420 
 
 Spring Grove Cemetery 795 
 
 Springs 487, 554, 558, 584, 722 
 
 Squirrels, A Grand Hunt for 658 
 
 Stage-Coach Talk 691 
 
 Stage Driver, The Old 885 
 
 Stallo, Judge J. B 849 
 
 Stanbery, Hon. Henry, Sketch of. 652 
 
 Notice of 598 
 
 Standing Stone, The 888 
 
 Stanton, Sec’y Edwin M 894, 976, 977 
 
 Stanton Family 972 
 
 Starbuck, Calvin W 843 
 
 State Institutions at Columbus 629 
 
 Starling, Lyne, Sketch of. 649 
 
 St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, Biography of..... 311 
 Steptoe, Rev. Stephen, Experience of... 607 
 Stone, Amasa, Sketch of. 517 
 
 Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher 823, 824 
 
 Stowe, Prof. Calvin E„ 823 
 
 Strawberry Culture 324 
 
 Strength, Sources of Ohio’s 124 
 
 Sullivant, Lucas, Sketch of. 648 
 
 Sullivant, William, Sketch of. 648 
 
 Sullivant, Michael L., Sketch of. 649 
 
 Sullivant, Joseph,...,,. 649 
 
 “Summer Clouds,** Poem 899 
 
24 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Swan, Joseph R., Sketch of 655 
 
 Swayne, Chief Justice, Sketch of. 655 
 
 Sweatland, Solomon, Driven Across 
 
 Lake Erie 264 
 
 Swinonia 245 
 
 Symmes City Laid Out 749 
 
 Symmes, Judge John Cleves 850 
 
 Symmes’ Hole 349 
 
 Symmes, Judge, Notice of 348 
 
 Sycamores, The Twin 730 
 
 T. 
 
 Tablet, The Cincinnati 791 
 
 Taft, Judge Alphouso 842 
 
 Tailor Justice, The... 489 
 
 Tappan, Judge Benj 971, 978 
 
 Tarhe, The Crane 588 
 
 Tecumseh 328, 374, 387, 391, 532 
 
 Temperance Crusade, The Women’s 428 
 
 Territorial Government, Seat of. 754 
 
 Thoburn, Bishop J. M., Sketch of ... 313 
 
 Thomas, Capt., Death of. 372 
 
 Thrilling Adventure of Mary Robinson 410 
 Thurman, Judge Allen G., Sketch of..... 656 
 
 Tile Drainage in Ohio 625 
 
 Tobacco, “White Burley” 330 
 
 Topography of Ohio 60 
 
 Tornado of 1887 882 
 
 Tornadoes 374, 682 
 
 Touching Incident, A 585 
 
 Tourgee, Albion W., Sketch of 280 
 
 Townshend, Prof. N. S., Sketch of. 100 
 
 Trees, Famous 881 
 
 Trimble, Gov. Allen 917 
 
 Trimble, Hon. Wm. 4 917 
 
 “Trollope’s Folly” 794 
 
 Trout Streams 691 
 
 Tupper, Gen. E. W., Anecdote of 680 
 
 Turkey Bottom 812 
 
 Tuttle, Hudson, Notice of. 583 
 
 Tyler Davidson Fountain 795 
 
 u. 
 
 Underground Railroad, First Station on 338 
 
 Underground Railroad, The 419 
 
 Underground Railroad, President of..... 826 
 
 V. 
 
 Vallandigham, Clement L., Biography of 439 
 
 Vallandigham Campaign 445 
 
 Van Derveer, Gen. Ferdinand, Sketch of 350 
 
 Vance, Gov. Joseph. Sketch of. 382 
 
 Van Tassel, Rev. Isaac, Notice of 664 
 
 Vaughn, John C., Notice of. 558 
 
 Vaughn, Prof. Daniel 829 
 
 Virginia Military Lands 223, 232 
 
 Volunteers to Civil War, First Company 
 
 of 33g 
 
 Von Stein, Albert 848 
 
 Voorhees, Senator Daniel W., Notice of 350 
 
 w. 
 
 Wade, Benj. F., Sketch of. 271 
 
 Wade, Jephtha H., Sketch of. 519 
 
 Wagoners, Attack on 343 
 
 Walk-In-The-Water, First Steamboat 
 
 on Lake Erie 585 
 
 Ward, J. Q. A., Sketch of 383 
 
 Ward, James W 840 
 
 Warder, Dr. John A 840 
 
 Warmus, The 927 
 
 Wayne, “Mad Anthony,” Anecdotes of.. 225 
 
 “Wayside Spring,” Poem 851 
 
 Weitzel, Gen. Gottfried 849 
 
 Welch, Judge J., Sketch of. 287 
 
 Weller, Hon. J. B., Sketch of. 349 
 
 West, Charles W 845 
 
 Wetzel, Adventure of the Indian Hunter 758 
 
 Wetzel, Lewis 308 
 
 Wet Land 409 
 
 Whingwy Pooshies, Grief of. 543 
 
 Whipping, A Public 985 
 
 Whiteeyes, Capt., Death of. 436 
 
 White Woman, Mary Harris, The 468 
 
 Whittridge, Worthington, Sketch of..... 405 
 
 Whittlesey’s Reminiscences 932 
 
 Whittlesey, Col. Charles, Sketch of 519 
 
 Wickedest Man in Ohio 428 
 
 Wilberforce University 721 
 
 Willich, Gen. August, Sketch of. 303 
 
 Wills’ Creek, Whites Attacked near 726 
 
 Wilcox, Phineas Bacon, Sketch of. 658 
 
 Windom, William, Notice of. 325 
 
 Windom, Sec’y Wm 991 
 
 Witch Story 760 
 
 Witch Story, A 414 
 
 Wiwelipea, Oratory of. 299 
 
 Women’s Raid at Greenfield 923 
 
 Women’s Temperance Crusade 914 
 
 Woods, John, Sketch of. 349 
 
 Woodmansee, James, Sketch of. 350 
 
 Wormlee, Dr. T. G. and Mrs., Sketch of 657 
 Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, Sketch of.. 90 
 
 Y. 
 
 Young, Gov. Thomas L 812 
 
 z. 
 
 Zane’s Trace 588, 681 728 
 
 Zane, Elizabeth, Heroism of. i 314 
 
 Zeigler, Major David 847, 853 
 
 Zoological Gardens 795 
 
Cities, Towns and Villages 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 A. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Aberdeen 841 
 
 Ada 885 
 
 Albany. 292 
 
 Arcanum ...» 638 
 
 Archbold 668 
 
 Ansonia 539 
 
 Arcadia 874 
 
 Ashland 251 
 
 Ashley 563 
 
 Ashtabula 272 
 
 Athens 286 
 
 Austin burg 279 
 
 Avondale 863 
 
 B. 
 
 Barnesville 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Beaver Dam 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Bellaire 
 
 Bentonville. 
 
 Bellbrook 
 
 Bellevue 
 
 Benton Ridge 
 
 Berea 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Berlin Heights 
 
 Bethel 
 
 Black Creek 
 
 Blanchester 
 
 Bloomfield 
 
 Bloomingburg 
 
 Bluffton 
 
 Bond Hill 
 
 Boston 
 
 Bowerston 
 
 Bridgeport 
 
 Brilliant 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 Buchtel 
 
 Bucyrus 
 
 c. 
 
 324 
 
 409 
 
 251 
 
 528 
 
 320 
 
 240 
 
 724 
 
 948 
 
 874 
 
 525 
 
 941 
 
 582 
 
 414 
 
 941 
 
 434 
 
 980 
 
 608 
 
 250 
 
 866 
 
 421 
 
 902 
 
 313 
 
 980 
 
 528 
 
 292 
 
 483 
 
 Cadiz 888 
 
 Cairo 251 
 
 Cambridge 728 
 
 Camp Dennison 866 
 
 Canal Winchester 660 
 
 Carbon Hill 934 
 
 Carrollton 360 
 
 Carthage 865 
 
 Castalia 584 
 
 Cedarville 725 
 
 Centreburg 992 
 
 Chagrin Falls 526 
 
 Chambersburg 681 
 
 Chardon 689 
 
 Chester Cross Roads 692 
 
 Chicago 949 
 
 Cincinnati... 789 
 
 Clarksville 435 
 
 CleveSc 866 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Cleveland 497 
 
 Clifton 864 
 
 Clifton 724 
 
 Coalton 959 
 
 College Hill 865 
 
 College Corner 358 
 
 Collinwood 528 
 
 Columbiana 465 
 
 Columbus 614 
 
 Conneaut 263 
 
 Coolville 292 
 
 Coshocton 469 
 
 Crestline 493 
 
 Crown City 681 
 
 D. 
 
 Danville... 
 Deersville, 
 Defiance... 
 Delaware.. 
 Delphos ... 
 
 Delta 
 
 Deshler ... 
 Dunkirk... 
 
 992 
 
 902 
 
 541 
 
 553 
 
 249 
 
 667 
 
 911 
 
 886 
 
 E. 
 
 East Cleveland.. 528 
 
 East Eiverpool 459 
 
 East Palestine..., 465 
 
 Elida 251 
 
 Elmwood 865 
 
 Elliottsville 980 
 
 Euon 407 
 
 Euclid 528 
 
 F. 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Fayetteville 
 
 Felicity 
 
 Findlay 
 
 Flushing 
 
 Forest 
 
 Franklinton .... 
 Fredericktown, 
 Freeport 
 
 725 
 
 667 
 
 341 
 
 421 
 
 867 
 
 327 
 
 886 
 
 613 
 
 991 
 
 902 
 
 Galena 
 
 Gallon 
 
 Gallipolis 
 
 Gambier 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 Gettysburg 
 
 Glendale 
 
 Glenville 
 
 Gore 
 
 Greenfield ...I 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 563 
 
 488 
 
 677 
 
 992 
 
 275 
 
 330 
 
 538 
 
 865 
 
 528 
 
 934 
 
 924 
 
 530 
 
 949 
 
26 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 H. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Hamilton 347 
 
 Harlem Springs 365 
 
 Harrison 864 
 
 Harrisville 903 
 
 Hartwell 865 
 
 Haydenville 934 
 
 Hayesville 260 
 
 Hicksville 547 
 
 Higginsport 340 
 
 Hillsborough 912 
 
 Holgate 911 
 
 Holraesville 941 
 
 Home City 866 
 
 Hopedale 903 
 
 Huntsburg 692 
 
 Huron 584 
 
 I. 
 
 Independence 528 
 
 Irondale 980 
 
 Ivorydale 865 
 
 J- 
 
 Jackson 955 
 
 Jamestown 724 
 
 Jefferson 266 
 
 Jeffersonville 608 
 
 Jeromeville 255 
 
 Jewett 902 
 
 K. 
 
 Kenton 878 
 
 Killbuck 940 
 
 Kingsville 270 
 
 L. 
 
 Lafayette 251 
 
 Lancaster 591 
 
 Laurelville 934 
 
 Leesburgh 925 
 
 Leesburg 363 
 
 Leetonia 465 
 
 Liberty Centre 911 
 
 Lima 242 
 
 Linwood 866 
 
 Lockland 865 
 
 Locust Grove 240 
 
 Logan 928 
 
 Loudonville 260 
 
 Loveland 421 
 
 Lynchburg 925 
 
 M. 
 
 Madisonville 865 
 
 Manchester 230 
 
 Martin’s Ferry 325 
 
 Martinsburg 992 
 
 Martinsville 434 
 
 McComb 874 
 
 Mechanicsburg 384 
 
 Mechanicstown 365 
 
 Middlefield 692 
 
 Middletown. 350 
 
 Milan 577 
 
 Milford 411 
 
 Millersburg 937 
 
 Millville.... 934 
 
 Mingo Junction 981 
 
 Minster., 306 
 
 Monroeville 949 
 
 Morristown 327 
 
 Moscow 421 
 
 Mt. Auburn 864 
 
 Mt. Blanchard 874 
 
 Mt. Healthy 865 
 
 Mt. Pleasant 980 
 
 Mt. Vernon 983 
 
 Mt. Victory 886 
 
 Mt. Washington 864 
 
 Murray City 934 
 
 Mutual 386 
 
 N. 
 
 Napoleon 905 
 
 Nashville 941 
 
 Nelsonville 292 
 
 Neville 421 
 
 Newburgh 528 
 
 New Alexandria 980 
 
 New Athens 902 
 
 New Bremen 305 
 
 New Carlisle 407 
 
 New Harrisburg 365 
 
 New Lisbon 438 
 
 New London 949 
 
 New Paris 386 
 
 New Petersburg 925 
 
 New Richmond 418 
 
 New Vienna 434 
 
 North Bend 866 
 
 North Fairfield. 950 
 
 North Lewisburg.... 386 
 
 Norwalko 942 
 
 O . 
 
 Oak Hill 958 
 
 Ohio City 499 
 
 Olm stead Falls 528 
 
 Osborn 725 
 
 Ostrander 563 
 
 Oxford.... 354 
 
 P. 
 
 Parkman 692 
 
 Patriot 681 
 
 Patterson 886 
 
 Perrysville 260 
 
 Point Pleasant 420 
 
 Polk 260 
 
 Port Williams 435 
 
 Price’s Hill .... 864 
 
 R. 
 
 Reading 865 
 
 Richmond 980 
 
 Ridgeway 886 
 
 Ripley 336 
 
 Rock Creek 282 
 
 Rome 240 
 
 Roscoe 470 
 
 Roundhead 886 
 
 Russellville 341 
 
 s. 
 
 Sabina 434 
 
 Salem 448 
 
 Salineville 465 
 
 Sandusky 567 
 
 Sandy Springs 240 
 
 Savannah 260 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 27 
 
 PAGE* 
 
 Sdo 902 
 
 Sinking Springs 925 
 
 Smithfield 980 
 
 Somerville 359 
 
 South Bloomingville ; 934 
 
 South Charleston 407 
 
 Spencerville 251 
 
 Springfield 397 
 
 Spring Valley 725 
 
 St. Bernard 865 
 
 St. Clairsville 308 
 
 St. Mary’s 302 
 
 Steubenville 964 
 
 Sunbury 563 
 
 T. 
 
 Toronto 
 
 980 
 
 u. 
 
 Union City 539 
 
 Urbana 372 
 
 Utopia 420 
 
 V. 
 
 Van Buren 874 
 
 Vanivue 874 
 
 Venice 584 
 
 Vermillion 587 
 
 Versailles 539 
 
 W. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Wakeman..., 950 
 
 Walker’s 465 
 
 Wapakonetta 295 
 
 Washington C. H 604 
 
 Washington 730 
 
 Washington ville 466 
 
 Wauseon 613 
 
 Wellston 957 
 
 Wellsville 464 
 
 West Chester 359 
 
 West Cleveland 528 
 
 Westerville 659 
 
 Westminster 251 
 
 Westwood 866 
 
 West Union 228 
 
 Whitehouse 772 
 
 Williamsburg 416 
 
 Wilmington 425 
 
 Winchester 240 
 
 Winesburgh 941 
 
 Woodstock 386 
 
 Worthington 613 
 
 Wyoming 865 
 
 X. 
 
 Xenia 
 
 700 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yellow Springs, 
 
 722 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Andrews, Col. lyorin, Ohio’s First Vol- 
 
 unteer 253 
 
 Ancient Map, Sandusky 565 
 
 Apple Dale Tile Works 625 
 
 Art Buildings 766 
 
 Ashland, 1846 252 
 
 Ashland, 1888 252 
 
 Ashtabula, 1846 272 
 
 Ashtabula, 1887 272 
 
 Ashtabula Bridge 273 
 
 Ashtabula Harbor 273 
 
 Ashtabula Bridge, Ruins of. 274 
 
 Athens Asylum for the Insane 288 
 
 Bailey, Mad Ann, Heroine of Point 
 
 Pleasant 679 
 
 Bailey, Mad Ann, Cabin of. 680 
 
 Baptist Church at Columbia 809 
 
 Batavia, 1846 410 
 
 Baum, Martin, Portrait of. 846 
 
 Beatty, Gen, John, Portrait of..., 150 
 
 Beautiful Beech at Athens 287 
 
 Beecher, Rev. Dr. Lyman 824 
 
 Bellaire, 1887 321 
 
 Benedict, Platt 946 
 
 Bingham, Hon. John. 890 
 
 Blind Asylum, 1846 632 
 
 Blind Asylum, 1888. 632 
 
 Block House near North Bend 862 
 
 Boquet’s Council with the Indians 477 
 
 Boquet, Surrender of Captives to 477 
 
 Bower of Lost Child 417 
 
 Brough, Gov. John, Portrait and Auto- 
 graph of 522 
 
 Brush Electric Light Company’s Works 507 
 
 Brush Chas. F 512 
 
 Buckeye, Leaf, Nut, Burr and Flower.... 200 
 
 Bucyrus, 1846 483 
 
 Bucyrus, 1887 483 
 
 Burnet, Judge Jacob 816 
 
 Butler County Court-House, Hamilton.. 345 
 
 Cadiz in 1846.. 890 
 
 Cambridge, 1846 729 
 
 Cambridge, 1887 729 
 
 Cary Sisters, The 835 
 
 Carrollton, 1846 361 
 
 Carrollton, 1887 361 
 
 Cascade at Clifton 725 
 
 Catholic church after the cyclone 607 
 
 Central Insane Asylum, 1846 631 
 
 Central Insane Asylum, 1888 631 
 
 Chagrin Falls, 1846 527 
 
 Champion Mower Shops 401 
 
 Chardon, 1846 689 
 
 Chardon, 1887 689 
 
 Chase, Bishop Philander, and Wife 987 
 
 Chase, Chief-Justice Salmon P 975 
 
 Cheese-Factory, Interior of. 690 
 
 Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce 738 
 
 Cincinnati, Fourth Street in 1858 769 
 
 Cincinnati in 1802 768 
 
 Cincinnati in 1810 768 
 
 PAGR 
 
 Cincinnati in 1846 768 
 
 Clark, Gen. George Rogers, Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of. 402 
 
 Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, Portrait of...... 509 
 
 Cleveland Medical College, 1846 499 
 
 Cleveland, Superior Street, 1846 496 
 
 Cockerill, Col. John A., Portrait of. 231 
 
 Coffin, Catherine.... 826 
 
 Coffin, Levi 826 
 
 Columbus, 1846 616 
 
 Columbus, 1887 615 
 
 Couneaut in July, 1796 262 
 
 Coppock, Edwin, Monument of 450 
 
 Copus Family, Monument to Memory of 259 
 
 Cowles, Betsy M., Portrait of 281 
 
 Cowles, Edwin M., Portrait of..... 513 
 
 Coshocton, 1846 469 
 
 Coshocton, 1887 469 
 
 Cottage of a German-Swiss Emigrant... 463 
 
 Crusading Women of New Vienna 429 
 
 Cummings, Rev. E. H., Portrait of, 403 
 
 Custer, Gen. Geo. A., Portrait of. 895 
 
 Custer, Gen. Geo. A., Birthplace 895 
 
 Dam, The Great, at Cincinnati in the 
 
 Ice Age 741 
 
 Dawes, Colonel E. C., Portrait of 155 
 
 Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 1846 631 
 
 Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 1888 631 
 
 Decline of Day on the Upper Ohio...’ 462 
 
 Defiance, Fort 540 
 
 Defiance, 1846 541 
 
 Defiance, 1887 541 
 
 Delano, Sec’y, Columbus 990 
 
 Delaware, 1846 555 
 
 Delaware, 1886.. 555 
 
 Dennison, Gov. William, Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of. 522 
 
 Dexter Mausoleum, Spring Grove........ 857 
 
 Dorn, Hon. Henry, Portrait of. 208 
 
 Dow, Lorenzo, Portrait of. 413 
 
 Drake, Dr. Daniel 821 
 
 Early Settlers Pounding Corn 244 
 
 Edgerton, Hon. Alfred P., Portrait of.... 547 
 
 Edison, Thomas Alva, Portrait of 580 
 
 Edison, Thomas Alva, Birth-place of..... 581 
 
 Ewing Mansion, The 594 
 
 Ewing, Hon. Thomas, Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of. ... 593 
 
 Ewing, Gen. Thomas 178 
 
 Farrar, Hon. William, Portrait of. 201 
 
 Female Seminary, Steubenville 970 
 
 Fern Cliff 401 
 
 Field of Derricks, Lima 248 
 
 Findlay, Gen. James 869 
 
 Findlay in 1846 869 
 
 Findlay in 1890 872 
 
 First Church in Cincinnati 753 
 
 F'irst Court-House in Greene County.... 695 
 
 Foraker, Gov. J. B 919 
 
 Forks of the Muskingum 468 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Forrer, Samuel, Portrait of 119 
 
 Fort Hill, Map of 921 
 
 Frankenstein Homestead, The 404 
 
 Franklin County Court-House 624 
 
 French Settlers Cutting Down Trees. .. 675 
 Friends’ Yearly Meeting-House, Barnes- 
 ville 325 
 
 Galion, 1887 489 
 
 Gallipolis, 1790 672 
 
 Gallipolis, 1846 678 
 
 Gallipolis, 1886 678 
 
 Galloway Chair, The 706 
 
 Garfield’s Monument 506 
 
 Geddes, James, Portrait of 119 
 
 Geneva, 1888 276 
 
 Geological Map of Ohio 65 
 
 Georgetown, 1846 330 
 
 Giddings, Joshua R., Portrait and Auto- 
 graph of. 269 
 
 Giddings, Joshua R., Law Office of. 270 
 
 Giddings’ and Wade’s Monuments 269 
 
 Girty’s Island 906 
 
 Glaciated Area of Ohio, Map of. 91 
 
 Glaciated Area ofNorth America, Map of 92 
 Glaciated Area, Hamilton County,Map of 93 
 Glaciated Area of New Jersey, Map of.. 97 
 
 Goshorn, Sir Alfred T 847 
 
 Grant School-House, Georgetown 332 
 
 Grant Homestead and Tannery 332 
 
 Grant, Birth-place of. 420 
 
 Grant, U. S., Portrait and Autograph of 333 
 Grant, Jesse R., Portrait and Autograph 
 
 of 333 
 
 Grant, Mrs. Hannah, Portrait and'Auto- 
 
 graph of 333 
 
 “Gray Old Farm House,” The 838 
 
 Greenville in 1846 531 
 
 Greenville in 1886 531 
 
 Greenwood, Miles 821 
 
 HaU, Capt. Chas. F 841 
 
 Halstead, Murat, Portrait of. 353 
 
 Halstead, Murat, Boyhood Home and 
 
 Sycamore Grove at 353 
 
 Hamer, Gen. Thomas Lyon, Portrait of 331 
 
 Hamilton, 1846 346 
 
 Harrison, Autograph of Pres. W. H 813 
 
 Harrison, Pres. W. H 811 
 
 Harrison, Benj 811 
 
 Harrison, Mrs. William Henry 813 
 
 Hayden’s Falls 628 
 
 Hayes, President, Birth-place of. 557 
 
 Heatherington, Jacob, Portrait of 323 
 
 Highland House 783 
 
 Hillsboro Court House 915 
 
 Hillsboro, Business Street in 918 
 
 Hillsboro, Residence Street in 918 
 
 Hitchcock, Judge Peter, Homestead 687 
 
 Hoadly, Gov, George 839 
 
 Horn, A Historic 947 
 
 House that Jack built 323 
 
 Howard, J. Q., Portrait of...... 184 
 
 Howells, William Dean, Portrait of 327 
 
 Howells William Dean, Birth-place of... 327 
 Hunter, Capt. Robert, Portrait of. 155 
 
 Imbecile Youths, Asylum for 632 
 
 Inclined Plane, Mt. Auburn 783 
 
 Inscription Rock 576 
 
 Jack, the Mule 323 
 
 Xackson in 1886 952 
 
 29 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Jefferson, 1846 267 
 
 Johnson’s Island Prison 575 
 
 Kail, Mrs. Mary E., Portrait of. 364 
 
 Kelly, Hon. Allred, Portrait of. 649 
 
 Keifer, Gen. J. Warren, Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of.. 406 
 
 Kennan, George ; 946 
 
 Kenton Court House Square 877 
 
 Kenton in 1846 877 
 
 Kenton, Simon, Portrait of. 376 
 
 Kenton, Simon, The Grave of. 376 
 
 Kenyon College 987 
 
 Kinney, Col. Coates, Portrait of. 714 
 
 Kirtland, Dr., Portrait of 510 
 
 Knight, Prof. Geo. W., Portrait of. 137 
 
 Lamp, A Log-Cabin 884 
 
 Lancaster, 1846 591 
 
 Lancaster, 1886 591 
 
 Lane Seminary 757 
 
 Latham, E. P., Portrait of 688 
 
 Latham, E. P , Specimen of Handwriting 
 
 of. 688 
 
 Lee, Homer, Portrait and Autograph of 178 
 
 Lewis Div 915 
 
 Lima, 1846 245 
 
 Lima, 1887 245 
 
 Logan in 1 846 926 
 
 Logan in 1890..... 926 
 
 Longworth, Nicholas 818 
 
 Longworth’s Vineyard 857 
 
 Loving Dog and Horse 948 
 
 Lundy. Benjamin, Portrait of 312 
 
 Lytle, Gen. Wm. H 834 
 
 Manchester Landing 230 
 
 Maple Sugar, Old-Time Way of Making 685 
 
 Martin’s Ferry, 1887 326 
 
 Matthews, Judge Stanley 845 
 
 McBride, James, Portrait of 356 
 
 McCook, Major Daniel, Portrait of 366 
 
 McCook, Dr. John, Portrait of. 366 
 
 McCook, Martha L., Portrait of. 367 
 
 McCook, Gen. Robert Latimer, Portrait 
 
 of 368 
 
 McCook, Brig.-Gen. Daniel, Portrait of.. 368 
 McCook, Charles Morris, Portrait of..... 369 
 McCook, Brig.-Gen. Anson George, Por- 
 trait of. 370 
 
 McCook, Col. John James, Portrait of... 371 
 McDowell, Gen. Irvin, Birth-place of..... 648 
 
 Mcllvaine, Bishop Chas. P 990 
 
 McKeever, Abbie C., Portrait of. 422 
 
 Miami University, Oxford 354 
 
 Middletown, 1846 351 
 
 Middletown, 1887 351 
 
 Milan, 1846 578 
 
 Mill, The Old 919 
 
 Millersburg in 1846 938 
 
 Millersburg in 1890 938 
 
 Millikin, Col. Minor, Portrait of. 357 
 
 Miners’ Cottages 320 
 
 Miners’ Tools 952 
 
 Mitchell, Gen. O. M 838 
 
 Monnett Hall 556 
 
 Morgan, Gen. John, Portrait and Auto- 
 graph of 452 
 
 Morgan, Gen. John, Surrender of 452 
 
 Morgan, Gen. G. W 991 
 
 Morris, Senator Thomas, Monument of 415 
 
 Mount Pleasant 590 
 
 Mt. Vernon in 1846 984 
 
80 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Mt. Vernon in 1886 984 
 
 Music Hall and Exposition Building 793 
 
 Napoleon in 1887 906 
 
 New Lisbon, 1846 438 
 
 ' New Lisbon, 1886 439 
 
 Norwalk in 1846 943 
 
 Norwalk in 1886 943 
 
 Noyes, Gen. E. F 842 
 
 Ohio Boys’ Industrial School 599 
 
 Ohio Normal University 885 
 
 Ohio Penitentiary,Prisoners Marching in 631 
 
 Ohio Penitentiary, 1846 644 
 
 Ohio River Beacon 235 
 
 Ohio State University 621 
 
 Ohio University, 1846 286 
 
 Ohio Wesleyan University 556 
 
 Ohio, Map of. 8 
 
 Old Harrison Mansion, Ground Plan 861 
 
 Orton, Prof. Edward, Portrait of.... 59 
 
 Our Cabin, or Life in the Woods 316 
 
 Over the Rhine Saloon 786 
 
 Paleolith from Abbeville, France 95 
 
 Paleolith from Trenton, New Jersey 96 
 
 Pendleton, Hon. Geo. H 844 
 
 Pennyroyal Distillery, A 732 
 
 Perkins, Joseph, Portrait of...., 514 
 
 Perry’s Den. 735 
 
 Perry Statute, Monumental Park, Cleve- 
 land. 505 
 
 Peter, Mrs. Sarah 823 
 
 Piatt, John H 818 
 
 Piatt, Jacob Wyckoff. 819 
 
 Poison Crystals, Forms of. 657 
 
 Pompey’s Pillar 723 
 
 Pottery, Knowles, Taylor & Knowles, 
 
 East Liverpool — 460 
 
 Purcell, Archbishop, Portrait of. 341 
 
 Purchase of the Ohio and Scioto Land 
 Companies... 671 
 
 Quarries at Berea 526 
 
 Rankin, Rev. John, Portrait of. 838 
 
 Read, Prof. M. C., Protrait of 188 
 
 Read, T. Buchanan 851 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw, Portrait and Autograph 
 
 of 719 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw, Birth-place of. 719 
 
 Residence of the Late President Harri- 
 son, North Bend 862 
 
 Ripley, 1846 337 
 
 Robinson, Gen. James 883 
 
 Rock Bridge 931 
 
 Rock House Cave 931 
 
 Rocky Gorge of Paint Creek 921 
 
 Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of. 564 
 
 Rossville, View from Hamilton, 1846 346 
 
 Rouse, Mrs., Portrait of. 515 
 
 Roy, Hon. Andrew, Portrait of. 110 
 
 Runyan, Mrs 915 
 
 Ruggles, Hon. Almon, Portrait of. 583 
 
 Salem, 1846 449 
 
 Salem, 1887 449 
 
 Salem Town Hall, Audience Room 450 
 
 Sandusky Harbor, 1846 569 
 
 Sandusky Harbor, 1888 565 
 
 Sausage Man, The 786 
 
 Seal of Ohio.. 51 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Seitz, Enoch Berry, Portrait of. 533 
 
 Serpent Mound, Diagram of. 232 
 
 Serpent Mound, The Head of 234 
 
 Serpent Mound Park 222 
 
 Serpent Mound, Skeleton Found in 222 
 
 Sherman, Gen. W. T., Portrait and Au- 
 tograph of. 593 
 
 Simpson, Bishop Matthew 890 
 
 Singing Before a Saloon. 915 
 
 Sinton, David 844 
 
 Soldiers* and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home... 720 
 Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home, 
 
 Sitting Room 71 i 
 
 Soldiers Returning from the War 782 
 
 Solitary Elm, The 353 
 
 Springfield, 1846 397 
 
 Springer, Reuben R 843 
 
 Spencer, Platt, R., Portrait and Auto- 
 graph of. 277 
 
 Squirrel Hunters Crossing the Pon- 
 toons at Cincinnati 782 
 
 Stanton’s Boyhood Home 970 
 
 Stanton, Secretary Edwin M 975 
 
 Steubenville in 1846 965 
 
 Steubenville in 1886.. 965 
 
 Stewart, Mother 915 
 
 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 824 
 
 St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, Portrait and Au- 
 tograph of 402 
 
 St. Clairsville, 1846 309 
 
 St. Xavier’s College 757 
 
 State Capitol of Ohio 610 
 
 Stanbery, Hon. Henry, Portrait of. 653 
 
 Strata along the Niagara River 98 
 
 Surveys of Public Lands, Map 134 
 
 Suspension Bridge 796 
 
 Swayne, Chief-Justice, Portrait of. 655 
 
 Symmes, Judge J. C., Autograph of 348 
 
 Symmes, Judge J. C., Monument to 
 
 Memory of. 348 
 
 Symmes, Judge John Cleves 813 
 
 Taft, Judge Alphonso 842 
 
 Tappan, Judge Benjamin 978 
 
 Tecumseh, Birthplace of. 390 
 
 Thurman, Hon. A. G., Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of. 564 
 
 Tod, Gov. David, Portrait and Auto- 
 graph of. 522 
 
 Tomb of the Late President Harrison... 862 
 Tourgee, Judge Albion W., Portrait of 280 
 
 Townshend, Dr. N. S., Portrait of 100 
 
 Transrhenane Waiter 786 
 
 Twin Sycamores, The 730 
 
 Tyler Davidson Fountain. 793 
 
 Urbana, 1846 375 
 
 Urbana, 1886 .. 375 
 
 Vallandigham, Clement L., Portrait of 451 
 
 Vallandigham, Homestead 451 
 
 Valley of the Cuyahoga 495 
 
 Viaduct, Cleveland 495 
 
 Wade, Senator Benj. F., Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of. 269 
 
 Wapakonetta, 1887 295 
 
 Ward, J. Q. A., Portrait of.... 383 
 
 Warder, Dr. John A 840 
 
 Washington C. H., 1846..... 605 
 
 Washington C. H., 1886 605 
 
 Wauseon, Central View in 662 
 
ILL USTRA TIONS, 
 
 81 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Wayne, Gen. Anthony, Portrait and 
 
 Autograph of. 402 
 
 Weiner Wurst Man, The 786 
 
 Wellsville, 1846 464 
 
 West Union, 1846 229 
 
 Wetzel’s Springs 308 
 
 White Sulphur Springs 559 
 
 Whittlesey, Col. Charles, Portiait and 
 
 Autograph of. 521 
 
 Whittlesey Homestead 521 
 
 Wilberforce University 722 
 
 Willich, Gen. August, Portrait of 303 
 
 Willich, Gen., Monument to Memory of 303 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Wilmington, 1846 424 
 
 Wilmington, 1886 424 
 
 Wittenberg College 398 
 
 Wood, Gov. Reuben 511 
 
 Worthington Female Seminary, 1846.,.. 612 
 Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, Portrait of 90 
 
 Xenia, 1846 701 
 
 Xenia, 1886 701 
 
 Zeigler, Major David 846 
 
 Zoological Garden 783 
 
lotroductory Articles 
 
 FAGK 
 
 Outline History 83 
 
 General Description 
 
 Frank Henry Howe, 51 
 Geography and Geology 
 
 Prof. Edward Orton, 59 
 
 Glacial Man 
 
 Prof. G. Frederick Wright, 90 
 History of Agriculture 
 
 Prof. Norton S. Townshend, 100 
 Mines and Mining Resources 
 
 Hon. Andrew Roy, 110 
 Pioneer Engineers 
 
 Coe. Chas. Whitteesey, 119 
 Civil Jurisdiction 
 
 Coe. Chas. Whitteesey, 122 
 Sources of Ohio’s Strength 
 
 Coe. Chas. Whitteesey, 124 
 
 Public Lands 
 
 John Kiebourne, 128 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Public Land Surveys 
 
 Coe. Chas. Whitteesey, 133 
 Educational Progress 
 
 Prof. G. W. Knight, 137 
 Ohio in the Civil War 
 
 Gen. John Beatty, 150 
 Ohio Commandery of the Loyal Legion 155 
 Ohio Officers, State and National 166 
 
 Ohio Society of New York 178 
 
 A Glance at Ohio History' and Historical 
 Men J. Q. Howard, 184 
 
 Ohio’s Work in the United States Sani- 
 tary Commission 
 
 Prof. M. C. Read, 188 
 Ohio, the Buckeye State 
 
 Hon. Wm. M. Farrar, 200 
 Workshop and Factory Inspection 
 
 Frank Henry Howe, 208 
 
 Ordinance of 1787 217 
 
 Couoties. 
 
 (ADAMS TO KNOX.) 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Adams 223 
 
 Allen 241 
 
 Ashland 251 
 
 Ashtabula 261 
 
 Athens 282 
 
 Auglaize 293 
 
 Belmont 306 
 
 Brown........ 328 
 
 Butler 342 
 
 Carroll 359 
 
 Champaign 372 
 
 Clark 387 
 
 Clermont 408 
 
 Clinton 423 
 
 Columbiana 436 
 
 Coshocton 466 
 
 Crawford 482 
 
 Cuyahoga 494 
 
 Darke 529 
 
 Defiance 539 
 
 Delaware 648 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Erie 564 
 
 Fairfield 587 
 
 Fayette 602 
 
 Franklin 609 
 
 Fulton — 661 
 
 Gallia 668 
 
 Geauga 682 
 
 Greene 692 
 
 Guernsey.. 726 
 
 Hamilton 739 
 
 Hancock 867 
 
 Hardin 875 
 
 Harrison 887 
 
 Henry 903 
 
 Highland 912 
 
 Hocking 925 
 
 Holmes 934 
 
 Huron 941 
 
 Jackson 950 
 
 Jefferson 959 
 
 Knox.... .« 981 
 
OHIO. 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 The territory now comprised within the limits of Ohio was formerly a 
 part of that vast region claimed by France, between the Alleghany and 
 the Rocky mountains, first known by the general name of Louisiana. In 
 1673, Marquette, a zealous French Missionary, accompanied with Monsieur 
 Joliet, from Quebec, with five boatmen, set out on a mission from 
 Mackinac to the unexplored regions lying south of that station. They 
 passed down the lake to Green Bay, thence from Fox River crossed 
 over to the Wisconsin, which they followed down to its junction with the 
 Mississippi. They descended this mighty stream a thousand miles to its 
 confluence with the Arkansas. On their return to Canada, they did not 
 fail to urge, in strong terms, the immediate occupation of the vast and 
 fertile regions watered by the Mississippi and its branches. 
 
 On the 7th of August, 1679, M. de la Salle, the French commandant of 
 Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, launched, upon Lake Erie, the Griffin, 
 a bark of about 60 tons, with which he proceeded through the Lakes to 
 the Straits of Michillimackinac. Leaving his bark at this place, he pro- 
 ceeded up Lake Michigan, and from thence to the south west, till he 
 arrived at Peoria Lake, in Illinois. At this place he erected a fort, and 
 after having sent Father Lewis Hennepin on an exploring expedition. 
 La Salle returned to Canada. In 1683, La Salle went to France, and, by 
 the representations which he made, induced the French Government to 
 fit out an expedition for the purpose of planting a colony at the mouth 
 of the Mississippi. This expedition failed. La Salle being murdered by 
 his own men. 
 
 This disaster did not abate the ardor of the French in their great plan 
 of obtaining possession of the vast region westward of the English colo- 
 nies. A second expedition sailed from France, under the command of 
 M. D’Iberville. This officer entered the mouth of the Mississippi, and 
 explored the river for several hundred miles. Permanent establishments 
 were made at different points; and from this time the French colony west 
 of the Alleghanies steadily increased in numbers and strength. Previous 
 to the year 1725, the colony had been divided into quarters, each having 
 its local governor, or commandant, and judge, but all subject to the 
 superior authority of the council general of Louisiana. One of these 
 quarters was established north west of the Ohio. 
 
 At this period the French had erected forts on the Mississippi, on the 
 Illinois, on the Maumee, and on the lakes. Still, however, the communi- 
 cation with Canada was through Lake Michigan. Before 1750, a French 
 
 ( 33 ) 
 
34 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 post had been fortified at the mouth of the Wabash, and a communication 
 was established through that river and the Maumee with Canada. About 
 the same time, and for the purpose of checking the progress of the French, 
 the Ohio Company was formed, and made some attempts to establish 
 trading houses among the Indians. The French, however, established a 
 chain of fortifications back of the English settlements, and thus, in a meas- 
 ure, had the entire control of the great Mississippi valley. The English 
 government became alarmed at the encroachments of the French, and 
 attempted to settle boundaries by negotiations. These availed nothing, 
 and both parties were determined to settle their differences by the force of 
 arms. 
 
 The claims of the different European monarchs to large portions of the 
 western continent were based upon the first discoveries made by their 
 subjects. In 1609, the English monarch granted to the London Company, 
 -all the territories extending along the coast for two hundred miles north 
 and south from Point Comfort, and “ ttp into the land, throughout from sea 
 ^^7 west and north-west.” In 1662, Charles II. granted to certain set- 
 tlers upon the Connecticut all the territory between the parallels of lati- 
 tude which include the present State of Connecticut, from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific ocean. The claims which Massachusetts advanced, during the 
 revolution, to an interest in the western lands, were founded upon a 
 similar charter, granted thirty years afterwards. 
 
 When the king of France had dominions in North America, the whole 
 of the late territory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio, 
 was included in the province of Louisiana, the north boundary of which, 
 by the treaty of Utrecht, concluded between France and England in 1713, 
 was fixed at the 49th parallel of latitude north of the Equator. After the 
 conquest of the French possessions in North America by Great Britain, 
 this tract was ceded by France to Great Britain, by the treaty of Paris, 
 in 1763. 
 
 The principal ground whereon the English claimed dominion beyond 
 the Alleghanies was, that the Six Nations owned the Ohio valley, and had 
 placed it with their other lands under the protection of England. Some 
 of the western lands were also claimed by the British as having been 
 actually purchased, at Lancaster, Penn., in 1744, at a treaty between the 
 colonists and the Six Nations at that place. In 1748, the “Ohio Com- 
 pany,” for the purpose of securing the Indian trade, was formed. In 
 1749, it appears that the English built a trading house upon the Great 
 Miami, at a spot since called Loramie’s Store. In 1751, Christopher Gist, 
 an agent of the Ohio Company, who was appointed to examine the west- 
 ern lands, made a visit to the Twigtwees, who lived upon the Miami river, 
 about one hundred miles from its mouth. 
 
 Early in 1752, the French having heard of the trading house on the 
 Miami, sent a party of soldiers to the Twigtwees and demanded the 
 traders as intruders upon French lands. The Twigtwees refused to deliver 
 up their friends. The French, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, 
 then attacked the trading house, which was probably a block house, and 
 after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and 
 others wounded, took and destroyed it, carrying away the traders to 
 Canada. This fort, or trading house, was called, by the English, Pickawil- 
 lany. Such was the first British settlement in the Ohio valley, of which 
 we have any record. 
 
 After Braddock’s defeat, in 1755, the Indians pushed their excursions as 
 far east as the Blue Ridge. In order to repel them, Major Lewis, in Janu- 
 ary, 1756, was sent with a party of troops on an expedition against the 
 Indian towns on the Ohio. The point apparently aimed a^ was the upper 
 Shawanese town, situated on the Ohio, three miles above the mouth of 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 35 
 
 the Great "Kanawha. The attempt proved a failure, in consequence, it is 
 said, of the swollen state of the streams, and the treachery of the guides. 
 In 1764, Gen. Bradstreet, having dispersed the Indian forces besieging 
 Detroit, passed into the Wyandot country by way of Sandusky Bay. He 
 ascended the bay and river as far as it was navigable for boats, and there 
 made a camp. A treaty of peace was signed by the Chiefs and head men. 
 The Shawnees of the Scioto river, and the Delawares of the Muskingum, 
 however, still continued hostile. Col. Boquet, in 1764, with a body of 
 troops, marched from Fort Pitt into the heart of the Ohio country on the 
 Muskingum river. This expedition was conducted with great prudence 
 and skill, and without scarcely any loss of life, as treaty of peace was 
 effected with the Indians, who restored the prisoners they had captured 
 from the white settlements. The next war with the Indians was in 
 1774, generally known as Lord Dunmore’s. In the summer of that year, 
 an expedition, under Col. M’Donald, was assembled at Wheeling, marched 
 kito the Muskingum country and destroyed the Indian town of Wapato- 
 mica, a few miles above the site of Zanesville. In the fall, the Indians 
 were defeated after a hard fought battle at Point Pleasant, on the Virginia 
 side of the Ohio. Shortly after this event, Lord* Dunmore made peace 
 with the Indians at Camp Charlotte, in what is now Pickaway country. 
 
 During the revolutionary war, most of the western Indians were more or 
 less united against the Americans. In the fall of 1778, an expedition 
 against Detroit was projected. As a preliminary step, it was resolved that 
 the forces in the west, under Gen, MTntosh, should move up and attack 
 the Sandusky Indians. Preliminary to this. Fort Laurens, so called in 
 honor of the President of Congress, was built upon the Tuscarawas, a 
 short distance below the site of Bolivar, Tuscarawas county. The expe- 
 dition to Detroit was abandoned and the garrison of Fort Laurens, after 
 suffering much from the Indians and from famine, were recalled in August, 
 1779. ^ month or two previous to the evacuation of this fort. Col. 
 
 Bowman headed an expedition against the Shawnees. Their village, 
 Chillicothe, three miles north of the site of Xenia, on the little Miami, was 
 burnt. The warriors showed an undaunted front, and the whites were 
 forced to retreat. In the summer of 1780, an expedition directed against 
 the Indian towns, in the forks of the Muskingum, moved from Wheeling 
 under Gen. Broadhead. This expedition, known as “ the Coshocton cam- 
 paign,” was unimportant in its results. In the same summer, Gen. Clark 
 led a body of Kentuckians against the Shawnees. Chillicothe, on the 
 Little Miami, was burnt on their approach, but at Piqua, their town on 
 the Mad River, six miles below the site of Springfield, they gave battle to 
 the whites and were defeated. In September, 1782, this officer led a 
 second expedition against the Shawanese. Their towns. Upper and 
 Lower Piqua,* on the Miami, within what is now Miami county, were 
 destroyed, together with the store of a trader. 
 
 There were other expeditions into the Indian country from Kentucky, 
 which, although of later date, we mention in this connection. In 1786, 
 Col. Logan conducted a successful expedition against the Mackachack 
 towns, on the head waters of Mad River, in what is now Logan county. 
 Edwards, in 1787, led an expedition to the head waters of the Big Miami, 
 and, in 1788, Todd led one into the Scioto valley. There were also 
 minor expeditions, at various times, into the present limits of Ohio. 
 
 The Moravian missionaries, prior to the war of the revolution, had a 
 number of missionary stations within the limits of Ohio. The mission- 
 aries, Heckewelder and Post, were on the Muskingum as early as 1762. 
 In March, 1782, a party of Americans, under Col. Williamson, murdered 
 in cold blood, ninety-four of the defenceless Moravian Indians, within the 
 present limits of Tuscarawas county. In the June following. Col. Craw- 
 
3 ^ 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 ford, at the head of about 500 men, was defeated by the Indians, three 
 miles north of the site of Upper Sandusky, in Wyandot county. He 
 was taken prisoner, and burnt at the stake with horrible tortures. 
 
 By an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, passed in 1774, the whole 
 of the late north-western Territory was annexed to, and made a part of 
 the province of Quebec, as created and established by the royal proclama- 
 tion of the 7th of October, 1763. But nothing therein contained, relative 
 to the boundary of the said province of Quebec, was in any wise to affect 
 the boundaries of any other colony. 
 
 The colonies having, in 1776, renounced their allegiance to the British 
 king, and assumed rank as free, sovereign and independent States, each 
 State claimed the right of soil and jurisdiction over the district of country 
 embraced within its charter. The charters of several of the States 
 embraced large portions of western unappropriated lands. Those States 
 which had no such charters, insisted that these lands ought to be appro- 
 priated for the benefit of all the States, according to their population, as 
 the title to them, if secured at all, would be by the blood and treasure of 
 all the States. Congress repeatedly urged upon those States owning 
 western unappropriated lands, to make liberal cessions of them for the 
 common benefit of all. 
 
 The claim of the English monarch to the late north-western Territory 
 was ceded to the United States, by the treaty of peace, signed at Paris, 
 September 3, 1783. The provisional articles which formed the basis of 
 that treaty, more especially as related to the boundary, were signed at 
 Paris, November 30, 1782. During the pendency of the negotiation 
 relative to these preliminary articles, Mr. Oswald, the British commis- 
 sioner, proposed the river Ohio as the western boundary of the United 
 States, and but for the indomitable perseverance of the revolutionary 
 patriot, John Adams, one of the American commissioners, who opposed the 
 proposition, and insisted upon the Mississippi as the boundary, the proba- 
 bility is, that the proposition of Mr. Oswald would have been acceded to 
 by the United States commissioners. 
 
 The states who owned western unappropriated lands, with a single 
 exception, redeemed their respective pledges by ceding them to the United 
 States. The State of Virginia, in March, 1784, ceded the right of soil and 
 jurisdiction to the district of country embraced in her charter, situated to 
 the north-west of the river Ohio. In September, 1786, the State of Con- 
 necticut also ceded her claim of soil and jurisdiction to the district of 
 country within the limits of her charter, situated west of a line beginning 
 at the completion of the forty-first point degree of north latitude, one 
 hundred and twenty miles west of the western boundary of Pennsylvania ; 
 and from thence by a line drawn north parallel to, and one hundred and 
 twenty miles west of said line of Pennsylvania, and to continue north until 
 it came to forty-two degrees and two minutes north latitude. The State 
 of Connecticut, on the 30th of May, 1800, also ceded her jurisdictional 
 claims to all that territory called the “ Western Reserve of Connecticut.” 
 The states of New York and Massachusetts also ceded all their claims. 
 
 The above were not the only claims which had to be made prior to the 
 commencement of settlements within the limits of Ohio. Numerous tribes 
 of Indian savages, by viitue of prior possession, asserted their respective 
 claims, which also had to be extinguished. A treaty for this purpose was 
 accordingly made at Fort Stanwix, October 27, 1784, with the Sachems 
 and warriors of the Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Oneidas, and 
 Tuscaroras; by the third article of which treaty, the said Six Nations 
 ceded to the United States all claims to the country west of a line extend- 
 ing along the west boundary of Pennsylvania, from the mouth of the 
 Oyounayea to the river Ohio. 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 37 
 
 A treaty was also concluded at Fort McIntosh, January 2I, 1785, with the 
 Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa, and Ottawa nations, by which the boundary 
 line between the Uniteci States and the Wyandot and Delaware nations was 
 declared to begin “ at the mouth of the river Cuyahoga, and to extend up said 
 river to the Portage, between that and the Tuscaroras branch of the Muskin- 
 gum, thence down that branch to the crossing place above Fort Laurens, then 
 westerly to the Portage of the Big Miami, which runs into the Ohio, at the 
 mouth of which branch the fort stood which was taken by the French, in 1752 ; 
 then along said Portage to the Great Miami, or Omee river, and down the south 
 side of the same to its mouth ; then along the south shore of Lake Erie to the 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga river, where it began.” The United States allotted all 
 the lands contained within said lines to the Wyandot and Delaware nations, to 
 live and hunt on, and to such of the Ottawa nation as lived thereon ; saving and 
 reserving for the establishment of trading posts, six miles square at the mouth 
 of the Miami, or Omee river, and the same at the Portage, on that branch of 
 the Big Miami which runs into the Ohio, and the same on the Lake of Sandusky 
 where the fort formerly stood, and also two miles square on each side of the 
 Lower Rapids of Sandusky river. 
 
 The Indian title to a large part of the territory within the limits of Ohio 
 having been extinguished, legislative action on the part of Congress became 
 necessary before settlements were commenced ; as in the treaties made with the 
 Indians, and in the acts of Congress, all citizens of the United States were pro- 
 hibited settling on the lands of the Indians, as well as on those of the United 
 States. Ordinances were accordingly made by Congress for the government 
 of the Northwestern Territory, and for the survey and sale of portions of lands 
 to which the Indian title had been extinguished. 
 
 In May, 1785, Congress passed an ordinance for ascertaining the mode of 
 disposing of these lands. Under that ordinance, the first seven ranges, bounded 
 on the east by Pennsylvania, and on the south by the Ohio river, were surveyed. 
 Sales of parts of these were made at New York, in 1787, the avails of which 
 amounted to 1^72,974, and sales of other parts of said range were made at Pitts- 
 burg and Philadelphia, in 1796. The avails of sales made at the former place 
 amounted to ;$43,446, and at the latter, ;^5,I20. A portion of these lands were 
 located under United States military land warrants. No further sales were 
 made in that district until the Land Office was opened at Steubenville, July i, 
 1801. 
 
 On the 27th of October, 1787, a contract in writing was entered into between 
 the Board of Treasury for the United States of America, of the one part, and 
 Manassah Cutler and Winthrop Sargeant, as agents for the directors of the 
 New England Ohio Company of associates, of the other part, for the purchase 
 of the tract of land bounded by the Ohio, from the mouth of the Scioto to the 
 intersection of the western boundary of the seventh range of townships then 
 surveying ; thence by said boundary to the northern boundary of the tenth 
 township from the Ohio ; thence by a due west line to Scioto ; thence by the 
 Scioto to the beginning. The bounds of that contract were afterwards altered 
 in 1792. The settlement of this purchase commenced at Marietta, at the mouth 
 of the Muskingum river, in the spring of 1788, and was the first settlement 
 formed within the limits of Ohio. An attempt at settlement within the bounds 
 of Ohio had b®en made in April, 1785, at the mouth of the Scioto, on the site 
 of Portsmouth, by four families from Redstone, Pa. ; but difficulties with the 
 Indians compelled its abandonment. 
 
 In October, 1787, Congress appointed Gen. Arthur St. Clair, an officer of the 
 Revolution, Governor ; Winthrop Sargeant, Secretary ; and the Hon. Samuel 
 Holden Parsons, James Mitchell Varnum, yudges, in, and over the Territory. 
 The territorial government was organized, and sundry laws were made, or 
 adopted, by the Governor and Judges Parsons and Varnum. In 1788 John 
 
38 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 Cleves Symmes was also appointed judge. The county of Washington, having 
 its limits extended westward to the Scioto, and northward to Lake Erie, em- 
 bracing about half the territory within the present limits of the State, was estab- 
 lished by the proclamation of the Governor. 
 
 On the 15th of October, 1788, John Cleves Symmes, in behalf of himself 
 and his associates, contracted with the Board of Treasury for the purchase of 
 a large tract of land situated between the Great and Little Miami river, and the 
 first settlement within the limits of that purchase, and second in Ohio, was com- 
 menced in November of that year, at Columbia, at the mouth of the Little 
 Miami, five miles above the site of Cincinnati. 
 
 “ A short time after the settlement at Marietta had commenced, an association 
 was formed under the name of the Scioto Land Company. A contract was made 
 for the purchase of a part of the lands included in the Ohio Company's pur- 
 chases. Plats and descriptions of the land contracted for, were, however, made 
 out, and Joel Barlow was sent as an agent to Europe to make sales of the lands 
 for the benefit of the company ; and sales were effected of parts thereof to com- 
 panies and individuals in France. On February 19, 1791, two hundred and 
 eighteen of these purchasers left Havre de Grace, in France, and arrived in Al- 
 exandria, D, C., on the 3d of May following. During their passage, two were 
 added to their number. On their arrival, they were told that the Scioto Com- 
 pany owned no land. The agent insisted that they did, and promised to secure 
 to them good titles thereto, which he did, at Winchester, Brownsville, and 
 Charleston (now Wellsburg.) When they arrived at Marietta, about fifty of 
 them landed. The rest of the company proceeded to Gallipolis, which was laid 
 out about that time, and were assured by the agent that the place lay within 
 their purchase. Every effort to secure titles to the lands they had purchased 
 having failed, an application was made to Congress, and in June, 1798, a grant 
 was made to them of a tract of land on the Ohio, above the mouth of the Scioto 
 river, which is called the ‘ French Grant' ” 
 
 The Legislature of Connecticut, in May, 1795, appointed a committee to 
 receive proposals and make sale of the lands she had reserved in Ohio. This 
 committee sold the lands to sundry citizens of Connecticut and other States, 
 and, in September of the same year, executed to several purchasers deeds of 
 conveyance therefor. The purchasers proceeded to survey into townships of 
 five miles square the whole of said tract lying east of the Cuyahoga; they 
 made divisions thereof according to their respective proportions, and com- 
 menced settlements in many of the townships, and there were actually settled 
 therein, by the 21st of March, 1800, about one thousand inhabitants. A num- 
 ber of mills had been built, and roads cut in various directions to the extent of 
 about 700 miles. 
 
 The location of the lands appropriate for satisfying military land bounty 
 warrants in the district appropriated for that purpose, granted for services in the 
 Revolutionary war, commenced on March 13, 1800; and the location of the 
 lands granted to the Canadian and Nova Scotia refugees commenced February 
 13, 1802. The lands east of the Scioto, south of the military bounty lands, 
 and west of the fifteenth range of townships, were first brought into market, 
 and offered for sale by the United States on the first Monday of May, 1801. 
 
 The State of Virginia, at an early period of the Revolutionary war, raised 
 two description of troops. State and Continental, to each of which bounties in 
 land were promised. The lands within the limits of her charter, situate to the 
 northwest of Ohio river, were withdrawn from appropriation on treasury war- 
 rants, and the lands on Cumberland river, and between the Green and Tennes- 
 see rivers on the southeasterly side of the Ohio, were appropriated for these 
 military bounties. Upon the recommendation of Congress, Virginia ceded her 
 lands north of the Ohio, upon certain conditions ; one of which was, that in 
 case the lands south of Ohio should be insufficient for their legal bounties to 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 39 
 
 their troops, the deficiency should be made up from lands north of the Ohio, 
 between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami. 
 
 In 1783, the Legislature of Virginia authorized the officers of their respective 
 lines to appoint superintendents to regulate the survey of the bounty lands 
 promised. Richard C. Anderson was appointed principal surveyor of the lands 
 of the troops of the continental establishment. An office for the reception of 
 locations and surveys was opened at Louisville, Kentucky, August i, 1784, and 
 on the 1st of August, 1787, the said office was open for the reception of surveys 
 and locations on the north side of the Ohio. 
 
 In the year 1789, January 9th, a treaty was made at Fort Harmar, between 
 Governor St. Clair and the Sachems and warriors of the Wyandot, Chippewa, 
 Potawatomie, and Sac nations, in which the treaty at Fort McIntosh was re- 
 newed and confirmed. It did not, however, produce the favorable results anti- 
 cipated. The Indians, the same year, assuming a hostile appearance, were seen 
 hovering round the infant settlements near the mouth of the Muskingum and 
 between the Miamies, and nine persons were killed within the bounds of 
 Symmes’ purchase. The new settlers became alarmed and erected block-houses 
 in each of the new settlements. In June, 1789, Major Doughty, with 140 men, 
 from Fort Harmar, commenced the building of Fort Washington, on a spot now 
 within the present limits of Cincinnati. A few months afterwards, Gen. Har- 
 mar arrived, with 300 men, and took command of the fort. 
 
 Negotiations with the Indians proving unavailing, Gen. Harmar was directed 
 ' to attack their towns. In pursuance of his instructions he marched from Cin- 
 cinnati, in September, 1790, with 1,300 men, of whom less than one-fourth were 
 regulars. When near the Indian villages, on the Miami of the lake in the 
 vicinity of what is now Fort Wayne, an advanced detachment of 310, consisting 
 chiefly of militia, fell into an ambush and was defeated with severe loss. Gen. 
 Harmar, however, succeeded in burning the Indian villages and in destroying 
 their standing corn, and having effected this service, the army commenced its 
 march homeward. They had not proceeded far when Harmar received intelli- 
 gence that the Indians had returned to their ruined towns. He immediately 
 detached about one-third of his remaining force, under the command of CoL 
 Hardin, with orders to bring them to an engagement. He succeeded in this 
 early the next morning ; the Indians fought with great fury, and the militia and 
 the regulars alike behaved with gallantry. More than one hundred of the 
 militia, and all the regulars except nine, were killed, and the rest were driven 
 back to the main body. Dispirited by this severe misfortune, Harmar imme- 
 diately marched to Cincinnati, and the object of the expedition in intimidating 
 the Indians was entirely unsuccessful. 
 
 As the Indians continued hostile, a new army, superior to the former, was 
 assembled at Cincinnati, under the command of Gov. St. Clair. The regular 
 force amounted to 2,300 men ; the militia numbered about 600. With this 
 army, St. Clair commenced his march towards the Indian towns on the Maumee. 
 Two forts, Hamilton and Jefferson, were established and garrisoned on the route, 
 about forty miles from each other. Misfortune attended the expedition almost 
 from its commencement. Soon after leaving Fort Jefferson, a considerable 
 party of the militia deserted in a body. The first regiment, under Major 
 Hamtramck, was ordered to pursue them and to secure the advancing convoys 
 of provisions, which it was feared they designed to plunder. Thus weakened 
 by desertion, and division, St. Clair approached the Indian villages. On the 
 3d of November, 1791, when at what is now the line of Darke and Mercer 
 counties, he halted, intending to throw up some slight fortification for the pro- 
 tection of baggage, and to await the return of the absent regiment. On the 
 following morning, however, about half an hour before sunrise, the American 
 army was attacked with great fury, as there is good reason to believe, by the 
 whole disposable force of the northwest tribes. The Americans were totally 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 defeated. Gen. Butler and upwards of six hundred men were killed. Indian 
 outrages of every kind were now multiplied, and emigration was almost entirely 
 suspended. 
 
 President Washington now urged forward the vigorous prosecution of the 
 war for the protection of the Northwest Territory; but various obstacles re- 
 tarded the enlistment and organization of a new army. In the spring of 1794 
 the American army assembled at Greenville, in Darke county, under the com- 
 mand of Gen. Anthony Wayne, a bold, energetic and experienced officer of the 
 Revolution. His force consisted of about two thousand regular troops, and 
 fifteen hundred mounted volunteers from Kentucky. The Indians had collected 
 their whole force, amounting to about two thousand men, near a British fort, 
 erected since the treaty of 1783, in violation of its obligations, at the foot of 
 the rapids of the Maumee. On the 20th of August, 1794, Gen. Wayne en- 
 countered the enemy, and after a short and deadly conflict, the Indians fled in 
 the greatest confusion, and were pursued under the guns of the British fort. 
 After destroying all the houses and corn-fields above and below the British 
 fort, on the Maumee, the victorious army returned to the mouth of Au Glaize, 
 where Wayne erected Fort Defiance. Previous to this action, various fruitless 
 attempts had been made to bring the Indians to peace. Some of the messen- 
 gers sent among the Indians for that object were murdered. 
 
 The victory of Wayne did not at first reduce the savages to submission. 
 Their country was laid waste, and forts were erected in the heart of their ter- 
 ritory before they could be entirely subdued. At length, however, theybecame 
 thoroughly convinced of their inability to resist the American arms and sued 
 for peace. A grand council was held at Greenville, where eleven of the most 
 powerful northwestern tribes were represented, to whom Gen. Wayne dictated 
 the terms of pacification. The boundary established by the treaty at Fort 
 McIntosh was confirmed and extended westward from Loramie’s to Fort Re- 
 covery, and thence southwest to the mouth of the Kentucky river. The Indians 
 agreed to acknowledge the United States as their sole protector, and never to 
 sell their lands to any other power. Upon these and other conditions, the 
 United States received the Indian nations into their protection. A large quan- 
 tity of goods was delivered to them on the spot, and perpetual annuities, pay- 
 able in merchandise, etc., were promised to each tribe who became a party to 
 the treaty. 
 
 While the war with the Indians continued, of course but little progress was 
 made in the settlement in the west. The next county that was established after 
 that of Washington, in 1788, was Hamilton, erected in 1790. Its bounds in- 
 cluded the country between the Miamies, extending northward from the Ohio 
 river to a Ime drawn due east from the Standing Stone forks of the Great 
 Miami. The name of the settlement opposite the Licking was, at this time, 
 called Cincinnati. 
 
 At this period there was no fixed seat of government. The laws were 
 passed whenever they seemed to be needed, and promulgated at any place 
 where the territorial legislators happened to be assembled. In 1789 the first 
 Congress passed an act recognizing the binding force of the ordinance of 1787, 
 and adapting its provisions to the federal constitution. At this period, the 
 judges appointed by the national executive constituted the supreme court of 
 the territory. Inferior to this court were the county court, courts of common 
 pleas, and the general quarter sessions of the peace. Single judges of the 
 common pleas, and single justices of the quarter sessions were also clothed 
 with certain civil and criminal powers to be exercised out of court. 
 
 In 1795 the governor an I judges undertook to revise the territorial laws, 
 and to establish a system of statutory jurisprudence, by adoptions from the 
 laws of the original States, in conformity to the ordinance. For this purpose 
 they assembled in Cincinnati in June and continued in session until th^ latter 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY, 
 
 part of August The general court was fixed at Cincinnati and Marietta; 
 other courts were established, and laws and regulations were adopted for 
 various purposes. 
 
 The population of the territory now continued to increase and extend. From 
 Marietta, settlers spread into the adjoining country. The Virginia military 
 reservation drew a considerable number of revolutionary veterans, and others, 
 from that State. The region between the Miamies, from the Ohio far up 
 toward the sources of Mad river, became chequered with farms, and abounded 
 in indications of the presence of an active and prosperous population. The 
 neighborhood of Detroit became populous, and Connecticut, by grants of land 
 within the tract, reserved in her deed of cession, induced many of her hardy 
 citizens to seek a home on the borders of Lake Erie. In 1796 Wayne county 
 was established, including all the northwestern part of Ohio, a large tract in 
 the northeastern part of Indiana, and the whole territory of Michigan. In 
 July, 1797, Adams county was erected, comprehending a large tract lying on 
 both sides of the Scioto, and extending northward to Wayne. Other counties 
 were afterwards formed out of those already established. Before the end of 
 the year 1798 the Northwest Territory contained a population of five thousand 
 free male inhabitants, of full age, and eight organized counties. 
 
 The people were now entitled, under the ordinance of 1787, to a change in 
 their form of government. That instrument provided that whenever there were 
 five thousand free males, of full age, in the territory, the people should be au- 
 thorized to elect representatives to a territorial legislature. These, when chosen, 
 were to nominate ten freeholders of 500,acres, of whom the president was to 
 appoint five, who were to constitute the legislative council. Representatives 
 were to serve two, and councilmen five years. The first meeting of the terri- 
 torial legislature was appointed on the i6th of September, 1799, but it was not 
 till the 24th of the same month that the two houses were organized for busi- 
 ness ; at which time they were addressed by Gov. St. Clair. An act was passed 
 to confirm and give force to those laws enacted by the governor and judges, 
 whose validity had been doubted. This act, as well as every other which 
 originated in the council, was prepared and brought forward by Jacob Burnet, 
 afterwards a distinguished judge and senator, to whose labors, at this session, 
 the territory was indebted for some of its most beneficial laws. The whole 
 number of acts passed and approved by the governor was thirty-seven. Wil- 
 liam H. Harrison, then secretary of the Territory, was elected as delegate to 
 Congress, having eleven of twenty-one votes. 
 
 Within a few months after the close of this session, Connecticut ceded to the 
 United States her claim of jurisdiction over the northeastern part of the ter- 
 ritory; upon which the president conveyed, by patent, the fee of the soil to the 
 governor of the State, for the use of grantees and purchasers claiming under 
 her. This tract, in the summer of the same year, was erected into a new county 
 by the name of Trumbull. The same congress which made a final arrangement 
 with Connecticut, passed an act dividing the Northwestern Territory into two 
 governments, by a line drawn from the mouth of the Kentucky to Fort Re- 
 covery,, and thence northward to the territorial line. East of this line, the 
 government, already established, was continued ; while west of it another, sub- 
 stantially similar, was established. This act fixed the seat of the eastern gov- 
 ernment at Chillicothe; subject, however, to be removed at the pleasure of the 
 legislature. 
 
 On the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed an act authorizing the call of 
 a convention to form a State constitution. This convention assembled at Chil- 
 licothe, November ist, and on the 29th of the same month a constitution of 
 State government was ratified and signed by the members of the convention. 
 It was never referred to the people for their approbation, but became the fun- 
 damental law of the State by the act of the convention alone ; and, by this act, 
 Ohio became one of the States of the Federal Union, 
 
4 * 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY, 
 
 Besides framing the constitution, the convention had another duty to per- 
 form. The act of Congress, providing for the admission of the new State into 
 the Union, offered certain propositions to the people. These were, first, that 
 section sixteen in each township, or, where that section had been disposed of, 
 other contiguous and equivalent lands, should be granted to the inhabitants for 
 the use of schools ; second, that thirty-eight sections of land, where salt-springs 
 had been found, of which one township was situated on the Scioto, one section 
 on the Muskingum, and one section in the United States u'ilitary tract, should 
 be granted to the State, never, however, to be sold or leased for a longer term 
 than ten years ; and third, that one-twentieth of the proceeds of public lands 
 sold within the State, should be applied to the construction of roads from the 
 Atlantic, to and through the same. These propositions were offered on the 
 condition that the convention should provide, by ordinance, that all lands sold 
 by the United States after the 30th day of June, 1802, should be exempt 
 from taxation, by the State, for five years after sale. 
 
 The ordinance of 1785 had already provided for the appropriation of section 
 sixteen to the support of schools in every township sold by the United States ; 
 and this appropriation thus became a condition of the sale and settlement of 
 the western country. It was a consideration offered to induce purchases of 
 public lands, at a time when the treasury was well-nigh empty, and this source 
 of revenue was much relied upon. It extended to every township of land 
 within the territory, except those in the Virginia military reservation, and 
 wherever the reserved section had been disposed of, after the passage of the 
 ordinance. Congress was bound to make other equivalent provision for the 
 same object. The reservation of section sixteen, therefore, could not, in 1802, 
 be properly made the object of a new bargain between the United States and 
 the State ; and many thought that the salt reservations and the twentieth of 
 the proceeds of the public lands were very inadequate equivalents for the pro- 
 posed surrender of the right to tax. The convention, however, determined to 
 accept the propositions of Congress, on their being so far enlarged and modified 
 as to vest in the State, for the use of schools, section sixteen in each township 
 sold by the United States, and three other tracts of land, equal in quantity, 
 respectively, to one thirty-sixth of the Virginia reservation, of the United States 
 military tract, and of the Connecticut reserve, and to give three per centum of 
 the proceeds of the public lands sold within the State, to be applied under the 
 direction of the legislature, to roads in Ohio. Congress assented to the pro- 
 posed modifications, and thus completed the compact. 
 
 The first General Assembly under the State constitution met at Chillicothe, 
 March i, 1803. The legislature enacted such laws as were deemed necessary 
 for the new order of things, and created eight new counties, namely : Gallia, 
 Scioto, Franklin, Columbiana, Butler, Warren, Greene and Montgomery. The 
 first State officers elected by the assembly were as follows, viz. : Michael Bald- 
 win, Speaker of the House of Representatives; Nathaniel Massie, Speaker of 
 the Senate ; William Creighton, Jr., Secretary of State; Col. Thomas Gibson, 
 Auditor; William McFarland, Treasurer ; Return J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Hun- 
 tington and William Sprigg, Judges of the Supreme Court; Francis Djjnlavy, 
 Wyllys Silliman and Calvin Pease, Judges of the District Courts. 
 
 The second General Assembly convened in December, 1803. At this ses- 
 sion, the militia law was thoroughly revised and a law was passed to enable 
 aliens to enjoy the same proprietary rights in Ohio as native citizens. At this 
 session, also, the revenue system of the State was simplified and improved. 
 Acts were passed providing for the incorporation of townships, and for the 
 establishment of boards of commissioners of counties. 
 
 In 1805, by a treaty with the Indians at Fort Industry (site of Toledo), the 
 United States acquired, for the use of the grantees of Connecticut, all that part 
 of the western reserve which lies west of the Cuyahoga. By subsequent trea- 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 43 
 
 ties, all the country watered by the Maumee and the Sandusky have been 
 acquired, and the Indian title to lands in Ohio extinguished,* 
 
 In the course of the year 1805 the conspiracy of Aaron Burr began to 
 agitate the western country. The precise scope of the conspiracy does not 
 distinctly appear. “ The immediate object, probably, was to seize on New Or- 
 leans and invade Mexico. The ulterior purpose may have been to detach the 
 West from the American Union. In December, 1806, in consequence of a con- 
 fidential message from the Governor, founded on the representations of an agent 
 of the general Government deputed to watch the motions of Burr, the legisla- 
 ture passed an act authorizing the arrest of persons engaged in an unlawful j 
 enterprise, and the seizure of their goods. Under this act, ten boats, with a 
 considerable quantity of arms, ammunition and provisions, belonging to Burr’s 
 expedition, were seized. This was a fatal blow to the project.” 
 
 The Indians, who since the treaty at Greenville had been at peace, about the 
 year 1810 began to commit aggressions upon the inhabitants of the West.' 
 The celebrated Tecumseh was conspicuously active in his efforts to unite the 
 native tribes against the Americans, and to arrest the farther extension of the 
 settlements. His proceedings, and those of his brother, ” the Prophet,” soon 
 made it evident that the West was about to suffer the calamities of another 
 Indian war, and it was resolved to anticipate their movements. In 1811 Gen. 
 Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, marched against the town of the 
 ” Prophet,” upon the Wabash. The battle of Tippecanoe ensued, in what is 
 now Cass county, Indiana, in which the Indians were totally defeated. This 
 year was also distinguished by an occurrence of immense importance to the 
 whole West. This was the voyage, from Pittsburg to New Orleans, of the first 
 steamboat ever launched upon the western waters. 
 
 In June, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain. Of 
 this war the West was a principal theatre. Defeat, disaster and disgrace marked 
 its opening scenes ; but the latter events of the contest were a series ot splendid 
 achievements. Croghan’s gallant defence of Fort Stephenson ; Perry’s victory 
 upon Lake Erie; the total defeat, by Harrison, of the allied British and sav- 
 ages, under Proctor and Tecumseh, on the Thames ; and the great closing 
 triumph of Jackson at New Orleans, reflected the most brilliant lustre upon the 
 American arms. In every vicissitude of this contest, the conduct of Ohio was 
 eminently patriotic and honorable. When the necessities of the national Gov- 
 ernment compelled Congress to resort to a direct tax, Ohio, for successive 
 years, cheerfully assumed and promptly paid her quota out of her State treasury. 
 Her sons volunteered with alacrity their services in the field ; and no troops 
 more patiently endured hardship or performed better service.^ Hardly a battle 
 was fought in the Northwest in which some of these brave citizen soldiers did 
 not seal their devotion to their country with their blood. 
 
 In 1816 the seat of the State Government was removed to Columbus, the 
 proprietors of the town having, pursuant to an agreement entered into, in good 
 faith, erected the State-house and other public buildings for the accommodation 
 of the legislature and the officers of State. 
 
 “In January, 1817, the first resolution relating to a canal connecting the 
 Ohio river with Lake Erie was introduced into the legislature. In 1819 the 
 
 * Indian Treaties . — The Western Reserve tract west of the Cuyahoga river was secured by a 
 treaty formed at Fort Industry (Toledo) in 1805. The lands west of Huron and Richland counties 
 and north of the Indian boundary line [that is, the Greenville treaty line, that treaty being the one 
 made by Gen. Wayne in August, 1795] to the western limits of Ohio, were purchased by the United 
 States in 1818 by a treaty made at St. Mary’s, Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur, commissioners. 
 The lands so ceded were called the “ New Purchase.” By the terms of this treaty certain tracts or 
 reservations were made within the purchased tract to the Wyandots, Delawares, Senecas, etc. These 
 reservations were subsequently ceded to the United States; the last by the Wyandots in 1842, they 
 then being the only Indians remaining in the State. The next year they removed to Kansas, and 
 numbered at that time about 700 souls. 
 
44 
 
 OUTLINE history: 
 
 subject was again agitated. In 1820, on recommendation of Gov, Brown, an 
 act was passed providing for the appointment of three canal commissioners, 
 who were to employ a competent engineer and assistants, for the purpose of 
 surveying the route of the canal. The action of the commissioners, however, 
 was made to depend on the acceptance of Congress of a proposition on behalf 
 of the State for a donation and sale of public lands lying upon and near the 
 route of the proposed canal. In consequence of this restriction nothing was 
 accomplished for two years. In 1822 the subject was referred to a committee 
 of the House of Representatives. This committee recommended the employ- 
 ment of an engineer, and submitted various estimates and observations to illustrate 
 the importance and feasibility of the work. Under this act James Geddes, of 
 New York, an experienced and skilful engineer, was employed to make the 
 necessary examinations and surveys. Finally, after all the routes had been 
 surveyed, and estimates made of the expense had been laid before the legisla- 
 ture at several sessions, an act was passed in February, 1825, ‘ To provide for 
 the internal improvement of the State by navigable canals,’ and thereupon the 
 State embarked in good earnest in the prosecution of the great work of in- 
 ternal improvement.” 
 
 The construction of the canals gave new life to the progress of the State. 
 Firstly, the work of their building supplied funds to the settlers along their 
 lines and then opened a market for the product of agriculture. These in many 
 sections had previously next to no cash value, and this, with the large amount 
 of sickness incident to opening up a wilderness, had occasioned the settle- 
 ments to languish. 
 
 The total canal m.ileage in the State is now 788 miles, and the reservoirs 
 cover an area of 32,100 acres, or over fifty square miles. The total cost was 
 about sixteen millions of dollars. 
 
 Railroads soon followed. The first railroad west of New York State was the 
 ” Erie & Kalamazoo,” which led from Toledo, Ohio, to Adrian, Michigan. It 
 was opened with horse-power in the fall of 1836. A locomotive was put on 
 in the following July, 1837, the first used in the West. The next railroad in 
 Ohio was the Mad River & Lake Erie, which was incorporated in 1832, with a 
 prospective route from Dayton via Springfield to Sandusky. Construction 
 was begun in 1835, and in 1839 ^ portion opened sixteen miles from Sandusky 
 to Bellvue, and the second locomotive in Ohio was used there. Ten years later, 
 in 1 848, this road, in connection with the Little Miami Railway, which was built 
 from Cincinnati to Springfield, formed the first through line across the State. 
 The second through line from the lake to the Ohio was opened in 1851 under 
 the name of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Little Miami Railroad. 
 The next year chronicled the opening of a third line from Cleveland to Pitts- 
 burg. The railroads of Ohio had in 1887 developed to 9,849 miles of track, on 
 which, with equipment, had been expended nearly 500 millions of dollars. 
 
 In 1835 the long dispute between Ohio and Michigan in relation to the 
 boundary line between them culminated in what was termed the “ Toledo 
 War.” Both States assembled their troops, but before any opening of hostili- 
 ties occurred peace commissioners from the President arrived on the ground, 
 and the next year Congress decided in favor of Ohio, Michigan receiving as 
 compensation for the* relinquishment of her claims the large peninsula bounded 
 by the three great lakes and so rich in mineral wealth. 
 
 In the decade between 1830 and 1840 Ohio made surprising progress, owing 
 largely to the development of her canal system. Her increase of population 
 was 68 per cent., and she had become the third State of the Union with 1,519,- 
 467 inhabitants. Cincinnati, her chief city, had a population of 46,338; Co- 
 lumbus, 6,048 ; Cleveland, 6,071, and Dayton 6,067, which were the three next 
 in order. 
 
 Her manufacturing and commercial interests had received through that of 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY, 45 
 
 her agriculture a vigorous start, and her mining began. The number of men 
 employed was 620. 
 
 In 1840 occurred the famous “Hard Cider and Log Cabin Campaign/' 
 which resulted in the election of General William Henry Harrison to the 
 Presidency by the Whig party and of Thomas Corwin as Governor by a ma- 
 jority of 16,000 over Wilson Shannon. Two years later Corwin was defeated 
 by Shannon, who thus became the first Governor born on the soil. 
 
 For the war with Mexico, declared in 1846, Ohio supplied four regiments of 
 volunteers and a company over, in all 5,536 men, more than any other Northern 
 State, of whom 57 were killed and wounded. One of the regiments, the 
 Second, was commanded by Col. Geo. W. Morgan, of Mt. Vernon, later a 
 brigadier-general in the war of the rebellion. 
 
 In this same year, 1846, bituminous coal was introduced into Ohio as a fur- 
 nace fuel at Lowellville, in Mahoning county, an event of prime importance to 
 the development of the iron industry of the State and country. Its first suc- 
 cess was the year before in an adjoining county in Pennsylvania. 
 
 At this period the slavery question assumed such importance as to soon 
 revolutionize the politics of the State. In the session of 1848-9 the legisla- 
 ture was nearly equally divided between the Whigs and Democrats, with two 
 Free Soilers, namely, Messrs. N. S. Townshend, of Lorain county, and John 
 P'. Morse, of Lake county, holding the balance of power. The repeal of the 
 Black Laws,* which had long marred the statute books of Ohio, and their 
 choice for a United States Senator, were the primary objects with the Free 
 Soilers. Beside the election of a Senator, two judges were to be elected to 
 the Supreme Bench. Mr. Morse made overtures to the Whigs, but there were 
 some few from the southern counties who opposed the repeal of the laws and 
 to Joshua R. Giddings, his choice for Senator, and hence he failed. Mr. 
 Townshend was successful with the Democrats. They united with the Free 
 Soilers, the Black Laws were repealed (in which vote most of the Whigs 
 joined), Salmon P. Chase, the personal choice of Mr. Townshend, was elected 
 to the Senate, and two Democratic judges to the Supreme Bench. 
 
 This legislation provided schools for colored children. They were, however, 
 in a certain sense Black Laws, inasmuch as a distinction was thereby shown 
 between the races. This distinction was not entirely obliterated until the session 
 of 1886-7, when they were repealed through the eloquent efforts of Benjamin 
 W. Arnett, D. D., member-elect from Greene county. He was the first colored 
 man in the United States to represent a constituency where the majority were 
 white and the first to be foreman of a jury where all the other members were 
 white. 
 
 On May 6, 1850, the second constitutional convention, consisting of 108 
 members, met at Columbus to revise and change the old constitution and adapt 
 it to the changed condition of the commonwealth. It was in actual session in 
 all about four and a half months. The adjournment was March 10, 1851. 
 The constitution was ratified by a majority of 16,288. William Medill, its 
 president, was elected the first Governor under it. 
 
 On July 13, 1855, Free Soilers, Whigs, Democrats and Americans, opposed 
 to the extension of slavery, met at the Town Street Methodist Church in Co- 
 lumbus and held the first Republican State Convention. 
 
 They elected John Sherman chairman and announced in their platform that 
 they would “ resist the spread of slavery under whatever shape or color it may 
 be attempted. They nominated Salmon P. Chase as their Governor. The 
 Whig party was from thenceforth no more. Mr. Chase was elected by a ma- 
 
 * For an account of the “Black L?ws,” see sketch of Mr. Townshend preliminary to his article on 
 the “History of Agriculture in Unio,” page loo. 
 
46 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 jority of 15,651. His opposing Democratic candidate was Gov. Medill. Ex* 
 Governor Trimble, the candidate of the American, or Know Nothing party, re- 
 ceived 24,276 votes. In 1857 Mr. Chase was again re-elected Governor by 
 1,503 majority over Henry B. Payne, the Democratic candidate. 
 
 The great measure of Mr. Chase’s administration was his suggestion to the 
 legislature to organize the militia. It seems as though his vision was pro- 
 phetic of coming events. In 1858 a grand review was held of the newly-or- 
 ganized military forces at Dayton, and rules and regulations governing military 
 drills were printed and scattered among the militia, thereby creating a martial 
 and patriotic spirit which afterwards burst out with almost uncontrollable en- 
 thusiasm. 
 
 “ Slowly the nation was approaching the crisis of its history, and Mr. Chase 
 marched abreast of all events that led to it. In October, 1859, John Brown 
 made his famous invasion of Virginia, and immediately after Gov. Henry A. 
 Wise wrote to Gov. Chase, notifying him that Virginia would pursue abolition 
 bands even into sister States to punish them. Mr. Chase dignifiedly replied 
 that Ohio would obey the constitution and laws of the United States and dis- 
 countenance unlawful acts, but under no circumstances could the military of 
 other States invade Ohio territory. This was his last official declaration as 
 Governor. In January, i860, his term closed, and he was a month later elected 
 United States Senator.”* 
 
 William Dennison, the first of “ the War Governors,” succeeded Mr. Chase, 
 being elected over Judge Rufus P. Ranney, his Democratic competitor, by a 
 majority of 13,331 votes. The legislature was in session when the news was 
 received of the fall of Sumter and sent a thrill through that body. In the 
 midst of the excitement the shrill tones of a woman’s voice resounded from 
 the gallery: “Thank God! It is the death of slavery.” They were the 
 screaming tones of Abbie Kelly P'oster, who for years had been noted as an 
 anti-slavery lecturer of the most fiery denunciatory type. 
 
 Ohio’s response to the proclamation of President Lincoln, calling for 75,000 
 of the militia of the several States, was immediate. From all parts of the 
 State came proffers of services from tens of thousands, and on the 19th of 
 April, only four days after the issuance of the call, the First and Second Regi- 
 ments of Ohio Volunteers had been organized at Columbus and were on their 
 way to Washington. The legislature simultaneously voted an appropriation 
 of a million dollars for war purposes. 
 
 Senator Garfield also offered a bill, which was passed, “ to define and punish 
 treason against the State.” In his report Mr. Garfield said : “ It is high time 
 for Ohio to enact a law to meet treachery when it shall take the form of an overt 
 act ; to provide when her soldiers shall go forth to maintain the Union there 
 shall be no treacherous fire in the rear.” His bill was passed in consequence 
 of the efforts of the Hon. C. L. Vallandigham, who was in Columbus, and, 
 believing that the Union could not be sustained by force of arms, was vainly 
 endeavoring to stem the patriotic fervor which led the Democratic members of 
 the Assembly equally with the Republican to maintain the Government. 
 
 Governor Dennison was soon enveloped “ in a whirlpool of events ; but he 
 proved himself equal to the emergency.” Having contributed to the safety of 
 Washington by the despatching thither of two regiments, his next attention 
 was given to the southern border, along which for 436 miles Ohio was bounded 
 by the slave States Virginia and Kentucky, and liable to invasion. The atti- 
 tude of Virginia was most alarming. Her western mountains were a natural 
 fortification admitting of perfect defence and behind which Richmond and the 
 
 *From “A History of Ohio,” inclusive of Biographical Sketches 01 me Governors and the Ordinance 
 of 1787, by Daniel J. Ryan, Secretary of State. An excellent little compend. A. H. Smythe, pub- 
 lisher, Columbus, 1888, i:<!mo. Price $1.00, 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 47 
 
 whole South was secure and from whence they could make incursions into the 
 free States. Less than eighty miles of free territory bordered Ohio on the east. 
 The West Virginians who were loyal called for aid. The Ohio militia in pay 
 of the State were pushed into West Virginia, gained the first victories of the 
 war, and drove out the rebel troops. This being after the continued disasters 
 at the East, electrified the nation. Thus was West Virginia the gift of Ohio, 
 through her State militia, to the nation at the outset of the war.” Gov. Den- 
 nison had ere this written, “ Ohio must lead throughout the war,” and she did. 
 Geo. B. McClellan, who had general command in West Virginia, through a 
 prestige obtained by the celerity of action and promptness of his subordinates, 
 mainly Gen. Wm. S. Rosecrans, was soon called to the head of the Army of 
 the Potomac and Gov. Dennison to the Cabinet of the nation. 
 
 In i86i David Tod, the second “ War Governor,” was elected by 55,000 
 majority over Hugh J. Jewett, the nominee of the anti-war, or regular Demo- 
 cratic party of the State. The legislature was overwhelmingly Union Re- 
 publican. 
 
 In September, 1862, occurred an event spoken of as the “Siege of Cincin- 
 nati.” Gen’s. Kirby Smith and John Morgan, with united forces, entered 
 Kentucky, with the Ohio border as the objective point. Cincinnati was de- 
 fenceless as they approached toward it, when Gov. Tod called for volunteers 
 from citizens, who, under the general name of “ squirrel-hunters,” for many 
 brought their shotguns, flocked to the number of thousands from all parts of 
 the State to the defence of their great and patriotic city. Major-Gen. Lewis 
 Wallace was put in command. He proclaimed martial law over the three 
 cities of Cincinnati, Covington, and Newport, and fortifications were thrown up 
 on the Kentucky hills, on all the avenues of approach to the city, and full 
 preparations made to meet the foe. The “squirrel-hunters,” Home Guards of 
 Cincinnati, with some newly-formed regiments, crossed the Ohio on a pontoon, 
 marched out four miles, and there awaited for four days the attack of the 
 enemy. There was some slight skirmishing of pickets, when the enemy, seeing 
 the strength of force arrayed against them, withdrew. 
 
 The next year, 1863, Mr. Vallandigham continuing to influence public 
 sentiment in Ohio by the eloquent and fearless presentation of his peace views, 
 tending to the aid and comfort of those in arms against the Union, was seized, 
 tried by court-martial, and found guilty of disobedience of military orders, and 
 sentenced to imprisonment during the war. Mr. Lincoln changed this sentence 
 to transportation to his friends within the lines of the Southern Confederacy. 
 He passed through these rapidly, and reaching Wilmington, North Carolina, 
 June 17, where, taking a blockade-runner, he reached Canada, and established 
 himself at Windsor, opposite Detroit, communicated with his friends in Ohio, 
 and awaited events. 
 
 This summer was made further notable by the raid of Gen. John Morgan 
 through Ohio. With only about 2,000 horsemen he entered it on the Indiana 
 border, passed within fourteen miles of Cincinnati, went through the entire 
 southern part of Ohio, and, although over .50,000 men, mostly citizens, were in 
 pursuit, he escaped capture until within a few miles of a crossing-place on the 
 Ohio, in its southeasternmost county, on the Pennsylvania line. The object of 
 this audacious raid was to distract attention from the movements of the Con- 
 federates in Kentucky and Tennessee, and it accomplished it. 
 
 On the 17th of June this year the Union Republican Convention met at 
 Columbus, and nominated John Brough, an old-line Democrat, for Governor, 
 he being of great popularity, and of such extraordinary executive ability as 
 well as oratorical powers as to be thought more likely to carry the State than 
 Mr. Tod, its then executive. 
 
 The peace party nominated Mr. Vallandigham. His banishment had aroused 
 so much sympathy for him — the “ exiled hero ” — that ^hey were constrained 
 
4^5 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 to nominate him. And there on the border he counselled with his adherents, 
 watched and directed the canvass. As it drew towards its close, when the 
 speeches had all been made, and the issues fairly laid before the people, a few 
 hours remained ere the depositing of the ballots, when a feeling of deep 
 solemnity pervaded the entire commonwealth. The eyes of the whole nation 
 were upon Ohio ; on her hung the death or salvation of the Union. If Ohio 
 should prove recreant all was lost 
 
 Ohio was true; she always is. John C. Brough was elected Governor by 
 the unprecedented majority of 101,099 votes. Of this the home majority was 
 (61,920, and the soldiers’ majority 39,179. Out of 43,755 soldier votes only 
 2,288 were given for Vallandigham. In multitudes of cases the sons in the 
 army voted one way, while the fathers at home on their farms, secure from 
 war’s alarms, voted the other. The soldier’s vote was a signal illustration of 
 the noble principle that those who mostly do sacrifice for a righteous cause 
 mostly do love it. 
 
 Of the citizens who remained at home over 180,000 signified their preference 
 for Vallandigham. Many sincerely regarded him as the subject of oppression ; 
 they were patriotic, but despairing of success, and tired, sick at heart, of what 
 seemed an idle effusion of blood and prolongation of suffering and misery. Still 
 others there were, probably but a trifling number, who, in the malignancy of an 
 evil nature, desired to see the triumph of the “ slave power,” that there might 
 remain a class lower than themselves to tread and spit upon, a spirit that was 
 illustrated by the riots at this era in New York, where an orphan asylum for 
 colored children was given to the flames and black men shot dead in cold 
 blood for no offence but the offence of color. 
 
 Mr. Brough, the last of Ohio’s War Governors, was the man for the most 
 trying crisis. From the opposition to the war, Mr. Lincoln was fearful that 
 another draft upon the people would result in failure, and more troops were 
 imperative. Seeing this. Gov. Brough called a convention of the Governors 
 of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, which, with himself representing Ohio, 
 met in convention, and on April 21, 1864, notified Mr. Lincoln that they could 
 furnish him with 85,000 men for 100 days, without a dollar of bounty or a 
 single draft. These were .citizen volunteers, largely men advanced in years and 
 with families, and holding responsible positions, the object of their brief services 
 being mainly to garrison the forts, and thus relieve the veteran soldiers to 
 reinforce Grant in Virginia, and enable him by weight of numbers of disciplined 
 men to crush the rebellion. Of these Ohio supplied nearly half of the required 
 number — over 30,000 men — National Guards, as they were called. The 
 measure was most effective and their services most timely. It was a splendid 
 contribution of the loyal West to the cause of the Union. Mr. Brough declined 
 a renomination, and died in office. 
 
 The arms of Ohio’s sons in the field were sustained by the work of Ohio’s 
 daughters at home. As Ohio’s soldiers were the first to gain victories, so the 
 women of Ohio were the first to organize aid societies. In five days after the 
 fall of Sumter the ladies of the “ Soldiers’ Aid Society of Northern Ohio ” 
 organized at Cleveland, which eventually distributed food and clothing to the 
 amount of a million of dollars. A similar organization was started in Cincin- 
 nati, which was alike successful, and every church and Sunday-school in the 
 State became tributary channels through which flowed gifts to sustain the 
 soldiers in front. When the war closed more than one-half of her able-bodied 
 men had taken up arms for the Union, and she had shown herself to have been 
 the most efficient of all the States, supplying, as she had, the most successful 
 generals and the largest number of able men in the Cabinet of the President 
 and in the councils of the nation. 
 
 This was but a natural outcome of the early history further detailed in these 
 
OUTLINE HIStOkV, 
 
 49 
 
 pages, and the quality of the varied people of Anglo-Saxon blood, who from 
 the fringe of the Atlantic slope, from Virginia to New England, a hundred 
 years ago first began to emigrate to its soil, dedicated while yet a wilderness 
 to freedom. Unlike the emigrant to the prairie States farther West, starting 
 earlier, they had greater difficulties to encounter from the savage and the 
 wilderness. They grew strong by felling its vast forests and opening them to 
 cultivation, and seeing progress year by year as they overcame obstacle after 
 obstacle, until an entire race of men were born upon the soil, who, educated 
 by continued success, were filled with the sentiment of invincibility that will 
 put a people that possess it everywhere to the front — make them born leaders. 
 
 Ohio to-day is in the very heart of the nation ; and, being on its great high- 
 way, over which its commerce and travel flow, and where its people must 
 mingle for an interchange and broadening of ideas, she must infallibly be national 
 and broad in her policy and character. Her soil is of the richest, and there is 
 no preponderating industry to give to her citizens a one-sided development 
 Agriculture, manufactures, mining, and commerce, the four great pursuits of 
 man, she has in remarkable equipoise. To this should be added prominence 
 in education. 
 
 The unusually large numbers of small colleges, cheap and accessible every- 
 where, have given multitudes the prime requisite of the higher education, that 
 is, mental discipline, and the uses of the instruments of knowledge. These, 
 with natural capacity, will ever enable their possessors to attain to the very 
 summits. In instructors in learning she has produced a host, and to-day, in 
 the department of religion, she shows an unsurpassed spirit of Christian enter- 
 prise and self-sacrifice, leading all the States in the number of missionaries to 
 heathen lands. 
 
 The noble history of the State, the heroic character of her sons and daugh- 
 ters so signally shown therein, the many eminent leaders she has produced in 
 every department, remain an imperishable inspiration to the young now born 
 upon her soil to further advance the commonwealth in everything that will in'* 
 ure to her moral and material grandeur 
 
A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OHIO. 
 
 By Frank Henry Howe. 
 
 Note. — In compiling this article the writer has drawn from the following sources of information; 
 “ Topographical and Historical Sketch of Ohio,” Whittlesey; “Ohio Archaeological and Historical 
 Quarterly,” Wol. I; “Geography and Geology of Ohio,” Orton; “History of Ohio,” Ryan; “Ohia 
 A Sketch of Industrial Progress,” Short; “Ohio, A Century’s Growth,” Graham; “United States 
 Census, 1880 ; ” “ Ohio Statistics, 1887.” 
 
 Primitive Races . — Evidences of the existence 
 of man in Ohio previous to the glacial period 
 have been found, and evidences of a civiliza- 
 tion in Ohio after the glacial period are 
 abundant. The works of that race of people 
 popularly called “ the Mound-builders,” con- 
 sisting of earthworks, such as mounds, forts, 
 effigies, etc., are said to number more than 
 ten thousand in Ohio, and are more numer- 
 ous in this State than in any other equal area 
 in the world. The most important of these 
 are the Serpent Mound, in Adams county, 
 which in its convolutions is more than a 
 thousand feet in length ; Fort Ancient, in 
 Warren county, length of surrounding en- 
 bankment about five miles and estimated to 
 contain 628,800 cubic yards of material ; Fort Hill, in Highland county, enclos- 
 ing an area of thirty-five acres; Graded Way, in Pike county; fortifications at 
 Newark, covering over 1000 acres. The largest mound in the State, at Miamis- 
 burg, is sixty-eight feet in height and 800 feet in circumference at the base. 
 
 In the mounds are found portions of human skeletons, frequently partly con- 
 sumed by fire, with ornaments of shells, bone, stone, mica and copper. Along 
 the water-shed in the central part of the State the works are not as numerous as 
 in other parts and indicate that this was neutral ground between two tribes or 
 races. The works in the northern part of the State, which extend eastward along 
 Lake Ontario, by their character indicate a more warlike people than those in the 
 southern part, whose w’orks are largely altars, effigies, pyramids, etc., sacred in 
 character and indicating a more numerous and industrious people. 
 
 A marked difference exists in the shape of the skulls found in these mounds. 
 Those in the north are generally low and long, while in the south they are mostly 
 high and short, which furnishes additional evidence that there were two different 
 tribes or races. The latest conclusion in regard to these Mound-builders is that the 
 northern, or long-headed, conquered the southern, or short-headed, people ; that 
 the two intermingled, the result of the amalgamation being the North American 
 Indian. The Indians, however, have no knowledge of the origin of the mounds 
 and earthworks and no traditions in support of this theory. The principal In- 
 dian tribes of Ohio were the Delawares, Shawanese, Miamis, Wyandots,or Hurons, 
 Ottawas, Senecas and Mingoes. It has been estimated that their entire popula- 
 tion at the beginning of the Revolutionary war was only about 6,000, which was 
 about one Indian to every seven square miles. 
 
 Historical . — The first explorations by Europeans in what is now Ohio were 
 made by the French, La Salle’s discoveries dating from 1667. Its territory was 
 in dispute between the French and English until by the treaty of 1763 the French 
 
 ( 51 ) 
 
52 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF OHIO. 
 
 assigned the “ Great West ” to the English. In the spring of 1779 George Rogers 
 Clark, in behalf of Virginia, wrested control of the region afterwards known as 
 the Northwest Territory from the English by the defeat and unconditional sur- 
 render of Gov. Hamilton at Fort Vincennes. 
 
 By the treaty of 1788 Great Britain relinquished her right and interest in the 
 Northwest Territory, and the United States assumed control, acknowledging the 
 claim made by Virginia to 3,709,848 acres, near the rapids of Ohio, and a similar 
 claim by Connecticut to 3,666,621 acres, near Lake Erie, which became known as 
 the “ Western Reserve.” These claims were admitted as to ownership, but in no 
 way as to jurisdiction. In 1787 Congress passed the ordinance creating the 
 Northwest Territory, the first commonwealth in the world whose organic law 
 recognized every man as free and equal. The first permanent settlement made 
 under the ordinance was at Marietta, in 1788, hy officers of the Revolutionary 
 army. Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed by Congress the first Governor of 
 the Northwest Territory. The early years of the Northwest Territory were har- 
 assed by Indian warfare until, in 1794, when Gen. Anthon}^ Wayne, at the “ Bat- 
 tle of Fallen Timbers,” defeated them with terrible loss. The first territorial 
 Legislature was organized in 1797 and chose Wm. Henry Harrison delegate to 
 Congress. In 1800 Congress divided the Northwest Territory into two govern- 
 ments, the seat of the eastern government being fixed at Chillicothe. November 
 29, 1802, a constitution of State government was ratified and signed by the mem- 
 bers of a convention authorized by act of Congress. February 19, 1803, the con- 
 stitution was approved by Congress and Ohio recognized as a State, the seven- 
 teenth in order of admission. Edward Tiffin was elected the first Governor 
 of Ohio. 
 
 The seat of government was at Chillicothe until 1810, in Zanesville till 1812, and 
 again in Chillicothe till 1816, when Columbus was made the permanent capital. 
 
 Geographical . — Ohio is bounded on the north by Lake Erie and the State of 
 Michigan, on the east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, on the south by the 
 Ohio river, which separates it from West Virginia and Kentucky, and on the 
 west by Indiana. It is situated between 38° 27' and 41° 57' north latitude, and 
 80° 34' and 80° 49' west longitude. Its greatest length from north to south is 
 about 210 miles, and the extreme width from east to west about 225 miles. The 
 area of Ohio is 40,760 square miles. In 1886 the number of acres cultivated was 
 9,705,735; in pasture, 6,180,875; woodland, 4,854,473; lying waste, 604,699. 
 
 The Ohio river extends along half of its east front and the whole of the south- 
 ern boundary, bordering the State for a distance of 436 miles. The lake shore 
 of the State is 230 miles, giving a total navigable front of 666 miles. The sur- 
 face of the State is that of an undulating plateau, with an average elevation of 
 about 200 feet above Lake Erie, which is 565 feet above the sea-level. The 
 highest elevation, 1550 feet above mean tide, is near Bellefontaine, Logan count}^ 
 the lowest land at the mouth of the Great Miami, a little less than 440 feet above 
 tide. The main water-shed extends across the State from its northeastern corner 
 to about the middle of its western boundary, dividing the State into two unequal 
 slopes, of which the northern, much the smaller, drains into Lake Erie, and the 
 southern sends its waters through the Ohio into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The northern part of the State gently slopes to Lake Erie ; the central part is 
 nearly a level plain, and the southern part uneven and hilly, caused by the 
 excavative power of the streams fiowing into the Ohio. The larger part of the 
 State was originally well covered with timber. 
 
 The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela 
 rivers at Pittsburg, in the western part of Pennsylvania. Its entire length to the 
 Mississippi, following its meanderings, is about 950 miles, while an air-line from 
 Pittsburg to Cairo would only measure about 615 miles. Through a large part of its 
 course it flows in an excavated trough from 400 to 600 feet below the adjacent hills. 
 Its average descent is less than five inches to the mile. Its current ranges from 
 two to five miles an hour, according to the season of the year. The average be- 
 tween high and low water (times of freshets or droughts) is generally about sixty 
 feet. At its lowest stage the river is fordable in several places between Cincin- 
 nati and Pittsburg. The river has many islands, some of which are valuable for 
 their fertility and very picturesque, while others, known as tow-heads,^ are sandv. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF OHIO. 53 
 
 The streams flowing south into the Ohio are the Muskingum, Scioto, Hocking 
 and Little and Great Miamis. 
 
 The Miiskingum is formed by the confluence of the Tuscarawas and Walhond- 
 ing rivers, which rise in the northern part of the State and unite at Coshocton. 
 From this point it flows in a southeasterly direction, about 110 miles through a 
 beautiful, fertile and populous region to the Ohio at Marietta, where it is about 
 225 yards in width. It is navigated by steamboats as far up as Dresden, ninety- 
 five miles from Marietta. 
 
 The Scioto is a beautiful river, one of the largest streams which intersect the 
 State. It rises in Hardin county and flows southeasterly to Columbus. There 
 it receives its principal affluent, the Olentangy, after which its direction is 
 southerly, till it enters the Ohio at Portsmouth. The Ohio and Erie canal fol- 
 lows its valley for a distance of ninety miles. Its tributaries are, besides the 
 Olentangy, or Whetstone river, the Darby, Walnut and Paint creeks. 
 
 The Great Miami river rises in Hardin county, near the head-waters of the 
 Bcioto, and runs southwesterly, passing Troy, Dayton and Hamilton. It is a 
 beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through a highly productive and populous 
 valley in which limestone and hard timber are abundant. It is about 150 miles 
 in length and empties into the Ohio at the southwestern corner of the State. 
 
 The chief rivers of the northern slope are the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron and 
 Cuyahoga, all emptying into Lake Erie, and all but the first being entirely within 
 the limits of the State. 
 
 The Maumee rises in Indiana, but runs for about eighty miles in Ohio, and is 
 navigable as far as Perrysburg, a distance of eighteen miles. 
 
 The other three rivers have rapid courses and afford a large amount of valu- 
 able water-power. 
 
 Lakes. — A remarkable feature of Ohio is the almost entire absence of lakes or 
 ponds. A very few small ones are only found in the northern part of the State. 
 Lake Erie, which forms the northern boundary of Ohio, next to Ontario, is the 
 lowest in mean elevation of the series of great North American lakes. It is 290 
 miles in length and 57 miles in width at the widest part. There are no islands 
 except in the west end and very few bays. Its greatest depth is off Long Point, 
 312 ieet. The shores are principally drift clay or hard pan, upon which the waves 
 are continually encroaching. At Cleveland, from the first survey in 1796 to 1842, 
 the encroachment was 218 feet along the entire city front. The coast is low, 
 seldom rising above fifty feet at the water’s edge. 
 
 Lake Erie, like the other great American lakes, has a variable surface, rising and 
 falling with the seasons, like great rivers, called the “ annual fluctuation,” and a 
 ,'eneral one, embracing a series of years due to meteorological causes, known as 
 the “ secular fluctuation.” 
 
 Its lowest known level was in February, 1819, rising more or less each year, 
 until June, 1838, in the extreme to six feet eight inches. Reducing each year to 
 an average the difference between 1819 and 1838 was five feet two inches, and 
 the average annual rise and fall, obtained by the mean of twelve years, one foot 
 one and one-half inches. 
 
 There are several important harbors and ports in Ohio, among which are 
 Cleveland, Toledo, Sandusky, Port Clinton, Fairport and Ashtabula. Valuable 
 improvements have been made in some of these harbors at tlie expense of the 
 general government. By means of the Welland canal, in Canada, vessels not 
 exceeding 130 feet in measurement of keel, 26 feet beam, and 10 feet draught, 
 can pass to and fro between Lake Erie and the Altantic Ocean. The first steam- 
 boat was launched upon Lake Erie in 1818. 
 
 The Climate of Ohio is one of extremes. Between the average summer and 
 winter temperatures there is a difference of at least 40° Fahrenheit. In a central 
 east and west belt the average winter temperature is 73°. Southern Ohio has a 
 mean annual temperature of 54°, and Northern Ohio of 49°. Notwithstanding 
 sudden and severe changes, the climate is proved by every test to be excellently 
 adapted to both vegetable and animal life. The rainfall is generous and admir- 
 ably distributed. The average total precipitation of Southern Ohio is forty-six 
 inches ; of Northern Ohio, thirty-two inches; of a large belt in the centre of the 
 State occupying nearly one-half of its entire surface, forty inches. 
 
54 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF OHIO, 
 
 Natural Resources.-^The southern slopes of the water-shed are very fertile, 
 specially adapted for grain, the bottom lands of the rivers growing prolific crops 
 of corn ; the northern slopes are superior for grazing and dairy products, partic- 
 ularly on the “ Western Reserve,” long famous for the latter. The uplands 
 produce large crops of wheat. Fruit culture is a profitable industry, especially 
 on the shores and islands of the western part of Lake Erie, where grape growing 
 and wine making have assumed large proportions. Berry culture has been a 
 source of much profit in the southern and southeastern parts of the State. The 
 eastern and southeastern parts of Ohio contain about 12,000 square miles of coal° 
 producing strata. In most of the coal regions iron ore and fire clay are mined to 
 a greater or less extent and support extensive furnaces and manufactories. 
 Petroleum and natural gas are abundant and widely distributed. Other mineral 
 productions are cement rock, gypsum, peat, salt, marl, lime and building stone. 
 The sandstone quarries are among the best in the United States. 
 
 The Population in Ohio in 1790 was 3,000; in 1800, 45,365; 1810, 230,760; 
 1820,581 295; 1830, 937,903; 1840, 1,519,467; 1850,1,980,329; 1860,2,339,511; 
 1870, 2,665,260; 1880, 3,198,062; of which were male, 1,613,936; female, 1,584,- 
 126 ; native, 2,803,119 ; foreign, 394,943 ; white, 3,117,920 ; colored, 79,900 ; Chinese, 
 109; Indians, 130. 
 
 Nativities of the People. — Of the population in 1880, 2,361,437 were born in Ohio ; 
 in Pennsylvania, 138,163; Virginia, 51,647; West Virginia, 12,812; New York, 
 64,138; Maryland, 20,091; Massachusetts, 10,854; Michigan, 11,403; Indiana, 
 27,202; Illinois, 10,013; Kentucky, 32,492; New Jersey, 10,487; Connecticut, 
 9,003 ; Vermont, 7,064. Of the foreign population there were born in the Ger- 
 man Empire, 192,597; Austria, 1,681; Bohemia, 6,232; British America, 16,- 
 146; England, 41,555; Ireland, 78,927 ; Scotland, 8,946 ; Wales, 13,763; France, 
 60,131; Switzerland, 11,989 ; Holland, 2,455; Hungary, 1,477 ; Italy, 1,064; 
 Poland, 2,039; Sweden, 1,186. 
 
 Emigration from Ohio. — Born in Ohio, resident in Indiana, 186,391 ; in Illinois, 
 136,884; Iowa, 120,495; Kansas, 93,396; Missouri, 78,938; Michigan, 77,053; 
 Nebraska, 31,800; West Virginia, 27,535; Pennsylvania, 27,502; Kentucky, 
 27,115; Mhsconsin, 20,512; California, 17,759; Minnesota, 15,560; Colorado, 
 11,759; New York, 11,599; Texas, 7,949; Oregon, 6,201; Arkansas, 5,254; 
 Tennessee, 5,035. 
 
 Population of Cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (census of 1880) : Akron, 
 16,512; Canton, 12,258; Chillicothe, 10,938; Cincinnati, 255,139; Cleveland, 
 160,146 ; Columbus, 51,647 ; Dayton, 38,678 ; Hamilton, 12,122 ; Portsmouth, 
 11,321 ; Sandusky, 15,838 ; Springfield, 20,730 ; Steubenville, 12,093 ; Toledo, 
 50,137 ; Youngstown, 15,435 ; Zanesville, 18,113. 
 
 Counties (which number 88) and County Seats. — Adams, West Union. Allen, 
 Lima. Ashland, Ashland. Ashtabula, Jefferson. Athens, Athens. Auglaize, Wa~ 
 pakoneta. Belmont, St. Clairsvilk. Brown, Georgetown. Butler, Hamilton. Car- 
 roll, Carrollton. Champaign, Urbana. Clarke, Springfield. Clermont, Batavia. 
 Clinton, Wilmington. Columbiana, New Lisbon. Coshocton, Coshocton. Craw- 
 ford, Bucyrus. Cuyahoga, Cleveland. Darke, Greenville. Defiance, Defiance. 
 Delaware, Delaware. Erie, Sandusky. Fairfield, Lancaster. Fayetfe, Washington 
 C. H. Franklin, Columbus. Fulton, Wauseon. Gallia, Gallipolis. Geauga, 
 Chardon. Greene, Xenia. Guernsey, Cambridge. Hamilton, Cincinnati. Han- 
 cock, Findlay. Hardin, Kenton. Harrison, Cadiz. Henry, Napoleon. High- 
 land, Hillsboro. Hocking, Logan. Holmes, Miller sburg. Huron, Norwalk. 
 Jackson, Jackson. Jefferson, Steubenville. Knox, Mt. Vernon. Lake, Painesville. 
 Lawrence, Ironton. Licking, Newark. Logan, Belief ontaine. Lorain, Elyria. 
 Lucas, Toledo. Madison, London. Mahoning, Youngstown. Marion, Marion. 
 Medina, Medina. Meigs, Pomeroy. Mercer, Gelina. Miami, Troy. Monroe, 
 Woodsfield. Montgomery, Morgsua, Me Connellsville. Morrow ^ Mt. Gilead. 
 
 Muskingum, Zanesville. Noble, Caldwell. Ottawa, Port Clinton. Paulding, 
 Paulding. Perry, New Lexington. Pickaway, Circleville. Pike, Waverly. Port- 
 age, Ravenna. Preble, Eaton. Putnam, Ottawa. Richland, Mansfield. Ross, 
 Chillicothe. Sandusky, Fremont. Scioto, Portmiouth. Seneca, Tiffin. Shelby, 
 Sidney. Stark, Canton. Summit, Akron. Trumbull, Warren. Tuscarawas, New 
 Philadelphia. Union, Marysville. Van Wert, Van Wert. Vinton, McArthur, 
 
DESCRIPTION OF OHIO 
 
 55 
 
 Warren, Lebanon. Washington, Marietta. Wayne, Wooster. Williams, Bryan. 
 Wood, Bowling Green. Wyandot, Upper Sandusky. 
 
 Principal Places. — Columbus, capital, site of prominent State institutions, large 
 carriage and other manufactures, important railroad and centre of great coal- 
 mining interests. Cincinnati, largest city in the State, noted for public spirit 
 and public institutions, great commercial and manufacturing centre. Cleveland, 
 second largest city, most important of the lake ports, notable for commerce and 
 manufactures, specially iron and petroleum. Akron, seat of flour and woollen 
 mills, paint and sewer-pipe manufactures. Toledo, commercial, manufacturing 
 and railroad interests. Sandusky, largest flsh-market in the world, wine-making, 
 lime and lumber interests. Dayton, manufacturing centre, agricultural imple- 
 ments, paper machinery and cars. Hamilton, manufacturing city, machinery, 
 steam-engines, paper, etc. Springfield, seat of largest agricultural implement 
 manufactures in the world, centre of productive wheat-growing region. Newark, 
 prosperous mining centre and manufacturing city. Mansfield, centre of agricul- 
 tural region, agricultural implement and other manufactures. Chillicothe, first 
 seat of government of Ohio, centre of rich agricultural region, railroad repair- 
 shops. Bellaire, emporium of farming and mining region, and especially nail 
 and glass manufacturing. Canton, large agricultural implement, and iron man- 
 ufactures, centre of rich wheat region. Xenia, twine and cordage manufactures 
 and gunpowder mart. Findlay, manufacturing, natural gas and oil interests. 
 Lima, petroleum and natural gas interests. Zanesville, manufacturing and espe- 
 cially fire-clay products, mining centre. Youngstown, mining and iron manu- 
 facturing. Ashtabula, growing iron and coal-shipping interests. East Liverpool, 
 centre of great clay goods manufacturing region, next to Trenton, N. J., the 
 greatest in the United States, producing one-third of all the clay goods, fronton, 
 centre of mining and a great iron manufacturing region. Portsmouth, an old 
 manufacturing town. Steubenville, mining centre, glass, iron and fire-clay 
 manufactures. 
 
 Commerce. — There are four ports of entry in Ohio, Cincinnati, Toledo, Sandusky 
 and Cleveland. The total imports for the year ending June, 1886, were $2,531,903, 
 and the exports were $1,363,968. In this aggregate no exports are credited to 
 Cincinnati, the bulk of the amount having been from Toledo, one of the leading 
 lake grain-shipping ports. The entrances at the three lake ports for the year 
 ending June, 1886, were 834 vessels, of 137,171 tonnage; and the clearances were 
 945 vessels of 180,027 tonnage. The number of vessels registered, enrolled and 
 licensed was 257, of 102,416 tonnage. 
 
 In 1880, Ohio had 24,529,226 acres, valuation $1,127,497,353, devoted to agri- 
 culture. Of the population 297,495 people were engaged in farming pursuits. 
 The number of farms was 247,189 ; the average value of cleared land per acre 
 $47.53; and the value of forest land $41.37. 
 
 Staple crops for 1885, U. S. Dept. Agriculture ; 
 
 Classes. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 111,865,000 
 
 $35,796,800 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 20,593,000 
 
 ' 18,739,630 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 37,470,000 
 
 10,116,900 
 
 Rye 
 
 
 389,000 
 
 233,600 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 832,000 
 
 557,408 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 
 182,000 
 
 118,255 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 12,453,000 
 
 4,856,524 
 
 Classes. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Hay 
 
 
 2,748,900 
 
 $31,447,416 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 
 33,667,000 lbs. 
 
 2,127,306 
 
 Other statistics drawn from the Ohio State Reports for 1887 give average wage 
 of farm hands, per month, with board, $15.75; without board, per month, $21.35; 
 
56 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF OHIO, 
 
 without board, per day, $1.05. Broom corn, 1,809,349 lbs. : flax, 137,112 bushels, 
 seed, 1,951,406 lbs., flax fibre; milk, 15,399,265 gals.; butter, 54,466,355 lbs.; 
 
 sorghum, 467,772 gals.; honey, 2,113,479 lbs.; eggs, 
 dozen; grapes, 26,649,211 lbs.; wine, 680,620 gals.; sweet potatoes, 
 apples, 23,609,037 ; peaches, 834,962; pears, 144,145; cherries, 
 255,487; plums, 135,709 bushels; wool, 19,702,329 lbs. ; number of horses owned 
 725,814; cattle, 1,637,130; sheep, 4,277,463; hogs, 1,595,373; mules, 24,378. 
 
 Railroads . — For the year 1887 total track mileage of railroads reported to the 
 Ohio Commissioner of Railroads was 18,358, of which 9,849 miles are within the 
 State. The amount of capital stock paid in was $512,344,549, of which $44,642,- 
 612 was owned by 16,389 stockholders resident in Ohio. Total stock and debt 
 of the entire line was $1,105,625,469, of which the proportion for Ohio was $557,- 
 845,232. Cost of road and equipment of entire line, $1,007,145,278 ; proportion for 
 Ohio, $471,763,561. The entire line had 3,769 locomotives, 130,061 cars, of which 
 126,205 were freight, 1,597 passenger, and 612 express or baggage cars. The en- 
 tire line transported 34,372,926 passengers, at an average cost per passenger 
 of 2.179 cents per mile, and 85,739,801 tons of freight, at an average cost per ton 
 of .707 cents per mile. The net earnings of the entire line were $18,795,072; 
 operating expenses, $75,275,891 ; interest paid on funded and unfunded debt, $15,- 
 188,403; dividends paid, $6,481,398. 
 
 In 1887 there was in Ohio 49,008 miles of telegraph wire; 1,019 telegraph 
 offices with 1,158 employees. [Electric light and motor and telephone wires not 
 included.] 
 
 Canals . — “ The Miami and Erie system, being the main canal, from Cincinnati 
 to Toledo, 250 miles, the canal from the junction to the State line 18 miles and 
 the Sidney feeder 14 miles, making in all a total of 282 miles ; the Ohio Canal, 
 extending from Portsmouth to Cleveland, a distance of 309 miles, together with 
 25 miles of feeders, or a total of 334 miles ; the Hocking canal, 56 miles long, 
 and the Walhonding, 25 miles ; the Muskingum Improvement, extending from 
 Dresden to Marietta, a distance of 91 miles, is now under the control of the Gen- 
 eral Government. So exclusive of the latter there is a total canal mileage of 697 
 miles owned by the State of Ohio. The reservoirs are : Grand Reservoir in 
 Mercer County, covering 17,000 acres; the Lewistown in Logan County, 7,200 
 acres; the Lorain in Shelby County, 1,800 acres; Six Mile in Paulding County, 
 2,500 acres ; Licking in Licking County, 3,600 acres ; and the Sippo in Stark 
 County, 600 acres, making a total in reservoirs of 32,100 acres. The Paulding 
 Reservoir has lately been abandoned. The different canals with their reservoirs 
 were built at a total cost of $15,967,650.” 
 
 Political. — State, congressional and presidential elections take place on the first 
 Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The number of electoral votes is 
 23. The Legislature consists of 33 Senators and 108 Representatives, both classes 
 elected for two years. The sessions are biennial, convening on the first Monday 
 in January, without limit of time, but adjourned sessions practically make them 
 annual. All the elective officers are chosen for two years, except the Auditor, 
 whose term is four years, Commissioner of Common Schools, Board of Public 
 Works, Clerk of the Supreme Court, whose terms are three years, and Judges of 
 the Supreme Court, whose terms are five years. The number of voters 826,577, 
 of which 613,485 are native whites, 191,386 foreign whites and 21,706 colored. 
 (Census of 1880.) All males twenty-one years of age, native or naturalized, are 
 entitled to vote, provided they have resided one year in the State, thirty days in 
 the county, and twenty days in the township or ward and have been registered 
 before the day of election. Salary of the Governor $8,000 per year. The legal 
 rate of interest is 6 per cent. ; by contract 8 per cent. 
 
 Finances . — The amount of funded State debt Nov. 15, 1887, was $3,341,665. 
 This sum consists of a loan of $600,000, bearing 4 per cent, interest, payable July 
 1, 1888; ten loans of $250,000 each, one payable each year from July 1, 1889, to 
 July 1, 1898, bearing 3 per cent, interest, and one loan of $240,000, payable July 
 1, 1899, also bearing 3 per cent, interest, and canal loan without interest of $1,665. 
 
 Irreducible State debt (trust funds), $4,526,716. 
 
 The receipts, disbursements and balances for 1887 were as follows : 
 
DESCRIPTION OF OHIO, 
 
 57 
 
 Funds. 
 
 Balances in the 
 
 Treasury, Nov. 
 
 16, 1886. 
 
 1 
 
 Receipts during 
 
 the fiscal year. 
 
 Total receipts, 
 
 including bal- 
 
 ances. 
 
 Disbursements 
 
 during the fiscal 
 
 year. 
 
 Balances in the 
 
 Treasury, Nov. 
 
 15, 1887. 
 
 General Revenue, 
 
 $272,794.73 
 
 *2,853,379.57 
 
 *3,126,174.30 
 
 $3,060,810.21 
 
 $65,364.09 
 
 Sinking, 
 
 96,136.92 
 
 1,527,953.09 
 
 1,624,190.01 
 
 1,521,895.93 
 
 102,294.08 
 
 State Com. Sch’l, 
 
 87,189.59 
 
 1,674,535.87 
 
 1,761,725.46 
 
 1,707,104.90 
 
 54,620.56 
 
 Totals, 
 
 4,456,221.24 
 
 *6,055,868.53 
 
 *6,512,089.77 
 
 6,289,811.04 
 
 222,278.73 
 
 The amount of taxable property assessed in 1887, was, real estate in cities, 
 towns and villages, $464,681,331 ; real estate not in cities, towns and villages, 
 $720,329,294 ; chattel property, $520,172,094. The rate of State tax was 29 cents 
 on $100. In addition to the State tax there was levied in 1887, county taxes, 
 $8,372,519; township, $1,099,963; school, $7,682,120; city, town and village, 
 $7,606,025; special, $1,144,338. The debts of counties in 1887 were $6,892,745; 
 cities of the first and second class, $43,193,963 ; incorporated villages, $1,743,722; 
 townships, $557,883 ; special school districts, $2,455,330. The number of banks 
 in 1887 was 429 with a capital of $46,568,211 of which 211 were national banks 
 with a capital of $31,542,003. 
 
 Colleges and Universities. 
 
 Institution. 
 
 Location. 
 
 President. 
 
 Founded. 
 
 Adelbert College, Western Reserve Univ. 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Carroll Cutler 
 
 1826 
 
 Antioch College 
 
 Yellow Springs 
 
 Daniel A. Long 
 
 1852 
 
 Baldwin University 
 
 Berea 
 
 William Kepler 
 
 1856 
 
 Belmont College 
 
 College Hill 
 
 P. V. N. Myers 
 
 1846 
 
 Beverly College 
 
 Beverly 
 
 L. C. Crippen 
 
 1842 
 
 Buchtel College 
 
 Akron 
 
 0. Cone 
 
 1870 
 
 Calvin Collesre 
 
 Brooklyn Village 
 
 H. .T. Ruetenik 
 
 1873 
 
 Capital Universitv 
 
 Columbus 
 
 M. Loy 
 
 1850 
 
 Denison University 
 
 Granville 
 
 Galusha Anderson 
 
 1831 
 
 Franklin College 
 
 New Athens 
 
 J. G. Black 
 
 1825 
 
 German Wallace College 
 
 Berea 
 
 William Nast 
 
 1864 
 
 Harlem Springs College 
 
 Harlem Springs 
 
 .John R. Steeves 
 
 1858 
 
 Hebrew Union Colles^e 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Isaac M. Wise 
 
 1873 
 
 Heidelberg College 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 George W. Willard 
 
 1850 
 
 Hiram College 
 
 Hiram 
 
 G. H. Laugblin 
 
 1867 
 
 Hopedale Normal College 
 
 Hopedale 
 
 W. G. Garvey 
 
 1852 
 
 Kenyon College 
 
 Garnbier 
 
 William B. Bodine 
 
 1824 
 
 Marietta College 
 
 Marietta 
 
 John Eaton 
 
 1835 
 
 Miami University 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Robert W. McFarland 
 
 1809 
 
 Mount Union College 
 
 Mount Union 
 
 0. N. Hartshorn 
 
 1846 
 
 Muskingum College 
 
 New Concord 
 
 F. M. Spencer 
 
 1837 
 
 National Normal University 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Alfred Holbrook 
 
 1855 
 
 Oberlin College 
 
 Oberlin 
 
 James H. Fairchild 
 
 1833 
 
 Ohio State University 
 
 Columbus 
 
 William H. Scott 
 
 1870 
 
 Ohio University 
 
 Athens 
 
 Charles W. Super 
 
 1804 
 
 Ohio Wesleyan University 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Charles H. Payne 
 
 1842 
 
 Otterbein University 
 
 Westerville 
 
 H. A. Thompson 
 
 1847 
 
 Rio Grande College.. 
 
 Rio Grande 
 
 A. A. Moulton 
 
 1876 
 
 Saint Joseph College 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 James Rogers 
 
 1873 
 
 Saint Xavier College 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 F.dward A. Higgins 
 
 1831 
 
 Scio College 
 
 Scio 
 
 E. J. Marsh 
 
 1866 
 
 The University of Wooster 
 
 Wooster 
 
 Sylvester F. Scovel 
 
 1868 
 
 University of Cincinnati 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 .Ta.cob D. Cox 
 
 1870 
 
 Urbana University 
 
 Urbana 
 
 Frank Sewa,ll 
 
 1850 
 
 Wilberforee University 
 
 Wilberforee 
 
 S T Mitchell 
 
 1856 
 
 Wilmington College 
 
 Wilminc^ton 
 
 James B. Unthank 
 
 1870 
 
 Wittenberg College 
 
 Springfield 
 
 S. A. Ort 
 
 1845 
 
 Educational . — In 1887 there were 12,589 school-houses in the State, valued at 
 
 *This amount includes $80,000.00 advance draft drawn on the taxes collected for the fiscal 
 year 1888. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF OHIO. 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 $29,287,749. Of 1,102,701 children of school age 767,030 were enrolled in the 
 schools. There were 24,687 teachers employed, and an income for support of 
 schools of $14,031,692 ; expenditures, $9,909,813, of which $6,252,518 was paid 
 to teachers. School age from 6 to 21 years. Ohio has three State Colleges, Ohio 
 State, Miami and Ohio Universities. The number of volumes in libraries in 
 
 1886 was 991,086. 
 
 The number of students in colleges and universities in 1887 was 1,613 males 
 and 765 females ; instructors, 265. Total number of graduates, 6,317 males and 
 1,821 females. Value of all property, including endowments, $6,998,592. In 
 
 1887 there were also in Ohio 81 academies, normal, preparatory and other schools, 
 with 5,635 male, 3,516 female students and 579 instructors. 
 
 Manufactures . — The State Reports of 1887 gave Ohio 6,513 industrial establish' 
 ments, employing 187,925 men and 29,281 women. Amount of capital invested, 
 $196,113,670. Value of products, $344,245,690. 
 
 The leading branches, as given by the United States census of 1880, are : 
 
 Classes. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Wages paid. 
 
 Value of 
 Material. 
 
 Value of 
 Product. 
 
 Agricultural implements. 
 
 Boots and shoes 
 
 Brick and tile 
 
 Carriages and wagons 
 
 Clothing, men’s 
 
 Flour, etc 
 
 Foundry, machine shops. 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Iron and steel 
 
 Leather, tanned 
 
 Liquors, distilled 
 
 Liquors, malt 
 
 Lumber 
 
 Paper 
 
 Slaughtering, etc 
 
 $ 16 , 111,576 
 
 2 , 285,927 
 
 2 , 723,528 
 
 4 , 234,481 
 
 8 , 651,094 
 
 12 . 328,847 
 
 12 ; 770,649 
 
 4 , 417,076 
 
 25 , 141,294 
 
 2 , 022,990 
 
 4 , 813,135 
 
 8 , 178,545 
 
 7 , 944,412 
 
 4 , 804,247 
 
 5 , 487,682 
 
 $ 2 , 981,065 
 
 1 , 826,524 
 
 1 , 114,133 
 
 2 , 610,268 
 
 4 , 136,382 
 
 1 , 221,494 
 
 5 , 105,596 
 
 2 , 080,243 
 
 8 , 265,070 
 
 373,595 
 
 406,197 
 
 1 , 184,125 
 
 1 , 708,300 
 
 839,231 
 
 633,044 
 
 $ 7 , 243,326 
 
 3 , 684,621 
 
 1 , 185,794 
 
 5 , 416,656 
 
 12 , 043,020 
 
 34 , 157,024 
 
 8 , 407,972 
 
 2 , 694,602 
 
 23 , 997,915 
 
 3 , 247,592 
 
 4 , 533,049 
 
 5 , 110,587 
 
 8 , 896,106 
 
 3 , 024,068 
 
 17 , 173,446 
 
 $ 15 , 479,825 
 
 7 , 055,003 
 
 3 ^, 481,291 
 
 10 , 043,404 
 
 20 , 008,398 
 
 38 , 950,264 
 
 18 , 242,325 
 
 6 , 865,027 
 
 34 , 918,360 
 
 4 , 357,273 
 
 6 , 692,736 
 
 9 , 125,014 
 
 13 , 864,460 
 
 5 , 108,194 
 
 19 , 231,297 
 
 Mining . — Ohio ranks second to Pennsylvania only in the production of bi- 
 tuminous coal. The number of coal mines worked in Ohio in 1887 was 729, em- 
 ploying 22,237 inen. The total yield was 10,301,708 tons. The total amount of 
 iron ore mined in 1887 was 377,465 tons ; fire-clay, 366,476 tons. During the year 
 1885 there was produced of salt 530,000 barrels, about 300,000 barrels of cement, 
 18,000 tons of mineral fertilizers, $500,000 worth of grindstones and 1,116,375 tons 
 of limestone. 
 
 Relative Rank . — Ohio ranks first in value of quarry products, value of farm 
 lands, manufacture of agricultural implements, glycerine, number of brick and 
 tile factories, number of churches, in receipts for school purposes. 
 
 Second. In iron and steel manufactures, petroleum, natural gas, number of 
 farms, tons of freight carried by railroads, miles of railroad track, butter and 
 cheese establishments, bituminous coal mined, expenditures for school purposes, 
 number of school teachers and average daily attendance of children at school. 
 
 Third. In sheep, salt, wheat, population, in number of tanned leather and 
 sawn lumber establishments, value of railroads and number of cars in use, capi- 
 tal employed in railroads, number of dwellings, persons engaged in agriculture 
 and in the professions, value of church property. 
 
 Fourth. Tobacco raised, value of live stock, number of persons engaged in 
 manufactures, total value of real estate, value of farm implements in use, print- 
 ing and publishing. 
 
 Fifth. Number of milch cows, swine, horses, cattle, hay, barley, corn, oats. 
 
 Area . — Ohio ranks the twenty-fourth State in area. 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 By EDWARD ORTON, State Geologist, 
 
 Edward Orton, LL. D., was born at De- 
 posit, Delaware county, New York, March 9, 
 
 1829. His parents were Rev. Samuel G. 
 
 Orton, D. D., and Clara Gregory Orton. The 
 Ortons are first known in New England about 
 1640, the name appearing in this year in the 
 records of Charlestown, Massachusetts. 
 
 Thomas Orton came to Windsor, Connecti- 
 cut, in 1641 or 1642. From Windsor certain 
 members of the family emigrated in the year 
 1700 or thereabouts to the new settlements of 
 Litchfield, which was then on the edge of the 
 wilderness. There were thus two branches of 
 the family — one at Windsor and one at Litch- 
 field. The Litchfield Ortons lived for more 
 than a century on what was known as Orton 
 Hill, South Farms. They were well repre- 
 sented in the Revolutionary war, but beyond 
 this do not appear to have taken prominent 
 part in public life. They seem to have been 
 a quiet, home-loving, fairly thrifty stock, pos- 
 sessed of a good deal of family affection and 
 interest. 
 
 Miles Orton, the father of the Rev. Samuel 
 G. Orton, was a soldier in the war of 1812 and 
 died soon after the war. 
 
 Samuel G. Orton was born at Litchfield and 
 was brought up on a farm until 20 years old, 
 when, under the ministry of Dr. Lyman 
 Beecher, he was encouraged to seek a liberal 
 education. He was obliged to support him- 
 self by his own labor both while preparing for 
 college and during his entire course. He 
 graduated at Hamilton College in 1822 and studied theology in New Haven. He was an honored 
 minister in the Presbyterian Church for nearly 50 years; most of which time he spent in Western New 
 York. 
 
 Edward Orton passed his boyhood in his father’s country home at Ripley, Chautauqua county, New 
 York. He acquired here a knowledge of and life-long interest in country life, often working among 
 the neighboring farmers for weeks and even months at a time. He was fitted for college mainly by his 
 father, but spent one year in Westfield Academy and another in Fredonia Academy. He entered 
 Hamilton College, the college where his father had graduated, as a sophomore in 1845 and graduated 
 in 1848. He taught after graduation for a year in the academy of Erie, Penna. He entered Lane 
 Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1849, and was under Dr. Lyman Beecher’s instruction. He 
 withdrew from the seminary on account of a temporary failure of his eyes, butafter a year or two spent 
 on the farm and in travel he resumed the work of teaching, becoming a member of the faculty of the 
 Delaware Institute, Franklin, Delaware county, N. Y. In college his chief interest had been in 
 literary and classical studies, but in the institute he was set to teaching the natural sciences and a latent 
 taste for these studies was soon developed. He pursued the studies of chemistry and the natural history 
 branches with special interest, and to prepare himself better for teaching them took a six months’ 
 course in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, in 1852, studying under Horsford and 
 Cooke and Gray. Finding that his theological creed was giving way under his later studies he sought 
 to avert the change by more thorough investigation in this department, and entered Andover Seminary to 
 attend for a year Prof. Park’s lectures on theology. The experiment was successful to the extent of arrest- 
 ing the change in his views, but after a few years the process was resumed and ended in the replace- 
 ment of the Calvinistic creed in which he had been brought up by the shorter statements of Unitarianism. 
 In 1856 he was called to the chair of natural science in the State Normal School of New York, at Albany. 
 He held this position for several years, resigning it to take charge of Chester Academy, Orange county, 
 N. Y. After spending six years in this position he was called in 1865 to Antioch College, Yellow 
 Springs, Ohio. He was first made principal of the preparatory department, then professor of natural 
 history, and finally in 1872 president of the institution. This last position he held but for one year, resign- 
 ing it in 1873 to accept the ])residency of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, now the State 
 University, at Columbus. He was also made professor of geology in this institution at the same time. 
 He held the presidency for eight years and retained the professorship of geology after resigning the 
 former place. 
 
 During his residence in Yellow Springs the State geological survey was organized under Newberry. 
 Prof. Orton became in 1869 a member of the geological corps, being appointed thereto by Governor 
 
 I59) 
 
6o 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 R. B. Hayes. He was reappointed by Governor Noyes, and after Newberry’s withdrawal from the 
 field was appointed State geologist by Governor Foster and at a still later day by Governor Hoadly. 
 This latter position he has held in conjunction with the professorship of geology in the State University. 
 
 He was married in 1855 to Mary M. Jennings of Franklin, N. Y., who died in 1873. In 1875 he was 
 married to Anna Davenport Torrey of Millbury, Mass. 
 
 In addition to his geological work proper Prof. Orton has taken an active interest in the applica- ^ 
 tions of geology to agriculture and sanitary science and especially to the questions of water supply and 
 sewerage of the towns of Ohio. 
 
 A. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO. 
 
 ' The boundaries of Ohio, as fixed in the 
 enabling act by which, in 1802, it was ^ad- 
 mitted into the Union, were as follows : on 
 the east the Pennsylvania line ; on the south 
 the Ohio river to the mouth of the Great 
 Miami river ; on the west a due north line 
 from the mouth of the Great Miami ; on the 
 north an east and west line drawn through 
 the southerly extreme of Lake xMichigan, 
 running east after intersecting the meridian 
 that makes the western boundary of the State 
 until it intersects Lake Erie or the territorial 
 line, and thence, with the same, through 
 Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line. 
 
 The eastern, southern and western boun- 
 daries remain unchanged ; the northern 
 boundary has been slightly modified.^ As 
 finally established by Congress in 1836 it con- 
 sists of a direct line, or in other words of the 
 arc of a great circle instead of a parallel of 
 latitude, from the southern extremity of Lake 
 Michigan to the most northerly cape of the 
 Maumee Bay and thence northeast to the 
 boundary line between the United States and 
 Canada, and along this boundary to its inter- 
 section with the western boundary of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 The change here indicated was provided 
 for in the enabling act above referred to, and 
 also in the constitution of Ohio which was 
 established in 1802, but the cause that led to 
 making it in 1836 was a dispute that had 
 arisen between the State of Ohio and the 
 Territory of Michigan as to jurisdiction along 
 this border. The dispute assumed the char- 
 acter of a war of small proportions and of 
 short duration during the administration of 
 Governor Lucas, of Ohio, an account of 
 which is given elsewhere in this work. 
 
 The territory of the State can be further 
 defined as included between 38° 27^ and 41° 
 57^ north latitude, and between 80° 34' and 
 84° 49' west longitude (“American Clyclo- 
 paedia,” article Ohio). The longest north 
 and south line that can be drawn in the State 
 is about 210 miles ; the longest east and west 
 line is about 225 miles. The area of Ohio, 
 according to the most recent computations, is 
 40,760 square miles (Compendium, 10th Cen- 
 sus, 11. , 1413). 
 
 Physical Features. 
 
 The surface of the State is an undulating 
 plain, the highest elevation of which thus far 
 measured is found at a point in Logan 
 county, three and a half miles northeast of 
 Bellefontaine, and which is locally known as 
 Hogue’s hill. The elevation of this highest 
 
 land in Ohio is 1,550 feet above mean tide, 
 counting Lake Erie 573 feet above mean tide. 
 The lowest land in the State is found at its 
 southwestern corner at the intersection of the 
 valleys of the Ohio and the Great Miami 
 rivers. Low water mark at this point is a 
 little less than 440 feet above tide. The 
 highest and the lowest elevations of the State 
 are thus seen to be only 1,100 feet apart, but 
 small as is this range the figures used in stat- 
 ing it unless qualified would be misleading. 
 In reality the areas less than 550 feet above 
 tide or more than 1,300 feet above are 
 insignificant. Practically the range of the 
 State is reduced to about 750 feet. The 
 elevations of a few places, variously dis- 
 tributed through the State, are given below. 
 The authorities for these figures are quite 
 unequal in value, but they are the best we 
 have : 
 
 Feet above tide. 
 
 Allen county, near We.st minster 1,032 
 
 Ashland county, Polk 1,241 
 
 Ashtabula county, Andover 1,191 
 
 Auglaize county, Bitler’s 1,084 
 
 Belmont county, Jacobsburg 1,330 
 
 Butler county, northeast corner of Oxford 
 
 township 1,033 
 
 Carroll county, summit near Carrollton 1,153 
 
 Champaign county, Mingo 1,238 
 
 Clarke county. South Charleston 1,126 
 
 Clinton county, summit near New Vienna. ..1,169 
 
 Columbiana county. Round Knob 1,417 
 
 Columbiana county, Salem, highest point 1,334 
 
 Crawford county, summit near Crestline 1,177 
 
 Cuyahoga county, Royalton 1,272 
 
 Darke county, Hollansburg 1,150 
 
 Delaware county. Peerless 1,179 
 
 Geauga county, Claridon 1,366 
 
 Greene county, Jamestown 1,071 
 
 Hardin county. Silver creek, summit 1,118 
 
 Harrison county, Cadiz, court-house 1,270 
 
 Highland county, Stultz’s mountain 1,325 
 
 Holmes county, Millersburg, hills near 1,235 
 
 Jefferson county, Bloomfield, hills near 1,434 
 
 Knox county. Mount Liberty 1,215 
 
 Lake county. Little mountain 1,248 
 
 Licking county, Jacktown, hill near 1,235 
 
 Logan county, Hogue’s hill, near Bellefon- 
 taine 1,540 
 
 Mahoning county, Damascus 1,188 
 
 Marion county, Caledonia 1,066 
 
 Medina county, Wadsworth 1,349 
 
 Monroe county, Jerusalem 1,300 
 
 Morrow county, Bloomfield, cemetery 1,149 
 
 Perry county, Somerset 1,159 
 
 Pike county. Font Hill 1,285 
 
 Portage county. Limestone Ridge 1,248 
 
 Preble county, Eldorado 1,178 
 
 Richland county, highest hills 1,475 
 
 Stark county, Wilrnot, hill near 1,261 
 
 Summit county. Silver creek 1,392 
 
 Trumbull county, Mesopotamia 1,172 
 
 Tuscarawas county, ML Tabor 1,348 
 
 Wayne county, summits, northwest part 1,275 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to add that in almost 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 6r 
 
 every one of the counties named above the 
 highest land of the State is or has been claimed 
 by residents of these counties. The figures 
 given in this table show the highest recorded 
 elevations, but not necessarily the highest 
 elevations. They can, however, be made to 
 indicate by proper combination the highest- 
 lying districts of the State. 
 
 The largest connected areas of high land 
 extend from east to west across the central 
 and northern central districts. In some 
 limited regions of Central Ohio, especially 
 along the ridge of high land just referred to, 
 and also in a few thousand square miles of 
 Northwestern Ohio, the natural drainage is 
 somewhat sluggish, and, while the land is 
 covered with its original forest growth, it in- 
 clines to swampy conditions ; but when the 
 forests are cleared away and the water courses 
 are open most of it becomes arable and all of 
 it can be made so without excessive outlay by 
 means of open ditches. 
 
 The chief feature in the topography of 
 Ohio is the main watershed which extends 
 across the State from its northeastern corner 
 to about the middle of its western boundary. 
 It divides the surface of the State into two 
 unequal slopes, the northern, which is much 
 the smaller, sending its waters into Lake 
 Erie and the Grulf of St. Lawrence, while the 
 drainage of the other is directed to the G-ulf 
 of Mexico by the Ohio river. The average 
 height of the watershed is about 1,100 feet 
 above tide, but it is cut by three principal 
 gaps, viz., those of the Tuscarawas, Scioto 
 and Maumee rivers respectively. The eleva- 
 tion is reduced in these gaps to about 950 
 feet. They have been occupied by canals 
 and railways for a number of years. 
 
 The watershed depends on two different 
 lines of geological formation in different por- 
 tions of the State, to the eastward on bedded 
 rocks which rise in a low arch along the line 
 that the watershed follows, and to the west- 
 ward by enormous accumulations of glacial 
 drift the maximum thickness of which is more 
 than 500 feet. 
 
 Ohio owes but very little ‘of the relief of its 
 surface to folds of the rocks which underlie 
 it. There are no pronounced anticlines or 
 synclines in its structure. When successively 
 lifted from the sea beneath which they were 
 formed its several strata were approximately 
 horizontal and also of approximately the same 
 elevation. The present relief of the State is 
 mainly due to erosive agencies. The original 
 ])lain has been carved and dissected into com- 
 plicated patterns during the protracted ages 
 in which it has been worn away by rains and 
 rivulets and rivers. Comparatively little of 
 it now remains. In each river system there 
 is one main furrow that is deepened and 
 widened as it advances, and tributary to the 
 main furrow are countless narrower and shal- 
 lower valleys which in turn are fed by a like 
 system of smaller troughs. Most of the 
 streams have their main valleys directed 
 through their entire extent to either the north 
 or the south, adapting themselves thus to the 
 two main slopes of the State, but occasionally 
 
 a considerable stream will for a score or more 
 miles undertake to make its way against the 
 general slope. A sluggish fiow necessarily 
 characterizes such streams. Examples are 
 found in Wills creek, a tributary of the 
 Muskingum, and in Connotton creek, which 
 flows into the Tuscarawas river. 
 
 Fragments of the old plain still remain in 
 the isolated “ hills ” or table-lands that bound 
 the valleys and which, though often separated 
 by intervals of miles, still answer to each 
 other with perfect correspondence of altitude 
 and stratification. They often occur in nar- 
 row and isolated serpentine ridges between 
 the streams. These high lands rise to a 
 maximum height of 600 feet above the rivers 
 in the main valleys. Strictly speaking, there 
 are no hills in Ohio, to say nothing of moun- 
 tains, and there never have been any. The 
 relief, as has been shown, results from val- 
 leys carved out of the original plain. 
 
 The glacial drift has had much to do in 
 establishing the present topography, but its 
 influence can be better stated at a later point 
 in this review. 
 
 B. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 The geology of Ohio, though free from the 
 obscurity and complications that are often 
 met with in disturbed and mountainous re- 
 gions, is still replete with scientific and 
 economic interest. It has occupied the at- 
 tention of students of this science for more 
 than half a century, and during this time 
 there have been a number of able men who 
 have devoted many years of their lives to 
 working out its problems. The State has 
 also made large expenditures in carrying on 
 geological investigations and in publishing 
 the results of the same. It is still engaged 
 in the work. 
 
 Previous to 1836, not much was known in 
 regard to the age and order of the rock for- 
 mations of the State. In fact, the science 
 of geology was then but little advanced in any 
 part of the country. Hon. Benjamin Tappan 
 published a few notes pertaining to the coal 
 fields of Ohio, in Silliman s Journal (after- 
 wards the American Journal of Science and 
 Arts), between* 1820 and 1830, and Caleb 
 Atwater included in his archaeological re- 
 searches some geological observations. It 
 was, however, to Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of 
 Marietta, that we owe the first extended and 
 connected accounts of the geology of any por- 
 tions of our territory. His notes upon the 
 salines or salt springs of the State and of the 
 Ohio valley are full of interesting observa- 
 tions, but the account begun by him in the 
 American Journal of Science and Arts in 
 1836 entitled ‘'Observations on the Bitumi- 
 nous Coal Deposits of the valley of the Ohio, 
 and the accompanying rock strata, with notices 
 of the fossil organic remains and the relics 
 of vegetable and animal bodies, illustrated 
 by a geological map, by numerous drawings 
 of plants and shells and by views of interest- 
 ing scenery,” is decidedly the most compre- 
 hensive and important statement that had 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 b2 
 
 been made up to this time upon the geology 
 of any part of the State. ^ The descriptions 
 and figures of fossils in this paper were made 
 by Samuel George Morton, M. D., of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Tt was in this year also that the first steps 
 were taken by the legislature to determine 
 the geological structure and resources of the 
 State. A resolution was passed on the 14th 
 day of March, 1836, providing for the ap- 
 pointment of a committee to report to the 
 next legislature the best method of obtaining 
 a complete geological survey of the State and 
 the probable cost of the same. The com- 
 mittee consisted of Dr. S. P. Hildreth, chair- 
 man, Professors John Locke and J. H. Rid- 
 dell and Mr. I. A. Lapham, all of whom were 
 recognized as among the foremost students of 
 geological science in the State. 
 
 The report of this committee was promptly 
 made and, in accordance with its recom- 
 mendations, a survey of the State was forth- 
 with ordered (March 27, 1837). The first 
 geological corps was organized as follows : 
 
 Prof. W. W. Mather, Etafe Geologist 
 
 Dr. S. P. Hildreth. 
 
 Dr. John Locke. 
 
 Prof. J. P. Kirtland. 
 
 Col. J. W. Foster. 
 
 Col. Chas. Whittlesley. 
 
 Prof C. Briggs, Jr. 
 
 The work of this survey was brought to an 
 abrupt termination at the end of the second 
 year of field work, the principal cause of dis- 
 continuance being the embarrassed condition 
 of the State treasury, which in turn was owing 
 to the financial panic of 1837. Though the 
 duration of this survey was short, its results 
 were of very great importance and value. A 
 solid foundation had been laid on which ob- 
 servations could be intelligently carried on in 
 every portion of the State. Several of the 
 members of the old corps, and prominent 
 among them. Col. Charles Whittlesley, main- 
 tained not only their interest, but their field 
 work as well, though in a fragmentary and 
 disconnected way, and from year to year work 
 was done which could finally be utilized in a 
 more thorough study of the subject. We 
 owe very much to the members of this corps 
 for their contributions to our knowledge of 
 Ohio geology. 
 
 The second survey was ordered by the legis- 
 lature in 1869, and there was fortunately 
 placed at the head of it Professor J. S. 
 Newberry, LL. D., widely recognized as the 
 ablest geologist that Ohio has yet produced. 
 Dr. Newberry brought to his task the results 
 of niany years of study of the structure of 
 Ohio and also a wide experience in other 
 fields. To his sagacity in interpreting both 
 the stratigraphical and paleontological record 
 of the State, science is under great obliga- 
 tions. The assistant geologists appointed 
 with Dr. Newberry were Prof. E. B. An- 
 drews, Prof. Edward Orton and Mr. J. H. 
 Klippart Prof T. G. Wormley was ap- 
 pointed chemist of the survey. Active work 
 
 on the survey was discontinued at the end of 
 five years from the date of beginning, but the 
 publication of results was kept up for a much 
 longer time. In fact, some of the results of 
 Dr. Newberry’s work are yet unpublished. 
 Two reports of progress, 1869 and 1870, 
 and four volumes of Geology are the pub- 
 lished results of this survey. Two of these 
 volumes are double, the second parts being 
 devoted to paleontology (Vols. I. and 11. ). 
 
 In 1881 the survey was again revived, 
 under the direction of Prof. Edward Orton, 
 with special reference to the completion of 
 the work in economic geology. Two volumes, 
 viz., vols. V. and VI., have been already 
 issued in this series. Prof N. W. Lord was 
 appointed chemist to the survey under the 
 reorganization, and has done all of the work 
 in this important department. 
 
 I. Geological Scale. 
 
 A brief review of the scale and structure 
 of the State will here be given, but before it 
 is entered upon, a few fundamental facts per- 
 taining to the subject will be stated.^ 
 
 1. So far as its exposed rock series is con- 
 cerned, Ohio is built throughout its whole 
 extent of stratified deposits or, in other 
 words, of beds of clay, sand and limestone, in 
 all their various gradations, that were de- 
 posited or that grew in water. There are in 
 the Ohio series no igneous nor metamorphic 
 rocks whatever ; that is, no rocks that have 
 assumed their present form and condition 
 from a molten state or that, subsequent to 
 their original formation, have been trans- 
 formed by heat. The only qualification which 
 this statement needs pertains to the beds of 
 drift by which a lar^e portion of the State is 
 covered. These drift beds contain bowlders 
 in large amount, derived from the igneous 
 and metamorphic rocks that are found around 
 the shores o-f Lakes Superior and Huron, but 
 these bowlders are recognized by all, even by 
 the least observant, as foreign to the Ohio 
 scale. They are familiarly known as “lost 
 rocks ” or “ erratics. ’ ’ 
 
 If we should descend deep enough below 
 the surface we should exhaust these stratified 
 deposits and come to the granite foundations 
 of the continent which constitute the surface 
 rocks in parts of Canada, New England and 
 the West, but the drill has never yet hewed 
 its way down to these firm and massive beds 
 within our boundaries. 
 
 The rocks that constitute the present sur- 
 face of Ohio were all formed in water, and 
 none of them have been modified and masked 
 by the action of high temperatures. They 
 remain in substantially the same condition in 
 which they were formed. 
 
 2. With the exception of the coal seams 
 and a few beds associated with them and of 
 the drift deposits, all the formations of Ohio 
 grew in the sea. There are no lake or river 
 deposits among them, but by countless and 
 infallible signs they testify to a marine origin. 
 The remnants of life which they contain, 
 often in the greatest abundance, are decisive 
 as to this point. 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 63 
 
 3. The sea in which or around which they 
 grew was the former extension of the Gulf 
 of Mexico. When the rocks of Ohio were 
 in process of formation, the warm waters and 
 genial climate of the Gulf extended without 
 interru lotion to the borders of the great lakes. 
 All of these rocks had their origin under such 
 conditions. 
 
 4. The rocks of Ohio constitute an orderly 
 series. They occur in widespread sheets, the 
 lowermost of which are co-extensive with the 
 limits of the State. As we ascend in the 
 scale, the strata constantly occupy smaller 
 areas, but the last series of deposits, viz. , those 
 of the Carboniferous period, are still found to 
 cover at least one-fourth of the entire area of 
 the State. Some of these formations can be 
 followed into and across adjacent States, in 
 apparently unbroken continuity. 
 
 The edges of the successive deposits in the 
 Ohio series are exposed in innumerable natural 
 "sections, so that their true order can gener- 
 ally be determined with certainty and ease. 
 
 5. For the accumulation and growth of this 
 great series of deposits, vast periods of time 
 are required. Many millions of years must 
 be used in any rational explanation of their 
 origin and history. All of the stages of this 
 history have practically unlimited amounts of 
 past time upon which to draw. They have 
 all gone forward on so large a scale, so far as 
 time is concerned, that the few thousand 
 years of human history would not make an 
 appreciable factor in any of them. In other 
 words, five thousand years or ten thousand 
 years make too small a period to be counted 
 in the formation of coal, for example, or in 
 the accumulation of petroleum, or in the 
 shaping of the surface of the State through 
 the agencies of erosion. 
 
 The geological scale of the State is repre- 
 sented in the accompanying diagram (page 6). 
 The order of the series is, of course, fixed and 
 definite, but the thickness assigned to the 
 several elements depends upon the location 
 at which the section is taken. The aggregate 
 thickness of the entire series will reach 5,000 
 feet, if the maximum of each stratum is 
 taken into the account, but if the average 
 measurements are used, the thickness does 
 not exceed 3,500 feet. The principal ele- 
 ments of the scale, which extends from the 
 Lower Silurian to the upper Carboniferous or 
 possibly the Permian, inclusive, are given 
 below, and the geological map appended 
 shows how the surface of the State is dis- 
 tributed among the principal formations. A 
 brief review of these leading elements will be 
 given at this point. 
 
 1. The Trenton Limestone. 
 
 The Trenton limestone is one of the most 
 important of the older formations of the 
 continent. It is the first widespread lime- 
 stone of the general scale. It extends from 
 New England to the Rocky mountains, and 
 from the islands north of Hudson’s b^ly to 
 the southern extremity of the Allegheny 
 mountains in Alabama and Tennessee. 
 
 Throughout this vast region it is found ex- 
 posed in innumerable outcrops. It gives rise 
 as it decays to limestone soils which are some 
 times of re-piarkable fertility, as, for example, 
 those of the famous Blue Grass region of 
 Central Kentucky, which are derived from 
 it. It is v/orked for building stone in hun- 
 dred of quarries, and it is also burned into 
 lime and broken into road metal on a large 
 scale throughout the regions where it occurs. 
 But widespread as are its exposures in out-^ 
 crop, it has a still wider extension under' 
 cover. It is known to make the floor of 
 entire States in which it does not reach the 
 surface at a single point. 
 
 It takes its name from a picturesque and 
 well-known locality in Trenton township, 
 Oneida county. New York. The West 
 Canada creek makes a rapid descent in this 
 township from the Adirondack uplands to 
 the Mohawk valley, falling 300 feet in two 
 miles by a series of cascades. These cascades 
 have long been known as Trenton Falls, and 
 the limestone which forms them was appro- 
 priately named by the New York geologists 
 the Trenton limestone. The formation, as 
 seen at the original locality, is found to be a 
 dark-blue, almost black limestone, lying in 
 quite massive and even beds, which are often 
 separated by layers of black shale. Both 
 limestone and shale contain excellently pre- 
 served fossils of Lower Silurian age. By 
 means of these fossils, and also by its strati- 
 graphical order, the limestone is followed 
 with perfect distinctness from Trenton Falls 
 to every point of the compass. It is changed 
 to some extent, in color and composition, as it 
 is traced in different directions, but there is 
 seldom a question possible as to its identity. 
 The Trenton limestone forms several of the 
 largest islands in whole or in part in the 
 northern portion of Lake Huron, as the 
 Manitoulin islands and Drummond’s island. 
 It dips from this region to the southward, 
 but it is found rising again in outcrop in the 
 valley of the Kentucky river. Its presence 
 underneath the entire States of Ohio and 
 Michigan, and especially under Western 
 Ohio, has always been inferred, since the 
 geology of these States was first worked out. 
 But it is only recently that it has come to be 
 clearly recognized as one of the surface forma- 
 tions of Ohio. 
 
 The lowest rocks in the State series have 
 long been known to be exposed in the Point 
 Pleasant quarries of Clermont county. It is 
 upon the outcrop of these rocks that the 
 humble dwelling stands in which Ulysses S. 
 Grant first saw the light. The claim that 
 these beds in reality belong to and represent 
 the Trenton limestone of Kentucky was first 
 made by S. A. Miller, Esq., of Cincinnati, 
 and the same view was afterward supported 
 by the late Win. M. Linney of the Kentucky 
 Geological Survey, but the demonstration of 
 the fact comes in an unexpected way. In the 
 extensive underground explorations that have 
 been going forward in Northern Ohio for the 
 last few years, the Trenton limestone has 
 been unmistakably identified as the firm 
 
VERTICAL SECTICN 
 □F THE RCCKS CF CHIC, 
 
 SYSTEM 
 
 18 
 
 SERIES. 
 
 GLACIAL DRIFT 
 0— 55o 
 
 UPPER BARREN COAL MEASURES 
 
 UPPER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES 
 
 LOWER BARREN COAL MEASURES 
 
 LOWER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES 
 
 CONGLOMERATE SERIES 
 
 SUBCARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE fSHALE 
 
 " HE LOGAN GROUP ^SANDSTONE 
 
 
 
 
 
 WAVERLY 
 
 5oo-8oo 
 
 [conglomerate 
 
 no CUYAHOGA SHALE 
 
 lie BEREA SHALE 
 IIB BEREA GRIT 
 IIA BEDFORD SHALE 
 
 300 
 
 -200 
 
 600 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 - 200 
 
 z . 
 
 X 
 
 UJ 
 
 o 
 
 OHIO SHALE 
 3oo-26oo 
 
 IOC CLEVELAND SHALE 
 
 HAMILTON SHALE 
 DEVONIAN LIMESTONES 
 
 IOb ERIE SHALE 
 lOA HURON SHALE 
 
 Eil?^ • 300 
 
 25—75 
 
 V~T 
 
 kI 
 
 Soc 
 
 0.3 
 
 3d 
 
 CO 
 
 LOWER HELDERBERG LIMESTONE 
 60-600 
 
 NIAGARA Series^ 
 CLINTON Series 
 MEDINA SHALE-S 
 
 So HILLSBORO SANDSTONE 
 6C GUELPH LIMESTONE 
 
 6b NIAGARA LIMESTONE 
 6A NIAGARA SHALE. DAYTON LIME. 
 
 ~rF~ 
 
 I .. I 
 
 - 300 
 
 200 
 
 ' 25-1 
 
 HUDSON RIVER SERIES 
 
 600H060 
 
 UTICA SHALES 
 0-300 
 
 TRENTON LIMESTONE 
 
 (64) 
 
 THE STROBRIDCE UTH.CO.ClNCINNAll. 
 
 600 
 
 - 300 
 
( 65 ) 
 
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ir-* : 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
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 library" ^ 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 URBANA 
 
 
 
 
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THE GEOGRAPHY ANh GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 67 
 
 limestone that is found at a depth of 1,000 
 to 2,000 feet below the surface, invariably 
 covered with about 300 feet of black shale, 
 containing the most characteristic fossils of 
 the Utica shale. As this limestone has been 
 followed southward, it has been found steadily 
 rising, coming gradually nearer to the surface, 
 and the rate has been found to be such from 
 the nearest determination that it would cor- 
 respond very well with the formation that 
 crops out in the Ohio valley at Point 
 Pleasant. 
 
 As seen there the Trenton limestone is a 
 light or grayish-blue limestone, quite crystal- 
 line in structure, massive in its bedding^ and 
 fossiliferous. Its general composition is as 
 follows : 
 
 Carbonate of lime, ^ 75 to 85 % 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia, 1 to 5 % 
 
 Alumina and oxide of iron, 2 to ^ % 
 
 Insoluble residue, 10 to 15 % 
 
 It is not, in this phase, a porous rock. 
 
 The most surprising discovery ever made 
 in Ohio geology comes from this formation. 
 In 1 884 it was found to be at Findlay a source 
 of high pressure gas and later a great reposi- 
 tory of petroleum. These discoveries have 
 made the name of the Trenton limestone a 
 household word throughout Ohio, Indiana 
 and Michigan. These discoveries will be 
 briefly described on a subsequent page. 
 
 2. The Utica Shale. 
 
 The immediate cover of the Trenton lime- 
 stone is a w^ll-known stratum of black shale 
 300 feet in thickness, which, from its abun- 
 dant outcrops in the vicinity of Utica, re- 
 ceived from the New York geologists the 
 name of Utica shale. 
 
 This stratum has been proved to be very 
 persistent and widespread. It is sparingly 
 fossiliferous, but several of the forms that it 
 contains are characteristic, that is, the}^ have 
 thus far been found in no other stratum. 
 The flrst of the deep wefls that was drilled in 
 1 884 in Findlay revealed, at a depth of 800 
 feet, a stratum of black shale containing the 
 most characteristic fo.ssil of the Utica shale, 
 viz., Leptoholm insignis, Hall, and it was 
 thus ])ositively identified with the last-named 
 fonnation. This bed of shale has the normal 
 thickness of the Utica shale in New York, 
 viz., 300 feet, and with the other elements 
 involved, it extended and continued the New 
 York series into Northern Ohio in a most 
 unexpected and, at the same time, in a most 
 satisfactory way. 
 
 The Utica shale, thus discovered and de- 
 fined, is a constant element in the deep wells 
 of Northwestern Ohio. Its upper boundary 
 is not always distinct, as the Hudson river 
 shale that overlies it sometimes graduates 
 into it in color and appearance,; but as a rule 
 the driller, without any geological pre])osses- 
 sions whatever, will divide the well section in 
 his record so as to show about 300 feet of 
 black shale at the bottom of the column or 
 immediately overlying the Trenton lime- 
 
 stone. This stratum holds its own as far as 
 the southern central counties. In the wells 
 of Springfield, Urbana and Picjua it is found 
 in undiminished thickness, but apparently 
 somewhat more calcareous in composition. 
 From these points southward the black shale 
 thins rapidly. ^ It is apparently replaced by 
 dark -colored limestone bands known as pep- 
 per and salt rock by the driller. 
 
 From these and similar facts it appears 
 that the Utica shale is much reduced and 
 altered as it approaches the Ohio valley, and 
 is finally lost by overlap of the Hudson river 
 shale in this portion oi tne fetate ana to the 
 southward. 
 
 3. The Hudson River Group. 
 
 The very important and interesting series 
 now to be described appears in all the pre- 
 vious reports of the geological survey under 
 another name, viz., the Cincinnati group. It 
 is unnecessary to review here the long dis- 
 cussions pertaining to the age of this series, 
 or the grounds on which the changes in the 
 name by which it is known have been based. 
 The return to the older name here proposed 
 is necessitated by the discoveries recently 
 made in our underground geology, to which 
 reference has already been made. 
 
 The Hudson river group in Southwestern 
 Ohio consists of alternating beds of limestone 
 and shale, the latter of which is commonly 
 known as blue clay. The proportion of lime 
 and shale vary greatly in different parts of 
 the series. The largest percentage of shale 
 occurs in the 250 feet of the series that begin 
 50 or 75 feet above low water at Cincinnati. 
 The entire thickness of the series in South- 
 western Ohio i.s about 750 feet. The divi- 
 sion of the series into lower and upper is 
 natural and serviceable. The lower is known 
 as the Cincinnati division and the upper as 
 the Lebanon division. The Cincinnati divi- 
 sion has a thickness of 425 to 450 feet, and 
 the Lebanon division a thickness of about 
 300 feet. The divisions are separated on 
 both paleontological and stratigraphical 
 grounds. Both divisions abound in ex- 
 quisitely preserved fossils of Lower Silurian 
 time ; and in fact the hills of Cincinnati and 
 its vicinity have become classical grounds to 
 the geologists on this account. 
 
 As the series takes cover to the northward 
 and eastward it retains for a time the same 
 characteristics already described, but as it is 
 followed farther it rapidly becomes less cal- 
 careous. The limestone courses are thinner 
 and fewer, and the entire series comes to be 
 counted shale. 
 
 The Hudson river group occupies in its 
 outcrop about 4,000 square miles in South- 
 western Ohio, but it is doubtless coextensive 
 with the limits of the State. The shales of 
 the series contain in outcrop large quantities 
 of i)hosphates and alkalies, and the soils to 
 which they give rise are proverbial for their 
 fertility. 
 
 The presence of these fine-grained and im- 
 pervious shales in so many se])arate beds 
 forbids the descent of water through the 
 
68 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 formation. In its outcrop the formation has 
 no water supply, and, as found by the driller, 
 it is always dry. It gives rise to frequent 
 “ blowers” or short-lived accumulations of 
 high-pressure gas when struck by the drill, 
 as has been found in the experience in many 
 towns of Western Ohio within the last two 
 years, and it also yields considerable 
 amounts of low-pressure shale gas which 
 proves fairly durable, 
 
 4. The Medina Shale. 
 
 A stratum of non-fossiliferous shale, often 
 red or yellow in color and having a thickness 
 of ten to forty feet, directly overlies the 
 uppermost beds of the Hudson river group 
 at many points in Southwestern Ohio. The 
 occurrence of 50 to 150 feet of red shale in 
 most of the recent deep borings in North- 
 western Ohio at exactly the place in the gen- 
 eral column where the Medina should be, and 
 BO much nearer to the known outcrops of the 
 formation that its continuity with these was 
 hardly to be questioned, this fact, taken in 
 connection with the occurrence of like beds of 
 red shale holding the same relative position 
 in several deep borings in the central portions 
 of the State, serves to give warrant for count- 
 ing the Medina epoch duly represented in the 
 outcropping strata of Southwestern Ohio. It 
 occurs here only in included sections, its thin 
 and easily eroded beds never being found as 
 surface formations for extensive areas. There 
 is good reason to believe that the Medina 
 formation is coextensive with the limits of 
 the State, except in the regions from which 
 it has already been removed. 
 
 5. The Clinton Limestone. 
 
 The Clinton group of New York appears 
 as a surface formation in Ohio only in ^he 
 area already named. It forms a fringe or 
 margin of the Cincinnati group through eight 
 or ten counties, rising above the soft and 
 easily eroded rocks of this series, and of the 
 previously named Medina shale, in a conspicu- 
 ous terrace. It is everywhere a well-charac- 
 terized limestone stratum. It is highly 
 crystalline in structure, and is susceptible of 
 a good polish. In some localities it is known 
 as a marble. A considerable part of it, and 
 especially the upper beds, are almost wholly 
 made up of crinoidal fragments. In thick- 
 ness it ranges between ten and fifty feet. Its 
 prevailing colors are white, pink, red, yellow, 
 ray and blue. At a few points it is replaced 
 y the hematite ore that is elsewhere so char- 
 acteristic of the formation. The ore in Ohio 
 is generally too lean and uncertain to possess 
 economic value, but it was once worked for a 
 short time and in a very small way in a 
 furnace near Wilmington, Clinton county. 
 
 The limestone contains a notable quantity 
 of indigenous petroleum throughout most of 
 its outcrop, but no very valuable accumula- 
 tions of oil or gas have been found in it thus 
 far. It is the source of the low-pressure 
 gas of Fremont (upper vein), and also of 
 the gas at Lancaster from 1,962 feet below 
 the surface, and at Newark from 2,100 leet 
 
 below the surface. In fact, a small but 
 fairly persistent flow is maintained from this 
 horizon in several of the gas-producing dis- 
 tricts of Northern Ohio. In a single instance 
 in Wood county it is proving itself an oil 
 rock. A well near Trombley, drilled to this 
 horizon, has been flowing twenty to thirty 
 barrels of oil for a number of months, the 
 oil being referable to this formation. 
 
 In outcrop the stratum is quite porous a? 
 a rule, and the water that falls upon its un 
 covered portions sinks rapidly through thensi 
 to the underlying shale (Medina), by which 
 it is turned out in a well-marked line of 
 springs. 
 
 In composition, the limestone, in its out- 
 crops in Southern Ohio, is fairly constant. 
 All of its most characteristic portions con- 
 tain eighty to eighty-five.- per cent, of car- 
 bonate of lime, and ten to fifteen per cent, of 
 carbonate of magnesia. At a few points, 
 however, it is found as the purest carbonate 
 of lime in the State. Under cover, to the 
 northward, it is much more magnesian in 
 composition, being indistinguishable from the 
 Niagara. It also becomes shaly and change- 
 able in character at many points. As it be- 
 comes shaly the thickness is much increased. 
 
 It is everywhere uneven in its bedding, be- 
 ing in striking contrast in this respect with 
 the formations below it and also above it. 
 The beds are all lenticular in shape, and 
 they extend but a few, feet in any direction. 
 They seldom rise to one foot in thickness. 
 
 The uneven bedding, the crystalline and 
 crinoidal characters, the high colors, and par- 
 ticularly the red bands and the chemical 
 composition, combine to make* the Clinton 
 limestone an exceedingly well-marked stratum 
 throughout Southwestern Ohio, and from the 
 hints yielded by the drill in Northwestern 
 Ohio, it seems to have something of the same 
 character there, especially so far as color is 
 concerned. It becomes more shaly and much 
 thicker to the eastward. It carries bands of 
 red shale almost universally throughout the 
 northern central and central parts of the 
 State. 
 
 The limestone is directly followed at a 
 number of points in the territory occupied 
 by it by a stratum of very fine-grained, blu- 
 ish-white clay, containing many fqssils dis- 
 tributed through it, the fossils being crystal- 
 line and apparently pure carbonate of lime. 
 A similar bed of white clay is reported at 
 the same horizon, by the drillers in Northern 
 Ohio, and the drillings show the presence of 
 fossils of the same characters. This clay 
 seam can be designated the Clinton clay, but 
 it merges in and is indistinguishable from the 
 lowest element in the next group. The 
 Clinton, in its outcrops, is entirely confined 
 to Southern Ohio. 
 
 6. The Niagara Group. 
 
 The Clinton limestone is followed in ^- 
 cending order by the Niagara group, a series 
 of shales and limestones that has consider- 
 able thickness in its outcrops and that occu- 
 pies about 3,000 square miles of territory 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 69 
 
 I'n Ohio. The lowest member is the Niagara 
 shale, a mass of light-colored clays, with 
 many thin calcareous bands. It has a thick- 
 ness of 1 00 feet in Adams county, but it is 
 reduced rapidly as it is followed northward, 
 and in Clarke and Montgomery counties it is 
 not more than ten or fifteen feet thick. 
 Still further to the northward, as^ appears 
 from the records of recent drillings, the 
 shale sometimes disappears entirely, but in 
 the great majority of wells, especially in 
 Hancock and Wood counties, it is a constant 
 element, ranging from five to thirty feet. 
 Wells are often cased in this shale, but a 
 risk is always taken in doing so. 
 
 In Montgomery, Miami and Greene coun- 
 ties the shale contains in places a very valu- 
 able building-stone, which is widely known as 
 the Dayton stone. It is a highly crystalline, 
 compact and strong stone, lying in even beds 
 of various thickness, and is in every way 
 adapted to the highest architectural uses. It 
 carries about ninety-two per cent, of carbon- 
 ate of lime. The Niagara shale is, as a rule, 
 quite poor in fossils. It is apparently desti- 
 tute of them in many of its exposures. 
 
 The limestone that succeeds the shale is 
 an even-bedded, blue or drab, magnesian 
 stone, well adapted at^ many points to quar- 
 rying purposes. It is known in Ohio by 
 various local names, derived from the points 
 where it is worked. There are several sub- 
 divisions of it that are unequally developed 
 in different portions of the State. Like the 
 shale below it, this member is thickest in 
 Southern Ohio. It cannot be recognized as 
 a distinct element in the northern part of the 
 State, either in outcrop or in drillings. It 
 may be that its horizon is not reached in any 
 natural exposures of the formation in this 
 part of the State. 
 
 The uppermost division of the formation 
 is the Guelph limestone, which differs very 
 noticeably in several points from the Niagara 
 limestone proper. It obtains its name from 
 a locality in Canada, where it was first stud 
 led and described. It has a maximum thick- 
 ness in Southern Ohio of 200 feet. It differs 
 from the underlying limestone in structure, 
 composition, and fossils. It is either massive 
 or very thin-bedded, rarely furnishing a build- 
 ing stone. It is porous to an unusual extent. 
 It is generally very light in color, and is 
 everywhere in the State nearly a typical 
 dolomite in composition. It yields lime of 
 great excellence for the mason’s use. 
 
 Unlike the previously named divisions of 
 the Niagara, the Guelph limestone is as well 
 developed in Northern as in Southern Ohio 
 in all respects. Not more than forty feet are 
 found in its outcrops here, but the drill has 
 shown several times this amount of Niagara 
 limestone, without giving us all of the data 
 needed for referring the beds traversed to 
 their proper subdivision^. What facts there 
 are seem to point to the Guelph as the main 
 element in this underground development of 
 the formation in this portion of the State. 
 
 The Hillsboro sandstone is the last element 
 m the Niaiiara group. It is found in but 
 
 few localities, and its reference to the Niagui a 
 series in its entirety is not beyond (question. 
 In Highland county it has a thickness of 
 thirty feet in several sections. It is composed 
 of very pure, even-grained, sharp silicious 
 sand. Other deposits of precisely the same 
 character are found in the two next higher 
 limestones of the scale at several points in ' 
 the State. 
 
 The Hillsboro sandstone is sometimes built 
 up above all the beds of the upper Niagara 
 limestone, but again, it is, at times, inter- 
 stratified with the beds of the Guelph divis- 
 ion. In the latter case it is itself fossiliferous, 
 but when found alone it seems destitute of 
 all traces of life. These sandstones in the 
 limestone formations suggest in their pecu- 
 liarities a common origin. They consist of 
 unworn and nearly perfect crystals, in con- 
 siderable part. 
 
 The Salina group has appeared in all the 
 recent sections of the rocks of the State, but 
 in the light of facts obtained within the latest 
 explorations, it can no longer be counted a 
 distinct or recognizable element in the Ohio 
 scale. 
 
 7. The Lower Helderberg or Vv'ater- 
 LiME Formation. 
 
 The interval that exists between the Ni- 
 agara and the Devonian limestones is occupied 
 in Ohio by a very important formation. It 
 is filled with a series of beds, which are in 
 part, at least, the equivalents of the Water - 
 lime of New York. 
 
 The name is unhappily chosen. Strictly 
 applicable to only an insignificant fraction of 
 the beds of this series in New York, we are 
 still obliged to apply the designation Water- 
 lime, with its misleading suggestions, to all 
 deposits of the same age throughout the 
 country. 
 
 Though the last to be recognized of our 
 several limestone formations, the Waterlime 
 occupies a larger area in Ohio than any 
 other, its principal developments being found 
 in the drift-covered plains of the northwestern 
 quarter of the State. It has also a much 
 greater thickness than any other limestone, 
 its_ full measure being at least 600 feet, or 
 twice the greatest thickness of the Niagara 
 limestone. 
 
 It can be described as, in the main, a 
 strong, compact, magnesian limestone, poor 
 in fossils, and often altogether destitute of 
 them for considerable areas, microscopic 
 forms being excepted. It is, for the most 
 part, drab or brown in color ; but occasionally 
 it becomes very light-colored, and again it is 
 often dark blue. It is brecciated throughout 
 much of its extent, the beds seeming to have 
 been broken into sometimes small and some- 
 times large angular fragments after their 
 hardening, and then to have been re-cemented 
 without further disturbance. In addition to 
 this, it contains an immense amount of true 
 conglomerate, the pebbles, many of which 
 are bowlders rather than pebbles, being all 
 derived from the rocks of the same general 
 age. The surface of many successive layer? 
 
70 
 
 THF. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 at numerous points are covered with sun- 
 cracks, thus furnishing proof of having been 
 formed in shallow water near the edge of the 
 sea. In such localities the beds are usually 
 quite thin, and are also impure in composi- 
 tion. In these respects it suggests the con- 
 ditions of the Onondaga salt group of New 
 Fork. These features are very characteristic 
 ones. A rude concretional structure is also 
 quite distinctive of the beds of this age. The 
 Waterlime in Ohio everywhere contains pe- 
 troleum in small quantity, which is shown 
 by the odor of freshly broken surfaces. No 
 noteworthy accumulations of oil or gas have 
 thus far been found within it. At some 
 points it carries considerable asphalt, distrib- 
 uted through the rock in shot-like grains, or 
 in sheets and films. Thin streaks of car- 
 bonaceous matter traversing the rock parallel 
 to its bed-planes are one of the constant 
 marks of the stratum in Ohio. It is gener- 
 ally thin and even in its bedding ; but in 
 some localities it contains massive beds. At 
 some points it is remarkable for its evenness, 
 and great value is given to the formation on 
 this account, when combined with other qual- 
 ities already named. It is frequently a nearly 
 pure dolomite in composition, and accord- 
 ingly it yields magnesian lime of high quality 
 and is extensively burned in the State, rival- 
 ing in this respect the Guelph beds of the 
 Niagara. 
 
 In Southern Ohio it has a maximum thick- 
 ness of 100 feet, and here it reaches its high- 
 est quality in all respects ; but in Central and 
 Northern Ohio it attains the great thickness 
 previously reported. There also it contains 
 several distinct types of limestone rock. A 
 considerable part of it is very tough, strong, 
 dark-blue limestone, while other portions are 
 white, porous, and soft. 
 
 Its fossils are referable, in type at least, to 
 the age of the Waterlime, as already sta ted. 
 The most characteristic forms are the crusta- 
 cean named Eurypterus, which was found by 
 Newberry on the islands of Lake Erie, and 
 which has not been reported elsewhere in the 
 State ; and the bivalve crustacean Leperditia. 
 There are points in the State, however, where 
 the stratum contains a considerable fauna, 
 and perhaps ground may be found for remov- 
 ing some of the higher beds that are now in- 
 cluded in it into a distinct division, viz,, the 
 Shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg 
 series. Greenfield, Highland county, and 
 Lima may be named as localities near which 
 especially fossiliferous phases of the W ater- 
 iime can be found. 
 
 The Sylvania Sandstone. 
 
 A remarkable series of deposits of ex- 
 tremely pure glass sand has long been known 
 in L/Ucas and Wood counties of Northern 
 Ohio. The best known beds are those of 
 Sylvania and Monclova, northwest and 
 southwest of Toledo. 
 
 The Sylvania sandstone has been hitherto 
 referred to the Oriskany period, but a careful 
 study of the section in which it is included 
 renders this reference inadmissible. Its 
 
 position is about 150 feet below the Upper 
 Helderberg limestone or somewhat above the 
 middle line of the Lower Helderberg division. 
 
 8. The Upper Helderberg Limestones. 
 
 All of the limestone of Devonian age in 
 Ohio has been generally referred to the Cor- 
 niferous limestone of New York, but on some 
 accounts the more comprehensive term used 
 above is counted preferable. A two-fold di- 
 vision of the series is possible and proper 
 in Ohio, the division being based on both 
 lithology and fossils. The divisions are known 
 as the lower and upper, respectively, or as the 
 Columbus and Delaware limestones. The 
 upper division is sometimes called the San- 
 dusky limestone. The maximum thickness 
 of the entire series in Ohio is seventy-five to 
 one hundred feet. 
 
 In chemical composition, the Corniferous 
 limestone is easily distinguishable from all that 
 underlie it. It is never a true dolomite in 
 composition, as the Waterlime and Niagara 
 limestones almost always are. The composi- 
 tion of the typical, heavy-bedded lower Cor- 
 niferous may be taken as seventy per cent, 
 carbonate of lime and twenty-five per cent, 
 carbonate of magnesia. The higher beds of 
 the Columbus stone regularly yield ninety-one 
 to ninety-five per cent, carbonate of lime. 
 The upper division, or the Delaware stone, is 
 much less pure in Central Ohio than the lower, 
 a notable percentage of iron and alumina, as 
 well as silica, generally being contained in it. 
 It is, therefore, seldom or never burned into 
 lime. In Northern Ohio, on the contrary, it 
 is often found very strong and pure lime- 
 stone. 
 
 Both divisions, but particularly the lowei 
 one, carry occasional courses of chert, that 
 detract from the value of the beds in which 
 they occur. The chert is found in nodules 
 which are easily detached from the limestone 
 for the most part. In .some conditions in 
 which the chert occurs, fossils are found in it 
 in a remarkably good state of preservation. 
 
 Throughout the entire formation Devonian 
 fossils abound in great variety and in great 
 numbers. They are often found in an excel- 
 lent state of preservation. The oldest verte- 
 brate remains of the Ohio rocks are found in 
 the Corniferous limestone, a fact which gives 
 especial interest to it. The uppermost bed 
 of the lower or Columbus division is, in many 
 places, a genuine “ bone bed ; ” the teeth and 
 plates and spines of ancient fishes,^ largely of 
 the nearly extinct family of ganoids, consti- 
 tuting a considerable portion of the substance 
 of the rock. Corals of various types are also 
 especially abundant and interesting in this 
 limestone. In fact, the formation is the mo.st 
 prolific in life of any in the Ohio scale. 
 
 With this formation the great limestones 
 of Ohio were completed. While they are 
 built into the foundations of almost the entire 
 State, they constitute the surface rocks only 
 in its western half The Upper Silurian and 
 Devonian limestones of our scale, which were 
 formerly known as the Cliff limestone, have 
 an aggregate thickness of 750 to 1,150 feet 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 71 
 
 wbece found under cover, and though differ- 
 ences exist among them by which, as has 
 already been shown, they can be divided into 
 four or more main divisions, there is still no 
 reason to believe that any marked chan^ 
 occurred in the character of the seas during 
 the protracted periods in which they were 
 growing. The life which these seas contained 
 was slowly changing from age to age, so that 
 we can recognize three or more distinct faunas 
 or assemblages of animal life in them. Dif- 
 ferences are also indicated in the several strata 
 as to the depth of the water in which they 
 were formed, and as to the conditions under 
 which the sedimentary matter that enters into 
 them was supplied, but no marked physical 
 break occurs in the long history. No part 
 of the entire series indicates more genial con- 
 ditions of growth than those which the De- 
 vonian limestone, the latest in order of them 
 all, shows. It is the purest limestone of 
 Ohio. Foot after foot of the formation con- 
 sists almost exclusively of the beautifully pre- 
 served fragments of the life of these ancient 
 seas. In particular the corals and crinoids 
 that make a large element in many of its beds 
 could only have grown in shallow but clear 
 water of tropical warmth. 
 
 The change from the calcareous beds of this 
 age to the next succeeding formation is very 
 abrupt and well marked, as much so, indeed, 
 as any change in the Ohio scale. 
 
 10. The Ohio Shale. 
 
 (Cleveland Shale, Erie Shale, Huron Shale.) 
 
 A stratum of shale, several hundred feet 
 in thickness, mainly black or dark -brown in 
 color, containing, especially in its lower por- 
 tions, a great number of large and remarkably 
 symmetrical calcareous and ferruginous con- 
 cretions, and stretching entirely across the 
 State from the Ohio valley to the shores of 
 Lake Erie, with an outcrop ranging in breadth 
 between ten and twenty miles, has been one 
 of the most conspicuous and well-known 
 features of Ohio geology since this subject 
 first began to be studied. It separates the 
 great limestone series already described, which 
 constitutes the floor of all of Western Ohio, 
 from the Berea grit, which is the first sand- 
 stone to be reached in ascending the geologi- 
 cal scale of the State. 
 
 This great series of shales was formerly 
 divided into three divisions, as indicated 
 above, but a larger knowledge of the system 
 makes it apparent that no definite boundaries 
 can be drawn through the formation at large. 
 The lower part is chiefly black, the middle 
 contains many light colored bands and the 
 upper beds again are often dark, but the sec- 
 tions obtained from top to bottom in the 
 drilling of deep wells at various points in the 
 State show alternations of dark and light 
 colored bands not once but scores of times. 
 The three-fold division formerly made is not 
 only unsupported, but is misleading and ob- 
 jectionable. The terms are used to cover 
 different phases of one and the same forma- 
 tion. 
 
 The mineral basis of all these shales, 
 whether black, brown, blue, gray or red, is 
 essentially one and the same thing, viz., a 
 fine-grained clay, derived from the waste of 
 distant land. As supplied to the sea basin it 
 was originally blue or gray, but a small per- 
 centage of peroxide of iron goes a great way 
 in coloring such deposits red, and in like 
 manner, organic matter in comparatively 
 small amount gives them a dark or black 
 color. The organic matter that colors these 
 shales was probably derived in large part, as 
 Newberry has suggested, from .the products 
 of growth and decay of sea-weeds by which 
 these seas were covered, like the Sargasso 
 seas of our own day. 
 
 These organic matters seem to have ac- 
 cumulated along the shores and in shallow 
 water in greater quantity than in the deeper 
 seas. Hence, if the section of these shale 
 deposits is taken near the old shore-lines, or 
 where shallow water occurred, a larger pro- 
 portion is black than if the more central 
 areas are examined. The only land of Ohio 
 at this time was to be found in and along the 
 Cincinnati axis, a low fold that had entered 
 the State from the southward at the close of 
 Lower Silurian time, and that had been 
 slowly extending itself northwards through 
 the succeeding ages. Southwestern Ohio was 
 already above water, a low island in the 
 ancient gulf But the shales on their western 
 outcrop, where they are largely black, are ex- 
 actly equivalent in age to the alternating beds 
 of black and blue shale, the latter bein^ in 
 large excess, that were forming at this time 
 in the central parts of the basin, viz. , in 
 Eastern Ohio. The color of the shales is, in 
 this view, an accident, and cannot be safely 
 used as a ground of division.^ The entire 
 shale formation that we are considering seems 
 to have been laid down without physical break 
 or interruption. It must have required an 
 immensely long period for its accumulation. 
 This is shown not only by the fineness and 
 uniformity of the materials which compose it, 
 and which could not have been rapidly sup- 
 plied, and by the great thickness of the for- 
 mation in Eastern ()hio, but also by the geo- 
 logical equivalents of the shale in the general 
 column which furnish even more convincing 
 proof as to its long continued growth. The 
 Ohio shale, as Newberry has shown, is cer- 
 tainly the equivalent in the general scale of 
 the Genesee slate, the Portage group and the 
 Chemung group, the last named being itself 
 a formation of great thickness and extent. 
 In other words, the shales of our column 
 bridge the interval between the Haniilton 
 proper and the Catskill group, and in the 
 judgment of some geologists, a wider interval 
 even than that named above. As Newberry 
 was the first to show, the oil sands of Penn- 
 sylvania are banks of pebble rock that are 
 buried in the eastern extension of the Ohio 
 shale, but which make no sign within our 
 own limits. 
 
 The shales are, for the most part, poor in 
 fossils, except in those of microscopic size 
 but among the few that they contain are the 
 
72 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO, 
 
 post striking and remarkable not only of the 
 scale of Ohio, but of all Devonian time as 
 well. Reference is here made to the great 
 fishes which have been described by Newberry 
 and which constitute so interesting a chapter 
 of geological history. Some of thern belong 
 to the basal beds of the shale formation, and 
 others near the summit. The first were found 
 at the centres of the great concretions already 
 named as characteristic of the formation. 
 These fossils are interesting both on account 
 of their enormous size and of their peculiar 
 combination pf points of structure that are 
 widely separated now. 
 
 Brief mention must be made of the vege- 
 table fossils of the shales. 
 
 Fossil wood, derived from ancient pine trees 
 of the genus Dadoxylon, is quite common in 
 the lower beds (Huron). The wood is silici- 
 fied and the original structure is admirably 
 preserved. This wood is sometimes found, 
 like the fish remains already noted, at the 
 hearts of the concretions, but occasionally 
 large sized blocks are found free in the shale. 
 On account of its enduring nature it is often 
 found in those beds of glacial drift that have 
 been derived largely from the destruction of 
 the shales. 
 
 Strap-shaped leaves, presumably of sea- 
 weeds, are occasionally • found upon the sur- 
 faces of the shale layers. Sometimes they 
 form thin layers of bright coal which deceive 
 the ignorant. Fossil rushes, of the genus 
 Calamites, are also occasionally met with. 
 
 But the forms already named are of small 
 account, so far as quantity is concerned, when 
 compared with certain microscopic fossils that 
 are, with little doubt, of vegetable origin, 
 and which are accumulated in large amount 
 throughout the black beds of the entire shale 
 formation, composing, sometimes, a notable 
 percentage of the substance of the rock, and 
 apparently giving origin, to an important ex- 
 tent, to the bituminous character of the 
 beds. 
 
 The leading forms of these microscopic 
 fossils are translucent, resinous discs, ranging 
 in long diameter from one-thirtieth to one- 
 two-hundredth of an inch. Several varieties 
 have already been noted, depending on the 
 size, particular shape and surface markings 
 of these bodies. The facts pertaining to them 
 have of late been more widely published, and 
 the attention of geologists in various parts of 
 the world has been called to these and similar 
 forms, and thus there is the promise of a 
 speedy enlargement of our knowledge in re- 
 gard to them. Sir William Daw^son now con- 
 siders the common forms to be the macrospores 
 of rhizocarps allied to Salvhda of the present 
 day. The sporocarps containing these ma- 
 crospores in place have recently been dis- 
 covered. This identification would refer these 
 bodies to floating vegetation on the surface 
 of the seas in which the shales were formed, 
 and is thus directly in line with the sagacious 
 interpretation of Newberry, who many years 
 ago attributed the origin of these black shales 
 to Sargasso seas. 
 
 This shale is the undoubted source of most 
 
 of the natural gas and petroleum of North- 
 eastern Ohio. It is the prohahle source, under 
 cover, of a considerable part of these highly 
 valued substances in Western Pennsylvania. 
 It gives rise to “surface indications ” of gas 
 and oil throughout the whole extent of its 
 outcrops and thus very often misleads ex- 
 plorers, since the indications do not stand in 
 any case for large accumulations of either 
 substance. The most that is to be expected 
 of gas-wells in this formation is a domestic 
 supply. A single well will furnish gas enough 
 for the heat and light of one or more families 
 and often the supply will be maintained for 
 many years. In the parts of the State where 
 the shales make the surface rocks, it will no 
 doubt be found possible to secure from them 
 valuable additions to our stores of light and 
 heat for a long while to come. A farm in 
 such territory will come to be valued on this 
 account in something of the same way that it 
 would be if it carried a seam of coal. 
 
 11. The Waverly Group. 
 
 The important mass of sediments of Sub- 
 carboniferous age, which is known in Ohio 
 and in some adjoining States as the Waverly 
 group, comes next in the column. The name 
 Waverly was given to these strata by the 
 geologists of the first survey, from the fact 
 thatat Waverly, in the Scioto valley, excellent 
 sandstone quarries were opened in then?; ^he 
 products of which were quite widely distrib- 
 uted throughout Central and Southern Ohio, 
 as far back as fifty years ago. Associated 
 with the sandstone at this locality, and every- 
 where throughout the district, were several 
 other strata that were always counted as 
 members of the group by the geologists who 
 gave the name. In fact, the boundaries were 
 made definite and easily applicable. The 
 Waverly group extended, by its definition 
 and by unbroken usage in our early geology, 
 from the top of the great black shale (Cleve- 
 land shale), to the Coal Measure conglom- 
 erate. This latter element was, in a part of 
 the field, confused with the Waverly con- 
 glomerate, afterwards recognized and defined 
 by Andrews, until a recent date, it is true, 
 but the intent of the geologists is apparent, 
 and many of their sections were complete and 
 accurate. If the term Waverly is to be re- 
 tained in qur classification, and it bids fair to 
 be, every interest will be served by recogniz- 
 ing and retaining the original boundaries. 
 
 11a. The Bedford Shale. 
 
 This stratum, which makes the base of the 
 Waverly series, consists of forty to sixty feet, 
 in the main composed of red or blue shales, 
 but which sometimes contain fine-grained 
 sandstone courses. The latter are in ])laces 
 valuable. They are represented by the Inde- 
 pendence bluestone of Northern Ohio. The 
 shales are mainly destitute of fossils, aside 
 from the burrows of sea worms which are 
 found on the surfaces of most of the layers 
 and often with great sharpness of outline. 
 All the layers are likely to be ripple-marked, 
 the sculpturings of this sort being very sym- 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 73 
 
 metrical and continuous for layer after layer 
 through many feet of the formation. 
 
 11^. The Berea Grit. 
 
 We have reached in our review the Berea 
 grit, the second element of the Waverly series, 
 and not only the most important member of 
 the series, but by far the most important 
 single stratum in the entire geological column 
 of Ohio. Its economic value above ground 
 is great, but it is greater below. In its out- 
 crops it is a source of the finest building stone 
 and the best grindstone grit of the country, 
 and when it dips beneath the surface it be- 
 comes the repository of invaluable supplies 
 of petroleum, gas, and salt-water. Its per- 
 sistence as a stratum is phenomenal. Seldom 
 reaching a thickness of fifty feet, its proved 
 area in Ohio, above ground and below, is 
 scarcely less than 15,000 square miles, and 
 beyond the boundaries of Ohio it extends 
 with continuity and strength unbroken into 
 at least four other adjacent States.^ As a 
 guide to the interpretation of our series, and 
 especially as a guide in our subterranean 
 geology, it is invaluable. 
 
 The stratum was named by Newberry from 
 the village of Berea, Cuyahoga county, where 
 the largest and most important quarries of 
 the formation are located. The name is the 
 most appropriate that could have been se- 
 lected for this stratum, and inasmuch as it 
 has priority in all fields, it ought to be made 
 to supersede all others. 
 
 The Berea grit, as seen in outcrop, is a 
 sandstone of medium grain in Northern Ohio, 
 and of fine grain from the centre of the State 
 southward. In Northern Ohio it contains 
 one pebbly horizon over a considerable area, 
 but the seam is thin and the pebbles are 
 small. The stratum is sometimes false- 
 bedded and sometimes remarkably even in 
 its bedding-i^lanes. Its main beds, or sheets, 
 have a maximum thickness of six feet, but 
 this is an unusual rneasure and is seldom 
 reached. It ranges in thickness from 5 to 
 170 feet, and it very rarely fails altogether 
 from the sections in which it is due. 
 
 Like the Bedford shale below it, it stands 
 for an old shore-line, many of its surfaces 
 being ripple-marked, and worm -burrows 
 abounding in its substance. 
 
 It is poor in fossils, but not entirely desti- 
 tute of them. It grows finer grained and 
 more impure as it is followed southward. In 
 Southern Ohio it is known as the Waverly 
 quarry-stone. 
 
 The Berea grit is the lowest or main oil- 
 sand of the Mackburg field. It is also the 
 gas-rock of Wellsburg, and that part of the 
 Ohio valley, and is without doubt one of the 
 main oil- and gas-rocks of Western Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 11c. The Berea Shale. 
 
 A bed of dark or black shale, fifteen to 
 fifty feet thick, makes the constant and im- 
 mediate cover of the Berea grit throughout 
 its entire extent in Ohio. The shale is highly 
 fossiliferous, and is rich in bituminous mat- 
 
 ter, the amount sometimes reaching twenty 
 per cent. It is a source of petroleum on a 
 small scale, as is shown by the fact that in 
 Southern Ohio an important ledge of sand- 
 stone that belongs just above it is often found 
 saturated with a tar-like oil derived from this 
 source. It was first recognized by Andrews, 
 who described it under the name of the Wa- 
 verly black shale. It constitutes an invalu- 
 able guide in our subterranean geology. 
 
 \\d. The Cuyahoga Shale. 
 
 This formation consists of light-colored, 
 argillaceous shales, which are often replaced 
 with single courses of fine-grained sandstone, 
 blue in color, and in Southern Ohio weather- 
 ing to 2 i brownish-yellow. As a constant 
 characteristic, there aro found through the 
 shales flattened nodules of impure iron ore, 
 concretionary in origin, and often having 
 white calcareous centres. 
 
 In thickness it ranges from 150 to 400 feet. 
 It is one of the most homogeneous and per- 
 sistent formations in the column of the State 
 throughout most of its extent. Everywhere 
 through the State there is found at or near 
 the base of this division a number of courses 
 of fine-grained stone. These courses are 
 sometimes separated from each other by beds 
 of shale, or they may^^ be compacted into a 
 single stratum. The individual courses also 
 vary greatly in thickness, and in color and 
 general characters. Throughout Southern 
 Ohio, and particularly in Boss, Pike, and 
 Scioto counties, the stratum yields freestone. 
 It is best known from its outcrops on the 
 Ohio river at Buena Vista, where it has long 
 been very extensively worked for Cincinnati 
 and other river markets. The Buena Vista 
 stone, at its best, is one of the finest building 
 stones of the country. The same horizon 
 yields excellent stone near Portsmouth, Lucas- 
 ville, and Waverly. It is known as the 
 Waverly brown stone at the latter point. 
 
 Northward, through the State, stone of 
 more or less value is found in _ the bottom 
 courses of the Cuyahoga, but in Trumbull 
 county, near Warren, the horizon acquires 
 extreme importance as the source of the finest 
 natural flagging that is found in our markets. 
 
 It would have been well if the thirty or 
 forty feet containing these courses had been 
 cut off from the Cuyahoga shale, in which 
 case the division thus formed would have 
 been appropriately named the Buena Vista 
 stone. 
 
 lie. The Logan Group. 
 
 (The Olive Shales of Read. The Logan Sandstone 
 
 of Andrews. The Waverly Conglomerate of 
 
 Andrews.) 
 
 The divisions of the Waverly series in 
 Northern Ohio happened to be made at a 
 point where the section is abnormal and in- 
 complete. By atrophy or by overlap, the 
 upper member of the series is wanting in the 
 Cuyahoga valley, or is at least very inade- 
 quately represented there. The missing mem- 
 ber is, in volume, second only to the Cuyahoga 
 shale, among the divisions of the Waverly. 
 
74 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 It is much richer in the fossils of the Subcar- 
 boniferous than^ any of the other members. 
 In composition it is varied and striking, one 
 of its elements being a massive conglomerate 
 not less than 200 feet in its largest sections, 
 which extends in unbroken outcrop through 
 at least a dozen counties of Ohio. No good 
 reason can be found for dividing the Waverly 
 series at all if a member like this is to be left 
 without a name, or is to be merged with an 
 unlike and incongruous division from which 
 it is as sharply^ differentiated as any one 
 stratum of Ohio is from any other. . 
 
 The real, though not the formal, separation 
 of this group from the underlying shale is 
 due to the late Prof. E. B. Andrews, and 
 constitutes one of his most important con- 
 tributions to our knowledge of Ohio geology. 
 He was the first to show that the great con- 
 glomerate of Hocking, Fairfield, and Licking 
 counties is Subcarbqniferous in age, and he 
 further called attention to a highly fossilifer- 
 ous, fine-grained sandstone overlying the con- 
 glomerate, to which he gave the name of 
 Logan sandstone, from its occurrence at 
 Logan, Hocking county. Up to this time this 
 conglomerate had been universally counted 
 as the Coal Measure conglomerate. Read 
 made known the existence of a heavy body 
 of shale, which he called Olive shales, over- 
 lying the conglomerate, and replacing the 
 Logan sandstone in Knox, Holmes, and 
 Richland counties. 
 
 As both conglomerate and sandstone have 
 their typical outcrops at Logan, no better 
 name can be found for the formation which 
 must include conglomerate, sandstone, and 
 shale, than that here adopted, viz., Logan 
 group. 
 
 The maximum thickness of the Logan 
 group is not less than 400 feet. Its average 
 thickness is perhaps 200 feet. 
 
 A typical or representative section of this 
 group is scarcely possible, but the most char- 
 acteristic and persistent part of the series is 
 the conglomerate that is found at the bottom. 
 At all events, coarse rock, if not always tech- 
 nically conglomerate, is generally found here. 
 Pebbles do not make a conspicuous part of 
 the rock when it takes a conglomeritic phase 
 in all cases. The most characteristic feature 
 of the pebbles is their small and uniform 
 size. The larger pebbles are generally flat. 
 
 Its best developments are in Hocking, Fair- 
 field, Ross, Vinton, Licking, Knox, and 
 Wayne counties, which constitute the north- 
 western arc of the sea-boundary of Ohio in 
 Subcarboniferous time. South of Ross county 
 it loses most of its pebbles, and south of the 
 Ohio it becomes the knobstone of Kentucky. 
 In Northeastern Ohio the Logan group is also 
 destitute of pebbles, and perhaps the con- 
 glomerate element proper does not appear 
 here at all. 
 
 Diverse as these elements are, they are 
 blended and interlocked in the Logan group, 
 leaving it in stratigraphy and fossils a well- 
 defined and easily followed series throughout 
 all parts of the territory in which it is due, 
 except in possibly a small area in Northern 
 
 Ohio, as already noted, and even here there 
 is no difficulty in recognizing the presence of 
 this series. The several elements are, how- 
 ever, of smaller volume than elsewhere. 
 
 Under cover, ^ throughout Southeastern 
 Ohio, the series is in the highest degree per- 
 sistent and regular ; much more uniform, in- 
 deed, than in its outcrops. It consists of 200 
 feet or more of prevailingly coarse rock, 
 almost everywhere pebbly in spots, but inter- 
 rupted with sheets of shale, yeHow'sh and 
 reddish colors being the c^racteiisiic ones. 
 It has considerable interest in connection with 
 gas, oil, and salt-water in Ohio, being the 
 reservoir of the brines of the Hocking and 
 Muskingum valleys, and furnishing in the 
 latter large supplies of gas in the early days 
 of salt manufacture in the State. 
 
 12. The Subcarboniferous Limestone. 
 
 This element is of comparatively small ac- 
 count as a surface formation in Ohio, but it 
 gathers strength to the southeastward of its 
 outcrops, and is shown in many well records 
 as a stratum fifty or more feet in thickness. 
 It was recognized as a member of our geo- 
 logical column by the geologists of the first 
 survey, but Andrews was the first to assign 
 it to its proper place and to show its true 
 equivalence. He named it the Maxville 
 limestone, from a locality in southwestern 
 Perry county. 
 
 The limestone, in its best development, is 
 a fairly pure, very fine-grained, sparingly 
 fossiliferous rock. It breaks with a con- 
 choidal fracture. In fineness and homogeneity 
 of grain it approaches lithographic stone, and 
 has been tested in the small way for this 
 special use. It is seldom even and regular 
 in its bedding. Its color is light-drab or 
 brown, and often it is a beautiful building 
 stone, though somewhat expensive to work. 
 The fity-clay found at this horizon in Southern 
 Ohio is one of the most valuable deposits of 
 this sort in our entire scale. The limestone 
 is found in outcrop in Scioto, Jackson, Hock- 
 ing, Perry, and Muskingum counties. It is 
 reported in the well records of Steubenville, 
 Brilliant, Macksburg, and at several other 
 points in the Ohio valley. 
 
 13-17. The Conglomerate and the 
 Coal Measures. 
 
 These two divisions can be properly consid- 
 ered under one head, inasmuch as they have 
 common sources of value. Their aggregate 
 thickness is not less than 1,500 feet, and they 
 cover more than 10,000 miles of the surface 
 of Ohio. The beds of coal, iron ore, fire- 
 clay, limestone, and cement rock that they 
 contain render insignificant the contributions 
 made by all other formations to the mineral 
 wealth of the State. In the combined sec- 
 tion of the conglomerate and lower coal 
 measures, which contains from 500 to 800 
 feet of strata, the following named coal seams 
 are found ; 
 
 Upper Freeport 
 
 Lower Freeport. 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 75 
 
 Jpper (Middle) Kittanning, 
 
 Lower Kittanning, 
 
 Upper Clarion, 
 
 Lower Clarion, 
 
 Upper Mercer, 
 
 Lower Mercer, 
 
 Quakertown, 
 
 Sharon. 
 
 A few sporadic seams are omitted from the 
 list. 
 
 All of these seams belong to the bituminous 
 division. Thus far they are chiefly worked 
 in level-free mines and very little coal is taken 
 from seams less than three feet in thickness. 
 The average thickness in the important fields 
 is five feet and the maximum (a small area 
 of a single district) is thirteen feet. All of 
 the seams enumerated are worked, but they 
 have very unequal values. The Middle 
 Kittanning seam is by far the first. It is 
 known as the Nelsonville coal, the Hocking 
 Valley coal, the Sheridan coal, the Coshocton 
 coal, the Osnaburg coal, etc. The Upper 
 Freeport seam ranks next in value. It is 
 mined at Salineville, Dell Roy, Cambridge 
 and in the Sunday Creek and Monday Creek 
 valleys on a large scale. 
 
 In proportion to its area the Sharon coal is 
 the most valuable of the entire series. It is 
 the standard for comparison of all the open- 
 burning coals of the Allegheny coal-field. 
 Both this seam and the Middle Kittanning 
 seam are used in the raw state for the manu- 
 facture of iron, a fact which sufficiently 
 attests their purity and general excellence. 
 
 In the remaining divisions of the coal 
 measures there are ten or more seams that 
 are sometimes of workable thickness, but 
 with one notable exception they are less 
 steady and reliable than those of the lower 
 measures. The exception is the Pittsburg 
 coal, which is, all things considered, the most 
 important seam of the entire coal-field to which 
 it belongs. It is especially valued for the 
 manufacture of gas and the production of 
 steam. Its northern outcrop passes through 
 nine counties with an approximate length of 
 175 miles, the sinuosities not being counted. 
 The area commonly assigned to it in Ohio 
 exceeds 3,000 square miles, but the seam has 
 been proved for only a small part of the area 
 claimed. Ohio is deficient in coking coals 
 of the highest quality. Its best coals are 
 open-burning. 
 
 Ohio ranks second in the production of 
 bituminous coal in the United States at the 
 present time, being inferior to Pennsylvania 
 alone in this respect. The output for 1887 is 
 given by the State mineinspector as 10,301,708 
 tons of 2,000 pounds. 
 
 The coal measures of Ohio are important 
 sources of iron ore and fire-clay as well as of 
 coal, as is true of coal measures generally. 
 
 Iron ore is mined in the Ohio coal-fields at 
 a dozen or more horizons, but there are three 
 or four that monopolize most of the interest 
 and importance. The ferriferous limestone 
 ore of the Hanging Rock district is a thin 
 but valuable seam. The iron manufactured 
 
 from it has unusual strength and excellence 
 and is applied to the highest uses, such as 
 the manufacture of car-wheels and machine- 
 castings. The ore seam does not average 
 more than twelve inches in thickness. The 
 thickest beds of ore in the State are the 
 blackband deposits of Tuscarawas, Stark and 
 Carroll counties. A maximum of twenty 
 feet is here attained. Blackband of good 
 quality and in large amounts is also found in 
 a number of other counties. The block ores 
 of the Mercer horizon rank next in value 
 among the sources of iron in the State. The 
 total amount mined annually exceeds 500,000 
 tons. 
 
 In iron and steel manufacture and working 
 Ohio ranks second only to Pennsylvania, the 
 value of the annual production being counted 
 $35,000,000. 
 
 The clays of the coal measures are the 
 basis of a large and rapidly growing manu- 
 facture of fire-brick, stoneware, earthenware, 
 sewer pipes, fire-proofing, paving blocks and 
 paving brick. In all these manufactures 
 Ohio stands far in advance of any other 
 State. 
 
 The salt manufacture of the State has b§en 
 large, but is now a depressed and decaying 
 industry. The annual yield is now less than 
 500,000 barrels. In connection with its salt 
 production Ohio furnishes a notable percent- 
 age of all the bromine made in the world. 
 The figures have been as high as 50 per cent. 
 The brine of the Tuscarawas valley is richer 
 in bromine than any other known in the 
 world. It yields about three-fourths of a 
 pound of bromine to every barrel of salt. 
 
 In the total value of its quarry products 
 Ohio ranks easily first among the States of 
 the Union. The census of 1880 credits the 
 State with an annual value of more than 
 $2,500,000 in this division. The output of 
 Ohio quarries is rapidly increasing. Its sand- 
 stones, especially the products of the great 
 stratum already described as the Berea Grit, 
 hold the first place among the building stones 
 of this class in the country at large. In 
 durability, strength, attractive colors and in 
 general adaptation to architectural efi’ects 
 they leave little to be desired. Red sand- 
 stones, both dark and light, that are suscepti- 
 ble of excellent use in the ornamental way, 
 are also abundant in the Subcarboniferous 
 deposits of our scale. The grindstone grits 
 of the State, taken from the several horizons 
 already named, furnish by far the largest 
 contribution to this important use that is 
 made by any single State. 
 
 The petroleum and gas that our rocks con- 
 tain and upon which such extreme value is 
 coming to be placed will be discussed at better 
 advantage on a subsequent page. 
 
 18 . The Glacial Drift. 
 
 Over the various bedded rocks of at least 
 two-thirds of Ohio are spread in varying 
 thickness the deposits of the drift, the most 
 characteristic and important of which is the 
 bowlder clay. This frequently contains in 
 its lower portions large accumulations ot 
 
7 ^ 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 vegetable matter, the remains of coniferous 
 forests that occupied the countr}^ before the 
 advent of the drift, or at some interglacial 
 stage of its duration. Peat bogs are some- 
 times found buried in like manner in or under 
 the bowlder clay. The deposits of latest 
 age in this great series consist of stratified 
 clays, sands and . gravels. The maximum 
 thickness of drift beds that has thus far been 
 found in the State is 530 feet. This meas- 
 urement was obtained from Saint Paris, 
 Champaign county. Depths of 300 and 400 
 feet are no longer unusual. The average 
 thickness of these accumulations in North- 
 western Ohio exceeds 100 feet. They exer- 
 cise a controlling influence upon the relief, 
 drainage, soils and water supply of the regions 
 which they occupy. They have filled the 
 valleys of earlier drainage systems and in 
 many cases have obliterated all traces of 
 their existence, thus restoring to large por- 
 tions of the State the uniformly level sur- 
 face which prevailed in them when they 
 were first elevated above the waters of the 
 ocean 
 
 The bowlder clay or till is filled with 
 bowlders of northern origin, derived from 
 the highlands of Canada and intervening dis- 
 tricts. Some of them contain 2,000 cubic 
 feet above ground. They can in many cases 
 be referred to particular localities and some- 
 times to particular ledges from a score of 
 miles to 400 miles distant. 
 
 The stratified drift contains vast accumula- 
 tions of sand, gravel and clay, all of great 
 economic value. Brick clays of good quality 
 are everywhere accessible. These stratified 
 beds constitute a natural filter for surface 
 water to a great extent. The rainfall de- 
 scends slowly through them until the im- 
 pervious bowlder clay is reached. The depth 
 of the surface of this last named deposit, in 
 large areas of the State, determines the 
 depth of the ordinary wells of these areas. 
 Sometimes, however, a water supply is de- 
 rived from seams of sand and gravel within 
 the bowlder clay or immediately below it. 
 Such a supply is to quite an extent protected 
 from surface impurities. 
 
 The terminal moraine that marks the 
 boundary of the glacial deposits is fairly dis- 
 tinct throughout the State. Soils and vegeta- 
 tion unite^ to emphasize it, as well as special 
 accumulations. It passes through the coun- 
 ties of Columbiana, Stark, Wayne, Rich- 
 land, Holmes, Licking, Fairfield, Ross, 
 Highland, Adams and Brown, crossing the 
 Ohio river into Kentucky from the latter 
 county but returning to the north side of the 
 river again in Southeastern Indiana. As a 
 result of this temporary obstruction of this 
 great water way it has been pointed out that 
 the waters of the Ohio must have been 
 dammed back so as to form a large lake, in- 
 cluding the valley proper and its tributaries 
 as far at least as Pittsburg. The barrier 
 appears to have given way in such a manner 
 as to reduce once and again the level of the 
 intercepted waters abruptly. Such a mode 
 of retreat, at least, would explain the succes- 
 
 sive terraces that border the main streams at 
 the present time. 
 
 II. Gteological Structure. 
 
 The geological scale of the State has now 
 been briefly treated. An equally brief 
 account must be added of its structure. Bj^ 
 this term is meant the present arrangement 
 or disposition of the strata as effected by all 
 the movements of the earth’s crust in which 
 they have had a part, and by which they may 
 have been bent into arches or troughs or left 
 in terrace-like monoclines. 
 
 The geological structure of Ohio is as 
 simple as that of almost any other 40,000 
 square miles of the earth’s surface. All of 
 its strata except a small portion of the coal 
 measures were deposited in the waters of an 
 ancient arm of the sea, of which the present 
 Gulf of Mexico is the dwarfed and diminished 
 remnant and representative. Its most fossil- 
 iferous limestones, as the Corniferous, for ex- 
 ample, stand for clear waters of tropical 
 warmth. Its conglomerates and sandstones 
 required strong currents for their transporta- 
 tion from distant shores. Its shales must 
 have been deposited in seas of at least moder- 
 ate depth, large areas of which, as well as all 
 of the shores, were covered with sargasso-like 
 masses of sea-weed. 
 
 These strata seem to have been deposited 
 on a fairly regular and level floor, and they 
 have never been subjected to very great dis- 
 turbance ; that is, they have nowhere been 
 raised into mountains nor depressed into 
 deep valleys, but still they have been warped 
 and distorted to some extent in the course 
 of their long history. 
 
 The Cincinnati Anticlinal. 
 
 As soon as the geology of the Mississippi 
 valley began to be studied, it became appa- 
 rent that there had been in early time an ex- 
 tensive uplift of the older rocks in the central 
 parts of Tennessee and Kentucky and in 
 Southwestern Ohio, which had exerted a 
 profound influence on all the subsequent 
 growth of the regions traversed by and 
 adjacent thereto. This uplift has received 
 several designations, but the name given to 
 it by Newberry, viz. , the Cincinnati anticlinal^ 
 will here be adopted, inasmuch as this geolo- 
 gist has furnished by far the most careful 
 and connected account that has yet been 
 given of it. 
 
 It is to be recognized, however, that this 
 structural feature has in it little or nothing 
 of the character of an anticlinal or arch, as 
 these terms are commonly understood. There 
 is no roof- shaped arrangement of the strata 
 whatever, but they are spread out in a nearly 
 level tract, 100 miles or more in breadth. 
 The slopes within the tract are very light, 
 and are quite uniform in direction, and the 
 boundaries of the tract are well defined, as a 
 rule. 
 
 The Trenton limestone, as has already 
 been shown, makes the floor of Western 
 Ohio. By means of the deep drilling that 
 is now in progress throughout this part of 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 77 
 
 the State we have obtained soundings to this 
 limestone floor so extensive that we are 
 already able to restore approximately its 
 topography. 
 
 This underground disposition of the Tren- 
 ton limestone becomes very significant in 
 connection with the Cincinnati uplift. In 
 fact, it is the Cincinnati uplift ; and the 
 study of the facts pertaining to it will be 
 found to throw more light on this earliest 
 and most important structural feature of the 
 State than can be obtained from any and 
 from all other sources. The results are 
 altogether unexpected. 
 
 It appears that in Lower Silurian time a 
 low fold, extending in a general northeast 
 direction, entered Ohio from the southward 
 and continued its advance across the State 
 during immense periods of time. It has 
 heretofore been believed that the fold as it 
 extended across the State held its original 
 northeasterly direction, but it now becomes 
 evident that in its earlier stages in Ohio it 
 advanced to the northwest instead, extending 
 into Northern Central Indiana, so far as its 
 main body was concerned. From^ this point 
 an off-shoot of smaller area was directed into 
 Ohio, the boundaries of which are found to 
 be very irregular, and in connection with 
 which some surprising facts in Ohio geology 
 have come to light. With these same facts 
 extraordinary economic interest has been 
 found to be associated. 
 
 The easterly or southeasterly dip of the 
 rocks that begins at the margin of the tract, 
 now described as the Cincinnati axis, con- 
 tinues through the subsequent history of the 
 State, and constitutes the most important 
 hysical feature of its geology. All of the 
 ubcarboniferous and Coal Measure strata, in 
 particular, are affected by it. The southerly 
 element of it gradually increases as we pass 
 to Northeastern Ohio, and it is probable that 
 the dip becomes due south at some points in 
 this portion of the State. Beyond the limits 
 of Ohio, in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, 
 the corresponding strata descend sharply 
 toward the westward. These facts considered 
 together mark out the limits of the arm of 
 the sea in which, and around which, the 
 northern extension of the Appalachian coal- 
 field was built up, the Cincinnati axis form- 
 ing its western boundary. These uniform 
 and continuous southeasterly dips can be ex- 
 plained by the steady growth of the land to 
 the westward, after the fashion already de- 
 scribed. The dip is at right angles to the 
 constantly advancing border of the sea. It 
 seldom exceeds thirty feet to the mile, or but 
 little more than half of one degree, in the 
 large way, but it is alternately sharpened and 
 reduced, so that for short distances a much 
 greater fall, or much less, may be found. 
 
 The facts of our present topography seem 
 to point to an original equality of elevation 
 of those portions of the State that were suc- 
 cessively brought under this uplifting force. 
 The western outliers of all of the formations 
 are, at the present time at least, at approxi- 
 mately the same elevation above the sea. 
 
 The statements already made as to the ex 
 ceeding regularity of the geological structure 
 of Ohio need no qualification, but this regu- 
 larity of the State, as a whole, is not incon- 
 sistent with the existence of a few minor 
 folds and arches, distributed especially 
 through the eastern half of our territory. 
 
 In the southeastern quarter are a few anti- 
 clinal arches, all of which, however, are very 
 gentle and low, and none of which can be 
 traced for many miles in the direction in 
 wLich they extend. ^ They involve all of the 
 strata that belong in the district in which 
 they are found. A modification of the arch 
 resulting in a terrace-like arrangement of the 
 strata is one of the most important* phases 
 of the structure in this portion of the State. 
 Among the arches, all of which are veryi 
 feeble, the Fredericktown and Cadiz arches, 
 which are probably one and the same, may be 
 named, and also the Cambridge anticline. 
 The Macksburg oil field affords an excellent 
 example of the terrace structure. 
 
 To sum up the statements now made, we 
 know but comparatively few arches in Ohio, 
 and these few are moderate in slope and 
 small in height. Fuller knowledge of our 
 geology will doubtless give us a larger number 
 of these low folds, but there is little proba- 
 bility that any sharp and well-defined anti- 
 clinals have altogether escaped notice. Those 
 that remain to be discovered wfill agree with 
 those already known, in breaking up the 
 monotony of our series by the suspension or 
 occasional reversal of the prevailing dip and 
 in requiring close and accurate measurements 
 for their detection. 
 
 By untrained observers, the water-sheds of 
 our drainage channels are often mistaken for 
 anticlinals. If anticlinals traverse the series 
 where these identifications are made, they 
 may well serve to divide the drainage systems 
 from each other, but such ‘ ' divides ’ ’ do not 
 by any means require these structural acci- 
 dents as the conditions on which they depend. 
 Anticlinals must be demonstrated, not in- 
 ferred. 
 
 There are but few districts known in Ohio 
 in which disturbances are to be found that 
 fairly deserve the name of faults. In the 
 northeast corner of Adams county, and in 
 adjacent territory, there are a number of 
 square miles throughout which the strata 
 are really dislocated. The Berea grit is founo 
 in contact with the Niagara shale in some in- 
 stances. The throw of such faults must be at 
 least 400 feet. Faults of this character in 
 Ohio geolcrgy are as unusual and unexpected 
 as trap dykes in Northern Kentucky, the lat- 
 ter of which have been recently reported by 
 Crandall. 
 
 III. Petroleum and Natural 
 Gas. 
 
 These subjects, and especially the latter, 
 have recently acquired such widespread in- 
 terest and importance in the country that a 
 separate section will here be given to their 
 consideration. 
 
 The introduction of natural gas on the 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 78 
 
 large scale is of comparatively recent date. 
 It was begun in Pittsburg and in the region 
 around it a dozen years since, but it is only 
 within the last six years that it has made 
 a deep impression upon the country at large. 
 
 The cheapness of the new fuel, the economy 
 resulting from several different factors in its 
 use, the improvement of product in a number 
 of lines of manufacture, all combine to give a 
 decided advantage to the centres that have 
 been fortunate enough to secure it, and to 
 make competition seem almost hopeless to 
 the towns that are without it. 
 
 In consequence, an earnest and eager search 
 for natyral gas has been begun throughout 
 entire States, and vast amounts of money have 
 been used in carrying forward these explora 
 tions. Next to Western Pennsylvania North- 
 western Ohio has scored the most signal suc- 
 cess and, following the experience of Ohio, 
 Eastern Indiana has also found one of the 
 most valuable fields of the country. 
 
 The production of petroleum and gas in 
 Ohio will be briefly described in this section, 
 but, preceding this description, a few state- 
 ments will be made as to the theories of 
 origin and accumulation of these substances 
 which seem best supported. 
 
 Origin of Petroleum and G-as. 
 
 It is not necessary to consider the origin 
 of natural gas and petroleum separately. 
 They have a common history. They are pro- 
 duced from the same sources, accumulated 
 by similar agencies, and stored in the same 
 reservoirs. In order of formation, petroleum 
 is probably first. It is the more complex in 
 composition and thus nearer to the organic 
 world from which it is derived. Gas is the 
 same substance on the downward road to the 
 simplicity of inorganic compounds. No pro- 
 cess is known by which gas is built up into 
 oil, but the breaking up of petroleum into 
 gaseous products is seen to be constantly go- 
 ing forward in nature, and it is also effected 
 in the large way artificially. 
 
 Petroleum never exists free from gas, but 
 it is sometimes asserted that gas is found that 
 has no connection with petroleum. ^ This 
 claim is probably a mistaken one, and if the 
 flryest gas could be followed throughout its 
 underground reservoirs, it is altogether prob- 
 able that accumulations of oil would be 
 found along the line in every case. There is 
 no horizon known that produces either sub- 
 stance to the entire exclusion of the other. 
 
 As already implied, petroleum, and gas are 
 derived from the organic world. Both vege- 
 table and animal substances have contributed 
 to the supplies, and these separate sources 
 give different characters to their products, as 
 will be presently shown. There are certain 
 other theories in regard to the origin of petro- 
 leum, it is true, which have been advanced 
 by eminent chemists, but which do not match 
 at all well with the geological facts involved. 
 These last-named theories refer petroleum to 
 peculiar decompositions and recompositions, 
 chiefly of water and carbonic acid, which are 
 supposed to be carried on at considerable 
 
 depths in the earth, where these substances 
 are brought into contact with metallic iron 
 or with the metallic bases of the alkalies at 
 high temperatures. Never were more arti- 
 ficial or unverifiable theories presented for 
 the explanation of natural phenomena, and 
 it is surprising that they should have obtained 
 any currency whatever. Something might 
 be said for them, perhaps, if we had no other 
 possible way of accounting for the facts to 
 which they refer, but when they are compared 
 with the theories of organic origin they have 
 no standing-ground. The truth is, we are 
 constantly manufacturing from animal and 
 vegetable substances in the large way, both 
 gas and oil that are fairly comparable in both 
 chemical and physical characteristics, with 
 the natural products. Further, we find vege- 
 table substances passing by natural processes 
 into petroleum and allied compounds, so that 
 there is no need whatever to invent a strained 
 and fantastic theory based on remote chemi- 
 cal possibilities, in order to cover the ground. 
 These chemical theories teach that the pro- 
 cess of oil and gas formation is a continuous 
 one, and no reason is apparent why stocks 
 may not be maintained from such a source 
 even when they are drawn upon. Perhaps it 
 is this feature that has recommended these 
 theories more than any other. Any doctrine 
 that gives us unwasting supplies of force is 
 •sure to be popular as long as it can find the 
 semblance of justification, as witness the hold 
 that the claims for perpetual motion have on 
 the public mind. 
 
 The petroleum and gas of shales and sand- 
 stones are in the main derived from vegeta- 
 ble matter, and as the principal stocks are 
 found in sandstones, vegetable matter may 
 be said to be the chief source. The oil and 
 gas of limestones are presumably derived 
 from animal matter, inasmuch as the lime- 
 stones themselves are known to be, in the 
 main, a product of animal life. 
 
 The vegetation principally employed in 
 this production is of the lower kinds, sea- 
 weeds and other allied groups being al- 
 together the most conspicuous elements. 
 The animal life represented in limestone oil 
 and gas is also of the lower groups. Plants 
 may have been associated also with animal 
 matter in the formation of limestone oil, to 
 some extent. 
 
 How WAS Petroleum Formed? 
 
 To the question, IIoxo ivere these bodies 
 formed out of organic matter f there are 
 various answers. 
 
 They are most commonly referred to the 
 agency of distillation. Destructive distilla- 
 tion consists in the decomposition of animal 
 or vegetable substances at high temperatures 
 in the absence of air. Gaseous and semi- 
 liquid iiroducts are evolved, and a coke or 
 carbon residue remains behind. The “ high 
 temperatures” In the definition given above 
 must be understood to cover a considerable 
 range, the lower limit of which may not ex- 
 ceed 400 or 500 degrees F. 
 
 Petroleum and gas on the large scale are 
 
^IHE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OE OHIO. 
 
 79 
 
 not the products of destructive distillation. 
 If shales, sandstones, or limestones holding 
 large quantities of organic matter, as they 
 often do, and buried at a considerable depth, 
 should be subj-.cted to volcanic heat in any 
 way, there is no reason to doubt that petro- 
 leum and gas would result from this action. 
 Without question, there are such cases in vol- 
 canic districts, but the regions of great petro- 
 leum production are remarkably free from 
 all igneous intrusions, and from all signs 
 of excessive or abnormal temperatures. 
 All claims for an igneous origin of these 
 substances are emphatically negatived by 
 the condition of the rocks that contain 
 them. 
 
 There is a statement of the distillation 
 theory that has attained quite wide accept- 
 ance, which needs to be mentioned here. It 
 is to the elFect that these substances, oil and 
 gas, have resulted from what is called ‘ ‘ spon- 
 taneous distillation at low temperatures, ’ ’ and, 
 by low temperatures, ordinary temperatures 
 are meant. It does not, however, appear on 
 what facts in nature or upon what artificial 
 rocesses this claim is based. Destructive 
 istillatipn is the only process known to 
 science under the name of distillation, which 
 can account for the origin of oil or gas, and 
 this does not go on at ordinary or low tempera- 
 tures. A process that goes on at ordinary 
 temperatures is certainly not destructive dis- 
 tillation. It maybe chemical decomposition, 
 but this process has a name and place of its 
 own, and does not need to be masked under 
 a new and misleading designation, such as 
 spontaneous distillation. No help can come 
 to us, therefore, from the adoption of the 
 spontaneous distillation theory. 
 
 It seems more probable that these sub- 
 stances result from the primary chemical de- 
 composition of organic substances buried 
 with the forming rocks, and that they are 
 retained as petroleum in the rocks from the 
 date of their formation. It is true that our 
 knowledge of these processes is inadequate, 
 but there are many facts on record that go to 
 show that petroleum formation is not a lost 
 art of nature, but that the work still goes on 
 under favorable conditions. It is very likely 
 true that, as in coal formation, the conditions 
 most favorable for large production no 
 longer occur, but enough remains to show the 
 steps by which the work is done. 
 
 The “spontaneous distillation ” theory has 
 probably some apparent support in the fact 
 that must be mentioned here, viz. : that where 
 petroleum is stored in a rock, gas may be 
 constantly escaping from it, constituting, in 
 part, the surface indications that we hear so 
 much of in oil fields. The Ohio shale, for 
 example, is a formation that yields along its 
 outcrops oil and gas almost everywhere, but 
 r.c recent origin is needed for either. The 
 oil may be part of a primitive store, slowly 
 escaping to the day, and the gas may be con- 
 stantly derived from the partial breaking up 
 of the oil that is held in the shales. The 
 tem “ spontaneous distillation ” might, with 
 a little latitude, be applied to this last-named 
 
 stage, but it has nothing to do with the origin 
 of either substance. 
 
 While our knowledge of the formation of 
 petroleum is still incomplete and inadequate, 
 the following statements in regard to it are 
 offered as embodying the most probable 
 view ; 
 
 1. Petroleum is derived from vegetable 
 and animal substances that were deposited in 
 or associated with the forming rocks. 
 
 2. Petroleum is not in any sense a product 
 of destructive distillation, but is the result oj 
 a peculiar chemical decomposition by whic' 
 the organic matter passes at once into this qi 
 allied products. It is the result of the pri- 
 mary decomposition of organic matter. 
 
 3. The organic matter still contained in the 
 rocks can be converted into gas and oil by 
 destructive distillation, but, so far as we know, 
 in no other way. It is not capable of fur- 
 nishing any new supply of petroleum under 
 normal conditions. 
 
 4. Petroleum is, in the main, contem- 
 poraneous with the rocks that contain it. It 
 was formed at or about the time that these 
 strata were deposited. 
 
 The Distribution op Petroleum and 
 GtAS. 
 
 Contrary to a commonly received opinion, 
 petroleum and gas are very widely distributed 
 and very abundant substances. The drill can 
 scarcely descend for even a few hundred feet 
 at any point in Ohio, without showing the 
 presence of one or both of them. The rocks 
 of the State series can be roughly divided 
 into three great groups — limestones, sand- 
 stones and shales. Petroleum is found 
 abundantly in each of these groups. The 
 percentage is small, but the aggregate is 
 large. It is equally, or at least generally 
 diffused throughout certain strata, while in 
 others it is confined to particular portions or 
 beds. An example of the first case is found 
 in the Ohio shale. The Ohio Shale, Cleve- 
 land — Erie — Huron, of earlier reports, con- 
 sists of a series of homogeneous, fine-grained 
 deposits, black, blue and gray in color, 300 
 feet thick on their western outcrop in Central 
 Ohio, but more than 1,800 feet thick under 
 cover in Eastern Ohio. This entire forma- 
 tion is petroliferous, as is proved by an ex- 
 amination of drillings that represent the 
 whole section. The black bands are prob- 
 ably most heavily charged. The chemist 
 of the survey, ProfeLsor N. W. Lord, finds 
 two-tenths of one per cent, of petroleum, as 
 such., present in these bands, and is certain 
 from the nature of the processes that he was 
 obliged to employ that the entire amount is 
 not reported. But, estimating the percent- 
 age to be but one-tenth of one per cent, in 
 place of two-tenths, and calculating the thick- 
 ness of the shale at its minimum, viz., 300 
 feet, we find the total stock of petroleum 
 held in the shale to be 1,560,000 bbls. to the 
 square mile, or nearly twice as large amount 
 as has ever been obtained from any square 
 mile of the Pennsylvania fields. 
 
 Of the limestones of the State the Water 
 
So 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 lime, or Lower Helderberg limestone, is prob- 
 ably the most heavily and persistently charged 
 with petroleum. Drillings taken from this 
 stratum, at a depth of 400 to 500 feet below 
 the surface in the trial-well lately sunk at 
 Columbus, are found by Professor Lord to 
 have the same amount of free petroleum that 
 the black shale contains, viz., two-tenths of 
 one per cent. The limestone also has the 
 same thickness that is assigned to the shale 
 on its outcrop, viz., 300 feet. The figures, 
 therefore, duplicated those already given. 
 The total amount of oil from these two 
 sources exceeds 3,000,000 bbls. to the square 
 mile. 
 
 All the other great limestones of our series 
 carry petroleum, at least in certain beds. 
 The Clinton limestone is often an oil-bearing 
 rock, and the show of its outcrop has led to 
 the sinking of a number of wells in search of 
 oil, in past years. The Niagara limestone is 
 highly bituminous in places. Asphaltic 
 grains, films and masses constitute as much 
 as 4 or 5 per cent, of its substance at several 
 points in the State. The Corniferous lime- 
 stone is also distinctly bituminous in some of 
 its beds. The limestones of the Cincinnati 
 group also carry a determinable amount of 
 petroleum. 
 
 As for sandstones, all know that it is in 
 them that the main stocks of petroleum have 
 thus far been found, but there is good reason 
 to believe that these stocks are not native in 
 the sandstones, but have been acquired by 
 them subsequent to their formation. This 
 point will be considered further, under an- 
 other head. 
 
 Modes of Accumulation of Petroleum 
 
 AND GtAS. 
 
 In the accumulation of petroleum, two 
 stages are to be noted, viz. : a primary and 
 a secondary stage. The first is concerned 
 with the retention of petroleum in the rocks, 
 and might have been with equal propriety 
 treated under the preceding head. The 
 second stage is concerned with the origin and 
 maintenance of the great stocks of oil and 
 high-pressure gas, in which all the value at- 
 tached to these substances lies. Both are 
 connected with the composition of the rock 
 series in which oil and gas are found, and the 
 latter is also greatly affected by the arrange- 
 ment and inclinations of the rock masses, or, 
 in other words, by their structure. 
 
 The primary accumulation of petroleum, or 
 its retention in the rocks in a diffused or 
 distributed state, seems to be connected with 
 the composition of the series to a great degree. 
 The great shale formation of Devonian and 
 Subcarboniferous ages that separates the 
 Berea grit from the Devonian limestone, the 
 western edge of which shale formation out- 
 cropping in Central Ohio is know as the Ohio 
 shale (Cleveland, Erie, Huron), is unmis- 
 takably the source of the greatest accumula- 
 tions of oil and gas, so far found, in the 
 country. It holds thus far, as decided, a 
 superiority to all other sources, as the Ap- 
 palachian coal-field does to all other sources 
 
 of fossil fuel. The accumulation of petroieum 
 in this great shale formation is no accident. 
 It depends on two factors, viz. : the abun- 
 dance of vegetable matter associated with the 
 shales in their formation, which is attested 
 by the large amount still included in them, 
 and upon the affinity of clay for oil. The 
 last-named point is an important one. Clay 
 has a strong affinity for oil of all sorts, and 
 absorbs it and unites with, it whenever the 
 two substances are brought into contact. 
 Professor Joseph Leidy made the interesting 
 observation a number of years since, that the 
 bed of the Schuylkill river in Philadelphia, 
 below the_ gas works, was covered with an 
 accumulation of the oily matters that are 
 always formed in the process of gas-making. 
 As these substances are lighter than water 
 and float upon its surface naturally, it was at 
 first sight hard to understand how they could 
 have been carried to the river bed, but it was 
 soon learned that the clay of the river water 
 absorbed the oils as they were floating along, 
 and finally sank with them to the river floor. 
 In a similar way we may suppose the primary 
 accumulation of petroleum in the shales to 
 ^have been in part accomplished. The oil set 
 free by vegetable decomposition around the 
 shores or beneath the waters of a sargasso 
 sea, would be arrested by the fine-grained 
 clay that was floating in the water, and would 
 have sunk with it to the sea floor, forming 
 this homogeneous shale formation that we 
 are now considering. Sand would have no 
 such collecting power. 
 
 The distriWtion of petroleum through 
 limestone is not as easily explained, but it 
 may be in part dependent on the presence of 
 the same element, viz., clay. In almost all 
 limestones there is a percentage of clay pres- 
 ent, and frequently it rises to a conspicuous 
 amount. Oil is, held in both magneskn lime- 
 stones and in true limestones in Ohio. The 
 magnesian limestones are largely in excess in 
 the series of the State, and it so happens 
 that all of the most petroliferous strata are 
 magnesian in composition, but this fact is 
 probably without significance in this connec- 
 tion. 
 
 Petroleum distributed through shales or 
 limestones in the low percentages already 
 named, although the total amount held may 
 be large, is of no economic value. Like other 
 forms of mineral wealth, it must be concen- 
 trated by some natural agencies before it can 
 become serviceable in any way. This brings 
 us to consider the secondary accumulation of 
 petroleum already referred to, by means of 
 which all the great stocks have been formed 
 and maintained. This constitutes one of the 
 most important subjects in the entire history 
 of petroleum. The sources of oil and gas are 
 very widespread, as has already been shown, 
 but the concentrated supplies are few and far 
 between. To learn the horizons and locations 
 of these supplies is the condition of most suc- 
 cessful operations in the production of oil and 
 gas, and it is in this field that the most im- 
 portant practical applications of geology to 
 these subjects are to be found. 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 8i 
 
 Oil Groups. 
 
 As the experience of the last thirty years 
 has abundantly shown, an oil or gas series 
 always consists of two elements, viz. , a porous 
 rock, or reservoir, overlain by a close and fine- 
 grained impervious rock or cover. A third 
 element must always be added to make out 
 the logical series, viz., an underlying or asso- 
 ciated source of oil and gas.^ It is obvious 
 that the last-named element is first in order 
 and in importance, but for reasons already 
 given in part, and for others that are not 
 hard to find, practically we have less to do 
 with it than with the two former elements. 
 It will be borne in mind that the sources of 
 petroleum are well-nigh universal, and also 
 that they have no economic value, and are 
 therefore seldom penetrated by the drill. 
 The search generally terminates in the reser- 
 voir. The great sources of the Ohio scale are, 
 as already implied, shales and limestones, 
 both more or less bituminous. These sources 
 have done their work wherever large accumu- 
 lation is found, and where no accumulations 
 exist the petroleum occurs, as already shown, 
 in large but valueless stocks distributed 
 through the body of the strata. 
 
 The Reservoir. 
 
 The reservoirs must be porous rocks. In 
 all of the experience in the great fields of 
 Pennsylvania and New York, the rocks in 
 which the large stocks of oil and gas were 
 found were, without exception, sandstones or 
 conglomerates. To them the driller early 
 gave the name of “ oil- sands,” and this name 
 is in universal use. The grain and thickness 
 of these sandstones are found to be important 
 factors in their production. Other things 
 being equal, the coarser the grain and the 
 thicker the stratum, the greater is its produc- 
 tion found to be. Mr. J. R Carll, of the 
 Pennsylvania Geological Survey, our highest 
 authority in regard to petroleum production, 
 has shown that an oil-sand can hold one-tenth 
 of its bulk of oil, and he believes that it may 
 contain under pressure as much as one-eighth 
 of its bulk. This would give U inches of oil 
 to every foot of the oil-sand. 
 
 Taking the most productive portions of the 
 latter in the Venango field to be fifteen feet, 
 we find in that district a possible capacity of 
 9,600,000 barrels per square mile, an amount, 
 it is needless to say, vastly in excess of any 
 production ever known. — ‘ ' Second Penns 3 d- 
 vania Survey, Oil Regions,” III., pp. 252- 
 53. 
 
 The driller places great reliance on the oil- 
 sand, and learns to draw conclusions and 
 make forecasts from its character more than 
 from any other single element that he en- 
 counters. 
 
 Within the last few years we have found 
 in Ohio a reservoir of high-pressure gas and 
 large oil-wells, in a rock of altogether differ- 
 ent character from the oil-rocks already de- 
 scribed. The new oil- and gas-rock of North- 
 western Ohio is a magnesian limestone or 
 dolomite, of a good degree of purity. It is 
 
 as porous, apparently, as the sandstones and 
 conglomerates of the Pennsylvania series, 
 this character being due in the limestone to 
 the imperfect interlocking of the dolomite 
 crystals. The dolomite constitutes but a 
 small portion of the Trenton limestone in 
 which it is found. The normal character of 
 this great sheet is that of a true carbonate of 
 lime, but it appears that, in a limited terri- 
 tory, the upper portions of the stratum have 
 been transformed into dolomite. The trans- 
 formation seldom extends more than a score 
 or two of feet below the surface, and is often 
 confined to five or ten feet. Sometimes a 
 cap of true limestone, five or ten feet in thick- 
 ness, overlies the dolomite, and sometimes 
 the latter occurs in two or more sheets, sepa- 
 rated from each other by the normal rock. 
 The Trenton limestone is not itself a porous 
 or reservoir rock in any sense of the word. 
 It is only these replaced beds that have this 
 character. 
 
 Besides sandstones and limestones, shales 
 also serve to a small extent as receptacles of 
 accumulated oil and gas in Ohio. The char- 
 acter of the containing rock in these cases is 
 not well known. Generally, the gas is of 
 light pressure, but it is a fairly persistent 
 supply that is found in these rocks. The 
 belt of shales along the shore of Lake Erie 
 gives the examples of this sort of accumula- 
 tion and supply. These shales, where pro- 
 ductive of gas, are found to consist of hard 
 and light-colored bands, interstratified with 
 dark bands, the gas appearing to be found 
 when the harder bands are penetrated. The 
 production of oil from these sources is always 
 small, but, as already stated, fair amounts of 
 gas are sometimes derived from them. 
 
 Petroleum and gas are not the only sub- 
 stances that are found in these reservoirs. 
 Salt-water is almost an invariable accompani- 
 ment of both. The oil-rocks are salt-rocks as 
 well, in some parts of their extent. The dis- 
 tribution of these three substances in the 
 same stratum is connected with facts of 
 structure, as will presently be shown. These 
 reservoirs have been described as porous of 
 necessity. The porosity insures a large 
 amount of lateral permeability, a fact of great 
 importance in the distribution of these sub- 
 stances. The reservoir is often common for 
 large areas. All the wells in a field may find 
 the same pressure of gas or oil, even though 
 their production may be very unequal. 
 
 The Cover. 
 
 Inasmuch as the three elements — source, 
 reservoir, and cover — are all indispensable, it 
 is not necessary to compare their relative im- 
 portance. It is, however, true that the first 
 and second conditions of accumulation are 
 met more frequently than the third. The 
 cover of every productive oil-rock is a large 
 body of fine-grained, impervious clay shale — 
 the finer and more nearly impervious the 
 better. Whenever such a body of shale is 
 found in the Ohio scale, the rock directly 
 underlying, if a sandstone or limestone, is 
 
82 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 found to contain, in some portions, accumu- 
 lations of gas and oil. The stocks may be too 
 small to be valuable, but the presence of the 
 shale cover seems to insure some concentra- 
 tion in these situations. There are three 
 points in the Ohio series of rocks where such 
 shale covers occur, viz., at the surface of the 
 Trenton limestone, where 800 to 1,000 feet 
 of shales and intercalated beds of limestone 
 of the Medina, Hudson river, and Utica 
 epochs are found, at the surface of the Cor- 
 niferous limestone, which is covered by 300 
 to 1,800 feet of the Ohio shale, and at the 
 surface of the Ber.ea grit, which is overlain 
 by the best cover of the entire series, viz., 
 the close-grained and nearly homogeneous 
 Cuyahoga shale, 300 to 500 feet in thickness. 
 Two of these, the first and the last, constitute 
 the two main horizons of oil and gas in Ohio. 
 The third is not notably productive thus far 
 in Ohio, but it is the source of a small supply 
 in other States. 
 
 The composition of an oil-producing series 
 is thus seen to be essential to its functions. 
 The order already pointed out cannot be de- 
 parted from,' but there must always be (1) an 
 impervious cover ; (2) a porous reservoir ; 
 and underneath the reservoir, the source is to 
 be found. 
 
 Structure as Affecting Oil and Gas 
 Accumulation. 
 
 But this order of arrangement is not enough 
 in itself to insure any large concentration of 
 oil or gas at any particular place. One other 
 factor must be introduced, viz., structure. 
 The strata which constitute the geological 
 scale of the State nowhere lie, for any consid- 
 erable extent, in horizontal planes. They 
 are all more or less inclined. Sometimes 
 they are bent into low folds or arches, and 
 sometimes, though very rarely, there are 
 abrupt descents and fractures. As a rule the 
 dip, or angle of inclination to the horizon, of 
 Ohio rocks is very small. It is better ex- 
 pressed as a fall of so many feet to the mile, 
 than by angular measurements, which very 
 seldom rise to one degree. Both the rate 
 and the direction of the descent are uniform 
 over large areas. The average dip for impor- 
 tant portions of the State is between twenty 
 and thirty feet; the direction depends, of 
 course, upon the part of the State which is to 
 be considered. 
 
 The movements of the strata here referred 
 .0 have exerted a very important influence on 
 he concentration of oil and gas in the reser- 
 oirs already described. If one of these sand- 
 stone strata, filled with salt-water, oil, and 
 gas, and freely permeable laterally and hori- 
 zontally for even miles at a time, were to be 
 thrown into a system of low folds, what effect 
 would this movement have upon the contents 
 of the stratum ? Would not a separation of 
 gas, oil,^ and water be sure to follow, the gas 
 finding its way to the summits of the arches, 
 and the salt-water sinking to the bottoms of 
 the troughs? Such a result would be in- 
 evitable under the conditions assumed. 
 
 The summits of the folds are called anti- 
 
 clinals, and the troughs synclinals. The 
 lines of direction of the anticlinals are called 
 their axes. The influence of these facts of 
 structure on gas and oil accumulation has 
 been long recognized, or at least asserted, but 
 there is not full agreement as to the part that 
 it plays in the great fields among the geolo- 
 gists who have given most study to the sub- 
 jects. 
 
 The facts that have come to light in the 
 recent investigations of these subjects in 
 Ohio seem to show the paramount influence 
 of structure upon oil and gas accumulation. 
 In the old fields, and in the new alike, irregu- 
 larities of dip, involving change of direction, 
 suspension, or unusual increase, have been 
 found connected with the large production 
 of both oil and gas in every instance where 
 careful examination has been made. The 
 composition of the series involved is identical 
 for many thousand square miles, but so long 
 as uniformity of dip is maintained, there is 
 no valuable accumulation. As soon, how- 
 ever, as this uniformity is broken in upon, 
 the valuable stocks of gas and oil come to 
 light. 
 
 The “belt lines,” in which the practical 
 oil-well driller and operator of the main field 
 puts so much confidence, so far as they stand 
 for facts in nature, are probably structural 
 lines. ^ A map of the various centres of petro- 
 leum in the old field shows that they all ex- 
 tend in the northeasterly course which the 
 main structural features of this part of the 
 continent follow. The driller believes fortune 
 to lie in the 45° or 22l line which leads out in 
 a northeast or southwest direction from each 
 centre of production. Experience justifies, 
 to a certain extent, his confidence. The pro- 
 ductive gas territory upon which Pittsburg 
 now depends is limited to the summits of a 
 few well-marked anticlinals, which all have a 
 northeasterly trend. In regard to the latter, 
 uestion can scarcely be raised. ^ The pre- 
 ominant influence of structure is obvious. 
 It seems probable that a careful enough system 
 of measurements will show like lines of modi- 
 fied dip to traverse the great oil fields of 
 Pennsylvania and New York. 
 
 The occurrence of gas and oil in almost all 
 rocks that have a heavy shale cover would 
 seem to result from exchanges affected 
 by gravity. The oil is associated with salt- 
 water in the stratum that contains it. There 
 would be a constant tendency for the oil to 
 reach a higher level at the expense of the 
 water. It ascends through all the substance 
 of the rock until it reaches the impervious 
 roof, where it is gradually concentrated. On 
 the same principle, the separation of the gas 
 from the oil is effected. 
 
 Some of the points that have been made 
 under this head may be briefly restated, as 
 follows : 
 
 1. Clay is largely connected with the pri- 
 mary accumulation of petroleum. The natural 
 affinity that it has for substances of this class 
 would lead to its combination with them 
 wherever found. The great shale formation 
 of Eastern Ohio, New York and Pennsyl- 
 
THb GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 «3 
 
 vania is the main source of the petroleum 
 and gas of these regions. Clay does its work 
 in this regard by reason of its chemical con- 
 stitution. 
 
 2. As clay is the main agent in the primary 
 accumulation of petroleum, sand takes a sim- 
 ilar place in its secondary accumulation, or its 
 (Concentration in valuable stocks. It does this 
 )y virtue of its physical character. A sand- 
 stone is a porous rock. Such sandstones as 
 ire found overlying or imbedded in the great 
 shale formation are sure to become recepta- 
 des of oil. 
 
 3. Clay has another office in this connection 
 to perform, and this office is dependent on 
 its physical character. The sandstone stratum 
 last described would become a receptacle of oil 
 in any case, but if roofed with a sufficient 
 thickness of clay shale by which its contents 
 could be sealed and preserved, it would be- 
 came a reservoir of oil or gas. All of the 
 stocks of the old fields are held in sandstone 
 or conglomerate reservoirs. 
 
 4. Limestone has been found, more clearly 
 in Ohio, perhaps, than elsewhere, to replace 
 sandstone in oil accumulation. All the phe- 
 nomena of high-pressure stocks of oil and 
 gas have recently been found in the Trenton 
 limestone of Northern Ohio, but the pres- 
 ence and office of the shale cover are seen to 
 be the same here as in the other fields. The 
 term limestone in this connection is used with 
 due care and precision. It is limestone, not 
 “oil-sand” in the limestone, that contains 
 Findlay gas and Lima oil. Pure magnesian 
 limestone is the driller’s “oil-sand” in these 
 fields. 
 
 5. Widely diffused as are oil and gas in the 
 paleozoic rocks of Ohio and adjacent States, 
 so wide that the distribution of them may, 
 without error, be styled universal, and widely 
 extended as are the series of rocks that afford 
 in their composition and relations the proper 
 conditions for storage, it is still seen that their 
 accumulation in profitable quantity depends 
 on what might be called geological accidents. 
 It is only or mainly along lines of structural 
 disturbance that the great stocks are found. 
 
 The Rock Pressure op GtAS. 
 
 The facts pertaining to the closed pressure 
 of great gas-wells are among the most striking 
 in the whole range of mining enterprise. To 
 be appreciated, a high-pressure gas-well must 
 be seen and heard. The gas issues from it 
 with a velocity twice as great as that of a 
 !rullet when it leaves a rifle. Sets of drilling- 
 tools, nearly 100 feet long, and weighing 
 2,000 pounds, are lifted out of a well 1,000 
 or 1,500 feet deep and thrown high into the 
 air. The noise with which the gas escapes is 
 literally deafening, exposure to it often re- 
 sulting in partial loss of hearing on the part 
 of those engaged about the well. 
 
 What is it that originates this indescribable 
 force ? 
 
 One answer is, that the rock-pressure is 
 derived from the expansive nature of the 
 gas. Solid or liquid materials in the reser- 
 voir are supposed to De converted into gas as 
 
 water is converted into steam. The resulting 
 as occupies many times more space than the 
 odies from which it was derived, and in 
 seeking to obtain this space it exerts the 
 pressure which we note. 
 
 This view has, no doubt, elements of truth 
 in it, even though it fails to furnish a full ex- 
 planation. For the pressure of shale-gas, it 
 may be that no other force is required. But 
 the theory is incapable of verification, and we 
 are not able to advance a great ways beyond 
 the statement of it. Some objections to it 
 will also appear in connection with facts that 
 are presently to be stated. 
 
 The second explanation that is offered is, 
 without doubt, more generally accepted than 
 any other by those who have begun to think 
 upon the question at all. 
 
 This theory is to the effect that the weight 
 of the superincumbent rocks is the cause of 
 the high pressure of gas in the reservoirs. 
 In other words, the term rock-pressure is con- 
 sidered to be descriptive of a cause as well as 
 of a fact. That a column of rock, 1 ,000 or 
 1,500 feet deep, has great weight, is obvious. 
 
 It is assumed that this weight, whatever it is, 
 is available in driving accumulations of gas 
 out of rocks that contain them, whenever 
 communication is opened between the deeply- 
 buried reservoir and the surface. 
 
 Is this assumption valid ? Can the weight 
 of the overlying rock work in this way ? 
 
 Not unless there is freedom of motion on 
 the part of the constituents of the rock, or, 
 in other words, unless the rock has lost its 
 cohesion and is in a crushed state. If the 
 rock retains its solidity, it can exert no more 
 ressure on the gas that is held in the spaces 
 etween its grains than the walls of a cavern 
 would exert on a stream of water flowing 
 through it. Professor Lesley has discussed 
 this theory with more elaboration and detail 
 than any other geologist, and has shown its 
 entirely untenable character. (Annual Re- 
 port Penna. Survey, 1885.) 
 
 The claim that the Berea grit or the Trenton 
 limestone, where they are, respectively, oil or 
 gas-rocks, exists in a crushed or comminuted 
 state, is negatived by every fact that we can 
 obtain that bears upon the subject. The claim 
 is a preposterous one, but without this condi- 
 tion the theory fails. 
 
 The third theory advanced to account for 
 the rock-pressure of gas stands on a different . 
 basis from those already named. It appeals 
 to water-pressure in the oil and gas-rock, as 
 the cause of the flow of both these substances, 
 and in this reference, it directs us to princi- 
 ciples and facts of familiar experience and 
 every-day use. Every one is acquainted with 
 the phenomena and explanation of artesian 
 wells. By this theory gas and oil wells are 
 made artesian in their flow. In the porous 
 rock that contains them there is always, out- 
 side of the productive fields, a body of water, 
 and, in almost every instance, salt-water. Tips 
 water occupies the rock as it rises to-day in its 
 nearest outcrops. Communicating there with 
 surface water or with rainfall, a head of press- 
 ure is given to the gas and oil that are held 
 
84 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OE OHIO. 
 
 in the traps formed by the an'ticlinals or ter- 
 races into which the stratum had been thrown. 
 The amount of pressure would thus depend on 
 the height to which the water column is 
 raised, in case continuous porosity of the 
 stratum can be assumed. Defects in regard 
 to porosity would abate from the total press- 
 ure on the oil or gas. 
 
 This, in short, is the third and last of the 
 explanations offered of the rock-pressure of 
 natural gas. ^ There seems little reason to 
 doubt that it is along this line that the true 
 explanation is to be found, though it is too 
 early to claim that a full account can now be 
 given of all the facts involved. 
 
 One of the significant elements in the case 
 is the salt-water that surrounds every oil and 
 gas-field. When the drill descends into this 
 outside territory, salt-water promptly rises in 
 "he well to the surface, or to a given depth 
 below the surface. Sometimes, indeed, it 
 Dverflows. Why does the salt-water rise ? 
 
 What other cause can be suggested than 
 pressure from behind? The rise must be 
 artesian. But just beyond the salt-water, on 
 a slightly higher level of the rock, lies the 
 oil pool. When that is reached by the drill, 
 the oil flows out from the well. Will not the 
 same cause that we found in active and un- 
 mistakable operation in the adjacent salt- 
 water territory explain the flow of the oil 
 from the second well ? Is not this also ar- 
 tesian ? 
 
 In like manner, the pressure of the gas 
 that is confined within the highest levels 
 of the same porous rock can be explained, 
 and thus one familiar cause that is demon- 
 strably present in the field is made to account 
 for the varied phenomena presented. 
 
 With the exhaustion of a gas-field or oil- 
 field, these substances are followed up and 
 replaced by salt-water. This is the common 
 fate of gas and oil wells, the death to which 
 they all seem to be appointed. 
 
 Certain obvious inferences follow the ac- 
 ceptance of this explanation : 
 
 1. The supplies of gas and oil are seen to 
 be definitely limited by this theory of rock 
 pressure. If a salt-water column is the pro- 
 pelling force, it is idle to speculate on con- 
 stantly renewed supplies . The water advances 
 as the gas or oil is withdrawn, and the closing 
 stage of the oil-rock is, as already pointed 
 out, a salt-water rock. 
 
 ^ 2. Other things being equal, the rock-press- 
 
 ure will be greatest in the deepest wells. 
 The deeper the well, the longer the water 
 column. 
 
 3. Other things being equal, the rock- 
 pressure will be greatest in districts the gas 
 or oil-rock of which rises highest above the 
 sea in its outcrops. The 760 lbs. of rcck- 
 pressure in Pennsylvania gas wells, as con- 
 trasted with the 400 lbs, pressure of Findlay 
 wells, can be accounted for on this principle. 
 
 4. The rock-pressure of gas may be con- 
 tinued with unabated force until the end of 
 production is at hand. Maintenance of pres- 
 sure is no proof of renewal of supply. The 
 last thousand feet will come out of a gas- 
 
 holder with as much force as the first thou 
 sand feet. 
 
 5. Where both oil and gas are found in a 
 single field, the first sign of approaching 
 failure will be the invasion of the gas-rock by 
 oil, or of the oil-rock by salt-water. 
 
 Sources of Gtas and Oil in the Ohio 
 Scale. 
 
 There are known at the present time four 
 utilizable sources of gas and oil among the 
 strata that underlie Ohio. They are as fol 
 lows, named in descending order : 
 
 1 . The Berea grit in Eastern Ohio. 
 
 2. The Ohio shale in Northern and Central 
 Ohio. 
 
 3. The Clinton limestone in Sandusky, 
 Wood, Hancock and Fairfield counties. 
 
 4. The Trenton limestone in Northwestern 
 Ohio. 
 
 The Berea grit yields high-pressure gas and 
 large stocks of oil under favorable circum- 
 stances, but these circumstances do not often 
 recur. This stratum is doing but very little 
 in suppl 3 dng to the people of the State either 
 gas_ or oil at the present time. Outside of 
 Ohio in W estern Pennsylvania it is found to 
 be one of the most important repositories of 
 this stored power that has been discovered in 
 that highly favored territory. 
 
 The Ohio shale as a source of gas has 
 already been briefly characterized in the 
 accountof this formation givenon aprevious 
 page. It yields low-pressure Igas ill small 
 amount at many places, but can never be 
 made a source of large supply. 
 
 The two formations next to be named have 
 special interest for us from the fact that their 
 petroliferous character on the large scale was 
 first demonstrated in Ohio. The first -of 
 them, indeed, has never been found to be an 
 oil or gas rock elsewhere. It has not yet 
 been proved to be a reservoir of any great 
 
 value in Ohio, but moderate supplies of gas 
 have been for some time derived from it in 
 Fremont and in adjacent territory of North- 
 ern Ohio. In Lancaster, however, in South- 
 ern Ohio, the largest promise of the rock has 
 recently been found. ^ W^^^® drilled to the 
 Clinton limestone, which is reached at a depth 
 of 2,000 feet, have yielded as much as 
 1,000,000 cubic feet a day when first struck. 
 The initial rock-pressure is high, viz., 700 
 pounds to the square inch. It is too early to 
 draw safe conclusions as to the value of this 
 discovery. All turns on the life of the wells. 
 On account of their depth the drilling and 
 casing are expensive. A well cannot be com 
 pleted for less than $3,500 to $4,000. Tlu 
 facts at present in hand seem to betoken a 
 short duration for the supply. A ^ large 
 amount of money is sure to be spent in the 
 new field that the experience of Lancastei 
 has brought to light. 
 
 It remains to describe in few words the re- 
 markable discovery of gas and oil in the 
 Trenton limestone that was made at Findlay 
 in November, 1884. 
 
 The entire history of the discovery and ex- 
 ploitation of petroleum in this country has 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 8^ 
 
 been full of surprises, both to the practical 
 men engaged in the work and to the geolo- 
 
 ists who have studied the facts as they have 
 
 een brought to light, but no previous chap- 
 ter of the history has proved as strange 
 and well-nigh incredible as the discovery 
 and development which are now to be de- 
 scribed. 
 
 No fact in this line could be more unex- 
 pected than that any notable supplies of 
 petroleum or gas should be furnished by the 
 Trenton limestone, which is widely known as 
 a massive, compact and fossiliferous lime- 
 stone of Lower Silurian age and of wide ex- 
 tent, constituting in fact one of the great 
 foundations of the continent. But when re- 
 quired to believe that certain phases of this 
 Trenton limestone make one of the great oil- 
 rocks of our geological scale, one which pro- 
 duces from single wells 5,000 barrels of oil, 
 or 15,000,000 cubic feet of inflammable gas 
 in a day, it is hard to prevent our surprise 
 from passing into incredulity. 
 
 Surface indications of a sulphuretted and 
 inflammable gas, escaping from the rocky 
 floor of the village of Findlay, have been 
 known since the country was first settled. 
 The gas had, in fact, been utilized in a small 
 way, viz., in lighting a single residence for 
 more than forty years, but in 1884 the influ- 
 ence of Pittsburg had made itself felt 
 through much of Ohio and drilling was 
 begun here. At a depth of 1,100 feet a re- 
 spectable flow of gas was secured. The suc- 
 cess of this well was the first step in by far 
 the most remarkable development that has 
 ever taken place in the geology of Ohio. 
 
 It was more than a year before a gas 
 
 well was discovered in Findlay, but the Karg 
 well, which was completed in January, 1886, 
 fully deserves this name. Its daily yield 
 when first opened was not less than 
 14,000,000 cubic feet. 
 
 The discovery of oil followed that of gas 
 T)y a short interval, but the prolific character 
 of the new rock was not established till the 
 latter half of 1886. 
 
 The rapid extension of productive territory 
 and its equally rapid limitations, the develop- 
 ment of several distinct centres, as Bowling 
 Green, Lima and St. Mary’s, the great specu- 
 lative excitement that broke out when the 
 good fortune of the new gas-field began to be 
 appreciated by manufacturers and investors, 
 and the .wonderful developments that have 
 since taken place in the line of manufactur- 
 ing industries, cannot be even touched upon 
 in this connection. The salient points in the 
 geology of the new fields are brought out in 
 the summary that follows. The discovery 
 comes from an unexpected quarter, viz. , from 
 the “black swamp” of old time of North- 
 western Ohio. Under its broad and level 
 expanses a few hundred square miles have 
 been found distributed through portions of 
 five counties, within which are contained 
 fountains of oil and reservoirs of gas of 
 infinitely more value than any like accumula- 
 tions hitherto discovered in the State, and 
 fully deserving a place among the most 
 
 valued repositories of these substances in any 
 quarter of the world. 
 
 The leading facts pertaining to the field 
 can be summarized as follows : 
 
 1. In fourteen of the northwestern counties 
 of Ohio (and like conditions prevail in con- 
 tiguous territory in Indiana), the upper beds 
 of the Trenton limestone, which lie from 
 1,000 to 2,000 feet below the surface, have a 
 chemical composition different from that 
 which generally characterizes this great 
 stratum. They are here found as dolomite 
 or magnesian limestone instead of being, as 
 usual, true carbonate of lime. Their per- 
 centage of lime, in other words, ranges be- 
 tween 50 and 60 per cent, instead of between 
 80 and 90 per cent., as in the formation at 
 large. These doloniites of Northwestern 
 Ohio are mainly quite free from silicious 
 impurities. The dolomitic composition seems 
 to have resulted from an alteration of a true 
 limestone. At least the occasional masses of 
 true limestones charged with fossils, that are 
 found on the horizon of and surrounded by 
 the dolomite, are best explained on this sup- 
 position. In the change which has been 
 endured, the fossils which the original 
 limestones contained appear to have been for 
 the most part discharged or rendered obscure, 
 as is usual in this metamorphosis. The 
 crystalline character of the dolomite is often 
 very marked, and there results from it a 
 peculiarly open or porous structure. Its 
 storage capacity is much greater than that 
 of ordinary oil sandstones and conglomerates, 
 so far at least as pores visible to the unaided 
 eye are concerned. The change usually ex- 
 tends for ten to thirty feet below the surface 
 of the formation. In some cases, however, 
 sheets of porous dolomite are found as low as 
 fifty feet and very rarely as low as 100 feet 
 below the surface. 
 
 The area occupied by this dolomitic phase 
 of the Trenton limestone in Ohio has already 
 been indicated. The eastern and the south- 
 ern boundaries pass through Lucas, Wood, 
 Hancock, Allen, Auglaize and Mercer coun- 
 ties. It is possible that the line crosses some 
 parts of Ottawa, Wyandot and Hardin coun- 
 ties. 
 
 There is good reason to believe that this 
 phase extends far to the northward and west- 
 ward, outside of the State limits to which it 
 has here been traced. We know that the 
 Trenton limestonp is a dolomite when it pitches 
 rapidly down from the northern boundary of 
 Ohio to make the low-lying floor of the 
 Michigan coal basin, and we also know that 
 it is a dolomite when it rises from under that 
 basin as a surface rock of the northern penin- 
 sula. In like manner it is a dolomite when 
 it leaves the western boundary of the State 
 under deep cover, and it is a dolomite when 
 it reaches the surface once more in the Galena 
 district of Illinois and Wisconsin. 
 
 South of the line laid down in Ohio there 
 has not thus far been found a trace of the 
 porous dolomite on which the oil of Lima 
 and the gas of Findlay depend. The change 
 is seen to be taking place in Shelby and 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO, 
 
 S6 
 
 Logan counties, but beyond them the Tren- 
 ton limestone is invariably found with a per- 
 centage of more than 75 per cent, of car- 
 bonate of lime, and rarely with less than 10 
 
 { )er cent, of silicious impurities. It is this 
 ast element, with but little doubt, that has 
 resisted the dolomitization of the stratum 
 throughout the southwestern quarter of the 
 State and in all contiguous territory. 
 
 To the eastward of the line laid down in 
 Northern Ohio, a less definite boundary is to 
 be looked for. It is certain that small areas 
 of porous dolomite are found beyond the line 
 here recognized as the termination of the 
 Findlay phase of the Trenton limestone. 
 
 Within the limits named, the limestone of 
 course has a considerable variety of grain 
 and texture, but all of the analyses obtained 
 show the stratum to be in the main a dolomite. 
 As already stated there are occasional patches 
 vr islands of true limestone in this sea of 
 dolomite. 
 
 2. A porous rock, buried 1,000 to 2,000 
 feet below the surface of Northwestern Ohio, 
 will not be found empty. Nature abhors a 
 vacuum. ^ With what will its pores be filled ? 
 Mainly with salt-water of peculiar composi- 
 tion, possibly representing the brine of the 
 ancient seas in which the limestone was laid 
 down. Ninety-nine-hundredths, or perhaps 
 nine hundred and ninety-nine-thousandths 
 of the limestone will be thus occupied. The 
 remaining hundredth or thousandth will be 
 filled with the petroleum and gas which have, 
 in the long course of the ages that have 
 passed, been gathered from a wide and gen- 
 eral distribution through the water into cer- 
 tain favored portions of the great limestone 
 sheet. 
 
 3. This salt-water will be held under arte- 
 sian pressure. The porous limestone con- 
 taining it rises to-day in Michigan and 
 Illinois, communicating there with surface 
 waters. The pressure of this head of water 
 will be felt through every portion of the 
 porous rock, and when the stratum is pierced 
 by the drill in the areas that are thus occu- 
 pied, the salt-water will rise with more or 
 less promptness, depending on the varying 
 degrees of porosity in the rock. The height 
 to which the water will rise will seem to vary 
 in wells, by reason of the different elevations 
 of the locations at which they are drilled, but 
 with reference to sea-level the water columns 
 will be found to closely agree. 
 
 The same artesian pressure accounts for 
 the force with which oil and gas escape when 
 their limited reservoirs in the porous rock are 
 tapped by the drill. _ 
 
 4. The accumulations of oil and gas in the 
 porous rock depends altogether upon the 
 attraction of gravitation. The lighter por- 
 tions of the contents of the porous rock, viz. , 
 oil and gas, are forced by gravitation into the 
 highest levels that are open to them. Every- 
 thing turns on the relief of the Trenton lime- 
 stone. The gas and oil are gathered in the 
 arches of the limestone, if such they are. In 
 default of arches the high-lying terraces are 
 made to serve the same purpose, but the one 
 
 indispensable element and condition of all 
 accumulation is relief A uniform and 
 monotonous descent of the strata is fatal to 
 accumulation of oil and gas where everything 
 else is favorable. The sharper the boundaries 
 of the relief, the more efficient does it be- 
 come. Absolute elevation is not essential ; 
 all that is required is a change of level in the 
 porous rock. Each division of the field has 
 its own dead line or salt-water line. Salt- 
 water reigns universal in the Findlay field 500 
 feet below sea-level, except where some minor 
 local wrinkle may give a small and short- 
 lived accumulation of oil or gas. In the 
 Lima field the salt-water line has risen to 400 
 feet below tide ; in the St. Mary’s field to 300 
 feet below tide, and in the Indiana field to 
 100 feet below tide. These figures stand in 
 every case for the lower limit of production, 
 with the possible minor exceptions already 
 noted. The rock-pressure of the gas de- 
 creases to the westward in proportion to this 
 decreasing head of water-pressure. 
 
 The large accumulations are derived from 
 the large terraces. The Findlay terrace, foi 
 example, consists of a very flat-lying tract, 
 ten or twelve miles across in an east and west 
 line, from which the connected areas of the 
 Trenton limestone slope on every side, and to 
 which, therefore, they are necessarily tribu- 
 tary. The gas terrace of Indiana is, by far, 
 the largest of these several subdivisions of 
 the field. The minor elevations of Oak 
 Harbor, Tiffin and Bryan, for example, give 
 rise to the local supplies of gas or oil in these 
 districts respectively. 
 
 In conclusion, it is only necessary to repeat 
 that natural gas is in all eases stored power,, 
 that there are no agencies in nature that are 
 renewing the stocks which the rocks contain 
 as rapidly as high pressure wells exhaust 
 them, and that therefore economy should be 
 observed from the outset in the use of this 
 highly-valued source of heat and light. It is 
 notstrange that, when the surprising discovery 
 is first made in any field, a most lavish use 
 or rather a wanton waste of the gas is likely 
 to prevail. It is hard to realize that such 
 floods as rush forth can ever fail, but it is un- 
 doubtedly true that every foot of gas with- 
 drawn brings nearer the inevitable exhaustion 
 of the reservoir. 
 
 lY. 
 
 Soils and Forests. 
 
 The division of the State into a drift-covered 
 and driftless region coincides as previously 
 intimated with the most important division 
 of the soils. Beyond the line of the terminal 
 moraine, these are native, or, in other words, 
 they are derived from the rocks that underlie 
 them or that rise above them in the bounda- 
 ries of the valleys and uplands. They conse- 
 quently share the varying constitution of 
 these rocks, and are characterized by consid- 
 erable inequality and by abrupt changes. All 
 are fairly productive, and some, especially 
 tliose derived from the abundant and easily 
 soluble limestones of the Upper Coal Meas- 
 ures, are not surpassed in fertility by any 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO 
 
 soils of the State. Large tracts of these ex- 
 cellent native soils are found in Jefferson, 
 Belmont, Harrison, Monroe, Noble, Guernsey 
 and Morgan counties. Wool of the finest 
 staple in the country has long been produced 
 on the hills of this general region. * 
 
 Among the thinner and less productive 
 soils which occupy but a small area are those 
 derived from the Devonian shales. They 
 are, however, well adapted to forest and fruit 
 production. The chestnut and the chestnut 
 oak, both valuable timber trees, are partial 
 to them, and vineyards and orchards thrive 
 well upon them. The north sides of the hills 
 throughout this part of the State invariably 
 show stronger soils than the southern sides, 
 and a better class of forest growths. The 
 locust, the walnut and hickory characterize 
 the former. 
 
 The native soils of the Waverly group and 
 of the Lower Coal Measures agree in general 
 characters. They are especially adapted to 
 forest growth, reaching the highest standard 
 in the quality of the timber produced. When 
 these lands are brought under the exhaustive 
 tillage that has mainly prevailed in Ohio thus 
 far, they do not hold out well, but the farmer 
 who raises cattle and sheep, keeps to a rota- 
 tion between grass and small grains, purchases 
 a ton or two of artificial fertilizers each year, 
 and does not neglect his orchard or small 
 fruits, can do well upon them. The cheap 
 lands of Ohio are found in this belt. 
 
 The other great division of the soils of 
 Ohio, viz., the drift soils, are by far the most 
 important, alike from their greater area and 
 their intrinsic excellence. Formed by the com- 
 mingling of the glacial waste of all the forma- 
 tions to the north of them, over which the 
 ice has passed, they always possess consider- 
 able variety of composition, but still in many 
 cases they are strongly colored by the forma- 
 tion underneath them. Whenever a stratum 
 of uniibrm composition has a broad outcrop 
 across the line of glacial advance, the drift 
 beds that cover its southern portions will be 
 found to have been derived in large part from 
 the formation itself, and will thus resemble 
 native or sedentary soils. Western Ohio is 
 underlaid with Silurian limestones and the 
 drift is consequently limestone drift. The 
 soil is so thoroughly that of limestone land 
 that tobacco, a crop which rarely leaves 
 native limestone soils, at least in the Missis- 
 sippi valley, is grown successfully in several 
 counties of Western Ohio, 100 miles or more 
 north of the terminal moraine. 
 
 The native forests of the drift regions 
 were, without exception, hard wood forests, 
 the leading species being oaks, maples, 
 hickories, the walnut, beech and elm. The 
 walnut, sugar-maple and white hickory and 
 to quite an extent the burr oak, are limited 
 to warm, well-drained land, and largely to 
 limestone land. The upland clays have one 
 characteristic and all important forest tree, 
 viz., the white oak. It occupies vastly larger 
 areas than any other single species. It stands 
 for good land, though not the quickest or 
 most generous, but intelligent farming can 
 
 always be made successful on white-oak land. 
 Under-draining is almost always in order, if 
 not necessary, on this division of our soils. 
 
 The regions of sluggish drainage, already 
 referred to, are occupied in their native state 
 by the red-maple, the elm and by several 
 varieties of oaks, among which the swamp 
 Spanish oak is prominent. This noble forest 
 growth of Ohio is rapidly disappearing. The 
 vandal-like waste of earlier days is being 
 checked to some degree, but there is still a 
 large amount of timber, in the growth of 
 which centuries have been consumed, an- 
 nually lost. 
 
 It is doubtless true that a large proportion 
 of the best lands of Ohio are too well adapted 
 to tillage to justify their permanent occupa- 
 tion by forests, but there is another section, 
 viz. , the thin native soils of Southern Central 
 Ohio, that are really answering the best pur- 
 pose to which they can be put when covered 
 with native forests. The interests of this 
 
 { )art of the State would be greatly served if 
 arge areas could^ be permanently devoted to 
 this use. The time will soon come in Ohio 
 when forest planting will be begun, and here 
 the beginnings will unquestionably be made. 
 
 The character of the land when its occupa- 
 tion by civilization was begun in the last cen- 
 tury was easily read by the character of its 
 forest growths. The judgments of the first 
 explorers in regard to the several districts 
 were right in every respect but one. They 
 could not do full justice to the swampy 
 regions of that early day, but their first and 
 second class lands fall into the same classifi- 
 cations at the present time. In the interest- 
 ing and instructive narrative of Col. James 
 Smith’s captivity among the Indians, we find 
 excellent examples of this discriminating 
 judgment in regard to the soils of Ohio as 
 they appeared in 1755. The “first class” 
 land of that narrative was the land occupied 
 by the sugar-tree and walnut, and it holds 
 exactly the same place to-day. The “second 
 class’’^ land was the white-oak forests of 
 our high-lying drift-covered districts. The 
 “third class” lands were the elm and red 
 maple swamps that occupied the divides be- 
 tween different river systems. By proper 
 drainage, many of these last-named tracts 
 have recently been turned into the garden 
 soils of Ohio, but, for such a result, it was 
 necessary to wait until a century of civilized 
 occupation of the country had passed. 
 
 These facts show in clear light that the 
 character of the soil depends upon the geo- 
 logical and geographical conditions under 
 which it exists and from which it has been 
 derived. 
 
 C. 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF OHIO. 
 
 From its geographical situation the dimate 
 of Ohio is necessarily one of extremes. The 
 surface of the State is swept alternately by 
 southwest return trades and northwest polar 
 winds, and the alternations succeed each other 
 in quick returning cycles. There is scarcely 
 a week in the year that does not give exam* 
 
88 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 pies of both currents. All other winds that 
 blow here are tributary to one or other of 
 these great movements. The return trades 
 or southwest winds are cyclonic in their char- 
 acter ; the northwest winds constitute the 
 anti-cyclone. The former depress the mer- 
 cury in the barometer and raise it in the 
 thermometer ; the latter reverse these re- 
 sults. The rains of the State are brought in 
 by southwest winds ; the few cases in which 
 notable precipitation is derived from currents 
 moving in any other direction than from the 
 southwest really make no exception to the 
 general statement, for in all such instances 
 the rain falls in front of a cyclone which is 
 advancing from the Gulf of Mexico. The 
 
 retracted northeast storms that visit the 
 
 tate at long intervals and the short south- 
 east storms that occur still less frequently are 
 in all cases parts of greater cyclonic move- 
 ments of the air that originate in the south- 
 west and sweep out to the ocean over the in- 
 tervening regions. 
 
 Between the average summer and winter 
 temperatures of the State there is a difference 
 of at least 40° Fahrenheit. A central east 
 and west belt of the State is bounded by the 
 isotherms of 51° and 52°, the average winter 
 temperature being 30° and the average sum- 
 mer temperature being 73°. Southern Ohio 
 has a mean annual temperature of 54° and 
 Northern Ohio of 49°. 
 
 The annual range is not less than 100° ; the 
 maximum range is at least 130° ; the extreme 
 heat of summer reaching 100° in the shade, 
 while the “cold waves ” of winter sometimes 
 depress the mercury to 30° below zero. 
 Extreme changes are liable to occur in the 
 course' of a few hours, especially in winter 
 when the return trades are overborne in a 
 conflict, short, sharp and decisive, with the 
 northwest currents. In such cases the tem- 
 perature sometimes falls 60° in 24 hours, 
 while changes of 20° or 30° in a day are not 
 at all unusual. 
 
 The winters of Ohio are very changeable. 
 Snow seldom remains thirty days at a time 
 over the State, but an ice crop rarely fails in 
 Northern Ohio, and not oftener than once in 
 three or four years in other parts of the State. 
 In the southern counties cattle, sheep and 
 horses often thrive^ on pasture grounds 
 through the entire winter. 
 
 In spite of these sudden and severe changes 
 the climate of Ohio is proved by every test 
 to be excellently adapted to both vegetable 
 and animal life. In the case of man and 
 of the domestic animals as well, it certainly 
 favors symmetrical development and a high 
 degree of vigor. There are for example no 
 finer herds of neat stock or sheep than those 
 which are reared here. 
 
 The forests of the State have been already 
 described in brief terms. The cultivated pro- 
 ducts of Ohio include almost every crop that 
 the latitude allows. In addition to maize, 
 which nowhere displays more vigor or makes 
 more generous returns, the smaller grains all 
 attain a good degree of perfection. The 
 ordinary fruits of orchard and garden are 
 
 produced in unmeasured abundance, being 
 limited only or mainly by the insect enemies 
 which we have allowed to despoil us of some of 
 our most valued supplies. Melons of excel- 
 lent quality are raised in almost every county 
 of the State. The peach, alone of the fruits 
 that are generally cultivated, is uncertain ; 
 there is rarely, however, a complete failure 
 on the uplands of Southern Ohio. 
 
 The vast body of water in Lake Erie affects 
 in a very favorable way the climate of the 
 northern margin of the State. The belt im- 
 mediately adjoining the lake is famous for 
 the fruits that it produces. Extensive 
 orchards and vineyards, planted along the 
 shores and on the islands adjacent, have 
 proved very successful. The Catawba wine 
 here grown ranks first among the native 
 wines of Eastern North America. 
 
 The rainfall of the State is generous and 
 admirably distributed. There is not a month 
 in the year in which an average of more than 
 two inches is not due upon every acre of the 
 surface of Ohio. 
 
 The average total precipitation of South- 
 ern Ohio is forty-six inches ; of Northern 
 Ohio, thirty-two inches ; of a large belt in 
 the centre of the State, occupying nearly one- 
 half of its entire surface, forty inches. The 
 tables of distribution show ten to twelve inches 
 in spring, ten to fourteen inches in summer, 
 eight to ten inches in autumn and seven to 
 ten inches in winter. The annual range of 
 the rainfall is, however, _ considerable. In 
 some years and in some districts there is, of 
 course, an insufficient supply, and in some 
 years again there is a troublesome excess, but 
 disastrous droughts on the large scale are 
 unknown, and disastrous floods have hitherto 
 been rare. They are possible only in very 
 small portions of the State in any case. There 
 is reason to believe, however, that the dis- 
 posal of the rainfall has been so affected by 
 our past interference with the natural condi- 
 tions that we must for the future yield to the 
 great rivers larger flood plains than were 
 found necessary in the first hundred years of 
 our occupancy of their valleys. Such^ a par- 
 tial relinquishment of what have hitherto 
 been the most valuable lands of the State, 
 not only for agriculture, but also for town 
 sites and consequently for manufactures and 
 commerce, will involve immense sacrifices, 
 but it is hard to see how greater losses can be 
 avoided without making quite radical changes 
 in this matter. 
 
 In February, 1883, and again in February, 
 1884, the Ohio river attained a height unpre- 
 cedented in ite former recorded histop^ In 
 the first year Fee water rose to a height of 
 sixty-six feet four inches above the channel- 
 bar at Cincinnati, and in the latter to a height 
 of seventy-one feet and three-fourths of an 
 inch above the bar. The last rise was nearly 
 seven feet in excess of the highest mark re- 
 corded previous to 1883. These great floods 
 covered the sites of large and prosperous 
 towns, swept away hundreds of dwellings, 
 and inflicted deplorable losses on the residents 
 of the great valley. 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
 
 Are floods like these liable to recur at short 
 intervals in the future ? The conditions under 
 which both occurred were unusual . Consid- 
 erable bodies of snow lying on frozen ground 
 were swept away by warm rains before the 
 ground was thawed enough to absorb and 
 store the water. These were the immediate 
 causes of the disastrous overflows in both 
 instances, and it may well be urged that just 
 such conjunctures are scarcely likely to recur 
 for scores of ye.ars to come. But it is still 
 true that we have been busy for^ a hundred 
 years in cutting down forests, in draining 
 swamps, in clearing and straightening the 
 channels of minor streams, and finally, in 
 underdraining our lands with thousands of 
 miles of tile ; in other words, in facilitating 
 by every means in our power the prompt re- 
 moval of storm-water from the land to the 
 nearest water-courses. Each and all of these 
 operations tend directly and powerfully to 
 produce just such fioods as have been de- 
 scribed, and it cannot be otherwise than that 
 under their combined operations our rivers 
 will shrink during summer droughts to smaller 
 and still smaller volumes, and, under falling 
 rain and melting snow, will swell to more 
 threatening floods than we have hitherto 
 known. The changes that we have made and 
 are still carrying forward in the disposal of 
 storm-water renders this result inevitable, and 
 to the new conditions we must adjust our- 
 selves as best we can. 
 
 Another division of the same subject is the ' 
 increasing contamination of our rivers in their 
 low-water stages. This contamination results 
 from the base use to which we put these 
 streams, great and small, in making them the 
 sole receptacle of all the sewage and manu- 
 facturing waste that are removed from cities 
 
 89 
 
 and towns. The amount of these impure 
 additions is constantly increasing, the rate of 
 increase being in fact much greater than the 
 rate of growth of the towns. The necessity 
 of removing these harmful products from the 
 places where they take their origin is coming 
 to be more generally recognized, and sewer- 
 age systems are being established in towns 
 that have heretofore done without them. It 
 thus happens that, as the amount of water in 
 the rivers grows less during summer droughts 
 from the causes already enumerated, the pol- 
 luted additions to the water are growing not 
 only relatively but absolutely larger. ^ When, 
 now, we consider that these same rivers are 
 the main, if not the only, sources of water 
 supply for the towns located in their valleys, 
 the gravity of the situation becomes apparent. 
 It is easy to see that the double duty which 
 we have imposed upon the rjvers of supply- 
 ing us with water and of carrying away the 
 hateful and dangerous products of waste, 
 cannot long be maintained. There is no 
 question, however, as to which function is to 
 be made the permanent one. The rivers 
 cannot possibly be replaced as sources of 
 water-supply, while on the other hand, it is 
 not only possible but abundantly practicable 
 to filter and disinfect the cewage, and, as a 
 result of such correction, to return only pure 
 water to the rivers. During the first century 
 of Ohio history not a single town has under- 
 taken to meet this urgent demand of sanitary 
 science, but the signs are multiplying that 
 before the first quarter of the new century 
 goes by the redemption of the rivers of Ohio 
 from the pollution which the civilized occu- 
 pation of the State has brought upon them 
 and their restoration to their original purity, 
 will be at least well begun. 
 
GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 By prof. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D, D., LL. D. 
 
 George Frederick Wright was born at 
 Whitehall, N. Y., January 22, 1838 ; graduated 
 at Oberlin College, 1859, and Theological 
 Seminary, Oberlin, O., 1862; was in the Sev- 
 enth Ohio Volunteer Infantry five months of 
 I860; became pastor at Bakersfield, Vt., 1862; 
 at Andover, Mass., 1872; Professor of New 
 Testament Language and Literature in Oberlin 
 Theological Seminary, 1881 ; was assistant 
 geologist on Pennsylvania survey, 1881, and 
 United States survey since 1884. He is the 
 author of “ The Logic of Christian Evidences,” 
 
 Andover, 1880, 4th ed. 1883 ; “ Studies in 
 Science and Religion,” 1882; “The Relation 
 of Death to Probation,” Boston, 1882, 2d ed. 
 
 1883 ; “ The Glacial Boundary in Ohio, In- 
 diana and Kentucky,” Cleveland, 1884; “The 
 Divine Authority of the Bible,” Boston, 1884; 
 is an editor of the Bibliotheca Sacra* 
 
 The earliest chapter in the history 
 of man in Ohio begins with the close 
 of the glacial period in the Missis- 
 sippi valley. To understand this 
 history it is necessary to devote a 
 little time to the study of the glacial 
 period. Nor will this be uninterest- 
 ing to the thoughtful and observing 
 citizens of the State, for the subject 
 is one which is not far off, but near at hand. As will be seen by a glance at the 
 accompanying map, all but the southeastern portion of the State is glaciated, 
 that is, it is covered with the peculiar deposits and marks which show to the ob- 
 servant eye that the country was at one time deeply covered with a moving sheet 
 of ice. These marks are open to the inspection of any one who will read as he 
 runs. The tracks of a glacier can as readily be recognized as those of a horse 
 or an elephant. 
 
 The glacier which in a far distant period invaded Ohio can be tracked by three 
 signs : (1) Scratches on the bed rock ; ^2) “ Till ; ” (3) Boulders. Taking these 
 in their order, we notice (1) that scratches on the bed rock in such a level region 
 as Ohio could not be produced by any other means than glacial ice, and that a 
 glacier is entirely competent to produce them. When water runs over a rocky 
 bed it ordinarily wears it off unevenly. A rocky surface is hardly ever of uniform 
 hardness throughout, so that, as gravel-stones and pebbles are pushed over it by 
 running water, they wear down the soft parts faster than the hard parts, and an 
 uneven surface is produced. This follows from the fluidity of water, and any 
 one can verify the statement by observing the bed of a shallow stream in dry 
 weather. But ice is so nearly a solid that it holds with a firm grasp the sand, 
 gravel and larger rocky fragments which happen to be frozen into its bottom 
 layer and shoves them along as a mechanic shoves a plane over a board or a 
 graving tool over a surface of stone or metal. Thus the movement of a glacier 
 produces on the surface of the rocks over which it moves a countless number of 
 
 G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, 
 
 *The biography is taken from the “ Encyclopjedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers” (Sup- 
 plement to Schaflf-Herzog, “ Encyclopsedia of Religious Knowledge ”). 
 
 ( 90 ) 
 
GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 9 « 
 
 parallel lines of a size corresponding to that of the rocky fragment shoved along 
 underneath it. A boulder shoved along underneath a glacier may plow a furrow, 
 while fine sand would make but the most minute lines, but all in nearly the same 
 direction. In short, the bottom of a glacier is a mighty rasp, or rather a com- 
 
 Map Showing Southern Boundary of Glaciated Area of Ohio. 
 
 The dotted portion shows the glaciated area. The accompanying list of counties is numbered to 
 correspond with those in the plate: 
 
 1. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 19. Clermont. 
 
 37. Union. 
 
 55. Fail-field. 
 
 72. Lake. 
 
 2. 
 
 Defiance. 
 
 20. Lucas. 
 
 38. Delaware 
 
 56. Perry. 
 
 73, Geauga. 
 
 3. 
 
 Paulding. 
 
 21. Wood. 
 
 39. Madison. 
 
 57. Hocking. 
 
 74. Portage. 
 
 4. 
 
 Van Wert. 
 
 22. Hancock. 
 
 40. Franklin. 
 
 58. Vinton. 
 
 75. Stark. 
 
 5. 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 23. Hardin. 
 
 41, Fayette. 
 
 59. Jackson. 
 
 76. Tuscarawas. 
 
 6. 
 
 Darke. 
 
 24. Logan. 
 
 42. Pickaway. 
 
 60. Lawrence. 
 
 77, Guernsey. 
 
 7. 
 
 Preble. 
 
 25. Champaign. 
 
 43. Ross. 
 
 61. Cuyahoga. 
 
 78. Noble. 
 
 8 . 
 
 Butler. 
 
 26. Clarke. 
 
 44. Highland. 
 
 62. JNledina. 
 
 79. Ashtabula. 
 
 9. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 27. Greene. 
 
 45. Pike. 
 
 63. Summit. 
 
 80. Trumbull. 
 
 10. 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 28. Clinton. 
 
 46. Adams. 
 
 64. Wayne. 
 
 81. Mahoning. 
 
 11. 
 
 Henry. 
 
 29. Brown. * 
 
 47. Scioto. 
 
 65. Holmes. 
 
 82. Columbiana. 
 
 12. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 30. Ottawa. 
 
 48. Erie. 
 
 66. Coshocton. 
 
 83. Carroll. 
 
 13. 
 
 Allen. 
 
 31. Sandusky. 
 
 49. Huron. 
 
 67. Muskingum. 
 
 84. Harrison. 
 
 14. Auglaize. 
 
 32. Seneca. 
 
 50. Lorain. 
 
 68. Morgan. 
 
 85. Jefferson. 
 
 15. 
 
 Shelby. 
 
 33. Wyandot. 
 
 51. Richland. 
 
 69. Athens. 
 
 86. Belmont. 
 
 16. 
 
 Miami. 
 
 34, Crawford. 
 
 52. Ashland. 
 
 70. Meigs. 
 
 87. Monroe. 
 
 17. Montgomery. 
 
 18. Warren. 
 
 35. Marion. 
 
 36. Morrow. 
 
 53. Knox. 
 
 54. Licking. 
 
 71. Gallia. 
 
 88. Washington. 
 
 bination of a plough, a rasp, a sand-paper and a pumice-stone, ploughing, scrap- 
 ing, scratching and polishing the surface all at the same time. 
 
 Now these phenomena, so characteristic of the areas just in front of a receding 
 glacier, are very abundant in certain portions of Ohio. The most celebrated 
 locality in the State, and perhaps in the world, is to be found in the islands near 
 Sandusky. These islands consist of a hard limestone rock, which stands th« 
 
92 
 
 GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO, 
 
 weather well, so that the glacial marks upon them are better preserved than in 
 some other localities, and the ice-movement over them was longer continued and 
 more powerful than in some other places. On Kelley’s Island may be seen fur- 
 rows several inches and sometimes two feet deep, running for many rods in one 
 direction. Whole acres when freshly uncovered are seen to be fluted by the 
 parallel lines of these furrows, the whole surface being polished and scoured by 
 the finer material shoved along in company with the larger fragments. The 
 direction of these furrows and scratches is mainly a little south of west, or nearly 
 that of the longest diameter of the lake itself, showing that for a time the ice 
 moved in that direction. 
 
 But the greater part of Ohio is several hundred feet higher than Take Erie, 
 and yet similar glacial scratches are to be found all over the higher land to some 
 distance south of the water-shed, and in the western part of the state clear down 
 to the Ohio River. On this higher land the direction of the scratches is south and 
 
 This plate (taken from the author’s “Studies in Science and Religion’’) shows a portion 
 of the glaciated area of North America. AA represents the boundary of the glaciated 
 area. The continuous line is from actual survey in 1881. BB marks special glacial accumu- 
 lations. CC represents Lake Agassiz, a temporary body of water formed by the damming 
 up by ice of the streams flowing into Hudson’s Bay, the outlet being, meanwhile, through 
 the Minnesota. D is a driftless region, which ice surrounded without covering. The 
 arrows indicate the direction of glacial scratches. The kames of New England, and the 
 terraces upon the western rivers are imperfectly shown upon so small a map. 
 
 southeast, showing that there was an ice movement during the height of the 
 glacial period which entirely disregarded the depression of Lake Erie. 
 
 The most southern points where these scratches are found in the State are 
 in Butler and Highland counties. In Highland county they are abundant 
 near Lexington and in Butler county near Woodsdale. Many of the counties 
 in the northwestern part of the State are so deeply covered with soil that the 
 scratched surfaces of their rocks are seldom seen. The northeastern counties 
 are more thinly covered, or have more projecting ledges of rocks, so that glacial 
 grooving and, .scratches are more easily found and have been more frequently 
 observed there, 
 
 (2) The “till” of which we have spoken consists of the loose soil which in 
 the glaciated region covers the bed rock. In places this is of great depth, and 
 everywhere it has a peculiar composition. Outside of the glaciated region the 
 soil is formed by the gradual disintegration or rotting of the rocks from their 
 surface downwards, so that, except along streams, there is then no soil but such 
 
GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 as is derived from the rocks of the immediate vicinity. In a limestone region 
 the soil will have all come from the dissolution of limestone, in a sandstone re- 
 gion from the disintegration of sandstone, and in a slatestone region from the 
 weathering of that rock. But over a glaciated region the soil will be found to be 
 composed of a variety of elements derived from various places in the direction 
 from which the ice movement came. Thus in Stark, Holmes, Knox, Licking and 
 Fairfield counties the soil will be found to be composed of a mixture of granitic 
 fragments which have been brought all the way from Canada, limestone dug out 
 from the bed of Lake Erie, shale gathered from the counties to the north and 
 west, and sandstone ground up from the immediate vicinity. And these materials 
 are not in separate layers, as when deposited by water, but are as thoroughly 
 mixed as mortar in a hod. 
 
 The only way in which 
 materials could be thus 
 collected in such situa- 
 tions and thus thor- 
 oughly mixed is by ice 
 action. The ice of the 
 glacial period as it moved 
 over the rough surfaces 
 to the north ground off 
 the prominences and 
 filled up the gorges and 
 hollows, and we have in 
 this unstratified mix- 
 ture, denominated “ till,” 
 what Professor Newbery 
 called the grist of the 
 glacier. The extent of 
 this deposit in Ohio is 
 enormous. In St. Paris, 
 Champaign county, the 
 till was penetrated more 
 than 500 feet without 
 finding the bed rock. 
 This was doubtless in 
 the filled-up gorge of a 
 pre-glacial watercourse, 
 of which there are a 
 great many in the State. 
 But the average depth 
 of the till over the gla- 
 ciated part of the State, 
 as shown by the facts 
 Professor Orton has 
 gathered from the wells 
 recently bored for gas, 
 IS nearly 100 feet. 
 
 (3.) The boulders, most 
 characteristic of the gla- 
 ciated region of Ohio, are granitic. These are variously known in different locali- 
 ties as boulders, hard heads and “ nigger heads,” and have all been brought from 
 a great distance, and so are common, not only to the glaciated region of Ohio, 
 but to the whole glaciated region of the States east and west of it. The granitic 
 mountains from which these boulders must have been derived run from the 
 northern part of New York, where they constitute the Adirondacks, through 
 Canada to the northern shore of Lake Huron and extend westward along the 
 south shore of Lake Superior, containing the celebrated mining districts of that 
 region. Boulders from this range of mountains are scattered all over the re- 
 gion which was glaciated. They are found in great abundance in the hills of 
 Northwestern Pennsylvania, and everywhere down to the glacial line as marked 
 
 Map of the Eastern Portion of Hamilton County, Ohio 
 
 The space covered by horizontal lines is occupied by preglaciaV 
 valleys, tilled to a height of 100 to 200 feet above the Ohio river 
 with moditied drift. The unlined portion consists of the tableland 
 from 200 to 500 feet above the river. 
 
94 
 
 glacial man in OHIO. 
 
 in the accompanying map of Ohio. One near Lancaster is eighteen feet lonp, 
 and about twelve feet wide and six feet out of ground. This must have been 
 brought 500 miles. Many boulders from the northern region were also found 
 in Boone county, Kentucky. One of these was of a well-known variety of rock 
 containing pebbles of red jasper, found in place only to the north of Lake 
 Huron and about the outlet of Lake Superior, and must have been carried on 
 the ice six hundred miles to be left in its present position. Boulders also con- 
 taining copper from the Lake Superior region have been found in Central and 
 Southern Ohio. 
 
 If the reader doubts the possibility of such an extensive ice movement and 
 asks. How can these things be ? it will be profitable for him to take a trip to 
 some region where glaciers are now in operation. The Alps in Europe have 
 heretofore furnished the favorite field for glacial study. But it was my privilege, 
 in the summer of 1886, to spend a month beside the Muir glacier in Alaska, 
 which comes dowm to the sea-level and is as large as all the glaciers of the Alps 
 put together. Here was an ice stream two miles wide and more than a thousand 
 feet deep, moving into the head of the inlet somewhat as cooled lava or cold mo- 
 lasses would move and sending off great fragments to float away as icebergs. 
 This ice originates in the snows that fall over the mountainous region to the 
 north, and which, being too abundant to melt away, from year to year would pile 
 up to inconceivable heights were it not for the capacity of movement which we 
 find ice to possess. On and about this Muir glacier I have seen in operation all 
 the processes by which a glacier makes those tracks which we have found to exist 
 so abundantly in our own State. Miles back from the front, and miles away 
 from any land, I have seen boulders on the surface of the ice as large as a fron- 
 tiersman’s cabin surrounded by innumerable boulders of smaller dimensions, all 
 slowly travelling towards the front, there to be left upon the surface of the ground 
 as the ice gradually melted away from underneath them. From the mountain 
 peaks I could see more than a thousand square miles of territory which was 
 completely covered by this single glacier. Were we to go to Greenland we should 
 find a continent of more than 400,000 square miles almost completely covered by 
 a similar moving mass of ice. 
 
 One of the necessary accompaniments of the ice age was the production of 
 great floods at its close. As there are spring freshets now on the breaking up of 
 winter, when the accumulated snow melts away and the ice forms gorges in the 
 swollen streams, so there must have been gigantic floods and ice gorges when the 
 glacial period drew to a close. All the streams flowing out from the front of it 
 towards the south must have had an enormous volume of water, far beyond any- 
 thing now witnessed. Nor is this mere speculation. I am familiar with all the 
 streams flowing south from the glacial limit between the Atlantic ocean and the 
 Mississippi river, and can testify that without exception such streams still bear 
 the marks of that glacial flood. What are called the terraces of the terrace epoch 
 in geology are the results of them. These streams have, in addition to the present 
 flood-plains, a line of terraces on each side which are from fifty to one hundred 
 feet higher than the water now ever rises. The material of these terraces consists 
 of coarse gravel-stones and pebbles of considerable size, showing by their size 
 the strength of the current which rolled them along. A noticeable thing about 
 these gravel-stones and pebbles is that many granitic fragments are found among 
 them, showing that they must have been deposited during the glacial period, 
 for the streams have no access to granitic rock except as the ice of the glacial 
 period has brought it within reach. The connection of these terraces with the 
 glacial period is further proved by the fact that those streams which rise outside 
 of the glaciated region, — such, for example, as the Schuylkill in Pennsylvania and 
 the various small streams in Southeastern Ohio, do not have these terraces, and 
 others which barely rise in the glaciated region, but do not have much of their 
 drainage basin there, — have correspondingly small terraces and fewer granitic 
 fragments. Such are the Hocking river and Salt creek in Hocking county and 
 Brush creek in Adams county. 
 
 Any one living in the vicinity of any of the following streams can see for him- 
 self the terraces of which we are speaking, especially if he observes the valleys 
 near where they emerge from the glaciated region ; for the material whici’# the 
 
GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 93 
 
 water could push along was most abundant there. As one gets farther and 
 farther awayTromthe old ice margin the material composing the terraces becomes 
 smaller, because more waterworn, and the terraces diminish in size. Favor- 
 able places in which to observe these glacial terraces are as follows : Little 
 Beaver creek, Big Sandy creek, near Bayard, in Columbiana county ; the Nimi- 
 shillen,belowCanton,andthe Tuscarawas below Navarre, in Stark county; Sugar 
 creek, near Deardoff ’s Mills, in Tuscarawas county ; the Killbuck, below Millers- 
 burg, in Holmes county ; the Mohican, near Gann, and Vernon river, near Mill- 
 wood, in Knox county; the Licking river, below Newark, in Licking county; 
 Rush creek, near Rushville, and the Hocking river, near Lancaster, in Fairfield 
 
 county; Salt creek, near 
 Adelphi,in Hocking county; 
 the Scioto river, throughout 
 its course, and Paint creek, 
 near Bainbridge, in Ross 
 county; and both the 
 Miami rivers throughout 
 their course. The Ohio 
 river is also lined by these 
 glacial terraces, which are 
 from fifty to a hundred feet 
 above present high-water 
 mark. On the Ohio there 
 are special enlargements of 
 these terraces, where the 
 tributaries enter it from the 
 north, which come from the 
 glaciated region as laid 
 down on the map. This en- 
 largement is noticeable be- 
 low the mouth of the Mus^ 
 kingum in the angles of the 
 river valley below Parkers- 
 burg, and in the vicinity 
 of Portsmouth near the 
 mouth of the Scioto, and at 
 Cincinnati below the mouth 
 of the Little Miami, and at 
 Lawrenceburg, Indiana, 
 below the mouth of the 
 Great Miami. Below the 
 mouth of the Muskingum 
 the terrace is 100 feet above 
 the flood plain of the river, 
 and the highest part of the 
 terrace on which old Cin- 
 cinnati is built about the 
 same height. Nearly all 
 the cities along the Ohio are 
 built on this glacial terrace. 
 
 The most interesting thing about these terraces, and what makes it proper for 
 me in this connection to write thus fully about them, is that the earliest traces 
 ot man in the world are found in them. The accompanying cuts show two im- 
 plements which were found in terraces such as I have been describing. The first 
 was found at Abbeville, France, in such a terrace on the river Somme as those 
 which occur in the valleys of Ohio. It was found in gravel that had never been 
 disturbed, and so must have lain there ever since the glacial period, by whose 
 floods it was buried, closed. 
 
 The second implement was found a few years ago,by Dr. Abbott in a similar 
 gravel terrace, on which the city of Trenton, New Jersey, is built. This terrace 
 was deposited by the Delaware river when it was swollen by glacial floods. 
 
 The palasolith here shown is natural size and is No. 
 3,034 of the Mortillet collection, from Abbeville, France. 
 The geological conditions under which this was found are 
 very similar to those of tho palseolith from Trenton N. 
 J., and to those at Madisonville and Loveland, Ohio. 
 
9t) 
 
 GLACIAL MAN IN ^ OHIO. 
 
 In my original “Report upon the Glacial Boundary of Ohio, Indiana and 
 Kentucky,” I remarked that since man was in New Jersey before the close of 
 the glacial period, it is also probable that he was on the banks of the Ohio at the 
 same early period; and I asked that the extensive gravel terraces in the southern 
 part of the State be carefully scanned by archaeologists, adding that when 
 observers became familiar with the forms of these rude implements they would 
 doubtless find them in abundance. As to the abundance, this prophecy has not 
 been altogether fulfilled. But enough has been already discovered in Ohio to 
 show that man was here at that 
 early time when the ice of the 
 glacial period lingered on the 
 south side of the water partings 
 between the lake and the OJiio 
 river. Both at Loveland and at 
 Madisonville, in the valley of the 
 Little Miami, Dr. C. L- Metz, of 
 the latter place, has found this 
 ancient type of implements sev- 
 eral feet below the surface of the 
 glacial terraces bordering that 
 stream. The one at Madisonville 
 was found about eight feet below 
 the surface, where the soil had 
 not been disturbed, and it was in 
 shape and appearance almost ex- 
 actly like one of those found by 
 Dr. Abbott in Trenton, N. J. 
 
 These are enough to establish the 
 fact that men, whose habits of life 
 were much like the Eskimos, al- 
 ready followed up the retreating 
 ice of the great glacial period 
 when its front was in the latitude 
 of Trenton and Cincinnati, as 
 they now do when it has retreated 
 to Greenland. Very likely the 
 Eskim.os are the descendants of 
 that early race in Ohio. 
 
 In addition to the other con- 
 ditions which were similar, it is 
 found that the animals which 
 roamed over this region were 
 much like those which now are 
 found in the far north. Bones of 
 the walrus and the musk ox and 
 the mastodon have been found in 
 the vicinity of these implements 
 of early man in New Jersey, and 
 those of the mastodon were dug 
 from the same gravel-pit in Love- 
 land from which the imple- 
 ment found in that place was 
 taken. 
 
 Having been able thus to associate our ancestors with the closing scenes 
 of the glacial period, new interest at once attaches itself to glacial studies, and 
 especially to glacial chronology. For if we can tell how long it is since the 
 ice of the glacial period withdrew from the northern slope of the Ohio basin, 
 we have done much towards settling the date of man’s appearance here. How 
 then shall we determine the date of the close of the glacial period ? This we 
 cannot hope to do with great accuracy, but we can do something even here in 
 Ohio towards the solution of that most interesting problem of man’s antiquity. 
 
 This palaeolith is shortened one inch in the 
 cut and is proportionately narrow, the original 
 being 5 6-8 inches long and 8 1-8 wide. This is 
 No. 1 9,723, in Dr. Abbott’s collection from Trenton , 
 N. J. The Mortillet and Trenton collections are 
 both in the Archaeological Museum, in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., where these specimens can at any 
 time be seen. 
 
GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 97 
 
 (1.) In the first place many streams are so situated that we can measure the 
 work they have done since the glacial period, and also can form some idea of the 
 rate at which they are at work. The gorge in Niagara river below the falls has 
 long been a favorite place from which to get these measurements. This gorge is 
 only about seven miles long — that being the distance from Queenston to the 
 Falls. The gorge is throughout in limestone strata of pretty uniform hardness, 
 and represents the work done by the river at that point since the glacial period. 
 This we know from several signs. Before the glacial period Lake Erie did not 
 exist. In the long geological periods which had elapsed before the glacial age, a 
 
 channel had been worn 
 I pi: 'S'n]|p| clear back from Lake On- 
 ' ' ' ’ tario to Lake Erie, as will 
 
 be the case with the pres- 
 ent river if only time 
 enough is given it. In 
 short. Lake Erie is only 
 a glacial mill-pond. The 
 old outlet was filled up 
 by the glacial deposits 
 which we have described 
 so that the water had to 
 seek a new outlet, which 
 happened to be along the 
 course of the present 
 Niagara river. Confirma- 
 tory evidence of this is 
 found at Cleveland and 
 for many miles up the 
 valley of the Cuyahoga 
 river, as well as in many 
 other streams of Northern 
 Ohio. In boring for oil in 
 the bed of the Cuyahoga 
 a few years ago, it was 
 found that the old rocky 
 bottom is 200 feet below 
 the present bottom of the 
 river. This means that 
 at one time Lake Erie was 
 200 feet lower than now. 
 But the lake is for the 
 most part less than 200 
 feet deep, so that if there 
 were an outlet, as there 
 must have been, at that 
 lower level, the lake itself 
 must have disappeared, 
 and there was only a 
 stream with a broad, fer- 
 tile valley Y>^here the lake 
 is now. Thus we prove 
 that the Niagara gorge 
 represents the work of erosion done by the river since the glacial period. The 
 next problem is to ascertain how fast the river is wearing back the gorge. 
 
 That the gorge is receding is evident from the occasional reports heard of por- 
 tions of the shelving rocks falling beneath the weight of water constantly pour- 
 ing over them. If a continual dropping wear a stone, what must not such a 
 torrent of water do? From measurements made between forty and fifty years 
 ago and others repeated within the last few years, it has been ascertained that the 
 falls are receding. The recent surveys of the government show that during the 
 last forty-five years very nearly six acres of rock surface have broken off from 
 
 This plate (taken from “Studies in Science and Eeligion”) 
 shows, in addition to the glaciated area of New Jersey, the glacial 
 terraces of gravel along the Lehigh and Delaware rivers, and 
 also the delta-terrace at Trenton, from which Dr. C. C. Abbott 
 has taken palaeolithic implements. 
 
g9 
 
 GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 the verge of the falls, making an average annual recession of about ^wo and 
 a half feet per year for the last forty-five years. Making allowances for portions 
 of the work which had been done before the glacial period by smaller stream in 
 the same channel, and for some other facts which there is not time here to men- 
 tion, Mr. G. K. Gilbert, of the United States Geological Survey, concludes that 
 the falls of Niagara cannot be more than 7,000 years old. This brings the glacial 
 period much nearer than was formerly supposed. 
 
 But there are many things in our own State which go to confirm this calcula- 
 tion. The citizens of Ohio have not to go out of their own boundaries to find 
 facts helping to solve the question of man’s antiquity. Nearly all the rivers 
 emptying into Lake Erie have somewhere in their courses cataracts which can 
 serve as chronometers of the glacial period. In the most of these cases it is pos- 
 sible to ascertain what part of the channel is pre-glacial and what post-glacial, 
 and to form some estimate of the rate of recession. This can be done on the 
 Chagrin, the Cuyahoga, Rocky, and Black rivers, and probably on some others. 
 Let the 3mung students of the State attack these problems before going abroad 
 for great fields of discovery. 
 
 In the central and southern part of the State the problems are equally inter- 
 esting. Since the glacial period the streams have been constantly at work 
 enlarging their channels. How much have they enlarged them, and what is the 
 rate of enlargement? These are definite problems appealing for solution on 
 nearly all the tributaries of Ohio. Professor Hicks, of Granville College, set a 
 good example in this line of investigation a few years ago. Raccoon creek, in 
 Licking county, is bordered by terraces throughout its course. These are whaj; 
 w'e have described as glacial terraces, and are about fifty feet above the present 
 flood plain of the stream. It is evident that at the close of the glacial period 
 the valley was filled up to that level with pebbles and gravel, and that since that 
 period the stream has been at work enlarging its channel until now it 
 has removed gravel to the amount that would fill the valley up to the level of 
 these terraces and across the whole space. Multiply this height, fifty feet, by the 
 breadth from which the material has been removed, and that by the length of 
 the stream, and make allowance for the diminution of the valley as the head- 
 waters are approached, and you will have the cubical contents of the material 
 
GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 99 
 
 removed by the stream since it began its work at the close of the glacial period. 
 Tliis is the dividend. Then find out how much mud and sand the stream is car- 
 rying out : this will be your divisor. It cannot be far from 10,000 years old. 
 The result in the case of Raccoon Creek was not materially different from the 
 calculations concerning Niagara Falls. I have made a similar calculation con- 
 cerning the age of Plum Creek in Oberlin, and the result is likewiae to show that 
 the glacial period cannot have been so long ago as was formerly supposed. If 
 the glacial period closed much more than 8,000 or 10,000 years ago in Northern 
 Ohio, the valleys of the post-glacial streams would be much larger than they 
 really are. Again I say let the young investigators of the State attack the chro- 
 nological problems offered by the streams in their own vicinity before sighing for 
 other realms of science to conquer. 
 
 In conclusion, then, we may say it is not so startling a statement as it once was 
 to speak of man as belonging to the glacial period. And with the recent discoveries 
 of Dr. Metz, we may begin to speak of our own State as one of the earliest por- 
 tions of the globe to become inhabited. Ages before the mound builders erected 
 their complicated and stately structures in the valleys of the Licking, the Scioto, 
 the Miami and the Ohio, man in a more primitive state had hunted and fished 
 with rude implements in some portions at least of the southern part of the State. 
 
 To have lived in such a time, and to have successfully overcome the hardships 
 of that climate and the fierceness of the animal life, must have called for an 
 amount of physical energy and practical skill which few of this generation possess. 
 
 Let us not therefore speak of such a people as inferior. They must, therefore, 
 have had all the native powers of humanity fully developed, and are worthy 
 ancestors of succeeding races. 
 
 The recent discoveries of Dr. Metz, above alluded to by Prof. Wright, are 
 described in full by an article communicated to me which will be found on page 
 20, Vol. II., of this work; also on page 18, Yol. II., some valuable facts from 
 Wright’s ^Mce Age in North America,” with a map of Lake Ohio, formed by a 
 glacial dam at Cincinnati. This lake extended up the valley to beyond Pittsburgh, 
 and occupied an area of 20,000 square miles, equal to half that of Ohio. ‘ 
 
 Under the head of ‘^Palaeolithic Man in Ohio,” Yol. III., page 365, is an 
 article detailing a discovery of Mr. W. C. Mills, made in October, 1889, in the 
 Tuscarawas Valley, identical with those of Dr. Metz in the Little Miami Valley. 
 —H.H. 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 By NORTON S. TOWNSHEND, M. D., 
 
 Professor of Agriculture and Veterinary Science in the Ohio State University 
 
 Norton Strange Townshend was born 
 at Clay Coaton, Northamptonshire, England, 
 
 December 25, 1815. His parents came to Ohio 
 and settled upon a farm in Avon, Lorain 
 county, in 1830. Busy with farm work, he 
 found no time to attend school, but in leisure 
 hours made good use of his father’s small 
 library. 
 
 He early took an active part in the temper- 
 ance and anti-slavery reforms, and for some 
 time was superintendent of a Sundoy-school 
 in his neighborhood. In 1836 he taught 
 the district school, and in 1837 commenced the 
 study of medicine with Dr. R. L. Howard, of 
 Elyria. The winter of the same year was 
 spent in attending medical lectures at Cincin- 
 nati Medical College. Returning to Elyria he 
 applied himself to medical studies with Dr. 
 
 Howard and to Latin, Greek and French with 
 other teachers. In the winter of 1839 he was 
 a student at the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of New York, spending what time 
 he could command as voluntary assistant in 
 the chemical laboratory of Professor John 
 Torry. In March, 1840, he received the de- 
 gree of M. D. from the University of the State 
 of New York, of which the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons was then a department. 
 
 Proposing to spend a year or more in a visit to 
 European hospitals, the Temperance Society 
 of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
 
 New York, requested him to carry the greeting 
 of that body to similar societies on the other 
 side of the Atlantic. This afforded him an opportunity to make the acquaintance of many well-known 
 temperance men. 
 
 The Anti-slavery Society of the State of Ohio also made him their delegate to the World’s Anti- 
 slavery Convention of June, 1840, in London, Eng. This enabled him to see and hear distinguished anti- 
 slavery men from different countries. He then visited Paris and remained through the summer and 
 autumn, seeing practice in the hospitals and taking private lessons in operative surgery, auscultation, 
 etc. The next winter was passed in Edinburgh and the spring in Dublin. 
 
 In 1841 he returned to Ohio and commenced the practice of medicine, first in Avon and afterwards 
 in Elyria. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature by the anti-slavery men of Lorain county and 
 took an active part in securing the repeal of the Black Laius of Ohio and in the election of S. P. Chase 
 to the United States Senate. 
 
 The Black Laws of Ohio covered three points. 1. The settlement of black or mulatto persons in 
 Ohio was prohibited unless they could show a certificate of their freedom and obtain two freeholders 
 to give security for their good behavior and maintenance in the event of their becoming a public 
 charge. Unless this certificate of freedom was duly recorded and produced it was a penal ojfence to 
 give employment to a black or mulatto. ' 
 
 2. They were excluded from the common schools. 
 
 3. No black or mulatto could be sworn or allowed to testify in any court in any case where a white 
 person was concerned. 
 
 In 1850 Dr. Townshend was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention and in the same year 
 to the Thirty-second Congress. 
 
 In 1853 he was elected to the Ohio Senate, where he presented a memorial for the establishment of 
 a State Institution for the Training of Imbeciles. At tbe next session this measure was carried, and 
 Dr. Townshend was appointed one of three trustees to carry the law into effect, a position he held by 
 subsequent appointment for twenty-one years. While in political life he had relinquished the practice 
 of medicine and with his family returned to the farm in Avon. Being deeply impressed with the 
 value of some scientific training for young farmers, in 1854 he united with Professors James H. Fair- 
 child and James Dascomb, of Oberlin, and Dr. John S. Newberry, of Cleveland, in an attempt to 
 establish an Agricultural College. Winter coui-ses of lectures were given on the branches of science 
 most intimately related to agriculture for three successive winters, twice at Oberlin and once at 
 Cleveland. 
 
 (lOO) 
 
 NORTON S. TOWNSHEND. 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 lOl 
 
 This effort, perhaps, had the effect of exciting public attention to the importance of special educa- 
 tion for the young farmer. In 1858 Dr. Townsheud was chosen a member of the State Board ot 
 Agriculture, and so continued for six years. lie also served in the same capacity in 1868-69. Early 
 in 1863 he received the appointment of Medical Inspector in the United States Army, with the rank 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel, in which capacity he served to the end of the war. 
 
 In 1867 he was appointed one of the committee to examine the wool aj)praisers’ department of the 
 New York and Boston custom houses to ascertain how correctly imi)orted wools were classified, etc., 
 etc. The report of this committee aided in securing the wool tariff of the same year. In 1869 he was 
 chosen Professor of Agriculture in the Iowa Agricultural College. In 1870 the law having passed to 
 establish an Agricultural and Mechanical College in Ohio, he was appointed one of the trustees 
 charged with the duty of carrying the law into effect. In 1873 he resigned the place of trustee and 
 was immediately appointed Professor of Agriculture, which then included Botany and Veterinary 
 Medicines. 
 
 During the college vacation in 1884 he visited the agricultural, veterinary schools and botanic gar- 
 dens of Great Britain and Ireland, and attended the English National Fair at Shrewsbury, that of 
 Scotland at Edinburgh and of Ireland at Dublin. Dr. Townshend is at present the Professor of Agri- 
 culture in what was previously the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, now the Ohio State 
 University. 
 
 The agriculture of a country is dependent, -not only upon its soil and climate, 
 but also on the character of the people and their institutions. In 1787 the Con- 
 tinental Congress made an ordinance for the government of the Northwestern 
 Territory which prohibited the introduction of slavery, and thus exerted a con- 
 trolling influence, not only upon the agriculture of the Northwest, but also upon 
 the future of its entire material and social progress. This practically secured for 
 the States soon to be formed an industrious, intelligent and thrifty population. 
 
 State Claims. — Virginia, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts made claims 
 based on charters granted by kings of England to portions of the territory north- 
 west of the Ohio. After much controversy it was proposed by Congress that 
 these States should relinquish their claims in favor of the United States, and that 
 the land should be sold for the benefit of the United States Treasury, and should 
 be formed into hew States to be admitted into the Union when their population 
 warranted. This plan was adopted, except that Virginia res^ved a tract of more 
 than 3,000,000 acres between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers for the benefit 
 of the soldiers from that State who had served in the war of the Revolution. 
 This tract was known as the Virginia Military district. Connecticut also made a 
 reservation of a tract in the northeast part of the territory, running west 120 
 miles from the Pennsylvania line and containing 3,800,000 acres. This was 
 known as the Connecticut Western Reserve and was intended to compensate her 
 soldiers for service in the Revolutionar}^ war. Five hundred thousand acres 
 from the west part of the Reserve, afterwards known as the Fire Lands, was given 
 as compensation to her citizens who had sustained the loss of property by fire 
 during that war. The whole of the Western Reserve was surveyed into town- 
 ships of five miles square. These townships were divided into sections of a mile 
 square and further subdivided into quarter sections. 
 
 Ohio Company . — The formation in Massachusetts of the Ohio Company and 
 their establishment at Marietta (so named in honor of Marie Antoinette, Queen 
 of France) on the company’s purchase of 1,500,000 acres, marks an epoch in 
 Western history. General Rufus Putnam and associates left their New England 
 homes, and at Pittsburg procured a boat which they called the “ Mayflower ” and 
 floated down the Ohio and landed where Marietta now stands on the 7th of April, 
 1788. On the 15th of July following a Territorial government was established, 
 General Arthur St. Clair having been appointed governor. 
 
 Land Laws . — From this time extensive sales and grants of Ohio lands were 
 made by Congress. A change was afterwards made in the United States land 
 laws by which sales had been restricted to not less than a mile square, or 640 
 acres. This was changed to quarter-sections of 160 acres, and sold at $2 an 
 acre, with a credit of five years. The beneficial effect of the change may be 
 estimated from the fact that in 1800, the year in which the law was modified, the 
 entire Northwest had a population of only 45,000, while in ten years from that 
 time Ohio alone reported a population of 240,000. 
 
 Forests . — At the time of the first settlement of the Ohio Territory almost the 
 whole region was covered a dense forest. This forest consisted of oak, elm, 
 ash, beech, maple, hickory, chestnut, butternut, black walnut, wild cherry, syca- 
 more, tulip-tree, basswood, locust, sweet-gum, poplar, willow, mulberry, cucum- 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 ber, box-elder, buckeye, etc. The native fruits were the cranberry, which grew 
 in marshes, huckleberry, blackberry, pawpaw, persimmon, plum, wild grapes, 
 and cherries, etc. Chestnuts, black walnuts, hickory nuts and butternuts were 
 abundant, while beechnuts and acorns supplied the food upon which hogs fat- 
 tened. 
 
 Wild Animals were numerous. Deer supplied many of the early settlers with 
 meat. Bears, wolves, foxes, raccoons, woodchucks, opossums, skunks and squir- 
 rels were, some of them, too common. Wild turkeys, geese and ducks, partridges, 
 quails and pigeons were abundant. Eagles and turkey-buzzards were frequent 
 visitors."^ Owls and hawks were more common and the latter very troublesome 
 among the farmers’ cliickens. 
 
 Hunting was one of the active employments of the early settlers, either for the 
 purpose of obtaining supplies of venison and other game, or for the destruction 
 of troublesome animals, a bounty from county treasuries being paid for wolf 
 scalps. Occasionally drives or general hunts were organized. Hunters sur- 
 rounded a township or other tract and moved in line toward some designated 
 point. Deer and other animals were surrounded; many deer were sometimes 
 killed and numbers of more mischievous animals were occasionally destroyed. 
 In the afternoon of the 1st of May, 1830, the writer, with two companions, walked 
 from Cleveland some eighteen miles on the State road leading westward. The 
 place of destination was not reached until late in the evening, when conversation 
 had become difficult from the incessant howling of wolves. It is not a little 
 remarkable that a gray wolf should have been killed in the west part of Cuya- 
 hoga county on the 30th of April of the present year. For many years raccoons 
 were specially troublesome in the ripening corn, and consequently the necessity 
 of cooning was everywhere recognized. Active boys, with dogs, would visit the 
 cornfields at night when the green corn attracted the raccoons, which were some- 
 times caught in the field, but oftener by cutting trees in the vicinity upon which 
 they had taken refuge. 
 
 Fishing. — In the spring fishing was a common resource for the settlers, especially 
 in the vicinity of Lake Erie. When the fish started up the rivers at spawning 
 time various devices were employed to capture them. Seines were most successful, 
 but a simpler method was more common. The fisherman at night, with a lighted 
 torch made of hickory bark in one hand and a fish-spear in the other, waded 
 knee-deep or more into the stream ; then, as fish attracted by the light came 
 near, they were struck with the spear and thrown out of the water or otherwise 
 secured. Pike, pickerel, catfish, sturgeon, muscalunge and mullet, as many as 
 the fisherman could carry home, were sometimes caught. Some were used fresh, 
 but more were salted and kept for future supply. 
 
 Work. — In the early settlement of the State a formidable amount of work con- 
 fronted the pioneer — building of houses and barns, of schools and meeting- 
 houses, the making of roads, bridging of streams, clearing and fencing the land. 
 Then came planting or sowing, cultivation and harvesting of crops and the con- 
 stant care of his animals. The first buildings were of logs a foot or more in 
 diameter. These were cut of suitable length and brought together, then neigh- 
 bors were invited to the raising. One axeman went to each of the four corners 
 to notch and fit the logs as others rolled them up. In some cases larger logs split 
 in halves were used. These could be placed with the split sides inward so as to 
 make a tolerably smooth and perpendicular wall. The log school-houses and 
 meeting-houses were built in the same manner, though, as in the case of dwelling- 
 houses, the logs were sometimes squared before being put up. The structure was 
 then called a block-house. Log-houses were covered with long split oak shingles 
 held in place by smaJl logs or poles so that no nails were required. Floors and 
 doors were made from logs split into fiat pieces and hewn smooth. When saw- 
 mills had been introduced and lumber could be obtained for door-frames, doors, 
 window-frames, etc., houses could be much more neatly finished. After lumber 
 became plentiful frame buildings superseded those of logs. More recently brick 
 and stone have come into general use. . 
 
 Road-making was at first very simple. A surveyor^ or some other person sup- 
 posed to know the proposed route, blazed the trees in the line ; this was sufficient 
 to mark the course, then the track of sufficient width was underbrushed, and the 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 103 
 
 dead logs cut, and rolled or drawn aside. When the amount of travel made it 
 necessary the timber from the whole breadth of the route was cut and removed. 
 Upon low, wet places logways were made by placing logs of equal size closely 
 together, and sometimes a light covering of earth was placed over the logs so that 
 vehicles could pass over smoothly. Small bridges, where timbers of extra length 
 were not required, were easily made, but across streams not passable by an easily 
 made bridge or ford ferries were established. If a person or team needed to cross 
 a stream, the ferryman with his boat took them over ; if they came to the river 
 from the side opposite to that on which the ferryman lived, they found near the 
 road a tin horn tied to a tree ; this they blew, until the ferryman brought over 
 the boat. 
 
 Clearing . — For clearing away the forest, the chopping was usually done in the 
 winter months. First the underbrush was cut and piled, the logs already down 
 were cut into lengths, which permitted them to be drawn together ; occasionally 
 these dead logs were burned into pieces by small fires kept up until the logs were 
 burned through. The timber suitable for rails was next cut down and into 
 suitable dengths, and drawn to the lines where fences were to be built; the bal- 
 ance of the timber was then cut down, and chopped into convenient lengths for 
 logging. When the brushwood and timber upon a tract. was all cut it was left 
 through the summer, and called a summer-fallow, the timber in the meantime 
 becoming dry. In the fall the brush-heaps were burned, then the logs were 
 drawn together by oxen, and rolled into log-heaps and burned. Next the rail- 
 cuts were split into rails, and the worm-fence built, after which came the wheat- 
 sowing. In some sections, or upon some farms, the timber was not all cut down, 
 many of the larger trees being notched around or girdled, so that they died. This 
 process of deadening the large trees was a great saving of labor in the first instance; 
 but as dead limbs and trees were liable to fall, and perhaps do mischief, it was 
 not generally approved. 
 
 Ashes — Sugar . — The first valuable product which the settler obtained from his 
 land was the ashes which remained after the timber was burnt. These were care- 
 fully gathered and leached ; the lye was then boiled into black salts, which were 
 marketable at the country stores. In many towns asheries were established, which 
 bought the ashes or black salts, and converted them into pot- or pearl-ash for 
 Eastern markets. Another product of the forest also'required the farmers’ atten- 
 tion : with the first warm days of spring the sap of the maple-trees was started. 
 The hard maples were tapped, and in some localities even the soft maples ; the 
 sap was collected in troughs made by the axe, and boiled to the consistency of 
 syrup, or carried a step further, until crystallization was secured. Maple-sugar 
 making saved the early settlers from what would have involved a large ex- 
 penditure. 
 
 Teams . — The team-work necessary in clearing, and for farm-work in the new 
 country, was chiefly done by oxen. The employment of oxen appeared to secure 
 many advantages ; the first cost was less than for horses, oxen are more easily 
 kept, the yoke with which they were worked could be made by any handy farmer, 
 and was therefore much less expensive than the harness necessary for horses. 
 The log-chains used wkh oxen were well adapted for work among timber, and 
 when broken could easily be mended by the country blacksmith ; and if any 
 accident befell the ox, and he became unfit for work, this probabl}^ did not pre- 
 vent his being fattened and turned into beef. In general, steers were easily 
 trained. Sometimes they were worked with those already broken, but, whatever 
 plan was adopted, they soon learned to make themselves useful. Before the 
 introduction of improved breeds of cattle all working oxen w^ere of what was 
 called native stock; after the introduction of Devons into some parts of the State, 
 these were found to be greatly superior for work. In addition to their uniform 
 beautiful red color and handsome horns, the Devons proved more active and more 
 easily taught than other breeds. Since the introduction of the mower, reaper, 
 and other forms of farm machinery, the quicker-stepping horse has been found 
 more desirable for team- work, not only upon the road but also on the farm. 
 
 Wheat . — After clearing and fencing, wheat was sown broadcast among the 
 stumps with a rude harrow called a drag; it was scratched under the surface. 
 For many 'years the wheat when ripe was cut with a sickle; in some parts of the 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 ro4 
 
 State the grain-cradle was introduced as early as 1830, or perhaps earlier, and 
 this gradually superseded the older implement. After being cut, the wheat was 
 allowed to stand some days in shock, in order to dry before it was hauled to the 
 barn or stack. It was usually thrashed with the flail, though the more expe- 
 ditious method of treading out the grain by horses was sometimes employed. 
 After thrashing the wheat was separated from the chaff by throwing them up 
 before the wind ; or a fan, with a revolving frame, to which pieces of canvas were 
 attached, was used to raise the wind ; finally, the fanning-mill came into use some 
 (years before the horse-power thrashing-machine. We may now be thankful for 
 'more expeditious methods, for the United States census for 1880 reports the 
 Vheat crop of Ohio at 49,790,475 bushels; only the State of Illinois produced 
 more. 
 
 Grass . — In the spring, as early as April, or perhaps earlier, it was customary to 
 sow grass-seed and clover among the growing wheat. At the time of harvest 
 there was but little grass to be seen, but when no longer shaded it made rapid 
 growth, and a pasture or meadow was soon established. For many years the 
 grass crop was cut by the scythe, and tedded, or spread from the swath with a 
 fork. When dry, it was gathered together with a hand-rake, and hauled to the 
 barn or stack upon a cart drawn by oxen. Mowing with a scythe required skill 
 as well as strength, and hence to be a good mower was an object of ambition 
 among young farmers. It must nowadays appear strange to good old mowers, who 
 still remain among us, to see a half-grown boy or a sprightly girl jump upon a 
 mowing-machine, and with a pair of horses cut as much grass in an hour as the 
 best mower could aforetime cut in a whole day. 
 
 Com. — On land newly cleared and fenced early in May corn planting com- 
 menced. A bag to hold the seed-corn was suspended by tape or string around 
 the waist of the planter. The corn was usually planted dry, though sometimes 
 it was soaked to insure more speedy germination. The implement used in plant- 
 ing was a heavy, sharp hoe ; this would raise the rooty or leafy soil, and allow 
 the corn to be thrown under : what had been raised could then be pressed down 
 with the back of the hoe or with the foot ; or an old axe was used to make a hole, 
 into which the corn was dropped. When the corn was a few inches high the 
 w’eeds were cleared away wdth the hoe, and the soil stirred about the hill. On 
 lands that had been cleared a few years and the roots decayed, the plow, drawn 
 , by oxen, was used between the rows of growing corn, the oxen wearing baskets 
 on their muzzles to prevent them from cropping off the corn ; the cultivator had 
 not then made its appearance. The corn, when ripe, was husked standing, or it 
 was cut and shocked, and the husking left until the farmer had leisure. If one 
 became sick, and fell behind in his work, the neighbors would give him the benefit 
 of a husking-bee; ten or a dozen, or possibly twenty of them, would come to- 
 gether, and give a half-day’s, or perhaps a whole day’s work. Yellow dent or 
 gourd-seed corn was preferred for feeding, but in the northern part of the State 
 white- flint corn was raised for many years, because it found such ready market 
 at higher price with the Hudson’s Bay Fur Company, by whom it was hulled, 
 and supplied to their trappers. The corn crop of Ohio has largely increased 
 during the century. The United States census for 1880 reports the corn crop of 
 the State at 119,940,000, or within a fraction of one hundred and twenty millions 
 of bushels. 
 
 Farm Implements . — For many years after tillage commenced in Ohio the plow 
 with wooden mould-board was in use, the landside, share and point being of iron 
 and steel. The cast-iron plow of Jethro Wood appeared about 1820, but did not 
 immediately come into general use. The next improvement consisted in chill- 
 ing and hardening the cutting parts. Then plows of well-tempered steel came 
 into use, and finally the sulky plow, on which the plowman rides comfortably 
 while the work is done. Tlie pioneer harrow was made from the crotch of a tree. 
 It usually had four teeth on each side and one in front. This was called a drag. 
 It was a very convenient implement for covering grain among stumps and roots. 
 After a time the double Scotch harrow and then the Geddes Harrow came into 
 use. Finally the Acme was reached. The wheat drill for seeding had long been 
 used in other countries and was introduced into Ohio as soon as the stumps and 
 roots were out of the way. At the State Fair, held in Cleveland in 1852, grain 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 105 
 
 drills, corn planters, broadcast wheat sowers, corn shellers for horse and hand 
 power, corn and cob crushers and one and two-horse cultivators were on exhibi- 
 tion, The cultivator for use among corn and the revolving horse-rake were 
 patented in 1824, McCormick’s reaper in 1831 and Hussey’s mower in 1833. At 
 a State trial for reapers and mowers, held in Springfield in 1852, twelve different 
 reapers and mowers competed for the prize. Later came the reaper and binder, 
 the hay loader and stacker and the steam thrasher and cleaner. These imple- 
 ments have so changed the character of harvest work as to make it possible to 
 increase almost indefinitely the amount of cereals raised. Flax was at one time 
 an important crop in Ohio. It was sown, cleaned, pulled, rotted, broken, 
 swingled, hatcheled, spun and woven in the home and made into linen for the 
 household and into summer garments for men and boys. In 1869 Ohio })roduced 
 nearly 80,000,000 pounds of flax fibre and had ninety flax mills in operation. 
 In 1870 the tariff on gunny cloth grown in the East Indies was removed and as 
 a result every flax mill in Ohio was stopped and the amount of flax fibre reduced 
 in 1886 to less than 2,000,000 pounds. 
 
 Improvement of Stock . — In 1834 the Ohio Importing Company was organized in 
 Ross county by Mr. Felix Renick and others. Agents of this company visited 
 England and brought to Ohio many first-class Shorthorns. Previous to this Mr. 
 Patton had brought into the State the descendants of cattle of a previous importa- 
 tion made into Maryland. Since that time many importations have been made. 
 Devons, Shorthorns, Herefords, Ayreshires, Red Polled, Alderneys, Jerseys, 
 Guernseys, Polled Angus and Holsteins are now all seen at the State and County 
 Fairs. For a time in the early history of the State there existed a serious hin- 
 drance to the improvement of Ohio’s cattle in the prevalence of a Htal disease, 
 known as bloody murrain. Gradually this has become less and less troublesome, 
 until at the present time it is scarcely known. 
 
 Dairying . — For many years dairying in Ohio has been one of the leading in- 
 dustries. In the winter of 1851-2 the Ohio Dairymen’s Association was formed. 
 In 1861 the statistics of cheese production were first collected. In 1886 the 
 amount of factory cheese made in the State exceeded 16,500,000 pounds, and that 
 of farm dairies was nearly 3,000,000 pounds. The change in the style and pur- 
 pose of Ohio cattle will be observed. At first those were preferred that were best 
 adapted for labor, then those that were specially fitted for beef, and more recently 
 tnose which are best suited for the dairy. 
 
 Sheep had early been brought to this country and raised both for wool and 
 mutton. The first importation of Spanish Merinoes into the United States was 
 made by General Humphreys near the beginning of the present centur3^ Some 
 descendants of that importation were brought to Ohio by Mr. Atwood. Messrs. 
 Wells and Dickinson also brought valuable sheep to the State. Merinoes, 
 Saxons, Silesians, French Merinoes, and the long-wooled and mutton sheep of 
 England, Lincolns, Coteswolds and Leicesters, also Sussex, Ham])shire and 
 Shropshire Downs have all been exhibited at State Fairs. Sheep in Ohio were 
 more numerous a few years since, but the change made in the tariff upon for- 
 eign wools in 1883 has considerably reduced their number. 
 
 Swine . — A great change has been made in the swine of the State. At first the 
 hog that could make a good living upon what fell from the trees of the forest and 
 could most successfully escape from bears and wolves, in accordance with the 
 law of the “ survival of the fittest,” was the most likely to increase. Under the 
 influences tc which swine were subjected for the first quarter or half a century it 
 is not surprising that the common hog of Ohio was known as a “ rail splitter.” 
 Tn tlie latter part of the century Berkshires, Chester Whites, Irish Graziers, 
 Chinas, Neapolitans, Essexs and Suffolks have been introduced, until to-day what 
 is sometimes called the Butler county hog, or Poland China, may be said to com- 
 'bine the excellencies of all. 
 
 Horses, though less used than formerly for distant travel, are coming more and 
 more into use on the farm. In the early part of the century the only recognized 
 way of improving the quality of this serviceable animal was by the importation 
 and use of thoroughbred stallions. Such animals were introduced into nearly 
 every county of the State and many beautiful horses for light draft was the re- 
 sult. At State Fairs the classification has usually been : Thoroughbreds, Road' 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 to6 
 
 sters, of which class Morgans were a conspicuous example, General Purpose and 
 Draft Horses. This was thought more convenient than classification by breeds, 
 such as Clydesdale, Cleveland Bay, Norman, Percheron, etc., all of which, how- 
 ever, are seen at our fairs. 
 
 Fruit — From several quarters the fruits of Ohio have been improved. The 
 first settlers at Marietta had among their number men interested in fruit culture. 
 On the Western Reserve Dr. Kirtland early imported fine varieties of fruit from 
 New Jersey. The improvements he himself made in cherries were of still greater 
 importance. At Cincinnati Nicholas Longworth had established a vineyard upon 
 Bald Hill as early as 1833, and succeeded in introducing fine varieties of grapes. 
 Gradually it was seen that the climate of the southern shore of Lake Erie and 
 the adjacent islands was better adapted to grape culture than portions of the 
 State more inland. The important work accomplished for the improvement of 
 the fruit of the Northwest by the gentlemen named and by Dr. John A. Warder, 
 N. Ohmer, Geo. W. Campbell and their associates of the Ohio Bornological So- 
 ciety, which was organized in 1852, and of its legitimate successor, the State 
 Horticultural Society, since 1867 cannot be estimated. 
 
 Transportation . — For many years the principal means of communication be- 
 tween Ohio and the Eastern States was by pack-horses. As roads improved 
 Pennsylvania wagons, drawn by four or six heavy horses, were seen. Such was 
 the difficulty of travel that in 1806 Congress ordered the construction of a national 
 road from Cumberland Gap to the Ohio river, and from thence to the western 
 boundary of the State. This road was finished to the Ohio in 1825 and com- 
 pleted to the Indiana line in 1834. The first steamboat left Pittsburg for New 
 Orleans in 1811. An event which greatly affected the prosperity of the North- 
 western States was the opening of the Erie Canal through the State of New York 
 in 1825. In 1824 wdieat was sold in Ohio for thirty-five cents a bushel, and corn 
 for ten cents. Soon after the completion of the Erie Canal the prices of these 
 grains went up fifty per cent. In 1825 the Ohio Canal was begun and finished 
 in 1830. Railroads were begun in Ohio in 1835 and the first completed in 1848. 
 The influence of these improved facilities for transportation may be seen in the 
 fact that in 1838 sixteen pounds of butter were required for the purchase of one 
 pound of tea, now two pounds are adequate ; then four pounds of butter would 
 prepay one letter to the seaboard, now' the same amount would pay the postage 
 on forty letters. The price of farm produce advanced fifty per cent, on the com- 
 pletion of the canals. The railroads appear to have doubled the price of flour, 
 trebled the price of pork and quadrupled the price of corn. 
 
 Underdraining has for some years past occupied the attention of Ohio farmers, 
 but only for a few years has its importance become generally understood. It has, 
 however, been practiced to a limited extent for a long period. In the summer of 
 1830 the writer of this paper advised and superintended the construction of 
 drains upon the farm of a neighbor in Lorain county for the double purpose of 
 making useful a piece of very wet land and to collect spring water and make it 
 available for stock. A year later the writer, with similar objects in view, put in 
 a drain upon land which he now owns, and the drain then made is running well 
 at present. Horse-shoe tiles were at first made by hand, but before 1850 tile 
 machines had come into use. In consequence of clearing off the forests and the 
 surface drainage necessary for crops many of the smaller streams and springs 
 have ceased to flow in the summer months. This has compelled many farmers 
 to pump water from wells for the use of stock. Well water has an advantage 
 over surface water in its more uniform temperature. To make the w^ater of deep 
 wells available for stock, pumping by wind-mills has become very common since 
 about 1870, when the first self-adjusting wind-mill was exhibited at the Ohio 
 State Fair. 
 
 Soiling and Ensilage are among comparatively modern improvements. The ex- 
 tent of the dairy interest in Ohio and the necessity of obtaining milk at 
 all seasons to supply the needs of an increasing population had led to the prac- 
 tice of cutting succulent green crops to feed to animals in their stalls when the 
 pasture is insufficient. Growing rye, oats, peas and vetches, clover, lucern, 
 young corn, Hungarian and other millets have been employed. To secure more 
 juicy fodder in winter a method of preserving these and other green crops has 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURF IN OHIO, loy 
 
 been adopted, numerous silos have been built and many dairymen are enthusi- 
 astic in regard to the value of ensilage. 
 
 Animal Diseases. — One of the great improvements made in Ohio agriculture is 
 due to the efforts of a number of well-educated veterinarians and the consequent 
 better knowledge and treatment of animal diseases. It is doubtless true that a 
 still larger supply of intelligent veterinarians is desirable and that a better 
 knowledge of the nature and causes of disease by stock-owners is requisite, inas- 
 much as this is essential to securing the proper sanitary management of stock. 
 Although in the past the State has been backward in this particular, there is 
 reason to expect more rapid advance in the future. 
 
 Agricultural Papers. — Among the agencies which have contributed to the prog- 
 ress of agriculture in Ohio it is but just to place agricultural periodicals in the 
 foremost rank. The first of these known to the writer was the Western Tiller^ 
 published in Cincinnati in 1826; The FarmePs Review^ also in Cincinnati, 1831 ; 
 The Ohio Farmer^ by S. Medary, at Batavia in 1833 ; The Ohio Cultivator., by M. B. 
 Batcham, in Columbus in 1845; Western Farmer and Gardener, Cincinnati, 1840; 
 Western Horticultural Review, at Cincinnati, by Dr. John A. Warder ; The Ohio 
 Farmer., at Cleveland ; Farm and Fireside, at Springfield ; Farmer's Home, at Day- 
 ton ; American Grange Bidletin, at Cincinnati. 
 
 County and State Societies. — As early as 1828 County Agricultural Societies were 
 organized in a few counties of the State. These societies doubtless did good if 
 only by getting men awake to see the dawn approaching. In 1846 the General 
 Assembly passed a law for the encouragement of agriculture, which provided for 
 tlie establishment of a State Board of Agriculture and made it the duty of the 
 Board to report annually to the Legislature a detailed account of their proceed- 
 ings, with a statement of the condition and needs of the agriculture of the State. 
 It was also made the duty of the Board to hold an agricultural convention annually 
 in Columbus, at which all the counties of the State were to be represented. This 
 act and one of the next year provided for a permanent agricultural fund and gave 
 a great stimulus to the formation of County Agricultural Societies. Since that 
 time scarcely a county in the State has been without such an organization. In 
 1846 the Board met and organized by the choice of a President and Secretary 
 and subsequently made their first report. 
 
 The First State Fair was held at Cincinnati on the 11th, 12th, 13th of September, 
 At this fair Shorthorn and Hereford cattle were exhibited, and Leicester, 
 South Down, Merino and Saxon sheep. Although the first State Fair was very 
 different from the fairs of later date, it nevertheless made it easy to see something 
 of the educational value of such exhibitions. Among other valuable labors 
 inaugurated by the Board were many important investigations. Competent com- 
 mittees were appointed to examine and report to the Board upon such subjects 
 as Texas Fever, Hog Cholera, Potato Rot, Hessian Fly, Wheat Midge and a mul- 
 titude of others equally interesting. Essays upon almost every agricultural topic 
 were secured. Any person who has preserved a complete set of the Agricultural 
 Reports will find in them a comprehensive and valuable cyclopedia of information. 
 In these annual reports were directions for the profitable nfanagement of county 
 societies and also of farmers’ clubs. Such instruction has saved many organiza- 
 tions from the more tedious process of learning only by experience. Several 
 State associations, each devoted to some special interest, have heartily co-operated 
 with the State Board and held their annual meetings near the time of the Agri- 
 cultural Convention for the mutual convenience of their members. Such are the 
 State Horticultural Society, the Wool-Growers and Dairymen’s Associations, 
 various associations of Cattle-men, Swine Breeders, Bee Keepers, Tile Makers, 
 Forestry Bureau, etc., each representing a special field, but working together for 
 the general good. 
 
 Ohio Agricultural College. — Scarcely any subject has excited more interest in 
 Ohio than that of agricultural education. Mr. Allen Trimble, first President of 
 the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, in his Annual Report to the General Assembly 
 in 1848, recommended the immediate establishment of an Agricultural College 
 in Ohio, in which young farmers should obtain not only a literary and scientific 
 but an agricultural education thoroughly practical. In 1854 the Ohio Agricultural 
 College was established. James H. Fairchild, James Dascomb, John S. Newberry 
 
io8 
 
 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 and N. S. Townshend arranged to give annually at Oberlin winter courses of lec- 
 tures to young farmers upon branches of science most intimately related to agri- 
 culture, wz., geology, chemistry, botany, comparative anatomy, physiology, me- 
 chanics, book-keeping and meteorology, etc. These lectures were given for 
 three winters in succession, twice at Oberlin and once at Cleveland. An effort 
 was then made to interest the Ohio State Board of Agriculture and the General 
 Assembly in the enterprise. The State Board appointed a committee of their 
 number upon the subject; this committee made a favorable report, and the Board 
 then asked the Legislature for a sum sufficient to pay the expenses of the college 
 at Cleveland and make its instruction free to all. This request was not granted, 
 and soon after the first Ohio Agricultural College W'as closed. 
 
 Farmers’ College. — Pleasant Hill Academy was opened by Freeman G. Cary in 
 1833 and prospered for a dozen years or more. Mr. Cary then proposed to change 
 the name of the academy to Farmers’ College and to adapt the course of study 
 specially to the education of young farmers. A fund was raised by the sale of 
 shares, a suitable farm was purchased, commodious buildings erected and a large 
 attendance of pupils secured. Mr. Trimble, in his second report to the General 
 Assembly, as President of the State Board of Agriculture, refers to Farmers’ 
 College and expresses the hope that the example found in this institution will be 
 followed in other parts of the State. In his third annual report Mr. Trimble 
 corrects the statements made in the former report in regard to Farmers’ College; 
 he had learned that the agricultural department contemplated was not yet estab- 
 lislied. In September, 1856, that department, under three appropriate professor- 
 ships, went into operation. Mr. Cary had earnestly endeavored to impress upon 
 the farmers of Ohio the necessity of special agricultural education, and had made 
 great efforts to supply the need. The Ohio Agricultural College had opened at 
 Oberlin in 1854 and therefore has an earlier date. 
 
 Land Grant and Ohio State University. — In 1862 Congress passed an act donating 
 lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for instruc- 
 tion in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Ohio State Board of Agriculture 
 promptly sought to secure for the State of Ohio the benefits of the donation. 
 Notwithstanding the efforts of the Board and many other citizens the Ohio 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College was not put in operation until September, 
 1873. In 1870 the law was passed to establish such a college, a Board of Trustees 
 was appointed, a farm purchased, buildings erected, a faculty chosen aud the 
 following departments established : 
 
 1. Agriculture. 
 
 2. Mechanic Arts. 
 
 3. Mathematics and Physics. 
 
 4. General and Applied Chemistry. 
 
 5. Geology, Mining and Metallurgy. 
 
 6. Zoology and Veterinary Science. 
 
 7. Botany, Vegetable Physiology and Horticulture. 
 
 8. English Language and Literature. 
 
 9. Modern and Ancient Languages. 
 
 10. Political Economy and Civil Polity. 
 
 In May, 1878, the General Assembly changed the name of the Ohio Agricult- 
 ural and Mechanical College to Ohio State University, probably thinking that the 
 latter name better expressed the character of an institution having so many 
 departments. The University has been in successful operation for fifteen years. 
 Its first class of six graduated in 1878; the class which graduated in 1886 num- 
 bered twenty-five. The teaching force and means for practical illustration are 
 steadil}^ increasing. New departments have been added — Civil, Mechanical and 
 Mining Engineering, Agricultural Chemistry, Veterinary ^ledicine and Surgery, 
 Pharmacy, etc. Two courses of study have been arranged for young farmers : 
 the first occupies four years and secures a degree ; the second, or short agricultural 
 course, is completed in two years. 
 
 A Geological Survey of Ohio was ordered by the General Assembly in 1836 and 
 some preliminary surveys were made and reports published. The Legislature of 
 1838 failed to make an appropriation for the continuance of the work. In March, 
 1869, a law was passed providing for a complete geological, agricultural and 
 
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 
 
 lo^ 
 
 mineralogical survey of each and every county of the State. In pursuance of 
 this law surveys have been made. Six volumes of reports, in addition to two 
 volumes specially devoted to Paleontology, have already been published. These 
 reports have been of great service and have given great satisfaction. 
 
 The Grange, or Order of Patrons of Husbandry, from its beginning had a most 
 happy influence upon the families which have enjoyed its benefits. It has dem- 
 onstrated to farmers the good results of organization and co-operation. A long 
 way in advance of many other associations, the Grange admits women to equal 
 membership and promotes the best interests of families by enlisting fathers, 
 mothers and children in the same pursuits and enjoyments. The Ohio State 
 Grange was organized in 1872. The National Grange, which was in existence 
 some five or six years earlier, declares its purpose to be : “ To develop a better and 
 higher manhood and womanhood among ourselves, to enhance the comforts and 
 attractions of our homes and strengthen our attachments to our pursuits, to 
 foster mutual understanding and co-operation, to maintain inviolate our laws, 
 and to emulate each other in labor to hasten the good time coming,” etc. 
 
 Institutes . — In the winter of 1880 and 1881 Farmers’ Institutes were held in some 
 twenty-five or more different counties of the State. Every succeeding year the 
 number of institutes and the interest in them has increased. Each institute 
 usually continues for two days. The time is occupied by addresses and papers 
 on topics related to agriculture and with questions and discussions upon subjects 
 of special interest. The institutes were generally held under the management 
 of the County Agricultural Societies. The Ohio State Board of Agriculture and 
 the Ohio State University shared the labor when desired to do so. The effect of 
 these meetings of farmers has been highly beneficial in very many respects. 
 
 The Ohio Experiment Station was established by tlie Legislature in April, 1882, 
 and placed in charge of a Board of Control. The first annual report was made 
 by the Director, W. R. Lazenby, in December of the same year. Since that time 
 successive annual reports and occasional bulletins have been published and dis- 
 tributed. The investigations reported relate to grain-raising, stock-farming, dairy 
 husbandry, fruit and vegetable culture and forestry. Appropriations made by 
 the State were limited and the work of the station was to the same extent 
 restricted. In March, 1887, Congress made liberal appropriations for experiment 
 stations, which, however, were not available until March, 1888. The congressional 
 allowance puts new life into the work and inspires the hope that a period of rapid 
 progress has been inaugurated. The Ohio Experiment Station is located upon 
 the farm of the Ohio State University. This close association, it is believed, will 
 prove beneficial to both institutions. 
 
THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO, 
 
 By ANDREW ROY, Late State Inspector of Mines. 
 
 Andrew Roy was born in Lanarkshire, 
 
 Scotland, in 1834. He attended school until 
 he was eight years of age and then went to 
 work in the coal mines. When he was sixteen 
 his father and family moved to America and 
 settled in the coal regions of Maryland. Young 
 Roy remained with his parents a few years and 
 then went west, working in the mines of a num- 
 ber of Western States. In 1860, together with 
 a friend, he was digging coal in Arkansas. 
 
 The booming of the rebel cannon before Fort 
 Sumter shook the woods of that half-savage 
 State. Roy saw the gathering clouds of civil 
 war and did not hesitate a moment. He threw 
 down his tools, hastened east and joined a 
 Pennsylvania comfiany of volunteers. He 
 served under McClellan in the bloody battles 
 before Richmond, was shot through the body at 
 Gaines’ Hill and was left as dead by theVetreat- 
 ing Federals. The rebels, however, found him 
 yet alive and sent him back to Libby Prison. 
 
 In a few months he was paroled, returned 
 home, had a surgical operation performed on 
 his wound and recovered. He married Janet 
 Watson in 1864, and a few years later moved to 
 Ohio. After the dreadful Avondale disaster 
 Mr. Roy was sent by the miners to Columbus 
 to urge upon the legislature the necessity of 
 mining laws for Ohio. Governor Hayes ap- 
 pointed him to serve with two others on a com- 
 mission to investigate the condition of the 
 mines and report the same to the legislature. 
 
 The result of the report was the passage of mining laws. Governor Allen appointed Roy mine inspec- 
 tor for four years, and Governor Foster did the same. In 1884 Mr. Roy retired from the office, enjoy- 
 ing the respect of the miners of the State. During the time he held the inspector’s office he gained 
 a considerable reputation as a geologist. His efforts on behalf of the miners were unceasing, and he 
 has been called the father of mining laws in Ohio. He is the author of several books on coal-mining 
 and frequently contributes articles to the noted mining journals of the country. At present (1888) he 
 resides at Glen Roy, a mining village in Jackson county, Ohio. 
 
 The Ohio coal-field is part of the great Appalachian coal-belt which extends 
 from Pennsylvania to Georgia and which runs through portions of nine different 
 States, namely : Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, 
 Ohio, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia. The State of Ohio contains about 12,000 
 square miles of coal-producing strata, the line of outcrop extending through the 
 counties of Trumbull, Geauga, Portage, Summit, Medina, Wayne, Holmes, Co- 
 shocton, Licking, Perry, Hocking, Vinton, Jackson, and Scioto. Outliers of coal 
 strata are found in several counties west and north of this line, but they contain 
 little coal of any value. 
 
 The coal measures of the State, as well as all the rocks of the geological scale, 
 dip to the east at an average rate of twenty feet to the mile. Hence the eastern 
 margin of the coal strata in the high laiid bordering the Ohio river in the counties 
 of Belmont, Monroe, Washington and Meigs, attains a thickness of l,4Gi7 lo 1,600 
 feet. 
 
 These strata are separated into three divisions by our geologists and are known 
 as the “ lower measures,” the “ barren measures,” and the “ upper measures.” 
 The lower measures are about 550 feet thick, the barren measures 450 to 600 feet 
 thick, and the upper measures about 600 feet thick. 
 
 In the lower measures there are twelve, to fourteen different beds of coal which, 
 
 (no) 
 
 ANDREW ROY. 
 
THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OR 0*{r^ ,,, 
 
 in some portions of the coal-field, rise to minable height, and also many thm veinft 
 of no immediate commercial value. Besides the workable beds of coal th^Tp 
 are numerous seams of iron ore, fire-clay, limestone, building stone of great 
 extent and value. 
 
 In the barren measures there are no seams of coal of minable height that are 
 worked, and but one seam that may be regarded as a workable vein. 
 
 The upper measures hold nine different beds which rise to three feet and 
 upward, the thickest, most extensive, and by far the most valuable of the series 
 being the lower bed of the series known as the Pittsburg vein. 
 
 In the lower measures the lowest coal, known as No. I in Dr. Newberry’s 
 nomenclature, is extensively mined in the counties of Jackson, Stark, Summit, 
 Mahoning and Trumbull. In the two last-named counties this coal is now well- 
 nigh exhausted. It is known in market as the Briar-Hill coal, and enjoys a wide 
 reputation as one of the best dry-burning or furnace coals in the United States. 
 
 The vein, as mined, ranges from two to five feet in thickness, and is met in 
 troughs or basins which are separated from each other by extensive intervals of 
 barren ground. Hence, while the greater portions of the townships of Brookfield, 
 Vienna, Liberty and Hubbard, in Trumbull county, and nearly all of the town- 
 ships of Mahoning county, in the Mahoning valley, are underlaid with coal- 
 bearing strata, not one acre in fifty holds the coal where it is due. Similar con- 
 ditions exist in Stark and other counties in the Tuscarawas valley as well as in 
 Jackson county. 
 
 The sw^amps or basins in which this coal reposes are long, narrow and serpen- 
 tine, and seem to have been formed by erosive agencies before the coal flora grew. 
 The rocks underlying the coal are spread out in level sheets with the normal dip 
 to the, east, while the coal itself pitches and waves sometimes at an angle of 
 twenty-five degrees. It grows gradually thinner as it rises out of the swamp 
 until, on the edge of the basin, it disappears as a feather-edge. 
 
 The other beds of the lower measures which are in most active development 
 are the Wellston coal of Jackson county and the Nelsonville or great-vein coal 
 of the Hocking valley. 
 
 The Wellston coal lies about 100 feet above the lower, or coal No. 1, and is a 
 seam of great purity and value. It is three to four feet thick, a homogeneous 
 mass, of an open burning character, and is used for smelting iron in a raw state 
 in the blast furnaces of Jackson county. The greater portion of the output of 
 the mines, however, is shipped west and north to the vast coalless regions, and is 
 used for household purposes and for generating steam. 
 
 The Nelsonville or great-vein coal is more extensively mined than any seam 
 of the series. It is the thickest coal in the State, rising at niany places in the 
 Hocking valley to ten feet or more, and in the great majority of the mines of the 
 Hocking region the coal is never less than five and a half feet thick. The bed is 
 met in three divisions, known as the lower bench, the middle bench, and the 
 upper bench, these benches being separated by two bands of shale. The lower 
 bench is about twenty-two inches thick, the middle bench about two feet thick, 
 and the upper bench from two feet to six feet, according to the height of vein. 
 Where the seam rises to nine, ten and eleven feet, the unusual height is due to 
 the union of two seams, a rider of the main seam, two to three feet thick, coming 
 down upon the main seam. 
 
 There are a dozen districts in the State in which coal is extensively worked from 
 some one or other of the lower beds of the State series. These are the Mahoning 
 valley region, the Tuscaraw^as valley region, the Salineville region, the Coshocton 
 region, the Dell Roy or Sherrodsville region, the Cambridge region, the Jackson 
 region, the Ironton region, the Nelsonville or Hocking valley region, the Steu* 
 benville region, the Zanesville region, and the Dennison region. 
 
 Only one seam is extensively mined in the upper measures: the Pittsburg 
 seam, which is the coal worked at and around Bellaire and at and near Pomeroy, 
 both regions being on the Ohio river. On Wheeling creek, a few miles east of 
 Bellaire, as well as at several points along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio 
 railroad, the Pittsburg vein is also quite extensively worked, but these districts 
 may properly be included in the Bellaire region. The coal is opened by drifts, 
 shafts, and slopes, according to the prevailing conditions of a district Where 
 
THt. MNAS AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. 
 
 the vein is level free it is won by drift mining; but where it lies Under cover at 
 all points it is reached by shafts or slopes. Slopes are not suited to mine coal at 
 depths exceeding 100 feet, and shaft mining is the favorite method. 
 
 None of the shaft mines of the State exceed 300 feet of perpendicular depth, and 
 the majority of shaft mines are less than 125 feet deep. An opinion prevails 
 among mining geologists that the lower coals, which are due on the Ohio river 
 at Bellaire and Pomeroy 1,000 feet below the surface, do not exist there, and such 
 practical facts as we have on hand — the result of boring for salt, oil, and gas — ^ 
 seem to encourage that view. There are extensive wastes or areas of barren 
 ground in all the regions of the State, and it is never safe to count with absolute 
 certainty on the presence of a seam of coal at any point of the coal-field until it 
 has been found by prospecting on the hillside or struck by the driller’s chisel in 
 boring. These barren areas are due to a number of causes, such as water-spaces 
 in the old coal-marsh, water-currents flowing over the coal vegetation while the 
 peat bogs of the carboniferous age were undergoing decomposition, and mineral- 
 ization, etc., etc. The seams are also liable to thicken up and to dwarf down to 
 a mere trace, when followed from one county to another. 
 
 There are several varieties of coal in the Ohio coal-field, such as open-burning, 
 or furnace coal, cementing or coking coal, and cannel coal. The first of these 
 varieties is often used as it comes from the mine for smelting iron ; while the 
 cementing variety has to be converted into coke before it is fitted for the manu- 
 facture of iron, for it melts and runs together in the act of combustion, forming a 
 hollow fire, and hanging in the furnace. Cannel coal is smooth and hard, and 
 breaks with a conchoidal fracture. This variety contains more gas than the 
 ordinary free-burning and coking kinds. It burns with a bright flame, 'and the 
 gas manufactured from it possesses high illuminating power. Cannel frequently 
 changes to the ordinary bituminous variety, and vice versa. 
 
 The development of the coal trade of the State has been very remarkable. 
 Some of the pioneer miners still survive. Mr. Henry Newberry, father of Dr. 
 John S. Newberry, the eminent geologist, was one of the pioneer miners of 
 Eastern Ohio, and made the first shipments to Cleveland in the year 1828, for the 
 purpose of supplying the lake steamboats. A few years ago the writer, in pub- 
 lishing this fact in his annual report as State Inspector of Mines, received the 
 following letter from H. V. Bronson, of Peninsula, who took the first boat-load to 
 Cleveland : 
 
 “Peninsula, Summit County, Ohio, April 8, 1878. 
 
 “Andrew Boy, Esq. : 
 
 “NA.* Not long since I saw in the papers that in your annual report as State Inspector of 
 Mines you stated that the first coal shipped to Cleveland was in the year 1828, and by the late 
 Mr. Henry Newberfy, of Cuyahoga Falls, father of Prof. Newberry, of Cleveland. I took 
 that coal to Cleveland for Mr. Newberry, it being fifty years ago since it was done. I was 
 then in the seventeenth year of my age, and have resided in this place ever since 1824. There 
 were three of us boys on the boat. One of them was about a year my junior, and now resides 
 in one of the townships of Cuyahoga county, and became a successful inventor and business 
 man. The other was then in his twelfth year, and is now a lawyer, with a lucrative practice, 
 in a beautiful growing city in an adjoining State. On the first of January last I made a New 
 Year’s call on Prof Newberry at his home in Cleveland. A few years ago I presented Prof. 
 Newberry with a lump of the coal taken from one of the boat-loads of that coal. As this 
 whole transaction is somewhat remarkable, I have taken the liberty to write you about it, 
 especially as we three boatmen are natives of Cuyahoga county. 
 
 “Very respectfully, 
 
 “H. V. Bronson.” 
 
 The late President Garfield was a canal boatman from the mines of Governor 
 David Tod, of Briar Hill, near Youngstown, to Cleveland, when he was a boy 
 of fifteen years of age; and an accident which occurred to Garfield while on 
 a canal-boat, by which he was nearly drowned, determined in some degree 
 his future career. He fell into the canal and could not swim, and was saved, as 
 he believed, by providential interference. He resolved to become a scholar, 
 believing that God had destined him for some great purpose in life. 
 
 The mines of the Mahoning valley region were first opened by Governor David 
 Tod, in the year 1845, at Briar Hill, and such was the superior quality of the 
 coal that the coal of the Mahoning and Shenango valley was ever after known 
 
>,r*»A XJiVES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. rrt 
 
 :n knarket as Briar Hill coal. At Mineral Ridge, a few miles from Briar Hill, 
 the coal-seam is split in two, the intercalated material consisting of a seam of 
 black band iron ore, from four to fourteen inches in thickness. This ore is mined 
 in connection with the coal, and is used in the blast-furnaces of the region with 
 the hematite ores of the Lake Superior region, producing a very superior grade 
 of iron, known in market as American Scotch pig. 
 
 The seams of coal and iron ore of the Hocking valley region were noted by the 
 first white men who visited this country. A map of the Western country now in 
 the possession of Judge P. H. Ewing, of Lancaster, Fairfield county, published! 
 in the year 1788, notes a number of sections of coal and iron-ore beds. 
 
 The development of the great coal region of the Hocking valley was due to the 
 construction of the Hocking valley branch of the Ohio canal. Among the 
 pioneer mine operators of this region was the elder Thomas Ewing, afterwards 
 United States Senator from Ohio, and a member of President Lincoln’s cabinet. 
 His mines were located at Chauncy, at Nelsonville. The best market for coal at 
 that time was the old Neil House, in Columbus. Thomas Ewing, and his asso- 
 ciates in business, Samuel F. Vinton, Nicholas Biddle, and Elihu Chauncy, also 
 mined salt in the Hocking valley, the first salt-well of the region being sunk in 
 the year 1831 by Resolved Fuller, the water yielding ten per cent, of salt. 
 
 The Ohio and Mississippi rivers are the greatest and cheapest coal carriers in 
 the world, and the vast coal-trade development of these famous streams dates back 
 fifty years. The cost of shipping coal from Pittsburg to Louisville is only one 
 and three-quarter cents per bushel, or forty-three and three-quarter cents per ton, 
 the distance being upward of 600 miles. From Louisville to New Orleans, a dis- 
 tance of 1,400 miles, the freight on coal is two cents per bushel, or fifty cents per 
 ton, and this includes the return of the empty barges. The lowest freights 
 charged by railroads is one cent per mile. 
 
 In the year 1818 a merchant of Cincinnati made an estimate for. the benefit of 
 Samuel Wyllis Pomeroy, who owned the coal-lands on which the mines of 
 Pomeroy are now opened, of the amount of coal then used on the Ohio river 
 between Pomeroy and the falls of the Ohio. 
 
 “ I am able,” wrote the merchant to Mr. Pomeroy, “ to communicate the follow- 
 ing information: 
 
 Cincinnati steam-mill consumes annually, 
 
 12,000 bushels. 
 
 “ iron-foundry “ “ 
 
 20,000 
 
 (( 
 
 “ Manufacturing Co. “ 
 
 5,000 
 
 u 
 
 “ Sugar Manufacturing Co. “ 
 
 2,000 
 
 u 
 
 Steam Saw-mill Co. “ 
 
 5,000 
 
 (i 
 
 In Maysville, used or sold. 
 
 30,000 
 
 u 
 
 “ Louisville, “ “ “ 
 
 30,000 
 
 
 “ Dean steam-mill, 100 miles below Cincinnati, 
 
 12,000 
 
 <( 
 
 Total, 
 
 116,000 
 
 (( 
 
 One of the noted pioneer miners of the Ohio river is Jacob Heatherington of 
 Bellaire. Mr. Heatherington is a practical miner of English birth who came to 
 Bellaire more than half a century ago. He purchased a mule which was named 
 Jack, and leased three acres of coal-land fronting the Ohio river. Jack did ser- 
 vice as a mining mule for thirty years, during which time Mr. Heatherington 
 prospered in business. When the faithful mule was no longer able to work his 
 master turned him out to pasture and with great solicitude watched over his de« 
 dining years. When poor Jack fell and was too old and infirm to rise he was 
 gently raised to his feet by loving hands, and when death came at last the faith- 
 ful animal was buried with great ceremonies. Mr. Heatherington lives in a fine 
 mansion on the Ohio river, and upon the keystone of the arch over the hall dooi 
 has been carved the head of the faithful mule. 
 
 While Governor David Tod was the pioneer miner of the Mahoning valley, the 
 great coal king of that region is Chauncey Andrews. The lucrative nature of the 
 coal business of the Mahoning valley owing to the superior quality of the coal 
 and its proximity to Lake Erie attracted tlie attention of Mr. Andrews. As the 
 
/ 
 
 tT4 THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. 
 
 coal is at all points in this region below water level and is found in basins or pots 
 of limited area it has to be located by boring. Mr. Andrews was unsuccessful for 
 several years, spending many thousand dollars and bringing himself to the verge 
 of financial ruin. But he continued prospecting until success rewarded his per^ 
 severing efforts, and he is now one of the greatest coal miners in the State, being 
 owner besides of blast furnaces, rolling-mills and railroads which he has built by 
 his determined perseverance and business successes. The extraordinary prosperity 
 of Youngstown is due to Chauncey Andrews more than to all other causes com- 
 bined. 
 
 The space allotted to this article is too brief to include a sketch of the develop- 
 ment of the coal trade, and of the men who were the pioneer miners of the State. 
 Such a sketch, however, could not fail to be of great interest to the people of 
 Ohio, for coal is the power upon which the future wealth and prosperity of the 
 people will largely depend. 
 
 The manner of mining is the same in every mining district. Where the coai 
 is level free it is follow’ed into the hill sides, and the workings are opened up by 
 driving galleries eight feet wide on the face slips of the coal, which run in a 
 northerly direction. At intervals of 150 to 200 yards branch galleries are opened 
 of the same width as the main ones, and the rooms or chambers from which the 
 coal is chiefly mined are opened out from the side or branch entries. The rooms 
 are driven forward eight to ten yards wide for eighty to one hundred yards, 
 pillars or columns of coal being left between the rooms for the support of the 
 superincumbent strata. 
 
 Where the coal is won by shaft mining the same system of working out the 
 coal obtains as where the seam is level free, but larger columns of coal are left 
 to keep in place the overlying rocks in deep shafts than in shallow ones or in 
 drifts or level free openings. Some seams of coal are more tender than others 
 and larger pillars are required in consequence. Such seams of soft coal are less 
 able to resist the overlying pressure than those of a firm and compact character. 
 Asa general rule mining operators aim to take out about 66 per cent, of coal in 
 working forward, and after the workings have, been advanced to the boundary of 
 the plant the pillar coal is attacked in the far end of the excavation, and as much 
 of the pillar coal mined as can be recovered. When an area of several acres has 
 been all worked away the roof falls to the floor, and while the rocks are breaKing 
 the whole of the overlying strata appears to be giving way, but the miners con- 
 tinue at their posts until the crash finally occurs, when they retreat undismayed 
 under the protection of the unmined pillars. The pillars bordering the last fall 
 are next attacked and worked out until another crash comes on, and this method 
 is repeated until the workmen reach the bottom of the shaft or the mouth of the 
 drift. If the seam of coal is five or six feet thick and the overlying strata not more 
 than 150 to 200 feet, great chasms are frequently made on the surface of the earth 
 directly over the places where the coal has been mined out. Houses and parts 
 of villages are sometimes involved in the subsidence. 
 
 A system of working coal prevails in some of the mining regions of Illinois and 
 Kansas, of working all the coal out as the miners advance with the excavations. 
 This plan is known as the long wall systemj^and is only practiced in seams of 
 four feet or less in thickness. Where bands of shale or fire clay are met fn the 
 coal and have to be sorted out and thrown aside in the mine, they are an advan- 
 tage in long wall working, as they assist in the construction of the pack walls, 
 which require to be built where the miners are at work. WTiile long wall min- 
 ing has many warm advocates among practical miners in Ohio this system has 
 never obtained a permanent foothold in the State. Several of our coal seams are 
 well adapted to long wall working. 
 
 In excavating the coal a groove or undercut is made in the bottom of the bed 
 three to six feet in depth, along the width of the room. A hole is then bored in 
 the coal with a drill having a bit about two inches wide. A charge of poivder is 
 inserted in the hole proportioned to the necessity of the case, when the powder 
 is tightly tamped and the blast set off. The miner generally loads all the coal in 
 the car as he breaks it down in his room, and after it is raised to the surface it is 
 formed into lump, nut and slack as it passes over the screens into the railroad 
 cars at the pit mouth, the lump coal falling into one car, the nut coal into anothei 
 
THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. iti ; 
 
 and the slack into still another, and thus assorted the various grades are shipped 
 to market. 
 
 The capacity or output of the mines of the State varies greatly. Thick coals are 
 capable of a greater daily output than thin seams, and as a general rule drift 
 mines possess greater advantages for loading coal rapidly than shaft openings. 
 In many of the mines of the great vein region of the Hocking valley the capacity 
 is equal to 1,200 to 1,500 tons per day. In shaft mines 600 to 700 tons daily is 
 regarded as a good output. 
 
 The first ton of coal in a shaft mine 100 feet in depth and having a daily 
 capacity of 600 tons frequently costs the mining adventurer upwards of $20,000, 
 £fnd cases are on record where owing to the extraordinary amount of water in 
 sinking, $100,000 have been expended before coal was reached. Drift mines, as 
 they require no machinery for pumping water and raising coal, cost less than 
 half the amount required in shaft mining. 
 
 Water is, however, an expensive item in drift mines opened on the dip of the 
 coal, and underground hauling under such conditions is unusually costly, par- 
 ticularly if horses or mules are used. Many mining companies use machinery 
 instead of horse-power, and this is always true economy. 
 
 Two plans obtain where machinery is used, namely, by small mine locomotives 
 and by wire ropes operated by a stationary engine located outside or at the bottom 
 of the mine. Locomotives are objectionable owing to the smoke they make, 
 though under the management of a skilled mining engineer who is master of the 
 art of mine ventilation, the smoke from a mine locomotive can be made quite 
 harmless. 
 
 Three gases are met in coal mines which make ventilation a paramount con- 
 sideration. ' These gases are known among miners as fire damp, black damp and 
 white damp. Fire damp is the light carburetted hydrogen of chemistry, and 
 when mixed with certain proportions of atmospheric air explodes with great 
 force and violence, producing the most dreadful consequences. Black damp is 
 carbonic acid, and white damp is carbonic oxide gas^ They are formed by 
 blasting, by the breathing of men and animals, and they escape from the coal 
 and its associate strata. Fire damp is seldom met in alarming quantities in drift 
 or shallow shaft mines, and as our mines in Ohio are all less than three hundred 
 feet below the surface, few explosions of a very destructive nature have yet 
 occurred in the State. Black damp is the chief annoyance in Ohio mines. 
 
 There is an excitement in coal mining as there is in ever}^ branch of mining 
 the useful and precious metals. Few men who go into the coal business ever turn 
 their backs upon it afterwards. And, indeed, there are few failures in coal min- 
 ing enterprises, while nearly every adventurer grows rich in time. 
 
 Until the year 1874 there was no attempt made to collect the statistics of the 
 coal production of the State. In that year the General Assembly created the 
 office of State Inspector of Mines, and the inspector published in his annual re- 
 ports from the best data obtainable a statement of the aggregate annual output, 
 beginning with the year 1872. For several years after the enactment of the law 
 creating the Department of Mines operators were unwilling to furnish the mine 
 inspector with a statement of the output, and as the law did not require this to 
 be done, the statistics were generally estimates based on the returns made to the 
 mine inspector by such companies as chose to report the product of their mines. 
 In 1884, however, the law was so amended as to require all the mining firms in the 
 State to report the product of coal, iron ore and limestone, and the annual output 
 of these minerals is now more accurate and valuable than formerly. 
 
 Annual Coal Production of Ohio from 1872 to 1886 . 
 
 Years. Tons. Years. Tons. 
 
 1872 5 , 315,294 1880 . . ... . . 7 , 000,000 
 
 1873 4 , 550,028 1881 . . . . ... 8 , 225,000 
 
 1874 3 , 267,585 1882 9 , 450,000 
 
 1875 4 , 864,259 1883 . ....... 8 , 229,429 
 
 1876 3 , 500,000 1884 7 , 650,062 
 
 1877 5 , 250,000 1885 7 , 816,179 
 
 1878 5 , 500,000 1886 8 , 435,211 
 
 1879 6 , 000,000 1887 ... 10 , 301,708 
 
iTf THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF 
 
 Coal Production by Counties for 1885 and 1886. 
 
 WIO. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Tonnage for 1886. 
 
 Total |l886. 
 
 1 
 
 Total 1885. 
 
 Lump. 
 
 Nut. 
 
 Perry 
 
 1,346,131 
 
 261,535 
 
 1,607,666 
 
 1,259,592 
 
 Athens 
 
 766,411 
 
 132,635 
 
 89$,046 
 
 823,139 
 
 Jackson 
 
 717,516 
 
 139,224 
 
 856,740 
 
 791,608 
 
 Hocking 
 
 637,224 
 
 104,347 
 
 741,571 
 
 656,441 
 
 Stark 
 
 519,992 
 
 73,430 
 
 593,422 
 
 391,418 
 
 Belmont 
 
 462,252 
 
 111,527 
 
 573,779 
 
 744,446 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 349,503 
 
 84,297 
 
 433,800 
 
 297,267 
 
 Columbiana 
 
 268,465 
 
 67,598 
 
 336,063 
 
 462,733 
 
 Mahoning 
 
 251,515 
 
 61,525 
 
 313,040 
 
 275,944 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 242,051 
 
 33,615 
 
 275,666 
 
 271,329 
 
 Tuscarawas 
 
 212,362 
 
 55,304 
 
 267,666 
 
 • 285,545 
 
 Medina 
 
 223,747 
 
 28,664 
 
 252,411 
 
 152,721 
 
 Carroll 
 
 184,095 
 
 32,535 
 
 216,630. 
 
 150,695 
 
 Meigs 
 
 165,627 
 
 26,636 
 
 192,263 
 
 234,765 
 
 Trumbull 
 
 162,331 
 
 26,200 
 
 188,531 
 
 264,517 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 139,173 
 
 27,760 
 
 166,933 , 
 
 145,916 
 
 Wayne 
 
 99,174 
 
 9,883 
 
 109,057 
 
 81,507 
 
 Muskingum 
 
 85,011 
 
 11,590 
 
 96,601 
 
 86,846 
 
 Summit 
 
 70,221 
 
 12,004 
 
 82,225 
 
 145,134 
 
 Portage 
 
 61,273 
 
 9,066 
 
 70,339 
 
 77,071 
 
 Vinton 
 
 49.392 
 
 10,621 
 
 60,013 
 
 77,127 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 43,361 
 
 9,573 
 
 52,934 
 
 99,609 
 
 Gallia 
 
 14,862 
 
 2,562 
 
 17,424 
 
 16,383 
 
 Holmes 
 
 10,491 
 
 2,179 
 
 12,670 
 
 11,459 
 
 Harrison 
 
 5,132 
 
 377 
 
 5,509 
 
 • • • • 
 
 Washington 
 
 4,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 5,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 Morgan 
 
 4,370 
 
 . • • * 
 
 4,370 
 
 5,536 
 
 Noble 
 
 3,342 
 
 
 3,342 
 
 
 Scioto 
 
 
 
 None repo’d 
 
 * 2,'446 
 
 Totals 
 
 7,099,024 
 
 1,336,187 
 
 8,435,211 
 
 7,816,179 
 
 The following table gives a summary, in a condensed form, of the tonnage, 
 time worked, employes and casualties in each county in 1887 .* 
 
 Table of Tonnage, Time Worked, Number of Men, etc., in Each County in 1887. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number of 
 Mines. 
 
 Average weeks 
 worked. 
 
 Number of 
 Miners. 
 
 Outside Em- 
 ployes. 
 
 Accidents. 
 
 Fatalities. 
 
 Athens 
 
 1,083,543 
 
 44 
 
 35 
 
 2,080 
 
 318 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Belmont 
 
 . 721,767 
 
 54 
 
 43 
 
 1,092 
 
 241 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Columbiana 
 
 516,057 
 
 57 
 
 44 
 
 872 
 
 185 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 124,791 
 
 20 
 
 •47 
 
 219 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 
 Carroll . 
 
 293,328 
 
 27 
 
 44 
 
 533 
 
 87 
 
 5 
 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 553,613 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 795 
 
 104 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Gallia . 
 
 15,365 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Holmes 
 
 10,526 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Harrison 
 
 4,032 
 
 7- 
 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 Hocking 
 
 853,063 
 
 17 
 
 * 3i 
 
 1,389 
 
 253 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Jackson 
 
 1,135,605 
 
 64 
 
 35 
 
 2,213 
 
 291 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 J efferson 
 
 293,875 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 495 
 
 94 
 
 3 
 
 * . 
 
 * Mine Inspector’s report. 
 
-THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. nr 
 
 Table of Tonnage, Time Worked, Number of Men, etc., in Each County in 
 
 1 887 — Continued. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number of , 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Average weeks 
 
 worked. 
 
 1 
 
 Number of 
 
 Miners. 
 
 Outside Em- 
 
 ployes. 
 
 Accidents. 
 
 
 
 Fatalities. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 143,559 
 
 22 
 
 42 
 
 306 
 
 52 
 
 ] 
 
 2 
 
 Meigs . 
 
 185,205 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 495 
 
 118 
 
 
 1 
 
 Muskingum 
 
 171,928 
 
 73 
 
 38 
 
 385 
 
 91 
 
 2 
 
 
 Mahoning 
 
 272,349 
 
 31 
 
 43 
 
 642 
 
 98 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 Medina 
 
 225,487 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 550 
 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 
 Morgan (estimated) . . . . 
 
 4,100 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Noble 
 
 6,300 
 
 i 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Perry 
 
 1,870,841 
 
 70 
 
 34 
 
 3,008 
 
 633 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Portage 
 
 65,163 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 138 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 Summit 
 
 95,815 
 
 11 
 
 38 
 
 156 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 
 Stark . . 
 
 784,164 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 
 1,561 
 
 253 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 Tuscarawas 
 
 506,466 
 
 47 
 
 37 
 
 852 
 
 149 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Trumbull 
 
 167,989 
 
 26 
 
 33 
 
 533 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 
 Vinton 
 
 89,727 
 
 19 
 
 44 
 
 200 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 
 Wayne 
 
 105,150 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 261 
 
 71' 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Washington 
 
 1,880 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 10,301,708 
 
 729 
 
 913 
 
 18,877 
 
 3,360 
 
 75 
 
 36 
 
 The beds of iron-ore associated with the coal-seams of the Coal Measures are 
 known by the general name of black-band ore, limestone ore, block ore, kidney 
 ore, etc. Black-band is a dark gray, bituminous shale with reddish streaks run- 
 ning through it. It is met in pacing quantities in only two horizons in the State; 
 namely, that of the lower coal of the series, as has been already stated, and over 
 coal No. 7. In its best development in the mines of the Mahoning valley it yields 
 a ton of ore to a ton of coal, but one ton of ore to three tons of coal will be the 
 general average, and it is present in only a few mines of the valley. 
 
 In the Tuscarawas valley, near Canal Dover and Port Washington, the black- 
 band capping coal No. 7 is met in basins of limited area. In the centre of these 
 basins the ore is sometimes met ten to twelve feet in thickness, but it soon dwarfs 
 to a few inches and disappears entirely. Black-band has been met on other hori- 
 zons of the lower Coal Measures, but never of such quality as to justify mining. 
 
 The limestone ores, as calcareous' and argillaceous carbonates and hydro-perox- 
 ides or linonites, are very abundant and have been mined for fifty years in the 
 Hanging Eock regions of Ohio and Kentucky. They were the base of the char- 
 coal iron industries of this famous iron region — an industry which, owing to the 
 growing scarcity of timber, is fast disappearing forever. The limestone ores 
 derive their name from being associated with a thick and extensive deposit of 
 gray limestone which is spread over a greater portion of the counties of Lawrence, 
 Scioto, Jackson and Vinton, in Ohio, and the counties of Greenup, Boyd and 
 Carter, in Kentucky. The iron made from this ore has always held a front rank 
 in market, the cold-blast iron being particularly prized for the manufacture of 
 ordnance, car wheels and other castings requiring tough iron. 
 
 In the manufacture of charcoal iron the linonite ore was preferred, and as this 
 ore appeared as an outcrop it was mined by stripping the overlying cover. The 
 counties constituting the Hanging Rock iron region on both sides of the Ohio 
 river, along the horizon of the gray limestone ore, have been worked over in 
 every hill and the ore stripped to a depth of eight to twelve feet, forming a line 
 of many miles of terrace work. Since the decline of the charcoal iron industry 
 the miners have penetrated boldly under cover and worked away the ore as coal 
 is mined underground. The linonites when followed under cover change to car- 
 bonates, and become less valuable in consequence. There are six to eight distinct 
 ore horizons in the Hanging Rock region, but none of these deposits bear com- 
 
THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. 
 
 parison with the gray limestone ore both as regards quality of mineral and thick- 
 ness of vein. 
 
 The ores of value in the horizons of the Hanging Rock region are known as the 
 big red block, the sand block and the little red block. These deposits lie lower 
 in the geological scale than the limestone ore, and are obtained by stripping. 
 The big red block sometimes rises to eighteen inches in thickness, but it is gen- 
 erally met in beds of six inches or less. The sand block ore is also less than six 
 inches thick, and is inferior to the big or little red blocks in quality, containing 
 less iron and more silica. The little red block is not more than four inches thick 
 on an average. These ores are mined in connection with the limestone ore wher- 
 ever they are met in paying quality and quantity. They are too thin as a general 
 rule to follow under cover. Occasionally other seams are met and mined, and a 
 deposit known as the Boggs, which rises to three and four feet in thickness, but 
 occurs as a local deposit, is recovered by drift mining. 
 
 In most of the coal regions of the State iron ore is mined to a greater or less 
 extent, the deposits of the Hanging Rock region reappearing as equivalent strata 
 on the same geological horizons in every part of the coal-field. The ores have 
 local names, as the coals have local names. Nowhere is exclusive reliance placed 
 in the native ores of the State in the manufacture of stone coal iron, the Lake 
 Superior and Iron Mountain ores of the specular and hematite varieties forming 
 an important mixture at every blast-furnace, -while in several of the iron producing 
 districts foreign ores are used exclusively. We have no hematite ore in the Coal 
 Measures of Ohio, although our linonites, which are simply argillaceous carbo- 
 nates oxydized by the action of the atmosphere, bear some resemblance to hema- 
 tite ore. Black band and clay band ores are the main product of the Coal Meas- 
 ures. The following is the output of ore for the year 1887, as copied from the 
 last annual report of the inspector of mining. 
 
 Amount of Iron Ore Mined in 1887. 
 
 % 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Tons of 
 Black Band. 
 
 Tons of 
 Clay Band. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 
 147,479 
 
 Vinton 
 
 
 37,920 
 
 Jackson 
 
 
 36,362 
 
 Tuscarawas 
 
 61,595 
 
 Perry 
 
 *27,71 i 
 
 Mahoning 
 
 21,630 
 
 
 Trumbull 
 
 4,740 
 
 • • • * 
 
 Columbiana 
 
 7,800 
 
 Scioto 
 
 
 14,784 
 
 Hocking 
 
 
 9,118 
 
 Gallia 
 
 
 •8,326 
 
 Total tons 
 
 87,965 
 
 289,500 
 
JAMES GEDDES. 
 
 SAMUEL FORRER. 
 
 PIONEER ENGINEERS OF OHIO. 
 
 BY COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY. 
 
 [Of the many who contributed a paper to the first edition of this work, Col. Whittlesey was the only 
 one living to contribute to the second edition and this is the paper. He has not, we profoundly regret to 
 have to say, lived to see it in print. For a notice of its very eminent author the reader is referred to 
 Cuyahoga county.] 
 
 When Governor Ethan Allen Brown became an ardent advocate for navigable 
 canals in Ohio, he did not meet with the opposition which DeWitt Clinton en- 
 countered in New York. The leading men of this State, whether from Episcopal 
 Virginia, Scotch-Irish New Jersey, Quaker Pennsylvania or Puritan New England, 
 were endowed with broad views of public policy. Many had seen military ser- 
 vice from the old French war, through that of the Revolution, the Indian wars 
 and that of 1812. 
 
 They foresaw the destiny of Ohio in case her affairs were administered judi- 
 ciously. 
 
 Men who were not appalled by the scalping knife, or its directing power. Great 
 Britain, were equal to an encounter with the wilderness after peace was secured. 
 
 The hope and courage of our citizens, with a rich soil and a genial climate, 
 constituted the resources of the State. 
 
 In response to Gov. Brown’s earnest recommendation, the legislature appointed 
 a committee to consider a plan for internal navigation in January, 1819. Early 
 in 1820 a call was made for information from all sources on that subject. On the 
 21st of January, 1822, a joint resolution was passed, appointing a canal board, 
 which consisted of Alfred Kelley, Benjamin Tappan, Thomas Worthington, Isaac 
 Menor, Jeremiah Morrow and Ethan Allen Brown, with power to cause surveys 
 to be made for the improvement of the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville ; and to 
 examine four routes for a canal or canals from Lake Erie to the Ohio. Six thou- 
 sand dollars was appropriated for that purpose. 
 
 Prior to 1778, Capt. Thomas Hutchins, of the Provincial army and the inventor 
 of the American System of Land Survey , had made a survey of the Falls, which re- 
 
 (” 9 ) 
 
120 
 
 PIONEER ENGINEERS OE OHIO. 
 
 / 
 
 suited in a map and report of a plan to facilitate the progress o/ fiat-boats and 
 their freight. i 
 
 Neither instruments nor engineers could be procured by the commissioners to 
 survey the rapids of the Ohio, and nothing was done by them in that direction, 
 James Geddes, one of the engineers of the Erie canal in New York, was employed 
 as chief engineer in Ohio, and Isaac Jerome was appointed assistant. Only one 
 leveling instrument could be obtained. One or more of the commissioners were 
 generally in the field with the engineers. Several matters appear in the first re- 
 port in the winter of 1822-23 well worthy of the attention of the present genera- 
 tion. They were not promised and did not receive pay for their services. Their 
 personal expenses for 1822 amounted to one hundred and seventy-six dollars and forty- 
 nine cents. 
 
 During the season over 800 miles of canal routes had been surveyed with one 
 instrument at a cost, including services, of two thousand four hundred and twenty- 
 six dollars and ten cents. 
 
 Such were the characters to whom were committed this great project to build 
 up a growing State. They had been directed to survey routes from Sandusky to 
 the Ohio river; from the Maumee river to the Ohio river; from Lake Erie to the 
 Ohio river by the Black and Muskingum rivers ; also by the sources of the Cuya- 
 hoga, and from Lake Erie by the sources of the Grand and Mahoning rivers. 
 
 In December, 1822, a full and able report was made by Chief Engineer Geddes 
 and by the commissioners, including estimates on all the routes. What is 
 especially remarkable, the final construction came within the estimates. 
 
 To comprehend the task imposed upon the engineers and commissioners, the 
 wilderness condition of the State in 1822 must be realized. All the routes were 
 along the valleys of streams, with only here and there a log-cabin, whose inmates 
 were shivering with malarial fever. These valle3^s were the most densely wooded 
 parts, obstructed by swamps, bayous and flooded lands, which would now' be 
 regarded as impassable. 
 
 Between 1822 and 1829, Isaac Jerome, Seymour Kiff, John Jones, John Brown, 
 Peter Lutz, Robert Anderson, Dyer Minor and William Latimer, of the engineers, 
 died from their exposures and the diseases of the country. Chain-men, axe-men 
 and rod-men suffered in fully as great proportion. 
 
 Among the engineers who survived was David S. Bates (chief-engineer after 
 Judge Geddes), Alexander Bourne, John Bates, William R. Hopkins, Joseph 
 Ridgeway, Jr., Thomas I. Matthews, Samuel Forrer, Francis S. Cleveland, James 
 M. Bucklang, Isaac N. Hurd, Charles E. Lynch, Philip N. White, James H. 
 Mitchell and John S. Beardsley, assistants. 
 
 During the construction of the canal, from 1825-35, many other engineers of 
 reputation became resident engineers, among whom were Sebried Dodge, John 
 W. Erwin, who still survives, James H. McBride, Leonder Ransom, Richard 
 Howe and Sylvester Medbury. 
 
 JAMES GEDDES. 
 
 In the published histories of Onondaga county. New York, Judge Geddes occu- 
 pies a conspicuous place. 
 
 He was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1763, of poor Scottish pa- 
 rents. After working on the farm and teaching school until he was of age, he 
 made a journey to Kentucky, intending to settle there, but was too much dis- 
 gusted with slavery to become a resident. In 1793 he prepared to manufacture 
 salt at Onondaga lake, at a place since known as Geddis, there being then no 
 Syracuse. After much deliberation, the Indians refused his presents and he 
 departed, leaving the goods in their hands. They solved the difficulty by adopt- 
 ing him as a white brother, and the salt business went on. He was a self-made 
 surveyor and'civil engineer, and engaged upon the survey and construction of the 
 Erie canal. After his service in Ohio and the completion of the Erie canal, he 
 was employed by the United States on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal until 
 1828. 
 
 In that year he was requested to survey a canal route from the Tennessee to 
 the Altamaha, but declined in order to engage upon the Pennsylvania canals. In 
 
PIONEER ENGINEERS OE OHIO. 
 
 f2f 
 
 person he was rather short and robust, but very active and capable of great endur- 
 ance. His disposition was genial, his manner cordial, inclined to be communi- 
 cative. 
 
 Mr. George B. Merwin, of Rockport, Cuyahoga county, remembers Judge Geddes 
 principally as a lover of buttermilk. Mr. Merwin, when a boy, was furnished 
 with a pony and jug to scour the country up the valley to supplv the surveying 
 party with this drink, which does not intoxicate. 
 
 SAMUEL FORRER. 
 
 No engineer in Ohio spent as many years in the service of the State as did Mr. 
 Forrer. He came from Pennsylvania in 1818 and in 1819 was deputy surveyor 
 of Hamilton county, O. In 1820, Mr. William Steele, a very enterprising citizen 
 of Cincinnati, O., employed Mr. Forrer at his own expense to ascertain the eleva- 
 tion of the Sandusky and Scioto summit, above Lake Erie. His report was sent 
 to the Legislature by Gov. Brown. This was the favorite route, the shortest, low- 
 est summit and passed through a very rich country. 
 
 The great question was a supply of water. It would have been located and, in 
 fact, was in part, when in the fall and summer of 1823 it was found by Judge D. 
 S. Bates to be wholly inadequate. 
 
 Of twenty-three engineers and assistants, eight died of local diseases within six 
 years. 
 
 Mr. Forrer was the only one able to keep the field permanently, and use the 
 instruments in 1823. When Judge Bates needed their only level, Mr. Forrer 
 invented and constructed one that would now be a curiosity among engineers. 
 He named it the “Pioneer.” It was in form of a round bar of wrought iron, 
 with a cross like a capital T. The top of the letter was a flat bar welded at right 
 angles, to which a telescope was made fast by solder, on which was a spirit level. 
 There was a projection drawn out from the cross-bar at right angles to it, which 
 rested upon a circular plate of the tripod. By means of thumb-screws and rever- 
 sals, the round bar acting as a pendulum, a rude horizontal plane was obtained, 
 which w'as of value at short range. 
 
 Mr. Forrer was not quite medium height but well formed and very active. He 
 was a cheerful and pleasant companion. Judge Bates and the canal commis- 
 sioners relied upon his skill under their instructions to test the water question in 
 1823. Pie ran a line for a feeder from the Sandusky summit westerly and north 
 of the water-shed, taking up the waters of the Auglaize and heads of the Miami. 
 Even with the addition the supply was inadequate. Until his death in 1873, 
 Mr. Forrer was nearly all the time in the employ of the State as engineer, canal 
 commissioner or member of the Board of Public Works. 
 
 He was not only popular but scrupulously honest and industrious. His life- 
 long friends regarded his death as a personal loss, greater than that of a faithful 
 public officer. He was too unobtrusive to make personal enemies, not neglecting 
 his duties, as a citizen zealous but just. 
 
 He died at Dayton, Ohio, at 10 a. m., March 25, 1874, from the exhaustion of 
 his physical powers, without pain. Like his life he passed away in peace at the 
 age of eighty, his mind clear and conscious of the approaching end. 
 
EARLY CIVIL JURISDICTION. 
 
 SOUTH SHORE OF LAKE ERIE. 
 
 BY COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY. 
 
 While the French occupied the south shore of Lake Erie, there was not the 
 semblance of courts or magistrates for the trial of civil or criminal issues. This 
 occupation ended in 1760, but it is an open historical question when it began. 
 La Salle was in the Ohio country from 1669 to 1671 or 1672; though if he estab- 
 lished posts, the records of his occupation are lost. There are, on the Western 
 Reserve, quite a number of ancient axe marks on the trees, over which the growth 
 of woody layers correspond to those dates ; and which appear to me to have been 
 made by parties of his expedition. The French had posts at Erie, Pa., on the 
 Cuyahoga, on Sandusky Bay and on the Maumee and Great Miami rivers as 
 early as l749 and 1752, and probably earlier at some points in Ohio and Penn- 
 sylvania. In 1748 the English colonists from Pennsylvania had a trading post 
 at Sandusky Bay, from which they were driven by the French. 
 
 Pennsylvania had, however, no civil authority west of her boundary, which is 
 described as being five degrees of longitude west from the Delaware river. The 
 colony of Virginia had claims under various charters and descriptions to a part 
 of Pennsylvania, and all the territory west and northwest as far as a supposed 
 ocean called the South sea. Immediately after the peace of 1763 with the French, 
 the Province of Canada was extended by act of Parliament, southerly to the Alle- 
 ghany and Ohio rivers. Great Britain promised the Indian tribes that the whites 
 should not settle north of the Ohio river. So far as I am now aware, the first 
 civil organization under the authority of Virginia covering the Western Reserve 
 was that of Botetourt county, erected in 1769 with the county-seat at Fincastle, on 
 the head waters of the James river, between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies. 
 But before this, there must have been a Virginia county covering the forks of the 
 Ohio and extending probably to Lake Erie; for the troops captured at the Forks 
 (now Pittsburg) by the French, in 1749, were Virginia militia under Ensign 
 Ward. It is probable that he was or supposed himself to be within the county 
 of Augusta. Settlers from that colony located on the Monongahela and Yough- 
 iogheny. In 1776 three counties were erected on those waters, some parts of 
 which possibly included a part or all of the Reserve. 
 
 These covered a part of Westmoreland county. Pa., which was settled from Vir- 
 ginia. This conflict of authority brought on a miniature civil war, which was 
 soon overshadowed by the war of the RTevolution, in which both Virginians and 
 Pennsylvanians heartily joined. In 1778, soon after the conquest of the British 
 forts on the Mississippi and the Wabash, by Gen. George Rogers Clark, Virginia 
 erected the county of Illinois, with the count 3 ^-seat at Kaskaskia. It embraced 
 the south shore of Lake Erie, Detroit, Mackinaw, Green Bay and Prairie Duchien, 
 but for practical purposes, only Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Vincent, or Vin- 
 cennes. The British held possession of the Ohio country and all the lakes. For 
 the English forts on both shores of the lakes, there was no county or civil organ- 
 ization during the Revolutionary war. The government of this almost unlimited 
 region was exclusively military, of which Detroit was the central post. British 
 soldiers and officers were at all the trading posts in Ohio, exercising arbitrary 
 authority over the Indians and the white traders, including the Moravian settle* 
 ments on the Tuscarawas and the Cuyahoga. 
 
 After the treaty of peace in 1783, the same state of affairs continued, until, by 
 ( 122 ) 
 
EARLY CIVIL JURISDICTION. 
 
 123 
 
 successive campaigns against the Indians, the United States drove them off by 
 military force. All the lives lost, the forts built, and the expeditions made in the 
 northwest, from 1785 to 1794, were a continuation of the war of the Revolution 
 against England. Even after the second treaty in 1795, she built Fort Miami, on 
 the Maumee, within the State of Ohio. The result of the battle of the Rapids of 
 the Maumee, in August, 1794, put a stop to her overt acts against us for a time; 
 but it was not until after the war of 1812 that she abandoned the project of 
 recovering the American colonies. While in her possession until 1799, there 
 were at the posts on the lakes, justices of the peace, or stipendiary magistrates, 
 exercising some civil authority, but none of them resided on the south shore of 
 this lake. 
 
 This subject of early civil jurisdiction is a very obscure one, owing to indefinite 
 geographical boundaries. I have received the-assistance of Judge Campbell, of 
 Detroit; of Silas Farmer, the historian of Detroit City ; and of Mr. H. C. Gilman, 
 of the Detroit Library, in the effort to trace out the extent of the Canadian dis- 
 tricts and counties with their courts from 1760 to 1796. Their replies agree that 
 it is difficult to follow the progress of civil law on the peninsula of Upper Canada, 
 westward to the Detroit river and around the lakes. In 1778 Lord Dorchester, 
 Governor-General of Canada, divided Upper Canada into four districts for civil 
 purposes, one of which included Detroit and the posts on the upper lakes. Early 
 in 1792 the Upper Canadian parliament authorized Governor Simcoe to lay off 
 nineteen counties to embrace that province. It is presumed that the county of 
 Essex, on the east bank of Detroit river, included the country on the west and 
 south around the head of Lake Erie, but of this the information is not conclusive. 
 Some form of British civil authority existed at their forts and settlements until 
 Detroit was given up and all its dependencies in 1796. When Governor St. 
 Clair erected the county of Washington in Ohio, in 1788, it embraced the West- 
 ern Reserve east of the Cuyahoga. West of this river and the Tuscarawas was 
 then held by the Indians and the British. 
 
 The State of Connecticut claimed jurisdiction over the Reserve, but made no 
 movement towards the erection of counties. When she sold to the Land Com- 
 pany, in 1795, both parties imagined that the deed of Connecticut conveyed 
 powers of civil government to the company, and that the grantees might organize 
 a new State. As the United States objected to this mode of setting up States, this 
 region was, in practice, without any magistrates, courts, or other organized civil 
 authority, until that question was settled, in 1800. Immediately after the British 
 had retired, in 1796, Governor St. Clair erected the count}^ of Wayne, with Detroit 
 as the county-seat. It included that part of the Reserve west of the Cuyahoga, 
 extending south to Wayne’s treaty line, west to the waters of Lake Michigan and 
 its tributaries, and north to the territorial line. Its boundaries are not very 
 precise, but it clearly embraced about one-third of the present State of Ohio. The 
 question of jurisdiction when Wayne county was erected in 1796 remained 
 open as it had under the county of Washington. In 1797 the county of 
 Jefferson was established, embracing all of the Reserve east of the Cuya- 
 hoga. When Trumbull county was erected, in 1800, it embraced the entire 
 Western Reserve, with magistrates and courts having full legal authority under 
 the temtorial government. Before this, although no deeds could be executed 
 here, those executed elsewhere were, in some cases, recorded at Marietta, the 
 county-seat of Washington county. Some divines had ventured to solemnize 
 marriages before 1800 by virtue of their ministerial office. During the first four 
 years of the settlement of the Reserve there was no law, the force of which was 
 acknowledged here; but the law-abiding spirit of New England among the early 
 settlers was such that peace and order generally prevailed. By the organization 
 of Geauga county, March 1, 1806, what is now Cuyahoga county, east of the river, 
 belonged to Geauga until 1809, when this county was organized. 
 
I 
 
 THE STATE OF OHIO-SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH. 
 
 A paper read at the annual meeting of the Western Reserve and Northern Ohio 
 Historical Society^ November, 1881, by its President, 
 
 COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY. 
 
 Not long before the President left Mentor for Washington, he is reported to 
 have said to a New York politician that Ohio had about all the honors to which 
 she is entitled. The response was “ that she had about all the other States could 
 stand.” This sentiment appears to be a general one, not in an offensive sense, 
 but as a widespread opinion, honestly entertained. Whitelaw Reid, in a recent 
 address at Xenia, Ohio, showed conclusively from the blue books, that as to the 
 number of citizens from this State who have held Federal offices, the}^ are not in 
 excess of her share, and are not proportionally equal to those from Massachusetts 
 and Virginia. If it be a fact that our representative men have attained a leading 
 influence in national affairs, it cannot be because of numbers alone, and it should 
 be remembered that they have been raised to place and power, principally by the 
 suffrages of the whole people. If their influence at the Capital is overshadowing, 
 and it is exercised for the good of the nation, there should not be, and probably 
 is not any feeling of jealousy. 
 
 If our representative men are prominent, it may be a source of honorable State 
 pride ; for while great men do not make a great people, they are signs of a solid 
 constituency. Native genius is about equally distributed in all nations, even in 
 barbarous ones ; but it goes to waste wherever the surroundings are not propitious. 
 Intellectual strength, without cultivation, is as likely to be a curse as a blessing. 
 If it has cultivation and good moral qualities, it cannot even then become prom- 
 inent without great occasions ; and in republican communities, without the back- 
 ing of a people equal to the emergency. Leaders are not the real power, only its 
 exponents. Storm signals are not the storm, they are only indications. History 
 clearly shows that in free or partly free communities, great men rise no higher 
 than the forces behind them. It also informs us that those nations which have 
 been the most powerful, have become so by a mixture of races. Cross-breeding, 
 by a law of nature fortifies the stock physically, on which mental development 
 greatly depends. 
 
 Why the mingling of certain races, like the Teutonic and the Celtic, produces 
 an improved stock, while the same process between Caucasian and Negro or the 
 North American Indian results in depreciation and decay, is one of those numer- 
 ous mysteries, as yet unfathomed by man. Also, why the greatest unmixed 
 races, such as Mongolian, Tartar, Japanese, Chinese, Hindoo, Arab and Heorew, 
 soon reach the limits of their improvement. A portion of the Aryan family mi- 
 grated northwestwardl}^ mingling with the Caucasian, reaching Europe by the 
 north of the Black sea. They acquired strength as they spread out on the waters 
 of the Danube, the Elbe and the Rhine, becoming powerful and even dominant 
 under the general name of Goths, having a language from which the Saxon and 
 English were derived. This might be attributable to the medium climate between 
 the Baltic and the Mediterranean, if other people had not enjoyed aa temperate 
 climes, and had not gone on increasing, either in mental, phyrdcal or political 
 power. When the Celtic and Scandinavian people had pushed forward to the 
 Western sea, and met in the British Islands, they w^ere for a long time unable to 
 go farther, and thus had the best of opportunities to coalesce. The Atlantic was 
 Hnally overcome, and their propensity to migrate was gratified by crossing the 
 (124J 
 
OHJO—SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH. 
 
 125 
 
 sea to North America. This great stream of humanity kept the line of a temper- 
 ate climate, the central channel of which, as it crossed the continent, occupied the 
 State of Ohio. 
 
 In King John’s time, an English people existed who exhibited their power 
 through the barons at Runymede. Cromwell was endowed with a mental capac- 
 ity equal to the greatest of men ; but he would not have appeared in history if 
 there had not been a constituency of Roundheads, full of strength, determined 
 upon the overthrow of a licentious king and his nobility. The English stock 
 here proved its capabilities on a larger scale than in the days of King John. 
 Washington would not have been known in history if the people of the American 
 colonies had not been stalwarts in every sense, who selected him as their repre- 
 sentative. In these colonies the process of cross-breeding among races had then 
 been carried further than in England, and is now a prime factor in the strength 
 of the United States. 
 
 I propose to apply the same rule to the first settlers of Ohio, and to show that 
 if she now holds a high place in this nation, it is not an accident, but can be 
 traced to manifest natural causes, and those not alone climate, soil and geograph-^ 
 ical position. 
 
 There were five centres of settlement in Ohio by people of somewhat different 
 stock; four of them by people whose social training was more diverse than their 
 stock. Beginning at the southwest, the Symmes’ Purchase, between the Great 
 and Little Miami rivers, was settled principally from New Jersey, with Cincin- 
 nati as the centre. Next, on the east, between the Little Miami and the Scioto 
 rivers, lay the Virginia Military District, reserved by that State to satisfy the 
 bounty land warrants, issued to her troops in the war of the Revolution. It was 
 like a projection of Virginia (except as to slavery), which then included Ken- 
 tucky, across the Ohio river to the centre of the new State. Chillicothe was the 
 principal town of this tract. The pioneers came on through the passes of the 
 Blue Ridge, their ancestors being principally English and Episcopal, but claim- 
 ing without much historical show, a leaven of Norman and Cavalier. With 
 Marietta as a centre, the Ohio Company was recruited from Massachusetts and 
 other New England States. In colonial times, their ancestors also came from 
 England, but of opponents to the Church of England, in search of religious free- 
 dom. One hundred and fifty years had wrought great differences between them 
 and the Virginians. Next, west of the Pennsylvania line, lies the “ seven ranges ” 
 of towmships, extending north of the Ohio to the completion of the fortieth paral- 
 lel of latitude, being the first of the surveys and sales of the public land of the 
 United States. Most of the early settlers here came over the Alleghenies from 
 the State of Pennsylvania ; some of Quaker stock, introduced by William Penn; 
 and more of German origin, in later days. . North of them to Lake Erie lay the 
 Western Reserve, owned and settled by inhabitants of Connecticut, with Cleve- 
 land as the prospective capital of a new State, to be called “ New Connecticut.” 
 This tract extended west from Pennsylvania one hundred and twenty miles. 
 West of the seven ranges to the Scioto, and south of Wayne’s treaty line, is the 
 United States Military Reservation, where the first inhabitants were from all the 
 States, and held bounty warrants issued under the resolution of 1776. They were 
 not homogeneous enough to give this tract any social peculiarity. The north- 
 western part of the State was, until the war of 1812, a wilderness occupied by 
 Indians. 
 
 The New Jersey people brought a tincture of Swedish and Hollander blood, 
 mingled with the English. Those from Pennsylvania had a slight mixture of 
 Irish, Scotch and Scotch-Irish. The settlers of new communities leave their im- 
 press upon the locality long after tliey are gone. In Ohio these five centres were 
 quite isolated, on account of broad intermediate spaces of dense unsettled forests, 
 through which, if there were roads or trails, they were nearly impracticable. 
 They all had occupation enough to secure the bread of life, clear away the trees 
 around their cabins, and defend themselves against their red enemies. Though 
 of one American family, their environment delayed their full social fusion at least 
 one generation. Their differences were principally those of education, and includ- 
 ing their religious cultus, were so thoroughly inbred that they stood in the 
 relation of different races, but without animosity. A large part of them had 
 
126 
 
 OHIO— SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH. 
 
 taken part in the war of the Revolution, or they would have been lacking in 
 courage to plant themselves on a frontier that was virtually in a state of war until 
 the peace of 1815. The expeditions of Harinar in 1790, St. Clair in 1791 and 
 Wayne in 1792-94 embraced many of them as volunteers. Full one thousand 
 whites and more Indians were killed on Ohio soil before peace was assured. 
 Nearly every man had a rifle and its accoutrements, with which he could bring 
 down a squirrel or turkey from the tallest tree, and a deer, a bear or an Indian 
 at sixty rods. They had not felt the weakening effect of idleness or luxury. 
 Their food was coarse, but solid and abundant. In spite of the malaria of new 
 countries, the number of robust, active men fit for military duty was proportion- 
 lally large. As hunters of wild animals or wild men, they were the full equals of 
 the latter in endurance and the art of success. They were fully capable of defend- 
 ing themselves. The dishonorable surrender at Detroit, August 16, 1812, became 
 known on the Western Reserve, where the settlements were wholly unguarded, 
 between the 20th and 22d; probably at Washington not before the 25th or 26th. 
 General Wadsworth, commanding the Fourth Division of the State Militia, 
 ordered the Third Brigade (General Perkins) to rendezvous at Cleveland. On the 
 23d, the men of the Lake counties were on their way, each with his rifle, well- 
 , filled powder-horn, bullet-pouch and butcher-knife, in squads or companies, on 
 foot or mounted ; and on the 26th, one battalion moved westward. By the 5th 
 of September, before any orders from Washington reached them, a post was 
 established on the Huron river, near Milan, in Huron county. Nothing but these 
 improvised troops lay between General Brock’s army at Detroit and the settled 
 portions of the State. The frontier line of settlements at that time turned south, 
 away from Lake Erie at Huron, passing by Mansfield and Delaware to Urbana, 
 in Champaign county. 
 
 The war of 1812 brought nearly all our able-bodied men into the field, which 
 had the effect to hasten a closer relationship between the settlements. In 1810, 
 there were 230,760 inhabitants in Ohio. The vote for Governor in 1812 was 
 19,752. Probably the enrolled militia was larger than the vote. It is estimated 
 that for different terms of service 20,000 were in the field. War has many com- 
 pensations for its many evils, especially a war of defense or for a principle in 
 which the people are substantially unanimous. Few citizens volunteer for mili- 
 tary service and go creditably through a campaign, its exposures and dangers, 
 whose character is not strengthened. They acquire sturdiness, self-respect and 
 courage. These qualities in individuals affect the aggregate stamina of commu- 
 nities and of states. The volunteers in 1812-14, with a variety' of thought, man- 
 ners and dress, engaged in the common cause of public defense, coalesced in a 
 social sense, which led to a better understanding and to intermarriages. At that 
 time very few native-born citizens were of an age to participate in public affairs. 
 Tiffin, the first governor, was a native of England. Senator, and then Governor 
 Worthington was born in Virginia. Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., senator, gover- 
 nor and postmaster-general, in Connecticut; Jeremiah Morrow, sole member of 
 Congress from 1803 to 1813, then senator and governor, in Pennsylvania; General 
 Harrison, afterwards president of the United States, in Virginia; General 
 McArthur in New York ; and General Cass in New Hampshire. Nearly all the 
 generals of the war of the Rebellion in command of Ohio troops were natives. 
 
 When the State had recovered from the sacrifices of the war of 1812, the native 
 element showed itself in public affairs. The Legislature, reflecting the character 
 of its constituents, took high ground in favor of free schools, canals, roads and 
 official integrity. To this day no disgraceful scandal or corruption has been fas- 
 tened upon it, or the executive of the State. Two generations succeeded, their 
 blood more completely mingled, their habits more thoroughly assimilated, their 
 intelligence increased, public communication improved, and in 1861 wealth had 
 not made the people effeminate. Such are the processes which, by long and 
 steady operation in one direction, brought into existence the constituency which 
 rose up to sustain the Federal government. Three hundred thousand men were 
 found capable of filling all positions, high and low, especially that of efficient 
 soldiers in the ranks. Foi commanders, they had Gilmore, Cox, Stanley, Steed- 
 man, Sill, Hazen, McCook, Rosecrans, McDowell, McPherson, Sheridan, Sherman 
 and Grant, all raised, and except three, born on Ohio soil, and educated at West 
 
OHIO— SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH 
 
 127 
 
 r- 
 
 V Point. Was it fortuitous? I think I perceive sufficient causes working toward 
 this result, not for one generation, or for a century, but reaching back to the Eng- 
 lish people of two or three centuries since. Nations, races and families decay, and 
 it is possible it may be so here; but wherever the broad political foundations laid 
 in Ohio are taken as a pattern, and there is a general mixture of educated Anglo- 
 Saxon stocks, the period of decline will be far in the distance. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1881, three men of fine presence advanced on the platform 
 at the east portico of the Federal capitol. On their right is a solid, square-built 
 man of an impressive appearance, the Chief- Justice of the United States [Morrison 
 R. Waite]. On his left stood a tall, well-rounded, large, self-possessed personage, 
 with a head large even in proportion to the body who is President of the United 
 States [James A. Garfield]. At his left hand was an equally tall, robust and 
 graceful gentleman, the retiring president [Rutherford B. Hayes]. Near by was 
 a tall, not especially graceful figure, with the eye of an eagle, who is the general 
 commanding the army [William Tecumseh Sherman]. A short, square, active 
 officer, the Marshal Ney of America, is there as lieutenant-general [Philip Sheri- 
 dan]. Another tall, slender, self-poised man, of not ungraceful presence, was the 
 focus of many thousands of eyes. He had carried the finances of the nation in 
 his mind and in his heart, four years as secretary of the treasury, the peer of 
 Hamilton and Chase [John Sherman]. Of these six, five were natives of Ohio, 
 and the other a life-long resident. Did this group of national characters from 
 one State stand there by accident? Was it not the result of a long train of agen- 
 cies, which, by force of natural selection, brought them to the front on that 
 occasion ? 
 
THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 BY JOHN KILBOURNE. 
 
 John Kilbottrne was born in Berlin, Connecticut, August 7, 1787, graduated at Vermont Uni* 
 versity, and emigrating West was occupied for several years as Principal of Worthington College, 
 Franklin county, of whicli his uncle, James Kilbourne, the famed surveyor and founder of the Scioto 
 Company, was the president trustee. Subsequently he removed to Columbus and engaged in authorship 
 and book selling and publishing, and there died March 12, 1831, aged forty-four years. He published 
 a “Gazetteer of Vermont,” a “Gazetteer of Ohio,” a map of Ohio, a volume of “ Public Documents 
 Concerning the Ohio Canals,” and a “ School Geography.” 
 
 The article upon “ The Public Lands of Ohio,” which here follows slightly abridged from the 
 original, is from his “Ohio Gazetteer,” the first edition of which appeared in 1816. It went through 
 several editions and was a work of gieat merit and utility. This article on the lands was carefully 
 written, and having been copied into the first edition of the “ Ohio Historical Collections,” was highly 
 valued by many of its readers. We are glad to reproduce it here with this preliminary notice of the 
 author. 
 
 In most of the States and Territories lying west of the Allegheny mountains, 
 the United States, collectively as a nation, owned, or did own, the soil of the 
 country, after the extinguishment of the aboriginal Indian title. This vast 
 national domain comprises several hundreds of millions of acres ; which is a 
 bountiful fund, upon which the general government can draw for , centuries, to 
 supply, at a low price, all its citizens with a freehold estate. 
 
 When Ohio was admitted into the Federal Union as an independent State, one 
 of the terms of admission was, that the fee-simple to all the lands within its 
 limits, excepting those previously granted or sold, should vest in the United 
 States. Different portions of them have, at diverse periods, been granted or sold 
 to various individuals, companies and bodies politic. 
 
 The following are the names by which the principal bodies of the lands are 
 designated, on account of these different forms of transfer, viz. : 
 
 1. Congress Lands. 8. Symmes’ Purchase. 15. Maumee Road Lands. 
 
 2. U. S. Military. 9. Refugee Tract. 16. School do. 
 
 3. Virginia Military. 10. French Grant. 17. College do. 
 
 4. Western Reserve. 11. Dohrman’s Grant. 18. Ministerial do. 
 
 5. Fire-Lands. 12. Zane’s do. 19. Moravian do. 
 
 6. Ohio Co.’s Purchase. 13. Canal Lands. 20. Salt Sections. 
 
 7. Donation Tract. 14. Turnpike Lands. 
 
 Congress Lands are so called because they are sold to purchasers by the imme- 
 diate officers of the general government, conformably to such laws as are, or may 
 be, from time to time, enacted by Congress. They are all regularly surveyed into 
 townships of six miles square each, under authority, and at the expense of the 
 National government. 
 
 All Congress lands, excepting 
 Marietta and a part of Steuben- 
 ville district, are numbered as 
 follows : 
 
 VII ranges, Ohio Company’s 
 purchase, and Symmes’ pur- 
 chase, are numbered as here 
 exhibited : 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 18 1 12 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 17 11 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 16 ! 10 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 15 9 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 2G 
 
 20 
 
 14 i 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 I 31 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 13 ' 7 
 
 1 
 
 ( 128) 
 
THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 129 
 
 The townships are again subdivided into sections of one mile sqriare, each 
 containing 640 acres, by lines running parallel wdth the township and range lines. 
 The sections are numbered in two different modes, as exhibited in the preceding 
 Igures or diagrams. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing division, the sections are again subdivided into four 
 equal parts, called the northeast quarter section, southeast quarter section, etc. 
 And again, by a law of Congress, which went into effect in July, 1820, these quarter 
 sections are also divided by a north and south line into two equal parts, called 
 the east half quarter section. No. and west half quarter section, No. , which 
 contain eighty acres each. The minimum price has been reduced by the same 
 law from $2.00 to $1.25 per acre, cash down. 
 
 In establishing the township and sectional corners, a post is first planted at the 
 point of intersection ; then on the tree nearest the post, and standing within the 
 section intended to be designated, is numbered with the marking iron, the range, 
 township and number of the section, thus : 
 
 R21 
 T 4 
 S 30t 
 
 R 21t 
 T 3 
 S 1 
 
 R 20 
 T 4 
 fS 31 
 
 The quarter corners are marked 1-4 south, merely. 
 
 fR 20 
 T 3 
 S 6 
 
 Section No. 16, of every township, is perpetually reserved for the use of schools 
 and leased or sold out, for the benefit of schools, under the State government. 
 All the others may be taken up either in sections, fractions, halves, quarters, or 
 half quarters. 
 
 For the purpose of selling out these lands, they are divided into eight several 
 land districts, called after the names of the towns in which the land offices are 
 kept, viz. : Wooster, Steubenville, Zanesville, Marietta, Chillicothe, etc., etc. 
 
 The seven ranges of townships are a portion of the Congress lands, so called, 
 being the first ranges of public lands ever surveyed by the general government 
 west of the Ohio river. They are bounded on the north by a line drawn due west 
 from the Pennsylvania State line, where it crosses the Ohio river, to the United 
 States Military lands, forty-two miles ; thence south to the Ohio river, at the 
 southeast corner of Marietta township, thence up the river to the place of begin- 
 ning. 
 
 Connecticut Western Reserve, oftentimes called New Connecticut, is situated in 
 the northeast quarter of the State, between Lake Erie on the north, Pennsylvania 
 east, the parallel of the forty-first degree of north latitude south, and Sandusky 
 and Seneca counties on the west. It extends 120 miles from east to west, and 
 upon an average fifty from north to south : although, upon the Pennsylvania line, 
 it is sixty-eight miles broad, from north to south. The area is about 3,800,000 
 acres. It is surveyed into townships of five miles square each. A body of half a 
 million acres is, however, stricken off from the west end of the tract, as a dona- 
 tion, by the State of Connecticut, to certain sufferers by fire, in the revolutionary 
 war. 
 
 The manner by which Connecticut became possessed of the land in question 
 was the following: King Charles II., of England, pursuing the example of his 
 brother kings, of granting distant and foreign regions to his subjects granted to 
 the then colony of Connecticut, in 1662, a charter right to all lands included 
 within certain specific bounds. But as the geographical knowledge of Europeans' 
 concerning America was then very limited and confused, patents for lands often 
 interfered with each other, and many of them, even by their express terms, ex- 
 tended to the Pacific ocean, or South sea, as it was then called. Among the rest, 
 that for Connecticut embraced all lands contained between the forty-first and 
 forty-second parallels of north latitude, and from Providence plantations on the 
 east, to the Pacific ocean west, with the exception of New York and Pennsylvania 
 colonies; and, indeed, pretensions to these were not finally relinquished without 
 considerable altercation. And after the United States became an independent 
 nation, these interfering claims occasioned much collision of sentiment between 
 
130 
 
 THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 them and the State of Connecticut, which was finally compromised by the United 
 States relinquishing all their claims upon, and guaranteeing to Connecticut the 
 exclusive right of soil to the 3,800,000 acres now described. The United States, 
 however, by the terms of compromise, reserved to themselves the right of juris- 
 diction. They then united this tract to the Territory, now State of Ohio. 
 
 Fire-Lands^ a tract of country so called, of about 781 square miles, or 500,000 
 acres, in the western part of New Connecticut. The name originated from the 
 circumstance of the State of Connecticut having granted these lands in 1792, as a 
 donation to certain sufferers by fire, occasioned by the English during our revo- 
 lutionary war, particularly at New London, Fairfield and Norwalk. These lands 
 include the five westernmost ranges of the Western Reserve townships. Lake 
 Erie and Sandusky bay project so far southerly as to leave but the space of six 
 tiers and some fractions of townships between them and the forty-first parallel 
 of latitude, or a tract of about thirty by twenty-seven miles in extent. 
 
 This tract is surveyed into townships of about five miles square 
 each ; and these townships are then subdivided into four quarters ; 
 and these quarter townships are numbered as in the accompanying 
 figure, the top being considered north. And for individual conven- 
 ience these are again subdivided, by private surveys, into lots from 
 fifty to five hundred acres each, to suit individual purchasers. 
 
 United States Military Lands are so called from the circumstances of their hav- 
 ing been appropriated, by an act of Congress of the 1st of June, 1796, to satisfy 
 certain claims of the officers and soldiers of the revolutionary war. The tract 
 of country embracing these lands is bounded as follows : beginning at the north- 
 west corner of the original VII ranges of townships, thence south 50 miles, thence 
 west to the Scioto river, thence up said river to the Greenville treaty line, thence 
 northeasterly with said line to old Fort Laurens, on the Tuscarawas river, thence 
 due east to the place of beginning ; including a tract of about 4,000 square miles, 
 or 2,560,000 acres of land. It is, of course, bounded north by the Greenville 
 treaty line, east by the “ VII ranges of townships,” south by the Congress and 
 Refugee lands, and west by the Scioto river. 
 
 These lands are surveyed into townships of five miles square. These town- 
 ships were then again, originally, surveyed into quarter townships of two and a 
 half miles square, containing 4,000 acres each ; and subsequently some of these 
 quarter townships were subdivided into forty lots of 100 acres each, for the accom- 
 modation of those soldiers holding warrants for only 100 acres each. And again 
 after the time originally assigned for the location of these warrants had expired, 
 certain quarter townships, which had not then been located, were divided into 
 sections of one mile squ-are each, and sold by the general government like the main 
 body of Congress lands. 
 
 The quarter townships are numbered as exhibited in the accom- 
 panying figure, the top being considered north. The place of each 
 township is ascertained by numbers and ranges, the same as Congress 
 lands ; the_ ranges being numbered from east to west, and the num- 
 bers from south to north. 
 
 Virginia Military Lands are a body of land lying between the Scioto and 
 Little Miami rivers, and bounded upon the Ohio river on the south. The State 
 of Virginia, from the indefinite and vague terms of expression in its original 
 colonial charter of territory from James I., king of England, in the year 1609, 
 claimed all the continent west of the Ohio river, and of the north and south 
 breadth of Virginia. But finally, among several other compromises of conflict- 
 ing claims which were made, subsequently to the attainment of our national inde- 
 pendence, Virginia agreed to relinquish all her claims to lands northwest of the 
 Ohio river, in favor of the general government, upon condition of the lands, now 
 described, being guaranteed to her. The State of Virginia then appropriated this 
 body of land to satisfy the claims of her State troops employed in the continental 
 line during the revolutionary war. 
 
 This district is not surveyed into townships or any regular form ; but any 
 individual holding a Virginia military land warrant may locate it wherever he 
 chooses within the district, and in such shape as he pleases wherever the land 
 shall not previously have been located. In consequence of this deficiency of 
 
THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 131 
 
 regular original surveys, and the irregularities with which the several locations 
 have been made, and the consequent interference and encroachment of some loca- 
 tions upon others, more than double the litigation has probably arisen between 
 the holders of adverse titles, in this district, than there has in any other part of the 
 State of equal extent. 
 
 Ohio Cowpany^s Purchase is a body of land containing about 1,500,000 acres ; 
 including, however, the donation tract, school lands, etc., lying along the Ohio 
 river; and including Meigs, nearly all of Athens, and a considerable part of 
 Washington and Gallia counties. This tract was purchased of the general gov- 
 ernment in the year 1787, by Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargeant, from the 
 neighborhood of Salem, in Massachusetts, agents for the “ Ohio Company,” so 
 called, which had been then formed in Massachusetts for the purpose of a settle- 
 ment in the Ohio country. Only 964,285 acres were ultimately paid for, and 
 of course patented. This body of land was then apportioned out into 817 shares 
 of 1,173 acres each, and a town lot of one-third of an acre to each share. These 
 shares were made up to each proprietor in tracts, one of 640 acres, one of 262, one 
 of 160, one of 100, one of 8, and another of 3 acres, besides the before-mentioned 
 town lot. 
 
 Besides every section 16, set apart, as elsewhere, for the support of schools, 
 every section 29 is appropriated for the support of religious institutions. In 
 addition to which were also granted two six miles square townships for the use 
 of a college. 
 
 But unfortunately for the Ohio Company, owing to their want of topographical 
 knowledge of the country, the body of land selected by them, with some partial 
 exceptions, is the most hilly and sterile of any tract of similar extent in the 
 State. 
 
 Donation Tract is a body of 100,000 acres set off in the northern limits of the 
 Ohio Company’s tract, and granted to them by Congress, provided they should 
 obtain one actual settler upon each hundred acres thereof within five years from 
 the date of the grant; and that so much of the 100,000 acres aforesaid, as should 
 not thus be taken up, shall revert to the general government. 
 
 This tract may, in some respects, be considered a part of the Ohio Company’s 
 purchase. It is situated in the northern limits of Washington county. It lies 
 in an oblong shape, extending nearly 17 miles from east to west, and about 7^ 
 from north to south. 
 
 Symmes’ PurchasCy a tract of 311,682 acres of land, in the southwestern quarter 
 of the State, between the Great and Little Miami rivers. It borders on the Ohio 
 river a distance of 27 miles, and extends so far back from the latter between the 
 two Miamis as to include the quantity of land just mentioned. It was patented 
 to John Cleves Symmes, in 1794, for 67 cents an acre. Every 16th section, or 
 square mile, in each township, was reserved by Congress for the use of schools, 
 and sections 29 for the support of religious institutions, besides 15 acres around 
 Fort Washington, in Cincinnati. This tract of country is now one of the most 
 valuable in the State. 
 
 Refugee Tracf a body of 100,000 acres of land granted by Congress to certain 
 individuals who left the British provinces during the revolutionary war, and es- 
 poused the cause of freedom. It is a narrow strip of country 4^ miles broad from 
 north to south, and extends eastwardly from the Scioto river 48 miles. It has the 
 United States XX ranges of military or army lands north, and XXII ranges of 
 Congress lands south. In the western borders of this tract is situated the town 
 of Columbus. 
 
 French Grants a tract of 24,000 acres of land bordering upon the Ohio river, in 
 the southeastern quarter of Scioto county. It was granted by Congress, in March, 
 1795, to a number of French families, who lost their lands at Gallipolis by invalid 
 titles. Twelve hundred acres, additional, w'ere afterwards granted, adjoining 
 the above-mentioned tract at its low^er end, toward the mouth of Little Scioto river. 
 
 Dohrman’s Grant is one six mile square township, of 23,040 acres, granted to 
 Arnold Henry Dohrman, formerly a wealthy Portuguese merchant in Lisbon, for 
 and in consideration of his having, during the revolutionary war, given shelter 
 and aid to the American cruisers and vessels of war. It is located in the south- 
 eastern part of Tuscarawas county. 
 
) 
 
 ?32 THE PUBLIC LANES OP OHIO. 
 
 Moravian Lands are three several tracts of 4,000 acres each, originally granted 
 by the old Continental Congress, July, 1787, and confirmed, by the act of Con- 
 gress of 1st June, 1796, to the Moravian brethren at Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania, 
 in trust and for the use of the Christianized Indians living thereon. They are 
 laid out in nearly square forms, on the Muskingum river, in what is now Tusca- 
 rawas county. They are called by the names of the Shoenbrun, Gnadenhutten 
 and Salem tracts. 
 
 Zauri’s Tracts are three several tracts of one mile square each — one on tlie 
 Muskingum, which includes the town of Zanesville — one at the cross of the 
 Hocking river, on which the town of Lancaster is laid out — and the third, on the 
 left bank of the Scioto river, opposite Chillicothe. They were granted by Con- 
 gress to one Ebenezer Zane, in May, 1796, on condition that he should open a 
 road through them from Wheeling, in Virginia, to Maysville, in Kentucky. 
 
 There are also three other tracts, of one mile square each, granted to Isaac 
 Zane, in the year 1802, in consideration of his having been taken prisoner by the 
 Indians, when a boy, during the revolutionary war, and living with them most 
 of his life ; and having, during that time, performed many acts of kindness and 
 beneficence toward the American people. These tracts are situated in Champaign 
 county, on King’s creek, from three to five miles northwest from Urbana. 
 
 The Maumee Road Lands are a body of lands averaging two miles wide, lying 
 along one mile on each side of the road from the Maumee river at Perrysburg to 
 the western limits of the Western Reserve, a distance of about 46 miles; and 
 comprising nearly 60,000 acres. They were originally granted by the Indian 
 owners, at the treaty of Brownstown in 1808, to enable the United States to make 
 a road on the line just mentioned. The general government never moved in the 
 business until February, 1823, when Congress passed an act making over the 
 aforesaid land to the State of Ohio ; provided she would, within four years there- 
 after, make and keep in repair a good road throughout the aforesaid route of 46 
 miles. This road the State government has already made; and obtained posses- 
 sion and sold most of the land. 
 
 Turnpike lands are forty-nine sections, amounting to 31,360 acres, situated along 
 the western side of the Columbus and Sandusky turnpike, in the eastern parts of 
 Seneca, Crawford, and Marion counties. They were originally granted by an act 
 of Congress on the 3d of March, 1827, and more specifically by a supplementary 
 act the year following. The considerations for which these lands were granted 
 were, that the mail stages and all troops and property of the United States which 
 should ever be moved and transported along this road shall pass free from toll. 
 
 The Ohio Canal lands are lands granted by Congress to the State of Ohio to aid 
 in constructing her extensive canals. These lands comprise over 1,000,000 of 
 acres, a large proportion of which is now (1847) in market. 
 
 School Lands . — By compact between the United States and the State of Ohio, 
 when the latter was admitted into the Union, it was stipulated, for and in con- 
 sideration that the State of Ohio should mever tax the Congress lands until after 
 they should have been sold five years ; and in consideration that the public lands 
 would thereby more readily sell, that the one-thirty-sixth part of all the territory 
 included within the limits of the State should be set apart for the support of 
 common schools therein. And, for the purpose of getting at lands which should 
 in point of quality of soil be on an average with the whole land in the country, 
 they decreed that it should be selected by lot, in small tracts each, to wit: that 
 it should consist of section 16, let that section be good or bad, in every township 
 of Congress lands; also in the Ohio Company, and in Symmes’ purchases; all of 
 which townships are composed of thirty-six sections each; and for the United 
 States military lands and Connecticut Reserve, a number of quarter townships, 
 two and one-half miles square each (being the smallest public surveys therein 
 then made), should be selected by the Secretary of the Treasury, in different 
 places throughout the United States military tract, equivalent in quantity to the 
 one-thirty-sixth part of those two tracts respectively. And for the Virginia mili- 
 tary tract. Congress enacted that a quantity of land equal to the one-thirty-sixth 
 part of the estimated quantity of land contained therein should be selected by 
 lot, in what was fhen called the “ New Purchase,” in quarter township tracts of 
 three miles square each. Most of these selections were accordingly made ; but, 
 
THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 33 
 
 in some instances, by the carelessness of the officers conducting the sales, or from 
 some other cause, a few sections 16 have been sold ; in which case Congress, 
 when applied to, has generally granted other lands in lieu thereof; as, for 
 instance, no section 16 was reserved in Montgomery township, in which Colum- 
 bus is situated ; and Congress afterwards granted therefor section 21 in the town- 
 ship cornering thereon to the southeast. 
 
 College townships are three six miles square townships granted by Congress ; two 
 of them to the Ohio Company for the use of a college to be established within 
 their purchase, and one for the use of the inhabitants of Symmes’ purchase. 
 
 Ministerial Lands . — In both the Ohio Company and in Symmes’ purchase every 
 section 29 (equal to one-thirty-sixth part of every township) is reserved as a per- 
 manent fund for the support of a settled minister. As the purchasers of these two 
 tracts came from parts of the Union where it was customary and deemed neces- 
 sary to have a regular settled clergyman in every town, they therefore stipulated 
 in their original purchase that a permanent fund in land should thus be set apart 
 for this purchase. In no other part of the State, other than in these two pur- 
 chases, are any lands set apart for this object. 
 
 Salt Sections . — Near the centre of what is now (1847) Jackson county Congress 
 originally reserved from sale thirty-six sections, or one six mile square township, 
 around and including what was called the Scioto salt-licks; also one-quarter of 
 a five mile square township in what is now Delaware county ; in all, forty-two 
 and a quarter sections, or 27,040 acres. By an act of Congress of the 28th of 
 December, 1824, the legislature of Ohio was authorized to sell these lands, and to 
 apply the proceeds thereof to such literary purposes as said legislature may think 
 proper ; but to no other purpose whatever. 
 
 To the foregoing article of Kilbourne we append Tract No. 61 of the Western 
 Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society,” by the late Col. Charlej' 
 Whittlesey, and entitled • 
 
 SURVEYS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS IN OHIO. 
 
 The surveys of the government lands were commenced in July, 1786, under 
 the management of Thomas Hutchins, the geographer of the United States. 
 There were surveyors appointed — one from each State ; but only nine entered 
 upon the work in 1786. Among them were Anselm Tupper, Joseph Buell, and 
 John Matthews. Rufus Putnam was appointed from Massachusetts, but was 
 then engaged in surveys in what is now the State of Maine. 
 
 The geographer planted his Jacobstaff on the Pennsylvania line at the north 
 bank of the Ohio river. Having been one of the Pennsylvania commissioners on 
 the western boundary in 1784,'*' he was familiar with the country from the Ohio 
 river to Lake Erie. He ran a line west over the hills of Columbiana and Carroll 
 counties in person, now known as the “ Geographer’s Line,” a distance of forty- 
 two miles. At each mile a post was set and on each side witness-trees were 
 marked. Every six miles was a town corner. From these corners surveyors 
 ran the meridian or range lines south to the Ohio, and the east and west town 
 lines. 
 
 Hutchins began the numbers of the sections, or No. 1 at the southeast corner 
 of :the township, thence north to the northeast corner. The next tier began with 
 No. 7 on the south line, and so on, terminating with No. 36 at the northwest 
 corner. This system of numbering was followed in the survey of the Ohio Com- 
 
 * The best astronomical and mathematical talent of the colonies was employed on the western boundary 
 of Pennsylvania, which had long been contested by Virginia. It was fixed by a transit sighting from 
 hill to hill, the timber cut away, so that the instrument could be reversed and thus cover three stations, 
 often several miles apart. As the monuments put up by the surveyors were nearly all of wood, there 
 were few of them visible in 1796, when the surveyors of the Western Reserve began their work. The 
 vista cut through the woods on the summit of the hills to open the Pennsylvania line had nearly 
 disappeared when the country was cleared for settlement. On this survey, when the Ohio river was 
 reached the Virginia commissioners retired, because that State had ceded the country north of the 
 Ohio. 
 
134 
 
 THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 pany’s purchase and in the Symmes purchase. It was changed to the present 
 system by the act of 1799, without any apparent reason. The towns in the seven 
 ranges were, by law, numbered from the Ohio river northward, and the ranges 
 from the Pennsylvania line westward. In the history of land surveys this is the 
 first application of the rectangular system of lots in squares of one mile, with 
 meridian lines, and corner posts at each mile, where the number of the section^ 
 town, and range was put on the witness-trees in letters and figures. It should be 
 regarded as one of the great American inventions, and the credit of it is due to 
 Hutchins, who conceived it in 1764 when he was a captain in the Sixtieth Royal- 
 American regiment, and engineer to the expedition under Col. Henry Bouquet to 
 the Forks of the Muskingum, in what is now Coshocton county. It formed a 
 part of his plan for military colonies north of the Ohio, as a protection against 
 
 Indians. The law of 1785 embraced most of the details of the new system. It 
 was afterwards adopted by the State of Massachusetts in the surveys of her timber 
 lands in the province of Maine, and by the purchasers of her lands within the 
 State of New York, also by the managers of the Holland purchase in Western 
 New York and the State of Connecticut on the Western Reserve. 
 
 Although the Indian tribes had ceded Southern Ohio to the United States, 
 they were bitterly opposed to its survey and settlement by white people. They 
 were so hostile that troops were detailed from Fort Harmar for the protection of 
 surveyors. The geographer’s line ended on the heights south of Sandyville, in 
 Stark county, about three miles east of Bolivar. In September, 1786, Major 
 Doughty, of Colonel Harmar’s Battalion, advised them that he could not guar- 
 antee their safety. The subdivision of very few townships was completed that 
 year. In 1787 the work was pushed more rapidly. The west line of the seven 
 
THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 135 
 
 ranges, as they have ever since been designated, was continued southward to the 
 Ohio river, a few miles above Marietta, being about fourteen (14) towns or eighty- 
 four miles in length. 
 
 The meridian lines of the seven ranges diverged to the right, or to the west, as 
 they were extended southerly. The magnetic variation was seldom corrected. 
 The country was rough, and revengeful savages lurked in the surrounding forest. 
 The work of these brave men should not be closely criticised, even where there 
 are some irregularities. 
 
 The variation of the needle in 1786 must have been about (2) two degrees east, 
 decreasing about (2' 30") two and one-half minutes yearly. If the magnetic 
 meridian was followed, the result would be a deviation from the true meridian, 
 and going south would be to the west, and the departure would be sixteen chains^ 
 eighty links for each township. No account was then taken of the divergence of 
 meridians, which in working southward amounted in a degree of sixty-nine and 
 one-half miles to about eight chains. Not less than an entire section was offered 
 for sale, and the priee was two dollars per acre. Supplies were brought to the 
 lines from Fort Steuben (now Steubenville) through the woods on pack horses. 
 By the act of May 18, 1796, the tract north of the geographer’s line to the 
 Western Reserve was directed to be surveyed, but it was not until 1810 that the 
 sections were closed up to that line. 
 
 A discussion having arisen between the Connecticut Land Company and the 
 Federal Government, as to the location of the forty-first parallel of latitude, 
 Surveyor-General Professor Mansfield was directed to examine the line, in that 
 year, who advised that it be not disturbed. 
 
 After the death of Geographer Hutchins, in April, 1789, the entire management 
 of the surveys devolved upon the Board of the Treasury, until the Constitution 
 of 1787 went into operation, and for some years after. Before the Constitution 
 there was no Federal executive, or cabinet, and executive business was transacted 
 by committees, or boards filled by members of Congress, subject to the direction 
 of Congress. Legislation was a very simple matter. A convention of delegates 
 from the several States, in such numbers as they chose to select and to pay, each 
 State having one vote, constituted the supreme power. Their legislative acts 
 took the form of resolutions and ordinances, which were final. As early as 
 August, 1776, it was resolved to give bounties in land, to soldiers and officers in 
 the war of liberation. A tract was directed to be surveyed for this purpose in 
 Ohio, in 1796. It is still known as the '"'Military bounty lands , lying next west 
 of the seven ranges, fifty miles down the line to the south, bounded north by the 
 treaty line of 1795, and extending west to the Scioto river. Its southwest corner 
 is near Columbus. For this tract the surveyors were able to bring supplies up 
 the Muskingum and the Scioto rivers in boats. In the bounty lands the townships 
 were directed to be five miles square, with subdivisions into quarters, containing 
 4,000 acres. The allotment of the quarter towns was left to the owners. 
 
 It was not until 1799 that the surveys were again placed in charge of a special 
 officer, with the title of surveyor-general. 
 
 General Rufus Putnam, of Marietta, was appointed to the place, which he held 
 until the State of Ohio was admitted into the Union. Putnam was a self-taught 
 mathematician, surveyor and engineer, on whom Washington relied for the con- 
 struction of the lines investing the city of Boston in 1775-1776. He compre- 
 hended at once the rectangular system of surveys, and so did the surveyors of 
 the New England States. He served until the State of Ohio was organized in 
 1803 and was succeeded by Jared Mansfield, of the United States Military En- 
 gineers. Both these gentlemen were for their times accomplished mathematicians 
 and engineers. 
 
 The sale of lands in the seven ranges was so slow, that there was for several 
 years no necessity for additional surveys. At two dollars per acre, and in tracts 
 of not less than a section of 640 acres, the western emigrant could do better in 
 other parts of Ohio and in Kentucky. The purchasers of the Symmes’ purchase 
 paid for the entire tract sixty-seven cents per acre. On the Reserve the State of 
 Connectieut offered her lands at fifty cents. 
 
 In the Virginia military reservation, the whole was available in State warrants 
 that were very cheap. The Ohio Company paid principally in continental cer- 
 tificates. 
 
136 
 
 THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 
 
 After 1796 the military bounty land came in competition, which could be had 
 in tracts of 4,000 acres for bounty certificates, issued under the resolutions of 1776 
 and 1780. In 1795 the Western Reserve was sold in a body at about forty cents 
 per acre. These large blocks covered full half of the State of Ohio. 
 
 By the act of May 18, 1796, additional surveys were provided for. First: In 
 the district between the Ohio Company and the Scioto river. Here it was found 
 that a correctional meridian was necessary, because of the excess in the sections, 
 abutting on the west line of the company at range fifteen.* The correction was 
 made by establishing a true meridian between ranges seventeen and eighteen with 
 sections of an exact mile square. Between the Ohio river and Hampden, in 
 Vinton county, the correction north and south amounted to a mile. The errors 
 from the variation of the needle were such that quarter sections abutting on the 
 true meridian on the east, were nearly as large as full sections on the west. 
 
 There are also discrepancies on the north line of the Ohio Company, especially 
 between Hocking and Perry counties. On the south side the sections overrun in 
 some instances twenty acres. On the north, the government surveys are some- 
 times short 25 to 28 acres. On the county maps in the Symmes’ purchase, the 
 section lines present a singular appearance. Their east and west boundaries are 
 the most irregular, especially in the later surveys. This difference is due not so 
 much to the compass as the chain, and the allowance for rough ground. Land 
 was of so little value that very little care was given to the accuracy of surveys. 
 
 Secondly : By the same act, seven ranges were to be surveyed on the Ohio river, 
 next west of the first meridian, now in Indiana ; also in the country between this 
 meridian and the great Miami. In both tracts, the towns were numbered from 
 the river northward. Quarter posts were required at each half mile, and the land 
 was offered in half sections, to be divided by the purchaser, the price remaining 
 at two dollars per acre. 
 
 It was not until after the war of 1812-15, and the conquest of the Indian ter- 
 ritory north of Wayne’s treaty line, that surveys were ordered in the northwest 
 quarter of Ohio. For this- tract a base line was run on or near the forty-first 
 parallel of latitude, corresponding to the south line of the Reserve. The ranges 
 were numbered east from the first meridian, being the west line of Ohio, and the 
 towns numbered north and south from the base. It is seventeen ranges east to 
 the west line of the Reserve, and from the Pennsylvania line twenty-one ranges 
 west, making the breadth of the State about 228 miles. 
 
 From 1779 to 1785 parties holding Virginia State land warrants located them 
 on the north side of the Ohio. This was done against the law of Virginia and 
 her cession of 1784. The valley of the Hocking river was occupied as far as 
 Logan when, in the fall of 1785, the claimants were removed by the United States 
 troops. Probably these claims had been surveyed. In the Virginia military 
 tract the private surveys were so loose as to be entirely useless for geographical 
 purposes. In order to fix the Little Miami river on the official maps, an east and 
 west line was run from near Chillicothe through the reservation, connecting the 
 United States surveys from the Scioto river to the Little Miami. According to 
 the present practice there are corrective lines and guide meridians within thirty 
 to fifty miles of each other. The towns and sections are thus made nearly equal 
 by these frequent checks upon errors of chaining, of the variation of the needle, 
 and the convergence of meridians. It was not until 1804 that sales were made 
 in quarter sections, and it was 1820 before the price was fixed at $1.25 per acre, 
 which could be located in half or quarter sections as it has been ever since. 
 
 '* See line A A of plan. 
 
HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO, 
 
 By George W. Knight, Ph. D., 
 
 Professor of History and Political Science in Ohio State University. 
 
 George Wells Knight was born June 25, 
 
 1858, at Ann Arbor, Michigan, of New York and 
 New England parentage, and through his mother 
 is a lineal descendant of William Bradford, second 
 Governor of the Plymouth colony. He was edu- 
 cated in the public schools of Ann Arbor, being 
 graduated from the high school in 1874, and at the 
 University of Michigan, from which he was 
 graduated in 1878 in the classical course. After 
 studying law for a year at the university he was 
 for two years principal of the high school at Lan- 
 sing, Michigan. He was married in January, 
 
 1882, to Marietta A. Barnes, of Lansing, a gradu- 
 ate of Vassar College. Having had from his youth 
 a special fondness for history and political science 
 he returned to Ann Arbor and continued his 
 studies in those lines at the university, receiving 
 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1884. After 
 teaching history for a year in Ann Arbor he was 
 elected professor of history and English literature 
 in the Ohio State University at Columbus, and in 
 1887, by a rearrangement of the teaching force, 
 became professor of history and political science 
 in the same institution. In 1885 he published 
 through the American Historical Association a 
 work on “ The History and Management of Land 
 Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory.” 
 
 In 1887 he was made managing editor of the 
 Ohio ArchcBO logical and Historical Quarterly, the 
 oflScial publication of the State Historical So- 
 ciety. 
 
 COMMON SCHOOL ENDOWMENT AND TAXATION. 
 
 In few regions into which civilization has advanced have the educational be- 
 ginnings been made before settlements were planted and the children actually 
 needed school facilities. The history of education, or of the provisions for it, in 
 Ohio commenced, however, before there was an American settlement northwest 
 of the Ohio river or any wave of migration was rolling towards the wilderness 
 between the great lakes and “ the beautiful river.” 
 
 In an ordinance passed by Congress in 1785 for the survey and sale of the 
 western lands, it was provided that section sixteen, or one thirty-sixth, of every 
 township included under the ordinance should be reserved from sale for the 
 maintenance of public schools within the township. This reservation was made 
 not because Congress especially desired to foster education at public expense, but 
 rather as an inducement to migration and the purchase of land by settlers. In 
 1787 the famous ordinance for the government of the Northwest Territory de- 
 clared that “ schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged,” 
 thus pledging both the general government and the future States to provide in 
 some manner for public schools. In the same year, in the contract between the 
 Board of Treasury and the Ohio Company, it was specified that one section in 
 each township of the purchase should be reserved for common schools and “ not 
 more than two complete townships ” should be “ given perpetually for the pur- 
 poses of an university.” A little later, by the contract for the Symmes purchase 
 along the Little Miami, one township, in addition to the usual school sections, 
 
 ( 137 ) 
 
 GEO. W. KNIGHT. 
 
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 138 
 
 was set aside for the benefit of “ an academy and other public schools and sem- 
 inaries of learning.” 
 
 Two things should be noted in this connection : First, the foregoing provisions 
 were all made before any settlement was planted within the territory to which 
 they applied ; second, whatever the original intention of Congress may have 
 been, these grants established, once for all, the idea that it is the duty of the 
 American State to provide schools for its children and that it is the part of wis- 
 dom for Congress, both as a land-owner and a governing body, to take measures 
 which shall ensure the establishment and assist in the maintenance by the States 
 of public schools and colleges. 
 
 As these lands were at first merely reserved from sale and settlement, no steps 
 were taken by the territorial Legislature to apply them to the intended purpose. 
 When Ohio became a State the school lands already reserved were granted to the 
 State to be disposed of by the Legislature. Provision was also made whereby in 
 the Western Reserve, the United States and the Virginia Military Districts, not 
 included in the earlier legislation, one thirty-sixth of the land should be de- 
 voted to schools. This act terminated the direct relations of the United States 
 to the schools of Ohio and left in the hands of the Legislature a splendid school 
 endowment of 704,000 acres of land. 
 
 The Constitution of 1802, repeating the famous educational clause of the or- 
 dinance of 1787, made it the duty of the Legislature to carry out its intent. It 
 also provided that all schools, academies and colleges founded upon or supported 
 by revenues from the land-grants should be open “ for the reception of scholars, 
 students and teachers of every grade without any distinction or preference what- 
 ever.” The Constitution of 1851 was far more specific and shows by its provisions 
 that there had grown up by that time a positive demand for public schools. In plain 
 terms it declares the duty of the General Assembly to provide by taxation or other- 
 wise “ a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the State.” 
 
 Such have been the organic provisions and constitutional obligations assumed 
 by the people of Ohio in regard to public education. What has the State done 
 in fulfilling these duties? As Ohio was the first State coming into possession of 
 an extensive land endowment for education, she had no precedents to follow and 
 could look to no older State for ideas concerning its management. Only the in- 
 come arising from the proceeds of the lands could be expended. The fund itself 
 must remain intact forever. The policy of leasing the lands was first adopted, 
 and all laws on the subject until 1827 provided for leases of various periods and 
 terms, the rents “to be impartially applied to the education of the youths” in 
 the several townships. The character of the leases, the low appraisals of the 
 lands and the terms of payment authorized show conclusively that during the 
 greater part of this time the interests of the lessees were more carefully guarded 
 by the Legislature than were those of the schools. Several special legislative 
 committees were appointed between 1820 and 1825 to investigate abuses in the 
 management of the school lands, and as a result the policy of leasing was 
 abandoned and provision made for selling the lands and investing the proceeds. 
 It was expected that by this change the school fund would be benefited and the 
 income increased. The statute-books and executive reports from this time con- 
 tain a curious mixture of wise and unwise suggestion and legislation and many 
 complicated transactions concerning this trust fund. Without stopping to re- 
 count these measures, not all of them creditable to the wisdom and honor of the 
 General Assembly, it may be said that nearly all of the school lands have long 
 since been sold, and that those unsold are under perpetual lease at an extremely 
 low rental. As fast as the lands were sold the proceeds were paid into the State 
 treasury, and the State has pledged itself to pay six per cent, interest thereon 
 forever, the interest being annually distributed among the various townships and 
 districts for school purposes. As a matter of fact the fund itself has been bor- 
 rowed and spent by the State and the annual interest is raised by taxation. The 
 fund thus exists only on the books of the State and merely constitutes a legal 
 and moral obligation on the part of the people to tax themselves a certain amount 
 annually for school purposes. That this disposition of the fund was never con- 
 templated when the grant was made cannot be questioned. Of the original grant 
 of 704^488 acres about 665,000 acres have been sold, producing a fund of $3,829,- 
 
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 139 
 
 551.06, which yielded ar? income in 1887 of $229,392.90, to which should be added 
 the rents of the unsold lands, making a total income from the Congressional land- 
 grant of about $240,000. 
 
 In the course of a careful study of this subject a few years since the writer of 
 the present sketch reached the following conclusions : 
 
 “ That the possibilities of the grant have not been realized is acknowledged 
 and regretted by all. The great underlying cause was one by no means peculiar 
 to Ohicr or to the times — the failure to appreciate the responsibility imposed upon 
 the State in guarding this immense trust. It seems undeniable that many of 
 her lands were forced into market in advance of any call for their sale. So long 
 as the State was the guardian of the property it ought not to have sanctioned 
 proceedings which sold land for five, ten or twenty per cent, of what might have 
 been realized. 
 
 “ Yet, even though much has been wasted, the grants have been instrumental, 
 in a degree that cannot be estimated in mere dollars and cents, in promoting the 
 cause of education. Perhaps the greatest benefit rendered by the funds has been 
 in fostering among the people a desire for good schools. The funds have made 
 practicable a system of education which without them it would have been im- 
 possible to establish.” 
 
 For many years both before and after the land grant began to produce any in- 
 come, whatever schools were in existence in Ohio were sustained wholly or prin- 
 cipally by private subscription, and by rate bills paid by those whose children 
 attended the schools. These were hardly public schools and certainly not free 
 schools since, like academies or denominational colleges, they were open’ only to 
 those who could afford to pay for the tuition. 
 
 In 1821 the first law was passed that authorized the levying of a tax for the 
 support of schools. By this law authority was given for the division of townships 
 into school districts, and for the election of district school committees, who might 
 erect school-houses and lay a school tax not greater than one-half the State and 
 county tax. While this law committed the State to the idea of taxation for the 
 support of schools it was a permission, not a compulsory law, and was not de- 
 signed to make “ free public schools ; ” for the proceeds of the tax were to be used 
 only for buying land, erecting buildings, and making up the deficiency that may 
 accrue by the schooling of children whose parents or guardians are unable to pay 
 for the same.” The day of free schools had not yet arrived. But the idea of local 
 taxation for the maintenance of schools has developed from 1821 to the present, 
 and in 1887 the local taxes in Ohio for school purposes aggregated $7,445,399.02. 
 
 In 1838 a State Common School Fund of $200,000 was established, made up from 
 various sources. This sum was to be annually raised and distributed among the 
 various school districts, in addition to the income from the lands and to the local 
 taxes for schools. This law marks the beginning of general State taxation for 
 school purposes. In 1842 this fund was reduced to $150,000, in 1851 raised to 
 $300,000 per annum, and in 1853 abolished. 
 
 In 1825 a law was passed levying in every county a uniform tax of one-half 
 mill on the dollar for school purposes. This, too, was in addition to the local 
 township and district taxes. The rate of this levy was modified at various times 
 until 1853, when the whole system of general taxation for school purposes was 
 revised. The township and district taxes were left unchanged, but all other laws 
 providing revenue for schools by taxation were repealed, and in their place “ for 
 the purpose of affording the advantages of a jree education to all the youth of 
 this State” a “State Common School Fund” was established consisting of the pro- 
 ceeds of a tax of two mills upon the dollar on all taxable property. These pro- 
 ceeds were to be annually distributed to each county “ in proportion to the 
 enumeration of scholars.” This tax has since 1871 consisted of one mill on the 
 dollar, but the valuation of taxable property has so increased that the proceeds 
 have not diminished. In 1887 the fund from this source amounted to 
 $1,678,561.12. 
 
 Since 1827 fines for many petty offences have, when collected, been paid over 
 to the township treasury for the use of common schools. In 1887 these and 
 certain local license fees devoted to the same purpose aggregated $372,685.62. 
 
 The following table shows the growth of the educational system of the State 
 
140 
 
 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO, 
 
 during the last thirty years. Complete figures for earlier years are not ac- 
 cessible. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1867. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Number of School-houses . 
 
 9,795. 
 
 11,353. 
 
 11,916. 
 
 12,'589. 
 
 Income from land grants . . 
 
 Common School Fund (State 
 
 Tax) 
 
 Fines, licenses, etc 
 
 Sale of bonds 
 
 Local (township and district) 
 Taxes 
 
 $137,533 21 
 
 1,070,767 72 
 96,086 57 
 
 530,353 19 
 
 $221,800 10 
 
 1,409,403 50 
 208,660 92 
 
 3,019,055 72 
 
 $233,660 62 
 
 1,528,278 86 
 215,382 10 
 328,609 52 
 
 5,569,972 96 
 
 $242,636 76 
 
 1,678,561 12 
 372,685 62 
 494,011 12 
 
 7,445,399 02 
 
 Total income (excluding bal- 
 ances from previous year) . 
 
 $1,834,740 69 
 
 $4,858,920 24 
 
 $7,875,904 06 
 
 $10,233,293 64 
 
 Total youth between 6 and 2 1 
 Average fund per capita . . 
 
 838,037 
 $2 19 
 
 995,250 
 $4 88 
 
 1,025,635 
 $7 68 
 
 1,102,721 
 $9 28 
 
 Total children enrolled in 
 
 Schools 
 
 Average fund per child en- 
 rolled 
 
 603,347 
 
 $3 04 
 
 704,767 
 
 $6 89 
 
 722,240 
 
 $10 90 
 
 767,030 
 
 $13 34 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOLS. 
 
 Few records of the primitive schools of Ohio have been preserved. Nearly 
 everything else of interest, and much that is not, of the doings of the pioneers 
 have been faithfully recorded in various places, while little has been said of the 
 schools. 
 
 Ohio was made up of settlers from various parts of the East. They generally 
 came in groups and located in groups, and the educational and religious character 
 of each of these groups or villages depended mainl}^ upon the previous training 
 and habits of the pioneers. As this training had differed in different ones of the 
 old States so the educational development of the settlements in Ohio differed 
 widely, and these differences have not even to-day entirely disappeared. In set- 
 tlements planted by New Englanders schools almost immediately sprang up, while 
 in those made by pioneers from some of the central and southern States education 
 received far less attention at the outset. 
 
 The records of the Ohio Company show that on March 5, 1788, a resolution was 
 adopted by the directors to employ “ for the education of the youth and the pro- 
 motion of public worship among the first settlers,” an instructor eminent for 
 literary accomplishments and the virtue of his character, who shall also superin- 
 tend the first scholastic institutions and direct the manner of instruction.” Under 
 this resolution Rev. Daniel Story was employed, and began his services as preacher 
 and teacher at Marietta in the spring of 1789. In July, 1790, the directors appro- 
 priated $150 for the support of schools at Marietta, Belpre, and Waterford. 
 Again in 1791 money was appropriated by the Ohio Company to assist in main- 
 taining schools in the same places and “ to engage teachers of such a character as 
 shall be approved by the directors.” 
 
 Hildreth says that “notwithstanding the poverty and privations of the inhab- 
 itants of the garrison, schools were kept up for the instruction of their children 
 in reading, writing, and arithmetic nearly all the time during the Indian war.” 
 
EDUCATIONAL ' PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 f4# 
 
 'T'ne funds were provided partly by the Ohio Company and partly from the lank 
 pockets of the settlers. Among the early teachers at Marietta were Jonathan 
 Baldwin^ Mr. Curtis, and Dr. Jabez True. In Campus Martius, a school was kept 
 “in the winter of 1789, in the northwest block-house, by Anselm Tupper, and 
 every winter after by different teachers.” Among them was Benjamin Slocomb. 
 
 At Belpre, one of the first things done was to provide for teaching the children 
 reading, writing, and arithmetic. Bathsheba Rouse, in the summer of 1789, and 
 for several subsequent summers, taught in Belpre. She was the first woman, and 
 probably the first person, who taught a school of white children in Ohio. In the 
 winters a man was hired to teach the school. Among the first teachers at Belpre 
 were Daniel Mayo and Jonathan Baldwin, the former a Harvard graduate, the 
 latter “ a liberally educated man.” These schools like those at Marietta were 
 supported chiefly by the contributions of the settlers. 
 
 In 1793 and thereafter schools, especially in winter, were “kept” in Waterford. 
 In 1792, at Columbia, the first settlement in Hamilton county, a few miles above 
 the present site of Cincinnati, a school was opened by Francis Dunlevy. Burnet 
 tells of a frame school-house, on the north side of Fourth street in Cincinnati, as 
 occupied, though unfinished, in 1794 or 1795. In the Western Reserve the first 
 permanent settlement was made in 1796 and schools were probably started very 
 soon, though the writer can find no record of any prior to 1802, when one was 
 opened in Harpersfield. Among its first teachers were Abraham Tappan and 
 Elizabeth Harper. In Athens, where the first pioneer built his cabin in 1797, a 
 school was started in 1801 with John Goldthwaite as teacher. The school build- 
 ing was of logs and was used for many years. Walker relates the following inci- 
 dent of Henry Bartlett, the second teacher of this school. “ On one occasion, 
 when the scholars undertook, according to a custom then prevalent, to bar the 
 master out, and had made all very fast, Mr. Bartlett procured a roll of brimstone 
 from the nearest house, climbed to the top of the school-house and dropped the 
 brimstone down the open chimney into the fire ; then, placing something over 
 the chimne}^, he soon smoked the hoys into an unconditional surrender.” 
 
 The foregoing cases serve to show that in most of the communities a school 
 followed close upon the beginning of the settlement. The pioneers in general 
 lived up to the full spirit of the famous ordinance, not simply because it was 
 law, but because they knew the benefits of schools and desired their children to 
 enjoy them. 
 
 These scliools were not public schools in any true sense, and not free schools 
 in any sense. The land grants were not yet available and school taxes were un- 
 known. The teacher made an agreement to “ keep school ” a certain length of 
 time, and those who sent children agreed to pay from one to three dollars for 
 each child sent. The school was in reality a private school. The building in 
 which a pioneer school was conducted, if a separate building was used, was ex- 
 tremely simple and uncomfortable. It was generally from fifteen to eighteen feet 
 wide and twenty-four to twenty-eight feet long, and the eaves were about ten feet 
 from the ground. Built of logs, its architecture was similar to that of the log- 
 cabin of that day even to the “ latch-string.” The floor was of earth or of pun- 
 cheons or smooth slabs. In the more elegant buildings the inside walls were 
 covered with boards, but the more common coating was clay mortar. The fur- 
 niture consisted principally of rude benches without backs made by splitting 
 logs lengthwise into halves and mounting them, flat side up, on four legs or pins 
 driven into the ground. Desks similarly though less clumsily made were some- 
 times furnished to the “ big boys and girls.” The room, or at least one end of it. 
 was heated from an immense fireplace. There was no blackboard, no apparatus 
 of even the rudest description to assist the teacher in expounding the lessons. 
 
 Reading, spelling, writing and arithmetic constituted the course of study, and 
 in some districts as late as 1825 a rule was in force prohibiting the teaching of 
 any other branches. Text-books were few. Murray’s “Reader,” Dillworth’s or 
 Webster’s “Speller,” Pike’s “Arithmetic” and the “Columbian Orator” were the 
 usual outfit of the teacher, and each of the pupils generally had one or more of 
 the books in the list. Reading and spelling were the great tests of learning, and 
 io have mastered arithmetic was to kavv^ “acquired ao oducaiiovi,” at least in lim 
 •^^aller districts. 
 

 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS AV OHIO, 
 
 While all honor should be paid to those who maintained and those who 
 attended these schools, and all credit given for the results achieved, it has been 
 truly said that “ schools worthy of remembrance between 1802 and 1820 were 
 known only in the most enterprising towns. The mass of the people had privi- 
 leges in such ‘ common ’ institutions as might be expected among communities 
 in which school-teachers were tolerated but were neither examined for qualifica- 
 tion nor encouraged for merit.” 
 
 In 1821 the law was passed, already referred to as the first one authorizing 
 taxation for the support of schools. This law was, however, simply permissive, 
 and not until 1825 was any law adopted requiring the levying of taxes for school 
 purposes, and providing for the appointment of school examiners. With these 
 laws the schools began to improve. Still, in 1837, twelve years later, there were 
 few public schools in Ohio. Fortunately in the latter year provision was made 
 for a state superintendent of schools, and Hon. Samuel Lewis was appointed to 
 the office. His three years of service produced an immediate and permanent 
 effect upon the schools. In 1838, as a result of his suggestions, a law was framed 
 that placed the schools of Ohio on a sure footing. It provided for a uniform 
 system of schools, with county superintendents and township inspectors, and the 
 state superintendent at the head to enforce the law and look after the general 
 interests of the schools. Other laws were adopted in later years that supple- 
 mented and amplified this, and made possible the present efficient schools. 
 
 In 1825 began the system of examining teachers before they were employed, 
 but as lato as 1838 the law only required that they should be examined in read- 
 ing, writing and arithmetic. These requirements have been raised from time to 
 time by the addition of other subjects, but while the great majority of the teach- 
 ers in the State to-day are thoroughly competent, the requirements and the 
 methods of examination still permit many poorly-equipped teachers to practice 
 upon the boys and girls in the rural districts. 
 
 In 1845 the first teachers’ institute was held and in 1848 a law was passed pro- 
 viding for the appropriation of money in each county for the purpose of having 
 such institutes conducted. They are now held annually in most of the counties 
 and are a great help to the teachers and hence to the schools. A long and per- 
 sistent attempt, beginning in 1817, has been made to have the State establish 
 one or more normal schools for the training of teachers. For various reasons all 
 attempts have thus far failed, though nearly if not quite every other State in the 
 Union has found such schools not merely helpful but necessary to the proper 
 equipment of teachers for the public schools. There are in the State several pri- 
 vate normal schools which seek to give training to teachers. The majority of 
 them are in reality academies affording a general academic education and paying 
 more or less subordinate attention to the normal department. 
 
 In Decemberj 1847, was organized the State Teachers’ Association, which has 
 held annual meetings from then to the present time. While a purely voluntary 
 association of teachers, it has in many ways been infiuential in improving the 
 tone of education in Ohio and in bringing about wise school legislation. Among 
 its officers and members have been enrolled the best-known names in Ohio educa- 
 tional circles. 
 
 , GRADED SCHOOLS. 
 
 In the early schools of Ohio, as of every other State, all the pupils sat and 
 recited in one room and to a single teacher, and any systematic gradation or 
 classification was impossible even if proposed. The chief impediment was the 
 lack of suitable and sufficient school-buildings. Where two or more schools 
 existed within a village or city the pupils were divided geographically, not by 
 grades, among the several schools. Pupils of all ages and degrees of advance- 
 ment sat in the same room. The first systematic gradation and classification of 
 pupils in Ohio was in Cincinnati, between 1836 and 1840, by virtue of a special 
 law, dividing the city into districts and providing for a building in each district. 
 In each building the pupils were separated into two grades, studying different 
 subjects and grades of work. This was followed in a few years by the establish - 
 mont of Centra) 'Scbo<4 . Ip Cleveland the first free school was estab- 
 
 lisiied ill i.834, and in 1840 tne scnoois were graded. Portsmouth, Day tun 
 
EDUCAT/ONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 Columbus, Maumee, Perrysburg and Zanesville soon, by special acts of the Legis- 
 lature, organized graded schools. In each of these places provision was made for 
 from two to four grades of pupils ; but, except in Cincinnati, no definite course 
 of study, such as exists everywhere to-day, was adopted for any of the grades 
 until about 1850. 
 
 No sketch of the educational progress of Ohio would be worthy of notice that 
 did not describe the Akron law, which when extended to the whole State estab- 
 lished the present system of free graded schools. The Akron law, passed in 1847, 
 organized the town of Akron into a single district and provided for the election 
 of one board of six directors, who should have full control over all the schools 
 in the town. It authorized the board to establish a number of primary schools . 
 and one central grammar school; to fix the terms of transfer from one to 
 another; to make and enforce all necessary rules; to employ and pay teachers; 
 to purchase apparatus ; to determine and certify annually to the town council 
 the amount of money necessary for school purposes ; to provide for the examina- 
 tion of teachers. In 1848 the provisions of this law were extended to other 
 incorporated towns and cities. In 1849 a general law was passed enabling any 
 town of two hundred inhabitants to organize as under the Akron law ; this last 
 law provided for the establishment of “an adequate number” of primary schools 
 “ conveniently located ; ” a school or schools of higher grade or grades ; for the 
 jree admission of all white children ; and that the schools 'nimi be kept open not 
 less than thirty-six weeks in each yea'r. 
 
 Thus was the State provided with a system of free graded schools, under which 
 there should be uniformity in grading and unity in management. “ By the close 
 of the year 1855,” says Superintendent R. W. Stevenson, “ the free graded system 
 was permanently established, met with hearty approval, and received high com- 
 mendation and support from an influential class of citizens who had been the 
 enemies of any system of popular education supported at the expense of the 
 State and by local taxation.” 
 
 ACADEMIES AND HIGH SCHOOLS. 
 
 Public high schools were not known in Ohio before the middle of the century. 
 Long before that, however, many private academies had been founded to furnish 
 an education superior to that given by the district school. The few colleges 
 founded in the first half of the century also maintained preparatory schools, 
 which, doing work similar to that of the academy, bridged over the chasm 
 between the ungraded school and the college proper. 
 
 The Constitution of 1802 provided for the establishment of academies and col- 
 leges by corporations of individuals, and from that time until 1838 public senti- 
 ment appears to have crystallized into the idea that private seminaries were the 
 proper and only necessary means for attaining an education higher than that of 
 the common school. There was apparently felt no public obligation to afford 
 educational facilities, beyond instruction in reading, writing and arithmetic, and, 
 later, grammar and geography. 
 
 Accordingly in many places academies were started, either as private enter- 
 prises or under the general sanction and control of religious sects. In these 
 academies, many of which did excellent work and furnished superior advantages 
 for those days, most of the men who for the past generation have been promi- 
 nent in Ohio either finished their “schooling” or obtained their preparation for 
 college. With the rise of the public high school most of these academies closed 
 their doors, though a few broadened their courses of study and entered upon 
 collegiate instruction. The history of these academies and an account of the 
 good done by them is one of the most interesting as well as the most neglected 
 chapters of Ohio’s educational growth. Without them and without the influence 
 of the graduates they sent out, the establishment of a State system of education 
 would have been long delayed. 
 
 According to the best accounts Burton Academy, incorporated in 1803, was the 
 pioneer among these institutions. Close upon it followed the Dayton Academy, 
 which enjoyed a useful and prosperous career until the establishment of the 
 high school in that city. In Cincinnati Kinmont’s Academy, Madison Institute. 
 
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 
 Locke’s Academy, Pickets’ Young Ladies’ Academy and others flourished. At 
 Chillicothe, Salem, Springfield, Gallipolis, Circleville, Steubenville, Columbus, 
 Norwalk and other places successful academies were maintained. Few of them 
 are to-day in existence, though about two hundred are known to have been 
 founded within the State. In the latest report of the State Commissioner of 
 Schools but fourteen academies are listed, and of these two are connected with 
 colleges as preparatory schools. Thus thoroughly has the public high school 
 supplanted the private academy. 
 
 From an early date in the history of the State tlie governors were far in 
 advance of public sentiment on educational matters. Some of them recom- 
 mended the seminaries to a more hearty popular support, while others with a 
 truer conception of the duty of the State advocated the establishment of high 
 schools, in which instruction should be free, in place of or in addition to these pri- 
 vate seminaries which w^ere obliged to charge large tuition fees in order to maintain 
 themselves. It was not until the years from 1845 to 1850, however, that the first 
 high schools were opened in Cincinnati and Columbus. The experiment was so 
 immediately successful that such schools became, in the language of a close 
 observer, “ a recognized necessity to the existence of the common school sys- 
 tem.” Even before 1845 a few “higher” schools had been started in smaller 
 places, under authority implied in the law of 1838. Among these, and probably 
 the first high school in the State, was one at Maumee, started in 1843-4. 
 
 To-day a high school, supported by public funds as a part of the common 
 school system, is to be found in nearly every town and village in the State. 
 While many children are unwisely withdrawn from school by their parents just 
 when they are ready to take up this broadening high-school work, still a large 
 percentage of the youth of Ohio avail themselves of the advantages ofiered. 
 Late reports of the educational department of the State show the existence of 
 about three hundred high schools, and the number is yearly increasing. 
 
 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 Ohio is pre-eminently a community of many colleges, the reports showing that 
 it possesses more institutions claiming the title of college or university than are 
 contained within any other State of the Union. While abundant opportunities 
 for obtaining a higher education are thus afforded, there is little doubt that this 
 almost abnormal prolificness has been at the expense of strength and high de- 
 velopment of many of the colleges. A sketch, first of the colleges supported by 
 national endowment and State aid, and then of the older of the private and de- 
 nominational colleges follows. 
 
 Ohio University. — The Ohio Company, in its contract with the government, 
 obtained a gift of two townships for the endowment of a university, “to be applied 
 to the intended object by the Legislature of the State.” The townships of Alex- 
 ander and Athens, in Athens county, were selected for that purpose. In 1802 
 the Territorial Legislature chartered the American Western University^ located it 
 in the town of Athens and gave it the two townships. No steps were taken dur- 
 ing the territorial days to organize the university, and in 1804 the charter was 
 repealed and provision made for the establishment of Ohio University at Athens. 
 The lands were appraised and many of them immediately leased on ninety-year 
 leases. A revaluation was to be made once in about every thirty years, and a 
 rental of six per cent, of each valuation was to be paid annually. The next year 
 the law was modified in some parts, but the revaluation clause was not touched. 
 When the time for the first revaluation came the Legislature was prevailed upon 
 hy a strenuous lobby of the lessees to declare that the intention had been to 
 repeal the revaluation clause. As a consequence of this unfortunately legal 
 action of the General Assembly, two townships of land are to-day under perpetual 
 lease at an average rental of about ten cents an acre, the total income from 
 rents amounting to about $4,500 per year. The annual income of Michigan 
 University from a grant of the same size and kind is over $38,000. 
 
 The university was opened for students in 1809 and the first class was grad- 
 uated in 1815, consisting of Thomas Ewing and John Hunter. These men bore 
 the first collegiate degrees ever conferred in the Northwest Territory. In 1822 a 
 
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO, 
 
 u<; 
 
 full faculty was organized, consisting of five men. At the outset the old time 
 classical course was the only one laid down, with a preparatory department or 
 academy to fit students to enter the freshman class. Within recent years a sci- 
 entific course (a course without Greek or Latin) and a normal course have been 
 added. The latter is, so far as known, the only provision ever made by the State 
 for training teachers. The university has once been obliged to close its doors for 
 a few years on account of financial embarrassment, but now seems destined to 
 continue its long and honorable career of usefulness. It is a State University in 
 that its trustees are appointed by the Governor, and its scanty income is occa-' 
 sionally increased by all-too-slender appropriations from the State treasury. ' 
 
 Miami University. — Under the contract between John Cleves Symmes and 
 Congress one township of land was donated by the latter for “ an academy and 
 other public schools and seminaries of learning.” Knowing that but one insti- 
 tution of learning at the most could be maintained by the income from a single 
 township, the Legislature chartered Miami University in 1809 and made it the 
 beneficiary of the grant. The same unwise policy, as in the case of Ohio Uni- 
 versity, was adopted in disposing of the lands, and the institution has received 
 an annual income of but $5,600 from the grant. The college was located at 
 Oxford, Butler county, and was opened for students in 1824. While it has 
 always been crippled by lack of funds and has twice been obliged to suspend for 
 periods of ten or twelve years, its influence has been great and its history notable. 
 Taking into account its size and its misfortunes, “ few institutions have done better 
 work or sent forth so large a proportion of graduates who have become eminent 
 in the various walks of life.” Probably, however, no other college in America 
 has ever been obliged to print in any of its catalogues a notice similar to the fol- 
 lowing: “Tuition and room-rent must invariably be paid in advance and no 
 deduction or drawback is allowed ; and if not paid by the student it is charged 
 to the faculty, who are made responsible to the Board for it.” Like Ohio Uni- 
 versity, it is a semi-State institution, its trustees being selected by the Governor, 
 and its starving treasury receives occasional pittances from the State. The Uni- 
 versity was reopened in 1885 after a lapse of twelve years, and whether it will 
 once more regain the position it once held among Ohio’s colleges is a question 
 not yet easily answered. 
 
 Ohio State University. — In 1862 a grant of lands was made by Congress to 
 each of the States and Territories for “ the endowment, support and maintenance 
 of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other 
 scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such 
 branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such 
 manner as the Legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe.” Under 
 this act Ohio received land scrip for 630,000 acreSo An institution, first known 
 as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, and later as Ohio State University, 
 was chartered by the Legislature and received the scrip as an endowment, sub- 
 ject to the conditions imposed hy Congress. This scrip was sold at an extremely 
 low price, like the previous college land endowments in Ohio, and produced a 
 fund now something more than a half million of dollars, from which the univer- 
 sity receives an annual income of six per cent The university was located at 
 Columbus upon a fine farm of three hundred acres, upon which substantial 
 buildings were soon erected. The site was purchased and the first buildings 
 erected and equipped by a gift of $300,000 from the county of Franklin and city 
 of Columbus. The college, now within the city limits of Columbus, was opened 
 for students in 1873 and the first class was graduated in 1878. In accordance 
 with the terms of the land grant the chief attention is given to instruction in 
 agricultural, mechanical and technical branches, but full collegiate courses are 
 given, and pursued by many students, in classical and literary lines of work. 
 For the last few years the General Assembly has annually appropriated moderate 
 sums for carrying on the work so well begun. 
 
 The three foregoing universities are State institutions, amenable to State con- 
 trol and obtaining their support from the land endowment of the general govern- 
 ment and from State appropriations. Ohio differs from most States in having 
 three higher institutions which are in reality a part of the public educational 
 system of the State. Whether the interests of education are best conserved by 
 
14 ^ 
 
 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 the maintenance of three institutions, or whether a union of the three into one 
 stronger than either to-day, or a fusion or co-operation of the three under one 
 general'management would be wiser, are questions that have been discussed for 
 some years. In any case the sentiment of the State has definitely crystallized 
 into the idea that the State ought to provide at public expense for the higher 
 education of its citizens by maintaining one or more public colleges. 
 
 There are also many denominational or private colleges within the State, some 
 of them strong and prosperous, and all of them doing to the extent of their ability 
 the work of higher education. The limits of this sketch will not permit a de- 
 scription of all, but the more prominent of those founded before 1850 may be 
 briefly mentioned. 
 
 Kenyon College. — Through the efforts of Bishop Philander Chase, Kenyon 
 College was established in 1824, at Gambier, as a college and theological seminary, 
 under the control of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The lands were purchased 
 and the buildings erected with funds raised in this country and in England. The 
 town — which is to-day one of the most beautiful college sites in America — the 
 college, and the principal edifices are named respectively after three English 
 noblemen. The college was soon opened with a strong faculty and a goodly 
 number of students. Financial troubles beset the college, however, and the next 
 fifteen years found an emissary of the institution almost constantly in the East 
 or in Europe seeking aid for the starving college. In 1841 the college and the 
 theological seminary were separated so far as their faculties were concerned. The 
 college has done excellent work, and has afforded good facilities for the pursuit 
 of the old-time classical course. It drew many of its students from the South, 
 and hence suffered severely upon the outbreak of the rebellion. Though not 
 large in membership, it has always had a fine body of students, and has main- 
 tained a good reputation. In 1886-87 its corps of instructors numbered nine, and 
 there were fifty-five students in the collegiate department. 
 
 Western Reserve University. — This institution, now better known as Adel- 
 bert College, was chartered in 1826, and opened for students in the same year at 
 Hudson, Summit (then Portage) county, in the Connecticut Western Reserve. It 
 was designed by the education-loving settlers of the Westeni Reserve to be an 
 independent college, free from ecclesiastical control, but from the outset and until 
 the removal of the college to Cleveland the members of the board of trustees were 
 all ministers or members of the Presbyterian or Congregational churches, and its 
 general policy has been affected by this fact. The objects of the college were “to 
 educate pious young men as pastors for our destitute churches,” “ to preserve the 
 present literary and religious character of the State,” and “ to prepare competent 
 men to fill the cabinet, the bench, the bar, and the pulpit.” Drawing most of its 
 students from the Reserve, the college soon entered upon a prosperous career in 
 both the theological and collegiate departments and in its preparatory school. 
 In 1859, however, the theological department was closed, and definitely aban- 
 doned. The institution has been sustained entirely by donations and students^ 
 fees. In 1881 a magnificent bequest was made to the collegiate department, suffi 
 cient to erect new and elegant buildings and to increase largely its endowment 
 fund, on condition that the collegiate department should be transferred to Cleve^ 
 land, and called Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. The conditions 
 were accepted, and the removal made upon the completion of the new buildings. 
 The preparatory school is still maintained at Hudson, and a medical department 
 has been united to the University at Cleveland. Like the greater number of Ohio 
 colleges, this institution was for some time open to students of either sex, but in 
 1888 the trustees decided that hereafter women should not be admitted. The 
 attendance in 1886-87 was seventy eight, when there were ten members of the 
 faculty. 
 
 Dennison University. — This institution, located at Granville, Licking county, 
 was chartered in 1832 as the Granville Literary and Theological Institution ; in 
 1856 it assumed its present name, in commemoration of a gift from William 
 Dennison, of Adamsville, Ohio. Its board of trustees constitute a close corporation, 
 under the control of the Baptist denomination, and all of its trustees must belong 
 to that church. The college itself is unsectarian in its teachings, the theological 
 department having been given up some years ago. The classical and scientific 
 
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO, 
 
 courses are offered to students, the former — as in most colleges originally literary 
 alone — having the better equipment. In 1886-87 there were eleven instructors 
 and eighty students. 
 
 Oberlin College, — This was chartered in 1834 as the Oberlin Collegiate 
 Institute, at Oberlin, Lorain county, and in 1850 assumed its present name. The 
 institution is under the direction of the Congregational Church, and a theological 
 seminary was early established as a part of the college. The board of trustees is 
 a close corporation. From the outset, but especially in later years, the college 
 has assumed a prominent place among Ohio colleges, indeed, among American 
 colleges. Both sexes have always been admitted to its classes, and — for some time 
 alone among colleges — it almost from its foundation admitted colored students. 
 As it was the pioneer in that regard, its name was soon widespread, and it became 
 a strong promoter of anti-slavery principles. It has from time to time extended 
 its range, and to-day sustains theological, collegiate, musical, art, and preparator}; 
 departments. In its collegiate department in 1886-87 were enrolled 400 students 
 under a faculty of eighteen members. 
 
 Marietta College. — The Marietta Collegiate Institute, located at Marietta, was 
 chartered in 1832. This charter, however, gave the institution no authority to 
 confer degrees, and was defective in other particulars. A new charter free from 
 these defects was accordingly obtained in 1835, from which year the existence of 
 Marietta College dates. The college was founded by some of the men, or their 
 immediate descendants, who were instrumental in obtaining the grant of two 
 townships for an university in the Ohio Company’s purchase. Just why they 
 did not lend their energies solely towards building up the institution (Ohio Uni- 
 versity, at Athens) founded on that land-grant it is difficult after this lapse of 
 time to determine, unless it be that the growth and development of that institu- 
 tion did not accord with the ideas brought to Marietta from New England. The 
 following, believed to be from the pen of the late President I. W. Andrews, par- 
 tially explains the matter: “After spending forty years or more in removing the 
 forest, they (the settlers of Marietta) could no longer postpone the establishment 
 of an institution of learning, embodying those principles and methods which had 
 made the old colleges of New England so efficient and prosperous. There was a 
 deep conviction on the part of many of the most intelligent men in Southeastern 
 Ohio that a literary institution of high order was essential to the educational and 
 religious interests of a large region, of which Marietta was the centre.” The 
 board of trustees has always been a close corporation, but there are no restrictions 
 as to religious belief of the members. As a fact, the majority of the trustees have 
 usually been members of the Presbyterian or Congregational churches. The col- 
 lege has been unsectarian in its teachings, but distinctly Christian in both theory 
 and practice. It has been a remarkably successful, though never a large institu- 
 tion ; and the proportion of graduates to freshmen has probably been larger than 
 that of any other Ohio college. Pleasantly located and comfortably equipped for 
 classical and literary study, it has closely resembled in its staid dignity the older 
 New England colleges. In 1887 its collegiate students numbered eighty-seven, 
 its instructors ten. 
 
 Ohio Wesleyan University. — This institution, located at Delaware, under the 
 control of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was chartered in 1842. The alumni 
 and four Conferences of the church are each represented by five members in the 
 board of twenty-five trustees. The endowment of the institution has been con- 
 tributed chiefly in small amounts by adherents of the church. The college has 
 advanced in its requirements and increased in attendance until it is one of the 
 largest colleges in the State. With the possible exception of Oberlin College, the 
 Ohio Wesleyan University has been more thoroughly permeated with religious 
 sentiment and zeal than any other of the Ohio colleges. The majority of its stu- 
 dents belong to families adhering to the Methodist Episcopal Church, and it has 
 sent out a large body of graduates. In 1886 there were 336 collegiate students 
 and twenty-five instructors. 
 
 Wittenberg College. — This college is located at Springfield, Clark county, 
 and was chartered in 1845. It is under the control of the General Synod of the 
 Evangelical Lutheran Church, and its trustees are chosen by various local Synods 
 of that denomination. The institution was founded to meet the religious and 
 
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 educational wants of the Lutheran denomination in that vicinity. A theological 
 department has always been a prominent part of the college. The institution 
 has never been large, but, with a moderate endowment and comfortable buildings 
 and equipment, it has always prospered. In 1886 it had sixty-five students in 
 the collegiate department and eleven instructors. 
 
 Otterbein University. — This institution, located at Westerville, Franklin 
 county, was chartered in 1849, under the auspices of the United Brethren in Christ, 
 and received its name from the founder of that church. Like Wittenberg College, 
 and many others in the West, it was established to meet the educational needs 
 of a religious denomination, and has drawn its financial support almost solely 
 from them. It has always ranked among the smaller colleges of the State, and 
 has not always been liberally supported by the church. It was uniortunate in 
 losing its main building, including the library and much apparatus, by fire in 
 1870. A new building was soon erected, and the institution has continued its 
 career, its pathway often beset with the rocks of financial embarrassment that are 
 encountered by most small denominational colleges. In 1886 there were seven 
 instructors and fifty students in the collegiate department. 
 
 Many other colleges exist in Ohio, some of them strong and prosperous, and 
 several professional institutions have been established, while the number of com- 
 mercial and business “ colleges ” is very large. The foregoing are, however, the 
 leading colleges or universities, properly so called, founded before the middle of 
 the present century, and the limits of this sketch permit mention only of the 
 names and a few statistics concerning the others. The figures given below, as 
 well as those that have preceded, are based mainly upon the official report of the 
 State Commissioner of Schools. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Location. 
 
 Date 
 of • 
 
 Charter. 
 
 Religious 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 No. of 
 Instructors 
 1886-87. 
 
 No. of 
 Students 
 Collegiate 
 Dep’tment 
 1886-87. 
 
 Buchtel College 
 
 Akron 
 
 1870 
 
 Universalist 
 
 11 
 
 79 
 
 Ashland College 
 
 Ashland 
 
 1878 
 
 Brethren ^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 Baldwin University 
 
 Berea 
 
 1856 
 
 Meth. Episcopal 
 
 12 
 
 45 
 
 German Wallace College 
 
 Berea 
 
 1864 
 
 Meth. I^iscopal 
 
 5 
 
 44 
 
 St. Joseph’s College 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 1873 
 
 Rom'an Catholic 
 
 11 
 
 200 
 
 St. Xavier’s College 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 1846 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 10 
 
 44 
 
 University of Cincinnati 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 1870 
 
 Non-Sectarian 
 
 14 
 
 118 
 
 Belmont College 
 
 College Hill 
 
 1846 
 
 Non-Sectarian 
 
 e 
 
 21 
 
 Capital University 
 
 Columbus 
 
 1850 
 
 Evangel. Lutheran 
 
 8 
 
 76 
 
 Findlay College 
 
 Findlay 
 
 1882 
 
 
 10 
 
 169 
 
 Hiram College 
 
 Hiram 
 
 1867 
 
 Disciples 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 Mt. Union College 
 
 Mt. Union 
 
 1858 
 
 Non-Sectarian 
 
 12 
 
 115 
 
 Franklin College 
 
 New Athens 
 
 1825 
 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 Muskingum College 
 
 New Concord 
 
 1837 
 
 United Presbyteri’n 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 Rio Grande College 
 
 Rio Grande 
 
 1875 
 
 Free Will Baptist 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 Scio College 
 
 Scio 
 
 1866 
 
 Meth. Episcopal 
 
 5 
 
 125 
 
 Heidelberg College 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 1850 
 
 Reformed 
 
 8 
 
 85 
 
 Urbana University 
 
 Urbana 
 
 1850 
 
 New Church 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 Wilberforce University 
 
 Wilberforce 
 
 1863 
 
 African Meth. Epis. 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 University of Wooster 
 
 Wooster 
 
 1866 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 18 
 
 226 
 
 Antioch College 
 
 Yellow Sp’ngs 
 
 1852 
 
 Non-Sectarian 
 
 8 
 
 36 
 
 In conclusion, we may quote the words of Prof. E. B. Andrews, uttered after a 
 careful study and discriminating praise of the good results accomplished by many 
 of the Ohio colleges : “ It is unfortunate that there are in Ohio so many colleges 
 of denominational origin, when, with a broader view of the subject of higher 
 learning, combinations could have been effected which, without any sacrifice of 
 religious influence, would have given us institutions of greater strength and dig- 
 
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 
 
 149 
 
 nity, and of ampler facilities for affording a broad and generous culture 
 
 This entire misconception of the true function of the college has led to such a 
 multiplication of colleges in Ohio that all are hindered and many are dwarfed.” 
 
 Authorities consulted in preparing this sketch : Hildreth’s “ Pioneer History Walker’s 
 “History of Athens County;” American Journal of Education ; Knight’s “Land Grants for 
 Education in the Northwest Territory;” “A History of Education in the State of Ohio” 
 (Columbus, 1876); “Historical Sketches of Higher Educational Institutions in Ohio” (1876); 
 Ohio School Commissioners’ Reports ; Reports of United States Commissioner of Educa- 
 tion ; Ohio Executive Documents ; Ohio Laws. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, and with a view to supply what seems to be an 
 inadvertent omission, we subjoin the following statement in reference to the 
 efficiency and progress of educational legislation in Ohio. We allude to the 
 “Act to provide for the reorganization, supervision, and maintenance of Com- 
 mon Schools, passed March 14, 1853.” 
 
 Prior to the passage of this act the common schools had become inefficient in 
 their character, and the laws so often amended as to render them incapable of 
 being understood, or receiving a consistent judicial construction. It was for 
 this reason that the first General Assembly, under the new constitution of 1851, 
 revised the school laws and passed the reorganizing act of March 14, 1853. 
 This act introduced radical changes in the school system — changes which have 
 given the common schools a deservedly high character for their excellence. 
 The provisions of the act, with slight amendments, remained in force for twenty 
 years, when most of its provisions were embraced in the codification of the 
 school laws in 1873, and are still operative. 
 
 It will be readily seen by a reference to James W. Taylor’s “ History of the 
 Ohio School System,” published in 1857, that Harvey Rice, the Senator from 
 Cuyahoga, and chairman of the standing committee on schools, was the author 
 of the bill, now known as the Act of March 14, 1853. Soon after the act came 
 in force, and generally throughout the State since that time, he has been called 
 the “ father of the Ohio School System,” an honor to which his devotion to the 
 ^ welfare of public schools justly entitles him. We take the following reference 
 to Mr. Rice and his educational labors from the “ History of Education in the 
 State of Ohio ” — a centennial volume — published by authority of the General 
 Assembly in 1876. 
 
 “ The school law passed by the General Assembly, March 14, 1853, was chiefly 
 prepared by the Hon. Harvey Rice, of Cleveland, a member of the Ohio Senate 
 and chairman of the committee on common schools. Mr. Rice was born in 
 Massachusetts, June 11, 1800, and graduated at Williams College. He came to 
 Ohio in 1824, and settled in (Cleveland. For a short time he engaged in teaching 
 while preparing for the practice of law, upon which he soon entered. Mr. 
 Rice’s abilities and worth were soon recognized by his fellow-townsmen, who 
 manifested their appreciation by electing him to various important offices in 
 the county, and to a seat in the lower House of the General Assembly. 
 
 “ In 1851 Mr. Rice was elected to the Senate. The session which followed was 
 a very important one. Ohio had outgrown her old constitution, and this was 
 the first meeting of her Legislature under the provisions of the new. It was 
 evident to all, who had watched the growing educational needs of the State, 
 that the school system needed a thorough revision. Since the passage of the 
 act of 1838 the population of the State had more than doubled, and its re- 
 sources had increased in a still greater ratio. Mr. Rice addressed himself to the 
 work of procuring the passage of an act for the reorganization of the common 
 schools, and providing for their supervision. The bill passed the Senate with 
 but two negative votes. He had previously taken a prominent part in the pas- 
 sage of an act providing for the establishment of two asylums for lunatics, and 
 he now advocated the establishment of a State Reform Farm School, at that 
 time a novel idea. A few years saw it in successful operation. 
 
 “Mr. Rice still lives in Cleveland. He has lived to see the State of his adop- 
 tion enjoy the fruits of his labors, and to see her in his own words ‘ lead the 
 column in the cause of popular education and human rights.’ His active life as 
 a politician and public-spirited citizen has not prevented the cultivation of his 
 taste for literature. He is well known as a graceful writer both in prose and verse.” 
 
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 BY GEN. JOHN BEATTY. 
 
 General John Beatty was born near Sandusky, 
 
 Ohio, December 16, 1828. His education was obtained at 
 the district school of a pioneer settlement. His grand- 
 father, John Beatty, was an anti-slavery man of the 
 James G. Birney school ; from him the present John 
 imbibed in boyhood his first political tenets, and to these 
 he has adhered somewhat obstinately ever since. In 1852 
 he supported John P, Hale for the presidency. In 1856 
 he cast his vote for John C. Fremont. In 1860 he was the 
 Kepublican presidential elector for the district which 
 sent John Sherman to Congress. When the war broke 
 out in 1861, he was the first to put his name to an enlist- 
 ment roll in Morrow county. He was elected to the cap- 
 taincy of his company, subsequently made lieutenant- 
 colonel, then colonel of the Third Ohio Volunteer 
 Infantry, and in 1862 advanced to the position of briga- 
 dier-general of volunteers. He was with McClellan and 
 Rosecrans in West Virginia, summer and fall 1861; with 
 General O. M. Mitchel in his dash through Southern 
 Kentucky, Middle Tennessee and Northern Alabama in 
 the spring of 1862. Returning with General Buell to the 
 Ohio river, he joined in the pursuit of Bragg, and on 
 October 8, 1862, fought at the head of his regiment in the 
 battle of Perryville, Kentucky. In the December follow- 
 ing he was assigned to the command of a brigade of Rous- 
 seau’s division, and led it through the four days’ battle 
 of Stone River, closing on the night of January 3, 1863, 
 with an assault on the enemy’s barricade, on the left of the Murfreesboro’ turnpike, which he carried 
 at the point of the bayonet. He was with Rosecrans on the Tullahoma campaign, and after the enemy 
 evacuated their stronghold, overtook them at Elk river, drove their rear guard from the heights 
 beyond, and led the column which pursued them to the summit of the Cumberland. While the army 
 rested at Winchester, Tennessee, he was president of a board to examine applicants for commissions in 
 colored regiments, and continued in this service until the urmy crossed the Tennessee river and entered 
 on the Chattanooga campaign. In this advance into Georgia his brigade had the honor of being the 
 first of Thomas’ corps to cross Lookout mountain. He was with Branuan and Negley in the affair at 
 Dug Gap, and took part in the two days’ fighting at Chickamauga, September, 1863, and in the affair 
 at Rossville. At the re-organization of the Army of the Cumberland he was assigned to the command 
 of the second brigade of Davis’ division Thomas’ corps, but was with Sherman at the battle of Mission 
 Ridge; and when the rebel line broke he led the column in pursuit of the retreating enemy, overtook 
 his rear guard near Graysville, where a short but sharp encounter occurred, in which Gen. George 
 Many, commanding the opposing force, was wounded, and his troops compelled to retire in disorder. 
 Subsequently he accompanied Sherman in the expedition to Knoxville for the relief of Burnside, and 
 the close of this campaign ended his military service. 
 
 Gen. Beatty was elected to the Fortieth Congress from the Eighth Ohio district, and re-elected to the 
 Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses, serving first as member of the Committee on Invalid Pensions, 
 then as Chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, and finally as Chairman of 
 Committee on Public Printing. 
 
 In 1884 he was one of the Republican electors-at-large, and in 1886-7 a member of the Board of 
 State Charities. He has since 1873 been engaged in the business of banking at Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 JOHN BEATTY. 
 
 It would be impossible to make an exact estimate of the number of men who 
 entered the National army from Ohio during the war for the preservation of the 
 Union. Those embraced in regimental and company organizations of the State 
 can, of course, be enumerated, and, with some degree of accuracy, followed to 
 the time of their death, discharge, or final muster out; but these organizations 
 did not by any means include all the patriotic citiz'.ns of Oliio who left peaceful 
 homes to incur the risks of battle for tlie mairoenance of national authority. 
 Five regiments credited to West Virginia were made up in large part of Ohio 
 men ; the same may be said of two regiments credited to Kentucky; also of the 
 Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Colored Infantry, and of two regi- 
 ments of United States colored troops. In addition to those enrolled in regi- 
 (150) 
 
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 
 ments credited to other States, thousands entered the gun-boat service, of whom 
 O.bi.o has no record, while other thousands enlisted in the regular army. 
 
 *'■ From the best prepared statistics of the Provost Marshal-General and Adju- 
 tant-General of the U. S. A. and the Adjutant-General of Ohio, excluding re- 
 enlistments, ‘ squirrel-hunters ’ and militia, and including a low estimate for 
 regular enlistments in the army and navy not credited to Ohio, it is found that 
 Ohio furnished of her citizens 340,000 men of all arms of the service for war; 
 reduced to a department standard, they represent 240,000 three-years soldiers.”* 
 
 The State contributed in organized regiments : 
 
 26 regiments of infantry 
 43 regiments of infantry 
 
 2 regiments of infantry 
 
 27 regiments of infantry 
 117 regiments of infantry 
 
 13 regiments of cavalry 
 
 3 regiments of artillery 
 
 for three months, 
 for 100 days, 
 for six months, 
 for one year, 
 for three years, 
 for three years, 
 for three years. 
 
 To these should be added twenty-six independent batteries of artillery, and 
 five independent companies of cavalry. 
 
 6,536 Ohio soldiers were killed outright in battle. 
 
 4,674 were mortally wounded and subsequently died in hospital. 
 
 13,354 died of disease contracted in the service. 
 
 Tn brief, 84 Ohio soldiers out of every 1,000 enlisted men lost their lives in the 
 war of the rebellion. 
 
 “The total losses in battle of all kinds in both the American and British 
 armies in the seven years’ war of the Revolution, excluding only the captured at 
 Saratoga and Yorktown, is 21,526. This number falls 4,000 below Ohio’s dead- 
 
 list alone during the' late war The loss of Ohio officers is known to 
 
 have reached 872, nearly ten per cent, of the grand total of officers.” f 
 
 In the two hundred and thirty-one regiments, twenty-six independent batteries 
 of artillery, and five independent companies of cavalry which entered the field 
 from Ohio, there Were but 8,750 drafted men ; all other members of the organiza- 
 tions referred to being volunteers. It should be observed, however, that the 
 patriotic impulses of many who volunteered during the later years of the war 
 were to some extent stimulated by the offer and payment of liberal bounties. 
 This fact, without being permitted to detract at all from the credit of the soldier 
 who accepted the money, should be remembered to the honor of the loyal citizen 
 who paid it cheerfully and promptly. 
 
 No army ever had a more abundant and sympathetic support than that 
 accorded by the loyal men and w'omen of the North, who carried forward with 
 intense energy the ordinary business of civil life, while sons, brothers and hus- 
 bands were in the field. Indeed, when we consider that more than one-half of 
 the adult male population of Ohio was in the army, and that probably one-half 
 of those who remained at home were unfitted by age or physical infirmity for 
 military service, and that very many others were held to their farms and offices 
 by business obligations, which could not be honorably disregarded, or family 
 ties it would have been cruelty to sund<^r, we shall be at some loss to determine 
 whether those who by their industry and liberality made it possible for an army 
 to live, are entitled to less or more credit from the country than those who fought 
 its battles and won its victories. To the young there is nothing more attractive 
 than war and nothing more precious than martial honors. It must occur, there- 
 fore, that the brother who remains at home to provide for the wants of the house- 
 hold, and attend to interests which cannot be wholly abandoned, often makes a 
 greater sacrifice of inclination and exhibits a more unselfish devotion to duty 
 than the one who dons a uniform, and with music, banners and loud hurrahs 
 marches to the front. 
 
 It would be very difficult in any work, and wholly impracticable in this, to 
 mention by name the private soldiers of Ohio who rendered faithful service to 
 
 * Address Gen. J. Warren Keifer, at Ne o**rk, 1878. 
 
 t Gen. J. Warren Keifer, 
 
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 152 
 
 the country, or to make special reference to those even who were killed in battk 
 and interred in hurriedly-made graves on the fields where they fought. There 
 are none so obtuse, however, as not to know that in patriotism and courage, and 
 frequently in education, wealth and natural capacity, the private soldier of the 
 Union army was the full equal of those under whom he served, and to whose 
 orders he gave prompt and unquestioning obedience. In war, as in politics, all 
 .cannot be leaders, and often in both spheres the selfish and incompetent push 
 clamorously to the front, while men of superior merit stand modestly back, con- 
 tent to accept any place in a good work to which accident may assign them. 
 
 While those who bore the brunt and burden of the conflict are, as has been 
 suggested, too numerous to receive special recognition, many of them may find 
 pleasure in reviewing the list of Ohio generals whom their patience, skill and 
 courage helped to render more or less conspicuous in the history of the war : 
 
 Generals : 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant was born at Point Pleas- 
 ant, Ohio, April 27, 1822.* 
 
 William T. Sherman, born Lancaster, Feb- 
 ruary 8, 1820.* 
 
 Philip H. Sheridan, Somerset, March 6, 
 1831.* 
 
 Major- Generals : 
 
 Don Carlos Buell, born Lowell, March 23, 
 1818.* 
 
 George Crook, Montgomery county, Sep- 
 tember 8, 1828.* 
 
 George A. Custer, Harrison county, De- 
 cember 5, 1839.* 
 
 Quincy A. Gillmore, Lorain county, Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1825.* 
 
 James A. Garfield, Cuyahoga county, No- 
 vember 19, 1831. 
 
 James B. McPherson, Clyde, November 
 14, 1828.* 
 
 Irvin McDowell, Columbus, Oct. 15, 1818.* 
 Alex. McD. McCook, Columbiana county, 
 April 22, 1831.* 
 
 William S. Rosecrans, Delaware county, 
 September 6, 1819.* 
 
 David S. Stanley, Wayne county, June 1, 
 1828.* 
 
 Robert C. Schenck, Warren county, Octo- 
 ber 4, .1809. 
 
 Wager Swayne, Columbus, 1835. 
 
 Godfrey Weitzel, Cincinnati, Nov. 1, 1835.* 
 
 Major-Generals Resident in Ohio hut Born 
 Elsewhere : 
 
 Jacob D. Cox, born in New York, October 
 27, 1828. 
 
 William B. Hazen, Vermont, September 
 27, 1830.* 
 
 Mortimer D. Leggett, New York, April 
 19, 1831. 
 
 George B. McClellan, Pennsylvania, De- 
 cember 3, 1826.* 
 
 0. M. Mitchel, Kentucky, August 28, 
 1810.* 
 
 James B. Steedman, Pennsylvania, July 30, 
 
 Brigadier- Generals of Ohio Birth: those 
 having brevet rank of Major-General 
 marked with f. 
 
 William T. H. Brooks, born New Lisbon, 
 January 28, 1821.* 
 
 William W. Burns, Coshocton, September 
 3, 1825.* 
 
 t Henry B. Banning, Knox county, Novem- 
 ber 10, 1834. 
 
 C. P. Buckingham, Zanesville, March 14, 
 1808.* 
 
 John Beatty, Sandusky, December 16, 1 828. 
 Joel A. Dewey, Ashtabula, September 20, 
 1840. . 
 
 t Thomas H. Ewing, Lancaster, August 7, 
 1829. 
 
 fHugh B. Ewing, Lancaster, October 31, 
 1826. 
 
 James W. Forsyth, 1835.* 
 t Robert S. Granger, Zanesville, May 24, 
 1816.* 
 
 t Kenner Garrard, Cincinnati, 1830.* 
 t Charles GriflSn, Licking county, 1827.* 
 t Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware, October 
 14, 1822. 
 
 fJ. Warren Keifer, Clark county, Jan- 
 uary 30, 1836. 
 
 William H. Lytle, Cincinnati, November 
 2,' 1826. 
 
 John S. Mason, Steubenville, August 21, 
 1824.* 
 
 Robert L. McCook, New Lisbon, Decem- 
 ber 28, 1827. 
 
 Daniel McCook, Carrollton, July 22, 1834. 
 John G. Mitchell, Piqua, November 6, 
 1838.^ 
 
 Nathaniel C. McLean, Warren county, 
 February 2, 1815. 
 
 t Emerson Opdycke, Tiumbull county, 
 January 7, 1830. 
 
 Benjamin F. Potts, Carroll county, Jan- 
 uary 29, 1836. 
 
 A. Sanders Piatt, Cincinnati, May 2, 1821. 
 t James S. Robinson, Mansfield, October 
 11, 1828. 
 
 fBen. P. Runkle, West Liberty, Septem- 
 ber 3, 1836. 
 
 J. W. Reilly, Akron, May 21, 1828. 
 William Sooy Smith, Pickaway county, 
 July 22, 1830.* 
 
 Joshua Sill, Chillicothe, December 6, 1831.* 
 John P. Slough, Cincinnati, 1829. 
 Ferdinand Van DeVeer, Butler county, 
 February 27, 1823. 
 
 t Charles R. Woods, Licking county.* 
 
 ♦Graduates of West Point. 
 
OHIO IN HHE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 153 
 
 fWilliard Warner, Granville, September 
 4, 1826. 
 
 7 William B. Woods, Licking county. 
 
 I Charles C. Walcutt, Columbus, February 
 12, 1838. 
 
 M. S. Wade, Cincinnati, December 2, 1802. 
 
 Brigadier- Generals Resident in Ohio hut 
 
 Born Elsewhere: those having brevet rank 
 
 of Major-General marked f. 
 
 Jacob Ammen, born in Virginia, January 
 7, 1808.* 
 
 t Samuel Beatty, Pennsylvania, September 
 16, 1820. 
 
 fB. W. Brice, A^irginia, 1809.* 
 
 Ralph P. Buckland, Massachusetts, Jan- 
 uary 20, 1812. 
 
 H. B. Carrington, Connecticut, March 2, 
 1824. 
 
 George P. Este, New Hampshire, April 
 30, 1830. 
 
 t Manning F. Force, Washington, D. C., 
 December 17, 1824. 
 
 t John W. Fuller, England, July, 1827. 
 
 t Charles W. Hill, Vermont. 
 
 t August V. Kautz, Germany, January 5, 
 1828. 
 
 George W. Morgan, Pennsylvania. 
 
 William H. Powell, South Wales, May 10, 
 1825. 
 
 E. P. Scammon, Maine, December 27, 
 1816.* 
 
 Thomas Kilby Smith, Massachusetts, 1821. 
 
 t John W. Sprague, New York, April 4, 
 1827. 
 
 fErastusB. Tyler, New York. 
 
 I John C. Tibball, Virginia.* 
 
 TAugustWillich, Prussia, 1810. 
 
 General Eli Long, for a time Colonel 4th Ohio Cavalry ; General S. S. Carroll, 
 for a time Colonel 8th Ohio Infantry ; and General Charles G. Harker, first 
 Colonel of the 65th Ohio Infantry, are not included in the above list, for the 
 reason that they were officers of the regular army, and neither by birth nor resi- 
 dence Ohio men. 
 
 It would hardly be safe for a reader in search of truth to assume that rank at 
 all times, or even generally, indicated the relative merit of officers in the volun- 
 teer service. Brevet rank conferred neither additional pay nor authority, and 
 near the close of the war the government was prodigal of gifts which cost it 
 nothing, and of such gifts gave freely to all for whom they were asked. On the 
 other hand it would be a mistake to conclude that some of those brevetted were 
 not justly entitled to greater honors and compensation than many whose rank 
 was higher and commands larger. It is but natural for governors to provide well 
 for those nearest to them officially and otherwise, for senators and representa- 
 tives to be partial to their own kinsfolk and following, and for victorious generals 
 to think first of their intimate personal friends. Still the honors were probably 
 as fairly awarded as those in civil life. Accident, opportunity, family and social 
 influence, when favorable, are important helps in war, as well as in love, politics 
 and business. 
 
 It will be observed that the graduates of West Point kept well to the front 
 during the war. They were educated for this purpose, and the government exer- 
 cised its authority wisely when it sustained them even under circumstances which 
 would have been deemed sufficient to retire a volunteer officer in disgrace. It 
 may be truthfully said, also, that the officers of the regular army, with few ex- 
 ceptions, sustained each other loyally, and never permitted even a straggling 
 honor to escape which could by hook or crook be gathered in for the glorification 
 of their Alma Mater. 
 
 The officers of Ohio birth whose names are given above, were, with but few 
 exceptions, born during the first thirty years of the present century, when Ohio 
 was simply a vast wilderness with here and there a clearing and a cabin. Many 
 were farmers’ sons, who received the rudiments of an education in the log-school 
 houses of pioneer settlements during the winter months, and in summer assisted 
 their fathers in the rough work of converting heavily timbered lands into produc- 
 tive fields. The habits of frugality and industry then attained undoubtedly 
 contributed much to their subsequent success. 
 
 In enumerating the Ohio Generals I have followed the course pursued by White- 
 law Reid in his “ Ohio in the War,” but it must be admitted that in doing so a door 
 is left wide open for adverse criticism. If Grant should be credited to Ohio be- 
 cause he was born in the State, then Generals Halbert E. Paine, of Wisconsin, 
 Ben Harrison, of Indiana, Robert B. Mitchell, of Kansas, and others, should also 
 be credited to Ohio ; while McClellan, O. M. Mitchell, Hazen, and others should 
 
 * Graduates of West Point. 
 
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 be credited to the place of their birth rather than to that of their residence. It 
 is apparent, therefore, that the claim usually made by Ohio goes too far or not 
 far enough, and that a wiser adjustment of the whole matter could be attained by 
 pooling the honors of the war with other loyal States and simply boasting that 
 those who won them were American citizens. 
 
 No fair estimate of the magnitude of Ohio’s contribution to the war, however, 
 can be obtained without taking into consideration the services of eight men in 
 civil life who did more, probably, to insure the success of the Union cause tiian 
 any eight of the Generals whom the State sent to the field. 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton, born at Steubenville, Dec. 19, 1814, Attorney -General United 
 States, 1860, and Secretary of War from January, 1862, to August, 1867. 
 
 Salmon P. Chase, born in New Hampshire, January 13, 1808, United States 
 Senator from Ohio, Governor of Ohio, and from March, 1861, to 1864, Secretary 
 of the Treasury. 
 
 John Sherman, born at Lancaster, May 10, 1823, United States Senator from 
 Ohio, and member of the Finance Committee of the Senate. 
 
 Benjamin F. Wade, born in Massachusetts, October 27, 1800, United States Sen- 
 ator from Ohio, and Chairman of the Senate Committee on the conduct of the 
 war. 
 
 William Dennison, born at Cincinnati, November 23, 1815, Governor of Ohio 
 from January, 1860, to January, 1862. 
 
 David Tod, born at Youngstown, February 21, 1805, Governor of Ohio from 
 January, 1862, to January, 1864. 
 
 John Brough, born at Marietta, September 17, 1811, Governor of Ohio from 
 January, 1864, to the close of the war. 
 
 Jay Cooke, born at Sandusky, August 10, 1821, Special Agent United States 
 Treasury Department for the negotiation of bonds. 
 
 The population of Ohio probably represented more nearly than that of any 
 other State, the people of all the older sections of the Union. Settlers from New 
 England and New York predominated in the Western Reserve. Pennsylvania 
 had peopled the eastern counties ; Virginia and Kentucky the southern and south- 
 western ; and so we find that Grant’s father and Rosecrans’s came from Pennsyl- 
 vania ; Sherman’s and Tod’s from Connecticut; McPherson’s and Garfield’s from 
 New" York ; McDowell’s, Kentucky; Dennison’s, New Jersey ; Gillmore’s, Massa- 
 chusetts; Stanton’s, North Carolina; while Chase was born in New Hampshire, 
 and Ammen, Brice, and Tibball were natives of Virginia. 
 
 It was thus on Ohio soil that the people North and South first met and frater- 
 nized, and by their united and harmonious efforts transformed, within less than 
 half a century, an unbroken wilderness into a rich and powerful State. 
 
ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY 
 
 MILITARY ORDER OF THE 
 
 LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 With an Introductory Sketch Giving the History and Patriotic Objects of the Order, 
 
 Brev.-Lieut.-Col. E. C. DAWES, U. S. V., Capt. ROBERT HUNTER, U. S. V., 
 
 Commander Ohio Commandery, Recorder Ohio Commandery. 
 
 The Military Order of the Loyal Legion is an association of officers and 
 honorably discharged officers of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United 
 States, regular and volunteer, who took part in the suppression of the rebellion. 
 It was organized in Philadelphia in 1865. The Order acknowledges as its funda- 
 mental principles: (1st) a belief and trust in Almighty God; (2d) true allegiance 
 to the United States of America. Its objects are to cherish the memories of the 
 war waged for the unity of the Republic, to strengthen the ties of fellowship 
 formed by companionship in arms, to advance the best interests of its members, 
 to extend assistance to families of deceased members when required, to foster the 
 cultivation of military and naval science, and to enforce allegiance to the general 
 government. 
 
 The Order is organized into State Commanderies, of which there are now seven- 
 teen, with a total membership of over 5,000. There is also a National Com- 
 mandery-in-Chief, composed of the Commanders, ex-Commanders, Vice-Com- 
 manders, ex-Vice-Commanders, Recorders, and ex-Recorders of the different 
 Commanderies. The Commandery-in-Chief is the supreme judicial and executive 
 body. It meets once a year. It was instituted 21st October, 1885. Previous to 
 this time the Pennsylvania Commandery acted as Commandery-in-Chief. 
 
 Gen. Winfield S. Hancock was the first Commander-in-Chief. Upon his death 
 Gen. Philip H. Sheridan succeeded him. Col. John P. Nicholson is Reccrder- 
 
 (155) 
 
ITS® ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY 
 
 in-Chief. The headquarters are at Philadelphia, Pa. A congress composed of 
 the Commander-in-Chief, Recorder-in-Chief, and three delegates from each Com? 
 mandery assembles once every four years. All legislative powers, not reserved 
 by the Constitution to the State Commanderies, are vested in it. The Order is 
 not sectarian and is not political, nor is it secret. Its members are known as 
 Companions, and are of three classes. The first class is composed of commis- 
 sioned officers and honorably discharged commissioned officers of the United 
 States army, navy, or marine corps, regular or volunteer, who were actually 
 engaged in the suppression of the rebellion. Also, the eldest, direct, male, lineal 
 descendants, or male heirs in collateral branches, of officers who died prior to 
 31st December, 18.85, who at the time of death were eligible. 
 
 To the second class are eligible the eldest sons, twenty-one years of age, of 
 living, original members. Upon the death of those through whom they derive 
 membership. Companions of the second class become Companions of the first 
 class. 
 
 A third class is composed of civilians who were distinguished for conspicuous 
 loyalty to the government during the Rebellion. 
 
 The diploma of membership and insignia of the Order may be conferred, by a 
 vote of a congress of the Order, after nomination by the Commandery-in-Chief, 
 upon any gentleman who served during the war of the Rebellion on staff* duty 
 without commission. 
 
 Those so chosen are known as Members-at-Large, and are recognized as first- 
 class Companions of the State Commandery they affiliate with. 
 
 This distinguished honor has been conferred upon two members of the Ohio 
 Commandery : the late Col. John H. Devereaux, of Cleveland, who during the 
 war was Superintendent of Military railroads in Virginia, and Maj. William D. 
 Bickham, of Dayton, who served on the staff* of Gen. W. S. Rosecrans. 
 
 The Insignia of the Order is a badge pendant by a link and a ring of gold from 
 a tricolored ribbon. The badge is a cross of eight points gold and enamel, with 
 jays forming a star. In the centre on the obverse side is a circle with the national 
 eagle displayed, and around it the motto. Lex regit arma tuenter. On the reverse 
 side are crossed sabres, surmounted by a fasces, on which is the Phrygian cap ; 
 around it an arch of thirteen stars and a wreath of laurel ; in the circle about it 
 the legend : “ M. O. Loyal Legion, U. S., MDCCCLXV.” 
 
 The Commandery of Ohio was instituted 7th February, 1883. Its headquarters 
 are at Nos. 57 and 59 Fourth street, Cincinnati, where it has neat and commo- 
 dious rooms for its office, library, and meetings. It holds seven regular meetings 
 each year. At each meeting — except the annual election in May — a paper is 
 read by some one of the members, giving his personal recollections of some cam- 
 paign or battle in which he was a participant. Two volumes, of 600 pages each, 
 of these papers have already been published by the Commanderv. and it is 
 intended to publish one annually. 
 
 OFFICERS OHIO COMMANDERY, 1889-1890. 
 
 Commander — Brev. Lieut.-Col. E. C. Dawes, U. S. V. 
 
 Senior Vice-Commander — Brev. Maj. -Gen. J. Warren Keifer, U. S. V, 
 
 Junior Vice-Commander — Brev. Col. Cornelius Cadle, Jr., U. S. V. 
 
 Recorder — Capt. Robert Hunter, U. S. V. 
 
 Registrar — Capt. James C. Michie, U. S. V. 
 
 Treasurer — Brev. Maj. F. B. James, U. S. V. 
 
 Chancellor— Capt. William E. Crane, U. S. V. 
 
 Chaplain — Capt. George A. Thayer, U. S. V. 
 
 Council— Maj. W. H. Chamberlin, U. S. V. ; Brev. Brig.-Gen. R. W. Healy, U. S. V. ; Brev. Maj. 
 W. R. Lowe, U. S. A. ; Brev. Maj. William R. McCoraas, U. S. V. ; Lieut.-Col. George M. Finch, 
 
 J. S. V. 
 
 MEMBERS OF OHIO COMMANDERY, JUNE, 1889. 
 
 Abbott, E. A., Capt. 23d O. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 Abbott, H. R., 1st Lieut. 180th O. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Mich.) 
 
 Abbott, N. B., 1st Lieut. 20th Conn. V., Colum- 
 bus, O. 
 
 Abert, J. W., Maj. U. S. Engineers, Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. A., Newport, Ky. 
 
 Adae, C. A. G., Capt. 4th O. V. C., Cincinnati, O. 
 Alexander, I. N., Lieut.-Col. 46th O. V. I., Van 
 Wert. O. 
 
OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 157 
 
 Ammou, J. H., Lieut.-Col. 16th N. Y. Heavy 
 Art. {Transferred to Mass.) 
 
 Anderson, Ed., Chaplain 37th 111. V. T., Col. 12th 
 Ind. V. Cav. {Transferred to N. Y.) 
 
 Anderson, L., Capt. and Brev. Lieut.-Col. 5th 
 Inf., Col. 8th Reg. C. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Ashmun, G. C., 2d Lieut. 7th Ind. Troop O. V. C., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Austin, D. R., 1st Lieut. 100th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Ayers, S. C., 1st Lieut, and Assist.-Surgeon U. S. 
 V., Brev. Capt. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Babbitt, A. T., 2d Lieut. 93d O.V. I. {Deceased.) 
 
 Babbitt, H. S., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M., 31st O. 
 V. I., Dorchester, Mass. 
 
 Bacon, G. M., Capt. 24th O. V. I. {Deceased.) 
 
 Bacon, H. M., Chaplain 63d Ind. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Baer, Louis, 1st Lieut. 2d O. H. A., Washington 
 C. H., O. 
 
 Bailey, C. D., Lieut.-Col. 9th Ky. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Baker, C. C., 1st Lieut. 6th O. V. C., New Lis- 
 bon, O. 
 
 Baldwin, A. P., Capt. 6th Ohio Batt. Light Art., 
 Akron, O. 
 
 Baldwin, J. G., Capt. 2d O. V. I., Warren, O. 
 
 Baldwin, W. H., Lieut.-Col. 83d O V. I., Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Ball, E. H., 1st Lieut. 53d O. V. I., Portsmouth, O. 
 
 Barber, G. M., Lieut.-Col. 197th O. V. I., Brev. 
 Brig. Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Bard, S. W., 2d Lieut. 2d Mo. Cav., Capt. Bard’s 
 Ind. O. V. C., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Barker, Jas. G., Capt. 36th O. V. I., Marietta, O. 
 
 Barnett, James, Col. 1st O. L. Art., Brev. Maj.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Barnitz, Albert, Maj. 2d O. V. C,, Capt. 7th U. S. 
 Cav., Brev. Col. U. S. A. {retired)^ Cleveland, O. 
 
 Bates, Caleb, Maj. and A. D. C. {Deceased.) 
 
 Bates, C. S., 1st Lieut. 13th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Bates, J. H.. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Beatty, John, Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Colum- 
 bus, O. 
 
 Beatty, W. G., Maj. 174th O. V. I., Carding- 
 ton, 0. 
 
 Bell, John B., Maj. 15th Mich. V. I., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. V., Toledo, O. 
 
 Bell, John N., Capt. 25th Iowa V. I., Day- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Bell, Wm. H., Maj. and A. Q. M. U. S. A., Den- 
 ver, Colo. 
 
 Bentley, R. H., Lieut.-Col. 12th O. V. C., and 
 Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Mansfield, O. 
 
 Berlin, Carl, 1st Lieut. 1st N. Y. Light Art., Brev. 
 Maj. U. S. V., Soldiers’ Home, Dayton, O. 
 
 Bickham, Wm. D., Maj. and Aid-de-Camp on staff 
 of Gen. Rosecrans, Dayton, O. 
 
 Bigelow, H. W., Capt. 14th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Billow, Geo., Capt. 107th O. V. I., Akron, O. 
 
 Bingham, Wm. {Third Class), Cleveland, O. 
 
 Bishop, J. C., 1st Lieut. 1st Vet. W. Va. Vol. 
 Inf., Middleport, O. 
 
 Blaek, Thos. S., Capt. 122d O. V. I., Zanes- 
 ville, O. 
 
 Blair, J. M., Capt. 2d Ky. Vol. Inf., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Bliven, C. E., Capt. Brev. Maj. U. S. V. {Trans- 
 ferred to III.) 
 
 Bockee, J. S., Capt. 114th N. Y. Vols., Brev. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Bond, F. S., Maj. and A. D. C. U. S. V., New 
 York City, N. Y. 
 
 Bond, L. H., 1st Lieut. 88th O. V. I., Brev. Maj. 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Bonnell, D. V., 1st Lieut. 93d O. V. I., Middle- 
 town, O. 
 
 Bonsall, W. H., 2d Lieut. 1st O. V. Heavy Art., 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Booth, Chas. A., Capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. A., and 
 Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., Los Angeles, Cal. 
 Botsford, J. L., Capt. and A. A. G., Brev. Maj. 
 
 U. S. V., Youngstown, O. 
 
 Boyd, C. W., Capt. 34th O. V. I., Levana, O. 
 Brachman, W. E., Capt. 47th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Brand, T. T., Capt. 18th U. S. I., Brev. Maj. XT. 
 
 S. A. {retired), Urbana, O. 
 
 Brasher, L. B., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M., 54th Ky. 
 
 Mounted Inf., Meeker, Colo. 
 
 Brinkerhoff, R., Col. and Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. 
 
 V. , Mansfield, O. 
 
 Brooks, M. L., Jr., 1st Lieut, and Assist.-Surgeon 
 93d O. V. I., Cleveland, O. , 
 
 Brown, A. M., Assist.-Surgeon 22d O. V. I., Maj. 
 
 Acting Staff-Surgeon U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 Brown, E. F., Col. 128th N. Y. V. I., Day. 
 ton, O. 
 
 Brown, Fayette, Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Brown, F. W., 2d Lieut. 1st U. S. Colored Cav., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Brown^ H. H. {Second Class), Cleveland, O. 
 Brown, J. Morris, Surgeon Maj. U. S. A. {Trans- 
 ferred to Neb.) 
 
 Brown, J. Mason, Maj. 10th Ky. Vol. Cav., Col. 
 
 45th Ky. Mounted Inf., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Brown, M. G., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M., 111th O. 
 V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Brundage, A. H., Maj. -Surgeon 32d O. V. I., 
 Xenia, O. 
 
 Buchwalter, E. L., Capt. 53d U. S. C. I., Spring- 
 field, O. 
 
 Buck, A. E., Lieut.-Col. 51st U. S. C. I., Brev. 
 
 Col. U. S. V., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Buckland, H. S. {Second Class), Fremont, O. 
 Buckland, R. P., Brig.-Gen., Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. 
 S. V., Fremont, O. 
 
 Burbank, C. S. {First Class by Inh.), Capt. 10th 
 Inf., Fort Lyon, Colo. 
 
 Burnet, R. W. {Third Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 Burns, J. M., 1st Lieut. 17th U. S. Inf., Fort D. 
 A. Russell, Wyo. 
 
 Burrows, J. B., Capt. 14th O. Batt. Light Art., 
 Painesville, O. 
 
 Burrows, J. S. {Second Class), Painesville, O. 
 Burrows, W. S., 2d Lieut. 1st N. Y. Vet. Vol. 
 Cav., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Burt, Andrew S., Lieut.-Col. 8th U. S. Inf., 
 Fort Washakie, Wyo. 
 
 Burt, M. W., Maj. 22d Mass. V. I., Brev. Col. U. 
 S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Burton, A. B., 1st Lieut. O. Batt. Light Art., 
 Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Bush, T. J., Capt. 24th Ky. V. I., Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Cable, C. A., Capt. 18th O. V. I., Nelsonville, O. 
 Cadle, C., Jr., Lieut.-Col. and A. A. G. 17th A. C. 
 Brev. Col. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
158 ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY 
 
 Campbell, John, Capt. 70th O. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to £>. C.) 
 
 Carnahan, J. R., Capt. 86th Ind. Vol. Inf. ( Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Carrick, A. L., Maj. -Surgeon 2d E. Tenn. V. Cav., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Casement, J. S., Col. 103d O. V. I., and Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Painesville, O. 
 
 Cavett, G. W., 1st Lieut. 53d O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Chamberlain, H. S., 1st Lieut. 2d O. V. C., Capt. 
 and A. Q. M. U. S. V., Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Chamberlin, J. W., Capt. 123d O. V. I., Brev. 
 Maj. U. S. V., Tiffin, O. 
 
 Chamberlin, W. H., Maj. 81st O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Chamberlin, W. P., 1st Lieut. 23d O. V. I., Knox- 
 ville, Tenn. 
 
 Chance, J. C., Capt. 13th U. S. I., David’s Isl- 
 and, N. Y. 
 
 Chance, J., 1st Lieut. 17th U. S. I. {Deceased.) 
 
 Chandler, D. J., 2d Lieut. 17th Me. Vol. Inf., 
 Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Chapman, J. H., Capt. 5th Conn. Vol. Inf., Capt. 
 Vet. Res. Corps, Soldiers’ Home, Dayton, O. 
 
 Chase, D. H., Capt. 9th Ind. Vol. Inf., Capt. 17th 
 U. S. I. {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Cherry, E. V., 1st Lieut. 63d O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Chester, F. S., Capt. 2d Conn. Vol. Inf., Cuyahoga 
 Falls, O. 
 
 Childe, C. B., Capt. 8th Vt. Vol. Inf., Wyom- 
 ing, O. 
 
 Childe, J. B. {Second Class), Wyoming, O. 
 
 Chisman, Homer, 1st Lieut. 7th Ind. Vol. Inf., 
 
 ■ Ludlow, Ky. 
 
 Churchill, M., Col. 27th O. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Zanesville, O. 
 
 Cist, H. M., Maj. and A. A. G., Brev. Brig.-Gen. 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Clark, D. M., 1st Lieut. 83d 111. Vol. Inf., 
 
 - Elyria, O. 
 
 Clarke, J. S., Maj. 8th Ky. Vol. Inf., Lexing- 
 ton, Ky. 
 
 Clarke, R. W., Capt. 120th N. Y. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Clarke, W. C., 1st Lieut, and Reg. Com. 2d 111. 
 Cav., Lithopolis, O. 
 
 Coates, B. F., Col. 91st O. V. I., Brev. Brig.-Gen. 
 U. S. V., Mineral Springs, O. 
 
 Cochran, N. D. {Second Class), Toledo, O. 
 
 Cochran, R. H., 1st Lieut. 15th O. V. I., To- 
 ledo, O. 
 
 Cochran, T. J., 1st Lieut. 77th O. V. I., San 
 Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Cockerill, J. A. {First Class by Ink.), New York 
 City, N. Y. 
 
 Coe, E. S., Lieut.-Col. 196th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Coleman, Horace, Maj.-Surgeon 147th O. V. I., 
 Troy, O. 
 
 Collamore, G. A., Maj.-Surgeon 100th O. V. I., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Collins, C. L. {First Class by Ink.), 2d Lieut. 24th 
 Inf., Fort Bayard, N. M. 
 
 Comly, Clifton, Maj. Ordnance Dept. U. S. A. 
 {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Comly, J. M., Col. 23d O. V. I., Brev. Brig.-GeJl. 
 U. S. V. {Deceased.) 
 
 Comstock. D. W., Capt. 121st Ind. Vol. Inf. 
 ( Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Conger, A. L., 1st Lieut. 115th O. V. I., Ak- 
 ron, O. 
 
 Conger, K. B. {Second Class), Akron, O. 
 
 Conner, P. S., Assist.-Surgeon, Brev. Maj. U. S. 
 A., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Conrad, J., Col. U. S. A. {Retired.) ( Transferred 
 to D. C.) 
 
 Cooke, H. P., Capt. and A. A. G. U. S. V., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. ( 
 
 Cooke, W. W., Capt. 182d O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Coon, John, Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Cope, Alexis, Capt. 15th O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 
 Corbin, D. T., Capt. 3d Vt. Vol. Inf., Capt. Vet. 
 Res. Corps, Brev. Maj. U. S. V. {Transferred 
 to 111.) 
 
 Corbin, H. C., Maj. and A. A. G., U. S. A., Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. tl. S. V., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Coverdale, R. T., Capt. 48th O. V. I-, Capt. and 
 A. Q. M. U. S. V., Cincinnati, 6. 
 
 Cowan, A., Capt. 1st N. Y. Ind. Batt. Light Art., 
 Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Cowen, B. R., Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A., 
 Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Cox, J. D., Maj. -Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Cox, J. D., Jr. {Second Class), Cleveland, O. 
 
 Cox, Theo., Lieut.-Col., Brev. Col. and A. A. G. 
 23d A. C., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Crane, W. E., Capt. 4th O. V. C., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Crawford, G. S., Capt. 49th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Crawford, James, Capt. 9l8t O. V. I., West 
 Union, O. 
 
 Crook, Geo., Maj.-Gen. U. S. A., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Cross, F. G., 1st Lieut. 84th Ind. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Crouse, G. W. {Third Class), Akron, O. 
 
 Crowell, J., Capt. and A. A. G. U. S. V. {De- 
 ceased.) 
 
 Crumit, C. K., Capt. 53d O. V. I., Jackson, O. 
 
 Cullen, Robt., Capt. 74th O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Cumback, Wm., Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A. 
 {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Currie, G. E., Lieut.-Col. 1st Inf. Miss. Marine 
 Reg., Dayton, Ky. 
 
 Cushing, H. K., Maj.-Surgeon 7th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Cushing, W. E. {Second Class), Cleveland, O. 
 
 Cutler, Carroll, 1st Lieut. 85th O. V. k.. Clove- 
 land, O. 
 
 Davies, S. W., Capt. 1st O. V. I., Dayton, O. 
 
 Dawes, E. C., Maj. 53d O. V. I., Brev. Lieut.-Col. 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Dawes, R. R., Lieut.-Col. 6th Wis. V. I., Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Marietta, O. 
 
 Day, J. B., Maj. 6th U. S. Colored Cav., San 
 Antonio, Texas. 
 
 Dayton, L. M., Col. U. S. A., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 De Bus, Henry, Capt. 1st U. S. Colored Cav. 
 {Deceased.) 
 
 De Gress, J. C., Capt. 9th U. S. Cav., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. {Retired), Washington, D. C. 
 
 Dennis, C. P., Ist Lieut. 47th O. V. I., Ports- 
 mouth, O. 
 
 Devereux, J. H., Col, and Vol. Aid by appoint- 
 ment. {Deceased.) 
 
 De Witt. Calvin, Maj.-Surgeon U. S. A., Beaver 
 Falls, Pa. 
 
OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 159 
 
 De Wolfe, James, 2d Lieut. 96th O. V. I., Colum- 
 bus, O. 
 
 Dickerson, W. P. {First Class by Ink.), New- 
 port, Ky. 
 
 Donnellan, J. W., Lieut.-Gol. 27th U. S. C. T., 
 Laramie, Wyo. 
 
 Doolittle, C. C., Brig, and Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. 
 V., Toledo, O. 
 
 Dowling, P. H., Capt. 111th O. V. I., To- 
 ledo, O. 
 
 Du Barry, H. B., 1st Lieut. 88th Ind.V. I., Pitts- 
 burg, Pa. 
 
 Dudley, E. S., 1st Lieut. 2d U. S. Art. {Trans- 
 ferred to Neb.) 
 
 Edgerton, R. A., Ist Lieut. 72d O. V. I., Little 
 Rock, Ark. 
 
 Edwards, Wm. ( Third Class), Cleveland, O. 
 
 Ekin, Jas. A., Col. and Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. 
 
 A. {retired), Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Ellison, H. C., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 115th O. V. I., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Elwell, J. J., Lieut.-Col. and A. Q. M., Brev. 
 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Emerson, H. D. {Second Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 Emerson, Lowe, 1st Lieut, and Q. M. 15th N. J. 
 V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Enochs, W. H., Col. 1st Vet. W. Va. Vol. Inf., 
 Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Ironton, O. 
 
 Evans, N. W., Capt. 173d O. V. I., Ports- 
 mouth, O. 
 
 Everts, O., Maj.-Surgeon 20th Ind. V. I., College 
 Hill, Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Ewing, E. E., 1st Lieut. 91st O. V. I., Ports- 
 mouth, O. 
 
 Ewing, M. B., Lieut.-Col. 2d O. H. A., Cincin- . 
 nati, O. 
 
 Faulkner, J. K., Col. 7th Ky. Vol. Cav., Louis- 
 ville, Ky. 
 
 -Fechet, E. O., 2d Lieut. 2d U. S. Art. {Trans- 
 ferred to Mich.) 
 
 Fee, F. W., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M. 1st Ky. V. 
 I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Felton, Wra., Capt. 90th O. V. I., Brev. Maj. U. 
 S. V., Columbus, O. 
 
 Fenner, A. C., Capt. 63d O. V. I., Dayton, O. 
 Ferrell, T. F., 1st Lieut. 18th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Finch, C. M., Maj.-Surgeon 9th O. V. C., Ports- 
 mouth, O. 
 
 -Finch, G. M., Capt. 2d O. V. I., Lieut.-Col. 137th 
 O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Flemming, R. H., Capt. 77th O. V. I., Lud- 
 low, Ky. 
 
 Foley, J. L., Maj. 10th Ky. Vol. Cav., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Foley, J. W., Capt. 181st O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 ■"Foote, A. R., 2d Lieut. 21st Mich. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. ^ 
 
 Foraker, J. B., 1st Lieut. 89th O. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Capt. U. S. V., Columbus, O. 
 
 Forbes, S. F., Maj.-Surgeon 67th O. V. I., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Force, M. F., Brig, and Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. V., 
 Sandusky, O. 
 
 Ford, Collin, Maj. and Brev. Col. 100th U. S. C. 
 I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Ford, D. T. {First Class by Inh.), Youngs- 
 town, O. 
 
 Foster, R. S., Brig, and Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. V. 
 ( Transferred to Jnd.) 
 
 Fountain, S. W., Capt. 8th U S. Cav., Fort 
 Keogh, Mont. 
 
 Fowler, H. P., 2d Lieut. 1st Mass. Heavy Art., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Fox, Geo. B., Maj. 75th O. V. I., Wyoming, O. 
 Fraunfelter, E., Capt. 114th O. V. I., Akron, O. 
 Frazee, J. W., Maj. and Brev. Col. 119th U. S. 
 
 C. T., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Frazer, A. S., 1st Lieut. 34th O. V. I., Xenia, O. 
 Freeman, H. B., Capt. 7th U. S. I., Brev. Maj. U. 
 
 S. A., Camp Pilot Butte, Wyo. 
 
 Friesner, W. S., Lieut.-Col. 58th O. V. I., 
 Logan, O. 
 
 Fuller, J. W., Brig, and Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. V., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Fuller, W. G., Capt. and A. Q. M., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. V., Gallipolis, O. 
 
 • 
 
 Gahagan, A. J., 1st Lieut, and A. Q. M. IstTenn. 
 
 Cav., Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Galligher, M., 1st Lieut. 16th Pa. Vol. Inf., 
 Urbana, O. 
 
 Gano, J. W., 1st Lieut. 75th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Garfield, H. A. {First Class by Inh.), Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Garrard, Jeptha, Col. 1st U. S. Colored Cav., 
 Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 Garretson, Geo. A., 2d Lieut. 4th U. S. Art., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Gaul, Jos. L., 1st Lieut. 5th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Gibson, W. H., Col. 49th O. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Tifiin, O. 
 
 Gillett, S. P., Lieut.-Commander U. S. N., Evans- 
 ville, Ind. 
 
 Gilruth, I. N., Lieut.-Col. 27th O. V. I., Yazoo 
 City, Miss. 
 
 Godfrey, E. S., Capt. 7th U. S. Cav., Leaven- 
 worth, Kansas. 
 
 Godwin, E. A., Capt. 8th U. S. Cav., Fort 
 Meade, Dakota. 
 
 Goodloe, Wm. C., Capt. and A. A. G. U. S. V., 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Goodnow, E. W., 1st Lieut. 4th Mass. Vol. Cav., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Goodrich, B. F., 1st Lieut, and Assist.-Surgeon 
 35th N. Y. Vols. {Deceased.) 
 
 Goodspeed, J. M., 1st Lieut. 75th O. V. I., 
 Athens, O. 
 
 Goodspeed, W. F., Maj. 1st Reg. Ohio Lt. Art., 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 Goodwillie, Thos., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 150th O. 
 V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Goodwin, E. M., Acting Assist.-Surgeon U. S. N., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Gothschall, O. M., 1st Lieut. 93d O. V. I., Day- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Granger, M. M., Lieut.-Col. 122d O. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Col. U. S. V., Zanesville, O. 
 
 Greenleaf, C. R., Maj.-Surgeon U. S. A., Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Greeno, C. L., Maj. 7th Pa. V. I., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Grosvenor, C. H., Col. 18th O. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Athens, O. 
 
 Guenther, F. L., Major 2d U. S. Art., Brev. 
 Col. U. S. A., Fort Trumbull, New London, 
 Conn. 
 
 Guthrie, J. V., Maj. 19th lU. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, Q. 
 
i6o ROLL OF member:^ OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY 
 
 Hager, J. B., Capt. 12th Ind. Vol. Inf., Capt. 14th 
 U. S. I. {Deceased.) 
 
 Hale, Clayton, Capt. 16th U. S. I., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S, A., Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City, 
 Utah. 
 
 Hall, J. C., Capt. 55th Mass. V. I., Brev. Maj. U. 
 S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hamilton, J. K., Capt. 113th O. V. I., To- 
 ledo, O. 
 
 Hamilton, W. D., Col. 9th O. V. C., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Athens, O. 
 
 Hanna, H. M., Paymaster U. S. N., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Harris, Ira, Lieut.-Commander U. S. N. (TVans- 
 J erred to 111.) 
 
 Harris, L. A., Col. 2d O. V. I., Col. 137th O. V. 
 I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Harris, Wm. H., Capt. and Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. 
 S. A., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin, Col. 70th Ind. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Harter, Geo. D., 1st Lieut. 115th O. V. I., Can- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Hastings, Russell, Lieut.-Col. 23d O. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Hamilton, Bermuda Is. 
 Hawkins, M. L., 1st Lieut. 36th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Hawthorn, L. E., Capt. and Brev. Maj. U. S. V., 
 Newport, Ky. 
 
 Hay, C. E., 1st Lieut. 3d U. S. Cav., Brev. Capt. 
 
 U. S. A. {Resigned), Springfield, 111. 
 
 Hay, John, Maj. and A. A. G., Brev. Col. U. S. 
 
 V. , Washington, D. C. 
 
 Hayes, Birchard {Second Class), Toledo, O. 
 
 Hayes, Edward, Lieut.-Col. 29th O. V. I., Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. 
 V., Fremont, O. 
 
 Hayes, R. P. {First Class by Ink.), Fremont, O. 
 
 Hayes, Webb C. {First Class by Inh.), Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Haynes, W. E., Lieut.-Col. 10th O. V. C., Fre- 
 mont, O. 
 
 Hazen, W. B., Brig.-Gen. U. S. A., Maj.-Gen. U. 
 S. V. {Deceased.) 
 
 Head, Geo. E., Maj. 3d U. S. Inf., Fort Meade, 
 South Dakota. 
 
 Healy, R. W., Col. 58th 111. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hearn, J. A., Capt. 16th U. S. Inf., Brev. Maj. U. 
 
 S. A. {Retired), Newport, Ky. 
 
 Heath, T. T., Col. 5th O. V. C., Brev. Brig.-Gen. 
 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Heistand, H. O. S. {First Class by Inh.), 1st Lieut. 
 
 11th U. S. Inf., Fort Ontario, Oswego, N. Y. 
 Hernden, G. B., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 44th N. Y. 
 
 V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Herrick, H. J., Maj.-Surgeon 17th O. V. I., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 . Herrick, J. F., Lieut.-Col. 12th O. V. C., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Herron, Wm. C., Acting Ensign U. S. N., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Hickenlooper, A., Lieut.-Col. IT. S. V., Brev. 
 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hilt, Jos. L., Capt. 12th O. V. I., Middle- 
 town, O. 
 
 Himes, I. N., Maj.-Surgeon 73d O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Hipp, Chas., Maj. 37th O. V. L, St. Mary’s, O. 
 
 Hitchcock, P. M., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M. 20tb 
 O. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Hobson, E. H., Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Greensburgh, 
 Ky. 
 
 Hodge, Noah, 1st Lieut, and Adj. 52d U. S. Ct 
 Inf., San Diego, Cal. 
 
 Hoeltge, Augustus, Assist.-Surgeon 47th O. V. I., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hoffman, Lewis, Capt. 4th Ind. Ohio Batt. Lt. 
 Art., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Holter, M. J. W., Lieut.-Col. 195th O. V. I., Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. Y., Batavia, O. 
 
 Hood, R. N., Capt. 2d Tenn. Vol. Cav., Knox- 
 ville, Tenn. 
 
 Horr, J. F., 1st Lieut. 2d O. V. I., Key West, 
 Fla. 
 
 Hosea, L. M., Capt. and Brev. Maj. 16th U. S. I., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Houghton, F. H., 2d Lieut. 17th Ohio Batt. Lt. 
 Art., Columbus, O. 
 
 House, L. D., Capt. 108th U. S. C. I., Amelia, O. 
 
 Howard, W. C., 2d Lieut. 17th Ohio Batt. {Trans- 
 f erred to Minn.) 
 
 Howe, Geo. W., 1st Lieut. 1st Ohio Vol. Art., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Hunt, C. B., Lieut.-Col. 2d Mo. Vol. Cav., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Hunter, Robert, Capt. 74th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Hurd, E. O., Capt. 39th O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hutchins, H. A., Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A., 
 Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., New York City, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Hutchins, John {Third Class), Cleveland, O. 
 
 Hutchins, John C., 1st Lieut. 2d O. V. C., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Ingersoll, Jos., Capt. 76th 111. Vol. Inf., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Innes, Robert S., 1st Lieut. R. Q. M., 1st Reg, 
 Mich. Engineers, Kenton, O. 
 
 Isham, A. B., 1st Lieut. 7th Mich. Vol. Cav., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Isom, John F., Capt. 25th 111, Vol. Inf., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Jackson, J. R., Capt. 69th Ind. Vol. Inf. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Jacobs, Wm. C., Maj.-Surgeon 81st O. V. I., 
 Akron, O. 
 
 James, F. B., Capt. 52d O. V. I., Brev. Maj. U. S. 
 V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Jenkins, C. C., 1st Lieut. 115th U. S. C. Inf., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Jewett, L. M., Capt. 61st O. V. I., Brev. Maj. U. 
 S. V., Athens, O. 
 
 Johnson, R. M., Col. 100th Ind. Vol. Inf., La 
 Vegas, N. M. 
 
 Johnson, W. C., 2d Lieut. 42d U. S. C. I., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. • 
 
 Johnston, J. R., 2d Lieut. 25th Ohio Batt. Lt. 
 Art., Canfield, O. 
 
 Jones, F. J., Capt. and Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Jones, Geo. E., Acting Assist.-Surgeon U. S. N., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Jones, J. K., 2d Lieut. 24th O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 
 Jones, Toland, Lieut.-Col. 113th O. V. I., Lon- 
 don, O. 
 
 Jones, Wells S., Col. 53d O. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Waverly, O. 
 
V 
 
 OF THE LOYAL LEGION. OF THE UNITED STATES. i6i 
 
 Kauffman, A. B., Capt. 8th U. S. Cav., Fort 
 Buford, Dakota. 
 
 Keifer, J. Warren, Col. 110th O. V. I., Brev. 
 Maj.-Gen. U. S. V., Springfield, O. 
 
 Kell, W. H., 1st Lieut. 22d U. S. Inf., Fort Keogh, 
 Montana. 
 
 Keller, T. G., Capt. 66th O. V. I., Urbana, O. 
 
 Kellogg, A. G., Commander U. S. N. {Trans- 
 ferred to D. C.) 
 
 Kellogg, C. W., Capt. 29th O. V. I. ( Transferred 
 to Mass.) 
 
 Kelly, R. M., Col. 4th Ky. Vol. Inf., Louisville, 
 Ky. 
 
 Kelly, S. B., 2d Lieut. 10th Ky. Vol. Cav., Hart- 
 well, O. 
 
 Kemper, And. C., Capt. and A. A. G. U. S. V., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Kemper, G. W. H., Assist.-Surgeon 17th Ind. V. 
 I. {Transferred to Ind.) ' 
 
 Kendall, F. A., Capt. 25th U. S. Inf. {Retired), 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Kennedy, R. P., Col. 196th O. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Bellefontaine, O. 
 
 Kilbourne, Jas., Capt. 95th O. V. I., Brev. Col. 
 U. S. V., Columbus, O. 
 
 Kilpatrick, R. L., Col. U. S. A. {Retired), Spring- 
 field, O. 
 
 Kimball, W. C., Capt. and Cora, of Sub. U.S. V., 
 Tiffin, O. 
 
 Kirby, T. H., 1st Lieut. 36th Ind. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Kirk, E. B., Maj. Quartermaster U. S. A., Jeffer- 
 sonville, Ind. 
 
 Kirkup, Robert, Lieut.-Col. 5th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Knapp, A. A., Capt. 40th O. V. I. {Transferred 
 to Ind.) 
 
 Knefler, Frederick, Col. 77th Ind. V. I., Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V. {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Kuhn, W. E., Capt. 47tlMll. Vol. Inf., Capt. and 
 A. A. G. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Lafferty, N. B., Assist.-Surgeon 1st Ohio Heavy 
 Art., Hillsboro, O. 
 
 Laird, Geo. F., Capt. 4th O. V. I., Kingston, N. M. 
 
 La Motte, C. E., Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V. 
 {Deceased.) 
 
 Lane, H. M. {Second Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Lane, P. P., Col. 11th O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Landram, J. J., Lieut.-Col. 18th Ky. V. I., War- 
 saw, Ky. 
 
 Landram, W. J., Col. 19th Ky. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Lancaster, Ky. 
 
 lieggett, L. L. {Second Class), Cleveland, O. 
 
 Leggett, M. D., Maj.-Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Lewis, E. R., Capt. 21st Mass. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Lewis, G. W., 2d Lieut. 111th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O, 
 
 Lewis, J. R., Maj. 44th U. S. I., Col. U. S. A. 
 {Retired), Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Lewis, J. V. H., Capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. V., 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Lewis, R. H., 1st Lieut. 1st Del. Ind. Batt. Heavy 
 Art. {Transferred to III.) 
 
 Lindsay, C. D., 1st Lieut. 67th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Lindsey, B. N., Capt. 98th O. V. I., Steuben- 
 ville, O. 
 
 Little, G. W., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M. 60th O. V. 
 I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Lloyd, H. P., Capt. 22d N. Y. V. C., Brev. Maj. 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Locke, J. M., Capt. 14th U. S. I., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. TJ. S. A. {Resigned), Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Longstreth, T., Capt. 183d O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 
 Lostutter, David, Jr., Capt. 7th Ind. V. I. ( Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Lovell, E. H. {First Class by Inh.), Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Loving, Starling, Maj.-Surgeon 6th O. V. I., 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 Lowe, W. R., Capt. 19th U. S. I., Brev. Maj. U. 
 S. A., Newport, Ky. 
 
 Luckey, J. B., Capt. 3d O. V. C., Elmore, O. 
 
 Lukens, E. J., 1st Lieut. 2d 0. V. C., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Lybrand, A., Capt. 73d O. V. I., Delaware, O. 
 
 Lybrand, R. G., Capt. 192d O. V. I., Dela- 
 ware, O. 
 
 Lynch, Frank, Lieut.-Col. 27th O. V. I. {De- 
 ceased.) 
 
 Macauley, Daniel, Col. 11th Ind. V. L, Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Findlay, O. 
 
 Madeira, J. D., Capt. 73d O. V. I., Chillicothe, O. 
 
 Madigan, M. F., 1st Lieut. 27th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Mansfield, I. F., 1st Lieut. 105th O. V. I., Beaver, 
 Pa. 
 
 Markbreit, L., Capt. 28th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Marshall, Wm. S., Maj. 5th Iowa Vol. Inf., Chat- 
 tanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Marvin, David L. {Second Class), Columbus, O. 
 
 Marvin, U. L., Capt. 5th U. S. C. T., Brev. Mai. 
 U. S. V., Akron, O. 
 
 Mason, F. H., Capt. 12th O. V. C., Frankfort, 
 Germany. 
 
 Mathews, W. S., Capt. 60th O. V. I. {Deceased.) 
 
 Mattox, A. H., 1st Lieut. 17th Ohio Batt. Light 
 Art., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Meade, A. N., Capt. 128th O. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Merrill, W. E., Lieut.-Col. 1st U. S. Vet. Vol. 
 Engineers, Lieut.-Col. Corps of Engineers, 
 Brev. Col. U. S. A., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Meyer, E. S., Capt. and Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. S. A., 
 Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Michie, J. C., Capt. 1st U. S. Vet. Inf., Coving- 
 ton, Ky. 
 
 Miller, F. C., 2d Lieut. 1st O. V. Light Art., New- 
 port, Ky. 
 
 Miller, S. J. F., Acting Assist.-Surgeon U. S. A., 
 National Home, Togus, Me. 
 
 Milward, H. K., Lieut.-Col. 18th Ky. V. I., Brev. 
 Col. U. S. V., Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Mitchell, John, 1st Lieut. 32d O. V. I., Nor- 
 walk, O. 
 
 Mitchell, John B., 1st Lieut. 83d O. V. I., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Mitchell, John G., Col. 113th O. V. I., Brev. Maj.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Columbus, O. 
 
 Mitchell, John T., Lieut.-Col. 66th O. V. I., 
 Urbana, O. 
 
 Molyneaux, J. B., Capt. 7th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Molyneaux, W. V. {Second Class), Cleveland, O. 
 
 Monfort, E. R., Capt. 75th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Monteith, Geo., Capt. 4th Mich. V. I., A. A. G. tJ. 
 S. V., Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
i 62 roll of members OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY 
 
 Moore, F. W., 1st Lieut. 19th U. S. I., Col. 83d 
 O. V. I., Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Moore, W. A., Capt. 7th Rhode Island V. I., 
 Canton, Ohio. 
 
 Morey, H. L., Capt. 75th O. V. I., Hamilton, O. 
 Morgan, W. J., Capt. 41st O. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 Morrison, Walter, Capt. 9th O. V. C., Colum- 
 bus, O. 
 
 Mosler, Max, 2d Lieut. -lOSth O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Munday, W. H., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 23d Ky. V. 
 I., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Munson, G. D., Lieut.-Col. 78th O. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Col. U. S. V., Zanesville, O. 
 
 Murdock, James E. {Third Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 Murphy, Daniel, 2d Lieut. 27th U. S. C. T., 
 Lynchburg, O. 
 
 Myers, L. D., Capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. V., 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 McAllister, A., Capt. 10th U. S. Colored Heavy 
 Art., Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 McCallay, E. L., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 27th U. S. 
 
 C. T., late 1st Lieut. U. S. A., Middletown, O. 
 McClung, D. W., Capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. V., 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 McClure, Chas., Brev. Col. U. S. V., Maj. and 
 Paymaster U. S. A., Sioux City, Iowa. 
 McClymonds, J. W., 1st Lieut. 104th O. V. L, 
 Massillon, O. 
 
 McComas, W. R., Capt. 83d O. V. I., Brev. Maj. 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 McConnell, Ezra, 1st Lieut. 30th O. V. I., Flush- 
 ing, O. 
 
 McConnell, Thomas, Capt. 66th O. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Maj. U. S. V., Urbana, O. 
 
 McCook, A. McD., Col. 6th U. S. I., Brev. Maj.- 
 Gen. U. S. A., Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 
 McCormick, A. W., Capt. 77th O. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 McCormick, F. R. {Second Class), Washington, 
 
 D. C. 
 
 McCormick, I. H., Capt. 148th O. V. I., Rays, O. 
 McCown, A. F., Maj. 13th W. Va. Vol. Inf., 
 Point Pleasant, W. Va. 
 
 McCoy, Milton, Capt. 2d O. V. I., National Mil. a 
 Home, O. 
 
 McCullough, S. M., 1st Lieut. 5th W. Va. V. I., 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 McCurdy, John, Maj.-Surgeon 11th O. V. I., 
 Youngstown, O. 
 
 McDonald, I. H., 2d Lieut. 9th U. S. C. {Resigned), 
 Urbana, 0. 
 
 McDowell, H. C., Capt. and A. A. G. U. S. V., 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 
 McGinnis, G. F., Brig.-Gen. U. S. V. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 McGinniss, J. T., Capt. 13th U. S. I., Brev. Maj. 
 U. S. A. {Retired), Olney, 111. 
 
 McGrath, John {Second Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 Mcllwaine, D. B., Capt. 14th W. Va. V. I., New 
 York City, N. Y. 
 
 McKinley, Wm., Jr., Capt. 23d O. V. I., Brev. 
 Maj. U. S. V., Washington, D. C. 
 
 McMillen, W. L., Col. 95th O. V. I., Brev. Maj.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., New Orleans, La. 
 
 McMillin, E., 2d Lieut. 2d W. Va. Cav., Colum- 
 bus, O. 
 
 McNaught, J. S., Capt. 20th U. S. Inf., Madi< 
 son, Wis. 
 
 Nash, Sumner, 1st Lieut. 115th O. V. I., Ak- 
 ron, O. 
 
 Neff, C. A. {Second Class), Cleveland. O. 
 
 Neff, E. W. S., 2d Lieut. 1st Ohio Heavy Art., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Neff, G. W., Col. 88th O. V. I., Brev. Brig.-Gen. 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Neil, H. M., Capt. 22d Ohio Batt. Light Art., 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 Neil, John B., Maj. 46th O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 Neil, Moses H., Maj. 1st O. V. C., Columbus, O. 
 Neil, Wm. {Second Class), Columbus, O. 
 
 Nesbitt, W. B., 1st Lieut. 12th O. V. I., Lieut.- 
 Col. 176th O. V. I., 1st Lieut. 25th U. S. Inf., 
 Xenia, O. 
 
 Neubert, H. G., Capt. 14th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 Newton, Chas. H., 1st Lieut. 2d Ohio Heavy Art., 
 Marietta, O. 
 
 Nichols, G. W., Capt. and A. A. D. C., Brev. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. U. S. A. {Deceased.) 
 
 Noble, C. H., Capt. 16th U. S. I., Fort Duchesne, 
 Utah. 
 
 Norton, H. D., Capt. 32d Mass. V. I., Brev. Maj. 
 
 U. S. V., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Noyes, E. F., Col. 39th O. V. I., Brev. Brig.-Gen. 
 U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Offley, R. H., Lieut.-Col. U. S. A., Fort Da Rus- 
 sell, Wyo. 
 
 Oglevee, J. F., 1st Lieut. 98th O. V. I., Colum- 
 bus, O. 
 
 Osborn, Hartwell, Capt. 55th O. V. I., Chicago, 
 
 Osborn, T. H., Capt. 4th O. V. C., Cincinnati, O. 
 Ostrander, James S., 1st Lieut. 18th U. S. Inf. 
 
 {Resigned.) {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Otis, Elmer, Col. 8th U. S. Cav., Fort Meade, 
 South Dakota. 
 
 Overturf, J. W., 1st Lieut. 91st O. V. I., Brev. 
 Maj. U. S. V., Portsmouth, O. 
 
 Park, Horace, Col. 43d O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 Parker, W. S., Maj.-Surgeon 192d O. V. I., 
 Piqua, O. 
 
 Parrott, E. A., Col. 1st O. V. I., Dayton, O. 
 Parrott, H. E., 1st Lieut. 86th O. V. I., Dayton, O. 
 Partridge, C. A., 1st Lieut. 48th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Partridge, W. T. {Second Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 Patton, A. G., Lieut.-Col. 1st N. Y. Mounted 
 Rifle Vol., Columbus, O. 
 
 Patterson, E. L., Capt. 79th O. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 Patterson, J. E., Assist.-Surgeon 118th O. V. I., 
 Glendale, O. 
 
 Payne, E. B., Lieut.-Col. 37th 111. V. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Payne, W. S., Capt. 2d La. V. I., Fostoria, O. 
 Pease, W. B., Capt. 9th U. S. I. {Retired), New 
 Haven, Conn. 
 
 Peck, B. B., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 27th Mass. V. I. 
 {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Peck, W. H. H., Capt. 5th Vt. V. I., Capt. 19th 
 Vet. Res. Inf., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Peelle, S. J., 2d Lieut. 57th Ind. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Penney, C. G., Capt. 6th U. S. Inf. {Transferred 
 to 111.) 
 
OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 163 
 
 Perkins, G. T., Lieut.-Col. 105th O. V. I., Brev. 
 Col. U. S. V., Akron, O. 
 
 Perkins, S,, Jr., Capt. and A. Q, M. U. S. V., 
 Sharon, Pa. 
 
 Perry, Oran, Lieut.-Col. 69th Ind. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Pettit, J. S. {Second Class), 1st Lieut. 1st U. S. I., 
 West Point, N. Y. 
 
 Pettit, Stacey, 1st Lieut. 104th O. V. I., New 
 Lisbon, O. 
 
 Phillips, R. E., Lieut.-Col. 59th U. S. C. T., 
 Marietta, O. 
 
 Pickands, James, Col. 124th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Pierce, Calvin, 1st Lieut. 42d O. V. I., Youngs- 
 town, O. 
 
 Pierson, H. W. {Third Class), {Deceased.) 
 
 Pierson, J. Lacy, Maj. 2d N. J, Vol. Cav., Paines- 
 ville, O. 
 
 Platt, J. D., Lieut.-Col. 10th O. V, C., Day- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Pollard, J. K., 2d Lieut. 182d O. V. I., West 
 Union, O. 
 
 Potter, J. B., Surgeon 30th O. V. I. {Deceased.) 
 
 Potter, J. M., 1st Lieut. 117th U. S. C. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Potts, I. B., Capt. 95th O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 
 Powell, Eugene, Col. 193d O. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Delaware, O. 
 
 Price, E. H., Capt. 11th O. V. I., Chattanooga, 
 Tenn. 
 
 Prindle, J. A., Capt. 7th Vt. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Putnam, Douglas, Lieut.-Col. 92d O. V. I., Ash- 
 land, Ky. 
 
 Quinn, Timothy, Lieut.-Col. 7th N. Y. Vol. Cav., 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Rannells, W. J., Capt. 75th O. V. I., McArthur, O. 
 
 Ranney, H. C., Capt. A. A. G. U. S. V., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Raper, J. T., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 26th O. V. I., 
 Chillicothe, O. 
 
 Rathbone, E. G. {First Class hy Inh.), Hamil- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Ratliff, R. W., Col. 12th 0. V. C., Brig.-Gen. U. 
 S. V. {Deceased.) 
 
 Raynolds, J. M. {First Class hy Inh.), La Vegas, 
 
 N. M. 
 
 Raynor, W. H., Col. 56th O. V. L, Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Toledo, O. 
 
 Reaney, T. A., Maj. -Surgeon 122d O. V. I., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Reese, H. B., Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A., Lan- 
 caster, O. 
 
 Rees, Jonathan, Capt. 27th O. V. I., Newark, O. 
 
 Relley, W. W., Capt. 30th O. V. C., Portsmouth, 0. 
 
 Reynolds, J. K., 1st Lieut. 6th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Rice, A. V., Col. 57th O. V. I., Brig.-Gen. U. S. 
 V., Ottawa, O. 
 
 Rice, Owen, Capt. 153d Pa. V. I., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Richards, Channing, Capt. 22d O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Ricks, A. J., 1st Lieut. 104th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Riebsame, C., Capt. 116th 111. Vol. Inf. {Trans- 
 ferred to III.) 
 
 Rifenberick, R. P., Capt. 4th O. V. C., Middle- 
 town, O. 
 
 Riley, C. T., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M. 71st O. V. I., 
 Troy, O. 
 
 Roberts, C. S., Capt. 17th U. S. I., Chicago, 111. 
 Roberts, J. D., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 53d O. V. I., 
 Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Robertson, R. S., 1st Lieut. 93d N. Y. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Capt. U. S. V. {IVansf erred to Ind.) 
 
 Robinson, James S., Brig.-Gen and Brev. Maj.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Kenton, O. 
 
 Robinson, A. R., Capt. 39th O. V. I., Pleasant 
 Ridge, O. 
 
 Rochester, M., Lieut.-Col. and A. A. G. U. S. V., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Rodgers, J. H., Maj.-Surgeon 104th 0. V. I., 
 Springfield, 6. 
 
 Roots, L. H., Capt. and Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. S. 
 
 V. ( Transferred to 3Io.) 
 
 Rose, J. T. {First Class hy Inh.), Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Rose, T. E., Col. 77th Pa. V. I., Brev. Brig.-Gen. 
 U. S. V., Capt. 16th U. S. I., Brev. Lieut.-Col. 
 
 U. S. A., Fort Duchesne, Utah. 
 
 Ruhm, John, 1st Lieut. 15th U. S. Colored Inf., 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Rule, Wm., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 6th Tenn. V. I., 
 Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 Russell, James M., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 118th O. 
 
 V. I., Urbana, O. 
 
 Sanderson, F. M., Capt. 21st Mass. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Sanderson, T. W., Col. 10th 0. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Youngstown, O. 
 
 Sargent, H. Q., Capt. 12th N. H. Vol. Inf., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Scarlett, J. A., Ensign U. S. N., Cincinnati, O. 
 Schenck S. C. {First Class hy Inh.), Washington 
 C. H., O. 
 
 Schwarz, G. W., Capt. 2d Pa. Vol. Cav., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Scofield, Levi T., Capt. 103d O. V. I. and Top. 
 
 Engineer 23d A. C., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Scovill, E. A., Lieut.-Col. 128th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Scovill, E. T. {Second Class), Cleveland, O. 
 Scranton, E. E., Capt. 65th O. V. I., Alliance, O. 
 Sechler, T. M., 1st Lieut. 2d Ohio Heavy Art., 
 Moline, 111. 
 
 Seibert, Albert, Capt. 183d O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Seward, L. D. {First Class hy Inh.), Akron, O. 
 Shanks, T. P., 1st Lieut. 9th Ky. Vol. Cav., 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Shattuc, W. B., 1st Lieut. 2d O. V. C., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Shaw, Wm. L., Capt. 11th O. V. I., Brev. Maj- 
 U. S. V., Winchester, O. 
 
 Shellenberger, J. K., 1st Lieut. 64th O. V. I., 
 Humboldt, Iowa. 
 
 Sherman, H. S., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 120th O. V. 
 I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Sherman, Wm. T., Gen. U. S. A. {Retired), New 
 York City, N. Y. 
 
 Shields, J. C., Capt. 19th Ohio Batt. Light Art., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Shively, J. W., Surgeon U. S. N., Kent, O. 
 Siebert, John, Capt. 13th O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 Skinner, B. M., Maj. 9th W. Va. V. I., Pome- 
 roy, O. 
 
 Smith, A. J., Capt. 4th N. Y. Heavy Art, Brev. 
 Maj. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
1 64 ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY 
 
 Smith, Brewer, Capt. 65th O. V. I., Brev. Mai. U. 
 
 S. V., Crown Hill, W. Va. 
 
 Smith, C. H., Maj. 27th O. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 Smith, Orland, Col. 73d O. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Smith, O. M., 1st Lieut. 22d U. S. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Smith, S. B., Capt. 93d O. V. I., Ludlow Falls, O. 
 Smith, Wm., Capt. 2d O. V. C. {Deceased.) 
 Smith, W. H. H., 1st Lieut. 21st Ohio Light Art., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Smith, W. J., Col. 6th Tenn. V. C., Brev. Brig.* 
 Gen. U. S. V., Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 Smith, W. O., Maj. 7th Ky. V. C., Cincinnati, O. 
 Spaeth, H. P., 1st Lieut. 9th O. V. I., Aurora, Ind. 
 Speed, G. K., Capt. 4th Ky. V. C. {Deceased.) 
 Speed, James, {Third Class.) {Deceased.) 
 
 Speed, James B., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 27th Ky. V. 
 I., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Speed, Thomas, 1st Lieut, and Adj. 12th Ky. V. 
 I., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Stafford, S. R., Capt. 15th U. S. I., Fort Randall, 
 Dakota. 
 
 Stambaugh, D. B., Capt. 105th O. V. I., Youngs- 
 town, O. 
 
 Stanley, D. S., Brig.-Gen. and Brev. Maj.-Gen. 
 
 U. S. A., San Antonio, Texas. 
 
 Starkey, R. A. Capt. 53d O. V. I., Springfield, O. 
 Starr, Wm. C., Lieut.-Col. 9th Va. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Steele, H. K., Maj .-Surgeon 44th O. V. I., Day- 
 ton, 0. 
 
 Sterling, J. T., Lieut.-Col. 103d O. V. I., Brev. 
 
 Col. U. S. V. t Transferred to Mich.) 
 Stevenson, B. F., Maj.-Surgeon 22d Ky. V. I., 
 Covington, Ky. 
 
 Steward, L. T. {Second Class). {Transferred to 
 III.) 
 
 Steward, T. L., 1st Lieut. 11th O. V. I., Day- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Stewart, Geo. F. {Second Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 Stewart, J. E., Capt. 167th O. V. I., Brev. Col. U. 
 S. V. {Deceased.) 
 
 Stewart, J. R., Capt. 17th Ind. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Stoms, II. G., Capt. 39th O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 Stone, B. F., Capt. 73d O. V. I., Chillicothe, O. 
 Storer, J. B., Capt. 29th O. V. I., Akron, O. 
 Strickland, D. W., Lieut.-Col. 48th N. Y. V. I. 
 {Trayisf erred to Colo.) 
 
 Strong, E. E., 1st Lieut. 16th Conn. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Strong, H. C., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M. 128th O. 
 
 V. 1., Newark, O. 
 
 Stroup, L. K., Capt. 91st O. V. I., New Hamp- 
 shire, 0. 
 
 Stubbins, B. A., Surgeon 14th Vet. Ky. Vol. Inf., 
 New Lexington, O. 
 
 Stuckey, J. D. {First Class by Inh.), Washing- 
 ton C. H., O. 
 
 Sullivant, L. S., Maj. 113th O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 Swaine, P. T., Col. 22d U. S. I., Fort Keogh, 
 Montana. 
 
 Swing, P. F., Capt. 9th O. V. C., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Taber, Benj. C., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M. 55th O. 
 V. I., Norwalk, O. 
 
 Tafel, Gustav, Lieut.-Col. 106th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Taylor, John, 2d Lieut. 70th O. V. I., West 
 Union, O. 
 
 Taylor, J. G., Capt. 71st O. V. I., Capt. and 
 A. D. C. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Taylor, John N., 2d Lieut. 143d O. V. I., East 
 Liverpool, O. 
 
 Taylor, V. C., 1st Lieut. 84th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Temple, H. F., Capt. 21st Ky. Vol. Inf., Chat- 
 tanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Thayer, Geo. A., Capt. 2d Mass. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Thomas, D. W., Capt. 29th O. V. I., Akron, O. 
 
 Thomas, Samuel, Col. 64th U. S. C. I., Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., New York City, N. Y. 
 
 Thompson, A. C., Capt. 105th Pa. Vol. Inf., 
 Portsmouth, O. 
 
 Thompson, J. T. {First Class by Ink.), 2d Lieut. 
 U. S. Art., Fort Monroe, Va. - 
 
 Thrall, W. R., Maj.-Surgeon 27th O. V. I., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Thrift, R. W., Maj.-Surgeon 49th O. V. I., 
 Lima, O. 
 
 Thruston, G. P., Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. 
 
 Thurstin, W. S., Capt. 111th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Tillman, Wm., Maj. and Paymaster, Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. A., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Tillotson, E., 1st Lieut. 27th U. I., Urba- 
 na, O. 
 
 Toad, S. A., 1st Lieut. 44th O. V. 1st Lieut. 
 8th O. V. C., Springfield, O. 
 
 Townsend, Amos, 1st Lieut. 1st Ohio Batt. Light 
 Art., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Townsend, E. F., Lieut.-Col. 11th U. S. I., Fort 
 Yates, Dakota. 
 
 Trush, Jacob, Acting Staff-Surgeon U. S. A., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Tullidge, F. G., Capt. 57th Ind. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Turley, J. A., Col. 91st O. V. I., Brev. Brig.-Gen. 
 U. S. V., Portsmouth, O. 
 
 Turner, T. M., 1st Lieut. 36th O. V. I., Brev. 
 Maj. U. S. V., Hartwell, O. 
 
 Tyler, F. E., Capt. 74th N. Y. V. I., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. V., Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Vance, A. F., Jr., Maj. and Paymaster U. S. V., 
 Urbana, O. 
 
 Vance, J. L., Lieut.-Col. 4th W. Va. V. I., Gal- 
 lipolis, O. 
 
 Vance, Wilson, 1st Lieut. 14th U. S. C. T., Brev. 
 Capt. U. S. V., Findlay, O. 
 
 Vandegrift, G. A., 1st Lieut. 2d O. V. I., Maj. 
 137th O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Van Deman, J. H., Capt. 66th O. V. I., Assist- 
 Surgeon 10th O. V. I., Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Van Derveer, Ferd., Brig.Gen. U. S. V., Hamil- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Van Dyke, A. M., Capt. and A. A. G. U. S. V., 
 Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Wyoming, O. 
 
 Van Voast, James, Col. 9th U. S. Inf. {Retired), 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Voris, A. C., Col. 67th O. V. I., Brev. Maj.-Gen. ' 
 U. S. V., Akron, O. 
 
 Waite, Norman, Maj. 189th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Waite, Richard, Capt. 84th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Wagoner, A., 2d Lieut. 6th O. V. C., Akron, O. 
 
 Walcutt, C. C., Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. V., Lieut' 
 Col. 10th U. S. C., Columbus, O. 
 
OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 165 
 
 (Valcutt, C. C., Jr. {Second Class), 2d Lieut. 8th 
 U. S, C., Fort Buford, Dakota. 
 
 Walden, W. A., Capt. 36th O. V. I., Columbus, O. 
 
 Walker, W. T. {Third Class), Toledo, O. 
 
 Wallace, F. S., Maj. 82d O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Wallace, Lew, Maj. -Gen. U. S. V. {Transferred 
 to Ind.) 
 
 Wallace, W., Capt. 105th O. V. I.p Warren, O. 
 
 Ward, J. H., Lieut.-Col. 27th Ky. V. I., Louis- 
 ville, Ky. 
 
 Warner, Willard, Col. 180th O. V. I., Brev. Maj.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Tecumseh, Ala. 
 
 Warnock, W. R. Maj. 95th O. V. I., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. V., Urbana, O. 
 
 Warwick, N. R., 2d Lieut. 91st O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Warwick, W. W. {Second Class), Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Wasson, A. M. L., 3d Assist.-Engineer U. S. N., 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Watson, C. T., Capt. and A. Q. M., Brev. Maj. 
 U. S. V., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Weber, Daniel, Col. 39th O. V. I., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Webster, E. F., 1st Lieut. 25th Ohio Batt. Light 
 Art., Wellington, O. 
 
 Wedemeyer, W. G., Capt. 16th U. S. I., Fort 
 Duchesne, Utah. 
 
 Wehrle, J. C., Capt. 76th O. V. I., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. V., Newark, O. 
 
 Weist, J. R., Maj.-Surgeon 1st U. S. C. T. 
 {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Welch, G. P., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 10th Vt. V. I., 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Welch, J. M., Maj. 18th O. V. I., Athens, O. 
 
 Werner, F. J., 1st Lieut. 106th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O, 
 
 Wheeler^ X., Capt. 129th O. V. I., Chattanooga, 
 Tenn. 
 
 Whitbeck, H. N., Lieut.-Col. 65th O. V. I., Brev. 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O. 
 
 White, Ambrose {First Class by Ink.), Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 White, W. J., Capt. 4th U. S. Colored Heavy 
 Art., Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Dayton, O. 
 
 Whitfield, S. A., Lieut.-Col. 123d U. S. C. I., 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Whittlesey, R. D., 1st Lieut. 1st O. V. Art., 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 Wiehl, F. F., 2d Lieut. 78th Pa. V. I., Chat- 
 tanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Wight, E. B., Maj. 24th Mich. V. I., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Wilcox, A. M., Cap. and Com. U. S. V., Brev. 
 Maj. U. S. V. {Transferred to 3Io.) 
 
 Wilder, John T., Col. 17th Ind. V. I., Brev. Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. V., Johnson City, Tenn. 
 
 Wilkinson, F. M., Capt. 68th Ind. V. I., Zanes- 
 ville, O. 
 
 Willard, E. B,, 2d Lieut. 91st O. V. I., Hanging 
 Rock, O. 
 
 Williams, A. J., 2d Lieut. 7th O. V. I., Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Williams, E. Cort, Acting Ensign U. S. N., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Williams, E. P., Capt. and Com. of Sub. U. S. V., 
 Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 Williams, E. S., Capt. 71st O. V. I., Troy, O. 
 
 Williams, II. M., 1st Lieut. 11th Ind. Batt. Light 
 Art., Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 Williams, W. II., Maj. 42d O. V. I,, Welling- 
 ton, O. 
 
 Williams, W. S., Capt. 3d Ind, Ohio Batt. Light 
 Art., Canton, O. 
 
 Williams, W. W., Pay Director U. S. N., San 
 Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Wills, A. W., Capt. and A, Q. M., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. V., Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Willson, W. H., Surgeon 179th O. V. I., A. A. 
 Surgeon U. S. N., Greenfield, O. 
 
 Wilshire, J. W., Capt. 45th O. V. I,, Cinti., O. 
 
 Wilson, Albert, Maj.-Surgeon 113th O. V. I., 
 Sidney, O. 
 
 Wilson, Chas. L,, Maj.-Surgeon 75th O. V. I. 
 {Transferred to Ind.) 
 
 Wilson, C. P., Maj.-Surgeon 138th O. V. I., Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 Wilson, G. W., 1st Lieut, and Adj. 54th O. V. I. 
 Hamilton, O. 
 
 Wilson, Harrison, Col. 20th O. V. I., Sidney, O. 
 
 Wilson, R. B., 1st Lieut. 194th O. V. I., Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Wilson, Robert, Capt. 12th O. V. I., Middle- 
 town, O. 
 
 Wilson, W. C., Col. 135th Ind. V. I. {Trans- 
 ferred to Ind.) 
 
 Wilson, W. M., Capt. 122d O. V. I., Xenia, O. 
 
 Wiltsee, W. P., Captain Benton Cadets, Cincin- 
 nati, O. 
 
 Wise, John, 1st Lieut. 12th O. V. I., LouiS' 
 ville, O. 
 
 Witcher, John S., Maj. and Paymaster U. S. A., 
 Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Newport, Ky. 
 
 Wolcott, J. L., 2d Lieut. 67th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Wolfley, Lewis, Maj. 3d Ky. Vol. Cav., Tucson, 
 Arizona. 
 
 Wood, C. O., Lieut.-Col. 8th California Inf., 
 Brev. Col. U. S. V., Capt. 9th U. S. I. {Re- 
 signed), Akron, O. 
 
 Wood, E. Morgan, Capt. 15th U. S. I. {Resigned)^ 
 Dayton, O. 
 
 Wood, Geo. H. {Second Class), Dayton, O. 
 
 Wood, Thos. J., Maj .-Gen. U. S. A. {Retired)^ 
 Dayton, O. 
 
 Woodbridge, Robert {Second Class), Youngs- 
 town, O. 
 
 Woodbridge, T., Surgeon 128th O. V. I., Youngs 
 town, O. 
 
 Woodrutf, C. A., Capt. 2d U. S. Art., Brev. Lieut.- 
 Col. U. S. A., Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 
 
 Woodruff, T. M., 1st Lieut. 5th U. S. I., Fort 
 Bufort, Dakota. 
 
 Worthington, Thomas, 1st Lieut. 106th O. V. L, 
 National Mil. Home, O. 
 
 Worts, George, 2d Lieut. 67th O. V. I., Toledo, O. 
 
 Wright, Geo. B., Col. 106th O. V. I., Colum- 
 bus, O. 
 
 Wright, J. T. {Second Class), Indianapolis, Ind, 
 
 Yeoman, S. N., Lieut.-Col. 90th O. V. I., Wash, 
 ington C. H., O. 
 
 Young, Chas. L., Brev. Lieut.-Col. N. Y. Vols., 
 Brig.-Gen. U. S. V., Toledo, O. 
 
 Youtsey, T. B., 1st Lieut. 37th Ky. V. L, New- 
 port, Ky. 
 
OHIO OFFICERS-STATE AND NATIONAL 
 
 STATE OFFICIALS FROM 1788 TO 1888. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF OHIO. 
 
 TERM, TWO YEARS. 
 
 Arthur St. Clair [1], 1788-1802. Charles W. Byrd [2], Hamilton County, 1802-3. Edward 
 Tiffin [3], Ross, 1803-7. Thomas Kirker [4], Adams, 1807-8. Samuel Huntington, Trumbull, 
 1808-10. Return Jonathan Meigs [5], Washington, 1810-14. Othniel Looker p], Hamilton, 1814i 
 Thomas Worthington Ross, 1814-18. Ethan Allen Brown [6], Hamilton, 1818-22. Allen Trim- 
 ble p], Highland, 1822, Jeremiah Morrow, Warren, 1822-6. Allen Trimble, Highland, 1826-30. 
 Duncan McArthur, Ross, 1830-32. Robert Lucas, Pike, 1832-6. Joseph Vance, Champaign, 
 1836-8. Wilson Shannon, Belmont, 1838-40. Thomas Corwin, Warren, 1840-2. Wilson 
 Shannon [7], Belmont, 1842-4. Thomas W. Bartley p], Richland, 1844. Mordecai Bartley, 
 Richland, 1844-6. William Bebb, Butler, 1846-9. Seabury Ford [8], Geauga, 1849-50. Reuben 
 Wood [9], Cuyahoga, 1850-3. William Medill [10], Fairfield, 1853-6. Salmon P. Chase, Ham- 
 ilton, 1856-60. William Dennison, Franklin, 186(>-2. David Tod, Mahoning, 1862-4. John 
 Brough [11], Cuyahoga, 1864-5. Charles Anderson [f], Montgomery, 1865-6. Jacob D. Cox, 
 Trumbull, 1866-8. Rutherford B. Hayes, Hamilton, 1868-72. Edward F. Noyes, Hamilton, 
 1872-4. William Allen, Ross, 1874-6. Rutherford B. Hayes [12], Sandusky, 1876-7. Thomas 
 L. Young [f], Hamilton, 1877-8. Richard M. Bishop, Hamilton, 1878-80. Charles Foster, 
 Seneca, 1880-4. George Hoadly, Hamilton, 1884-6. Joseph B. Foraker, Hamilton, 1886-90. 
 
 [1] Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, was Governor of the Northwest Territory, of which Ohio was a part, from July 13, 
 
 1788, when the first civil government was established in the Territory, until about the close of the year 1802, when lie was 
 removed by the President. • 
 
 [2] Secretary of the Territory, and was Acting Governor of the Territory after the removal of Governor St. Clair. 
 
 [3] Resigned March 3, 1807, to accept the office of United States Senator. 
 
 [4J Return Jonathan Meigs was elected Governor on the second Tuesday of October, 1807, over Nathaniel Massie, who 
 contested the election of Meigs on the ground “that he had not been a resident of this State for four years next preceding 
 tlie election as required by the Constitution,” and the General Assembly, in joint convention, decided that lie was not 
 eligible. The office was not given to Massie, nor does it appear from the records that he claimed it, but Thomas Kirker, 
 Acting Governor, continued to discharge the duties of the office until December 12, 1808, when Samuel Huntington was 
 inaugurated, he having been elected on the second Tuesday of October in that year. 
 
 ! 5 ' Resigned March 25, 1814, to accept the office of Postmaster-General of the United States. 
 
 6' Resigned January 4, 1822, to accept the office of United States Senator. 
 
 7 Resigned April 13, 1844, to accept the office of Minister to Mexico. 
 
 8] The result of the election in 1848 was not finally determined in joint convention of the two houses of tne General 
 Assembly until January 19, 1849, and the inauguration did not take place until the 22d of that month. 
 
 9] Resigned July 15, 1853, to accept the office of Consul to Valparaiso. 
 
 10] Elected in October, 1853, for the regular term, to commence on the second Monday in January, 1854. 
 
 11] Died August 29, 1865. 
 
 ’12] Resigned March 2, 1877, to accept the office of President of the United States. 
 
 *1 Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Speaker of the Senate. 
 
 _tj Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 
 
 UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION OF 1851. TERM, TWO YEARS. 
 
 William Medill, 1852-4. James Myers, 1854-6. Thomas Ford, 1856-8. Martin Welker, 
 1858-60. Robert C. Kirk, 1860-2. Benjamin Stanton, 1862-4. Charles Anderson, 1864-6. 
 Andrew G. McBurney, 1866-8. John C. Lee, 1868-72. Jacob Mueller, 1872-4. Alphonso 
 Hart, 1874-6. Thomas L. Young [1], 1876-7. H. W. Curtiss [2], 1877-8. Jabez W. Fitch, 
 1878-80. Andrew Hickenlooper, 1880-2. R. G. Richards, 1882^. John G. Warwick, 1884-6. 
 Robert P. Kennedy [3], 1886-7 Silas A. Conrad, 1887-8. William C. Lyons, 1888-90. 
 
 i l j Became Governor, vice Rutherford B. Hayes, who resigned March 2, 1877, to become President of the United States. 
 2] Acting Lieutenant-Governor, vice Thomas L. Young. 
 
 [3] Resigned to take a seat in Congress. 
 
 [4] Acting Lieutenant-Governor, vice Robert P. Kennedy. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION, 
 
 WHO FORMED THE FIRST STATE CONSTITUTION, ADOPTED IN CONVENTION AT CHILLICOTHE, 
 
 NOVEMBER 29, 1802. 
 
 Edward Tiffin, President and representative from the county of Ross. 
 
 Adams County. — Joseph Darlinton, Israel Donalson and Thomas Kirker. 
 
 Belmont County . — James Caldwell and Elijah Woods. 
 
 Clermont County . — Philip Gatch and James Sargent. 
 
 Fairfield County . — Henry Abrams and Emanuel Carpenter. 
 
 Hamilton County. — John W. Browne, Charles Willing Byrd, Francis Dunlavy, William Goforth, 
 John Kitchel, Jeremiah Morrow, John Paul, John Riley, John Smith and John Wilson. 
 
 (1 66) 
 
OHIO OFFICER^—STATE AND NATIONAL. 167 
 
 Jefferson County . — Eudolph Bair, George Humphrey, John Milligan, Nathan Updegraflf and Bez- 
 aleel Wells, 
 
 Boss County . — Michael Baldwin, James Grubb, Nathaniel Massie and T. Worthington. 
 
 Trumbull County . — David Abbott and Samuel Huntington. 
 
 Washtngton County . — Ephraim Cutler, Benjamin Ives Gillman, John Mclntire and Eufus Putnam, 
 Thomas Scott, secretary of the convention. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION, 
 
 WHO FORMED THE SECOND STATE CONSTITUTION, ADOPTED IN CONVENTION AT CINCINNATI, 
 
 MARCH 10, 1851. 
 
 S. J. Andrews, Cuyahoga County. Ed. Archbold, Monroe. Wm. Barbee, Miami. Joseph 
 Barnett, Montgomery. David Barnett, Preble. Wm. S. Bates, Jefferson. Alden J. Bennett, 
 Tuscarawas, John H. Blair, Brown. Jacob Blickensderfer, Tuscarawas. A. G. Brown, 
 Athens. Van Brown, Carroll. R, W. Cahill, Crawford. L. Case, Licking. F. Case, Hock- 
 ing. David Chambers, Muskingum. John Chaney. Horace D. Clark, Lorain. Wesley Clay- 
 pool, Ross, George Collings, Adams. Friend Cook, Portage. Otway Curry, Union. Wm. 
 P. Cutler, Washington. G. Volney Dorsey, Miami. Thos. W. Ewart, Washington. John 
 Ewing, Hancock. Jos. M. Farr, Huron. L. Firestone, Wayne. Elias Florence, Pickaway. 
 Robert Forbes, Mahoning. H. N. Gillet, Lawrence. John Graham, Franklin. H. C, Gray, 
 Lake. Henry H. Gregg. Jacob J. Greene, Defiance. John L. Greene, Ross. W. S. Groes- 
 beck, Hamilton. C. S, Hamilton, Union. D. D. T. Hard, Jackson. A. Harlan, Greene. 
 W. Hawkins, Morgan. Jas. P. Henderson, Richland. Reuben Hitchcock, Cuyahoga. Peter 
 Hitchcock, Geauga. G. W. Holmes, Hamilton. Geo. B. Holt, Montgomery. John J. Hoot- 
 man, Ashland. V, B. Horton, Meigs. S. Humphreville, Medina. John H. Hunt, Lucas. 
 B. B, Hunter, Ashtabula. John Johnson, Coshocton. J. Dan Jones, Hamilton. Wm. Ken- 
 non, Hamilton. Jas. B. King, Butler. S. J. G. Kirkwood, Richland. Thomas J. Larsh, Pre- 
 ble. Wm. Lawrence, Guernsey. John Larwell, Wayne. Robert Leech, Guernsey. D. P. 
 Leadbetter, Holmes. Jas. Loudon, Brown. John Lidey, Perry. H. S. Marion, Licking. 
 Samson Mason, Clark. Wm. Medill, Fairfield. Matthew H. Mitchell, Knox. Samuel Moor- 
 head, Harrison. Isaiah Morris, Clinton. Chas. McCloud, Madison. J. McCormick, Adams. 
 Simeon Nash, Gallia. S. F. Norris, Clermont. C. J. Orton, Sandusky. Wm. S. C. Otis, Sum- 
 mit. Thomas Patterson, Highland. Daniel Peck, Belmont. Jacob Perkins, Trumbull. 
 Samuel Quigley, Columbiana. Rufus P. Ranney, Trumbull. Chas. Reemelin, Hamilton. 
 Adam N. Riddle, Hamilton. D. A. Robertson, Fairfield. Ed. C. Roll, Hamilton. Wm. Saw- 
 yer, Auglaize. Sabirt Scott. John Sellers, Knox. John A. Smith, Highland. George J. 
 Smith, Warren. Benj. P. Smith, Wyandot. Henry Stanberry, Franklin. Benj. Stanton, Lo- 
 san. * Albert V. Stebbens, Henry. Richard Stillwell, Muskingum. E. T. Stickney, Seneca. 
 Harmon Stidger, Shelby. James Struble, Hamilton. J. R. Swan, Franklin. L. Swift, Sum- 
 mit. Joseph Thompson, Stark. Jas. W. Taylor, Erie. H. Thompson, Stark. N, S. Towns- 
 hend, Lorain. Elijah Vance, Butler. Joseph Vance, Champaign. W. M. Warren, Delaware. 
 Thos. A. Way, Monroe. J. Milton Williams, Warren. Elzey Wilson. E. B. Woodbury, 
 Ashtabula. Jas. T. Worthington, Ross. 
 
 SUPREME JUDGES. 
 
 JUDGES UNDER THE TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT, APPOINTED UNDER THE ORDINANCE OF 
 
 CONGRESS. 
 
 James M. Varnum. Samuel H. Parsons. John Armstrong. John -C. Symmes. William 
 Barton George Turner. Rufus Putnam. Joseph Gillman. Return J. Meigs. 
 
 JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OP OHIO UNDER THi; CONSTITUTION OF 1802. 
 
 Samuel Huntington, Cuyahoga County. William Sprigg, Jefferson. Daniel Symmes, Hamil- 
 ton. Thomas Morris, Clermont. Ethan Allen Brown, Hamilton. John McLean, Warren. 
 Jacob Burnet, Hamilton. Peter Hitchcock, Geauga. Elijah Hayward, Hamilton. Henry 
 Brush, Ross. John C. Wright, Jefferson. Ebenezer Lane, Huron. Matthew Birchard, Trum-' 
 
 bull. Edward Avery, Wayne. William B. Caldwell, Hamilton. Return Jonathan Meigs, 
 Washington. Georgo Tod, Trumbull. Thomas Scott, Ross. William W. Irwin, Fairfield. 
 Calvin Pease, Trumbull. Jessup N. Couch, Hamilton. Charles R. Sherman, Fairfield. Gus- 
 tavus Swan, Franklin. John M. Goodenow, Jefferson. Reuben Wood, Cuyahoga. Joshua 
 Collett, Warren. Frederick Grimke, Ross. Nathaniel C. Read, Hamilton. Rufus P. Spalding, 
 Summit. Rufus P. Ranney, Trumbull. 
 
 JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF OHIO UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1851. 
 
 Thomas W. Bartley, Richland County. Allen G. Thurman, Ross. William B. Caldwell, 
 Hamilton. William Kennon, Belmont. Jacob Brinkerhoff, Richland. Ozias Brown, Marion. 
 Milton Sutliff, Trumbull. William Y. Gholson, Hamilton. Hocking H. Hunter, Fairfield. 
 Luther Day, Portage. George W. Mcllvaine, Tuscarawas. Walter F. Stone, Erie. William 
 J. Gilmore, Preble. John W. Okey, Franklin. Nicholas Longworth, Hamilton. Wm. H. 
 Upson, Summit. Selwyn N. Owen, Williams. William T. Spear. Trumbull. Thaddeus A. 
 Minshall, Ross. John A. Corwin, Champaign. Rufus P. Ranney, Trumbull. Robert B. War- 
 den, Franklin. Joseph R. Swan, Franklin. Chas. C. Converse, Muskingum. Josiah Scott, 
 Butler. William ,V. Peck, Scioto. Horace Wilder, Ashtabula. William White, Clarke. 
 John Welsh, Athens. William H. West, Logan. George Rex, Wayne. W. W. Boynton, Lor- 
 ain. Wm. W. Johnson, Lawrence. John H. Doyle, Lucas. Martin D. Follett, Washington. 
 Gibson Atherton, Licking. Marshall J. Williams, Fayette. Franklin J. Dickman, Cuyahoga. 
 
i68 
 
 OHIO OFFICERS—STATE AND NATIONAL. 
 
 SUPREME COURT COMMISSION. 
 
 APPOINTED IN 1876, CONCLUDED ITS LABOES IN 1879. 
 
 Josiah Scott, Crawford County. D. Thew Wright, Hamilton. Thos. Q. Ashburn [1], Clermont, 
 W. W. Johnson, Lawrence. Luther Day [2], Portage. 
 
 Ill Appointed in place of Henry C. Whitman, from Hamilton County, who resigned in March, 1876. 
 
 [2] Appointed in place of Kichard A. Harrison, from Franklin County, who resigned in January, 1876. 
 
 APPOINTED IN 1883, CONCLUDED ITS LABORS IN 1885. 
 
 Moses M. Granger, Muskingum County. Franklin J. Dickman, Cuyahoga. John McCauley. 
 Seneca. George K. Nash, Franklin. Charles D. Martin, Fairfield. 
 
 CLERKS OF SUPREME COURT. 
 
 TERM, THREE YEARS. 
 
 Rodney Foos, 1866-75. Arnold Green, 1875-8. Richard J. Fanning, 1878-81. Dwight 
 Crowell, 1881-4. J. W. Cruikshank, 1884-7. Urban H. Hester, 1887-90. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF STATE. 
 
 From 1802 to 1850 the secretaries were elected for three years by joint ballot of the Senate and House 
 of Representatives. Since 1850 the elections have been by the people for terms of two years each. 
 
 Winthrop Sargent [*•], 1788-98. Wm. H. Harrison p], 1798-9. Charles Willing Byrd [*], 
 1799-1803. Wni. Creighton, Jr., 1803-8. Jeremiah McLene, 1808-31. Moses H. Kirby, 1831-5. 
 B. Hinkson, 1835-6. Carter B. Harlan, 1836-40. William Trevitt, 1840-1. John Sloane, 
 1841-4. Samuel Galloway, 1844-50. . Henry W. King, 1850-2. William Trevitt, 1852-6. 
 
 James H. Baker, 1856-8. Addison P. Russell, 1858-62. Benjamin R. Cowen, 1862. Wilson S. 
 Kennon, 1862-3. Wm. W. Armstrong, 1863-5. Win. H. Smith, 1865-8. John Russell, 1868-9. 
 Isaac R. Sherwood, 1869-73. Allen T. Wikofi*, 1873-5. William Bell, Jr., 1875-7. Milton 
 Barnes, 1877-81. Charles Townsend, 1881-3. James W. Newman, 1883-5. James S. Robin- 
 son, 1885-9. 
 
 [*1 Secretary of the Northwest Territory. 
 
 TREASURERS OF STATE. 
 
 UNTIL THE ADOPTION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION IN 1851. TERM, THREE YEARS; AFTERWARD, 
 
 TWO YEARS. 
 
 John Armstrong Jl], 1792-1803. William McFarland, 1803-16. Hiram M. Curry [2], 1816-20. 
 Samuel Sullivan, 1820-3. Henry Brown, 1823-35. Joseph Whitehill, 1835-47. Albert A. 
 Bliss (Elyria), 1847-52. John G. Breslin, 1852-6. W. H. Gibson [3], 1856-7. A. P. Stone, 
 1857-62. G. V. Dorsey, 1862-5. W. Hooper, 1865-6. S. S. Warner, 1866-72. Isaac Welsh [4], 
 1872-5. Leroy W. Welsh, 1875-6. John M. Millikin, 1876-8. Anthony Howells, 1878-80. 
 Joseph Turney, 1880-4. Peter Brady, 1884-6. John C. Brown, 1886-90. 
 
 1] Treasurer of the Northwest Territory. 
 
 '2' Resigned February, 1820. 
 
 3 Resigned June, 1857. 
 
 4] Died November 29, 1875, during official term. 
 
 COMPTROLLERS OF THE TREASURY. 
 
 THE OFFICE WAS ABOLISHED IN JANUARY, 1877. TERM, THREE YEARS. 
 
 W. B. Thrall, 1859-62. Joseph H. Riley, 1862-5. Moses R. Brailey, 1865-71. William T. 
 Wilson, 1871-7. 
 
 AUDITORS OF STATE. 
 
 UNTIL THE ADOPTION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION IN 1851. TERM, THREE YEARS ; AFTERWARD, 
 
 FOUR YEARS. 
 
 Thomas Gibson, 1803-8. Benjamin Hough, 1808-15. Ralph Osborn, 1815-33. John A. 
 Bryan, 1833-9. John Brough, 1839-45. John Woods, 1845-52. William D. Morgan, 1852-6. 
 Francis M. Wright, 1856-60. Robert W. Taylor, 1860-3. Oviatt Cole, 1863^. James H. God- 
 man, 1864-72. James Williams, 1872-80. John F. Oglevee, 1880-4. Emil Kiesewetter, 1884-8. 
 Ebenezer W. Poe, 1888-92. 
 
 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 
 
 TERM, TWO YEARS. 
 
 Henry Stanbery, 1846-51. Joseph McCormick, 1851-5. George E. Pugh, 1852-4. George W. 
 McCook, 1854-6. Francis D. Kimball, 1856. C. P. Wolcott, 1856-61. James Murray, 1861-3. 
 L. R. Critchfield, 1863-5. William P. Richardson, 1865. Chauncey N. Olds, 1865-6. William 
 H. West, 1866-7(). Francis B. Pond, 1870-4. John Little, 1874-8. Isaiah Pillars, 1878-80. 
 George K. Nash, 1880-4 James Lawrence, 1884-6. Jacob A. Kohler, 1886-8. David K. Wat- 
 son, 1888-90. 
 
OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL, 
 
 169 
 
 ADJUTANT-GENERALS. 
 
 Cornelius R. Sedan, 1803. Samuel Finley, 1803-7. David Ziegler, 1807. Thomas Worthing- 
 ton, 1807-9. Joseph Kerr, 1809-10. Isaac Van Horn, 1810-19. William Daugherty, 1819-28. 
 Samuel C. Andrews, 1828-37. William Daugherty, 1837-9. Jacob Medary, Jr., 1839-41. Ed- 
 ward H. Gumming, 1841-5. Thomas W. H. Mosely, 1845-51. J. W. Wilson, 1851-57. H. B. 
 Carrington, 1857-61. C. P. Buckingham, 1861-2. Charles W. Hill, 1862-4. Ben. R. Cowen, 
 1864-8. Ed. F. Schneider, 1868-9. William A. Knapp, 1869-74. James O. Amos, 1874-6! 
 A. T. Wikoff, 1876-7. Charles W. Karr, 1877-8. Luther M. Meily, 1878-80. William H. 
 Gibson, 1880-1. S. B. Smith, 1881-4. E. B. Finley, 1884-6. H. A. Axline, 1886-90. 
 
 SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 TERM, THREE YEARS. 
 
 Samuel Lewis, [1] 1837-40. Hiram H. Barney, 1854-57. Anson Smythe, 1857-63. C. W. H. 
 Cathcart, 1863. Emerson E. White, 1863-66. John A. Norris, 1866-9. William D. Henkle, 
 1869-71. Thomas W. Harvey, 1871-5. Charles S. Smart, 1875-8. J. J. Burns, 1878-81. 
 D. F. DeWolf, 1881-4. Leroy D. Brown, 1884-7. Eli T. Tappan, 1887-90. 
 
 [1] From 1840 to 1854 the Secretaries of State were the ex-officio School Commissioners. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 TERM, THREE YEARS. 
 
 Alexander McConnell, 1836-8. John Harris, 1836-8. R. Dickinson, 1836-45. T. G. Bates, 
 1836-42. William Wall, 1836-8. Leander Ransom, 1836-45. William Rayen, 1839-40. 
 William Spencer, 1842-5. O. Follett, 1845-9. J. Blickensderfer, Jr., 1845-52. Samuel Forrer, 
 .1845-52. E. S. Hamlin, 1849-52. A. P. Miller, 1852-55. George W. Manypenny, 1852-53. 
 James B. Steedman, 1852-6. Wayne Griswold, 1853-7. J. Blickensderfer, Jr., 1854-8. A. G. 
 Conover, 1856-60. John Waddle, 1857-60. R. L. Backus, 1858-61. John L. Martin, 1859-62. 
 John B. Gregory, 1860-3. Levi Sargent, 1861-4. John F. Torrence, 1862-5. James Gamble, 
 1863-4. James Moore, 1864-71. John M. Barrere, 1864-70. Philip D. Herzing, 1865-77. 
 Richard R. Porter, 1870-76. Stephen R. Hosmer, 1872-5. Martin Schilder, 1875-81. Peter 
 Thatcher, 1876-9. J. C. Evans, 1877-80. George Paul, 1879-85. James Fullington, 1880-3. 
 
 Stephen R. Hosmer. 1881-84. Leo Weltz, 1883-4. Henry Weible, 1883-6. John P. Martin, 
 1884-7. C. A. Flickinger, 1885-91. Wells S. Jones, 1886-9. William H. Hahn, 1887-90. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF RAILROADS AND TELEGRAPHS. 
 
 TERM, TWO YEARS. 
 
 George B. Wright, [1] 1867-71. Richard D. Harrison, [2] 1871-2. Orlow L. Wolcott, 1872-4. 
 John G. Thompson, [3] 1874-76. Lincoln G. Delano, 1876-8. William Bell, Jr., 1878-80. J. S. 
 Robinson, [4] 1880-1. Hylas Sabine, 1881-3. Hylas Sabine, 1883-5, Henry Apthorp, 1885-7. 
 William S. Capeller, 1887-9. 
 
 1] Resigned October, 1871. 
 
 ;2] Died April. 1872. 
 
 3] Resigned December, 1875. 
 
 4) Resigned February, 1881. 
 
 SUPERVISORS OF PUBLIC PRINTING. 
 
 TERM, TWO YEARS. 
 
 L. L. Rice, 1860-4. William O. Blake, 1864. W. H. Foster, 1864-7. L. L. Rice, 1867-75. 
 Charles B. Flood, 1875-7. William W. Bond, 1877-9. William J. Elliott, 1879-81. J. K. 
 Brown, 1881-3. J. K. Brown, 1883-5. W. C. A. De la Court, 1885-7. Leo Hirsch, 1887-9. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENTS OF INSURANCE. 
 
 TERM, THREE YEARS. 
 
 William F. Church, 1872-5. William D. Hill, 1875-8. Joseph F. Wright, 187S-81. Charles 
 H. Moore, 1881-4. Henry J. Reinmund, 1884-7. Samuel E. Kemp, 1887-90. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF LABOR STATISTICS. 
 
 TERM, TWO YEARS. 
 
 H. J. Walls, 1877-81. Henry Luskey, 1881-5. Larkin McHugh, 1885-7. Alonzo D. Fas- 
 sett, 1887-9. 
 
 INSPECTORS OF MINES. 
 
 TERM, FOUR YEARS. 
 
 Andrew Roy, 1874-8. James D. Posten, 1878-9. David Owens, 1879-80. Andrew Roy, 
 1880-4. Thomas B. Bancroft, 1884- 8. R. M. Hazel tine, 1888-92. 
 
 INSPECTOR OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 
 
 TERM, FOUR YEARS. 
 
 Henry Dorn, 1885-9- 
 
170 
 
 OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL, 
 
 DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 TERM, TWO YEARS. 
 
 S. H. Hurst, 1886-7. F. A. Derthick, 1887-8. F. A. Derthick, 1888-90. 
 
 STATE LIBRARIANS. 
 
 THE STATE LIBRARY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1817, WITH ABOUT 500 VOLUMES. NOW IT CONTAINS 
 
 OVER 55,000 VOLUMES. 
 
 John L. Harper, 1817-8. John Mcllvain, 1818-20. David S. Brodrick, 1820-4. Zachariah 
 Mills, 1824-42. Thomas Kennedy, 1842-5. John Greiner, 1845-51. Elijah Hayward, 1851-4. 
 James W. Taylor, 1854-6. William T. Coggeshall, 1856-62. S. G. Harbaugh, 1862-74. Walter 
 C. Hood, 1874-5. H. H. Robinson, 1875-7. R. M. Stimson, 1877-9. H. V. Kerr, 1879-81. 
 Joseph Geiger, 1881-3. Howard L. Conard, 1883-5. H. W. Pierson, 1885-6. Frank B. Loomis, 
 1886-7. John M. Doane, 1887-90. 
 
 LAW LIBRARIANS. 
 
 James H. Beebe, 1867-80. Frank N. Beebe, 1880-89. 
 
 SIXTY-EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Dist. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 County. 
 
 Post-oflSce address. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 31st 
 
 Adams, Perry M. 
 
 D 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 26th 
 
 Alexander, J. Park 
 
 R 
 
 Summit 
 
 Akron 
 
 Manufacturer. 
 
 5th 
 
 Barrett, Isaac M. 
 
 R 
 
 Greene 
 
 Spring Valley 
 
 Merchant Milling. 
 
 28th 
 
 Braddock, John S. 
 
 D 
 
 Knox 
 
 Mt. Vernon 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 1st 
 
 Brown, Harmon W. 
 
 R 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Cincinnati, Stahi “C’' 
 
 1 Ticket AgentUnion 
 ( Passenger Station. 
 
 33d 
 
 Carlin, William L. 
 
 R 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Findlay 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 7 th 
 
 Cole, Amos B. 
 
 R 
 
 Scioto 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 2;id 
 
 Coulter, Thomas B. 
 
 R 
 
 JelFerson 
 
 Steubenville 
 
 A tto r ney-a t-Law. 
 
 3d 
 
 Crook, Walter 
 
 R 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Tadmor 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 11th 
 
 Cowgill, Thomas A. 
 
 R 
 
 Champaign 
 
 Kennard 
 
 “ 
 
 13th 
 
 Cutler, James 
 
 R 
 
 Union 
 
 Rich wood 
 
 Banker. 
 
 14th 
 
 Davis, Theodore F. 
 
 R 
 
 Washington 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Editor. 
 
 19th 
 
 Dorr, Anthony I. 
 
 D 
 
 Noble 
 
 Berne 
 
 Physician. 
 
 24th 
 
 Ford, George H. 
 
 R 
 
 Geauga 
 
 Burton 
 
 Banker. 
 
 33d 
 
 Geyser, William 
 
 R 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Swanton 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 20th 
 
 Glover, George W. 
 
 R 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 ii 
 
 15th 
 
 HufFman, Joseph G. 
 
 D 
 
 Perry 
 
 New Lexington 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 29th 
 
 Kerr, Winfield S. 
 
 R 
 
 Richland 
 
 Mansfield 
 
 <( « 
 
 4th 
 
 Lindsey, Frank L. 
 
 D 
 
 Brown 
 
 Georgetown • 
 
 (< « 
 
 6th 
 
 Massie, David M. 
 
 R 
 
 Ross 
 
 Chillicothe 
 
 a it 
 
 1st 
 
 Mack, Henry 
 
 R 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 32d 
 
 Mehaffey, Robert 
 
 D 
 
 Allen 
 
 Herring 
 
 Banker. 
 
 25th 
 
 Morison, David 
 
 R 
 
 Cuyahoga 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 18th 
 
 Mortley, David H. 
 
 D 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Retired Merchant 
 
 8th 
 
 Rannells, William J. 
 
 R 
 
 Vinton 
 
 McArthur 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 2d 
 
 Rathbone, Estes G. 
 
 R 
 
 Butler 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Ranker. 
 
 1st 
 
 Richardson, James C. 
 
 R 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Glendale 
 
 Paper Manufacturer. 
 
 12th 
 
 Robertson, Andrew J. 
 
 D 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Sidney 
 
 Marble Dealer. 
 
 i6th Sinnett, Edwin 
 
 D 
 
 Licking 
 
 Granville 
 
 Physician. 
 
 1st Stueve, Henry 
 
 R 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Lime and Cement D’r. 
 
 23d Stull, John M. 
 
 R 
 
 Trumbull 
 
 Warren 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 21st 
 
 Snyder, Thomas C. 
 
 R 
 
 Stark 
 
 Canton 
 
 Manufacturer. 
 
 25th 
 
 Taylor, Vincent A. 
 
 R 
 
 Cuyahoga 
 
 Bedford 
 
 
 9th 
 
 Townsend, Charles 
 
 R 
 
 Athens 
 
 Athens 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 10th 
 
 Wallace, William T. 
 
 D 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Columbus 
 
 It ft 
 
 30th 
 
 Zimmermann, Joseph 
 
 D 
 
 Sandusky 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Editor. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 County. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 Post-office address. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Adams 
 
 Joseph W. Shinn 
 
 D 
 
 West Union 
 
 County Auditor. 
 
 Allen 
 
 William E. Watkins 
 
 R 
 
 Delphos 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Ashland 
 
 John T. McCray 
 
 D 
 
 Ashland 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Ashtabula 
 
 Elbert L. Lampson 
 
 R 
 
 .Tefferson 
 
 Editor. 
 
OHIO OFFICERS—STATE AND NATIONAL, 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES.— 
 
 I7I 
 
 County. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 Post-office address. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Athens 
 
 Emmitt Tompkins 
 
 R 
 
 Athens 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Auglaize 
 
 Melville D. Shaw 
 
 D 
 
 Wapakoneta 
 
 X (( 
 
 Belmont 
 
 Christian L. Pootman 
 
 R 
 
 Bellaire 
 
 Editor. 
 
 ii 
 
 Alex. T. McKelvey 
 
 R 
 
 St. Clairsville 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Brown 
 
 William W. Pennell 
 
 D 
 
 Eastwood 
 
 School Teacher. 
 
 Butler 
 
 Frank. R. Vinnedge 
 
 D 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Carroll 
 
 John H. Fimple 
 
 R 
 
 Carrollton 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Champaign 
 
 Samuel M. Taylor 
 
 R 
 
 Urbana 
 
 Clarke 
 
 George C. Rawlins 
 
 R 
 
 Springfield 
 
 « (( 
 
 Clermont 
 
 Elkany B. Holmes 
 
 R 
 
 Williamsburg 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Wilford C. Hudson 
 
 R 
 
 Blanchester 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Columbiana 
 
 William T. Cope 
 
 R 
 
 Salineville 
 
 Banker. 
 
 
 John Y. Williams 
 
 R 
 
 Clarkson 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Jesse B. Forbes 
 
 D 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Philip Schuler 
 
 D 
 
 Galion 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 Cuyahoga 
 
 John J. Stranahan 
 
 R 
 
 Chagrin Falls 
 
 Editor. 
 
 
 Edward J. Kennedy 
 
 R 
 
 Berea 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 U 
 
 John P. Haley 
 
 R 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Polisher. 
 
 ii 
 
 Evan H. Davis 
 
 R 
 
 ii 
 
 Puddler. 
 
 ii 
 
 Jere A. Brown 
 
 R 
 
 ii 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 
 William T. Clark 
 
 R 
 
 ii 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Darke 
 
 Andrew C. Robeson 
 
 D 
 
 Greenville 
 
 « u 
 
 Defiance & Paulding 
 
 John L. Geyer 
 
 D 
 
 Paulding 
 
 Surveyor. 
 
 Delaware 
 
 John S. Gill 
 
 D 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Erie . 
 
 Fred. Ohlemacher 
 
 D 
 
 Sandusky City 
 
 Manufacturer. 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Thomas H. Dill 
 
 D 
 
 Lithopolis 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Fayette 
 
 D. I. Worthington 
 
 R 
 
 Washington C. H. 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Lot L. Smith 
 
 D 
 
 Columbus 
 
 « « 
 
 ii 
 
 John B. Lawlor 
 
 D 
 
 ii 
 
 Printer. 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Estell H. Rorick 
 
 R 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Gallia 
 
 Jehu Eakins 
 
 R 
 
 Patriot 
 
 
 Geauga and Lake 
 
 Hosmer G. Tryon 
 
 R 
 
 Willoughby 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Greene 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
 R 
 
 Cedarville 
 
 Lumber Merchant. 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 William E. Boden 
 
 D 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Manufacturer. 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Charles Bird 
 
 R 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 ii 
 
 Charles L. Doran 
 
 R 
 
 
 Journalist. 
 
 ii 
 
 Byron S. Wydman 
 
 R 
 
 ii 
 
 Holder. 
 
 ii 
 
 Walter Hartpence 
 
 R 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Editor. 
 
 ii 
 
 John C. Hart 
 
 R 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 ii 
 
 William Copeland 
 
 R 
 
 
 Market Master. 
 
 ii 
 
 Oliver Outcalt 
 
 R 
 
 ii 
 
 Printer. 
 
 ii 
 
 Frederick Pfiester 
 
 R 
 
 ii 
 
 Superintendent Asso. 
 
 ii 
 
 Frederick Klensch 
 
 R 
 
 ii 
 
 Grocer. 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Henry Brown 
 
 D 
 
 Findlay 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Michael F. Eggerman 
 
 D 
 
 Ada 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Jasper N. Lantz 
 
 R 
 
 Moo refield 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Henry 
 
 Dennis D. Donovan 
 
 D 
 
 Deshler 
 
 Gen’l Business Man. 
 
 Highland 
 
 Jonah Britton 
 
 R 
 
 Willettsville 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Hocking 
 
 Carl H. Buerhaus 
 
 D 
 
 Logan 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Holmes 
 
 Thomas Armor 
 
 D 
 
 Millersburg 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Huron 
 
 Lewis C. Laylin 
 
 R 
 
 Norwalk 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Benjamin F. Kitchen 
 
 R 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Charles W. Clancey 
 
 R 
 
 Smithfield 
 
 Knox 
 
 Frank V. Owen 
 
 R 
 
 Fredericktown 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Lake and Geauga 
 
 Hosmer G. Tryon 
 
 R 
 
 Willoughby 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Alfred Robinson 
 
 R 
 
 Arabia 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Licking 
 
 Samuel L. Blue 
 
 D 
 
 Homer 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Logan 
 
 William W. Beatty 
 
 R 
 
 Huntsville 
 
 A tto r n ey-at-Law. 
 
 Lorain 
 
 William A. Braman 
 
 R 
 
 Elyria 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 Lucas 
 
 Charles P. Griffin 
 
 R 
 
 Toledo 
 
 ii 
 
 
 James C. Messer 
 
 R 
 
 East Toledo 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Madison 
 
 Daniel Boyd 
 
 R 
 
 Plain City 
 
 “ 
 
 Mahoning 
 
 Lemuel C. Ohl 
 
 R 
 
 Mineral Ridge 
 
 “ and Teacher. 
 
 Marion 
 
 Boston G. Young 
 
 D 
 
 Marion 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Medina 
 
 Thomas Palmer 
 
 R 
 
 Chippewa 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Meigs 
 
 Walter W. Merrick 
 
 R 
 
 Pomeroy 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Charles M. LeBlond. 
 
 D 
 
 Celina 
 
 (( <( 
 
 Miami 
 
 Noah H. Albaugh 
 
 R 
 
 Tadmor 
 
 Nurseryman. 
 
 Monroe 
 
 James H. Hamilton 
 
 D 
 
 Calais 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Wickliffe Belville 
 
 D 
 
 Dayton 
 
 A ttorn ey-at-Law. 
 
 « 
 
 Martin Eidemiller 
 
 D 
 
 Vandalia 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 “ 
 
 Wilson S. Harper 
 
 R 
 
 Trotwood 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Leroy S. Holcomb 
 
 R 
 
 Pennsville 
 
 
 Morrow 
 
 George Kreis 
 
 D 
 
 Cardington 
 
 Merchant. 
 
172 
 
 OHIO OFFICERS—STATE AND NATIONAL. 
 
 BEPKESENTATI VES— 
 
 County. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Politics, 
 
 Post-office address. 
 
 Muskingum 
 
 Daniel H. Gaumer 
 
 D 
 
 Zanesville 
 
 
 John C. McGregor 
 
 D 
 
 <( 
 
 Noble 
 
 Capell L. Weems 
 
 R 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 William E. Bense 
 
 D 
 
 Port Clinton 
 
 Paulding & Defiance 
 
 John L. Geyer 
 
 D 
 
 Paulding 
 
 Perry 
 
 Nial R. Hysell 
 
 D 
 
 Corning 
 
 Pickaway 
 
 ThaddeusE. Cromley 
 
 D 
 
 Ashville 
 
 Pike 
 
 John W. Barger 
 
 R 
 
 Waverlj 
 
 Portage 
 
 Friend Whittlesey 
 
 R 
 
 Atwater 
 
 Preble 
 
 Andrew L. Harris 
 
 R 
 
 Eaton 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Amos Boehmer 
 
 D 
 
 Fort Jennings 
 
 Richland 
 
 James E. Howard 
 
 D 
 
 Bellville 
 
 Ross 
 
 William H, Reed 
 
 D 
 
 Chillicothe 
 
 Sandusky 
 
 James Hunt 
 
 D 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Scioto 
 
 Joseph P. Coates 
 
 R 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Elisha B. Hubbard 
 
 D 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Jackomyer C. Counts 
 
 D 
 
 Sidney 
 
 Stark 
 
 John E. Monnot 
 
 D 
 
 Canton 
 
 
 George W. Wilhelm 
 
 R 
 
 Justus 
 
 Summit 
 
 Henry C. Sanford 
 
 R 
 
 Akron 
 
 Trumbull 
 
 Mark Ames 
 
 R 
 
 Newton Falls 
 
 “ 
 
 Thomas H. Stewart 
 
 R 
 
 Church Hill 
 
 Tuscarawas 
 
 Francis Ankney 
 
 D 
 
 New Philadelphia 
 
 Union 
 
 John H. Shearer 1 
 
 R 
 
 Marysville 
 
 Van Wert 
 
 Levi Meredith ; 
 
 D 
 
 Van Wert 
 
 Vinton 
 
 Stephen W. Monahan i 
 
 D 
 
 Hamden Junction 
 
 Warren 
 
 William T. Whitacre 
 
 R 
 
 Morrow 
 
 Washington 
 
 John Strecker 1 
 
 R 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Wayne 
 
 John W. Baughman j 
 
 D 
 
 Wooster 
 
 Williams 
 
 Robert Ogle 
 
 R 
 
 Montpelier 
 
 Wood 
 
 George B. Spencer 
 
 R 
 
 Weston. 
 
 Wyandot 
 
 Matthias A. Smalley 
 
 D 
 
 Carey. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Editor. 
 
 Teacher and Farmer. 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 Real Estate & Loans 
 Surveyor. 
 
 Miner. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 a 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 <( (( 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Lumber Merchant. 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 (t (i 
 
 Druggist. 
 
 Laborer. 
 
 Attor n ey-at-Law. 
 Merchant. 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 Merchant. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Editor. 
 
 Mercha^it. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Manufacturer. 
 
 Attorney-at-Law. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 OFFICERS BY APPOINTMENT. 
 
 Office. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 
 Term of office. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Expires. 
 
 Adjutant-General 
 
 Henry A. Axline 
 
 Zanesville 
 
 Two 
 
 1 2d Monday in Jan, 
 
 Assistant Adjutant- General 
 
 William S, Wickham 
 
 Norwalk 
 
 U 
 
 j 1890. 
 
 Commissioner of Labor Statistics 
 
 Alonzo D. Fassett 
 
 Youngstown 
 
 U 
 
 February 16, 1889. 
 
 Comm’r of Railroads & Telegraphs 
 
 Win. S. Cappeller 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 il 
 
 March 12, 1889. 
 
 Dairy and Food Commissioner 
 
 F. A. Derthick 
 
 Mantua 
 
 n 
 
 May, 1888. 
 
 Engineer of Public Works 
 
 Samuel Bachtell 
 
 Columbus 
 
 
 May 22, 1888. 
 
 Law Librarian 
 
 Frank N. Beebe 
 
 “ 
 
 Three 
 
 September 27, 1889. 
 
 Inspector of Mines 
 
 Thomas B. Bancroft 
 
 Gallipolis 
 
 Four 
 
 April 30, 1888. 
 
 Inspector of Oils 
 
 Louis Smithnight 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Two 
 
 May 14, 1888. 
 
 Inspector of Workshops 
 
 Henry Dorn 
 
 “ 
 
 Four 
 
 April 29, 1889. 
 
 Meteorological Bureau 
 
 George H. Twiss 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Three 
 
 Not specified. 
 
 Superintendent of Insurance 
 
 Samuel E. Kemp 
 
 Dayton 
 
 June 3, 1890. 
 
 Not specified. 
 
 State Geologist 
 
 Edward Orton 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Two 
 
 State Librarian 
 
 John M. Doane 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 April 18, 1889. 
 
 Supervisor of Public Printing 
 Secretarv of Board of State Charities 
 
 L. Hirsch 
 
 Albert G. Byers 
 
 Columbus 
 
 << 
 
 April 14, 1889. 
 
 Secretary State Board of Agriculture iL. N. Bonham 
 
 Oxford 
 
 One 
 
 January 11, 1888. 
 
OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL. 
 
 173 
 
 OFFICERS OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FROM OHIO. 
 
 SUPREME COURT JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES FROM OHIO-CHIEF-JUSTICES 
 
 AND ASSOCIATES, 
 
 John McLean, [1] 1829-61 ; born 1785, died 1861. Noah H, Swayne, [2] 1862-81 ; born 1805, 
 died 1884. Salmon P. Chase, [1] 1864-73; born 1808, died 1873. Morrison R. Waite, [1] 
 1874-87; born 1816, died 1887. William B. Woods, 1880-87 ; born 1824, died 1887. Stanley 
 Matthews, 1881. 
 
 [1] Chief-Justices. 
 
 [2] Kesigned. 
 
 SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 J. Warren Keifer, 47th Congress; December 5, 1881, to March 4, 1883; born 1836. 
 
 UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS FROM OHIO. 
 
 William Henry Harrison, 1841 ; born 1773, died 1841. Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-77 ; born 1822, 
 died 1885. Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-81 ; born 1822. James A. Garfield, 1881 ; born 1831, 
 died 1881. Benj. R. Harrison, 1889-93 ; born Aug. 20th, 1833, at North Bend, O. 
 
 UNITED STATES CABINET OFFICERS FROM OHIO. 
 
 Thomas Ewing, Secretarj of Treasury. Appointed March 5, 1841, by William H. Harrison; April 6.. 
 1841, by John Tyler. 
 
 Thomas Corwin, Secretary of Treasury. Appointed July 23, 1850, by Millard Fillmore. 
 
 Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of Treasury. Appointed March 7, 1861, by Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 John Sherman, Secretary of Treasury. Appointed March 8, 1877, by Rutherford B. Hayes. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant, ad interim Secretary of War. Appointed August 12, 1867. 
 
 William T. Sherman, Secretary of War. Appointed September 9, 1869, by Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 Alphonso Taft, Secretary of War. Appointed March 8, 1876, by Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 Thomas Ewing, Secretary of Interior. Appointed March 8, 1849, by Zachary Taylor. 
 
 Jacob D. Cox, Secretary of Interior. Appointed March 5, 1869, by Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 Columbus Delano, Secretary of Interior. Appointed November 1, 1870, by Ulysses S. Grant; March 
 • 4, 1873, by Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 Return J. Meigs, Jr., Postmaster-General. Appointed March 17, 1814, by James Madison; March 4, 
 1817, by James Monroe ; March 5, 1821, by Janies Monroe. 
 
 John McLean, Postmaster-General. Appointed June 26, 1823, by James Monroe; March 4, 1821, by 
 John Q. Adams. 
 
 William Dennison, Postmaster-General. Appointed September 24, 1864, by Abraham Lincoln ; March 
 4, 1865, by Abraham Lincoln; April 15, 1865, by Andrew Johnson. 
 
 Henry Stanbery, Attorney-General. Appointed July 23, 1866, by Andrew Johnson. 
 
 Alphonso Taft, Attorney-General. Appointed May 26, 1876, by Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 William Windom, [1] Secretary of Treasury. Appointed March 4, 1881, by James A. Garfield ; October 
 20, 1881, by Chester A. Arthur. 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton, Attorney-General. Appointed December 20, 1860, by James Buchanan; Secretary 
 of War, January 15, 1862, by Abraham Lincoln ; March 4, 1865, by Abraham Lincoln ; April 15, 
 1865, by Andrew Johnson. 
 
 Charles Foster, Sec’y of Treasury, appointed Jan., 1891 ; Frank Hatton, P. M. General, Oct., 1884 ; 
 Jeremiah M. Rusk, Sec’y of Agriculture, March, 1889; Wm. H. H. Miller, Attorney-General, 
 March, 1889 ; Jno. W. Noble, Sec’y Interior, March, 1889. 
 
 DATES OF THE NUMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSES. 
 
 1st.— 1789-1791. 
 2d.— 1791-1793. 
 3d.— 1793-1795. 
 4th.— 1795-1797. 
 5th.— 1797-1799. 
 6th.— 1799-1801. 
 7th.— 1801-1803. 
 8th.— 1803-1805. 
 9th.— 1805-1807. 
 10th.— 1807-1809. 
 11th.— 1809-1811. 
 12th.— 1811-1813. 
 13th.— 1813-1815. 
 
 14th.— 1815-1817. 
 15th.— 1817-1819. 
 16th.— 1819-1821. 
 17th.— 1821-1823. 
 18th.— 1823-1825. 
 19th.— 1825-1827. 
 20th.— 1827-1829. 
 21st.— 1829-1831. 
 22d.— 1831-1833. 
 23d.— 1833-1835. 
 24th.— 1835-1837. 
 25th.— 1837-1839. 
 26th.— 1839-1841. 
 
 27th.— 1841-1843. 
 28th.— 1843-1845. 
 29th.- 184'5-1847. 
 30th.— 1847-1849. 
 31st.— 1849-1851. 
 32d.— 1851-1853. 
 33d.— 1853-1855. 
 34th.— 1855-1857. 
 35th.— 1857-1859. 
 36th.— 1859-1861. 
 
 37 th.— 1861-1863. 
 38th.— 1863-1865. 
 51st and 52d Congress. 
 
 39th.— 1865-1867. 
 40th.— 1867-1869. 
 41st.— 1869-1871. 
 42d.— 1871-1873. 
 43d.— 1873-1875. 
 44th.— 1875-1877. 
 45th.— 1877-1879. 
 46th.— 1879-1881. 
 47th.— 1881-1883. 
 48th.— 1883-1885. 
 49th.— 1885-1887. 
 50th.— 1887-1889. 
 See Addenda, Vol. III. 
 
 OHIO DELEGATES TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS. 
 
 William H. Harrison, Hamilton co., 6 Cong. Paul Fearing, Washington co., 7 Cong. 
 William McMillan, Hamilton co., 6 Cong. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM OHIO. 
 
 Thomas Worthington, [3] Ross county, 8, 9, 11 to 
 13 Congress. 
 
 John Smith, [1] Hamilton co., 8 to 10 Cong. 
 Edward Tiffin, Ross co., 10, 11 Cong. 
 
 Return J. Meigs, [2] Washington co., 10, 11 Cong. 
 
 Alexander Cam})bell, Brown co., 11, 12 Cong. 
 Stanley Griswold, Cuyahoga co., 11 Cong. 
 Jeremiah Morrow, Warren co., 13 to 15 Cong. 
 Joseph Kerr, [4] Ross co., 13 Cong. 
 
 Benjamin Ruggles, Belmont co., 14 to 22 Cong. 
 
174 
 
 OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL. 
 
 Salmon P. Chase, [11] Hamilton co., 31 to 33, 37 
 Cong. 
 
 Benjamin F. Wade, Ashtabula co,, 32 to 40 Cong. 
 George E. Pugh, Hamilton co,, 34 to 36 Cong. 
 John Sherman, [12] Richland co., 37 to 45, 47 to 50 
 Cong. 
 
 Allen G. Thurman, Franklin co., 41 to 46 Cong. 
 Stanley Matthews, [13] Hamilton co., 45 Cong. 
 George H. Pendleton, Hamilton co,, 46 to 48 Cong. 
 Henry B. Payne, Cuyahoga co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 
 Wm. A. Trimble, [5] Highland co., 16, 17 Cong. 
 
 Ethan A. Brown, [6] Hamilton co., 17, 18 Cong. 
 
 William H. Harrison, [7] Hamilton co., 19, 20 
 Cong. 
 
 Jacob Burnet, [8] Hamilton co., 20, 21 Cong. 
 
 Tlios. Ewing, [9] Fairfield co., 22 to 24, 31 Cong. 
 
 'I'homas Morris, Clermont co., 23 to 25 Cong. 
 
 William Allen, Ross co., 25 to 30 Cong. 
 
 Benjamin Tappan, Jefferson co., 26 to 28 Cong. 
 
 Thomas Corwin, [10] Warren co., 29 to 31 Cong, 
 l] Resigned. 
 
 2J Vice Smith, resigned. 
 
 3] Resigned December 8, 1810, to accept oflBce of Governor of Ohio. 
 
 41 Vice Worthington, resigned. 
 
 Died in 1822 fi om the effects of a vi'ound received in the battle at Fort Erie, in the war of 1812. 
 
 _6J Vice Trimble, deceased. 
 
 Resigned in 1828 to accept appointment of Minister to Colombia. 
 
 Vice Harrison, resigned. 
 
 Vice Corwin, deceased. 
 
 10] Died in 1849, prior to the convening of the 31st Congress, to which he was elected. 
 
 11 Resigned to accept appointment of Secretary of the United States Treasury. 
 
 12] Vice Chase, "esigned. Resigned in 1877 to accept appointment of Secretary of tiie United States Treasury. James 
 A.'Garfield was elected Senator by the 64th Assembly on the 14th of January, 1880. He declined the office on the 18th 
 of January, 1881, having in the meantime been nominated to the Presidency of the United States by the Republican party, 
 and John Sherman was elected Senator in his place. 
 
 [13] Vice John Sherman, resigned. 
 
 MEMBERS OF U. S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FROM OHIO. 
 
 Alexander, John, Greene county, 13, 14 Congress. 
 Allen, William, Ross co., 23 Cong. 
 
 Alexander, James, Jr., Belmont co., 25 Cong. 
 Allen, Jno. W., Cuyahoga co., 25, 26 Cong. 
 Andrews, Sherlock J., Cuyahoga co., 27 Cong. 
 Allen, William, Darke co., 36, 37 Cong. 
 
 Ashley, James M., Lucas co., 36 to 40 Cong. 
 Ambler, Jacob A., Columbiana co., 41, 42 Cong. 
 Atherton, Gibson, Licking, 46, 47 Cong. 
 Anderson, C. M., Darke co., 49 Cong. 
 
 Beall, Rezin, Wayne co., 13 Cong. 
 
 Barber, Levi, Washington co., 15, 17 Cong. 
 Beecher, Philemon, Fairfield co., 15 to 16, 18 to 
 20 Cong. 
 
 Brush, Henry, Ross co., 16 Cong. 
 
 Bartley, Mordecai, Richland co., 18 to 21 Cong. 
 Bell, James M., Guernsey co., 23 Cong. 
 
 Bond, William Key, Ross co., 24 to 26 Cong. 
 Brinkerhoff, Jacob, Richland co., 28, 29 Cong. 
 Brinkerhoff, Henry R., Huron co., 28 Cong. 
 
 Bell, John, Sandusky co., 31 Cong. 
 
 Bell, Hiram, Darke co., 32 Cong. 
 
 Barrere, Nelson, Adams co., 32 Cong. 
 
 Busby, George H., Marion co., 32 Cong. 
 
 Ball, Edward, Muskingum co., 33, 34 Cong. 
 
 Bliss, George, Portage co., 33 Cong. 
 
 Bliss, Philemon, Lorain co., 34, 35 Cong. 
 Bingham, John A., Harrison co., 34 to 37, 39 to 
 42 Cong. 
 
 Blake, Harrison G., Medina co., 36, 37 Cong. 
 Bliss, George, Wayne co., 38 Cong. 
 
 Buckland, Ralph P., Sandusky co., 39, 40 Cong. 
 Bundy, Hezekiah S., Jackson co., 39, 43 Cong. 
 Beatty, John, Morrow co., 40 to 42 Cong. 
 
 Banning, Henry B., Hamilton co., 43 to 45 Cong. 
 Berry, John, Wyandot co., 43 Cong. 
 
 Butterworth, Benj., Hamilton co., 46 to 50 Cong. 
 Brown, Charles E., Hamilton co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 Boothman, M. M., Williams co., 50 Cong. 
 
 Creighton, William, Jr., Ross co., 13, 14 Cong. 
 Caldwell, James, Belrnotit co., 13, 14 Cong. 
 Clendenen, David, Trumbull co., 13, 14 Cong„ 
 Cam})bell, John W., Adams co., 15 to 19 Cong, 
 Chambers, David, Muskingum co., 17 Cong. 
 Creighton, Wra., Jr., Pickaway co., 20 to 22 Cong. 
 Crane, Jos. H., Montgomery co., 21 to 24 Cong. 
 Corwin, Thomas, Warren co., 22 to 26, 36, 37 Cong. 
 Cook, Eleutheros, Huron co., 22 Cong. 
 
 Chaney, John, Fairfield co., 23 to 25 Cong. 
 
 Coffin, Charles D., Columbiana co., 25 Cong. 
 Cowen, Benjamin S., Belmont co., 27 Cong. 
 Cunningham, Francis A., Preble co., 29 Cong. 
 Cummins, John D., Tuscarawas co., 29, 30 Cong. 
 
 Canby, Richard S., Logan co., 30 Cong. 
 
 Crowell, John, Trumbull co., 30, 31 Cong. 
 Campbell, Lewis D., Butler co., 31 to 35, 42 Cong 
 Corwin, Moses B., Champaign co., 31, 33 Cong. 
 Cable, Joseph, Carroll co., 31, 32 Cong. 
 
 Cartter, David K., Stark co., 31, 32 Cong. 
 Cockerill, Joseph R., Adams co., 35 Cong. 
 
 Cox, Samuel S., Franklin co., 35 to 38 Cong. 
 Carey, John, Wyandot co., 36 Cong. 
 
 Cutler, William P., Washington co., 37 Cong. • 
 Cary, Samuel F., Hamilton co., 40 Cong. 
 
 Clarke, Reader W., Clermont co., 40 Cong. 
 Cowen, Jacob P., Ashland co., 44 Cong. 
 
 Cox, Jacob D., Lupas co., 45 Cong. 
 
 Converse, George L., Franklin co., 46 to 48 Cong. 
 Campbell, J. E., Butler co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 
 Cooper, William C., Knox co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 Crouse, George W., Summit co., 50 Cong. 
 
 Davenport, John, Belmont co., 20 Cong. 
 
 Duncan, Alexander, Hamilton co., 25 to 28 Cong. 
 Doane, William, Clermont co., 26, 27 Cong. 
 
 Dean, Ezra, Wayne co., 27, 28 Cong. 
 
 Delano, Columbus, Knox co., 29, 39 Cong. 
 Duncan, Daniel, Licking co., 30 Cong. 
 
 Dickinson, Rudolphus, Sandusky co., 30, 31 Cong 
 Disney, David T., Hamilton co., 31 to 33 Cong. 
 Day, Timothy C., Hamilton co., 34 Cong. 
 Dickinson, Edward F., Sandusky co., 41 Cong. 
 Dodds, Ozro J., Hamilton co., 42 Cong. 
 
 Danford, Lorenzo, Belmont co., 43 to 45 Cong. 
 Dickey, Henry L., Highland co., 45, 46 Cong. 
 Dawes, Rufus R., Washington co., 47 Cong. 
 
 Edwards, John S., Trumbull co., 13 Cong. 
 Edwards, Thomas O., Fairfield co., 30 Cong. 
 Evans, Nathan, Guernsey co., 30, 31 Cong. 
 Ellison, Andrew, Brown co., 33 Cong. 
 
 Emrie, Jonas R., Highland co., 34 Cong. 
 Edgerton, Sidney, Summit co., 36, 37 Cong. 
 Eckley, Ephraim R., Carroll co., 38 to 40 Cong. 
 Eggleston, Benjamin, Hamilton co., 39, 40 Cong. 
 Edgerton, Alfred P., Defiance co., 32, 33 Cong. 
 Ewing, Thomas, Fairfield co., 45, 46 Cong. 
 Ellsbury, W. W., Brown co., 49 Cong. 
 
 Findlay, James, Hamilton co., 19 to 22 Cong. 
 Florence, Elias, Pickaway co., 28 Cong. 
 
 Faran, James J., Hamilton co., 29, 30 Cong. 
 Fries, George, Columbiana co., 29, 30 Cong. 
 Fisher, David, Clinton co., 30 Cong. 
 
 Finck, William E., Perry co., 38, 39 Cong. 
 
 Foster, Charles, Seneca co., 42 to 45 Cong. 
 
 Finley, Ebenezer B., Crawford co., 45, 46 Cong. 
 
OHIO OFFICERS—STATE AND NATIONAL. 175 
 
 Follett, John F., Hamilton co., 48 Cong. 
 
 Foran, Martin A., Cuyahoga co,, 48 to 50 Cong. 
 
 Gazlay, James W., Hamilton co., 18 Cong. 
 Goodenovv, John M., Jefferson co., 21 Cong. 
 Goode, Patrick G., Shelby co., 25 to 27 Cong. 
 Giddings, Joshua P., Ashtabula co., 25 to 35 Cong. 
 Gaylord, James M,, Morgan co., 32 Cong. 
 Galloway, Samuel, Franklin co., 34 Cong. 
 Groesbeck, William S., Hamilton co., 35 Cong. 
 Gurley, John A., Hamilton co., 36, 37 Cong. 
 Garfield, James A., Portage co., 38 to 46 Cong. 
 Gunckel, Lewis B., Montgomery co., 43 Cong. 
 Gardner, Mills, Fayette co., 45 C<mg. 
 
 Geddes, George W., Richland co., 46 to 49 Cong. 
 Green, Frederick W., Seneca co,, 32, 33 Cong, 
 Grosvenor, C. H., Athens co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 
 Harrison, William H., Hamilton co., 15, 16 Cong. 
 Harrison, John Scott, Hamilton co., 33, 34 Cong. 
 Herrick, Samuel, Muskingum co., 15, 16 Cong. 
 Hitchcock, Peter, Geauga co., 15 Cong. 
 
 Hamer, Thomas L., Brown co., 23 to 25, 30 Cong. 
 Howell, Elias, Licking co., 24 Cong. 
 
 Harper, Alexander, Muskingum co., 25 Cong. 
 Hunter, William H., Huron co., 25 Cong. 
 Hastings, John, Columbiana co., 26, 27 Cong. 
 Harper, Alexander J., Jr., Muskingum co., 28, 29, 
 32 Cong. 
 
 Hamlin, Edward S., Lorain co., 28 Cong. 
 
 Hunter, William F., 'Monroe co., 31, 32 Cong. 
 Hoagland, Moses, Holmes co., 31 Cong. 
 
 Harlan, Aaron, Greene co., 33 to 35 Cong. 
 
 Horton, Valentine B., Meigs co., 34, 35, 37 Cong. 
 Hall, Lawrence W., Crawford co., 35 Cong. 
 Howard, William, Clermont co., 36 Cong. 
 Helmick, William, Tuscarawas co., 36 Cong. 
 Hutchins, John, Trumbull co., 36, 37 Coug. 
 Harrison, Richard A., Madison co., 37 Cong. 
 Hutchins, Wells A., Scioto co., 38 Cong. 
 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., Hamilton co., 39, 40 Cong. 
 Hubbell, James R., Delaware co., 39 Cong. 
 Hamilton, Cornelius S., Union co., 40 Cong. 
 Hoag, Truman H., Lucas co., 41 Cong. 
 
 Hurd, Frank H., Lucas co., 44, 46, 48 Cong. 
 
 Hill, William D., Defiance co., 46, 48, 49 Cong. 
 Hart, Alphonso, Highland co., 48 Cong. 
 
 Irwin, William W., Fairfield co., 21, 22 Cong. 
 
 Jennings, David, Belmont co., 19 Cong. 
 
 Jones, Benjamin, Wayne co., 23, 24 Cong. 
 Johnson, Perley B., Morgan co., 28 Cong. 
 Johnson, John, Coshocton co., 32 Cong. 
 
 Johnson, Harvey H., Ashland co., 33 Cong. 
 Johnson, William, Richland co., 38 Cong. 
 
 Jewett, Hugh J., Franklin co., 43 Cong. 
 
 Jones, John S., Delaware co., 45 Cong. 
 
 Jordan, Isaac M., Hamilton co., 48 Cong. 
 
 Kilbourne, James, Franklin co., 13, 14 Cong. 
 Kennon, William, Belmont co.,21, 22, 24 Cong. 
 Kennon, William, Jr., Belmont co., 30 Cong. 
 Kilgore, Daniel, Harrison co., 23 to 25 Cong. 
 Keifer, J. Warren, Clarke co., 45 to 48 Cong. 
 Kennedy, Robert P., Logan co., 50 Cong. 
 
 Leavitt, Humphrey H., Jeflferson co., 21 to 23 
 Cong. 
 
 Lytle, Robert T., Hamilton co., 23 Cong. 
 Leadbetter, Daniel P., Holmes co., 25, 26 Cong. 
 Loomis, Andrew W., Columbiana co., 25 Cong. 
 Lahm, Samuel, Starke co., 30 Cong. 
 
 Lindsley, William D., Erie co., 33 Cong. 
 Lawrence, William, Guernsey co., 35 Cong. 
 
 Leiter, Benjamin F., Stark co., 35 Cong. 
 
 Long, Alexander, Hamilton co., 38 Cong. 
 
 Le Blond, Francis C., Mercer co., 38, 39 Cong. 
 Lawrence, Wm., Logan co., 39 to 41, 43, 44 Cong. 
 Lamison, Charles N., Allen co., 42, 43 Cong. 
 
 Le Fevre, Benjamin, Shelby co., 46 to 48, 49 Cong. 
 Leedom, John P., Adams co., 47 Cong. 
 
 Little, John, Greene co., 49 Cong. 
 
 McLean, John, Warren co., 13, 14 Cong. 
 McArthur, Duncan, Ross co., 13, 18 Cong. 
 McLean, William, Miami co., 18 to 20 Cong. 
 McLene, Jeremiah, Franklin co., 23, 24 Cong. 
 McDowell, Joseph J., Highland co., 28, 29 Cong. 
 McCauslin, William, Jefferson co., 28 Cong. 
 McKinney, John F., Miami co., 38, 42 Cong. 
 McMahon, John A., Montgomery co., 44 to 46 
 Cong. 
 
 McKinley, William, Jr., Stark co., 45 to 50 Cong. 
 McClure, Addison S., Wayne co., 47 Cong. 
 McCormick, John W., Gallia co., 48 Cong. 
 Morrow, Jeremiah, Warren co., 8 to 10, 12, 26, 27 
 Cong. 
 
 Muhlenburg, Francis, Pickaway co., 20 Cong. 
 Mitchell, Robert, Muskingum co., 23 Cong. 
 Mason, Samson, Clarke co., 24 to 27 Cong. 
 
 Morris, Calvary, Athens co., 25 to 27 Cong. 
 Medill, William, Fairfield co., 26, 27 Cong. 
 Mathiot, Joshua, Licking co., 27 Cong. 
 
 Mathews, James, Coshocton co., 27, 28 Cong. 
 Moore, Heman A., Franklin co., 28 Cong. 
 
 Morris, Joseph, Monroe co., 28, 29 Cong. 
 
 Morris, Jonathan D., Clermont co., 30, 31 Cong. 
 Miller, John K., Knox co., 30, 31 Cong. 
 
 Maynard, Robert, Miami co., 48 Cong. 
 
 Mott, Richard, Lucas co., 34, 35 Cong. 
 
 Moore, Oscar F., Scioto co., 34 Cong. 
 
 Miller, Joseph, Ross co., 35 Cong. 
 
 Martin, Charles D., Fairfield co., 36 Cong. 
 
 Morris, James R., Monroe co., 37, 38 Cong. 
 Mungen, William, Hancock co., 40, 41 Cong. 
 Morgan, George W., Knox co., 40 to 42 Cong. 
 Moore, Eliakim H., Athens co., 41 Cong. 
 
 Monroe, James, Lorain co., 42 to 46 Cong. 
 
 Morey, Henry L., Butler co., 47, 48 Cong. 
 
 Newton, Eben, Mahoning co., 32 Cong. 
 
 Nichols, Matthias H., Allen co., 33 to 35 Cong. 
 Noble, Warren P., Seneca co., 37, 38 Cong. 
 Nugen, Robert H., Tuscarawas co., 37 Cong. 
 Neal, Lawrence T., Ross co., 43, 44 Cong. 
 
 Neal, Henry S., Lawrence co., 45 to 47 Cong. 
 
 Olds, Edson B., Pickaway co., 31 to 33 Cong. 
 O’Neill, John, Muskingum co., 38 Cong. 
 Outhwaite, J. H., Franklin co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 
 Patterson, John, Belmont co., 18 Cong. 
 
 Patterson, William, Richland co., 23, 24 Cong. 
 Parisn, Isaac, Guernsey co., 26 Cong. 
 
 Pendleton, Nathaniel G., Hamilton co., 27 Cong. 
 Pendleton, Geo. H., Hamilton co., 35 to 38 Cong. 
 Potter, Emery D., Lucas co., 28 to 31 Cong. 
 Perrill, Augustus L., Pickaway co., 29 Cong. 
 Parrish, Isaac, Morgan co., 29 Cong. 
 
 Plants, Tobias A., Meigs co., 39, 40 Cong. 
 
 Peck, Erasmus D., Wood co., 41, 42 Cong. 
 
 Perry, Aaron F., Hamilton co., 42 Cong. 
 
 Parsons, Richard C., Cuyahoga co., 43 Cong. 
 Poppleton, Early F., Delaware co., 44 Cong. 
 Payne, Henry B., Cuyahoga co., 44 Cong. 
 
 Page, David R., Summit co., 48 Cong. 
 
 Pugsley, Jacob J., Highland co., 50 Cong. 
 
 Ross, Thomas R., Warren co., 16 to 18 Cong. 
 Russell, William, Adams co., 20 Cong. 
 
 Russell, William, Scioto co., 21, 22, 27 Cong. 
 Root, Joseph M., Huron co., 29, 30 Cong. 
 
 Root, Joseph M., Erie co., 31 Cong. 
 
 Ritchey, Thomas, Perry co., 30, 33 Cong. 
 
 Riddle, Albert G., Cuyahoga co., 37 Cong. 
 Robinson, James W., Union co., 43 Cong. 
 
 Rice, Americus V., Putnam co., 44, 45 Cong. 
 Ritchie, James M., Lucas co., 47 Cong. 
 
 Robinson, James S., Hardin co., 47, 48 Cong. 
 
1/6 
 
 OHIO OFFICERS^ STATE AND NATIONAL. 
 
 Bice, John B., Sandusky co., 47 Cong. 
 
 Romeis, John, Lucas co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 
 Ridgway, Joseph, Franklin co., 25, 27 Cong. 
 
 Shannon, Thomas, Belmont co., 19 Cong. 
 
 Shields, James, Butler co., 21 Cong. 
 
 Stanberry, William, Licking co., 21, 22 Cong. 
 Spangler, David, Coshocton co., 23, 24 Cong. 
 Sloane, Jonathan, Portage co., 23, 24 Cong. 
 Storer, Bellamy, Hamilton co., 24 Cong. 
 
 Shepler, Matthias, Stark co., 25 Cong. 
 Swearengen, Henry, Jefferson, 25, 26 Cong. 
 Sweeney, George, Crawford co., 26, 27 Cong. 
 Starkweather, David A., Stark co., 26, 29 Cong. 
 Stokeley, Samuel, Jefferson co., 27 Cong. 
 Schenck, Robert C., Montgomery co., 28 to 31, 38 
 to 41 Cong. 
 
 St. John, Henry, Seneca co., 28, 29 Cong. 
 
 Stone, Alfred P., Franklin co., 28 Cong. 
 
 Sawyer, William, Mercer co., 29, 30 Cong. 
 Sweetzer, Charles, Delaware co., 31, 32 Cong. 
 Stanton, Benjamin, Logan co., 32, 34 to 36 Cong. 
 Sapp, William R., Knox co., 33, 34 Cong. 
 Shannon, Wilson, Belmont co., 33 Cong. 
 
 Stuart, Andrew, Jefferson co., 33 Cong. 
 
 Sherman, John, Richland co., 34 to 37 Cong. 
 Shellabarger, Samuel, Clarke co., 37, 39, 40, 42 
 Cong. 
 
 Spalding, Rufus P., Cuyahoga co., 38 to 40 Cong. 
 Strader, Peter W., Hamilton co., 41 Cong. 
 Stevenson, Job E., Hamilton co., 41, 42 Cong. 
 Smith, John A., Highland co., 41, 42 Cong. 
 Sprague, William P., Morgan co., 42, 43 Cong. 
 Sayler, Milton, Hamilton co., 43 to 45 Cong. 
 Smith, John Q., Clinton co., 43 Cong. 
 
 Sherwood, Isaac R., Williams co., 43 Cong. 
 Southard, Milton I., Muskingum co., 43 to 45 
 Cong. 
 
 Savage, John S., Clinton co., 44 Cong. 
 
 Schultz, Emanuel, Montgomery co., 47 Cong. 
 Seney, George E., Seneca co., 48 to 50 Cong. 
 Sloan, John, Wayne co.* 16 to 20 Cong. 
 
 Thompson, John, Columbiana co., 19, 21 to 24 
 Cong. 
 
 Taylor, Jonathan, Licking co., 26 Cong. 
 
 Taylor, John L., Ross co., 30 to 33 Cong. 
 
 Taylor, Ezra B., Trumbull co., 47 to 50 Cong. 
 Taylor, Joseph T., Guernsey co., 48, 50 Cong. ' 
 Taylor, Isaac H., Carroll co., 49 Cong. 
 
 Tilden, Daniel R., Portage co., 28, 29 Cong. 
 Thurman, Allen G., Ross co., 29 Cong. 
 Townshend, Norton S., Lorain co., 32 Cong. 
 Townsend, Amos, Cuyahoga co., 45 to 47 Cong. 
 Tompkins, Cydnor B., Morgan co., 35, 36 Cong. 
 Trimble, Carey A., Ross co., 36, 37 Cong. 
 Theaker, Thomas C., Belmont co., 36 Cong. 
 Thompson, A. C., Scioto co., 49, 50 Cong. 
 
 Upson, William H., Summit co., 41, 42 Cong. 
 Updegraff, Jonathan T., Jefferson co., 46, 47 Cong. 
 
 Vance, Joseph^ Champaign co., 17 to 23, 28, 29 
 Cong. 
 
 Vinton, Samuel F., Gallia co., 18 to 24, 28 to 31 
 Cong. 
 
 Van Meter, John I., Pike co., 28 Cong. 
 Vallandigham, Clement L., Butler co., 35 to 37 
 Cong. 
 
 Van Trump, Philadelph, Fairfield co., 40 to 42 
 Cong. 
 
 Vance, John L., Gallia co., 44 Cong. 
 
 Van Vorhes, Nelson H., Athens co., 44, 45 Cong. 
 
 Wright, John C., Jefferson co., 17 to 20 Cong. 
 Wilson, William, Licking co., 18 to 20 Cong. 
 Whittlesey, Elisha, Trumbull co., 18 to 25 Cong. 
 Woods, John, Butler co., 19, 20 Cong. 
 
 Webster, Taylor, Butler co., 23 to 25 Cong. 
 Weller, John B., Butler co., 26 to 28 Cong. 
 
 Wood, Amos E., Sandusky co., 31 Cong. 
 Whittlesey, William A., Washington co., 31 Cong. 
 Welch, John, Athens co., 32 Cong. 
 
 Wade, Edward, Cuyahoga co., 33 to 36 Cong. 
 Watson, Cooper K., Seneca co., 34 Cong. 
 
 White, Chilton A., Brown co., 37, 38 Cong. 
 Worcester, Samuel T., Huron co., 37 Cong. 
 Welker, Martin, Wayne co., 39 to 41 Cong. 
 Wilson, John T., Adams co., 40 to 42 Cong. 
 Winans, James J., Greene co., 41 Cong. 
 Woodworth, Laurin D., Mahoning co., 43, 44 Cong. 
 Walling, Ansel T., Pickaway co., 44 Cong. 
 Warner, A. J., Washington co., 46, 48, 49 Cong. 
 Wilkins, Beriah, Tuscarawas co., 48 to 50 Cong. 
 Williams, E. S., Miami co., 50 Cong. 
 
 Wickham, Charles P., Huron co., 50 Cong. 
 
 Young, Thomas L., Hamilton co., 46, 47 Cong. 
 Yoder, S. S., Allen co., 50 Cong. 
 
 Duncan McArthur resigned April 5, 1813. 
 
 John S. Edwards resigned April, 1813. 
 
 Kezin Beall resigned August 18, 1814. 
 
 John McLean resigned in 1816 to accept office of Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. 
 
 John C. Wright resigned from the 17th Congress. 
 
 David Jennings resigned in 1826. 
 
 William Creighton, Jr., resigned December 14, 1814. He also resigned in 1828, after second election, to accept the 
 appointment of Judge of the United States District Court, but was not confirmed by the United States Senate 
 John M. Goodenow resigned April 14, 1830. 
 
 Robert T. Lytle resigned October 16, 1834, and re-elected November 8, 1834.' 
 
 Humphrey H. Leavitt resigned .Inly 10, 1834, to accept office of Judge of the United States District Court of Ohio. 
 
 Elisha Whittlesey resigned in 1838. 
 
 Andrew W. Loomis resigned in 1837. 
 
 Daniel Kilgore resigned in 1838. 
 
 Thomas Corwin resigned from 26th Congress to accept office of Governor of Ohio. He also resigned from the 37th Con- 
 gress to accept the appointment of Minister to Mexico. 
 
 Joshua R. Giddings resigned in 1842 ; re-elected April 26, 1842. 
 
 Heman A. Moore died in 1844. 
 
 Henry R. Brinkerhoflf died in 1844. 
 
 Gen. Thomas L. Hamer died in Mexico prior to the convening of the 30th Congress, to which he w'as elected, being 
 at that time in the military service of the United Shites. 
 
 Kodolphus Dickinson resigned from the 31st Congress to accept office of Secretary of the United States Treasury. 
 
 Amos E. Wood died in 1850. 
 
 Seat of Lewis D. Campbell in the 35th Congress was given to Clement L. Vallandigham on contest. 
 
 John Sherman resigned from 35th Congress to accept office of United States Senator. 
 
 Rutherford B. Hayes resigned in 1867 to accept office of Governor of Ohio. 
 
 Cornelius S. Hamilton died December 22, 1867. 
 
 Truman H. Hoag died in 1870. 
 
 Aaron F. Perry resigned in 1872. 
 
 James A. Garfield was elected Senator by the 64th General Assembly on the 14th day of January, 1880. He declined the 
 office on the 18th day of January, 1881, having in the meantime been nominated to the Presidency of the United States bf 
 the Republican party, and John Sherman was elected Senator in his place. 
 
THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Ohio has borne to the States of the i^arther West a similar relation to that of 
 Virginia to the West and Southwest, inasmuch as she has been a great source of 
 emigration. Ohio people and their children largely occupy the land as it stretches 
 on towards the setting sun, and wherever they go illustrate an extraordinary af- 
 fection for their mother State such as is shown by the emigrants from none other. 
 They do this by the formation of Ohio Societies. Even in California the sons 
 of Ohio, as they look out on the Pacific, have not forgotten to form an Ohio So- 
 ciety. In Kansas there is an association of ex-Ohio soldiers that numbers 10,000 
 on its muster rolls. But the most singular fact, as showing the tendency of the 
 sons of Ohio to keep alive their youthful memories, is that in the metropolis of 
 the nation they should be the very first to form a State Society. 
 
 The formation of societies among citizens of different parts of the country and 
 of foreign countries residing in New York city is, however, by no means a novel 
 idea. The New England Society was organized some eighty years ago, the object 
 being to commemorate the landing of the pilgrims, to promote friendship, charity 
 and mutual assistance and for literary purposes. St. Andrew’s Society, which is 
 composed of Scotchmen and the sons of Scotchmen who reside in New York, 
 was established in 1756. The Southern Society, composed of former residents 
 of the twelve Southern States ; the Holland Society, the Liederkranz, the Arion, 
 St. Patrick and the Canadian Society are all similar organizations, but the Ohio 
 Society of New York is the pioneer State Society of the metropolis. The follow- 
 ing interesting history and information is extracted from the first annual report 
 of Secretary Homer Lee, presented to the society November 29, 1888 : 
 
 The first step of which any record can be found toward establishing an Ohio 
 Society was a call printed in the Boston papers on the 25th day of January, 1788, 
 not quite 101 years ago, when eleven delegates met at the Bunch of Grapes 
 tavern in Boston and organized by electing Gen. Rufus Putnam president and 
 Winthrop Sargent secretary. This was undoubtedly the first Ohio Society. It 
 was called the “ Ohio Company of Associates,” and was intended to promote emi- 
 gration to Ohio and to develop that portion of the national domain then a part 
 of the State of Virginia. 
 
 The next step taken was at the outbreak of the civil war, when there was 
 formed in the parlors of one of Ohio’s fair daughters residing on Murray Hill, 
 New York city, a Society composed mainly of Ohio ladies and gentlemen, which 
 held weekly meetings, and which was afterwards known throughout the land as 
 the “ Sanitary Fair.” 
 
 The object was to send supplies, clothing, medicines, etc., to the soldiers at the 
 front. A handsome silk and satin banner was made at a cost of some $500, upon 
 which was a beautiful and embroidered coat of-arms of the State of Ohio, to be pre- 
 sented to the bravest Ohio regiment. As might have been expected, there was much 
 rivalry for the possession of this prize, as glowing descriptions of the beautiful 
 souvenir were given by the newspapers of that time. The commanding officers 
 were appealed to, but could not be prevailed upon to decide the question, because, 
 as one officer put it, ‘‘ it could not easily be decided which was the bravest where 
 all the regiments by their valor and heroism had covered themselves with glory.” 
 At the close of the war the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry of Cleveland secured 
 the prize. 
 
 This, however, was not carried further, but several members of our Society were 
 among the number, as follows : William L. Strong, Augustus D. Juilliard, Theron 
 R. Butler, Albert W. Green, Thomas Reed, Joel Reed, A. Jennings, D. M. Porter, 
 Samuel Hawk, Frank Work and Clinton Work. 
 
 (* 77 ) 
 
( 178 ' 
 
 3ectetpvv of the Ohio Soeiety of Kew York. President of the Ohio Society of New York. 
 
THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 179 
 
 The Ohio Soldier’s Aid Society was formed about the same time at the Fifth 
 Avenue Hotel, of which Theroii R. Butler was elected president and John R. Cecil 
 treasurer. Comniittees were appointed to assist all the sick and wounded soldiers 
 belonging to Ohio regiments from the Army of the Potomac that could be found 
 in the hospitals of New York and vicinity. Hundreds of disabled Ohio soldiers 
 were sent home transportation free. Over $15,000 were expended in this good 
 w’ork. 
 
 Upon the occasion of the funeral of the late Hon. Salmon P. Chase, in 1877, 
 the subject again came up and was warmly discussed by a large number of 
 Ohioans who were residents of New York at that time, but no decisive steps were 
 taken. Several of the gentlemen who were most active are also members of the 
 Ohio Society. Among them were Henry L. Burnett, Whitelaw Reid, S. S. Cox, 
 Algernon S. Sullivan and others. 
 
 Some of the younger Ohioans in New York again endeavored to form an Ohio 
 Society in the winter of 1874. Several meetings were held at the Hotel St. Ger- 
 main, Broadway and Twenty-second street, where they endeavored to put the 
 “Buckeye Club ” on its feet. This, also, was but a glimmer. Several of those 
 are likewise among the present members of the Society, viz. : Wm. M. Hoffer, 
 Giles N. Hewlett, Henry C. Ehlers and Homer Lee. 
 
 Still another and last attempt w'as the one out of which the present Society 
 sprang. It was rewarded with better success, however, for when a paper was cir- 
 culated in this city, in 1885, to Aee whether a dozen “ Buckeyes ” could be 
 united on this matter, it was found that over thirty responded, and with such 
 spirit and enthusiasm that there was no longer any doubt that the time had at 
 last arrived for organization. 
 
 This paper, which is the nucleus of the Ohio Society, has among its signers 
 representatives of all the former attempts (except General Putnam’s), and is as 
 follows : 
 
 “New York, October ItK 1885. 
 
 “We, the undersigned, hereby agree to unite with each other to form an Asso- 
 ciation to be known as ‘The Ohio Association in New York,’ and to that end 
 will meet at any place designated, for the purpose of completing such organization 
 upon notice given to us whenever twelve persons shall have signed this agree- 
 ment. There is to be no expense incurred until the organization is completed 
 and assented to by each member. 
 
 “ C. W. Moulton, Joseph Pool, Thomas Ewing, Homer Lee, Samuel Thomas, 
 Wm. Perry Fogg, Milton Sayler, Mahlon Chance, L. M. Schwan, Jay 0. 
 Moss, M. i. Southard, Anton G. McCook, W. M. Safford, Calvin S. Brice, 
 J. W. Harmon, J. Q. Howard, David F. Harbaugh, Wm. L. Strong, 
 Hugh J. Jewett, Warren Higley, Cyrus Butler, Carson Lake, A. J. C. 
 Foye, Henry L. Burnett and Wallace C. Andrews.” 
 
 Notice was sent to the subscribers of the above paper to meet at the offices of 
 Ewing & Southard, 155 Broadway, on the 18th of November, 1885. A majority 
 of the signers being present, Gen. Thomas Ewing was elected president, pro iem., 
 and David E. Harbaugh, secretary, pro tern. The following committee of ten on 
 permanent organization was appointed : C. W. Moulton, Wm. Perry Fogg, Cyrus 
 Butler, J. Q. Howard, Mahlon Chance, M. I. Southard, David F. Harbaugh, ^bar- 
 ren Higley, Calvin S. Brice, Joseph Pool. 
 
 On the 20th of the same month another meeting was held at the same place, 
 and this committee was enlarged by the addition of the following names: Carson 
 Lake, Homer Lee, J. W. Harmon, making a total of thirteen members. 
 
 At this meeting the committee on permanent organization presented a draft of 
 a proposed constitution and bydaws for the Society, copies of which were printed 
 and distributed among the former residents of Ohio living in New York and vi- 
 cinity, to see whether the desirable names could be obtained. This call was re- 
 sponded to quickly by over 125 “ Buckeyes.” A meeting was called promptly by 
 the president pro ^em., at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, on the evening of the 13th of 
 January, 1886, at which over one hundred gentlemen were present. 
 
 This w'as the first gathering of note, and all present w^ere elated at the interest 
 shown. Tb^^ Ohio Society of New York was permanently organized at this meet- 
 
i8o 
 
 THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ing. An election was held and the following persons were chosen to be officers 
 of the society: President, Thomas Ewing; Vice-Presidents, Whitelaw Reid, 
 Wager Swayne, Wm. L. Strong, Hugh J. Jewett, Algernon S. Sullivan ; Secretary 
 Homer Lee; Recording Secretary, Carson Lake; Treasurer, William Perry Fogg. 
 A Governing Committee was also appointed, as follows : Henry L. Burnett, chair- 
 man ; Calvin S. Brice, Andrew J. C. Foye, A. D. Juilliard, George Follett, Stephen 
 B. Elkins, Jerome D. Gillett, C. W. Moulton, Joseph Pool. 
 
 The president and the five vice-presidents were appointed a committee to frame 
 a constitution and code of by-laws for the government of the society. 
 
 Being without permanent quarters, the society accepted invitations from 
 various hotels whose proprietors were Ohioans. The first regular monthly meet- 
 ing was held on the 1st of February at the Windsor Hotel. 
 
 The committee appointed presented a draft of constitution and by-laws, which 
 was unanimously adopted. 
 
 On the 26th of February a special meeting was held at the Gilsey House, when 
 the subject of procuring club rooms was first acted upon. It was decided to 
 lease the floor at 236 Fifth Avenue, which was promptly done. On the 8th of 
 March, 1886, the second monthly meeting was held at the Grand Central Hotel, 
 wlien a Committee on History and Art was appointed by the president, as fol- 
 lows : J. Q. Howard, Cyrus Butler, Wm. Henry Smith, C. H. Applegate, A. J. 
 Rickoff, J. Q. A. Ward, J. H. Beard. 
 
 A Committee on Entertainment was also appointed, as follows : Thomas 
 Ewing, W. C. Andrews, R. C. Kimball, Wm. L. Strong, Homer Lee, W. L. Brown, 
 Bernard Peters, Carson Lake, Henry L. Burnett, C. W. Moulton. 
 
 At about this time a discussion took place as to the date upon which Ohio was 
 admitted as a State into the Federal Union, with a view of celebrating the anni- 
 versary with a banquet. It was developed that there are no less than seven dif- 
 ferent dates given by historians for the auspicious event, as follows : April 28, 1802, 
 April 30, 1802, June 30, 1802, November 29, 1802, February 19, 1803, March 1, 
 1803, and March 3, 1803. 
 
 The April meeting was held on* the 6th day of that month at the Murray Hill 
 Hotel. A satisfactory date as to Ohio’s admission could not be determined upon. 
 A banquet was voted, however, and May 7th was fixed upon as the date ; not be- 
 cause that date had anything to do with Ohio’s natal day, but as the most con- 
 venient one upon which Delmonico’s banqueting hall could be secured. 
 
 There was inclement weather on the evening of the banquet, but out of the two 
 hundred and twenty-two seats subscribed for, two hundred and twenty members 
 and guests were seated. The banquet was attended by many eminent sons of 
 Ohio from Washington and elsewhere. It was a gratifying success and a fore- 
 runner of further pleasant reunions. The banqueters lingered until a late hour. 
 Few such enthusiastic gatherings have ever graced Delmonico’s board. 
 
 The June and July meetings were devoted to routine business, and it was de- 
 cided to omit the August meeting. At the June meeting, however, the first of a 
 series of papers was read by Mr. J. Q. Howard, subject, “An Outline of Ohio 
 History.” At the September meeting Mr. J. Q. Mitchell favored the society in a 
 like manner, the subject being “ The Second Settlement of Marietta.” At the 
 October meeting Mr. James Beard delivered an extemporaneous address on Hiram 
 Powers, the sculptor, replete with interesting reminiscences. At the November 
 meeting Mr. Warren Higley read a paper on “ The Second Settlement of Ohio at 
 Cincinnati.” 
 
 At the end of the first year of its existence the society had nearly three hun- 
 dred members on its roll. The following extract from the second annual report 
 of Secretary Lee gives some very interesting facts in regard to the members of 
 the society and their occupation. It is a record of great interests under the con- 
 trol of Ohio men, and is a roll of honor to which the citizens of the State as well 
 as the members of the society can point witli laudable pride. 
 
 The membership of the society numbers 303, of whom 237 are active members 
 and 66 non-resident members. 
 
 The above are made up as follows: Merchants, 113; physicians, 9; attorneys- 
 at-law, 24; railways, 9; insurance, 7 ; bankers, 29; real estate, 3; hotel proprie- 
 tors, 6 ; press, 26 ; clergymen, 2; artists, 11 ; miscellaneous, 16, and public life, 15. 
 
THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ibi 
 
 Among the latter is the Vice-President of the United States, the Chief-Justice of 
 the United States Supreme Court, the Governor of Ohio and two ex-Governors, 
 the Secretary of State and one ex-Secretary, several United States Senators and 
 Members of Congress from Ohio and other States with which they have since be- 
 come identified. 
 
 Four of our members are presidents of New York City National Banks. 
 
 The Western Union Telegraph and the Metropolitan Telephone Companies are 
 both managed and legally advised by other members of the society. 
 
 The New York Steam Heating Company and th Standard Gas Light Company, 
 both of which occasionally take possession of our streets, are Ohio institutions. 
 
 The new aqueduct is not only being engineered by Buckeyes, but is also financed 
 largely by Ohio men. 
 
 The Standard Oil Company, which has representatives in every town between 
 the Atlantic and the Pacific, the Lakes and the Gulf, also came here from Ohio 
 and is largely identified in our society. 
 
 The Windsor, Murray Hill, Grand Central and the Ashland are among the 
 hostelries controlled by Buckeyes. 
 
 The Associated Press is managed by one of our members ; the New York 
 Tribune., the World, the News, the Daily Graphic and the Brooklyn Times are con- 
 trolled by others. 
 
 The Erie, the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, the Housatonic, Lake Erie 
 and Western, New York and New England, Richmond Terminal, Memphis and 
 Charleston and nine other railways are represented here by their directors and 
 managers in this society. 
 
 The inventors of the two principal electric lighting systems of the United 
 States, Edison and Brush, are Ohio men. 
 
 Rooms of the Society, 236 Fifth Ave., Between Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Sts. 
 
 OFFICERS FOR 1888. 
 
 President — Thomas Ewing. 
 
 Vice-Presidents — Whitelaw Reid, George Hoadly, Wager Swayne, Charles W. Moulton, Algernon 8. 
 Sullivan. 
 
 Secretary — Homer Lee. 
 
 Recording Secretary — William Ford Upson. 
 
 Treasurer — William Perry Fogg. 
 
 Trustees — Henry L. Burnett, Andrew J. C. Foye, George Follett, Joseph Pool, John Dickson, W. H. 
 
 Eckert, Chas. T. Wing, Henry K. Enos, L, C. Hopkins. 
 
 Governing Committee (the President, Recording Secretary, and Treasurer, Members ex-officio) — Henry 
 L. Burnett, Andrew J. C. Foye, Geo. Follett, Joseph Pool, John Dickson, W. H. Eckert, Chas. T. 
 Wing, Henry K. Enos, L. C. Hopkins. 
 
 LIST OF ACTIVE MEMBERS WITH THE FORMER HOME OF EACH IN OHIO TO 
 
 JULY, 1888. 
 
 Abbey, Henry E., Akron. Andrews, W. C., Youngstown. Applegate, C. H., Highland Co. 
 Armstrong, Geo. E., Cleveland. Armstrong, P. B., Cincinnati. Ashley, James M., Toledo. At- 
 kinson, W. H., Cleveland. Archbold, John D., Leesburg. Adams, Henry H., Cleveland. 
 
 Bartlett, Geo. S., Mt. Gilead. Beard, D. C., Painesville. Beard, Henry, Painesville. Beard, 
 W. H., Painesville. Beasley, A. W., Ripley. Belt, Washington, St. Louisville. Bidwell, F. 
 H., Toledo. Bonnet, J. N., Zanesville. Bostwick, J. A., Cleveland. Brainard, Frank, Salem. 
 Brainard, W. H., Salem. Brewster, S. D., Madison. Brice, Calvin S., Lima. Brown, Walston H., 
 Cincinnati. Brown, W. L., Youngstown. Bruch, C. P., Canton. Brundrett, H. B., Cincinna,ti. 
 Bryant, Stanley A., Mt. Vernon. Buckingham, G., McConnellsville. Burnett, Henry L., Cin- 
 cinnati. Busbey, Hamilton, Clark Co. Butler, Cyrus, Norwalk. Butler, Richard, Norwalk. 
 Buckingham, C. L., Berlin Heights. Bostwick, W. W., Cincinnati. Bosworth, T. B., Marietta. 
 Bodman, E. C., Toledo. Baker, W. D., Cleveland. Bonnet, S. Frank F., Zanesville. Brock- 
 way, H. H., Cleveland. Bosworth, F. H., Marietta. Bunnell, J. H., Massillon. Bliss, C. F ., 
 Wooster. Bruch, E. B., Canton. Baker, W. H., Cleveland. 
 
 Chance, Mahlon, Fremont. Chandler, J. M., Mansfield. Clark, Heman, Portage Co. Cor- 
 wine, R. M., Cincinnati. Corwine, Quinton, Cincinnati. Crall, L. H., Cincinnati. Critten, T. 
 D., Piqua. Cox, S. S., Columbus. Caldwell, W. H., Cincinnati. Corwine, John, Cincinnati. 
 Converse, J. Stedman, Urbana. 
 
 Dickson, John, Cincinnati. Donaldson, Andrew, Cincinnati. Doren, D., Wooster. Doyle, 
 George, Steubenville. DeMilt, H. R., West Jefferson. Dunn, W. S., Fletcher. Doyle, Alexan- 
 der, Steubenville. Dunham, S. T., Cleveland. Dorsey, Stephen W., Oberlin. 
 
 Eckert, Thomas T., Wooster. Eckert, T. T., Jr., Wooster. Eckert, W. H., Wooster. Edger- 
 ton, D. M., Mansfield. Elkins, Stephen B., Perry Co. Ellis, John W., Cincinnati. Enos,^ H. 
 K., Millersburgh, Holmes Co. Este, W. M., Cincinnati. Ewing, Thomas, Lancaster. Essick, 
 S. V., Alliance. 
 
 Fove. Andrew J. C., Mt. Gilead. Fleischmann, Max, Cincinnati. Fogg, Wm. Perry, Cleveland. 
 
i 82 
 
 THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Follett, Austin W., Granville. F^ollett, George, Johnstown. Foy^, Frank M., Mt. Gilead. 
 Fi'ench, Hamlin Q., Delaware. Fackler, Geo. W. S., Cincinnati. Foote, Edward B., Euclid. 
 
 Gillett, M. G., Upper Sandusky. Gillett, Francis M., Upper Sandusky. Gillett, Jerome D., 
 Upper Sandusky. Gillett, Morillo H., Upper Sandusky. Glassford, Henry A., Cincinnati. 
 Goddard, Calvin, Cleveland. Gorham, A. S., Cleveland. Granger, John T., Zanesville. Green, 
 Albert W., North Bloomfield. Green, Edwin M., North Bloomfield. Grojean, J. H., Canton. 
 Guiteau, Jolm M., Marietta. Gard, Anson A., Treraont City. Gunnison, Austin, Cincinnati. 
 
 Hain, Isaiah, Circleville. Hall, P. D., Akron. Hammond, D. S., Delaware. Harbaugh, 
 David F., Cleveland. Harman, Geo. V., Canal Dover. Harman, Granville VV., Canal Dover. 
 Harman, John W., Canal Dover. Hawk, Wm. S., Canton. Heaton, Wm. W., Salem. Hewson, 
 J. H., Cincinnati. Higley, Warren, Cincinnati. Hine, C. C., Massillon. Hoffer, Wm. M., Mans- 
 field. Hopkins, L, C., Cincinnati. Howard, James Q., Columbus. Howlett, Giles N., Mans- 
 field. Hoyt, Colgate, Cleveland. Handy, Parker, Cleveland. Halstead, Marshall, Cincinnati. 
 Hoagland, C. N., Miami Co. Hoadly, George, Cincinnati. Hobbs, H. H., Cincionati. Hollo- 
 
 way, J. F., Cleveland. Hibbard, George B., Ironton. Hazlett, Wm. Converse, Zanesville. 
 
 Irvine, James, Toledo. Iragard, Julius, Wooster. 
 
 Jennings, P. S., Cleveland. Jeffords, John E., Columbus. Jewett, Hugh J., Zanesville. Juil- 
 
 liard, A. D., Bucyrus. Jacobs, A. L., Lima. Johnson, Edgar M., Cincinnati. Johnston, J. W., 
 Zanesville. 
 
 Kimball, R. C., Canton. King, Thomas S., New Philadelphia. Kuisely, Wm.. Tuscarawas 
 Co. Kingsbury, F. H., Columbus. 
 
 Lahm, Frank M., Mansfield. Lake, Carson, Akron. Lauer, E., Cincinnati. Leavitt, John 
 
 B. , Cincinnati. Lee, Homer, Mansfield. Loveland, F. C., Wellington. Linn, Fred. D., Mt. 
 Gilead. Le Fevre, Ben, Maplewood. 
 
 Mayo, Wallace, Akron. McCook, Anson G., Steubenville. McCracken, W. V., Bucyrus. 
 McFall, Gaylord, Mansfield. MeGill, Geo. W., Lancaster. Merser, Isaac P., Marlboro’. Mil- 
 
 ler, J. W., Springfield. Mitchell, John Q., Mt. Vernon. Monett, Henry, Columbus. Moore, 
 Cary W., Zanesville. Moore, L. B., Mt. Gilead. Moss, J. O., Sandusky. Moulton, John Sher- 
 man, Cincinnati. Munson, Wm. S., Cincinnati. Morgan, Henry M., Mt. Vernon. Morgan, 
 Rollin M., Mt. Vernon. Milmine, George, Toledo. Morgan, David, Wilmington. Morse, 
 Horace J., Norwalk. McNally, J. Flack, Springfield. Moore, Robert, Cincinnati. Milmine, 
 Chas. E., Toledo. 
 
 Newton, Ensign, Canfield. Nye, Theodore S., Marietta. 
 
 Oldham, J. L., Springfield. 
 
 Palmer, Lowell M., Chester. Peet, Wm. C., London, O. Peters, Bernard, Marietta. Phillipp, 
 M. B., Cincinnati. Peixotto, B. F., Cleveland. Pool, Harwood R., Elyria. Prentiss, F. J., 
 Cleveland. Prentiss, F. C., Cleveland. Pritchard, Daniel, Cleveland. Packard, S. S., Cincin- 
 nati. Pease, Geo. L., Painesville. Peet, Chas. B., London, O. Peixotto, Geo. D. M., Cleveland. 
 Pool, Joseph, Cleveland. Peixotto, M. P., Cleveland. Parker, S. Webber, Chagrin Falls. 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw, Cincinnati. Rickoff, A. J., Cleveland. RickSecker, Theodore, Canal Dover. 
 Rodarmor, John F., Ironton. Rogers, Wm. A., Springfield. 
 
 Sadler, J. F., Lucas Co. Safford, W. M., Cleveland. Schooley, John C., Cincinnati. Schwan, 
 Louis M., Cleveland. Scott, Geo., Canton. Shillito, Wallace, Cincinnati. Shoppell, R. W., 
 Columbus. Shotwell, Theodore, Cincinnati. Smith, John A., Carey. Smith, Wm. Henry, Cin- 
 cinnati. Southard, Milton I., Zanesville. Sprague, Chas., Wooster. Stout, John W., Wooster. 
 Strong, W. L., Mansfield. Struble, I. J., Chesterviile. Swayne, Wager, Columbus. Spooner, 
 Chas. W., Cincinnati. Smith, Richard, Jr., Cincinnati. Sisson, H. H., Marietta. Sterling, 
 Theodore W., Cleveland. Stebbins, W. R., Monroeville. Shayne, C. C., Cincinnati. Short, John 
 
 C. , Clarksville. Shunk, Albert, Mansfield. Sterling, Willis B., Cleveland. Schaffer, Onesi- 
 
 mus P., Youngstown. Smith, Wm. Sooy, Athens. Simpson, C, S., Cincinnati. 
 
 Terrell, H. L., Cleveland. Thomas, Samuel, Columbus. Thomson, F. A., Cincinnati. Thyng, 
 Chas. H., Cleveland. Tidball, W. L., Mansfield. Tunison, Joseph S., Cincinnati. Taft, Henry 
 W., Cincinnati. Tuttle, Franklin, Portage Co. Tangeman, Geo. P., Hamilton. Taggart, W. 
 Rush, Salem. 
 
 Upson, Wm. Ford, Akron. 
 
 Vaillant, Geo. H., Cleveland. Vance, Wilson, Findlay. Van Brimmer, Joshua, Delaware. 
 Waggoner, Ralph H., Toledo. Ward, J. Q. A., Urbana. Whitehead, John, Worthington. 
 Wing, Frank E., Gambier. Wright, M. B., Cincinnati. Work, Frank, Columbus. Wright, H. 
 A., Cleveland. Wheeler, F. H., Cleveland. 
 
 Zachos, J. C., Cincinnati. Zinn, Chas. H., Sidney. 
 
 LIST OF NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS TO JULY, 1888, WITH THE ADDRESS OF EACH. 
 
 Allison, Wm. B., U. S. Senate. Arms, C. D., Youngstown, O. Anderson, W. P., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Alger, Russell A., Detroit, Mich. Alms, William, 54 Worth street, N. Y. 
 
 Barber, A. L., Washington, D. C. Bonnell, H. O., Youngstown, O. Bonnell, W. S., Youngs- 
 town, O. Beardslee, John B., 328 Broadway, N. Y. Byrne, John, Mills Building, N. Y. 
 
 Card, Henry P., Cleveland, O. Cooper, John S., Chicago. Cooper, Wm. C., Mt. Vernon, O. 
 Conger, A. L., Akron, O. Corning, Warren H., Cleveland, O. 
 
 Dale, T. D., Marietta, O. Dawes, E. C., Cincinnati, O. Dayton, L. M., Cincinnati. Donald- 
 son, Thomas, Philadelphia, Pa. Drake, F. B., Toledo, 0. 
 
 Eaton, John, Marietta, O. 
 
 Fairbanks, Chas. W., Indianapolis, Ind. Foster, Charles, 'Fostoria, O. Fordyce, S. W., St. 
 Louis, Mo. 
 
 Gritfith, G. F., Dayton, O. Goodrich, B. F., Akron, O. 
 
 Hibben, J. H., 335 Broadway, N. Y. Hayes, R. B., Fremont, O. Hinkle, A. H., Cincinnati, O. 
 Hale, Harvey W., 326 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
 Jewett, W. K., Bridgei>ort, Conn. Jones, J. P., U. S. Senate. 
 
 Kohler, J. A., Akron, O. Kimball, W. C., 35 Warren street, N. Y. 
 
 Loi^, J. A., Akron, O. Loud, Enos B., Paris, France. Lynch, Wm. A., Cleveland, O. 
 McFadden, F, T., Cincinnati, O. Matthews, Stanley, Washington, D. C. McBride, John H., 
 
THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Cleveland, O. Means, Wm., Cincinnati, O. McGettigan, John E., Indianapolis, Ind. Mattox, 
 A. H., Cincinnati, O. Morrison, Walter, Columbus, O. McGillin, E. M., Cleveland, O. Marble, 
 G. L., Toledo, O. 
 
 Neil, John G., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Post, Chas. A., Cleveland, O. Payne, Henry B., U. S. Senate. Plumb, P. B., U. S. Senate. 
 Perdue, E. H., Cleveland, O. Parsons, S. H., Ashtabula, O. Powell, J. H., 657 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
 Reinmund, H. J., Lancaster, O. Robison, David, Jr., Toledo, O. 
 
 Shotwell, Wm. W., Minneapolis, Minn. Sherman, John, U. S. Senate. Smith, Orland, Cincin* 
 nati, O. Scott, Frank J., Toledo, O. Stettinius, John L., Cincinnati. Shayne, John T., 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Townsend, Amos, Cleveland, 0. Tod, George, Youngstown, O. Tod, John, Cleveland, O. 
 
 Upson, Wm. H., Akron, O. 
 
 Wick, Caleb B., Youngstown, O. Wick, Henry K., Youngstown, O. Wolf, Simon, Washing- 
 ton, D. C. Woodward, J. H., San Francisco, Cal. ■ 
 
 IN MEMORIAM. 
 
 Died in 1886. — Mr. William Hunter, Mr. J. Monroe Brown. 
 
 Died in 1887. — General W. B. Hazen, Mr. Henry De Buss, Mr. George Emerson, Mr. J. M. Edwards, 
 Hon. Algernon S. Sullivan, Gen. Thomas Kilby Smith. 
 
 Died in 1888. — Col. Charles W. Moulton, Chief-Justice Morrison R. Waite, Col. Chas. T. Wing, 
 
A GLANCE AT OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN. 
 
 BY JAMES Q. HOWARD. 
 
 James Quay Howard is a native of Newark, 
 
 Licking county, Ohio. His mother was the daughter 
 of Judge Quigley, of Pennsylvania. His father, 
 
 Deacon George W. Howard, was a soldier in the war 
 of 1812 and his grandfather an officer in the war of 
 the Revolution. James Q. Howard was fitted for 
 college at Granville and was graduated at Marietta 
 College with honors. In 1859 he delivered the Mas- 
 ter’s Oration and received the second degree. He 
 was admitted to the bar at Columbus, having studied 
 law with Hon. Samuel Galloway. 
 
 In 1860, at the request of Follett, Foster & Co., the 
 publishers of the “Lincoln and Douglas Debates,” he 
 wrote a brief “ Life of Abraham Lincoln,” which was 
 translated into German. On September 6, 1861, he 
 was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Consul 
 at St. John, New Brunswick. The Chesapeake piracy 
 case, the Calais bank raid, bringing about the cap- 
 ture of blockade-runners and enforcing Stanton’s 
 passport orders, conspired to render the duties of con- 
 sul at this great shipbuilding port on the Bay of 
 Fundy as responsible as. those of any like officer in 
 the service. The authorities at Calais, Maine, gave 
 Consul Howard credit for having saved the town 
 from destruction by fire. A dozen blockade-runners 
 were captured through information which he fur- 
 nished. He received the frequent thanks of Secretary Seward for “ zeal and activity ” and his com- 
 mendation for “ fidelity and ability.” - 
 
 On returning home in 1867 Mr. Howard purchased an interest in the Ohio State Journal, and, while 
 an editorial writer on that paper, his articles on finance were commended widely and copied by the 
 New York press. While writing for the reviews and magazines, his address before the Alumni of 
 Marietta College, in 1871, was characterized by Charles Sumner as “admirable, practical, useful.” 
 
 In 1876 he was selected by the immediate friends of Governor Hayes to write the authorized life of 
 the Republican candidate for the Presidency, published by Robert Clark & Co., of Cincinnati. He 
 was soon after placed on the editorial force of the New York Times, where he wrote all the articles on 
 the important subject of counting the electoral vote. 
 
 In 1877 he was appointed to a position in the New York Custom House, and in the following year 
 was nominated and confirmed as an assistant appraiser of merchandise. In 1880 he was deemed most 
 worthy of promotion to the responsible office of Chief Appraiser, one of the two national offices of 
 largest discretionary power, outside of the Cabinet. It is through the work of the appraiser’s depart- 
 ment at New York that the government is supplied with the bulk of its revenue. Mr. Howard has 
 held important office under five presidents of the United States, and passed the United States Senate 
 three times by a unanimous vote. His present home is on the border of Central Park, New York city. 
 The paper which follows was originally delivered before the Ohio Society of New York. 
 
 JAMES Q. HOWARD. 
 
 I PURPOSE to present the briefest possible outline of that Ohio field of biogra- 
 phy and history which it would be both pleasant and profitable, for all Ohioans 
 especially, to explore. That Territorial and State history relates to historical 
 events and historical men. Some of these far-reaching events worthiest of our 
 particular study are: the first permanent settlement at Marietta in the spring of 
 1788; the second settlement at Columbia near the site of Cincinnati, in the 
 autumn of the same year; the establishment of a Territorial government with 
 Gen. Arthur St. Clair as the first and only duly commissioned Territorial Gov- 
 ernor ; the formation of the first four counties in the Territory, with the noble 
 Revolutionary names of Washington, Hamilton, Wayne and Adams; the disas- 
 trous defeat of Gen. Harmar by the Indians, in June, 1790; the more disastrous 
 defeat of Gov. St. Clair, November 4, 1791, in that western Ohio county since 
 appropriately called Darke; the inspiring victory of Gen. Anthony Wayne, in 
 August, 1794; the enactment and enforcement of much-needed laws by the Gov- 
 ernor and Territorial Judges; the assembling of the first Territorial Legislature 
 
OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN. 
 
 185 
 
 on September 24, 1799 ; the ceding by Connecticut of her claims to that territory 
 called the Western Reserve of Connecticut, on May 30, 1801 ; the formation of 
 the first State Constitution at Chillicothe, in November, 1802 ; the first general 
 election under that constitution, in January, 1803 ; the transition from a Terri- 
 torial to a State government, in February and March, 1803 ; the Burr conspiracy, 
 with the State’s vigorous action in suppressing it, in 1806 ; the gallant defence of 
 Fort Stephenson and Perry’s splendid victory on Lake Erie during the War of 
 1812 ; the establishment of the permanent seat of government at Columbus, in 
 1816 ; the beginning of the construction of the great canals of the State, at New- 
 ark, in the fitting presence of Governors Jeremiah Morrow, DeWitt Clinton and 
 Hon. Thomas Ewing, July 4, 1825; the building of the first and the other great 
 lines of that network of railroads which has done more than any single agency 
 to advance the material interests of the State ; the creation of those noble insti- 
 tutions of charity, benevolence and learning and of that system of public schools 
 which have so honored the State in all succeeding years ; Ohio’s preparation for 
 and part in the War for the Union ; her action with respect to the latest and best 
 amendments to the national Constitution ; her courageous course in the prolonged 
 contests for a sound currency with coin resumption, and her firm maintenance, 
 untarnished, of the State’s and the nation’s credit and faith. 
 
 Turning from events, some of which can be treated in essays, others only in 
 volumes, to the meritorious men identified with Ohio’s history — men whom we 
 all ought to know more about, much more than the libraries can teach us — we 
 cannot omit from the briefest historical list. General Rufus Putnam and Dr. 
 Manasseh Cutler, so worthy to be enrolled among the founders of States ; Gen. 
 Arthur St. Clair, who passed from the Presidency of the American Congress to 
 the Governorship of the Northwest Territory, remaining our Territory’s executive 
 chief, through alternate successes and defeats, for fourteen years ; Gen. Samuel 
 H. Parsons, Gen. James M. Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, the able and emi- 
 nent Territorial Judges; Dr. Edward Tiffin, president of the convention which 
 framed the first constitution of the State, and first governor of Ohio under that 
 constitution ; Return Jonathan Meigs, the first cabinet officer that Ohio furnished 
 the republic, whose grave is one of the objects of historic interest in old Marietta ; 
 Judge Jacob Burnet, the Western Lycurgus, who helped to give our confused 
 mass of laws consistency and adaptation; honest old Jeremiah Morrow, the last 
 and best of the governors of the pioneer race : faithful Peter Hitchcock, for 
 twenty years in the Legislature and in Congress, and for twenty-five Chief- Justice 
 of the State ; William Henry Harrison, the pure patriot of highest virtue, whose 
 political triumph of 1840 was not greater than his earlier triumphs over our 
 Indian foes; Justice John McLean, who combined the manners and graces of 
 the old school of jurists with the learning of the new ; Samuel F. Vinton, the 
 able and dignified Whi^ leader, who preferred his dignity to his existence in 
 office; Charles Hammond, among the strongest of the members of the American 
 bar; the brilliant and eloquent Thomas L. Hamer, who sent Grant to West 
 Point ; Judge Bellamy Storer, alike popular on the bench and on the stump ; 
 Hocking Hunter, every inch and in everv fibre a lawyer, and Henry Stanbery, 
 that perfect type of courtly gentleman. 
 
 Especially should we of this generation learn more about the two most dis- 
 tinctively representative historical men of Ohio, Thomas Ewing and Thomas 
 Corwin, the one the embodiment of all the robust strength, physical and mental, 
 of the great Northwest, declared to be at the period of his death the ablest law- 
 yer in the United States; the other, in the concurrent judgment of all who have 
 felt the spell of his matchless eloquence, the greatest natural orator and most 
 marvelous wit, mimic and master of the passions of men that the continent has 
 yet known. 
 
 Passing from these two extraordinary men, who taught the great men of the 
 later period how to become great, but not forgetting, in passing, the high-minded 
 and massive-minded Chase, the slavery-hating Joshua R. Giddings, bluff* Ben 
 Wade, burly, brainy John Brough, and the strong but gentle David Tod, we 
 reach that race of native historic men whose lives touch ours, we might almost 
 say whose lives preserved ours : Grant, the peer of Marlborough, Von Moltke, 
 Wellington and Napoleon, the modern world’s first soldiers; Stanton, the creator 
 
OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN. 
 
 1 86 
 
 of armies and mighty forger of the Thunderbolts of war; Sheridan, who turned 
 retreats and defeats into advances and victories, and rode with the swiftness of 
 the wind to fame; Sherman, the only soldier or statesman in our history who 
 refused the honor of the Presidency when it was thrice within his reach; Hayes, 
 who called around him as able a cabinet as the nation has had and whose admin- 
 istration of the government was so acceptable to the people that they voted for 
 another politically like it; Garfield, the most learned and scholarly president, 
 not excepting John Quincy Adams, who has filled the executive chair, the pathos 
 of whose death touched all hearts in all lands ; and the tenderly-loved McPher- 
 son, whose untimely death alone cut him off from equality with the greatest. 
 
 And in what more fitting connection can we refer to those two peerless living 
 Ohio statesmen, similar in name and fame, Sherman and Thurman, the one 
 greatest as a financier, the other as a lawyer, both of highest distinction in the 
 making and in the administration of law, and each gratefully honored for his 
 noble public services by the discriminating, everywhere? 
 
 Conspicuous for their eminent abilities as are Rufus P. Ranney, William S. 
 Groesbeck, Samuel Shellabarger, John A. Bingham, George H. Pendleton, Thomas 
 Ewing, H. Jo Jewett, Aaron F. Perry, Jacob D. Cox, Joseph B. Foraker, Win. Mc- 
 Kinley, Chief-Justice Waite and Associate Justices Woods and Matthews, among 
 Ohioans, we must not forget in our biographical studies other useful- or brilliant 
 men still living or who have passed away, leaving honored names worthy of long 
 remembrance within and beyond the limits of their own State. It will not, I 
 trust, seem invidious to call to mind Elisha Whittlesey, Joseph R. Swan, Alfred 
 Kelly, George E. Pugh, William Allen, James G. Birney, Samuel Lewis, William 
 Dennison, Samuel Galloway, R. P. Spaulding, Valentine B. Horton, Doctors 
 Delamater, Kirtland and Mussey and General J. H. Devereux, or such public- 
 spirited benefactors as Dr. Daniel Drake, William Woodward, Reuben Springer, 
 Leonard Case, Lyne Starling, John Mills, Douglas Putnam, Jay Cooke, Nicholas 
 Longworth, J, R. Buchtel, David Sinton and William Probasco. 
 
 Such born jurists and gentlemen as Justice Noah H Swa3me and Judges 
 Leavitt, Nash and Gholson are everywhere held in honor, as will also long be re- 
 vered the names of those eminent scholars and divines. Dr. Lyman Beecher, 
 Bishop Philander Chase, Bishops Mcllvaine, Simpson, Ames, Bishop Edward 
 Thomson, Dr. Henry Smith and Presidents Finney of Oberlin and Andrews of 
 Marietta. 
 
 There are other Ohio names that are too prominently connected with the his- 
 tory of the nation to be overlooked, among which are those of Generals McClel- 
 lan., Rosecrans, McDowell, Buell, Custer, Crook, Hazen, Quincy A. Gillmore, 
 Schenck, Steadman, Swayne, Walcutt and the McCooks; the great inventor, Edi- 
 son; the Arctic explorer. Dr. Hall; the Siberian traveller, George Kennan; the 
 astronomer. Prof. 0. M. Mitchell ; the geologists, Newberry, Orton and Wright, 
 and the Director-General of our National Centennial Exhibition, Sir A. T. 
 Goshorn. 
 
 What are Ohio’s most honored names in literature, intelPgent readers of course 
 know all about; and while her sons may have accomplished less, perhaps, in 
 that field than in VN^ar, politics or art, one can safely say that Artemus Ward and 
 Petroleum V. Nasby compare favorably with the first humorists of the nation ; 
 William D. Howells and Albion W. Tourgee with the foremost novelists of their 
 day, while Charles Hammond, Samuel Medary, E. D. Mansfield, Washington 
 McLean, Henry Read, Fred Hassaurek, Joseph Medill, Richard Smith, Murat 
 Halstead, Donn Piatt, Samuel Read, Edwin Cowles, J. A. MacGahan, William 
 Henry Smith and the present editors of the Nm York Tribune^ the JSew York World 
 and the Cincinnati Enquirer have yielded or are now yielding as large a measure 
 of influence as has fallen to the lot of any American journalists. Buchanan 
 Read, Francis W. Gage, William D. Gallagher, Alice and Phoebe Cary, William 
 H. Lytle, John James Piatt, Manning F. Force, Henry Howe, S. P. Hildreth and 
 John Hay have done nobly all that they have attempted to do at all, and John 
 James, and Mrs. S. M. B. Piatt, Edith Thomas and Mrs. Kate Sherwood are 
 making poetry and fame just as fast as the muses will permit. 
 
 And while it would take many essays to show what Ohioans have accomplished 
 in art, none can afford to be ignorant of the lives and works of the world-famous 
 
OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN. 
 
 187 
 
 Thomas Cole and Hiram Powers, or of the achievements of America’s first ani- 
 mal painters, James H. and William H. Beard, or of the noble works which adorn 
 so many of our parks and cities of this country’s greatest sculptor, Quincy Ward, 
 whose Indian Hunter,” “ Shakespeare,” “ Washington ” and “ Equestrian 
 Thomas ” will live a thousand years after all that now has life shall have 
 perished. 
 
 I close this'appeal for the study of our State’s history by reminding all that 
 Ohio can lay full or partial claim to four Presidents of the United States, Harri- 
 son, Grant, Hayes and Garfield; to one Vice-President, by birth, Hendricks; 
 and one Speaker of the House, Keifer; to two Chief- Justices, Chase and Waite, 
 and four Associate Justices, McLean, Swayne, Matthews and Woods; to one Sec- 
 retary of State, through fourteen years’ residence, Lewis Cass ; to five Secretaries 
 of the Treasury, Ewing, Corwin, Chase, Sherman and Windom ; three Secretaries 
 of War, McLean, Stanton and Taft; to three Secretaries of the Interior, Ewing, 
 Cox and Delano ; to two Attorneys-General, Stanbery and Taft, and to three 
 Postmasters-General, Meigs, McLean and Dennison. 
 
 If all these men have not-done enough to command your interest and studious 
 attention, set to work, gentlemen of the Ohio Society, and do something to honor 
 the Buckeye State yourselves ! 
 
THE WORK OF OHIO IN THE U. S. SANITARY 
 COMMISSION IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 By M. C. read. 
 
 Matthew Canfield Eead was born in Wil- 
 liamsfield, Ashtabula county, Ohio, August 21, 
 
 1823, of New England parents, who were among 
 the early pioneers. In those days of few books a 
 circulating library of standard works gave him in 
 bis early boyhood a taste for solid reading, and a 
 copy of Goldsmith’s “Animated Nature,” which 
 at the age of ten years he had read and re-read 
 till it was substantially memorized, exerted an 
 important influence upon his subsequent studies; 
 when twelve years of age his parents removed to 
 Mecca, Trumbull county, where he remained 
 working upon the farm and attending district 
 school until eighteen years of age, when he com- 
 menced preparations for college at Western Re- 
 serve Seminary, in Farmington, Trumbull county, 
 which was completed at Grand River Institute, 
 in Austinburgh, Ashtabula county. He entered 
 tbe Freshman class of Western Reserve College, 
 
 Hudson, in 1844, and graduated in 1848, subse- 
 quently receiving the degree of A. Mf from his 
 Alma Mater. 
 
 The early bias given by “ Goldsmith’s Animated 
 Nature” led him to devote much time during his 
 preparatory and college course to the study of the 
 natural sciences, and most of his leisure during 
 this time was occupied in acquiring a knowledge 
 of the fauna and flora, and the geology of the 
 neighborhood. His vacations were given almost 
 wholly to these studies, to which very little time . MATTHEW C. READ, 
 
 was given in the prescribed course of study. The 
 knowledge thus obtained in hours which ordi- 
 narily go to waste with the college student, was fully as valuable to him in after life as the regular 
 college course. After graduation he taught school in Columbus and in Gustavus, Ohio, and read law 
 with Chappee & Woodbury, of Jefferson, Ashtabula county. 
 
 He was married August, 1851, to Orissa E. Andrew's, youngest daughter of William Andrews, Esq., 
 of Homer, N. Y., and soon after was called to Hudson to edit The Family Visitor^ published by Saw- 
 yer, Ingersoll & Co., and which was started by Profs. Kirtland and St. John, with the design of fur- 
 nishing a family, scientific, and literary paper of a high order, containing nothing of the obnoxious 
 matter found in many papers. During one year while editing this paper he had sole charge of the 
 preparatory department of the Western Reserve College. After he had edited the paper for a little 
 over two years its publication was suspended because of the financial failure of the publishers. 
 
 He then commenced the practice of his profession as attorney in Summit county, and had acquired a 
 lucrative practice w'hen the war of the Rebellion commenced. Soon after the organization of the United 
 States Sanitary Commission he was appointed a general relief agent in that organization by Prof. 
 Newberry, who was in charge of the Western department, and continued in the service of the Com- 
 mission till the close of the war. A severe sunstroke after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing and sub- 
 sequent exposure so impaired his health that he was never able to return to full practice in his 
 profession. He served for a time as deputy-collector of internal revenue, and upon the organization 
 of the geological survey of Ohio was appointed assistant geologist, and contributed largely to the final 
 report. He has since done a large amount of work in the examination of mining property in the States 
 and Territories and the Dominion of Canada, and contributed many articles to the scientific journals 
 on ornithology, entomology, archaeology, geology, forestry, etc. He had charge of the archaeological 
 exhibits of Ohio at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, and the Centennial Exposition at New 
 Orleans. Quite a full report made by him of the latter has recently been published by the Historical 
 Society of Cleveland. For several years before the removal of .the Western Reserve College to Cleve- 
 land he held the position in that institution of Lecturer on Zoology and Practical Geology. 
 
 He still maintains his position at the bar, doing as much work as his health will permit, dividing his 
 time between the practice of law and scientific studies and pursuits. 
 
 The history of Oliio’s services in the war of the Rebellion would be incomplete 
 without a sketch of its work in the United States Sanitary Commission. 
 
 (i88) 
 
OHIO'S WORK IN U S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 
 
 i8g 
 
 This was an organization proposed by some of the best medical men of the 
 country, and at their request authorized by the general government. Its primary 
 object was the systematic inspection of camps and hospitals, for the purpose of 
 aiding the medical department of the army in the adoption of such sanitary 
 measures as would best preserve the health of the army and promote the recovery 
 of the sick and wounded. 
 
 The part that Ohio took in this work assumed more prominence than that of 
 any other of the Western States. This is to be attributed largely to the fact that 
 the secretary selected to take charge of the Western department was a citizen of 
 the State, and to his exceptional qualifications for the work. 
 
 Prof. John S. Newberry, now of the Sc*hool of Mines of Columbia College, in 
 New York, and then in the government service at Washington, was appointed a 
 member of the Sanitary Commission, June 13, 1861. He immediately resigned 
 his position at Washington, returned to Ohio, and entered with characteristic 
 earnestness and zeal upon his new work of extending the organization of the 
 Commission over the valley of the Mississippi. He established branches of the 
 Commission at Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati, as well as others at Buffalo, 
 Detroit, Pittsburg, Chicago, Louisville, etc., and gave such unity and efficiency to 
 the Commission’s work that he was appointed secretary of the Western depart- 
 ment, an office which he held with honor to himself and the Commission till the 
 end of the war. In the meantime, the patriotic revival that was carrying the best 
 young and middle-aged men into the army was sweeping into its current almost 
 all the women of the North, who were organizing “ Soldiers’ Aid Societies ” in 
 all the cities, villages, and hamlets of the loyal States, for the purpose of prepar- 
 ing and collecting necessities, comforts, and luxuries for the soldiers in camp and 
 hospital. There was an urgent necessity of a general organization, which could 
 gather all these rivulets and streams into one channel, and provide for their sys- 
 tematic and economical disposition. This work naturally devolved upon the 
 Sanitary Commission — authorized by the government, national in its purposes, 
 regardless of State lines, and solicitous only for the comfort and health of the 
 entire army, and for its success in the struggle. 
 
 With the natural desire in each locality to collect and forward supplies to the 
 soldiers enlisted in that locality, and of the officers of each State to make special 
 provision for its own soldiers, it was a difficult task to educate the people into 
 the idea that the soldiers of each regiment and of each State could be best cared 
 for by systematic provision for the whole army. This result was substantially 
 accomplished through the skilful management of the secretary, aided by the 
 unselfish patriotism of the managers of the local societies, so that the transporta- 
 tion and distribution of these stores was mainly, and especially in Ohio, intrusted 
 to this Commission. Very rapidly an organization was perfected, some of the 
 best and most experienced physicians selected, who were commissioned and dis- 
 patched to their work. Among the first of these were Dr. A. N. Read, Dr. W. M. 
 Prentice, and Dr. C. D. Griswold, all of Ohio, who immediately entered upon their 
 duties — followed the army into the field, inspecting camps and-hospitals, looking 
 after the distribution of stores, and when battles occurred assisting in the care of 
 the wounded. 
 
 Other inspectors from Ohio were Drs. Henry Parker, of Lorain county, M. M. 
 Seymour, of Paiuesville, T. G. Cleveland, at first surgeon of the Forty-first O.W. 
 I., and R. C. Hopkins, of Cleveland. These all labored with a zeal and intelligent 
 devotion to their duties which commanded the highest encomiums of the medical 
 and general officers of the army. Their work was of a delicate nature, requiring 
 much tact and skill, and was of the greatest importance. The medical and gen- 
 eral officers had a very inadequate estimate of the importance of sanitary precau- 
 tions for the preservation of the health of the men, and at the beginning the 
 deaths from preventable diseases were many times in excess of those resulting 
 from casualties in battle. 
 
 These medical inspectors, representing the best medical skill of the State, with 
 their associates from other States, supplied with suggestive circulars prepared by 
 the best medical men of the nation, furnished very material aid to the officers of 
 the army in securing the adoption of sanitary precautions for the prevention of 
 sickness, that resulted in saving the lives of many thousands of soldiers. No 
 
TQO OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 
 
 statistics can be compiled which will measure the value of this work, but those 
 who watched its progress can to some extent appreciate it, and long before the 
 close of the war it secured the adoption of the best sanitary measures that wer^ 
 ever adopted in any army. 
 
 While the Commission was primarily organized for this sanitary work other 
 important duty was rapidly crowded upon it. The women of the entire North 
 were working for the soldiers, and societies were established in every city, with 
 local societies auxiliary to them in every village and township. This was par- 
 ticularly true in Ohio. Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus organized branches 
 of the United States Sanitary Commission, and secured the greater part of the 
 contributions of the local societies, assorting, re-packing, and marking them, and 
 entrusting their distribution to the Commission. 
 
 The Branch at Cincinnati organized with the following members : 
 
 Cincinnati — R. W. Burnett, Charles F. Wilstach, James M. Johnson, Joshua 
 H. Bates, C. C. Comegys, M. D., Edward Mead, M. D., Samuel L’Hommedieu, 
 M. D., Rev. E. T. Collins, A. Aub, O. M. Mitchell, E. G. Robbins, J. B. Stallo, Larz 
 Anderson, Micajah Bailey, E. S. Brooks, Charles E. Cist, David Judkins, M. D., 
 W. H. Mussey, M. D., Rev, W. A. Sniveley, Henry Pearce, Thomas G. Odiorne, 
 Mark E. Reeves, B. P. Baker, Robert Hosea, George Hoadly, S. J. Broadwell, A. 
 G. Burt, Charles R. Fosdick, John Davis, M. D., George Mendenhall, M. D., Rev. 
 M. L. P. Thompson, George K. Shoenberger, Bellamy Storer, W. W. Scarborough, 
 Thomas C. Shipley, F. C. Briggs. Dayton — B. W. Steel, J. D. Phillips, James 
 McDaniel. President, R. W. Burnett ; Vice-President, George Hoadly ; Recording 
 Secretary, B. P. Baker ; Corresponding Secretary, Charles R. Fosdick ; Treasurer, 
 Henry Pearce. 
 
 This branch sent out inspectors and relief agents into all parts of the Missis- 
 sippi valley occupied by the Union army, who kept its officers thoroughly in- 
 formed as to the wants of the soldiers, and the manner in which its contributions 
 were distributed. In addition to the large amount of stores contributed the 
 society raised in money $330,769.53, of which $235,406.62 w^ere the net avails of 
 “The Great Western Sanitary Fair” held at Cincinnati in the month of Decem- 
 ber, 1863. The most of this large fund was used in the purchase of supplies of 
 the best quality, which were sent to all parts of the army as the wants of the sick 
 and wounded required. The United States Sanitary Commission contributed to 
 this branch $15,000. 
 
 The success of the fair of 1863 was at the time unprecedented. At the head 
 of the roll of managers was the name of General Rosecrans, and nearly all the 
 prominent ladies, business men and merchant princes of the city combined their 
 efforts to make it a success. 
 
 This branch established and maintained at Cincinnati a “ Soldiers’ Home ” at 
 an expense of $64,131.86, in which it furnished lodgings to 45,400 and meals to 
 the number of 656,704. 
 
 The Cleveland Branch of the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio was organized on 
 the 20th day of April, 1861, five days after the first call by President Lincoln for 
 volunteers to put down the rebellion. It was organized by the appointment of 
 the following officers : President, Mrs. B. Rouse ; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. John 
 Shelley and Mrs. Win. Melhinch ; Secretary, Miss Mary Clark Bray ton ; Treasurer, 
 Miss Ellen F. Terry. 
 
 Two hundred and seventy-nine of the Cleveland ladies enrolled themselves as 
 members of the society, and without constitution or by-laws, with only the verbal 
 pledge of the payment of a monthly fee, and to work while the war should last, 
 they furnished an illustrious example of the patriotism, as well as the efficiency 
 of Ohio women. The officers of the society gave their whole time to the work 
 until the close of the war, asking and receiving no salaries and drawing nothing 
 from the treasury for travelling or other expenses, even when absent on tlie neces- 
 sary business of the society. They secured the active and cordial support of 525 
 auxiliary societies, the members of most of them meeting weekly to work for the 
 soldier. And the influence of that work is not to be measured by the articles 
 prepared or the gifts contributed. 
 
 Every such local society was a school of patriotism : it made patriotism the 
 fashion ; everywhere the wives and daughters of the most bitter opponents of the 
 
OHiaS WORK IN U S, SANITARY COMMISSION 191 
 
 war were drawn into these societies, caught the dominant spirit, and carried its 
 influence into their homes. These societies gave a moral support to the soldier 
 in the field, and were worth more than thousands of bayonets in preserving peace 
 at home. The names of the women engaged in the work of this central society 
 and its 500 auxiliaries who deserve prominent mention would fill many pages 
 of this volume, and it would be unjust to the others to record the names of a part 
 of them ; but all will concur in giving the first place to good Mrs. Rouse, the 
 president of the society, who in feeble health and with a devotion that only a 
 mother can exhibit gave her whole time to the work; a model example of 
 womanly Christian patriotism. Her recent death at a ripe old age has emphasized 
 her worth. 
 
 In June a number of the most patriotic and influential citizens of Cleveland 
 were appointed associate members of the United States Sanitary Commission, and 
 in October of the same year they united to organize a branch commission for the 
 accomplishment of the same objects that engaged the attention of the branches 
 elsewhere, and to lend to the already flourishing Soldiers’ Aid Society whatever 
 aid might be necessary in the execution of its work. The gentlemen who joined 
 in this movement are as follows : 
 
 T. P. Handy, Joseph Perkins, William Bingham, M. C. Younglove, Still- 
 man Witt, Benjamin Rouse, Dr. E. Cushing, A. Stone, Jr., E. S. Flint, Dr. A. 
 
 ' Maynard. 
 
 The first duty which suggested itself to them was to provide a military hospital 
 for Northern Ohio, which should receive the sick of the regiments quartered at 
 Cleveland for whom no other asylum had been opened. By application to the 
 Secretary of the Treasury a part of the marine hospital at Cleveland was placed 
 at their command. This was fitted up by the co-operation of the ladies of the 
 Aid Society, and continued to meet the wants of the class it was intended to accom- 
 modate until the building of the Cleveland Soldiers’ Home removed the necessity 
 for its continuance (see Dr. Newberry’s report on the Sanitary Commission in the 
 valley of the Mississippi). These gentlemen co-operated heartily with trie ladies 
 in their work and contributed largely to its success. In addition to those whose 
 names are given above Dr. Newberry makes special mention of Mr. L. M. Hubby, 
 president of the C. C. & C. R. R. Co., and Mr. H. M. Chapin, who w'ere especially 
 active and efficient. 
 
 The general work of this society is admirably and concisely stated in the fol- 
 lowing extract from the final report of its officers : 
 
 The foregoing pages are a brief sketch of the work that loyalty prompted one 
 small district to do for the soldiers. They are submitted in the hope it may not 
 be uninteresting to trace the history of a society which was the first permanently 
 organized, one of the first to enter the field, and the last to leave it ; which began 
 with a capital of two gold dollars and closed with a cash statement of more than 
 $170,000 ; which grew from a neighborhood sewing circle to become the repre- 
 sentative of 525 branch organizations in disbursing hospital stores valued at 
 nearly $1,000,000 ; which built and supported a Soldiers’ Home and conducted a 
 special relief system and an employment agency from which 60,000 Union soldiers 
 and their families received aid and comfort, and a claim agency which gratuitously 
 collected war claims aggregating $300,000 at a. saving to the claimants of over 
 $17,000. 
 
 The ladies close their report with the following words : 
 
 All who had a part in the beneficent work in which it was woman’s peculiar 
 privilege to serve her country must feel abundantly rewarded in having been 
 able to do something for those who gave health, manly strength, worldly 
 prospects, ties of home, and even life itself in the more perilous service in the 
 field. 
 
 As already sweet flowers and tender plants creep over and half conceal the 
 battle foot-prints, but lately left on many a field and hillside of our land, so sweet 
 charities and tender memories come to envelop the gaunt figures, and veil the 
 grim visages of war, that must forever stand a central object upon the canvas 
 that protrays the history of these memorable years. 
 
 A single instance may be added illustrating the efficiency and devotion of 
 these noble workers in the Soldiers’ Home est^lished at the railroad station in 
 
192 OHIO'S WORK IN U. S, SANITARY COMMISSION 
 
 Cleveland. On the 29th of July, 1864, telegrams announced that a full brigade 
 of hungry soldiers would reach the Home that night; special preparations were 
 immediately made for their comfort, and when after long hours of weary waiting 
 the train steamed into the depot bringing the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth 
 Wisconsin and the Twenty-seventh Michigan, 1,350 men, a sumptuous repast 
 was awaiting them, which would have been a credit to any of the hotels of the 
 city. In the memory of these men and of the many thousands of others who 
 were thus provided for, the good works of these Cleveland women are permanentlv 
 enshrined. 
 
 The Columbus Branch was organized in October, 1861, with the following 
 members : 
 
 Governor Wm. Dennison, F. C. Sessions, J. B. Thompson, M. D., S. M. Smith, 
 M. D., P. Ambos, Robert Neil, Rev. Dr. Fitzgerald, W. M. Awl, M. D., T. J, 
 Wormley, M. D., S. Lovering, M. D., J. H. Riley, Rev. Joseph M. Trimble, D. D., 
 Hon. John W. Andrews, Joseph Sullivant, Francis Carter, M. D., Francis Collins. 
 Officers: President, W. M. Awl, M. D. ; Vice-President, J. B. Thompson, M. D. ; 
 Secretary, F, C. Sessions; Treasurer, T. J. Wormley, M. D. 
 
 Five thousand dollars was appropriated to this branch by the United States 
 Sanitary Commission, and several thousand dollars was subsequently contributed 
 to aid in the equipment and maintenance of the Soldiers’ Home. In co-operation 
 with this branch a Ladies’ Aid Society was organized embracing most of the 
 patriotic wmmen of the city, with Mrs. W. E. Ide as the first president and Mrs. 
 George W. Heyl the first secretary. The records of the amount of contributions 
 of this branch are not accessible, but they found their way to nearly every battle- 
 field and hospital in the Mississippi valley. Mr. Sessions was early in the field 
 as a volunteer in the care of the sick and wounded, and continued his labors to 
 the close of the war. 
 
 Dr. Smith was subsequent!}^ surgeon-general of the State, and from the begin- 
 ning to the close of the w’ar was an indefatigable and judicious worker. The 
 location of this branch gave it an unusual amount of local work, which was 
 always efficiently and faithfully done. Here as well as elsewhere in the State 
 the names of those deserving special mention cannot be given without the appro- 
 priation of more space than can be given to this sketch. 
 
 By the work of local societies, the aid of sanitary fairs, and the labor of solicit- 
 ing agents, a corps of whom were organized and put in the field by Dr. Newberry, 
 the supplies came in in continuous streams and the Commission received in the 
 aggregate $807,335.03 in money and stores for distribution of the estimated value 
 of $5,123,376. At first there was a natural tendency in each locality to provide 
 for regiments organized in the locality, and then to attempt in each State to pro- 
 vide for the soldiers of that State ; some continuing this attempt to the close of 
 the war. But it was soon seen by those in the field that the readiest way to pro- 
 vide for an}^ particular regiment was by a united attempt to provide for all. Ohio 
 was quick to learn this fact, and the broad patriotism of its people was shown by 
 an almost universal disregard of localities and State lines, and by devoting all 
 their energies to the relief of the Union soldier wherever found. Its contributions 
 to this end largely exceeded those of any other State in the Mississippi valley, a 
 fact in which every citizen may take laudable pride. 
 
 After the field work was well organized Dr. Newberry established his head- 
 quarters at Louisville, as the most favorable point for superintending the opera- 
 tions of the Sanitary Commission in the Mississippi valley. He selected Charles 
 S. Sill of Cuyahoga Falls as treasurer and H. S. Holbrook of the same place to 
 organize and manage a hospital directory, which grew into a bureau of information 
 for all having friends in the army. The local agents of the Commission after every 
 battle obtained promptly lists of the killed and wounded, and daily reports from 
 all the hospitals, showing admissions, discharges, deaths and transfers to other 
 hospitals, which were all copied into the local registers of the Commission. Then 
 the originals were forwarded to Mr. Holbrook, who embodied the facts into his 
 records in such a manner that he could promptly give the location and hospital 
 history of every patient and the date and place of every death in the western 
 army so far as was known. Frequently and especially after every battle parties 
 who failed to hear from their friends in the army, becoming anxious about their 
 
OHiaS WORK IN U S. SANITARY COMMISSION 193 
 
 safety, would send to this bureau for information, and sometimes these inquiries 
 by letter and telegram would number hundreds in a day. If in the hospital or 
 on the list of killed a reference to the records would furnish full information ; if 
 not the inquiry was forwarded to the agent of the post where the regiment was 
 stationed. The records there were searched and if they afforded no information 
 the regiment was immediately visited, the companions of the missing man found 
 and questioned, and in a large majority of cases the desired information obtained. 
 Under Mr. Holbrook’s excellent management this work was so perfected that 
 these records were largely used by the officers of the army in locating or deter- 
 mining the fate of missing men. The number of names on Mr. Holbrook’s 
 records was 799,317 ; the number of deaths recorded 81,621, and the number of 
 inquiries received and answered 24,005. Mr. Holbrook with the persevering 
 industry of a man and the overflowing sympathy of a woman was admirably 
 adapted to this work, but it wore him out faster than service in the field, and 
 though able to keep his post till the close of the war, its close found him so pros- 
 trated and exhausted that his health was never perfectly restored. 
 
 The personnel of the central office at Louisville was as follows : 
 
 Secretary Western Department Sanitary Commission, Dr. J. S. Newberry; 
 assistant secretary, Robert T. Thorne ; chief clerk, Dr. N. E. Soule ; cashier, C. S. 
 Sill ; superintendent hospital directory, H. S. Holbrook ; superintendent ware- 
 houses, W. S. Hanford ; editor Sanitary Reporter, Dr. G. L. Andrew ; hospital 
 visitor, Rev. F. H. Bushnell; superintendent hospital trains. Dr. J. P. Barnum ; 
 superintendent hospital and supply steamer, H. W. Fogle; claim agent, H. H. 
 Burkholder. Of these officers Drs. Newberry and Soule and Messrs. Sill, Hol- 
 brook, Hanford, Fogle and Burkholder were from Ohio. 
 
 Free transportation over freight and express lines was generously given for the 
 stores of the Commission, and the free use of private and military telegraph lines 
 to all its agents who had depots of stores at every important post, and whose 
 agents with supplies were present on nearly every battle-field. It established 
 feeding stations and Soldiers’ Homes so as to supply all the wants of the soldiers 
 discharged at the most southern point reached by the army until he reached his 
 home, in which also the friends of the soldier found ample accommodations. As 
 an illustration of the extent and the benefits of these Homes one instance may 
 be given : A woman from Central New York made her way to Chattanooga, 
 Tenn., to visit her sick husband, but reached the place too late to see him alive. 
 Her money was exhausted, for she expected to obtain from her husband means 
 for her return. A childless widow who had given her all to the country she 
 could not bear to leave the remains of her husband on her return home. An 
 appeal was made by the agent of the Commission to the military undertaker who 
 had a lucrative business at that post, who readily consented to embalm the body 
 and furnish a burial case without charge, and the express company forwarded it 
 to its destination without charge. The agent furnished her with free transporta- 
 tion over the military roads to Louisville, and open letters to the superintendents 
 of the Homes and to the railroad conductors stating the facts of her case and 
 soliciting their interest in her behalf. At the Homes in Nashville, Louisville, 
 Cincinnati, Cleveland and Buffalo she obtained meals, and lunches to take into 
 the cars ; the conductors passed her free over their roads, and she reached Syra- 
 cuse, N. Y., with the body of her husband and without any expense. 
 
 An important work new in military history was inaugurated, and made a 
 marked success by the Ohio men in the Commission. When the Army of the • 
 Cumberland had raised the siege of Chattanooga, and in the winter of 1864 was 
 preparing for a vigorous, aggressive campaign, it was evident the army was likely 
 to suffer severely during the coming summer for the want of vegetable food. It 
 could not be brought to so distant a point from the Northern States, and no 
 dependence could be placed upon the adjacent country for a supply. Scurvy 
 had prevailed to an alarming degree in this army during the previous summer 
 when stationed at Murfreesboro, much nearer the base of supplies. An experi- 
 ment had there been made in gardening, under the management of Mr. Harriman, 
 a gardener detailed from the One-hundred-and-first O. V. I. in 1863, which was 
 so far successful as to warrant, in the opinion of the agent at Cliattanooga, a more 
 extensive effort in 1864, and commensurate with the increased necessities of the 
 
194 OHiaS WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 
 
 army. He immediately conferred with the medical director of the army, Dr. 
 Perrin, and proposed with his co-operation and the approval of the commanding 
 general, to establish a sanitary garden of sufficient extent to provide for all the 
 probable wants of the sick and wounded. 
 
 Tlie proposition was heartily welcomed as a probable solution of what had 
 been regarded as an insolvable problem. He immediately approved a proposi- 
 tion prepared by the agent for submission to Gen. Thomas, proposing that if the 
 general would authorize the Commission to take possession of abandoned lands 
 suitable for cultivation, would provide for the protection of the garden, and 
 furnish horses and necessary details of men, the Commission would provide a 
 good market-garden, tools, seeds, and appliances for the work, and would under- 
 take to supply all the hospitals at Chattanooga and the neighboring posts with 
 all the vegetables needed, distributing the surplus to convalescent camps and 
 regiments. 
 
 The general at once issued the necessary orders for carrying on the work ; a 
 body of land between Citico creek and the Tennessee river was selected, a detail 
 put to work building a fence, so as to include within it and the two streams 
 something over 150 acres, and a requisition forwarded to Dr. Newberry for seeds 
 and tools. When these arrived application was made for horses, and it was 
 learned that there were none at the post that could be spared for the work. An 
 advertisement was inserted in the Chattanooga papers for the purchase of horses 
 and mules, but none were offered. Then authority was obtained to impress from 
 the country. The agent scoured the neighboring territory for some twenty miles 
 on all sides of Chattanooga without finding anything to impress. 
 
 Returning somewhat discouraged from his last trip, he stumbled upon a corral 
 of sick and disabled horses, and the difficulty was at once overcome. An order 
 was secured directing the quartermaster to turn over fifty of these horses selected 
 by the Commission and as many harnesses. There was no difficulty in finding 
 horses unfit for military duty which would do fairly good work before the plow 
 or liarrow. They were put promptly at work. But during these delays the 
 season had so far advanced that more tools were needed than were sent from 
 Louisville. To meet this want some were impressed from the country and others 
 made to order by the quartermaster; and soon the fifty horses and nearly a hun- 
 dred men were actively employed under the supervision of Mr. Thomas Wills, 
 of Summit county, who was sent by Dr. Newberry as head gardener. The work 
 was pushed with energy during the whole season, much of the ground being 
 made to yield two and three crops, all the articles raised in an ordinary market- 
 garden being cultivated. It happened that wagons were employed distributing 
 the products to the hospitals on the day that the first of the wounded from the 
 Atlanta campaign arrived, and from that time till the close of the season the 
 supply was much in excess of all the wants of the hospitals, the large surplus 
 being distributed to convalescent camps and regiments. As the season advanced 
 the details of men fit for duty in the field were revoked, and details made from 
 the convalescent camps. These men, placed in good quarters, abundantly sup- 
 ])lied with vegetables, and moderately worked, were restored to health much 
 faster than those left in the camps. The men were so well pleased with their 
 })Osition and their work that the prospect of a revoking of their detail for any 
 insubordination secured strict discipline. At the close of the season voluntary 
 testimonials were furnished by all the surgeons in charge of the hospitals of the 
 great value of the work, and that it' had been the means of saving the lives of 
 thousands. The details for a guard and for work constituted as efficient part 
 )f the garrison of the post as if left within the camps, and there was with them 
 ctii almost entire exemption from sickness. The horses from the sick corrals, well 
 fed and cared for, rapidly recovered, and the whole practical cost was the price 
 of seeds and tools, and the salary of the gardener. The fact was demonstrated 
 that, at a military post, when a garrison is to be maintained through the summer, 
 an abundance of vegetable food can be raised by the garrison without any impair- 
 ment of its efficiency and at a very trifling cost. 
 
 At the urgent request of all the surgeons of the post the general ordered a con- 
 tinuance of the work during the following year. 
 
 The whole work of the Commission was a novelty in military operations. Its 
 
OHIO'S WORK IN U S. SANITARY COMMISSION, i95 
 
 agents were everywhere — in hospitals, in camps, and on the battle-fields — co- 
 operating with the medical officers in the care of the sick and wounded, and in 
 precautions for preserving the health of the men ; and the voluntary testimonials 
 of the officers, surgeons, and privates to the value of their work would fill a 
 volume. What is reproachfully called “ red tape ” in the army is system, method, 
 a careful scrutiny of expenditures, without which the richest nation would be 
 bankrupted by a short war; its hardships in individual cases are mitigated and 
 almost entirely removed by such a voluntary association as the Sanitary Com- 
 mission, with its agents in all parts of the army, harmoniously working with the 
 medical officers, and provided with supplies of all kinds for the relief of the 
 soldiers, which can be promptly distributed without formal requisitions, simply 
 on the request of the surgeon and attendants, or wherever a needy soldier is found 
 by the agents. They supplement the government supplies, and are a provision 
 for every emergency when the government stores are not available or cannot be 
 obtained in time. 
 
 This is a brief and imperfect sketch of the work of the United States Sanitary 
 Commission in the Mississippi valley, in which the citizens of Ohio took so hon- 
 orable and important a part. 
 
 First in the list of workers stands the name of Prof. John S. Newberry, who had 
 general charge of the Western department. The entire work of organization and 
 general superintendence was his, the selection of all agents, and the determination 
 of all their duties and salaries. 
 
 Before the war he had a national reputation as a geologist and palieontologist, 
 and at its close returned to his favorite studies. He was appointed chief geolo- 
 gist for Ohio, and, with the aid of his assistants, prepared a report upon the 
 geology of the State, alike creditable to him and to his assistants and to the 
 State. 
 
 He was, while engaged in this work, elected as Professor of Geology and Palae- 
 ontology in the School of Mines of Columbia College, New York, a position which 
 he now occupies. His scientific labors have given him not only an American but 
 also an European reputation as one of the most prominent scientists of the age. 
 The following extract from a recent number of an influential English periodical 
 Bhows the estimation in which he is held in that country: 
 
 ‘‘A large circle of admirers, both English and American, will see with pleasure 
 that the Murchirson medal of the Geological Society is to be conferred this year 
 on Dr. J. S. Newberry, of New York, the well-known professor of Columbia Col- 
 lege. Dr. Newberry, however, has been in his time active, and indeed distin- 
 guished in other matters besides geology. ‘ I remember,’ writes a correspondent, 
 ‘ meeting him by chance in Nashville in November, 1863, when he was at the head 
 of the Western department of the Sanitary Commission, an immense organization, 
 whose business it was to dispense for the benefit of the soldiers of the Republic 
 great quantities of stores, consisting mainly pf medicines, clothing, and comforts 
 of all sorts subscribed by enthusiastic citizens of the Northern States. Dr. New- 
 berry took me down with him from Nashville to the then seat of war on the 
 boundary of Georgia, and I can ])ear witness to the workmanlike manner in which 
 he administered his department, and the devotion with which he was regarded 
 by all of his assistants.’ ” 
 
 Dr. Newberry’s office assistants were Charles Sill, of Cuyahoga Falls, treasurer; 
 H. S. Holbrook, of Cuyahoga Falls, in charge of the hospital directory ; H. M. 
 Fogle, clerk, and W. S. Hansford, in charge of transportation, both also of Cuya- 
 hoga Falls ; others were employed from time to time as clerks, but these remained 
 in his office till the close of the war. Mr. Sill and Mr. Fogle are now deceased. 
 Mr. Holbrook retired from his work greatly debilitated, and never recovered his 
 health. 
 
 Of the medical inspectors. Dr. A. N. Read, of Norwalk, leaving a lucrative 
 practice, entered the service in Kentucky when our army first crossed into that 
 State, was almost the sole representative of the Commission at the battle of 
 Perrysville, followed the army to Nashville and Pittsburg Ijanding, and after- 
 wards returned to Nashville, and made that his headquarters as chief inspector 
 and general manager of the work of the Commission in the Army of the Cumber- 
 land. He followed the army to Chattanooga, worked assiduously in care of the 
 
ig6 OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 
 
 wounded in the battle of Chickamauga until, prostrated with sickness, he was 
 compelled to return home with his son, who was severely wounded in that battle, 
 to recruit his health by rest. He soon returned to his headquarters at Nashville, 
 and gave his general superintendence to the work, proceeding to the front at the 
 commencement of the Atlanta campaign, and accompanying the army to Atlanta. 
 His work during all that campaign was severe and exhausting, and returning to 
 Nashville, he continued his labors to the close of the war, when he returned home 
 so prostrated by exposure and fatigue that his health has never since been fully 
 restored. He received many voluntary testimonials from the officers of the army 
 for the fidelity, skill, and tact with which he discharged the duties of his 
 position. 
 
 Dr. M. M. Prentice, an eminent physician of Cleveland, commenced his work 
 as medical inspector early in the war, and followed it with such a self-sacrificing 
 fidelity that his health and strength failed him, and he died at his post while the 
 issue of the war was uncertain. 
 
 Henry Parker, of Lorain county, and M. M. Seymour, of Painesville, eminent 
 physicians, abandoned their practice and assumed the duties of medical in- 
 spectors, which they discharged with eminent success till the close of the war. 
 
 Dr. T. G. Cleveland, previously surgeon of the Forty-first Ohio regiment, 
 entered the ser vice of the Commission as medical inspector in 1861, and continued 
 his work with marked ability till the close of the war. 
 
 Dr. R. C. Hopkins, of Cleveland, entered the service as medical officer of the 
 relief steamer “Lancaster,” chartered by Dr. Newberry for the transport of stores 
 and the sick and wounded, and afterwards took charge of the work of the Com- 
 mission at Memphis. His wife accompanied him until he was prostrated by 
 overwork and on his way home died at Evansville, Ind., January 26, 1863. Mrs. 
 Hopkins sought relief from her affliction by a return to the work and continued 
 it at Nashville until her services were no longer needed. 
 
 Prof. H. N. Hosford of Hudson, Rev. N. P. Bailey of Painesville, Rev. J. E. 
 Wilson of Ravenna and Mr. George G. Carter of Cleveland, who was then a stu- 
 dent of theology, labored efficiently and faithfully as hospital visitors. Their 
 duties were to visit daily the hospitals of the posts at which they were stationed, 
 promote the general comfort of the patients, write their letters, furnish them 
 reading, administer religious consolation to the dying and transmit their last 
 messages to their friends. Many in their dying hours blessed them for their 
 timely Christian labors and many who recovered will remember with gratitude 
 their faithful and unselfish work. 
 
 F. R. Crary, of Northern Ohio, early entered the service as storekeeper and gen- 
 eral relief agent; followed the Army of the Cumberland to Chattanooga and was 
 one of the field relief corps during the Atlanta campaign. Energy, faithfulness 
 and enthusiastic devotion characterized his work. 
 
 William Cowdery, then of Hudson, now of Mecca, Trumbull county, rendered 
 faithful and valuable work at Chattanooga for about a year. 
 
 Alfred H. Sill was sent to Chattanooga by Dr. Newberry after the battle of 
 Chickamauga. The rebels occupied the left bank of the Tennessee river and 
 their sharpshooters made it impracticable to us^ the short road from Bridgeport 
 to Chattanooga for the transportation of supplies, and a mountain road, difficult 
 and some sixty miles long, was the best practicable route. Sanitary stores in 
 wagons attached to the army trains were sometimes pillaged by teamsters and 
 train hands. Mr. Sill came at the request of the general agent at Chattanooga 
 for an energetic man, courageous and faithful, who would act as special guard of 
 the Sanitary train, could sleep in the woods with a blanket for his bed, keep the 
 train under his direct observation till it reached Chattanooga, and shoot down if 
 necessary any man who attempted to plunder it. This work he continued with- 
 out complaint, riding backward and forward over this long, dreary and dangerous 
 route, until the opening of transportation by rail and river after the battle of 
 Chattanooga. 
 
 M. C. Read, an attorney of Hudson, Ohio, left a lucrative practice in February, 
 1862, and joined his brother. Dr. A. N. Read, in the work at Nashville; worked 
 there for a short time and accompanied his brother to Pittsburg Landing, when 
 he was assigned to duty at Hamburgh Landing, a few miles further up the river. 
 
OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION, 197 
 
 Here, while superintending the removal of stores, from tlie landing to the rooms 
 of the Commission, lie was prostrated by a sunstroke and compelled to return 
 home. A few weeks in the Lake Su})erior region so far restored his health that 
 he was able to return to Nashville, and was put in charge of the work at Mur- 
 freesboro; thence he followed General Rosecrans’ army to Bridgeport and 
 finally reached Chattanooga in company with General Rosecrans and his staff. 
 Here he remained in charge of the work at this post until after Lee’s surrender. 
 He then returned home and rode over Ohio and West Virginia, selecting in all 
 the principal cities Sanitary Commission Claim Agents, who were commissioned 
 to collect claims and secure pensions for all soldiers applying to them, without 
 charge to the soldier. This closed his work, except a short return to Chattanooga, 
 to close out some unfinished business there. The effects of the sunstroke and 
 subsequent labor and exposure have ever since seriously interfered with his pro- 
 fessional work. 
 
 Jeremiah R. Brown, of Hudson, a brother of the famous John Brown, entered 
 the service early in the war, and very appropriately was put in charge of the 
 work in Kansas, where he labored with distinguished zeal and ability, assisted 
 by his daughter Fanny Brown, until the work of the Commission was closed. 
 
 Thomas Wills, then of Cuyahoga Falls, was sent to Chattanooga in the spring 
 of 1864 as superintendent of the Sanitary garden. This position he held until 
 the end of the summer of 1865, and the remarkable success of the garden was 
 largely due to his skill and fidelity. 
 
 Dr. George L. Starr, of Hudson, after completion of his medical studies, entered 
 the service of the Commission at Knoxville, Tenn., and did good work for about 
 four months investigating the wants of posts accessible from that point and sup- 
 ])lying them from the storehouse in that city. He afterwards practised his pro- 
 fession in Youngstown and is now in successful practice in Hudson. 
 
 Rev. T. Y. Gardiner, of Cleveland, was also engaged for some time in the work 
 at Knoxville as general agent, doing excellent service and accompanying General 
 Stoneman on his raid to care for the sick and wounded. He has since been a 
 successful preacher in the Congregational Church. 
 
 Charles Seymour, son of Prof. N. P. Seymour of Western Reserve College, was 
 engaged in the work at Knoxville; was in all things efficient and faithful. He 
 became so much attached to the place that he remained in Knoxville after the 
 close of the war as a real estate agent, has secured a wide influence in the neighbor- 
 ing country, and has made his business profitable to himself and his employers. 
 
 Captain Isaac Brayton, of Ravenna, early entered the service of the Commis- 
 sion, followed the Army of the Cumberland to Murfreesboro, was for a time in 
 charge of that post, until transferred to Nashville as superintendent of the Soldiers’ 
 Home established there. This position he filled with great ability until the Home 
 was no longer needed. 
 
 Colonel Charles Whittlesey, of Cleveland, well known in scientific circles, did 
 efficient service as special relief agent in all parts of the West, employed espe- 
 cially in the emergencies following important battles. 
 
 Dr. R. Brundret, of Dayton, remained in the service during most of the war 
 and mainly in the Army of the Cumberland. He was one of the most valuable 
 workers, doing everything well and at the right time. 
 
 Rev. 0. Kennedy, Chaplain of the One-hundred-and-first 0. V. I., came by acci- 
 dent into the employ of the Commission. After the battle of Chickamauga, while 
 the fate of the army in Chattanooga was uncertain and all trains moving toward 
 that place were ordered back, he fell in with a train of sanitary stores destined for 
 Chattanooga, but turned back with the Government trains. He took charge of ii, 
 conducted it to a place of safety, distributed a part of the stores to the needy and 
 carried the rest safely to Chattanooga. Tliis experience gave him a love for the 
 work and commended him to the agents of the Commission. He obtained leave 
 of absence from his regiment and entered with energy upon the Commission 
 work. The military authorities were transferring the sick and wounded as fast 
 as possible to the rear, where supplies for their comfort could be more easily 
 obtained ; but it was over sixty miles of difficult mountain road, on which no 
 supplies could be obtained. The Commission immediaiely sent tents, cooking 
 utensils and supplies for a feeding-station in the mountains and arranged with 
 
198 OHIO’S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 
 
 the medical director for notice to be sent by the Courier line of the time of start- 
 ing of each train and the number of sick and wounded in it, so that a warm 
 meal could be in readiness for them on their arrival. Mr. Kennedy, with a few 
 assistants, took charge of this solitary station in the mountains, liable constantly 
 to be raided by bushwhackers, and from that time until after the siege of Chat- 
 tanooga was raised, provided all the sick and wound who crossed the moun- 
 tains with an ample meal, no matter at what hoar of the day or night they 
 reached the station. Also, many a belated or hungry officer and soldier returning 
 to the army has had reason to bless this lodge in the wilderness. After the open- 
 ing of the river and railroad he established feeding-stations at Kelley’s Ferry and 
 Bridgeport, and for the most of the time was in charge of one of them. If a 
 benediction is bestowed for the giving of a cup of cold water to the thirsty, cer- 
 tainly he shall not lose his reward. 
 
 John H. Millikan, of Kirtland, and a brother-in-law of Mr. Howe, so long the 
 efficient superintendent of the Reform Farm, and for some time one of the elder 
 brothers in that institution, served the Commission long and faithfully, until he 
 died at his ])ost in Knoxville in 1864. Nor should Mr. Place, whose first name 
 is not now recalled, a private of the One-hundred-and-fifth 0. V. I., be forgotten. 
 When his regiment reached Murfreesboro he was detailed for work with the 
 Commission at that point, and was so faithful and efficient that his detail was 
 continued and only revoked at Chattanooga that he might join his regiment to 
 muster out of the service. 
 
 Dr. H. A. Warriner w'as a professor in Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, 
 when he entered the service of the Commission, discharging varied duties with 
 the highest degree of ability and industry. After the capture of Vicksburg he 
 was for a time General Superintendent of the work at that post and until he be- 
 came the editor of the Sanitary Reporter, published at Louisville, Ky., which was 
 the official ])aper of the Western Department of the Commission, and executed 
 a potent influence in promoting its efficiency. After the close of the war he 
 undertook the task of collating the records of all the posts of the Western Depart- 
 ment and the preparation of an official history of its w’ork. With characteristic 
 devotion he applied himself to this task until physical and mental prostration 
 compelled him to abandon it, and, exhausted and worn out by the work for the 
 Commission, he died in the prime of manhood. 
 
 Dr. N. E. Soule was a teacher in Cincinnati when the war commenced, and 
 soon after its commencement entered the service of the Commission. He was 
 made chief clerk in the central office of the Commission at Louisville, where 
 during the entire war he rendered most efficient assistance to the secretary and 
 the heads of the different departments of the Commission’s work, and by his 
 ripe scholarship and genial manners won the respect and affection of all his 
 associates. 
 
 Rev. G. C. Carter of Cleveland, in addition to his duties as hospital visitor, 
 already mentioned, rendered important service as general relief agent. 
 
 In the spring of 1863 a Free Claim Agency was opened by the Sanitary Com- 
 mission at Louisville and soon began to demonstrate its usefulness by becoming 
 the medium of communication with the government for white and colored 
 soldiers Avho were both poor and ignorant and who, with the widows and orphans 
 of deceased soldiers, constituted as worthy objects of charity as the Sanitary 
 Commission at any time took under its care. This agency was placed in charge 
 of Mr. H. H. Burkholder, previously a resident of Yellow Springs, Ohio, and it 
 continued with increased usefulness till the autumn of 1865, when the organiza- 
 tion of the Western Department of the Sanitary Commission was broken up and 
 the care of the office was assumed by the Kentucky branch. Mr. Burkholder’s 
 good work was prolonged beyond the close of the war, and in his report made 
 July 1, 1867, he had received 1575 claims, of which 660 had been allowed and 
 $99,765.89 paid over to the claimants. Soon after a terrible tragedy ended at once 
 the life and good work of Mr. Burkholder. Returning from Cincinnati with his 
 young wife their steamer was burned and both were lost. 
 
 The various aid societies and branches of the Commission sent many delegates 
 to work with the agents of the Commission, whose services were of great value, 
 but a list of their names cannot be here given, as it has been found impossible in 
 
OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 199 
 
 all cases to distinguish between the workers from Ohio and other Western States. 
 The papers and records of the Western department are practically inaccessible, 
 being stored in New York. If they were collected and published the evidence 
 of the magnitude and importance of the work would surprise even those who 
 took the most prominent part in it, who, like the soldiers of a single regiment in 
 a great battle, could see but little except that in which they were engaged. 
 
 It will be seen by this sketch that Ohio furnished much more than her share-, 
 of workers in the Commission. Of these many gave up their lives in the work^ 
 and of the residue quite as large a number returned to their homes with, health 
 permanently broken, or greatly impaired, as from the rank and file of the army. 
 Many of them if in the regular service would secure pensions from the govern- 
 ment, but no provision has been made for this and not one has asked any 
 pecuniary compensation for the loss of health resulting from his exposure and 
 labors. 
 
 If, as is probable, the names of regular employees of the Commission who were 
 citizens of Ohio are omitted from this sketch, prepared by one of their co-workers, 
 it is hoped that the omission will be pardoned, as reliance has to be placed 
 mainly upon memory, and the dominant spirit of all the workers was to ignore 
 State lines, so that in many cases the memory recalls the work that each did and 
 not the State from which he came. 
 
 Those who may be interested in investigating further the part taken by Ohio 
 in the great work of the Sanitary Commission will find much more than we have 
 space for in this brief sketch in the final report of Dr. Newberry, which forms a 
 handsome volume of 543 pages, 8vo., entitled “The United States Sanitary Com- 
 mission in the Valley of the Mississippi,” published by Fairbanks & Benedict, 
 Cleveland, in 1871, and which has been of invaluable use in the preparation of 
 this sketch. 
 
 Prof. J. S. Newbery requests the publishers to give at the end of this article 
 the following testimonial of his sense of the eminent services of its author in the 
 work of the Sanitary Commission. This we are pleased to do, from the convic- 
 tion that it is fully deserved. 
 
 “Among the thousands of devoted men and women who gave their time, their 
 strength and their hearts to the work of the Sanitary Commission, and who by 
 their contributions and ministrations to the army in the field, and by inspiring 
 and maintaining the patriotism of the people at home, hastened and perhaps se- 
 cured the final triumph, none rendered to the cause of humanity and liberty 
 more faithful and efficient service than my friend and co-laborer, Mr. M. C. 
 Read. 
 
 “ On the roll of honor left by them to the gratitude of posterity in the list of 
 those who by achievement and sacrifice ‘ deserved well of their country,’ his name 
 should have a prominent place. “ J. S. Newbery.” 
 
The Ohio Buckeye. 
 
WHY IS OHIO CALLED THE BUCKEYE STATE? 
 
 By william M. FARRAR. 
 
 William M. Farrar was born September 3, 
 
 1824, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, of 
 Welsh-English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. After 
 completing the usual course of education he read 
 law and was admitted to practice at Washington in 
 1848, and soon after removed to Ohio, settling at 
 Cambridge, in Guernsey county, w'here he has 
 since resided, and was elected the first clerk of the 
 courts under the constitution of 1850, and re-elected 
 in 1854. Upon the breaking out of the war in 
 1861 he, in connection with Major Samuel C. 
 
 Brown (who was killed at Chickamauga), recruited 
 what afterwards became Company H of the Sixty- 
 fifth Regiment, O. V. I., and also a part of the well- 
 known Sherman Brigade, a military organization 
 that rendered distinguished services during the 
 war, of which General C. G. Marker, who fell in the 
 assault on Kennesaw, was the first commander. 
 
 Captain Farrar also served as aide-de-camp to 
 General Garfield, and was present with that officer 
 at the conference held at General Rosecrans’ head- 
 uarters at the widow Glenn house on the night of 
 eptember 19, 1863, when the plan of battle for 
 next day was determined, and was employed until 
 long past midnight in preparing written orders for 
 the several corps and division commanders, and on 
 the next day (Sunday forenoon) was an eyewitness 
 of the fatal mishap that broke the Union line and 
 swept the right wing of the army from the field. 
 
 He has since resided at Cambridge, where he has 
 filled various public offices, and from 1884 to 
 1887 represented Guernsey county in the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 The name Buckeye as applied to the State of Ohio is an accepted sobriquet, 
 so well recognized and so generally understood throughout the United States, 
 that its use requires no explanation, although the origin of the term and its 
 significance are not without question, and therefore become proper subjects of 
 consideration during this centennial year. 
 
 The usual and most commonly accepted solution is, that it originates from the 
 buckeye tree which is indigenous to the State of Ohio and is not found elsewhere. 
 This, however, is not altogether correct, as it is also found both in Kentucky and 
 Indiana, and in some few localities in Western Virginia, and perhaps elsewhere. 
 But while such is the fact, its natural locality appears to be in the State of Ohio, 
 and its native soil in the rich valleys of the Muskingum, Hocking, Scioto, Miamis 
 and Ohio, where in the early settlement of the State it was found growing in great 
 abundance, and because of the luxuriance of its foliage, the richly colored dyes 
 of its fruit, and its ready adaptation to the wants and convenience of the pioneers 
 it was highly prized by them for many useful purposes. 
 
 It was also well known to and much prized by the Indians from whose rude 
 language comes its name “ Hetuck,” meaning the eye of the buck, because of the 
 striking resemblance in color and shape between the brown nut and the eye of 
 tliat animal, the peculiar spot upon the one corresponding to the iris in the other. 
 In its application, however, we have reversed the term and call the person or 
 thing to which it is applied a buckeye. 
 
 In a very interesting after dinner speech made by Dr. Daniel Drake, the eminent 
 botanist and historian of the Ohio valley, at a banquet given at the city of Cin- 
 cinnati on the occasion of the forty-fourth anniversary of the State, the buckeye 
 was very ably discussed, its botanical classification given, its peculiar charac- 
 teristics and distinctive jiroperties referred to, and the opinion expressed that the 
 
 WILLIAM M. FARRAR. 
 
202 
 
 OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 
 
 name was at first applied as a nickname or term of derision, but has since been 
 raised into a title of honor. 
 
 This conclusion does not seem to be altogether warranted, for the name is not 
 only of Indian origin as stated, but the first application of it ever made to a white 
 man was made by the Indians themselves, and intended by them as an expres- 
 sion of their highest sense of admiration. 
 
 S. P. Hildreth, the pioneer historian of Marietta, to whom we are indebted for 
 so many interesting events relating to the settlement at the mouth of the Musk- 
 ingum, tells us that upon the opening of the first court in the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, to wit on the 2d day of September, 1788, a procession was formed at the 
 point where most of the settlers resided, and marched up a path that had been 
 cut and cleared through the forest to Campus Martius Hall, in the following 
 order : 
 
 1st. The high sheriff with drawn sword. 
 
 2d. The citizens. 
 
 3d. Officers of the garrison at Fort Harmar. 
 
 4th. Members of the bar. 
 
 5th. Supreme judges. 
 
 6th. The governor and clergymen. 
 
 7th. The newly appointed judges of the Court of Common Pleas, General Rufus 
 Putnam and Benjamin Tupper. 
 
 There the whole countermarched, and the judges, Putnam and Tupper, took 
 their seats ; the clergyman, Rev. Dr. Cutler, invoked the divine blessing, and the 
 sheriff, Col. Ebenezer Sproat, proclaimed with his solemn 0 yes ! that a court is 
 opened for the administration of even-handed justice, to the poor as well as to the 
 rich, to the guilty and the innocent, without respect of persons, none to be pun- 
 ished without a trial by their peers, and then in pursuance of law ; and that 
 although this scene was exhibited thus early in the settlement of the State few 
 ever equalled it in the dignity and exalted character of the actors ; and that 
 among the spectators who witnessed the ceremony and were deeply impressed by 
 its solemnity and seeming significance was a large body of Indians collected from 
 some of the most powerful tribes of the northwest, for the purpose of making a 
 treaty with the whites. Always fond of ceremony among themselves they wit- 
 nessed the parade of which they little suspected the import with the greatest in- 
 terest, and were especially impressed with the high sheriff who led the procession 
 with drawn sword ; we are told that he was over six feet in height, well propor- 
 tioned and of commanding presence, and that his fine physical proportions and 
 dignified bearing excited their highest admiration, which they expressed by the 
 word “ Hetuck,” or in their language “ big buckeye.” It was not spoken in 
 derision, but was the expression of their greatest admiration, and was afterwards 
 often jocularly applied to Colonel Sproat, and became a sort of nickname by 
 which he was familiarly known among his associates. That was certainly its first 
 known application to an individual in the sense now used, but there is no evi- 
 dence that the name continued to be so used and applied from that time forward, 
 or that it became a fixed and accepted sobriquet of the State and people until 
 more than half a century afterwards ; during all of which time the buckeye con- 
 tinued to be an object of more or less interest, and as immigration made its way 
 across the State, and the settlements extended into the rich valleys where it was 
 found by travellers and explorers, and was by them carried back to the east and 
 shown as a rare curiosity from what was then known as the ‘‘ far west,” possess- 
 ing certain medicinal properties for which it was highly prized. But the name 
 never became fully crystallized until 1840, when in the crucible of what is known 
 as the “ bitterest, longest and most extraordinary political contest ever waged in 
 the United States,” the name Buckeye became a fixed sobriquet of the State of 
 Ohio and its people, known and understood wherever either is spoken of, and 
 likely to continue as long as either shall be remembered or the English language 
 endures. 
 
 The manner in which this was brought about is one of the singular events of 
 that political epoch. 
 
 General William Henry Harrison having become the candidate of his party for 
 President, an opposition newspaper said “ that he was better fitted to sit in a log- 
 
OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 
 
 203 
 
 cabin and drink hard cider, than rule in the White House.” Tlie remark was at 
 once taken up by his friends and became a party slogan of that ever memorable 
 canvass. Harrison became the log-cabin candidate, and was pictured as sitting 
 by the door of a rude log- cabin through which could be seen a barrel of hard 
 cider, while the walls were hung with coon-skins and decorated with strings of 
 buckeyes. 
 
 Political excitement spread with wonderful rapidity ; there was music in the 
 air, and on the 22d of February, 1840, a State convention was held at the city of 
 Columbus to nominate a candidate for governor. That was before the day of 
 railroads, yet from most of the counties of the State large delegations in wagons 
 and on horseback made their way to the capital to participate in the convention. 
 Among the many curious devices resorted to to give expression to the ideas 
 embodied in the canvass there appeared in the procession a veritable log-cabin, 
 from Union county, built of buckeye logs, upon a wagon and drawn in the pro- 
 cession by horses, while from the roof and inside of the cabin was sung this song : 
 
 “ Oh where, tell me where 
 
 Was your buckeye cabin made ? 
 
 ’Twas built among the merry boys 
 Who wield the plough and spade, 
 
 Where the log-cabins stand. 
 
 In the bonnie buckeye shade, ’ ’ 
 
 “ Oh what, tell me what, is to be your cabin’s fate? 
 
 We’ll wheel it to the capital and place it there elate. 
 
 For a token and a sign of the bonnie Buckeye State. ’ ’ 
 
 From that time forward the buckeye became an important factor in the car. 
 vass ; cabins were multiplied and drawn in processions at all the leading meeting? 
 The name was applied to General Harrison as 
 
 “ Hurrah for the father of the Great West, 
 
 For the Buckeye who follows the plough. ’ ’ 
 
 The name was also applied to Mr. Corwin, the candidate for governor, as — 
 
 ‘ ‘ Tom Corwin is a Buckeye boy. 
 
 Who stands not for the pay. ’ ’ 
 
 And generally as 
 
 “ Come all ye jolly Buckeye boys. 
 
 And listen to my song. 
 
 ..... 
 
 See what a host of lumber, 
 
 And buckeye poles are here — 
 
 And Buckeye boys without number. 
 
 Aloft the logs to rear. ’ ’ 
 
 But the buckeye was not only thus woven into song and sung and shouted 
 from every log-cabin, but it became a popular emblem of the party and an article 
 of commerce more especially along the Old National Road over which the public 
 travel of the country was carried at that day in stage coaches, and men are yet 
 living who, in 1840, resided at Zanesville and can remember seeing crowds of 
 men and boys going to the woods in the morning and returning later in the day 
 carrying great bundles* of buckeye sticks to be converted into canes and sold to 
 travellers, or sent to adjoining States to be used for campaign purposes. 
 
 At a mass meeting held in Western Pennsylvania in 1840 delegations were 
 organized by townships, and at a preliminary meeting held to appoint officers to 
 marshal the procession and make other necessary arrangements, it was resolved 
 that each officer so appointed should provide himself with a buckeye cane as a 
 
204 
 
 OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 
 
 badge of authority, and thereupon committees were sent to Ohio to procure a 
 supply of canes for the occasion, witli what success can be judged from the fact 
 that wliile a procession extending over two miles in length and numbering more 
 than 1,500 people, halted on one of the Chartiers creek hills until the one in front 
 moved out of its way, an inventory taken showed the number of buckeye canes 
 carried in the delegation to be 1,432, and in addition over 100 strings of buckeye 
 beads were worn by a crew of young ladies dressed in white, who rode in an 
 immense canoe, and carried banners representing the several States of the 
 Union. 
 
 These may seem to be rather trivial affairs to be referred to on such an occasion 
 as the present, but they serve to show the extent of the sentiment that prevailed 
 at the time, and the molding process going on, so that when the long and heated 
 canvass finally closed with a sweeping victory the crystallization was complete, 
 and the name “ Buckeye ” was irrevocably fixed upon the State and people of 
 Ohio, and continues to the present day one of the most popular and familiar 
 sobriquets in use. 
 
 So early as 1841, the president of an Eastern college established for the educa- 
 tion of young women, showing a friend over the establishment said : “ There is a 
 young lady from New York, that one is from Virginia, and this,” pointing to 
 another, “ is one of our new Buckeye girls.” A few years later, the Hon. S. S. 
 Cox, a native Buckeye, and then a resident of Ohio, made a tour of Europe, and 
 wrote home a series of bright and interesting letters over the nom de plume of “ A 
 Buckeye Abroad,” which were extensively read, and helped still further to fix 
 the name and give it character. The Bucke^m State has now a population of 
 more than 3,000,000 live Buckeyes, Buckeye coal and mining companies, Bucke}^ 
 manufactories of every kind and description. Buckeye reapers and mowers. 
 Buckeye stock, farms, houses, hotels, furnaces, rolling-mills, gas- and oil-wells, 
 fairs, conventions, etc., and on to-morrow we propose to celebrate a Buckeye 
 centennial. 
 
 To the foregoing valuable article of Mr. Farrar we here append entire tne 
 speech of Dr. Drake to which he alludes : 
 
 “ But why are the natives of our valley called Buckeyes, and to whom are they 
 indebted for the epithet? Mr. President, the memory that can travel a few years 
 into the last century, and it only, can supply the answer. As the buckeye has a 
 soft wood, and is peculiar to the valley of the Ohio, later emigrants to both banks 
 of the river thought it a fit emblem for the native children, whom they found 
 untaught and awkward, amusing themselves in the shade of its luxuriant foliage, 
 or admiring the beautiful dyes of its ripening nuts, and Buckeye was, therefore, 
 at first, a nickname — a term of derision. Those very children have, however, 
 raised it into a title of honor ! They can have no higher eulogy. 
 
 The tree which you have toasted, Mr. President, has the distinction of being 
 one of a family of plants, but a few species of which exist on the earth. They 
 constitute the genus ^sculus of the botanist, which belongs to the class Heptan- 
 dria. Now the latter, a Greek phrase, signifies seven men; and there happens to 
 be exactly seven species of the genus — thus they constitute the seven wise men 
 of the woods; in proof of which, I ma}" mention that there is not another family 
 on the whole earth that possesses these talismanic attributes of wisdom. But 
 this is not all. Of the seven species our emblem-tree was discovered last — it is 
 the youngest of the family, the seventh son! and who does not know the manifold 
 virtues of a seventh son ! 
 
 Neither Europe nor Africa has a single native species of ^sculus and Asia but 
 one. This is the ^sculus Hippocastimum, or horse-chestnut. Nearly 300 years 
 since, a minister from one of the courts of Western Europe to that of Russia 
 found this tree growing in Moscow, whither it had been brought from Siberia. 
 He was struck with its beauty, and naturalized it in his own countr}". It spread 
 with astonishing rapidity over that part of the continent, and crossing the 
 channel, became one of the favorite shade-trees of our English ancestors. 
 
 Such is the power of the buckeye wand ; and its influence has not been limited 
 to the West. We may fearlessly assert that it has been felt over the whole of our 
 common country. Till the time when the buckeye tree was discovered, slow, 
 
OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE, 
 
 205 
 
 indeed, had been the progress of society in the new world. With the exception 
 of the Revolution, but little had been achieved and but little was in prospect. 
 Since that era society has been progressive, higher destinies have been unfolded, 
 and a reactive Buckeye influence, perceptible to all acute observers, must assist 
 in elevating our beloved country among the nations of the earth. 
 
 From the very beginning of emigration it has been a friend to the ‘new-comers.’ 
 Delighting in the richest soils, they soon learned to take counsel from it in the 
 selection of their lands ; and it never yet proved faithless to any one who confided 
 in it. 
 
 When the first ‘ log-cabin’ was to be hastily put up, the softness and lightness 
 of its wood made it precious : for in those times laborers were few and axes once 
 broken in hard timber could not be repaired. It was, moreover, of all the trees 
 of the forest, that which best arrested the rifle-bullets of the Indian. 
 
 When the infant Buckeyes came forth, to render these solitary cabins vocal, 
 and make them instinct with life, cradles were necessary, and they could not be 
 so easily dug out of any other tree. Thousands of men and women, who are 
 now active and respectable performers on the great theatre of Western society, 
 were once rocked in Buckeye troughs. 
 
 Every native of the valley of the Ohio should feel proud of the appellation, 
 which, from the infancy of our settlements, has been conferred upon him; for 
 the Buckeye has many qualities which may be regarded as typical of a noble 
 character. 
 
 It is not merely a native of the West, but peculiar to it; has received from 
 the botanists the specific name of Ohioensis, from its abundance in our beau- 
 tiful valley ; and is the only tree of our whole forest that does not grow else- 
 where. What other tree could be so fit an emblem of our native population? 
 
 In those early days, when a boundless and lofty wilderness overshadowed 
 every habitation, to destroy the trees and make way for the growth of corn 
 was the great object — hie labor, hie opus erat. Now, the lands where the buckeye 
 abounded were, from the special softness of its wood, the easiest of all others to 
 ‘clear,’ and in this way it afforded valuable though negative assistance to the 
 ‘ first settlers.’ 
 
 Foreign sugar was then unknown in these regions, and our reliance for this 
 article, as for many others, was on the abounding woods. In reference to this 
 sweet and indispensable acquisition, the buckeye lent us positive aid; for it 
 was not only the best wood of the forest for troughs, but everywhere grew 
 side by side with the graceful and delicious sugar maple. 
 
 In the period of trying deprivation, to what quarter did the ‘ first settlers ’ turn 
 their inquiring and anxious eyes ? The buckeye — yes, gentlemen, to the buckeye 
 tree, and it proved a friend indeed, because, in the simple and expressive language 
 of tiiose early times, it was ‘a friend in need.’ Hats were manufactured of its 
 fibres — the tray for the delicious ‘ pone ’ and ‘ Johnny-cake,’ the venison trencher, 
 the noggin, the spoon, and the huge white family bowl for mush and milk, were 
 carved from its willhig trunk ; and the finest ‘ boughten ’ vessels could not have 
 imparted a more delicious flavor or left an impression so enduring. He who has 
 ever been concerned in the petty brawls, the frolic and fun of a family of young 
 Buckeyes around the great wooden bowl, overflowing with the ‘ milk of human 
 kindness,’ will carry the sweet remembrance to the grave. 
 
 In all our woods there is not a tree so hard to kill as the buckeye. The deepest 
 ‘girdling ’ does not ‘ deaden it,’ and even after it is cut down and worked up into 
 the side of a cabin it will send out young branches, denoting to all the world 
 that Buckeyes are not easily conquered, and could with difficulty be destroyed. 
 
 The buckeye has generally been condemned as unfit for fuel, but its very 
 incombustibility has been found an advantage, for no tree of the forest is equally 
 valuable for ‘ backlogs,’ which are the sine qua non of every good cabin fire. Thus 
 treated, it may be finally, though slowly, burnt; when another of its virtues 
 immediately appears, as no other tree of our woods affords so great a quantity of 
 alkali ; thus there is piquancy in its very ashes ! 
 
 The bark of our emblem-plant has some striking properties. Under a proper 
 method of preparation and use, it is said to be very efficacious in the cure of 
 ague and fever, but unskillfully employed, it proves a violent emetic; which 
 
206 
 
 OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 
 
 vnay indicate that he who tampers with a Buckeye will not do it with impunity. 
 The fruit of the buckeye offers much to interest us. The capsule or covering 
 of the nut is beset with sharp prickles, which, incautiously grasped, will soon 
 compel the aggressor to let go his hold. The nut is undeniably the most beautiful 
 of all which our teeming woods bring forth ; and in many parts of the country 
 is made subservient to the military education of our sons who, assembling in 
 the ‘ muster-field ’ (where their fathers and elder brothers are learning to be 
 militiamen), divide themselves into armies, and pelt each other with buckeye 
 balls ; a military exercise at least as instructive as that which their seniors perform 
 Iwith buckeye sticks. The inner covering of the nut is highly astringent. Its 
 ^substance, when grated down, is soapy, and has been used to cleanse fine fabrics 
 in the absence of good soap. When the powder is washed a large quantity of 
 starch is obtained, which might, if tim^s of scarcity could arise in a land so fertile 
 as the native soil of this tree, be used for food. The water employed for this 
 purpose holds in solution an active medicinal agent, which, unwarily swallowed, 
 proves a poison ; thus again admonishing those who would attempt to ‘ use up ’ 
 a Buckeye, that they may repent of their rashness. 
 
 Who has not looked with admiration on the foliage of the buckeye in early 
 spring, while the more sluggish tenants of the forest remain torpid in their winter 
 quarters? and what tree in all our wild woods bears a flower which can be 
 compared with that of our favorite? We may fearlessly challenge for it the 
 closest comparison. Its early putting forth, and the'beauty of its leaves and 
 blossoms, are appropriate types of our native population, whose rapid and beautiful 
 development will not be denied by those whom I now address, nor disproved by 
 a reference to their character ; while the remarkable fact that almost every attempt 
 to transplant it into our streets has been a failure, shows that it will die in 
 captivity, a guaranty that those who bear its name can never be enslaved. 
 
 Finally, the buckeye derives its name from the resemblance of its nut to the 
 eye of the buck, the finest organ of our noblest wild animal ; while the name 
 itself is compounded of a Welsh and a Saxon word, belonging therefore to the 
 oldest portions of our vernacular tongue, and connecting us with the piimitive 
 stocks, of which our fathers were but scions planted 'in the new world.” 
 
 Ohio Buckeye, or American Horse Chestnut. 
 
 [From “ The North Americau Sylva ; ” by F. Andrew Michaux. Paris : printed by C. D’Hautel, 1819.] 
 
 Pavia Ohioensis. P. Foliis quinatis, insequaliter dentatis; jioribus subjlavis; fruct- 
 
 ibus muricatis. 
 
 “ This species of horse chestnut, which is mentioned by no author that has 
 hitherto treated of the trees and plants of North America, is unknown in the 
 Atlantic parts of the United States. I have found it only beyond the mountains, 
 and particularly on the banks of the Ohio for an interval of about 100 miles, 
 between Pittsburg and Marietta, where it is extremely common. It is called 
 ‘ buckeye ’ by the inhabitants, but as this name has been given to the pavia lutea, 
 I have denominated it ‘ Ohio buckeye ’ because it is most abundant on the banks 
 of this river, and have prefixed the synonym of ‘American horse chestnut’ 
 because it proved to be a proper horse chestnut by its fruit, which is prickly like 
 that of the Asiatic species instead of that of the pavias. 
 
 The ordinary stature of the American horse chestnut is ten or twelve feet, but 
 it sometimes equals thirty or thirty-five feet in height and twelve or fifteen inches 
 in diameter. The leaves are palmated and consist of five leaflets parting from a 
 common centre, unequal in size, oval-acuminate and irregularly toothed. The 
 entire length of the leaf is nine or ten inches and its breadth six or eight inches. 
 
 The bloom of this tree is brilliant. Its flowers appear early in the spring and 
 are collected in numerous white bunches. The fruit is of the same color with 
 that of the common horse chestnut and of the large buckeye, and of about half 
 the size. It is contained in fleshy, prickly capsules, and is ripe in the beginning 
 of autumn. 
 
 On the trunk of the largest trees the bark is blackish and the cellular integ- 
 ument is impregnated with a venomous and disagreeable odor. The wood is 
 white, soft and wholly useless. 
 
OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 
 
 207 
 
 The value of the Ohio buckeye, or American horse chestnut, consists chiefly 
 in the beauty of its flowers, which, with its rapid vegetation and hardy endurance 
 of cold, will bring it into request both in Europe and America as an ornamental 
 tree.” 
 
 Michaux says he found the large buckeye, or pavm \utea, in its greatest pro- 
 fusion and expansion in the mountains of the Carolinas and Georgia. He first 
 met with it on the Allegheny mountains in Virginia, near latitude 39°. It there 
 towers to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of three or four 
 feet, and is considered as a certain proof of the richness of the land. “ The 
 wood,” he says, from its softness and want of durability, can subserve no useful 
 purpose. Even in beauty this species is inferior to the common horse chestnut, 
 and can never supplant that magnificent tree.” The engraving in this article is 
 copied from that in the superb work of Michaux. 
 
INSPECTION OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES 
 
 OF OHIO: 
 
 Prepared by Frank Henry Howe from the Reports of 
 
 HENRY DORN, CHIEF INSPECTOR FOR THE STATE, 
 
 ILLUSTRATING HIS PECULIAR AND EFFECTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 Henry Dorn was born in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, Feb. 16, 1843, where he attended the 
 public school from the age of six to fourteen years. 
 
 He learned the trade of machinist, serving as an ap- 
 picntice from 1857 to 1862. During his apprenticeship 
 he attended the night college in his native city and 
 S')on became, from natural aptitude and close applica- 
 tion to his studies, an accomplished draughtsman. 
 
 After the completion of his apprenticeship Mr. Dorn 
 went to Paris, France, where he obtained employment 
 in the shops of the Northern Railroad Company. He 
 also worked in other shops on stationary engines, tools, 
 telegraphic instruments, and in other branches of 
 mechanism, as well as in the drawing-rooms of differ- 
 ent firms and companies by whom he was employed. 
 
 He attended college in that city, thereby more readily 
 acquiring a knowledge of the French language. Mr. 
 
 Dorn now speaks with fluency and accuracy German, 
 
 French and English. 
 
 In 1869 Mr. Dorn left Paris and came to America, 
 landing in Philadelphia, where he soon ])rocured em- 
 ployment as a mechanical engineer. Here, on the 12th 
 of September, 1871, he was married to Miss Emily 
 Dorn (though of the same name, no relation), by whom 
 he has had four children. Shortly after his marriage 
 he removed to Cleveland, where he continued to reside 
 until 1884. While in that city he was employed by 
 the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Com- 
 pany for over six years. He left the employ of this 
 company to accept the position of superintendent of the 
 iron work of the Cleveland viaduct, one of the finest 
 structures of the kind in the world. He was subse- 
 quently employed by the civil engineer of Cleveland 
 to superintend the laying of the block pavement on 
 some of the streets of that city. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Dorn was employed in the erection of the building and in putting up the machinery 
 of the H. P. Wire Nail Company, the largest factory of the kind in the United States. Just as the 
 structure was about completed, in 1881, through the carelessness or ignorance of the general manager 
 of the company, Mr. Dorn met with an accident resulting in an injury to his spine, from which he has 
 never fully recovered, his right side remaining in a partially paralyzed condition for nearly three 
 years. 
 
 On the 11th of April, 1884, Gov. Hoadly tendered Mr. Dorn the position of insj)ector of workshops 
 and factories, under the law which had just passed the Legislature creating that office. He accepted 
 the position and immediately entered upon the discharge of its duties. In this position he has shown 
 exceptional qualifications and been of incalculable benefit to those for whose protection in health and 
 limb the office was created. His first annual report to the governor showed the importance of the 
 office, and the legislature very wisely provided him with three assistants. His ability as a mechanical 
 engineer and his careful and systematic management of the office have placed it in the front rank of 
 offices of that character in the United States. 
 
 Taking a deep interest in the subject of factory inspection generally, Mr. Dorn made an appeal to 
 all officers of that kind in the United States, and by untiring efforts succeeded in getting together the 
 first national convention of factory inspectors ever held in this country. It was held in Philadelphia, 
 Pa., on June 8 and 9, 1887, and Mr. Dorn had the honor of being the first presiding officer of the con- 
 vention, and before the close of the session was unanimously elected permanent secretary and 
 treasurer. 
 
 The second convention was held in the city of Boston, Mass., on August 8, 9 and 10, 1888^ and Mr. 
 Dorn was unanimously re-elected for a second time. 
 
 HENRY DORN. 
 
WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 
 
 209 
 
 On April 4, 1884, an act was passed by the Legislature of Ohio for the inspec- 
 tion of workshops and factories. This was the third legislative act on the part 
 of any State in the Union for such a purpose. Section 2,873a of that act reads 
 as follows : 
 
 “ The governor of the State shall appoint a suitable person, to be known as the 
 inspector of the sanitary condition, comfort and safety of shops and factories, 
 who shall be a competent and practical mechanic in practice, whose duty it shall 
 be to visit all factories or shops where ten or more persons are employed, and to 
 carefully inspect the sanitary condition of the same, to examine the system of 
 sewerage in connection with said shops and factories, the situation and condition 
 of water-closets or urinals in and about such shops and factories, and also the 
 system of heating, lighting and ventilating all rooms in such factories and shops 
 where persons are employed at daily labor, and also as to the means of exit from 
 such places in case of fire and other disaster, and also all belting, shafting, gear- 
 ing, elevators, drums and machinery of every kind and description in and about 
 such factories and shops, and see that the same are not located so as to be dan- 
 gerous to employees when engaged in their ordinary duties, and that the same, f-o 
 far as practicable, are securely guarded, and that every vat, pan, or structure 
 filled with molten metal or hot liquid shall be surrounded with proper safeguards 
 for preventing accident or injury to those employed at or near them.” 
 
 In pursuance of the provisions of this act, on April 11, 1884, Mr. Henry Dorn, 
 of Cleveland, Ohio, was appointed inspector, at a salary of $1,500 per year and 
 $600 allowance for travelling expenses. Three days later he took the oath of 
 office and entered upon the discharge of its duties at his office in Cleveland. 
 Owing to the inadequate appropriation of funds, but a comparatively small part 
 of the 20,000 or more workshops and factories throughout the State could be 
 visited. The zeal of Mr. Dorn caused him to be as energetic and economical as 
 possible in order to accomplish the most good with the means at his command. 
 
 The success of the entire system of the department is no doubt largely due to 
 his energy and perseverance. His being a practical engineer, draughtsman and 
 machinist and possessing the knowledge necessary for imparting information in 
 relation to improvements on machinery, its preservation, protection, etc., espe- 
 cially adapts him to the highly responsible duties of his office. In his first re- 
 port, covering only the last six months of the year 1884, he says : 
 
 “ I began my inspection in the city of Cleveland, Cuyahoga county, but finding 
 it impossible to make a proper inspection of all the shops and factories in the 
 cit}^ of Cleveland first, without entirely neglecting other parts of the State, I 
 confined my inspection to the leading establishments, and to such less prominent 
 places as my attention was called to by persons employed therein. 
 
 Out of nearly 300 establishments in the city of Cleveland I inspected 173 from 
 April 16th to June 16th, out of which I found only twenty-seven complying 
 with the requirements of the law creating the office of State Inspector of Shops 
 and Factories. I ordered important changes in forty-one establishments and 
 minor changes were ordered in most of the others. 
 
 On the 17th of June I started on an inspection tour and stopped first in Crest- 
 line, Crawford county, where I inspected two establishments, ordering minor 
 changes in one. 
 
 From Crestline I went to Gabon, Crawford county, where I inspected five 
 establishments, ordering minor changes in one and very important changes in 
 another. 
 
 From Gabon I went to Delaware, Delaware county, w'here I inspected six 
 establishments, two of which were complying with the requirements of the law 
 creating this office, and minor changes were ordered in three establishments. 
 
 From Delaware I went direct to Columbus, Franklin county, where my first 
 duty was to notify all establishments in that city of my coming. I found that 
 there were nearly' 200 establishments to be visited, and out of this number I 
 visited seventy-five from June 23d to July 15th, out of which I found only ten 
 that were being operated in accordance with the law creating this office. I 
 ordered important changes in thirteen establishments and minor changes in 
 most of the others. 
 
 During the same time I visited also Logan, Hocking county, where I inspected 
 
^10 
 
 WORKSHOPS AND FACTO RIBS. 
 
 seven establishments, out of which I found only one not amenable to the law. 
 Minor changes were ordered in lour and very important changes in two establish- 
 ments. 
 
 On July 16th I left Columbus and went to Cincinnati, Hamilton county, where 
 I found a great field of labor. An investigation disclosed the fact that Cincin- 
 nati had over 1,000 manufacturing establishments to be visited, which would, 
 if properly inspected, take the inspector over a year, as most of the buildings 
 are from five to seven and even more stories high. The most careful work was 
 required here, as sanitary conditions, safety and comfort and every provision 
 of the law, were found to present a strong claim to attention. 
 
 I visited, in the city of Cincinnati, one hundred and seventy-five (175) of the 
 lep.ding establishments, and such others as my attention was called to, from time 
 to time, by persons employed in such shops and factories. 
 
 I started out in the same manner, as I did in other cities, by notifying all 
 manufacturers and owners of shops and factories, nearly 1,300 in number, of my 
 coming. Out of the 175 establishments visited, from July 17 to October 11, I 
 found only eleven being operated in accordance wfith the law creating this office. 
 I ordered important changes in sixty establishments, and minor changes were 
 ordered in most of the others. 
 
 During the time I stayed in Cincinnati I made occasional trips to the other 
 cities and revisited shops and factories where I ordered changes with satisfactory 
 results. I found many shops in Cleveland which complied with my requests in 
 regard to important changes, also a number in Columbus and Logan. 
 
 Receiving a letter from Akron, Summit county, calling my attention to the 
 shops and factories of that city, I started on October 21 from Cleveland to Akron, 
 where I found nearly fifty (50) establishments to be visited, and, after notifying 
 all owners of shops and factories, I inspected forty-five of them from October 
 21 to 31. . 
 
 It is a pleasure to state that, generally speaking, I found the establishments in 
 Akron in better condition and nearer the requirements of the law than any that 
 I have visited. 
 
 Out of the forty-five establishments I inspected I found twenty-five working in 
 accordance to law creating the office of Inspector of Shops and Factories. 
 
 Minor changes were ordered in nine establishments and very important 
 changes in eleven. Nearly all of the latter changes were in sewer pipe factories 
 and potteries. 
 
 In these establishments the greatest danger I found was in the mills where the 
 clay is ground. These mills are started or stopped by means of a cone or fric- 
 tion pulley, and I found the most of these pulleys were not given lift enough or 
 clearance enough to make them safe, as it will sometimes happen that these mills 
 will start up of themselves, either through dirt falling between the two fric- 
 tion pulleys, or through the starting lever slipping from the bolt, which I found 
 in many instances very poorly secured. Most of the levers were only provided 
 with a common iron rod, with an eye in the end, which eye was carelessly 
 hooked on to a common bolt or spike, which was driven in the wall, whereas 
 those eyes should, by all means, be properly provided with hooks securely fast- 
 ened in the wall, so that the jarring of the mill cannot unhook the iron rods and 
 thereby start the mill up suddenly, endangering the lives of persons engaged in 
 shoveling clay out of the mills. Several accidents of that kind happened in 
 Akron, one man being killed and others had their legs broken and were badly 
 maimed. 
 
 Emery Polishing Wheels. 
 
 I found in polishing establishments, stove foundries and other shops and fac- 
 tories where emery wheels are used continually that those wheels, in a good 
 many instances, were too high-speeded, which is very dangerous and often re- 
 sults in their bursting and consequently in the killing or serious injury of some- 
 body. I herewith present a table for speeding solid emery wheels of different 
 diameters : 
 
WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 211 
 
 Diameter of Wheels in Inches. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 lOi 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 Number of Revolutions per Minute. 
 
 4,500 
 
 3,700 
 
 3,200 1 
 1 
 
 2,700 
 
 2,400 
 
 2,100 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,350 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,050 
 
 950 
 
 900 
 
 850 1 
 1 
 
 750 
 
 Wheels which are speeded higher than is shown in the above table are dan- 
 gerous to the operator. 
 
 Another danger which arises from emery wheels of all descriptions is that 
 most of them are not provided with exhaust fans, and the persons working at them 
 are compelled to inhale the poisonous dust, which will settle on the lungs, and 
 in most cases consumption will be the result. Providing emery wheels with ex- 
 haust fans is not only beneficial to the person operating such wheels, but also to 
 the owners of establishments where such wheels are used. 
 
 An exhaust fan will absorb every bit of emery dust which escapes from the 
 wheel, and therefore all other machinery in such establishments, especially shaft- 
 ing, will be freed from emery dust, and consequently last three times as long. 
 The saving of shafting and boxes alone will pay the cost of the use of an ex- 
 haust fan, and still many proprietors of such establishments are totally blind to 
 these facts. 
 
 Buzz-Saws. 
 
 Another important matter is the use of buzz-saws in planing-mills and other 
 establishments. They are, in fact, the most dangerous tool in use, and although 
 persons operating them know their danger, in tlie course of time they become 
 careless. Therefore a protection is absolutely necessary, and this also can be 
 done at a small expense, and to the advantage of both operator and owner, by 
 putting a guard or hood over the buzz-saw, which will not in the least interfere 
 with the work of the sawyer, but, on the contrary, will enable him to turn out 
 more work in less time, while protecting his life and limbs. 
 
 By investigating the facts about accidents I found through the reports of some 
 accident insurance companies that there are on an average from fifty to fifty- 
 three persons killed or injured daily in the United States alone through accidents 
 occurring by operating buzz-saws. 
 
 Fly-Wheels. 
 
 Another prolific source of danger is the non-protection of fly-wheels on sta- 
 tionary engines, which can easily be done by putting an iron or wooden railing 
 or casing around the fly-wheel. 
 
 The eccentric of an engine is generally located between the bed-plate of the 
 engine and the fly-wheel, and the engineer is, therefore, compelled to go close to the 
 same to oil either the eccentric or other parts of his engine, and many accidents 
 take place through neglect in not fencing in the fly-wheel properly. 
 
 One accident occurred to an employee in Cincinnati which resulted in his death. 
 The deceased, endeavoring to ascertain the time of day from a clock hanging on 
 the wall near the engine, in some unexplained manner passed too near the fly- 
 wheel, was caught by the wheel and held fast, and, being whirled around at a 
 great velocity, was almost instantly killed. Hundreds of similar accidents occur 
 every year and many valuable lives are lost. 
 
 Now, all such accidents can be prevented by a small outlay of money, which 
 will, at all events, be less expensive than contesting suits for damages in court. 
 I have and shall in the future enforce the law in regard to these matters to the 
 letter. 
 
 Elevators. 
 
 Another danger I Ijave discovered — and it is one that I meet everywhere — the 
 very unsafe condition of elevators. 
 
212 
 
 WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES, 
 
 In many places elevator wells, or shafts, are not properly and in many cases 
 not at all protected. On all floors doors open either directly into the shafts or 
 have no protection or safeguards, and the lives of persons working at their 
 ordinary avocations are endangered. 
 
 All these places should be protected by automatic doors or safeguards, so set 
 that they will raise and lower v/hen the elevator is at the floor. I have not 5^et 
 gone further than to suggest that all elevators be provided with automatic doors, 
 but wherever the necessity for protection exists have insisted upon an adequate 
 safeguard being provided. 
 
 Fire-Escapes. 
 
 Nothing in the course of my inspection has more strongly impressed me than 
 the necessity of requiring all shops and factories of a greater elevation than two 
 stories to be provided with a safe and efficient system of fire-escapes. The duty 
 of supplying safeguards against casualties always likely to occur in the event of 
 conflagrations in crowded shops and factories is so obvious and imperative that 
 there can be no difference of opinion respecting it. It is of that class of self-as- 
 sertive obligations which admit of no controversy, the only question being as to 
 the best method of adequately meeting it. Nevertheless it is a fact, amply 
 demonstrated in the observation I have had, that very many owners and pro- 
 prietors of shops and factories are wholly indifferent to this important duty, and 
 1 have found some so utterly destitute of all concern for the safety of employees 
 as to refuse to provide proper escapes when their attention was called to the ne- 
 cessity for such provision. It is somewhat difficult to speak with calmness of 
 men whose overweening selfishness has excluded from their natures every spark 
 of consideration for their fellow-beings, who, while liberally insuring their prop- 
 erty against fire, so that in case of such a visitation — a danger always imminent 
 — their pockets shall not suffer, will not expend a dollar for the security of the 
 lives of those by whose labor they profit, and it is but simple justice that this 
 class be compelled, by the mandate of inflexible law, to perform a duty which 
 men of ordinary humane instincts accede to without a question. The frequent 
 occurrence of fires which have their most serious result in the loss of human 
 lives furnishes fearful warnings that should not be heedlessly dismissed from at- 
 tention, and I submit that the business of legislation can have few worthier ob- 
 jects than that of diminishing, so far as may be, the possibility of such 
 calamities. 
 
 In Cincinnati many of the buildings used for shops and factories are from five 
 to nine ctories high, and generally the first tliree or four floors of the building 
 are used as storerooms, the employes occupying the upper floors, escape from 
 which would in most cases be extremely difficult in the event of a rapidly spread- 
 ing fire, and loss of life or serious bodily injury almost inevitable. Most of the 
 buildings are improperly constructed with reference to means of egress, the 
 ingenuity of the architects having apparently been exerted to secure the greatest 
 possible economy of space in the matter of stairways. Some of these buildings 
 are provided with but a single stairway, and where there are two or more -they 
 are generally located so near together that a fire which would render any of them 
 useless as an avenue of escape would be very likely to do so with all. In many 
 cases, also, these stairways are located near elevators, which are most potent aids 
 to the rapid progress of fire. While it is not the province of the State to require 
 that these faults and defects in the construction of buildings shall be remedied, 
 it is unquestionably within the rightful powers of the State to demand that the 
 security which the builders have failed to provide shall be supplied in some other 
 way, and a thorough system of fire-esca})es is the only other practicable method. 
 The use of straight ladders, as a substitute for some improved fire-escape, on 
 buildings over two stories high, should not be allowed, since the}" are worse than 
 useless as a means of escape. Not one in twenty who should attempt to reach 
 the ground in this way would get there in safety. They might escape the fire 
 only to find death or permanent injuries from being j^recipitated to the earth 
 below. 
 
 The great pertinency of these remarks was brought forcibly to the notice of the 
 people of the State by two horrible casualties which occurred in Cincinnati during 
 
WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES, 
 
 213 
 
 the spring of 1885 : one the burning of Dreman & Co.’s rag- factory, by which 
 nine lives were lost, the other the burning of tlie building on West Sixth street, 
 occupied by the Parisian Dyeing and Scouring Company and the Sullivan steam- 
 printing establishment, by which sixteen lives were sacrificed, and several persons 
 seriously wounded, if not maimed for life. In both these holocausts most if not 
 all of the lives lost could have been saved had the buildings been provided with 
 properly constructed fire-escapes. 
 
 In my judgment the most secure and effective plan is that of a balcony on each 
 story, with incline ladders extending from one another between the windows. 
 Persons descending on ladders thus placed avoid the flames that issue from the 
 windows, are in no danger of falling, and by the exercise of the simplest care in 
 their movements may make their escape unscathed. I found Cincinnati to be a 
 great field of labor, and during the necessarily short time that I was there I 
 ordered the erection of about fifty fire-escapes on shops and factories. In most 
 cases these orders were complied with, but in several instances the agents for 
 buildings refused to pay any attention to the demand of the Inspector that fire- 
 escapes should be supplied. 
 
 The law relating to this matter would seem to be sufficiently explicit in its 
 requirements, and the penalties for violation ample to insure a universal compli- 
 ance with it, but such is very far from being the fact. 
 
 In 1887 Chief-Inspector Dorn invented a fire-escape which has been pronounced 
 by all experts to be the simplest and most practicable invention of the kind 
 extant. It consists of a rectangular enclosure of brick, built from the foundations 
 to the roof, and within the exterior walls of the building. This enclosure or well 
 contains the stairways, access to which is had from balconies constructed on the 
 outside of the building at the level of each floor. The balconies communicate by 
 a door with each floor of the main building and by another door with the 
 enclosure ( ontaining the stairwa^^s. By means of this arrangement the occupants 
 of each floor can immediately pass out of the building on the same floor, and 
 along the balcony to the stairway which, being entirely cut off from the interior 
 of the entire building, would be perfectly free from flame or smoke, even if the 
 whole building should be on fire. 
 
 This escape evidently obviates a serious objection to all others, viz., the fear 
 people have of descending them, especially from very high buildings. This 
 invention, the result of Mr. Dorn’s ingenuity, has not been patented, owing to the 
 humane desire of its inventor to make its adoption as universal and free from 
 expense as possible.” 
 
 On the subject of “ child labor ” Mr. Dorn says : 
 
 “The subject of child labor has engaged the earnest attention of publicists and 
 pliilanthropists for generations, and in the general progress of ameliorating influ- 
 ences and agencies this matter has received a share of consideration. That it has 
 not obtained that full measure of regard which its great importance merits will 
 not be seriously questioned by any one whose experience or observation give him 
 authority to speak. 
 
 Legislation has bravely sought to baffle the cupidity and selfishness of those 
 who would profit by the labor of children, but its success has been only partial 
 and irregular, and throughout this enlightened nation thousands of children of 
 tender years are now laboring ten and twelve hours a day in shops and factories, 
 the great majority of whom should be acquainted with no severer tasks than those 
 of the school and the home. 
 
 Ohio, I regret to say, has her full share of guilt in this matter, the statute 
 relating to the employment of children under sixteen years of age being freely and 
 persistently violated, for the obvious reason that no adequate means are provided 
 for its enforcement. 
 
 In visiting the different shops and factories in the regular course of my duties 
 I made it a part of my inquiries to ascertain the extent to which children were 
 employed, and in many places I found children of nine or ten years of age per- 
 forming labor that should give employment to adults, or at least to minors who 
 have passed the period of childhood, and might properly be expected to earn 
 their own livelihood. In the cigar-factories of Cincinnati I found a great num- 
 ber of children employed, the demand for this class of workers being at that time 
 
214 
 
 WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 
 
 probably exceptionally large, owing to the strike of the cigar-makers. I also 
 found many young children in chair-factories in different parts of the State, where 
 they worked at polishing and painting chair-frames and making cane-seats. 
 They were also found in printing-offices, nickel-plating works, paper-box-fac- 
 tories, match -factories, etc. 
 
 While it is true that much of the work required of children thus employed is 
 not of a severely exacting nature, yet it must be maintained that the practice of 
 subjecting young children to a daily round of labor for which they receive a 
 mere pittance in the form of wages is a wrong alike to the children and to the 
 State, and wholly antagonistic to the enlightened and liberal sentiment of this 
 age. 
 
 The tens of thousands of children throughout the country who are in this way 
 deprived of the opportunity to obtain as much of an education as would enable 
 them, when grown to adult age, to understand the obligations of citizenship, is a 
 dark blot upon our character as a people, for which our advanced civilization and 
 wonderful material progress do not atone. It is true that ample provision is 
 made for securing to every child in the State at least an elementary education, 
 but the State is still derelict if it fails to compel those in whose behalf such pro- 
 vision is made to take full advantage of it. Now it is sufficient to declare, in the 
 form of a statute, that this must be done. Laws do not enforce themselves. 
 There must be an active, energetic, and vigilant executive force behind them, 
 fully armed with the power to put them into effect. 
 
 There is hardly any limit to what may be said upon this subject, but the 
 object in referring to it here is simply to bring it to the thought and attention of 
 the legislative power, and not to give to it elaborate discussion. Such discussion, 
 indeed, it cannot need with intelligent men, who intuitively understand that the 
 intellectual and moral training of the youth of the commonwealth is of far greater 
 importance to its future welfare than can be any consideration relating to its 
 merely material affairs. But the policy of controlling and restricting child labor 
 finds approval as well upon economic as upon moral grounds. There is no gain 
 to the general welfare from this class of ill-remunerated toil. Its products are 
 not materially, if at all, cheapened to the consumer. The profit is reaped by 
 the employers, and it is the heartless cupidity of this class, incidentally aided 
 by the improvidence of parents, that is responsible for the extensive prevalence 
 of child labor. To successfully combat this sordid instinct there is required 
 something more aggressive than a simple statutory declaration of hostility. As 
 previously observed, there must be a zealous and vigilant executive force, amply 
 supported behind the declaration.” 
 
 • During the first six months after the enactment of the law for the inspection 
 of workshops and factories Mr. Dorn visited 487 establishments, with a working 
 capacity of 45,511 males and 4,808 females. Letters from many of the leading 
 manufacturers and business men of the State were received, congratulating him 
 on the success of his efforts, and expressing their approbation of his recommenda- 
 tions, and asking for a vigorous prosecution of the good work and the rigid 
 enforcement of the law. 
 
 The work performed by Mr. Dorn was remarkable in its extent and efficiency, 
 , and it was only by his perfect system of conducting the affairs of his office that so 
 much was accomplished. The appropriation was so small in consideration of the 
 work necessary for the enforcement of the law as to almost defeat its own object, 
 and in closing his first report Mr. Dorn called the attention of the Legislature to 
 the necessity of an increased appropriation, as follows : 
 
 “ To carry on the office so as to do justice to all interests there should be at 
 least three deputy -inspectors appointed. One inspector cannot do the work a» 
 thoroughly and satisfactorily as it should be done. 
 
 An appropriation should also be made by the General Assembly to create a 
 contingent fund outside of the travelling expenses. 
 
 So far the Inspector has had to use a portion of his own salary for defraying 
 necessary expenses, such as postage, telegran?.^, express charges, and many other 
 items too numerous to mention. 
 
 The Inspector would also recommend the striking out of the word “ ten ” in 
 section 2873a, where it says, “ whose duty it shall be to visit all factories and 
 
WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 
 
 2X1 
 
 shops where ten or more persons are employed,” and insert the word “five.” I 
 have found many shops where fewer than ten persons were employed which 
 needed many changes, but the Inspector had no power to require them to be 
 made. 
 
 The allowance of $600 a year for travelling expenses is insufficient. The In- 
 spector has, while exercising the greatest economy in expenditures, used from 
 April 16 to November 15 $469.23, leaving but $130.77 of the allowance in hand, 
 a sum hardly sufficient to pay travelling expenses to the close of the year ending 
 December 31, 1884. 
 
 The Inspector also deems this the proper place in which to state that, owing to 
 no appropriation having been made for office purposes, he has been compelled to 
 establish an office in his own home, where the business has been necessarily carried 
 on at some disadvantage. The Inspector should have an office located with refer- 
 ence to the class of persons with whom he has official relations, so that he can be 
 at all times easily accessible.” 
 
 In pursuance of the recommendations in Inspector Dorn’s first report an 
 amendment to the act creating the office was passed April 25, 1885. The amend- 
 ment made provision for the inspection of all workshops and factories, the act of 
 1884 providing only for the inspection of those employing ten or more persons. 
 It also gave the chief-inspector power to appoint three assistant inspectors, each 
 at a salary of $1,000 per year and $500 for travelling expenses ; continuing the 
 salary of the chief-inspector at $1,500 annually, with $600 additional as a con- 
 tingent fund for office and other incidental expenses. Provision was also made 
 for a room in the State-house for the transaction of the business of the office. 
 With 1>hese increased facilities the work of inspection was very much extended 
 and the efficiency of the office greatly increased. 
 
 In 1886 the efficiency of the office was still further increased by a small 
 appropriation for clerical hire ; previous to this all the clerical work of the office 
 had been performed by the chief-inspector. 
 
 During the year 1877 the number of shops and factories visited was 3,581, 
 being an increase of 474 over the previous year. 
 
 Again, from a later report, we quote Mr. Dorn’s language : 
 
 “ When the great number of establishments* in the State engaged in the various 
 branches of industry — over 20,000 in 1880, according to the federal census of that 
 year — using every conceivable kind of machinery, employing hundreds of 
 thousands of people, of all ages and conditions, from the delicate child of eight 
 or nine years to the gray-haired man and woman, some little idea may be formed 
 of the interests involved and the importance to the State of a complete and satis- 
 factory inspection of these numerous generators of disease and death as well as 
 of wealth. The magnitude of the duties devolving upon the chief-inspector and 
 his assistants can readily be seen, and to enable them to accomplish the purposes 
 for which they were appointed they require, and should receive, the hearty sup- 
 port of every intelligent citizen of the State. 
 
 The importance, if not the necessity, of a thorough inspection of all places 
 where people are employed at labor, no matter what the character of the work, 
 must be apparent to every person who has given the subject the least considera- 
 tion. On the thoroughness of such inspection depends, in a great measure, the 
 safety of tens of thousands of our population, men, women, and children. And 
 who will claim that there is anything more deserving the careful attention of the 
 General Assembly than the lives and health of the people on whom the State 
 depends for its wealth and prosperity? This subject transcends in importance 
 all other matters coming before the Legislature, with the possible exception of 
 that of education. 
 
 Not only Ohio, but most of the other States, as well as the general government 
 have provided, by the creation of commissions and the expenditure of large sums 
 of money for the protection of domestic animals from contagious and other dis- 
 eases, and from brutal treatment by their owners and others having them in 
 charge. No one objects to this ; but, on the contrary, it is continually urged 
 that the State does not do as much in this behalf as it should. Figures of por- 
 tentous magnitude are given, showing the immense value of our live-stock, and, 
 therefore, the obligation of the State to make every effort to protect this interest 
 
2i6 
 
 . WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 
 
 This protection is asked mainly in the interest of owners, a purely dollar-and- 
 cent view of the question. The urgency for legislative action in any particular 
 case seems to be proportioned to the monetary value of the interest involved. 
 And no one questions the propriety of such legislation. The fruits of their toil 
 should be secured to the toilers as far as they can be by the State without inter- 
 fering with individual freedom of action, or attempting to lessen individual re- 
 sponsibility. In some cases, as in the one under consideration, individual, 
 isolated action is of no avail to stay the ravages of disease, especially if of a 
 contagious character, and the State is called upon to interpose its power, not for 
 the especial benefit of a single individual or of a class, but in the interest of all. 
 It was for such purposes the State government was established, that society itself 
 was organized. 
 
 If legislation for such a purpose is entitled to the indorsement of our people, 
 who will question the propriety of all legislation necessary to protect human 
 beings — to protect the lives, the limbs, the health of those who wield the indus- 
 trial power of the State, and from whose ranks, in a few years, will come those 
 who will administer the political affairs of the State, and, to a great extent, give 
 tone to our moral and social fabric? Intelligence and moral worth are not 
 developed and propagated in poorly ventilated workshops, nor are the better 
 instincts of man assisted by maimed and mutilated limbs. 
 
 Owing to circumstances which it would be out of place to discuss here, many 
 children of tender years, instead of attending school and acquiring the knowledge 
 necessary to fit them for future usefulness, are forced into workshops and fac- 
 tories to assist their parents in supporting the family. They are incapable of 
 forming correct opinions as to the sanitary conditions of the places in which they 
 are employed, of the safety of the buildings, or of the dangerous character of the 
 machinery by which they are surrounded. If a bullock or a horse is considered 
 worthy of the protecting care of the law-making power of the State, cerfainly the 
 tender child, endowed with reason, immature and undeveloped as yet, can lay 
 claim to a part of the attention of those whom the people have entrusted with the 
 management of the government. These children will, in a few years, constitute 
 a large portion of the political power of the State, and their future characters and 
 worth to society depend largely upon their happiness or unhappiness, upon their 
 sound bodies and sound minds, their healthy or diseased constitutions, in their 
 youth. The more they are poisoned by the impure atmosphere that too often 
 fills workshops from cellar to garret, or are mangled by insecure machinery, the 
 less likely they will be to possess either the ability or the inclination to perform 
 the more important duties devolving upon them as men and women in such 
 manner as will secure their own welfare as well as that of their fellow-beings. 
 These undeniable truths should be well pondered by every one who has the 
 welfare of his fellow-creatures at heart. To make the superstructure durable the 
 foundation must be sound and free from defects of any kind.” 
 
f 
 
 ORDINANCE OF 1787. 
 
 [The Confederate Congress, July 13, 1787.] 
 
 An Ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the 
 
 river Ohio. 
 
 Section 1. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled^ That the 
 said territory, for the purpose of temporary government, be one district, subject, 
 however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the 
 opinion of Congress, make it expedient. 
 
 Sec. 2. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates both of 
 resident and non-resident proprietors in tlie said territory, dying intestate, shall 
 descend to, and be distributed among, their children and the descendants of a 
 deceased child in equal parts, the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild 
 to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them ; and 
 where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next 
 of kin in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother 
 or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased 
 parent’s share; and there shall, in no case, be a distinction between kindred of 
 the whole and half blood ; saving in all cases to the widow of the intestate, her 
 third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate ; 
 and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until 
 altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges 
 shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be 
 devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her in 
 whom the estate may be, (being of full age), and attested by three witnesses; and 
 real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, 
 sealed, and delivered by the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may 
 be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such 
 conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be re- 
 corded within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers, shall be 
 appointed for that purpose; and personal property may be transferred by de- 
 livery, saving, however to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other 
 settlers of the Kaskaskies, Saint Vincents, and the neighboring villages, who have 
 heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now 
 in force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance of property. 
 
 Sec. 3. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed, 
 from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in 
 force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall 
 reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of 
 land, while in the exercise of his office. 
 
 Sec. 4. There shall he appointed from time to time, by Congress, a secre- 
 tary, whose commission shall continue in force for four years, unless sooner 
 revoked ; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in five 
 hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty 
 to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public 
 records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive de- 
 partment, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six 
 months to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also be appointed a court, to 
 consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a 
 
2I8 
 
 ORDINANCE OF 1787 . 
 
 common-law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a free- 
 hold estate, in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of their offices ; 
 and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior. 
 
 Sec. 5. The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and 
 publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may 
 be necessary, and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report 
 them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be in force in the district 
 until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by 
 Congress ; but afterwards the legislature shall have authority to alter them as 
 they shall think fit. 
 
 Sec. 6 . The governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the 
 Militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank of general 
 ■)fficers ; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Congress. 
 
 Sec. 7. Previous to the organization of the general assembly the governor 
 ball appoint such magistrates, and other civil officers, in each county or town- 
 ihip, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order 
 n the same. After the general assembly shall be organized the powers and 
 iuties of magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by 
 be said assembly ; but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein other- 
 vise directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, be 
 appointed by the governor. 
 
 Sec. 8 . For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted 
 or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of pro- 
 cess, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof ; and 
 he shall proceed, from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the 
 parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into 
 counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter 
 be made by the legislature. 
 
 Sec. 9. So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of 
 full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall re- 
 ceive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives from their counties 
 or townships, to represent them in the general assembly : Provided^ That for 
 every five hundred free male inhabitants there shall be one representative, and 
 so on, progressively, with the number of free male inhabitants, shall the right of 
 representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to 
 twenty-five ; after which the number and proportion of representatives shall be 
 regulated by the legislature ; Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified 
 to act as a representative, unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United 
 States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have re- 
 sided in the district three years ; and, in either case, shall likewise hold in his 
 own right, in fee-simple, two hundred acres of land within the same : Provided 
 ^Iso, That a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a citizen 
 of one of the States, and being resident in the district, or the like freehold and 
 two years’ residence in the district, shall be necessary to Qualify a man as an 
 elector of a representative. 
 
 Sec. 10. The representatives thus elected shall serve for the term of two 
 fears ; and in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, the 
 governor shall issue a writ to the county or township, for which he was a 
 member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term. 
 
 Sec. 11. The general assembly, or legislature, shall consist of the governor, 
 legislative council, and a house of representatives. The legislative council shall 
 consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed 
 by Congress ; any three of whom to be a quorum ; and the members of the 
 council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit: As 
 soon as representatives shall be elected the governor shall appoint a time and 
 place for them to meet together, and when met they shall nominate ten persons, 
 resident in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of 
 land, and return their names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint 
 and commission to serve as aforesaid ; and whenever a vacancy shall happen in 
 the council, by death or removal from office, the house of representatives shall 
 nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their 
 
ORDINANCE OF 1787. 
 
 219 
 
 names to Congress, one of whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the 
 residue of the term ; and every five years, four months at least before the expira- 
 tion of the time of service of the members of the council, the said house shall 
 nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to Congress, 
 five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the 
 council five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative council, 
 and house of representatives shall have authority to make laws in all' cases for 
 the good government of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles 
 in this ordinance established and declared. And all bills, having passed by a 
 majority in the house, and by a majority in the council, shall be referred to the 
 governor for his assent; but no bill, or legislative act whatever, shall be of any 
 force without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue, 
 and dissolve the general assembly when, in his opinion, it shall be expedient. 
 
 Sec. 12. The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other 
 officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation 
 of fidelit}^ and of office ; the governor before the President of Congress, and all 
 other officers before the governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in 
 the district, the council and house assembled, in one room, shall have authority, 
 by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, 
 with a right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary government. 
 
 Sec. 13. And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious 
 liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitu- 
 tions, are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, 
 constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the 
 said territory ; to provide, also, for the establishment of States, and permanent 
 government therein, and for their admission to a share in the Federal councils on 
 an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent 
 with the general interest : 
 
 Sec. 14. It is hereby ordained and declared, by the authority aforesaid, that 
 the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact, between the 
 original States and the people and States in the said territory, and forever remain 
 unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit : 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever 
 be molested on account of his mode of worship, or religious sentiments, in the 
 said territory. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of 
 the writs of habeas corpus^ and of the trial by jury ; of a proportionate repre- 
 sentation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings according 
 to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for 
 capital offences, where the proof shall be evident, or the presumption great. All 
 fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. 
 No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his 
 peers, or the law of the land, and should the public exigencies make it necessary, 
 for the common preservation, to take any person’s property, or to demand his 
 particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the^ 
 just preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared, that no 
 law ought ever to be made or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any 
 manner whatever, interfere with or affect private contracts, or engagements, bona 
 fide, and without fraud previously formed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the 
 happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be 
 encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the 
 Indians ; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their 
 consent ; and in their property, rights, and liberty they never shall be invaded 
 or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws 
 
220 
 
 ORDINANCE OF 1787. 
 
 founded in justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made, for prevent- 
 ing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with 
 them. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever 
 remain a part of tins confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the 
 Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitu- 
 tionally made ; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress 
 assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory 
 shall be subject to pay a part of the Federal debts, contracted, or to be contracted, 
 and a proportional part of the expenses of government to be apportioned on 
 them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure by which 
 apportionments thereof shall be made on the other States ; and the taxes for 
 paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction 
 of the legislatures of the districts, or districts, or new States, as in the original 
 States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. 
 The legislatures of those districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the 
 primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with 
 any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to 
 the bona-fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the 
 United States ; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than 
 residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and Saint Lawrence, 
 and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and for- 
 ever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the 
 United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the con- 
 federacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three nor more than 
 five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her 
 act of cession and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as 
 follows, to wit: The western State, in the said territory, shall be bounded by the 
 Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Wabash Rivers ; a direct line drawn from the 
 Wabash and Post Vincents, due north, to the territorial line between the United 
 States and Canada; and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods 
 and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the 
 Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due 
 north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line, and by the 
 said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned 
 direct line, the Ohio, the Penns3dvania, and the said territorial line : Provided^ 
 hoioever, And it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these 
 three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter 
 find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that 
 part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through 
 the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the 
 said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall 
 be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal 
 footing with the original States, in all respects whatever; and shall be at liberty 
 to form a permanent constitution and State government: Provided^ The constitu- 
 tion and government, so to be formed, shall be republican, and in conformity to 
 the principles contained in these articles, and, so far as it can be consistent with 
 the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an 
 earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the 
 State than sixty thousand. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, 
 otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been 
 duly convicted: Provided always^ That any person escaping into the same, from 
 
ORDINANCE OF 1787. 
 
 221 
 
 whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such 
 fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or 
 her labor or service as aforesaid. 
 
 Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of the 23d of 
 April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby, 
 repealed, and declared null and void. 
 
 Done by the United States, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of July, in 
 year of our Lord 1787, and of their sovereignty and independence the twelfth. 
 
 <3 
 
John Cone Kimball, Photo., Peabody Museum. 
 
 Serpent Mound Park. 
 
 [The skeleton was found three feet below the surface of the mound. The bones below the femora 
 were removed before the rest of the skeleton was uncovered.] 
 
 John Cone Kimball, Photo., Peabody Museum 
 
 Serpent :Mound Park. 
 
 Showing three full folds of the Serpent from the neck to the central portion of the body.] 
 
COUNTIES 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 Adams County lies on the Ohio River fifty miles east of Cincinnati and 
 one hundred south of Columbus. It derives its name from John Adams, 
 second President of the United States. It was formed July lo, 1797, by 
 proclamation of Governor St. Clair being then one of the four counties into 
 which the North-west Territory was divided. The three others previously 
 formed were Washington, July 27, 1788; Hamilton, Jan. 2, 1790; and 
 Wayne, 1796. The land is generally hilly and broken. Many of its first 
 settlers were from Virginia, Kentucky, and North Ireland. It has 625 
 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 85,873 ; woodland, 84,598; 
 lying waste, 11,123. Productions: corn, bushels 94,223; oats, 105,645; 
 wheat, 88,533, and tobacco 1,600,976, being the eighth county in amount in 
 the State. School census 1886,8750; teachers, 176. It has 28 miles of 
 railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census, 
 
 1840 
 
 1880 
 
 
 1840 
 
 1880 
 
 Bratton 
 
 
 1053 
 
 Monroe 
 
 828 
 
 1400 
 
 Franklin 
 
 1358 
 
 1541 
 
 Oliver 
 
 
 1064 
 
 Green 
 
 1081 
 
 1886 
 
 Scott 
 
 916 
 
 1192 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 938 
 
 3444 
 
 Sprigg 
 
 1984 
 
 2652 
 
 Liberty 
 
 1096 
 
 1355 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 1533 
 
 2212 
 
 Manchester 
 
 
 1493 
 
 Wayne 
 
 858 
 
 1125 
 
 Meigs 
 
 1071 
 
 2124 
 
 Winchester 
 
 1 1 12 
 
 1464 
 
 The population in 1820 was 10,406; in 1840, 13,271 ; in i860, 20,309 and 
 in 1880, 24,005 of whom 212 were employed in manufactures, and 20,516 
 were Ohio born. 
 
 The first settlement within 1>he Virginia military tract, and the only one 
 between the Scioto and Little Miami until after the treaty of Greenville, 
 in 1795, was made in this county, at Manchester, by the then Col., later, 
 Gen. Nathaniel Massie. McDonald, in his unpretending, but excellent 
 little volume, says : 
 
 Manchester Settled. — Massie, in the win- 
 ter of the year 1790, determined to make a 
 settlement in it, that he might be in the 
 midst of his surveying operations and secure 
 his party from danger and exposure. In or- 
 der to effect this he gave general notice in 
 Kentucky of his intention, and offered each 
 of the first twenty-five families, as a dona- 
 tion, one in-lot, one out-lot, and one hundred 
 
 acres of land, provided they would settle in a 
 town he intended to lay off at his settlement. 
 His proffered terms were soon closed in with, 
 and upwards of thirty families joined him. 
 After various consultations with his friends, 
 the bottom on the Ohio River, opposite the 
 lower of the Three Islands, was selected as 
 the most eligible spot. Here he fixed his 
 station, and laid off into lots a town, now 
 
 (223) 
 
224 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 called Manchester, at this time a small 
 place, about twelve miles above Maysville 
 (formerly Limestone), Kentucky. This lit- 
 tle confederacy, with Massie at the helm 
 (who was the soul of it), went to work with 
 spirit. Cabins were raised and by the mid- 
 dle of March, 1791, the whole town was en- 
 closed with strong pickets firmly fixed in 
 the ground with block houses at each angle 
 for defence. 
 
 Thus was the first settlement in the Vir- 
 ginia military district and the fourth settle- 
 ment in the bounds of the State of Ohio ef- 
 fected. Although this settlement was com- 
 menced in the hottest Indian war it suf- 
 fered less from depredation, and even inter- 
 ruptions from the Indians, than any settle- 
 ment previously made on the Ohio River. 
 This was no doubt owing to the watch- 
 ful band of brave spirits who guarded 
 the place — men who were reared in the 
 midst of danger and inured to perils, and as 
 watcl)ful as hawks. Here were the Beasleys, 
 the Stouts, the Washburns, the Ledoms, the 
 
 Edgingtons, the Denings, the Ellisons, the 
 Utts, the McKenzies, the Wades, and others, 
 who were equal to the Indians in all the arts 
 and stratagems of border war. 
 
 As soon as Massie had completely pre- 
 pared his station for defence, the whole pop- 
 ulation went to work and cleared the lower 
 of the Three Islands, and planted it in corn. 
 The island was very rich, and produced 
 heavy crops. The woods with a little indus- 
 try, supplied a choice variety of game. Deer, 
 elk, buffalo, bears, and turkeys, were abun- 
 dant, while the river furnished a variety of 
 excellent fish. The wants of the inhabitants, 
 under these circumstances, were few and 
 easily gratified. 
 
 When this station was made, the nearest 
 neighbors north-west of the Ohio were the 
 inhabitants at Columbia, a settlement below 
 the mouth of the Little Miami, five miles 
 above Cincinnati; and at Gallipolis, a French 
 settlement near the mouth of the Great Ken 
 hawa. 
 
 The station being established, Massie continued to make locations and 
 surveys. Great precautions were necessary to avoid the Indians, and even 
 these did not always avail, as is shown by the following incidents, the first 
 of which we copy from the American Pioneer. 
 
 ISRAEL DONALSON’S NARRATIVE OF HIS CAPTIVITY. 
 
 I am not sure whether it was the last 
 of March or first of April I came to the ter- 
 ritory to reside; but on the night of the 21st 
 of April, 1791, Mr Massie and myself were 
 sleeping together on our blankets (for beds 
 we had none), on the loft of our cabin, to get 
 out of the way of the fleas and gnats. Soon 
 after lying down I began dreaming of Indi- 
 ans, and continued to do so through the 
 night. Some time in the night, however, 
 whether Mr. Massie ’waked of himself, or 
 whether I wakened him, I cannot now say, 
 but I observed to him I did not know what 
 was to be the consequence, for I had 
 dreamed more about Indians that night than 
 in all the time I had been in the western 
 country before. As is common, he made 
 light of it, and we dropped again to sleep. 
 He asked me next morning if I would go 
 with him up the river, about four or five 
 miles to make a survey, and that William 
 Lytle, who was then at the fort, was going 
 along. We were both young surveyors, and 
 were glad of the opportunity to practice. 
 
 TaJceti Captive . — Accordingly we three, 
 and a James Tittle, from Kentucky, who was 
 about buying the land, got on board of a 
 canoe, and were a long time going up, the 
 river being very high at the time. We com- 
 menced at the mouth of a creek, which from 
 that day has been called Donalson creek. 
 We meandered up the river ; Mr. Massie 
 had the compass, Mr. Lytle and myself car- 
 ried the chain. We had progressed perhaps 
 one hundred and forty, or one hundred and 
 fifty poles, when our chain broke or parted. 
 
 but with the aid of the tomahawk we soon 
 repaired it. We were then close to a large 
 mound, and were standing in a triangle, and 
 Lytle and myself were amusing ourselves 
 pointing out to Tittle the great convenience 
 he would have by building his house on that 
 mound, when the one standing with his face 
 up the river, spoke and said, “ Boys, there are 
 Indians. ” “ No,” repiled the other, “ they 
 are Frenchmen.” By this time I had caught 
 a glimpse of them ; I said they were Indians, 
 I begged them to fire. I had no gun, and 
 from the advantage we had, did not think of 
 running until they started. The Indians 
 were in two small bark canoes, and were 
 close into shore and discovered us just at 
 the instant we saw them ; and before I 
 started to run I saw one jump on shore. 
 We took out through the bottom, and before 
 getting to the hill, came to a spring branch. 
 I was in the rear, and as I went to jump, 
 something caught my foot, and I fell on the 
 opposite side. They were then so close, I 
 saw there was no chance of escape, and did 
 not offer to rise. Three warriors first came 
 up, presented their guns all ready to fire, but 
 as I made no resistance they took them 
 down, and one of them gave me his hand to 
 help me up. At this time Mr. Lytle was 
 about a chain’s length before me, and threw 
 away his hat ; one of the Indians went for- 
 ward and picked it up. They then took me 
 back to the bank of the river, and set me 
 down while they put up their stuff, and pre- 
 -pared for a march. While sitting on the 
 bp ilk of the river, I could see the men walk- 
 
ADAMS COUNTY, 
 
 225 
 
 ing about the block-house on the Kentucky 
 shore, but they heard nothing of it. 
 
 Evening Camp.—Th&y went on rapidly that 
 evening and camped I think on the waters of 
 Eagle creek; started next morning early, it 
 raining hard, and one of them seeing my 
 hat was somewhat convenient to keep off the 
 rain came up and took it off my head and 
 put it on his own. By this time I had dis- 
 covered some friendship in a very lusty In- 
 dian, I think the one that first came up to 
 me ; I made signs to him that one had taken 
 my hat ; he went and took it off the other In- 
 dian’s head and placed it again on rnine, but 
 hai not gone far before they took it again. 
 
 I complained as before, but my friend shook 
 his head, took down and opened his budget, 
 and took out a sort of blanket cap, and put it 
 on my head. We went on ; it still rained 
 hard and the waters were very much swollen, 
 and when my friend discovered that I was 
 timorous, he would lock his* arm in mine 
 and lead me through, and frequently in open 
 woods when 1 would get tired I would do 
 the same thing with him and walk for miles. 
 They did not make me carry anything until 
 Sunday or Monday. They got into a thicket 
 of game and killed, I think, two bears and 
 some deer ; they then halted and jerked their 
 meat, eat a large portion, peeled some bark, 
 made a kind of box, filled it, and put it on 
 me to carry. I soon got tired of it and threw 
 it down ; they raised a great laugh, examined 
 my back, applied some bear’s oil to it and 
 then put on the box again. I went on some 
 distance and threw it down again; my friend 
 then took it up, threw it over his head and 
 carried it. It weighed, I thought, at least 
 fifty pounds. 
 
 While resting one day, one of the Indians 
 broke up little sticks and laid them up in the 
 form of a fence, then took out a grain of 
 corn, as carefully wrapped up as people 
 used to wrap up guineas in olden times ; 
 this they planted and called out squaw, sig- 
 nifying to me that that would be my em- 
 ployment with the squaws. But, notwith- 
 standing my situation at the time, I thought 
 they would not eat much corn of my raising. 
 On Tuesday, as we were traveling along, 
 there came to us a white man and an Indian 
 on horseback ; they had a long talk, and 
 when they rode off, the Indians I was with 
 seemed considerably alarmed ; they immedi- 
 ately formed in Indian file, placed me in the 
 center and shook a war club over my head, 
 and showed me by these gestures that if I 
 attempted to run away they would kill me. 
 
 The Shawanee Camp . — We soon after ar- 
 rived at the Shawanee camp, where we con- 
 tinued until late in the afternoon of the next 
 day. During our stay there they trained my 
 hair to their own fashion, put a jewel of tin 
 in my nose, etc., etc. The Indians met with 
 great formality when we came to the camp 
 which was very spacious. One side was 
 entirely cleared out for -our use, and the 
 party I was with passed the camp to my great 
 mortification, I thinking they were going 
 
 on ; but on getting to the further end they 
 wheeled short round, came into the camp, 
 sat down — not a whisper. In a few minutes 
 two of the oldest got up, went round, shook 
 hands, came and sat down again ; then the 
 Shawanees rising simultaneously came and 
 shook hands with them. A few of the first 
 took me by the hand, but one refused, and 
 I did not offer them my hand again not con- 
 sidering it any great honor. Soon after a 
 kettle of bears’ oil, and some craclins were 
 set before us, and we began eating, they first 
 chewing the meat, then dipping it into the 
 bears’ oil, which I tried to be excused from, 
 but they compelled me to it, which tried my 
 stomach, although by this time hunger had 
 compelled me to eat many a dirty morsel. 
 Early in the afternoon an Indian came to 
 the camp and was met by his party just 
 outside, when they formed a circle and he 
 spoke, I thought, near an hour, and so pro- 
 found was the silence that had they been on' 
 a board floor I thought the fall of a pin 
 might have been heard. I rightly judged of 
 the disaster, for the day before I was taken 
 I was at Limestone, and was solicited to 
 join a party that was goifig down to the 
 mouth of Snag creek where some Indian 
 canoes where discovered hid in the willows. 
 The party went and divided, some came over 
 to the Indian shore and some remained in 
 Kentucky, and they succeeded in killing 
 nearly the whole party. 
 
 Two White Men . — There was at this 
 camp two white men ; one of them could 
 swear in English, but very imperfectly, hav- 
 ing I suppose been taken young ; the other, 
 who could speak good English, told me he 
 was from South Carolina. He then told me 
 different names which I have forgotten, ex- 
 cept that of Ward ; asked if I knew the 
 Wards that lived near Washington, Kentucky. 
 I told him I did, and wanted him to leave 
 the Indians and go to his brother’s, and take 
 me with him. He told me he preferred stay- 
 ing with the Indians, that he might nab the 
 whites. He ^nd I had a great deal of chat, 
 and disagreed in ^almost everything. He 
 told me they had* taken a prisoner by the 
 name of Towns, that had lived near Wash- 
 ington, Kentucky, and that he had attempted 
 to run away, and they killed him. But the 
 truth was, they had taken Timothy Downing 
 the day before I was taken, in the neighbor- 
 hood of Blue Licks, and had got within four 
 or five miles of that camp, and night coming 
 on, and it being very rainy, they concluded to 
 camp. 
 
 There were but two Indians, an old chief 
 and his son ; Downing watched his op- 
 portunity, got hold of a squaw-axe and 
 gave the fatal blow. His object was to 
 bring the young Indian in a prisoner; he 
 said he had been so kind to him he could 
 not think of killing him. But the instant he 
 struck his father, the young man sprung up- 
 on his back and confined him so that it was 
 with difficulty he extricated himself from his 
 grasp. Downing made then for his horse. 
 
226 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 and the Indian for the camp. The horse he 
 caught and mounted ; but not being a woods- 
 man, struck the Ohio a little below Scioto, 
 just as a boat was passing. They would 
 not land for him until he rode several miles 
 and convinced them that he was no decoy, 
 and so close was the pursuit, that the boat 
 had only gained the stream when the enemy 
 appeared on the shore. He had severely 
 wounded the young Indian in the scuffle, but 
 did not know it until I told him. Bat to re- 
 curn to my own narrative : two of the party, 
 viz., my friend and another Indian, turned 
 back from this camp to do other mischief, 
 and never before had I parted with a friend 
 with the same regret. We left the Shawanee 
 camp about the middle of the afternoon, they 
 under great excitement. What detained 
 them I know not, for they had a number of 
 their horses up and their packs on from 
 early in the morning. I think they had at 
 least one hundred of the best horses that at 
 that time Kentucky could afford. They cal- 
 culated on being pursued and they were 
 right, for the next day, viz., the 28th of 
 April, Major Kenton with about ninety men 
 was at the camp before the fires were ex- 
 tinguished ; and I have always viewed it as 
 a providential circumstance that the enemy 
 had departed, as a defeat on the part of the 
 Kentuckians would have been inevitable. I 
 never could get the Indians in a position to 
 ascertain their precise number, but concluded 
 there were sixty or upward, as sprightly 
 looking men as I ever saw together, and 
 well equipped as they could wish for. The 
 Major himself agreed with me that it was a 
 happy circumstance that they were gone. 
 
 Escapes. — We traveled that evening I 
 thought seven miles and encamped in the 
 edge of a prairie, the water a short distance 
 off. Our supper that night consisted of a 
 raccoon roasted undressed. After this meal 
 I became thirsty, and an old warrior to 
 whom my friend had given me in charge, 
 directed another to go with me to the water, 
 which made him angry ; he struck me, and 
 my nose bled. I had a great mind to return 
 the stroke, but did not. I then determined, 
 be the result what it might, that I would go 
 no farther with them. They tied me and 
 laid me down as usual, one of them lying 
 on the rope on each side of me ; they went 
 to sleep, and I to work gnawing and picking 
 the rope (made of bark) to pieces, but did 
 not get loose until day was breaking. I 
 crawled off on my hands and feet until I got 
 into the edge of the prairie, and sat down 
 on a tussock to put on my moccasins, and 
 had put on one and was preparing to put on 
 the other, when they raised the yell and 
 took the back track, and I believe they made 
 as much noise as twenty white men-could 
 do. Had they been still they might have 
 heard me, as I was not more than two 
 chains’ length from them at the time. But 
 I started and ran, carrying one moccasin in 
 my hand ; and in order to evade them, chose 
 the poorest ridges I could find ; and when 
 
 coming to tree-logs lying crosswise, would 
 run along one and then along the other. I 
 continued on that way until about ten 
 o’clock, then ascending a very poor ridge, 
 crept in between two logs, and being very- 
 weary soon dropped to sleep and did not 
 waken until the sun was almost down ; I 
 traveled on a short distance further and 
 took lodging for the night in a hollow tree. 
 
 I think it was on Saturday that I got to the 
 Miami. I collected some logs, made a raft 
 by peeling bark and tying them together ; 
 but I soon found that too tedious and aban- 
 doned it. I found a turkey’s nest with two 
 eggs in it, each one having a double yolk ; 
 they made two delicious meals for different 
 days. 
 
 Arrives at Fort Washington . — I followed 
 down the Miami, until I struck Harmar’s 
 trace, made the previous fall, and continued 
 on it until I came to Fort Washington, now 
 Cincinnati. I t^ink it was on the Sabbath, the 
 first day of May ; I caught a horse, tied a 
 piece of bark around his under jaw on 
 which there was a large tumor like a w-art. 
 The bark rubbed that, and he became rest- 
 less and threw me, not hurting me much 
 however ; I caught him again, and he again 
 threw me, hurting me badly. How long I 
 lay insensible I don’t know ; but w-hen I 
 revived he was a considerable distance from 
 me. I then traveled on very slow, my feet 
 entirely bare and full of thorns and briers. 
 On Wednesday, the day that I got in, I was 
 so far gone that I thought it entirely useless 
 to make any further exertion, not knowing 
 what distance I was from the river ; and 1 
 took my station at the root of a tree, but 
 soon got into a state of sleeping, and either 
 dreamt, or thought, that I should not be loi- 
 tering away my time, that I should get in that 
 day ; of wfflich, on reflection, I had not the 
 most distant idea. However, the impression 
 was so strong that I got up and walked on 
 some distance. I then took my station again 
 as before, and the same thoughts occupied 
 my mind. I got up and w^alked on. I had 
 not traveled far before I thought I could see 
 an opening for the river ; and getting a little 
 further on, I heard the sound of a bell. I 
 then started and ran, (at a slow speed un- 
 doubtedly) ; a little further on I began to 
 perceive that I was coming to the river hill ; 
 and having got about half way down, I 
 heard the sound of an axe, which was the 
 sweetest music I had heard for many a day. 
 It was in the extreme out-lot ; when I got 
 to the lot I crawled over the fence with diffi- 
 culty, it being very high. 
 
 William Woodward. — I approached the 
 person very cautiously till within about a 
 chain’s length undiscovered ; I then stopped 
 and spoke ; the person I spoke to was Mr. 
 William Woodward, the founder of the 
 Woodward High School. Mr. Woodward 
 looked up, hastily ^cast his eyes round, and 
 saw that I had no deadly weapon ; he then 
 spoke. “ In the name of God,” said he, 
 “ who are you ? ” 1 told him I had been a 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 227 
 
 prisoner and had made my escape from the 
 Indians. After a few more questions he 
 told me to come to him. I did so. Seeing 
 my situation, his fears soon subsided ; he 
 told me to sit down on a log and he would 
 go and catch a horse he had in the lot and 
 take me in. He caught his horse, set me 
 upon him, but kept the bridle in his own hand. 
 When we got into the road, people began to 
 inquire of Mr. Woodward, “ Who is he — an 
 Indian } ” I was not surprised nor offended 
 at the inquiries, for I was still in Indian uni- 
 form, bare headed, my hair cut off close, ex- 
 
 McDonald gives in his Sketches the 
 at Manchester: 
 
 Ellison's Captivity . — In the spring of the 
 year 1793, the settlers at Manchester com- 
 menced clearing the out-lots of the town ; 
 and while so engaged, an incident of much 
 interest and excitement occurred. Mr. An- 
 drew Ellison, one of the settlers, cleared a 
 lot immediately adjoining the fort. He had 
 completed the cutting of the timber, rolled 
 the logs together and set them on fire. The 
 next morning, a short time before daybreak, 
 Mr. Ellison opened one of the gates of the 
 fort and went out to throw his logs to- 
 gether. By the time hg had finished this 
 job, a number of the heaps blazed up 
 brightly, and as he was passing from one to 
 the other, he observed, by the light of the 
 fires, three men walking briskly towards 
 him. This did not alarm him in the least, 
 although, he said, they were dark skinned 
 fellows ; yet he concluded they were the 
 Wades, whose complexions were very dark, 
 going early to hunt. He continued to right 
 his log-heaps, until one of the fellows seized 
 him by the arms, and called out in broken 
 English, “ How do } how do 1 " He instantly 
 looked in their faces, and to his surprise and 
 horror, found himself in the clutches of three 
 Indians. To resist was useless. He there 
 fore submitted to his fate, without any resist- 
 ance or an attempt to escape. 
 
 The Indians quickly moved off with him in 
 the direction of Paint creek. When break- 
 fast was ready, Mrs. Ellison sent one of her 
 children to ask their father home ; but he 
 could not be found at the log-heaps. His 
 absence created no immediate alarm, as it 
 was thought he might have started to hunt 
 after the completion of his work. Dinner- 
 time arrived, and Ellison not returning, the 
 family became uneasy, and began to sus- 
 pect some accident had happened to him. 
 His gun-rack was examined, and there hung 
 his rifle and his pouch in their usual place. 
 Massie raised a party and made a circuit 
 around the place and found, after some 
 search, the trails of four men one of whom 
 had on shoes ; and as Ellison had shoes on, 
 the truth that the Indians had made him a 
 prisoner was unfolded. As it was almost 
 night at the time the trail was discovered, 
 the party returned to their station. Next 
 morning early, preparations were made by 
 
 cept the scalp and loretop, which they had 
 put up in a piece of tin, with a bunch of 
 turkey feathers, which I could not undo. 
 They had also stripped off the feathers of 
 about two turkeys and hung them to the 
 hair of the scalp ; these I had taken off the 
 day I left them. Mr. Woodward took me 
 to his house, where every kindness was 
 shown me. They soon gave me other cloth- 
 ing ; coming from different persons, they 
 did not fit me very neatly ; but there could 
 not be a pair of shoes got in the place that I 
 could get on, my feet were so much swollen. 
 
 following incidents of Indian history 
 
 Massie and his party to pursue the Indians. 
 In doing this they found great difficulty, as 
 it was so early in the spring that the vegeta- 
 tion was not of sufficient growth to show 
 plainly the trail of the Indians, who took the 
 precaution to keep on hard and high land, 
 where their feet could make little or no im- 
 pression. Massie and his party, however, 
 were as unerring as a pack of well-trained 
 hounds, and followed the trail to Paint 
 creek, when they found the Indians gained 
 so fast on them that pursuit was vain. 
 They therefore abandoned it and returned 
 to the station. 
 
 The Indians took their prisoner to Upper 
 Sandusky and compelled him to run the 
 gauntlet. As Ellison was a large man and 
 not very active, he received a severe flogging 
 as he passed along the line. From this 
 place he was taken to Lower Sandusky and 
 was again compelled to run the gauntlet, 
 and was then taken to Detroit, where he was 
 generously ransomed by a British officer for 
 one hundred dollars. He was shortly after- 
 wards sent by his friend the officer to Mon- 
 treal, from whence he returned home before 
 the close of the summer of the same year. 
 
 Attack upon the Edgingtons . — Another 
 incident connected with the station at Man- 
 chester occurred shortly after this time. 
 John Edgington, Asahel Edgington, and 
 another man, started out on a hunting 
 expedition towards Brush creek. They 
 camped out six miles in a north-east direc- 
 tion from where West Union now stands, 
 and near where Treber’s tavern is now situ- 
 ated, on the road from Chillicothe to Mays- 
 ville. The Edgingtons had good success in 
 hunting having killed a number of deer and 
 bears. Of the deer killed, they saved the 
 skins and hams alone. The bears, they 
 fleeced ; that is, they cut off all the meat 
 which adhered to the hide without skinning, 
 and left the bones as a skeleton. They hung 
 up the proceeds of their hunt on a scaffold, 
 out of the reach of the wolves and other wild 
 animals, and returned home for pack horses. 
 No one returned to the camp with the two 
 Edgingtons. As it was late in December, 
 no one apprehended danger, as the winter 
 season was usually a time of repose from 
 Indian incursions. When the Edgingtons 
 
228 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 arrived at their old hunting camp, they 
 alighted from their horses and were prepar- 
 ing to strike a fire, when a platoon of In- 
 dians fired upon them at the distance of not 
 more than twenty paces. Asahel Edgington 
 fell to rise no more. John was more fortu- 
 nate. The sharp crack of the rifles, and the 
 horrid yells of the Indians, as they leaped 
 from their place of ambush, frightened the 
 horses, who took the track towards home at 
 full speed. John Edgington was very ac- 
 tive on foot, and now an occasion offered 
 which required his utmost speed. The mo- 
 ment the Indians leaped from their hiding- 
 place they threw down their guns and took 
 after him. They pursued him screaming 
 and yelling in the most horrid manner. 
 Edgington did not run a booty race. For 
 about a mile the Indians stepped in his 
 tracks almost before the bending grass 
 
 could rise. The uplifted tomahawk was 
 frequently so near his head that he thought 
 he felt its edge. Every effort was made to 
 save his life, and every exertion of the In- 
 dians was made to arrest him in his flight. 
 Edgington, who had the greatest stake in 
 the race, at length began to gain on his pur- 
 suers, and after a long race he distanced 
 them, made his escape, and safely reached 
 home. This truly was a most fearful and 
 well contested race. The big Shawanee 
 chief. Captain John, who headed the Indians 
 on this occasion, after peace was made and 
 Chillicothe settled, frequently told the writer 
 of this sketch of the race. Captain John 
 said that “ the white man who ran away 
 was a smart fellow ; ” that the “ white man 
 run and I run ; he run and run, at last the 
 white man run clear off from me.” 
 
 The first court in this county was held in Manchester. Winthrop Sar- 
 gent, the secretary of the territory, acting in the absence of the governor, 
 appointed commissioners, who located the county seat at an out-of-the- 
 way place, a few miles above the mouth of Brush creek, which they called 
 Adamsville. The locality was soon named, in derision. Scant. At the 
 next session of the court its members became divided, and part sat in 
 Manchester and part at Adamsville. The governor, on his return to the 
 territory, finding the people in great confusion, and much bickering 
 between them, removed the seat of justice to the mouth of Brush creek, 
 where the first court was held in 1798. Here a town was laid out by 
 Noble Grimes, under the name of Washington. A large log court-house 
 was built, with a jail in the lower story,* and the governor appointed two 
 more of the Scant party judges, which gave them a majority. In 1800, 
 Charles Willing Byrd, secretary of the territory, in the absence of the gov- 
 ernor, appointed two more of the Manchester party judges, which balanced 
 the parties, and the contest was maintained until West Union became the 
 county seat. Joseph Darlinton and Israel Donalson, were among the 
 first judges of the Common Pleas. In 1847 on the publication of the first 
 edition of this work both of these gentlemen were living in the countyq 
 Gen. Darlinton being at the time clerk of the court, an office he had 
 held since 1803. They were also members of the convention for forming 
 the first Constitution of Ohio, only three others of that body being then 
 living. 
 
 West Union in 1846. — The annexed view shows on the left the jail 
 and market and in the center the Court House and county offices. These 
 last stand in a pleasant area shaded by locusts. The Court House is a 
 substantial stone building and bears good testimony to the skill of the 
 builder, ex-Gov. Metcalfe of Kentucky, who commencing life a mason, 
 acquired the sobriquet of “ Stone Hammer.” The first court house was 
 of logs. West Union contains four churches, one Associated Reformed, 
 one Presbyterian, one Methodist, one Baptist ; two newspapers, a cla.s- 
 sical school, and nine mercantile stores. It had in 1820 a population of 
 406; in 1840,462. (Old edition.) 
 
 West Union is on a high ridge on the old Maysville and Zanesville 
 turnpike, about ten miles from the Ohio at Manchester and one hundred 
 and six from Columbus. It is nine hundred and ten feet above sea level, 
 four hundred and ten above Lake Erie and four hundred and seventy-eight 
 above the Ohio at Cincinnati. It is the only county seat in Ohio not on 
 the line of a railroad. County officers in 1887: Probate Judge, Tsaac N. 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 229 
 
 Tolle ; Clerk of Court, William R. Mahaffey ; Sheriff, W. P. Newman ; 
 Prosecuting Attorney, Philip Handrehan ; Auditor, J. W. Jones ; Treas- 
 urer, W. B. Brown; Recorder, Leonard Young; Surveyor,. A. V. Hutson; 
 Coroner, George W. Osborn ; Commissioners, J. R. Zile, Thomas J. Shelton, 
 James H. Crissman. 
 
 The name of West Union was given to it by Hon. Thos. Kirker, one of 
 the commissioners who laid it put in 1804, and one of its earliest settlers. 
 In 1880 its population was 626 ; in 1886 school census, 317. It has one 
 bank, that of Grimes & Co. ; and three newspapers, viz., Neiv Era, Repub- 
 lican, Mrs. Hannah L. Irwin, editor; People s Defender, Democratic, Joseph 
 W. Eylar, editor, and Scion, Republican, Samuel Burwell, editor. It has 
 also a Children’s Home with forty-one children. The buildings are large 
 and the appointments excellent. > 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 THE COUNTY BUILDINGS, WEST UNION. 
 
 In reply to an inquiry, Hon. J. L. Coryell of West Union has sent us a 
 communication giving brief mention of valued characters identified with the 
 history of Adams County. Such an one upon every county in the State 
 would be a benefit serving to bind the people of the commonwealth in 
 closer fraternal bonds through the greater mutual knowledge thus obtained, 
 and minister to a laudable pride in the possession of the laws and institu- 
 tion that could give the highest wealth of character. He was prompted 
 to thus aid us through his memory of the old edition, a copy of which he 
 earned when a youth by chopping wood at twenty-five cents a day. Thus 
 writes the Judge. 
 
 “ Adams is an old and pretty good county and has an excellent history. 
 She has had many good men, denizens, citizens and residents, native and to 
 the manor born. Among the former were Gov. Thomas Kirker, John 
 Patterson, marshal of Ohio about 1840, John W. Campbell, congressman, 
 and U. S. Judge. Col. J. R. Cockerill who died in 1875 succeeded Gen. 
 J. Darlinton as clerk of court. Darlinton was a good and useful man. 
 Cockerill was one time member of Congress, Colonel of 70th O. V. I., a 
 highly valued citizen. He was the father of Col. John A. Cockerill who 
 was born near the Serpent Mound: at about fifteen years of age was a 
 drummer boy at Shiloh. He afterwards edited papers in Adams and Butler 
 counties and was managing editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer ; later traveler 
 and correspondent in the far East, Turkey, etc.; then edited the Post Dis- 
 patch of St. Louis; now is the managing editor of the New York World, 
 a brilliant young man. • Joseph McCormick, a native of this county, was 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 Attorney-General of Ohio about 1850. General A. T. Wikoff of Columbus, Presi- 
 dent Cleveland & Marietta R. R., is a native of this county ; John P. Leedam, 
 formerly clerk of our courts, then member of Congress and now Sergeant- 
 at-arms of House of Representatives, is a citizen of this town. J. H. Roth- 
 neck, a native of this county, is now a Supreme Judge in Iowa. David 
 Sinton of Cincinnati, so noted for his benefactions, was reared in this town 
 where his parents died. Dr. Thomas Williamson, forty years a missionary 
 to the Dakota Indians, was reared and educated in this county.” 
 
 Manchester, one of the oldest settlements in the State, is on the Ohio, 
 sixty miles east south-east of Cincinnati, twelve miles above Maysville, Ky. 
 and at the foot of the Three Islands. It was widely known early in this 
 century to the traveling public, being a point of transshipment on the great 
 stage route east from Lexington to Maysville and from here through 
 Chillicothe, Zanesville, Wheeling, etc. Up to 1846 it was an insignificant 
 place having at that time not exceeding fifty dwellings. It is now the 
 largest town in the county. It has churches, two Methodist and one 
 Presbyterian. Newspaper, Signal, Independent, J. A. Perry, editor. 
 Banks, Farmer’s, W. L. Vance, president, L. Pierce, cashier ; Manchester, 
 R. H. Ellison, president, C. C. W. Naylor, cashier. 
 
 Edward R. Gregory, Photo., Manchester, 1887. 
 
 THE LOWER OF THE THREE ISLANDS AND LANDING, MANCHESTER. 
 
 Industries and Employees . — Manchester Planing Mill Co., twenty-eight 
 hands; L. W. Trenary, Lumber, twelve hands; S. P. Lucker & Co., 
 Carriages, eight hands; Manchester Rolling Mills, six hands; Weaver & 
 Bradford, fruit jugs, etc., five hands. State Report 1887. Population in 
 1880, 1455 ; school census in 1886, 643. 
 
 Manchester was the fourth point permanently settled in the State which 
 has developed into a town, the other three being Marietta, Gallipolis and 
 Cincinnati, the last named originally called Losantiville. 
 
 Those who have seen only the rivers of the East, as the Hudson, Dela- 
 ware, Connecticut, etc., can have no adequate idea of the topograph- 
 ical features of the Ohio. Those streams come up within a few feet of the 
 meadow lands or hills wherever they bound them. Not so the Ohio. 
 This stream occupies an excavated trough, where in places the bounding 
 hills rise above the water 500 and 600 feet. 
 
ADAMS COUNTY, 
 
 231 
 
 The river is highly picturesque from its graceful windings, softly wooded 
 hills and forest clad islands. In but few places is it more pleasant than at 
 Manchester. 
 
 The islands in the river are all very low. They were originally formed on 
 sand-bars where floating trees lodged in seasons of freshets and made a nucleus 
 for the gathering of the soil which is of the richest. In the June freshet they 
 are overflown, when with their wealth of foliage they seem as huge masses of 
 greenery reposing on the bosom of the water. 
 
 Those born upon the Ohio never lose their interest in the beautiful stream ; 
 and few things are more pleasant for the people who dwell along its shores 
 than in the quiet of a summer’s evening when their day’s work is done, to sit 
 before their doors and look down upon the ever-flowing waters. Everything is 
 calm and restful : varied often by the slow measured puff of an approaching 
 steamer, heard, may be, for miles away, long before she is seen, or if after dark, 
 before her light suddenly bursts in view as she rounds a bend. 
 
 Up to within a few years the barren hills in this and some other river coun- 
 ties remained in places the property of the general Government They afforded, 
 however, a fine range for the cattle and hogs of the scattered inhabitants and 
 no small quantity of lumber, such as staves, hoop poles and tan bark, which 
 were taken from the public lands. Dr. John Locke, one of Ohio’s earliest 
 geologists, from whose report made about the year 1840 these facts are derived, 
 thus describes the peculiar people who dwelt in the wilderness. 
 
 The Bark Cutters . — There is a vagrant 
 class who are supported by this kind of busi- 
 ness. Thej’^ erect a cabin towards the head 
 of some ravine,^ collect the chestnut-oak 
 bark from the neighboring hill-tops, drag it 
 on sleds to points accessible by wagons, 
 
 where they sell it for perhaps $2 per cord 
 to the wagoner. The last sells it at the 
 river to the flat boat shipper, at $6 per cord, 
 and he again to the consumer at Cincinnati, 
 for $11. Besides this common trespass, 
 the squatter helps himself out by hunting 
 
 COL. JOHN A. COCKERILL, 
 Managing Editor “New York World.” 
 
2%2 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 deer and coons, and, it is said, occasionally 
 by taking a sheep or a hog, the loss of which 
 may very reasonably be charged to the 
 wolves. The poor families of the bark cut- 
 ters often exhibit the very picture of improvi- 
 dence. There begins to be a fear among 
 the inhabitants that speculators may be 
 tempted to purchase up these waste lands 
 
 and deprive them of their present “range” 
 and lumber. The speculator must still be 
 a non-resident, and could hardly protect 
 his purchase. The inhabitants have a hard, 
 rough region to deal with and need all of 
 the advantages which their mountain tract 
 can afford. 
 
 Mr. Coryell, from whom we have elsewhere quoted, has given us these 
 facts illustrating the changed condition of this once wilderness. 
 
 “In 1871 Congress gave all vacant land in Virginia military district to 
 Ohio, and her legislature at once gave them to the Ohio State University. 
 Her trustees had them hunted up, surveyed and sold out, and they are all 
 
 E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, Surveyors. 
 PL.\N OF THE SERPENT MOUND. 
 
 now on the tax duplicate, and one half our tobacco, for which this county 
 has become somewhat noted, is produced east of Brush creek. Tan bark% 
 hoop poles and boat gunnels are no longer a business. Portable saw mills 
 have peregrinated every valley and ravine, and very much of the timber 
 (and there was none finer) has been converted into lumber for home con- 
 sumption and shipment to Cincinnati via river and railroad. Ten years 
 ago Jefferson township, east of Brush creek, polled 500 votes, to-day 1000, 
 brought about by sale of cheap lands and immigration from the tobacco 
 counties of Brown and Clermont and also Kentucky.” 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 233 
 
 THE SERPENT MOUND. 
 
 Probably the most important earthwork in the West is The Serpent Mound. 
 It is on Brush creek in Franklin township, about six miles north of Peebles 
 Station on the C. & E. Railroad, twenty-one miles from West Union, the county 
 seat, thirty-one miles from the Ohio at Manchester, and five miles south of 
 Sinking Springs, in Highland County. The engraving annexed is from the 
 work of Squier and Davis on the “Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Val- 
 ley,” who thus made this work known to the world by their survey in 1849. 
 Their plan annexed is in general correct, but the oval is drawn too large in 
 proportion to the head ; and the edge of the cliff is some distance from the oval. 
 The appendages on each side of the head do not exist. They have been shown 
 by Prof. Putnam to be accidentally connected with the serpent. The mound 
 was erected doubtless for worship, and appended to their description of it they 
 make this statement : 
 
 “ The serpent, separate, or in combination with the circle, egg, or globe, has 
 been a predominant symbol among many primitive nations. It prevailed in 
 Egypt, Greece and Assyria, and entered widely into the superstitions of the 
 Celts, the Hindoos and the Chinese. It even penetrated into America, and was 
 conspicuous in the mythology of the ancient Mexicans, among whom its sig- 
 nificance does not seem to have differed materially from that which it possessed 
 in the Old World. The fact that the ancient Celts, and perhaps other nations 
 of the old continent, erected sacred structures in the form of the serpent, is one 
 of high interest. Of this description was the great temple of Abury, in Eng- 
 land — in many respects the most imposing ancient monument of the British 
 islands. It is impossible in this connection to trace the analogies which the 
 Ohio structure exhibits to the serpent temples of England, or to point out the 
 extent to which the symbol was applied in America — an investigation fraught 
 with the greatest interest both in respect to the light which it reflects upon the 
 primitive superstitions of remotely-separated people, and especially upon the 
 origin of the American race.” 
 
 Public attention has recently been attracted to this work through the exer- 
 tions of Professor F. W. Putnam, of the Peabody Museum of Cambridge, Mass., 
 who by the aid of some Boston ladies in the spring of 1887 secured by sub- 
 scription about $6,000 for its purchase and protection, as it was fast going to 
 destruction. The purchase includes about seventy acres of land with the 
 mound, the title vesting in the museum attached to Harvard University. This 
 he has laid out in a beautiful park to be free to the public, and with the name 
 “ The Serpent Mound Park.” It is in a wild and picturesque country and must 
 eventually be a favorite place of public resort. The Professor, who is an accom- 
 plished archaeologist, regards this as one of the most remarkable structures of 
 its kind in the world. His description of the work is as follows : 
 
 “ The head of the serpent rests on a rocky platform which presents a pre- 
 cipitous face to the west, towards the creek, of about 100 feet in height. The 
 jaws of the serpent’s mouth are widely extended in the act of trying to swallow 
 an egg, represented by an oval enclosure about 12 1 feet long and 60 feet wide. 
 This enclosure consists of a ridge of earth about five feet high, and from 
 eighteen to twenty feet broad. The body of the serpent winds gracefully back 
 toward higher land, making four large folds before reaching the tail. The tail 
 tapers gracefully and is twisted up in three complete and close coils. The 
 height of the body of the serpent is four to five feet, and its greatest width is 
 thirty feet across the neck. The whole length of the mound from the end of 
 the egg on the precipice to the last coil of the tail is upwards of 1,300 feet. 
 
 The Serpent Mound is not in a conspicuous place, but in a situation 
 which seems rather to have been chosen for the privacies of -sacred rites. 
 The rising land towards the tail and back for a hundred rods afforded 
 ample space for large gatherings. The view across the creek from the preci- 
 
234 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY, 
 
 pice near the head, and indeed from the whole area, is beautiful and impres- 
 sive, but not very extensive. To the south, however, peaks may be seen 
 ten or fifteen miles away which overlook the Ohio River and Kentucky hills, 
 while at a slightly less distance to the north, in Pike and Highland counties, 
 are visible several of the highest points in the State. Among these is Fort 
 Hill, eight miles north in Brush creek township on the extreme* eastern 
 edge of Highland County. Fort Hill is one of the best preserved and most 
 interesting ancient enclosures in the State. It is estimated that in the 
 limits of Ohio alone are 10,000 ancient mounds and from 1500 to 2000 
 enclosures. The importance of the study of the subject, the present 
 method of procedure and the general progress are thus dwelt upon in a 
 lecture delivered by Prof. Putnam, Oct. 25, 1887, before the Western 
 Reserve Historical Society. 
 
 The proper study of history begins with the earliest monuments of 
 man’s occupancy of the earth. From study of ancient implements, burial- 
 places, village sites, roads, enclosures and monuments we are able to get 
 as vivid and correct a conception — all but the names — of pre-historic times 
 as of what is called the historic period. 
 
 The study of archaeology is now assuming new importance from the 
 improved methods of procedure. P'ormerly it was considered sufficient to 
 arrange archaeological ornaments and implements according to size and 
 perfection of workmanship and call it a collection. But now extended 
 
 /. C. Foulk, Photo. Hillsboro. 
 HEAD of the SERPENT MOUND. 
 
 is the principal thing, 
 said to have been ex- 
 were dug through them 
 the contents thus en- 
 inspected. Now it is 
 the exploration of a 
 off with the greatest care 
 earth examined and 
 graphed. The skeletons 
 with great care, being 
 and then moistened so 
 usually the bones can be 
 The record of the ex- 
 works where imple- 
 skeletons are found is 
 the possession of the 
 
 and minute comparison 
 Formerly mounds were 
 plored when trenches 
 in two directions and 
 countered, removed and 
 considered essential to 
 mound that it be sliced 
 and every shovelful of 
 every section photo- 
 are now also examined 
 first gently uncovered 
 as to harden them, when 
 moved without fracture, 
 cavation of the earth- 
 ments, ornaments and 
 more important than 
 objects themselves. 
 
 Although an immense field still remains to be explored, we have gone 
 far enough to show in a general way, that southern Ohio was the meeting- 
 place of two diverse races of people. Colonel Whittlesey’s sagacious gen- 
 eralizations concerning the advance of a more civilized race from the 
 south as far as southern Ohio, and their final expulsion by more warlike 
 tribes from the lake region, are fully confirmed by recent investigations. 
 The Indians of Mexico and South America belong to what is called a 
 “ short-headed ” race, i.e., the width of their skulls being more than three- 
 fourths of their length, whereas the northern Indians are all “ long 
 headed.” 
 
 Now out of about 1400 skulls found in the vicinity of Madisonville near 
 Cincinnati, more than 1200 clearly belonged to a short -headed race, thus 
 connecting them with southern tribes. Going further back it seems proba- 
 ble that the southern tribes* reached America across the Pacific from 
 southern Asia, while the northern tribes came via Alaska from northern 
 Asia. 
 
 A description of Fort Hill alluded to above will be found under the head 
 of Highland County, and that of the Alligator Mound under that of Licking 
 County. This last named has been classed with the Serpent Mound, it 
 liaving evidently been erected like that for purposes of worship. 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 235 
 
 TRAVELING NOTES. 
 
 As Adam was the first to lead in the line 
 of humanity, so it seems proper for Adams 
 to lead, at least alphabetically, in the line of 
 Ohio counties ; yet it was about the last 
 visited by me on this tour. 
 
 A few days before Christmas I was in 
 Kenton. Two or three points on the Ohio 
 were to be visited and then my travels would 
 be over. Would I live to finish.^ Ah! 
 that was a pressing question. As the end 
 drew near I confess I was a little anxious. 
 Some had predicted I would never get 
 through. “ Too old." It is pleasant to be 
 
 is being petted by the hotel clerk ; it is good 
 to see everywhere young life asserting its 
 power, pulling on the heart strings ; in its 
 weakness lies its strength. Within it is 
 warm, without, intensely cold ; the landscape 
 snow clad. Day is breaking beautifully and 
 the moon and stars in silence look down 
 upon our world in its white shroud. I go 
 out upon the porch and enjoy the calm loveli- 
 ness of the morning coming on in silence 
 and purity. 
 
 All of life does not consist in the getting 
 of money ; with my eyes I possess the stars, 
 while the cold, pure air seems as a perfect 
 elixir. Still there must always be some- 
 
 OHIO RIVER BEACON. 
 
 encouraged ; a higher pleasure often comes 
 from opposition ; it enhances victory. 
 
 Old age ! that is a folly. Live young, and 
 you will die young. Learn to laugh Time 
 out of his arithmetic ; amuse him with some 
 new game of marbles. Then on some fine 
 summer’s day you will be taking a quiet 
 nap, and when you awake maybe find your- 
 self clothed in the pure white garments of 
 eternal youth. 
 
 Tuesday Mor^i, Dec. 21.— It is now six 
 o’clock. Am in the office of the St. Nicho- 
 las Hotel at Kenton. A dozen commercial 
 travelers sit around, mutually strangers. 
 They sit sleepy in chairs, having just come 
 off a train : its locomotive hard by is hissing 
 steam in the cold morning air. A hunting 
 dog lies by the stove and the landlord’s five- 
 year-old daughter, wearing a checked apron. 
 
 thing to mar the acme of enjoyment and 
 this is mine, the wish that cannot be grati- 
 fied, that I for the time being was trans- 
 formed into some huge giant, so as to offer 
 a greater lung capacity for the penetration 
 of the exhilarating air and a greater body 
 surface for it to envelop and hold me in its 
 invigorating embrace ; a desire also for 
 greater penetration of vision, to take in the 
 stars beyond the stars I see. Thus must it 
 ever be — on, on and on, life beyond life, eter- 
 nity, God ! “ Canst thou by searching find 
 
 out God } ” To find him, to learn him fully, 
 requires all knowledge ; with all knowledge 
 must come all power. This can never be, 
 so the mystery of the ages must continue 
 the mystery of the eternities ; still on, on, 
 stars beyond stars ! 
 
 It 's at night when in solitude, far from 
 
236 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 home and friends, that as one looks up to 
 the starry dome the soul responds most 
 fully to the sublimity of creation. Then the 
 stars seem as brothers speaking, and say, 
 “We too, O human soul, are filled with the 
 all filling sublimity and the eternal vastness. 
 We each see stars beyond stars ; there is no 
 limit. We know not whence we came, but 
 we do know that we are created by the Eter- 
 nal Incomprehensible Spirit and cast into 
 illimitable space so that each of us rolls on 
 in an appointed orbit. We alike with thee 
 feel His presence and worship Him who 
 seems to say, ‘ Do your work, shine on, 
 shine on, let your light illumine the hearts of 
 men that they may be lifted in one eternal 
 song of gladness.’ ” 
 
 It was years ago when, far from home and 
 friends and alone with night and solitude I 
 endeavored in verse to describe the scene 
 around me, and to express the thoughts that 
 filled me with the all pervading sense of the 
 Divine. 
 
 ALONE WITH NIGHT AND THE STARS. 
 
 AN OLD man’s soliloquy. 
 
 Musing under the leaf-clad porch 
 He sat in the soft evening air, 
 
 Where zephyrs fragrant fanned his brow. 
 And tossed the snow locks of his hair. 
 
 He thus discoursed unto himself within. 
 As though spirit and soul were two : 
 
 Of Nature, the great open book ; 
 
 Of Mystery, the old and yet ever new. 
 
 “ Alone with night and the stars I 
 My soul is enraptured and free ; 
 
 Looks up to the deep above. 
 
 Where the hosts are beaming on me. 
 
 “ Alone with night and the stars ! — 
 
 Like specters stand trees on the hill. 
 
 While insects flash their evening lamps 
 And piteous cries the whip-poor-will. 
 
 “ Alone with night and the stars ! — 
 
 The lake its bosom lays bare 
 
 And softly it quivers and heaves 
 Little stars as if cradled there. 
 
 “Ye stars ! Oh beauteous thine eyes ! 
 
 Ye stud the black dome of night. 
 
 Thine eloquence greater than words 
 The silvery speech of thy light. 
 
 “ Ye smiled o’er the cot of my youth. 
 
 My slumbers watched sweetly above ; 
 
 And now I am stricken, waxed old, 
 
 I am thrilled in the light of thy love. 
 
 “ Old I am, and yet I hope young. 
 
 Light and love have followed my days : 
 
 Eternal youth remains to the soul 
 Responsive to the good always. 
 
 “ Alone with night and the stars ! 
 
 It seems as if every hill, every tree 
 
 Was thinking, silently thinking. 
 
 We are thine, O God, belong to Thee. 
 
 “And striking the chords of my soul, 
 
 F rom the farm-house over the lea 
 
 I hear them singing, sweetly singing, 
 
 ‘ Nearer, my God, nearer to Thee.’ ” 
 
 When morn broke over the hills 
 Celestial where no storm ever mars 
 
 The mortal to youth had arisen, 
 
 Immortal with God and the stars. 
 
 Wednesday Morn, Dec. 22. — Am in the 
 Sheridan Hotel, Ironton, where that long 
 water ribbon called the Ohio finds for the 
 people of the State its southernmost bend, 
 and seems to say “ Here shalt thou come 
 and no farther; beyond thy statutes are 
 of no avail.” 
 
 Bcllefontaine . — Ironton is 220 miles from 
 Kenton by my route: I left Kenton after 
 breakfast, stopped two hours at Bellefon- 
 taine and one at Columbus. I entered Belle- 
 fontaine by the train from the north as I did 
 forty years ago ; but how different my en- 
 trance. Then it was late in the fall or early 
 winter ; I had sketched the grave of Simon 
 Kenton a few miles north, when night over- 
 took me : it became intensely dark, I was on 
 the back of old Pomp, and in some anxiety as 
 I could see nothing except a faint glimmer 
 from the road moistened by the rain ; a 
 sense of relief came when the straggling 
 lights of Bellefontaine burst in view. In the 
 morning I awoke to find this place with a 
 beautiful name, little more than a collection 
 of log cabins grouped around the Court 
 House square. I was surprised yesterday to 
 find it such a handsome little city. 
 
 Old Soldiers . — There in his office in one 
 of the fine buildings that had supplanted the 
 crude structures of the old time, I called up- 
 on a young man of whose history I had heard 
 in my New Haven home ; for he was a 
 youth in Yale when Sumter fell. Then he 
 gave his books a toss into a corner and fol- 
 lowing the flag made a record. He is now 
 the Lieut. -Governor of the State, Robert Ken- 
 nedy. He is strongly made ; a picture of 
 physical health. He is of medium stature, 
 yet every man who from love of country has 
 breasted the bullets of her foes will stand in 
 my eyes half a foot taller than other men. 
 In this tour I have met many such and no 
 matter how humble their position, I feel 
 everywhere like taking them by the hand ; 
 for they seem as men glorified. My memory 
 carries me back to the meeting in my youth 
 with soldiers of the American Revolution, 
 venerable men who had come down from 
 a former generation, and th*e people every- 
 where honored them ; they too were as men 
 glorified. 
 
 Women of the Scioto Valley . — It was near 
 evening when I arrived at Columbus ; wffiere 
 I walked the streets for an hour finding them 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 237 
 
 thronged with people engaged in their Christ- 
 mas shopping. On resuming my seat in the 
 cars to continue south, I found them filled 
 with women living down the Scioto Valley, 
 some ten, some fifty miles away, returning 
 to their homes with packages of happiness. 
 Two or three of them were blondes, young 
 ladies of tasteful attire and refined beauty. 
 This famed valley is of wonderful fertility, 
 equal in places probably to the delta of the 
 Ganges where a square mile feeds a thou- 
 sand. Almost armies perished here in this 
 valley by malaria before it was fairly sub- 
 dued, and could produce such exquisite 
 fancifully attired creatures as these. Their 
 grandmothers were obliged to dress in 
 homespun, dose with quinine, and listen to 
 the nightly howls of wolves around their 
 cabins ; but these graceful femininities 
 can pore over Harper s Bazaar, indulge 
 in ice-cream and go entranced over airs 
 from the operas. 
 
 By ten o’clock the Christmas shoppers had 
 been distributed through the valley and I 
 was almost alone when my attention 
 was attracted by a young man near me, of 
 twenty-two, so he told me. He said he had 
 been a farm laborer in Michigan, and was go- 
 ing into Virginia to begin life among stran- 
 gers ; going forth into the world to seek 
 his fortune. He evidently knew nothing of 
 that country and it seemed to me as though 
 he was under some Utopian hallucination. 
 His face was of singular beauty. A tall, 
 conical Canadian black cap set it off to ad- 
 vantage ; his complexion was dark, his teeth 
 like pearls, features delicate and eyes radi- 
 ant. Then his smile was so sweet and his 
 expression so innocent and guileless that he 
 quite won my heart in sympathy for his fu- 
 ture. There was some mystery there. I 
 could not reconcile his story of being a farm 
 laborer with such refinement. 
 
 Wed. Dec. 22. 5 p. M. — As I sat this 
 morning in a photograph gallery in I ronton, 
 the photographer exclaimed “ There’s the 
 Bostonia — that’s her whistle.” “Where is 
 she bound ? ” “ Down the river.” In a 
 
 twinkling I decided to go in her and now 
 just at candle light I’m on the Ohio, sixty 
 miles below Ironton. In this sudden decis- 
 ion to leave I fear I greatly disappointed 
 Editor E. S. Wilson of the Register, who, 
 having read my books in boyhood, had 
 greeted my advent with warmth and ex- 
 pected to have a day with me. 
 
 The Scotch Irish . — At Ironton I had a 
 brief interview with a patriarch now verging 
 on his 8oth year. Mr. John Campbell, long 
 identified with the development of the iron 
 industry of this locality. In my entire tour 
 I had scarcely met with another of such grand 
 patriarchial presence : of great stature and 
 singular benignancy of expression, he made 
 me think of George Washington ; this was 
 increased when he told me he was from Vir- 
 ginia. He is from that strong Scotch Irish 
 Presbyterian stock that gave to our country 
 such men as Andrew Jackson, John C. Cal- 
 
 houn, the Alexanders of Princeton, Felix 
 Houston of Texas, Horace Greeley, the 
 McDowells, etc. Stonewall Jackson was 
 one of them, and his famous brigade was 
 largely composed .of Scotch Irish, whose 
 ancestors drifted down from Pennsylvania 
 about 1 50 years ago and settled in the beau- 
 tiful Shenandoah Valley about Augusta and 
 Staunton. They were never to any extent, 
 more than they could well help, a slave- 
 holding people ; indeed they have been noted 
 for their love of civil and religious liberty. 
 While in the American Revolution the 
 Episcopalians of eastern Virginia largely de- 
 serted their homes, as numerous ruins of 
 Episcopal churches there to-day attest, and 
 followed King George, these “ hard-headed 
 blue Presbyterians,” as one of their own writ- 
 ers called them, from the loins of the old 
 Scotch Covenanters, were a strong reliance 
 of Washington ; 
 
 On the Ohio . — How cheap traveling is by 
 river. I go, say 100 miles by water, and pay 
 $2. 00 and they feed me as well as move me ; 
 a general custom on the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi river boats. This is a large comfort- 
 able boat, and I’m given ice-cream for both 
 dinner and supper, and for drink any amount 
 of Ohio river water, now filled with broken 
 ice, a remarkably soft, palatable beverage. 
 
 Persons inexperienced in traveling on the 
 western rivers often see the expression, 
 “ wharf boat ” and it puzzles them. Owing 
 to the continual changes in the level of west- 
 ern rivers, in seasons of extreme flood ris- 
 ing fifty and more feet, permanent wharves 
 for the receipt of freight and passengers are 
 impossible. So flat bottomed scows floored 
 and roofed, called wharf boats are used. 
 The steamboats are moored alongside and 
 the passengers go on the wharf boat on a 
 plank, cross it and then on other planks reach 
 land. The river passes between the steam- 
 boat and wharf-boat with frightful velocity. 
 The instance is hardly known of a passen- 
 ger falling between the two, no matter how 
 good a swimmer he was, escaping death ; he 
 is drawn under the wharf boat ; many have 
 thus been drowned. At night light is shed 
 over the scene by a huge lump of burning 
 coal taken from the furnace and suspended 
 from a wire basket : if this does not give 
 sufficient light a handful of powdered resin 
 is thrown on it. 
 
 The scene at a landing on a dark night 
 is picturesque. The passengers crowding 
 ashore, the confusing yells of the porters on 
 the wharf-boats, the hustling to and fro of the 
 deck hands, while the dancing flames from 
 the burning coal blowing in the wind throws a 
 lurid, changing light over the spot, rendering 
 the enveloping darkness beyond still more awe 
 inspiring. This with the thought that a fall 
 overboard is death makes an unpleasant im- 
 pression. Hence as it is excessively dark 
 and I cannot see well after night I dread the 
 landing; for a single foot slip may be fatal. 
 
 When the Ohio some forty years ago was 
 the main artery for traffic and passengers. 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 238 
 
 these river towns were greatly prosperous ; 
 the river was the continuous subject of con- 
 versation. When neighbor met neighbor the 
 question would be “ How’s the river ? ” 
 “ Good stage of water, eh } ” Even their 
 very slang came from it. In expressing con- 
 tempt for another they would say, “ Oh he’s a 
 nobody — nothing but a little stern wheel 
 affair ; don’t draw over six inches.” 
 
 The Old Tiuie Traveling upon the great 
 rivers of the West, the Ohio and Mississippi, 
 was unlike anything of our day. All classes 
 were brought in close social contact often 
 for days and sometimes for weeks together, 
 and it was an excellent school in which to 
 observe character. It was as a pilot on the 
 Mississippi . that Mark Twain took some 
 early lessons in the gospel of humor which 
 he has since been preaching with such tell- 
 ing effect. And I think the people like it 
 for I have ever observed that when a good 
 text is selected from that gospel, and a good 
 preacher talks from it, saints and sinners 
 arm in arm, alike rush in great waves, fill the 
 pews, overflow the aisles, bubble up and 
 foam through the galleries, and none drop 
 asleep no matter how lengthy the discourse. 
 So Love and Humor with their compajnions. 
 Good Will and Cheerfulness, serene and 
 white robed, take us gently by the hand and 
 lead us over the rough places to the ever 
 smiling valleys and to the eternal fountains. 
 
 On the steamboats up the river, on their 
 way to Washington and Congress, went the 
 great political lights of the South and West — 
 Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, Tom Benton, 
 Gen. Harrison, Tom Corwin, Yell of Arkan- 
 sas, Poindexter of Mississippi, and Col. 
 Crockett of Tennessee, the hero of the 
 Alamo, whose great legacy was a single 
 sentence — “ Be sure you are right and then 
 go ahead.” Arrived at Wheeling the pas- 
 sengers were packed in stage coaches for 
 a ride of two or three days more on the 
 National road over the mountains; — 
 packed a dozen inside, eight facing each 
 other and knees more or less interlocking. 
 At that period the country east was cob- 
 webbed with stage roads. The traveling 
 public, men, women and children, were 
 crammed into stages and sent tentering in 
 all directions up and down the hillsides and 
 through the valleys, the stages stopping every 
 ten miles at wayside taverns to change 
 horses, when the passengers often largely 
 patronized the bar. Nowand then an upset 
 from a hilarious driver made a sad business 
 of it. The fares in the northern States were 
 usually six cents, and in the southern States 
 ten cents a mile. 
 
 Steamboat Racing. — In that day on the 
 steamers scenes of dissipation were common. 
 Every boat had its bar, liquors were cheap 
 and gambling was largely carried on, knots 
 gathering around little tables and money 
 sometimes openly and unblushingly dis- 
 played, as I saw when I first knew the river, 
 now nearly half a century ago. Steamboat 
 racing was at one time largely indulged in 
 
 and strange as it may appear, when a race 
 was closely contested, the passengers would 
 often become so excited as to overcome 
 their beginning timidity and urge the cap- 
 tain to put on more steam ; then even the 
 women would sometimes scream and clap 
 their hands as they passed a rival boat. An 
 explosion W'as a quick elevating process. 
 The racing “brag boat,” “ Moselle,’’ which 
 exploded at Cincinnati, April 26, 1 838, hurled 
 over two hundred passengers into eternity. 
 For a few moments the air w'as filled with 
 human bodies and broken timber to fall in 
 a shower into the river and on the shore 
 near by. 
 
 The captain of one of those large passen- 
 ger boats was a personage of importance, 
 the lord of a traveling domain. His will 
 was law. And when he carried some nota- 
 ble characters such as Henry Clay or Andrew 
 Jackson, his pride in his position one can 
 well imagine. Thorough men of the world, 
 some of them were gentlemen in the best 
 sense, whose great ambition was to well 
 serve the floating populations under their 
 care. 
 
 Experience of an Old Thite River Man . — 
 A fine specimen of the old time river men is 
 Capt. John F. Devenny whom I met at 
 Steubenville on this tour. He has known 
 the river from early in this century. In con- 
 versation he gave me some of his experi- 
 ences. 
 
 He was born in 1810 in Westmoreland 
 Co., Pa., near the mouth of the Youghi- 
 ogheny, pronounced there by the people for 
 short, “ Yough.” In 1 81 5 his father removed 
 with his family to Steubenville which since 
 has been the captain’s residence. Steuben- 
 ville was the first considerable manufacturing 
 point in south-eastern Ohio, and his father 
 put up there the machinery for a large 
 woolen factory, a paper mill, and a grist 
 mill. In 1829, at the age of 19, Mr. Devenny 
 was an engineer on a river boat; in 1835, 
 commanded a boat which ran from Pittsburg 
 to St. Louis and New Orleans. In the war 
 he was captain of a transport engaged in 
 the Vicksburg campaign. “ In the early 
 days of boating,” said he, “ drinking and 
 gambling were almost universal. I found 
 in my first experiences I was being drawn 
 into the vortex ; the fondness for drink and 
 the passion for gaming were getting a hold 
 upon me. I stopped short off and was 
 saved. A large part of the young men who 
 went on the river died drunkards. Of those 
 who went with me on the first boat, the 
 ‘ Ruhamah,’ I am the sole survivor. On my 
 -own boat I never allowed gambling. I have 
 outlived two generations of river men who 
 have perished mainly from intemperance. 
 I ascribe my long life to my refraining from 
 such habits and the longevity of my family.” 
 His father lived to the age of 96, and the 
 captain himself, a large, fine-looking gentle- 
 man, seems at seventy-six as one in his 
 prime. 
 
 An Amusing Incidcfit occurred when he 
 
ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 239 
 
 was in command of the “ North Carolina ” 
 running from Pittsburg to New Orleans. He 
 started out from a port with another boat 
 which had wooden chimneys. She had lost 
 her chimneys by their striking against some 
 trees, and being in haste had constructed 
 these for temporary use ; boxes of plank they 
 were, fastened together. “ I laughed at the 
 sight of them,” said Devenny, “when the 
 captain replied I would find it no laughing 
 matter: he should beat me into New Or- 
 leans. We moved along in company when 
 after a few hours we discovered his chimneys 
 were on fire. There was great excitement 
 on his boat. He called up his crew and we 
 saw them tumble them overboard. We 
 were greatly amused at the sight, laughing 
 heartily. I thought it was all up with 
 them. But they had an extra set, had them 
 up in a twinkling and got into New Orleans 
 first. 
 
 Prevenimg Explosions. — Captain De- 
 venny has long held the position of govern- 
 ment inspector of steamboats. He ascribes 
 explosions as generally if not always occur- 
 ring from the water getting low in a boiler, 
 and then when fresh water is let in upon the 
 bare metal thus superheated its sudden 
 conversion into steam rends the boiler. This 
 is now guarded against by boring holes in 
 the parts of the boiler that would first be- 
 come exposed to the heat in case of a di- 
 minution of water ; which holes are plugged 
 with block tin. At the temperature of 442° 
 the block tin melts the holes open, and the 
 steam escaping gives warning, whereupon 
 the engineer opens the furnace door and the 
 fire goes down. The plugs are externally 
 hollow brass screws, the center tin. They 
 are put in from the inside of the boiler into 
 which the workman crawls for their inser- 
 tion. 
 
 River Beacons . — In former times there 
 were no beacons or lights on the western 
 rivers. “ There were places then on the 
 Mississippi,” said Devenny, “ where we had 
 to lie by all night. Sometimes we had to 
 send a skiff across the river to build a bon- 
 fire as a guide to the channel. This was 
 constantly changing from year to year.” 
 
 In going down the Ohio my attention was 
 arrested by the new feature introduced by 
 the Government, of beacons erected on the 
 banks, which greatly lessens the dangers of 
 navigation. These are petroleum lamps 
 commonly set upon posts and shaded by 
 small roofs as is shown in the picture. A 
 small steamer, the “ Lily,” plies on the Ohio 
 between Cairo and Pittsburg, supplies oil, 
 pays the keepers, puts up new lights where 
 wanted and changes the old ones, which is 
 often required from the changes of the 
 channel. 
 
 The lights are placed on the channel side 
 of the river, where the water is deep. Some- 
 times three or four beacons are put up on a 
 single farm. The steamers steer from light 
 to light. 
 
 The farmers on the river largely consign 
 
 the duty of attending to the lights to their 
 wives and daughters who thus earn “ pin 
 money,” some few dimes daily for each 
 lamp. And the reflection is certainly inter- 
 esting that along on these rivers, sweeping 
 the margins of many states in the aggre- 
 gate, are hundreds of worthy thrifty females 
 daily ascending ladders and attending to the 
 lamps ; and among them all I venture to 
 say no five foolish virgins could be found so 
 long as Uncle Sam with smiling visage 
 stands ready with his huge cans to pour 
 out the oil. 
 
 The Ascetision of Ladders must be classed 
 as among the accomplishments of the softer 
 sex. In Vienna and other continental cities 
 females carry the hod, and with us that high 
 class, the library women, are continually go- 
 ing up ladders while Providence seems to 
 have a watch over the delicate fragile crea- 
 tures in this peril. Alarmed at the sight of 
 an ascension in the Mercantile Library of 
 Cincinnati for a book she had wanted, a 
 lady in terror tones exclaimed, “ Don’t go 
 up there for me. I’m afraid you will fall.” 
 “ Humph,” gruffly retorted a voice at her 
 side, that of her other half, “ that is what 
 she is put here for, to go up ladders ! ” 
 
 In this connection it is interesting to men- 
 tion that the statistics of a public library in 
 Manchester, England, showed that the 
 average life of a library book was eighty 
 readings, when the book would be useless 
 from torn and missing leaves and general 
 shackling condition. Where such a book 
 was on a top shelf its procurement and re- 
 turn would require 160 ladder ascensions ere 
 it could be classed as defunct literature. 
 
 Thursday Morn, Dec. 23, — Well, here I 
 am safe in Manchester. The boat porter 
 took a lantern and holding me by the hand 
 I got ashore with perfect ease ; a flood of 
 light being thrown on the plank. The por- 
 ter of the McDade Hotel, a colored lad, 
 took me in charge. He also had a lantern 
 and taking my hand we floundered through 
 the mud up the river bank, my rubber san- 
 dals getting boot jacked off by the way. 
 
 After leaving my “ grip ” at the hotel 
 which faced the river, the boy taking a lan- 
 tern went with me to make a call ; but the 
 party was not at home. It is bad to get 
 about in many of these places at night. 
 The walks are so ugly with so many sudden 
 “step up’s”- and “go downs,” that it is 
 dangerous for a stranger to move about 
 without a lantern or a pilot. 
 
 I gave the boy a good sized coin for going 
 with me. He could hardly believe his eyes. 
 “What” said he, “all this.?” “Yes.” I 
 then sent him out for cigars. When he re- 
 turned I asked, “ How old are you ? ” 
 “ Nineteen.” “Be a good boy,” I rejoined, 
 “ and you will have plenty of friends.” 
 “ Yes, I try to be. I don’t drink, nor use 
 tobacco, nor swear.” Thinks I, “ that boy 
 is almost a saint ! ” 
 
 This is one of the oldest places in the 
 State. The tavern is evidently very old 
 
240 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY. 
 
 the room I was in, a small dingy spot. In 
 ancient days of free^ liquor it had been a bar- 
 room, doubtless a loitering place for the scum 
 of the river and village. 
 
 I took out my note-book and made some 
 notes while the^ old clock ticked away faith- 
 fully, not skipping a single second. My only 
 companion, indeed the only person I had seen 
 about the premises, the boy, tipped his chair 
 against the wall and dropping asleep snored 
 in unison with the clock ticks. Soon my 
 iiotes were finished. I gave him a gentle 
 touch, and then felt as though I had^ a saint 
 in black to light me to bed. All of life does 
 not consist in keeping awake. Then how 
 sweet is sleep when without a thought or care 
 of trouble one can sink into oblivion while the 
 grand procession of the stars passes over him. 
 
 Blest sleep which beguiles with visions of far 
 isles. 
 
 So calm and so peaceful heart can wish for 
 no more. 
 
 With cool, leafy shades, and green sunny 
 glades. 
 
 And low murmuring waters laving the 
 shore. 
 
 Somnus^ King of Sleep ^ “gentlest of the 
 gods, tranquillizer of mind and soother of 
 careworn hearts:” his subjects all welcome 
 him, and nod at his coming. 
 
 “We are all nodding, nid nod nodding. 
 
 We are all nodding at our house at home.” 
 
 Few of them have their pride touched as he 
 passes by, and so get mad and grumble, say- 
 ing, “ He would not speak to me.” 
 
 The Best Sleep in History . — As long as the 
 world has stood, Somnus has pursued his vo- 
 cation with an industry worthy of all praise. 
 But the greatest of his feats, for which we 
 are the most grateful, was in the first exercise 
 of his power. Way back in the ages it was, 
 when he put the first man asleep in a garden 
 and during that sleep a rib was taken from 
 him, and when he awoke there lay by his side 
 amid the fragrance of the flowers a beautiful 
 creature. The doves cooed from among the 
 roses and the fiat went forth that thereafter 
 
 man should not live alone. Thus was mar- 
 riage instituted with flowers and love songs, 
 while the bending leaves, its witnesses, whis- 
 pered of the great event, and moved by the 
 unseen spirits, the zephyrs, they danced in 
 joy : it was the original wedding dance, that 
 in Eden : the dance of the leaves. 
 
 But ah ! there was a sad omission to that 
 union : no preliminary courtship, none of 
 those blissful walks by moonlight in the 
 dreamy poetic hours, to throw a halo of ro- 
 mance over love’s young dream, and which 
 gives to many a joyous couple in their serene 
 old age their most delicious sacred retrospect. 
 Still the moon must later have put in her ap- 
 earance, smiling and happy as she played 
 o-peep from behind the soft, fleecy clouds, 
 and blessed them, as she ever does us all. 
 
 The Blessing of the Moon . — We may all 
 worship and love the moon, so beautiful and 
 so chaste. Silent and solemn are her minis- 
 trations. Her soft light drops down from on 
 high — reflects from the bosom of many waters, 
 bathes the mountain sides, relieves the gloom 
 of the forest with ribbons of silver, lies over 
 the fields and habitations of man, touches 
 with the tips of her fingers the clustering 
 vines of the trellis, and entering the chamber 
 window spreads her angel light over the pure 
 white couch where youth and innocence are 
 sleeping. And the heart of man wells up in 
 calm seraphic joy. He feels it^ is the power 
 of God and he says: “Great is the gift of 
 human life that it is made receptive of such 
 hallowed, chaste beauty.” It is the common 
 blessing, alike to the lofty and the lowly — the 
 blessing of the beauty of the moon. 
 
 ‘ But i return from my allegorical poetical 
 excursion to the McBade, the home of my 
 young friend the black boy. Son of Night. 
 
 At daylight I was awakened by music. It 
 was a monotone, especially grateful as I was 
 so nicely nestled. ^ The music was the sound 
 of a steady pouring down rain on the roof 
 over me ; but far above the first beams of the 
 rising sun were striking upon the rolling 
 mists, lighting them up as an aerial ocean of 
 golden ^ory : a vast and awful^ solitude of 
 ethereal beauty. Great is Creation ! and the 
 wonder is that it can be, and our lives with so 
 little of real evil. 
 
 Winchester is on the line of the railroad in the northwest corner of the 
 county, thirteen miles from West Union. It has one newspaper, The Signal^ 
 Rufus T. Baird, editor ; the Winchester Bank, George Baird, president, James 
 S. Cressman, vice-president, L. J. Fenton, cashier; and one Baptist, one Pres- 
 byterian, and one Methodist Episcopal church ; population in 1880, 550; school 
 census, 1886, 196; do. at Rome (fifteen miles southeast of West Union), 160; 
 at Bentonville (five miles southwest of West Union), 142 ; Locust Grove 99, 
 and Sandy Springs 56. 
 
ALLEJSr. 
 
 Allen County was formed April 1, 1820, from Indian Territory, and named 
 in honor of a Col. Allen, of the war of 1812 ; it was temporarily attached to 
 Mercer county for judicial purposes. The southern part has many Germans. A 
 large part of the original settlers were of Pennsylvania origin. The western half 
 of the county is flat, and presents the common features of the Black Swamp. 
 The eastern part is gently rolling, and in the southeastern part are gravelly ridges 
 and knolls. The Dividing Bidge ’’ is occupied by handsome, well-drained farms, 
 which is in marked contrast with much of the surrounding country, which is still 
 in the primeval forest condition. Its area is 440 square miles. In 1885 the 
 acres cultivated were 119,175; in pasture, 29,598; in woodland, 53,395; pro- 
 duced in wheat, 460,669 bushels; in corn, 1,157,149; wool, 103,654 pounds. 
 School census, 1886, 11,823; teachers, 178 ; and 118 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Amanda, 
 
 Auglaize, 
 
 282 
 
 1,456 
 
 Ottawa, 
 
 
 7,669 
 
 1,344 
 
 1,512 
 
 1,749 
 
 Perry, 
 
 923 
 
 1,465 
 
 Bath, 
 
 1,532 
 
 Richland, 
 
 
 3,372 
 
 German, 
 
 856 
 
 1,589 
 
 Shawnee, 
 
 756 
 
 1,241 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 1,176 
 
 1,893 
 
 4,488 
 
 2,182 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 Sugar Creek, 
 
 
 1,646 
 
 Marion, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 672 
 
 
 1,032 
 
 The population in 1830 was 578 ; 1850, 12,116 ; 1860, 19,185 ; 1880, 31,314, 
 of whom 25,625 were Ohio born, 3 were Chinese, and 4 Indians. 
 
 The initial point in the occupancy of the county by the whites was the building 
 of a fort on the west bank of the Auglaize in September, 1812, by Col. Poague, 
 of Gen. Harrison’s army, which he named in honor of his wife Fort Amanda. A 
 ship-yard was founded there the next year, and a number of scows built by the 
 soldiers for navigation on the Lower Miami, as well as for the navigation of the 
 Auglaize, which last may be termed one of the historical streams of Ohio, as it 
 was early visited by the French, and in its neighborhood were the villages of the 
 <iost noted Indian chiefs ; it was also on the route of Harmer’s, Wayne’s, and 
 Harrison’s armies. To-day it is but a somewhat diminutive river, owing to the 
 drainage of the country by canals and ditches, and the clearing ofl* of the forests ; 
 in the past it was a navigable stream, capable of floating heavily laden flat-boats 
 and scows. 
 
 The fort was a quadrangle, with pickets eleven feet high, and a block-house at 
 each of the four corners. The storehouse was in the centre. A national cemetery 
 was established here, where are seventy-five mounds, the graves of soldiers of the 
 war of 1812. 
 
 Among the first white men who lived at this point was a Frenchman, Francis 
 Deuchoquette. He was interpreter to the Indians. It was said he was present at 
 the burning of Crawford, and interfered to save that unfortunate man. He was 
 greatly e<=iteemed by the early settlers for his kindly disposition. In 1817 came 
 Andrew Russell, Peter Diltz, and William Van Ausdall ; and in 1820 numerous 
 others. 
 
 Russell opened on the Auglaize the first farm probably in the county, and there 
 was born the first white child, a girl, who became Mrs. Charles C. Marshall, of 
 
 (241) 
 
ALLEN COUNTY./ 
 
 Delphos. She was familiarly called the Daughter of Allen county/’ She died 
 in 1871. 
 
 From an address by T. E. Cunningham, delivered before the Pioneer Associa- 
 tion, at Lima, September 22, 1871, we derive the following additional items upon 
 the early settlers of the county : 
 
 Samuel McClure, now living, at the age of seventy-eight years, settled on Hog 
 creek, five miles northeast of where Lima now stands, in the month of November, 
 1825, forty-six years ago. He has remained on the farm where he then built a 
 cabin ever since. The nearest white neighbors he knew of were two families 
 named Leeper and Kidd, living one mile below where Roundhead now is, about 
 twenty miles to the nearest known neighbor. On that farm, in the year 1826, was 
 born Moses McClure, the first white child born on the waters of Hog creek. Mr. 
 McClure’s first neighbor was Joseph Ward, a brother of Gen. John Ward. He" 
 helped cut the road when McClure came, and afterwards brought his family, and 
 put them into McClure’s cabin, while he built one for himself on the tract where 
 he afterwards erected what was known as Ward’s mill. The next family was 
 that of Joseph Walton. They came in March, 1826. 
 
 Shawneetown, an Indian village, was situated eight miles below the McClure 
 settlement, at the mouth of Hog creek. A portion of the village was on the 
 old Ezekiel Hoover farm and a portion on the Breese farm. Mr. McClure and 
 his little neighborhood soon became acquainted, and upon good terms with their 
 red neighbors. He says Hai-Aitch-Tah, the war-chief, had he been civilized, 
 would have been a man of mark in any community. Quilna was the great busi- 
 ness man of the tribe here. Soon after the McClure settlement was made they 
 heard from the Indians at Shawneetown that the United States government had 
 erected a mill at Wapakoneta. The settlers had no road to the mill, but Quilna 
 assisted them to open one. He surveyed the line of their road without compass, 
 designating it by his own knowledge of the different points and the Indian method 
 of reaching them. 
 
 There are many of the children of the early settlers to whom the name of 
 Quilna is a household word. To his business qualities were added great kindness 
 of heart, and a thorough regard for the white people. No sacrifice of his personal 
 ease was too much if by any effort he could benefit his new neighbors. 
 
 In the month of June, 1826, Morgan Lippincott, Joseph Wood, and Benjamin 
 Dolph, while out hunting, found the McClure settlement. To his great surprise, 
 Mr. McClure learned that he had been for months living within a few miles of 
 another white settlement located on Sugar creek. He learned from the hunters 
 there were five families : Christopher Wood, ^lorgan Lippincott, Samuel Jacobs, 
 Joseph Wood, and Samuel Purdy. It is his belief that Christopher Wood settled 
 on Sugar creek as early as 1824, on what is known as the Miller farm. In the 
 spring of 1831, John Ridenour, now living, at the age of eighty-nine, with his 
 family — Jacob Ridenour, then a young married man, and David Ridenour, 
 bachelor — removed from Perry county, and settled one mile south of Lima, on the 
 lands the families of that name have occupied ever since.” 
 
 Lima was surveyed in 1831 by Capt. James W. Riley. Christopher Wood 
 was one of the commissioners appointed to locate the county-seat, and was on the 
 board to plat the village and superintend the sale of lots. Both of these were 
 remarkable men. Wood was born in Kentucky in 1769, Avas an Indian scout, ami 
 engaged in all the border campaigns, inclusive of the war of 1812. Riley Avas the 
 first settler in Van Wert county. He Avas a native of MiddletoAvn, Connecticut. 
 Early in life, Avhile in command of a vessel, he Avas shipAvrecked on the coast of 
 Africa, and fell into the hands of the Arabs ; his history of his adventures reads 
 like a romance. For a fuller account of him see Van Wert county. 
 
 Lima Avas named by Hon. Patrick G. Goode. In August, 1831, a public sale 
 of the lots took place. A few months later came John P. Mitchell, Absalom 
 SroAvj, John P. Cole, Dr. William Cunningham, John Brewster, David Tracy, 
 
ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 243 
 
 John Mark, and John Bashore, all with families, except Brewster, who was a 
 bachelor. Absalom Brown was the first white citizen, and his daughter, Marion 
 Mitchell Brown, the first white child born here. 
 
 Three years later, the picture Lima presented is thus given in the cheery 
 reminiscences of Robert Bowers : 
 
 My father brought me to Lima in the fall 
 of 1834. I was then a boy of twelve years 
 of age, and as green as the forest leaves in 
 June — a rare specimen to transplant on new 
 and untried soil, where there was nothing to 
 develop the mind but the study of forest 
 leaves, the music of the bull-frog and the 
 howl of the wolf. The boys and girls were their 
 own instructors, and the spelling schools that 
 were held by appointment and imposed upon 
 our fathers by turns, were our highest 
 academical accomplishments, and unfortu- 
 nately for myself I never even graduated at 
 them. Lima was then a town of very few 
 souls. I knew eveiw man, woman and child 
 in the settlement, and could count them all 
 without much figuring. No newspaper office, 
 no outlet or inlet either by rail or earth. 
 In the spring we travelled below, in the sum- 
 mer we travelled on top. Our roads were 
 trails and section lines. ^ Emigrants were con- 
 stantly changing the trails seeking better and 
 dryer land for their footing and wheeling. 
 Yet under all our disadvantages we were 
 happy, and always ready to lend a helping 
 hand and render assistance wherever it was 
 needed. The latchstring was always out and 
 often the last pint of meal was divided, re- 
 gardless where the next would come from. 
 The nearest mills were at settlements in ad- 
 joining counties, and the labor of going 
 thither through the wilderness and the delays 
 on their arrival in getting their grain ground, 
 so great that they had recourse to hand-mills, 
 hominy blocks and corn-crackers ; so the 
 labor was largely performed within the family 
 circle. [A very pleasing picture of this is given 
 
 in the reminiscences of Mr. Bowers ; he says :] 
 The horse and hand miller, the tin grater 
 were always reliable and in constant use as a 
 means of preparing our breadstuff. I was 
 my father’s miller, just the age to perform 
 the task. My daily labor was to gather corn 
 and dry it in a kiln, after which I took it on 
 a grater made from an old copper kettle or 
 tin bucket, and after supper made meal for 
 the johnny-cake for breakfast ; after breakfast 
 I made meal for the pone for dinner ; after 
 dinner I made meal for the mush for supper. 
 And now let me paint you a picture of our 
 domestic life and an interior view of my 
 father’s house. The names I give below; a 
 great many will recognize the picture only too 
 well drawn, and think of the days of over 
 forty years ago. Our house was a cabin con- 
 taining a parlor, kitchen and dining-room. 
 Connected was a shoe shop, also a broom 
 and repair shop. To save fuel and light and 
 have everything handy, we had the whole 
 thing in one room, which brought us all to- 
 gether so we could oversee each other better. 
 After supper each one knew his place. In 
 our house there were four mechanics. I was 
 a shoemaker and corn-grater. My father 
 could make a sledge, and the other two boys 
 could strip broom corn. My sisters spun 
 yarn and mother knit and made garments. 
 Imagine you see us all at work ; sister Mar- 
 garet sings a song, father makes chips and 
 mother pokes up the fire ; Isaac spins a yarn, 
 John laughs at him, and thus our evenings 
 are spent in our wild home, for we were all 
 simple, honest people, and feared no harm 
 from our neighbors. 
 
 The want of mills is everywhere a great deprivation in a new country ; varied 
 have been the devices for overcoming it. The engraving annexed shows a sub- 
 stitute for a mill that was used, in the early settling of Western New York, and 
 probably to’ some extent in Ohio. It consists of a stump hollowed out by fire as 
 a mortar, with a log attached to the end of a young sapling bent over to act as a 
 pestle. The process was slow and tedious, it being a day’s work to convert a 
 bushel of corn into samp. 
 
 The early settlers in Western New York when they owned a few slaves, which 
 some of them did, employed them in this drudgery, hence the process was vulgarly 
 termed niggering corn.” People of humanity in our time would not be guilty 
 of using such an expression as this. No one thing shows the general moral advance 
 of the American people more strongly than their treatment of; and increased con- 
 sideration for, the humbler classes among them. 
 
 Lima, the county-seat, is on the Ottawa river, 203 feet above Lake Erie, 95 
 miles west-northwe.st of Columbus, and on five railways r the P. Ft. W. & C. ; 
 D. & M. ; L. E. & W. ; C. A., and C. L. & N. W. County officers in 
 1888 : Probate Judge, John F. Lindemann ; Clerk of Court, Eugene C. 
 McKenzie; Sheriff, Moses P. Hoagland ; Prosecuting Attorney, Isaac S. Motter; 
 Auditors, William D. Poling, Cyrus D. Crites j Treasurer, Jacob B. Sunderland; 
 
244 
 
 / 
 
 ALLEN county/ 
 
 Recorder, George Monroe ; Surveyor, James PiUars ; Coroner, John C. Coiivery ; 
 Commissioners, John Akerman, Abraham Oider, Alexander Shenk. News- 
 papers : Gazette, Republican, C. Parmenter, editor ; Democrat, Democratic, Mr. 
 Timmonds, editor; Republican, Republican, daily and weekly. Long, Winder & 
 Porter, publishers ; Times, daily and weekly, O. B. Selfridge, Jr. ; Courier, Ger- 
 man, Democratic. Churches : two Methodist Episcopal, one Colored Methodist 
 Episcopal, one Presbyterian, one Old School Presbyterian, one Mission Presbyterian, 
 one Baptist, one Colored Baptist, one German Catholic, one Evangelical Lutheran, 
 two Lutheran, one German Reformed Lutheran, one Episcopalian, one United 
 Brethren, one Christian, one Reformed English. Banks : City, T. T. Mitchell, 
 president, E. B. Mitchell, cashier ; First National, S. A. Baxter, president, C. M. 
 Hughes, Jr., cashier; Lima National, B. C. Faurot, president, F. L. Langdon, 
 cashier; Merchants’, R. MehalFey, president, R. W. Thrift, Jr., cashier. 
 
 Manufactur'es and Employees. — The Lima Engine Manufacturing Company, 6 
 hands ; Sinclair & Morrison, well-drilling tools, 10 ; W. Schultheis,’ leather, 23 ; 
 E. F. Dunan, builders’ wood-work, 8 ; C. H. & D. R. R. shops, railroad 
 repairs, 154; Lima Machine Works, locomotives, 150; the Cass Manufacturing 
 Company, handles, sucker-rods, etc., 10 ; E. W. Cook, job machinery, 37 ; the 
 
 Early Settlers Founding Corn. 
 
 Lima Paper-Mills, straw-board and egg-cases, 128 ; Enterprise Cracker Company, 
 crackers, 10; Woolsey & Co., bent wood- work, etc., 78; Castle & Muller, 
 drilling and fishing tools, 8 ; Lafayette Car-Works, railroad cars and repairs, 300 ; 
 L. E. and W. R. R. Company, locomotive repairs, 103; Dr. S. A. Baxter, boxes 
 and staves, 8. — State Report 1887. Population in 1860, 2,354; in 1880, 7,567 ; 
 school census 1886, 3,345. Estimated population in 1888, 18,000. 
 
 Lima has several fine business blocks. The court-house is one of the most 
 imposing in Ohio ; it covers half an acre, and was erected, with the stone jail 
 adjacent, at a cost of $350,000 ; it is constructed of Berea stone, ornamented with 
 red granite columns. It is 160 feet in height, and has a tower and clock. Its 
 interior finished in granite, and with encaustic tiled floors, is furnished in the finest 
 cherry, and is adorned with statuary. It is the large structure with a tower 
 shown in the street view. 
 
 The Faurot Opera Block, finished in 1882, contains not only an opera-house 
 (which is said to have only one equal to it in the State) and a fine music-hall, but 
 also eight large business rooms, numerous offices, a dining-hall, and the Lima 
 National bank, facing upon Main and High streets, and remarked for its beauty. 
 
 Annexed is a view of Lima, drawn by us in 1846, when the jilace was but a 
 
ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 245 
 
 small village. It was taken near the then residence of Col. James Cunningham, on 
 the Wapakoneta road. The stream shown in the view is the Ottawa river, often 
 called Hog river — a name derived from the following circumstance : McKee, the 
 
 Drawn hy Henry Hoioe in 1846 . 
 
 View of Lima from the Wapakoneta Road. 
 
 British Indian agent, who resided at the Machachac towns, on Mad river, during 
 the incursion of Gen. Logan in 1786, was obliged to flee with his effects. He had 
 his swine driven on to the borders of this stream ; the Indians thereafter called it 
 
 J. W. Mock, Photo., Lima, 1887 . 
 
 Street View in Lima. 
 
 Koshlco sepe, which signifies Hog river. The eccentric Count Coffenbury, in his 
 poem, ^^The Forest Rangers,’’ terms it Swinonia. A sketch of the count is given 
 elsewhere in this work, with extracts from his amusing poetry. 
 
 Although a substantial and growing manufacturing city, it was not until May, 
 
246 ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 1885, that it was discovered that Lima was in the largest oil-field known on the 
 globe, not even excepting the famous Russian oil-fields. Its discovery was a 
 matter of accident, the history of which, and the position of Lima a year later 
 consequent upon it, has thus been given. 
 
 It was while boring for gas at his paper-mill that Mr. B. C. Faurot found oil 
 at a depth of 1,251 feet, and though Eastern speculators pronounced the product 
 Avorthless, they soon leased land. In the following August (1885) a citizens’ 
 conqiany was formed and a well was put down, which yielded about sixty barrels 
 per diem. When the manufactories began to use the oil for fuel it brought the 
 low price of forty cents a barrel. The work began in earnest in February, 1886, 
 when the Mandeville company, from Olean, N. Y., leased land known as the Shade 
 farm, at the suburbs of the city, and opened wells which made 200 barrels a day. 
 When refined, the oil proved to be an article of excellent quality. Other wells 
 Avere soon sunk, and some of them were found to yield some 600 barrels daily. A 
 refinery was built ; the work moved on rapidly, and in less than one year there 
 Avas an increase of at least 1,500 more inhabitants. There are now about 116 oil- 
 Avells, Avith a floAv of about 5,000 barrels a day from 125 or more Avells. A firm 
 has for some time been manufacturing rigs. Drilling is going on, and another 
 refinery is about to be erected, Avith a capacity of 2,500 barrels per day. An 
 average of thirty-five Avells is developed each month. The Standard Oil Com- 
 pany is noAv erecting a refinery.” 
 
 By May, 1887, there Avere seventy AA^ellsJn the city of Lima, and in the entire 
 Lima field over 300. What is termed the Lima oil-field extends soutliAvest about 
 twenty-five miles, through Wapakoneta and St. Mary’s, in Auglaize county, into 
 Mercer county, just south of Celina. The entire profitable oil territory of North- 
 Avestern Ohio is much larger. It covers all of Allen and Hancock counties, the 
 south part of Wood, and parts of Seneca, Wyandot, Hardin, Putnam, Auglaize, 
 and Mercer counties. The general position of Lima at this period (May, 1887) 
 Avas thus defined by President Baxter, of the Board of Trade : 
 
 The enterprise and dash of our people is inherited ; it came to us from our 
 fathers Avho are. dead and gone. We are reaping the benefits of their labors and 
 sacrifices. We haA^e a magnificent agricultural country, as fine railroad facilities 
 as any city in the country. For thirty years Ave have had a substantial, healthy 
 groAvth, Avith scarcely a single backset. We have the general shops of the Cincin- 
 nati, Hamilton and Dayton, and Lake Erie and Western railroads ; a machine- 
 Avorks, Avith a specialty that brings orders from all parts of the globe ; a straAv- 
 board and egg-case concern, Avith facilities that cannot be excelled on earth ; a 
 contract car-shops, that employ more men than the combined industries of our 
 neighboring toAvn of Findlay; tAvo Avagon and carriage material manufacturers, 
 that manage to disturb the markets of the country by the cheapness of tlieir 
 products. The toAvn is filled AAuth little concerns of all kinds in the manufacturing 
 line, and last night a single bank in the city paid 1,800 checks to skilled labor 
 employed in the various industries. In addition to AAdiat AA^e have had heretofore, 
 the past year has developed here the largest oil-field in area in the Avorld, and of 
 Avhich Lima is the nucleus. AFithin ten months probably $5,000,000 of capital 
 has been brought in, and the future of Lima as the head-centre of the oil distribu- 
 tion is fixed and assured by the action of the Standard Oil Company in building 
 here the largest and most complete refinery in their entire system. Tavo other 
 pij)e-lines and a refinery, operated by gritty young felloAvs, are also in operation, 
 and more coming. AVc haA^e 500 oil-A\'ells in operation, Avith a daily production 
 of 20,000 barrels, and there isiilready stored, AAnthin a radius of a few miles, prob- 
 ably 1,000,000 barrels of oil, Avith the oil business as yet only in its toddling 
 infancy, the de\Tlopcd territory being capable of sustaining fifty-fold more Avells and 
 operated Avith much greater economy. The possibilities of the oil business are 
 simply beyond comprehension to the ordinary mind, and those actiA^ely engaged in 
 the production, handling, and purchase seem the most muddled of all. These are 
 
ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 24; 
 
 the things that bring the solid wealth to our coffers. To spend it we have, to begin 
 with, a daisy town. We have a system of public-schools that are as near perfec- 
 tion as can be made, and, by the way, we have scrupulously kept the schools out 
 of politics and religion. Every denomination of church is represented. We go to 
 the handsomest little opera-house in the West. For a nickel we can ride two 
 miles on a splendidly equipped electrical street-railroad. For light we can use 
 electricity or gas, each the very perfection of their kind; and for thirst and clean- 
 liness a system of water-works has been provided that, although it broke our hearts 
 and exhausted our purses to build them, more than compensate for all they cost. 
 As to natural gas, we already have enough to set the ordinary village crazy.’’ 
 
 From a circular issued in Lima early in the year 1888 we extract some interest- 
 ing details relating to the oil refineries : 
 
 In the development of the oil industry, 
 the new concerns that have grown up within 
 the past two years are too numerous co men- 
 tion. Among the heaviest producers of crude 
 oil may be mentioned the Ohio Oil Company, 
 with a capital of one million dollars. They 
 are producing over 4,000 barrels daily, and when 
 a fair price is obtained for ‘‘Lima Crude,” 
 have the territory and facilities for increasing 
 their production fourfold. Schofield, Sher- 
 mer & Teagle, oil refiners of Cleveland, have 
 about fifty producing wells, with fifteen miles 
 of pipe line, and a tankage capacity of 150,- 
 000 barrels. They have employed in this field 
 somewhere near $200,000. The Buckeye Pipe 
 Line Company have some 250 miles of pipe 
 line, about 1 70 large iron tanks of 36,000 barrels 
 capacity each, and employ in the neighbor- 
 hood of $3,000,000 in taking care of the 
 
 E roduct of the field. The Excelsior Pipe 
 line has something over thirty miles of pipe, 
 with a tankage capacity of about 100,000 bar- 
 rels, and employ $100,000 in taking care of 
 the crude product. The Eagle Consolidated 
 
 Refinery has a capacity of 1,000 barrels of 
 refined oil daily. They own sixty tank cars, 
 have fourteen acres of land upon which their 
 works are located, and a capital of $100,000 
 is invested. The Solar Refinery has 1 21 acres 
 of land upon which their works are located 
 and employ a capital of half a million dollars. 
 Their capacity is 5,000 barrels daily. The 
 Solar is probably the largest refinery in the 
 country, and additions are being made con- 
 stantly to the works. During the past year 
 and a half more than a million dollars har 
 been used in the erection of new busines? 
 buildings, manufacturing establishments and 
 dwelling-houses, and the present year prom- 
 ises still greater investments in building en- 
 terprises. Real estate in Lima and through- 
 out the county has always been held at very 
 moderate values. The county is one of the 
 finest agricultural districts in the State, wheat, 
 corn and oats being the staple products, and 
 there is hardly an acre in the county that is 
 not capable of cultivation. 
 
 The great enterprise of piping oil from the Lima fields to Chicago manufactur- 
 ing establishments is now, in this the year 1888, being undertaken by the Standard 
 Oil Company, who practically control all the oil territory around Lima. The total 
 length of pipe will be about 210 miles, and the entire investment aggregate over 
 $2,000,000. 
 
 The view of the derricks was taken from a bridge, the successor of the covered 
 bridge over the Ottawa shown in the old view of Lima, and looking easterly. 
 The oil-wells, with their derricks, are a marked feature of this entire region. 
 Nowhere are they so plentiful as around the town. Experience soon showed they 
 were often too close for profit, sometimes not over an acre apart, when the flow 
 proved too weak • one well in ten acres was found near enough. The life of a well 
 on the Bradford, Pennsylvania, oil-field is usually about ten years ; how long in 
 that of Lima remains to be tested, A single steam-engine in places answers for 
 the pumping of several wells, the power being transmitted from well to well by 
 cables and shafting. The wells are named from the original proprietors of the 
 land. To illustrate, one is named Shade well. No. 11,” it being the eleventh 
 Avell on the land of Mr. Nelson Shade. The cost of drilling for wells varies from 
 sixty-five cents to $1.50 a foot. The oil is struck at from 1,250 to 1,500 feet. 
 
 Another marked feature of the oil region is the tanks for the storage of the oil, 
 which vary in capacity from 250 to 3,500 barrels. They resemble huge tubs, are 
 covered on top with boards, and housed or shedded over. The tanks are some- 
 times struck by lightning; in a single storm in October, 1885, several were thus 
 
248 ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 destroyed. Very little else was destroyed but the tanks. No flames of conse- 
 quence were seen, but immense volumes of smoke poured forth, which seemed as a 
 protection, acting as an impenetrable curtain to outside objects. 
 
 The Black Swamp tract, in which this county partially lies, has been the scene 
 of much unwritten history in the early settlement of the country. Father Finley 
 — a sketch of whom is elsewhere given in this work — has preserved a pleasant 
 anecdote connected with the war of 1812 in his sketch of the* life of an eminent 
 Methodist minister, Kev. William H. Kaper. At the time he was a lad of nine- 
 teen, and volunteered in the company of Capt. Stephen Smith, of Clermont 
 county, which marched to the frontier. From his brightness, notwithstanding his 
 youth, he was chosen sergeant. 
 
 J. W. Mock^ Photo., Lima. 
 Field of Derricks, Lima. 
 
 THE BLACK SWAMP MUTINY. 
 
 A day or two before the battle of the 
 Thames, Raper’s company was told to march 
 up the lake some fifteen miles to prevent the 
 landing of the British from their vessels, and 
 the engagement took place during their ab- 
 sence. Thic circumstance rendered it neces- 
 sary for his company, which was now the 
 strongest, to be put in charge of the pris- 
 oners taken by Commodore Perry and Gen. 
 Harrison, and march them across the State to 
 the Newport Station in Kentucky. 
 
 His superior officers having been taken 
 sick, the command devolved upon him. It 
 was a responsible undertaking for so young 
 an officer. The company consisted of 100 
 soldiers, and the prisoners numbered 400. 
 Their route was through the wilderness 
 
 of the Black Swamp, which at that season 
 was nearly covered with water. In their 
 march they became bewildered and lost. For 
 three days and nights they wandered about in 
 the swamp without food, and became so scat- 
 tered, that on the morning of the third day 
 he found himself with a guard of only twelve 
 men, and one hundred prisoners. ^ Seeing 
 their weakness the prisoners mutinied, and 
 refused to march. No time was to be lost ; 
 Raper called out his men, commanded them 
 to make ready, which they did by fixing bay- 
 onets and cocking their guns. He then gave 
 the prisoners five minutes to decide whether 
 they would obey him or not. At the expira- 
 tion of the last minute the soldiers were 
 ordered to present arms, take aim, and — but 
 before the word “fire,” had escaped his lips 
 a large Scotch soldier cried “hold,” ana 
 
ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 249 
 
 stepping aside, asked the privilege of saying 
 a word to his companions : it was granted, 
 whereupon he addressed them as follows: 
 “We have been taken in a fair fight, and are 
 prisoners ; honorably so, and this conduct is 
 disgraceful to our king’s flag, not becoming 
 true soldiers. Now,” said he, “ I have had 
 no hand in raising this mutiny, and I propose 
 that all who are in favor of behaving them- 
 selves as honorable prisoners of war shall 
 rally around me, and we will take the others 
 in hand ourselves, and the American guard 
 shall stand by and see fair play. ’ ’ This speech 
 had the desired eff’ect, the mutiny was brought 
 to an end without bloodshed, and Raper de- 
 livered his prisoners at Newport. They had 
 among the prisoners two Indians, whom 
 Raper forced at the point of the sword to lead 
 them out of the swamp. After Raper’ s 
 arrival in Newport he was offered a com- 
 mission in the regular army. Such was his 
 love for his mother that he would take no 
 important step without consulting her. The 
 answer was characteristic of the noble mothers 
 of that day. “My son, if my country was 
 still engaged in war and I had fifty sons I 
 would freely give them all to her service, but, 
 as peace is now declared, I think something 
 better awaits my .son than the camp-life of a 
 soldier in tinie of peace.” In 1819 Raper 
 became a minister in the Methodist Church, 
 and while travelling in Indiana, upon the first 
 visit to one of his appointments, a fine, large 
 man approached him, called him brother, and 
 said : “I knew you the moment I saw you, 
 but I suppose you have forgotten me. I am 
 the Scotch soldier that made the speech to 
 the prisoners the morning of the mutiny in 
 the Black Swamp. After we were exchanged 
 as prisoners of war, my enlistment termi- 
 nated. I had been brought to see the justice 
 
 of the American cause and the greatness of 
 the country, and I resolved to become an 
 American citizen. I came to this State, 
 rented some land, and opened up a farm. I 
 have joined the Methodist Church, and, 
 praise God ! the best of all is, I have obtained 
 religion ! Not among the least of my bless- 
 ings is a fine wife and noble child. So come, ’ ’ 
 said he, “dinner will be ready by the time 
 we get home.” And the two soldiers, now as 
 friends and Christians, renewed their ac- 
 quaintance, and were ever after fast friends. 
 
 At another time Raper met with a singular 
 accident while riding to one of his appoint- 
 ments. Swimming his horse over a swollen 
 creek, the horse became entangled and sank, 
 but with great effort he managed to catch 
 hold of the limb of a tree overhead, where 
 he was enabled to rest and hold his head 
 above water. While thus suspended, the 
 thought rushed upon him, “ Mother is pray- 
 ing for me, and I shall be saved.” After 
 resting a moment he made an effort and got 
 to shore, his horse also safely landing. His 
 mother, ninety miles away, that morning 
 awoke suddenly in affright with the thought 
 upon her, “William is in great danger,” 
 when she sprang from her bed, and falling on 
 her knees prayed for some time in intense 
 supplication for his safety, until she received 
 a sweet assurance that all was well. When 
 they met and related the facts, and compared 
 the time, they precisely agreed. 
 
 This hero of the Black Swamp died in 
 1852, closing a life of great usefulness. Father 
 Finley says of him that he was an eloquent 
 preacher, a sweet, melodious singer, was filled 
 with the spirit of kindness, while his con- 
 versational powers were superior, replete with 
 a fund of useful incidents gathered from 
 practical life in camp, pulpit and cabin. 
 
 Delphos, on the border line of Van Wert and Allen counties, and on the T. 
 St. L. and K. C. ; P. Ft. W. and C. ; D. Ft. W. and C. ; C. and W.; P. and C. 
 railroads, lies within the oil and gas belt of Northwestern Ohio, seventy-four miles 
 southwest of Toledo, and in a country of great fertility. The Miami and Erie 
 canal divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The post-office is in Van Wert 
 county. 
 
 Newspapers : Courant, E. B. Walkup, editor ; Herald^ Democratic, Tolan & 
 Son, editors and proprietors. Churches : one Presbyterian, two Methodist, one 
 United Brethren, one Catholic, one Christian, one Reformed, one Lutheran. 
 Banks: Commercial, R. K. Lytle, president, W. H. Fuller, cashier; Delphos 
 National, Theo. Wrocklage, president, Jos. Boehmer, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Enlployees. — The Ohio Wheel Company, 62 hands ; Hartwell 
 Bros., handles, neck-yokes, etc., 14 ; Delphos Union Stave Company, 23 ; Pitts- 
 burg Hoop aud Stave Company, 50 ; L. F. Werner, woollen yarns, flannels, etc., 
 8 ; Steinle & Co., lager beer, 60 ; Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City R. R., car 
 repairs, 100 ; Weyer & Davis, hoops, etc., 17 ; Shenk & Lang, Miller & Morton, 
 flour, etc. ; Krift & Ricker, D. Moening, builders’ wood- work. — State Report 1887. 
 Also Empire Excelsior Works, Delphos Chemical Works, pearlash, etc. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 3,814. School census in 1886, 782; E. W. Greenslade, principal. 
 
 Delphos was laid out in 1845, directly after the opening of the Miami and Erie 
 canal. The different portions of it were originally known as Section 10, Howard, 
 and East and West Bredeick. Its general name for many years was Section 10. 
 
250 
 
 ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 It is said that Delphos could not have been settled without the aid of quinine. 
 The air Avas so poisoned with malarial effluvia from swamps and marshes, that not 
 only the pioneers but also the very dogs of the settlement suffered intensely from 
 fever and ague. Ferdinand Bredeick built the first cabin ; E. N. Morton the first 
 saw- and the fii’st grist-mills ; and Mrs. George Lang (maiden name, Amelia 
 Bredeick) was the first child born here. The original settlers were German 
 Catholics. In December, 1845, thirty-six male members met in a cabin, and made 
 arrangements to build a church. It was the first established at Delphos, and its 
 honored founder. Rev. John O. Bredeick, was the benevolent guardian of the 
 spiritual and material interests of the German settlers, who were pioneers in the 
 inhospitable forests of North America.’’ It was a huge, ungainly structure. It 
 was succeeded in 1880 by an elegant church, erected at an expense of over 
 $100,000 ; it has a chime of bells, and its appointments are all in keeping — stained 
 glass windows, paintings, statuary, altars, frescos, organ, etc. 
 
 Samuel Ferrer, the civil-engineer, is regarded as the pioneer of this region, as he 
 ultimately settled here in Delphos. He was connected with the Ohio canal sur- 
 veys from July, 1825, to 1831, and located the Miami and Erie canal; in 1871, 
 when he was seventy-eight years of age, he still held the position of consulting 
 engineer of this Avork. Earlier he had been canal commissioner and member of 
 the board of public Avorks. 
 
 Knapp’s History of the Maumee Valley,” published in 1872, has these inter- 
 esting items : 
 
 The great forests, once so hated because they formed a stumbling-block in the 
 tedious struggles to reduce the soil to a condition for tillage, have been converted 
 into a source of wealth. MJthin a radius of five miles of Delphos, thirty-five 
 saAv-mills (uoav perhaps doubled) are constantly employed in the manufacture of 
 lumber, and a value nearly equalling the product of these mills is annually ex- 
 ported in the form of lumber. Excepting in the manufacture of maple sugar, and 
 for local building and fencing purposes, no use until recent years had been made 
 of the timber, and its destruction from the face of the earth Avas the esjrecial object 
 of the pioneer farmers, and in this at that time supposed good Avork they had the 
 sympathies of all others Avho Avere interested in the development of the country. 
 The gathering of the ginseng crop once afforded employment to the families of the 
 early settlers, but the supply Avas scanty and it soon became exhausted. Some 
 eighteen years ago, Avhen the business of the toAvn Avas suffering from stagnation. 
 Dr. J. W. Hunt, an enterprising druggist, and uoav a citizen of Delphos, bethought 
 himself that he might aid the pioneers of the Avilderness, and add to his own trade, 
 by offering to purchase the bark from the slippery elm trees, Avhich AA^ere abundant 
 in the adjacent SAvamps. For this uoav article of commerce he offered remunerative 
 prices, and the supply soon appeared in quantities reaching huifdreds of cords of 
 the cured bark ; and he has since controlled the trade in North AA'estern Ohio and 
 adjacent regions. The revSources found in the lumber and timber and in this bark 
 trade, trifling as die latter may appear, have contributed, and are yet contributing, 
 almost as much to the prosperity of the toAvn and country as the average of the 
 cultivated acres, including the products of the orchard.” 
 
 Bluffton, on the L. E. and W. and C. and Nl . railroads, is seveiity-fiA'e miles 
 soutliAvest of Sandusky, in the northeast corner of the county. It Avas laid out in 
 1 1837, under the name of Shannon, Avhich it retained many years. NeAVspaper : 
 News, Inde])eudeut, N. W. Cuuuiugham, editor. Churches : one Lutheran, one 
 Methodist, one Catholic, one Reformed, one Presbyterian, and one Dissenters. 
 Bank : People’s, Daniel Russell, proprietor and cashier. 
 
 Manufactures cmd Employees . — Althaus & Bro., builders’ AVOod-A\'ork, 10 hands; 
 A. J. St. John, handles, lumber, etc., 10; A. Klay, machinery, 5; J. M. ToAvn- 
 send & Son, lumber, etc., 5 ; W. B. Richards, flour and feed, 3 . — State Report 
 1886. Population in 1880, 1,290. School census 1886,464; S. C. Patterson, 
 superintendent. West of the toAvn is a large Mennonite settlement. Large stone 
 quarries are in its vicinity^. 
 
ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 251 
 
 Spencervilt.e^ laid out in 1844-45, at the Intersection ol C. A. and D. Ft. 
 W. C. railroads, and on the Miami and Erie c^anal, is fourteen miles from 
 Lima, Newspaper: Journal, Independent, S. L. Ashton, editor. Bank: Citi- 
 zens’, Post & Wasson ; I. B. Post, cashier. Churches : one Methodist, one Ger- 
 man Methodist, two Baptist, one Catholic, one German Reformed, and one 
 Christian. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — J. S. Fogle, Sr., lumber, 5 hands ; Richard 
 Hanse^ churns, 10 ; George Kephart, clothes-racks, etc., 10 ; Kolter & Kral't, hour 
 and feed, 6; R. H. Harbison, builders’ wood- work, and also staves and headings 
 31 ; W. A. Reynolds, lumber and feed, 5 . — State Report 1886. Census 1880, 
 532. School census 1886, 468 ; C. R, Carlo, principal. 
 
 Small villages, with census in 1880: Elida, 302; Lafayette, 333 ; \Cestmin- 
 ster, 225; Cairo, 316; Beaver Dam, 353. 
 
 ASHLAND 
 
 Ashland County was formed February 26, 1846. The surface on the south 
 is hilly, the remainder of the county rolling. The soil of the uj)land is a sandy 
 loam ; of the valleys — which comprise a large part of the county — a ricli sandy 
 and gravelly loam, and very productive. A great quantity of wheat, oats, corn, 
 ])otatoes, etc., is raised, and grass and fruit in abundance. A majority of the pojv 
 nlation are of Pennsylvania origin. Its present territory originally comprised the 
 townships of Vermillion, Montgomery, Orange, Green, and Hanover, with parts 
 of Monroe, Mifflin, Milton, and Clear Creek, of Richland county ; also the prin- 
 cPpal part of the townships of Jackson, Perry, Mohican, and Ivake, of MAyne 
 county ; of Sullivan and Troy, Lorain county ; and Ruggles, of Huron county. 
 The townships from Lorain and Huron counties are from the Connecticut MAstern 
 Reserve tract. Area, 470 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 
 130,947; in pasture, 47,607; woodland, 45,137; lying waste, 3,128; jwoduced 
 in wheat, 443,339 bushels; in corn, 861,675; cheese, 476,850 pounds; flax, 
 564,200; wool, 268,573; maple sugar, 57,850. School census 1886, 7,336; 
 teachers, 153. It has 29 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Clear Creek^ 
 
 1,154 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 4,638 
 
 Green, 
 
 2,287 
 
 Orange, 
 
 1,448 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 2,316 
 
 Perry, 
 
 1,492 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 1,486 
 
 Ruggles, 
 
 726 
 
 I^ake, 
 
 886 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 795 
 
 Mifflin, 
 
 846 
 
 Troy,_ 
 
 715 
 
 Milton, 
 
 Mohican, 
 
 1,192 
 
 1,693 
 
 Vermillion, 
 
 2,209 
 
 Population in 1860 was 22,951 ; in 1880, 23,883, of whom 18,852 were Ohio 
 born. 
 
 Ashland in 1846. — Ashland, the county-scat, was laid out (1815) by William 
 Montgomery, and bore for many years the name of Uniontown ; it was changed tc 
 
252 
 
 ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 its present name in compliment to Henry Clay, whose seat near Lexington, Ken- 
 tucky, bears that name. Daniel Carter, from JButler county, Pennsylvania, raised 
 the first cabin in the place about the year 1811, which stood where the store of 
 William Granger now is in Ashland. Pobert Newell, three miles east, and Mr. 
 Fry, one and one-half miles north of the village, raised cabins about the same 
 time. In 1817 the first store was opened by Joseph Sheets, in a frame building 
 now kept as a store by the widow Yonker. Joseph Sheets, David Markley, 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846 . 
 
 Public Buildings in Ashland. 
 
 Samuel Ury, Nicholas Shaelfer, Alanson Andrews, Elias Slocum, and George W. 
 Palmer were among the first settlers of the place. Ashland is a flourishing village, 
 eighty-nine miles northwest of Columbus, and fourteen from Mansfield. It con- 
 tains five churches, viz., two Presbyterian, one Episcopal Methodist, one Lutheran, 
 and one Disciples ; nine dry-goods, four grocery, one book, and two drug stores ; 
 two newspaper printing-offices ; a flourishing classical academy, numbering over 
 100 pupils of both sexes, and a population estimated at 1,300. The above view 
 was taken in front of the site selected for the erection of a court-house, the Metho- 
 dist church building seen on the left being now used for that purpose ; the struc- 
 tures with steeples, commencing on the right, are the First Presbyterian church, 
 the academy, and the Second Presbyterian church. At the organization of the 
 
 Frank Henry Hoive, Photo., 1888 . 
 
 Public Buildings in Ashland. 
 
 first court of common pleas for this county, at Ashland, an old gentleman by the 
 name of David Burns was one of tlie grand jurors who, as a remarkable fact, it is 
 said, was also a member of the first grand jury ever impanelled in Ohio. The 
 court met near the mouth of Wegee creek, in Belmont county, in 1795; tbs 
 
ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 253 
 
 country being sparsely settled, he was compelled to travel forty miles to the place 
 of holding court. — Old Edition. 
 
 County officers for 1888 ; Auditor, Samuel L. Arnold ; Clerk, Milton Win- 
 bigler ; Commissioners, Nathan J, Cresson, John Martin, Jacob Kettering; Coroner, 
 William H. Reinhart; Prosecuting Attorney, Frank C. Semple; Probate Judge, 
 Emanuel Finger ; Recorder, Edwin S. Bird ; Sheriff, Randolph F. Andress ; Sur- 
 veyor, John B. Weddell ; Treasurers, James W. Brant, Thomas C. Harvey. 
 
 Ashland, the county-seat, is about fifty miles southwest of Cleveland, on the 
 line of the N. Y. P. and O. railroad. It is a well-built town, with a fine farming 
 country round about. Newspapers : Press, Democratic, W. T. Albertson, editor ; 
 Times, Republican, W. H. Reynolds, editor ; Brethren Evangelist, religious and 
 Prohibition, A. L. Garber, editor ; Gazette, Republican, Hon. T. M. Beer, man- 
 ager. Churches : one Presbyterian, two Lutheran, one Disciples, two Brethren, 
 one Evangelical, one Reformed, and one Catholic. Banks: Farmers’, E. J. Gross- 
 cup, president, George A. Ullman, cashier; First National, J. O. Jennings, presi- 
 dent, Joseph Patterson, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Shearer, Kagey & Co., doors, sash, etc., 16 hands ; 
 F. E. Myers & Bro., pumps, 65 ; Kauffman & Beer, woven-wire mattresses, 20 ; 
 
 H. K. Myers & Co., flour, etc. ; Klugston & Hughes, grain elevator. — State 
 Report 1887. Population in 1880, 3,004. School census 1886, 1,169 ; Joseph 
 E. Stubbs, superintendent. 
 
 Ashland has the high distinction of having given the first citizen of Ohio to 
 volunteer as a soldier for the Union 
 army. This was Lorin Andrews, 
 who was born here in a log-cabin, April 
 
 I, 1819, being the fourth child born in 
 Ashland. His father, Alanson An- 
 drews, later opened a farm southwest of 
 the village. At the age of seventeen he 
 delivered with great credit a Fourth of 
 July oration at Carter’s Grove just east 
 of the town. From 1840 to 1843 he 
 was a student at Gambier, but from 
 want of pecuniary means was obliged to 
 leave, and then took charge of the Ash- 
 land academy. He pursued his studies 
 without a teacher, and with signal suc- 
 cess. He lectured before- institutes 
 throughout the State, and had scarcely 
 an equal in influence as an educator. 
 
 So greatly was he valued for power of 
 intellect and general capacity that, in 
 1854, he was chosen to the presidency 
 of Gambier, and he brought up the 
 institution from an attendance of thirty 
 to over 200 pupils. Princeton con- 
 ferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He had peculiarly winning qualities that 
 made him a born leader. It was in February, 1861, that, believing war inevitable, 
 he offered his services to Gov. Dennison. In April he raised a company in Knox 
 county for the Fourth regiment, and was elected colonel. It was ordered to West 
 Virginia, where, owing to exposure, he was taken sick of typhoid fever, and died 
 September 18, 1861, and was buried at Gambier in a spot of his own selection. 
 He was but forty-two years of age — in his prime — and of great moral influence. 
 He was about five feet eight inches in height, and weighed about 130 pounds; hair 
 sandy, and inclined to curl. His eye was a clear gray, his face manly, full of 
 benevolence, his carriage erect, with a sprightly gait. 
 
 Ohio’s First Volunteer for the Union Army. 
 
254 
 
 ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Upon a higli, commanding site upon the outskirts of the town stand the some= 
 what imposing structures of the Ashland Preparatory College, W. C. Perry, prin- 
 cipal. This institution is under the auspices of the Society of Dunkards, or Ger- 
 man Baptists, of whom there are many in parts of this county. The following 
 account of these peculiar and excellent people is from the “ County History.’’ 
 The quiet simplicity and earnestness of their lives is on a par with that of the 
 members of the Society of Friends; 
 
 The German Baptists or, as they are com- 
 monly called by outsiders, Bunkers or Dunk- 
 ards (the name being derived from the German 
 word to dip), had their first organization^ in 
 Germany about the year 1708, in a portion 
 of country where Baptists are said to have 
 been unknown ; the original organization con- 
 sisted of eight persons, seven of whom were 
 bred Presbyterians and one in the Lutheran 
 faith; they agreed to “obey from the heart 
 that form of doctrine once delivered unto the 
 saints.” Consequently, in the year 1708, 
 they repaired to the river Eder, near Schwar- 
 zenau, and Avcre buried with Christ in bap- 
 tism. They were baptized by trine immer- 
 sion and, organizing a church, chose Alex- 
 ander Mack their first minister. He w^as not, 
 however, the originator of their faith or 
 practice, the church never having recognized 
 any person as such. jMeeting wdth opposi- 
 tion and persecution, they emigrated to 
 America and settled, in the j^ear 1719, near 
 Philadelphia and Germantown, Pennsylvania. 
 And from that little band of eight persons 
 have sprung ail the Bunkers in America. 
 ..\s the church has no statistics, its numbers 
 can only be estimated. The estimate is about 
 100,000 souls, mostly in Pennsylvania, Vir- 
 ginia, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, 
 Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska. They are 
 mostly farmers, some mechanics and a few 
 professional men, but such a thing as a 
 Bunkard laAvyer is unknown. 
 
 Their religion inculcates industry and fru- 
 gality, abstaining from extravagance and 
 worldly display. Tliey are very desirable 
 citizens in any community, as by their in- 
 dustry and freedom from excesses of all kinds, 
 they create and develop the wealth of a 
 country blessed with their presence, and by 
 their example exert a healthy influence upon 
 the morals of those associated with them. 
 
 They regard the New Testament as the only 
 rule of their faith and practice ; believe in the 
 Trinity and contend for the literal interpreta- 
 tion of the Old and New Testaments, as works 
 of Bivine inspiration. All idiots, infants and 
 those w'ho die before knowing good from evil 
 will be saved without obedience, having been 
 sufficiently atoned for by the death of Christ. 
 None, however, are recognized as members 
 of the church until after baptism, which must 
 be entire immersion, the appiicant kneeling 
 and being dip])ed forward three times, one for 
 each person of the Godhead. 
 
 Feet-washing is their next ordinance, the 
 authority for w'hich is narrated in John 13. 
 It is observed as a preparation for the love- 
 feast and communion. The brethren wash the 
 feet of brethren only, and sisters of sisters ; 
 
 the sexes never washing the feet of each 
 other, as has been sometimes stated. Those 
 wdio perform this are not chosen, but any 
 person of the same sex may voluntarily per- 
 form it. 
 
 The love-feast is a real meal, the quality or 
 kind of food being unlimited, Christ’s supper 
 being the authority for it. After this, imme- 
 diately preceding the communion, is the salu- 
 tation of the kiss as observed by. the apostles 
 and Christian churches following them. In 
 this ordinance the sexes do not interchange 
 salutation. 
 
 At communion, the next ordinance, the 
 sisters with heads covered wnth plain caps and 
 brethren with heads uncovered give thanks 
 for bread and wdne. The minister breaks 
 bread to the brethren and they to each .other ; 
 he also breaks bread to the sisters, but they 
 do not break bread to each other ; it is the 
 same in passing the wine. The communion 
 ds always observed at night, the hour of its 
 institution by Christ ; usually once or twice a 
 year in every church. 
 
 There are also the ordinances of laying on 
 of hands and anointing the sick with oil, 
 founded on James 5 : 14, 15. 
 
 The church government is republican in 
 form, matters of difference and questions of 
 doubt being first submitted to the council 
 of each church, and when not settled they 
 are carried to the district council composed 
 of one delegate each from twenty churches, 
 sometimes less. If still unsettled it is carried 
 to the national conference if a matter of gen- 
 eral interest ; but no local matter can be re- 
 ferred to that body. 
 
 In the lower councils all matters are decided 
 by vote of brethren and sisters ; but the sisters 
 do not participate in the official deliberations 
 of the national conference. 
 
 Their mode of worship does not materially 
 differ from that of other denominations, save 
 that the Lord’s prayer is repeated after every 
 prayer, and the service closed without bene- 
 diction ; the minister simply sa 5 ’S : “ AV’^e are 
 dismissed in the name of the Lord,” or some 
 similar phrase. During the service the sisters 
 keep their heads covered with a plain covermg, 
 in compliance with Paul, who says ; “It is a 
 shame for a woman to worship or prophesy 
 with her head uncovered.” 
 
 The Dickey Church (so named after Elias 
 Dickey, one of its leading speakers), the 
 pioneer Bunkers’ church of Ashland county, 
 was erected about 1800 in Montgomery town- 
 ship, but a new and larger edifice was erected 
 in 1877. It owes its institution to the efforts 
 of the late Jos. Boop, who about 1839-40 in- 
 vited Mr. Tracy to address a few people at his 
 
ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 255 
 
 house, and the meetings were continued until 
 the present organization was formed. The 
 Maple Grove or Beighly church was erected 
 four or five years before the Dickey building, 
 but the latter was the earliest church organi- 
 zation. 
 
 Their speakers receive no salary, but if one 
 should be a ])oor man devoting his time and 
 talents to the spreading of their faith, they 
 regard it as incumbent upon them to reward 
 him by gifts. 
 
 Jeromeville is a small village eight miles southeast of Ashland, on Jerome 
 fork of Mohican, which has one Presbyterian, om^ Methodist, and one Disciples 
 3hurch, and in 1880 had 314 inhabitants. In that vicinity, about the year 1762, 
 Mohican John, a noted chief of Connecticut Mohegans, to the number of about 
 200 it is supposed, emigrated to Ohio, and established a village upon the west side 
 of Jerome fork, on the site of the farms of Rev. Elijah Yocum and Judge Edmund 
 Ingmand. In the war of 1812 it was about the only settlement within the present 
 limits of the county, and consisted of a few families, who erected pickets for their 
 safety. There was at that time a Frenchman, named John Baptiste Jerome, wiio 
 resided there and gave name to the locality. He had been an Indian trader, and 
 had taken a squaw for a wife. The people of that nation always became m.ore 
 easily domesticated among the aborigines than the English. From very early 
 times it was the policy of the French government not to allow their soldiers to 
 take wives with them into the wilderness. Hence the soldiers and traders fre- 
 quently married among the Indians, and were enabled to sustain themselves with 
 far less difficulty. In 1812, when the Indians were removed, his wife went with 
 them, and later he married a German woman. He removed to the mouth of Huron 
 river, and died there. He began trading with the Indians when seventeen years 
 of age, and was with them in Wayne’s campaign. The Indian village consisted 
 of about thirty bark huts or wigwams. The names of the heads of the families 
 were Aweepsah, Opetete, Catotawa, Nesohawa, Buckandohee, Shias, Ground 
 Squirrel, Buckwheat, Philip Canonicut, Billy Montour, and Thomas Jelloway. 
 
 Hill, in the County History,” says that Jerome was a brave and kindly man, 
 small, wiry, and vivacious. Having been with the Indians at the battle of the 
 Fallen Timbers,” he often related anecdotes of that battle, describing the amaze- 
 ment of the Indians at the rapidity and violence of the movements of Wayne’s 
 army, the Indians comparing liim to a huge black snake,” and ascribing almost 
 su})ernatural powers to him. He came like a huge anaconda, inclosed and crushed 
 them in such a frightful manner that they abandoned all hope of resistance, and 
 were glad to make peace. He asserted that for a very long time the very name of 
 Mad Anthony ” sent a chill of horror through the body of an Indian. 
 
 The Delaware Indians had a settlement at or near Jeromeville, which they left 
 at the beginning of the war of 1812. Their chief was old Ca])t. Pipe, who resided 
 near the road to Mansfield, one mile south of Jeromeville. AVhen young he was a 
 great warrior, and the implacable foe of the whites. He was in St. Clair’s defeat, 
 where, according to his own account, he distinguished himself, and slaughtered 
 white men until his arm was weary with the work. He had a daughter of great 
 beauty. A young chief, of noble mien, became in love with her, and on his suit 
 being rejeded mortally poisoned himself with the May apple. A Capt. Pipe, 
 whose Indian name was Tauhangecaupouye, removed to the small Delaware 
 reserve, in the npper part of Marion county, and when his tribe sold out their 
 Ohio })osscssions accompanied them to Kansas. 
 
 Helltown and Greentown were two Indian villages in the southern part of this 
 county. Greentown was so named after Thomas Green, a Connecticut Tory, who, 
 sympatliizing with the British and Indians in the destruction of the valley of the 
 Wyoming, fled to Ohio and joined the Delawares, acquiring great influence among 
 them. Among the Greentown Indians was a very aged, full-blooded, ugly-look- 
 ing savage, who was known to the early settlers as Tom Lyons. He was born in 
 -New Jersey, and was one of the friendly Delawares with the whites at the massacre 
 of Wyoming in 1778. On a few occasions he related his achievements. He had 
 
255 
 
 ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 been in many battles on the border, and taken many scalps. He related some of 
 his acts of extreme cruelty, and a few of his barbarities inflicted upon the wives 
 and children of the border settlers. He was with the other Greentown and 
 Jerometown Indians in the battle of the Fallen Timbers, and, as related in Hill’s 
 
 History of Ashland County,” gave this graphic account. It was in reply to a 
 question of Allen Oliver, who asked him what he thought of Wayne as a white 
 chief : 
 
 “Wayne be great chief. He be one devil 
 to fight. Me hear his dinner horn way over 
 there go toot^ toot ; then over here it go toot, 
 toot ; then way over side it go toot, toot. Then 
 his soldiers run forward — shoot, shoot ; then 
 run among logs and brush. Indians have got 
 to get out and run. Then come Long Knives 
 with pistols and shoot, shoot. Indians run ; 
 no stop ; Old Tom see too much fight to be 
 trap — he run into woods — he run like devil — 
 he keep run till he clear out of danger. 
 
 The exact location of the Indian village Helltown is not known, but it was sup- 
 posed to be on the south line of what is now Green township, on the banks of the 
 Clear fork of the Mohican. It probably derived its name from a Pennsylvania 
 captive who spoke the German language, in which Hell ” signifies clear or trans- 
 parent, so called after the stream on which it was situated. 
 
 When Col. Crawford in the spring of 1782 invaded the Indian settlements of 
 the uj)per Sandusky the Helltown Indians fled thither for safety. The village 
 was the home of a number of well-known Delaware chiefs, among others Thomas 
 Armstrong ; also the occasional residence of the noted Ca[)t. Pipe, one of Col. 
 Crawford’s executioners. In 1783 Thomas Armstrong, with the original inhab- 
 itants of Helltown (that village having been abandoned) and a few Mingoes and 
 Mohawks, established the village of Greentown, some three miles west of the 
 present village of Perrysville. It was on a bluflp extending to the north banks of 
 Black fork, or Armstrong’s ” creek, almost entirely surrounded by alder marshes, 
 and a very strong position. The huts, numbering about 150, were constructed of 
 poles covered with bark, and irregularly placed around a knoll, with a playground 
 in the centre, at the west side of which was built the council house and cemetery 
 in a grove. 
 
 Up to 1795 it was a station on the route for captives on the way to Detroit and 
 other points in the Indian Territory, 
 
 Two tragedies in the autumn of 1812 were enacted by the Indians not far from 
 the old Indian village of Greentown. These were the murder of Martin Ruffner, 
 Frederic Zimmer (or in English Frederic Seymour) and family, on the Black fork 
 of the Mohican, and the tragedy at the cabin of Mr. James Copus. Hill’s “ History 
 of Ashland County ” gives very full details. We here first take the briefer his- 
 tory as published on pages 429-30 in the first edition of this work. In a note 
 there we stated that our informant for the first tragedy was Mr. Henry Nail, from 
 whose lips, now just forty-two years ago, we derived it ; and for the second, we 
 said : 
 
 We have three different accounts of this affair : one from Wyatt Hutchinson, 
 of Guernsey, then a lieutenant in the Guernsey militia ; one from Henry Nail, who 
 was with some of the wounded men the night following ; and the last from a gen- 
 tleman living in Mansfield at the time. Each differs in some essential pai’ticulai's. 
 Much experience has taught us that it is almost impossible to get perfectly accurate 
 verbal narratives of events that have taken place years since, and which live only 
 in memory.” And to this remark of ours made in that long ago we here add the 
 additional reason for conflicting testimony, viz., the rarity of perfect accuracy of 
 observation and strength of memory, combined with the faculty of clearness in 
 statement : 
 
 Wayne great fight — brave white chief. He 
 be one devil. ’ ’ 
 
 While going through the description of the 
 fight, “Old Tom” gesticulated and grinned, 
 as much as if in the midst of the battle. 
 Terror was evinced in the whole of the mimic 
 battle he was then fighting oyer, and being 
 about the ugliest-looking Indian the settlers 
 had ever seen, the effect of his speech was to 
 the highest degree expressive. 
 
ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 257 
 
 T%e Massacre of the Rnffner ^ Family.— 
 There was living at this time — said Mr. Nail 
 — on the Black Fork of the Mohican, about 
 half a mile west of where Petersburgh now 
 is [now Mifflin], a Mr. Martin Ruffner. Hav- 
 ing removed his family for safety, no person 
 was with him in his cabin, excepting a bound 
 boy. About two miles southeast stood the 
 cabin of the Seymours. This family con- 
 sisted of the parents — both very old people 
 — a maiden daughter Catharine, and her 
 brother Philip, who was a bachelor. 
 
 One evening Mr. Ruffner sent out the lad 
 to the creek bottom, to bring home the cows, 
 when he discovered four Indians and ran. 
 They called to him, saying that they would 
 not harm him, but wished to speak to him. 
 Having ascertained from him that the Sey- 
 mours were at home, they left, and he hurried 
 back and told Ruffner of the circumstance ; 
 upon which he took down his rifle and started 
 for Seymour’s. He arrived there, and was 
 advising young Seymour to go to the cabin 
 of a Mr. Copus, and get old Mr. Copus and 
 his son to come up and help take the Indians 
 prisoners, when the latter were seen ap- 
 proaching. Upon this young Seymour passed 
 out of the back door and hurried to Copus’s, 
 while the Indians entered the front door, with 
 their rifles in hand. 
 
 The Seymours received them with an ap- 
 parent cordiality, and the daughter spread 
 the table for them. The Indians, however, 
 did not appear to be inclined to eat, but soon 
 arose and commenced the attack. Ruffner, 
 who was a powerful man, made a desperate 
 resistance. He clubbed his rifle, and broke 
 the stock to pieces ; but he fell before superior 
 numbers, and was afterwards found dead and 
 scalped in the yard, with two rifle balls 
 through him, and several fingers cut off by a 
 tomahawk. The old people and daughter were 
 found tomahawked and scalped in the house. 
 
 In an hour or so after dark, young Seymour 
 returned with Mr. Copus and son, making 
 their way through the woods by the light of 
 a hickory bark torch. Approaching the 
 cabin, they found all dark and silent within. 
 Young Seymour attempted to open the door, 
 when it flew back. Reaching forward, he 
 touched the corpse of the old man, and ex- 
 claimed in tones of anguish, “here is the 
 blood of my poor father ! ’ ’ Before they 
 reached the place, they heard the Indians 
 whistling on their powder chargers, upon 
 which they put out the light and were not 
 molested. 
 
 These murders, supposed to have been com- 
 mitted by some of the Greentown Indians, 
 spread terror among the settlers, who imme- 
 diately fortified their cabins and erected sev- 
 eral block-houses. Among the block-houses 
 erected was Nails’, on the Clear fork of the 
 Mohican ; Beams’, on the Rocky fork ; one 
 on the site of Ganges, and a picketed house on 
 the Black Fork, owned by Thomas Coulter. 
 
 The Copus Tragedy . — Shortly after this, a 
 party of twelve or fourteen militia from 
 Guernsey county, who were out on a scout, 
 without any authority burnt the Indian village 
 of Greentown, at this time deserted. At 
 night they stopped at the cabin of Mr. Copus, 
 on the Black Fork, about nine miles from Mans- 
 field. The next morning, as four of them were 
 at a spring washing, a few rods from the cabin, 
 they were fired upon by a party of Indians in 
 ambush. They all ran for the house, except 
 Warnock, who retreated in another direction, 
 and was afterwards found dead in the woods, 
 about half a mile distant. His body was 
 resting against a tree, with his handkerchief 
 stuffed in a wound in his bowels. Two of the 
 others, George Shipley and John Tedrick, 
 were killed and scalped between the spring 
 and the house. The fourth man, Robert 
 Dye, in passing between the shed and cabin, 
 suddenly met a warrior with his uplifted 
 tomahawk. He dodged and escaped into the 
 house, carrying with him a bullet in his 
 thigh. 
 
 ]\Ir. Copus at the first alarm had opened 
 the door, and was mortally wounded by a rifle 
 ball in his breast. He was laid on the bed, 
 and the Indians shortly attacked the cabin. 
 “Fight and save my family,” exclaimed he, 
 “for I am a dead man.” The attack was 
 fiercely made, and several balls came through 
 the door, upon which they pulled up the pun- 
 cheons from the floor and placed them against 
 it. Mrs. Copus and her daughter went up into 
 the loft for safety, and the last was slightly 
 wounded in the thigh, from a ball fired from 
 a neighboring hill. One of the soldiers, 
 George Launtz, was in the act of removing 
 a chunk of wood to fire through, when a ball 
 entered the hole and broke his arm. After 
 this, he watched and saw an Indian put his 
 head from behind a stump. He fired, and 
 the fellow’s brains were scattered over it. 
 After about an hciir the Indians, having suf- 
 fered severe loss, retreated. Had they first 
 attacked the house, it is probable an easy 
 victory would have been gained by them. 
 
 We now give the incidents of these tragedies, and in an abridged form, as told 
 in the County History : ” 
 
 Martin Ruffner and brother-in-law Richard 
 Hughes erected cabins near each other in the 
 spring of 1812, about half a mile northwest 
 of the present site of Mifflin. Mr. Fred- 
 erick Zimmer, Sr. , put up a cabin two and a half 
 miles southeast of Mr. Martin Ruffner and 
 occupied it with his wife, daughter Catherine, 
 Zimmer’s son Philip Zimmer, aged 19, and 
 
 Michael Ruffner, brother of Martin, whom 
 he hired to assist him. Martin Ruffner and 
 a bound boy, Levi Berkinhizer, occupied the 
 Ruffner cabin. 
 
 One day in September Michael Ruffner 
 met two well-armed Indians near the Zimmer 
 cabin, and being suspicious of their intentions 
 he mounted a fleet horse and rode rapidly 
 
258 
 
 ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 to Zimmer’s and put then on their guard, 
 and Philip Zimmer was despatched to inform 
 James Copus, who lived two miles further 
 south. Having warned Copus he proceeded 
 to inform John Lambright, who returned 
 with him and was joined by Mr. Copus ; pro- 
 ceeding to the Zimmer cabin, which they 
 reached early in the evening. Finding no 
 light in the cabin Copus crept cautiously up 
 to it ; the door was ajar, but with some ob- 
 struction against it : cautiously feeling his 
 way, he placed his hand in a pool of blood. 
 Returning to his companions he informed 
 them of his discovery, and further investiga- 
 tion proved that Frederick Zimmer, wife and 
 daughter and Martin Rulfner had been mur- 
 dered. Ruffner had made a desperate resist- 
 ance ; he had fought his way from the cabin 
 into the yard, his gun being bent nearly 
 double from clubbing it ; several of his fingers 
 had been chopped off by a tomahawk and he 
 was shot twice through the body. The fiends 
 had scalped their victims, who had been 
 treacherously set upon while furnishing them 
 refreshment, as was indicated by the table 
 being nigh spread. 
 
 It is supposed eight or ten Indians were 
 engaged in the slaughter, whose enmity Mr. 
 Zimmer had incurred by tying clap-boards to 
 their ponies’ tails to frighten them away from 
 the corn fields : any injury to an Indian’s dog or 
 pony being a cause for enduring resentment. 
 Martin Rutfner and the Zimmers were buried 
 in one large grave on a knoll near the scene 
 of the tragedy. The cabins of Martin Zim- 
 mer and Richard Hughes near the Zimmers’ 
 were not disturbed, young Berkinhizer having 
 slept alone in that of Ruffner the night of 
 the tragedy, Ruffner having been very friendly 
 with the Indians, although perfectly fearless 
 in his dealings with them. 
 
 After his discovery of the murder of the 
 Zimmers Mr. Copus and Mr. Lambright re- 
 turned to their cabins for their families, and 
 removed them to the block-house at Jacob 
 Beams’. 
 
 After several days in the block-house Mr. 
 Copus, believing the Indians owed him no ill 
 will, insisted on returning with his family to 
 his cabin on the Black Fork. Capt. Martin 
 protested against it, but as Copus persisted 
 in going he sent nine soldiers with him as an 
 escort. They reached the cabin in safety and 
 retired for the night, the soldiers occupying 
 the barn. In the night the dogs kept up a 
 continuous barking and Mr. Copus got up 
 toward daylight and invited the soldiers into 
 the cabin. 
 
 In the morning the soldiers leaning their 
 guns against the cabin (although cautioned to 
 keep possession of them by Mr. Coi)us) 
 passed out to the spring at the base of a hill 
 near the sixth cabin for the purpose of wash- 
 
 ing. They had reached the spring, when 
 some Indians from their concealment in a 
 corn field near by rushed out, cut off their 
 retreat and began hooting and tomahawking 
 them. Mr. Copus seizing his gun rushed 
 for the cabin door ; just as he opened it, he 
 met an Indian ; both fired at the same in- 
 stant and both were mortally wounded. The 
 ball from the Indian’s gun passed through 
 the leather strap sustaining Mr. Copus’s 
 powder horn (which is now in the possession 
 of Mr. Wesley Copus) and into his breast; 
 he staggered to his bed and died in a short 
 time, begging the soldiers to defend and save 
 his family. Two of the soldiers fled toward 
 the forest, but were soon overtaken, killed 
 and scalped; another, Mr. Warnock, suc- 
 ceeded in escaping his pursuers, but was shot 
 through the bowels and foot ; his body was 
 afterwards found seated leaning against a tree 
 with his handkerchief stuffed into the wound 
 in his bowels. Mr. Geo. Dye, another soldier, 
 was shot through the thigh just as he was 
 entering the cabin. 
 
 The knoll near the cabin being covered 
 with dwarfed timber served the Indians as a 
 shelter from which they fired volley after 
 volley into the cabin, wounding Nancy Copus, 
 a little girl, above the knee and breaking the 
 arm of Geo. Launtz, a soldier, who had the 
 satisfaction however of returning his compli- 
 ments with a bullet which caused the Indian 
 who had shot him to bound into the air and 
 roll down the hill on the way to the “ happy ” 
 hunting grounds of his fathers. 
 
 The battle lasted about five hours, after 
 which the Indians withdrew, carrying off their 
 dead and wounded, but fired a parting salute 
 into a flock of Mr. Copus’s sheep, killing 
 most of them. 
 
 After the withdrawal of the Indians a sol- 
 dier was despatched to the block-house at 
 Beams’ for assistance. Shortly after Capt. 
 Martin, having been out with a party of sol- 
 diers on a scouting expedition, arrived at the 
 cabin, too late to be of any assistance. An 
 effort w^as made to pursue the Indians, but 
 was abandoned as useless. Mr. Copus and 
 the soldiers were buried in a large grave a 
 rod or two from the cabin, under an apple 
 tree. Capt. Martin then took the family and 
 returned to the block-house. Mrs. Copus 
 and her children remaining in the block-house 
 several weeks removed to Guernsey county, 
 but in the spring of 1815 returned to their 
 cabin. 
 
 The number of Indians engaged in this at- 
 tack was estimated at forty-five, there having 
 been discovered back of the corn field the re- 
 mains of forty-five fires in holes scooped iu 
 the ground, to prevent observation, over which 
 the Indians roasted ears of corn the evening 
 before the attack. 
 
 Two handsome monuments in Mifflin towitsliip now mark the resting-places of 
 the victims of these tragedies. The Rnffner-Zi miner monument is ten miles 
 southerly from Ashland, and the Copiis monument twelve miles. They are so 
 alike in structure that the engraving annexed gives a correct idea of the other. 
 
ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 259 
 
 These moiii:ments were erected, at an expense of nearly $500, near the sites of tlie 
 occtirrencec they commemorate. The project had its inception with Dr. S. Riddle, 
 historian of the Ashland Pioneer Society, who interested its members, and the 
 necessary sum was raised by subscription in this and in Richland county. The 
 history of their dedication is thus given by him : 
 
 Monument in Commemoration of the Copus Massacre. 
 
 The date for the unveiling of the RulFner- 
 Copus Monument was fixed for Friday, Sep- 
 tember 15, 1882, just seventy years to the day 
 when the tragic scenes took place, and prepa- 
 rations were made for what was expected 
 would be a memorable day in the history of 
 Ohio. The expectations of the committee 
 were more than realized. Early in the day 
 the people began to arrive at the Copus Hill 
 from every direction ; a-foot, on horseback 
 and in every imaginable kind of conveyance, 
 until fully 6,000 had assembled in the forest 
 overlooking the scene of the Copus battle. 
 The day was balmy — one of those pleasant fall 
 days — and the thousands present came with 
 baskets filled ready for the pic-nic. The ex- 
 ercises opened with music by the Mt. Zion 
 band, followed by prayer by Rev. J. A. Hall, 
 then music, then the address of welcome by 
 the gentleman above named. Rev. P= R. Rose- 
 berry followed in a few remarks, after which 
 the venerable Dr. Will. Bushnell, of Mansfield, 
 pod Andrew Mason, Esq., of Ashland, in re- 
 sponse to calls, entertained the audience. 
 Mrs. Sarah Vail, daughter of Janies Copus, 
 
 who was present at the time her father and 
 the three soldiers were killed, and who now 
 resides hard by at the age of ^ eighty-four 
 years, was introduced to the multitude. Mrs. 
 Baughman, mother of A. J. Baughman, was 
 also introduced to the audience : this lady’s 
 father, Capt. Cunningham, assisted in burying 
 the dead at Copus Hill. A recess was then 
 taken for the pic-nic and an hour later R. M. 
 Campbell, Esq., of Ashland, was introduced 
 and spoke at length. Hon. Henry C. Hedges, 
 of Mansfield, was then introduced and niade 
 some touching remarks ; at the close of his 
 address the Huff Brothers Band played a 
 dirge ; following this. Dr. P. H. Clark, of 
 Ashland, delivered an appropriate address 
 which was full of interest for the occasion ; 
 at its close a procession of vehicles to the 
 number of about 1,200 was formed and passed 
 by the Copus Monument as it was unveiled. 
 The multitude then proceeded to the Ruffner 
 Monument, when it was also unveiled. Thus 
 the ceremonies of the day ended ; a day long 
 to be remembered. 
 
26o 
 
 ASHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Under the names of Copiis and the slain soldiers was cawed, at the suggestion 
 of Miss Kosella Rice, of Perrysville, the name of the eccentric Johnny Apple- 
 seed, whom she knew well, and whose good deeds she has commemorated with her 
 pen. A novel, founded upon these tragedies and the early times in this region, 
 entitled, Philip Seymour, or Pioneer Life in Richland County,’^ by Rev. James 
 F. McGaw, published in Mansfield in 1857 and 1883, has had quite a local 
 popularity. 
 
 Perrysville, sixty miles northeast of Columbus, on the P. Ft. W. & C. rail- 
 road. It has churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Lutheran, 
 and in 1880, 476 inhabitants. A correspondent sends us some items : 
 
 Perrysville was laid out June 10, 1815, by 
 Thomas Coulter and was the second village 
 established in the county. At that early day 
 whiskey drinking was the general custom. 
 At one period there were nine still houses in 
 the township in active operation, and they 
 were unable to keep up with the demands 
 of the thirsty. Jeremiah Conine, on the 
 present Van Horn farm, was the pioneer dis- 
 tiller. Hop picking was then an important 
 industry ; the hops sold for fifty cents a pound. 
 Mrs. Betsy Coulter, nee Rice, in 1815 opened 
 the first school in her own home. She took 
 spinning and weaving as part pay for tuition. 
 Johnny Appleseed was a frequent visitor 
 here. He was a constant snuff consumer 
 and had beautiful teeth. He was smitten 
 
 here with Miss Nancy Tannehill and pro- 
 posed, but was just one too late : she was 
 already engaged. He died March 11, 1845, 
 in St. Joseph township, Indiana, at the house 
 of Wm. Worth. When he died he had on 
 for clothing next to his body a coarse coffee 
 sack slipped over his head ; around his waist 
 parts of four pantaloons ; over these a white 
 air complete. He was buried two and a 
 alf miles north of Fort Wayne. The prin- 
 cipal white settlers in this section in 1809 
 were Andrew Craig, an exhorter and local 
 minister in the Methodist Church who fre- 
 quently preached to the Greentqwn Indians, 
 James Cunningham, Samuel Lewis and Henry 
 McCart. 
 
 Hayesville, about seventy miles northeast of Columbus, is a fine trading 
 town, in the centre of an extensive farming, wool-growing, and stock-raising dis- 
 trict. Newspaj)er : Hayesville Journal^ Independent, H. H. Arnold. Churches : 
 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 United Presbyterian. Population in 1880, 563. 
 
 Ix)UDONViLLE, about sixty-five miles southwest of Cleveland, on the Black 
 fork of the Mohican river, also on the P. Ft. W. & C. railroad. It is surrounded 
 by a very productive agricultural district. Newspapers : Advocate, Independent, 
 P. H. Stauffer, editor ; Democrat, Democmtic, J. G. Herzog, editor. Churches : 
 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 2 Lutheran, 1 Catholic, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Evangelical. 
 Banks : Farmers^, J. Schmidt, president, A. C. Ullman, cashier ; Loudonville 
 Banking Company, G. Schauweker, president, J. L. Quick, cashier. Among the 
 principal industries is one of the finest and best equipped roller-process mills in 
 the State. Population in 1880, 1,497. School census in 1886, 547 ; Elliott D. 
 Wigton, superintendent. Savannah and Polk have each about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 William B. Allison, the eminent member of the United States Senate from Iowa, 
 was born in Perry township this county, March 2, 1829. He was educated at 
 Allegheny College, Pa., and Western Reserve College, Ohio, practised law at Ash- 
 land and Wooster, and removed to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1857. 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 261 
 
 ASHTABULA. 
 
 Ashtabula was formed June 7, 1807, from Trumbull and Geauga, and organ- 
 ized January 22, 1811. The name of the county was derived from Ashtabula 
 river, which signifies, in the Indian language. Fish river. For a few miles parallel 
 Avith the lake shore it is level, the remainder of the surface slightly undulating, 
 and the soil generally clay. Butter and cheese are the principal articles of export, 
 and in these it leads all other counties in the amount produced. Generally not 
 sufficient wheat is raised for home consumption, but the soil is quite productive in 
 corn and oats. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 12.9,992; in pasture, 150,152; 
 Avoodland, 62,223 ; lying Avaste, 3,700 ; produced in Avheat, 234,070 bushels ; 
 corn, 382,238; oats, 677,555; apples, 587,385; pounds butter, 1,042,613; and 
 cheese, 354,400. School census, 9,441 ; teachers, 543. Area 720 square miles, 
 being the largest county in Ohio. It has 191 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Andover, 
 
 881 
 
 1,168 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 1,326 
 
 1,459 
 
 Ashtabula, 
 
 1,711 
 
 5,522 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 643 
 
 1,223 
 
 Austinburg, 
 
 1,048 
 
 1,208 
 
 New Lyme, 
 
 527 
 
 893 
 
 Cherry Valley, 
 
 689 
 
 698 
 
 OrAvell, 
 
 458 
 
 973 
 
 Conneaut, 
 
 2,650 
 
 2,947 
 
 Pierpont, 
 
 639 
 
 1,046 
 
 Denmark, 
 
 176 
 
 697 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 706 
 
 780 
 
 Dorset, 
 
 
 613 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 384 
 
 1,011 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 1,215 
 
 3,167 
 
 Rome, 
 
 765 
 
 668 
 
 Harpersfield, 
 
 1,399 
 
 1,116 
 
 Saybrook, 
 
 934 
 
 1,384 
 
 Hartsgrove, 
 
 553 
 
 798 
 
 Sheffield, 
 
 683 
 
 688 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 710 
 
 1,952 
 
 Trumbull, 
 
 439 
 
 960 
 
 Kingsville, 
 
 1,420 
 
 1,621 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 767 
 
 835 
 
 Lenox, 
 
 550 
 
 820 
 
 Williamsfield, 
 
 892 
 
 974 
 
 Colebrook, 
 
 
 956 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 875 
 
 964 
 
 The population in 1820 Avas 7,369 ; in 1830, 14,584 ; in 1840, 23,724 ; in 1850, 
 31,789; in 1880,36,875, of Avhom 1,274 Avere employed in manufactures and 
 2,814 Avere foreign born. 
 
 This county is memorable from being not only the first settled on the Western 
 Reserve, but the earliest in the whole of Northern Ohio. The incidents connected 
 with its early history, although unmarked by scenes of military adventure, are of 
 an interesting nature. 
 
 On the 4tli of July, 1796, the first surveying party of the Western Reserve 
 landed at the mouth of Conneaut creek. Of this event, John Barr, Esq., in his 
 sketch of the Western Reserve, in the National Magazine for December, 1845, 
 has given a narrative : 
 
 The sons of revolutionar}^ sires, some of 
 them sharers themselves in the great bap- 
 tism of the republic, they made the anniver- 
 sary of their country’s freedom a day of cere- 
 monial and rejoicing. They felt that they 
 had arrived at the place of their labors, the — 
 to many of them — sites of home, as little allur- 
 ing, almost as croAvded with dangers, as were 
 the levels of Jamestown, or the rocks of Ply- 
 mouth to the ancestors who had preceded 
 them in the conquest of the seacoast wilder- 
 ness of this continent. From old homes and 
 friendly and social associations they were 
 almost as completely exiled as were the 
 
 cavaliers who debarked upon the shores of 
 Virginia, or the Puritans who sought the 
 strand of Massachusetts. Far away as they 
 were from the villages of their birth and boy- 
 hood ; before them the trackless forest, or the 
 untraversed lake, yet did they resolve to cast 
 fatigue and privation and peril from their 
 thoughts for the time being, and give to the 
 day its due, to patriotism its awards. Muster- 
 ing their numbers they sat down on the east- 
 ward shore of the stream now known as Con- 
 neaut, and, dipping from the lake the liquor 
 in which they pledged their country — their 
 goblets some tin cups of no rare workmanship, 
 
262 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 yet every way answerable, with the ordnance 
 accompaniment of two or three fowling pieces 
 discharging the required national salute — the 
 first settlers of the Reserve spent their land- 
 ing-day as became the sons of the pilgrim 
 fathers — as the advance pioneers of a popula- 
 tion that has since made the then wilderness 
 of Northern Ohio to “blossom as the rose,” 
 and prove the homes of a people as remarka- 
 ble for integrity, industry, love of country, 
 moral truth and enlightened legislation, as 
 any to be found within the territorial limits 
 of their ancestral New England. 
 
 The whole party numbered, on this occa- 
 sion, fifty-two persons, of whom two were 
 females (Mrs. Stiles and Mrs. Gunn, and a 
 child). As these individuals were the ad- 
 vance of after millions of population, their 
 names become worthy of record, and are 
 therefore given, viz. : Moses Cleveland, a^ent 
 of the company ; Augustus Porter, principal 
 surveyor ; Seth Pease, Moses Warren, Amos 
 Spaiford, Milton Hawley, Richard M. Stod- 
 dard, surveyors ; Joshua Stowe, commissary ; 
 Theodore Shepard, physician; Joseph Tinker, 
 principal boatman j Joseph McIntyre, George 
 Proudfoot, Francis Gay, Samuel Forbes, 
 Elijah Gunn, wife and child, Amos Sawten, 
 
 Stephen Benton, Amos Barber, Samuel 
 Hungerford, William B. Hall, Samuel 
 Davenport, Asa Mason, Amzi Atwater, 
 Michael Coffin, Elisha Ayres, Thomas Har- 
 ris, Norman Wilcox, Timothy Dunham, 
 George Goodwin, Shadrach Benham, Samuel 
 Agnew, Warham Shepard, David Beard, 
 John Briant, Titus ^ V. Munson, Joseph 
 Landon, Job V. Stiles and wife, Charles 
 Parker, Ezekiel Hawley. Nathaniel Doan, 
 Luke Hanchet, James Hasket, James Hamil- 
 ton, Olney F. Rice, John Lock, and four 
 others whose names are not mentioned. 
 
 On the 5th of July the workmen of the ex- 
 pedition were employed in the erection of a 
 large, awkwardly constructed log building ; 
 locating it on the sandy beach on the east 
 shore of the stream, and naming it “ Stow 
 Castle,” after one of the party. This be- 
 came the storehouse of the provisions, etc. , 
 and the dwelling-place of the families. 
 
 The view was constructed from a sketch 
 on the spot taken by us in 1846, altered to 
 represent its ancient appearance. The word 
 Conneaut, in the Seneca language, signifies 
 '''many JishC and was applied originally to 
 the river. 
 
 Conneaut, the Plymouth of the Keseuve, in July, 179G. 
 
 The spot where the above described scene took place has much altered in the 
 lapse of half a century. One of the party, Amzi Atwater, Esq., living in Portage 
 county in 1846, then described it from recollection: 
 
 It was then a mere sand beach overgrown 
 with timber, some of it of considerable size, 
 which we cut to build the house and for other 
 purposes. The mouth of the creek, like 
 others of the lake streams in those days, was 
 frequently choked up with a sand bar so that 
 no visible harbor appeared for several days. 
 This would only happen when the streams 
 were low and after a high wind cither down 
 the lake or directly on shore for several days. 
 I have i)assed over all the lake streams of 
 this State east of the Cuyahoga and most of 
 those in New York on hard, dry sand bars, 
 
 ajid I have been told that the Cuyahoga has 
 been so. They would not long continue, for 
 as soon as the wind had subsided and the 
 water in the streams had sufficiently risen 
 they would often cut their way through the 
 bar in a different place and form new chan- 
 nels. Thus the mouths of the streams were 
 continually shifting until the artificial harbors 
 were built. Those blessed improvementg 
 have in a great measure remedied those evils 
 and made the mouths of the streams far more 
 healthy. 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 263 
 
 Judge James Kingsbury, who arrived at Conneaut shortly after the surveying 
 party, wintered with his family at this place in a cabin which stood on a spot now 
 covered by the waters of the lake. This was about the first family that wintered 
 on the Reserve. 
 
 The story of the sufferings of this family 
 has often been told, but in the midst of plenty, 
 where want is unknown, can with difficulty be 
 appreciated. The surveyors, in the prosecu- 
 tion of their labors westwardly, had princi- 
 pally removed their stores to Cleveland, while 
 the family of Judge Kingsbury remained at 
 Conneaut. Being compelled by business to 
 leave in the fall for the State of New York, 
 with the hope of a speedy return to his family, 
 the judge was attacked by a severe fit of sick- 
 ness, confining him to his bed until the setting 
 in of winter. As soon as able he proceeded 
 on his return as far as Buffalo, where he 
 hired an Indian to guide him through the 
 wilderness. At Presque Isle, anticipating 
 the wants of his family, he purchased twenty 
 pounds of flour. In crossing Elk creek on 
 the ice he disabled his horse, left him in the 
 snow, and mounting his flour on his own 
 back pursued his way filled with gloomy fore- 
 bodings in relation to the fate of his family. 
 
 On his arrival late one evening his worst 
 apprehensions were more than realized in a 
 scene agonizing to the husband and father. 
 
 Stretched on her cot lay the partner of his 
 
 Mr. Kingsbury was the first who thrust a sickle into the first wheat field planted 
 on the soil of the Reserve. His wife was interred at Cleveland, about the year 
 184e3. The fate of her child — the first white child born on the Reserve, starved 
 to death for want of nourishment — will not soon be forgotten. 
 
 Conneaut in 1846. The harbor of Conneaut is now an important point of 
 transshipment. It has a pier Avith a light-house upon it, two forwarding houses 
 and eleven dwellings. Several vessels ply from here, and it is a frequent stopping 
 place for steamers. Two miles south of the harbor, twenty-two from Jefferson, 
 twenty-eight from Erie, Pa., is the borough of Conneaut on the Avest bank of Con- 
 neaut creek. It contains four churches, eleven stores, one newspaper printing office, 
 a fine classical academy, Mr. L. W. Savage and Miss Mary Booth, principals, and 
 about 1,000 inhabitants . — Old Edition. 
 
 Conneaut, on Lake Erie, sixty-eight miles east of Cleveland, also on the L. S. 
 & M. S. and N. Y. C. & St. L. Railroads. The main shops of the Nickel Plate 
 railroad are located here. It is expected that the harbor Avill shortly be opened by 
 the Conneaut, JamestoAvn and Southern Railroad, gi\4ng improved shipping 
 facilities. 
 
 NeAVspapers : Herald, Republican, W. T. Findlay, editor ; The Reporter, Repub- 
 lican, J. P. Reig, editor. Churches : 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Metliodist, 1 
 Catholic and 1 Christian. Banks : Conneaut Mutual Loan Association, Theron 
 S. Winship, president, C. HayAvard, cashier ; First National, S. J. Smith, presi- 
 dent, B. E. Thayer, cashier. Principal industries are railroad shops, paper mill. 
 Record Manufacturing Company, Cummins Canning Factory. Population in 1880, 
 1,256 ; school census in 1886, 564 ; E. C. Cary, superintendent. 
 
 The first permanent settlement in Conneaut When the settlers arrived some twenty or 
 was in 1799. Thomas Montgomery and Aaron thirty Indian cabins were still standing, which 
 Wright settled here in the spring of 1798. were said to present an appearance of neat- 
 Robert Montgomery and family, Levi and ness and comfort not usual with this race. 
 John Montgomery, Nathan and John King, The Massauga tribe, Avhich inhabited the 
 and Samuel Bemus and family came the same spot, were obliged to leave in consequence of 
 season. the murder of a white man named Williama 
 
 cares, who had followed him through all the 
 dangers and hardships of the wilderness with- 
 out repining, pale and emaciated, reduced by 
 meagre famine to the last stages in which life 
 can be supported, and near the mother, on a 
 little pallet, were the remains of his youngest 
 child, born in his absence, who had just ex- 
 pired for the want of that nourishment which 
 the mother, deprived of sustenance, was 
 unable to give. Shut up by a gloomy wilder- 
 ness she was far distant alike from the aid or 
 sympathy of friends, filled with anxiety for 
 an absent husband, suffering with want and 
 destitute of necessary assistance, and her 
 children expiring around her. with hunger. 
 
 Such is the picture presented by which the 
 wives and daughters of the present day may 
 form some estimate of the hardships endured 
 by the pioneers of this beautiful country. It 
 appears th^t Judge Kingsbury, in order to 
 supply the wants of his family, was under the 
 necessity of transporting his provisions from 
 Cleveland on a hand sled, and that himself 
 and hired man drew a barrel of beef the whole 
 distance at a single load. 
 
264 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 Two young men taken at the defeat of St. 
 Clair were said to have been prisoners for a 
 considerable time among the Indians of this 
 village. On their arrival at Conneaut they 
 were made to run the gauntlet, and received 
 the orthodox number of blows and kicks usual 
 on such occasions. In solemn council it was 
 resolved that the life of Fitz Gibbon should 
 be saved, but the other, whose name is not 
 recollected, was condemned to be burned. He 
 was bound to a tree, a large quantity of 
 hickory bark tied into fagots and piled 
 around him. But from the horrors of the 
 most painful of deaths he was saved by the 
 interposition of a young squaw belonging to the 
 tribe. Touched by sympathy she interceded 
 in his behalf, and by her expostulations, 
 backed by several packages of fur and a small 
 sum of money, succeeded in effecting his 
 deliverance : an act in the lowly Indian maid 
 which entitles her name to be honorably re- 
 corded with that of Pocahontas, among the 
 good and virtuous of every age. 
 
 There were mounds situated in the eastern 
 part of the village of Conneaut and an exten- 
 sive burying-ground near the Presbyterian 
 church, which appear to have had no connec- 
 tion with the burying-places of the Indians. 
 Among the human bones found in the mounds 
 were some belonging to men of gigantic 
 
 structure. _ Some of the skulls were of suffi- 
 cient capacity to admit the head of an ordi- 
 nary man, and jaw bones that might have 
 been fitted on over the face with equal facility ; 
 the other bones were proportionately large. 
 The burying-ground referred to contained 
 about four acres, and with the exception of a 
 slight angle in conformity with the natural 
 contour of the ground was in the form of an 
 oblong square. It appeared to have been 
 accurately surveyed into lots running from 
 north to south, and exhibited all the order 
 and propriety of arrangement deemed neces- 
 sary to constitute Christian burial. On the 
 first examination of the ground by the settlers 
 they found it covered with the ordinary forest 
 trees, with an opening near the centre con- 
 taining a single butternut. The graves were 
 distinguished by slight depressions disposed 
 in straight rows, and were estimated to num- 
 ber from two to three thousand. On ex- 
 amination in 1800 they were found to con- 
 tain human bones, invariably blackened by 
 time, which on exposure to the air soon 
 crumbled to dust. Traces of ancient cultiva- 
 tion observed by the first settlers on the lands 
 of the vicinity, although covered with forest, 
 exhibited signs of having once been thrown up 
 into squares and terraces, and laid out into 
 gardens. 
 
 There was a fragment or chip of a tree at one time in the possession of the 
 Ashtabula Historical Society, which was a curiosity. The tree of which that was 
 a chip was chopped down and butted off for a saw log, about three feet from the 
 ground, some thirty rods southeast of Fort Hill, in Conneaut, in 1829, by Silas 
 A. Davis, on land owned by B. H. King. Some marks were found upon it near 
 the heart of the tree. The Hon. Nehemiah King, with a magnifying glass, 
 counted 350 anniialer rings in that part of the stump, outside of these marks. 
 Deducting 350 from 1829, leaves 1479, which must have been the year when 
 these cots were made. This was thirteen years before the discovery of America 
 by Columbus. It perhaps was done by the race of the mounds, with an axe of 
 copper, as that people had the art of hardening that metal so as to cut like steel. 
 
 In the spring of 1815 a mound on Harbor street, Conneaut, was cut through 
 for a road. One morning succeeding a heavy rain a Mr. Walker, who was up very 
 early, picked up a jaw bone together with an artificial tooth which lay near. He 
 brought them forthwith to Mr. P. H. Spencer, secretary of the Historical Society, 
 who fitted the tooth in a cavity from which it had evidently fallen. The tooth 
 was metallic, probably silver, but little was then thought of the circumstance. 
 
 The adventure of Mr. Solomon Sweatland, of Conneaut, who crossed I^ake Erie 
 in an o])en canoe, in September, 1817, is one of nnnsual interest. He had 
 been accustomed, with the aid of a neighbor, Mr. Cozzens, and a few hounds, to 
 drive the deer into the lake, where, pursuing them in a canoe, he shot them with 
 but little difficulty. The circumstances which took place at this time are vividly 
 given in the annexed extract from the records of the Historical Society : 
 
 Adventure of Solomon Sweatland . — It was 
 a lovely morning in early autumn, and Sweat- 
 land, in anticipation of his fiivorite sport, had 
 risen at the first dawn of light, and without 
 putting on his coat or waistcoat left his cabin, 
 listening in the meantime in expectation of 
 the approach of the dogs. His patience was 
 not put to a severe trial ere his ears were 
 saluted by the deep baying of the hounds, 
 
 and on arriving at the beach he perceived 
 that the deer had already taken to the lake, 
 and was moving at some distance from the 
 shore. In the enthusiasm of the moment he 
 threw his hat upon the beach, his canoe was 
 put in requisition, and shoving from the 
 shore he was soon engaged in rapid and 
 animated pursuit. The wind, which had 
 been fresh from the south during the night 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 265 
 
 and gradually increasing, was now blowing 
 nearly a gale, but intent on securing his prize 
 Sweatland was not in a situation to yield to 
 the dictates of prudence. The deer, which 
 was a vigorous animal of its kind, hoisted its 
 flag of defiance, and breasting the waves 
 stoutly showed that in a race with a log canoe 
 and a single paddle he was not easily out- 
 done. 
 
 Sweatland had attained a considerable dis- 
 tance from the shore and encountered a heavy 
 sea before overtaking the animal, but was not 
 apprised of the eminent peril of his situation 
 until shooting past him the deer turned 
 towards the shore. He was however brought 
 to a full appreciation of his danger when, on 
 tacking his frail vessel and heading towards 
 the land, he found that with his utmost exer- 
 tions he could make no progress in the de- 
 sired direction, but was continually drifting 
 farther to sea. He had been observed in his 
 outward progress by Mr. Cousins, who had 
 arrived immediately after the hounds, and by 
 his own family, and as he disappeared from 
 sight considerable apprehensions were enter- 
 tained for his safety. 
 
 The alarm was soon given in the neighbor- 
 hood, and it was decided by those competent 
 to judge that his return would be impossible, 
 and that unless help could be afforded he was 
 doomed to perish at sea. Actuated by those 
 generous impulses that often induce men to 
 peril their own lives to preserve those of 
 others, Messrs. Gilbert, Cousins and Belden 
 took a light boat at the mouth of the creek 
 and proceeded in search of the wanderer, with 
 the determination to make every effort for 
 his relief They met the deer returning 
 towards the shore nearly exhausted, but the 
 man who was the object of their solicitude 
 was nowhere to be seen. They made stretches 
 off shore within probable range of the fugitive 
 for some hours, until they had gained a dis- 
 tance of five or six miles from land, when 
 meeting with a sea in which they judged it 
 impossible for a canoe to live they abandoned 
 the search, returned with difficulty to the 
 shore, and Sweatland was given up for lost. 
 
 The canoe in which he was embarked was 
 dug from a large whitewood log by Major 
 James Brookes, for a fishing boat; it was 
 aoout fourteen feet in length and rather wide 
 in proportion, and was considered a superior 
 one of the kind. Sweatland still continued 
 to lie off, still heading towards the land, with 
 a faint bope that the wind might abate, or 
 that aid might reach him from the shore. 
 One or two schooners were in sight in course 
 of the day, and he made every signal in his 
 power to attract their attention, but without 
 success. The shore continued in sight, and 
 in tracing its distant outline he could distin- 
 guish the spot where his cabin stood, within 
 whose holy precincts were contained the cher- 
 ished objects of his affections, now doubly 
 endeared from the prospect of losing them 
 forever. As these familiar objects receded 
 from view, and the shores appeared to sink 
 beneath the troubled waters, the last tie 
 which united him in companionship to his 
 
 fellow-men seemed dissolved, and the busy 
 world, with all its interests, forever hidden 
 from his sight. 
 
 Fortunately Sweatland possessed a cool 
 head and a stout heart, which, united with a 
 tolerable share of physical strength and power 
 of endurance, eminently qualified him for the 
 part he was to act in this emergency. He 
 was a good sailor, and as such would not 
 yield to despondency until the last expedient 
 had been exhausted. One only expedient 
 remained, that of putting before the wind 
 and endeavoring to reach the Canada shore, 
 a distance of about fifty miles. This he re- 
 solved to embrace as his forlorn hope. 
 
 It was now blowing a gale, and the sea was 
 evidently increasing as he proceeded from the 
 shore, and yet he was borne onwards over the 
 dizzy waters by a power that no human 
 agency could control. He was obliged to 
 stand erect, moving cautiously from one ex- 
 tremity to the other, in order to trim his 
 vessel to the waves, well aware that a single 
 lost stroke of the paddle, or a tottering move- 
 ment, would swamp his frail bark and bring 
 his adventure to a final close. Much of his 
 attention was likewise required in bailing his 
 canoe from the water, an operation which he 
 was obliged to perform by making use of his 
 shoes., a substantial pair of stoggies, that hap- 
 pened fortunately to be upon his feet. 
 
 Hitherto he had been blessed with the cheer- 
 ful light of heaven, and amidst all his perils 
 could say, “The light is sweet, and it is a 
 leasant thing for the eyes to behold the sun,” 
 ut to add to his distress, the shades of night 
 were now gathering around him, and he was 
 soon enveloped in darkness. The sky was 
 overcast, and the light of a few stars that 
 twinkled through the haze alone remained to 
 guide his path over the dark and troubled 
 waters. In this fearful condition, destitute 
 of food and the necessary clothing, his log 
 canoe was rocked upon the billows during 
 that long and terrible night. When morning 
 appeared he was in sight of land, and found 
 he had made l^ong Point, on the Canada 
 shore. Here he was met by an adverse wind 
 and a cross sea, but the same providential aid 
 which had guided him thus far still sustained 
 and protected him ; and after being buffeted 
 by the winds and waves for nearly thirty 
 hours, he succeeded in reaching the land in 
 safety. 
 
 What were the emotions he experienced on 
 treading once more ‘ ‘ the green and solid 
 earth,” we shall not attempt to inquire, but 
 his trials were not yet ended. He found him- 
 self faint with hunger and exhausted with 
 fatigue, at the distance of forty miles from any 
 human habitation, whilst the country that in- 
 tervened was a desert filled with marshes and 
 tangled thickets, from which nothing could 
 be obtained to supply his wants. These diffi- 
 culties, together with the reduced state of his 
 strength, rendered his progress towards the 
 settlements slow and toilsome. On his way 
 he found a quantity of goods, supposed to 
 have been driven on shore from the wreck of 
 some vessel, which, although they aflforded 
 
266 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 him no immediate relief, were afterwards of 
 material service. 
 
 He ultimately arrived at the settlement, and 
 was received and treated with great kindness 
 and hosj)itality by the people. After his 
 strength was sufl&ciently recruited, he returned 
 with a boat, accompanied by some of the in- 
 habitants, and brought off the goods. From 
 this place he proceeded by land to Buffalo, 
 where, with the avails of his treasure, he fur- 
 nished himself in the garb of a gentleman, and 
 
 finding the “Traveller,” Capt. Chas. Brown, 
 from Conneaut, in the harbor, he shipped on 
 board and was soon on his way to rejoin hia 
 family. When the packet arrived off his 
 dwelling, they fired guns from the deck and 
 the crew gave three loud cheers. On land- 
 ing, he found his funeral sermon had been 
 reached, and had the rare privilege of seeing 
 is own widow clothed in the habiliments of 
 mourning. 
 
 The First Regular Settlement made within the present limits of the county was 
 at Harpersfield, on the 7th of March, 1798. Alexander Harper, Wm. MTarland 
 and Ezra Gregory, with their families, started from Harpersfield, Delaware county, 
 N. Y., and after a long and fatiguing journey arrived on the last of June, at their 
 new homes in the wilderness. This little colony of about twenty persons endured 
 much privation in the first few months of their residence. The whole population 
 of the Reserve amounted to less than 150 souls, viz. : ten families at Youngstown, 
 three at Cleveland and two at Mentor. In the same summer three families came 
 to Burton, and Judge Hudson settled at Hudson, 
 
 Pioneer Trials . — Cut short of their ex- 
 pected supplies of provision for the winter, 
 by the loss of a vessel they had chartered 
 for that purpose, the little colony came near 
 perishing by famine, having at one time been 
 reduced to six kernels of parched corn to each 
 person ; but they were saved by the in- 
 trepidity of the sons of Col. Harper, James 
 and William. These young men made fre- 
 auent journeys to Elk Creek, Pa., from which 
 wiey packed on their backs bags of corn, 
 which was about all the provision the settlers 
 had to sustain life during a long and tedious 
 winter. Some few of their journeys were per- 
 formed on the ice of Lake Erie, whenever it 
 was sufficiently strong to bear them, which 
 was seldom. On the first occasion of this kind 
 they were progressing finely on the ice, when 
 their sled broke through into the water. A 
 
 third person who happened to be with them 
 at this time exclaimed, “ What shall we 
 do?” “ Let it go,” James replied. “No!” 
 exclaimed William, who^ was of a different 
 temperament, “you go into the woods and 
 strike a fire while I get the grain.” He 
 then with great difficulty secured the grain, 
 by which operation he got completely wet 
 through, and a cutting wind soon converted 
 his clothing into a sheet of ice. He then 
 went in search of his companions and was 
 disappointed in finding they had not built a 
 fire. The truth was, they had grown so sleepy 
 with the intense cold as to be unable to strike 
 fire. He soon had a cheerful blaze, and 
 then converted himself into a nurse for the 
 other two, who on getting warm were deadly 
 sick. ... 
 
 Jefferson in 1846. — Jefferson, the county-seat, is 56 miles from Cleveland 
 and 204 northeast of Columbus, It is an incorporated borough, laid out regularly 
 on a level i)lat of ground, and contains 3 stores, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Epis- 
 copal and 1 Methodist church, and 73 dwellings. The township of the same 
 name in which it is situated was originally owned by Gideon Granger, of Conn. 
 In the spring of 1804 he sent out Mr. Eldad Smith from Suffield, in that State, 
 who first opened a bridle path to Austinburg, and sowed and fenced ten acres of 
 wheat. In the summer of the next year Michael Webster, Jr., and family, and 
 Jonathan Warner made a permanent settlement. In the fall following, the family 
 of James Wilson built a cabin on the site of the tavern shown in the view. The 
 court-house was finished in 1810 or 1811, and the first court held in 1811 ; Timothy 
 R. Hawley, Clerk ; Quintus F. Atkins, Sheriff. — Old Edition. 
 
 Jefferson, county-seat, is fourteen miles south of Lake Erie on the Franklin 
 Branch of the L. S. & M. S. R. R., in the midst of a very prosperous farming 
 district. 
 
 County officers for 1888 ; Auditor, Ellery H. Gilkey ; Clerks, Chas. H. Sim- 
 onds, Benjamin F. Perry, Jr. ; Commi.ssioners, Edward P, Baker, Thomas 
 McGovern, Edward G. Hiirlburt; Coroner, Wm. O. Ellsworth; Prosecuting 
 Attorney, Janies P, CyVdwell ; Probate Judge, Edward C. Y ade ; Re<*order^ Edgar 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 267 
 
 L. Hills; Sheriff, Starr O. Latimer; Surveyor, John S. Sill; Treasurer, Amos 
 B. Luce. 
 
 Newspapers : Ashtabula Sentinel, J. A. Howells, editor. Republican ; Jefferson 
 Gazette, Republican, Hon. E. L. Lampsen, editor. Churches : one Congregational, 
 one Baptist, one Methodist, one Ej)iscopal, and one Catholic. Banks : First Na- 
 tional, N. E. French, president, J. C. A. Bushnell, cashier ; Talcott’s Deposit, 
 Henry Talcott, president, J. C. Talcott, cashier. Population in 1880, 1,008. 
 
 The village is well situated on a slight eminence which falls off in each direction. 
 Its streets are Avide, well kept and finely shaded. It has been the home of a 
 number of prominent men, including Senator B. E. Wade, Hons. J. R. Giddings, 
 A. G. Riddle, Wm. C. Howells, Rufus P. Ranney, etc. Mr. Howells is the father 
 of W. D. Howells, the author, and is one of the oldest editors, if not the oldest, 
 in the State ; he was at one time United States Consul in Canada. The eminent 
 Rufus P. Ranney was born in 1813 in Blanford, Mass. ; passed his youth in 
 Portage county ; studied law with Wade and Giddings; in 1839 became a partner 
 with Mr. Wade; was twice Supreme Judge; member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention, United States District Attorney for Northern Ohio in 1857 ; in 1859 was 
 the Democratic candidate for governor against Wm. Dennison. He now resides 
 in Cleveland and is considered by many as the first lawyer in Northern Ohio. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Hoice , in 1846. 
 County Buildings at Jefferson. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Tiies.., Oct, 5. — At noon I stepped from 
 the cars at Jefferson. There is not in any 
 land a community of 1,200 people who live 
 in more substantial comfort and peace than 
 this. The streets are broad, well shaded, the 
 home lots large, where about every family has 
 its garden and fruit trees, where all seem to 
 be on that equal plane of middle life that 
 answered to the prayer of x'Vgar ; and, more- 
 over, as the home of Joshua R. Giddings and 
 Benj. F. Wade, those Boanerges of freedom, 
 and the spot of their burial, it has an honor 
 and memory of extraordinary value. The 
 village, too, is well named, being in memory 
 of one who said that God was just and his 
 justice would not sleep forever, for he had 
 no attribute that sympathized with human 
 slavery. 
 
 Old Man and His Grapes. — After 
 leaving tb cars I turned into the main street 
 
 leading to the centre, when my attention was 
 arrested by the sight of an old man four rods 
 from the road standing on a chair plucking 
 grapes from an arbor by the side of his cot- 
 tage. One of the pretty things in rural life 
 is^ the sight of people plucking fruit ; in- 
 stinctively the thoughts go up, and there 
 drops into the heart with a grateful sense the 
 words “God giveth the increase.” Early 
 this morning while in a hack going from 
 Chardon to Painesville I had i)assed an apple 
 orchard where men and boys were on ladders 
 plucking the golden and crimson fruit and 
 carefully placing it _ in bags hanging from 
 branches ; and the sight was pleasing. 
 
 It is a weak spot in the education of city 
 people that they can know nothing of the 
 gratification that comes from the cultivation 
 and development of the fruits of the earth, 
 nor that exquisite pleasure, the sense of per- 
 sonal ownership that must arise in the breast 
 
268 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 of the husbandman as he looks upon his fields 
 of golden grain, majestic forests, and grassy 
 hills dotted with pasturing kine and gamboling 
 herds, and feels as he looks that the eye of the 
 Great Master is over it all : there, where the 
 dew of morning upon every tender blade and 
 fragile leaf spnrkles with His glory. 
 
 This is a vain and deceitful world. My 
 mouth watered for a bunch of the old man’s 
 grapes, cool and fresh from the vine ; so I 
 approached him under the guise of an inquiry 
 about the way to the centre of the village, 
 which I knew perfectly. As I neared him 
 he excited my sympathy, for I discovered he 
 was paralyzed in one arm which hung limp 
 and useless by his side, and there were no 
 grapes left except a few bunches under the 
 roof of the trellis which he could with diffi- 
 culty reach with the other, and he said in 
 plaintive tones, “The boys came and nearly 
 stripped my arbor when the grapes were not 
 ripe. They did them no good ; if they had 
 only waited they should have been welcome 
 to a share with myself.” I couldn’t help 
 thinking, as I listened to his sorrowful tones, 
 the genus boy is the same everywhere, and 
 then there is something so irresistibly comical 
 in the nature of a boy that the very thought 
 of one often makes me laugh ; that is, inter- 
 nally, though at the moment the expression 
 of my countenance may be quite doleful. On 
 my arrival at the centre I found standing the 
 court-house and tavern that I had sketched 
 in the long ago only a little changed ; a grove 
 of trees had grown in the court-house yard 
 and a porch had been built on the front of 
 the tavern. They gave me a good dinner 
 therein and then I went for a walk about the 
 village to see the comfort in which the people 
 lived. 
 
 The Four Little Maids . — On the plank 
 walk on the outskirts I met two little girls. I 
 stopped them and said, “Where are you 
 going, my little girls?” and they replied, 
 “ To the primary, sir.” And then 1 inquired 
 of one of them, “How old are you — ten 
 years?” “No, sir, I am nine.” Where- 
 upon the other chimed in “I too am nine.” 
 “That,” I remarked, “makes eighteen years 
 of little girls.” By this time two other of 
 their mates had come up and, pausing, I 
 asked each “How old she was,” and each 
 answered as the others, in the soft, musical 
 tones of childhood, “Nine, sir.” “That,” 
 said I, “makes in all thirty-six years of little 
 girls.” I wanted to hold this interesting 
 group, so pointing to an oak near by, the 
 symmetry of which had arrested my eye, I 
 said, “Is not that a beautiful tree? VVhat 
 kind of a tree is it? ” when one of them re- 
 plied, “It is an acorn tree.” I thought it 
 quite a pretty name. She had evidently ad- 
 mired acorns and had picked them u]), and 
 not knowing the right name of the oak had 
 called it by its fruit. I too admired acorns — 
 indeed, had one at that moment in my vest 
 pocket — with its dark, rough reticulated sau- 
 cer and smooth, light-hued conical cup. ^J’hen 
 I said, “I make it a rule when I meet a group 
 of little girls like you to catch the prettiest 
 
 one and kiss her.” I so spake because 1 
 thought it time to bring the conference to a 
 close, and I should have the fun of seeing 
 them scream, laugh and scamper away. Man 
 proposes, God disposes. They didn’t scare 
 a bit — stood stock still : one indeed, the pret- 
 tiest, the one to whom I had first spoken, the 
 one who had called the oak an acorn tree — a 
 plump, rosy-cheeked, blue-e.yed little puss 
 she was — advanced and, looking up archly in 
 my face while holding betwixt finger and 
 thumb a blooming gladiole, said, “Will you 
 please accept this, sir?” Could anything be 
 more irresistible? a cherub dropped from 
 the skies inviting a kiss ! Can anything that 
 happens up yonder be sweeter than this? 
 
 I had no sooner accepted the flower than a 
 second little one thrust forward her hand 
 holding a large, golden pippin and said, “Will 
 you please take this, sir ? ” and I took it. 
 Then a third one did not advance, but in the 
 hollow of her hand lay a small, wee peach, 
 and as she spoke she gently waved her open 
 hand to and fro, while her body waved in 
 unison from right to left, and in a half-shjq 
 deprecating tone said, “I have nothing but 
 this little peach to offer ; will you take it, 
 sir?” The fields and gardens around were 
 blooming with flowers and orchards were 
 bending under their burden of many-colored 
 apples and golden, luscious pears, but Jack 
 Frost had lingered too long in the springtime 
 and cruelly nipped the peach blossoms ; so I 
 declined the peach, as peaches were scarce, 
 thereby I fear wounding her feelings. 
 
 Ere I parted I gave to each my card, where- 
 upon was told who I was and what my errand. 
 And as I did so, I thought long after I had 
 pas.sed away and these little people will be 
 mothers, they will show my book to their 
 offspring with its many pictures of their Ohio 
 land, and stories of pioneer life and later 
 stories of the heroic men who fought for the 
 Union in that dreadful, bloody war of the 
 Rebellion, and point out the portrait of the 
 author and describe this meeting with him 
 when they, too, were young things on their 
 way to the “primary;” meeting with him, 
 an old, white-bearded man, by the beautiful 
 oak on the waJ^side of the village. And then 
 to a question from the children, they may 
 answer : “ Oh, he has been dead many years, 
 
 long before you were born ; it was in he 
 
 died.” 
 
 An Early Acquaintauce. — Twenty minutes 
 later I was in the office of the Ashtabula Sen- 
 tinel, and there met Mr. J. A. Howells, editor. 
 I had seen him but once before ; he was then 
 a nine year old boy standing by my side watch- 
 ing me sketch Rossville from the Hamilton 
 side of the Miami river. And when the book 
 was published and he looked upon that picture 
 with tlie old mill, bridge and river, it was al- 
 w^ays with a sense of personal ownership — he 
 was in at its birth. And the whole family 
 valued it ; and when his brother, the famed 
 novelist, had a family of his own, he wrote 
 from Boston, where he lived, for a copy ; for 
 he wanted, he said, his boys to enjoy the 
 book as he had done in his boy days. 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 269 
 
 To illustrate the fruitfulness of the land 
 Mr. Howells showed me thirty-six pears 
 clustered on a single stem only about twenty 
 inches long ; the entire weight was eleven 
 pounds. He told me that this county last 
 year raised 587,000 bushels of apples. One 
 cider factory, that of Woodworth, at West 
 Williamsfield, sent olf in 1885 twenty car- 
 loads of sixty barrels each, fifty-two gallons 
 in a barrel — in all 62,400 gallons. 
 
 The old-fashioned cider mill is here a thing 
 largely in the past — the rustic cider mill, 
 unpainted and brown as a rat, with its faith- 
 ful old horse going around in a circle turning 
 the cumbrous wheel, was always a picturesque 
 object, and the spot attractive by its huge 
 piles of apples in many colors, especially to 
 
 the boys and girls who flocked hither to 
 ‘ ‘ suck cider through a straw. ’ ’ 
 
 Few peaches are now raised on the Re- 
 serve ; formerly they were so superabundant 
 that they could not use them all and had to 
 feed them to the swine ; now in the absence 
 of the peaches we have to look for the exqui- 
 site tints on the cheeks of the merry, healthy 
 children. 
 
 Anecdotes of Gkldings. — Mr. Howells gave 
 me some anecdotes of the renowned Joshua. 
 When he came home from Congress after the 
 long session often prolonged into the heated 
 term of midsummer he would, as one might 
 say, “turn out to grass.” He went about 
 the village barefoot with old brown linen 
 pants, old straw hat, and in his shirt sleeves 
 
 
 Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1887. 
 
 Giddings and Wade’s Monuments, Jefferson. 
 
 The monument of Giddings is in the foreground : that of Wade in the distance. 
 
 engage in games of base ball of which he was 
 very fond, and enter people’s houses and talk 
 with the women and children, for he knew 
 everybody and was eminently social. “On 
 an occasion of this kind,” said Mr. Howells, 
 “he picked up my wife, then a child, and 
 illustrated his prodigious strength by holding 
 her out at arm’s-length, she standing on his 
 hand. ’ ’ 
 
 To a question Mr. Howells answered me 
 that Mr. Giddings was such an even common 
 sense man so devoid of eccentricities that 
 there were but few floating anecdotes in re- 
 gard to him. “I once, however,” said he, 
 “remember hearing him relate this startling 
 incident. When a young man clearing up 
 the forest he one day leaned over and grasp- 
 ing at both ends a decaying log he lifted it 
 up with outstretched arms to take it away, 
 
 and had it drawn up to within a few inches 
 of his nose when he discovered curled up in a 
 hollow place within a huge rattlesnake.” I 
 presume at this discovery Mr. Giddings gently, 
 very gently laid down that log ; it would be 
 characteristic of him if characteristic of any- 
 body. 
 
 The homesteads of Giddings and Wade 
 were near each other in the centre of the 
 village. Mr. Howells showed them to me, 
 and then we went to visit their graves in the 
 cemetery. I felt as though he was an emi- 
 nently proper person to pilot me to a grave- 
 yard, for only a few weeks had elapsed since 
 he was in the most noted graveyard in Old 
 England, the scene of Gray’s elegy; there 
 he stood by the grave of Gray and witnessed 
 an old-fashioned burial, that of a rustic borne 
 on the shoulders of four men, with four others 
 
270 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 for a relief— they had brought the body two 
 miles over a country road. 
 
 The village cemetery is in a forest half a 
 mile from the centre and a beautiful spot it 
 is, showing evidences of great care. liustic 
 bridges cross a ravine there, at times a brawl- 
 ing stream ; I pencilled some of the fancifully 
 trimmed evergreens. Such a handsome taste- 
 ful cemetery as this little village possesses a 
 hundred years ago would have been world 
 famed, now such are scattered over our land. 
 Even the first graveyard on the globe laid out 
 in family lots dates only to 179G, that at New 
 Haven, Conn., and by James Hillhouse, the 
 man who j)lanted the elms. The monument 
 to Wade is granite, about twelve feet high ; 
 that to Giddings is taller and more ornate, 
 and one side is occupied by a fine bronze por- 
 trait in bas-relief. The inscriptions are : 
 
 ’‘'‘Benjamin F. Wade., 
 
 Oct. 27, 1800. March 2, 1878.” 
 
 '‘'‘Joshua R. Giddings., 1795 — 1864.” 
 
 As we stood there looking upon the scene 
 I heard a low chirping and then an answer- 
 ing chirp, both in sad tones, and I inquired : 
 “What birds are those ? ” 
 
 Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1887. 
 
 Joshua R. Giddings’ Law Office. 
 
 “ Mourning doves,” was the reply, “male 
 and female, and one is answering the other.” 
 
 At the end of the cemetery is a ravine over 
 which crosses the railroad by a trestle forty- 
 four feet high. The previous summer two 
 boys one night were crossing this on some 
 open freight cars during a severe thunder 
 storm. Tliey were from a Western State. 
 Their minds ])oisoned by the reading of miser- 
 ble fiction they had run away from their homes 
 to go forth and seek their fortunes ; and were 
 stealing rides upon the railwa.ys. An electric 
 flash darting from a telegraph wire knocked 
 one of them off the car and he was found 
 next morning in the ravine in a dying condi- 
 tion. Poor boy ! He did not live long 
 enough on earth to know much of it. 
 
 In the evening a faint light glimmered in 
 the window of the little building so long 
 famed as the law office of Joshua Reed Gid- 
 dings. I made my way thither and knock- 
 ing at the door was bade to walk in. The 
 sole occupant was a jwng colored man ; and 
 I could not have had my sense of the fitness 
 of things more completely gratified than by 
 finding one of this race there ; Charlie Gar- 
 lick the people called him. I had rather 
 have seen him there than the proudest white 
 man in the land. Mr. J. A. Giddings, a son 
 of Joshua, I found a few minutes later in a 
 store hard bye, a lounging place for the old 
 gentlemen of the village. In the morning I 
 had an interview with him in the old office ; 
 and these are my notes. 
 
 A Chat with a Son of Joshua Giddings . — 
 His father began the practice of law in 1819, 
 his age twenty-six. This building was built 
 in 1823 for a law office, adjoining his dwell- 
 ing, a wooden structure burnt in 1877. For 
 years it was the joint office of Giddings & 
 Wade. The brick dwelling now on the site 
 of the other is the homestead of his son, J. 
 A. Giddings. In the office in his presence I 
 write these lines as he sits in his rocking- 
 chair twirling his glasses. He is now sixty- 
 four years of age, a powerfully built man ; 
 not so tall as his father, whom he strongly re- 
 sembles ; has ^ practised law, but playfully 
 tells me he is now a “land-grabber.” I 
 think he has his hands full, all out of doors 
 to go for. The building is 16 by 30, divided 
 into a front and rear room, the latter once 
 the consulting chamber, now the bed-room 
 of Mr. Garlick. The office is just as left by 
 his father ; everything is plain, a box-stove 
 for wood, a large office table, two plain shelv- 
 ings for law books, each standing on low cup- 
 boards, three plain chairs, a rocking-chair 
 and an old sheet-iron safe bought in 1 836 and 
 lined with plaster. The greatest curiosity is 
 Mr. Giddings’ desk. It is just four feet high 
 at its lowest place, the front, and is in the 
 corner by the front window. At this in the 
 latter part of his life Mr. Giddings stood and 
 did all his writing. The office looks out upon 
 an orchard. 
 
 Mr. Giddings said : “ My father never had 
 an idea he could have a profession until he 
 was about twenty-three years of age, when he 
 commenced regularly going to school^ to a 
 Presbyterian minister in the township of 
 Wayne where my grandfather’s family lived. 
 Prior to this he had not been to school since 
 he was a small boy ; there was no opportunity 
 for developing his mind in the wilderness. 
 
 “Soon after his settlement in Wayne my 
 grandfather lost his farm through a defect in 
 the title ; so that they had to begin anew. 
 My father and an older brother went to clear- 
 ing land, the hardest sort of labor. By this 
 they earned a farm for their parents and then 
 one for each member of the family. This 
 developed my father’s prodigious muscular 
 power. He was six feet two inches in stature, 
 and weighed 225 i)ounds with no superfluous 
 flesh. 
 
 “He was fond of athletic exercises, often 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 271 
 
 played old-fashioned base ball here in Jeffer- 
 son. He also was fond of ten-pins. On an 
 occasion when he was in Congress he and 
 Mr. Bliss, another member, engaged as part- 
 ners in a game of ten-pins with Mr. John A. 
 Bingham and my brother Grotius. Bingham 
 was a poor player and always beaten ; but 
 Grotius excelled. In the result they ‘ skunked ’ 
 the others, when Bingham was so overjoyed 
 that he cheered and then tumbled and rolled 
 on the floor in excess of hilarity. Grotius 
 was an officer in the regular army and in one 
 of the battles in which he was engaged, 
 although the men lay most of the time flat 
 on the ground, 400 of the 1,200 engaged were 
 killed and wounded.” 
 
 When in Congress Mr. Giddings’ physical 
 strength and commanding person gave him 
 great advantages over ordinary men. This 
 with his power of denunciation and indomi- 
 table pluck and habit of plain speaking, 
 made him an object of intense hatred by the 
 Southern fire-eaters. As it was his habit to 
 carry a heavy cane, they stood in wholesome 
 awe of the Ashtabula giant. And well they 
 might ; for one who had passed his young life 
 in felling big oaks down in Wayne and occa- 
 sionally ‘ ‘ toting ’ ’ live rattlesnakes around on 
 logs could not but be an object of wholesome 
 respect even with a fire-eater. 
 
 “My father,” said Mr. G., “after his 
 famous encounter with Black, on the floor of 
 Congress, met an amusing incident which he 
 used to relate with glee. He was walking on 
 Congress avenue, as usual swinging his cane, 
 when he met Black coming toward him. The 
 latter happened to have his head down and 
 did not see father until he got within about 
 three rods of him, when on looking up he 
 suddenly stopped short as if astounded, and 
 then in a twinkling dodged down an alley- 
 way.” 
 
 Another anecdote is told of Giddings. 
 Preston Brooks challenged him to personal 
 combat. Mr. Giddings did not wish any 
 harsh means used with his political enemies 
 if he could avoid it. Brooks continued his 
 threats. Finally one day when he was having 
 a wordy combat with the bully, he got out of 
 patience and told him he would fight him and 
 he could choose his time, place and weapon. 
 To this Brooks replied, “Now is my time 
 and my weapon a pistol.” “Very well,” 
 rejoined Giddings ; “ all I want to settle this 
 affair is a York shilling raw -hide.” With 
 such a contemptuous expectoration of speech 
 as this, but two alternatives were leit the 
 iDully : assassination, or a howling and gnash- 
 ing of his teeth. Mr. Giddings was not as- 
 sassinated. 
 
 Joshua Reed Giddings was born in 
 Athens, Pa., in 1795, and at eleven years of 
 age came to Ashtabula county with his 
 parents. In 1838 he was elected as a Whig 
 to Congress, but soon became prominent as 
 an advocate of the right of petition and the 
 abolition of slavery and the domestic slave 
 trade. 
 
 In 1841 the “ Creole,” an American vessel^ 
 sailed from Virginia to Louisiana with a cargo 
 
 of slaves, who got possession of the vessel, 
 ran into the British port of Nassau and in 
 accordance with British law were set free ; 
 whereupon Mr. Webster, Secretary of State, 
 wrote to Edward Everett, United States Min- 
 ister to London, saying that the government 
 would demand indemnification for the slaves. 
 In consequence Mr. Giddings offered in the 
 House a series of resolutions in which it was 
 declared that as slavery was an abridgment 
 of a natural right it had no force beyond the 
 territorial jurisdiction that created it ; that 
 when an American vessel was on the high 
 seas it was under the jurisdiction of the general 
 government, which did not sanction slavery, 
 and therefore the mutineers of the ‘ ‘Creole ’ ’ 
 had only assumed their natural right to lib- 
 erty, and to attempt to re-enslave them would 
 be dishonorable. Although he temporarily 
 withdrew the resolutions the House passed a 
 vote of censure, 125 to 69, whereupon he re- 
 signed and appealing to his constituents was 
 re-elected by an immense maiority. For 
 twenty years he held his seat in Congress, op- 
 posing every encroachment of the slave power 
 with a boldness and strength that won the 
 fear and respect of its advocates. Whenever 
 he spoke he was listened to with great atten- 
 tion, and had several affrays in which he 
 always triumphed. He declined re-election 
 from ill health in 1858 and died at Montreal 
 in 1864 and while holding the po.sitiqn of 
 United States Consul in Canada. His disease 
 was atrophy of the heart. Towards the close 
 of his Congressional career he had one time, 
 while speaking, fallen to the floor. The 
 members gathered around, thinking he was 
 dead. For eight minutes his heart ceased to 
 beat. He^ was the author of several political 
 works, mainly essays bearing upon the subject 
 of slavery. 
 
 Benjamin F. Wade was born in Feeding 
 Hills Parish, Mass., in 1800. His parents 
 were miserably poor and he received but a 
 limited education. For a while he supported 
 himself by hard labor, first at farm work and 
 then as a digger on the Erie canal. About 
 1821 he removed to Ohio. At that period he 
 had been a great reader, mastered the Euclid 
 and was well versed in philosophy and science. 
 He read the Bible through in a single winter 
 by the light of pine torches in his wood-chop- 
 
 { )ing cabin. In 1 828 he was admitted to the 
 )ar and eventually became a partner with 
 Mr. Giddings. He soon took a prominent 
 stand from his industry, plain, strong cqmmon 
 sense and aggressive courage. In politics he 
 was originally a fervid Whig but he soon came 
 to sympathize with the anti-slavery views of 
 Mr. Giddings. In 1851 he was elected to the 
 United States Senate, where his long years 
 of service won for him a never-ending repu- 
 tation. He was in the advance in the anti- 
 slavery movements, while his indomitable 
 pluck, hard-hitting speech without a particle 
 of polish rendered him a most conspicuous, 
 effective champion. The public prints of the 
 time abound with anecdotes illustrative of his 
 fearlessness and ready wit. At the time of 
 the Nebraska debate Mr. Badger, a member 
 
2J2 
 
 SHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 from North Carolina, hypothetically described 
 hiinself as wishing to emigrate to the new 
 territory and to carry his old colored mamma 
 with him — the slave woman who had nursed 
 him in infancy and childhood, and whom he 
 had loved as a real mother — and he could not 
 take her. The enemies of this benevolent 
 measure forbade him. “We are unwilling you 
 should take the old lady there, ’ ’ interrupted 
 Wade; “we are afraid you’ll sell her when 
 you get her there. ’ ’ Hoars of laughter fol- 
 lowed this stinging reply, which was said by 
 J udge J erry Black to have been the most ef- 
 fective single blow ever dealt a man on the 
 floor of Congress. As chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on the Conduct of the War no words, 
 says Whitelaw Beid, can give an idea of the 
 value of his services, the energy with which 
 he helped to inspire the government, of the 
 zeal, the courage, the faith which he strove 
 
 to infuse. He was elected President of the 
 Senate, and consequently acting Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the United States, shortly after Mr. 
 Johnson’s accession to the presidency, and 
 had the attempt at his impeachment been 
 successful, would have become President. In 
 erson Mr. Wade was six feet in height, very 
 nely proportioned and of great ifliysical 
 power. An original thinker, blutf, hearty and 
 plain spoken, he withal under this rough ex- 
 terior carried a tender heart, as is illustrated 
 by his once discovering a poor man, a neigh- 
 bor, entering his corn-crib and carrying off his 
 corn, when he quietly moved out of sight so 
 he should not pain him with the knowledge 
 that he saw him, no doubt reasoning in this 
 way: “Poor devil, he has a hard enough 
 time any way, and I don’t care if he does 
 now and then help himself to my abun- 
 dance. ’ ’ 
 
 Dnurn hy Henry Hoive, 1846. 
 
 Public Square, Ashtabula. 
 
 [On the left is shown the City Hall, in front the Baptist church, and in the distance the tower of the 
 Public School building, an immense structure, where one morning we found the front yard black with 
 little people ; they seemed a thousand strong.] 
 
 Ashtabula in 1846. — Ashtabula is on 
 Ashtabula river, on the Buffalo & Cleve- 
 land road, eight miles from Jefferson. It 
 is a pleasant village, adorned with neat 
 dwellings and shrubbery. The borough 
 contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 
 Methodist and 1 Baptist church, 10 mer- 
 cantile stores, and a population estimated 
 at 1,200. The harbor of Ashtabula is 
 two and a half miles from the village at 
 the mouth of the river. It has several 
 forwarding establishments, twenty or 
 thirty houses, the lake steamers stop there, 
 and considerable business is carried on ; 
 al)out a dozen vessels are owned at this 
 port. — Old Edition. 
 
 The Ashtabula of that day was still 
 suffering from a severe shock in the loss of 
 the steamer Washington,^^ Capt. Brown, 
 destroyed by fire on Lake Erie, oflP Silver creek, in June, 1838, by which mis- 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY, 
 
 '2'7'h 
 
 fortune about forty lives were lost. This boat was built at Ashtabula harbor, and 
 most of her stock was owned by persons of moderate circumstances in this place. 
 
 Ashtabula, on Ashtabula river, and line of four railroads, is the principal town 
 of a large agricultural and dairying district. It has about 7,000 inhabitants and 
 is growing rapidly, owing to the development of its natural advantages as a point 
 of shipment of coal to the lake cities of 
 the west, and ore from the Lake Su- 
 perior mining districts. Ashtabula has 
 4 newspapers ; Ashtabula Telegraphy 
 Republican, James Reed, editor ; News, 
 
 Independent, E. J. Griffin, editor ; 
 
 Standard, Democratic, J. Sherman, 
 editor ; Record, daily. Republican, 
 
 F. V. Johnson, editor ; also 2 Finn, 
 semi-weeklies. 8 churches — 1 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, 2 Con- 
 gregational, 2 Episcopal and 1 Catholic. 
 
 Banks : Ashtabula National, P. F. 
 
 Good, president ; J. Sum. Blyth, cashier ; 
 
 Farmers’ National, H. E. Parsons, 
 president ; A. F. Hubbard, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Ashtabula Tool Co., agricultural implements, 96 
 hands; L. M. Crossby & Son, Fanning Mills, 15; Phoenix Iron Works Co., ma- 
 chinery and castings, 18 ; Ashtabula Hide A Leather Co., 32 ; Ashtabula Carriage 
 Bow Co. ; London Rubber Co., rubber clothing, 74. — State Report, 1886. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 4,445; School census 1886, 1,172. Supt., I. M. Clemens. 
 
 The principal feature of Ashtabula is its harbor, which promises to lead all the 
 lake ports in the amount of iron ore received. From thirty to fifty vessels arrive 
 weekly with cargoes of ore, while the shipments of coal nearly equal those of 
 Cleveland or Erie. From 700 to 1,000 men are constantly employed on the docks, 
 a large proportion of them being Fins and Swedes — a thrifty people and good 
 citizens, most of them owning their homes. The harbor is three miles from the 
 main town, but is a part of the same corporation ; it is connected with it by a street 
 railway. The rapid development and growth of Ashtabula in the past twelve 
 years has been owing to the enterprise of the citizens, with the aid of the National 
 government in developing its natural harbor. When the work now in progress 
 is completed it will have a channel with a uniform depth of eighteen feet. 
 
 Along the banks of the Ashtabula river are thousands of feet of docks, from 
 
 which twenty to forty vessels are con- 
 stantly loading or unloading their cargoes. 
 The iron ore is shipped to the manufac- 
 turing regions of Youngstown, Pittsburg 
 and farther east, while thousands of tons 
 of coal are conveyed here by the railroads 
 from the great coal field of Ohio and Penn- 
 sylvania and shipped to Chicago, Duluth 
 and other lake cities in the west.- 
 
 Ashtabula harbor is supplied with the 
 most improved machinery for handling 
 coal and ore of any of the lake ports, and 
 it is not unusual for propellers carrying 2,400 tons of iron ore to be unloaded in- 
 side of twelve hours. 
 
 In 1872 this district about the river and harbor contained less than 200 in- 
 habitants, two or three struggling stores, and one or two old decaying warehouses, 
 relics of former industry. Now it has more than 2,000 inhabitants, is a flourishing 
 community and a scene of ceaseless activity night and day. 
 
 Blakeslee and Moore, Photo., 1887. 
 Ashtabula Harbor. 
 
274 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 The Ashtabula Railway Disaster, which occurred at this place early in 
 the night of Dec. 29, 1876, was one of the most memorable in the history of railway 
 tragedies. The night was cold and bitter, a blinding snow-storm blowing at the 
 rate of forty miles an hour in full progress, as the Pacific Express No. 5, westward 
 bound over the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, broke through the 
 iron bridge over the Ashtabula river and plunged into the chasm, just seventy-five 
 feet from rail to river. The time was exactly 6.35, as afterwards ascertained by a 
 clock in the engine. 
 
 The train was composed of eleven coaches, drawn by two heavy engines, having 
 
 Ruins of the Ashtabula Bridge. 
 
 on board 156 human souls. The span of the bridge was 165 feet laig between 
 abutments. At the moment of the crash one engine had gained the west abutment, 
 while the other engine, two express cars, and a part of the baggage car rested with 
 their weight upon the bridge. The remaining eight cars were drawn into the gulf. 
 Of the persons on board at least eighty perished in the wreck ; nearlj’’ all the 
 others were wounded ; five died after rescue. The wind was at the time blowing 
 a perfect gale, the cars caught on fire and those unable to extricate themselves per- 
 ished in tlie flames. From the burning mass came shrieks and the most piteous 
 cries lor help, and with these sounds mingled the fire-bells of the town, whoso in- 
 habitants hurried to the spot to be agonized by the sight of the awful scene of wo. 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 275 
 
 Two weeks later Charles Collins, chief engineer of the railroad, shot himself with 
 a revolver. He was universally esteemed, and lost his mind through an undue 
 sensitiveness that the public would hold him responsible for the calamity. Nine- 
 teen of the unrecognizable dead were buried by a public funeral in the Ashtabula 
 cemetery ; the sad procession was over a mile in length. Among these were sup- 
 posed to be the remains of P. P. Bliss, of Chicago, and wife. He was the author 
 of the famous hymn Hold the Fort.” One of the engravings shows the bridge 
 before the disaster, the other the spot after it. The debris was about fifteen feet 
 deep. The railroad company promptly paid all claims for damages, the disburse- 
 ments amounting to nearly half a million of dollars, averaging about $3,000 per 
 head for the killed and wounded. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Ashtabula., Thurs., Oct 8. — A pretty cus- 
 tom is that of a hotel in this town where I 
 am stopping. The house itself is an ordinary 
 two-story, wooden structure standing off on a 
 little side street, but its appointments are ex- 
 cellent. Its name is the “ Stoll House,” but 
 it is known far and near as the “ Bouquet 
 House.” This because at each guest’s plate 
 is placedafreshly-plucked button hole bouquet 
 neatly wrapped in tin foil, with a pin thrust 
 through it. ^ The pretty waiteresses often 
 volunteer their services to pin these on the 
 lapels of the gentlemen guests, an extra 
 leasant duty, I fancy, where they happen to 
 e fine, fresh-looking young men, as I find 
 them to be now. I know not how there can 
 be a more fragrant prelude to tea and biscuit. 
 
 In the evening the hotel office was filled with 
 a dozen commercial travellers, each with the 
 inevitable bouquet on his lapel, all apparently 
 happy and full of joviality ; a natural effect 
 of the combination of a good supper with 
 feminine smiles and flowers. 
 
 The Fins. — What largely tends to render 
 our country increasingly interesting is the 
 great variety of people arriving among us, so 
 we need not go abroad to study foreign cus- 
 toms and ideas. A new element has lately 
 
 Geneva is three miles from Lake Erie, forty-five miles east of Cleveland, on 
 the line of the L. S. & M. S. and N. Y. C. & St. L. Railroads. The P. A. & L. 
 E. R. R. is expected to complete its line to the harbor, three miles north of Geneva, 
 within the coming year. It is forty-five miles east of Cleveland. Free gas and 
 free fuel are offered by its enterprising citizens as inducements to manufacturers to 
 locate* here. The Eastern Division of the Black Diamond Railroad passes through 
 the town. 
 
 Newspapers : Times, Republican, J. P. Treat, editor ; Fi'ee Press, Republican, 
 Chas. E. Moore, editor. Churches : 1 Congregationalist, 1 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 
 1 Baptist, and 1 Disciples. Banks : First National, P. N. Tuttle, president, N. 
 H. Munger, cashier ; Savings Exchange, J. L. Morgan, president, L. E. Morgan, 
 cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. -Geneva Manufacturing Co., carpet sweepers, 12 
 hands; Eagle Lock Co., cabinet locks, 110; Enterprise Manufacturing Co., house 
 furnishing, etc., 27 ; Geneva Manufacturing Co., carpet sweepers, 15 ; Geneva Tool 
 Co., forks, hoes, cultivators, 95 ; Goodrich, Cook & Co., planing mill, 25 ; Eagle 
 Lock Co., locks, 26 ; Enterprise Manufacturing Co., hardware, 31 ; N. W. Thomas, 
 planing mill ; Geneva Skewer Co., skewers, 26 ; Geneva Machine Co., machinists’ 
 tools, 75 ; M. S. Caswell, flour and feed ; Goodrich, Cook & Co., planing mill, 13. 
 — State Repoii, 1886. Among the other industries are Dickinson’s nickel plating 
 
 come into this region, emigrants from Fin- 
 land ; but recently subjects of the Czar. 
 Down at Ashtabula harbor is a large colony 
 of Fins and Swedes, numbering several 
 hundred, who are employed as laborers on the 
 docks. They are highly thought of ; their 
 religion is Lutheran. Fins, young men and 
 women, are scattering on the farms in this 
 part of the State as laborers and domestics, 
 and are noted for their industry and honesty. 
 Their marriage ceremony is peculiar, lasting 
 half an hour ; it is partly kneeling and partly 
 praying. The festivities run through several 
 days, consisting of dancing and carousal, dur- 
 ing which the dancing capacity and endurance 
 of the bride is taxed to the utmost ; each 
 gentleman is expected in turn to dance with 
 her and at its conclusion to pass her over fifty 
 cents as his contribution to her dowry. Those 
 able dance many times with the bride. On 
 their first arrival they wear their own home- 
 woven garments, woolen and linen. Instead 
 of bonnets the women wear shawls ; also 
 home woven and plain black silk. In their 
 own country a man’s yearly wages on a farm 
 are twelve dollars and his hoots ! Ohio says 
 to them “Come! we welcome you and at 
 your option, with boots or without boots. ’ ’ 
 
2y6 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 works, Anderson’s flour and feed mills, Maltby’s extensive apple, jelly and cider 
 manufactory. Waters & Wade’s bed spring factory. Lane & Moreland’s steam 
 injector factory, Tibbitt’s machine shop, Jackman’s flour and feed mills, Co R. 
 Castle’s fruit basket factory, Cadle’s bottling works. Bedell, Bartholomew & Co.’s 
 lumber mill, Reid’s extensive brick and tile works, Geneva prepared chalk works, 
 and W. P. Simmons & Co., wholesale florists, growers and importers. Population 
 in 1880, 1,903; school census in 1886, 577. 
 
 The village of Geneva until the year 1888 had long been the home of Miss 
 Edith M. Thomas, the noted American poetess, a notice of whom, with portrait, 
 will be found under the head of Medina county, in which she was born. 
 
 Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1888. 
 Central View in Geneva. 
 
 The Soldier’s Monument appears in the distance. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Geneva is a pleasant name, and the town- 
 ship has an enduring fragrance in memory, 
 for within its limits in my original tour over 
 Ohio in 1846 I passed several most enjoyable 
 days, a recipient of the hospitality of a man 
 of rare character and usefulness, the late 
 Platt R. Spencer. The home was a quaint, 
 comfortable old farm house in a level country, 
 with the surroundings of grassy lawn, orchards 
 and forests, abotlt two miles from Lake Erie. 
 It was in the heats of summer ; a severe 
 drouth prevailed throughout this region, the 
 home well had given out and I remember I 
 daily rode Pomp, the faithful companion of 
 my tour, and his willing burden down to the 
 lake for his drinks. 3Ir. Spencer was at the 
 time the secretary of the Ashtabula County 
 Historical Society and had collected nearly a 
 thousand folio manuscrii)t jiages ; it was a 
 rare mine, from whence 1 took nearly all the 
 historical materials embodied under the head 
 of this county as well as much elsewhere. 
 Mr. Spencer was born on the first year of this 
 century in the valley of the Hudson ; when a 
 boy of ten, came with his fainilj'^ to this 
 county and died eighteen years after my visit 
 to his home. The great work of his life was 
 as a student and teacher of penmanship. For 
 this art he was a born genius. President 
 
 Garfield, writing of him in 1878, said : “He 
 possessed great mental clearness and origi- 
 nality and a pathetic tenderness of spirit. I 
 have met few men who so completely won my 
 confidence and affection. The beautiful in 
 nature and art led him a willing and happy 
 captive. Like all men who are well made he 
 was self-made. It is great to become the 
 first in any worthy work, and it is unques- 
 tionably true that Mr. Spencer made himself 
 the foremost penman of the world. And this 
 he did without masters. He not only became 
 the first penman, but he analyzed all the ele- 
 ments of chirography, simplified its forms, 
 arranged them in consecutive order, and 
 created a system which has become the foun- 
 dation of instruction in that art in all the 
 public schools of our country.” Mr. Spen- 
 cer’s early struggles to learn writing show the 
 strength of a master passion. Up to eight 
 years of age he once wrote he had never been 
 the rich owner of a single sheet of paper ; 
 having then become the fortunate proprietor 
 of a cent he sent by a lumberman twenty 
 miles away, to Catskill, for a single sheet. 
 When he returned it was after night. Platt 
 was in bed, when he arose all enthusiasm but 
 could not i)roduce a single letter to his mind 
 after an hour’s feverish effort, when he re- 
 turned to his bed and to be haunted by un- 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 277 
 
 happy dreams. Paper being a luxury rarely 
 attainable in those days he had recourse to 
 other materials. The bark of the birch tree, 
 the sand beds by the brook and the ice and 
 snow of winter formed his practice sheets. 
 
 In his twelfth year he for a time enjoyed 
 the privileges of a school at Conneaut. He 
 then began as instructor in penmanship for 
 his fellow-pupils. Being anxious to complete 
 his studies in arithmetic he walked bare- 
 footed twenty miles over frozen ground to 
 borrow a copy of Baboll. On his return 
 night overtook him, when he slept in a set- 
 tler’s barn, too timid to ask for lodgings in 
 the cabin. 
 
 Mr. Spencer was for twelve years county 
 treasurer : was a strong advocate of the tem- 
 perance cause and that of the slave. He was 
 the pioneer in the establishment of commer- 
 cial and business colleges. His copy books 
 
 have been sold into the millions, and the 
 Spencerian pens are widely favorites with 
 rapid writers. 
 
 Interesting and strange are often the little 
 minor surprises of life. We all have them. 
 In conclusion I will relate one to myself. 
 Twelve years since I happened to be one 
 evening at the home of a lady in Washington 
 City of whom I had never before heard. Ac- 
 cidentally a book of exquisitely graceful pen- 
 manship from her hand met my eye. I could 
 not help expressing my admiration, where- 
 upon she replied, “I ought to be a good 
 writer, for I am the daughter of Platt B. 
 Spencer.” “Ah ! I was once at your father’s 
 house — do you remember me? ” “ I do not 
 
 — when was that?” “In the summer of 
 1846.” “Therein,” she replied, “you had 
 quite the advantage of me — got there several 
 years before I did. ’ ’ 
 
 We give here some amusing incidents copied by us in 1846 from the MSS, of 
 the County Historical Society. Although trivial in themselves they have an 
 illustrative value. 
 
278 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 Morsels Slough. — There is a stream in 
 Gieneva, called '''' Morses SloughT and it 
 took its cognomen in this wise : For a time 
 after the Spencers, Austin, Hale, and Morse 
 commenced operations clearing the woods on 
 the lake shore, in the northeast corner of 
 Geneva, they plied their labors there only a 
 week at the time, or as long as a back-load 
 of provisions, that each carried, might hap- 
 pen to last. Whatever time of the week they 
 went out, those having families returned on 
 Saturday night to the settlements, and those 
 without returned whenever out of provisions. 
 The main portion of provisions by them thus 
 transported consisted of Indian or corn bread ; 
 and whoever has been used to the labors of 
 the woods, swinging the axe, for instance, 
 from sun to sun, and limited to that kind^ of 
 diet almost solely, will know that it requires 
 a johnny-cake of no slight dimensions and 
 weight to last an axeman a tvlwle week. It 
 must, in short, be a mammoth of its species ! 
 Such a loaf, baked in a huge Dutch oven, 
 was snugly and firmly pinioned to the back 
 of James M. Morse, as he, with others, 
 wended his way to the lake shore, intent 
 upon the labors of the week. 
 
 The stream was then nameless, but never- 
 theless had to be crossed, and Morse must 
 cross it to reach the scene of his labors. Al- 
 though a light man, he had become ponder- 
 ous by the addition of this tremendous johnny- 
 cake. The ice lay upon the streams, and men 
 passed and re-passed unloaded without harm. 
 Not so those borne down with such encum- 
 brance as distinguished the back of Morse, who 
 was foremost among the gang of pioneers, all 
 marching in Indian file and similarly encum- 
 bered. They came to the stream. Morse 
 rushed upon the ice — it trembled — cracked — 
 broke — and in a moment he was initiated into 
 the mysteries beneath, with the johnny-cake 
 holding him firmly to the bottom. 
 
 The water and mud, though deep, were not 
 over his head. The company, by aid of poles, 
 approached him, removed the Gloucester 
 hump of deformity from his shoulders, re- 
 lieved him from his uncouth and unenvied 
 attitude, and while he stood dripping and 
 quivering on the margin of the turbid ele- 
 ment — amid a shout of laughter they named 
 this stream '"'‘Morses Slough.'^ 
 
 Fights with Wolves and Bears. — A young 
 man by the name of Elijah Thompson, of 
 Geneva, was out hunting in the forest with 
 his favorite dog. While thus engaged, his 
 dog left him as if he scented game, and soon 
 was engaged with a pack of seven wolves. 
 Young Thompson, more anxious for the dog 
 than his own safety, rushed to the rescue, 
 firing his rifle as he approached, and then 
 clubbing it, made a fierce onset upon the 
 enemy. His dog, being badly wounded and 
 nearly exhausted, could give him no assist- 
 ance, and the contest seemed doubtful. The 
 wolves fought with desperation ; but the 
 young man laid about him with so much 
 energy and agility, that his blows told well, 
 and he soon had the satisfaction of seeing 
 wolf after wolf skulk away under the blows 
 
 which he dealt them, until he remained mas- 
 ter of the field, when, with the remains of 
 his rifle — the barrel — on his shoulder, and his 
 bleeding and helpless dog under his arm, he 
 left the scene panting and weary, though not 
 materially injured in the conflict. Mrs. John 
 Austin, of the same township, hearing, on 
 one occasion, a bear among her hogs, deter- 
 mined to defeat his purpose. First hurrying 
 her little children up a ladder into her cham- 
 ber, for safety, in case she was overcome by 
 the animal, she seized a rifle, and rushing to 
 the spot saw the bear only a few rods distant, 
 carrying off a hog into the woods, while the 
 prisoner sent forth deafening squeals, accom- 
 panied by the rest of the sty in full chorus. 
 Nothing^ daunted, she rushed forward to the 
 scene with her rifle ready cocked, on which 
 the monster let go his prize, raised himself 
 upon his haunches and faced her. Dropping 
 upon her knees to obtain a steady aim, and 
 resting her rifle on the fence, within six feet 
 of the bear, the intrepid female pulled the 
 trigger. Perhaps fortunately for her., the rifle 
 missed fire. Again and again she snapped 
 her piece, but with the same result. The 
 bear, after keeping his position some time, 
 dropped down on all fours, and leaving the 
 hogs behind, retreated to the forest and re- 
 signed the field to the woman. 
 
 The early settlers experienced great diffi- 
 culty in preserving their swine from the rav- 
 ages of wild beasts. Messrs. Morgan and 
 Murrain, who, with their wives, dwelt in the 
 same cabin, had with difficulty procured a 
 sow, which, with her progeny, occupied a 
 strong pen contiguous to the dwelling. Dur- 
 ing a dark night, their husbands being neces- 
 sarily absent, the repose of the ladies was 
 disturbed by a very shrill serenade from the 
 pen ; arousing from their slumbers, they dis- 
 covered a large bear making an assault upon 
 the swine. They attempted, by loud screams 
 and throwing fire-brands, to terrify the ani- 
 mal ; but not succeeding, they took an un- 
 loaded rifle, and having heard their husbands 
 say that it required just two fingers of pow- 
 der, they poured liberally into the muzzle, 
 one of them in the meanwhile measuring 
 lengthwise of her fingers, until the full 
 amount was obtained, then driving in a ball 
 they sallied out to the attack. One lady held 
 the light, while the other fired the gun. 
 Such another report, from a tube of equal 
 capacity, is seldom heard. The ladies both 
 fell prostrate and insensible, and the gun flew 
 into the bushes. The bear was doubtless 
 alarmed, but not materially injured. 
 
 A War Alarm. — On the night of the 11th 
 of August, 1812, the people of Conneaut 
 were alarmed by a false report that the Brit- 
 ish were landing from some of their vessels. 
 A sentinel, placed on the shore, descrying 
 boats approaching, mistook them for the 
 enemy. In his panic he threw away his 
 musket, mounted his horse, and dashing 
 through the settlement, cried with a sten- 
 torian voice; “Turn out! turn out! save 
 your lives, the British and Indians are land- 
 ing, and will be on you in fifteen minutes 1 ” 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 279 
 
 The people, aroused from their beds, fled in 
 the utmost terror to various places of covert 
 in the forest. Those of East Conneaut had 
 sheltered themselves in a dense grove, which 
 being near the high road, it was deemed that 
 the most perfect silence should be main- 
 tained. By that soothing attention mothers 
 know how to bestow, the cries of the children 
 were measurably stilled ; but one little dog, 
 from among his companions, kept up a con- 
 
 tinual unmitigated yelping. Various means 
 having in vain been employed to still him, 
 until the patience of the ladies was ex- 
 hausted, it was unanimously resolved that 
 that 'particular dog should die., and he was 
 therefore sentenced to be hanged, without 
 benefit of clergy. With the elastics supplied 
 by the ladies for a halter, and a young sap- 
 ling for a gallows, the young dog passed from 
 the shores of time to yelp no more. 
 
 Austinburg, five miles w^esterly from Jefferson, is a small village in a locality 
 of fine historic note. Edwin Cowles, the veteran editor of the Cleveland Leader y 
 was born in Austinburg Sept. 19, 1825, and of Connectient stock. As a journalist 
 he has shown extraordinary force and fearlessness of character, and has been a 
 leader in many things of great public benefit, a power in the land. 
 
 The original proprietors of this township 
 were Wm. Battell, of Torringford, Solomon 
 Bockwell & Co., of Winchester, and Elipha- 
 let Austin, of New Hartford, Conn. By the 
 instrumentality of Judge' Austin, from whom 
 the town was named, two^ families moved to 
 this place from Connecticut in 1799. ^ The 
 Judge preceded them a short time, driving, 
 in company with a hired man, some cattle 
 150 miles through the woods on an Indian 
 trail, while the rest came in a boat across the 
 lake. There were at this time a few families 
 at Harpersfield ; at Windsor, southwest about 
 twenty miles, a family or two ; also at Elk 
 
 creek, forty miles northeast, and at Vernon, 
 forty miles southeast, were several families, 
 all of whom were in a destitute condition for 
 provisions. In the year 1800 another family 
 moved from Norfolk, Conn. In the spring 
 of 1801 there was an accession of ten families 
 to the settlement, principally from Norfolk, 
 Conn. Part of these came from Buffalo by 
 water, and part by land through the wilder- 
 ness. During that season wheat was carried 
 to mill at Elk creek, a distance of forty 
 miles, and in some instances one-half was 
 given for carrying it to mill and returning it 
 in flour. 
 
 On Wednesday, October 24, 1801, a church was constituted at Austinburg with 
 sixteen members. This was the first church on the Western Reserve, and was 
 founded by the Rev. Joseph Badger, the first missionary on the Reserve, a sketch 
 of whom is in another part of this work. It is a fact worthy of note, that in 
 1802 Mr. Badger moved his family from Buffalo to this town in the first wagon 
 that ever eame from that place to the Reserve. 
 
 The Jerks. — In 1803 Austinburg, Morgan 
 and Harpersfield experienced a revival of re- 
 ligion by which about thirty-five from those 
 places united with the church at Austinburg. 
 This revival was attended with the phe- 
 nomena of '''' bodily exercises C then common 
 in the West. They have been classified by a 
 clerical writer as, 1st, the Falling exercise ; 
 2d, the Jerking exercise ; 3d, the Rolling 
 exercise ; 4th, the Running exercise ; 5th, 
 the Dancing exercise ; 6th, the Barking 
 exercise ; 7th, Visions and Trances. We 
 make room for an extract from his account 
 of the second of the series, which sufficiently 
 characterizes the remainder : 
 
 It was familiarly called The Jerks, and the 
 first recorded instance of its occurrence was 
 at a sacrament in East Tennessee, when sev- 
 eral hundred of both sexes were seized with 
 this strange and involuntary contortion. The 
 subject was instantaneously seized with spasms 
 or convulsions in every muscle, nerve and ten- 
 don. His head was thrown or jerked from 
 side to side with such rapidity that it was 
 impossible to distinguish his visage, and the 
 most lively fears were awakened lest he 
 
 should dislocate his neck or dash out his 
 brains. His body partook of the same im- 
 pulse and was hurried on by like jerks over 
 every obstacle, fallen trunks of trees, or in a 
 church over pews and benches, apparently to 
 the most imminent danger of being bruised 
 and mangled. It was useless to attempt to 
 hold or restrain him, and the paroxysm was 
 permitted gradually to exhaust itself An 
 additional motive for leaving him to himself 
 was the superstitious notion that all attempt 
 at restraint was resisting the spirit of God. 
 
 From the universal testimony of those who 
 have described these spasms, the.y appear to 
 have been wholly involuntary. This remark 
 is applicable also to all the other bodily exer- 
 cises. What demonstrates satisfactorily their 
 involuntary nature is not only that, as above 
 stated, the twitches prevailed in spite of re- 
 sistance, and even more for attempts to sup- 
 press them, but that wicked men would be 
 seized with them while sedulously guarding 
 against an attack, and cursing every jerk 
 when made. Travellers on their journey, and 
 laborers at their daily work, were also liable 
 to them. 
 
 Kingsville, on Lake Erie, sixty miles east of Cleveland, fourteen miles from 
 
28o 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 Jefferson, on 1j. S. & M. S. and N. Y. C. & St. L. Railroads, surrounded by a 
 fine farming country. Newspapers Tribune, Republican, I. V. Nearpass, editor. 
 Churches : 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian. The principal industry is basket mak- 
 ing, the Kingsville handle works employing 83 hands. Population in 1880, 495. 
 The youth of Judge Tourgee, author of ^^The Foofs Errand,’^ was passed in this 
 place. 
 
 Albion W. Tourgee, LIj. I)., was born the breaking out of the rebellion he was a 
 in Williamsfield in this county in 1838, and student in the Rochester University, and en- 
 listed in the 27th New York; was wounded 
 in the first battle of Bull Run._ In 1862 he 
 was Lieutenant in the 105th Ohio and served 
 in Kentucky and was taken prisoner and 
 spent several months in Libby and other pris- 
 ons. Being exchanged he rejoined his old 
 regiment and was with it until after the bat- 
 tle of Chickamauga, when from his sufferings 
 from his old wound, an injury to the spine, 
 he was discharged. 
 
 After the close of the war for twelve years 
 he was a resident of North Carolina; held 
 various offices, among which was that of a 
 Judge of their Superior Court. Observing 
 the effects of reconstruction in the South, he 
 began a series of political novels on the effects 
 of reconstruction on the condition of the 
 blacks and their old masters, the most noted 
 of which were “A Fool’s Errand” and 
 “Bricks Without Straw.” They had an 
 immense circulation and their^ influence so 
 great Mr. Garfield wrote a friend that in 
 his opinion they turned the scale of the 
 when seven years of age removed with his Presidential election in his favor. His pres- 
 parents to Kingsville, near the lake. At ent residence is Mayville, N. Y. 
 
 Ashtabula county was the most noted spot in the Union for its anti-slavery 
 position. The county anti-slavery society was formed in June, 1832, followed by 
 local anti-slavery societies in various parts of the county which continued during 
 the entire period of the anti-slavery contest. 
 
 The 4th of July, 1837, was celebrated by 
 two local societies — one at Kingsville and the 
 other at Ashtabula. The radical element 
 had no great force. When Abby Kelly and 
 Foster and Parker Pillsbury came and pro- 
 claimed that “the constitution was a cove- 
 nant with death and a league with hell,” all 
 listened but few believed. The societies here 
 were mainly formed on the principle of moral 
 suasion, declaiming against slavery as a wrong 
 and opposing its extension. They denounced 
 the fugitive slave law, and at a meeting at 
 Hart’s Grove in December, 1850, they re- 
 solved ‘ ‘ a law to strip us of our humanity, to 
 divest us of all claims to Christianity and self- 
 respect, and herd us with blood-hounds and 
 men stealers upon penalty of reducing our 
 children to starvation and nakedness. Cursed 
 be said law!” Again, “that sooner than 
 submit to such odious laws we will see the 
 Union dissolved ; sooner than see slavery 
 perpetuated we would see war ; and sooner 
 than be slaves we will fight. ” At this time 
 there was a regular underground railway ex- 
 tending from Wheeling to the harbor at Ash- 
 tabula. The people felt that the principle 
 of freedom was fastened to the eternal prin- 
 
 ciple of right and anchored in God himself. 
 While Benj. F. Wade and Joshua R. Gid- 
 dings represented the sentiment of Ashtabula 
 county in the Congress of the nation, a woman. 
 Miss Betsy M. Cowles, by profession a teacher, 
 by her fiery eloquence and intensity of feeling, 
 more than any other person created in Ash- 
 tabula the sentiment which upheld them. 
 She was born in 1810 in Bristol, Conn., and 
 was brought to Ohio an infant when her 
 father. Rev. Dr. Giles Hooker Cowles, re- 
 moved to Austinburg with his family. 
 
 During the entire anti-slavery agitation 
 Miss Cowles and her sister Cornelia were 
 foremost in this work. Often after a stir- 
 ring address an impromptu quartette would 
 be improvised. Miss Cornelia sustaining the 
 soprano and Miss Betsy the alto ; and as 
 their strong sweet voices rang out the touch- 
 ing strains, “Say, Christian, will you take 
 me back ? ” or that other saddest of lamenta- 
 tion, 
 
 “ Gone, gone ; sold and gone 
 To the rice swamp dank and lone. 
 
 From Virginia’s hills and waters. 
 
 Woe is me, my stolen daughters 1 ’ 
 
ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 281 
 
 Bosoms hardened before thrilled in sympathy 
 with an influence they could not but feel, and 
 melted before a power they could not with- 
 stand. 
 
 Nor was it alone for the slave that she 
 made her voice heard and her influence felt. 
 The position of women before the law, and 
 especially married women, early arrested her 
 attention. 
 
 “In 1848, in Seneca Falls, N. Y., a conven- 
 
 tion was called b}’’ Lucretia Mott and Mrs. H. 
 B. Stanton, for the purpose of obtaining from 
 the constitutional convention about to meet 
 in that State juster laws regarding women. 
 Over this convention Ijucretia Mott presided. 
 The next one was held in Salem, Ohio, for a 
 similar purpose in 1850, and Betsy M. Cowles 
 presided. She died in 1876 at her home- 
 stead in Austinburg. Useful as was her life, 
 fitting as were her words and deeds, all who 
 
 BETSY M. COWLES. 
 
 knew her felt that she was greater than all 
 she did. She was indeed a perfect woman 
 nobly planned. It was not so much what she 
 did, writes one who loved her, as the atmos- 
 phere she created which won all hearts. So 
 sunny, genial and hospital was she that she 
 drew all sufferers to her side.” 
 
 John Brown and associates just prior to the 
 raid on Harper’s Ferry made West Andover 
 in this county their headquarters. 
 
 Brown’s, Sharp’s riffes and other materials 
 
 of war wore stored in the cabinet manufactory 
 of King & Brothers on the creek road in 
 Cherry valley. 
 
 After the raid John Brown, Jr., who re- 
 sided in Cherry valley, was summoned to 
 appear before tbe United States Senate and 
 give evidence. Befusing to obey, their ser- 
 geant-at-arms was ordered to arrest him. 
 Apprehensive that an armed force would be 
 sent not only to arrest him but to take Mer- 
 riam, Owen Brown and other fugitives in the 
 
282 
 
 ASHTABULA COUNTY. 
 
 vicinity, citizens of West Andover and neigh- 
 borhood, organized a secret society, the “In- 
 dependent Sons of Liberty,” to defend these 
 men with their lives if need be. Signals, 
 signs, passwords and a badge were agreed 
 upon, arms procured and a place of ren- 
 dezvous selected. A State lodge was organ- 
 
 ized and finally a United States lodge. The 
 final object was to act politically and in a 
 revolutionary manner if necessary for the 
 overthrow of slavery. Members in common 
 arlance were called “ Black Strings ” from a 
 ^ adge which they wore, a black string tied 
 into the buttonhole of their shirt collar. 
 
 Rock Creek, sixteen miles south of Lake Erie, on the Ashtabula & Pittsburg 
 R. R. Newspapers : Banner , Republican, Scott & Remick, publishers. Churches : 
 1 Congregational, 1 Methodist and 1 Disciples. Bank : Morgan Saving & Loan 
 Association, E. M. Co veil, president, W. W. Watkins, cashier. Principal in- 
 dustries are tannery, flouring, saw, planing and handle mills, moulding factory, 
 etc. Population in 1880, 558. 
 
 ATHENS. 
 
 Athens County was formed from Washington March 1, 1805. The surface 
 is broken and hilly, with intervals of rich bottom lands. The hills have a fertile 
 soil and a heavy growth of trees. The Hocking canal commences at Carroll bn 
 the Ohio canal in Fairfield county, and follows the river valley to Athens, a dis- 
 tance of fifty-six miles. In the county are extensive deposits of iron-ore suitable 
 for smelting ; excellent salt to the extent of 50,000 barrels were annually produced 
 between the years 1848 and 1868. Its greatest mineral wealth is in its coal; in 
 1886 there were in operation forty-one mines, employing 1,804 miners and pro- 
 ducing 899,046 tons of coal, being next to Perry the largest coal-producing county 
 in the State. Its area is 430 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 
 46,685; in pasture, 128,269; woodland, 57,906; lying waste, 4,256; produced 
 in wheat, 24,695 bushels ; corn, 638,984; tobacco, 56,108 pounds; peaches, 2,077 
 bushels; wool, 580,983 pounds; sheep, 108,454. School census 1886, 10,108; 
 teachers, 215. It has 102 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Alexander, 
 
 
 1,450 
 
 1,423 
 
 1,392 
 
 Lee, 
 
 848 
 
 1,086 
 
 A..mes, 
 
 
 1,431 
 
 Lodi, 
 
 754 
 
 1,550 
 
 Athens, 
 
 
 1,593 
 
 4,517 
 
 Rome, 
 
 866 
 
 2,207 
 
 Bern, 
 
 
 381 
 
 1,073 
 
 Trimble, 
 
 762 
 
 1,367 
 
 Canaan, 
 
 
 800 
 
 1,499 
 
 Troy, 
 
 1,056 
 
 1,858 
 
 Carthage 
 
 
 737 
 
 1,308 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 741 
 
 1,957 
 
 Dover, 
 
 
 1,297 
 
 1,736 
 
 York, 
 
 1,601 
 
 5,438 
 
 Po])ulation in 
 of whom 23,787 
 
 1820 
 
 were 
 
 was 6,342 
 Ohio born. 
 
 ; in 1840, 19,108; 1860, 
 
 21,346; 1880, 
 
 28,411, 
 
 In Evans’ map of the middle British colonies, published in 1755, there is placed 
 on the left bank of the Hocking, somewhere in this region, a town, station or fort, 
 named ^‘Fre 7 ich 3Tarf/arets.” In the county above (Hocking) have been found 
 the remains of an old press, for packing furs and })eltries, which attest that French 
 cuj)idity and enterprise had introduced an extensive trade among the Indians. 
 
 Lord Dunmore, in his famous expedition against the Indian towns upon the 
 Scioto, in the autumn of 1774 — -just prior to the commencement of the revolu- 
 
ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 283 
 
 tionary war, descended the Ohio, and landed at the month of the Great Hockhock- 
 ing, in this county. He was there during the bloody battle at Point Pleasant — 
 on an air line twenty-eight miles distant — between General Lewis and the Indians. 
 At this place he established a depot and erected some defences, called Fort Gower, 
 in honor of Earl Gower. From that point he marched up the valley of the river, 
 encamping, tradition says, a night successively at Federal creek, Sunday creek, and 
 at the falls of the Hocking. From the last he proceeded to the Scioto, where the 
 detachment under General Lewis joined him, and the war was brought to a close 
 by a treaty or truce with the hostile tribes. Dunmore, on his return, stoi)j)ed at 
 Fort Gower, where the officers })assed a series of resolutions, for which, see Pick- 
 away county, with other details of this expedition. 
 
 Colonel Robert Paterson, one of the original proprietors of Cincinnati, with a 
 party of Kentuckians, was attacked, near the mouth of the Hocking, by the In- 
 dians, two years after the erection of Fort Gower. The circumstances are given 
 under the head of Montgomery county. 
 
 The early settlement of this county began just after Wayne’s treaty ; its incep- 
 tion had its origin in one of the most noble motives that can influence humaniG^ 
 viz. : the desire for the promotion of learning. We extract from Walker’s His- 
 tory of Athens County.” 
 
 During the year 1796 nearly 1,000 flat boats or broad horns,” as they were 
 then called, passed Marietta laden with emigrants on their way to the more 
 attractive regions of Southwestern Ohio. In the early part of 1797 a considerable 
 number of newly arrived emigrants were assembled in Marietta, eager to obtain 
 lands on the best terms they could and form settlements. The two townships of 
 land appropriated by the Ohio Company for the benefit of a university had been 
 selected in December, 1795. They were townships Nos. 8 and 9 in the four- 
 teenth range, constituting at present Athens and Alexander townships. The 
 township lines were run in 1795, and the sectional surveys made in 1796, under 
 the supervision of General Putnam, the company’s surveyor, who from the first 
 took an ardent interest in the selection of these lands and the founding of the 
 university. His policy (in which he was seconded by the other agents) was to 
 encourage the early settlement of the college lands, make them attractive and pro- 
 ductive, and so begin the formation of a fund for the institution. 
 
 Encouraged by Gen. Putnam, who wished to introduce permanent settlers as 
 soon as possible, a number of the emigrants who had sto})ped at Marietta decided 
 to locate on the college lands. Among these were Alvan Bingham, Silas Bingham, 
 Isaac Barker, William Harper, John Wilkins, Robert Linzee, Edmund, William 
 and Barak Dorr, John Chandler and Jonathan Watkins. They made their way 
 down the Ohio and up the Hockhocking in large canoes early in the year 1797. 
 Having ascended as far as the attractive bluff where the town of Athens noAV 
 stands, they landed and sought their various locations. A few of them fixed on 
 the site of the present town, but most of them scattered up and down the adjacent 
 bottoms. 
 
 Tlie pioneers soon opened up several, clearings about Athens, and a little corn 
 for corn-bread was put in the first spring. The clearings, however, were irregular 
 and scattered, and no effort was made as yet to lay out a town. Early in 1798 a 
 number of emigrants arrived ; among them were Solomon Tuttle, Christopher 
 Stevens, John and Moses Hewit, Cornelius Moore, Joseph Snowden, John Sim- 
 onton, Robert Ross, the Brooks, and the Hanings. Some of these had families. 
 Some settled in Athens and some in Alexander township. Mrs. Margaret Snowden, 
 wife of Joseph Snowden, was honored by having ‘^Margaret’s creek” named after 
 her, she being the first white woman who reached this central point in the county. 
 
 The annexed vivid sketch of the captivity and escape of Moses Hewit (one of 
 the early settlers above named) from the Indians^ is from the history of the Bell- 
 ville settlement, written by Dr. S. P. Hildreth, and published in the Hesperian^ 
 edited by William D. Gallagher. 
 
284 
 
 ^ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 Captivity and Escape of Moses Hewit. 
 — Moses Hewit was born in Worcester, Mass., 
 in the year 1767 and came to the Ohio in 
 1790 ; at the breaking out of the Indian war 
 he resided on the island now known as “ Blen- 
 nerhasset,” in a block-house, where he mar- 
 ried. After his marriage, as the Indians be- 
 came dangerous, he joined the company of 
 settlers at “ Neil’s station.” At this period, 
 all the settlements on both banks of the Ohio 
 were broken up, and the inhabitants retired 
 to their garrisons for mutual defence. 
 
 Hewit' s Physical Prowess. — Mr. Hewit was, 
 at this time, in the prime of life and man- 
 hood ; possessed of a vigorous frame, nearly 
 six feet high, with limbs of the finest mould, 
 not surpassed by the Belvidere Apollo, for 
 manly beauty. The hands and feet were small 
 in proportion to the muscles of the arms and 
 legs. Of their strength some estimate may 
 be formed, when it is stated that he could, 
 with a single hand, lift with ease a large 
 blacksmith’s anvil by grasping the tapering 
 horn which projects from its side. To this 
 great muscular strength was added a quick- 
 ness of motion which gave to the dash of his 
 fist the rapidity of thought as it was driven 
 into the face or breast of his adversary. The 
 eye was coal black, small and sunken, but 
 when excited or enraged, flashed fire like that 
 of the tiger. The face and head were well 
 developed, with such powerful masseter and 
 temporal muscles that the fingers of the 
 strongest man, when once confined between 
 his teeth, could no more be withdrawn than 
 from the jaws of a vice. With such physical 
 powers, united to an unrefined and rather 
 irritable mind, who shall wonder at his jiro- 
 pensity for, and delight in, personal combat ; 
 especially when placed in the midst of rude 
 and unlettered companions, where courage 
 and bodily strength were held in unlimited 
 estimation. Accordingly we find him engaged 
 in numberless jiersonal contests, in which he 
 almost universally came off victorious. 
 
 Taken Captim . — Some time in the month 
 of May, 1792, while living at Neil’s station, 
 on the Little Kenawha, Mr. Hewit rose early 
 in the morning and went out about a mile 
 from the garrison in search of a stray horse. 
 He was sauntering along at his ease, in an 
 obscure cattle path, when all at once three 
 Indians sprang from behind two large trees. 
 So sudden was the onset that resistance was 
 vain. He therefore quietly surrendered, 
 thinking that in a few days he should find 
 some way of escape. For himself, he felt but 
 little uneasiness ; his great concern was for 
 his wife and child, from whom, with the 
 yearnings of a father’s heart, he was thus 
 forcibly separated, and whom he might never 
 see again. 
 
 In their progress to the towns on the San- 
 dusky i)lains, the Indians treated him with 
 as little liarshness as could be expected. He 
 was always confined at night by fastening his 
 wrists and ankles to saplings, as he lay ex- 
 tended upon his back upon the ground, with 
 an Indian on each side. By day his limbs 
 were free, but always marching with one 
 
 Indian before, and two behind him. As they 
 approached tlie prairies frequent halts were 
 made to search for honey, the wild bee being 
 found in every hollow tree, and often in the 
 ground beneath decayed roots, in astonishing 
 numbers. This afforded them many luscious 
 repasts, of which the prisoner was allowed to 
 partake. The naturalization of the honey bee 
 to the forests of North America, since its 
 colonization by the whites, is, in fact, the only 
 real addition to its comforts that the red man 
 has ever received from the destroyer of his 
 race ; and this industrious insect, so fond of 
 the society of man, seems also destined to 
 destruction by the hee-moth, and like the buf- 
 falo and the deer, will soon vanish from the 
 woods and prairies of the West. 
 
 Escape and Pursuit — While the Indians 
 were occupied in these searches, Hewit closely 
 watched an opportunity for escape, but his 
 captors were equally vigilant. As they re- 
 ceded from the danger of pursuit, they be- 
 came less hurried in their march, and often 
 stopped to hunt and amuse themselves. The 
 level prairie afforded fine ground for one of 
 their favorite sports, the foot-race. In this 
 Hewit was invited to join and soon found that 
 he could easily outrun two of them, but the 
 other was more than his match, which dis- 
 couraged him from trying to escape, until a 
 more favorable opportunity. They treated 
 him familiarly, and were much pleased with 
 his lively, cheerful manners. After they had 
 reached within one or two days march of their 
 village they made a halt to hunt and left their 
 prisoner at their camp, although they had 
 usually taken him with them, as he com- 
 plained of being sick. To make all safe, 
 they placed him on his back, confining his 
 wrists with stout thongs of raw-hides to sap- 
 lings, and his legs raised at a considerable 
 elevation, to a small tree. After they had 
 been gone a short time, he began to put^ in 
 operation the plan he had been meditating 
 for escape, trusting that the thickness of his 
 wrists, in comparison with the smallness of 
 his hands, would enable him to withdraw them 
 from the ligatures. After long and violent 
 exertions, he succeeded in liberating his hands, 
 but not without severely lacerating the skin 
 and covering them with blood. His legs were 
 next freed by untying them, but not without 
 a great effort, from their elevation. 
 
 Once fairly at liberty, the first object was to 
 secure some food for the long journey which 
 was before him. But as the Indians’ larder 
 is seldom well stocked, with jill his search he 
 could only find two small pieces of jerked 
 venison, not more than sufficient for a single 
 meal. With this light stock of provision, his 
 body nearly naked, and without even a knife 
 or a tomahawk, to assist in procuring more, 
 he started for the settlements on the Mus- 
 kingum, as the nearest point where he could 
 meet with friends. It seems that the Indians 
 returned to the camp soon after his escape, 
 for that night while cautiously traversing a 
 wood he heard the cracking of a breaking 
 twig not far from him. Dropping silently on 
 to the ground where he stood, he beheld his 
 
ATHENS COUNTY, 
 
 285 
 
 three enemies in pursuit. To say that he was 
 not agitated would not be true ; his senses 
 were wide awake and his heart beat quick, 
 but it was a heart that never knew fear. It 
 so happened that they passed a few yards to 
 one side of him, and he remained unseen. 
 As soon as they were at a sufficient distance 
 he altered his course and saw no more of 
 them. 
 
 Suffering everything but death from the 
 exhausting effects of hunger and fatigue, he 
 after nine days struck the waters of the Big 
 Muskingum, and came in to the garrison at 
 Wolf creek mills. During this time he had 
 no food but roots and the bark of the slippery- 
 elm, after the two bits of venison were ex- 
 pended. When he came in sight of the sta- 
 tion, he was so completely exhausted that he 
 could not stand or halloo. His body was en- 
 tirely naked, excepting a small strip of cloth 
 round the loins, and so torn, bloody and dis- 
 
 figured by the briers and brush that he thought 
 it imprudent to show himself, lest he should 
 be taken for an Indian and shot by the sen- 
 tries. It is a curious physiological fact, that 
 famine and hunger will actually darken the 
 skin in the manner mentioned by the prophet 
 Jeremiah, when foretelling the fate of the 
 Israelites ; and may be accounted for by the 
 absorption of the bile into the blood, when 
 not used up in the process of digesting the 
 food. In this forlorn state Hewit remained 
 until evening, when he crawled silently to the 
 gateway, which was open, and crept in before 
 any one was aware of his being near. As 
 they all had heard of his capture, and some 
 personally knew him, he was instantly recog- 
 nized by a young man, as the light of the fire 
 fell on his face, who exclaimed, “Here is 
 Hewit.” They soon clothed and fed him, 
 and his fine constitution directly restored his 
 health. 
 
 Pioneer Hardships. — After the war was closed, by the masterly campaign of 
 General Wayne, the sturdy settlers on the shores of the Ohio sallied out from 
 their garrisons, where they had been more or less closely confined for five years, 
 and took possession of the various farms, which had fallen to their lots either as 
 donation lands,’’ or as proprietors in the Ohio Company, some of which had been 
 partially cleared and cultivated before the commencement of hostilities. During 
 this period they had suffered from famine, sickness and death, in addition to the 
 depredations of the Indians. The small-pox and putrid sore throat had visited 
 them in their garrisons, destroying, in some instances, whole families of children 
 in a few days. The murderous savage without, with sickness and famine within, 
 had made their castles wearisome dwelling places, although they protected them 
 from the tomahawk, and saved the settlements from being entirely broken up. 
 
 Becomes a Useful Citizen. — In the year 1797 Mr. Hewit cast his lot in the valley 
 of the Hockhocking river, near the town of Athens, and settled quietly down to 
 clearing his farm. He was by nature endowed with a clear, discriminating and 
 vigorous mind ; and, although his education was very limited, extending only to 
 reading and writing, yet his judgment was acute, and his reasoning powers highly 
 matured by intercourse with his fellow-men. For some years before his death he 
 was a member of the Methodist church, which has the praise of reclaiming more 
 depraved men than perhaps any other sect, and became a valuable citizen and 
 useful man in society. A short time previous to his decease, which took place in 
 the year 1814, he was appointed a trustee of the Ohio University, at Athens. At 
 that early time the duties of a trustee mainly consisted in leasing out and manag- 
 ing the fiscal affairs of the college domain, embracing two townships of land. For 
 this business he was well fitted, and his judgment and good sense were of real 
 value to the institution, however little he might be qualified to act in literary 
 matters. 
 
 A Little Philosophy. — The life of Mr. Hewit affords an interesting subject of con- 
 templation. Hundreds of others, who were among tlie western borderers in early 
 days, afford similar examples of reckless daring and outrageous acts, while sur- 
 rounded with war, tumult and danger, who, when peace was restored and they re- 
 turned to the quiet scenes of domestic and civil life, became some of the most 
 useful, infiuential and distinguished men. It sho\vs how much man is the creature 
 of habit ; and that he is often governed more by the character, and the outward 
 example of men around him, and the times in which he lives, than by any iiiimte 
 principle of good or evil, which may happen to predominate within him. 
 
 About four miles north of Athens are mounds and ancient fortifications with 
 s:ateways. One of the mounds^ which was composed of a kind of stone differing 
 
286 
 
 ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 from any in the vicinity, was taken for the construction of a dam across the Hock- 
 ing ; there Avere in it over a thousand perches, and some of the stones weighed 
 two hundred pounds. In the mound were found copper rings and other relics. 
 There are many mounds in some other parts of the county. 
 
 Athens in 1846. — Athens, the county-seat, is situated on a commanding site on 
 the Hockhocking river, seventy-two miles southeast of Columbus. It contains 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Cumberland Presbyterian, and a Methodist church, a classical 
 academy, eleven mercantile stores, and by the census of 1840 had 710 inhabitants. 
 It was made the county-seat in March, 1805. The Ohio University, the first estab- 
 lished in all the territory northwest of the Ohio, is situated here, but has temporarily 
 suspended its operations, for the purpose of recovering from pecuniary embarrass- 
 ment. It was first chartered by the territorial government, and afterwards, in 
 1804, by the State legislature. It was early endowed by Congress Avith the tAvo 
 toAvnships of Athens and Alexander, containing 46,000 acres of land, Avhich, with 
 the connecting resources, yield an annual income of about $5,000. The buildings 
 are substantial and neat, and stand in a pleasant green. This institution has 
 exerted a most beneficial influence upon the morals and intelligence of this region. 
 
 Drawn hy Henry Howe, 1846. 
 Ohio University, at Athens. 
 
 Among its graduates are many who do it honor, and it Avill, doubtless, Avhen 
 again in successful operation — as it soon will be — continue its good Avork. — Old 
 Edition. 
 
 In 1886 the university had pupils tAventy-six gentlemen and eleven ladies, Chas. 
 W. Super, president. Up to that date it had 494 graduates and partially educated 
 about 10,000 persons. The first degrees Avere conferred in 1815. Thomas EAving 
 and John Hunter received in that year the degree of Bachelor of Arts. ^Ir. EAving 
 Avas probably the first collegiate alumnus for the Avhole of Western America. 
 Wm. Holmes McGuffey, D. I)., born in Pennsylvania in 1800, Avas president of 
 this institution from 1839 to 1843 ; from 1845 to 1873, the date of his death, AAas 
 a professor in the University of Virginia. He AA^as the author of the Avidely 
 popular series of McGufiey^s Headers and Spelling Books. 
 
 Athens, the county-seat, is about tAventy-five miles from the Ohio river on the 
 Hocking river, seA^enty-six miles southeast of Columbus, by the C. H. V. & T. 
 B. R., also on the C. W. & B. and O. & C. Railroads ; is located amidst beautiful 
 scenery ; its citizens ranking high in intelligence and the learned jirofessions. 
 County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, William S. Wilson ; Clerk of Court, Silas 
 E. Hedges ; Sheriff, Frederick Stalder ; Prosecuting Attorney, David L. Sleeper ; 
 
ATHENS COUNTY, 
 
 287 
 
 Auditor, Augustus J. Frame ; Treasurer, Hiram L. Baker ; Recorder, Lafayette 
 Hawk ; Surveyor, Wm. E. Peters ; Coroner, Waldo Baird ; Commissioners, Chas. 
 I. Ham, Josepli S. Higgins, James A. Campbell. 
 
 Newspapers : Herald, W. G. Junod, editor ; Journal, Democrat, C. I. Barker, 
 editor ; Messenger, Republican, C. E. M. Jennings, editor. Churches : 1 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Catholic, 1 Disciple, 1 Colored Baptist and 1 Colored Metho- 
 dist. Banks : First National, A. Norton, president ; D. H. Moore, cashier ; Bank 
 of Athens, J. D. Brown, cashier. 
 
 Population in 1880, 2,457. School census 1886, 725 ; Lewis D. Bonebrake, 
 superintendent. 
 
 • TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Athens, May b . — The valley of the Hock- 
 hocking here is about half a mile wide. The 
 town is on the north side of the stream on a 
 somewhat hilly site and about sixty feet above 
 it. The college grounds occupy about ten 
 acres. They are level in front, slightly slop- 
 
 ed. C. Brannon, Photo., Athens, 1886. 
 
 The Beautiful Beech. 
 
 ing in the rear and afford an expansive view 
 up the valley, on the opposite side of the slope 
 of which, at a distance of half a mile, stands 
 the asylum for the insane, under the charge 
 of A. B. Richardson, M. D., and said to be 
 managed with superior skill. 
 
 The Beautiful Beech . — My astonishment 
 was great on going to the spot where I made 
 my drawing of the university buildings in 
 1846 to find them to-day still standing as they 
 were then, but hidden from view by a dense 
 forest that had grown where not a tree had 
 stood before ; another building had been 
 added and this was all the structural change. 
 What especially gratified me was the discovery 
 of a beautiful beech, standing on the axeen 
 
 sward, some sixty or seventy feet in height, 
 about one hundred feet from the front door 
 of the central building ; it seemed as the per- 
 fection of symmetry. I had a fancy that, 
 guided by some good spirit just after my 
 original visit, the nut from which that no- 
 ble beech grew was dropped by some 
 friendly gray squirrel, in view of giving me a 
 surprising welcome on my second coming ; 
 and having done this he gleefully raised his 
 American flag over his back and then 
 scampered away. I think ere this that squir- 
 rel is gathered to his fathers ; I wish I could 
 learn his history. The leaves of the beech 
 could not even whisper it to me; didn’t 
 know. 
 
 A Veteran Law- Giver . — Facing the College 
 Campus, in a mansion that looks like a genuine 
 home, I found a venerable old gentleman, 
 now an octogenarian, whose acquaintance I 
 had made when he was a member of the 
 State senate, session of 1846-47. At that 
 time the State legislature had out of 107 
 members but 23 natives to the soil and he 
 was one of the 23. This was John Welch, 
 one of Ohio’s strong men. He was born m 
 1805 in Harrison county. Ohio-born men 
 of his advanced years are rare ; its popula- 
 tion in 1805 was small. His history illus- 
 trates the pluck of that sturdy race which 
 started in life when Ohio was a wilderness. 
 Beginning with battling with the trees, and 
 conquering them so as to give the ground a 
 fair chance for the sunbeams, they went 
 forth into the battle of life among their fel- 
 low-men regarding them somewhat as “trees 
 walking.” Success was of course assured. 
 When a young man he was at work in a flour 
 mill fourteen miles from these Athenians 
 down among the Romans, dwellers in Rome 
 township ! and there he studied law, and 
 once or twice a week brushed the flour from 
 his clothes, came up to Athens and recited to 
 Prof. Jos. Dana. Admitted to the bar his 
 course was onward ; became prosecuting 
 attorney for the county, a member of the 
 State legislature, went to Congress, became 
 judge of the common pleas court and finally 
 judge of the supreme court of Ohio, which 
 office he held for many years. In person the 
 judge is a large and strong man and when 
 young very agile, so that when about twenty 
 years of age, while teaching school in Harri- 
 son county, in a single running jump in a 
 brick yard he managed to cover twenty feet 
 and four inches. 
 
288 
 
 ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 A second Enoch- Arden-like case occurred 
 in the early history of this county. One day 
 in 1829 Timothy Wilkins, an honest, enter- 
 prising man, living opposite the town, came 
 over to Athens, transacted some business, 
 and was supposed to have returned home, but 
 did not. Ne^t morning the boat in which he 
 usually crossed the river was found floating 
 down the stream and his hat with it. The 
 river was dragged and cannon fired over the 
 water to recover the body, but it was not 
 found. He was a very popular man, and his 
 wife and family were in great distress. Time 
 passed ; Timothy Wilkins went out of peo- 
 ple’s minds, and Mrs. Wilkins married a Mr. 
 Goodrich. In 1834 a vague rumor came that 
 Mr. Wilkins was alive, and finally a letter 
 from him to a neighbor announcing his ap- 
 roach. Fearing to shock his wife by a sud- 
 en appearance, he had himself originated 
 the rumors of his safety, and now announced 
 that he would soon be in Athens. He knew 
 of his wife’s second marriage, and in friendly 
 
 spirit proposed to meet her and Mr. Good* 
 rich. Much excitement ensued. The con- 
 ference was held, and Messrs. Wilkins and 
 Goodrich left to the choice of the wife of 
 their rivalship to decide between them. She 
 turned, to the husband of her first love. Mr. 
 Goodrich acquiesced sadly but kindly, took 
 up his hat and walked. 
 
 Mr. Wilkins’ disappearance was a ruse to 
 escape his creditors. In that day to fail was 
 an awful thing. A man could be imprisoned 
 for a debt of ten dollars. Wilkins was hon- 
 est, but almost insane from his misfortunes. 
 He had gone to New Orleans to resuscitate 
 his broken fortunes, made money in boating, 
 and now on his return paid his debts, and 
 then with his reunited wife left those scenes 
 forever, going South. 
 
 A Long Dive. — To_ abscond for fear of 
 creditors was common in the early part of this 
 century. A gentleman whom I knew in 
 youth was about the year 1800 a merchant in 
 Middletown, Conn. His affairs became des- 
 
 J. C. Brannon, Photo., Athens, 1886. 
 The Asylum for the Insane. 
 
 erate, and one day he disappeared. His 
 at and clothes being found on the banks of 
 the Connecticut, it was supposed he had com- 
 mitted suicide. A year or more passed, when 
 some person who knew him and had been to 
 the far-away settlement of Marietta, reported 
 that he had seen him in that place, where- 
 upon a wag remarked : “Jeremiah, then, did 
 not drown himself ; he simply took a long 
 dive — went down in the Connecticut and 
 came up in the Ohio.” This underground 
 swimmer eventually returned to the East, 
 and became mayor of my native city. 
 
 THE COON-SKIN LIBRARY. 
 
 The settlement of Ames township was about 
 a year after that of Athens. The county was 
 at that time divided into four townships, and 
 it comprised more than double its present 
 area, and Ames that of ten townships now 
 in Athens, Morgan, and Hocking counties. 
 The settlers were an intellectual bod}'^ of men. 
 Entirelj^ isolated and remote from schools 
 
 and libraries, they felt keenly the absence of 
 means for mental improvement. At a public 
 meeting m 1803 the subject of a library was 
 discussed, but the scarcity of money was a 
 stumbling-block. There was next to none in 
 the county. The little transactions between 
 the settlers were almost wholly by barter. 
 Very little more was raised than each family 
 could produce, and there was no market for 
 an}^ surplus. 
 
 “ So scarce was mone.y,” said Judge A. G. 
 Brown, “that I can hardly remember ever 
 vseeing a piece of coin till I was a M^ell-grown 
 boy. It was with great difficulty we obtained 
 enough to pay our taxes with and buy tea for 
 mother.” 
 
 However, by scrimping and ingenious de- 
 vices a little money was saved for this object. 
 As cash could be obtained by selling skins 
 and furs at the East, some of the settlers who 
 were good hunters made forays upon the wild 
 animals. E.squire Samuel Brown, going on 
 a business trip to Boston, took their skins 
 
ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 289 
 
 with him — bears, wolves, and coons— and 
 sold them to agents of John Jacob Astor. ^ 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Cutler, who accpmpanieCi 
 him, selected from a part of the avails a valu- 
 able collection of books. In the original 
 record it is called the “Western Library 
 Association,” founded at Ames, Febiniary 2, 
 1 804. In common parlance it went under the 
 name of “ Coon-Skin Library.” 
 
 At a meeting of the shareholders, held at 
 the house of Silvanus Ames, December 17, 
 1804, Ephraim Cutler was elected librarian ; 
 it was also voted “to accept fifty-one books, 
 purchased by Samuel Brown. ’ ’ In his auto- 
 biography, Thomas Ewing makes acknowl- 
 
 edgment of benefit of the library to him per- 
 sonally. “All his accumulated wealth,” says 
 he, “ten coon-skins, went into it.” 
 
 “This,” says Walker, “was the first pub- 
 lic library formed in the Northwestern Terri- 
 tory, though not the first incorporated.” 
 This statement is erroneous. On March 6, 
 1802, a public library went into operation in 
 Cincinnati, with L. Kerr, librarian. $340 
 had beeri raised by subscription ; thirty-four 
 shares, at $10 each. Arthur St. Clair, Jacoh 
 Burnet, Martin Baum, and Grriffin Yeatmau 
 were among the subscribers. Its final fate is 
 unknown. Earlier still, “Belpre Farmers’ 
 Library” was established at Belpre in 1796. 
 
 George Ewing, commonly called Lieut. Ewing, was the father of Hon. Thomas 
 Ewing. He was, it is claimed, the first settler in Ames township. He was born 
 in Salem, N. J., was an officer in the Jersey line, and after the Revolution lived 
 a few years on the frontier near Wheeling, W. Va. ; in 1793 moved to the Water- 
 ford settlement on the Muskingum, and tlience in 1798 to Ames township in this 
 county. In 1802 he was elected township clerk. He was a reading, intellectual 
 man, noted for sterling good sense, wit, and humor. His eminent son, Thomas 
 Ewing, contributed to Walker’s most excellent “History of Athens County’^ this 
 sketch of his early life and living. 
 
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS 
 EWING. 
 
 My father settled in what is now Ames 
 township, Athens county, early in April, 
 1798. He removed from the mouth of Olive 
 Green creek, on the Muskingum river, and 
 the nearest neighbor with whom he had asso- 
 ciation was in that direction, distant about 
 eighteen miles. There were a few families 
 settled about the same time on or near the 
 present site of the town of Athens, but no 
 road or even pathway led to them ; the dis- 
 tance 'was about twelve miles. There was an 
 old pioneer hunter camped at the mouth of 
 Federal creek, distant about ten miles. This, 
 as far as I know, comprised the population 
 statistics of what is now Athens county. I 
 do not know the date of the settlement in 
 what was called No. 5 — Cooley’s settlement — 
 it was early. 
 
 Journey to Ohio. — At the time of my 
 father’s removal I was with my aunt, Mrs. 
 Morgan, near West Liberty, Va., going to 
 school I was a few months in my ninth 
 year. Early in the year 1798, I think in 
 May, my uncle brought me home. We de- 
 scended the Ohio river in a flat-boat to the 
 mouth of the Little Hocking, and crossed a 
 bottom and a pine hill, along a dim footpath, 
 some ten or fifteen miles, and took quarters 
 for the night at Daily’s camp. I was tired, 
 and slept well on the bear-skin bed which the 
 rough old dame spread for me, and in the 
 morning my uncle engaged a son of our host, 
 a boy of eighteen, who had seen my father’s 
 cabin, to pilot us. 
 
 Fioneer Living. — I was now at home, and 
 fairly an inceptive citizen of the future 
 Athens county. The young savage, our pilot, 
 was much struck with some of the rude im- 
 plements of civilization which he saw my 
 
 brother using, especially the auger, and ex- 
 pressed the opinion that with an axe and 
 auger a man could make everything he wanted 
 except a gun and bullet-molds. IMy brother 
 was engaged in making some bedsteads. He 
 had already finished a table, in the manu- 
 fiicture of which he had also used an adze to 
 smooth the plank, which he split in good 
 width from straight-grained trees. Trans- 
 portation was exceedingly difficult, and our 
 furniture of the rudest kind, composed of 
 articles of the first necessity. Our kitchen 
 utensils were “the big kettle,” “the little 
 kettle,” the bake-oven, frying-pan, and pot; 
 the latter had a small hole in the bottom, 
 which was mended with a button, keyed 
 with a nail through the eye on the outside of 
 the pot. We had no table furniture that 
 would break — little of any kind. Our meat 
 — bear meat, or raccoon, with venison or 
 turkey, cooked together and seasoned to the 
 taste (a most savory dish) — was cut up in 
 morsels and placed in the centre of the table, 
 and the younger members of the fiimily, 
 armed with sharpened sticks, helped them- 
 selves about as well as with four-tined forks ; 
 great care was taken in selecting wholesome 
 sticks — as sassafras, spice-bush, hazel, or 
 hickory. Sometimes the children were al- 
 lowed by way of picnic to cut with the 
 butcher-knife from the fresh bear-meat and 
 venison their slices, and stick them, alter- 
 nately, on a sharpened spit, and roast before 
 a fine hickory fire. This made a royal dish. 
 Bears, deer, and raccoons remained in abun- 
 dance until replaced by swine. The great 
 West would have settled slowly without corn 
 and hogs. A bushel of seed wheat will pro- 
 duce at the end of ten months fifteen or 
 twenty bushels ; a bushel of corn at the end 
 of five months 400 bushels, and it is used to 
 
290 
 
 ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 much advantage the last two months. Our 
 horned cattle "do not double in a year ; hogs 
 in the same time increase twenty-fold. It 
 was deemed almost a sacrilege to kill a sheep, 
 and I remember well the first beef I tasted. 
 
 I thought it coarse and stringy compared with 
 venison. We had wild fruits of several 
 varieties, very abundant, and some of them 
 exceedingly fine. There was a sharp ridge 
 quite near my father’s house on which I had 
 selected four or five service or juneberry 
 bushes that I could easily climb, and kept an 
 eye on them until they should get fully ripe. 
 At the proper time I went with one of my 
 sisters to gather them, but a bear had been 
 in advance of me. The limbs of all of the 
 bushes wei'e brought down to the trunk like 
 a folded umbrella, and the berries all gone : 
 there were plenty still in the woods for chil- 
 dren and bears, but few so choice or easy of 
 access as these. We had a great variety of 
 wild plums, some exceedingly fine ; better, to 
 my taste, than the tame varieties. I have 
 not seen any of the choice varieties within 
 the last thirty years. 
 
 We, of course, had no mills. The nearest 
 was on Woif creek, about fourteen miles dis- 
 tant ; from this we brought our first summer’s 
 supply of breadstuffs. After we gathered 
 our first crop of corn my father instituted a 
 hand mill, which as a kind of common prop- 
 erty supplied the neighborhood, after we had 
 neighbors, for several years, until Christopher 
 Herrold set up a horse mill on the ridge, and 
 Henry Barrows a water mill near the mouth 
 of Federal creek. 
 
 A Lonely Boy. — For the first year I was a 
 lonely boy. My brother G-eorge, eleven years 
 older than I, was too much of a man to be 
 my companion, and my sisters could not be 
 with me, generally, in the woods and _ among 
 the rocks and caves ; but a small spaniel dog, 
 almost as intelligent as a boy, was always 
 with me. 
 
 His First Boohs. — I was the reader of the 
 family, but we had few books ! I remember 
 but one beside “ Watts’ Psalms and Hymns ” 
 that a child could read — ‘ ‘ The Vicar of W ake- 
 field,” which was almost committed to mem- 
 ory ; the poetry which it contained entirely. 
 Our first neighbor was Capt. Benj. Brown, 
 who had been an officer in the Bevolutionary 
 war. He was a man of strong intellect, with- 
 out much culture. He told me many anec- 
 dotes of the war which interested me, gave 
 me an account of Hr. Jenner’s then recent 
 discovery of the kine pox as a preventive of 
 the small pox, better than I have ever yet 
 read in any written treatise, and I remember 
 it better than any account I have since read. 
 He lent me a book — one number of a peri- 
 odical called the “Athenian Oracle” — some- 
 thing like our modern “ Notes and Queries,” 
 from which, however, I learned but little. I 
 found, too, a companion in his son John, four 
 years my senior, still enjoying sound health 
 in his ripe old age. 
 
 In 1801 some one of my father’s family 
 being ill. Hr, Baker, who lived at AVaterford, 
 some eighteen miles distant, was called in 
 
 He took notice of me as a reading boy, and 
 told me he had a book he would lend me if I 
 would come for it. I got leave of my father 
 and went, the little spaniel being my travelling 
 companion. 
 
 The book was a translation of Virgil, the 
 Bucolit^s and Georgies torn out, but the ^neid 
 perfect. I have not happened to meet with 
 the translation since, and do not know whose 
 it was. The opening lines, as I remember 
 them, were — 
 
 “Arms and the man I sing who first from 
 Troy 
 
 Came to the Italian and Lavinian shores. 
 Exiled by fate, much tossed by land and sea. 
 By power divine and cruel Juno’s rage ; 
 Much, too, in war he suffered, till he reared 
 A city, and to the Latium brought his gods — 
 Hence sprung his Latin progeny, the kings 
 Of Alba, and the walls of towering Borne. ’ ’ 
 
 When I returned home with my book, and 
 for some weeks after, my father had hands 
 employed in clearing a new field. On Sun- 
 days and at leisure hours I read to them, and 
 never had a more attentive audience. At 
 that point in the narrative where HEneas dis- 
 closes to Hido his purpose of leaving her, 
 and tells her of the vision of Mercury bearing 
 the mandate of Jove, one of the men sprang 
 to his feet, declared he did not believe a word 
 of that — he had got tired of her, and it was 
 all a made up story as an excuse to be off, 
 
 and it was a shame after what she had 
 
 done for him. So the reputation of jHneas 
 suffered by that day’s reading. 
 
 Our next neighbors were Ephraim Cutler, 
 Silvanus Ames, William Brown, a married 
 son of the Captain ; and four or five miles dis- 
 tant, Nathan Woodbury, George Wolf and 
 Christopher^ Herrold ; and about the same 
 time, or a little^ later, Silas Hean, a rich old 
 bachelor, Martin Boyles, and John and 
 Samuel McCune. Mr. Cutler and my father 
 purchased “Morse’s Geography,” the first 
 edition, about 1800, for his oldest son Charles 
 and myself ; it in effect became my book, as 
 Charles never used it, and I studied it most 
 intently. By this, with such explanations as 
 my father gave me, I acquired quite a com- 
 petent knowledge of geography, and some- 
 thing of general history. 
 
 The Coon- Skin Library . — About this time 
 the neighbors in our and the surrounding set- 
 tlements met and agreed to purchase books 
 and to make a common library. They were 
 all poor and subscriptions small, but they 
 raised in all about $100.^ All my accumu- 
 lated wealth, ten coon-skins, went into the 
 fund, and Squire Sam Brown, of Sunday 
 creek, who was going to Boston, was charged 
 with the purchase. After an absence of 
 many weeks he brought the books to Capt. 
 Ben Brown’s in a sack on a pack-horse. I 
 was present at the untying of the sack and 
 pouring out of the treasure. There were 
 about sixty volumes, I think, and well se- 
 lected ; the library of the Vatican was nothing 
 to it, and there never was a library better 
 
ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 291 
 
 read. This with occasional additions fur- 
 nished me with reading while I remained at 
 home. 
 
 Early Teachers . — We were quite fortunate 
 in our schools. Moses Everitt, a graduate of 
 Yale, but an intemperate young man, who 
 had been banished by his friends, was our first 
 teacher ; after him, Charles Cutler, a brother 
 of Ephraim, and also a graduate of Yale. 
 They were learned young men and faithful to 
 their vocation. They boarded alternate weeks 
 with their scholars, and made the winter even- 
 ings pleasant and instructive. After Barrows’ 
 mill was built at the mouth of Federal creek, 
 I, being the mill boy, used to take my two- 
 horse loads of grain in the evening, have _ my 
 grist ground, and take it home in the morning. 
 There was an eccentric person living near the 
 mill whose name was Jones — we called him 
 Doctor ; he was always dressed in deerskin, 
 his principal vocation being hunting,^ and I 
 always found him in the evening, in cool 
 weather, lying with his feet to the fire. He 
 was a scholar, banished no doubt for intem- 
 perance ; he had books, and finding my fancy 
 for them had me read to him while he lay 
 drying his feet. He was fond of poetry, and 
 did something to correct my pronunciation 
 and prosody. Thus the excessive use of 
 alcohol was the indirect means of furnishing 
 me with school-teachers. 
 
 Woi'lis in the Kanawha Salines . — My father 
 entertained the impression that I would one 
 day be a scholar, though quite unable to lend 
 me any pecuniary aid. I grew up with the 
 same impression until, in my nineteenth year,. 
 I almost abandoned hope. On refiection, 
 however, I determined to make one effort to 
 'earn the means to procure an education. 
 Having got the summer’s work well disposed 
 of, I asked of my father leave to go for a few 
 months and try my fortune. He consented 
 and I set out on foot the next morning, made 
 my way through the woods to the Ohio, 
 got on a keel boat as a hand at small wages, 
 and in about a week landed at Kanawha sa- 
 lines. I engaged and went to work at once, 
 and in three months satisfied myself that I 
 could earn money slowly but surely, and on 
 my return home in December, 1809, I went 
 to Athens and spent three months there as a 
 student, by way of testing my capacity. I 
 left the academy in the spring with a suffi- 
 ciently high opinion of myself, and returned 
 to Kanawha to earn money to complete my 
 education. This year I was successful, paid 
 off some debts which troubled my father, and 
 returned home and spent the winter with 
 some new books which had accumulated in 
 the library, which, with my father’s aid, I 
 read to much advantage. 
 
 Enters College . — I went to Kanawha the 
 third year, and after a severe summer’s labor 
 I returned home with about $600 in money, 
 but sick and exhausted. Instead, however, 
 of sending for a physician, I got ‘‘Don 
 Quixote” from the library and laughed my- 
 self well in about ten days. I then went to 
 Athens, entered as a regular student and con- 
 tinued my studies there till the spring of 1815, 
 
 when 1 left, a pretty good though irregular 
 scholar. During my academic term I went 
 to Grallipolis and taught school a quarter and 
 studied French. I found my funds likely to 
 fall short and went a fourth time to Kanawha, 
 where in six weeks I earned $150, which I 
 thought would suffice, and returned to my 
 studies ; after two years rest the severe labor 
 in the salines went hard with me. 
 
 Studies Law. — Aftea’ finishing my studies 
 at Athens I read “ Blackstone’s Commenta- 
 ries” at home, and in July, 1815, went to 
 Lancaster to study law. A. B. Walker, then 
 a boy of about fifteen years, accompanied me 
 to Lancaster to bring back my horse, and I 
 remained and studied law with Glen. Beecher. 
 I was admitted to the bar in August, 1816, 
 after fourteen months very diligent study — 
 the first six months about sixteen hours a 
 day. 
 
 Law Experiences . — I made my first speech 
 at Circle ville the November following. Glen. 
 Beecher first gave me a slander case to prepare 
 and study ; I spent much time with it, but 
 time wasted, as the cause was continued the 
 first day of court. He then gave me a case 
 of contract, chiefly in depositions, which I 
 studied diligently, but that was also con- 
 tinued ; a few minutes afterward a case was 
 called, and Glen. Beecher told me that was 
 ready — the jury was sworn, witnesses called, 
 and the cause went on. In the examination 
 of one of the witnesses I thought I discovered 
 an important fact not noticed by either counsel, 
 and I asked leave to cross-examine further. I 
 elicited the fact which was decisive of the case. 
 This gave me confidence. I argued the cause 
 closely and well, and was abundantly con- 
 gratulated by the members of the bar present. 
 
 My next attempt was in Lancaster. Mr. 
 Sherman, father of the General, asked me to 
 argue a cause of his which gave room for 
 some discussion. I had short notice, but was 
 quite successful, and the cause being appealed 
 Mr. Sherman sent his client to employ me 
 with him. I had as yet got no fees, and my 
 funds were very low. This November I at- 
 tended the Athens court. I had nothing to 
 do there, but met an old neighbor, Elisha 
 Alderman, who wanted me to go to Marietta 
 to defend his brother, a boy, who was to be 
 tried for larceny. It was out of my intended 
 beat, but I wanted business and fees and 
 agreed to go for $25, of which I received 
 $10 in hand. I have had several fees since of 
 $10,000 and upwards, but never one of which 
 I felt the value, or in truth as valuable to me, 
 as this. I went, tried my boy, and he was 
 convicted, but the court granted me a new 
 trial. On my way to Marietta at the next 
 term I thought of a ground of excluding the 
 evidence, which had escaped me on the first 
 trial. It was not obvious, but sound. I 
 took it, excluded the evidence and acquitted 
 1113 '’ client. This caused a sensation. I was 
 employed at once in twelve penitentiary cases, 
 under indictment at that term, for making 
 and passing counterfeit money, horse-stealing 
 and perjury. As a professional man, my 
 fortune was thus briefly made. 
 
292 
 
 ATHENS COUNTY. 
 
 Edward R. Ames, the distinguished Methodist Bishop, was born in Ames, in 
 1806. In youth he had access to the Coon Skin library, studied two or three 
 years at the University at Athens, supporting himself in the meanwhile by teaching. 
 He joined the Methodists, went to Lebanon, 111., where he opened a high school 
 which eventually grew into McKendree College. In 1830 he was licensed to 
 preach. In 1840 he was elected corresponding secretary of the Missionary Society 
 for the South and West. This was before the days of railroads and travelling slow 
 and difficult ; during the four years that he filled it he travelled some 25,000 miles : 
 on one tour he passed over the entire frontier line from Lake Superior to Texas, 
 camping out almost the whole route and part of the time almost destitute of pro- 
 visions. 
 
 During the greater part of his adult life Bishop Ames resided in Indiana. H r 
 died in Baltimore in 1879. He was the first Methodist Bishop to visit the Pacifii 
 coast. During the civil war he rendered important service, too as a member of 
 several commissions. ' 
 
 He possessed extraordinary capacity for business, was of great physical endur- 
 ance and one of the most eloquent preachers in the Methodist Church. 
 
 Nelson viLLE, sixty-two miles southeast of Columbus, on the Hocking Valley 
 Canal, on the C. H. V. & T. B. R. Newspapers : Valley Register, Independent, 
 J. A. Tullis, editor and publisher ; News, Independent, T. E. Wells, editor and 
 publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian, 1 Colored Bap- 
 tist and 1 Colored Methodist. Banks : Merchants’ & Miners’, Chas. Robbins, 
 president, Chas. A. Cable, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees . — Nelsonville Planing Mill Co., building material, 
 10 hands ; Nelsonville Machine Co., steam engines, machinery, etc., 24 ; Kreig & 
 Son, doors, sash, etc. ; Steenrod & Poston, flour and feed ; Fremmel & Barrman, 
 leather. 
 
 Nelsonville is one of the largest and most important coal-mining centres in the 
 State. The Nelsonville bed is one of the most valuable in Ohio, from its superior 
 quality and its proximity to canal and railroad facilities. The thickness of the 
 vein averages about six feet. Population in 1880, 3,095. School census in 1886, 
 1,555; F. S. Coultrap, superintendent. Nelsonville was laid out in 1818 and 
 named after Mr. Daniel Nelson, Avho owned the land on which the town is situated. 
 
 Albany, nine miles south of Athens, on the T. & O. R. R., is a notable tem- 
 perance town in the centre of a fine grazing and wool -producing region. The At- 
 wood Institute is located here, also the Enterprise Academy for colored students. 
 Newspapers : Echo, Independent, D. A. R. McKinstry, editor. Churches : 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Free Will Baptist, 1 Cumberland Presbyterian, 1 African 
 Methodist Episcopal. Population in 1880, 469. School census in 1886, 142 ; 
 Lester C. Cottrill, superintendent. An important feature is the Wells Library, 
 containing 2,000 volumes, endowed by the late Henry Wells. Coolville had, in 
 1880, 323 inhabitants. 
 
 Buchtel is on the C. & H. V. R. R., in the northwest part of the county. 
 Population in 1880, 417. 
 
AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 293 
 
 AUGLAIZE. 
 
 Auglaize County was formed in 1848 from portions of Allen, Logan, Darke, 
 Shelby, Mercer and Van Wert counties. It is at the southern termination of the 
 Black Swamp district, and occupies the great dividing ridge between the head| 
 waters of Lake Erie and Ohio river. Only the northwestern part possesses the 
 peculiar characteristics of the Black Swamp ; by ditching the greater part has 
 been brought under cultivation. The Mercer county reservoir, a great artificial 
 lake of 17,500 acres and an average of ten feet in depth, is partly in this county ; 
 it abounds with fish, ducks and geese. The population is largely of German 
 origin. It contains 400 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 131,205 ; 
 in pasture, 14,997 ; woodland, 60,842 ; lying waste, 1,346 ; produced in wheat, 
 594,538 bushels; in corn, 1,330,471; barley, 18,795; tobacco, 7,600 pounds. 
 School census in 1886, 9,566 ; teachers, 140. It has 39 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Clay, 
 
 840 
 
 1,346 
 
 Noble, 
 
 309 
 
 1,303 
 
 Duchouquet, 
 
 905 
 
 4,971 
 
 Pusheta, 
 
 1,008 
 
 1,456 
 
 German, 
 
 1,470 
 
 2,239 
 
 796 
 
 Saint Mary^s, 
 
 693 
 
 3,147 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 336 
 
 Salem, 
 
 400 
 
 1,160 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 Logan, 
 
 336 
 
 1,991 
 
 1,206 
 
 Union, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,008 
 
 688 
 
 1,590 
 
 1,515 
 
 Moulton, 
 
 450 
 
 1,436 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 672 
 
 1,288 
 
 Population in 1850 was 11,341 ; in 1860, 17,187 ; in 1880, 25,444, of whom 
 21,040 were Ohio-born. 
 
 In this county three specimens of the mastodon have been discovered as stated 
 in historical sketch in the County Atlas — first, in 1870 in Clay township ; second, 
 in 1874 also in Clay; third, in 1878 in Washington. The mastodon differed 
 from the elephant in being somewhat larger and thicker though in general not 
 unlike it. Cuvier called it mastodon from the form of its teeth ; the name is 
 from two Greek words signifying nipple teeth.’^ The bones of the mastodon 
 have been discovered over a large part of the United States and Canada ; the 
 bones of a hundred have been discovered at Big Bone Lick, Ky., and probably 
 as many in different parts of this State. 
 
 The parts of skeleton No. 1 show it to have been an animal about fourteen 
 feet high, eighteen feet long and with tusks probably twenty-seven feet. It was 
 found while excavating a ditch through Muchinippi swamp eight feet from 
 the surface, which for the first third was peat and the rest marly clay. The 
 bones were discovered in a posture natural to an animal sinking in the mire. 
 It is supposed it lost its life within 500 or 1,000 years after the deposition of 
 the drift in Avhich the marsh deposits rest. The remains of No. 2 were found in 
 the same swamp. Only a few relics of No. 3 have been discovered. The ground 
 being boggy there it is supposed that all the remainder of the skeleton awaits only 
 search for its recovery, and in good preservation. , 
 
 After the remnant of the powerful and noble tribe of Shawnee Indians were' 
 driven from Piqua, by General George Rogers Clark, which was in 1780, they 
 settled a town here, Avhich they called Wapac/hkonetta, and the site of the now 
 county-seat. Early in the century there was at the jfiace a fine orchard, which 
 from its being planted in regular order was supposed to have been the work of 
 Frenchmen settled among the Indians. By the treaty at the Maumee rapids, in 
 1817, the Shawnees were given a reservation of ten miles square in this county, 
 within which was their council-house at Wapakoneta, and also a tract of twenty- 
 five square miles, which included their settlement on Hog creek ; by the treaty of 
 
294 
 
 AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 the succeeding year, made at St. Mary’s, 12,800 acres adjoining the east line of 
 the Wapakoneta reserve were added. 
 
 From the year 1796 till the formation of the State constitution, Judge Burnet, 
 of Cincinnati, attended court regularly at Marietta and Detroit, the last of which 
 was then the seat of justice for Wayne county. 
 
 The jaunts between these remote places, through a Avilderness, Avere attended 
 with exposure, fatigue and hazard, and Avere usually performed on horseback, in 
 parties of tAvo or three or more. On one of these occasions, aa hile halting at 
 Wapakoneta, he Avitnessed a game of ball among the people, of Avhich he has given 
 this interesting narrative : 
 
 Blue Jacket, the Avar-chief, Avho com- 
 manded the ShaAAmees in the battle of 1794, 
 at Maumee, resided in the village, but Avas 
 absent. We Avere, hoAvever, received Avith 
 kindness by the old village chief, Buck- 
 ingelas. 
 
 When Ave Avent to his lodge he Avas giving 
 audience to a deputation of chiefs from some 
 Avestern tribes. W e took seats at his request 
 till the conference Avas finished, and the 
 strings of Avampum Avere disposed of He 
 gave us no intimation of the subject-matter 
 of the conference, and of course Ave could not, 
 Avith propriety, ask for it. 
 
 Indians playing Football. — In a little time 
 he called in some of his young men, and re- 
 quested them to get up a game of football 
 for our amusement. A purse of trinkets Avas 
 soon made up, and the A\diole village, male 
 and female, Avere on the laAvn. At these 
 games the men played against the Avomen, 
 and it Avas a rule that the former Avere not to 
 touch the ball Avith their hands on penalty of 
 forfeiting the purse ; Avhile the latter had the 
 privilege of picking it up, running Avith, and 
 throwing it as far as they could. When a 
 squaw had the ball the men Avere allowed to 
 catch and shake her, and even throw her on 
 the ground, if necessary, to extricate the ball 
 from her hand, but they were not allowed to 
 touch or move it, except by their feet. At 
 the opposite extremes of the lawn, which was 
 a beautiful plain, thickly set Avith blue grass, 
 stakes were erected, about six feet apart — the 
 contending parties arrayed themselves in front 
 of these stakes ; the men on the one side, and 
 the women on the other. The party which 
 succeeded in driving the ball through the 
 stakes, at the goal of their opponents, were 
 proclaimed victors, and received the purse. 
 
 All things being ready the old chief went to 
 the centre of the lawn and threw up the ball, 
 making an exclamation, in the Shawnee lan- 
 guage, which Ave did not understand. He 
 immediately retired, and the contest began. 
 The parties seemed to be fairly matched, as 
 to numbers, having about a hundred on a 
 side. 
 
 The game lasted more than an hour with 
 great animation, but was finally decided in 
 faA’^or of the ladies, by the power of an her- 
 culean squaw, who got the ball and in spite 
 of the men who seized her to shake it from 
 her uplifted hand, held it firmly, dragging 
 them along, till she was sufficiently near the 
 goal to throw it through the stakes. The 
 young squaws were the most active of their 
 party, and, of course, most frequently caught 
 the ball. When they did so it Avas amusing 
 to see the strife between them and the young 
 Indians, Avho immediately seized them, and 
 always succeeded in rescuing the ball, though 
 sometimes they could not effect their object 
 till their female competitors were thrown on 
 the grass. When the contending parties had 
 retired from the field of strife it Avas pleasant 
 to see the feelings of exultation depicted in 
 the faces of the victors ; whose joy was mani- 
 festly enhanced by the fact, that their victory 
 was won in the presence of Avhite men, whom 
 they supposed to be highly distinguished, and 
 of great power in their nation. This was a 
 natural conclusion for them to draw, as they 
 knew we were journeying to Detroit for the 
 purpose of holding the general court ; which, 
 they supposed, controlled and governed the 
 nation. We spent the night very pleasantly 
 among them, and in the morning resumed 
 our journey. 
 
 In August, 1831, treaties Avere made Avitli the Senecas of LeAvistou and the 
 ShaAvuees of Wapakoneta, bv James Gardiner, Esq., and Col. Jolm M’Eh^ain, 
 special commissioners appointed for this ])urpose, by Avhieh the Indians consented 
 to giA^e up their land and remove beyond the Mississippi. The ShaAvnees had at 
 this time about 66,000 acres in this county, and in conjunction Avith the Senecas 
 about 40,300 acres at IjCAviston. The Indians Avere remoAx^l to the Indian 
 Territory on Kansas riv^er, in the Ear West, in September, 1832, D. M. Workman 
 and David Robb being the agents for their removal. The removal of the Indians 
 opened the country to the settlement of the Avhites. Therefore in 1833 the present 
 toAvn of W^apakoneta Avas platted ; the original proprietors Avere Robert J. Skin- 
 ner, Thomas B. Van Horne, Joseph Barnett, Jonathan K. Wilds and Peter 
 
A UGLAIZE CO UNTY. 295 
 
 % 
 
 Augenbaugh. Up to this time from early in the century the Friends had a mis- 
 sion here among the Indians. 
 
 Wapakoneta, the county-seat, seventy-five miles northwest of Columbus, is 
 on the C. H. & D. K. R. It is situated within the oil and gas belt, both of which 
 have been struck in considerable quantities. The surrounding country is a rich 
 agricultural district, and tliere is much manufacturing done in wooden articles. 
 More churns, it is claimed, are made here than in any other place in the country. 
 County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, John McLain; Clerk of Court, James 
 A. Nichols; Sheriff, Wm. Schulenberg; Prosecuting Attorney, Cyrenius A. Lay- 
 ton ; Auditor, Wm. F. Torrance ; Treasurer, Colby C. Pepple ; Recorder, John J. 
 Connaughton ; Surveyor, John B. Walsh ; Coroner, F. C. Hunter ; Commissioners, 
 Henry Koop, George van Oss, John Reichelderfer. 
 
 Newspapers : Auglaize Republiean, Republican, W. J. McMurray, editor ; 
 Auglaize County Democrat, Democrat, Fred. B. Kampf, editor. Churches: 1 
 English Lutheran, 1 Evangelist German Protestant, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 
 1 Catholic, 1 German Lutheran. Banks : First National, L. N. Blume, presi- 
 
 Will. E. Potter, Photo., Wapakoneta, 1887 . 
 
 Central View in Wapakoneta. 
 
 dent; C. F. Herbst, cashier; People’s National, F. Fritsch, president, F. J. 
 McFarland, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Stenger & Frank, flour, etc. ; Wapakoneta 
 Bending Co., spokes and rims, 50 hands ; J. Gately, lumber ; Theodore Dickman, 
 builders’ wood- work ; Rupp & Winemiller, lumber ; Wapakoneta Churn & 
 Handle Co., churns and handles, 47 ; M. Brown & Co., washing machines, etc., 
 29 ; Swink Bros. & Co., furniture, etc., 17 ; C. Fisher, flour, etc., 7 ; AYapakoneta 
 Spoke & Wheel Co., wheels and spokes, 50. — State Report 1887. 
 
 Population in 1880, 2,765. School census in 1886, 1,261 ; J. L. Carson, super- 
 intendent. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 A pleasant name for a place is desirable. 
 Every inhabitant unconsciously derives from 
 it a benefit ; it is a happy association. This 
 is proved by the reverse. What interest 
 could we take in a people who lived in “Hard 
 Scrabble” or ” SwineviJle ? ” Wapakoneta 
 
 enjoys the distinction of having, with possibly 
 a single exception — “Pataskala” — the most 
 original and musical name in the State. The 
 word has the flavor of antiquity ; this en- 
 hances the charm, carries the mind back to 
 the red man and the wilderness. 
 
 Col John Johnston, agent among the 
 
THE HILLS OF OHIO. 
 
 From “The Key of the West,” by Alex. Auld. 
 
 
 1 i~1 — 1“ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 - I I I I 
 
 J r_ f. 
 
 r 9 -9 9 
 
 ^ • 1 
 
 tT ^ J 
 
 J "S m 9 
 
 9 r\ j 
 
 III 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 I L L _ 
 
 r _ t _ 
 
 F" 1 
 
 XT- ^ ! I r — r 
 
 1. The hills of O - hi - 0 , how sweet - ly they rise. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
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 r I - I 
 
 
 W W 
 
 I I I 
 
 
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 -t 1 
 
 
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 ^ • 1 
 
 
 
 9 . r 
 
 V . V 
 
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 I 
 
 
 r 
 
 L > 1 
 
 II 
 
 9 
 
 h" 1" b' 1 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 • ^ ^ ! 
 
 n i1 
 
 V Jy 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 h 
 
 
 r . 
 
 . • 9 
 
 ^ 1 W 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 - 
 
 1 1 
 
 hi - 0 , my 
 
 coun- try, I 
 
 love thee for 
 
 these. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 II 
 
 * 1 • Su m 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 >0 » II 
 
 ^ C 1 
 
 O' w w 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
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 1 1 
 
 1 tl 
 
 ^ 1 
 
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 3 
 
 
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 “T 
 
 9 
 
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 9 
 
 
 
 
 2. The homes of Ohio, free, fortuned, and fair, 
 
 Full many hearts treasure a sister’s love there ; 
 
 E’en more than thy hill-sides or streamlets they please, 
 Ohio, my country, I love thee for these. 
 
 3. God shiekLthee, Ohio, dear land of my birth. 
 
 And thy children that wander afar o’er the earth ; 
 
 My country thou art, where’er my lot’s cast. 
 
 Take thou to thy bosom my ashes at last. 
 
 • *.296) 
 
AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 297 
 
 Indians, appointed by Jefferson, thus wrote 
 me in 1846 : “ Wapag}i-ko-netta—\\\\^ is the 
 true Indian orthography. It was named 
 after an Indian chief long since dead, but who 
 survived years after my intercourse com- 
 menced with the Shawanoese. The chief was 
 somewhat club-footed, and the word has 
 reference, I think, to that circumstance, 
 although its full import I never could dis- 
 cover. For many years prior to 1829 I had 
 my Indian headquarters at Wapagh-ko-netta. 
 The business of the agency of the Shawano- 
 ese, Wyandots, Senecas, and Delawares was 
 transacted there.” 
 
 Speaking of the benefit of a good name, 
 let me pursue the matter a little further. 
 The people of the whole State in this respect 
 have been specially favored. The name of 
 but one other equals it in the merit of brev- 
 ity. Begardful of the English alphabet, it 
 makes three letters do the business — “0,” 
 “H,” “I,” — three letters only, inasmuch as 
 the last is only a second appearing of the first. 
 It is' the only State the name of which sug- 
 gests the idea of “ elevation ; ” does this in 
 no intemperate sense. The name drops in 
 with song so nicely that, away back early in 
 the century, multitudes sang its praises who 
 had never seen Ohio, living, as they did, by 
 the ocean side ; sang them while feasting 
 their eyes with the broad expanse of the roll- 
 ing blue and breathing in the grateful odors 
 of the salt meadows. 
 
 Poetry and song ever appeal to the imagina- 
 tion, and so helped its quick settlement. 
 Great things always require them — as war and 
 religion. All soldiers, even savages, have 
 their war songs, and the only religionists 
 among us who have not song are those calm, 
 sweet-tempered people, “the Friends,” and 
 they are fast melting ; soon will vanish entirely, 
 when the “thees” and “thous” will be heard 
 no more in the land. A single verse drops in 
 here as a matter of history. It is from one 
 of the songs that was sung at the East at the 
 end of some game where kissing — never to be 
 a lost art — was going on between young peo- 
 ple, who later largely became fathers and 
 mothers out here in the Ohio-land : 
 
 “Arise, my true love, and present me your 
 hand. 
 
 And we’ll march in procession for a far distant 
 land : 
 
 Where the girls will card and spin, 
 
 And the boj^s will plough and sow. 
 
 And we’ll settle on the banks of the pleasant 
 Ohio.” 
 
 Suppose an unsavory name had been given 
 to the great river, and then applied to the 
 State. It might have retarded its settlement 
 for years. Say the name of a certain river 
 now in Vermont — “Onion.” Who would 
 have sung its praises ? What kind of emi- 
 grants would have been attracted, and. by 
 what name after they got here would they 
 have been called? As it was, the pioneers 
 were the brightest, bravest, most cheery 
 young people of the East, and their children 
 inheriting their exuberance and pluck, fill the 
 land with hope and song. 
 
 A song most widely sung is that entitled 
 “The Hills of Ohio” (p. 296), by Alexander 
 Auld, published in his “Key of the West.” 
 He was born in Milton, Pa., and came to 
 Ohio in 1822, when a child of six years, and 
 at the age of fifteen began teaching music. 
 He taught music for fifty years, and is still 
 living in Deersville, Harrison county, enjoy- 
 ing a happy, healthy old age. In a letter 
 recently written by himself, he says he first 
 taught by the old four-note system , but that 
 on Christmas eve, 1835, he added to our 
 present musical scale the first, second, and 
 seventh syllables, thereby increasing the pop- 
 ularity and simplicity of his own patent-note 
 system. He is the author of four books, viz. : 
 “The Ohio Harmonist,” “The Key of the 
 West,” “The Farmers’ and Mechanics’ 
 Minstrel,” and “The Golden Trumpet.” 
 It is said he sold 600,000 copies of the “Ohio 
 Harmonist,” and about 700,000 of the other 
 three, making in all 1,300,000 of Auld’s 
 singing-books — and these went largely into 
 Ohio homes — hence he is widely known. 
 The words are not original with Mr. Auld, 
 but were set to .music and largely sung by 
 emigrants in the early years of this century. 
 
 Indian Characteristics and Customs. — Mr. David Hobb, one of the agents for 
 the removal of the Indians, had great experience among them, and has left this 
 record of their peculiar traits ; 
 
 Intemperance to a great extent prevailed 
 among the Indians ; there was, however, as 
 wide a contrast in this respect as with the 
 whites, and some of the more virtuous re- 
 fused to associate with the others. This 
 class also cultivated their little farms with a 
 degree of taste and judgment : some of these 
 could cook a comfortable meal, and I have 
 eaten both butter and a kind of cheese made 
 by them. Many of them were quite ingeni- 
 ous and natural mechanics, with a considera- 
 ble knowledge of and an inclination to use 
 tools. One chief had an assortment of car- 
 penters’ tools which he kept in neat order. 
 He made plows, harrows, wagons, bedsteads, 
 
 tables, bureaus, etc. He was frank, liberal 
 and conscientious. On my asking him who 
 taught him the use of tools, he replied, no 
 one ; then pointing up to the sky, he said, 
 ‘ ‘ the Great Spirit taught me. ” 
 
 Fascinations of Indian Character . — With 
 all their foibles and vices there is something 
 fascinating in the Indian character, and one 
 cannot long associate with them without hav- 
 ing a perceptible growing attachment. The 
 Indian is emphatically the natural man, and 
 it is an easy thing to make an Indian out of 
 a white person, but very difficult to civilize 
 or Christianize an Indian. I have known a 
 number of whites who had been taken pris- 
 
2gS 
 
 AUGLAIZE COUNTY, 
 
 oners by the Indians when young, and with- 
 out exception they formed such attacliments 
 that, after being with tliem some time, they 
 could not be induced to return to their own 
 people. There was a woman among the 
 Shawnees, supposed to be near an hundred 
 years of age, who was taken prisoner, when 
 young, in Eastern Pennsylvania. Some years 
 after, her friends, through the agency of 
 traders, endeavored to induce her to return, 
 but in vain. She became, if possible, more 
 of a squaw in her habits and appearance 
 than any female in the nation. 
 
 Indian PanctuaUty . — As a sample of their 
 punctuality in performing their contracts, I 
 would state that I have often loaned them 
 money, which was always returned^ in due 
 season, with a single exception. This was a 
 loan to a j^oung man who promised to pay 
 me when they received their annuity. After 
 the appointed time he shunned me, and the 
 matter remained unsettled until just prior to 
 our departure for their new homes. I then 
 stated the circumstance to one of the chiefs, 
 more from curiosity to see how he would re- 
 ceive the intelligence than with the expecta- 
 tion of its being the means of bringing the 
 money. He, thereupon, talked with the lad 
 upon the subject, but, being unsuccessful, he 
 called a council of his brother chiefs, who 
 formed a circle, with the young man in the 
 centre. After talking to him a while in a 
 low tone, they broke out and vociferously 
 reprimanded him for his dishonest conduct ; 
 but all proved unavailing. Finally, the chiefs, 
 in a most generous and noble spirit, made up 
 the amount from their own purses, and pleas- 
 antly tendered it to me. 
 
 Belief in Witchcraft . — The Indians being 
 firm believers in witchcraft, generally attrib- 
 uted sickness and other misfortunes to this 
 cause, and were in the habit of murdering 
 those whom they suspected of ])ractisihg it. 
 They have been known to travel all the way 
 from the Mississippi to Wapakoneta, and 
 shoot down a person in his cabin merely on 
 suspicion of his being a wizard, and return 
 unmolested. When a person became so sick 
 as to lead them to think he was in danger of 
 death, it was usual for them to place him in 
 the woods alone, Avith no one to attend ex- 
 cept a nurse or doctor, who generally acted 
 as an agent in hurrying on the dissolution. 
 It Avas distressing to see one in this situation. 
 I have been i)ermitted to do this only through 
 the courtesy of relatiA^es, it being contrary to 
 rule for any to Ausit them except such as had 
 medical care of them. The Avhole nation are 
 at liberty to attend the funerals, at Avhich 
 there is generally great lamentation. A 
 chief, Avho died just j)revious to their remo- 
 A^al, Avas buried in the folloAving manner. 
 They bored holes in the lid of his coffin — as 
 is their custom — oaw his eyes and moutli, to 
 let the Good Si)irit pass in and out. Over 
 the grave they laid presents, etc., Avith pro- 
 visions, Avhich they affirmed the Good Spirit 
 would take him in the night. Sure enough ! 
 — these articles had all disap])eared in the 
 morning, by the hand of an evii spirit lathed 
 
 in a hnmnn body. There were many funer- 
 als among the Indians, and their numbers 
 rapidly decreased : intemperance, and pul- 
 monary and scrofulous diseases, made up a 
 large share of their bills of mortality, and the 
 number of deaths to the births were as one 
 to three. 
 
 A few anecdotes will illustrate the wit and 
 dishonesty of some, and the tragical encoun- 
 ters of others of the Indians. Col. M‘Pher- 
 son, the former sub-agent, kept goods for 
 sale, for which they often got in debt. 
 Some were slow in making payments, and 
 one in particular was so tardy that MTher- 
 son earnestly urged him to pay up. Know- 
 ing that he was in the habit of taking hides 
 from the tanners, the Indian inquired if he 
 would take hides for the debt. Being an- 
 swered in the affirmative, he promised to 
 bring them in about four days. The Indian, 
 knowing that MTherson had at this time a 
 flock of cattle ranging in the forest, Avent in 
 pursuit, shot several, from Avhich he took off 
 the hides, and delivered them punctually ac- 
 cording to promise. 
 
 Love of WjiisJcey . — While we were en- 
 carnped, waiting for the Indians to finish 
 their ceremonies prior to emigration, Ave were 
 much annoyed by an unprincipled band of 
 whites who came to trade, })articularly in the 
 article of whiskey, Avhich they secreted from 
 us in the woods. The Indians all knew of 
 this depot, and Avere continually going, like 
 bees from the hive, day and night, and it 
 was difficult to tell Avhether some who led in 
 the Avorship passed most of the time in that 
 employment or in drinking whiskey. While 
 this .state of things lasted, the officers could 
 do nothing satisfactorily with them, nor Avere 
 they sensible of the consequence of continu- 
 ing in such a course. The government Avas 
 bound by treaty stipulations to maintain 
 them one year only, Avhich Avas i)assing aAvay, 
 and winter Avas fast approaching, Avhen they 
 could not Avell travel, and if they could not 
 arrive until spring, they Avould be unable to 
 raise a crop, and consequently Avould be out 
 of bread. We finally assembled the chiefs 
 and other influential men, and presenting 
 these facts vividly before them, they became 
 alarmed and ])romised to reform. We then 
 authorized them to tomahawk eA’^ery barrel, 
 keg, jug, or bottle of Avhiskey that they could 
 find, under the ])romise to pay for all and 
 protect them from harm in so doing. They 
 all agreed to this, and AA^ent to work that 
 night to accomplish the task. Having lain 
 doAvn at a late hour to sleep, I Avas aAA^akened 
 by one Avho said he had found and brought 
 me a jug of Avdiiskey : I handed him a quar- 
 ter of a dollar, set the Avhiskey doAvn, and 
 fell asleep again. The same felloAV then 
 came, .stole jug and all, and .sold the contents 
 that night to the Indians at a shilling a 
 dram — a pretty good speculation on a half 
 gallon of ‘‘‘‘whiskC ns the Indians call it. 
 I suspected him of the trick, but he 
 
 AA'ould not confess it until I Avas about to 
 
 part Avith them at the end of the journey, 
 
 when lie came to me and related the cir* 
 
AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 299 
 
 ciimstanecs. f?aylng that it was too good a 
 story to keep. ^ 
 
 One of our interpreters, who was part In- 
 dian and had lived with them a long time, 
 related the following tragical occurrence. A 
 company of Shawnees met some time pre- 
 vious to my coming among them, had a 
 drunken frolic and quarrelled. One vicious 
 fellow who had an old grudge against several 
 of the others, and stab^bed two of the com- 
 pany successively until they fell dead, was 
 making for the third, when his arm was ar- 
 rested by a large athletic Indian, who, snatch- 
 ing the knife from him, plunged it into him 
 until he fell. He attempted to rise and got 
 on his knees, when the_ other straddled him, 
 seized him by the hair, lifted up his head 
 with one hand, while with the other he drew 
 his knife across his throat, exclaiming — “lie 
 there, my friend ! I guess you not eat any 
 more hominy.” 
 
 Religions Ceremonies. — After we had ren- 
 dezvoused, preparatory to moving, we were 
 detained several weeks waiting until they had 
 got over their tedious round of religious cere- 
 monies. some ^ of which were public and 
 others kept private from us. One of their 
 first acts was to take away the fencing from 
 the graves of their fathers, level them to the 
 surrounding surface, and cover them so 
 neatly with green sod, that not a trace of the 
 graves could be seen. Subsequently, a few 
 of the chiefs and others visited their friends 
 at a distance, gave and received presents 
 from chiefs of other nations, at their head- 
 quarters. 
 
 Among the ceremonies above alluded to 
 was a dance, in which none participated but 
 the warriors. They threw off all their cloth- 
 ing but their breechclouts, painted their faces 
 and naked bodies in a fantastical manner, 
 covering them with the i)ictures of snakes 
 and disagreeable insects and animals, and 
 
 then, armed with war clubs, commenced 
 dancing, yelling and frightfully distorting 
 their countenances : the scene was truly ter- 
 rific. This was followed by the dance they 
 usually have on returning froin a victorious 
 battle, in which both sexes participated. It 
 was a pleasing contrast to the other, and was 
 performed in the night, in a ring, around a 
 large fire. In this they sang and marched, 
 males and females promiscuously, in single 
 file, around the blaze. The leader of the 
 band commenced singing, while all the rest 
 were silent until he had sung a certain num- 
 ber of words, then the next in the row com- 
 menced with the same, and the leader began 
 with a new set, and so on to the end of their 
 chanting. All were singing at once, but no 
 two the same words. 1 was told that part 
 of the words they used were liallelnjah ! 
 It was pleasing to witness the native modesty 
 and graceful movements of those young fe- 
 males in this dance. 
 
 When their ceremonies were over, they in- 
 formed us they weio now ready to leave. 
 They then mounted their norses, and such as 
 went in wagons seated themselves, and set 
 out with their “high priest” in front, bear- 
 ing on his shoulders ‘ ‘ the ark of the cove- 
 nant,” which consisted of a large gourd and 
 the bones of a deer’s leg tied to its neck. 
 Just previous to starting, the priest gave a 
 blast of his trumpet, then moved slowly and 
 solemnly while the others followed in like 
 manner, until they were ordered to halt in 
 the evening and cook supper. The same 
 course was observed through the whole of the 
 journey. When they arrived near St. Louis, 
 they lost some of their number by cholera. 
 The Shawnees who emigrated numbered 
 about 700 souls, and the Senecas about 350. 
 Among them was also a detachment of Otta- 
 was, who were conducted by Capt. Hollister 
 from the Maumee countiy. 
 
 The principal speaker among the Shawnees at the period of their removal was 
 Wiwelipea. He was an eloquent orator — either grave or gay, hnmorons or severe, 
 as the occasion required. At times his manner was so fascinating, his countenance 
 so full of varied expression, and his voice so musical, that surveyors and other 
 strangers passing through the country listened to him with delight, akhongh the 
 words fell iq)on their ears in an unknown language. He removed out west with 
 his tribe. The chief Catahecassa, or Black Hoof, died at AVapakoneta, shortly 
 ])revions to their removal, at the age of 110 years. The sketches annexed of 
 Black Hoof and Blue Jacket are derived from Drake’s “ Tecumseh.” 
 
 The Chief Black Hoof. — Among the cele- 
 brated chiefs of the Shawanoes, Black Hoof 
 is entitled to a high rank. He was born in Flor- 
 ida, and at the period of the removal of a por- 
 tion of that tribe to Ohio and Pennsylvania was 
 old enough to recollect having bathed in the 
 saltwater. He was present, with others of his 
 tribe, at the defeat of Braddock, near Pitts- 
 burg, in 1755, and was engaged in all the 
 wars in Ohio from that time until the treaty 
 of Greenville, in 1795. Such was the sagacity 
 of Black Hoof in planning his military expe- 
 ^litions, and such the energy with which he 
 
 executed them, that he won the confidence 
 of his whole nation, and was never at a loss 
 for hraves to fight under his banner. He 
 was known far and wide as the great Shawa- 
 noe warrior, whose cunning, sagacity, and 
 experience were only equalled by the fierce 
 and desperate bravery with which he carried 
 into operation his military ])ians. liike the 
 other Shawanoe chiefs, he was the inveterate 
 foe of the white man, and held that no peace 
 should be made nor any negotiation attempt- 
 ed except on the condition that the whkes 
 should repass the mountains, and leave the 
 
300 
 
 AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 great plains of the west to the sole occupancy 
 of the native tribes. 
 
 He was the orator of his tribe during the 
 greater part of his long life, and was an ex- 
 cellent speaker. The venerable Colonel 
 Johnston, of Piqua, to whom we are indebted 
 for much valuable information, describes him 
 as the most graceful Indian he had ever seen, 
 and as possessing the most natural and happy 
 faculty of expressing his ideas. He was well 
 versed in the traditions of his people ; no one 
 understood better their peculiar relations to 
 the whites, whose settlements were gradually 
 encroaching on them, or could detail with 
 more minuteness the wrongs with which his 
 nation was afflicted. But although a stern 
 and uncompromising opposition to the whites 
 had marked his policy through a series of 
 forty years, and nerved his arm in a hundred 
 battles, he became at length convinced of the 
 madness of an ineffectual struggle against a 
 vastly superior and hourly increasing foe. 
 No sooner had he satisfied himself of this 
 truth, than he acted upon it with the decision 
 which formed a prominent trait in his char- 
 acter. 
 
 The temporary success of the Indians in 
 several engagements previous to the campaign 
 of Greneral Wayne, had kept alive their ex- 
 piring hopes ; but their signal defeat by that 
 gallant officer convinced the more reflecting 
 of their leaders of the desperate character of 
 the conflict. Black Hoof was among those 
 who decided upon making terms with the 
 victorious American commander ; and having 
 signed the treaty of 1795, at G-reenville, he 
 continued faithful to his stipulations during 
 the remainder of his life. From that day, he 
 ceased to be the enemy of the white man ; 
 and as he was not one who could act a nega- 
 tive part, he became the firm ally and friend 
 of those against whom his tomahawk had been 
 so long raised in vindictive animosity. He 
 was their friend, not from sympathy or con- 
 viction, but in obedience to a necessity which 
 left no middle course, and under a belief that 
 submission alone could save his tribe from 
 destruction ; and having adopted this policy, 
 his sagacity and sense of honor alike forbade 
 a recurrence either to open war or secret 
 hostility. He was the principal chief of the 
 Shawanoe nation, and possessed all the in- 
 fluence and authority which are usually 
 attached to that office, at the period when 
 Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet com- 
 menced their hostile operations against the 
 United States. 
 
 When Tecumseh and the Prophet em- 
 barked in their scheme for the recovery of 
 the lands as far south as the Ohio river, it 
 became their interest as well as policy to 
 enlist Black Hoof in the enterprise ; and 
 every effort which the genius of the one, and 
 the cunning of the other, could devise, was 
 brought to bear upon him. But Black Hoof 
 continued faithful to the treaty which he had 
 signed at Greenville, in 1795, and by pru- 
 dence and influence kept the greater part of 
 his tribe from joining the standard of Tecum- 
 seh or engaging on the side of the British in 
 
 the late war with England. In that contest 
 he became the ally of the United States, and 
 although he took no active part in it, he 
 exerted a very salutary influence over his 
 tribe. In January, 1813, he visited Gen. 
 Tapper’s camp, at Fort McArthur, and while 
 there, about ten o’clock one night, when 
 sitting by the fire in company with the Gen- 
 eral and several other officers, some one fired 
 a pistol through a hole in the wall of the hut, 
 and shot Black Hoof in the face : the ball 
 entered tbe cheek, glanced against the bone, 
 and finally lodged in his neck : he fell, and 
 for some time was supposed to be dead, but 
 revived, and afterwards recovered from this 
 severe wound. The most prompt and dili- 
 gent inquiry as to the author of this cruel and 
 dastardly act failed to lead to his detection. 
 No doubt was entertained that this attempt 
 at assassination was made by a white man, 
 stimulated perhaps by no better excuse than 
 the memory of some actual or ideal wrong, 
 inflicted on some of his own race by an un- 
 known hand of kindred color with that of his 
 intended victim. 
 
 Black Hoof was opposed to polygamy, and 
 to the practice of burning prisoners. ^ He is 
 reported to have lived forty years with one 
 wife, and to have reared a numerous family 
 of children, who both loved and esteemed 
 him. His disposition was cheerful, and his 
 conversation sprightly and agreeable. In 
 stature he was small, being not more than 
 five feet eight inches in height. ^ He was 
 favored with good health, and unimpaired 
 eyesight to the period of his death. 
 
 Blue Jacket, or Weya.piei'senwah. — In the 
 campaign of General Harmar, in the year 
 1790, Blue Jacket was associated with the 
 Miami chief. Little Turtle, in the command 
 of the Indians. In the battle of the 20th of 
 August, 1794, when the combined army of 
 the Indians was defeated by General W ayne, 
 Blue Jacket had the chief control. The night 
 previous to the battle, while the Indians were 
 posted at Presque Isle, a council was held, 
 composed of chiefs from the Miamis, Potta- 
 watomies, Delawares, Shawanoes, Chippewas, 
 Ottawas _ and Senecas — the seven nations 
 engaged in the action. They decided against 
 the proposition to attack General Wayne that 
 night in his encampment. The expediency 
 of meeting him the next day then eame up 
 for consideration. Little Turtle was opposed 
 to this measure, but being warmly supported 
 by Blue Jacket, it was finally agreed upon. 
 The former was strongly inclined to peace, 
 and decidedly opposed to risking a battle 
 under the circumstances in which the Indians 
 were then placed. “We have beaten the 
 enemy,” said he, “twice, under separate 
 commanders. We cannot expect the same 
 good fortune alwa 3 ^s to attend us. The 
 Americans are now led by a chief who never 
 sleeps. The night and the day are alike to 
 him ; and, during all the time that he has 
 been marching upon our villages, notwith- 
 standing the watchfulness of our j'Oung men, 
 we have never been able to surprise him. 
 Think well of it. There is something whispers 
 
AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 301 
 
 me, it would be prudent to listen to his offers 
 of peace.” The counsels of Blue Jacket, 
 however, prevailed over the better judgment 
 of Little Turtle. The battle was fought and 
 the Indians defeated. 
 
 In the month of October following this 
 defeat. Blue Jacket concurred in the ex- 
 pediency of suing for peace, and at the head 
 of a deputation of chiefs, was about to bear a 
 flag to General Wayne, then at Greenville, 
 when the mission was arrested by foreign in- 
 fluence. Governor Simcoe, Colonel McKee 
 and the Mohawk chief. Captain John Brant, 
 having in charge one hundred and fifty 
 Mohawks and Messasagoes, arrived at the 
 rapids of the Maumee, and invited the chiefs 
 of the combined army to meet them at the 
 mouth of the Detroit river, on the 10th of 
 October. To this Blue Jacket assented, for 
 the purpose of hearing what the British 
 officers had to propose. Governor Simcoe 
 urged the Indians to retain their hostile 
 
 attitude towards the United States, In re- 
 ferring to the encroachments of the people of 
 this country on the Indian lands, he said, 
 “ Children : I am still of the opinion that the 
 Ohio is your right and title. I have given 
 orders to the commandant of Fort Miami to 
 fire on the Americans' whenever they make 
 their appearance again. ^ I will go down to 
 Quebec, and lay your grievances before the 
 great man. From thence they will be for- 
 warded to the king your father. Next spring 
 you will know the result of everything what 
 you and I will do.” He urged the Indians 
 to obtain a cessation of hostilities, until the 
 following spring, when the English would be 
 ready to attack the Americans, and by driving 
 them back across the Ohio, restore their lands 
 to the Indians. These counsels delayed the 
 conclusion of peace until the following sum- 
 mer. Blue Jacket was present at the treaty 
 of Greenville, in 1795, and conducted himself 
 with moderation and dignity. 
 
 The Friends at Wapakoneta. 
 
 Early in this century the Society of Friends established a mission among the 
 Shawnees at Wapakoneta; this was interrupted by the war of 1812. At a very 
 great expense they erected a grist-mill and saw-mill on the Auglaize ; also a resi- 
 dence for Isaac Harvey, the superintendent, and his family. Under his instruc- 
 tion the Indians acquired considerable proficiency in agriculture, the product 
 being corn, pumpkins and beans. They made rapid progress in civilization and 
 the acquisition of property. 
 
 Domestic animals were introduced and the horse was brought into use to relieve 
 the women the labor of ploughing and carrying their burdens. While willing to 
 be educated in agriculture, they were for years averse to having their children 
 taught by the whites. Eventually this overcome, their young people made rapid 
 progress in study. 
 
 I)uring the summer the men left their women to raise the crops and idled their 
 time ; in winter they engaged in hunting, but such was their scrupulous honesty 
 that if one found the animal of another in his trap he removed the game, suspended 
 it near by, and reset it. The missionary Harvey greatly ingratiated himself with 
 the Indians. In the early part of his mission there was living among them 
 a Polly Butler, a half-breed, being the daughter by a Shawnee woman of General 
 Richard Butler, an Indian trader before the American Revolution, and who was 
 second in command at St. Clair’s defeat and among those killed. 
 
 She was accused of bewitching one of the 
 tribe, and at night fled to the house of Har- 
 vey for protection, saying in broken English, 
 “They kill-ee me! they kill-ee me ! ” She 
 brought with her a little child. A small dog 
 which followed Harvey was killed, lest his 
 noise should betray her hiding-place. Tensk- 
 watawa, the Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, 
 was at this time living in the village, and 
 was exorcising a sick man for witchcraft. 
 Harvey, who had visited him, carrying food 
 and nourishment, found him at one time ly- 
 ing on his face, his back bare and his whole 
 body so lacerated that he was in danger of 
 death from loss of blood. The Prophet was 
 resent, and being asked by Harvey why this 
 rutal treatment, he replied that the inci- 
 sions were made to extract the combustible 
 matter which the witch had deposited. The 
 
 good Quaker drove the Prophet out of the 
 house and dressed the sick man’s wounds. 
 
 The Indians came next day to Hawley’s 
 house in search of the fugitive ; she was se- 
 creted between two beds, and they failed to 
 discover her. Later came the chief Wease- 
 cah, or Captain Wolf He was a friend of 
 Harvey. The result of the interview was 
 that Harvey went with Weasecah to the 
 Council House. The Indians were dressed 
 some of them in war paint, while Weasecah 
 made a brief address to them ; but it was of 
 no avail. Then Harvey through the inter- 
 reter told them with great composure that 
 e had come with Weasecah to intercede foi 
 the woman ; but seeing that they had re- 
 solved to follow their own course, he had pre- 
 pared to offer himself in her stead ; that he 
 bad no weapons and was at their mercy ; 
 
302 
 
 AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 they might do with him as they thought oest. 
 At this the noble chief Weasecah took hold 
 of Harvey’s arm and said : “Me Qua-ke-lee 
 friend, ’ ’ He begged the chiefs not to suffer 
 their friend the Quaker to be harmed, but 
 they were still determined not to submit to 
 the proposition. He offered his life instead 
 of his friend’s. 
 
 This heroic attitude of the Quaker, with 
 the loyal and brave act of the noble chief, 
 checked the tide of hostile feeling, and 
 for a minute all were in suspense. Then 
 chief after chief, to the number of six or 
 eight, stepped up to Harvey, each offering 
 his hand, and saying, “Me Qua-ke-lee 
 friend.” Weasecah then argued with them 
 eloquently, and at last the whole council of- 
 fered their hands in friendship, Tenskwatawa, 
 the Prophet, only excepted, who sullenly left 
 the council house in defeat. It was hard for 
 Harvey and Weasecah to prevail on the poor 
 woman to leave her place of concealment. 
 She remained in the Quaker’s house for sev- 
 eral days, and then returned to her people 
 and lived in peace. 
 
 This was the first successful effort to arrest 
 the monstrous practice of destroying life on 
 charges of witchcraft among these Indians. 
 The Indians were only a little later than the 
 whites in these matters. Thousands were 
 put to death in Germany alone, in the cen- 
 tury Columbus discovered America, on 
 charges of witchcraft. 
 
 In 1830 the mission schools came under 
 the charge of Mr. Henry Harvey, and when 
 the Indians were removed to Kansas the 
 Friends’ mission schools were taken with them 
 under his charge and that of his family. 
 
 In 1842 Mr. Harvey returned to the East. 
 When about to leave, the Indians bade them 
 an affectionate farewell. One of their num- 
 ber whose English name was George Wil- 
 liams was appointed to extend the farewell 
 of the whole tribe, and in doing so he spoke 
 as follows: “My brother and sister, I am 
 about to speak for all our young men and for 
 all our women and children, and in their 
 name bid you farewell. They could not all 
 come, and it would be too much trouble for 
 you to have them all here at once, so I have 
 been sent with their message, I was di- 
 rected to tell you that their hearts are full 
 of sorrow, because you are going to leave 
 them and return to your home. Ever 
 since you have lived with us we can all see 
 how the Quakers and our fathers lived in 
 peace. 
 
 “ You have treated our children well, and 
 your doors have always been open to us. 
 When we were in distress you relieved us ; 
 and when our people were hungry you gave 
 them food. For your kindness we love you. 
 Your children and our children lived together 
 in peace, and at school learned together and 
 loved one another. We will always remem- 
 ber you, and teach our children to never for- 
 get your children. And now, my brothers 
 and sisters, I bid you farewell and Caleb and 
 his sisters, and the little boys and their sis- 
 ters farewell ! ” He then took Mr. Harvey 
 by the hand, saying, “ Farewell, my bro- 
 ther,” and then taking the . hand of Mrs. 
 Harvey said: “Farewell, my good sister.” 
 He then bade the children an individual 
 farewell and went away in sadness. 
 
 St. Mary^s, eighty miles northwest of Columbus, lies within the oil and gas belt. 
 In June, 1887, its daily production of gas from six wells Avas 25,000,000 cubic 
 feet. Its daily production of oil is also quite large. St. Mary’s is on the line of 
 the Erie and Miami Canal, and on the L. E. & W. R. H., at the junction of the 
 Minster branch. 
 
 The town is on elevated ground, 398 feet above Lake Erie. A large canal 
 basin is in the place and abundance of Avater-poAver is afforded by the Mercer 
 County Reservoir. The toAvn is supplied Avith light and fuel from natural gas 
 OAvned by the corporation. 
 
 NcAvspapers : Argus Democrat, D. A. Clark, editor ; Sentinel^ Independent, F. J. 
 Walkup, editor. Churches : I Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, I Baptist, 1 German Prot- 
 estant, 1 German Lutheran, I Catholic. Bank of St. Mary’s, F. Dicker, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — R. B. Gordon, flour, etc. ; C. Buehler, job 
 machinery, 14 hands ; L. Bimel & Son, carriages, etc., 90 ; John Ladue, oars 
 and handles, 20 ; St. Mary’s Woolen Manufacturing Company, Avoolen blankets, 
 etc., 141 ; Nietert & Koop, flour, etc . — State Report. 
 
 Population in 1880, 1,745 ; school census in 1886, 761 ; C. F. Wheaton, super- 
 iii?;'udent. 
 
 St. Mary’s AA^as from early times a noted point, being a A'illage of the ShaAvnees. 
 Gen. \Yayne on his campaign camped here and called the place ^^Girty’s toAvn,” 
 from James Girty, a brother of Simon, Avho liA^ed here Avith the Indians and 
 gave his name to the place ; Harmar Avas also here prior to AYayne. In the 
 AA^ar of 1812 there Avas a fort at St. Mary’s, Avhich for a time AA^as the head- 
 quarters of Gen. Harrison. It Avas called Fort Barbee by the regiment of 
 Col. Barbee which built it. Another fort Avas also built by Col. Pogue at the 
 
AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 30 ^ 
 
 Ottawa towns on the Auglaize, twelve miles from St. Mary^s, which he named, 
 from his wife. Fort Amanda. The regiment of Col. Jennings completed the fort, 
 which his troops named Fort Jennings. 
 
 There were four Girty brothers, Thomas, George, James and Simon. James 
 was adopted by the Shawnees; George by the Delawares, and Simon by the 
 Senecas. James was the worst renegade of them all and took delight in inflict- 
 ing the most flendish cruelties upon prisoners, sparing neither women nor chil- 
 dren. Simon was the most conspicuous, being a leader and counsellor among 
 the Indians. It was while at St. Mary’s that General Harrison received his 
 commission of major-general. The old Fort Barbee stood in the southeast 
 corner of the Lutheran cemetery. 
 
 St. Mary’s will long be memorable as the last home and flnal resting-place of 
 that old hero August Willich. On his monument here is this extraordinary 
 record: ^^Born Nov. 19, 1810, in 
 Braunsberg, Prussia; died Jan. 22, 1878, 
 at St. Mary’s, Ohio. Commanding 
 army of the Bevolution in Germany, 
 
 GKN. AUGUST WILLICH. WILLICH’S MONUMENT. 
 
 1849; private 9th Begt. O. V. I.; Colonel 32d Begt. Ind. Vol. Inf.; Brig.- 
 Gen. U. S. Vol., July, 1862 ; Brevet Maj.-Gen. U. S. Vol., Oct. 21, 1865.” 
 
 A friend in St. Mary’s who loved him as a brother thus outlines for these pages 
 the story of his heroic and noble life. 
 
 General August Willich was born in Braunsberg, Prussia, Nov. 19, 1810. 
 When twelve years of age he was ap])ointed a cadet at the military school in 
 Potsdam, and tliree years later he entered the military academy in Berlin, whence 
 in 1828 he was commissioned a lientenant and assigned to the artillery. 
 
 Democratic sentiments were prevalent amongst the officers of this corps and 
 many were transferred to other commands. AVillich, then a captain, ’was sent to 
 Fort Kolberg in 1846; he resigned his commission, which a year later was 
 accepted. Thereafter he became a conspicuous leader of the revolutionary and 
 Avorking classes, assuming the trade and garb of a carpenter.. 
 
 In March, 1848, he commanded the popular assault and capture of the Town 
 Hall in Cologne ; a month later the Bepublic was declared in Baden, and Wil- 
 lich was tendered the command of all the revolutionary forces ; on April 20, 1848, 
 
304 
 
 AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 this force was attacked by an overwhelming force of the government troops, de- 
 feating and scattering them. Willich, with over a thousand of his followers, 
 sought and found refuge in the young and hospitable Republic of France. 
 
 The next year, 1849, Willich again crossed the boundary and besieged the 
 Fortress of Landau, until it was relieved by an army under the Prince of Prussia, 
 now Emperor of Germany. After several other exploits, all revolutionary forces 
 were defeated, and on July 11th the last column under Willich crossed the border 
 to Switzerland.. 
 
 Crossing France on his way to England, Willich was arrested in Lyons by 
 order of the then president, Louis Napoleon, to be surrendered to Prussia, but 
 released in consequence of public demonstrations in his favor. 
 
 In 1853 he came to the United States, and found employment on the coast 
 survey from Hilton Head to South Carolina, under Captain Moffitt, later com- 
 mander of the rebel cruiser Florida.’^ In 1858 he was called to Cincinnati 
 to assume the editorial chair of the German Republican, the organ of the work- 
 ingmen. 
 
 On the breaking out of the war he joined the 9th Regt. O. V. I., and as private, 
 adjutant and major organized and drilled it. After the battle of Rich Mountain 
 he was commissioned a colonel by Governor Morton of Indiana, and organized 
 the 32d Regt. Ind. V. I., with which he entered the field and participated in 
 the battle at Mumfordsville, Ky., Dec. 16, 1861. A few days later occurred the 
 brilliant fight of the regiment with the Texas Rangers at Green river, under Col. 
 Terry, who was killed, and totally routed. 
 
 General Williclfs history thereafter is part of the history of the Army of the 
 Cumberland. His memorable exploit at Shiloh was followed by a commission 
 as brigadier-general. At Stone River, by the unfortunate' fall of his horse, he 
 was taken prisoner. At the battle of Chickamauga he held the right of Thomas’ 
 line, and with his brigade covered the rear of our forces on its retreat to Ross- 
 ville. At Missionary Ridge his brigade was among the first to storm the rebel 
 \vorks, resulting in the rout of the enemy. His career in the Atlanta campaign 
 was cut short by a serious wound in the shoulder, received at Resaca, Ga. 
 
 He was then placed in command of the post at Cincinnati until March, 1865, 
 when he assumed command of his brigade and accompanied it to Texas, until its 
 return and his muster-out as brevet major-general. 
 
 In 1867 he was elected auditor of Hamilton county ; after the expiration of his 
 term in 1869 he revisited Germany, and again took up the studies of his' youth, 
 philosophy, at the University of Berlin. His request to enter the army in the 
 French-German war ®f 1870 was not granted, and he returned to his adopted 
 country, making his home in St. Mary’s, Ohio, with his old friend. Major Charles 
 Hipp, and many other pleasant and congenial friends. 
 
 In those few years he was a prominent figure in all social circles, hailed by 
 every child in town, and died Jan. 23, 1878, from paralysis of the heart, fol- 
 lowed to his grave in the beautiful Elmwood Cemetery by three companies of 
 State militia, delegations from the 9th Ohio and 32d Ind. Vols., the children 
 of the schools, and a vast concourse of sorrowing friends. 
 
 In his ^^Ohio in the War” Whitelaw Reid gives Willich extraordinary com- 
 mendation. He says : 
 
 In the opening of Rosecrans’ campaign 
 against Bragg in 1863 General Willich took 
 Liberty Gap with his brigade, supported by 
 two regiments from another command. Bose- 
 crans characterizes this as the finest fighting 
 
 His services at Chickamauga under the direction of Thomas were gallant in the 
 extreme. He was finally left to cover the retreat and maintained his position until 
 the whole army arrived safely at Chattanooga. But it was at the battle of Mission 
 
 he witnessed in the war. The manoeuvring 
 of the brigade was by bugle signals, and the 
 precision of the movements was equal to a 
 parade. 
 
AUGLAIZE COUNTY, 
 
 305 
 
 Ridge especially that his military career was crowned with one of the grandest 
 feats of the war. Says Reid : 
 
 In the action on the third day, when Sher- 
 man had made his unsuccessful charges and 
 Grant gave his well-known order for the 
 centre to take the enemy’s works at the foot 
 of the Ridge and stay there, Willich’s and 
 Hazen’s brigades were in the front with 
 Sheridan’s and other divisions in echelon to 
 the rear. The whole line moved in double- 
 quick through woods and fields and carried 
 the works — Willich’s brigade going up under 
 the concentrated fire of batteries at a point 
 where two roads met. 
 
 At this point General Willich said that he 
 
 saw to obey General Grant’s order and re- 
 main in the works at the foot of the Ridge 
 would be the destruction of the centre. To 
 fall back would have been the loss of the bat- 
 tle with the sacrifice of Sherman. In this 
 emergency, with no time for consultation with 
 the division general, or any other commander, 
 he sent three of his aides to different regi- 
 ments and rode himself to the Eighth Kansas 
 and gave the order to storm the top of the 
 Ridge. How brilliantly the order was exe- 
 cuted the whole world knows. 
 
 New Bremen, formerly called Bremen, seventy-eight miles northwest of 
 Columbus, on the L. E. & W. R. R. It was first settled in 1832 by a company 
 organized at Cincinnati for the purpose of locating a town to be colonized by 
 Germans. A committee, consisting of F. H. Schroeder and A. F. Windeler, 
 viewed the country north of Cincinnati and selected the present site. The com- 
 pany consisted of thirty-three members, among whom were Christian Carman, J. 
 B. Mesloh, F. Steiner, F. Neiter and Philip Reis. They purchased ten acres of 
 land from the government at one dollar per acre. The land was surveyed by R. 
 Grant into 102 lots, each 66 by 300 feet. Each member Avas entitled to one lot, 
 the remainder being offered for sale at $25 each. The plot AA^as recorded in 
 Mercer county June 11, 1833, immediately after Avhich Windeler returned to Cin- 
 cinnati, while Schroeder remained for the purpose of erecting a hut for the recep- 
 tion of the six members Avho came with Windeler from Cincinnati, a journey 
 occupying fourteen days. The first hut Avas built of logs tAvelve by fourteen feet 
 in dimension, and required to raise it the assistance of all the settlers Avithin a radius 
 of six miles. The latest survivors of the first colony Avere Dickman and Mohr- 
 man, Avho died several years since. 
 
 In those days the nearest supply station Avas tAventy-three miles, and an instance 
 is recorded of one Mr. Graver, making on foot a trip to Piqua, returning the same 
 day carrying on his shoulder a No. 7 ploAV which he had procured there. 
 
 The first families Avere all Protestants ; their first minister. Rev. L. H. Meyer. 
 A building was erected (1833) at a cost of $40, Avhich answere'd the purpose of 
 both school and church. In 1835 Mr. Charles Boesel settled here; he Avas the 
 pioneer business man of New Bremen, Avho established its first bank. He died 
 April 17, 1885, aged 71 years, leaving many permanent monuments to mark the 
 events of a progressive, generous and useful life. He Avas one of the most promi- 
 nent Germans of Northern Ohio, occupying many high official positions of trust 
 and responsibility. In 1835 many of the settlers Avent to Indiana and Avorked on 
 the Wabash canal, Avhilethe Avomen managed the home farms. During the same 
 year a post-office AA^as established and the name changed to NeAV Bremen. 
 
 The Miami canal being under construction in 1838 enhanced the industry and 
 growth of the town, the completion of Avhich formed the first shipping outlet ; and 
 in 1840 a Avarehouse (Mr. WiemeyePs) and water mill AA^ere established. 
 
 In 1 849 the town was scourged by cholera and 1 50 died out of a population of 
 700. Since then it has grown Avith steady prosperity and now has : 
 
 NeAvspapers : Sun, C. M. Smith, editor and publisher ; Star of Western Ohio, 
 Democrat, Theodore Purpos, editor. Churches : 3 Lutheran and 1 Catholic. 
 Bank: Boesel Bros & Co., Jacob Boesel, president; Julius Boesel, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — W. Rabe, sash, doors, blinds, etc., 12 hands; 
 Knast & Heinepeld, carriages, etc. ; Bakhaus & Kuenzel, flour and feed ; Bakhaus 
 & Kuenzel, woollen blankets, etc., 18 ; New Bremen Machine Co., drain tile 
 
o6 
 
 AUGLAIZE COUNTY. 
 
 machines, 14 ; also New Bremen Oil & Gas Co., pork packing, etc. — Etate Report 
 1886. 
 
 Population in 1880, 1,160. School census in 1886, 848 ; Chas. W. Williamson, 
 superintendent. 
 
 Minster, seventy-five miles west of Columbus, on a branch of the L. E. & W. 
 R. R., is surrounded by a fine farming district. Churches : 1 Catholic. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees . — The Metropolitan Mills, flour and feed, 1 1 hands ; 
 Minster Woollen Mills, woollen blankets, etc., 26 ; F. Herkhoff & Bro., staves 
 and cooperage, 40 ; Fred. Weimann, sawing lumber, 7 ; Steinman Bros., lager 
 beer ; also 2 boot and shoe factories . — State Report 1886. 
 
 Population in 1880, 1,123. School census in 1886, 603. 
 
 It was founded in 1833 like New Bremen by a stock association of Cincinnati 
 Germans; they were Catholics. It was laid out by Francis Joseph Stallo of 
 Mercer county as their agent, who named it Stallostown ; the place stid preserves 
 its German nationality, and has one of the largest breweries in this region, founded 
 by Frank Lang in 1870. The Catholic church is one of the finest in the State, 
 and that religion prevails exclusively. 
 
 BELMONT. 
 
 Belmont County was established September 7, 1801, by proclamation of Gov. 
 St. Clair, being the ninth county formed in the Northwestern Territory. 
 
 The name is derived from two French words signifying a fine mountain. It 
 is a very hilly, picturesque tract and contains much excellent land. Area 500 
 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 112,269; pasture, 136,301; 
 woodland, 81,396 ; lying waste, 8,684; produced in wheat, 83,141 bushels; corn, 
 1,095,664; tobacco, 1,425,866 pounds; butter, 743,059 ; apples, 323,137 bushels; 
 wool, 725,463 pounds; grapes, 229,360; cattle, 22,730; sheep, 158,121; coal, 
 573,779 tons. School census 1886, 18,236; teachers, 275. It has 113 miles of 
 railroad. 
 
 Tg'Wnships and Census. 1840. 
 Colerain, 1,389 
 
 Flushing, 1,683 
 
 Goshen, 1,882 
 
 Kii’kwood, 2,280 
 
 Mead, 1,496 
 
 Pease, 2,449 
 
 Pultney, 1,747 
 
 Richland, 3,735 
 
 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 
 1,499 Smith, 1,956 
 
 1,705 Somerset, 1,932 
 
 2,208 Union, . 2,127 
 
 2,028 Warren, 2,410 
 
 1,970 Washington, . 1,388 
 
 8,819 Wayne, 1,734 
 
 10,492 Wheeling, 1,389 
 
 4,361 York, 129 
 
 1880. 
 
 1,977 
 
 2,241 
 
 1,686 
 
 4,531 
 
 1,633 
 
 1,719 
 
 1,349 
 
 1,420 
 
 Population in 1820 was 20,329 ; in 1840, 30,902 ; in 1860, 36,398 ; in 1880, 
 49,638, of whom 38,233 were Ohio-born. 
 
 Belmont county was one of the earliest settled Avithin the State of Ohio, and the 
 scene of several desperate encounters with the Indians. About 1 7 90, or perhaps 
 two or three years later, a fort called Billie’s fort was erected on the west side of 
 the Ohio, opposite Grave creek. 
 
 About 250 yards below this fort an old /nan tiamed Tate Avas shot doAvn by the 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 307 
 
 Indians very early in the morning as he was opening his door. Hir daughter-in- 
 law and grandson pulled him in and barred tlie door. The Indians, endeavoring 
 to force it open, were kept out for some time by the exertions of the boy and 
 woman. They at length fired through and wounded the boy. The w^oman was 
 shot from the outside as she endeavored to escape up chimney, and fell into the 
 fire. The boy, who had hid behind some barrels, ran and pulled her out, and 
 returned again to his hiding-place. The Indians now effected an entrance, killed 
 a girl as they came in, and scalped the three they had shot. They then went out 
 behind that side of the house from the fort. The boy, who had been wounded in 
 the mouth, embraced the opportunity and escaped to the fort. The Indians, twelve 
 or thirteen in number, went off unmolested, although the men in the fort had 
 witnessed the transaction and had sufficient force to engage with them. 
 
 Captina creek is a considerable stream entering the Ohio, near the southeast 
 angle of Belmont. On its banks at an early day a sanguinary contest took place 
 known as the battle of Captina.’^ Its incidents have often and variously been 
 given. We here relate them as they fell from the lips of Martin Baker, of 
 Monroe, who was at that time a lad of about twelve years of age in Baker’s fort : 
 
 The Battle of Captina. — One mile below 
 the mouth of Captina, on the Virginia shore, 
 was Baker’s fort, so named from my father. 
 One morning in May, 1794, four men were 
 sent over according to the custom, to the Ohio 
 side to reconnoitre. They were Adam Miller, 
 John Daniels, Isaac M’Cowan, and John 
 Shoptaw. Miller and Daniels took up stream, 
 the other two down. ^ The upper scout were 
 soon attacked by Indians, and Miller killed ; 
 Daniels ran up Captina about three miles, 
 but being weak from the loss of blood issuing 
 from a wound in his arm was taken prisoner, 
 carried into captivity, and subsequently re- 
 leased at the treaty of Greenville. The lower 
 scout having discovered signs of the enemy, 
 Shoptaw swam across the Ohio and escaped, 
 but M’ Go wan going up towards the canoe, 
 was shot by Indians in ambush. Upon this 
 he ran down to the bank and sprang into the 
 water, pursued by the enemy, who overtook 
 and scalped him. The firing being heard at 
 the fort, they beat up for volunteers. There 
 were about fifty men in the fort. There 
 being much reluctance among them to volun- 
 teer, my sister exclaimed, '"''She wouldn't he 
 a coward." This aroused the pride of my 
 brother, John Baker, who before had deter- 
 mined not to go. He joined the others, four- 
 teen in number, including Capt. Abram 
 Enochs. They soon crossed the^ river, and 
 went up Captina in single file, a distance of a 
 mile and a half, following the Indian trail. 
 The eneniy had come back on their trails, 
 and were in ambush on the hill-side awaiting 
 their approach. When sufficiently near they 
 fired upon qur people, but being on an ele- 
 vated position, their balls passed harmless 
 over them. The whites then treed. Some 
 of the Indians came behind, and shot Capt. 
 Enochs and Mr. Hoffman. Our people soon 
 retreated, and the Indians pursued but a short 
 
 distance. On their retreat my brother was 
 shot in the hip. Determined to sell his life 
 as dearly as possible, he drew off one side and 
 secreted himself in a hollow with a rock at 
 his back, offering no chance for the enemy to 
 approach but in front Shortly after two 
 guns were heard in quick succession ; doubt- 
 less one of them was fired by my brother, and 
 from the signs afterwards, it was supposed 
 he had killed an Indian. The next day the 
 men turned out and visited the spot. Enochs, 
 Hoffman, and John Baker were found dead 
 and scalped. Enoch’s bowels were torn out, 
 his eyes and those of Hoffman screwed out 
 with a wiping-stick. The dead were wrapped 
 in white hickory bark, and brought over to 
 the Virginia shore, and buried in their bark 
 coffins. There were about thirty Indians en- 
 gaged in this action, and seven skeletons of 
 their slain were found long after secreted in 
 the crevices of rocks. 
 
 M’ Donald, in his biographical sketch of 
 Governor M’Arthur, who was in the action, 
 saj^s that after the death of Capt. Enochs, 
 jM’ A rthur, although the youngest man in the 
 company, was unanimously called upon to 
 direct the retreat. The wounded who were 
 able to walk were placed in front, while 
 M’Arthur with his Spartan band covered the 
 retreat. The moment an Indian showed him- 
 self in pursuit he was fired upon, and gener- 
 ally, it is believed, with effect. The Indians 
 were so severely handled that they gave up 
 the pursuit. The Indians were commanded 
 by the Shawnee chief, Charley Wilkey. He 
 told the author (M’Donald) of this narrative 
 that the battle of Captina was the most severe 
 conflict he ever witnessed ; that although he 
 had the advantage of the ground and the first 
 fire, he lost the most of his men, half of them 
 having been either killed or wounded. 
 
 The* celebrated Indian hunter^ I./ewis Wetzel, was often through this region. 
 Belmont has been the scene of at least two of tlie daring adventures of this far- 
 fiuiicd borderer, which we here relate. The scene of tlie first was on Dunkard 
 
3o8 
 
 BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 creek, and that of the second on the site of the National road, two and one-half 
 miles east of St. Clairsville, on the farm of Jno. B. Meehan, in whose family the 
 place has been in the possession of since 1810 : 
 
 Fight at Dunhard' s Creek . — While hunt- 
 ing, Wetzel fell in with a young hunter who 
 lived on Dunkard’s creek, and was persuaded 
 to accompany him to his home. On their 
 arrival they found the house in ruins and all 
 the fimily murdered, except a young woman 
 who had been bred with them, and to whom 
 the young man was ardently attached. ^ She 
 was taken alive, as was found by examining 
 the trail of the enemy, who were three In- 
 dians and a white renegade. Burning with 
 
 Johr Ferren, Photo., St. Clairsville, 1888. 
 The Lewis Wetzel Spring. 
 
 revenge, they followed the trail until opposite 
 the mouth of Captina, where the enemy had 
 crossed. They swam the stream, and discov- 
 ered the Indians’ camp, around the fires of 
 which lay the enemy in careless repose. The 
 young woman, was apparently unhurt, but was 
 making much moaning and lamentation. The 
 young man,_ hardly able to restrain his rage, 
 was for firing and rushing instantly upon 
 them. Wetzel, more cautious, told him to 
 wait until daylight, when there was a better 
 chance of success in killing the whole party. 
 At dawn the Indians prepared to depart. 
 The young man selecting the white renegado 
 and Wetzel the Indian, they both fired simul- 
 taneously with fatal efect. The young man 
 rushed forward, knife in hand, to relieve the 
 mistress of his affections, while Wetzel re- 
 loaded and pursued the two surviving Indians, 
 who had taken to the woods, until they could 
 
 ascertain the number of their enemies. Wet- 
 zel, as soon as he was discovered, discharged 
 his rifle at random, in order to draw them . 
 from their covert. The ruse took effect, and, 
 taking to his heels, he loaded as he ran, and 
 suddenly wheeling about, discharged his rifle 
 through the body of his nearest and unsus- 
 pecting enemy. The remaining Indian seeing 
 the fate of his companion, and that his enemy’s 
 rifle was unloaded, rushed forward with all 
 energy, the prospect of prompt revenge being 
 fairly before him. Wetzel led him on, dodg- 
 ing from tree to tree, until his rifle was again 
 ready, when suddenly turning he fired, and 
 his remaining enemy fell dead at his feet. 
 After taking their scalps, Wetzel and his 
 friend, with their rescued captive, returned 
 in safety to the settlement. 
 
 Fight at the Indian Springs . — A short 
 time after Crawford’s defeat in 1782, Wetzel 
 accompanied Thomas Mills, a soldier in that 
 action, to obtain his horse, which he had left 
 near the site of St. Clairsville. They were 
 met by a party of about forty Indians at the 
 Indian springs, two miles from St. Clairsville, 
 on the road to Wheeling. Both parties dis- 
 covered each other at the same moment, when 
 Lewis instantly fired and killed an Indian, 
 while the Indians wounded his companion in 
 the heel, overtook and killed him. Four 
 Indians pursued Wetzel. About half a mile 
 beyond, one of the Indians having got in the 
 pursuit within a few steps, Wetzel wheeled 
 and shot him, and then continued the retreat. 
 In less than a mile farther a second one came 
 so close to him that, as he turned to fire, he 
 caught the muzzle of his gun, when, after a 
 severe struggle, Wetzel brought it to his 
 chest, and, discharging it, his opponent fell 
 dead. Wetzel still continued on his course, 
 pursued by the two Indians. All three were 
 pretty well fatigued, and often stopped and 
 treed. After going something more than a 
 mile Wetzel took advantage of an open 
 ground, over which the Indians were passing, 
 stopped suddenly to shoot the foremost, who 
 thereupon sprang behind a small sapling. 
 Wetzel fired and wounded him mortally. 
 The remaining Indian then gave a little yell, 
 exclaiming, “ No catch that man ; gun always 
 loaded.” After the peace of 1795 Wetzel 
 pushed for the frontier, on the Mississippi, 
 where he could trap the beaver, hunt the 
 buffalo and deer, and occasionally shoot an 
 Indian, the object of his mortal hatred. He 
 finally died, as he had lived, a free man of 
 the forest. 
 
 St. Clairsville in 1846. — St. Clairsville, the county-seat, is situated on an 
 elevated and romantic site, in a rich agricultural region, on the line of the National 
 road, 11 miles west of Wheeling and 116 east of Columbus, It contains six 
 places for public worship: 2 Friends, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 
 and 1 Union ; one female seminary, twelve mercantile stores, two or three news- 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 309 
 
 paper-offices, H. Anderson\s map-engraving and publishing establishment, and, in 
 1840, had 829 inhabitants. Cuming’s tour, published in 1810, states that this 
 town ^Cvas laid out in the woods by David Newell in 1801, On the south side 
 of Newell’s plat is an additional part laid out by William Matthews, which was 
 incorporated with Newell’s plat on the 23d of January, 1807, by the name of St. 
 Clairsville.” By the act of incorporation the following officers were appointed 
 Until the first stated meeting of the inhabitants should be held for an election, viz., 
 John Patterson, President; Sterling Johnston, Recorder; Samuel Sullivan, Marshal ; 
 Groves Wm. Brown, John Brown, and Josiah Dillon, Trustees; AVilliam Congli- 
 ton. Collector; James Colwell, Treasurer, and Robert Griffith, Town Marshal. 
 The view given was taken from an elevation west of the town, near the National 
 road and Neiswanger’s old tavern, shown on the extreme right. The building in 
 the distance, on the left, shaded by poplars, is the Friends’ meeting-house; in the 
 centre is shown the spire of the court-house, and on the right the tower of the 
 Presbyterian church. — Old Edition. 
 
 St. Clairsville, the county-seat, is on the St. Clairsville road, a short line 
 connecting on the north with the C. L. & W. R. R., and on the south with the 
 B. & O. R. R. County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, Isaac H. Gaston; Clerk 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 St. Clairsville. 
 
 of Court, William B. Cash; Sheriff, Oliver E. Foulke; Prosecuting Attorney, 
 Jesse W. Hollingsworth ; Auditor, Rodney R. Barrett; Treasurer, George Robin- 
 son ; Recorder, John M. Beckett ; Surveyor, Chalkley Dawson ; Coroner, Andrew 
 M. F. Boyd ; Commissioners, William J. Berry, John C. Israel, Morris Cope. 
 Newspapers : Belmont Chronicle, Republican, W. A. Hunt, editor ; St Clairsville 
 Gazette, Democratic, Isaac M. Riley, editor. Bank : First National Bank, David 
 Brown, president, J. R. Mitchell, cashier. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 
 Presbyterian, and 1 United Presbyterian. Population in 1880, 1,128. School 
 census 1886, 407 ; L. H. Watters, superintendent. 
 
 The village has increased but little in the last forty years. Recently a magnifi- 
 cent court-house has been erected, at an expense of about $200,000. In the 
 spring of 1887 St. Clairsville was visited by the most severe tornado known in 
 Eastern .Ohio, which did much damage. Although always small in population, 
 the town has long been regarded, from the eminent characters who have dwelt in 
 the place, as an intellectual centre. 
 
 St. Clairsville derives its name from the unfortunate but meritorious Arthur 
 St. Clair. He was born in Scotland, in 1734, and after receiving a classical edu- 
 cation in one of the most celebrated universities of his native country, studied 
 
310 
 
 BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 medicine ; but having a taste for military pursuits, he sought and obtained a 
 subaltern’s appointment, and was with Wolfe in the storming of Quebec. 
 
 After the peace of 1763 he was assigned 
 the command of Fort Ligonier, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and received there a grant of 1,000 
 acres. Prior to the Revolutionary war he 
 held several civil offices. His military skill 
 and experience, intelligence and integrity were 
 such that, when the revolutionary war coin- 
 menced, he was appointed Colonel of Conti- 
 nentals. In August, 1776, he was promoted 
 to the rank of Brigadier, and bore an active 
 part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. 
 
 He was subsequently created a Major-Gen- 
 eral, and ordered to repair to Ticonderoga, 
 where he commanded the garrison and, on- 
 the approach of Burgoyne’s army, abandoned 
 it. Charges of cowardice, incapacity and 
 treachery were brought against him in conse- 
 quence. He was tried by a court-martial, 
 who, with all the facts before them, acquitted 
 him, accompanying their report with the 
 declaration, that “Major-General St. Clair is 
 acquitted, with the highest honor, of the 
 charges against him. ’ ’ Congress subsequently, 
 with an unanimous voice, confirmed this sen- 
 tence. The facts were, that the works were 
 
 incomplete and incapable of being defended 
 against the whole British army, and although 
 St. Clair might have gained great applause by 
 a brave attempt at defence, yet it would have 
 resulted in the death of many of his men and 
 probably the capture of the remainder ; a loss 
 which, it was afterwards believed in camp, 
 and perhaps foreseen by St. Clair, would have 
 re vented the taking of Burgoyne’s army, 
 n daring to do an unpopular act, for the 
 public good, St. Clair exhibited a high degree 
 of moral courage, and deserves more honor 
 than he who wins a battle. 
 
 St. Clair served, with reputation, until the 
 close of the war. In 1785, while residing on 
 his farm, at Ligonier, he was appointed a 
 delegate to the Continental Congress, and was 
 soon after chosen president of that august 
 body. After the passage of the ordinance 
 for the government of the Northwestern Ter- 
 ritory he was made governor, and continued 
 in the office until within a few weeks of the 
 termination of the territorial form of govern- 
 ment, in the winter of 1802-3, when he was 
 removed by President Jefferson. 
 
 The remainder of the sketch of Gov. St. Clair we give in extracts from the 
 Notes of Judge Burnet, who was personally acquainted with him. Beside being 
 clearly and beautifully written, it contains important facts in the legislative history 
 of Ohio, 
 
 During the continuance of the first grade 
 of that imperfect government, he enjoyed the 
 respect and confidence of every class of the 
 people. He was plain and simple in his dress 
 and equipage, open and frank in his manners, 
 and accessible to persons of every rank. In 
 these respects he exhibited a striking con- 
 trast with the secretary. Col. Sargent ; and 
 that contrast, in some measure, increased his 
 popularity, which he retained unimpaired till 
 after the commencement of the first session 
 of the legislature. During that session he 
 manifested a strong desire to enlarge his own 
 powers, and restrict those of the assembly; 
 which was the more noticed, as he had op- 
 posed the usurpations of the legislative coun- 
 cil, composed of himself, or in his absence, 
 the secretary, and the Judges of the General 
 Court ; and had taken an early opportunity 
 of submitting his views on that subject to the 
 
 general assembly 
 
 The effect of the construction he gave, of 
 his own powers, may be seen in the fact that 
 of the tJhirfi/ hills passed by the two houses 
 during the first session, and sent to him for 
 his approval, he refused his assent to eleven ; 
 some of which were supposed to be of much 
 importance, and all of them calculated, more 
 or less, to advance the public interest. Some 
 of them he rejected because they related to 
 the establishment of new counties ; others, 
 because he thought they were unnecessary oi 
 inexpedient. Thus more than a third of the 
 fruits of the labor of that eWire session was 
 
 lost, by the exercise of the arbitrary discretion 
 of one man. . . . 
 
 This, and some other occurrences of a sim- 
 ilar character which were manifest deviations 
 from his usual course not easily accounted for, 
 multiplied his opponents very rapidly, and 
 rendered it more difficult for his friends to 
 defend and sustain him. They also created 
 a state of bad feeling between the legislative 
 and executive branches, and eventually termi- 
 nated in his removal from office, before the 
 expiration of the territorial government. 
 
 The governor was unquestionably a man of 
 superior talents, of extensive information and 
 of great uprightness of purpose, as well as 
 suavity of manners. His general course, 
 though in the main correct, was in some re- 
 spects injurious to his own popularity ; but it 
 was the result of an honest exercise of his 
 judgment. He not only believed that the 
 power he claimed belonged legitimately to the 
 executive, but was convinced that the manner 
 in which he exercised it was imposed on him 
 as a duty by the ordinance, and was calcu- 
 lated to advance the best interests of the Ter- 
 ritor3^ . . . 
 
 Soon after the governor was removed from 
 office he returned to the Ligonier valley, 
 l)oor and destitute of the means of subsist- 
 ence, and unfortunately too much disabled by 
 age and infirmity to embark in any'kind of 
 active business. During his administration 
 of the territorial government he was induced 
 to make himseif personally liable for the 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 purchase of a number of pack-horses and 
 other articles necessary to fit out an expedi- 
 tion against tlie Indians, to an amount of 
 some two or three thousand dollars, which 
 he was afterwards compelled to pay. Having 
 no use for the money at the time, he did not 
 present his claim to the government. After 
 he was removed from office, he looked to that 
 fund as his dependence for future subsist- 
 ence, and, under a full expectation of receiv- 
 ing it, he repaired to Washington City, and 
 presented his account to the proper officer 
 of the treasury. To his utter surprise and 
 disappointment it was rejected, on the morti- 
 fying ground that, admitting it to have been 
 originally correct, it was barred by the statute ; 
 and that the time which had elapsed afforded 
 the highest presumption that it had been set- 
 tled, although no voucher or memorandum 
 to that effect could be found in the depart- 
 ment. To counteract the alleged presump- 
 tion of payment, the original vouchers, show- 
 ing the purchase, the purpose to which the 
 property was applied, and the payment of 
 the money, were exhibited. It was, however, 
 still insisted that, as the transaction was an 
 old one, and had taken place before the burn- 
 ing of the war office in Philadelphia, the 
 lapse of time furnished satisfactory evidence 
 that the claim must have been settled, and 
 the vouchers destroyed in that conflagration. 
 The pride of the old veteran was deeply 
 wounded by the ground on which his claim 
 was refused, and he was induced from that 
 consideration, as well as by the pressure of 
 poverty and want, to persevere in his efforts 
 to maintain the justice and equity of his 
 demand, still hoping that presumption would 
 give way to truth. For the purpose of get- 
 ting rid of his solicitations Congress passed 
 an act, purporting to be an act for his relief, 
 but which merely removed the technical ob- 
 
 jection, founded on lapse of time, by author- 
 izing a settlement of his demands, regardless 
 of the limitation. This step seemed neces- 
 sary, to preserve their own character ; but it 
 left the worn out veteran still at the mercy of 
 the accounting officers of the department, 
 from whom he bad nothing to expect but 
 disappointment. During the same session a 
 bill was introduced into the House of Kepre- 
 sehtatives, granting him an annuity, which 
 was rejected, on the third reading, by a vote 
 of 48 to 50. 
 
 After spending the principal part of two 
 sessions in useless efforts, subsisting during 
 the time on the bounty of his friends, he 
 abandoned the pursuit in despair and re- 
 turned to the Ligonier valley, where he lived 
 several years in the most abiect poverty, in 
 the family of a widowed daughter, as destitute 
 as himself At length Pennsylvania, his 
 adopted State, from considerations of per- 
 sonal respect and gratitude for past services, 
 as well as from a laudable feeling of State 
 pride, settled on him an annuity of $300, 
 which was soon after raised to $650. That 
 act of beneficence gave to the gallant old 
 soldier a comfortable subsistence for the little 
 remnant of his days which then remained. 
 The honor resulting to the State from that 
 step was very much enhanced by the fact that 
 the individual on whom their bounty was be- 
 stowed was a foreigner, and was known to be 
 a warm opponent, in politics, to the great 
 majority of the legislature and their constitu- 
 ents. 
 
 He lived, however, but a short time to 
 enjoy the bounty. On the 31st of August, 
 1818, that venerable officer of the Revolution, 
 after a long, brilliant and useful life, died of 
 an injury occasioned by the running away of 
 his horse, near Greensburgh, in the eighty- 
 fourth year of his age. 
 
 Charles Hammond, long an honored member of the county bar, was born in 
 Maryland, and came to Belmont county in 1801 and was appointed prosecuting 
 attorney for the Northwest Territory. During the war of 1^2 he published the 
 Federalist, at St. Clairs vi lie. In 1824 he removed to Cincinnati and attained a 
 high position as editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, He was the author of the 
 political essays signed ^^Hampden,^^ published in the National Intelligencer in 
 1820, upon the Federal Constitution, which were highly complimented by Jef- 
 ferson. He died in Cincinnati, in 1840, where he was regarded as the ablest man 
 that had wielded the editorial pen known to the history of Ohio. 
 
 “I know of nowritep” writes Mansfield, 
 “who could express an idea so clearly and so 
 briefly. He wrote the pure old English — the 
 vernacular tongue, unmixed with French or 
 Latin phrases or idioms, and unperverted with 
 any scholastic logic. His language was like 
 himself — plain, sensible and unaffected. His 
 force, however, lay not so much in this as in 
 his truth, honesty and courage, those moral 
 qualities which made him distinguished at 
 
 that day and would distinguish him now. 
 His opposition to slavery and its influence 
 on the government was firm, consistent and 
 powerful. Probably no public writer did 
 more than he to form a just and reasonable 
 anti-slavery sentiment. In fine, as a writer 
 of great ability, and a man of large acquire- 
 ments and singular integrity, Hammond was 
 scarcely equalled by any man of his time. 
 
 St. Clairsville is identified with the history of Benjamin Lundy, who has been 
 called the Father of Abolitionism,^’ for he first set in motion those moral forces 
 
312 
 
 BELMONT COUNTS, 
 
 which eventually resulted in the overthrow of American slavery. He was of 
 Quaker parents, and was born on a farm in Hardwick, Sussex county, N. J., 
 January 4, 1789. When nineteen years old, working as an apprentice to a sad- 
 dler in Wlieeling, his attention was first directed to the horrors of slavery by the 
 constant sight of gangs of slaves driven in chains through the streets on their way 
 to the South, for Wheeling was the great thoroughfare from Virginia for transport- 
 ing slaves to the cotton plantations. He entered at this time in his diary : I 
 heard the wail of the captive ; I felt his pang of distress, and the iron entered my 
 soul.’’ 
 
 Lundy married, settled in St. Clairsville, 
 working at his trade, and soon began his life- 
 work, the abolition of slavery, finally learning 
 in later years the printer’s trade to better 
 effect his purpose. 
 
 He formed an anti-slavery society here 
 in 1815 when twenty-six years old, called 
 ‘'the Union Humane Society,” which grew 
 
 Benjamin Lundy. 
 
 from six to near five hundred members, and 
 wrote an appeal to philanthropists through- 
 out the Union to organize similar co-operat- 
 ing societies. He had written numerous 
 articles for The Philanthropist, a small paper 
 edited at Mt. Pleasant, in Jeferson county, 
 by Charles Osborne, a Friend, and then sold 
 his saddlery stock and business at a ruinous 
 sacrifice to join Osborne and increase the 
 efficiency of his paper. 
 
 In 1819 he removed to St. Louis where 
 the Missouri question — the admission of Mis- 
 souri into the Union with or without slavery 
 — was attracting universal attention, and de- 
 voted himself to an exposition of the evils of 
 slavery in the newspapers of that State and 
 Illinois. In 1822 he walked back all the way 
 to Ohio to find that Osborne had sold out his 
 paper, when he started another, a monthly, 
 with six subscribers, which he had printed at 
 Steubenville and called the Genius of Univer- 
 sal Emancipation. This was soon removed 
 to Jonesboro, East Tennessee, and in 1824 t^ 
 
 Baltimore, to which place he walked and 
 held on his way, in the States of South and 
 North Carolina and Virginia, anti-slavery 
 meetings among Quakers and formed aboli- 
 tion societies among them. 
 
 In 1828 he visited Boston and by his 
 lectures enlisted Wm. Lloyd Garrison in the 
 abolition cause and engaged him to become 
 his associate editor. By this time Lundy had 
 formed by lecturing and correspondence more 
 than one hundred societies for the ‘ ‘ gradual 
 though total abolition of slavery. ’ ’ In the 
 winter of 1828-29 he was assaulted and nearly 
 killed in Baltimore by Austin Woolfolk, a 
 slave-dealer. He was driven out of Balti- 
 more and finally established his paper in 
 Philadelphia, where his property was burnt 
 in 1838 by the pro-slavery mob that fired 
 Pennsylvania Hall. The following winter he 
 died in La Salle, Illinois, where he was about 
 to re-establish his paper. 
 
 In his personal appearance Lundy gave no 
 indication of the wonderful force of character 
 he possessed. He was about five feet five 
 inches in stature, very slenderly built, light 
 eyes and light curly hair and hard of hear- 
 ing. He was gentle and mild and persuasive 
 with pity, not only for the slave, but he ever 
 treated the slave-holders with the kindliest 
 consideration. 
 
 Wm. Lloyd Garrison, his co-laborer, wrote 
 of him : ‘‘ Instead of being able to withstand 
 the tide of public opinion it would at first 
 seem doubtful whether he could sustain a 
 temporary conflict with the winds of heaven. 
 And yet he has explored nineteen of the 
 twenty-four States — from the Green moun- 
 tains of Vermont to the banks of the Missis- 
 sippi — multiplied anti-slavery societies in 
 every quarter, put every petition in motion 
 relative to the extinction of slavery in the 
 District of Columbia, everywhere awakened 
 the slumbering sympathies of the people, and 
 begun a work, the completion of which will 
 be the salvation of his country. His heart is 
 of gigantic size. Every inch of him is alive 
 with power. He combines the meekness of 
 Howard with the boldness of Luther. 
 
 “Within a few months he has travelled 
 about 2,400 miles, of which upwards of 1,G00 
 were performed on foot, during which time 
 he has held nearly fifty public meetings. 
 Rivers and mountains vanish in his path ; 
 midnight finds him wending his solitary way 
 over an unfrequented road ; the sun is antici- 
 pated in his rising. Never was moral sub- 
 limity of character better illustrated.’ ’ 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 313 
 
 This county has the honor of being the first to supply the State with an Ohio- 
 born governor : this was Wilson Shannon, who was born February 24, 1802, in a 
 cabin at Mount Olivet and the first child born in the township. He was of Irish 
 descent. 
 
 The next January his father, George 
 Shannon, went out hunting one morning. 
 Late in the day, while making his way home 
 through the woods, a heavy snow-storm set 
 in ; he became bewildered and lost his way ; 
 after wandering about in a circle some time 
 that constantly grew less he made unsuccess- 
 ful efforts to start a fire, and being overpow- 
 ered by exhaustion he seated himself close to 
 a large sugar tree in the centre of his beaten 
 circle, where he was found in the morning 
 frozen to death. 
 
 Wilson was educated at Athens and Tran- 
 sylvania University, and then studied law 
 with Chas. Hammond and David Jennings at 
 St. Clairsville, and soon became eminent at 
 the bar. In 1 838 he was elected governor on 
 the Democratic ticket by 5,738 votes over Jos. 
 Vance, the Whig candidate ; defeated in 1840 
 by Mr. Corwin, and in 1843 elected governor 
 the ^ second time. In 1 844 was appointed 
 minister to Mexico. In 1852 was sent to 
 Congress, where he was one of the four Ohio 
 Democrats who voted for the Kansas and 
 Nebraska bill. President Pierce later ap- 
 pointed him_ governor of Kansas, which posi- 
 tion he resigned in 1857 and resumed the 
 practice of law. _ In 1875, in connection with 
 the Hon. Jeremiah Black, of Pa., he argued 
 
 the celebrated Osage land case before the 
 Supreme Court and won the case for the set- 
 tlers. 
 
 As a lawyer he was bold, diligent, cour- 
 teous and ever ready to assist the weak and 
 struggling. Possessing a noble presence, in 
 his old age he was described as a picture of a 
 hardy, hale old gentleman of the olden time. 
 He died in 1877 and was buried at Lawrence, 
 Kansas, where the last twenty years of his 
 life had been passed. 
 
 James M. Thoburn, D. D., elected in 1888 
 by the Methodists as missionary bishop for 
 India and Malaysia, was born in St. Clairs- 
 ville, 0., March 7, 1836. He was graduated 
 at Alleghany CoUege at Meadville, Pa., and 
 began preaching in Ohio at the age of twenty- 
 one. He went to India in 1859 as a mis- 
 sionary, and in conjunction with Bishop 
 Taylor did much to build up the church 
 among the native tribes. He built the largest 
 church in India at Calcutta, and preached 
 for five years at Simyla, the summer capital. 
 He was editor for a time of the Indian Wit- 
 ness, published at Calcutta, and is the author 
 of “My Missionary Apprenticeship;’’ “A 
 History of Twenty-five Years’ Experience in 
 India,” and of a volume of “Missionary 
 Sermons. ’ ’ 
 
 Bridgeport lies upon the Ohio river 135 miles easterly from Columbus, 
 on the old National road and exactly opposite Wheeling, W. Va., with which it 
 is connected by a bridge, and on the C. L. & W. and C. & P. Hailroads. It 
 joins the town of Alartin’s Ferry ; forming with it to the eye but a single city. 
 Back of it rise very bold hills and the site is highly picturesque. 
 
 Bridgeport has 1 Presbyterian, 2 Alethodist Episcopal and 1 Colored Baptist 
 church. First National Bank, W. W. Holloway, president; J. J. Holloway, 
 cashier. 
 
 Manvfaotures and Employees. — Standard Iron Co., corrugated iron, 205 hands ; 
 Bridgeport Glass Co., fruit jars, 80 ; H]tna Iron and Steel Co., 610 ; La Belle Glass 
 Works, cut glass, etc., 335 ; L. C. Leech, barrels, etc. ; Diamond Mills, flour, 
 etc. ; B. J. Baggs & Son, doors, sash, etc., 35 ; Bridgeport Alachine Shop. — State 
 Report 1887. 
 
 Population in 1840, 329; in 1880, 2,390. School census 1886, 1,130; T. E. 
 Orr, superintendent. Bridgeport was laid out in 1806 under the name of Canton 
 by Ebenezer Zane. 
 
 The locality had long been named Kirkwood from Capt. Joseph Kirkwood, who 
 in 1789 built a cabin on the south side of Indian Wheeling creek. 
 
 Indian Attack on Kirkwood^ s Cabin. — In the spring of 1791 the cabin of Cap- 
 tain Kirkwood, at this place, was attacked at night by a party of Indians, who, 
 after a severe action, were repulsed. This Captain Kirkwood was the gallant 
 and unrewarded Captain Kirkwood, of the Delaware line, in the war of the revolu- 
 tion, to whom such frequent and honorable allusion is made in Lee\s memoir of 
 the Southern campaigns. The State of Delaware had but one continental regiment, 
 which, at the defeat at Camden, was reduced to a single company. It was there- 
 fore impossible, under the rules, for Kirkwood to be promoted ; and he was under 
 the mortification of beholding inferior officers in the regiments of other States, pro- 
 
BELMONT rOUNTY, 
 
 3I4 
 
 moted over him, while he, with all his merit, was compelled to remain a captain, 
 solely in consequence of the small force Delaware was enabled to maintain in the 
 service. He fought with distinguished gallantry through the war, and was in the 
 bloody battles of Camden, Holkirks, Eutaw and Ninety-six.^’ 
 
 Captain Kirkwood moved here in 1789, and 
 built his cabin on a knoll. There was then an 
 unfinished block-house on the highest part of 
 the knoll, near by. On the night of the at- 
 tack, fourteen soldiers, under Captain Joseph 
 Biggs, with Captain Kirkwood and family, 
 Vere in the cabin. About two hours before 
 daybreak the captain’s little son Joseph had 
 occasion to leave the cabin for a few mo- 
 ments, and requested Captain Biggs to ac- 
 company him. They were out but a few 
 minutes, and, although unknown to them, 
 were surrounded by Indians. They had re- 
 turned, and again retired to sleep in the up- 
 per lort, when they soon discovered the roof 
 in a blaze, which was the first intimation they 
 had of the presence of an enemy. Captain 
 Kirkwood was instantly awakened, when he 
 and his men commenced pushing off the 
 roof, the Indians at the same time firing 
 upon them, from under cover of the block- 
 house. Captain Biggs, on the first alarm, ran 
 down the ladder into the room below to get 
 his rifle, when a ball entered a window and 
 wounded him in the wrist. Soon the Indians 
 had surrounded the house, and attempted to 
 break in the door with their tomahawks. 
 Those within braced it with puncheons from 
 the floor. In the panic of the moment sev- 
 eral of the men wished to escape from the 
 cabin, but Captain Kirkwood silenced them 
 with the threat of taking the life of the first 
 man who made the attempt, asserting that 
 the Indians would tomahawk them as fast as 
 they left. 
 
 The people of Wheeling — one mile dis- 
 tant — hearing the noise of the attack, fired 
 a swivel to encourage the defenders, although 
 fearful of coming to the rescue. This enraged 
 the Indians the more ; they sent forth terrific 
 yells, and brought brush, piled it around the 
 
 cabin, and set it on fire. Those within in a 
 measure smothered the flames, first with the 
 water and milk in the house, and then with 
 damp earth from the floor of the cabin. The 
 fight was kept up about two hours, until 
 dawn, when the Indians retreated. Had they 
 attacked earlier, success would have resulted. 
 The loss of the Indians, or their number, was 
 unknown — only one was seen. He was in the 
 act of climbing up the corner of the cabin, 
 when he was discovered,^ let go his hold and 
 fell. Seven of those within were wounded, 
 and one, a Mr. Walker, mortally. He was a 
 brave man. As he lay, disabled and helpless, 
 on his back, on the earth, he called out to 
 the Indians in a taunting manner. He died 
 in a few hours, and was buried the next day, 
 at Wheeling, with military honors. A party 
 of men, under Gen. Benjamin Biggs, of 
 West Liberty, went in an unsuccessful pur- 
 suit of the Indians. A niece of Captain 
 Kirkwood, during the attack, was on a visit 
 about twenty miles distant, on BulFalo creek. 
 In the night she dreamed that the cabin was 
 attacked, and heard the guns. So strong an 
 impression did it make, that she arose and 
 rode down with all her speed to Wheeling, 
 where she arrived two hours after sunrise. 
 
 After this affair Captain Kirkwood moved 
 with his family to Newark, Delaware. On 
 his route he met with some of St. Clair’s 
 troops, then on their way to Cincinnati. 
 Exasperated at the Indians for their attack 
 upon his house, he accepted the command 
 of a company of Delaware troops, was with 
 them at the defeat of St. Clair in the No- 
 vember following, “where he fell in a brave 
 attempt to repel the enemy with t)re bayonet, 
 and thus closed a career as honorable as it 
 was unrewarded. ’ ’ 
 
 Elizabeth Zane, who acted with so much heroism at tlie siege of Wheeling, in 
 1782, lived many years since about two miles above Bridgeport, on the Ohio side 
 of the river, near Martinsville. She was twice married, first to Mr. M’ljaughlin, 
 and secondly to Mr. Clark. This anecdote of her heroism has been 2 )ublished a 
 thousand times. 
 
 HeroUm of Elizabeth Zane . — When Lynn, 
 the ranger, gave the alarm that an Indian 
 army was approaching, the fort having been 
 for some time unoccupied by a garrison, and 
 Colonel Zane’s house having been used for a 
 magazine, those who retired into the fortress 
 had to take with them a supply of ammuni- 
 tion for its defence. The supply of powder, 
 deemed ample at the time, was now almost 
 exhausted, by reason of the long continuance 
 of the siege, and the repeated endeavors of 
 the savages to take the fort by storm ; a few 
 rounds only remained. In this emergency it 
 became necessary to renew their stock from 
 
 an abundant store which was deposited in 
 Colonel Zane’s house. Accordingly, it was 
 proposed that one of the fleetest men should 
 endeavor to reach the house, obtain a supply 
 of powder, and return with it to the fort. 
 It was an enterprise full of danger ; but 
 many of the heroic spirits' shut up in the 
 fort were willing to encounter the hazard. 
 Among those who volunteered to go on this 
 enterprise was Elizabeth, the sister of Colonel 
 E. Zane. She was 3 ^oung, active and athletic, 
 with courage to dare the danger, and forti- 
 tude to sustain her through it. Disdaining 
 to weigh the hazard of her own life against 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 315 
 
 that of otliers, when told that a man would 
 encounter less danger by reason of' his greater 
 fleetness, she replied, “and should he fall, 
 his loss will be more severely felt ; you have 
 not one man to spare ; a woman will not be 
 missed in the defence of the fort.” Her 
 services were then accepted. Divesting her- 
 self of some of her garments, as tending to 
 impede her progress, she stood prepared for 
 the hazardous adventure ; and when the gate 
 was thrown open, bounded forth with the 
 buoyancy of hope, and in the confidence of 
 success. Wrapt in amazement, the Indians 
 beheld her springing forward, and only ex- 
 claiming, “a squaw,” “a squaw,” no at- 
 tempt was made to interrupt her progress ; 
 
 Among the best sketches of backwoods life is that written by Mr. John S. Wih 
 liams, editor of the American Pioneer, and published in October, 1843. In the 
 spring of 1800 his father’s family removed from Carolina and settled with others 
 on Glenn’s run, about six miles northeast of St. Clairsville. He was then a lad, as 
 he relates, of seventy-five pounds weight. From his sketch, ^^Our Cabin; or 
 Life in the Woods,” we make some extracts. 
 
 arrived at the door, she proclaimed her er- 
 rand. Colonel Silas Zane fastened a table- 
 cloth around her waist, and emptying into it 
 a keg of powder, again she ventured forth. 
 The Indians were no longer passive. Ball 
 after ball whizzed by, several of which passed 
 through her clothes she reached the gate, 
 and entered the fort in safety ; and thus was 
 the garrison again saved by female intrepidity. 
 This heroine had but recently returned from 
 Philadelphia, where she had received hei 
 education, and was wholly unused to such 
 scenes as were daily passing on the frontiers. 
 The distance she had to run was about forty 
 yards. 
 
 OUB CABIN; OB LIFE IN THE 
 WOODS. 
 
 Our Cahill Described . — Emigrants poured 
 in from different parts, cabins were put up 
 in every direction, and women, children and 
 goods tumbled into them. The tide of emi- 
 gration flowed like water through a breach in 
 a mill-dam. Everything was bustle and con- 
 fusion, and all at work that could work. In 
 the midst of all this the mumps, and perhaps 
 one or two other diseases, prevailed and gave 
 us a seasoning. Our cabin had been raised, 
 covered, part of the cracks chinked, and part 
 of the floor laid when we moved in, on Christ- 
 mas day ! There had not been a stick cut 
 except in building the cabin. We had in- 
 tended an inside chimney, for we thought the 
 chimney ought to be in the house. We had 
 a log i)ut across the whole width of the cabin 
 for a mantel, but when the floor was in we 
 found it so low as not to answer, and removed 
 it. Here was a great change for my mother 
 and sister, as well as the rest, but particularly 
 my mother. She was raised in the most deli- 
 cate manner in and near London, and lived 
 most of her time in affluence, and always 
 comfortable. She was now in the wilderness, 
 surrounded by wild beasts, in a cabin with 
 about half a floor, no door, no ceiling over- 
 head, not even a tolerable sign for a fireplace, 
 the light of day and the chilling winds of 
 night passing between every two logs in the 
 building, the cabin so high from the ground 
 tnat a bear, wolf, panther, or any other ani- 
 mal less in size than a cow, could enter with- 
 out even a squeeze. Such was our situation 
 on Thursday and Thursday night, December 
 25 , 1 800 , and which was bettered but by very 
 slow degrees. We got the rest of the floor 
 laid in a very few days, the chinking of the 
 cracks went on slowly, but the daubing could 
 not proceed till weather more suitable, which 
 happened in a few days ; door-ways were 
 sawed out and steps made of the logs, and 
 
 the back of the chimney was raised up to the 
 mantel, but the funnel of sticks and clay was 
 delayed until spring. 
 
 Our family consisted of my mother, a sister, 
 of twenty-two, my brother, near twenty-one 
 and very weakly, and myself, in my eleventh 
 year. Two years afterwards. Black Jenny 
 followed us in company with my half-brother, 
 Bichard, and his family.^ She lived two years 
 with us in Ohio, and died in the winter of 
 1803 - 4 . _ 
 
 In building our cabin it was set to front 
 the north and south, my brother using my 
 father’s pocket compass on the occasion. We 
 had no idea of living in a house that did not 
 stand square with the earth itself This ar- 
 gued our ignorance of the comforts and com. 
 veniences of a pioneer life. The position of 
 the house, end to the hill, necessarily elevated 
 the lower end, and the determination of hav- 
 ing both a north and south door added much 
 to the airiness of the domicil, particularly 
 after the green ash puncheons had shrunk so 
 as to have cracks in the floor and doors from 
 one to two inches wide. At both the doors 
 we had high, unsteady, and sometimes icy 
 steps, made by piling up the logs cut out of 
 the wall. We had, as the reader will see, a 
 window, if it could be called a window, when, 
 perhaps, it was the largest spot in the top, 
 bottom, or sides of the cabin at which the 
 wind could not enter. It was made by sawing 
 out a log, placing sticks across, and then, by 
 pasting an old newspaper over the hole, and 
 applying some hog’s lard, we had a kind of 
 glazing which shed a most beautiful and mel- 
 low light across the cabin when the sun shone 
 on it. All other light entered at the doors, 
 cracks and chimney. 
 
 Our cabin was twenty-four by eighteen. 
 The west end was occupied by two beds, the 
 centre of each side by a door, and here our 
 symmetry had to stop, for on the opposite 
 side of the window, made of clapboards, sup- 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 3i«> 
 
 ported on pins driven into the logs, were our 
 shelves. Upon these shelves sister dis- 
 pla3’^ed, in ample order, a host of pewter 
 plates, basins, and dishes, and spoons, scoured 
 and bright. It was none of your new-fangled 
 pewter made of lead, but the best London 
 ])ewter, which our father himself bought of 
 Townsend, the manufacturer. These were the 
 plates upon which you could hold your meat 
 so as to cut it without slipping and without 
 dulling your knife. But, alas ! the daj^s of 
 pewter plates and sharp dinner knives have 
 passed away never to return. To return to 
 our internal arrangements. A ladder of five 
 i-ounds occupied the corner near the window. 
 By this, when we got a floor above, we could 
 ascend. Our chimney occupied most of the 
 east end ; pots and kettles opposite the win- 
 dow under the shelves, a gun on hooks o^'^er 
 the north door, four split-bottom chairs, three 
 three-legged stools, and a small eight by ten 
 looking-glass sloped from the wall over a large 
 
 towel and comb-case. These, witli a clumsy 
 shovel and a pair of tongs, made in Frederick, 
 with one shank straight, as the best manufac- 
 ture of pinches and blood-blisters, completed 
 our furniture, except a spinning-wheel and 
 such things as were necessary to work with. 
 It was absolutely necessary to have three- 
 legged stools, as four legs of anything could 
 not all touch the floor at the same time. 
 
 The completion of our cabin went on 
 slowly. The season was inclement, we were 
 weak-handed and weak-pocketed ; in fact, 
 laborers were not to be had. We got our 
 chimney up breast-high as soon as we could, 
 and got our cabin daubed as high as the joists 
 outside. It never was daubed on the inside, 
 for my sister, who was very nice, could not 
 consent to “live right next to the mud.” 
 My impression now is,_ that the window was 
 not constructed till spring, for until the sticks 
 and clay was put on the chimney we could 
 possibly have no need of a window ; for the 
 
 Our Cabin; or Life in the Woods. 
 
 flood of light which always poured into the 
 cabin from the fireplace would have extin- 
 guished our paper window, and rendered it as 
 useless as the moon at noonday. We got a 
 floor laid overhead as soon as possible, per- 
 haps in a month ; but when it was laid, the 
 reader will readily conceive of its impervious- 
 ness to wind or weather, when we mention 
 that it was laid of loose clapboards split from 
 a red oak, the stump of which may be seen 
 beyond the cabin. That tree grew in the 
 night, and so twisting that each board laid on 
 two diagonally opposite corners, and a cat 
 might have shook every board on our ceiling. 
 It may be well to inform the unlearned 
 reader that clapboads are such lumber as pio- 
 neers split with a frow, and resemble barrel 
 staves before they are shaved, but are split 
 longer, wider and thinner ; of such our roof 
 and ceiling were composed. Puncheons were 
 planks made by splitting logs to about two 
 and a half or three inches in thickness, and 
 hewing them on one or both sides with the 
 
 broad-axe. Of such our floor, doors, tables 
 and stools were manufactured. The eave- 
 bearers are those end logs which project over 
 to receive the butting poles, against which 
 the lower tier of clapboards rest in forming 
 the roof The trapping is the roof timbers, 
 composing the gable end and the ribs, the 
 ends of which appear in the drawing, being 
 those logs upon which the clapboards lie. 
 The trap logs are those of unequal length 
 above the eave bearers, which form the gable 
 ends, and upon which the ribs rest. 'J 
 weight poles are those small logs kid on the 
 roof, which weigh down the course of clap- 
 boards on which they lie, and against which 
 the next course above is placed. The knees 
 are pieces of heart timber placed above the 
 butting poles, successivel.y, to prevent the 
 
 weight poles from rolling off. 
 
 The evenings of the first winter did not pass 
 off as pleasantly as evenings afterwards. We 
 had raised no tobacco^ to stem and twist, no 
 corn to shell, no turnips to scrape ; we had 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 317 
 
 no tow to spin into rope-yarn, nor straw to 
 plait for hats, and we had come so late we 
 could .cet but few walnuts to crack. We had, 
 however, the Bible, George Fox’s Journal, 
 Barkley’s Apology, and a number of books, 
 all better than much of the fashionable read- 
 ing of the present day — from which, after 
 reading, the reader finds he has gained noth- 
 ing, while his understanding has been made 
 the dupe of the writer’s fancy — that while 
 reading he has given himself up to be led in 
 mazes of fictitious imagination, and losing his 
 taste for solid reading, as frothy luxuries de- 
 stroy the appetite for wholesome food. To 
 our stock of books were soon^ after added a 
 borrowed copy of the Pilgrim’s Progress, 
 which we read twice through without stop- 
 ping. The first winter our living was truly 
 scanty and hard ; but even this winter had 
 its felicities. We had part of a barrel of flour 
 which we had brought from Fredericktown. 
 Besides this, we had part of a jar of hog’s 
 lard brought from old Carolina ; not the taste- 
 less stuff which now goes by that name, but 
 pure leaf lard, taken from hogs raised on pine 
 roots and fattened on sweet potatoes, and into 
 which, while rendering, were immersed the 
 boughs of the fragrant bay tree, that imparted 
 to the lard a rich flavor. Of that flour, short- 
 ened with this lard, my sister every Sunday 
 morning, and at no other time^ made short 
 biscuit for breakfast — not these greasy gum- 
 elastic biscuit we mostly meet with now, rolled 
 out with a pin, or cut out with a cutter ; or 
 those that are, perhaps, speckled by or puffed 
 up with refined lye called salaeratus, but made 
 out, one by one, in her fair hands, placed in 
 neat juxtaposition in a skillet or spider, 
 pricked with a fork to prevent blistering, 
 and baked before an open fire — not half-baked 
 
 and half-stewed in a cooking-stove 
 
 The Woods about us . — In the ordering of 
 a good Providence the winter was open, but 
 windy. While the wind was of great use in 
 driving the smoke and ashes out of our cabin, 
 it shook terribly the timber standing almost 
 over us. We were sometimes much and 
 needlessly alarmed. We had never seen a 
 dangerous looking tree near a dwelling, but 
 here we were surrounded by the tall giants 
 of the forest, waving their boughs and uniting 
 their brows over us, as if in defiance of our 
 disturbing their repose, and usurping their 
 long and uncontested pre-emption rights. 
 The beech on the left often shook his bushy 
 head over us as if in absolute disapprobation 
 of our settling there, threatening to crush us 
 if we did not pack up and start. The walnut 
 over the spring branch stood high and 
 straight ; no one could tell which way it in- 
 clined, but all concluded that if it had a 
 preference it was in favor of quartering on 
 our cabin. We got assistance to cut it down. 
 The axeman doubted his ability to control its 
 direction, by reason that he must necessarily 
 cut it almost off before it would fall. He 
 thought by felling the tree in the direction 
 of the reader, along near the chimney, and 
 thus favor the little lean it seemed to have, 
 would be the means of saving the cabin. He 
 
 was successful . Part of the stump still stands 
 These, and all other dangerous trees, were 
 got down without other damage than many 
 frights and frequent desertions of the pre- 
 mises by the family while the trees were 
 being cut. The ash beyond the house crossed 
 the scarf and fell on the cabin, but without 
 damage 
 
 Howling Wolves . — The monotony of the 
 time for several of the first years was broken 
 and enlivened by the howl of wild beasts. The 
 wolves howling around us seemed to moan 
 their inability to drive us from their long and 
 undisputed domain. The bears, panthers and 
 deer seemingly got miffed at our approach 
 or the partiality of the hunters, and but 
 seldom troubled us. One bag of meal would 
 make a whole family rejoicingly happy and 
 thankful Then, when a loaded East Indiaman 
 will fail to do it now, and is passed off as a 
 common business transaction without ever 
 once thinking of the giver, so independent 
 have we become in the short space of forty 
 years ! Having got out of the wilderness in 
 less time than the children of Israel we seem 
 to be even more forgetful and unthankful 
 than they. When spring was fully come and 
 our little patch of corn, three acres, put in 
 among the beech roots, which at every step 
 contended with the shovel-plough for the 
 right of soil, and held it too, we enlarged our 
 stock of conveniences. As soon as bark 
 would run (peel off) we could make ropes and 
 bark boxes. These we stood in great need 
 of, as such things as bureaus, stands, ward- 
 robes, or even barrels, were not to be had. 
 The manner of making ropes of linn bark was 
 to cut the bark in strips of convenient length, 
 and water-rot it in the same manner as rot- 
 ting flax or hemp. When this was done the 
 inside bark would peel off and split up so fine 
 as to make a pretty considerably rough and 
 good-for-but-little kind of a rope. Of this, 
 however, we were very glad, and let no ship- 
 owner with his grass ropes laugh at us. We 
 made two kinds of boxes for furniture. One 
 kind was of hickory bark with the outside 
 shaved off. This we would take off all around 
 the tree, the size of which would determine 
 the calibre of our box. Into one end we 
 would i)lace a flat piece of bark or puncheor- 
 cut round to fit in the bark, which stood on 
 end the same as when on the tree. There 
 was little need of hooping, as the strength 
 of the bark would keep that ail right enough. 
 Its shrinkage would make the top unsightlj 
 in a parlor now-a-days, but then they wer^ 
 considered quite an addition to the furniture. 
 A much finer article was made of slippery- 
 elm bark, shaved smooth and with the insidf 
 out, bent round and sewed together when 
 the ends of the hoop or main bark lapped 
 over. The length of the bark was arounc 
 the box, and inside out. A bottom wat 
 made of a jfiece of the same bark dried flat, 
 and a lid, like that of a common band-box, 
 made in the same way. This was the finest 
 furniture in a lady’s dressing-room, and then., 
 as now, with the finest furniture, the lappe<j 
 or sewed side was turned to the wall and the 
 
318 
 
 BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 prettiest part to the spectator. They were 
 usually made oval, and while the bark was 
 green were easily ornamented with drawings 
 of birds, trees, etc. , agreeably to the taste and 
 skill ol the fair manufacturer. As we be- 
 longed to the Society of Friends, it may be 
 fairly presumed that our band-boxes were 
 
 not thus ornamented 
 
 Pioneer Food . — settled on beech land, 
 which took much labor to clear. We could 
 do no better than clear out the smaller stulf 
 and burn the brush, etc. , around the beeches 
 which, in spite of the girdling and burning 
 we could do to them, would leaf out the first 
 year, and often a little the second. The land, 
 however, was very rich, and would bring 
 better corn than might be expected. We 
 had to tend it principallj'^ with the hoe, that 
 is, to chop down the nettles, the water-weed 
 and the touch-me-not.^ Grass, careless, 
 lambs-quarter and Spanish needles were re- 
 served to pester the better prepared farmer. 
 We cleared a small turnip patch, which we 
 got in about the 10th of August. We sowed 
 in timothy seed, which took well, and next 
 year we had a little hay besides. The tops 
 and blades of the corn were also carefully 
 saved for our horse, cow and the two sheep. 
 The turnips were sweet and good, and in the 
 fall we took care to gather walnuts and 
 hickory nuts, which were very abundant. 
 These, with the turnips which we scraped, 
 supplied the place of fruit. I have always 
 been partial to scraped turnips, and could 
 now beat any three dandies at scraping them. 
 Johnny-cake, also, when we had meal to 
 make it of, helped to make up our evening’s 
 repast. The Sunday morning biscuit had all 
 evaporated, but the loss \yas partially sup- 
 plied by the nuts and turnips. Our regular 
 supper was mush and milk, and by the time 
 we had shelled our corn, stemmed tobacco, 
 and plaited straw to make hats, etc. , etc. , the 
 mush and milk had seemingly decamped from 
 the neighborhood of our ribs. To relieve 
 this difficulty my brother and I would bake a 
 thin Johnny-cake,_ ])art of which we would 
 eat, and leave the rest till the morning. At 
 daylight we would eat the balance as we 
 walked from the house to work. 
 
 The methods of eating mush and milk were 
 various. Some would sit around the pot, 
 and every one take therefrom for himself 
 Some would set a table and each have his tin- 
 cup of milk, and with a pewter spoon take 
 just as much mush from the dish or the pot, 
 if it was on the table, as he thought would 
 fill his mouth or throat, then lowering it into 
 the milk would take some to wash it down. 
 This method kept the milk cool, and by 
 frequent repetitions the pioneers would con- 
 tract a faculty of correctly estimating the 
 proper amount of each. Others would mix 
 
 mush and milk together 
 
 To get Grinding done was often a great 
 difficulty, by reason of the scarcity of mills, 
 the freezes in winter and droughts in sum- 
 mer. W'^e had often to manufacture meal 
 {when we hid corn) in any way we could get 
 the corn to jjiecc.'s. We soaked and ])ounded 
 
 it, we shaved it, we planed it, and, at the 
 proper season, grated it. When one of our 
 neighbors got a hand-mill it was thought 
 quite an acquisition to the neighborhood. In 
 after years, when in time of freezing or 
 drought, we could get grinding by waiting 
 for our turn no more than one day and a 
 night at a horse-mill we thought ourselves 
 happy. To save meal we often made pump- 
 kin bread, in which when meal was scarce the 
 pumpkin would so predominate as to ]-ender 
 it next to impossible to tell our bread from 
 that article, either by taste, looks, or the 
 amount of nutriment it contained. Salt was 
 five dollars a bushel, and we used none in our 
 corn bread, which we soon liked as well with- 
 out it. Often has sweat ran into my mouth, 
 which tasted as fresh and fiat as distilled 
 water. What meat we had at first was fresh, 
 gnd but little of that, for had we been hunters 
 we had no time to practice it. 
 
 We had no Candles.^ and cared but little 
 about them except for summer use. In 
 Carolina we had the real fat light- wood, not 
 merely pine knots, but the fat straight pine. 
 This, from the brilliancy of our parlor, of 
 winter evenings, might be supposed to put, 
 not only candles, lamps, camphine, Green- 
 ough’s chemical oil, but even gas itself, to 
 the blush. In the West we had not this, but 
 my business was to ramble the woods every 
 evening for^ seasoned sticks, or the bark of 
 the shelly hickory, for light. ’Tis true that 
 our light was not as good as even candles, but 
 we got along without fretting, for we de- 
 pended more upon the goodness of our eyes 
 than we did upon the brilliancy of the light. 
 
 TEA YELLING NOTES. 
 
 The Poor Man's Railroad. — The initial 
 letters of the name of a railway terminating 
 at Bellaire are ‘’E Z. & C.” Ask people 
 on that line “ What B. Z. & C. stand for? ” 
 With a quizzical smile they will often answer 
 ‘'badly zigzag and crooked;” having just 
 come over it I can say that exactly describes 
 it. Its name, however, is Bellaire, Zanes- 
 ville & Cincinnati. Its projector and builder 
 of that part within this county was Col. John 
 H. Sullivan, Bellaire ; a calm, dignified gen- 
 tleman, clear and careful in his statements, 
 whom it did me good to meet. 
 
 It was impracticable to build an ordinary 
 railroad through the rough wild country of 
 the Ohio river hills of Belmont and JMonroe 
 counties, so the colonel planned a narrow 
 gauge with steep grades and sharp curves, 
 and he called it “The Poor Man’s Railroad. ” 
 From Woodsfield, county-seat of jMoiiroe, to 
 Bellaire, a distance of forty-two miles, on 
 which passenger trains go about sixteen 
 miles an hour, it cost but $11,500 per mile, 
 a miracle of cheapness. .This includes land, 
 grading, bridges, tracks, everything exclusive 
 of rolling stock. It was finished to Woods- 
 field in 1877, and all by i)rivate subscri])tion. 
 It is of incalculable benefit to the farmei*s 
 of the Ohio river hills, for the cost of good 
 wagon roads among them is enoi inoiLs and a 
 
BELMONT COUNTY, 
 
 319 
 
 serious drawback to the development of the 
 country. 
 
 A large part of the road is a succession of 
 curves, trestle work and steep grades. In 
 places the road rises over 1 30 feet to the mile, 
 and some of the curves have a radius of but 
 400 feet ; at one si)ot there is a reverse curve 
 on a trestle. Where curves are so sharp the 
 outer rail is placed three inches the highest 
 to hold the cars on the track ; but the friction 
 occasions a horrid screeching of the wheels. 
 The Colorado Central, like this, is a narrow 
 gauge. ^ It leads from the Union Pacific to 
 the mining regions of Colorado. Its extreme 
 grade is more than twice that of this, 275 
 feet to the mile. Some gentlemen riding 
 over it on a platform car to see the country 
 said such was the irregularity of the motion 
 that they were obliged to cling “for dear 
 life ’ ’ to the sides of the car to prevent being 
 jerked off. From my exi)erience I think the 
 ‘ ‘ Badly Zigzag and Crooked ’ ’ but a trifle less 
 shaky. I extract from my note book : 
 
 BeUai.re, Friday evening^ May 28. — Left 
 Woodsfield early this morning and got on 
 the train for Bellaire ; only a single passenger 
 car with a few men aboard, but no women ! 
 
 I felt Sony ; I alwa 3 '^s like to see ’em about. 
 Their presence “sort o’ ” sanctifies things. 
 Away we went on this little baby railroad, the 
 “Badly Zigzag and Crooked.” The town I 
 had left behind, placed high up in the hills, 
 was quite primitive ; it had scarcely changed 
 since my first visit, in 1 846. In a few min- 
 utes we were zigzagging, twisting down a 
 little run in a winding chasm among the hills 
 wooded to their summits, the scenery very 
 wild, every moment the cars changing their 
 direction and shaking us about with their 
 constant jar and grind, and wabbling now to 
 one side and then to the other. In twenty 
 minutes I was ])eeping through charming 
 vistas into a wild valle^^^ In a few more 
 minutes and we were in it ; crossed a little 
 bridge some six rods wide and paused at the 
 farther side, by a little cottage in its aspect 
 domestic and un-railroad-like, notwithstand- 
 ing its sign “ Sunfish Station.” 
 
 The Pretty Sunfish. — Yes, this little, ro- 
 mantic stream was the Sunfish. I looked 
 down the valley, a deep chasm, narrow, tor- 
 tuous, with its wood-clad hills, the lights and 
 shades on the scene all glorious in the early 
 morning light. What a pretty name — ‘ ‘ Sun- 
 fish ! ” instinctively the mind takes in the 
 little creature that dwells in the freedom of 
 the waters and darts around clad in its beauty 
 spots of crimson and gold, down there where 
 everything is so clean and pure. 
 
 How I longed to get out of the cars and 
 follow this winding little stream until it was 
 lost in the Ohio, some twenty miles away ; to 
 feast my ej'^es with its hidden beauties, all 
 unknown to the great outside world — beauties 
 of sparkling cascades and laughing waters, 
 and smooth, silent, dark reaches, where frown- 
 ing cliffs and dense foliage and summer clouds 
 seem as sleeping down below. 
 
 They tell me that the Ohio State Fish Com- 
 uission in 1885 put into the Sunfish half a 
 
 million of California trout and salmon ; the 
 stream naturally abounds in yellow perch. At 
 Sunfish Station a woman, humbly clad, with 
 children and bundles, came aboard, when out 
 of respect to the sex out spake the conductor ; 
 when out went through the window a vile 
 Wheeling stogie — the poor man’s cigar. It 
 is said that city turns out annually tens of 
 millions, and all this part of the country 
 smoke them — the millions. 
 
 Then up out of the chasm our train went, 
 again twisting, wabbling, squeaking, screech* 
 ing with the same deafening, infernal grind, 
 the engine one moment poking its nose this 
 way and then that, like Bruno or Snow Flake 
 searching for a bone. We were going up to 
 the birthplace of a mountain rill that was on 
 its way rejoicing to help along the pretty 
 sunfish. 
 
 A Future Jay Gould . — After a little my 
 attention was caught by a living object. On 
 a cleared space of a quarter of an acre, ten 
 rods away in a cleft in the hillside it was, 
 stood a miserable log-hut without a door or a 
 window in sight. By it was a single living 
 object ; a boy in a single garment, about six 
 years old, gazing upon us. It would have 
 been woith a plum to have known the mental 
 status of that child as he looked out upon our 
 train. 
 
 To be interested in motion is a grand human 
 instinct. A great divine said to me once, 
 “ From my study window I get just a glimpse 
 of the top of the smoke-stack of the locomo- 
 , tive on the railroad thirty rods away ; but no 
 matter how absorbing my study, I invariably 
 look up at every passing train.” This was 
 the late Leonard Bacon, the identical person 
 to whose pungent writings Abraham Lincoln 
 ascribed his first insight of the wrong of 
 slavery. 
 
 As I looked upon this child I felt an inward 
 respect for his possibilities : felt like taking 
 off my hat to him : a human being, anyway, 
 is a big thing. He may be the Jay Gould 
 of 1930. Certainly to be born poor and 
 among the hills, seems to be no barrier to an 
 eventual grasp of the money bags or, what is 
 better than a grasp simply of externals, the 
 highest, purest, noblest development of one’s 
 self 
 
 Beautiful Belmont . — A little later we were 
 in the open, elevated countiy of beautiful 
 Belmont county. It seemed as though we 
 were on the roof of the world. No forests in 
 sight, but huge, round, grassj^ hills, on which 
 sheep were grazing, and a vast, boundless 
 prospect stretching like a billow.y ocean of 
 green all around, with here and there warm, 
 red-hued patches — ploughed fields. We could 
 see white farm-houses glistening in the morn- 
 ing sun, miles on miles away. Heniy Stan- 
 beriy, once riding in a stage-coach on the 
 National road through this region, said : “I 
 should have liked to have been born in Bel- 
 mont county.” “Why?” inquired a com- 
 panion. “ Because people born in a country 
 of marked features' have marked features 
 themselves.” 
 
 The Valley of the Captina was reached from 
 
32C 
 
 BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 scend from 225 to 261 feet, being about the 
 deepest shafts in the State. 
 
 A mining experience was mine on the 1 3th 
 daj^ of July, 1843. On that day I got into a 
 basket suspended over the Midlothian coal 
 mine near Richmond, Va., and descended 
 perpendicularly, by steam, 625 feet. Then, 
 being put in charge of the overseer, I went 
 down ladders and slopes so that I attained a 
 depth of about 1,000 feet from the surface. 
 The overseer took me everywhere, exploring, 
 as he said, about four miles. It was noon 
 when I entered the pit, and when I came out 
 above ground and got out of the basket what 
 was my astonishment to find the twilight of a 
 summer evening pervading the landscape. I 
 found the owner had never ventured into his 
 own mine, and I learn it is often the same 
 with owners in Ohio. I am glad I ventured, 
 yet it was not an experience that I care to 
 repeat; but the music of the sweet singers 
 that evening, at the mansion of the gentle- 
 man, the owner, whose guest I was, rested 
 me after my toil, and lingers in memory. 
 
 From Captina we soon descended into a 
 narrow valley, passing by some small, neat, 
 white cottages with long porches, and poultry 
 trotting around in side yards, and then sud- 
 denly burst into view the broad valley of the 
 Ohio^ and, following the river banks, were 
 soon in that hive of industry and glass — Bel- 
 laire. 
 
 BellairEj 120 miles east of Columbus and 5 miles below Wheeling, on the 
 Ohio river, is on the B. & O., B. Z. & C., and C. & P. Railroads. It is an im- 
 portant manufacturing town ; its manufactories are supj^lied with natural gas, and 
 it has ten coal mines, Avater works, paved streets and street railway. 
 
 Newspapers : Herald, Democratic, E. M. Lockwood, editor ; Independent, Re- 
 publican, J. F. Anderson, editor ; Tribune, Republican, C. L. Poorman & Co., 
 editors. Churches : 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Colored Methodist Episcopal, 2 
 Presbyterian, 1 United Presbyterian, 1 Disciples, 1 Episcopal, 1 German Reformed, 
 1 Church of God and 1 Catholic. Bank : First National, J. T. Mercer, president, 
 A. P. Tall man, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Lantern Globe Co., 95 hands ; Crystal Window 
 Glass Co., 61 ; Bellaire Steel and Nail Works, 650 ; Union ATindow Glass Works, 
 63 ; DuBois & McCoy, doors, sash, etc., 27 ; Bellaire Bottle Co., 130 ; Belmont 
 Glass Works, 240; Bellaire Barrel Works, 16; James Fitton, gas fitting, 13; 
 Ohio Lantern Co., 83 ; Bellaire Stamping Co., metal specialties, 210 ; Bellaire 
 Goblet Co., 285 ; Enterprise AVindow Glass Co., 59 ; Bellaire Window Glass 
 ATorks, 106 ; Ohio Valley Foundry Co., stoves, etc., 45 ; Rodefer Bros., lain]) 
 globes, 125 ; iEtna Foundry & Machine Shop, repair shop, etc., 13 ; ^tna Glass 
 Manufacturing Co., 245. — State Report 1887. Population in 1880, 8,205 ; school 
 census in 1886, 3,381 ; Benj. T. Jones, superintendent. 
 
 The river plateau at Bellaire is about a third of a mile Avide ; upon it are the 
 industries and most of the residences. Tlie streets are broad and airy. The ascent 
 of the river hills is easy, with the homes of the Avorking ])eople ])leasantly perched 
 thereon. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad follows the A^alley of McAIahon’s creek, 
 a stream about six rods Avide and entering the Ohio in the southern ])art of the 
 tOAvn. The road crosses the Ohio by an iron bridge and across the toAvn by a stone 
 arcade of forty-three arches, rising and passing over seA^eral of the main streets at 
 a height of thirty-five feet ; it is a very j)icturesque feature of the city. The two, 
 bridge and arcade unitedly, it is said, are about a mile long and cost over a million 
 and a half of dollam. 
 
 the table-lands by a rapid descent, when we 
 stopped a few moments at a mining point — 
 Captina Station Bridge. It was just long 
 enough for me to sketch from the car win- 
 dows a row of miners’ cottages, and from 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe^ 1886. 
 
 Miners’ Cottages. 
 
 which the inmates go forth every morning to 
 their work, descending a perpendicular hole 
 in the ground seventy-three feet. To strike 
 the same vein, “The Pittsburg vein,” at 
 Steubenville, in the county north, they de- 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 321 
 
 The valley of the Ohio, taking both sides for seven miles, is a great manu^ 
 faeturing region and owes its prosperity primarily to the inexhaustible beds of coal 
 in the valley hills, with limestone, building stone and fire-clay. On the West 
 Virginia side is the city of Wheeling, with its 35,000 people, and suburb of Ben- 
 wood directly opposite Bellaire. On the Ohio side is a line of towns for seven 
 miles, beginning with Bellaire and continuing with Bridgeport and Martin’s Ferry, 
 bringing up the total population to 60,000 souls. So near are they that one may 
 in a certain sense call it a single city with the Ohio dividing it. 
 
 In the hills at Bellaire ten large coal mines are worked. On the Ohio side the 
 dip of the coal is towards the mouth of the mines, thus giving the advantage of 
 a natural drainage. At Bellaire the vein, ''The Pittsburg,” is 125 feet above the 
 river at low stage and is worked from the surface. The inclination of the vein is 
 twenty-two feet to the mile. The coal is discharged over screens into railroad ears 
 drawn by mules. The dumping places are termed " tipples.” The mines have 
 two tipples each, one at the mouth of the mine and the other at the river bank ; 
 so called because the coal cars are there tipped and emptied. 
 
 Lombardy poplars are a feature in the river towns of the upper Ohio, for which 
 the soil and climate appear to be well adapted. Mingled with the rounding forms 
 
 T. S. Tappan, Photo., Bellaire, 1887. 
 Bellaire. 
 
 The view is looking up the Ohio, showing in front “the coal tipple” on the river bank ; on the lefj 
 some glass-houses, and in the distance the bridge of the B. & O. Railroad. 
 
 of the other trees and projected against the soft curves of distant hills, or standing 
 on their slojies and summits, they dignify and greatly enhance the charms of a 
 landscape. Their towering forms affect one with the same sombre emotion as the 
 spires and pinnacles of Gothic architecture. The tree grows with great rapidity ; 
 its entire life only about forty years. The pojilar trees shown in the picture of 
 " The House that Jack Built,” twenty-one in number, were slender saplings about 
 fifteen feet long when set out in 1873, by the veteran miner; now are all of sixty 
 or seventy feet. The worms at certain seasons commit depredations upon them, 
 when they look as scraggy as poultry divested of feathers. The selfish reason 
 given for not jilanting trees, that one may not live to see them grow, does not 
 lo this tree. Such is the demand hereabouts for ]ioplars that at Mounds- 
 ville, on the opposite side of the river, the nursery of Mr. Harris makes a spe- 
 cialty of them. 
 
 . TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Decoration Day . — Bellaire has much to in- 
 terest me. Saturday, May 29th, dawned in 
 beauty. It was Decoration Day, and the 
 people turned out in force ; the veterans of 
 the Grand ^ Army, the children, boys and 
 girls, in white, with music, wound up in long 
 
 procession Cemetery hill, overlooking the 
 city, bearing flags and flowers. Beautiful is 
 young life, and never may there be wanting 
 everywhere memorial days of some sort to 
 feed the fires of patriotism in youthful 
 hearts. 
 
 A Talk with a Veteran Riverman. — Capt. 
 
322 
 
 BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 John Fink in his youthful days arose bright 
 and early. He was smart, and so he got to 
 Bellaire long before the town ; indeed, offici- 
 ated at its birth. He was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1805. Mike Fink, the last and most 
 famous of the now long extinct race of Ohio 
 and Mississippi river boatmen, was a relative, 
 and he knew Mike — knew him as a boy knows 
 a man. “When I was a lad,” he told me, 
 “ about ten years of age, our family lived four 
 miles above Wheeling, on the river. Mike 
 laid up his boat near us, though he generally 
 had two boats. This was his last trip, and 
 he went away to the farther West ; the coun- 
 try here was getting too civilized, and he was 
 disgusted. This was about 1815. - 
 
 Mike Fink. — In the management of his 
 business Mike was a rigid disciplinarian ; woe 
 to the man who shirked. He always had his 
 woman along with him, and would allow'no 
 other man to converse with her. She was 
 ''sometimes a subject for his wonderful skill in 
 marksmanship with the rifle. He would 
 compel her to hold on the top of her head a 
 tin cup filled with whiskey, when he would 
 put a bullet through it. Another of his feats 
 was to make her hold it between her knees, 
 as in a vice, and then shoot, ’ ’ 
 
 Captain Fink's Own History is a subject 
 more pleasant for contemplation. He is a 
 thoroughly manly man, and now, at eighty- 
 one years of age, in the full vigor of intellect. 
 From ten to twelve years of age he was at 
 work on his uncle’s farm, four miles above 
 Wheeling ; from twelve to fifteen on the 
 Wheeling ferry. Next he was cook .on a 
 keel-boat, where he learned to “push.” He 
 followed “ pushing ” for three years, first at 
 thirty-seven and a half cents a day and then 
 fifty cents. In 1824 he married, his entire 
 fortune just sevent 3 ^-five cents. A few days 
 after he tried to get a calico dress for his wife 
 on credit but failed. 
 
 The Early Coal- Trade on the River . — ■ 
 About the year 183(1 then twenty-five j^ears 
 of age, his credit having improved, Mr. Fink 
 bought on time a piece of land on McMahon’s 
 creek, Bellaire, and began mining. He built 
 a flat-boat, and took a load of coal to Ma 3 ’^s- 
 ville, which netted him $200. This, he tells 
 me, was the first load of coal ever floated any 
 distance on the Ohio. After a little he began 
 a coal-trade with New Orleans. He carted it 
 to the river bank, put it on board of flat- 
 boats, and floated it down to New Orleans, a 
 distance of 2,100 miles. ^ On a good stage of 
 water they went down in about thirty days ; 
 once, on a flood, in nineteen da 3 ^s ; half the 
 time did not dare to land. He sold it to the 
 sugar refineries, and it was very useful, for 
 with wood alone they were unable to keep up 
 the regular heat, so necessary for good 
 sugar. 
 
 They discharged a cargo by carrying it up 
 on their shoulders in barrels. The way was 
 to knock the hoops of a flour-barrel together 
 at the ends to strengthen it, bore two holes 
 through the top, through which a piece of 
 rope was put, and tied as a bale ; through 
 this was thrust a pole, when two men carried 
 
 it on their shoulders up the river bank ; some- 
 times the river was higher than the town, 
 then they descended. 
 
 Each barrel held two and three-quarter 
 bushels ; weight, 220 pounds. The sugar 
 people paid him $1.50 a barrel. During a 
 term of years he sold several hundred thou- 
 sand bushels. In 1833 he went into the 
 steamboat business as captain and owner, and, 
 amassing a fortune, in 1864, at the age of 
 fifty-nine, lie retired from active business. 
 
 The Heatheringtons. — In his early mining 
 operations here Capt. Fink found excellent 
 help in the Heatheringtons, a family of 
 English miners. They consisted of the father, 
 John, and his four boys, Jacob, John, Jr., 
 Balph, Edward, and a John More. They 
 worked in a coal-bank, in the hill south of 
 McMahon’s creek. They would get to work 
 about daybreak, bring their coal to the mouth 
 of the pit on wheelbarrows, empty their bar- 
 rels over a board screen, and down it would 
 go sliding to a lower level with a tremendous 
 rattling noise, which travelled over the corn- 
 fields and resounded among the hills around. 
 At that time Bellaire was only a farming spot, 
 and the farmers complained that the noise 
 disturbed their morning sleep. After a while 
 they became reconciled to this “eye-opener,” 
 for it brought money and business to the 
 place, and the miners had to be fed — had 
 bouncing appetites. The faniib^ were also 
 musical ; and evenings, after their da 3 ^s of toil, 
 they brought out their musical instruments — 
 fife, drum, clarionet, triangle, etc. — and the 
 old man, John, and his four boys, Jake, John, 
 Jr., Balph, Ed., and John More gave the 
 valley folks the best they had ; so if the eye- 
 openers had been a little hard on them, the 
 night-caps made full compensation. 
 
 Jacob Heatherington. — When I entered 
 the lower end of Bellaire, in the cars along 
 the river valley, I was struck by the grand 
 appearance of a mansion under the hill, with 
 a row of poplar trees before it. This, with 
 the huge glass-houses with their big cupolas, 
 and other industrial establishments of the 
 place, the noble bridge across the Ohio, and 
 the grandeur of the hill and river scenery, 
 made an enduring impression. The owner 
 of this palatial residence is Jacob, or, as he is 
 commonly called, Jake Heatherington, one 
 of the sons of the John of whom I have 
 spoken. He is now an old and highly re- 
 spected man of seventy-three years of age, 
 and with a large estate, but he cannot read 
 nor write. 
 
 The Miner and his Mule Partner. — He 
 was born in England in 1814 ; at spven 3 'ears 
 of age was put to work down 2,40() feet deep 
 in a coal-mine, and worked sixteen and eight- 
 een hours a da 3 '^ ; never went to school a day 
 in his life. In 1837, when he was twenty- 
 three 3 ’ears of age, he rented a coal-bank from 
 Eapt. Fink, and bought eight acres of land 
 on credit. This was his foundation, and 
 it was solid, was indeed “the everlasting 
 hills.” At first he wheeled out his coal on a 
 wheelbarrow ; his business grew, and he took 
 in a partner. The firm became known as 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 323 
 
 Jake Heatherington and his mule Jack, For 
 years he mined his own coal, and drove^ his 
 faithful, silent, yet active partner, a little 
 fellow, only about three feet and a half high. 
 
 T» S. Tappan, Photo., Bellaire, 1887. 
 JACOB HEATHERINGTON. 
 
 A strong affection grew up between them — a 
 mule , and a man — and so great was it that 
 Jack rebelled when any one else attempted to 
 drive him. From a few bushels per day the 
 business increased to thousands, and Jake’s 
 
 coal fed the furnaces of .•scores of steamers. 
 His possessions enlarged in various ways ; his 
 eight acres increased to over 800, he owned 
 some thirty dwellings, shares in glass-works, 
 and possessed steamboats. 
 
 He could never read the names of his own 
 boats as he saw them pass along the beautiful 
 river sixty rods from his door ; but he didn’t 
 care, for he knew them by sight, and no 
 more required their names on their sides for 
 his use than he wanted painted on the side 
 
 of his beloved mule, in staring letters, the 
 word JACK ! 
 
 The llovse that Jack Built. — In 1870 he 
 built his imposing residence, at a cost, it is 
 said, of $35,000, and dedicated it to the 
 memory of Jack. He always says it is “The 
 House that Jack Built.” His good fortune 
 he ascribes to Jack ; but for his faithful ser- 
 vices he never could have raised it. Over 
 the doorway is a noble arch, the keystone of 
 which is the projecting head of a naule^ a 
 
 T, S. Tappan, Photo., Bellaire, 1887. 
 The House that Jack Built. 
 
 Mkeness of Jack. When the house was built 
 ack was twenty-eight years old, retired from 
 ctive business, sleek and fat ; he did nothing 
 jut now and then cut off a few coupons. 
 
 Jake Shoivs Jack his New House. — Then 
 came the eventful day of his life. Jake 
 brought him out from his retirement to show 
 him the grand mansion he owed to him. In 
 
 the presence of the assembled neighbors, Jake 
 led Jack up the steps under the splendid arch- 
 way, and he followed him through the house, 
 while he talked to him in the most loving and 
 grateful way and showed him everything ; all 
 of which jack fully understood as a mule 
 understands a man. Jack lived many years 
 after this in otimn cum diqnitate." To be 
 
324 
 
 BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 born is to eventually die ; it is a mere ques- 
 tion of time ; with mules there is no excep- 
 tion. Then came Jack’s last sickness ; the 
 most tender nursing was of no avail. The 
 grief of Jake at Jack’s demise wa§ indescrib- 
 able. To this day he goes with visitors, and 
 oints out his grave under an apple tree near 
 is house, and talks of the virtues of the de- 
 parted. His age was forty years and ten 
 days ; his appearance venerable, for time had 
 whitened his entire body like unto snow. 
 
 My Visit to Jake . — It was in the twilight 
 of a Sunday evening that I called upon Jake 
 Heatherington. I passed under the poplars 
 and across the lawn to the mansion. The 
 venerable man and his wife were seated, good 
 Christian people as they are, on the doorstep, 
 enjoying the close of the holy day as it rested 
 in silence over the lovely hill-crowned valley. 
 
 When I handed him my card, I happened 
 to look up and saw the mule looking down, 
 as if watching me. In a moment the old 
 
 gentleman handed it back, saying: “You 
 will please read it ; I am not much of a 
 scholar. ” “No matter, ” I replied ; ‘ ‘ talk- 
 ing was done before printing ; I will talk. ’ ’ 
 I passed an hour there, during which he gave 
 me some of the incidents of his early life, as 
 related. He is rather a small man, but fresh- 
 looking and^ compactly built ; just after the 
 war he fell in a coal-boat and broke his hip, 
 from which he still suffers. 
 
 Although an unlettered man, he is of the 
 quality _ that poets are made. ' While one’s 
 risibilities are affected by the singular original 
 demonstration of his regard for a brute, the 
 tenderness of the sentiment touches the finer 
 chords. The highest, the celestial truths are 
 felt through the poetic sense ; and true wor- 
 ship is that which demonstrates a yearning 
 ' desire for the happiness of even the humblest 
 of Grod’s creatures. “Love me, love my 
 dog, ’ ’ was a thought in Paradise before it was 
 a proverb on earth. 
 
 BARNESViiiLE, ninety-seven miles east of Columbus, and twenty miles west of 
 the Ohio river, is on the O. C. H. H., and famous for its culture of strawberries 
 and raspberries. Newspapers : Enterprise, Independent, George McClelland, pub- 
 lisher ; Republican, Hepublican, Hanlon Bros. & Co., publishers. Churches : 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, I Presbyterian, I Christian, 1 African Methodist Episcopal, 
 and 1 Friends. Banks : First National, Asa Garretson, president, G. E. Bradfield, 
 cashier ; People’s National, J. S. Ely, president, A. E. Dent, cashier. 
 
 Large Manufactures . — Barnesville Glass Company, 131 hands ; Watt Mining 
 Car- Wheel Company, 42 ; George Atkinson, woollen-mill, 13 ; Heed Bros., cigars, 
 90 ; George E. Hunt, tailor, 18 ; Hanlon Bros., printing, 17 . — State Report 1887. 
 Population in 1880, 2,435. School census in 1886, 823; Henry L. Peck, super- 
 intendent. 
 
 The distinguishing feature of Barnesville lies in the quantity and quality of its 
 strawberry production. TAventy-five years ago very few strawberries Avere grown 
 in this community. In the spring of 1860 the late William Smith introduced, 
 and Avith C. G. Smith, John Scoles, and a few others, cultivated in limited quan- 
 tities for the home market the Wilson Albany Seedling. The demand AA^as small 
 at first, but steadily increased, until shipments are noAV 1,000 bushels per day, of 
 Avhich 800 go to Chicago, the balance divided among a number of points East and 
 West; and the fame of the Barnesville straAvberry has extended not only over the 
 entire country but into foreign countries, even so far as Pussia.” The shipping 
 trade opened about 1870 ; first to Columbus and Wheeling, and later to other near 
 points. In 1880 James Edgerton tried the experiment of shipping to Chicago, 
 but not until tAvo years later did that trade assume large proportions. There are 
 about 275 acres devoted to straAvberry culture, the average yield about ninety-four 
 bushels per acre. The Sharpless, the fa\mrite variety, is a large, sightly fruit, 
 Avell colored, fine flavored, and Avill stand transportation to distant cities. Other 
 popular berries are the Cumberland, Charles DoAvning, Wilson, Crescent, and 
 Jaconda; but the Barnesville groAvers say, ‘^The Sharpless is our pride.” The 
 care, commendable rivalry, and pride of the Barnesville groAvers, Avhich, Avith a 
 soil and climate specially adapted to the groAvth of a large, hardy berry, has devel- 
 oped this great industry. 
 
 The first settlement of Warren, the toAvnship in Avhich Barnesville is situated, 
 Avas made in 1800, the last year of the last century. The first settlers AA^ere George 
 Shannon (the father of Gov. Shannon), John Grier, and John Dougherty ; soon 
 others folloAved. The great body of the pioneers Avere nearly all Quakers from 
 North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. In 1804 they built a log meeting- 
 house, and a Avoman, Ruth BosAvell, preached there the first sermon ever delivered 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 325 
 
 in the township. This spot where the Stillwater church now stands has been 
 occupied by the Friends from that day to this, and over 7,000 meetings for wor- 
 ship have been held there; and the entire 7,000, we venture to say, breathed 
 nothing but Peace on earth and good-will to man.^’ 
 
 ATilliam Windom, who was Secretary of the Treasury under Garfield, and has 
 twice represented Minnesota in the United States Senate, is a native of this county, 
 where he Avas born May 10, 1827. 
 
 Meyer & Outtand, Photo,., Barnesville, 1886 . 
 Feiends’ Yearly Meeting-House, Barnesville. 
 
 Antiquities. — In the vicinity of Barnesville 
 are some extraordinary natural and artificial 
 curiosities. About two miles south of the 
 town, on the summit of a hill on the old Biggs 
 farm, is a stone called “ Goblet Bock ” from 
 its general resemblance to a goblet. Its aver- 
 age height is nine feet, circumference at base 
 fifteen feet nine inches, ^ mid circumference 
 eighteen feet, and top circumference thirty- 
 one feet four inches. The whole stone can be 
 shaken into a sensible tremble by one standing 
 on the top. ^ 
 
 A few miles west of Barnesville are two 
 ancient works, on the lands of Jesse Jarvis 
 and James Nuzzum. On that of the latter is 
 one of the largest of mounds, it being about 
 1,800 feet in circumference and 90 feet in 
 height. 
 
 Among the most interesting relics of the 
 mound-building race are the “Barnesville 
 track rocks” on the sand rock of the coal 
 measure located on the lands of Bobert G. 
 Price. They were discovered in 1856 by a 
 son of Mr. Price. The tracks are those of 
 birds’, animals’ and human feet, and other 
 figures, as shellfish, serpents, earthworms, 
 circles, stars, etc. : these indentations vary 
 from two to over twenty inches in length. 
 The depths of the impressions are from three- 
 fourths of an inch to a scale hardly percepti- 
 ble. These are evidently the work of a 
 mound race sculptor. The track ^ rocks 
 are described and pictonally shown in the 
 U. S. Centennial Commission Beport for 
 Ohio. 
 
 Martinis Ferry is on the west bank of the Ohio river opposite Wheeling, W. 
 Va. The site of the city is a broad river bottom over two miles in length and 
 extending westward to the foot-hills a distance of a mile and a half at the widest 
 point. The adjacent hills rise gradually and afford many beautiful building sites 
 overlooking the river, giving a vieAV not excelled at any point on the Ohio. The 
 city, is underlaid with an inexhaustible supply of coal. A bountiful supply of 
 building stone and limestone is found Avithin the corporation limits, and natural 
 gas has been struck in ample quantities for the town’s needs. 
 
 The first settlement Avas made and called Morristown in 1785, but, upon com- 
 plaint of the Indians that the Avhites were encroaching on their hunting-grounds, the 
 settlers Avere dispossessed and driven to the other side of the river by Col. Harmer, 
 acting under the orders of the United States government. In 1788 the ground 
 upon which the toAvn is built AA^as granted by patent to Absalom Martin, and in 
 1795 he laid out a town and called it Jefferson. But, having failed in his efforts 
 to liaA^e it made the county-seat, Mr. Martin purchased such town lots as had been 
 already sold and vacated the toAvn, supposing];: a toAvn could never exist so near 
 W heeling. 
 
326 
 
 BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 In 1 835 Ebenezer Martin laid out and platted the town of Martinsville, but 
 afterwards changed the name to Martin’s Ferry, there being another town in the 
 State named Martinsville. As no point on the Ohio ])resented better facilities for 
 manufacturing, it grew and prospered and in 1865 was incorporated as a town. 
 
 Martin’s Ferry is on the line of the P. C. & St. L. R. P. Newspapers : Ohio 
 Valley News, Independent, James H. Drennen, editor and publishe* ; Church 
 Herald, religious, Rev. Earl D. Holtz, editor and publisher. Churdies : 1 Presby- 
 terian, 1 United Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Lutheran, 1 Catholic, 2 Methodist 
 Episcopal, 1 African Methodist, 1 Episcopal. Banks : Commercial, J. A. Gray, 
 president. Geo. II. Smith, cashier; Exchange, John Armstrong, president, W. R. 
 Ratcliff, cashier. 
 
 Manufacturers and Employees. — Novelty Glass Mould Works, 9 hands; Elson 
 Glass Works, tableware, etc., 330 ; F. McCord & Bro., brick, 25 ; Laughlin Nail 
 Co., 375; Martin’s Ferry Stove Works, 27; Spruce, Baggs & Co., stoves, 26; 
 Dithridge Flint Glass Works, tumblers, etc., 194 ; L. Spence, steam engines, etc., 
 25 ; Martin’s Ferry Keg and Barrel Co., 65 ; Buckeye Glass Works, 200 ; Branch 
 of Benwood Mills, pig iron, 55 ; J. Kerr So Sons and B. Exley & Co., doors, sash, 
 etc. ; Wm. Mann, machinery, 24. — State Report, 1887. 
 
 A. C. Enochs, Photo., Martin's Ferry, 1887. 
 
 Martin’s Ferry. 
 
 Population in 1880, 3,819. School census in 1886, 1,813; Chas. .R. Shreve', 
 superintendent. 
 
 The cultivation of grapes is an important and growing industry of Martin’s 
 Ferry, the warm valley and sunny eastern slopes west of the town being espe- 
 cially adapted to their perfection ; not less than 350 acres are devoted to their 
 cultivation. The grapes are made into wine by the Ohio Wine Co., which has 
 recently erected a large building for this purpose. 
 
 The dwellings at Martin’s Ferry are mostly on a second plateau about 600 
 feet from the Ohio and 100 feet above it. The river hills on both sides rise to 
 an altitude of about 600 feet, making the site of the town one of grandeur. 
 On the West Virginia side the hills are very precipitous, leaving between them 
 and the river bank but little more than sufficient space for a road and the line 
 of the P. C. & St. L. Railroad. The upper plateau at Bellaire is a gravel and 
 sand bed. The gravel is about eighty feet deep in places, cemented so strongly 
 that the excavation for buildings is very expensive, being impervious to the 
 pick, and often, from the porous nature of the soil, blasting fails ; the cost of ex- 
 cavating for the cellar of a building often exceeds the price of the lot. The west 
 part of the upper plateau is depressed, and it is supposed was once the bed of 
 the Ohio. The country back is very fertile and rich in coal, iron and limestone. 
 
BELMONT COUNTY. 
 
 <27 
 
 Annexed^ is a view of the cottage at Mar- 
 tin’s Ferry in which, March I, 1837, was born 
 Wm. Dean Howells, who is considered 
 “America’s Leading Writer of Fiction.” The 
 structure was ol’ brick and was destroyed to 
 make way for the track of the Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg railway. It was drawn at our de- 
 
 Birthplace of Wm. Dean Howells. 
 
 sire from memory by the venerated father of 
 the author, who built it and is now living in 
 a pleasant old age at Jelferson, Ashtabula 
 county. 
 
 The Howells away back were of literary 
 tastes, of Welsh stock and Quakers. When 
 the boy was three years of age the family re- 
 moved to Butler county, wdiere his father 
 published a newspaper, the Hcimilton Intelli- 
 (jencer, and William while a mere child 
 learned to set type. From thence they re- 
 moved to Dayton, where the elder Howells 
 purchased the Dayton Transcript and changed 
 it into a daily. His sons aided him in the 
 type-setting, William often working until 
 near midnight and then rising at four o’clock 
 to distribute the paper. The enterprise illus- 
 trated industry against ill fate. After a two- 
 years’ struggle Mr. Howells one day an- 
 nounced to his sons the enterprise was a fail- 
 ure, whereupon they all went down to the 
 Big Miami and took a good swim to freshen 
 up for another tug with fate. 
 
 In 1851, when fourteen years of age, he 
 got a position as compositor on the Ohio State 
 Journal at Columbus. His pay was four dol- 
 
 lars per week, which was the first money he 
 earned and received as his own. This he 
 turned into the uses of the family to help 
 fight the wolf from the door. While there, 
 conjointly with a brother compositor, John 
 J. Piatt, he jiut forth a volume of poetry. 
 Later he contributed iioeins to the Atlantic 
 
 WM. DEAN HOWELLS. 
 
 Monthly, was a newspaper correspondent, 
 wrote a campaign life of Lincoln : from 1861 
 to 1 864 was consul at Venice ; from 1 866 to 
 1872 was assistant editor of the Atlantic 
 Monthly, and then until 1881 editor-in-chief. 
 Mr. Howells works in a field wdiich is pre- 
 eminently his own — that of social life. He 
 has a happy home, wife and children in Bea- 
 con St., Boston, where he devotes his morn- 
 ings to writing, usually comideting at a sitting 
 a trifle more than what would make one-and- 
 a-half pages as this in which our printer sets 
 these lines — say 1500 words a day. 
 
 Flushing and Morristown are villages, containing each from sixty to eighty 
 dwellings, in this county. 
 
BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 12X> 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 Brown County was formed from Adams and Clermont March 1, 1817, and 
 named from General Jacob Brown, a gallant officer of the war of 1812. He was a 
 native of Pennsylvania, of Quaker origin, and defeated the British at Lundy^s Lane, 
 Chippewa and in the sortie from Fort Erie. Excepting the Ohio river hills the 
 surface oLBrown is generally level or undulating and the soil fertile ; the northern 
 part more especially is adapted to grassing and the southern to grain. Area, 470 
 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated Avere 107,803; pasture, 97,015; 
 woodland, 42,553 ; lying waste, 9,666; wheat, 72,616 bushels; corn, 1,261,807 ; 
 tobacco, 3,702,512 pounds;^ butter, 498,153 pounds. School census 1886, 
 10,328; teachers, 217. It has 113 miles of railroad. 
 
 WNSHIPS AND Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Byrd, 
 
 2,422 
 
 1,299 
 
 Perry, 
 
 1,869 
 
 Clark, 
 
 1,290 
 
 1,761 
 
 Pike, 
 
 792 
 
 Eagle, 
 
 888 
 
 1,249 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 1,485 
 
 Franklin 
 
 1,199 
 
 1,165 
 
 Scott, 
 
 1,101 
 
 Green, 
 
 358 
 
 1,916 
 
 Sterling, 
 
 608 
 
 Huntington, 
 
 1,957 
 
 3,085 
 
 Union, 
 
 2,071 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 1,253 
 
 963 
 
 Washington, 
 
 848 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 2,044 
 
 8,188 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 2,838 
 
 1,339 
 
 2,940 
 
 1,224 
 
 1,662 
 
 5,776 
 
 1,206 
 
 Population of BroAvn county in 1820, 13,367 ; in 1840, 22,715; in 1860, 
 28,842; in 1880, 31,179, of whom 27,383 were Ohio-born. 
 
 A short time previous to the settlement of this county a battle was fought at a 
 locality called the salt lick,” in Perry township, in the northern part of the 
 county, between a party of Kentuckians and some Indians under Tecumseh. The 
 circumstances are here given from Drake’s life of that celebrated Indian chief. 
 
 Battle with Tecumseh. — In the month ot 
 March, 1792, some horses were stolen by the 
 Indians, from the settlements in Mason 
 county, Ky. A party of whites, to the num- 
 ber of thirty-six, was immediately raised for 
 the purpose of pursuing them. It embraced 
 Kenton, Whiteman, MTntyre, Downing, 
 Washburn, Calvin and several other experi- 
 enced woodsmen. The first named, Simon 
 Kenton, a distinguished Indian fighter, was 
 placed in command. The trail of the Indians 
 being taken, it was found they had crossed 
 the Ohio, just below the mouth of Lee’s 
 creek, which was reached by the pursuing 
 party towards evening. Having prepared 
 rafts, they crossed the Ohio that night, and 
 encamped. Early next morning the trail was 
 again taken and pursued, on a north course, 
 all day, the weather being bad and the ground 
 wet. On the ensuing morning, twelve of the 
 men were unable to continue the pursuit, and 
 were permitted to return. 
 
 The remainder followed the trail until 
 eleven o’clock A. m., when a bell was heard, 
 which they supposed indicated their apjiroach 
 to the Indian camp. A halt was called, and 
 all useless baggage and clothing laid aside. 
 
 Whiteman and two others were sent ahead 
 as spies, in different directions, each being 
 
 followed by a detachment of the party. After 
 moving forward some distance, it was found 
 that the bell was approaching them. They 
 halted, and soon perceived a solitary Indian 
 riding towards them. When within one hun- 
 dred and fifty yards, he was fired at and 
 killed. Kenton directed the spies to proceed, 
 being now satisfied that the camp of the 
 Indians was near at hand. They pushed on 
 rapidly, and after going about four miles, 
 found the Indians encamped on the southeast 
 side of the east fork of the Little Miami, a 
 few miles above the place where the town of 
 Williamsburg has since been built. The 
 indications of a considerable body of Indians 
 were so strong, that the expediency of an 
 attack at that hour of the day was doubted 
 by Kenton. A hurried council was held, in 
 which it was determined to retire, if it could 
 be done without discovery, and lie concealed 
 until night, and then assault the camp. This 
 plan was carried into execution. Two of the 
 spies were left to watch the Indians, and 
 ascertain whether the pursuing party had 
 been discovered. The others retreated tor 
 some distance, and took a commanding posi- 
 tion on a ridge. The spies watched until 
 night, and then reported to their cojinmander 
 that they had not been discovered by th^ 
 
BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 enemy. The men being wet and cold, they 
 were now marched down into a liollow, where 
 they kindled fires, dried their clothes, and 
 put their rifles in order. 
 
 The party was then divided into three de- 
 tachments, — Kenton commanding the right, 
 MTntyre the centre, and Downing the left. 
 By agreement, the three divisions were to 
 move towards the camp, simultaneously, and 
 when they had approached as near as possi- 
 ble, without giving an alarm, were to be 
 uided in the commencement of the attack, 
 y the fire from Kenton’s party. When 
 ' Downing and his detachment had approached 
 close to the camp, an Indian rose upon his 
 feet, and began to stir up the fire, which was 
 but dimly burning. Fearing a discovery, 
 Downing’s party instantly shot him down. 
 This was followed by a general fire from the 
 three detachments, upon the Indians who 
 were sleeping under some marquees and bark 
 tents, close upon the margin of the stream. 
 But unfortunately, as it proved in the sequel, 
 Kenton’s party had taken “Boone,” as their 
 watch-word. This name happening to be as 
 familiar to the enemy as themselves, led to 
 some confusion in the course of the engage- 
 ment. When fired upon, the Indians, instead 
 of retreating across the stream, as had been 
 anticipated, boldly stood to their arms, 
 returned the fire of the assailants, and rushed 
 upon them. They were reinforced, more- 
 over, from a camp on the opposite side of the 
 river, which, until then, had been unperceived 
 by the whites. In a few minutes, the Indians 
 and the Kentuckians were blended with each 
 other, and the cry of “Boone,” and “Che 
 Boone,” arose simultaneously from each 
 party. 
 
 It was after midnight when the attack was 
 made, and there being no moon, it was very 
 dark. Kenton, perceiving that his men were 
 likely to be overpowered, ordered a retreat, 
 after the attack had lasted for a few minutes ; 
 this was continued through the remainder of 
 the night and part of the next day, the 
 Indians pursuing them but without killing 
 more than one of the retreating party. The 
 Kentuckians lost but two men, Alexander 
 M’ Intyre and John Barr. The loss of the 
 Indians was much greater, according to the 
 statements of some prisoners, who, after the 
 peace of 1795, were released and returned to 
 Kentucky. They related that fourteen In- 
 dians were killed, and seventeen wounded. 
 They stated further, that there were in the 
 camp about one hundred warriors, among 
 them several chiefs of note, including Tecum- 
 seh, Battise, Black Snake, Wolf and Chin- 
 skau ; and that the party had been formed 
 for the purpose of annoying the settlements 
 in Kentucky, and attacking boats descending 
 the Ohio river. Kenton and his party were 
 three days in reaching Limestone, during two 
 of which they were without food, and desti- 
 tute of sufficient clothing to protect them 
 from the cold winds and rains of March. 
 The foregoing particulars of this expedition 
 are taken from the manuscript narrative of 
 Gen. Benjamin Whiteman, one of the early 
 
 329 
 
 and gallant pioneers to Kentucky, now a 
 resident of Greene county, Ohio. 
 
 The statements of Anthony Shane and of 
 Stephen Buddell, touching this action, vary 
 in some particulars from that which has been 
 given above, and also from the narrative in 
 “McDonald’s Sketches.” The principal 
 difference relates to the number of Indians in 
 the engagement, and the loss sustained by 
 them. They report but two killed, and that 
 the Indian force was less than that of the 
 whites. Buddell states, that at the com- 
 mencement of the attack, Tecumseh was 
 lying by the fire, outside of the tents. When 
 the first gun was heard, he sprang to his feet, 
 and calling upon Sinnamatha to follow his 
 example and charge, he rushed forward and 
 killed one of the whites (John Barr) with his 
 war-club. The other Indians, raising the 
 war-whoop, seized their arms, and rushing 
 upon Kenton and his party, compelled them, 
 after a severe contest of a few minutes, to re- 
 treat. One of the Indians, in the midst of 
 the engagement, fell into the river, and in 
 the effort to get out of the water made so 
 much noise that it created a belief on the 
 minds of the whites that a reinforcement 
 was crossing the stream to aid Tecumseh. 
 This is supposed to have hastened the order 
 from Kenton for his men to retreat. 
 
 The afternoon prior to the battle one of 
 Kenton’s nien, by the name of M’Intyre, 
 succeeded in catching an Indian horse, which 
 he tied in the rear of the camp, and, when a 
 retreat was ordered, he mounted and rode 
 off. Early in the morning Tecumseh and 
 four of his men set off in pursuit of the re- 
 treating party. Having fallen upon the trail 
 of M’ In tire, they pursued it for some dis- 
 tance and at length overtook him. He had 
 struck a fire and was cooking some meat. 
 When M’Intyre discovered his pursuers he 
 instantly fled at full speed. Tecumseh and 
 two others followed and were fast gaining on 
 him, when he turned and raised his gun. 
 Two of the Indians, who happened to be in 
 advance of Tecumseh, sprung behind trees, 
 but he rushed upon M’Intyre and made him 
 prisoner. He was tied and taken^ back to 
 the battle-ground. Upon reaching it Tecum- 
 seh deemed it prudent to draw off his men, 
 lest the whites should rally and renew the 
 attack. He requested some of the Indians to 
 catch the horses, but they hesitating, he un- 
 dertook to do it himself, assisted by one of 
 the party. When he returned to camp with 
 the horses, he found that his men had killed 
 M’Intyre. At this act of cruelty to a pris- 
 oner he was exceedingly indignant, declar- 
 ing that it was a cowardly act to kill a man 
 when tied and a prisoner. The conduct of 
 Tecumseh in this engagement and in the 
 events of the following morning is creditable 
 alike to his courage and humanity. Beso- 
 lutely brave in battle, his arm was never up- 
 lifted against a jjrisoner, nor did he suffer 
 violence to be inflicted upon a captive without 
 promptly rebuking it. 
 
 McDonald, in speaking of this action, 
 says : 
 
BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 33 <^ 
 
 “The celebrated Tecumseh commanded the 
 Indians. His cautious and fearless intrepidity 
 made him a host wherever he went. In 
 military tactics night attacks are not allow- 
 able, except in cases like this, when the as- 
 sailing party are far inferior in numbers. 
 Sometimes, in night attacks, panics and 
 confusion are created in the attacked party, 
 
 which may render them a prey to inferior 
 numbers. Kenton trusted to something like 
 this on the present occasion, but was disap- 
 pointed, for when Tecumseh was present his 
 influence over the minds of his followers in- 
 fused that confidence in his tact and in- 
 trepidity that they could only be defeated by 
 force of numbers. ’ ’ 
 
 Drawn hy Henry Howe, 1846. 
 
 Public Square, Georgetown. 
 
 Georgetown in 1846. — Georgetown, the county-seat, is 107 miles from 
 Columbus, 30 from Hillsboro, 46 from Wilmington, 21 from Batavia and West 
 Union and 10 from Ripley. It was laid off in the year 1819, and its original 
 proprietors were Allen Woods and Henry Newkirk. It contains 1 Presbyterian, 
 1 Baptist, 1 Christian Disciples and 1 IMethodist church, a newspaper printing office 
 and about 800 inhabitants. The view shows the public square, with the old court- 
 hou.se on the left and on the right a new and elegant Methodi.st church. — Old Edition. 
 
 Georgetown, the county-seat, is in the valley of White Oak Creek, on the C. 
 G. & P. Railroad, 42 miles southeast of Cincinnati and 10 miles north of the 
 Ohio river. The town has changed less than many others since 1846. Another 
 and a neat court-hou.se occupies the site of the one shown, and the grounds are 
 ornamented with a fine grove of trees. 
 
 County officers in 1888: Probate Judge, George P. Tyler; Clerk of Court, 
 C. C. Blair; Sheriff, A. J. Thompson; Pro.secuting Attorney, D. Y. Pearson; 
 Auditor, John W. Helbling ; Treasurer, J. P. Richey ; Recorder, G. C. Reisinger ; 
 Surveyor, J. R. Wright; Coroner, John W. Adkins; Commi.ssioners, Fred- 
 erick Bauer, S. W. Pickerill, R. C. Drake. 
 
 Georgetown has 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian, 1 IMethodist, 1 Colored Methodi.st 
 and 1 Colored Baptist church. Newspapers : Democmt (Dem.), D. S. Tarbell, 
 editor; News (Dem.), A. B. Fee & Dang, publi.shers; Gazette (Rep.), Wm. H. T. 
 Denny. Banks ; First National, Joseph Cochran, president, W. S. Wliiteman, 
 cashier. One woollen factory, R. Young & Co., 19 employees. A great deal of 
 tobaceo is shipped from here. Population in 1880,1,293. School census 1886, 
 468 ; Isaac Mitchell, superintendent. 
 
 The greate.st indu.stry of this county is tobacco-raising, of which 3,702,542 
 pounds were produced in 1885, this amount being exceeded only by Montgomery 
 county. Brown, however, takes ]irecedence in the quality of tobacco. It is rai.sed 
 upon the bottom lands and hillsides by the water courses, the .southern part of the 
 county being more especially the tobacco region. 
 
 The “ White Burley'' Tobacco, which is a highly valued as a superior chewing tobacco, 
 native of this county, is of fine qualit}’^ and It was first discovered about the year 1860 by 
 
BROWN COUNTY, 
 
 33J 
 
 Joseph Foos on the farm of Captain Fred 
 Kantz, Foos had procured some little bur- 
 ley seed from George Barkley, which, when 
 it came up, produced plants some of which 
 were almost milk-white. This led him to 
 suppose that they had been damaged, but they 
 grew as vigorously as those of a darker color. 
 Therefore, when transplanting, he set out 
 the white ones also. They grew and matured, 
 were cut and hung by themselves, so that 
 they could be distinguished. ^ When cured 
 they were very bright and fine in texture and 
 
 In Georgetown is pointed out the mai 
 nent and eloquent men of his time in the 
 It was through' him that U. S. Grant r( 
 Point. 
 
 of such superior quality that more of the 
 seed was procured and planted with the same 
 result, and from these plants the seed was 
 saved. Thus originated the famous ‘‘White 
 Burley ’ ’ tobacco of Brown county, from 
 which the farmers of that section have 
 reaped such rich harvests. From it is made 
 the celebrated brand of Fountain fine-cut of 
 Lovell & Buffington, also the Star plug of 
 Liggett & Myer and many other popular 
 brands. 
 
 • 
 
 ion in whicli lived one of the most emi- 
 State, General Thomas Lyon Hamer, 
 iived his appointment as a cadet to West 
 
 teacher, beginning at Withamsville, Clermont 
 county, a poor boy, with onL one suit of 
 clothes, that the homespun on' his back, and 
 a cash capital of “ one and sixpence.” Later 
 he taught at Bethel, where he boarded in the 
 family of Thomas Morris, the pioneer lawyer 
 of Clermont county, who befriended him. 
 He occupied his spare hours in studying law 
 and commenced the practice in Georgetown 
 in the year 1820, which he continued until 
 June, 1846, at which time he volunteered in 
 the Mexican war. Being an active member 
 of the Democratic party, he sympathized in 
 its war measures. He was elected Major of 
 the First Begiment Ohio Volunteers, and re- 
 ceived the appointment of Brigadier-General 
 from the President before his departure for 
 the seat of war. In that station he acquitted 
 himself with great ability up to the period of 
 his death. He was in the battle of Monterey, 
 and on Major-General Butler being wounded, 
 succeeded him in the command. He dis- 
 tinguished himself on this occasion by his 
 coolness and courage. General Hamer was 
 endowed with most extraordinary abilities as 
 an orator, advocate and lawyer. He repre- 
 sented the district in which he resided six 
 years in Congress, and distinguished himself 
 as an able and sagacious statesman, and at 
 the time of his death was a member-elect of 
 Congress. His death was greatly deplored, 
 being in his prime, forty-six years of age, 
 with a most promising prospect of attaining 
 the highest eminence. 
 
 Georgetown will be known for all time as the boyhood home of Ulysses Simp- 
 son Grant. He was born in Clermont county, but as his parents removed here when 
 he was a mere infant only about a year old, his childhood impressions were made 
 and his early loves formed in this then little village in the valley of White Oak 
 creek. His parents were of Scotch descent ; his great-grandfather, Noah Grant, 
 was a captain in the early French wars, and his grandfather, Noah Grant, a lieu- 
 tenant in the battle of Lexington. 
 
 The school-house of Grant’s boyhood is yet standing, but in a dilapidated condi- 
 tion ; and this now old ruin doubtless was the scene of this anecdote told b}^ a 
 biographer. When he was quite a little fellow he had an unusually difficult 
 lesson to learn. You can’t master that task,” remarked one of his schoolmates. 
 Can’t,” he returned; ^Svhat does that mean?” Well it just means just that 
 
 He was born the son of a poor farmer in 
 Pennsylvania in the year 1800, but passed his 
 
 boyhood on the margin of Lake Champlain, 
 where he was an eye-witness of the naval ac- 
 tion fought by McDonough, which, with its 
 triumphant result, inspired him with a taste 
 for a soldier’s life. At the age of seventeen 
 he came to Ohio with his father’s family, and 
 then struck out for himself as a school- 
 
332 
 
 BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 I 
 
 you can’t/’ Grant had really never heard the word before and began to hunt it 
 up in his old dictionary. At last he went to his teacher and asked, What is the 
 meaning of can’t ? the word is not in the dictionary.” The teacher explained its 
 origin and how it came to be corrupted by abbreviation, and then to impress an 
 
 Photo, by Henry K. Hannah, Artist, 1886. 
 
 The Grant School-house, Georgetown. 
 
 important truth upon the minds of his young pupils he added : If in the struggles 
 through life any person should assert that you can’t do anything that you had set 
 your mind upon accomplishing, let your reply be, if your work be a good and law- 
 ful one. that the word can’t is not in the dictionary.” Grant never forgot the inci- 
 
 Photo. by Henry K. Hannah, Artist. 
 
 The Grant Homestead and Tannery, Georgetown. 
 
 dent. He not only conquered his studies, but, in after years, he often replied to 
 those who declared he would fail in attaining his object, that the word can’t” is 
 not to be found in any dictionary. 
 
 The school-house, also homestead and tannery, are within live minutes walk of 
 the court-house. In the engraving of the two latter the homestead i.s shown on 
 
G-RAKTJIND HIS PARENTS IN THE WAR ERA, 
 
334 
 
 SROWN COUNTY, 
 
 the right, the taimery in the front. To the first a front addition has been made 
 since the Grants were here ; the smaller and near part was the old dwelling, as it 
 was when Grant was a growing boy and assisted his father in handling the hides. 
 He was a lively, companionable boy, frank, generous and open-hearted, a leader 
 and a favorite among the Georgetown boys. He was regarded as having good 
 common sense without any especial marks of genius. When in after years he 
 visited Georgetown he never failed to seek out the friends of his youth and greet 
 them with hearty hand-shake and pleasant words. 
 
 Reminiscences of the Parents of Generae Grant, with an Analysis 
 OF THE General’s Characteristics. — On onr visit to Georgetown on our 
 second tour over the State we happened not to meet Mnth any who knew General 
 Grant in his youth, now more than half a century ago. At the time of his decease 
 we wrote our reminiscences of his parents, with a pen-portrait of him as he appeared 
 to us, which ysQ, here place on permanent record. One of his strong friends, for 
 years associated with him in a post of honor, indeed was a member of his cabinet, 
 pronounces it a just delineation of the qualities of this extraordinary man. 
 
 During the rebellion and for years after 
 the Grant family lived in Covington opposite 
 Cincinnati, and eventually Jesse Grant, the 
 father, was appointed postmaster of that 
 town. When the star of his son was rising 
 he was a familiar figure on the platform at 
 Union meetings in Cincinnati, I sometimes 
 saw him standing near the Gazette building 
 where the people were ^vont to gather for the 
 latest news from the armies in front in the 
 periods of agonizing suspense. 
 
 Father Grant, as they called him, was a 
 large man with high shoulders, about six 
 feet in stature and plainly attired, giving one 
 the idea of being just as he was, a useful, sub- 
 stantial citizen. His complexion was florid, 
 and his eyes were fronted by huge green 
 glasses ; his whole a])pearance was striking. 
 When the Union army was floundering in 
 the mud before Vicksburg and millions were 
 despairing under the long and weary waiting 
 his faith never faltered. “Ulysses,” he 
 said, “ will work until he gets a grip, and 
 when he gets a grip he never lets go, and he 
 will take Vicksburg.” 
 
 One summer afternoon when Grant was 
 jPresident I had the experience of a personal 
 interview with his parents and with each 
 alone. I had published in Cincinnati, mj’’ 
 then residence, and in connection with the 
 late E. C. Middleton, a portrait in oil colors 
 of Grant, and crossed the river to Covington 
 to show a copy to them and obtain their tes- 
 timony as to its accuracy. I first called upon 
 the old gentleman at the post-office. He in- 
 vited me in behind the letters, and on look- 
 ing at the i)ortrait was highly pleased, pro- 
 nouncing it the best he had seen, and was 
 glad to so attest. He was chatty and happy 
 in my presence. Though sociality was natu- 
 ral to him, I am inclined to think that the 
 reflection that he was the father of General 
 Grant, brought up so forcibly at that mo- 
 ment, was the prime factor to produce an 
 extra benignant mood. 
 
 Twenty minutes later I was in the presence 
 of Mrs. Grant. Covington, like most towns 
 in the old slave-holding States, had a slip- 
 shod aspect. The Grants lived on an unat- 
 
 tractive, narrow street in a small, plain, two- 
 story brick house close up to the pavement. 
 An old lady answered my ring. It was Mrs. 
 Grant, and I think she was the only person 
 in the house. At the very hour when her 
 son was being inaugurated at Washington, it 
 was said, a neighbor saw her on the rear 
 porch of her residence, with broom in hand, 
 sweeping down the cobwebs. 
 
 She was in person and manner the antithe- 
 sis of her husband ; a brunette with small, 
 slender, erect figure, delicately chiseled fea- 
 tures, and when young and simply Hannah 
 Simpson must have been very sweet to look 
 upon. Indeed, she was so then to me from 
 her modest air of refinement and that ex- 
 pression of moral beauty which increases 
 with the years. 
 
 In my presence she was the personification 
 of calmness and silence, and put her signa- 
 ture beneath that of her hu.sband without a 
 word. I tried to engage her in conversation 
 to hear more of the tones than simple replies 
 “ j^es” or “no,” and to see some play to her 
 countenance. It was in vain. Relieving 
 that life is so short that one should omit no 
 opportunity of trying to give pleasure to an- 
 other, I said, “I think, madam, I am fii- 
 vored this afternoon. There are multitudes 
 in all parts of our country who would be 
 highly gratified to have an interview with the 
 mother of General Grant.” 
 
 It was true, I felt it, and it was a pretty 
 thing to say. Not by a word or an expres- 
 sion of countenance did she show that she 
 even heard me. Yet I was glad I said it. A 
 duty had been performed, and it revealed a 
 trait of character From her General Grant 
 must have got his immobility that on occa- 
 sions when common civility demanded vocal 
 signification showed in a reticence that was 
 painful even to the b3"standers. Neither 
 mother nor son could help it. 
 
 The faculty of social impressibilitj’’ is ne- 
 cessary to every human being if they would 
 widely win souls and fully fill their own. 
 Conversation must be had for life’s happiest, 
 best uses, when eye speaks to eye, heart to 
 heart, and the varied tones wake the soul in 
 
BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 335 
 
 sympathy, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay 
 and Abraham Lincoln had words of cheer for 
 everybody, and hence were widely loved. 
 When Henry Clay was defeated for the pres- 
 idency strong men bowed and wept; when 
 Lincoln was assassinated the whole nation 
 ivrithed in agony. There was then no such 
 ’love for Grant. It was because of his ex- 
 treme reticence and that grim, fixed expres- 
 sion of face that gave no sign of the warm 
 affections that were within. Few, we found, 
 cared to have his portrait, while for those 
 above named, together with the portraits of 
 George and Martha Washington, there was 
 a great demand. Years later this was 
 changed : Grant himself grew social and won 
 more the afiections of the people, as they 
 learned his sterling moral qualities. 
 
 An analysis of the character of a great 
 man always interests. It never can be only 
 partially done. We never can fully compre- 
 hend ourselves, much less so another. 
 Grant’s moral qualities were of the best. 
 They were modesty, magnanimity, self- 
 repose, a total absence of vanity, self-seeking, 
 jealousy, or malice. He loved truth and 
 purity. His patriotism and sense of justice 
 were so strong that he would elevate a per- 
 sonal enemy to a position if he was the best 
 man for the public use. No man better 
 loved than he, but his dreadful reticence al- 
 lowed him to illustrate this only by acts. 
 His mind was simple, direct in its action, 
 and he had it in the perfect mastery of an 
 iron will. 
 
 His^ memory was like a vice. His topo- 
 graphical memory and capacity bordered on 
 the marvellous. When in camp he soon 
 knew the position of everj’’ brigade, the name 
 of its commander and the whole country 
 round with its roads, hills, woods and 
 streams, and then it was all before him as a 
 map on the table. During the siege of 
 Vicksburg he heard of a Northern man living 
 in the vicinity, a civil engineer familiar with 
 the whole adjacent country from his surveys 
 therein. He sent for him and adopted him 
 in his military family. That gentleman af- 
 terwards said he never met such a head for a 
 civil engineer as that of Grant’s. 
 
 This faculty made him superior to every 
 other commander, so that with his breadth 
 and clearness of views he could make his 
 combinations and move his men on the field 
 of battle with a well-calculated result, ‘almost 
 as certain as fate. He cared less than most 
 commanders to discover the plans of his ene- 
 my. He had his own which they could not 
 foresee, and his involved continued move- 
 ! ment. Therein he acted on the knowledge 
 that the greatest courage is with him who at- 
 tacks, and that even a musket ball in motion 
 i is worthy of more respect than a cannon ball 
 , at rest. His faculty of concentration was so 
 great, his nerves so rigid, that mid showers 
 of bullets and the skipping of cannon balls 
 he was as calm as on parade. Moreover, he 
 had the invincibility of the faith that the 
 Confederacy would ultimately totter and 
 crumble, and the business of each day was to 
 
 hasten on the time by action for the rising of 
 that dust. So he kept pounding away, and 
 proved himself to be God’s hammer to break 
 up slavery. 
 
 It was well for the amenities of that dread- 
 ful struggle that the commanders on both 
 sides had been largely personal friends, 
 youths together in the same military school, 
 brother officers in the same army. Grant 
 felt this bond of sympathy when Lee came 
 into his presence to lay down the sword. 
 And Lee deserved magnanimity in that houl 
 of humiliation. I chanced to make the ac- 
 quaintance of a Virginian, an elegant young 
 man, who had been an aide of Lee. He told 
 me that one evening at table early in the war 
 the officers of his military family were speak- 
 ing in no measured terms of indignation of a 
 Virginian, perhaps it was General Thomas, 
 for remaining in the Union army, when Gen- 
 eral Lee rebuked them, saying, “You do 
 him a great wrong, young gentlemen, in de- 
 nouncing him. He has acted from the same 
 conscientious sense of duty as you have, and is 
 worthy ofyour highest respect in his decision.” 
 
 Grant’s mind was strong, but, from his 
 want of imagination, severely practical, dry 
 and naked. An older brother of mine, in 
 the long past, a cadet at West Point, told me 
 that when listening to a lecture there on the 
 properties of a globe he found he could not 
 comprehend it. Through his obtruding im- 
 agination that globe was enveloped in a blue 
 flame, the result perhaps of the early theo- 
 logic teaching which I happen to know he 
 had. With Grant I venture to say when he 
 came later to the same study the globe was 
 as clear as a ball of crystal. He liked West 
 Point for its mathematics mainly. What on 
 earth can be drier? Even “the Pons Asi- 
 norum ” is over a dry bed. 
 
 He had no ear for music. Every tune 
 was alike to him. Varied, weirdly-pleasing 
 sensations that arise in the soul of some na- 
 -tures were probably weak in him, such as 
 come from listening to the wind sighing 
 through the pines, the murmurings of the 
 mountain brook, the cooing of the doves un- 
 der the eaves, the chirp of the crickets and the 
 nightly disputes of certain innocent, harmless 
 insects who appear to have before them their 
 especial question of the ages, whether “ Katy 
 did ” or “Katy didn’t.” 
 
 He seemed weak in the perception of the 
 beautiful as derived from the contemplation 
 of nature. It was a great deprivation, such 
 will say who find exquisite enjoyment and lift 
 their hearts in gratitude as they feel the be- 
 nign presence of the universal spirit in the 
 sparkling dew globule, the trembling leaf and 
 the sweetly-tinted flower. To many a heart 
 this love is a great panacea in a time of woe. 
 They feel in the midst of sore struggles that 
 the world of beauty is still theirs.^ But for 
 this reflection they might sometimes seek 
 relief in suicide. “Life,” they will say, “is 
 yet mine ; it is the great possession.” 
 
 During the eight years of his presidency, I 
 was personally told by the librarian. Grant 
 never enteied the library of Congress, and 
 
336 
 
 BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 there is no evidence that his information ex- 
 tended much into the leaves of books. I do 
 know that the brightest of our men in ideas, 
 such scholars and thinkers as Woolsey, Em- 
 erson, etc. , were not his companions, but he 
 seemed largely to find them in the lower 
 strata of the kings of money and lords of 
 fleet horses, gorgeous in their settings, lux- 
 urious and materialistic in their lives. 
 
 Grant had the sense of moral beauty. He 
 loved goodness and was incapable of an in- 
 tentional wrong. Not an oath nor an impure 
 expression was heard from his lips. He was 
 as strong in his friendships as in his will, and 
 he had that highest quality of citizenship, 
 deep, fervent devotion to his own family. 
 His dislike of exaggeration, his modesty, his 
 calmness of spirit and honesty of purpose are 
 shown in every word he wrote or spoke. His 
 memoirs, when published, will be found as 
 charming from their terse simplicity and 
 crystal clearness as the narratives of Defoe. 
 Every child will comprehend every word. 
 Grant’s absence of imagination and his power 
 of concentration gave him a clear view of 
 facts, while his marvelous memory gave him 
 therein full breadth of comprehension, so 
 that each fact would fall in at one view and 
 in its relative place of importance. 
 
 His calmness was so serene that no intrud- 
 ing emotion could disturb the perfect action 
 of his judgment. Having no imagination, 
 he never appealed to it in his soldiers, nor 
 did they want it. War was with them busi- 
 ness, not poetry. A poet was not wanted as 
 commander of the Army of the Potomac, no 
 matter what the direction for which the soul 
 of John Brown was heading ; nor a looking- 
 glass commander with his mind upon spread- 
 ing epaulettes and bobbing plumes. 
 
 He was a thoroughly independent, self- 
 poised thinker, and in his simplicity and 
 originality of expression often made two or 
 three words do the work of an entire sen- 
 tence. A notable instance of this was given 
 when General Butler was imprisoned by the 
 Confederates in the peninsula formed by the 
 junction of the Appomattox with the James. 
 He wrote that he was “bottled-up,” two 
 words that so comically expressed the dilemma 
 he had been in that the public laughed at 
 the quiet humor ; 
 
 He was bottled tight, 
 
 Was bottled long ; 
 
 ’Twas on the Jeems, 
 
 , So goes the song. 
 
 ’Twas there he fumed, 
 
 ’Twas there he fretted, 
 
 ’Twas there he sissed 
 And effervesced. 
 
 Grant’s attachments to his friends was one 
 of his best traits. Many public men, through 
 selfish fear of the charge of nepotism, will 
 allow those bound to them by the strongest 
 ties of kindred to suffer rather than help 
 them to positions which the}’^ know they can 
 worthily fill. No such moral cowardice can 
 be laid to his charge. He was alike phys- 
 ically and morally brave to the inmost fibre. 
 
 A well-known illustration of his tenderness 
 and strength of affection was shown by his 
 grief on learning of the death of the young 
 and brilliant James B. McPherson, who fell 
 in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, July 22d, 
 1864, “when he went into his tent and wept 
 like a child ; ’ ’ and later in the letter which 
 he wrote to the aged grandmother of the 
 lamented general, when he said : “ Your be- 
 reavement is great, but cannot be greater 
 than mine. ’ ’ 
 
 Such a sublimely pathetic and morally 
 beautiful picture as that presented by Grant 
 in his last dying work is seldom given for 
 human contemplation. To what fine tender 
 strains the chords of his heart must have 
 vibrated, and how inexpressibly sweet this life 
 must have seemed to him in those sad, mel- 
 ancholy days as he sat there, seated in the 
 solitude of his chamber penning his legacy, 
 while the warming sun shot its golden stream- 
 ers athwart the carpet at his feet, and the 
 air was filled with the joy of short-lived 
 buzzing insects, shown by their low, monoto- 
 nous notes reverberating from the window- 
 panes. Could the world to which he was 
 hastening offer to his imagination, when he 
 had cast aside his poor, suffering body, any- 
 thing more beautiful than this? 
 
 Night is over the great city and the stars 
 with their silent eyes look down upon the 
 tomb by the river as in the long ago they 
 looked down there upon a wilderness scene 
 when the prows of Hendrick Hudson moved 
 past through the ever-flowing waters. And 
 there the waters will continue to flow on and 
 on until another great leader shall arise pre- 
 pared for the last great conflict. And this 
 conflict will not be one of blood, but intellect- 
 ual and moral — one that shall adjust to the 
 use of the toiling millions a righteous meas- 
 ure for their labor in a land overflowing with 
 wealth and abundance more than sufficient 
 for the comfort and welfare of every deserv- 
 ing one, even to the very last, the humblest 
 son atid daughter of toil. But victory will 
 never ensue until character and not gold has 
 become the general measure of regard, and 
 the race has attained that high moral plane 
 where no one can wield vast possessions and 
 live under the withering scorn that would be- 
 fall him if he lived for himself alone. 
 
 Ripley in 1846. — Ripley is upon the Ohio, ten miles from Georgetown, nine 
 below Maysville, and about fifty above Cincinnati. The town was laid out about 
 the period of the war of 1812, by Colonel James Poage, a native of Virginia, and 
 first named Staunton, from Staunton, Va. it was afterwards changed to Ripley, 
 from General Ripley, an officer of distinction in the war. When the county was 
 first formed the courts were directed to be held at the house of Alex. Campbell, in 
 
BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 337 
 
 this town, until a permanent seat of justice should be established. For a time it 
 was supposed that this would be the -county-seat ; a court-house was begun, but 
 before it was finished the county-seat was permanently established at Georgetown. 
 The courts were, for a time, held in the First Presbyterian church, which was the 
 first public house of worship erected. Pipley is the largest and most business 
 place in the county, and one of the most fiourishing villages on the Ohio river, 
 within the limits of the State. The view shows the central part of the town only ; 
 it extends about a mile on the river. Pipley contains 2 Presbyterian, 1 Method- 
 ist, 1 Associate Peformed, 1 New Light, and 1 Catholic church, 20 stores, 1 news- 
 paper printing office, 1 iron foundry, 1 carding machine, 3 flouring mills, and had, 
 in 1840, 1,245 inhabitants. The Pipley female seminary, under the charge of 
 Wm. C. Bissell and lady, has about forty pupils. The Pipley College was 
 chartered by the State, but not endowed ; it is now a high school, under the care 
 of the Pev. John Pankin and an assistant, and has about forty pupils, of both 
 sexes. This institution admits colored children within its walls ; and there are 
 quite a number of people, in this region, who hold to the doctrine of equal rights, 
 politically and socially, to all, irrespective of color. — Old Edition. 
 
 Drawn hij Henry Howe, 184G. 
 
 Ripley, from the Kentucky Side of the Ohio. 
 
 Pipley is on the Ohio river about fifty miles southeast of Cincinnati. News- 
 papers : Bee and Times, Pepublican, J. C. Newcomb, editor and publisher. 
 Churches : 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian, 1 Lutheran, 1 Catholic, 1 
 Colored Methodist, 1 Colored Baptist. Banks : Citizens National, J. M. Gilli- 
 land, president, E. P. Bell, cashier ; Pipley National, John T. Wilson, president, 
 W. T. Galbreath, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — The Boyd Manufacturing Co., lumber, sash, etc., 
 65 hands ; Joseph Fulton, pianos, 23 ; J. P. Parker, machinery, etc., 10. — State 
 Report 1886. 
 
 Also saw and planing mills, foundry and finishing shop, threshing machines 
 and horse powers, cigar factories, carriages, tobacco presses and screws, clod 
 crushers, wire and slat fencing, etc. Population in 1880, 2,546. School census 
 in 1885, 821 ; J. C. Shumaker, superintendent. 
 
 As long ago as 1827-28 steamboats were State. It mostly went south in barrels, by 
 built at Ripley, in 1846, next to Cincinnati, flat-boats known as “broad horns,” each of 
 it was the large pork packing iJace in the which carried from 1,000 to 1 , 200 barrels ; as 
 
338 
 
 BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 many as ten to fifteen boats left here in a 
 season for the cotton and sugar plantations ; 
 all of this is now changed. Some of the old 
 “broad horns ” were built here ; hard work, 
 the sawing being done mostly by hand. 
 Eipley is quite a horse market, and monthly 
 on the last Saturday is “stock sales day,” 
 when the town is thronged. Thirty years ago 
 horses in considerable numbers were exported 
 to Cuba, and Cubans visited the place to buy 
 horses. Ripley has about twenty tobacco" 
 merchants. The Boyd Manufacturing Co., 
 which does business at Ripley, Higgansport 
 and Levanna, annually manufactures at the 
 latter point about two miles below about 
 10,000 tobacco hogsheads in connection with 
 their extensive planing mill there. 
 
 The town was alive in the war for the Union. 
 As regiment after regiment from Cincinnati 
 ascended the Ohio on steamers on their way 
 to Virginia, the men, women and children 
 thronged the river banks with cannon, flags 
 
 and music, cheering on the volunteers. 1 
 deed, this was common in all the river towns 
 on the Ohio side at the outbreak of the re- 
 bellion. Ripley claims to have furnished the 
 first company of volunteers for the suppression 
 of the rebellion the 13th day of April, 1861 ; 
 an Union meeting was in progress when news 
 was telegraphed of the fall of Sumter. A. 
 S. Leggitt, who afterwards gallantly fell at 
 Stone river, at once wrote out a heading for 
 an enlistment roll, and was the first to sign 
 it, R. C. Rankin second, and in quick succes- 
 sion eighty-one others. The officers selected 
 were as follows ; Captain Jacob Ammen, 
 afterwards General Ammen, nowof Ammen- 
 dale, D. C. ; First Lieutenant, E. C. Devore ; 
 Second Lieutenant, E. M. Carey, afterward 
 Major in Twenty-third 0. V. I., now de- 
 ceased. At noon next day Cajjtain Ammen 
 started for Columbus, reaching there by noon 
 on the 1 5th, by which time Mr. Lincoln had 
 issued the call for 75,000 men. 
 
 Our readers will see in the view of Ripley, taken in 184b, on the summit of the 
 hill a solitary house ; it is there this moment. That house, in full sight from the 
 Kentucky shore, was in that day as a beacon of liberty to the fugitives from slavery. 
 It was the residence of Rev. John Rankin and the first station on the underground 
 railroad to Canada : thousands of poor fugi- 
 tives found rest there, not one of whom was 
 ever recaptured. Among these were Eliza 
 and George Harris, and other characters of 
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” While Mr. Rankin 
 claimed to feed the hungry and clothe the 
 naked, he never gave aid and comfort to 
 those Avho enticed slaves to run aAvay. 
 
 The ancestors of John Rankin were Scotch- 
 Irish Presbyterians who emigrated to Penn- 
 sylvania 150 years ago. His father, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, settled in Jefferson county. 
 
 East Tennessee, Avhere John was born Feb. 
 
 4, 1793. He was educated at Washington 
 College, including theology, and licensed to 
 preach by the Presbytery of Abingdon, Va. 
 
 He was, from his cradle, brought up a Recha- 
 bite in temperance and an abolitionist. There 
 was an abolition society in Jefferson county, 
 
 Tenn., in 1814. While pastor of Cane JOHN RANKIN. 
 
 Ridge and Concord Churches, in Nicholas 
 
 and Bourbon counties, Ky., in 1817, he first began to preach against slavery. 
 Loathing the institution, he moved to a free land and from the same reason nearly 
 all the families of his congregation at Concord did likewise, emigrating to Indiana, 
 while he selected Ripley, Avhere, from 1822 to 1866, he was pastor of the Presby- 
 terian church. He was a great educator ; was })resident of the “ Ripley College,” 
 so called, and his house was always filled with students in various branches, in- 
 cluding theology. In 1836 he Avas for a time employed by the Americiin Anti- 
 Slavery Society to travel and lecture, and Avas often mobbed. ‘‘ The as})ect of a 
 fierce mob — he once Avrote — is terrible.” He Avas also founder of the F"ree Pres- 
 byterian Church of America, Avhich excluded slaveholders from membersliip. 
 
 Mr. Rankin died March 18, 1886, at the extraordinary age of ninety-three 
 
 years, one month and fourteen days, and lies buried in Maplewood cemetery, 
 
BROWN COUNTY, 
 
 339 
 
 Ripley. He left living eight sons and two daughters. Seven of his sons fought 
 for the Union under Grant. One of the seven, Capt. R. C. Rankin, now of 
 Ripley, has at our request given us in a letter the following interesting reminis- 
 cences of slave-hunters, abolition mobs, Gen. and Admiral Ammen and Gen. Grant, 
 with whom he was a schoolmate. 
 
 The Slave-Hunters at Ranhin s. — All that 
 my father did in the aid of fugitives was to 
 furnish food and shelter. His sons, of whom 
 there were nine, did the conveying away. 
 Some attempts were made to search our 
 house. In March, 1840, four men from Ken- 
 tucky and one from Ripley, with two bull- 
 dogs, came to the house and were met on the 
 porch by mother, of whom they inquired the 
 way to Mr. Smith’s (a neighbor of ours). On 
 being directed, the spokesman, Amos Shrope, 
 said, “Madam, to be plain with you, we do 
 not want to go to Mr. Smith’s, but there was 
 a store broken open in Dover, K3^, and we 
 have traced the thief to this house ; we want 
 to search for the goods and the thief” 
 Mother replied, “ We neither iiarbor thieves 
 nor conceal stolen property, and you are wel- 
 come to look through the house.” On start- 
 ing for the door my brother. Rev. S. G. W. 
 Rankin — now of Glastenbury, Conn. — took 
 down the rifle from over the door, cocked it, 
 and called out, “Halt!” if you come one 
 step farther I will kill you,' and they halted. 
 My brother David and myself had not yet re- 
 turned home from conveying the fugitives t& 
 the next station North, but were soon on the 
 scene, when word was sent to town and in a 
 short time the yard was full of friends. The 
 hunters were not allowed to pass out at the 
 gate, but were taken by each pm and led to 
 the fence and ordered to climb, and they 
 climhed ! 
 
 Mohhing of Rankin. — In the early days of 
 abolitionism my father was lecturing to an 
 audience in a grove at Winchester, Adams 
 CO., Ohio, when a mob of 200 men armed with 
 clubs marched to the grove and their leader. 
 Stivers by name, marched down the aisle and 
 up on the stand, drew his club over father and 
 
 called out, “Stop speaking or, you, I 
 
 will burst your head.” Father went on as 
 though nothing had happened, when Robert 
 Patten, a large and powerful man, sprang 
 forward and seized Stivers by the back of the 
 neck and led him out, and that ended it. On 
 another occasion father was hit with a goose 
 egg ; it struck the collar of his coat and did 
 not break until it fell, when out came a gos- 
 ling. He frequently came home with his 
 horse’s mane and tail shaved, when he would 
 calmly remark “ it was a colonization reply to 
 an abolition lecture. ’ ’ 
 
 The Slave- Hunters at the LoneWidou) s . — 
 On one occasion I was sent to go to the 
 house of a lone widow, being told that there 
 were three men in her house hunting “run- 
 aways.” I buckled on my revolver under my 
 vest and proceeded thither. I knew one of 
 the men, a desperate character, who had 
 killed one man at Hamilton, Ohio, and had 
 \yaylaid and shot another near his home in 
 
 Kentucky. I approached him first and asked 
 him to leave the house ; after waiting a few 
 moments and seeing he wp not disposed to 
 move, I put my hand on his breast to gently 
 urge him out, when he ran his right hand in 
 his i)ocket and grabbed his revolver ; but I 
 was too quick for him, and had mine cocked 
 within three inches of his eyes and shouted, 
 “ Now if you draw your hand out I will kill 
 you.” He believed it and so stood, when 
 one of his companions stepped up and slipped 
 in his left hand an Allen self-cocking, six- 
 shooting revolver; I exclaimed, “That will 
 do you no good, for if you raise your arm I 
 will put a bullet through your brain. ’ ’ He 
 also believed that. 
 
 In this position we wore found by John P. 
 Parker, a colored citizen of Ripley, who came 
 in soon after with a double-barrelled shot gun. 
 In a short time a crowd gathered, and the 
 “ hunters ” were taken before the mayor and 
 fined sixty dollars and costs. I could mention 
 many similar incidents. Through my mother 
 I inherit the same blood that coursed through 
 the veins of Gen. Sam Houston, of Texas. 
 
 The Animens. — David iVinmen, the father 
 of Gen. Jacob and Admiral Daniel, came from 
 Virginia and settled in Levanna, two miles 
 below Ripley, and edited the flrst newspaper 
 published in Brown co., Ohio. He was there 
 when we came to Ripley in 1822. He soon 
 moved to Ripley and there published his 
 paper, the Castigator, and first published my 
 father’s letters on slavery in its columns. In 
 1824 and in 182G he republished them in 
 book form and received his pay in the way of 
 rent, he living in one end of my father’s 
 house, a sixty-foot front, still standing on 
 Front street, my father living in the other 
 end. He was living there when “Jake,” as 
 we called him, went to West Point. Jacob 
 Ammen was in Fort Moultrie, Charleston 
 Harbor, during the days of nulliflcation in 
 1 832 : after that he was eight years a pro- 
 fessor in West Point. During this time 
 Grant was a cadet there, and Jake told me 
 that Ulysses would never have got through 
 had he not given him special attention. 
 
 On the organization of the Twelfth Ohio 
 volunteer infantry he was made the lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, and that is the way I became 
 flrst lieutenant, and on the expiration of his 
 term he was made colonel of the Twenty- 
 fourth Ohio volunteer infantry and com- 
 manded a brigade in Nelson’s division of 
 Buell’s army. It was he who got to Shiloh 
 or Pittsburg Landing on Sunday, May 6, in 
 time to fight two hours before dark. Beau- 
 regard never came a foot farther after Am- 
 men’s brigade got in position. For this he 
 was commissioned a brigadier-general. J ake, 
 born in 1808, was the oldest of the family, 
 
BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 and Dan, born in 1820, the youngest, with 
 Mike and Eve between them. 
 
 David Ammen moved to Georgetown, 0. , 
 and from there Daniel entered the Naval 
 School. I have never seen him but twice 
 since, and then he came here and hunted me 
 up, once by himself and once in company 
 with Gen. Grant, who was always a personal 
 friend of mine since he went to school here 
 in Ripley before going to West Point. We 
 were in the same class and once occupied the 
 same desk. I am one year older than Grant, 
 and Daniel Ammen must be two years older. 
 Grant told me after the war that he always 
 
 had a warm regard for Dan Ammen, that he 
 had_ saved his life when boys, bathing in 
 White Oak creek, in Brown county, hence his 
 promotion to admiral as soon as Grant be- 
 came President. 
 
 Gen. Ammen was superintendent of the 
 Ripley Union Schools for several years prior 
 to the war, during his residence at this place, 
 and while here he married his second wife, 
 the widow of Capt. Geo. W’’. Shaw, a graduate 
 of West Point. Her maiden name was 
 Beasley. They now reside, as does Daniel 
 Ammen, at Ammendale, D. C. 
 
 The upper half of the northern prolongation of Brown county^ Perry town- 
 ship, is one of the most interesting of spots to the Catholics of Ohio. In 1823 a 
 little log-hut was built in the woods at St. Martin’s for the use of the passing 
 missionaries of the church, wherein to administer to the spiritual wants of the few 
 scattered Catholic families of the neighborhood. In 1830 Rev. Martin Kundig, 
 a young man of extraordinary zeal and energy, came and took charge of the 
 mission in the then wilderness. There he lived for many months in a log- 
 hut without a window and with no floor but the earth, where,” he in later years 
 wrote, I lived in solitude and apostolic poverty. It was a school where I learned 
 to live without expense, for I had nothing to spend. I built eleven houses without 
 nails or boards, for I had tliem not, and I cooked my meals without flour, fat or 
 butter.” He thus founded St. Martin’s Church, and the seed he sowed has borne 
 fruit a thousand-fold. The now famed Ursuline Convent, with its school attached, 
 at St. Martin’s was founded in 1845 by a colony of French nuns and presided 
 over by Mother Julia Chatfield, an English lady from the convent of Boulogne- 
 Sur-Mer, in France. 
 
 The Most Rev. John B. Purcell spent the 
 last few years of his life at St. Martin’s, whei*e 
 lie his remains. This much beloved prelate 
 was born at Mallon, County Cork, Ireland. 
 His early years were passed under the care 
 of pious parents and in the service of the 
 church, receiving such education as could be 
 obtained in his native place. At the a^e of 
 eighteen he emigrated to the United States 
 and soon after reaching Baltimore received a 
 teacher’s certificate from the faculty of As- 
 bury College. For two years he was tutor in 
 a private family living on the Eastern Shore 
 of Maryland. At the end of that time he 
 entered as a student Mount St. Mary’s Col- 
 lege, near Emmitsburg, in the same State. 
 In 1824 he went to Paris to complete his 
 studies at the Seminary of St. Sulpice. May 
 21, 1826, he was ordained priest by Arch- 
 bishop DeQuelen, in the Cathedral of Notre 
 Dame. He returned to America to fill the 
 chair of Professor of Philosophy in Mount 
 St. Mary’s College. 
 
 His learning and ability soon attracted the 
 attention of his superiors, and on the death 
 of the Right Rev. Edward Fenwick, Bishop 
 of Cincinnati, in 1832, he was selected by the 
 Pope to fill the vacancy, and October 13, 
 1 833, was consecrated Bishop of the Cincin- 
 nati Diocese, which then comprised the entire 
 State. In 1 847 the Diocese of Cleveland was 
 erected and in 1868 that of Columbus. 
 
 In 1850 Bishop Purcell was appointed 
 Archbishop, receiving the pallium from the 
 Pope’s hand the following year. In J862 he 
 visited Rome for the fourth time, at the invi- 
 tation of Pope Pius IX. He sat in the great 
 Ecumenical Council of the Vatican of 1869. 
 He founded or established during his career 
 many religious, educational and charitable in- 
 stitutions. His reputation as an able theolo- 
 gian and a scholar was far-reaching, while his 
 entleness and humility of spirit endeared 
 im not only to those within the Catholic 
 Church, but to the people of the State at 
 large. 
 
 Higginsport is on the Ohio at the mouth of White Oak creek. It was laid 
 out in 1816 by Col. Robert Higgins, a native of Pennsylvania and an officer 
 in the American Revolution. In 1819 the families there were Colonel Higgins, 
 Stephen Colvin, John and James Cochran, Mr. Arbuckle and James Norris. It 
 has 1 Christian, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Colored Methodist, 1 German 
 Methodist, 1 German Reformed church. In 1840 the population was 393; in 
 1880, 862. It has 17 tobacco warehouses and about 30 tobacco-buyers who an- 
 nually ship about two millions of pounds. 
 
BROWN COUNTY. 
 
 34? 
 
 Aberdeen, on the Ohio, opposite Maysville, Ky., with which it is connected 
 by ferry, was laid out in 1816 by Nathan Ellis, who, with James Edwards, Evan 
 Campbell and James Power, all business men, were the first settlers. It has 1 
 Methodist, 1 Baptist and 1 Colored Methodist church. In 1840 it had 405 and 
 in 1880 885 inhabitants. Lately the tobacco business has started new life in the 
 place. 
 
 Fayettevilee is on the east fork of the Little Miami, 36 miles from Cincin- 
 
 ARCHBISHOP PURCELL. 
 
 nati. It has 1 Methodist and 1 Catholic church, and in 1880 390 inhabitants. 
 The site of the village was bought in 1818 by Cornelius McGroarty, a native of 
 Ireland, and father of the heroic Colonel Stephen McGroarty, of the Ohio volun- 
 teers in the rebellion. 
 
 Russellville, founded in 1817 by Russell Shaw, is 7 miles east of George- 
 town, with a population in 1880 of 478 inhabitants. It has six or seven churches, 
 the first of which, the Christian, was built about 1830, when, as was customary at 
 that time, the women helped, bartered their chickens, butter and eggs, etc., for 
 nails. The first seats were tree trunks with large pins for logs. The house was 
 first warmed by burning charcoal in two large iron kettles. 
 
342 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 Butler County was formed in 1803 from Hamilton and named from General 
 Richard Butler^ a distinguished officer of the Revolution, who fell in St. Clair’s de- 
 feat. With his brothers he emigrated from Ireland to America before 1760, and was 
 fora long time an Indian trader. Area, 460 square miles. In 1885 the aciTscuh 
 tivated were 149,560 ; in pasture, 28,864 ; woodland, 29,874 ; lying waste, 8,798 * 
 produced in wheat, 233,791 bushels; oats, 542,322; corn, 3,335,595; broom corn, 
 176,190 pounds; tobacco, 502,849; cattle, 18,817. ' School census 1886, 14,234; 
 teachers, 208. It has 77 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 3,580 
 
 14,692 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 3,422 
 
 3,644 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 1,680 
 
 1,352 
 
 Reiley, 
 
 1,758 
 
 1,499 
 
 Lemon, 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 3,065 
 
 6,775 
 
 Ross, 
 
 1,524 
 
 1,693 
 
 1,479 
 
 1,458 
 
 St. Clair, 
 
 2,307 
 
 1,252 
 
 Madison, 
 
 2,208 
 
 2,555 
 
 Union, 
 
 2,118 
 
 2,163 
 
 Milford, 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 1,868 
 
 1,726 
 
 1,884 
 
 1,884 
 
 \yayne. 
 
 1,562 
 
 1,728 
 
 Population in 1820 was 21,755; in 
 
 1840, 28,207; 1860, 35,840; 1880, 42,- 
 579, of whom 31,530 were Ohio-born. 
 
 Butler county has been termed The 
 Garden of Ohio.” It is within the 
 blue limestone formation and is one of the 
 richest in the State. The Great Miami 
 river runs through it. This valley here 
 averages a breadth of twelve miles, and 
 the soil of its bottom lands are of a deep 
 black and famed for their immense crops 
 of corn, while the uplands are equally 
 well adapted to wheat and barley. The 
 county is traversed by so many small 
 streams that over 1,000 bridges are in use. 
 The uplands are beautifully undulating, 
 forming charming scenes of pastoral 
 heauty. A large proportion of its popu- 
 lation is of German descent. Butler 
 county,” says Professor Orton, stands 
 scarcely second in productive power to 
 any equal area in the State. No qualifi- 
 cation certainly would be required if the 
 valley of the Great Miami and that por- 
 tion of the county lying east of the river 
 ^were alone to be taken into account. This 
 region might put in an unquestioned 
 claim to be styled ^ the Garden of Ohio.’ ” 
 
 The route of St. Clair, in his disastrous 
 campaign, in 1791, passed through this 
 county. In Sc})tcmber of that year Fort 
 Hamilton was built at the crossing of 
 the Great Miami on the site of Hamilton, 
 
 References. — A. The old fort built by St. 
 Clair. B. Addition, a. Officers’ quarters, h. 
 Mess room. c. Magazine, d. Artificers’ shop, 
 e, f, (j. Block-houses. C. Bridge across the 
 ^liaini, shown in the view of Ilossville. 
 
 It was intended as a place of dejKJsi 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 343 
 
 lor provisions and to form the first link in the communication between Fort Wash- 
 ington and tlie object of the cainjiaign. It was a stockade of fifty yards square, 
 with four good bastions, and platforms for cannon in two of them, with barracks. 
 In the summer succeeding an addition was made to the fort by order of General 
 Wilkinson, which consisted in enclosing with pickets an area of ground on the 
 north part, so that it extended up the river to about the north line of the present 
 Stable street. The southern point of the work extended to the site of the Asso- 
 ciate Reformed church. 
 
 The plan given of the fort is from the survey of Mr. James McBride, of Hamil- 
 ton, made by him several years after. 
 
 Idle following items upon the early history of Hamilton are from the MSS. of 
 James McBride : 
 
 Major Rudolph at Fort Hamilton . — Late 
 in the fall of 1792, an advance corps of troops, 
 under the command of Major Rudolph, ar- 
 rived at Fort Hamilton, where they wintered. 
 They consisted of three companies of light 
 dragoons, one of rifle, and one of infantry. 
 Rudolph was a major of dragoons from lower 
 Virginia. His reputation was that of an 
 arbitrary and tyrannical officer. Some time in 
 the spring seven soldiers deserted to the Ohio 
 river, where, procuring a canoe, they started 
 for New Orleans. Ten or fifteen miles below 
 the falls of the Ohio they were met by Lieut, 
 (since Gen.) Clark, and sent back to Fort 
 Hamilton, where a court-martial sentenced 
 three of them to be hung, two to run the 
 gauntlet, and the remaining two to lie in 
 irons in the guard-house for a stipulated 
 
 period. John Brown, Seth Blinn, and 
 
 Gallaher were the three sentenced to be hung. 
 The execution took place the next day, on a 
 gallows erected below the fort, just south of 
 the site of the present Associate Reformed 
 church, and near the residence of James B. 
 Thomas. 
 
 Execution of Deserters.'-^ F’^'e hundred sol- 
 diers were drawn up in arms around the fatal 
 spot to witness the exit of their unfo>'tunate 
 comrades. The appearance of the sufferers 
 at the gallows is said to have been most pre^ 
 possessing. They were all young men of 
 Spirit and handsome appearance, in the open- 
 ing bloom of life, with their long hair floating 
 'Ver their shoulders. John Brown was said 
 to have been a young man of very respectable 
 connections, who lived near Albany, N. Y, 
 Early in life he had formed an attachment for 
 a young woman in his neighborhood of unim- 
 peachable character, but whose social standing 
 did not comport with the pride of his parents. 
 He was forbidden to associate with her, and 
 required to pay his addresses to another. 
 Broken-hearted and desponding, he left his 
 home, enlisted in a company of dragoons, and 
 came to the West. His commanding officer 
 treated him so unjustly that he was led to 
 desert. When under the gallows, the ser- 
 geant, acting as executioner, inquired why 
 the sentence of the law should not be enforced 
 upon him, he replied with emphasis, pointing 
 to Major Rudolph, ‘That he had rather die 
 nine hundred deaths than be subject to the 
 command of such a man,” and was swung off 
 
 without a murmur. Seth Blinn was the son 
 of a respectable widow residing in the State 
 of New York. The rope being awkwardly 
 fastened around his neck he struggled greatG- 
 Three times he raised his feet until they came 
 in contact with the upper part of the gallows, 
 when the exertion broke his neck. 
 
 Immediately after the sentence had been 
 pronounced on these men, a friend hastened 
 to Fort Washington, where he obtained a 
 pardon from Gen. Wilkinson. But he was 
 too late. The execution had been hastened 
 by Major Rudolph, and he arrived at Hamil- 
 ton fifteen minutes after the spirits of these 
 unfortunate men had taken their flight to 
 another world. Their bodies were immedi- 
 ately committed to the grave under the gal- 
 lows. There, in the dark and narrow house, 
 in silence, lies the only son of a widowed 
 mother, the last of his family. A vegetable 
 garden is now cultivated over the spot by 
 those who think not nor know not of the once 
 warm heart that lies cold below. 
 
 Rumvng the Gauntlet . — The two other 
 deserters were sentenced to run the gauntlet 
 sixteen times between two ranks of soldiers, 
 which was carried forthwith into execution. 
 The lines were formed in the rising ground 
 east of the fort, where^ now lies Front street, 
 and extended from Smithman’s corner to the 
 intersection of Ludlow street. One of them, 
 named Roberts, having passed eight times 
 through the ranks fell, and was unable to pro- 
 ceed. The attendant physician stated that he 
 could stand it no longer, as his life had already 
 been endangered. 
 
 Fate of Rudolph.— '^ome. time after Gen. 
 Wayne arrived at the post, and, although 
 frequently represented as an arbitrary man, 
 Jie was so much displeased with th^- cruelty 
 of Major Rudolph, that he gave him his 
 choice — to resign or be cashiered. He chose 
 the former, returned to Virginia, and subse-/ 
 quently, in company with another gentleman, 
 purchased a ship, and went on a trading voy- 
 age to Europe. They were captured (it is 
 stated) by an Algerine cruiser, and Rudolph 
 was hung at the yardarm of his own vessel. 
 I have heard some of those who were under 
 his command in Wayne’s army express sat- 
 isfaction at the fate of this unfortunate man. 
 
 In the summer of 1792 two wagoners were 
 watching some oxen, which had been turned 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 out to graze on the common below the fort ; 
 a shower of rain coming on, they retired for 
 shelter under a tree, which stood near where 
 the sycamore grove now is. Some Indians, 
 who had been watching from under the covert 
 of the adjoining underbrush, rushed suddenly 
 upon them, killed one, and took the other 
 prisoner. The latter was Henry Shafor, who, 
 after his return, lived until a few years past 
 two or three miles below Rossville, on the 
 river. 
 
 Arrival of Wayne s Army . — In September, 
 1793, the army of Wayne marched from Cin- 
 cinnati to Fort Hamilton, and encamped in 
 the upper part of the prairie, about half a 
 mile south of the present town, nearly on the 
 same ground on which Gen. St. Clair had 
 encamped in 1791. Here they threw up a 
 breastwork, the remains of which may yet be 
 traced at the point where the present road 
 strikes the Miami river, above Traber’s mill. 
 A few days after they continued their march 
 toward the Indian country. 
 
 Gen. Wayne detailed a strong guard of 
 men for the defence of the fort, the command 
 of which was given to Major Jonathan Cass, 
 of the army of the Revolution, and father of 
 the Hon. Lewis Cass, of the United States 
 Senate. Major Cass continued in command 
 until the treaty of Greenville. 
 
 Hamilton Laid Out . — On the 17th of 
 December, 1794, Israel Ludlow laid out, 
 within Symmes’s purchase, the original plat 
 of the town of Hamilton, which he at first, 
 for a short time only, called Fairfield. Shortly 
 after a few settlers came in. The first set- 
 tlers were Darius C. Orcut, John Green, 
 William M’Clennan, John Sutherland, John 
 Torrence, Benjamin F. Randolph, Benjamin 
 Davis, Isaac Wiles, Andrew Christy, and 
 William Hubbert. 
 
 Previous to 1801 all the lands on the west 
 side of the Great Miami were owned by the 
 United States, consequently there were no 
 improvements made on that side of the river, 
 except by a few squatters. There was one 
 log-house built at an early period near the 
 west end of the bridge, now owned by the 
 heirs of L. P. Sayre. On the first Monday 
 in April, 1801 — at the first sale of the United 
 States lands west of the Miami, held at Cin- 
 cinnati — a company purchased the site of 
 Rossville, on which, March 14, 1804, they 
 laid out the town. Mr. John Reily was the 
 agent for the proprietors. 
 
 Early Events . — The first settlers of Hamil- 
 ton suffered much from the fever and ague, 
 and, being principally disbanded _ soldier!, 
 without energy, and many of them dissipated, 
 but little improvement was made for the first 
 few years. In those early times horse-racing 
 was a favorite amusement, and an affair of 
 all-engrossing interest. On public days, in- 
 
 deed on almost every other Saturday, the 
 streets and commons in the upper part of the 
 town were converted into race-paths. The 
 race-course comprehended the common from 
 Second to Fourth street. At Second street, 
 a short distance north of the site of the Cath- 
 olic church, was an elevated scaffold, on which 
 stood the judges of the race. On grand 
 occasions the plain within the course and 
 near it was occupied with booths erected with 
 forks and covered with boughs. Here every^ 
 thing was said, done, eaten, sold, and drank. 
 Here was Black Jack with his fiddle, and his 
 votaries making the dust fly with a four- 
 handed, or rather four-footed reel ; and every 
 fifteen or twenty minutes was a rush to some 
 art to see a ‘ 'fisticuff. ’ ’ Among the 
 
 ustling crowd of jockeys were assembled all 
 classes. Even judges of the court mingled 
 with the crowd, and sometimes presided at 
 the contests of speed between the ponies of 
 the neighborhood. 
 
 Soon after the formation of Butler county 
 Hamilton was made the county-seat. The 
 first sessions of the court were held in the 
 tavern of Mr. Torrence, now the residence of 
 Henry S. Earhart. The sessions of the court 
 after this were held in the former mess-room 
 of the fort. It was a rough one-story frame 
 building, about forty by twenty feet, weather- 
 boarded, without either filling or plastering, 
 and stood about where the market now is. 
 It was elevated from the ground about three 
 feet by wooden blocks, affording a favorite 
 shelter for the hogs and sheep of the village. 
 The judge’s seat was a rough platform of un- 
 planed boards, and a long table in front, like 
 a carpenter’s work-bench, was used by the 
 bar. In 1810 the court was removed to a 
 room over the stone jail, and in 1817 trans- 
 ferred to the present court-house. 
 
 The court, at their July term, in 1803, 
 selected the old magazine within the fort as 
 a county jail. It was a heavy-built log build- 
 ing, about twelve feet square, with a hipped 
 roof coming to a common centre, and sur- 
 mounted by a ball. The door had a hole in 
 the centre shaped like a half-moon, through 
 which air, light, and food were conveyed, 
 while on the outside it was secured by a pad- 
 lock and hasp. It was very insecure, and 
 escapes were almost as frequent as com- 
 mittals. It was the only jail for Butler 
 county from 1803 to 1809. A small log-house, 
 formerly a sutler’s store, was used as a clerk’s 
 office. It has since been altered into a pri- 
 vate dwelling, at present occupied by Duteh 
 Jacob. The house erected by Gen. Wilkin- 
 son in 1792 for officers’ quarters (see a plan 
 of fort) was converted into a tavern kept by 
 the county sheriff, William M’Clennan, while 
 the barracks and artificers’ shops were used 
 as stables. 
 
 Hamilton in 1846. — The large and flourishing town of Hamilton, the county- 
 seat, is twenty-two miles north of Cincinnati, on the left bank of the (4reat Miami. 
 It contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 1 German Lutheran, 1 
 Associate Reformed, 1 Baptist, and 1 Catholic church, a flourishing female academy, 
 
XHK BUTLEE COUNTY COUET-HOUSE, HAMILTON 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 346 
 
 2 newspaper printing-offices, 3 flouring-mills, 3 cotton-factories, 3 saw- mills, 2 
 foundries, 2 macliine-sliops, and about 16 mercantile stores. In 1840 its popula- 
 tion was 1,409, since which it has considerably increased. Hamilton is destined 
 to be an important manufacturing town. The hydraulic works lately built here 
 ’’auk among the best water-powers west of the Alleghenies. This work is formed 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe , 1840. 
 
 Public Square, PIamilton. 
 
 [The nevv and very elegant court-house occupies the site of the one shown above.] 
 
 by a canal, commencing at the Big Miami, four miles above the town, and empty 
 ing into the river near the bridge at Hamilton. By it a very great amount ol 
 never-failing ^vater-power has been created. It is durably constructed, and is 
 adding much to the business of the community. Hamilton is neatly built, and ha^ 
 an elegant jiublic scpiare, on which stand the county buildings ; it is enclosed by 
 an iron fence Uandsomely covered Avith green turf, and shaded by locusts and 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe , 1846. 
 
 View of Rossaulle from Hamilton. 
 
 [Rossville no longer exists as a separate town, and is now a part of Hojuiltou. An elegant wire sus- 
 pension bridge has taken the place cf the old wood structure.] 
 
 other ornamental trees. A noble bridge, erected at tlic cxjiense of about $26,000, 
 connects this toAvn Avith its neighbor, Rossville, on the oiijiosite bank of the Miami, 
 wliich the engraving shows as it appears from the market in Hamilton. Rossville 
 is also a flourishing place, su])erior to Hamilton as a mer(*antile town as that is as 
 a manufacturing one. This arises from the circumstance that it is more convenient 
 to the greater jiroportion of the farmers of tlie county Avho reside on that side of 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 347 
 
 the Miami. It contains 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 1 floiiring-mill, 
 about 18 mercantile stores, and had in 1840 1,140 inhabitants. Its population 
 has since increased. — Old Edition. 
 
 Hamilton in a bee-line is about twenty miles north of Cincinnati, but by rail- 
 road the distance is twenty-five miles. It is situated on both sides of the Great 
 Miami river, and is in the line of the C. H. & D., C. B. & C., and C. H. & I. 
 railroads. The Miami and Erie canal passes through here. Hamilton is the 
 county-seat, and has one of tlie most magnificent court-houses in the State. It 
 stands on tlie site of the old court-house shown in the engraving. / 
 
 The county officers in 1888: Probate Ludge, W. H. Harr; Clerk of Court, 
 A. J. Welliver; Sheriff, Isaac Rogers; Prosecuting Attorney, C. J. Smith; Auditor, 
 Richard Brown ; Treasurer, W. M. Boyd ; Recorder, Robert M. Elliott ; Sur- 
 veyor, John C. Weaver ; Coroner, Thomas B. Talbott; Commissioners, Erederick 
 Berk, William Murphy, M. B. Hatch. 
 
 Newspapers : Neics, non-partisan, C. M. Campbell, publisher ; Herald, Demo- 
 cratic, daily, J. H. Lang, publislicr ; Butler County Democrat, Democratic, J. K. 
 Aydelotte, publislier ; National Zeitung, German Democratic, L. B. De Le Court ; 
 Telegraph, Republican, C. M. Campbell, publisher. Churches : 2 Methodist, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Universalist, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian, 1 United Presbyterian, 1 
 Congregational, 1 Lutheran, 1 Irish and 2 German Catholic. Banks : Eirst 
 National, Philip Hughes, president, John B. Cornell, cashier ; Second National, 
 William E. Brown, president, Charles E. Heiser, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Enployees. — The A. Fislier Manufacturing Co., canned goods, 
 etc., 255 hands; Gordon & Maxwell Steam Pump Co., 156 ; The Niles Tool Co., 
 machine tools, 475 ; Louis Snider’s Sons Co., paper, 149 ; Hamilton Tile AYorks, 
 art tile, 31 ; The Ritchie & Dyer Co., engines and saw mills, 28 ; Martin Bare, 
 agricultural implements, 48 ; C. H. Zwick & Co., hosiery, 127 ; Anderson & 
 Shaffer, flour barrels, 11 ; W. B. Brown & Co., corn meal, 5 ; Sohn & Rentschler, 
 iron castings, 75 ; The Phoenix Caster Co., casters, 44 ; The Black & Clawson Co., 
 paper mill machinery, 123 ; The Long & Allstatter Co., agricultural implements, 
 210; Beckett, Laurie & Co., paper, 71 ; H. P. Deuscher, iron castings, 77 ; Carr 
 & Brown, flour, etc., 25 ; The Sohn Ridge Implement Co., agricultural implements, 
 39 ; Davidson & Doellmann, steam boilers, 14 ; The Hoover, Owens & Rentschler 
 Co., engines, etc., 170; Bentel, Margedant & Co., wood-working machinery, 78 ; 
 J. F. Bender Bros. & Co., builders’ wood-work, 33 ; Schuler & Benninghof- 
 fen, paper felts, blankets, etc., 68 ; The Sortman & Bulen Co., furniture, 34 ; J. H, 
 Stephan & Son, hubs, spokes, etc. ; Semler & Cp., flour, etc. ; The Stephan -Hughes 
 Manufacturing Co., floiir-mill machinery ; P. Burns & Co., ploAvs, wagons, etc., 15 : 
 John Donges & Co., bent wood, spokes, etc., 17 ; Anderson & Shafler, flour, etc., 13 ; 
 Charles F. Eisel, builders’ wood- work, 11 ; L. Deinzer & Son, bent wood-work, 9 ; 
 L. & F. Kahn & Bros., stoves, etc., 160. — State Report 1887. Population in 1880, 
 12,122. School census in 1886, 4,777 ; Louis R. Klemm, superintendent. 
 
 The manufacture of malt, distilling and brewing are great industries here ; the 
 malt aggregates during the season about half a million of bushels; the Hamilton 
 Distilling Company has a daily capacity of 2,500 bushels of corn and pays an 
 annual tax of nearly a million. Peter Schawb’s famous brewery turns out annu- 
 ally 30,000 barrels of beer. 
 
 John Cleves Symaies, the author of the Theory of Concentric Spheres, 
 demonstrating that the Earth is hollow, habitable within, and widely open about 
 the Poles,” died at Hamilton, May 28, 1829. He was born in New Jersey, 1780. 
 His father, Timothy Symmes, was the brother of John Cleves Symmes, well 
 known as the founder of the first settlements of the Miami valley. In the early 
 part of his life he received a common-school education, and in 1802 was commis- 
 sioned an ensign in the army. In 1813 he was })romoted to a captaincy, in which 
 capacity he served until the close of the war with honor. He was in the hard- 
 tbught battle of Bridgewater, and at the sortie of Fort Erie, where with his com- 
 
34^ 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 mand he captured a battery, and personally spiked the cannon. At the close of 
 the war he retired from the army and for about three years was engaged in fur- 
 nishing supplies to the troops stationed on the upper Mississippi. After this, he 
 resided for a number of years at Newport Ky., and devoted himself to philo- 
 sophical researches connected with his 
 favorite theory. In a short circular, 
 dated at St. Louis, in 1818, Capt. 
 
 Symmes first promulgated the funda- 
 mental principles of his theory to the 
 world. In this he said, I ask for 
 100 brave companions, well equipped, 
 to start from Siberia in the fall with reindeer and sleighs, on the ice of the 
 frozen sea ; I engage we find a warm and rich land stocked with thrifty vegeta- 
 bles and animals, if not men, on reaching one degree north of the latitude of 
 eighty-two degrees. We will return in the succeeding spring.’^ 
 
 From time to time, he published various articles in the public prints upon the 
 subject. He also delivered lectures, first at Cincinnati in 1820, and afterwards in 
 various places in Kentucky and Ohio, and also in all the Eastern cities. 
 
 In the year 1822 Capt. Symmes petitioned Congress, setting forth, in the first ' 
 place, his belief of the existence of a habitable and accessible concave to this globe ; 
 his desire to embark on a voyage of discovery to one or other of the polar regions ; 
 his belief in the great profit and honor his country would derive from such a dis- 
 covery ; and prayed that Congress would equip and fit out for the expedition two 
 vessels of 250 or 300 tons burthen ; and grant such other aid as government 
 might deem necessary to promote the object. 
 
 This petition was presented in the Senate by Col. Eichard M. Johnson, a member 
 from Kentucky, on the 7th day of March, 1822, when (a motion to refer it to the 
 Committee of Foreign Eelations having failed), after a few remarks, it was laid on 
 the table — 25. In December, 1823, he forwarded similar petitions to both 
 houses of Congress, which met with a similar fate. In January, 1824, he peti- 
 tioned the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, praying that body to pass a 
 
 resolution approbatory of his theory, and to 
 recommend him to Congress for an outfit 
 suitable to the enterprise. This memorial was 
 presented by Micajah T. Williams, and, on 
 motion, the further consideration thereof was 
 indefinitely postponed. 
 
 He advanced many plausible and ingenious 
 arguments, and won quite a number of converts 
 among those who attended his lectures, one 
 of whom, Mr. James McBride, wrote a work 
 in its support, published in Cincinnati in 
 1826, in which he stated his readiness to em- 
 bark on a voyage of discovery, for the pur- 
 pose of testing its truth. 
 
 J. C. Symmes’ Monument. Capt. Symmes met with the usual fate of 
 
 projectors, in living and dying in great pe- 
 cuniary embarrassment. In person, he was of the medium stature and simple 
 in his manners. He bore the character of an honest, exemplary man, and 
 was much respected. He was buried with military honors in the old burying 
 ground at Hamilton. His son Americus put up there a monument to his memory 
 surmounted with a hollow globe open at the poles, and with suitable inscriptions. 
 It is standing to this day in the public square. Thirty years later Americus be- 
 lieved in his father’s theory and lectured upon it. A convert to Symmes’ theory, 
 J. N. Eeynolds, a graduate of Miami, after his death started an expedition for the 
 South Pole to test its truth, an account of Avhich is under the head of Clinton 
 county. 
 
 
 J. C. Symmes’ Signature. 
 
BUTLER COUNTY, 
 
 349 
 
 The theory of Symmes met at the time with great ridicule and ^^Symmes’ 
 Hole was a phrase more or less for a term of years on everybody’s tongue ; the 
 papers in the decade between 1820 and 1830 were more or less full of Symmes’ 
 Hole. If one suddenly disappeared, the reply often was, and with a grin : Oh, 
 he’s gone, I expect, down into Symmes’ Hole ! ” 
 
 Butler County Men. 
 
 Rich as is this county in its productions 
 it has been equally rich in its production 
 of useful, strong men. John Reily was 
 born in Pennsylvania in 1763 ; in 1791 went 
 to Cincinnati, and in 1803 settled in Hamil- 
 ton. On our first tour he was one of the five 
 surviving members of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention of Ohio. His friend Judge Burnet, 
 in his Notes, gave an eloquent tribute to his 
 character and services. He was clerk of the 
 Supreme Court of Butler county from 1803 
 to 1842. He died at the age of eighty-seven 
 years. He was a man of clock-work regu- 
 larity of habits and system ; could in a few 
 moments find a paper he had not seen in 
 twenty years. In every respect he was a first- 
 class man. 
 
 The governor of Ohio during the Mexican 
 war, 1 846-1 848, was W illiam Bebb. He was 
 born of Welsh stock in 1802 on the Dry Fork 
 of Whitewater, in Morgan township. He had 
 been elected by the Whigs. W e met him here, 
 a well-formed man, rather tall, with a dark 
 complexion, and at the time noted for his easy 
 eloquence. He was especially strong as a 
 jury lawyer ; it was said his appeals to a jury 
 were very touching ; he could weep at any 
 time. His old home is yet standing in the 
 southern part of the county. He removed 
 to the Rock river, Illinois, early in the fifties, 
 where he had a large farm. He later went 
 to Europe and led a colony of Welsh colonists 
 from Wales to the wilderness of Scott co., 
 Tenn. The colony was broken up by the 
 Civil War. Bebb lived to be a pension ex- 
 aminer under Lincoln and help in the election 
 of Grant ; he died at his home in Rockford, 
 111., in 1873. 
 
 Middletown, in this county, early in this 
 century was the birthplace of a sculptor of 
 great promise who, dying young, was written 
 about as “the gifted and lamented Clev- 
 enger. ’ ’ 
 
 John B. Weller, born in Hamilton county 
 in 1812, had a high career. When but. twenty- 
 two years of age was elected to Congress and 
 so on for three successive terms ; led the 
 Second Ohio, as lieutenant-colonel, in the 
 Mexican war, and returning thence led the 
 Democratic party in the bitter gubernatorial 
 fight of 1 848, and was defeated by Seabury 
 Ford, of Geauga county, the Whig candidate. 
 In 1849 was commissioned to run the boun- 
 dary line between California and Mexico. 
 From 1852 to 1857 he was United States 
 Senator from California and then was elected 
 governor. In 1860 he was appointed by Bu- 
 chanan Minister to Mexico. He died in New 
 Orleans in 1875, where he was practising law. 
 “ Nature,” it was said, “ had gifted him with 
 
 an easy, declamatory eloquence,” but his bent 
 was politics rather than law. 
 
 John Woods was born in Pennsylvania in 
 1794, of north Irish stock ; came when a mere 
 child with his parents to Warren county ; 
 served in Congress from 1825 to 1829 ; then 
 edited and published the Hamilton Intelli- 
 meet ; from 1845 to 1851 was auditor of the 
 tate, in which ofiice he brought order out of 
 confusion and “left indelible marks on the 
 policy and history of Ohio. ’ ’ Later was in- 
 terested in railroad development, and from 
 his habits of industry and restless energy 
 proved a great power. He died in 1855, aged 
 sixty-one years.^ It seems that from early boy- 
 hood he determined to get an education and be- 
 come a lawyer. The country all around was 
 a wilderness and he contracted to clear a piece 
 of land for a certain compensation. In this 
 clearing he erected a hut, where he studied 
 nights when others slept, and this after having 
 chopped and hauled heavy timber all day. 
 Then regularly every week he went over to 
 Lebanon to recite and receive instructions 
 from Hon. John McLean, later Chief-Justice 
 of the United States Supreme Court. In 
 this Woods was, however, but a fair sample 
 of Ohio youth of that day, to whom obsta- 
 cles served as lures to tempt them to fight 
 their way. The history of Ohio is profusely 
 dotted all over with them. On their brows 
 is stamped “invincibility;” over them flies 
 a banner bearing just two words, “ will and 
 work.” 
 
 John M. Millikin was one of the numer- 
 ous and intellectual Millikin family of Hamil- 
 ton, who died about 1882 in advanced life. 
 He was a large portly gentleman of “tremen- 
 dous push and go ; ” was by education a 
 lawyer ; had a most excellent large stock 
 farm near Hamilton ; was at one time State 
 treasurer and long president of the State 
 Board of Agriculture ; wrote a great deal for 
 the material interest of the State and espe- 
 cially upon its farm animals and agriculture.* 
 One of his sons was a professor in Ohio State 
 University, and another was Colonel Minor 
 Millikin, killed at Stone river. Whitelaw 
 Reid characterized John M. Millikin — Major 
 Millikin, as he was usually called — as “one 
 of the foremost among that body of retired 
 professional men who adorn the vocation of 
 Ohio farmers,” etc. 
 
 Thomas Millikin, of Hamilton, born in 
 1819, stands pre-eminent among the lawyers 
 of Ohio ; is especially strong in will cases ; so 
 wide his fame that another word here is use- 
 less. 
 
 Lewis D. Campbell, born in 1811, died 
 iu 1882, was early known to the entire coun- 
 
350 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY, 
 
 try. He began life as an apprentice by pick- 
 ing up type on the Cincinnati Gazette ; was 
 sent by the Whig party to Congress in 1849 ; 
 became chairman of the ways and means 
 committee. In the civil war was for a time 
 a colonel of an Ohio regiment ; minister to 
 Mexico 1866 to 1868, and from 1871 to 1873 
 again in Congress. 
 
 General Ferdinand Van Derveer is 
 a resident of Hamilton. He was born in this 
 county in 1823, a lawyer by profession, and 
 made a fine record in the war for the Union. 
 He was one of the most earnest of war Demo- 
 crats, and his was the first Union regiment to 
 enter Kentucky. In the great campaign be- 
 tween Brough and Vallandigham the latter 
 did not receive a single vote in his regiment. 
 
 John W. Irwin, of Hamilton, is the most 
 aged and experienced engineer of Ohio. He 
 was born in Delaware in 1808 and early came 
 to Ohio and engaged in public works, first 
 upon turnpikes, then upon canals and rail- 
 roads. In 1842 he was appointed resident 
 engineer of the Ohio & Erie Canal, and had 
 full charge of the system between Cincinnati 
 and Toledo. He spent nearly forty years in 
 that capacity, locating all the works, passed 
 ever every foot of the ground many times, 
 enduring many hardships. The Hamilton and 
 Rossville and many other hydraulics were 
 constructed by him, and in 1838, by draining 
 the “Big Pond” in Fairfield township, he 
 brought into cultivation some of the richest 
 farming land known anywhere. No man can 
 be more respected than he most deservedly is 
 by his fellow-citizens. 
 
 The manufacturing development of Hamil- 
 ton has been advanced by Mr. William 
 Beckeit, a man of large public spirit and a 
 general public operator. If any project is 
 thought of for the good of the community 
 the first inquiry is: “Where is Beckett?” 
 He came into Ohio at an early date, 1821 — 
 came into it in the best possible shape, being 
 born into it — the precise spot Hanover town- 
 ship, Butler county. With an enterprise on 
 foot to enthuse him he is probably the most 
 easy persuasive talker in Ohio, and no one 
 can well be more liked by fellow-citizens. 
 
 J. P. Mac Lean, the archaeologist, is also 
 a resident of Hamilton. With the exception 
 of Ross, Butler county has more antiquities 
 than any other in the State ; the most known 
 of these in Butler county is Fortified Hill in 
 Ross township. ^Mr. MacLean has been an 
 indefatigable explorer. His published works 
 are “Archaeology of Butler County,” “A 
 Manual of the Antiquity of Man,” and 
 “ Mastodon, Mammoth and Man.” 
 
 There died in December, 1887, in his 
 seventy-fourth year, in this county, a literary 
 character of unusual eccentricity, especially 
 so in his selection of topics for his muse. His 
 name was James Woodmansee, who called 
 himself the “Bard of Sugar Valley.” The 
 county history thus notices him : He was a 
 son of Daniel Woodmansee of New Jersey, 
 who settled in Butler county in 1809. The 
 poet was born in 1814, and early developed a 
 fondness for verse. He received a good 
 education and was brought up to agricultural 
 pursuits, but this life did not have any 
 attractions for him. James Woodmansee 
 has written two epic poems, “The Closing 
 Scene, a Poem in Twelve Books,” and “Re- 
 ligion, a Poem in Twelve Books. ’ ’ The sub- 
 ject of the first named is the great war be- 
 tween Gog and Magog, ending with the 
 ‘ ‘ W reck of Matter and the Crash of W orlds. ’ ’ 
 The second shows religion from the time the 
 “Spirit travelled over the water’s face” to 
 the millennium. Besides these he has writ- 
 ten “Wrinkles from the Brow of Experi- 
 ence,” “ Poetry of the Lessons,” and “The 
 Prodigal Son,” a drama in five acts. “The 
 Closing Scene’.’ and “ Wrinkles, ” published 
 some years ago, received much praise both in 
 America and Europe. Thomas N. Talfourds, 
 a great critic and judge of Westminster, said : 
 “The Closing Scene” rivals the “Divine 
 Commedia ’ ’ of Dante, and Samuel Rogers, 
 author, called it the “Paradise Lost of 
 America.” Mr. Woodmansee had travelled 
 considerably in Europe and all over America. 
 
 Daniel W. Vooriiees, U. S. Senator from 
 Indiana, was born in Butler county in 1827. 
 His speech in the defence of Cook, one of the 
 comrades of John Brown at Harper’s Ferry, 
 gave him a wide reputation for eloquence, 
 being published alike in our country and 
 Europe. 
 
 Joseph Ewing McDonald, an eminent 
 Indiana lawyer and statesman, is also a native 
 of this county. He is of Scotch extraction 
 and was born in Fairfield township August 
 29, 1819. When he was seven years of age 
 his widow mother removed to the wilderness 
 of Montgomery county, Indiana. He was 
 educated at Wabash College, supporting him- 
 self by intervals of work at the saddler’s trade, 
 which he had learned. In 1856 and 1858 he 
 was elected attorney-general of Indiana. Ic 
 1864 was defeated for governor by Oliver P. 
 Morton. He was elected to the U. S. Senate 
 in 1875. His reputation as a lawyer is very 
 high, and as a man he has largely the respec' 
 of the public irrespective of political creeds. 
 
 Middletown in 1846. — Middletown is twelve miles northeast of Hamilton, 
 and twenty below Dayton, in a rich and beautiful co.mtry. The IMianii canal rims 
 east of the central part of the town, and the IMiaini river bounds it on the west. 
 It is connected with Dayton and Cincinnati, and with West Alexandria, in Preble 
 county, by turnpikes. The W^arren County canal enters the main canal at this 
 town. Two or three miles above a dam is thrown across the Miami, from which 
 a connecting feeder supplies the Miami canal. This work furnishes much water 
 power, wiiich, witli a little exjiense, can be increased and u.sed to great advantage. 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 351 
 
 Tliere are within three miles of Middletown eight flouring mills on the river and 
 canal Middletown was laid out in 1802 by Stephen Vail and James Sutton. 
 Calvin Morrell, James Brady, Cyrus Osbourn, Daniel Doty, Elisha Wade and 
 Kichard Watts were among its early settlers. It contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Bap- 
 tist and 1 Methodist church, a classical academy, 16 mercantile stores, 2 forward- 
 
 Druwu by Henry Hone, 184G 
 
 Lebanon Street, Middletown. 
 
 ing houses, 1 grist mill and 1 woollen factory, and, in 1840, had 809 inhabitants. 
 The view of Lebanon street was taken at its intersection with Broadway. Liebee’s 
 block is shown on the right, Deardorf s mill and the bridge over the Miami partly 
 appear in the distance . — Old Edition. 
 
 Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1887. 
 
 Street View in Middletown. 
 
 Middletown is on the Miami river and canal thirty-seven miles north of Cin- 
 cinnati on the C. H. & D., C. C. C. <& I., N. Y. P. & O. and L. C. & D. Railroads. 
 
 Newspapers: Signal, Democrat, J. Q. Baker, editor; Journal, Republican. 
 Churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Methodist Protest- 
 ant, 1 African Methodist Episcopal, 1 African Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 German 
 Catholic and 1 German Lutheran. Banks : First National, D. McCalley, presi- 
 dent, J. R. Allen, cashier ; Merchants’ National, Chas. E. Gunckel, president. G. 
 F. Stevens, cashier ; Oglesby and Barnitz. 
 
352 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY, 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — The Wilson & McCallay Co., tobacco, 470 hands ; 
 The Warlow Thomas Paper Co., paper, 52 ; Ohio Paper Bag Co., 29 ; The Wren 
 Paper Co., paper, 32 ; The Gardner Paper Co., 61 ; P. E. Johnston, paper bags, 
 46 ; W. B. Oglesby Paper Co., 65 ; The Tytus Paper Co., 48 ; The P. J. Sorg 
 Co., tobacco, 647; Middletown Buggy Co., 15; Middletown Pump Co., 74; 
 The Card Fabrique Co., playing cards, 34 ; W. H. Todhunter, printing, 11 ; Ling 
 & Van Sickle, carriages, etc., 8 ; La Tourrette & Co., machinery, etc., 20 ; George 
 Ault Flour Co., flour, etc., 7 ; Wm. Caldwell, builders’ wood-work, etc., 31. — 
 State Repoyi 1887. 
 
 Population in 1880, 4,538. School census in 1886, 2,023 ; F. J. Barnard, 
 superintendent. 
 
 The Holly Waterworks supply the town with water, and it is lighted by the 
 Brush electric light from eight lights on a wrought-iron tower 210 feet up in 
 the air. 
 
 Middletown is known throughout the country for its paper mills, which manu- 
 facture all grades from the common straw and manilla for wrapping to the finest 
 writing. The medium writing grades are however most manufactured. One of 
 the men most prominent in building up this great industry is Mr. Francis J. 
 Tytus, born in Virginia early in the century and locating in Middletown when a 
 very young man. Middletown enjoys the great advantage of good and cheap 
 water-power, and manufactures, besides paper, agricultural implements, pleasure 
 vehicles and tobacco to a large extent. 
 
 In the south part of this county is a stream called Paddy’s Run, and because in 
 the long ago it was the death of an Irishman. To further commemorate the sad 
 event the post-office in the region was also named Paddy’s Run ; and when a 
 year since the government changed the name to Glendower, out of compliment to 
 some of the Welsh stock thereabouts, the population arose in their might and by a 
 pungent petition had it reverted to Paddy’s Run. They were doubtless actuated 
 by a spirit of humor in desiring to perpetuate a name so comic. Ask any one 
 living there where he is from ? ” and he will often answer, with a smile, O ! 
 Paddy’s Run.” Therefore the retention of such a name in a sad, care-laden world 
 shows their wisdom. 
 
 We allude to it here, not because of a death, but because in its valley something 
 valuable sprang into life — an editor : the identical one, Murat Halstead, of whom 
 the public would like to know more about. He who supplies reading for the 
 people and all about themselves and the queer extraordinary antics some of them 
 at times perform is naturally fated to take his turn and be read of. 
 
 Murat Halstead’s grandfathers were John 
 Halstead, of Currituck county, N. C., and 
 Janies Willits, of Wyoming, Pa. John 
 Halstead married Ruth Richardson, of Pas- 
 quotank county, N. C. , and their oldest son, 
 , Grifl&n, was born in North Carolina June 11, 
 1 802. Soon after they removed to Ohio by 
 way of Cumberland Gap, having proposed, 
 when leaving their native State, to buy lands 
 in the blue-grass region of Kentucky, about 
 which North Carolina was in those days filled 
 with marvelous tales. 
 
 The land-titles in Kentucky were unsettled 
 and John Halstead crossed the Ohio at Cin- 
 cinnati, intending to settle on the Miami bot- 
 toms. He stopped there and built a cabin, 
 but the first great Miami flood shocked his 
 tide-water experiences, and the escape of 
 himself, wife and children on horseback from 
 the overflowing water, such as had never been 
 seen in the neighborhood of Albemarle sound, 
 was one of the memorable incidents of his 
 life. This led to his taking land on Faddy’ « 
 
 Run, the stream tributary to the Great 
 Miami, running southward near the line be- 
 tween Morgan and Ross townships, Butler 
 county, six miles from the western boundary 
 of the State. The half-section of land which 
 is still the Halstead farm was equally divided 
 between hill timber and fair bottom lands, 
 and out of the way of floods. 
 
 James Willits, of Wyoming, when a boy, 
 was one of a party of emigrants to Ohio, and 
 drove a wagon from the Susquehanna to the 
 Hockhocking. Another of the party moving 
 from Pennsylvania to Ohio was Amy Allison. 
 James Willits and Amy Allison were married 
 and settled on Paint Creek in what is now 
 Ross county, Ohio, where their oldest child, 
 Clarissa, was born March 20, 1804. A few 
 years later James Willits, with his family, 
 moved to the neighborhood of New Haven, 
 in the northwestern corner of Hamilton 
 county, and there Grifiin Halstead and Clar- 
 issa Willits were married Nov. 1, 1827. 
 
 Murat Halstead was born Sept. 2, 1829, 
 
BUTLER 
 
 ! 
 
 the oldest son of the oldest son for several— 
 the story is for seven generations. He has 
 one sister, Mrs. John M. Scott, who lives at 
 the old home, and one brother. Col. Benton 
 
 Halstead, who resides at Riverside, Ohio. 
 His mother died Aug. 29, 1864, and his 
 father Oct. 29, 1884. 
 
 His mother taught him the alphabet, using 
 the Hamilton, Butler county. Telegraph, as 
 a primer, and he was able to read fluently 
 when first sent to school at five years of age. 
 The house where he was born was of hewn 
 timber, standing nigh a spring that had been 
 a famous place for Indian hunting encamp- 
 ments, a great number of stones in the 
 
 Boyhood Home and Sycamore Grove. 
 
 neighborhood being burnt with many fires 
 and the ground strewn with arrowheads. The 
 spot is marked by a tree, a solitary elm. 
 When Murat was two years old the family 
 
 COUNTY. 355 
 
 moved to a house meantime erected on a 
 pleasant foot-hill, 100 yards southwest of 
 the spring and the elm. There had appeared 
 south and west of this house in the summer 
 of 1829 a remarkable group of sycamores. 
 They are shown in the cut of the house and 
 are a lofty and beautiful grove. As they are 
 of the same age as Mr. Halstead they have 
 always been associated with him, and he 
 values them very highly. 
 
 In his boyhood Murat Halstead worked on 
 the farm in the summer and attended school 
 in the winter. At nineteen years of age he 
 became a student at Farmer’s College, Col- 
 lege Hill, seven miles north of the Ohio at 
 Cincinnati, where he graduated in 1851, and 
 at once made his home in Cincinnati, and 
 wrote stories for the city papers and letters 
 for country papers. While he was the lit- 
 erary editor of the Cohimhian and Great 
 
 The Solitary Elm. 
 
 West he had an ofi’er to go upon the Com- 
 mercial, which he accepted March 8, 1853. 
 He became a member of the firm of M. D. 
 Potter & Co. May 15, 1854. 
 
 March 2, 1857, he married Miss Mary 
 Banks, a native of Cincinnati. Twelve chil- 
 dren have been born to them, of whom seven 
 sons and three daughters are living. 
 
 Upon the death of M. H. Potter in 1866, 
 the firm of M. Halstead & Co. was organized, 
 and January, 1883, the famous consolidation 
 of the Cincinnati Commercial and the Cin- 
 cinnati Gazette took place and Mr. Halstead 
 was elected president of the Commercial- 
 Gazette company. He is now more active 
 and constant in daily labor than thirty-five 
 years ago, and has repeatedly written three 
 thousand words of editorial matter a day for 
 a hundred consecutive days, the aggregate 
 frequently exceeding five thousand words in 
 one day’s paper, written in one day. He did 
 this in 1 856 and in each presidential contest 
 since, and as much in the third campaign of 
 Hayes for Governor, and in each of Foraker’s 
 campaigns. It is probable, as this product- 
 iveness has continued with few intermissions 
 (the whole not exceeding a year) for more 
 than thirty-five years, and was preceded by 
 voluminous writing in early youth of a ro- 
 mantic and miscellaneous character, that Mr. 
 Halstead has furnished more copy for printers 
 
354 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 than any other man living; and having a work before him, it is expected he will con* 
 good constitution and a healthy relishing ap- tinue increasingly to beat himself, until be 
 petite, with apparently many more years of finally reaches the ancient order of Patriarchs. 
 
 Oxford, on the C. H. & D. Railroad, 39 miles northwest of Cincinnati and 
 12 from Hamilton, is a beautiful village, famous for its educational institutions. 
 It has the Miami University and two noted female seminaries. Oxford Female 
 College’^ was founded in 1849, since which it has had 500 graduates and over 
 3,000 pupils. L. Faye Walker is principal. It now has 13 teachers and 109 
 pupils. The Western Female Seminary was founded in 1853. Helen Pea- 
 body, principal. Teachers, 16; pupils, 156. 
 
 Newspapers : Citizen, Independent, S. D. Cone, editor ; also Oxford News, 
 Brown & Osborn. Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 1 United Presbyterian, 1 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Catholic, 1 African Methodist Episcopal, 1 Colored Baptist, 1 Colored 
 Christian. Banks : Citizens’, Thomas McCullough, president, F. S. Heath, 
 cashier ; Oxford, Mnnns, Shera & Co. Census, 1880, 1,743. School census, 1886, 
 581 ; Wm. H. Stewart, principal. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Miami University at Oxford. 
 
 [Miami University is in a large enclosure of over fifty Ljres, covered with green sward and manj 
 noble forest trees. The college campus is faced by pleasant residences with ample grounds. There is 
 very little change in the buildings since the view given was drawn.] 
 
 By an act of 1803 Congress empowered the Legislature of Ohio to select a 
 townshij) of land within tlie district of Cincinnati to be devoted to the support of 
 a college. The commissioners selected what is now the township of Oxford, which 
 was all unsold, excepting two and a half sections, which deficiency was made iij) 
 from the adjoining townships of Hanover and Milford. 
 
 In 1816 the corner-stone of the University was laid, and in 1824 the main 
 building finished and the college duly opened. Rev. Hr. Robert H. Bishop being 
 installed President. The funds had come from the accnmnlation of rents from 
 leases of the college land. Mr. Bishoj) was born in Scotland and was a graduate 
 of Edinburgh University. He acted as President until 1841 and then as Profes- 
 sor until 1845. The institution maintained a high standard of scliolarsliip and 
 from its course of study was called ‘Hhe Yale of the West.” Among the early 
 instructors were Robert C. Schenck and W. H. McGnffey, the last famed for his 
 Eclectic” Series of school books. Anti -si a very agitation and the dismember- 
 ment of the Presbyterian Church in 1838 brought dissensions into its management. 
 In 1873 the institution was suspended and .so remained until 1885, when the 
 Legislature made an appropriation of $20,000, the first State aid it had received, 
 and it again resumed under the jiresidency of Robert W. McFarland. It lias 
 graduated nearly 1,000 students. Among them are many names of men who 
 
BUTLER 
 
 have become leaders. As an illustration 
 given ; 
 
 Clergy — Wm. M. Thomson (author of 
 “The Land and the Book ”), Th. E. Thomas, 
 David Swing, D. A. Wallace, Henry Mc- 
 Cracken, B. W. Chidlaw. Governors, Ohio 
 — Wm. Dennison, Chas. Anderson. Medical 
 — Alex. Dunlap (surgepn), John S. Billings, 
 S. W. Smith, E. B. Stevens. Business — 
 Calvin Brice, Geo. M. Parsons, Wm. Beckett. 
 United States Senators — Benjamin Harrison, 
 In J , Bepublican candidate for President of 
 the United States, 1888 ; J. S. Williams, Ky. 
 Editors — Whitelaw Beid. Lawyers — Samuel 
 Galloway, Thomas Milliken, Wm. J. Gil- 
 more, C. N. Olds, John W. Caldwell, Wm. 
 S. (Iroesbeck, Wm. M. Corry, Robert C. 
 Schenck, Samuel F. Cary, Samuel F. Hunt, 
 M. W. Oliver, etc. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Monday, April 12.— Oxford is on very 
 high ground, a breezy place, with a good 
 literary name. The University is 975 feet 
 above the sea and 370 above Hamilton. 
 From its tower, to which I ascended with 
 President McFarland, I found a magnificent 
 panoramic view of a rich country undulating 
 in all directions with cultivated and grassy 
 fields, interspersed with woodlands and dotted 
 with the habitations of prosperous farmers 
 whose families have had largely the educa- 
 tional advantages of this favored spot. So 
 well up to the skies is Oxford that the Presi- 
 dent tells me that before the shortening of 
 the tower the highlands east of the Little 
 Miami, forty miles away, were discernible. 
 The eye takes in the valley of the Great 
 Miami and that bounteous tract lying east in 
 this county called “The Garden of Ohio,” 
 so exceedingly fertile is it. Bayard Taylor, 
 standing on the same spot, said : “For quiet 
 beauty of scenery I have never seen anything 
 to excel it and nothing to equal it, except in 
 Italy.” But Bayard was ever of amiable 
 speech. Humboldt is stated to have re- 
 marked after an interview with him that he 
 had travelled more and seen less than any 
 man he had ever met — a natural spurt for a 
 matter-of-fact, dry scientist to give in the di- 
 rection of a poet. 
 
 Oxford is purely a college town, and its 
 various institutions are each in localities with 
 pleasant outlooks. Among them is a sani- 
 tarium, the “Oxford Retreat,” a private in- 
 stitution for the treatment of nervous dis- 
 eases and insanity. Through its ample 
 grounds winds a little stream named by Gen- 
 eral Wayne Four Mile Creek. After leaving 
 Fort Hamilton on his march north he crossed 
 a stream which he named from its distance 
 from it Two Mile Creek. The next was 
 Four Mile Creek, then “Seven Mile,” far- 
 ther on another, “Fourteen Mile,” etc. 
 
 Among the present residents of Oxford is 
 Waldo F. Brown, a noted writer on horticul- 
 ture and agriculture. Also David W. Magie, 
 famed as the originator of the Magie or Po- 
 
 COUNTY. 355 
 
 a few of the names of the many are here 
 
 land China hog, produced from four distinct 
 breeds of bristlers about the year 1840. They 
 are now shipped all over the world, even* to 
 Austa-alia, where they help to fatten and 
 swell out the ribs of the descendants of the 
 “canaries,” as the early enforced settlers 
 were called from the color of their garments. 
 Mr. L. N. Bonham, so widely known as an 
 agricultural writer and President of the State 
 Board of Agriculture, has here his “Glen- 
 ellen farm,” the raising of fine stock being 
 his specialty. 
 
 President McFarland is a native of Cham- 
 paign county, graduated in 1 847 at Delaware, 
 was seventeen years professor here, twelve at 
 the State University, and then was unani- 
 mously called to his present position. He is 
 a cheery gentleman, and I was pleased to see 
 between him and the young men that sort of 
 older brother relation so helpful apd advan- 
 tageous everywhere in this learning world. 
 His specialties are mathematics, astronomy 
 and civil engineering. In connection with 
 the general discussion of the glacial epoch a 
 few years since he completed the calculation 
 of the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit at 
 short intervals for a period of over four and 
 a half million years, and I have no doubt, if 
 the occasion should arise, will be ready to go 
 a few millions better. 
 
 “ How doth the busy bee 
 Improve each shining hour ! ” 
 
 Associated with the thought of industry, 
 flowers and honey, with now and then a 
 sting, comes the bee. And if any man has a 
 natural right to devote his life to this little 
 golden-winged creature, it is one who has 
 such a pretty alliterative name as Lorenzo 
 Lorraine Longstreth. And he is found righl 
 here in Oxford in the person of a retired 
 clergyman who has made a specialty of culti- 
 vating bees and written largely upon them. 
 
 In the spring of 1868 there came into my ' 
 ofiice in Cincinnati a large, portly gentleman, 
 with rosy cheeks, a perfect blonde, a stranger 
 who cheerily called me by name and put out 
 his hand with the familiarity of an old ac- 
 quaintance. I answered : “ I do not remem- 
 ber having seen you, sir.” “Not surpris- 
 ing, ’ ’ replied he ; “ it is forty years since we 
 met. My name is Longstreth.” I then 
 recollected him a stripling in college at New 
 Haven and of going fishing with him — both 
 of us boys together — I the little boy, he the 
 big boy, and in a pure mountain stream with 
 hook and line we brought up the crimson and 
 golden beauties. In the very social time that 
 ensued he gave me his history and how his 
 life had been marred by a strange mental 
 malady, an alternation of seasons of excess-ive 
 uncontrollable joyousness and exuberation 
 of spirits, followed by dreadful turns of 
 despondency and mental agony. Before he 
 left he wrote a note and directed it in pencil 
 
356 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 and then said : “I want to show you some- 
 thing that may be useful,” whereupon he 
 passed his tongue over the pencil mark. 
 “Now,” said he, “that, when dry, will be as 
 ineffaceable as if _ written with ink ” — a useful 
 thing to know in the spiriting away, the 
 Ifegira of one’s inkstand. 
 
 In turn I showed him a sort of' comic 
 poetical extravaganza I had just that hour 
 conceived. Being in a happy mood, it pleased 
 him, as I hope it may now and then some 
 reader, as it illustrates a phase of experience 
 not unusual with young married people who, 
 disappointed in the sex of their first-born, 
 find in after years an occasion for rejoicing. 
 
 The Lassie Music. 
 
 ’Twas at creation’s wakening dawn. 
 
 When Music, baby-girl, was born ; 
 
 The angels danced, the new earth sang, 
 And all the stars to frolic sprang, 
 
 While mamma cried, and papa run 
 And groaned, because ’twas not a son. 
 
 But when to years the lassie grew. 
 
 The happiest child the whole world knew, 
 Her sweet notes trilled so jo 3 musly, 
 
 And soothed all care so lovingly. 
 
 That mamma laughed and papa run 
 And danced, because ’twas not a son. 
 
 JAMES McBRIDE. 
 
 My old friend, from his fondness for bees, 
 has been termed “the Huber of America.” 
 Some thirty or more j^ears ago he wrote a 
 book upon “the busy bee,” and I am told 
 there is no work upon the subject so fascinat- 
 ing, it is so filled with the honey of a benig- 
 nant kindly nature. [Since the aboVe was 
 written Mr. Longstreth has passed away.] 
 
 In my original visit to this county I made 
 the acquaintance of iNIr. James iMcBride, the 
 historian of the Miami valley. In my varied 
 experience I have been blessed in meeting and 
 knowing many fine characters, ever to be fra- 
 grant in my memory, but none occupy a better 
 
 place than IMr. IMcBride. He was of Scotch 
 descent, born near Greencastle, Pa., in 1788. 
 His father soon after was killed by the Indians 
 in Kentucky, so he was the only child. He 
 came to Hamilton when eighteen years of age, 
 and at twenty-five years was elected county 
 sheriff, the best office then in the gift of the 
 peojde, and later to other offices. When I 
 saw him he was clerk of court, j’et public 
 office occupied but comparatively few of his 
 j^ears. He was in easy though not affluent 
 circumstances from ventures made to New Or- 
 leans in the period of the war of 1812, which 
 gave him the leisure to devote to his loves. 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 357 
 
 He had scarcely arrived here when he be- 
 gan his researches into the local history of 
 this region, gathering it directly from the 
 pioneers. In 1869 was issued by Robert 
 Clarke & Co., in two octavo volumes, his 
 “ Pioneer Biography of Butler County,” and 
 it was estimated he left no less than 3,000 
 MS. pages on local history and biography. 
 He was the earliest archaeologist of Butler 
 county, and in connection with Mr. John W. 
 Erwin, now of Hamilton, supplied 100 MS. 
 ages, notes, drawings, plans of survey to 
 quier & Davis for the “Ancient Monuments 
 of the Mississippi Valley.” He was a con- 
 vert to Symmes’ theory of “Concentric 
 Spheres,” and furnished the means and wrote 
 the book describing it. He gathered a library 
 of some 5,000 volumes, largely illustrating 
 Western history, and its destruction was an 
 irreparable loss, from the great amount of 
 rare original material it contained. 
 
 He never was so happy as when buried in 
 his library pursuing his solitary beneficent 
 work. He was a silent, modest man, avoid- 
 ing public gatherings and all display, of ster- 
 ling integrity, and charitable to a fault. ^ 
 
 Mr. McBride contributed for my original 
 edition the early history of the county, beside 
 
 other important matter. His writing was 
 peculiar ; round, upright, plain as print, and 
 written evidently with laborious painstaking 
 care, and with a tremulous hand. I can 
 never forget how in my personal interview I 
 was impressed by the beautiful modesty of the 
 man, and the guileless, trustful expression of 
 his face as he looked up at me from his writ- 
 ing while in his office over there in the old 
 court-house square in Hamilton ; and then 
 unreservedly put in my possession the mass 
 of his materials, the gathered fruits of a life- 
 time of loving industry. The State, I am 
 sure, had not a single man who had done so 
 much for its local history as he, unless pos- 
 sibly it was Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta, 
 whom I well knew, and who resembled him 
 in that quiet modesty and self-abnegation that 
 is so winning to our best instincts. 
 
 He was fortunate in his domestic relations, 
 and when he had attained the patriarchal age 
 of threescore years and ten his wife died. 
 From that moment he lost all desire to live, 
 and prepared to follow her, which he did ten 
 days later — a beautiful sunset to a beautiful 
 life, and then the stars came out in their 
 glory. 
 
 A large number of the graduates of Oxford were officers of the Union army in 
 the civil war. Among them was Col. Minor Millikin, born at Hamilton in 
 
 1834, the son of Major John Millikin. 
 He was a perfect hero, a Christian gen- 
 tleman, and of the highest type in moral 
 qualities. His will began with these 
 heroic words : Death is always the con- 
 dition of living, but to the soldier its 
 imminency and certainty sums also the 
 condition of its usefulness and glory.’’ 
 
 He was a college mate of Whitelaw 
 Reid, who wrote of him : He was my 
 long-time friend. His death was the 
 cruellest personal bereavement the war 
 brought me. No one on the sad list 
 of the nation’s slain seems more nearly 
 to resemble him than Theodore Wiu- 
 throp.” 
 
 Personally a splendid swordsman, he 
 was shot while leading a desperate cav- 
 alry charge at Stone River. His Sol- 
 COL. MINOR MILLIKIN. dier’s Creed, found among his papers 
 
 after his death, is given here as illustrat- 
 ing his character, and the sentiments that influenced the multitudes on entering 
 into the war for the Union. From its tenor, he evidently wrote it for circulation 
 among the soldiers. 
 
358 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY, 
 
 THE SOLDIER'S CREED, 
 
 I have enlisted in the service of my country for the term of three years,, and have sworn faith- 
 fully to discharge my duty,, uphold the Constitution,, and obey the officers over me. 
 
 Let me see what motives I must have had when I did this thing. It was not pleasant to leave 
 my friends and my home,, and,, relinquishing my liberty and pleasures,, bind myself to hardships 
 and obedience for three years by a solemn oath. Why did I do it 9 
 
 1 . I did it because I loved my country, I thought she was surrounded by traitors and struck 
 by cowardly plunderers, I thought that,, having been a good government to me and my fathers 
 before me,, I owed it to her to defend her from all harm ; so when I heard of the insults offered 
 her,, I rose up as if some one had struck my mother,, and as a lover of my country agreed to 
 fight for her, 
 
 2. Though I am no great reader, I have heard the taunts and insults sent us working-men 
 from the proud aristocrats of the South, My blood has grown hot when I heard them say 
 labor was the business of slaves and '‘''mudsills ; " that they were a noble-blooded and we a 
 mean-spirited people ; that they ruled the country by their better pluck, and if we did not submit 
 
 they would whip us by their better courage So I thought the time had come to 
 
 show these insolent fellows that Northern institutions had the best men, and I enlisted to flog 
 thetn into good manners and obedience to their betters, 
 
 3 . I said, too, that this war would disturb the whole country and all its business. The South 
 meant ‘ ‘ rule or ruin, ' ’ It has Jeff Davis and the Southern notion of government ; we our 
 old Constitution and our old liberties, I couldn't see any peace or quiet until we had whipped 
 them, and so I enlisted to bring back peace in the quickest way, 
 
 I had other reasons, but these were the main ones, I enlisted, and gave up home and comfort, 
 and took to the tent and its hardships, 
 
 I have suffered a great deal — been abused sometimes — had my patience severely tried — been 
 blamed wrongly by my officers — stood the carelessness and dishonesty of some of my comrades, 
 and had all the trials of a volunteer soldier ; but 1 never gave up, nor rebelled, nor grumbled, 
 nor lost my temper, and I' ll tell you lohy, 
 
 1 . / considered I had enlisted in a holy cause, with good motives, and that I was doing my 
 duty, I believe men who are doing their duty in the face of difficulties are watched over by 
 God, 
 
 2. I felt that I was a servant of the government, and that as such I was too proud to quarrel 
 and complain, 
 
 3 . I know if with such motives and such a cause I could not be faithful, that I could never 
 think of myself as much of a man afterward. 
 
 And so I drew up a set of resolutions like this : 
 
 1 . As my health and strength had been devoted to the government, I would take as good care 
 of them as possible ; that I would be cleanly in my person and temperate in all my habits, I 
 felt that to enlist for the government, and then by carelessness or drunkenness make myself unfit 
 for service, would be too mean an act for me, 
 
 2. As the character I have assumed is a noble one, I will not disgrace it by childish quarrel- 
 ling, by loud and foolish talking, by profane swearing, and indecent language. It struck me 
 that these were the accomplishments of the ignorant and depraved on the other side, and I, for 
 one, did not think them becoming a Union soldier, 
 
 3 . As my usefulness in a great measure depends on my discipline, I am determined to keep 
 my arms in good order, to keep my clothing mended and brushed, to attend all drills, and do 
 my best to master all my duties as a soldier, and make myself perfectly acquainted with all the 
 evolutions and exercises, and thus feel always ready to fight. It seems to me .stupid for a man 
 to apprentice himself .to as serious a trade as war, and then try by lying and deception to avoid 
 learning anything. 
 
 College Corner is on the Indiana State line, and takes its name from the 
 number of scliools located here, and three counties cornering at this point. It is 
 on the C. H. & D. R. R., forty-four miles northwest of Cincinnati. Newspaper : 
 Investigator, Independent, J. Ij. Scott, editor. Churches : 1 United Presb\derian, 
 1 African Methodist Episcopal, 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 Presbyterian, In- 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 359 
 
 dustry : Manufacturing building material. Bank : Corner Bank/^ John Howell, 
 president, O. M. Bake, cashier. Population in 1880, 329. 
 
 West Chester is twenty-one miles north of Cincinnati, on the C. C. C. <fe I. 
 R. R. Newspaper : Miami Valley Star, Independent, Peter Wrieden, manager 
 and editor. Churches ; 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Cumberland Presbyterian, and 
 1 Catholic. Population in 1880, 281. 
 
 Somerville, fourteen miles northwest of Hamilton, had in 1880 370 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 OABROLL. 
 
 Carroll County was formed in the session of 1832-33 from Columbiana, Stark, 
 Tuscarawas, Harrison and Jefferson. The population mainly originated from 
 Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland, with some Germans and Scotch-Irish. The 
 surface is somewhat hilly. Its area is 400 square miles. In 1885 the acres culti- 
 tivated were 68,121 ; in pasture, 109,149 ; woodland, 40,350 ; lying waste, 273 : 
 produced in wheat, 81,869 bushels ; corn, 514,155 ; apples, 303,928 ; sheep, 141,345 ; 
 coal, 216,630 tons. School census 1886, 5,513 ; teachers, 124. It has 63 miles of 
 railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 1,234 
 
 1,126 
 
 Loudon, 
 
 966 
 
 965 
 
 Brown, 
 
 2,165 
 
 2,305 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 1,060 
 
 1,283 
 
 Centre, 
 
 1,139 
 
 1,590 
 
 Orange, 
 
 1,528 
 
 1,327 
 
 East, 
 
 . 995 
 
 868 
 
 - Perry, 
 
 1,344 
 
 1,040 
 
 Fox, 
 
 1,491 
 
 1,275 
 
 Ross, 
 
 1,593 
 
 1,195 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 1,308 
 
 1,075 
 
 Union, 
 
 889 
 
 684 
 
 Lee, 
 
 1,372 
 
 933 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,014 
 
 750 
 
 Population in 1840 was 18,108 ; in 1860, 15,738 ; 1880, 16,416, of whom 
 14,283 were Ohio-born. 
 
 This county was named from Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Md., the last sur- 
 .vivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He died at Baltimore, 
 Nov. 14, 1833, aged ninety-six years. He was born Sept. 20, 1737 ; was of Irish 
 descent, a Catholic, and highly educated in France and in London, thus passing 
 his time from the age of eight years to that of twenty-eight, when he returned to 
 Maryland a fine scholar and a polished gentleman. When informed by Gen. H. 
 A. Stidger, of this county, on a visit to Baltimore, that Ohio had named a county 
 in his honor he was extremely pleased ; this was about six months before his 
 decease. 
 
 The Sandy and Beaver Canal extends from the Ohio river through Columbiana, 
 Carroll, Stark, and Tuscarawas counties. It was begun in 1835 and it was navi - 
 gable to some extent until 1850, when it was abandoned. The aggregate loss to 
 the stockholders was nearly two millions of dollars. Its principal use was as a 
 feeder for mills. It is said that only one boat ever made the entire passage through 
 it. This was by the contractors who built it, and because it was conditional upon 
 their receiving their pay for its completion. 
 
 The following items upon the history of Carrollton and Carroll county are de- 
 rived mainly from a series of articles, “Annals of Carroll County,’^ written for the 
 Carroll Free .P^-ess by Peter M. Herold, 
 
CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 Centreville, noAv Carrollton, was laid out by Peter Bohart, Oct. 4, 1815 ; Hon. 
 Isaac Atkinson gave much of the land for the site. Bohart was a Pennsylvania 
 German and came here about 1810. About the same time came Richard Baxter, 
 Richard Elson, Isaac Dwyer and some others. At that time the line between 
 Stark and Columbiana counties ran just west of the village. Here Mr. Dwyer 
 built what he called upon the sign The Rising Sun Tavern.^^ When the (Quaker) 
 Commissioners of Columbiana county refused to grant him license to sell strong 
 drinks he removed his bar into the room on the Stark county side of the line and 
 handed down the bottles and mixed toddies with impunity. Peter Bohart gave 
 the land for the Carrollton cemetery and is buried in it, where also is buried Joseph 
 Bushong,'a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and several soldiers of the Mexican 
 war. On the farm of Nathaniel 1j. Shaw, in Washington township, is a pre- 
 historic graveyard containing the remains of a people that were buried in earthen- 
 ware coffins, two or three of Avhich were unearthed a few years ago when digging 
 a cellar. 
 
 Thomas L. Patton, the first child born in Carrollton, was an officer in the Union 
 army in the Rebellion, and is now living here, as is also John Beatty, the first 
 sheriff of Carroll county. He was born Oct. 4, 1804. .Among his recollections 
 is attending a Whig meeting at Massillon, July 4, 1838, where Gen. Harrison 
 made an address. On the platform were the Poe Brothers,^^ Adam and Andrew, 
 the Indian fighters, Avhose noted fight is related under the head of Columbiana 
 county. They were then very old and imbecile. 
 
 Gen. B. F. Potts, originally colonel Thirty-second Ohio volunteer infantry, Avas 
 born in Fox township. He was, when a member of the Ohio Senate, offered by 
 Grant the governorship of Montana. He refused to accept it at the time, thougli 
 he did so later, and his refusal Avas because the adoption by Ohio of the fifteenth 
 amendment to the constitution depended upon his Amte, Avhich Avould be lost if he 
 vacated his seat. 
 
 In that daring railroad raid in Georgia of a band of Ohio men from Gen. 
 Mitchell’s army Avas Wm. Campbell, a native of Fox toAvnship, and he AA^as one 
 of those executed. His mother’s maiden name Avas Jane Morgan, and she A\'as a 
 cousin of Gen. John Morgan, of the rebel army. 
 
 When Morgan Avas on his raid through Ohio he passed through Carroll county, 
 and in Fox toAvnship he took dinner Avith Mrs. Allison, Avhose maiden name was 
 Keziah Morgan. She Avas the sister of Mrs. Campbell, and therefore also a cousin 
 of Morgan. While eating his dinner the family genealogy Avas traced back to 
 Kentucky. Fre he left, the old lady gave him a clean shirt, of AAffiich John Avas 
 sadly in need, and he Avent on his Avay rejoicing, Avith a good dinner inside and a 
 clean shirt out. Several of Morgan’s men Avho Avere Avounded Avere obliged to 
 remain behind at Mrs. Allison’s, and Avere consequently soon taken prisoners by 
 the Union soldiers. Mrs. Campbell is still li\ung, but since the execution of her 
 son she cannot talk upon that subject Avithout its effects shoAving upon her mind ; 
 she imagines she has a mortgage upon the government. She is tAvice a AvidoAV ; 
 her first husband Avas a soldier in the Mexican Avar. Her last husband’s name 
 Avas Shipley, and her present residence is near CaldAvell, Noble county. 
 
 Carrollton in 1846. — Carrollton, the county-seat, is 125 miles east-northeast 
 from Columbus. It Avas originally called CentretoAvn, but on the organization of the 
 county changed to its ])resent name. It has a public square in the centre — shoAvn 
 in the engraving — on Avhich stand the county buildings. It contains 1 Presby- 
 terian, 1 I^utheran, 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Associate Reformed church, 6 
 mercantile stores, 2 printing offices, and 800 inhabitants. — Old Edition. 
 
 Carrollton, the county-scat, is on the C. & C. R. R., eighty-seven miles south- 
 easterly from CleA^eland. Comity officers, 1888 : Probate Judges, James Holden 
 and Junius C. Ferrall ; Clerk of Court, Harvey B. Gregg; Sheriff, John Canqi- 
 bell ; Prosecuting Attorney, Irving H. Blythe ; Auditor, Luther M. Barrick : 
 Treasurer, John B. Van Fossen ; Recorder, AVill. J. Baxter/ Suiweyor, Richaixf 
 
CARROLL COUNTY. 361 
 
 H. Lee ; Coroner, Harvey D. Dunlap ; Commissioners, James Murray, Wm. Davis, 
 James H. Rhinehart. 
 
 Newspapers : Chronicle, Democratic, J. V. Lawler & Bro., publishers ; Free Press, 
 Republican, John H. Tripp, publisher, Peter M. Herold, local editor ; Republican, 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 View in Caerollton. 
 
 Republican, S. T. Cameron & Co., publishers. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Lutheran, 1 Reformed and 1 United Presbyterian. J^anks : Cum- 
 mings & Couch ; Stockton Bros., V. Stockton, cashier. Population in 1880, 1,136, 
 School census 1886, 417. A. M. Fishell, superintendent. In October, 1887, no 
 saloon in the town and no prisoners in the county jail.^^ 
 
 Port C. Baxter, Photo , Carrollton, 1887 . 
 
 The Public Square, Carrollton. 
 
 The engraving shows the new court-house and other buildings on the public 
 square. This was finished in 1886, costing with jail in the rear about $150,000. 
 It is built mainly of Navarre sandstone, with some from Berea. It is just to the 
 left of the old court-house shown in the old view. The old court-house was sold 
 on the 11 th of June for $196 and the bell for $138. 
 
 Daniel McCook, father of one of the two famous families of Fighting 
 
362 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 McCooks/’ was the first clerk of court of Carroll county after its formation, in 
 the winter of 1832—33. He resided in the large, white house shown on the 
 corner, to the right of the old court-house, at the time the view was drawn ; and 
 it was the birthplace of several of his family. It is now partly occupied by Geo. 
 J. Butler as a dry-goods store. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 ‘‘You must see Gen. Eckley when you 
 visit Carrollton,” said various parties when I 
 was in the counties adjoining. “ He can tell 
 you everything.” He was, they said, “a 
 man of great public spirit and large intelli- 
 ence.” On. the evening of my arrival, Fri- 
 ay, June li, I found two old gentlemen 
 seated on a dry-goods box on a street corner 
 — I may say two old boys — engaged in a social 
 chat ; and one of these was Capt. John 
 Beatty, the first sheriff of Carroll county ; 
 the other Gen. Ephraim R. Eckley, who was 
 a judge before he was a general — a man of 
 law before a man of war. His first greet- 
 ing was, “You’ve grown old since I have 
 seen you. ’ ’ I did not remember to have ever 
 seen him, but must have done so when for- 
 merly here — when I took the old view shown 
 on an adjoining page — took it as one told me 
 he remembered seeing me seated on a wheel- 
 barrow in the centre of the street. 
 
 Gen. Eckley has lived almost the entire 
 period of the history of the State ; was born 
 in 1811. Having been long in public life, he 
 has witnessed many changes. Among his 
 experiences was his being in at the death of 
 the Whig party in 1854 : the Free-Soil party, 
 in nautical phrase, had “taken its wind.” 
 He was then the Whig candidate for the 
 United States Senate, which was the last 
 effort of the Whigs at organization. 
 
 In 18G1 he served in the Virginia cam- 
 paign under Rosecrans ; later, under Sher- 
 man, had command at Paducah ; in April, 
 1862, was elected to Congress, where he re- 
 mained until 1869. He gave me these inter- 
 esting items, illustrating the morals of the 
 people here, viz. : that the jail was generally 
 empty, and when used at all it was largely for 
 violation of some police arrangement ; and 
 that from 1842 to 1863, a period of twenty-one 
 years, Carroll county had not supplied a sin- 
 gle inmate for the penitentiary. Other coun- 
 ties in Ohio, I find, can give a like record. 
 Such, however, have mainly rural popula- 
 tions. 
 
 General Harrison and the Honest German. 
 — On July 4, 1838, Harrison addressed a 
 Whig meeting at Massillon, and the next day 
 came here and “put up” at the tavern of 
 David J. Levy. In the evening he made an 
 impromptu address from the hotel steps. 
 Next morning he arose early to take a walk 
 before breakfast, the ostensible purpose being 
 to get a drink from John Young’s spring, a 
 spot on the outskirts where Mr. Young had 
 a tannery with a bath-house and fine spring 
 of water. On his arrival there he met Jonas 
 Miller, an honest, simple-hearted German, on 
 his way to town. Harrison bade him good- 
 morning, and observing he had his hand done 
 
 up in a bandage, asked him ‘ ‘ What was the 
 matter with it?” He replied he had a felon 
 on it and was going to town to get a drink 
 of whiskey ; tnought it would ease the pain. 
 Harrison advised him kindly not to drink, it 
 would be only the worse for him, gave him a 
 receipt for its cure and the twain walked into 
 the town together. Harrison was dressed in 
 a plain suit of fustian, and, after parting 
 from Miller, some one asked the latter if he 
 knew whom he had been talking with ? He 
 replied “No.” When told, he was so over- 
 come that he sat down and cried like a child. 
 Miller had been a strong Democrat, but 
 thenceforth was^ an enthusiastic Harrison 
 man. In speaking^ of this event he would 
 say in broken English : “Mein Gott, it was 
 the great Gineral Harrison that walked down 
 the street and talked with me and cured my 
 felon.” 
 
 Rural Sights. — Having slept upon the 
 General’s chat I took a walk the next morn- 
 ing. There is an advantage^ in these small 
 towns ; a few steps take one into the country 
 where the green earth and the blue sky have 
 an open chance to look at each other square 
 in the face and exchange notes ; and there, 
 too — and it is not a small matter — are the 
 cattle^ on a thousand hills, peaceful, patient 
 and picturesque ; chewing the cud and whilom 
 keeping the fly-brush agoing and often with 
 a rhythm so well pronounced that some pains- 
 taking, head-scratching poet might pause 
 there for a hint, if so disposed. 
 
 Carrollton is on undulating ground and the 
 country around a series of beautiful swells. 
 Each house is generally on an ample home 
 lot and the people live mostly in cottages. 
 The gardens of the villagers, rich in flowers, 
 were yet moist with the dew of morning, 
 while the sunlight, stealing in long, slanting 
 ribbon-bands across their Deds, illuminated 
 them in richest glory of color and in sweetest 
 blending of light and shade. And the 
 thought came upon me, now this very morn- 
 ing, all over this broad land, there are multi- 
 tudes of just such villages as this with just 
 such scenes and with just such worthy, vir- 
 tuous people as these. And with this grate- 
 ful fact upon the heart, should we question 
 is life worth living? Whatever man might 
 answer, the bee, flitting on golden wing from 
 flower to flower, would reply, “ Yes ; don’t I 
 get honey ?’ ’ 
 
 The Old Lady and her Flowers. — On 
 coming to one of the cottages I saw an old 
 lady on her knees with a wet cloth in hand 
 wiping her porch. She was surrounded by 
 the pots of flowers which she had nursed 
 through the winter and had brought them 
 out alongside of those that kind mother 
 Earth had put forth from her bosom in the 
 

 CARROLL 
 
 open air. “Good-morning,” said I. With 
 that she turned her head, lifted her sun- 
 bonnet and arose to her feet to see who it 
 was that had greeted her. I then continued, 
 as she still held her cloth in her hand with 
 her arm limp by her side : “Do you know, 
 Madam, what a favor you confer upon every 
 passer-by^ by your display of flowers?” 
 Upon this she smiled and said, “Why, I 
 never thought of that ; I cultivate them be- 
 cause I love them.”^ “You people,” I re- 
 joined, “appear to live very pleasantly and 
 the country around looks very sweet to me as 
 I see it rolling away in graceful swells of 
 grassy fields interspersed with clumps of 
 trees.” “Yes,” she rdoined, “and it is 
 now in all its beauty.” Yes ! she was right. 
 It was the beautiful month of June that had 
 come, and had she felt like quoting the poe- 
 try she might have started straight for Long- 
 fellow, as he thus speaks for June : 
 
 “Mine is the month of roses ; yes, and mine 
 
 The month of marriages ! All pleasant 
 sights 
 
 And scents, the fragrance of the blossom- 
 ing vines. 
 
 The foliage of the valleys and the heights. 
 
 Mine are the longest days, the loveliest 
 nights ; 
 
 The mower’s scythe makes music to my ear ; 
 
 I am the mother of all dear delights, 
 
 I am the fairest daughter of the year. ’ ’ 
 
 • “ You people,” I continued, “ appear to live 
 in this village in a great deal of comfort and 
 
 COUNTY. 363 
 
 freedom.” “I don’t like it,” she replied. 
 “There is too much style for me ! Until I 
 was forty years of age I lived on a farm, and 
 I pine for its open, free life. There is so 
 much to interest one, and the animals are a 
 continued source of gratification. Then your 
 neighbors run in and out without any for- 
 mality and we all seem as one great family. 
 This village life has too much restriction. 
 If one’s gate gets open and your cow happens 
 to get out she is taken up and put in the , 
 ound, and there is seventy-five cents or a ’ 
 ollar to pay to get Muley out.” “Trouble 
 everywhere,” I said. “Yes,” she rejoined, 
 and opening wide her mouth, displayed a full 
 set of perfect, pearly white teeth. God bless 
 the dentist, I then thought, whose inventive 
 art permits a refined old lady like you to give 
 full play to her merriment without compelling 
 her, when the hinges of her mouth relax for 
 a good hearty laugh, to hide it with her hand. 
 
 A moment later I met a young mother 
 happy as a lark. Instead of turning over 
 her children to the care of Bridget and lolling 
 on a luxurious couch, absorbed in reading the 
 details of the make-up of Mrs. Cleveland’s 
 wedding-dress, she was leading by the hand, 
 amid these rustic surroundings on this bright 
 June morning, her own little girl, perhaps 
 her first-born. I watched as I came up the 
 slender limbs of the little one alternately 
 stealing in and out from beneath the folds 
 of her blue dress and said, “ Good-morning; 
 
 I see the bluebirds are out.” “Yes, sir; 
 this one. ’ ’ 
 
 Leesburg is on the W. & L. E. R. R., 100 miles northeast of Columbus and 
 twelve miles southwest of Carrollton. One Leg courses through it, a stream so 
 named from a one-legged Indian who anciently dwelt upon its margin. The 
 Indian name of this water course is Kannoten ; ’’ and the branch known as the 
 Dining Fork of the Kannoten’^ derived its appellation from the first explorers 
 in this region on an occasion partaking of their noon meal upon its banks. The 
 post-office name of Leesburg is Leesville, as there is also another Leesburg in 
 Highland county. Part of Orange township in which it is situated originally 
 formed a part of One Leg township, Tuscarawas county, a name now extinct even 
 there, as applied to a township. 
 
 Leesburg was laid out August 1, 1812, by Thomas Price and Peter Saunders. 
 It contains one newspaper, Connoton Valley Times, Independent, R. G. Rivers, 
 editor; has 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist church, and, in 1880, had 408 inhabi- 
 tants ; coal mining and farming are its main industries. 
 
 Leesburg has a peculiar history ; has long been noted as an intellectual and 
 reforming centre. It was one of the stations of the Underground Railroad, and 
 in those days its little public hall at times resounded to the voices of Wm. Lloyd 
 Garrison, Fred. Douglass, Wendell Phillips, Parker Pillsbury and their coadju- 
 tors. Some noted characters are now residents of the place. Hou. Wm. Adair, 
 author of the celebrated liquor law, and a member of the last Constitutional Con- 
 vention of Ohio, is a practising lawyer of the place. Charles Dunster, also a resi- 
 dent, is builder of an ingenious astronomical clock which keeps the time of some 
 of the principal cities of the world, and is remarkable from the fact that he is 
 entirely self-taught, and constructed it from such rude tools as he could make in 
 an ordinary blacksmith shop. This clock is still ticking the time by the forge 
 where he earns his daily bread. 
 
 And lastly for our mention is a lady, Mrs. Mary E. Kail, noted for her patriotic 
 
3^4 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 poems, the outgrowth of an intense and absorbing love of country. She is a native 
 of Washington City, but from childhood 
 has been a resident of Ohio, excepting for 
 a few years when she was clerk in 
 one of the departments at Washington, 
 which position she lost recently through 
 a change of administration. Her spir- 
 ited songs have been sung and with 
 great acce})tance on many public occa- 
 sions, such as Decoration Days, at meet- 
 ings of the various posts of the Grand 
 f the Republic, dedication of 
 cemeteries, lodges of Good Tem- 
 plars, and in the political canvass. 
 
 Her writings under the title of 
 Crown our Heroes and other Poems’’ 
 have recently been published through 
 the generosity of Mrs. Leland Stanford. 
 
 This little book is her only source of 
 livelihood in her advanced years. Of 
 all the songs sung on Decoration Day 
 throughout the land Crown our He- 
 roes ” stands at the head. This and the one entitled Ohio ” we copy entire. 
 
 CROWN OUR HEROES. 
 
 Crown our heroes, the soldiers, whose spirits have fled 
 To the land of the blest ; crown the heroic dead. 
 
 Let the fair iiand of woman weave garlands of flowers 
 ^ Kissed by heaven’s pure sunlight in sweet morning hours. 
 
 Go tenderly, gently, and scatter them where 
 Our heroes are sleeping ! go scatter them there. 
 
 Crown our heroes, the soldiers, who sleep on the shore 
 Where the call of the bugle can wake them no more. 
 
 Men who fought to defend us — oh, can we forget 
 The tribute of glory we owe to them yet ? 
 
 Bring love’s fairest offerings, with tears and with prayer, 
 
 And gratefully, sacredly scatter them there. 
 
 Crown our heroes, the soldiers, whose grandeur and power 
 Saved our own dear Columbia in war’s troubled hour. 
 
 When amid the fierce struggle each soul was a host. 
 
 Who was ready to die lest his country be lost. 
 
 They are dead ! they are dead ! what now can we do 
 As a token of love for the noble and true ? 
 
 Crown our heroes, the soldiers. Oh ! scatter the flowers 
 O’er the graves of the dead ; they are .yours, they are ours. 
 
 Men who fought for the flag, and our foes in the fray; 
 
 For as brothers they sleep, both the blue and the gray. 
 
 And true to our banner, our offerings we bring — 
 
 Blushing roses of summer, and violets of spring. 
 
 Crown our heroes, God bless them ! no true heart must lag ; 
 
 Crown the dead and the living who stood by the flag. 
 
 Through the oncoming ages let each have a name 
 Carved in letters of gold in the tem])le of fame ; 
 
 For the bright stars of freedom — our banner unfurled — 
 
 Is the joy of Columbia, the pride of the world ! 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Ohio, I love thee, for deeds thou hast done ; 
 
 Thy conflicts recorded and victories won ; 
 
 On the pages of history, beaming and bright, 
 
 Ohio shines forth like a star in the night, 
 
 Army c 
 soldiers’ 
 
 Authoress of “ Crown our Heroes.” 
 
CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 365 
 
 Like a star flashing out o’er the mountain’s blue crest, 
 Lighting up with its glory the land of the west ; 
 
 For thy step onward inarching and voice to command 
 Ohio, I love thee, thou beautiful land. 
 
 Commonwealth grandly rising in majesty tall — 
 
 In the girdle of beauty the fairest of all, 
 
 Tho’ thunders of nations around thee may roar — 
 
 Their strong tidal waves ^dash and break on thy shore- 
 Standing prouder and firmer when danger is nigh, 
 
 With a power to endure and an arm to defy ; 
 
 Ohio shall spread her broad wings to the world, 
 
 Her bugles resounding and banners unfurled. 
 
 A queen in her dignity, proudly she stands. 
 
 Reaching out to her sister States wealth-laden hands. 
 Crown’d with plentiful harvests and fruit from the vine, 
 And riches increasing in ores from the mine. 
 
 While with Liberty’s banner unfurled to the sky — 
 Resolved for the Union to-do or to die — 
 
 Her soldiers and statesmen unflinchingly come, 
 
 ’Mid booming of cannon and roll of the drum. 
 
 To glory still onward, we’re marching along, 
 
 Ev’ry heart true and noble re-echoes the song. 
 
 Ever pledged to each other, through years that have fled 
 We have hopes for the living, and tears for the dead. 
 Bless the heroes who suffered, but died not in vain ; 
 Keep the flag that we love — without tarnish or stain. 
 Thus uniting with all, shall my song ever be 
 Ohio, my home-land, my heart clings to thee ! 
 
 Mechanicstown, nine miles northeast of Carrollton, was laid out in 1836 by 
 Thomas McGovern ; it has 1 Presbyterian, 1 United Presbyterian, 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal church, and about 200 population. Kilgore, twelve miles southeast of 
 Carrollton, has 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Lutheran, and 1 Reformed Lutheran 
 church, and about 200 people. Magnolia, on the C. & P. R. R. ; population 300. 
 Dell Roy is on the C. V. R. R., eight miles southwest of Carrollton. It has 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Protestant church, and, in 1880, 
 664 inhabitants. This «place is now the centre of the most important coal mines 
 of the county, and its population is largely composed of miners. 
 
 New Harrisburg is a small village five miles northwest of Carrollton, and which 
 in 1883 contested with it for the county-seat. This was 
 the birth-place of Jonathan Weaver, bishoj) of the United 
 Brethren church and president of Otterbein University. 
 
 The village has 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian church, and 
 about 200 inhabitants. In the little churchyard adjoin- 
 ing the town, in a valley of dry bones, amid the silent 
 monuments of death and desolation,” is a marble slab, 
 twelve by eighteen inches, bearing the simple inscription 
 as annexed : a remarkable instance of longevity. 
 
 Harlem S])rings is six miles southeast of Carrollton ; it 
 has 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 United Brethren church, and before 
 the war it was quite a resort for invalids to ])artake of the water of its chalyb- 
 eate springs ; among the visitors of note were Robt. E. Lee and Edwin Stanton. 
 Here is the Harlem Springs College, founded in 1858, John R. Steeves, president ; 
 three instructors ; pupils, twenty-one males and eleven females. 
 
 JONATHAN 
 
 LEWIS. 
 
 AGED 
 
 104. 
 
366 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 THE FIGHTING McCOOKS. 
 
 Dr. JOHN McCOOK. 
 
 MAJOR DANIEL McCOOK. 
 
 Head of the “ Tribe of Dan.” 
 
 Head of the “ Tribe of John.” 
 
 The Ohio McCooks acquired a wide popular reputation during the civil war as 
 the Fighting McCooks.^’ In the various current notices of them they are spoken 
 of as one family, but were really two families, the sons of Major Daniel McCook 
 and Dr. John McCook. Of the former family there were engaged in military 
 service the father. Major Daniel McCook, Surgeon Latimer A. McCook, General 
 George W. McCook, Major-General Kobert L. McCook, Major-General A. McD. 
 McCook, General Daniel McCook, Jr., Major-General Edwin Stanton McCook, 
 Private Charles Morris McCook, Colonel John J. McCook — ten in all. Another 
 son. Midshipman J. James McCook, died in the naval service before the re- 
 bellion. 
 
 Of the latter family there were engaged in the service Major-General Edward 
 M. McCook, General Anson G. McCook, Chaplain Henry C. McCook, Commander 
 Roderick S. McCook, U. S. N., and Lieutenant John J. McCook — five in all. 
 This makes a total of fifteen, every son of both families, all commissioned officers 
 except Charles, who was killed in the first battle of Bull Run, and who declined 
 a commission in the regular army, preferring to serve as a private volunteer. 
 
 The two families have been familiarly distinguished as the Tribe of Dan” and 
 the Tribe of John.” 
 
 I. The Daniel McGooh Branch. 
 
 Major Daniel McCook. Martha Latimer. 
 
 Major Daniel McCook, the second son of 
 George McCook and Mary McCormack, was 
 born June 20, 1798, at Canonsburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania, the seat of Jefferson College, where he 
 received his education. On August 28, 1817, 
 he married Martha Latimer, daughter of 
 Abraham Latimer, of Washington, Pa. In 
 1826 they removed to New Lisbon, Ohio, 
 and later to Carrollton, Ohio. Mr. McCook 
 was an active member and an elder for many 
 years of the ^ Presbyterian church of Car- 
 rollton, organizing and conducting as super- 
 intendent the first Sunday-school of that 
 church. 
 
 At the beginning of the war he was in 
 
 Washington, D. C., and, although sixty- 
 three years of age, at once tendered his ser- 
 vices to President Lincoln. Each of his eight 
 sons then living also promptly responded to 
 the call of the President for troops. When 
 the rebel general, John Morgan, made his 
 raid into Ohio, Major McCook was stationed 
 at Cincinnati, and joined the troops sent in 
 his pursuit. Morgan undertook to recross 
 the Ohio river at Buffington island. Major 
 McCook led an advance party to oppose and 
 intercept the crossing. In the skirmish that 
 took place he was mortally wounded and died 
 the next day, July 21, 1863, in the sixty -fifth 
 year of his age. He is^ buried at Spring 
 Grove cemetery near Cincinnati. 
 
 He was a man of commanding presence, an 
 ardent patriot, and an earnest Christian. Ho 
 
CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 367 
 
 possessed a most gentle and amiable disposi- 
 tion, combined with the highest personal 
 courage, untiring energy, and great force of 
 character. He ruled his household in the 
 fear of the Lord, and died as he had lived in 
 the active performance of his duty. 
 
 His wife, Martha Latimer, daughter of 
 Abraham Latimer and Mary Greer, was born 
 
 MARTHA L. McCOOK. 
 
 at Washington, Pa., March 8, 1802. Her 
 maternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish, but on 
 the father’s side they were English, coming 
 originally from Leicestershire. 
 
 During the war of the rebellion Mrs. Mc- 
 Cook was in a peculiarly difficult position. 
 Her husband and sons were all in the service. 
 No battle could take place but some of her 
 loved ones were in danger. Each succeeding 
 year brought death to a member of her 
 family upon the battle-field. Her husband 
 and three sons were thus taken from her ; 
 and the others were so frequently wounded 
 that it seemed as if in her old age she was 
 to be bereft of her entire family. Her life 
 during these long years of anxiety was well 
 nigh a continuous prayer for her country and 
 for her sons that had given themselves for 
 its defence. This patriotic woman well illus- 
 trates the heroic sufferings endured by the 
 women of the Republic no less than by the 
 men. 
 
 Mrs. McCook died November 10, 1879, in 
 the seventy-eighth year of her age, at New 
 Lisbon, Ohio, surrounded by her surviving 
 children and friends, and was buried beside 
 her husband in Spring Grove cemetery, Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 The children of the above are as follows : 
 
 1. Latimer A. McCook, M. D., was born 
 at Canonsburg, Pa., April 26, 1820. He was 
 educated at Jefferson College (Canonsburg), 
 studied medicine with his uncle, Dr. George 
 McCook, a physician of great skill and emi- 
 nence, and received his degree from Jefferson 
 M edical College, of Philadelphia. He entered 
 the army in 1861 as assistant surgeon, and 
 
 was soon promoted to be surgeon, with the 
 rank of major, of the Thirty-first regiment, 
 Illinois volunteers, known as “John Logan’s 
 regiment. ’ ’ 
 
 He served throughout the campaigns of the 
 Army of the Tennessee, and, while caring for 
 the wounded of his regiment during action, 
 he was himself twice wounded — once in the 
 trenches before Vicksburg, and again at Po- 
 cataligo bridge, in Gen. Sherman’s move- 
 ment northward from Savannah. He sur- 
 vived the war, but was broken down in health, 
 and died August 23, 1869, from general 
 debility resulting from wounds and exposure 
 incident to his service in the army, and was 
 buried at Spring Grove cemetery, Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 2. George Wythe McCook was born at 
 Canonsburg, Pa., November 2, 1821. He 
 graduated from Ohio University, at Athens, 
 and studied law with and afterwards became 
 the partner of Edwin M. Stanton, the great 
 war secretary, in Steubenville. He served as 
 an officer in the Third Ohio regiment through- 
 out the Mexican war, and returned as its 
 commander.^ He was attorney-general of the 
 State of Ohio, and edited the first volume of 
 “ Ohio State Reports.” He was one of the 
 first four brigadier-generals appointed by the 
 governor of Ohio to command the troops from 
 that State at the outbreak of the rebellion, 
 but the condition of his health prevented him 
 from taking any command that required ab- 
 sence from home. However, he organized 
 and commanded for short periods several 
 Ohio regiments. 
 
 He was the Democratic candidate for gov- 
 ernor of ()hio in 1871, but his health broke 
 down during the canvass, and he was com- 
 pelled to abandon the campaign. He, with 
 the Rev. Dr. Charles Beatty, w^ere the larg- 
 est contributors to the erection of the Second 
 Presbyterian church, at Steubenville, Ohio, 
 of which he was a trustee. He died Decem- 
 ber 28, 1877, and was buried at Steubenville. 
 
 3. John James McCook, born at Canons- 
 burg, Pa. j December 28, 1823, was educated 
 at the United States Naval Academy. While 
 serving as midshipman of the United States 
 frigate “Delaware” off the coast of South 
 America he was taken ill with a fever follow- 
 ing long-continued exposure while on duty. 
 He died March 30, 1842, and was buried in 
 the English burying-grounds at Rio Janeiro. 
 Admiral Farragut in his autobiography pays 
 a high tribute to the personal character and 
 ability of Midshipman McCook. 
 
 4. Robert Latimer McCook, born at New 
 Lisbon, Ohio, December 28, 1827. He studied 
 law in the office of Stanton & McCook, at 
 Steubenville, then removed to Cincinnati, and 
 in connection with Judge J. B. Stallo secured 
 a large practice. When the news reached 
 Cincinnati that Fort Sumter had been fired 
 upon he organized and was commissioned 
 colonel of the Ninth Ohio regiment, among 
 the Germans, enlisting a thousand men in 
 less than two days. He was ordered to West 
 Virginia, put in command of a brigade, and 
 made the decisive campaign there under Mo- 
 
368 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 Clellan. His brigade was then transferred to 
 the Army of the Ohio, and took a most 
 active part in the battle of Mills Spring, in 
 Kentucky, where he was severely wounded. 
 The rebel forces were driven from their lines 
 by a bayonet charge of Gen. McCook’s bri- 
 gade and so closely pursued that their organ- 
 ization as an army was completely destroyed. 
 Gen. McCook rejoined his brigade before his 
 wound had healed, and continued to com- 
 
 GEN. ROBERT LATIMER McCOOK. 
 
 mand it when he was unable to mount a 
 horse. His remarkable soldierly qualities 
 procured him the rank of major-general and 
 command of a division. 
 
 He met his death August 6, 1862, while on 
 the march near Salem, Alabama. He had 
 been completely prostrated by his open wound 
 and a severe attack of dysentery, and was 
 lying in an ambulance which was driven along 
 in the interval between two regiments of his 
 division. A small band of mounted local guer- 
 illas, commanded by Frank Gurley, dashed 
 out of ambush, surrounded the ambulance, 
 and discovered that it contained an officer of 
 rank, who was lying on the bed undressed 
 and unable to rise. They asked who it was, 
 and seeing that the Federal troops were ap- 
 proaching, shot him as he lay and made their 
 escape, as the nature of the country and their 
 thorough familiarity with it easily enabled 
 them to do. This brutal assassination of 
 Gen. McCook aroused intense feeling through- 
 out the country. The murdered commander 
 was buried at Spring Grove cemetery, and 
 his devoted soldiers and friends, at the close 
 of the war, erected a monument to his mem- 
 ory in Cincinnati. 
 
 5. Alexander McDowell McCook was born 
 on a farm near New Lisbon, Columbiana 
 county Ohio, April 22, 1831. He entered 
 the United States Military Academy, at West 
 Point, and graduated in the class of 1852. 
 At the opening of the war he was promiitly' 
 made colonel of the First Ohio regtment, 
 
 which he led among the very earliest troops 
 to the relief of the capital, and commanded 
 at Bull Bun, or Manassas. He became a 
 brigadier-general in September, 1861, and 
 commanded a division under Gen. Buell in 
 the Army of the Ohio. He was made a 
 ipajor-general for distinguished services at 
 the battle of Shiloh, and was placed in com- 
 mand of the Army of the Cumberland, with 
 which he served during the campaigns of 
 Perryville, Stone Biver, Tullahoma, Chat- 
 tanooga, and Chickamauga. Gen. McCook 
 subsequently commanded one of the trans- 
 Mississippi departments. He is now colonel 
 of the Sixth regular infantry. 
 
 6. Daniel McCook, Jr., was born at Car- 
 rollton, Ohio, July 22, 1834. He was rather 
 delicate and over studious, and with a view 
 to improving his health entered Alabama 
 University at Florence, from which he gradu- 
 ated with honor. He returned to Ohio with 
 health greatly improved, and entered the 
 law office of Stanton & McCook at oteuben- 
 ville. 
 
 After admission to the bar he removed to 
 Leavenworth, Kansas, where he formed a 
 partnership with William T. Sherman and 
 Thomas Ewing. When the war opened that 
 office closed and each of the partners soon 
 became general officers. 
 
 Daniel McCook, Jr., was captain of a local 
 company, the Shields Guards, with which he 
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL McCOOK. 
 
 volunteered, and, as a part of the First Kan- 
 sas Begiment, served under General Ijyon at 
 Wilson’s creek. He then served as chief of 
 staff of the First Division of the Army of the 
 Ohio in the Shiloh campaign, and became 
 colonel of the Fifty-second Ohio Infantry in 
 the summer of 1862. He was assigned to 
 the command of a brigade in General Sheri- 
 dan’s division and as such continued to serve 
 with the Army of the Cumberland. 
 
 He was selected by his old law partner. 
 General Sherman, to lead the assault on 
 Kennesaw mountain. After all the arrange- 
 
CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 ments for the assault had been made, the 
 brigade was formed in regiment front and 
 four deep. Just before the assault Colonel 
 McCook recited to his men in a perfectly calm 
 manner the stanzas from Macaulay’s Hora- 
 tius, in which occur these lines : 
 
 Then out spake brave Horatius, 
 
 The captain of the gate : 
 
 “To every man upon this earth 
 Death conieth soon or late. 
 
 And how can man die better 
 Than facing fearful odds, 
 
 For the ashes of his fathers. 
 
 And the temples of his gods, 
 
 “And for the tender mother 
 Who dandled him to rest. 
 
 And for the wife who nurses 
 His baby at her breast ? ” 
 
 Then he gave the word of command and 
 dashed forward. He had reached the top’ 
 of the enemy’s works, and was encouraging 
 his men to follow when he was riddled with 
 minie balls, and fell back wounded unto 
 death. For his courage and gallantry in this 
 assault he was promoted to the full rank of 
 brigadier-general, an honor he did not live to 
 enjoy, as he survived but a few days. He 
 diecj July 21, 1864, and was buried at Spring 
 Grove cemetery, Cincinnati. 
 
 7. Edwin Stanton McCook was born at 
 Carrollton, Ohio, March 26, 1837. He was 
 educated at the United States Naval Academy 
 at Annapolis, but preferring the other arm 
 of the service, when the civil war began he 
 recruited a company and joined the Thirty- 
 first Illinois Regiment Infantry, of which his 
 friend John A. Logan was colonel. He 
 served with his regiment at the battles of 
 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, where he 
 was severely wounded. In his promotion he 
 succeeded General Logan, and followed him 
 in the command of regiment, brigade and 
 division throughout the Vicksburg and other 
 campaigns under Grant, in the Chattanooga 
 and Atlanta campaigns and in the march to 
 the sea under Sherman. 
 
 He was promoted to the rank of full briga- 
 dier and brevet major-general for his services 
 in these campaigns. He was three times 
 severely wounded, but survived the war. 
 While acting governor of Dakota and pre- 
 siding over a public meeting, September 11, 
 1873, he was shot and killed by a man in the 
 audience who was not in sympathy with the 
 objects of the meeting, and was buried at 
 Spring Grove cemetery, Cincinnati. 
 
 8. Charles Morris McCook was born at 
 Carrollton, Ohio, November 13, 1843. He 
 was a member of the freshman class at 
 Kenyon College when the war began, and 
 although less than eighteen years of age 
 Volunteered as a private soldier in the Second 
 Ohio Infantry for three months’ service. 
 Secretary Stanton offered him a lieutenant’s 
 commission in the regular army, but he pre- 
 ferred to serve as a volunteer. 
 
 At the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, 
 
 .^69 
 
 he served with his regiment, which was cover- 
 ing the retreat of the shattered army. As 
 he passed a field hospital he saw his father, 
 who had volunteered as a nurse, at work 
 among the wounded, and stopped to assist 
 him, the regdment i)assing on. As he started 
 to rejoin his company young McCook was 
 
 CHARLES MORRIS McCOOK. 
 
 surrounded by an officer and several troopers 
 of the famous Black Horse cavalry who de- 
 manded his surrender. His musket was 
 loaded, and he quickly disabled the officer, 
 and, as he was highly trained in the ba 3 ^onet 
 exercise, kept the other horsemen at bay. 
 His father seeing the odds against the lad 
 called to him to surrender, to which he re- 
 plied, “Father, I will never surrender to a 
 rebel,” and a moment after was shot down 
 by one of the cavalrymen. His aged father 
 removed his remains from the field, and they 
 were afterwards buried at Spring Grove 
 cemetery, Cincinnati. 
 
 9. John J. McCook was born at Carrollton, 
 Ohio, May 25, 1845. He was a student at 
 Kenyon College when the war began, and, 
 after completing his freshman year, enlisted 
 in the Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was pro- 
 moted to a first lieutenancy on September 
 12, 1862, and was assigned to duty on the 
 staff of General Thomas L. Crittenden, com- 
 manding a corps of the Army of the Ohio, 
 which subsequently became the Twenty-first 
 Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. 
 
 He served in the campaigns of Perryville, 
 Stone River, Tullahoma, Chattanooga and 
 Chickamauga with the Western armies, and in 
 General Grant’s campaign with the Army of 
 the Potomac, from the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness to the crossing of James river. He was 
 commissioned a ca})tain and aide-de-camp of 
 the United States Volunteers in September, 
 1863, and was brevetted major of volunteers 
 for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at -Shady Grove, Virginia, where he was 
 severely and dangerously wounded. He was 
 afterward made lieutenant-colonel and colonel 
 
370 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 for gallant and meritorious services. Colonel 
 McCook still survives, and is a lawyer en- 
 gaged in active practice in New York city. 
 
 11. The John McCooh Branch. 
 
 John McCook, M. D. Catherine Julia Sheldon. 
 
 Dr. McCook was born and educated at 
 Canonsburg, Pa., the seat of Jefferson Col- 
 lege ; was a man of fine presence, genial 
 nature, and a physician of unusual ability. 
 ;His wife was born at Hartford, Conn., of an 
 old New England family, and was a woman 
 of rare culture. She was reniarkable for her 
 gift of song and musical attainments, and her 
 fine intellect and sprightly manners. She 
 greatly excelled in reading aloud, and taught 
 her sons this art, instructing them also in 
 declamation and composition, before these 
 branches were introduced into the schools of 
 the neighborhood. She was particularly fond 
 of poetry, and could render from memory 
 chapters of Scott’s “Marmion” and “Lady 
 of the Lake,” as well as the poems of Burns. 
 Her infiuence was decided upon the character 
 of her five sons. 
 
 Dr. McCook practiced medicine for many 
 years in New Lisbon, Ohio, whence he re- 
 moved to Steubenville. He was an ardent 
 patriot, and, although a lifelong Democrat, 
 joined the Union Republican party, and gave 
 the whole weight of his infiuence and service 
 to the support of the government during the 
 civil war. He died just after its close, Octo- 
 ber 11, 1865, at the headquarters of his son, 
 General Anson G. McCook, in Washington, 
 D. C., during a temporary visit, and was 
 buried at Steubenville, Ohio, by the side of 
 his wife, who had preceded him just six 
 months. 
 
 He united with the Presbyterian church 
 of New Lisbon, Ohio, together with his 
 wife, after the birth of all their children. 
 The latter were baptized on the same Sab- 
 bath by the late Dr. A. O. Patterson. Dr. 
 McCook was a warm friend of Sunday- 
 schools, and was Superintendent for years 
 of the school of the First Church of Steuben- 
 ville, under the late Dr. H. G. Comingo. 
 
 The children of the above are as follows . 
 
 1. Major-General Edward Moody McCook, 
 born at Steubenville, Ohio, June 15, 1833. 
 He was one of the earliest settlers in the 
 Pike’s Peak region, where he had gone to 
 practise his profession, law. He represented 
 that district in the legislature of Kansas, 
 before the division of the Territory. . He was 
 temporarily in Washington in the troubled 
 era preceding the war, and by a daring feat 
 as a volunteer secret agent for the govern- 
 ment, won such approbation that he was ap- 
 pointed into the regular army as a lieutenant 
 of cavalry. At the outbreak of the rebellion 
 he was appointed major of the Second In- 
 diana cavalry, rose rapidly to the ranks 
 of colonel, brigadier and major-general, and, 
 after brilliant and effective service, retired at 
 the close of the war, with the rank of lieu- 
 tenant-colonel in the regular army. His 
 most difficult and dangerous service, perhaps. 
 
 was penetrating the enemy’s lines by way of 
 diversion previous to Sherman’s march to 
 the sea. He returned from this “forlorn 
 hope,” having inflicted great damage upon 
 the enemy, defeated and captured a large 
 number, whom he was compelled to release, 
 and retired in the face of Hood’s entire 
 army. He resigned from the regular army 
 to accept the appointment of United States 
 minister to the Sandwich islands. He was 
 subsequently twice appointed governor of 
 Colorado Territory by President Grant. 
 
 2. Brigadier-General Anson George Mc- 
 Cook was born in Steubenville, Ohio, Octo- 
 ber 10, 1835. He was educated in the public 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL ALEX. McDOVVELL 
 McCOOK. 
 
 schools of New Lisbon, Ohio, and at an 
 early age crossed the plains to California, 
 where he spent several years. He returned 
 shortly before the war, and was engaged in 
 the study of law in the office of Stanton & 
 McCook, at Steubenville, at the outbreak of 
 the rebellion. He promptly raised a com- 
 pany of volunteers, and was elected captain 
 of Company H, which was the first to enter 
 the service from Eastern Ohio. He was as- 
 signed to the Second Ohio regiment, and took 
 part in the first Bull Run battle. Upon the 
 reorganization of the troops, he was ap- 
 pointed major of the Second Ohio, and rose 
 by death and resignation of his seniors to the 
 rank of colonel. At the battle of Peach 
 Tree Creek, near Atlanta, he commanded a 
 brigade. He was in action in many of the 
 principal battles of the West, including those 
 of Perryville, Stone River, Lookout Moun- 
 tain, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, etc. On 
 the muster-out of the Second regiment, at the 
 close of three years’ service, he was ap- 
 pointed colonel of the One-hundred-and- 
 ninety-fourth Ohio, and was ordered to the 
 Valley of Virginia, where he was assigned 
 to command a brigade. He was brevetted a 
 brigadier-general at the close of the war. 
 He returned to Steubenville, whence, after 
 
CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 371 
 
 several years’ residence, he removed to New 
 York city, his present residence. He served 
 six years in Congress from the Eighth New 
 York district, in the Forty -fifth. Forty-sixth 
 and Forty-seventh Congresses. He is at 
 present secretary of the United States Sen- 
 
 3. Kev. Henry C. McCook, D. H., the 
 third son, was born July 3, 1837, at New 
 Lisbon, Ohio, and married an Ohio lady. 
 Miss Emma C. Horter, of New Lisbon. He 
 graduated at Jefferson College. He was a 
 student in the Western Theological Seminary 
 (Presbyterian), Allegheny City, on the out- 
 break of the rebellion, and having made an 
 engagement to go West to spend his summer 
 vacation, stopped at Clinton, Dewitt county, 
 111. He was actively engaged in raising 
 troops for the service until the first Bull Run 
 battle, when he enlisted as a private soldier, 
 stumped the county to raise troops, and was 
 mustered into the Forty-first Illinois regiment 
 as first lieutenant. He was appointed chap- 
 lain of the regiment, and returned home for 
 ordination by the Presbytery of Steubenville, 
 Ohio. He served^ for less than a year, and 
 resigned,^ with the intention of taking another 
 position in the army ; but, convinced that he 
 could serve his country better in a public 
 position at home, he returned to his church 
 at^ (Clinton. He was subsequently a home 
 missionary and pastor in St. Louis, Mo., 
 whence he was called to Philadelphia in 1869, 
 where he continues pastor of one of the most 
 prominent churches of the East.^ He is author 
 of a number of popular theological and eccle- 
 siastical books, but is particularly known as a 
 naturalist. His studies of the ants and 
 spiders, on whose habits he has written sev- 
 eral important books and numerous papers, 
 have made his name well known among the 
 naturalists of Europe and America. 
 
 4. Commander Rhoderick Sheldon Mc- 
 Cook, U. S. N., was born in New Lisbon, 
 Ohio, March 10, 1839. He graduated at the 
 Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1859, and his 
 first service was off the Congo river, Africa, 
 whence he was sent home with a prize crew 
 in charge of a captured slaver. From 1861 to 
 1865 he took active part in aggressive opera- 
 tions before Newberne, Wilmington, Charles- 
 ton, Fort Fisher, and on James river. At 
 Newberne he bore an active and successful 
 part in the battle on land. He offered him- 
 self and the services of his marines to the 
 land force in moving a battery of guns from 
 his vessel. With this battery he took a con- 
 spicuous part in the confiict, and had the 
 honor of receiving the surrender of a Confed- 
 erate regiment of infantry, probably the only 
 surrender of this sort which occurred during 
 the civil war. During his arduous service 
 with monitors, particularly the “ Canonicus ” 
 at Fort Fisher, he seriously injured his health. 
 
 He was engaged in the operations on the 
 James river, and also in those ending in the 
 surrender of Charleston. He attained the 
 grade of commander September 25, 1873. 
 His last service was in lighthouse duty on the 
 Ohio river, on whose banks, in the family 
 plot in the Steubenville cemetery, his remains 
 are buried. Failing in health, he was retired 
 from active service February 23, 1885, when 
 he went to Vineland, N. J., seeking restora- 
 tion of strength in the occupations of farm- 
 life. His death was caused by being thrown 
 from his buggy upon his head, sustaining 
 injuries which resulted in suffusion of the 
 brain. He married Miss Elizabeth Suther- 
 land, of Steubenville, Ohio, who, with one 
 son, survives him. 
 
 5. The fifth son and sixth child. Rev. Prof. 
 John James McCook, was born at New Lis- 
 
 COL. JOHN J. McCOOK. 
 
 (See page 368.) 
 
 bon, Ohio, February 4, 1843. He served as 
 lieutenant in the First Virginia volunteers 
 during a short campaign in West Virginia, a 
 regiment recruited almost exclusively from 
 Ohio. There were so many volunteers from 
 that State that its quota of regiments was 
 immediately filled, and many of its citizens 
 entered the service with regiments from other 
 States. He was at Kelleysville, one of the 
 earliest engagements of the war. He grad- 
 uated at Trinity College, Hartford ; began 
 the study of medicine, but abandoned it to 
 enter the Protestant Episcopal ministry. He 
 was rector of St. John’s, Detroit, and now 
 of St. John’s, East Hartford. He is distin- 
 guished as a linguist, and is author of a witty 
 booklet, “Pat and the Council.” He is at 
 present Professor of Modern Languages in 
 Trinity College, Hartford, 
 
372 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN. 
 
 CHAAfPAiGN County was formed from Greene and Franklin March 1, 1805. 
 and the temporary seat of justice f xed in Springfield at the house of George 
 Fithian ; it derived its name from the character of the surface. About half of it 
 is level or slightly undulating, one-quarter rolling, one-fifth rather hilly, and about 
 five per cent, prairie. The county is drained by the Mad river, which flows 
 through a beautiful country, and with its tributaries furnishes extensive mill 
 privileges. 
 
 Its area is 420 square miles ; in 1885 acres cultivated Avere 164,602 ; in pasture, 
 34,213 ; woodland, 62,669 ; produced in wheat, 561,614 bushels ; corn, 1,978,697 ; 
 broom brush, 65,050 pounds; wool, 195,008. School census in 1886, 8,439; 
 teachers, 168. It has 78 miles of railroad. 
 
 Toavnships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Toavnships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 970 
 
 1,445 
 
 Mad River, 
 
 1,894 
 
 1,997 
 
 Concord, 
 
 935 
 
 1,157 
 
 Rush, 
 
 1,226 
 
 2,150 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 1,406 
 
 2,607 
 
 Salem, 
 
 1,402 
 
 2,108 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 790 
 
 973 
 
 Union, 
 
 1,249 
 
 1,588 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 1,431 
 
 1,901 
 
 Urbana, 
 
 2,456 
 
 7,781 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 1,213 
 
 2,479 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 1,300 
 
 1,631 
 
 Pojndation in 1820 was 8,479; in 1840, 16,720; in 1860, 22,698; in 1880, 
 27,817 ; of whom 21,793 Avere Ohio-born. 
 
 Urj^ana in 1846. — Urbana, the county-seat, is forty-tAVO miles west-north Avest 
 from Columbus. It was laid out in 1805 by Col. Wm. Ward, originally from 
 Greenbriar, Va. He Av^aS proprietor of the soil, and gave a large number of the 
 lots to the county, Avith the provision that their sales should be appropriated for 
 public objects. He also named the place from the AAwd urbanity. The first tAvo 
 settlers AA^ere the clerk of the court, Joseph C. Vance, father of ex-Governor Vance, 
 and George Fithian, Avho opened the first tavern in a cabin, noAV forming a part 
 of the dAvelling of Wm. Thomas, on South Main street. Samuel McCord opened 
 the first store, in the same cabin, in March, 1806, and built, the same year, the 
 first shingled house, uoav the store of Wm. and Duncan McDonald. In 1807 a 
 temporary court-house Avas erected, uoav the residence of Duncan McDonald. A 
 bricl^ court-house Avas subsequently built on the public square, aaIucIi stood many 
 years, and then gave place to the present substantial and handsome building. In 
 1807 the Methodists — those religious pioneers — built the first church, a log struc- 
 ture, Avhich stood in the northeast part of the toAA n, on the lot on Avhich Mr. Ganson 
 resides. Some years later this denomination erected a brick church, uoav dcAmted 
 to the manufacture of carriages and AA^agons by Mr. Childs, in the central part of 
 the town. 
 
 The first settlers in the village AA^ere Joseifii C. Vance, Thos. and Ed. W. Pearce, 
 George Fithian, Samuel MVord, Zeph. I^aice, Benj. Doolittle, Geo. and AndrcAV 
 Ward, AVm. H. Fylfe, Wm. and John Glenn, Fred. Ambrose, John Reynolds and 
 Samuel Gibbs. Of those liAung in the county at that time our informant recollects 
 the names of Jacob Minturn, Henry and Jacob Vanmetre, Nathaniel Cartmell, 
 Justice Jones, Felix Rock, Thomas Anderson, Abner Barret, Thomas Pearce, 
 Benj. and Wm. Cheney, IMatthcAA' and Chas. Stuart, Parker SulliA^an, John Logan, 
 John Thomas, John Runyon, John Lafierty, John Oaatiis, John Taylor, John 
 Guttridge, John Cartmell, John DaAvson, John Pence, Jonatlian Long, Bennet 
 Taber, Nathan Fitch, Robt. Noavcc, Jacob Pence and Arthur Thomas. The last 
 named. Captain Arthur Tliomas, liA^ed on King’s creek, three miles from Urbana. 
 He was ordered, in the Avar of 1812, Avith his company, to guard the public stores 
 
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 373 
 
 at Fort Findlay. On his return he and his son lost their horses, and separated 
 from the rest of* tlie company to hunt for them. They encamped at the Big Spring, 
 near Solomonstown, about five miles north of Bellefontainc, and the next morning 
 were found killed and scalped. Their bodies were brought into Urbana by a 
 deputation of citizens. On the 4th of Jnly, two months previous to this event. 
 The Watch Tower, the first newspaper in the county, was commenced at Urbana ; 
 its publishers were Corwin & Blackburn. Urbana is a beautiful town, and has, 
 in its outskirts, some elegant private residences. The engraving is a view in its 
 central part, taken from near Beynolds’ store. The court-house and Methodist 
 church are seen in the distance. The building on the left, now occupied as a store 
 by Wm. McDonald, was, in the late war, Doolittle’s tavern, the headquarters of 
 Governor Meigs. The one in front, with the date 1811 ” upon it, and now the 
 store of D. & T. M’Gwynne, was then a commissary’s office, and the building 
 where Col. Richard M. Johnson was brought wounded from the battle of the 
 Thames, and in which he remained several days under a surgeon’s care. Urbana 
 contains 1 Associate Reformed, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church, 
 2 newspaper printing offices, 1 woollen factory, 1 foundry, 2 machine shops 
 and 20 mercantile stores. In 1840 Urbana had 1,070 inhabitants. — Old Edition, 
 
 Urbana is forty-seven miles west of Columbus on the C. St. L. & P. R. R., 
 and ninety-five miles northeast of Cincinnati on the N. Y. P. & O. R. R. It is 
 also on the C. S. & C. R. R. It is the county-seat of Champaign county, and the 
 centre of a very productive farming district. County officers in 1888 : Probate 
 Judge, David W. Todd ; Clerk of Court, Griffith Ellis ; Sheriff, R. P. Wilkins ; 
 Prosecuting Attorney, Evan P. Middleton ; Auditor, J. M. Fitzpatrick ; Treasurer, 
 Richard S. Pearce ; Recorder, Theodore G. Keller ; Surveyor, James Swisher ; 
 Coroner, J. A. Dowell ; Commissioners, L. H. Runyan, John P. Neer, Jacob 
 McMoran. 
 
 Newspapers : Urbana Daily Citizen, Republican ; Urbana Citizen and Gazette, 
 weekly. Republican, Citizen and Gazette Company, proprietors, Joseph P. Smith, 
 editor; Champaign Democrat, Democratic, T. M. Gaumer, editor and proprietor; 
 Monthly Visitor, James F. Hearn. Churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Colored Baptist, 1 Cath- 
 olic, 1 Christian, 1 Lutheran, 3 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Protestant Episcopal 
 and 1 New Church. Banks : Champaign National, P. B. Ross, president, W. R. Ross, 
 cashier ; Citizens’ National, C. F. Colwell, president, W. W. Wilson, cashier ; 
 Home Savings, Z. T. Lewis, president, T. J. Lewis, cashier ; Third National, 
 John H. Young, president, A. F. Vance, Jr., cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Dimond & Peck, carriages, 1 1 hands ; C. G. 
 Smith, leather, 6 ; Colwell Lumber and Manufacturing Co., 11 ; J. J. Robinson 
 A Sons, brooms, 9 ; J. R. Fuller, brooms, 32 ; The U. S. Rolling Stock Co., freight 
 cars, etc., 355 ; C. A. Miller, job machinery, 10; Edward Bailey, lumber; Perry 
 & White, brooms, 72; R. Anderson, job iron castings; Aughinbaugh & Baker 
 Bros., carriages, 13 ; Wm. H. Crane & Co., stoves, etc., 15 ; Henry Fox & Co., 
 woollen blankets, etc., 44 ; J. T. Woodward & Co., flour, etc. — State Report, 1887. 
 
 Population in 1880, 6,252. School census in 1886, 1,906 ; A. C. Duell, super- 
 intendent. 
 
 The Urbana University was founded here in 1850, and occupies a pleasant 
 site. It is under the direction of gentlemen connected with the Swedenborgian or 
 the New Church. Urbana is more mercantile than manufacturing and the country 
 around is exceeding rich, with great diversity of products in stock and grain. In 
 the centre of the public square stands the Soldier’s Monument. 
 
 Urbana was a point where the main army of Hull, in the war of 1812, concen- 
 trated, ere leaving for Detroit. In the war it was a general rendezvous for troops, 
 before starting for the North. They encamped in various parts of the town. Quite 
 a number of sick and disabled soldiers were sent here, some of whom died : the 
 old court-house was used as a hospital. 
 
374 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 The celebrated Simon Kenton was here at 
 an early day. Judge Burnet in his letters 
 states that when the troops were stationed at 
 Urbana, a mutinous plan was formed by some 
 of them to attack and destroy a settlement of 
 friendly Indips, who had removed with their 
 families within the settlement under assurance 
 of protection. Kenton remonstrated against 
 the measure, as being not only mutinous but 
 treacherous and cowardly. He contrasted his 
 knowledge and experience of the Indian char- 
 acter with their ignorance of it. He vindi- 
 cated them against the charge of treachery, 
 which was alleged as a justification of the act 
 they were about to perpetrate, and reminded 
 them of the infamy they would incur by de- 
 stroying a defenceless band of men, women 
 and children, who had placed themselves in 
 
 their power, relying on a solemn promise of 
 protection. He appealed to their humanity, 
 their honor and their duty as soldiers. Hav- 
 ing exhausted all the means of persuasion in 
 his power, and finding them resolved to execute 
 their purpose, he took a rifle and declared with 
 great firmness that he would accompany them 
 to the Indian encampment, and shoot down 
 the first man who dared to molest them ; that 
 if they entered his camp they should do it by 
 passing over'his corpse. Knowing that the old 
 veteran would redeem his pledge, they aban- 
 doned their purpose, and the poor Indians 
 were saved. Though he was brave as Caesar, 
 and reckless of danger when it was his duty 
 to expose his person, yet he was mild, even 
 tempered, and had a heart that could bleed 
 at the distresses of others. 
 
 There were several Indian councils in Urbana at an early day, which were 
 usually held in a grove near the old burying ground : distinguished Shawnee and 
 Wyandot chiefs were generally present. Before the settlement of the town, in the 
 spring of 1795, Tecumseh was established on Deer creek, near the site of Urbana, 
 where he engaged in his favorite amusement of hunting, and remained until the 
 succeeding spring. His biographer gives some anecdotes of him which occurred 
 within the present limits of the county. 
 
 Anecdotes of Temmseh . — While residing on 
 Deer creek, an incident occurred which ^eatly 
 enhanced his reputation as a hunter. One of 
 his brothers and several other Shawanoes of 
 his own age proposed to bet with him that 
 they could each kill as many deer in the space 
 of three days as he could. Tecumseh 
 promptly accepted the overture. The parties 
 took to the woods, and at the end of the stip- 
 ulated time, returned with the evidences of 
 their success. None of the party, except 
 Tecumseh, had more than twelve deer-skins ; 
 he brought in upwards of thirty — nearly 
 three times as many as any of his competitors. 
 From this time he was generally conceded to 
 be the greatest hunter in the Shawanoe 
 nation. 
 
 In 1799 there was a council held about six 
 miles north of the place where Urbana now 
 stands, between the Indians and some of the 
 principal settlers on Mad river, for the ad- 
 justment of difficulties which had grown up 
 between these parties. Tecumseh, with 
 other Shawanoe chiefs, attended this council. 
 He appears to have been the most conspicu- 
 ous orator of the conference, and made a 
 speech on the occasion which was much ad- 
 mired for its force and eloquence. The inter- 
 preter, Dechouset, said that he found it very 
 difficult to translate the lofty flights of Tecum- 
 seh, although he was as well acquainted with 
 the Shawanoe language as with the French, 
 which was his mother tongue. 
 
 Some time during the year 1803, a stout 
 
 Kentuckian came to Ohio for the purpose of 
 exploring the lands on Mad river, and lodged 
 one night at the house of Capt. Abner Bar- 
 rett, residing on the headwaters of Buck 
 creek. In the course of the evening he 
 learned, with apparent alarm, that there 
 were some Indians encamped within a short 
 distance of the house. Shortly after hearing 
 this unwelcome intelligence the door of Capt. 
 Barrett’s dwelling was suddenly opened, and 
 Tecumseh entered with his usual stately air ; 
 he paused in silence and looked around, until 
 at length his eye was fixed upon the stranger, 
 who was manifesting symptoms of alarm, and 
 did not venture to look the stern savage in 
 the face. Tecumseb turned to his host, and 
 pointing to the agitated Kentuckian, ex- 
 claimed, “A big baby! a big baby!” He 
 then stepped up to him, and gently slapping 
 him on the shoulder several times, repeated, 
 with a contemptuous manner, the phrase, 
 ''Big baby ! big baby ” to the great alarm of 
 the astonished man, and to the amusement 
 of all present. 
 
 A severe tornado., on the 22d of March, 
 1830, proceeding from the southwest to the 
 northeast, passed over the northern portion 
 of Urbana. It demolished the Presbyterian 
 church and several dwellings, and materially 
 injured the Methodist church. Two or three 
 children were carried high in air and killed ; 
 boards, books and various fragments were 
 conveyed many miles. 
 
 Urbana was early somewhat famed for its political conventions. The largest 
 probably ever held in the county was September 15, 1840, in the Harrison cam- 
 paign, when an immense multitude assembled from counties all around. A caval- 
 cade miles in extent met General Harrison and escorted him from the west to the 
 
Drawn bij Hairy Howe, 1846. 
 
 Public Squaee, Urbana. 
 
 F. T. Graham, Photo., Urbana, 18SQ. 
 
 Public Square, Urbana. 
 
 [Both views were taken from the same point. In the old view the building with the figures 1811 
 occupies the same site as that of the building with a tower on the right in the new view.] 
 
F. T. Graham, Photo., Urhana, 1886. 
 
 The Grave of Simon Kenton. 
 
 From a paiutiiig owned by Robert Clarke, Ciucinnati, 0. 
 
 SIMON KENTON, 
 
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, 
 
 377 
 
 Public Square, where he was introduced to the people by Moses B. Corwin and 
 made a speech two hours in length. He was at this time sixty-seven years of‘ age, 
 but his delivery was clear and distinct. Dinner Avas had in the grove of Mr. 
 John A. Ward, father of the sculptor, in the southwest part of the town, where 
 twelve tables, each over 300 feet long, had been erected and laden with provisions. 
 Oxen and sheep were barbecued, and an abundance of cider siq^plicd the drink for 
 the day. In the evening addresses were made by Arthur Elliott, ex-Governor 
 Metcalf, of Kentucky, who wore a buckskin hunting shirt, Mr. Chambers, from 
 Louisiana, and Kichard Douglass, of Chillicothe. The day was one of great 
 hilarity and excitement. The delegations and ])rocessions had every conceivable 
 mode of conveyance and carried flags and emblems with various strange mottoes 
 and devices. Among them Avas a banner or board, on which Avas this sentence : 
 
 The People is Oll Korrect. 
 
 This Avas the origin of the use of the letters “0. not uncommon in our OAvn 
 time. 
 
 The Urbana Camp- Grounds , three miles east of the city, are regarded as among 
 the most commodious and coiiA^enient in the country. They comprise some forty 
 acres. There are here several hundred one-and-a-half story cottages Avith Ax^randas. 
 The auditorium has a seating capacity of about 3,500. Urbana has long been noted 
 as a cann)-meeting community, and several National Camp-meeting Conventions 
 have been held there. 
 
 In Oak Dale Cemetery, southeast of Urbana, is a monument of light gray 
 sandstone, about eleven feet high, to the memory of Gen. Simon Kenton. Inscrip- 
 tions : north side — Erected by the State of Ohio, 1884 ; south side — 1775-1836. 
 
 On the north side is a wolf^s head, on the south side an Indian’s, on the Avest 
 side a bear’s head, on the east side a })anther’s ; at the foot of the grave is the origi- 
 nal grave-stone of Kenton, a simple slab, 26 by 16, on Avhich is inscribed : 
 
 In memory of Gen. Simon Kenton, avIio aa^s born April 3, 1755, in Culpepper 
 county, Virginia, and died April 29, 1836, aged eighty-one years and tAventy-six 
 days. His felloAV-citizens of the West Avill long remember him as the skilful pio- 
 neer of early times, the brave soldier and the honest man.” 
 
 Gen. Kenton resided for the last feAV years of his life about five miles northeast 
 of Bellefontaine, Avhere he died and Avas buried. The small stone slab aboAn 
 described Avas put over the spot of his burial. A view of his old graAn there Avill 
 be found under the head of Logan county. His remains Avere remoAnd to the Oak 
 Dale cemetery during the governorship of Chas. Anderson. The monument Avas 
 not erected until more than ten years later, and then mainly through the persistent 
 efforts of Mr. William Patrick, of Urbana, an old lifelong friend of the General, 
 and noAV living at the advanced age of ninety-tAvo years. 
 
 The Adventures of Simon Kenton. 
 
 Simon Kenton Avas born in Fauquier county, Virginia, in 1755, of Scotch-Irish 
 parentage. Having at the age of fifteen an affray Avith William Veach in a loAm 
 affair and erroneously believing he had killed him, he fled to Kentucky, and to 
 escape recognition assumed the name of Simon Butler. He Avas almost constantly 
 engaged in conflicts with the Indians from that time until the treaty of Greenville. 
 He Avas probably in more expeditions against the Indians, encountered greater 
 peril, and had more narrow escapes from death than any man of his time* 
 
37 ^ 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, 
 
 The many incidents of his romantic and eventful life are well detailed by his 
 friend and biographer, Colonel John McDonald, from whose work we extract 
 the thrilling narrative of his captivity and hairbreadth escapes from a cruel 
 and lingering death. 
 
 Incursion into 0^20.— Kenton lay about 
 Boone’s and Logan’s stations till ease became 
 irksome to him. About the 1st of Septem- 
 ber of this same year, 1778, we find him pre- 
 paring for another Indian expedition. Alex- 
 ander Montgomery and George Clark joined 
 him, and they set oif from Boone’s station for 
 the avowed purpose of obtaining horses from 
 the Indians. They crossed the Ohio and 
 proceeded cautiously to Chillicothe (now Old- 
 town, Boss county). They arrived at the 
 town without meeting any adventure. In 
 the night they fell in with a drove of horses 
 that were feeding in the rich prairies. They 
 were prepared with salt and halters. They 
 had much difl&culty to catch the horses ; how- 
 ever, at length they succeeded, and as soon 
 as the horses were haltered they dashed off 
 with seven — a pretty good haul. They trav- 
 elled with all the speed they could to the 
 Ohio. They came to the Ohio near the 
 mouth of Eagle creek, now in Brown county. 
 When they came to the river the wind blew 
 almost a hurricane. The waves ran so high 
 that the horses were frightened, and could not 
 be induced to take to the water. It was late 
 in the evening. They then rode back into 
 the hills some distance from the river, hob- 
 bled and turned their horses loose to graze ; 
 while they turned back some distance, and 
 watched the trail they had come, to discover 
 whether or no they were pursued. Here 
 they remained till the following day when the 
 wind subsided. As soon as the wind fell they 
 caught their horses and went again to the 
 river ; but the horses were so frightened with 
 the waves the day before that all their efforts 
 could not induce them to take to the water. 
 This was a sore disappointment to our adven- 
 turers. 
 
 Captured hy Indians . — They were satisfied 
 that they were pursued by the enemy ; they 
 therefore determined to lose no more time in 
 useless efforts to cross the Ohio ; they con- 
 cluded to select three of the best horses and 
 make their way to the falls of the Ohio, where 
 Gen. Clark had left some men stationed. 
 Each made choice of a horse, and the other 
 horses were turned loose to shift for them- 
 selves? After the spare horses had been 
 loosed and permitted to ramble off, avarice 
 whispered to them, and why not take all the 
 horses ? The loose horses had by this time 
 scattered and straggled out of sight. Our 
 party now separated to hunt up the horses 
 they had turned loose. Kenton went towards 
 the river, and had not gone far before he 
 heard a whoop in the direction of where they 
 had been trying to force the horses into the 
 water. He got off his horse and tied him, 
 and then crept with a stealthy tread of a cat 
 to make observations in the direction he 
 heard the whoop. Just as he reached the 
 high bank of the river he met the Indians on 
 
 horseback. Being^ unperceived by them, 
 but so nigh that it was impossible for him 
 to retreat without being discovered, he con- 
 cluded the boldest course to be the safest, 
 and very deliberately took aim at the fore 
 most Indian. His gun flashed in the pan. 
 He then retreated. The Indians pursued on 
 horseback. 
 
 In his retreat he passed through a piece 
 of land where a storm had torn up a great 
 art of the timber. The fallen trees afforded 
 im some advantage of the Indians in the 
 race, as they were on horseback and he on 
 foot. The Indian force divided ; some rode 
 on one side of the fallen timber and some on 
 the other. Just as he emerged from the 
 fallen timber, at the foot of the hill, one of 
 the Indians met him on horseback and boldl}/ 
 rode up to him, jumped off his horse and 
 rushed at him with his tomahawk. Kenton 
 concluding a gun-barrel as good a weapon of 
 defence as a tomahawk drew back his gun to 
 strike the Indian before him. At that in- 
 stant another Indian, who ^ unperceived by 
 Kenton had slipped up behind him, clasped 
 him in his arms. Being now overpowered 
 by numbers, further resistance was useless — 
 he surrendered. While the Indians were 
 binding Kenton with tugs, Montgomery came 
 in view and fired at the Indians, but missed 
 his mark. Montgomery fled on foot. Some 
 of the Indians pursued, shot at and missed 
 him ; a second fire was made and Montgomery 
 fell. The Indians soon returned to Kenton, 
 shaking at him Montgomery’s bloody scalp. 
 George Clark, Kenton’s other companion, 
 made his escape, crossed the Ohio and arrived 
 safe at Logan’s station. 
 
 The Indians encamped that night on the 
 bank of the Ohio. The next morning they 
 prepared their horses for a return to their 
 towns, with the unfortunate and unhappy 
 prisoner. Nothing but death in the most 
 appalling form presented itself to his view. 
 When they were ready to set off they caught 
 the wildest horse in the company and placed 
 Keiiton on his back. The horse being very 
 restive it took several of them to hold him, 
 while the others lashed the prisoner on the 
 horse. They first took a tug, or rope, and 
 fastened his legs and feet together under the 
 horse. They took another and fastened his 
 arms. They took another and tied around 
 his neck, and fastened one end of it around 
 the horse’s neck ; the other end of the same 
 rope was fastened to the horse’s tail to answer 
 in place of a crupper. They had a great deal 
 of amusement to themselves, as they were 
 preparing Kenton and his horse for fun and 
 irolic. They would yelp and scream around 
 him, and ask him if he wished to steal more 
 horses. Another rope was fastened around 
 his thighs, and lashed around the body of his 
 horse ; a i)air of moccasins was drawn over 
 
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 379 
 
 his hands to prevent him from defending his 
 face from the brush. Thus accoutred and 
 fastened the horse was turned loose to the 
 woods. He reared and plunged, ran through 
 the woods for some time, to the infinite 
 amusement of the Indians. After the horse 
 had run about, plunging, rearing and kicking 
 for some time, and found that he could not 
 shake off, nor kick off his rider, he very 
 quietly submitted himself to his situation, 
 and followed the cavalcade as quiet and peace- 
 able as his rider. 
 
 Reaches Chillicothe^ the Indian Village . — 
 The Indians moved towards Chillicothe, and 
 in three days reached the town. At night 
 they confined their prisoner in the following 
 manner : He was laid on his back, his legs ex- 
 tended, drawn apart, and fastened to two sap- 
 lings or stakes driven in the ground. His 
 arms were extended, a pole laid across his 
 breast, and his arms lashed to the pole with 
 cords. A rope was tied around his neck, 
 and stretched back just tight enough not to 
 choke him, and fastened to a tree or stake 
 near his head.^ In this painful and uncom- 
 fortable situation he spent three miserable 
 nights, exposed to gnats and mosquitos and 
 weather. O, poor human nature, what 
 miserable wretches we are thus to punish and 
 harass each other. (The frontier whites of 
 that day were but little behind the Indians, 
 m wiles, in cruelty and revenge.) When the 
 Indians came within about a mile of the 
 Chillicothe town they halted and camped for 
 the night, and fastened the poor unfortunate 
 prisoner in the usual uncomfortable manner. 
 The Indians, young and old, came from the 
 town to welcome the return oi their successful 
 warriors, and to visit their prisoner. The 
 Indian party, young and old, consisting of 
 about 150, commenced dancing, singing and 
 yelling around Kenton, stopping occasionally 
 and kicking and beating him for amusement. 
 In this manner they tormented him for about 
 three hours, when the cavalcade returned 
 to town, and he was left for the rest of the 
 night, exhausted and forlorn, to the tender 
 mercies of the gnats and mosquitos. 
 
 Runs the Gauntlet. — As soon as it was 
 light in the morning the Indians began to 
 collect from the town, and preparations were 
 made for fun and frolic at the expense of 
 Kenton, as he was now doomed to run the 
 gauntlet. The Indians were formed in two 
 lines, about ^ six feet apart, with each a 
 hickory in his hands, and Kenton placed be- 
 tween the two lines, so that each Indian could 
 beat him as much as he thought proper as 
 he ran through the lines. He had not run 
 far before he discovered an Indian with his 
 knife drawn to plunge it into him ; as soon 
 as Kenton reached that part of the line where 
 the Indian stood who had the knife drawn he 
 broke through the lines, and made with all 
 speed for the town. Kenton had been pre- 
 viously informed by a negro named Caesar, 
 who lived with the Indians and knew their 
 customs, that if he could break through the 
 Indians’ lines and arrive at the council-house 
 in the town before he was overtaken, that they 
 
 would not force him a second time to run the 
 gauntlet. When he broke through their lines 
 he ran at the top of his speed for the council- 
 house, pursued by two or three hundred In- 
 dians, screaming like infernal furies. Just as 
 he had entered the town he was met by an 
 Indian leisurely walking towards the scene of 
 amusement, wrapped in a blanket. The In- 
 dian threw off his blanket ; and as he was 
 fresh, and Kenton nearly exhausted, the In- 
 dian caught him and threw him down. In 
 a moment the whole party who were in pur- 
 suit came up, and fell to cuffing and kicking 
 him at a most fearful rate. They tore off his 
 clothes and left him naked and exhausted. 
 After he had laid till he had in some degree 
 recovered from his exhausted state they 
 brought him some water and something to 
 eat. 
 
 The Indian Council. — As soon as his 
 strength was sufficiently recovered they took 
 him to the council-house to determine upon 
 his fate. Their manner of deciding his fate 
 was as follows : Their warriors were placed 
 in a circle in the council-house ; an old chief 
 was placed in the centre of the circle with a 
 knife and a piece of wood in his hands. A 
 number of speeches were made. Kenton, 
 although he did not understand their lan- 
 guage, soon discovered by the animated ges- 
 tures and fierce looks at him, that a majority 
 of their speakers were contending for his 
 destruction. He could perceive that those 
 who plead for mercy were received coolly ; but 
 few grunts of approbation were uttered when 
 the orators closed their speeches. After the 
 orators ceased speaking the old chief, who 
 sat in the midst of the circle, raised up and 
 handed a war-club to the man who sat next 
 the door. They proceeded to take the deci- 
 sion of their court. All who were for the 
 death of the prisoner struck the war-club with 
 violence against the ground ; those who voted 
 to save the prisoner’s life passed the club to 
 his next neighbor without striking the ground. 
 Kenton, from their expressive gestures, 
 could easily distinguish the object of their 
 vote. The old chief, who stood to witness and 
 record the number that voted for death or 
 mercy, as one struck the ground with a war- 
 club made a mark on one side of his piece 
 of wood ; and when the club was passed with- 
 out striking he made a mark on the other, 
 Kenton discovered that a large majority were 
 for death. 
 
 Sentence of Death being now passed upon 
 the prisoner they made the welkin ring with 
 shouts of joy. The sentence of death being 
 passed there was another question of consid- 
 erable difficulty now presented itself to the 
 consideration of the council; that was, the 
 time and place, when and where he should be 
 burnt. The orators again made speeches on 
 the subject, less animated indeed than on the 
 trial ; but some appeared to be quite vehe- 
 ment for instant execution, while others ap- 
 peared to wish to make his death a solemn 
 national sacrifice. 
 
 Attenfipt at Escape. — After a long debate 
 the vote was taken, when it was resolved 
 
380 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 that the place of his execution should be 
 Wapatoinika (now Zanesfield, Logan county)- 
 The next morning he was hurried away to 
 the place destined for his execution. From 
 Chillicothe to Wapatomika they had to pass 
 through two other Indian towns, to wit : Pick- 
 away and Machecheek. At both towns he 
 was compelled to run the gauntlet ; and 
 severely was he whipped through the course. 
 While he lay at Machecheek, being carelessly 
 guarded, he made an attempt to escape. 
 Nothing worse than death could follow, and 
 here he made a bold push for life and free- 
 dom. Being unconfined he broke and run, 
 and soon cleared himself out of sight of his 
 pursuers. While he distanced his pursuers, 
 and got about two miles from the town, he 
 accidentally met some Indians on horseback. 
 They instantly pursued and soon came up 
 with him, and drove him back again to town. 
 He now, for the first time, gave up his case 
 as hopeless. Nothing but death stared him 
 in the face. Fate, it appeared to him_, had 
 sealed his doom ; and in sullen despair he 
 determined to await that doom, that it was 
 impossible for him to shun. How inscruta- 
 ble are the ways of Providence, and how little 
 can man control his destiny ! When the In- 
 dians returned with Kenton to the town there 
 was a general rejoicing. He was pinioned 
 and given over to the young Indians, who 
 dragged him into the creek, tumbled him in 
 the water, and rolled him in the mud till he 
 was nearly suffocated with mud and water. 
 In this way they amused themselves with 
 him till he was nearly drowned. He now 
 thought himself forsaken by God. Shortly 
 after this his tormentors moved with him to 
 Wapatomika. 
 
 An Unexpected Friend . — As soon as he 
 arrived at this place the Indians, young and 
 old, male and female, crowded around the 
 prisoner. Among others who came to see 
 him was the celebrated and notorious Simon 
 Girty. It will be recollected* that Kenton 
 and Girty were bosom companions at Fort 
 Pitt, and on the campaign with Lord Dun- 
 more. As it was the custom of the Indians 
 to black such prisoners as were intended to 
 be put to death, Girty did not immediately 
 recognize Kenton in his black disguise. 
 Girty came forward and inquired of Kenton 
 where he had lived. Was answered Ken- 
 tucky. He next inquired how many men 
 there were in Kentucky. He answered he did 
 not know ; but would give him the names 
 and rank of the officers, and he, Girty, could 
 judge of the probable number of men. Ken- 
 ton then named a great many officers and 
 their rank, many of whom had honorary 
 titles without any command. At length Girty 
 asked the i)risoner his name. When he was 
 answered Simon Butler (it will be recol- 
 lected that he changed his name when he 
 fled from his parents and home) Girty eyed 
 him for a moment, and immediately recog- 
 nized the active and bold youth who had been 
 his companion in arms about Fort Pitt, and 
 on the campaign with Lord Dunmore. Girty 
 threw him.self into Kenton’s arms, embraced 
 
 and wept aloud over him — calling him hlg 
 dear and esteemed friend. This hardened 
 wretch, who had been the cause of the death 
 of hundreds, had some of the sparks of 
 humanity remaining in him, and wept like a 
 child at the tragical fate which hung over his 
 friend. “Well,” said he to Kenton, “you 
 are condemned to die, but I will use every 
 means in my power to save your life. ’ ’ 
 
 Girty immediately had a council convened, 
 and made a long speech to the Indians to 
 save the life of the prisoner. As Girty was 
 proceeding through his speech he became 
 very animated ; and under his powerful 
 eloquence Kenton could plainly discover the 
 grim visages of his savage judges relent. 
 When Girty concluded his powerful and 
 animated speech the Indians rose with one 
 simultaneous grunt of approbation, saved 
 the prisoner’s life, and placed him under 
 the care and protection of his old companion, 
 Girty. 
 
 More Trouble . — The British had a trading 
 establishment then at Wapatomika. Girty 
 took Kenton with him to the store and dressed 
 him from head to foot, as well as he could 
 wish ; he was also provided with a horse and 
 saddle. Kenton was now free, and roamed 
 about through the country from Indian town 
 to town, in company with his benefactor. 
 How uncertain is the fate of nations as well 
 as that of individuals ! How sudden the 
 changes from adversity to prosperity, and 
 from prosperity to adversity ! Kenton being 
 a strong, robust man, with an iron frame, 
 with a resolution that never winced at dan- 
 ger, and fortitude to bear pain with the com- 
 posure of a stoic, he soon recovered from his 
 scourges and bruises, and the other severe 
 treatment he had received. It is thought 
 probable that if the Indians had continued to 
 treat him with kindness and respect he would 
 eventually have become one of them. _ He 
 had but few inducements to return again to 
 the whites. He was then a fugitive from 
 justice, had changed his name, and he 
 thought it his interest to keep as far from his 
 former acquaintances as possible. After 
 Kenton and his benefactor had been roaming 
 about for some time, a war party of Indians, 
 who had been on an expedition to the neigh- 
 borhood of Wheeling, returned ; they had 
 been defeated by the whites, some of their 
 men were killed, and others wounded. Wh en 
 this defeated party returned they were sullen, 
 chagrined and full of revenge, and determined 
 to kill any of the whites who came within 
 their grasp. Kenton was the only white man 
 upon whom they could satiate their revenge. 
 Kenton and Girty were then at Solomon’s 
 town, a small distance from Wapatomika. A 
 message was immediately sent_ to Girty to 
 return and bring Kenton with him. The two 
 friends met the messenger on their way. The 
 messenger shook hands with Girty, but re- 
 fused the hand of Kenton. 
 
 The Second Council. — Girty, after talking 
 aside with the messenger some time, said to 
 Kenton, they have sent for us to attend a 
 grand council at Wapatomika. They hur- 
 
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 381 
 
 ried to the town ; and when they arrived there 
 the council-house was crowded. When 
 Girty went into the house, the Indians all 
 rose up and shook hands with him ; but 
 when Kenton offered his hand, it was refused 
 with a scowl of contempt. This alarmed 
 him ; he began to admit the idea that this 
 sudden convention of the council, and their 
 refusing his hand, boded him some evil. 
 After the members of the council were seated 
 in their usual manner, the war chief of the 
 defeated party rose up and made a most vehe- 
 ment speech, frequently turning his fiery and 
 revengeful eyes on Kenton during his speech. 
 Girty was the next to arise and address the 
 council He told them that he had lived 
 with them several years ; that he had risked 
 his life in that time more frequently than 
 any of them ; that they all knew that he had 
 never spared the life of one of the hated 
 Americans ; that they well knew that he had 
 never asked for a division of the spoils ; that 
 he fought alone for the destruction of their 
 enemies ; and he now requested them to 
 spare the life of this young man on his ac- 
 count. The young man, he said, was his 
 early friend, for whom he felt the tenderness 
 of a parent for a son, and he hoped, after 
 the many evidences that he had given of his 
 attachment to the Indian cause, they would 
 not hesitate to grant his request. If they 
 would indulge him in granting his request to 
 spare the life of this young man, he would 
 pledge himself never to ask them again to 
 «pare the life of a hated American. 
 
 Again Sentenced to Death . — Several chiefs 
 spoke in succession on this important subject ; 
 and with the most apparent deliberation, the 
 council decided, by an overwhelming major- 
 ity, for death. After the decision of this 
 
 f rand court was announced, Girty went to 
 [enton, and embracing him very tenderly, 
 said that he very sincerely sympathized with 
 him in his forlorn and unfortunate situation ; 
 that he had used all the efforts he was master 
 of to save his life, but it was now decreed 
 that he must die — that he could do no more 
 for him. Awful doom! 
 
 It will be recollected, that this was in 1778, 
 in the midst of the American revolution. 
 Upper Sandusky was then the place where 
 the British paid their western Indian allies 
 their annuities ; and as time might effect 
 what his eloquence could not, Girty, as a 
 last resort, persuaded the Indians to convey 
 their prisoner to Sandusky, as there would 
 meet vast numbers to receive their presents ; 
 that the assembled tribes could there witness 
 the solemn scene of the death of the pris- 
 oner. To this proposition the council agreed ; 
 and the prisoner was placed in the care of 
 five Indians, who forthwith set off for Upper 
 Sandusky. What windings, and twistings, 
 and turnings, were seen in the fate of our 
 hero. 
 
 Logan, the Mingo Chief . — As the Indians 
 passed from Wapatomika to Upper San- 
 dusky, they went through a small village on 
 the river Scioto, where then resided the cele- 
 brated chief, Logan, of Jefferson memory. 
 
 Logan, unlike the rest of his tribe, was 
 humane as he was brave. At his wigwam 
 the party who had the care of the prisoner 
 staid over night. During the evening, Logan 
 entered into coriversation with the prisoner. 
 The next morning he told Kenton that he 
 would detain the party that day — that he had 
 sent two of his. young men off the night 
 before to Upper Sandusky, to speak a good 
 word for him. Logan was great and good — 
 the friend of all men. In the course of the 
 following evening his young men returned, 
 and early the next morning the guard set off 
 with the prisoner for Upper Sandusky. 
 When Kenton’s party set off from Logan’s, 
 Logan shook hands with the prisoner, but 
 gave no intimation as to what might prob- 
 ably be his fate. The party went on with 
 Kenton till they came in view of the Upper 
 Sandusky town. The Indians, young and 
 old, came out to meet and welcome the war- 
 riors, and view the prisoner. Here he was 
 not compelled to run the gauntlet. A grand 
 council was immediately convened to deter- 
 mine upon the fate of Kenton. This was 
 the fourth council which was held to dispose 
 of the life of the prisoner. 
 
 Peter Druyer . — As soon as this grand court 
 was organized and ready to proceed to busi- 
 ness, a Canadian Frenchman, by the name 
 of Peter Druj^er, who was a captain in the 
 British service, and dressed in the gaudy 
 appendages of the British uniform, made his 
 appearance in the council. This Druyer was 
 born and raised in Detroit — he was connected 
 with the British Indian agent department — 
 was their principal interpreter in settling In- 
 dian affairs ; this made him a man of great 
 consequence among the Indians. It was to 
 this influential man that the good chief 
 Logan, the friend of all the human family, 
 sent his young men to intercede for the life 
 of Kenton. His judgment and address w’ere 
 only equalled^ by his humanity. His fore- 
 sight in selecting the agent, who it was most 
 probable could save the life of the prisoner, 
 proves his judgment and his knowledge of 
 the human heart. As soon as the grand 
 council was organized, Capt. Druyer requested 
 permission to address the council. This per- 
 mission was instantly granted. He began his 
 speech by stating, ‘‘that it was w^ell known 
 that it was the wish and interest of the Eng- 
 lish that not an American should be left 
 alive. That the Americans were the cause of 
 the present bloody and distressing war — that 
 neither peace nor safety could be expected, 
 so long as these intruders were permitted to 
 live upon the earth.” This part of his 
 speech received repeated grunts of appro- 
 bation. He then explained to the Indians, 
 
 ‘ ‘ that the war, to be carried on successfully, 
 required cunning as well as bravery — that the 
 intelligence which might be extorted from a 
 prisoner would be of more advantage, in con- 
 ducting the future ^ operations of the war, 
 than would be the lives of twenty prisoners. 
 That he had no doubt but the commanding 
 officer at Detroit could procure information 
 from the prisoner now before them that would 
 
$82 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 be of incalculable advantage to them in the 
 progress of the present war. Under these 
 circumstances, he hoped they would defer the 
 death of the prisoner till he was taken to 
 Detroit and examined by the commanding 
 eneral. After which he could be brought 
 ack, and if thought advisable, upon further 
 consideration, he might be put to death in 
 any manner they thought proper. ’ ’ He next 
 noticed, “that they had already a great deal 
 of trouble and fatigue with the prisoner 
 without being revenged upon him ; but that 
 they had got back all the horses the prisoner 
 had stolen from them, and killed one of his 
 comrades ; and to insure them something for 
 their fatigue and trouble, he himself would 
 give them $100 in rum and tobacco, or 
 any other articles they would choose, if 
 they would let him take the prisoner to 
 
 Detroit, to be examined by the British gen 
 eral. ’ ’ 
 
 Kenton's Release . — The Indians, without 
 hesitation, agreed to Capt. Druyer’s proposi- 
 tion, and he paid down the ransom. As soon 
 as these arrangements were concluded, Dru- 
 yer and a principal chief set off with the 
 prisoner for Lower Sandusky. From this 
 place they proceeded by water to Detroit, 
 where they arrived in a few days. Here the 
 prisoner was handed over to the commanding 
 officer, and lodged in the fort as a prisoner 
 of war. He was now out of danger from 
 the Indians, and was treated with the usual 
 attention of prisoners of war in civilized 
 countries. The British commander gave the 
 Indians some additional remuneration for the 
 life of the prisoner, and they returned satisfied 
 to join their countrymen at Wapatomika. 
 
 As soon as Kenton^s mind was out of suspense, his robust constitution and iron 
 frame in a few days recovered from the severe treatment they had undergone. 
 Kenton remained at Detroit until the June following, when he with other prisoners 
 escaped, and after enduring great privations rejoined their friends. 
 
 About the year 1802 he settled in Urbana, where he remained some years, and 
 was elected brigadier-general of militia. In the war of 1812 he joined the army 
 of Gen. Harrison, and was at the battle of the Moravian town, where he displayed 
 his usual intrepidity. About the year 1820 he moved to the head of Mad river. 
 A few years after, through the exertions of Judge Burnet and Gen. Vance, a pen- 
 sion of $20 per month was granted to him, which secured his declining age from 
 want. He died in 1836, at which time he had been a member of the Methodist 
 church about eighteen years. The frosts of more than eighty winters had fallen 
 on his head without entirely whitening his locks. His biographer thus describes 
 his personal appearance and character : 
 
 Gen. Kenton was of fair complexion, six 
 feet one inch in height. He stood and walked 
 very erect, and, in the prime of life, weighed 
 about 190 pounds. He never was inclined to 
 be corpulent, although of sufficient fulness to 
 form a graceful person. He had a soft, 
 tremulous voice, very pleasing to the hearer. 
 
 He had laughing gray eyes, which appeared 
 to fascinate the beholder. He was a pleas- 
 ant, good-humored, and obliging companion. 
 
 When excited or provoked to anger (which 
 was seldom the case) the fiery glance of his 
 eye would almost curdle the blood of those 
 with whom he came in contact. His rage, 
 when roused, was a tornado. In his dealing 
 he was perfectly honest; his confidence in 
 man and his credulity were such that the 
 same man might cheat him twenty times, and 
 if he professed friendship he might cheat 
 him still. 
 
 The grave and monument of Gov. Vance is in Oakdale cemetery, near that of 
 Simon Kenton. Joseph Vance was born in Washington, Pa., in 1786, of 
 Scotch-Irish stock. In 1805 he came with his father to Urbana, and took an 
 active part in public matters : was a militia officer prior to and during the war of 
 1812 ; was member of the State Legislature in 1812 ; member of Congress from 
 1820 to 1836, and again in 1843; governor in 1837 and in 1851. While acting 
 as a member of the convention to revise the Constitution of the State was stricken 
 with paralysis, and the next year died on his farm, two miles north of Urbana. 
 In politics he was a Whig of the Henry Clay school ; a great friend of public im- 
 provements, and one of the first men in the county to import thoroughbred stock. 
 BeePs History of Champaign County says of him ; 
 
 ^Mn 1827 he advocated the repair and extension of the National road, then 
 called the Cumberland road, through Ohio and other States of the West, and in a 
 speech in Congress in support of a bill before the House, made some hard thrusts 
 at the advocates of State rights. It was at a time when the ^Code’ settled such 
 matters, attacks in the House being satisfied in the field. But it was understood 
 
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, 3^3 
 
 not only that the general would fight, but that he was a dead shot with the rifle, 
 and nothing more was said about fighting. 
 
 Gov. Vance was about five feet ten inches in height, with a large frame inclined 
 to corpulency. He had a large head and forehead, and a strongly marked facd 
 The eyebrows were heavy, and the right eye nearly closed, as though pained by 
 the sunlight. He always wore a standing shirt-collar, loose around the neck, and 
 not always square with his chin, and a small black cravat or neckerchief tied with 
 a small bow-knot. At home and among his neighbors he was partial to a blouse 
 and jeans pantaloons, and had a great dislike to the fashionable cut of the latter. 
 In his public life he wore, according to the custom of that day, the conventional 
 suit of black cloth. 
 
 To young men whom he met he was pleasant and talkative, and had a happy 
 faculty of describing scenes of public life he had witnessed and the juiblic men he 
 had met, talking in an easy conversational way of the every-day life not often 
 found in the books and papers. As a speaker he had a strong, rich voice, speaking 
 with great earnestness and force, and without the arts of the practised debater, and 
 in the heat of discussion apt to indulge in an argument ad hominem.^^ 
 
 John Quincy Adams Ward, regarded as America’s first sculptor, was born 
 in June, 1830, in the family homestead, 
 still standing on the southwest border 
 of the town, and occupied by the sisters 
 of the artist. He was well born. His 
 mother’s maiden name was MacBeth ; 
 his father was John A. Ward, a farmer, 
 and owner of about 600 acres of land, 
 which he inherited from his father. Col. 
 
 William Ward, the first settler and 
 proprietor of the site of Urbana. 
 
 In one of the rooms of the mansion 
 is an elaborately carved mantelpiece, in 
 front of which stood the parents of the 
 artist when they were married. Among 
 the curiosities is a plaster bust of a 
 young girl, a niece, which is the first 
 model he ever made — ^the expression is 
 sweet and soft ; a portrait of his 
 mother in basso-relievo, and a plaster 
 statuette ; a model of Simon Kenton in 
 a hunter’s garb, leaning on a rifle. 
 
 Session’s paper on ^^Art and Artists in Ohio ” give these items in regard to him : 
 
 JOHN Q. A. WARD. 
 
 He received his first instmctions from 
 teachers in the family, then in the village 
 schools, and lastly from John Ogden, a good 
 scholar and worthy lawyer, who is still living 
 in Urbana. ^ An old series of the “Encyclope- 
 dia Britannica ” proved a great storehouse of 
 knowledge to him. From childhood he 
 worked images in clay of dogs and other 
 animals, of objects, as men on horseback, etc. 
 The first work of art he ever saw was a 
 copy of a head of Apollo in terra cotta, by 
 Hiram Powers, which was owned by John 
 H. James, of Urbana. 
 
 From sixteen to eighteen he suffered from 
 malaria and general ill-health, and was 
 depressed in spirits. ^ At the latter age Mrs. 
 Thomas, a married sister living in Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., said to him, “Quincy, would you 
 
 really like to become an artist? ” His reply 
 being a bashful “ Yes,” he was taken to New 
 York in his eighteenth year, but for many 
 weeks could not muster up courage to enter 
 the door of Henry K. Browp’s studio, 
 although he was a friend of his sister’s fam- 
 ily. Finally he ventured to timidly ask him 
 if he would take him as an art student. 
 Brown told him to go back home and model 
 something, so that he could see what he could 
 do. 
 
 He shot across to New York, bought a 
 copy of the “ Venus de Medicis,” and lugged 
 home a bag of clay over a distance of two 
 miles, and went to work. He took his clay 
 “Venus” to Brown, and was accepted at 
 once as a student. He worked over six years 
 with his master very hard. He executed a 
 
384 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 wolf’s head for a fountain in Mexico, for 
 which Brown paid him $10, the first money 
 he ever earned. In this studio he learned all 
 the minute details of the sculptor’s art. The 
 Frenchmen employed to assist in the mechan- 
 ical expert work in connection with the erection 
 of the equestrian statue of Washington ” in 
 Union Square having “struck,” Ward told 
 Brown to discharge the whole lot, as they 
 could complete the statue themselves. Ward 
 says he spent more days in the bronze horse’s 
 belly than Jonah spent in the belly of the 
 whale. 
 
 The greater part of 1857-58 Ward spent 
 in Washington City, modelling busts of John 
 F. Hale, A. H. Stephens, J. B. Giddings 
 and Hannibal Hamlin. He came to Colum- 
 bus early in 1861 with a model of a statue of 
 Simon Kenton, hoping to obtain a commission 
 from the State. While here he executed a 
 bust of Gov. Dennison. 
 
 His next eifort was the now famous “In- 
 dian Hunter,” in Central Park, which had 
 an enormous success from the first. Six 
 copies in bronze, reduced in size, were sold 
 on highly remunerative terms. Then fol- 
 lowed the execution of the principal of 
 Ward’s w^orks, in this order: “The Freed- 
 man ; ” bust of Dr. Dewey, in marble; 
 statue, colossal, of Commodore M. C. Perry, 
 in New York; “ Seventh Begiment Soldier,” 
 bronze, heroic, in Central Park ; “The Good 
 Samaritan;” statue of Gen. Beynolds ; 
 “Shakspeare,” in Central Park; “Gen. Is- 
 
 rael Putnam, ’ ’ heroic size, in Hartford ; ‘ ‘ Wil- 
 liam Gilmore Simms,” bust, in Charleston ; 
 “Gen. George H. Thomas,” equestrian, in 
 Washington; “The Pilgrim,” heroic, in 
 Central Park; “Washington,” bronze and 
 colossal, in Wall street; “William E. 
 Dodge,” in New York. 
 
 Mr. Ward has recently finished a colossal 
 statue of “Garfield,” which has been placed 
 in Washington City by the army of the Cum- 
 berland. He has also completed the model 
 of a gigantic soldiers’ monument for the city 
 of Brooklyn. This last work will probably 
 be the masterpiece of this sculptor. It illus- 
 trates our whole military history from the 
 revolution to the rebellion, including the war 
 of 181^ and the war with Mexico. Wash- 
 ington, Jackson, Scott and Grant appropri- 
 ately represent the four periods. It is by 
 the universal judgment of American artists 
 and art critics Quincy Ward is placed first 
 among American sculptors. H. K. Brown 
 once said that “Ward had more genius than 
 Greenough, Crawford, Powders and all the 
 other American sculptors combined. ’ ’ 
 
 Eastman Johnson, James H. Beard and 
 other eminent artists have affirmed that 
 Ward has passed beyond Story, Ball, Thomp- 
 son and all other rivals, and is now without a 
 peer as a sculptor. He is unquestionably the 
 greatest artist that this country has yet pro- 
 duced. Numerous commissions for forty, 
 sixty, and a hundred thousand dollars now 
 await his execution. 
 
 THE AD WHITE SLAVE-RESCUE CASE. 
 
 Mechanicsburg in the days of the Underground Railroad was one of the regular 
 depots tor the tieeing fugitives from slavery. Her people were noted for their 
 abhorrence of the institution, and never failed to give such shelter and protection. 
 In 1857, when ^Ghe Fugitive Slave Law’^ was in operation, an attempt was made 
 by the United States authorities to seize a slave (one Ad White), who had found a 
 home with a farmer in the vicinity of the village. The circumstances we copy 
 from Beer’s History of Clark County.” 
 
 Ad White, a fugitive from Kentucky bear- 
 ing the surname of bis master, made his way to 
 the place of rest for the oppressed, and, 
 thinking he was far enough away, had qui- 
 etly settled down to work on tbe farm of 
 Udney Hyde, near^ Mechanicsburg. His 
 master had tracked him to the farm of Hyde, 
 and obtained a warrant for his arrest at the 
 United States Court in Cincinnati. Ben 
 Churchill, with eight others, undertook his 
 capture. Ad was at that time a powerful 
 man, able and willing to whip his weight in 
 wildcats, if necessary, and had exiiressed his 
 determination never to return to slavery 
 alive. Churchill & Co. had been advised of 
 this, and made their approaches to Hyde’s 
 house cautiously, informing some persons 
 in Mechanicsburg of their business, and 
 suggesting to then" ' ^ go out and see 
 the fun, which invitation was promptly ac- 
 cepted. Ad slept in the loft of Hyde’s 
 house, to which access could only be obtained 
 by means of a ladder, and ouc peraou only 
 at a time. 
 
 Here he had provided himself with such 
 articles of defence as a rifle, a double-bar- 
 relled shotgun, revolver, knife and axe, and 
 had the steady nerve and skill to use them 
 successfully if circumstances forced him to. 
 Churchill and party arrived at Hyde’s and 
 found the game in his retreat. They parleyed 
 with him for some time, coaxed him to come 
 down, ordered old man Hyde to go up and 
 bring him out, deputized the men who fol- 
 lowed them to go up, but all declined, telling 
 them that five men ought to be able to take 
 one. White finally proposed, in order to re- 
 lieve Hyde of danger of compromise, if the 
 five marshals would lay aside their arms and 
 permit him to go into an adjoining field, and 
 they could then overpower him, he w^ould 
 make no further resistance ; but so long as 
 they persisted in their advantage he would 
 remain where he was, and kill the first man 
 who attempted to enter the loft. 
 
 Deputy-Marshal Elliott, of Cincinnati, was 
 the first and only one to attempt to enter 
 where White was, and as his body passed 
 
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 385 
 
 above the floor of the loft he held a shotgun 
 before him, perhaps to protect himself, but 
 particularly to scare White. But White was 
 not to be scared that way. He meant what 
 he said wlmn he warned them to let him 
 alone, and, quick as thought, the sharp 
 crack of a rifle rang out on the air, and Elli- 
 ott dropped to the floor, not killed, but saved 
 by his gun, the ball having struck the bar- 
 rel, and thus prevented another tragedy in 
 the slavehunter’s path. This was the only 
 effort made to dislodge White, and after 
 consultation they left for Urbana, going 
 thence to Cincinnati. The gentlemen who 
 had followed them out to Hyde’s rallied them 
 considerably on their failure, and in all proba- 
 bility were not very choice in their English 
 to express their opinions of “ slave-hunters. ’ ’ 
 
 Chagrined and mortified by their failure, 
 and smarting under the shai*]) railleries of the 
 bystanders, Churchill and Elliott made their 
 report to the court at Cincinnati, and made 
 oath that Azro L. IMann, Charles Taylor, 
 David Tullis and Udney Hyde had interfered 
 and prevented the capture of the negro 
 White, and refused to assist when called 
 upon. W arrants were issued for their arrest, 
 and a posse of fourteen, headed by Churchill 
 and Elliott, went to Mechanicsburg and took 
 them in custody. The men^ were prominent 
 in the community, and their arrest created 
 intense excitement. 
 
 Parties followed the marshals, expecting 
 them to go to Urbana to board the cars for 
 Cincinnati, but they left the main road, 
 striking through the country, their actions 
 creating additional excitement, causing suspi- 
 cion of abduction. A party went at once 
 to Urbana and obtained from Judge S. 
 V. Baldwin a writ of habeas corpus, com- 
 manding the marshals to bring their prisoners 
 and show by what authority they were held. 
 John Clark, Jr., then sheriff of Champaign 
 county, summoned a posse and started in 
 pursuit, overtaking the marshals with their 
 prisoners just across the county line, at Ca- 
 tawba, when the two parties dined together. 
 In the meantime Judge Ichabod Corwin and 
 Hon. J. C. Brand went to Springfield with a 
 copy of the writ, and started Sheriff John 
 E. Layton, of Clark county, and his deputy 
 to intercept them at South Charleston. They 
 reached there just as the marshals passed 
 through, and overtook them half a mile be- 
 yond the town. 
 
 In attempting to serve the writ, Layton 
 was assaulted by Elliott with a slung-shot, 
 furiously and brutally beaten to the ground, 
 receiving injuries from which he never fully 
 recovered. Layton’s deputy, Compton, was 
 shot at several times, but escaped unhurt, 
 and when he saw his superior stricken down 
 and helpless, he went to him and permitted 
 the marshals to resume their journey. Sher- 
 iff Cla.'k and his party came up soon after, 
 and Sheriff Layton was borne back to South 
 Charleston in a dying condition, it was sup- 
 posed, but a powerful constitution withstood 
 the tremendous shock, although his health 
 was never fully restored. 
 
 The assault on Sheriff Layton was at once 
 telegraphed to Springfield and other points, 
 causing intense excitement and arousing great 
 indignation. Parties were organized and the 
 capture of the marshals undertaken in ear- 
 nest. Their track now lay through Greene 
 county. Sheriff Lewis was telegraphed for, 
 and joined the party. On the following 
 morning, near the village of Lumberton, in 
 Greene county, the State officers, headed by 
 Sheriff Lewis, overtook the marshals, who 
 surrendered without resistance. The pris- 
 oners were taken to Urbana, before Judge 
 Baldwin, and released, as no one appeared to 
 show why they were arrested, or should be 
 detained. 
 
 The United States marshals were all ar- 
 rested at Spring-field, on their way to Urbana, 
 for assault with intent to kill, and, being un- 
 able to furnish security, were lodged in jail 
 over night. James S. Christie was justice 
 of the peace at the time, and issued the war- 
 rants for the arrest of the marshals ; the ex- 
 citement was so great that the examination 
 was held in the old court-house, which proved 
 too small for the crowd. Mr. Christie was 
 one of those who w'ere obliged to attend at 
 Cincinnati. The marshals again returned to 
 Cincinnati and procured warrants for the 
 arrest of the four persons released upon 
 habeas corpus, together with a large number 
 of the citizens of Mechanicsburg, Urbana, 
 Springfield and Xenia, who participated in 
 the capture of the marshals. 
 
 In Champaign county the feeling against 
 the enforcement of this feature of the fugi- 
 tive slave law had become so intense that the 
 officers serving the warrants were in danger 
 of violence. Ministers of the gospel and 
 many of the best and most responsible citi- 
 zens of Urbana said to Judge Baldwin, Judge 
 Corwin, Judge Brand and Sheriff Clark, on 
 the day of arrest: “If you do not want to 
 go, say the word, and we will protect you,” 
 feeling that the conflict was inevitable, and 
 might as well be precipitated at that time. 
 These men, however, counselled moderation, 
 and were ready and willing to suffer the in- 
 convenience, expense and harassment of 
 prosecution for the sake of testing this fea- 
 ture of the slave-driver’s law, and also in 
 hope and belief that it would make it more 
 odious, and secure its early repeal or 
 change. 
 
 The cases of Udney Hyde and Hon. J. C. 
 Brand were selected as test cases representing 
 the two features — that of Hyde for refusing 
 to assist in the arrest of a fugitive slave, 
 and that of Brand for interference with a , 
 United States officer in the discharge of duty. | 
 The district attorney was assisted by able 
 counsel, and the most eminent lawyers of the 
 State were secured to conduct the defence, 
 when, after a long and stormy trial, the jury 
 failed to make a verdict. The contest had 
 now lasted nearly or quite a year, and all par- 
 ties were becoming tired of it. The patriot- 
 ism actuating both sides, though being of a 
 different character and order, was entirely 
 exhausted, and the glory to be obtained 
 
386 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 
 
 would now be left for others yet to follow. 
 The Kentucky gentleman who had stirred up 
 all this racket in his effort to get possession 
 of his $1,000 in human flesh and blood now 
 stepped to the front and proposed to settle 
 the trouble if he could have $1,000 for his 
 Ad White, and the costs in all the cases paid. 
 This proposition was readily acceded to, the 
 money paid, and the cases all nolled by Dis- 
 trict Attorney Matthews. The deed^ of Ad 
 White was made in regular form by his Ken- 
 tucky owner, and now forms one of the curi- 
 ous and interesting features of the probate 
 court records for Champaign county. 
 
 Thus ended one of the ^eat conflicts 
 in the enforcement of the fugitive slave 
 law, which did much towards crystallizing 
 public sentiment against the extension of 
 slavery. These scenes transpired in 1857, 
 and nearly dl the prominent actors have 
 passed away. Ad White was notifled of his 
 freedom, and at once returned to Mechanics- 
 burg, where, in 1881, he was still residing, 
 borne down by hard work and age, but ever 
 cherishing the memory of those who gave 
 him shelter and protection when fleeing from 
 oppression and seeking freedom. 
 
 Mechanicsburg is on the C. C. C. & I. K. R., about twenty-seven miles west 
 of Columbus. Here are located the Central Ohio Fair grounds, said to be the 
 finest in the State, nature having furnished a grand natural amphitheatre facing 
 the fine tract of land used for this purpose. Newspaper : News, Republican, Hiram 
 Brown, publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Methodist Protestant, 1 
 Catholic, 2 Colored Methodist Episcopal, 1 Colored Baptist. Bank : Farmers’, 
 R. D. Williams, president, Thomas Davis, cashier. 
 
 Industries and Employees. — P. W. Alden & Co., wood building-material, 5 
 hands ; Packham Crimping Company, tinners’ tools, 10 ; Stuart & Nickle, flan- 
 nels, etc., 13 ; S. S. Staley, flour, feed, and lumber, 4 ; W. C. Downey & Co., 
 grain-drills, 150; The Packham Crimper Company, stove-pipe crimpers, 5; The 
 Hastings Paper Company, straw-paper, 46. — State Report 1886. Population in 
 1880, 1,522. School census in 1886, 428 ; Frank S. Fuson, superintendent. 
 
 St. Paris, fifty miles west of Columbus, is on the C. St. L. & P. R. R., in 
 the centre of a fine agricultural community. Newspaper : Era-Dispatch, Inde- 
 pendent, John E. Walker, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Epis- 
 copal, 1 Baptist, 1 Evangelical Lutheran, 1 Lutheran, 1 Universalist, 1 Reformed, 
 ?nd 1 Catholic. 
 
 Industries. — Creameries, carriage factories, planing- and grist-mills, etc. Pop- 
 ulation in 1880, 1,100. School census in 1886, 372; George W. Miller, super- 
 intendent. 
 
 North Lewisburg, about thirty-five miles northwest of Columbus, at the 
 intersection of Champaign, Logan, and Union counties, on the N. Y. P. & O. R. 
 R., is surrounded by a rich farming country, special attention being given to stock 
 raising. Newspaper: Tri-County Free Press, Republican, Kelly Mount, editor. 
 Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 African Methodist Episcopal, 1 Protestant 
 Methodist, 1 Catholic, and 1 Friends. Bank of North Lewisburg, S. Clark, 
 president, J. C. Thompson, cashier. Population in 1880, 936. School census in 
 1886, 314 ; Joseph Swisher, superintendent. 
 
 Woodstock had, in 1880, 383, and Mutual 189 inhabitants. 
 
COUE'TIES 
 
 CLAEK. 
 
 Clark County was formed March 1 , 1817, from Champaign, Madison and 
 Greene, and named in honor of Gen. George Rogers Clark. The first settlement was 
 at Chribb’s Station, in the forks of Mad river, in the spring of 1796. The inhabi- 
 tants of Moorefield, Pleasant, Madison, German and Pike are principally of Virginia 
 extraction ; Mad river, of New Jersey ; Harmony, of New England, and English ; 
 and Greene, of Pennsylvania origin. This county is very fertile and highly culti- 
 vated, and well watered by Mad river. Buck and Beaver creeks and their tribu- 
 taries, which furnish a large amount of water power. Its area is 300 square miles. 
 In 1885 the acres cultivated were 108,953 ; in pasture, 38,601 ; woodland, 26,931 ; 
 lying 'T^aste, 2,238 ; produced in wheat, 363,668 ; corn, 1,870,152 ; tobacco, 
 106,400 pounds; flax, 117,580; wool, 248,549. School census 1886, 15,050; 
 teachers, 226. It has 113 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. . 
 
 Bethel, 
 
 2,033 
 
 3,131 
 
 Moorefield, 
 
 1,073 
 
 1,345 
 
 German, 
 
 1,667 
 
 2,100 
 
 Pike, 
 
 1,437 
 
 1,758 
 
 Greene, 
 
 1,059 
 
 1,524 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 1,092 
 
 1,581 
 
 Harmony, 
 
 1,645 
 
 1,846 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 4,443 
 
 24,455 
 
 Madison, 
 
 1,115 
 
 2,396 
 
 Mad River, 
 
 1,339 
 
 1,812 
 
 Population in 
 
 1820 was 9,553 
 
 ; in 1840, 
 
 16,882; 1860, 
 
 25,300; 1880,41,948, 
 
 of whom 29,336 were Ohio-born. 
 
 The old Indian town of Piqua, the ancient Piqua of the Shawnees, and the birth- 
 place of Tecumseh, was situated on the north side of Mad river, about five miles 
 west of Springfield, and occupied the site on which a small town called West 
 Boston was later built. The principal part of Piqua stood upon a plain, rising 
 fifteen or twenty feet above the river. At the period of its destruction, it was 
 quite populous. There was a rude log-hut within its limits, surrounded by 
 pickets. The town was never after rebuilt. Its inhabitants removed to the 
 Great Miami river, and erected another town, which they called Piqua. The 
 account appended of its destruction by Gen. George Rogers Clark was published 
 in Bradford’s Notes on Kentucky ; ” 
 
 On the 2d of August, 1780, Gen. Clark 
 took up the line of march from where Cin- 
 cinnati now stands, for the Indian towns. 
 
 The line of march was as follows ; — the first 
 division, commanded by Clark, took the front 
 
 J )osition ; the centre was occupied by artil- 
 ery, military stores and baggage ; the.second, 
 commanded by Col. Logan, was placed in the 
 
 rear. The men were ordered to march in 
 four lines, at about forty yards distance from 
 each other, and a line of flankers on each 
 side, about the same distance from the right 
 and left line. There was also a front and a 
 rear guard, who only kept in sight of the 
 main army. In order to prevent confusion, 
 in case of an attack of the enemy, on the 
 
388 
 
 CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 march of the army, a general order was is- 
 sued, that in the event of an attack in front, 
 the front was to stand fast, and the two right 
 lines to wheel to the right, and the two left 
 hand lines to the left, and form a complete 
 line, while the artillery was to advance for- 
 wards to the centre of the line. In case of 
 an attack on either of the flanks or side lines, 
 these lines were to stand fast, and likewise 
 the artillery, while the opposite lines wheeled 
 and formed on the two extremes of those 
 lines. In the event of an attack being made 
 on the rear, similar order was to be observed 
 as in an attack in front. 
 
 In this manner the army moved on with- 
 out encountering anything worthy of notice 
 until they arrived at Chillicothe (situated on 
 the little Miami river, in Greene county), 
 about 2 o’clock in the afternoon, on the 6th 
 day of August. They found the town not 
 only abandoned, but most of the houses 
 burnt down and burning, having been set on 
 Are that morning. The army encamped on 
 the ground that night, and on the following 
 day cut down several hundred acres of corn ; 
 and about 4 o’clock in the evening took up 
 their line of march for the Piqua towns, which 
 were about twelve miles from Chillicothe (in 
 Clark county). They had not marched more 
 than a mile from Chillicothe, before there 
 came on a very heavy rain, with thunder and 
 lightning and considerable wind. Without 
 tents or any other shelter from the rain, which 
 fell in torrents, the men were as wet as if 
 they had been plunged into the river, nor had 
 they it in their power to keep their guns dry. 
 It was nearly dark before the rain ceased, 
 when they were ordered to encamp in a hol- 
 low square, with the baggage and horses in 
 the centre, and as soon as flres could be 
 made, to dry their clothes, etc. They were 
 ordered to examine their guns, and, to be sure 
 they were in good order, to discharge them 
 in the following manner. One company was 
 to fire, and time given to reload, when a 
 company at the most remote part of the 
 camp from that which had fired was to dis- 
 charge theirs, and so on alternately, until all 
 the guns were fired. On the morning of the 
 8th, the army marched by sunrise, and having 
 a level, open wsiy, arrived in sight of Piqua, 
 situated on the west side of the Mad river, 
 about 2 o’clock p. m. The Indian road 
 from Chillicothe to Piqua, which the army 
 followed, crossed the Mad river about a 
 quarter of a mile below the town, and as soon 
 as the advanced guard crossed into a prairie 
 of high weeds, they were attacked by the In- 
 dians, who had concealed themselves in the 
 weeds. The ground on which this attack, as 
 well as the manner in which it was done, left 
 no doubt but that a general engagement was 
 intended. Col. Logan was therefore ordered, 
 with about four hundred men, to file off to 
 the right, and march up the river on the east 
 side, and to continue to the upper end of the 
 town, so as to prevent the Indians from 
 escaping in that direction, while the re- 
 mainder of the men, under Cols. Lynn, Ployd 
 and Hariod, were ordered to cross the river 
 
 and encompass the town on the west side, 
 while Gen. Clark, with the troops under Col. 
 Slaughter, and such as were attached to the 
 artillery, marched directly towards the town. 
 The prairie in which the Indians were con- 
 cealed, who commenced the attack, was only 
 about two hundred yards across to the tim- 
 bered land, and the division of the army des- 
 tined to encompass the town on the west side 
 found it necessary to cross the prairie, to 
 avoid the fire of a concealed enemy. The 
 Indians evinced great military skill and judg- 
 ment, and to prevent the western division 
 froin executing the duties assigned them, 
 they made a powerful efibrt to turn their left 
 wing. This was discovered by Floyd and 
 Lynn, and to prevent being outflanked, ex- 
 tended the line of battle west, more than a 
 mile from the town, and which continued 
 warmly contested on both sides until about 
 5 o’clock, when the Indians disappeared 
 everywhere unperceived, except a few in the 
 town. The field piece, which had been en- 
 tirely useless before, was now brought to bear 
 upon the houses, when a few shots dislodged 
 the Indians which were in them. 
 
 A nephew of Gen. Clark, who had been 
 many years a prisoner among the Indians, 
 and who attempted to come to the whites just 
 before the close of the action, was supposed 
 to be an Indian, and received a mortal wound • 
 but he lived several hours after he arrived 
 among them. 
 
 The morning after the battle a Frenchman, 
 who had been taken by the Indians a short 
 time before, on the Wabash, and who had 
 stolen away from them during the action, was 
 found in the loft of one of the Indian cabins. 
 He gave the information, that the Indians 
 did not expect that the Kentuckians would 
 reach their town on that day, and if they did 
 not, it was their intention to have attacked 
 them in the night, in their camp, with the 
 tomahawk and knife, and not to fire a gun. 
 They had intended to have made an attack 
 the night before, but were prevented by the 
 rain, and also the vigilance evinced by the 
 Kentuckians, in firing off their guns and re- 
 loading them, the reasons for which they com- 
 prehended, when they heard the firing. 
 Another circumstance showed that the In- 
 dians were disappointed in the time of their 
 arriving ; they had not dined. When the 
 men got into the town, they found a con- 
 siderable quantity of provisions ready cooked, 
 in large kettles and other vessels, almost un- 
 touched. The loss on each side was about 
 equal — each having about 20 killed. 
 
 The Piqua town was built in the manner 
 of the French villages. It extended along 
 the margin of the river for more than three 
 miles ; the houses, in many places, were more 
 than twenty poles apart. Col. Logan, there- 
 fore, in ord<3r to surround the town on the 
 east, as was his orders, marched fully three 
 miles, while the Indians turned their whole 
 force against those on the opposite side of 
 the town ; and Logan’s party never saw an 
 Indian during the whole action. The action 
 was so severe a short time before the close, 
 
CLARK 
 
 that Simon Girty, a white man, who had 
 joined the Indians, and who was made a 
 chief among the Mingoes, drew off three 
 hundred of his men, declaring to them, it 
 was folly in the extreme to continue the ac- 
 tion against men who acted so much like 
 madmen, as Gen. Clark’s men, for they 
 rushed in the extreme of danger, with a 
 seeming disregard of the consequences. 
 This opinion of Girty, and the withdrawal of 
 the three hundred Mingoes, so disconcerted 
 the rest, that the whole body soon after dis- 
 persed. 
 
 It is a maxim among the Indians never to 
 encounter a fool or a madman (in which 
 terms they include a desperate man), for they 
 say, with a man who has not sense enough 
 to take a prudent care of his own life, the 
 life of his antagonist is in much greater 
 danger than with a prudent man. 
 
 It was estimated that at the two Indian 
 towns, Chillicothe and Piqua, more than five 
 hundred acres of corn were destroyed, as well 
 as every species of eatable vegetables. In 
 consequence of this, the Indians were ob- 
 liged, for the support of their women and 
 children, to employ their whole time in hunt- 
 
 COUNTY. 389 
 
 inff, which gave quiet to Kentucky for a con- 
 siderable time. 
 
 The day after the battle, the 9th, was oc- 
 cupied in cutting down the growing corn, and 
 destroying the cabins and fort, etc. , and col- 
 lecting horses. On the 1 0th of August, the 
 army be^an their march homeward, and en- 
 camped in Chillicothe that night, and on the 
 11th, cut a field of corn, which had been left 
 for the benefit of the men and horses, on their 
 return. At the mouth of the Licking, the 
 army dispersed, and each individual made his 
 best way home. 
 
 Thus ended a campaign, in which most of 
 the men had no other provisions for twenty- 
 five days, than six quarts of Indian corn each, 
 except the green corn and vegetables found at 
 the Indian towns, and one gill of salt; and 
 yet not a single complaint was heard to es- 
 cape the lips of a solitary individual. AW 
 appeared to be impressed with the belief, 
 that if this army should be defeated, that few 
 would be able to escape, and that the Indians 
 then would fall on the defenceless women and 
 children in Kentucky, and destroy the whole. 
 From this view of the subject, every man was 
 determined to conquer or die. 
 
 The late Abraham Thomas, of Miami county, was in this campaign against 
 Piqua. His reminiscences, published in 1839, in the Troy Times, give some 
 interesting facts omitted in the preceding. It also differs in some respects from the 
 other, and is probably the most accurate : 
 
 In the summer o>f 1780 Gen. Clark was 
 getting up an expedition, with the object of 
 destroying some Indian villages on Mad river. 
 One division of the expedition, under Col. 
 Logan, was to approach the Ohio by the way 
 of Licking river ; the other, to which I was 
 attached, ascended the Ohio from the falls in 
 boats, with provisions and a six-pound can- 
 non. The plan of the expedition was for the 
 two divisions to meet at a point in the In- 
 dian country, opposite the mouth of Licking, 
 and thence march in a body to the interior. 
 In descending the Ohio Daniel Boone and 
 myself acted as spies on the Kentucky side of 
 the river, and a large party, on the Indian 
 side, was on the same duty ; the latter were 
 surprised by the Indians, and several killed 
 and wounded. It was then a toilsome task to 
 get the boats up the river, under constant ex- 
 pectation of attacks from the savages,_and we 
 were much rejoiced in making our destination. 
 Before the boats crossed over to the Indian 
 side Boone and myself were taken into the 
 foremost boat and_ landed above a small cut 
 in the bank, opposite the mouth of Licking. 
 We were desired to spy through the woods 
 for Indian signs. I was much younger than 
 Boone, ran up the bank in great glee, and cut 
 into a beech tree with my tomahawk, which 
 I verily believe was the first tree cut into by a 
 white man on the present site of Cincinnati. 
 We were soon joined by other rangers, and 
 hunted over the other bottom ; the forest 
 everywhere was thick set with heavy beech 
 and scattering underbrush of spice-wood and 
 
 pawpaw. We started several deer, but see- 
 ing no signs of Indians returned to the land- 
 ing. By this time the men had all landed, 
 and were busy in cutting timber for stock- 
 ades and cabins. The division, under Col. 
 Logan, shortly crossed over from the mouth 
 of Licking, and after erecting a stockade, 
 fort and cabin for a small garrison and stores 
 the army started for Mad river. Our way 
 lay over the uplands of an untracked, primi- 
 tive forest, through which, with great labor, 
 we cut and bridged a road for the accommoda- 
 tion of our pack horses and cannon. My 
 duty, in the march, was to spy some two 
 miles in advance of the main body. Our 
 progress was slow, but the weather was pleas- 
 ant, the country abounded in game ; and we 
 saw no Indians that I recollect until we ap- 
 proached the waters of the Mad river. In 
 the campaigns of these days none but the 
 officers thought ^ of tents — each man had 
 to provide for his own comfort. Our meat 
 was cooked upon sticks set up before the fire ; 
 our beds were sought upon the ground, and 
 he was the most fortunate man that could 
 gather small branches, leaves and bark to 
 shield him from the ground, in moist places. 
 After the lapse of so many years it is difficult 
 to recollect the details or dates, so as to mark 
 the precise time or_ duration of our move- 
 ments. But in* gaining the open country of 
 Mad river we came in sight of the Indian 
 villages. We had been kept all the night 
 before on the march, and pushed rapidly 
 towards the points of attack, and surprised 
 
CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 590 
 
 three hundred Indian warriors that had col- 
 lected at the town, with the view of surpris- 
 ing and attacking us the next morning. At 
 this place a stockade fort had been reared 
 near the village on the side we were approach- 
 ing it, but the Indians feared to enter it and 
 took post in their houses. 
 
 The village was situated on a low prairie 
 bottom of Mad river, between the second bank 
 and a bushy swamp piece of ground on the 
 margin of the river ; it could be approached 
 only from three points — the one our troops 
 occupied, and from up and down the river. 
 Gen. Clark detached two divisions to se- 
 cure the two last named points, while he 
 extended his line to cover the first. By this 
 arrangement the whole body of Indians would 
 have been surrounded and captured, but 
 Col. Logan, who had charge of the lower di- 
 vision, became entangled in the swamp, and 
 did not reach his assigned position before 
 the attack commenced. The party I had 
 joined was about entering the town with 
 great impetuosity, when Gen. Clark sent 
 orders for us to stop, as the Indians were 
 making port holes in their cabins and we 
 should be in great danger, but added he 
 would soon make port holes for us both ; on 
 that he brought his six-pounder to bear on 
 the village, and a discharge of grape shot 
 scattered the materials of their frail dwellings 
 in every direction. The Indians poured out 
 of their cabins in great consternation, while 
 our party, and those on the bank, rushed into 
 
 the village, took possession of all the squaws 
 and pappooses, and killed a great many war- 
 riors, but most of them at the lower part of 
 the bottom. In this skirmish, a nephew of 
 Gen. Clark, who had some time before run 
 away from the Monongahela settlements, 
 and joined the Indians, was severely wounded. 
 He was a great reprobate, and, as said, was 
 to have led the Indians in the next morning’s 
 attack ; before he expired he asked forgive- 
 ness of his uncle and countrymen. During 
 the day the village was burned, the growing 
 corn cut down ; and the next morning we 
 took up the line of march for the Ohio. This 
 was a bloodless victory to our expedition, 
 and the return march was attended with no 
 unpleasant occurrence, save a great scarcity 
 of provisions. On reaching the fort, on the 
 Ohio, a party of us immediately crossed the 
 river for our homes, for which we felt an ex- 
 treme anxiety. We depended chiefly on our 
 rifles for sustenance ; but game not being 
 within reach, without giving to it more time 
 than our anxiety and rapid progress per- 
 mitted, we tried every expedient to hasten 
 our journey without hunting, even to boiling 
 green plums and nettles. These at first, 
 under sharp appetites, were quite palatable, 
 but soon became bitter and offensive. At 
 last, in traversing the head waters of Lick- 
 ing, we espied several buffaloes directly in 
 our track. We killed one, which supplied us 
 bountifully with meat until we reached our 
 homes. 
 
 The view given was taken near the residence of Mr. John Keifer. The hill, 
 shown on the left of the engraving, was the one upon which stood the fort, pre- 
 
 'Drmm by Henry Howe iu 184G. 
 
 View at Pi qua, the Birth-place of Tecumseh. 
 
 viously mentioned. Aboot the year 1820, when tlie hill was first cleared and 
 cultivated by Mr. Keifer, charred stumps were found around its edge, indicating 
 the line of the stockade, v, hich included a space of about two acres ; the plow of 
 Mr. Keifer lirought up various relics, as skeletons, beads, gun-barrels, tomahawks, 
 camp-kettlcs, etc. Other relics led to the supposition that there was a store of a 
 French trader destroyed at the time of the action at the southwestern base of the 
 hill. WJien the country ^(^as first settled there were two white oak trees in the 
 village of Boston, which had been shot off some fifteen or twenty feet from the 
 ground by the cannon balls of Clark ; their tops show plainly the curved lines 
 of the balls, around which they had sprouted bush-like ; these trees were felled 
 
CLARK COUNTY, 
 
 39 ^ 
 
 many years since by the Bostonians for fuel. There is a tradition here, that dur- 
 ing the action the Indians secreted their squaws and children in the cliffs about 
 a mile up the stream from the fort. The village of Boston, we will observe in 
 digression, was once the competitor with Springfield for the connty-seat ; it never 
 had but a few houses, and now has three or four only : one of them is shown on 
 the right of the view, beyond which, a few rods only, is Mad river. 
 
 We subjoin a sketch of the life of Tecumseh, derived from Drake’s memoir ot 
 this celebrated chief. (The name Tecumseh signifies Shooting Star.”) 
 
 Puckeshinwa, the father of Tecumseh, was 
 a member of the Kiscopoke, and Methoa- 
 taske, the mother, of the Turtle tribe of the 
 Shawanoe nation ; they removed from Florida 
 to Ohio about the middle of last century. 
 The father rose to the rank of a chief, and 
 fell at the battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774. 
 After his death his wife returned to the 
 south, where she died at an advanced age. 
 Tecumseh was born at Piqua about the year 
 1768, and like Napoleon, in his boyish pas- 
 times, showed a passion for war ; he was the 
 acknowledged leader among his companions, 
 by whom he was loved and respected, and 
 over whom he exercised an unbounded influ- 
 
 ence ; it is stated that the first battle in which 
 he was occurred on the site of Daj^on, be- 
 tween a party of Kentuckians under Col. Ben- 
 jamin Logan and some Shawanoes. When 
 about seventeen years of age Le manifested 
 signal prowess, in an attack on some boats on 
 the Ohio near Limestone, Ky. The boats 
 were all captured, and all in them killed, ex- 
 cept one person, who was burnt alive. Te- 
 cumseh was a silent spectator, never having 
 before witnessed the burning of a prisoner ; 
 after it was over he expressed his strong 
 abhorrence of the act, and by his eloquence 
 persuaded his party never to burn any more 
 prisoners. 
 
 From this time his reputation as a brave, and his influence over other minds, 
 increased, and he rose rapidly in popularity among his tribe ; he was in several 
 actions with the whites prior to Wayne’s treaty, among which was the attack on 
 Fort Recovery and the battle of the Fallen Timbers. In the summer of 1795 
 Tecumseh became a chief ; from the spring of this year until that of 1796 he re- 
 sided on Deer creek, near the site of Urbana, and from whence he removed to the 
 vicinity of Piqua on the Great Miami. In 1798 he accepted the invitation of the 
 Delawares, then residing in part on White river, Indiana, to remove to that neigh- 
 borhood with his followers. He continued in that vicinity a number of years, 
 and gradually extended his influence among the Indians. 
 
 In 1805, through the influence of Laulewasikaw, the brother of Tecumseh, a 
 large number of Shawnees established themselves at Greenville. Very soon after 
 Laulewasikaw assumed the office of Si prophet; and forthwith commenced that career 
 of cunning and pretended sorcery, which enabled him to sway the Indian mind 
 in a wonderful degree. 
 
 Throughout the year 1806 the brothers re- 
 mained at Grreenville, and were visited by 
 many Indians from different tribes, not a few 
 of whom became their followers. The prophet 
 dreamed many wonderful dreams, and claimed 
 to have had many supernatural revelations 
 made to him ; the great eclipse of the sun 
 which occurred in the summer of this year, a 
 knowledge of which by some means he 
 attained, enabled him to carry conviction to 
 the minds of many of his ignorant followers, 
 that he was really the earthly agent of the 
 Great Spirit. He boldly announced to the 
 unbelievers that on a certain day he would 
 
 iye them proof of his supernatural powei 
 y bringing darkness over the sun ; when the 
 day and hour of the eclipse arrived, and 
 the earth, even at mid-day, was shrouded 
 in the gloom of twilight, the prophet, stand- 
 ing in the midst of his party, significantly 
 pointed to the heavens and cried out, “Did I 
 not prophecy truly ? Behold ! darkness has 
 shrouded the sun ! ” It may readily be sup- 
 posed that this striking phenomenon, thus 
 adroitly used, produced a strong impression 
 on the Indians, and greatly increased their 
 belief in the sacred character of their prophet. 
 
 The alarm caused by the assembling of the Indians still continuing. Governor 
 Harrison, in the autumn of 1807, sent to the head chiefs of the Shawanoe tribe an 
 address, in which he exhorted them to send away the people at Greenville, whose 
 conduct was foreshadowing evil to the whites. To the appeal of the governor the 
 prophet made a cunning and evasive answer ; it made no change in the measures 
 
392 
 
 CLARK COUNTY, 
 
 of this artful man, nor did it arrest the spread of fanaticism among the Indians, 
 which his incantations had produced. 
 
 In the spring of 1808 Tecumseh and the prophet removed to a tract of land on 
 the Tippecanoe, a tributary of the Wabash, where the latter continued his efforts 
 to induce the Indians to forsake their vicious habits, while Tecumseh was visiting 
 the neis^hboring tribes and quietly strengthening his own and the prophet’s influence 
 over them. The events of the early part of the year 1810 were such as to leave 
 but little doubt of the hostile intentions of the brothers ; the prophet was appa- 
 rently the most prominent actor, while Tecumseh was in reality the main spring 
 of all the movements, backed, it is supposed, by the insidious influence of British 
 agents, who supplied the Indians gratis with powder and ball, in anticipation, per- 
 haps, of hostilities between the two countries, in which event a union of all the 
 tribes against the Americans was desirable. By various acts the feelings of 
 Tecumseh became more and more evident ; in August, he having visited Vincennes 
 to see the governor, a council was held, at which, and a subsequent interview, the 
 real position of affairs was ascertained. 
 
 Governor Harrison had made arrange- 
 ments for holding the council on the portico 
 of his own house, which had been fitted up 
 with seats for the occasion. Here, on the 
 morning of the fifteenth, he awaited the ar- 
 rival of the chief, being attended by the 
 Judges of the Supreme Court, some officers 
 of the army, a sergeant and twelve men from 
 Fort Knox, and a large number of citizens. 
 At the appointed hour Tecumseh, supported 
 by forty of his principal warriors, made his 
 appearance, the remainder of his followers 
 being encamped in the village and its en- 
 virons. When the chief had approached 
 within thirty or forty yards of the house he 
 suddenly stopped, as if awaiting^ some ad- 
 vances from the governor. An interpreter 
 was sent, requesting him and his followers 
 to take seats on the^ portico. ^ To this Tecum- 
 seh objected — he did not think the place a 
 suitable one for holding the conference, but 
 preferred that it should take place in a grove 
 of trees, to which he pointed, standing a 
 short distance from the house. The gover- 
 nor said he had no objection to the grove, ex- 
 cept that there were no seats in it for their 
 accommodation. Tecumseh replied that con- 
 stituted no objection to the grove, the earth 
 being the most suitable place for the In- 
 dians, who loved to repose upon the bosom 
 of their mother. The governor yielded the 
 point, and the benches and chairs having 
 been removed to the spot, the conference 
 was begun, the Indians being seated on the 
 grass. 
 
 Tecumseh opened the meeting by stating 
 at length his objections to the treaty of Fort 
 W^ayne, made by Governor Harrison in the 
 previous year, and in the course of his speech 
 boldly avowed the principle of his party to 
 be that of resistance to every cession of land, 
 unless made by all the tribes, who, he con- 
 tended, formed but one nation. He ad- 
 mitted that he had threatened to kill the 
 chiefs who signed the treaty of Fort Wayne, 
 and that it was his fixed determination not 
 to permit the village chiefs in future to 
 manage their affairs, but to place the power 
 with which they had been heretofore in- 
 
 vested in the hands of the war chiefs. * The 
 Americans, he said, had driven the Indians 
 from the seacoast, and would soon push them 
 into the lakes ; and, while he disclaimed all 
 intention of making war upon the United 
 States, he declared it to be his unalterable 
 resolution to take a stand and resolutely op- 
 pose the further intrusion of the whites upon 
 the Indian lands. ^ He concluded by making 
 a brief but impassioned recital of the various 
 wrongs and aggressions inflicted by the white 
 men upon the Indians, from the commence- 
 ment of the Revolutionary war down to the 
 period of that council, all of which was cal- 
 culated to arouse and inflame the minds of 
 such of his followers as were present. 
 
 The governor rose in reply, and in examin- 
 ing the right of Tecumseh and his party to 
 make objections to the treaty of Fort Wayne, 
 took occasion to say that the Indians were 
 not one nation, having a common property in 
 the lands. The Miamis, he contended, were 
 the real owners of the tract on the Wabash, 
 ceded by the late treaty, and the Shawanoes 
 had no right to interfere in the case ; that 
 upon the arrival of the whites on this conti- 
 nent they had found the Miamis in possession 
 of this land, the Shawanoes being then resi- 
 dents of Georgia, from which they had been 
 driven by the Creeks, and that it was ridicu- 
 lous to assert that the red men constituted 
 but one nation ; for, if such had been the in- 
 tention of the Great Spirit, he would not 
 have put different tongues in their heads, but 
 have taught them all to speak the same lan- 
 guage. 
 
 The governor having taken his seat, the 
 interpreter commenced explaining the speech 
 to Tecumseh, who, after listening to a por- 
 tion of it, sprung to his feet and began to 
 speak with great vehemence of manner. 
 
 The governor was surprised at his violent 
 gestures, but as he did not understand him, 
 thought he was making some explanation 
 and suffered his attention to be drawn to- 
 wards Winnemac, a friendly Indian lying on 
 the grass before him, who was renewing the 
 priming of his pistol, which he had kept con- 
 cealed from the other Indians, but in full 
 
CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 393 
 
 view of tte governor. His attention, however, 
 was again directed towards Tecumseh by hear- 
 ing General Gibson, who was intimately 
 acquainted with the Shawanoe language, 
 say to Lieutenant Jennings : “Those fellows 
 intend mischief ; you had better bring up the 
 guard.” At that moment the followers of 
 Tecumseh seized their tomahawks and war 
 clubs and sprang upon their feet, their eyes 
 turned upon the governor. As soon as he 
 could disengage himself from the arm- 
 chair in which he sat, he rose, drew a small 
 sword which he had by his side and stood on 
 the defensive. Captain G. R. Floyd, of the 
 army, who stood near him, drew a dirk, and 
 the chief Winnemac cocked his pistol. The 
 citizens present were more numerous than 
 the Indians, but were unarmed. Some of 
 them procured clubs and brickbats and also 
 stood on the defensive. The Rev. Mr. 
 
 Winans, of the Methodist Church, ran to 
 the governor’s house, got a gun, and posted 
 himself at the door to defend the family. 
 During this singular scene no one spoke, until 
 the guard came running up, and, appearing 
 to be in the act of firing, the governor or- 
 dered tliem not to do so. He then demanded 
 of the interpreter an explanation of what 
 had happened, who replied that Tecumseh 
 had interrupted him, declaring that all the 
 governor had said was /a?se, and that he and 
 the Seventeen Fires had cheated and im- 
 posed on the Indians. The governor then 
 told Tecumseh that he was a bad man and 
 that he would hold no further communica- 
 tion with him ; that as he had come to Vin- 
 cennes under the protection of a council-fire, 
 he might return in safety, but that he must 
 immediately leave the village. Here the 
 council terminated. 
 
 The undoubted purpose of the brothers now being known, Gov. Harrison pro- 
 ceeded to prepare for the contest he knew must ensue. In June of the year fol- 
 lowing (1811) he sent a message to the Shawanoes, bidding them beware of hos- 
 tilities, to which Tecumseh gave a brief reply, promising to visit the governor. 
 This visit he paid in July, accompanied by 300 followers, but as the Americans 
 were prepared and determined, nothing resulted, and Tecumseh proceeded to the 
 south, as it was supposed, to enlist the Creeks in the cause. 
 
 In the meanwhile Harrison took measures to increase his regular force. His 
 plan was to again v>^arn the Indians to obey the treaty of Greenville, but at the 
 same time to prepare to break up the prophet’s establishment if necessary. On 
 the 5th of October, having received his reinforcements, he was on the Wabash, 
 about sixty miles above Vincennes, where he built Fort Harrison. On the 7th 
 of November following he was attacked by the Indians at Tippecanoe and de- 
 feated them. Peace on the frontiers was one of the happy results of this severe 
 and brilliant action. 
 
 With the battle of Tippecanoe the prophet lost his popularity and power among 
 the Indians, he having previously to the battle promised them certain victory. 
 
 On the first commencement of the war of 1812 Tecumseh was in the field pre- 
 pared for the conflict. In July there Avas an assemblage at BroAvnstoAvn of those 
 Indians who were inclined to neutrality. A deputation Avas sent to Malden to 
 Tecumseh to attend this council. No,” said he, indignantly, I have taken 
 sides with the king, my father, and I Avill suffer my bones to bleach upon this 
 shore before I Avill recross that stream to join in any council of neutrality.” He 
 participated in the battle of BroAvnstoAvn and commanded the Indians in the action 
 near Maguaga. In the last he was wounded, and it is supposed that his bravery 
 and good conduct led to his being shortly after appointed brigadier-general in the 
 serviee of the British king. In the siege of Fort Meigs Tecumseh behav^ed Avith 
 great bravery and humanity. (See Wood County.) 
 
 Immediately after the signal defeat of Proctor, at Fort Stephenson, he returned 
 Avith the British troops to Malden by water, while Tecumseh Avith his folloAA^ers 
 passed over by land, round the head of Lake Erie, and joined him at that point. 
 Discouraged by the Avant of success, and having lost all confidence in General 
 Proctor, Tecumseh seriouslv meditated a withdrawal from tlie contest, but Avas 
 induced to remain. 
 
 When Perry’s battle was fought it was 
 witnessed by the Indians from the distant 
 shore. On the day succeeding the engage- 
 ment General Proctor said to Tecumseh : 
 “My fleet has whipped the Americans, but 
 
 the vessels being much injured, have gone 
 into Put-in-Bay to refit and will be here in a 
 few days.” This deception, however, upon 
 the Indians was not of long duration. The 
 sagacious eye of Tecumseh soon perceived 
 
394 
 
 CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 indications of a retreat from Malden, and he 
 promptly inquired into the matter. Greneral 
 Proctor informed him that he was only going 
 to send their ^ valuable property up the 
 Thames, where it would meet a reinforcement 
 and be safe. Tecumseh, however, was not 
 to be deceived by this shallow device and 
 remonstrated most urgently against a retreat. 
 He finally demanded, in the name of all the 
 Indians under his command, to be heard by 
 the general, and on the 18 th of September 
 delivered to him, as the representative of 
 their great father, the king, the following 
 speech : 
 
 “ Father, listen to your children ! you have 
 them now all before you. 
 
 ‘‘The war before this our British father 
 gave the hatchet to his red children, when 
 our old chiefs were alive. They are now 
 dead. In that war our father was thrown 
 upon his back by the Americans, and our 
 father took them by the hand without our 
 knowledge, and we are afraid that our father 
 will do so again at this time. 
 
 “Summer before last, when I came for- 
 ward with my red brethren and was ready to 
 take up the hatchet in favor of our British 
 father, we were told not to be in a hurry, 
 that he had not yet determined to fight the 
 Americans. 
 
 “Listen! when war was declared our 
 father stood up and gave us the tomahawk 
 and told us that he was then ready to strike 
 the Americans ; that he wanted our assist- 
 ance, and that we would certainly get our 
 lands back which the Americans had taken 
 from us. 
 
 ‘ ‘ Listen ! you told us at that time to bring 
 forward our families to this place, and we 
 did so ; and you promised to take care of 
 them, and they should want for nothing, 
 while the men would go and fight the enemy ; 
 th'at we need not trouble ourselves about the 
 enemy’s garrisons ; that we knew nothing 
 about them, and that our father would attend 
 to that part of the business. You also told 
 your red children that you would take good 
 care of your garrison here, which made our 
 hearts glad. 
 
 “Listen! when we were last here in the 
 Rapids it is true we gave you little assistance. 
 It is hard to fight people who live like ground 
 hogs. 
 
 ‘ ‘ Father, listen ! our fleet has gone out ', 
 we know they have fought ; we have heard 
 the great guns ; but we know nothing of what 
 has happened to our father with one arm. 
 Our ships have gone one way, and we are 
 much astonished to see our father tying up 
 everything and preparing to run away the 
 other without letting his red children know 
 what his intentions are. You always told 
 us to remain here and take care of our 
 lands ; it made our hearts glad to hear that 
 was your wish. Our great father, the king, 
 is the head, and you represent him. You 
 always told us you would never draw your 
 foot off British ground ; but now, father, 
 we see that you are drawing back, and we are 
 sorry to see our father doing so without see- 
 
 ing the enemy. We must compare our 
 father’s conduct to a fat dog, that carries his 
 tail on its ^ck, and, when affrighted, drops 
 it between its legs and runs off. 
 
 “Father, listen! the Americans have not 
 yet defeated us by land ; neither are we sure 
 that they have done so by water ; we, there- 
 fore, tuish to remain here and fight our 
 enemy, should they make their appearance. 
 If they defeat us, we will then retreat with 
 our father. 
 
 “ At the battle of the Rapids, last war, the 
 Americans certainly defeated us, and when 
 we returned to our father’s fort at that place 
 the gates were shut against us. We were 
 afraid that it would now be the case ; but in- 
 stead of that we now see our British father 
 preparing to march out of his garrison. 
 
 “Father, you have got the arms and am- 
 munition which our great father sent for his 
 red children. If you have an idea of going 
 away, give them to us, and you may go and 
 welcome, for us. ‘Our lives are in the hands 
 of the Great Spirit. We are determined to 
 defend our lands, and if it be his will we wish 
 to leave our bones upon them.” 
 
 Tecumseh entered the battle of the Thames 
 with a strong conviction that he should not 
 survive it. Further flight he deemed dis- 
 graceful, while the hope of victory in the 
 impending action was feeble and distant. 
 He, however, heroically resolved to achieve 
 the latter or die in the effort. With this de- 
 termination he took his stand among his fol- 
 lowers, raised the war-cry and boldly mec 
 the enemy. From the commencement of 
 the attack on the Indian line his voice was 
 distinctly heard by his followers, animating 
 them to deeds worthy of the race to which 
 they belonged. When that well-known voice 
 was heard no longer above the din of arms 
 the battle ceased. The British troops having 
 already surrendered, and the gallant leader 
 of the Indians having fallen, they gave up 
 the contest and fled. A short distance from 
 where Tecumseh fell the body of his friend 
 and brother-in-law, Wasegoboah, was found. 
 They had often fought side by side, and now, 
 in front of their men, bravely battling the 
 enemy, they side by side closed their mortal 
 career. 
 
 “ Thus fell the Indian warrior Tecumseh, 
 in the forty-fourth year of his age. He was 
 of the Shawanoe tribe, five feet ten inches 
 high, and with more than the usual stoutness, 
 possessed all the agility and perseverance of 
 the Indian character. His carriage was dig- 
 nified, his eye penetrating, his countenance, 
 which even in death betrayed the indications 
 of a lofty spirit, rather of the sterner cast. 
 Had he not possessed a certain austerity of 
 manners, he could never have controlled the 
 wayward passions of those who followed him 
 to battle. He was of a silent habit ; but 
 when his eloquence became roused into action 
 by the reiterated encroachments of the Amer- 
 icans, his strong intellect could supply him 
 with a flow of oratory that enabled him, as 
 he governed in the field, so to prescribe in the 
 council. Those who consider that in all terri- 
 
CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 395 
 
 torial questions, the ablest diplomatists of the 
 United States are sent to negotiate with the 
 Indians, will readily appreciate the loss sus- 
 tained by the latter in the death of their 
 champion Such a man was the unlet- 
 
 tered savage, Tecumseh, and such a man have 
 the Indians lost forever. He has left a son, 
 who, when his father fell, was about seventeen 
 
 years old, and fought by his side. The prince 
 regent, in 1814, out of respect to the memory 
 of the old, sent out as a present to the young 
 Tecumseh, a handsome sword. Unfortu- 
 nately, however, for the Indian cause and 
 country, faint are the prospects that Tecumseh 
 the son will ever equal, in wisdom or prowess, 
 Tecumseh the father. ’ ’ 
 
 It is stated by Mr. James, a British historian, that Tecumseh, after he fell, was 
 not only scalped, but that his body was actually flayed, and the skin converted 
 into razor-straps by the Kentuckians. Amid the great amount of conflicting 
 testimony relating to the circumstances of Tecumseh’s death, it is extremely diffi- 
 cult, if not impossible, to ascertain the precise facts. It is, however, generally 
 believed that he fell by a pistol-shot, fired by Col. Richard M. Johnson, of Ken- 
 tucky, who acted a most prominent part in this battle. 
 
 Springfield was the scene of an interesting incident in the life of Tecumseh, 
 which is given at length by his biographer. 
 
 In the autumn of this year [1807] a white 
 man, by the name of Myers, was killed a few 
 miles west of where the town of Urbana now 
 stands, by some straggling Indians. This 
 murder, taken in connection with the assem- 
 blage of the Indians under Tecumseh and 
 the prophet, created a great alarm on the 
 frontier, and actually induced many families 
 to remove back to Kentucky, from whence 
 they had emigrated. A demand was made by 
 the whites upon these two brothers for the 
 Indians who had committed the murder. 
 They denied that it was done by their party, 
 or with their knowledge, and declared that 
 they did not even know who the murderers 
 were. The alarm continued, and some com- 
 panies of militia were called out. It was 
 finally agreed that a council should be held 
 on the subject in Springfield, for the purpose 
 of quieting the settlements. Gen. Whiteman, 
 Maj. Moore, Capt. Ward, and one or two 
 others, acted as commissioners on the part 
 of the whites. Two parties of Indians at- 
 tended the council ; one from the north, in 
 charge of McPherson ; the other, consisting 
 of sixty or seventy, came from the neighbor- 
 hood of Fort Wayne, under the charge of 
 Tecumseh. Roundhead, Blackfish and sev- 
 eral other chiefs were also present. There 
 was no friendly feeling between these two 
 parties, and each was willing that the blame 
 of the murder should be fixed upon the other. 
 The party under McPherson, in compliance 
 with the wishes of the commissioners, left 
 their arms a few miles from Springfield. Te- 
 cumseh and his party refused to attend the 
 council unless permitted to retain their arms. 
 After the conference was opened, it being 
 held in a maple grove a little north of where 
 Werden’s hotel now stands, the commission- 
 ers, fearing some violence, made another ef- 
 fort to induce Tecumseh to lay aside his arms. 
 This he again refused, saying, in reply, that 
 his tomahawk was also his pipe, and that he 
 might wish to use it in that capacity before 
 their business was closed. At this moment 
 
 a tall, lank-sided Pennsylvanian, who was 
 standing among the spectators, and who, per- 
 haps, had no love for the shining tomahawk 
 of the self-willed chief, cautiously approached, 
 and handed him an old, long-stemmed, dirty- 
 looking earthen pipe, intimating that, if Te- 
 cumseh would deliver up the fearful toma- 
 hawk, he might smoke the aforesaid pipe. 
 The chief took it between _ his thumb and 
 finger, held it up, looked at it for a moment, 
 then at the owner, who was gradually reced- 
 ing from the point of danger, and imme- 
 diately threw it, with an indignant sneer, 
 over his head into the bushes. The commis- 
 sioners yielded the point, and proceeded to 
 business. 
 
 After a full and patient inquiry into the 
 facts of the case, it appeared that the murder 
 of Myers was the act of an individual,' and 
 not justly chargeable upon either party of 
 the Indians. Several speeches were made by 
 the chiefs, but Tecumseh was the principal 
 speaker. He gave a full explanation of the 
 views of the prophet and himself, in calling 
 around them a band of Indians — disavowed 
 all hostile intentions towards the United 
 States, and denied that he or those under his 
 control had committed any aggressions upon 
 the whites. His manner, when speaking, 
 was animated, fluent and rapid, and made a 
 strong impression upon those present. The 
 council terminated. In the course of it, the 
 two hostile parties became reconciled to each 
 other, and quiet was restored to the fron- 
 tier. 
 
 The Indians remained in Springfield for 
 three days, and on several occasions amused 
 themselves by engaging in various games and 
 other athletic exercises, in which Tecumseh 
 generally proved himself victorious. His 
 strength and power of muscular action were 
 remarkably great, and in the opinion of those 
 who attended the council, corresponded with 
 the high order of his moral and intellectual 
 character. 
 
 The following article upon the early history of the county was written in 1847 
 
CLARK COUNTY, 
 
 396 
 
 for the first edition by a gentleman of Springfield, who just after our visit called 
 Messrs. Humphries, Lowry and Foos into his office and took these notes. He is 
 spoken of in a near succeeding page. 
 
 There are three old men now living in this county, viz., John Humphries, 
 David Lowry and Griffith Foos, from whom we have gathered the following par- 
 ticulars respecting the early history of Springfield, and also some incidents con- 
 nected with the first settlements made in the vicinity. Messrs. Humphries, Lowry 
 and Foos are all men of great respectability, and are well known to all the early 
 settlers of this region of Ohio. 
 
 John Humphries is now eighty-three years of age, David Lowry about seventy- 
 seven, and Griffith Foos about seventy-five. 
 
 John Humphries came to what is now Clark county with Gen. Simon Kenton, 
 in 1799; with them emigrated six families from Kentucky, and made the first 
 settlement in the neighborhood of what is now Springfield, north of the ground 
 on which was afterwards located the town. At this time, he is the only survivor 
 of those of his companions and associates who were ai the time heads of families. 
 Mr. Humphries s])eaks of a fort which was erected on Mad river, two miles from 
 the site of Springfield ; this fort contained within its pickets fourteen cabins, and 
 was erected for the purpose of common security against the Indians. 
 
 David Lowry came into Ohio in the spring of 1795. ~He built the first flat 
 boat, to use his own language, that ever navigated the Great Miami river from 
 Dayton down, which was in the year 1800.^’ He took the same boat to Kew 
 Orleans, laden with pickled pork, 500 venison hams, and bacon. Lowry, with 
 one Jonathan Donnell, made the second settlement within what is now the limits 
 of Clark county ; Demint’s was the third settlement. The first corn crop raised 
 in the neighborhood of Springfield was in 1796. Two men, whose names were 
 Krebs and Brown, cultivated the crop. Lowry hunted for the party while they 
 were engaged in tending the crop ; the ground occupied was about three miles 
 west of the site of Springfield. He raised a crop of corn the ensuing year, and 
 also accompanied the party that surveyed and laid out the first road from Dayton 
 to Springfield. He and Jonathan Donnell killed, in one season, in their settle- 
 ment, seventeen bears, and in the course of his life, he states he has killed 1,000 
 deer ; and that he once shot a she-bear and two cubs in less than three minutes. 
 
 Griffith Foos, with several other persons, came into what is now Springfield, in 
 the month of March, 1801. They were in search of a healthy region, having 
 become wearied with the sickly condition of the Scioto valley. The laying oft 
 what is now called the old town of Springfield was commenced March 17, 1801. 
 Mr. Foos commenced the first public house ever kept in the place; it was a log- 
 house, situated on the lot directly opposite to the National hotel, now kept by 
 William Werden. He opened his house in June, 1801, and continued it without 
 intermission until the 10th of May, 1814. He states that he and his party were 
 four and a half days getting from Franklinton, on the Scioto, to Springfield, a 
 distance of forty-two miles. In crossing Big Darby they were obliged to carry 
 all their goods on horseback, and then to drag their wagon across with ropes, while 
 some of the party swam by the side of the wagon to prevent it from upsetting. 
 In 1807, in consequence of the alarm which the neighborhood felt on account of 
 the Indians, Mr. Foos’ house was turned into a fort. This was the first building 
 erected in the place. Sami. Simonton erected the first frame house in the county 
 in 1807. Wm. Ross built the first brick house, which is still standing on the 
 southeast corner of South and JNIarket streets. 
 
 These early settlers represent the county at that day as being very beautiful. 
 North of the site of Springfield, for fourteen miles, upon the land which is now 
 thick with woods, there could not, from 1801 to 1809, have been found a suffi- 
 ciency of poles to have made hoops for a meat cart. The forest consisted of large 
 trees, with no undergrowth, and the ground was finely sodded. IMr. Griffith Foos 
 speaks of an old hunter by the name of James Smith, from Kentucky, who was 
 
CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 397 
 
 at his house in 1810, who stated that he was in this neighborhood fifty years pre- 
 viously with the Indians, and that up the prairie, northeast of the town of Spring- 
 field, they started some buffalo and elk. 
 
 The first house of worship built in Springfield was in 1811 : one man gave the 
 ground — Foos gave a handsome young horse ($10) towards hewing the logs and 
 preparing the shingles. It was a place of worship free to all denominations, and 
 was built right south of a public house which stands directly west of Mill run, 
 on the south side of the national road. The early settlers were unequalled for 
 their kindness, honesty and hospitality. Mr. Foos says that, at his raising, there 
 were present forty men before breakfast, and from a distance of from seven to ten 
 miles , and Lowry says, that at Isaac Zane’s raising, there were persons from forty 
 miles distance.^^ 
 
 Springfield in 1846. — Springfield, the county-seat, is forty-three miles west of 
 Columbus on the ^^ational road, and on the line of the railroads connecting Cin- 
 cinnati with Sandusky city. It was laid out in 1803 by James Demint. It is 
 surrounded by a handsome and fertile country, is noted for the morality and in- 
 telligence of its inhabitants, and, by many, is considered the most beautiful village 
 within the limits of Ohio. The eastern fork of Mad river washes it on the north. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1S40. 
 
 East View of Springfield. 
 
 a stream described as unequalled for fine mill seats, its current very rapid, and 
 the water never so low in the driest season as to interfere with the mills now upon 
 it.^^ Through the place runs the Lagonda, or Buck creek, a swift and unfailing 
 mill stream. Within a range of three miles of the town are upwards of twenty 
 mill seats. Springfield sutfered much during the era of speculation, but is now 
 prospering, and from its natural advantages is destined to hold a prominent place 
 among the manufacturing towns of the State. The engraving shows its appear- 
 ance as viewed from the National road, a quarter of a mile east ; the main street 
 appears in front, on the left the academy, and on the right the court-house and 
 one of the churches. The view is from a tamilliar position, but the village, like 
 many other beautiful towns, is so situated that no drawing from any one point 
 can show it to advantage. 
 
 Several of the first settlers of Springfield still remain in and around it ; among 
 them may be mentioned the names of John Humphreys, David Lowry and 
 Griffith Foos, the last of whom occupied the first house built in the town as a 
 tavern. 
 
 The Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church has a flourishing 
 high school at Springfield for both sexes. A lyceum has been in successful opera- 
 tion ' about fourteen years, and the public libraries of the town comprise about 
 
39 « 
 
 CLARK COUNTY, 
 
 4,000 volumes. Wittenberg College, under the auspices of the Lutheran Church, 
 was chartered in 1845 with both a theological and collegiate department; it has 
 been in operation for one year ; Rev. Ezra Keller, D. D., President. Springfield 
 contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Methodist Protestant, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Associate Reformed Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Lutheran, 1 Universalist, 
 and 1 African Methodist church ; 2 or 3 printing offices ; 3 drug, 1 book, 1 hard- 
 ware, and 1 5 dry-goods stores ; 1 paper, 1 oil, and 3 flouring mills ; 1 cotton, 1 
 woollen, and 1 sash factory; 1 foundry and machine shop; and in 1830 had a 
 population of 1,080; in 1840, 2,094; in 1846, 2,952; and in 1847 about 3,500. 
 — Old Edition, 
 
 Springfield is forty-three miles west from Columbus, eighty-one miles northeast 
 of Cincinnati, on the C. C. C. & I. R. R. ; and on the P. C. & St. L., I. B. & 
 W., K. Y. P. & O., and O. S. Railroads. It is distinguished for its immense 
 agricultural implement manufactures. County officers in 1888: Probate Judge, 
 John C. Miller ; Clerk of Court, Jas. H. Rabbitts ; Sheriff, W. B. Baker ; Prose- 
 cuting Attorney, MAlter L. Weaver; Auditor, Orlando F, Serviss ; Treasurer, 
 John N. Parsons; Recorder, Samuel A. Todd; Surveyor, W. Sharon; Coroner 
 
 Drawn b?j Henry Howe in 1840. 
 
 WllTENBERG COLLEGE. 
 
 [Anotw, a large noble building, now stands beside the above, and the location of the institution is 
 in the midst ot some of the most charming of river and forest scenery.] 
 
 James L^ Bennett; Commissioners, Wm. H. Sterritt, Douglass W. Rawlings, 
 Charles E. Gillen. It has about forty churches, the most numerous of which are 
 Methodist Episco]ial, Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic. Newspapers : 
 Champion City Times, Republican, daily ; Cazette, Independent, daily and weekly; 
 Globe Republic, Republican, daily and weekly ; New Era, prohibitionist ; Spring^ 
 fielder, German ; Sunday News ; Transcript, Democrat ; Farm and Fireside, semi- 
 monthly ; Ladies* Home Companion, semi-monthly ; Beacon, temjierance monthly ; 
 Wittenberger, the college monthly. Banks : First National, B. H. Warder, jiresi- 
 dent, C. A. Phelps, cashier ; Lagonda National, John Howell, president, D. P. 
 Jefferies, cashier; Mad River National, James S. Goode, president, Thos. F. Mc- 
 Grew, cashier ; Second National, Amos Whitely, president, J. G. Benallack, 
 cashier ; Springfield National, P. P. Mast, president, F. S. Penfield, cashier ; 
 Springfield Savings, W. S. Field, president, Edw. Hartford, treasurer. Wittenberg 
 College, President, S. A. Ort; students, 88. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Mast, Croswell & Kirkpatrick, publishers, 108 
 hands ; Mast, Foos & Co., wind mills and pumps, 156 ; St. John Sewing Machine 
 Co., 150; Tricycle Manufacturing Co., tricycles, children’s carriages, etc., 110; 
 Hendley, Alexander & Co., doors, sash, blinds, etc., 8 ; Blakeney Foundry Co., 
 
CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 399 
 
 37 ; Springfield Mallca])lo Iron Co., malleable castings, 238 ; J. H. Thomas & 
 Sons, hay rakes, lawn mowers, 152; The P. P. Mast Co., agricultural imple- 
 ments, 330 ; Warner and Barnett, flour, 12 ; Springfield Engine & Thresher Co., 
 253 ; The Standard Manufacturing Co., extension tables, 68 ; Jas. Driscol Sons & 
 Co., carriages, 64; The Rogers Fence Co., 20; Champion Malleable Iron Works, 
 malleable iron for Champion machines, 500 ; Springfield Coffin and Casket Co., 
 coffins and caskets, 50 ; E. W. Ross & Co., agricultural implements, 106 ; The 
 Champion Machine Co., harvesting machines, 404 ; Jas. Leffel & Co., water 
 wheels and engines, 66 ; Warder, Bushnell & Glessner, Champion reapers and 
 mowers, 683; Robinson & Meyers, iron castings, 115; The Superior Drill Co., 
 grain drills, hay tools, etc., 105 ; J. AE. Bookwalter & Co., grain drills, hay tools, 
 etc., 60; T. L. Arthur, sash, doors, blinds, etc., 11 ; The Springfield Brass Co., 
 brass goods, 29 ; St. John Sewing Machine Co., sewing machine tables, 41 ; Globe 
 Printing and Publishing Co., publications, 135 ; Armstrong Bros., foundry and 
 machine shops, 92 ; Feld, Johnson & Co., carriages, 30 ; L. Patrie & Co., furnaces, 
 12; Ohio Southern Railroad Shops, car and locomotive repairing, 54; The Foos 
 -Manufacturing Co., cider mills, etc., 51 ; The Champion Bar and Knife Co., mower 
 and reaper knives and bars, 350 ; Mffiitely, Fassler & Kelly, Champion mowers 
 and binders, 2,123; Schneider Bros., lager beer, 24; Common Sense Engine Co., 
 engines and boilers, 42 ; T. E. Harwood, the Gazette newspaper, 24 ; Springfield 
 Publishing Co., Globe Republican, 22 ; Champion City Times, daily newspaper, 
 28. — State Report 1886. 
 
 Population in 1880, 20,730. School census in 1886, 8,922 ; W. J. AAhite, 
 superintendent . 
 
 For the following historical sketch of the origin and growth of the manufactures 
 of Springfield up to 1887 we are indebted to Clifton M. Nichols, of the Springfield 
 Republic : 
 
 The first productive concern in Springfield, Ohio, now a famous manufactur- 
 ing city of 35,000 to 40,000 people, was a “grist-mill,” built simultaneously with 
 Springfield’s first school-house and church in 1804 ; in 1805 the second productive 
 concern, and the first which might be called a factory, was a tannery built by 
 Cooper Ludlow. Much use was made of powder in these primitive pioneer days, 
 and by way of supplying a home demand by a home supply, a powder-mill was 
 built and worked in 1809. Springfield’s first newspaper, then known as the 
 Farmer, and now as the Republic, made its appearance in 1817. In this same 
 year, as another means of meeting a home demand for material for men’s and 
 women’s clothing, Maddox Fisher put up and worked a factory for the production 
 of cotton fabrics, and in that year also Jacob Woodward, Ira Paige, and James 
 Taylor commenced the manufacture of woollen cloth, to meet a want that had 
 certainly not been very long felt. The building then erected for this mill was 
 afterward used by Jacob W. and William A. Kills, for the manufacture of print- 
 ing-papers. A few years since it was reconstructed and enlarged by Marsfield 
 Steele, and it is now occupied by the Standard Manufacturing Company for the 
 manufacture of dining-tables. It stands on north Center street, between Columbia 
 and North streets. 
 
 At this same time flax was largely cultivated, to provide the fibre for “ tow ” 
 and linen cloth generally worn by the men, women, and children of the period^ 
 in warm weather; and that the seed might be utilized, Griffith Foos, who built 
 the first tavern in Springfield in 1803, erected and worked an oil-mill on a spot 
 now covered by the system of workshops owned by the Champion Machine Com- 
 pany. 
 
 In 1838, James Leffel, whose name should be honored here and elsewhere as 
 Springfield’s great pioneer inventor and manufacturer, built the first foundry and 
 machine-shop ever erected in this vicinity on the south side of West Main street, 
 opposite the first bridge over Buck creek, or the Lagonda. Here sickles, axes, 
 and knives were manufactured, and various iron implements in use among the 
 people were repaired. Mr. Leffel afterward invented the double turbine water- 
 wheel, which was improved by his son-in-law, Jolm W. Bookwalter, and is now 
 
400 
 
 CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 manufactured by the firm of James Leffel & Co. in this city, and sent to all points 
 of the globe. 
 
 In 1841 Samuel and James Barnett built a large flouring-mill on the Barnett 
 hydraulic, on what is now known as Warder street, in Springfield, and this con^ 
 cern having recently been changed into a roller-mill, is now run and managed by 
 the heirs of the late William Warder and Mr. William A. Barnett, son of the late 
 Samuel Barnett, one of the builders of the mill. 
 
 In 1848 John A. Pitts came here from Buffalo, N. Y., and laid the foundation 
 of the extensive engine and thresher works now standing on the south side of 
 Warder street. 
 
 In 1852 was born the great Champion industry, William N. Whiteley having 
 in that year invented the Champion reaper and mower, which by 1887 has come 
 to be much the largest and most important single harvester industry in the world. 
 The firms of Whiteley, Fassler & Kelly, the Champion Machine Company, the 
 Champion Bar and Knife Company, the Champion Malleable Iron Company, the 
 Champion steel-mills, and the Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Company, are all 
 employed in manufacturing, in part or as a whole, the Champion harvesters, and 
 employ 4,000 men in the various manufacturing processes required in producing 
 these machines. 
 
 In 1850 the Lagonda Agricultural Works were organized. They now form an 
 important part of the system of Champion harvester-shops, and with machine- 
 shops, wood-shops, malleable-iron-foundries, bar- and knife-shops, warehouses, 
 etc., form in themselves one of the largest factories in America. B. H. Warder 
 and A. S. Bushnell, of Springfield, and John J. Glessner, of Chicago, are the 
 owners. 
 
 In 1855 P. M. Mast, John H. Thomas, and John M. Deardorff organized on 
 Warder street a factory for the production of the Buckeye grain-drill. Out of this 
 concern ultimately grew the manufacturing concerns of P. P. Mast & Co., Mast, 
 Foos & Co., Superior Drill Company, Thomas & Sons Rake Works, and the 
 tricycle factory, all now large and prosperous concerns. In addition to these con- 
 cerns mentioned there are sixty to seventy large factories in the city, and all in a 
 prosperous condition. The products of these factories are, besides grain- and 
 grass-harvesters, grain-drills, water-wheels, and the parts of these implements, 
 cultivators, cider-mills, wind-engines, feed-cutters, pumps, lawn-mowers, plows, 
 sewing-machines, iron fencing, horse hay-rakes, hay-tedders, corn-drills and har- 
 rows, bench and tub clothes-Vv^ringers, burial-cases of various kinds, grave-vaults, 
 malleable and gray iron, steam-engines and steam-pumps, linseed-oil, oil-cake, 
 paints, buggy- and dash-mouldings, steam-boilers and sheet-iron products, heating- 
 furnaces, wrapping-paper, books and periodicals, wheelbarrows, bicycles, tricycles, 
 willow-wagons, coaches, buggies, and carriages, ale, beer, whisky, soap, crackers, 
 galvanized iron products, leather, etc., etc. From 7,000 to 8,000 men are em- 
 ployed in these factories. - 
 
 Springfield is in 1887 one of the most commercially solid and prosperous, as it 
 is certainly one of the most beautiful inland cities of America. With a population 
 of but about 35,000 — possibl}^ 40,000 — she has a fame exceeding that of many 
 cities four times her size. Not only are the products of her great factories known 
 and used largely in all parts of America, but also in Great Britain, and in France, 
 Germany, Russia, and in other continental lands, and in Australia, South 
 America, and, indeed, in all quarters of the civilized world where grass and grain 
 grow, where water and the atmosphere are used to move the machinery of mills 
 and shops, and where the refining and wholesome infiuences of civilization call 
 upon the genius of the inventor and the skill of the artisan to lighten and enliven 
 toil, may be found the finished products of Springfield workshops, from devices 
 born in the brains of Springfield inventors. In the great grain-fields of the 
 Northwest, indeed, in all the grain- and grass-fields of America and Europe, one 
 may see Springfield reapers and mowers moving quietly and quickly along and 
 gathering in the harvests of the world. And in all civilized countries may be 
 found one or several of the products of Springfield’s skill and industry, the num- 
 bers of which are increasing from year to year. 
 
Frank Henry Howe , Photo ., 1887, 
 
 Shops of the Champion Mowers and Binders, Springfield. 
 
 [The view is the front of the many connecting buildings comprising the works of the Company. The 
 flooring of the entire connecting group is fifty-four acres, sufficient to construct an avenue sixty feet 
 broad and three and a half miles long, and this it is said is not equalled by any other manufacturing 
 establishment on the globe. In 1886 the Company (Whiteley, Fassler & Kelly) employed over 2,000 
 men, and turned out a Champion Mower every four minutes.] 
 
 Fern Cliff, Springfield, in Winter. 
 
 ( 401 ) 
 
CLARK COUNTY, 
 
 403 
 
 TEA YELLING NOTES. 
 
 A Genuine Patriarch. — The gentleman who 
 supplied me with the preceding notes upon 
 the history of Clark county was a lawyer, then 
 forty-three years of age — E. H. Gumming, 
 Esq. On this tour I had the pleasure^ of 
 again meeting him ; a venerable octogenarian, 
 the Rev. E. H. Gumming, of the Episcopal 
 Church, and in his physique the very ideal of 
 a patriarch. He is somewhat tall, wears a 
 long surtout, walks with a cane, his head- 
 covering a tall, soft, white hat, upper part 
 cylindrical, beard and hair long, white, and 
 flowing down his shoulders, eyes blue, with 
 drooping lids, nose thin, aquiline, and promi- 
 nent, and general expression grave and 
 thoughtful. His portrait is here given as he 
 
 gratitude to a gentleman, the only one I know 
 of now living of the many who aided me on 
 my original edition. He lives in the old 
 Warder mansion under the hill, with a fine 
 view of the distant spires of Springfield, and 
 upon the margin of the valley of the Lagonda, 
 which stream flows in quiet beauty through 
 grassy meadows around the town. 
 
 Mr. Gumming was born in New Jersey in 
 1804. He studied law at the famous school 
 of Judge Gould, on Litchfield hill, when the 
 Beechers were living there, and in their bud- 
 ding days ; was admitted to the bar of Clark 
 county in 1831, which he left for the ministry 
 in 1849. There is not in practice a single 
 member of the bar save one in the wide range 
 of Darke, Preble, Montgomery, Miami, Shel- 
 by, Champaign, and Clark counties who was 
 in practice when he was admitted. 
 
 U hat About Interesting People. — Mr. Gum- 
 ming’ s acquaintance with interesting people 
 has been unusual, and he abounds in anec- 
 dotes. Old gentlemen who lived in the time 
 of Tom Corwin love to talk of him, and he is 
 not an exception. Corwin’s father (said Mr. 
 
 Gumming) came from Morris county, N. J. ; 
 his mother was a native of Long Island, and 
 daughter of a sea-captain. Thomas was born 
 in Bourbon county, Ky., was quite a lad when 
 his father moved into Warren county, and 
 settled on Turtle creek. It was a common 
 thing for eastern emigrants to Kentucky, in 
 moderate circumstances, through disgust of 
 slavery to feel as though it was no place to 
 raise a family, and so they moved to the 
 north side of the Ohio. Such was the case 
 with Mathias Corwin. 
 
 Anecdotes of Corwin. — Mr. Corwin was a 
 farmer, and the services of his young son 
 Thomas were at this time especially impor- 
 tant. He told me that his older brother was 
 clerk of court, and that he was extremely de- 
 sirous of obtaining an education, and impor- 
 tuned his father to that end. He replied 
 that in the condition of the family he could 
 not spare his services ; that he must remain 
 with him and work on the farm. “A little 
 while after this,” continued Corwin, “ I broke 
 my leg. Competent surgical assistance was 
 difiicult to procure. Time passed very te- 
 diously and life irksome, when one day I got 
 hold of a Latin grammar, and I became so 
 deeply interested that I committed it entirely 
 by heart. This awakened in me with renewed 
 vigor the desire for an education. I again 
 importuned my father and he again denied 
 me, whereupon I again, and purposely, broke 
 my leg to get the leisure for study. Upon 
 this, my father seeing the folly of opposing 
 me, gave in, and I pursued my education 
 with my brother. ” 
 
 His brother, Mr. Gumming said, was a good 
 English scholar, and had a fair knowledge of 
 Latin. All the teaching Corwin had was 
 through him ; he never was a college man. 
 Mr. Corwin acquired quickly and retained 
 tenaciously. He was very proud of his Hun- 
 garian descent, and regarded whatever talent 
 he possessed as of that lineage. 
 
 It was extremely interesting when Mr. Cor- 
 win returned from Congress to listen to his 
 characteristic anecdotes of public men with 
 whom he had associated. Being a Ken- 
 tuckian by birth, he was very fond of the 
 society of Southern and Western men. He 
 had a large circle of acquaintances ; his social 
 nature was pre-eminent. His extraordinary 
 dramatic power, his keen sense of the ludi- 
 crous, was shown on these occasions. The 
 mobility of his countenance was wonderful, 
 and all was helped on by the movement of 
 hands, head, and eyes, and when he laughed 
 he set everybody else in a roar. When in 
 Cincinnati he was in the habit of stopping 
 over night at the Burnet House, and from his 
 social qualities was wont to_ gather a knot of 
 listeners around him. It is related of him 
 that on one of these occasions the group sat 
 out the entire night, and were only dispersed 
 by the light of morning breaking in upon 
 them. They were, however, about half-dead 
 from their social intoxication.^ Nobody could 
 get tired listening, he was so brilliant and witty. 
 
 Gen. JSamson Mason (said Mr. Gumming) 
 wag of marked ability. He served several 
 
404 
 
 CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 oonsecutive terms in Congress from this dis- 
 trict. John Q. Adams in his “Diary” fre- 
 quently in his writings speaks of him and in 
 nigh regard. He had but a common-school 
 education ; was born in 1793 in New Jersey, 
 and came here in 1818 a poor young man. 
 He had tarried for a short time at Chillicothe, 
 made friends, and some noble spirit there had 
 become interested in the young man and given 
 hini a horse, and he journeyed on his back to 
 Springfield, He became distinguished in all 
 the relations of life, and in 1841 united with 
 the Presbyterian Church, and was an active 
 Christian, his heart all alive for doing good. 
 In Fillmore’s administration he was United 
 States district-attorney for Ohio. 
 
 Charles Anthony, or General Anthony, as 
 he was called (continued Mr. Cumming), was 
 a prominent member of the bar here from 
 1824 to 1862. His parents were members of 
 the Society of Friends, of Richmond, Va. 
 In the Harrison campaign of 1 840 he acquired 
 great reputation as a stump speaker. He was 
 United States Attorney for Ohio in the Har- 
 rison-Tyler administration. He died in ] 862 
 and was buried with Masonic honors. Hon. 
 Samuel Shellabarger studied law here under 
 Samson Mason and represented this district 
 for several terms in Congress during the war 
 era. His reputation for legal capacity and 
 integrity is national. He has resided for 
 many years in Washington. He is one of 
 those characters that when spoken of the 
 word “honest” is often couplea with the 
 name. 
 
 The Frankensteins. — A very talented family 
 in the way of art is the Frankenstein family. 
 The parents emigrated from Germany in 
 1831, bringing with them four sons and two 
 daughters. They lived in Cincinnati for 
 many years, and since 1849 made their home 
 in Springfield or rather what is left of them 
 through the changes of time. 
 
 Godfrey N., the second son, born in 1820, 
 died, in 1873, was the most^ noted of the 
 family. The great work of his life was his 
 panorama of Niagara. He spent the greater 
 part of the time between 1844 and 1866, 
 twenty-two years, in depicting the scenery 
 of the falls on canvas In all seasons of the 
 year, in the coldest wintry weather, and alike 
 in summer, by day and night, and from every 
 conceivable point. 
 
 In 1867 he visited Europe, sojourning 
 a while in England, painting some English 
 scenes, and spent a season in company with 
 his younger brother, Gustavus Frankenstein, 
 among the Alps. On their return to London 
 it was acknowledged that Mont Blanc and 
 Chamouni valley had never before been 
 painted with such power and beauty. 
 
 After an absence of two years he returned 
 to America, in April, 1869, and in the fol- 
 lowing autumn he went to one of his cherished 
 streams, Little Miami river, near Foster’s 
 Crossings, twenty-tw;^ miles from Cincinnati, 
 and painted Governor Morrow’s old mill, two 
 views of it, one looking up the stream, the 
 other down the stream. 
 
 The loveliness of these two scenes is inde- 
 
 scribable. The following season, 1870, finds 
 him again in the same vicinity, (airly throw- 
 ing the sunshine on the canvas. In the 
 month of January, 1871, the artist met with 
 a severe loss in the death of his mother, from 
 the effects of which he never fully recovered. 
 
 In the autumn of the same year he went 
 to the White Mountains, accompanied by his 
 sister Eliza, where they both painted from 
 nature. In November, 1872, he painted his 
 last scene from nature, Mad River, Fern 
 Cliffs, three miles from Springfield, Ohio. 
 He contracted a cold, which culminated in a 
 very brief, severe illness in the following 
 February, lasting ten days, and on the morn- 
 ing of February 24, 1873, he breathed his 
 last. His industry was wonderful, and he 
 possessed one of the largest collections of 
 landscape paintings in the world, never hav- 
 ing parted w’th but one of his original 
 pictures. 
 
 The Frankenstein Home.stead. 
 
 The Frankenstein homestead is a pictur- 
 esque spot, the house old and brown. It is 
 half enveloped in shrubbery, and when, after 
 making a sketch, I approached the place 1 
 found the yard filled with lilacs about ready 
 to spring into bloom. His sister answered 
 my knock with pallet and brush in hand, an 
 earnest, busy little woman. It was near 
 dusk, and she seemed almost too much ab- 
 sorbed in her painting even to talk. I tried 
 to get a smile on her face, but there was no 
 laugh in her. This was Eliza, the youngest 
 of the family, who had always accompanied 
 Godfrey on his sketching tours, and he often 
 said the most peaceful, happiest moments of 
 his life were those when he and she together 
 went to paint from nature. There was a calm 
 enthusiasm in her talk about her brother 
 that was extremely pleasing. The love of a 
 sister for a brother is better than houses and 
 gold, and this one said that her brother was 
 not only the greatest landscape painter that 
 America ever had, but the greatest the world 
 ever knew. Perhaps he was. Who knows ? 
 It took a Ruskin to show mankind the great- 
 ness of Turner. One thing is certain, a more 
 devout student of nature than he could not 
 be. His pictures are very beautiful and 
 original. They are generally small and as 
 painstaking as anj^^thing of Messonier, and 
 no artist ever had more enthusiastic admirers 
 than some of those who possess his works. 
 They say they are a continual feast, always 
 lift them into the realms of the beautiful. 
 
CLARK COUNTY, 
 
 405 
 
 Godfrey Frankenstein was simple-hearted, 
 c^uileless as a child, and modesty itself. In 
 his dying moments he was heard to utter a 
 few low words in German. ^ It was a prayer 
 to the God of love to receive his spirit. I 
 knew Godfrey Frankenstein. Once in a call 
 at my fireside among other things he told me 
 this anecdote of a child. “Tommy Wat- 
 kins,” said he (the name is hypothetical), 
 “is a very comical five-year-old boy in our 
 neighborhood. In their front yard was a 
 noble peony in bloom, and, missing it, his 
 mother inquired if he knew what had become 
 of it. ‘Mother,’ he replied, looking up 
 honestly in her face, ‘I picked it; I can’t 
 tell a lie. Now, ain’t I like Georgie Wash- 
 ington?’ His mother, in a spirit of pride, 
 mentioned it to one of the neighbors, where- 
 upon the latter burst into a laugh, saying: 
 ‘ It is no such thing ; I saw Jimmy Williams 
 pick it as he was coming home from 
 school.’” 
 
 Worthington Whittridge^ artist, was born 
 in Springfield in 1820. Francis (). Sessions, 
 in his paper on “Art and Artists in Ohio,” 
 says of him : 
 
 “As soon as he was of age he went to 
 Cincinnati to go into business. He failed in 
 almost everything he engaged in, and finally 
 determined to become an artist. Putting 
 himself under instructions, he soon began to 
 paint portraits. At that time there were a 
 number of artists residing there, and there 
 were a number of citizens who were interested 
 in art and artists. Among them were Mr. 
 Nicholas Longworth, Mr. John Foote, Mr. 
 Charles Stetson, Hon. Judge Burnet and 
 Griffin Taylor. To these gentlemen much 
 credit is due for so many artists springing up 
 in Cincinnati and for the lead Cincinnati has 
 taken as an art centre in the West. Whitt- 
 ridge soon left Ohio^ and went to Europe, 
 studying in the galleries of Diisseldorf, Bel- 
 gium, Holland, Rome, London and Paris, 
 and finally settled in New York in 1859. 
 We remember to have seen in the Paris Ex- 
 position, in 1878, two of his paintings, ‘ A 
 Trout Brook ’ and ‘ The Platte River, ’ which 
 attracted much attention and were among the 
 best in the American exhibit. He is a great 
 lover of nature. 
 
 “His most successful pictures have been 
 ‘Rocky Mountains from the Plains,’ 1870, 
 owned by the Century Club ; ‘ Trout Brook 
 in the Catskills, ’ in the Corcoran gallery ; 
 ‘Old House by the Sea,’ and ‘Lake in the 
 Catskills. ’ 
 
 “Mr. Whittridge retains a warm interest 
 in Ohio. He says that the general judgment 
 of artists is that Quincy Ward’s ‘Washing- 
 ton,’ on the sub treasury steps, is a noble 
 and imposing work. 
 
 “He thinks that Ward a half century after 
 his death will be classed with Canova and 
 Thorwaldsen. Whittridge is a gray-bearded, 
 dignified-looking artist, who seems scholarly 
 and broadly cultured. He ranks in the first 
 class of landscape painters, but there is noth- 
 ing Sensational about him. His social stand- 
 ing is high.” 
 
 A Veteran of '‘'’the Black Watch." — Now 
 living in Springfield in the person of a re- 
 tired army officer is a gentleman who had in 
 his youth the singular honor of being a 
 soldier in the very first regiment of regular 
 troops that ever_ trod upon the soil of Ohio. 
 This gentleman is Col. Robert L. Kilpatrick, 
 and he looks, as he is, every inch a soldier, 
 tall, strongly made, erect, dark complexion, 
 with one of the strongest of Scotch faces. 
 He was born in April, 1825, in Paisley, Scot- 
 land. At the age of sixteen he enlisted in 
 the Forty-second Highlanders, the famous 
 “Black Watch” regiment, the most famous 
 in the British army. The regiment is most 
 honorably identified with American annals. 
 In the attack on Fort Ticonderoga, July 8, 
 1758, the Forty-second lost 600 out of 1,000 
 men. It was on Boquet’s expedition and 
 comprised nearly all the fighting force at the 
 battle of Bushy Run in what is now West- 
 moreland county. Pa., in August, 1763. The 
 Indians attacked them in ambush, but by 
 excellent generalship the Highlanders suc- 
 cessfully charged them with the bayonet, 
 giving the savages the severest defeat they 
 had ever experienced. The next year, 1764, 
 Boquet crossed over the river with this regi- 
 ment into what is now known as Coshocton 
 county, which thus became the first regiment 
 of regular troops that ever trod the soil of 
 Ohio. 
 
 For ten years Col. Kilpatrick was on for- 
 eign service at Malta and the Bermudas, half 
 the time as a non-commissioned officer. 
 
 The Famous Fifth Ohio.— la 1858, being 
 then a resident of Cincinnati, he organized 
 the Highland Guards, a company of Scotch- 
 men, who adopted the Highland costume. 
 This formed the nucleus for the famous Fifth 
 Ohio, which he commanded in several en- 
 gagements. He lost his arm at Chancellors- 
 ville. In 1870 he was retired from the regu- 
 lar army with the full rank of colonel. His 
 regiment was in six pitched battles and 
 twenty-eight hard-fought engagements. There 
 is a story told of an incident which occurred 
 at the first battle of Winchester. The 
 standard-bearer of this regiment was shot 
 down, but before the stars and stripes trailed 
 in the dust a soldier sprang forward and 
 caught them, bearing them aloft again. He, 
 too, was shot down, but a third hand grasped 
 the flag and waved it in front of the battle. 
 Once more the fatal bullet pierced the faith- 
 ful heart of the color-bearer, and as be fell 
 he cried to those who sprang to his assist- 
 ance : “Boys, keep the colors up!” and 
 these words ever after remained the motto 
 of the regiment. 
 
 An Early Acquaintance. — On a near and 
 preceding page is an engraving of the birth- 
 place of Tecumseh and the battle-field in the 
 valley of Mad river, where General George 
 Rogers Clark fought and defeated the Shaw- 
 nees : it is from a drawing I made in the year 
 1 846. It was in the winter, the ground covered 
 with snow and with benumbed fingers I took a 
 hasty sketch. A bright, intelligent boy ten yeara 
 old stood by my side who had been sent by his 
 
406 
 
 'CLARK COUNTY. 
 
 father, a farmer near by, to point out to me 
 the various objects of historic interest, and 
 among them the hill called Tecumseh. Not 
 
 An Early Acquaintance, 
 
 until on this second tour and in a lawyer’s 
 office (his own) in Springfield did I again 
 meet my once little guide to the birthplace 
 
 and battle-field. Lo, what a change 1 H« 
 had evidently fed well. The rich bottom 
 lands of Mad river had not grown the'ir vast 
 crops in vain. In the interim he had at- 
 tained to ponderous proportions and to great 
 honors. 
 
 In his youth the advent of my book to his 
 father’s house had been a marked event. It 
 was fuel for the fires of patriotism, and when 
 a young man the flag he loved so well was 
 shot at, trailed in the dust and spit upon, he 
 was among the first of the indignant spirits 
 that sprang to its rescue. The war ended. 
 He had been in many battles, was wounded 
 several times and peace found him a major- 
 general. And the old flag, too, now for the 
 first time waving over a land entirely unsul- 
 lied, waving in the stitF, strong breezes of its 
 perfect liberty, flapped its folds in joy. 
 
 More honors. His neighbors sent him to 
 Congress, and he became Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives, the only man from 
 Ohio upon whom had ever been bestowed 
 that great honor, and on every law that was 
 passed for the uses of this American people 
 was placed his extraordinarily bold signature, 
 given as with the pen of a giant, generous 
 in ink. 
 
 Still another honor ! Gladstone, in the 
 House of Commons, cited and adopted one 
 of his decisions, a compliment never before 
 paid to an American parliamentarian in all 
 of Old England. This rule has since been 
 
 called by the general name of Cloture, which 
 is the right of a Speaker to close debate and 
 cut off purposely obstructive motions and 
 questions and bring the house to an imme- 
 diate vote upon the main question. 
 
 Leffel, the Inventor . — An old citizen here 
 has given me some interesting items upon 
 James Leffel, the great pioneer inventor of 
 Springfield. He says, “ He brought into his 
 office his model of the first turbine water- 
 wheel, He wore a plug hat and he carried it 
 under a handkerchief in its crown. Leffel 
 was a small man, with a rugged expression, 
 always absorbed and could talk of nothing 
 but his inventions. He invented, forty years 
 ago, the first cook-stove, ‘ the Buckeye,’ ever 
 made in the State, and no better has suc- 
 ceeded it. His machine for crushing gold- 
 bearing quartz was a great success, while his 
 water-wheel made the fortune of all who man- 
 ufactured it. His oldest son Wright had the 
 inventive talent of his father and in one of 
 his trips to California with the quartz crusher 
 was drowned. Mr. Leffel doted on him, and 
 the blow almost broke his heart. 
 
 In Fern Cliff Cemetenf Springfield has one 
 of the most beautiful of burial places. It is 
 just north of the town on the forest-covered, 
 
 varied surface hill that rises from the La- 
 gonda on the north. The stream there is 
 about six rods wide and gently curves around 
 its base. The winding walk by its margin, 
 the bold, limestone cliff's, the heavy growth 
 of fern that grows so fondly at their base and 
 in their crevices, the shadowing trees and 
 placid waters render it one of the most pic- 
 turesque, charming of spots, and then withal 
 comes the reflection, this so near a busy city 
 and yet so calm and secluded. Nature is 
 there to woo the spirit with her sweet delights, 
 and that nothing may seem wanting two or 
 three bridges hard by hang over the waters, 
 while the spires of the college peer above the 
 trees to show that human learning has come 
 there for its most holy aspirations. I know 
 of no other spot near a city so gem -like and 
 
 Cemetery was established in 
 1863. Many eminent citizens have been 
 buried there ; among them Thomas A. Mor- 
 ris, Bishop Methodist Episcopal Church, who 
 died in 1874, aged eighty ; Gen, Samson Ma- 
 son, died in 1869, aged seventy-five; and we 
 also mention Reuben Miller, who died in 
 1880, aged eighty-three, not for any especial 
 eminence, still he had been county auditor for 
 
 exquisite. 
 Fern Cliff 
 
CLARK COUNTY, 
 
 407 
 
 eighteen years and was a local elder in the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. He was noted 
 for his sunny disposition and his humorous 
 versification. An epitaph, written by him- 
 
 self for himself many years before his death, 
 is a most original production ; it shows that 
 highest of all qualities, viz., gcnins ; but he 
 lived and died probably without knowing it. 
 
 EPITAPH OF REUBEN MILLER. 
 
 [Written by him for his monument.] 
 
 Here lies a man — a curious one. 
 
 No one can tell what good he’s done 
 Nor yet how much of evil ; 
 
 Where now his soul is, who can tell ? 
 
 In Heaven above, or low in hell ? 
 
 With God or with the devil ? 
 
 While living here he oft would say. 
 
 That he must shortly turn to clay 
 And quickly rot — 
 
 This thought would sometimes cross his 
 brain. 
 
 That he perhaps might live again. 
 
 And maybe not. 
 
 As sure as he in dust doth lie, 
 
 He died because he had to die. 
 
 But much against his will ; 
 
 Had he got all that he desired. 
 
 This man would never have expired, 
 
 He had been living still. 
 
 New Carlisle, twelve miles west of Springfield, on the I. B. & W, R. R., is 
 located in a fine farming district. Newspapers : Sun, Republican, J. M. Huffa, 
 editor and publisher ; Buckeye Farmer, agricultural, J. M. Hufia, editor and pub- 
 lisher ; Farm and Fireside Friend, agricultural, J. L. Rust, publisher. Churches : 
 1 Christian, 1 Dunkard, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist. Bank : New Carlisle Bank, 
 Jonathan V. Forgy, president, C. H. Neff, cashier. 
 
 Industries . — Fruit tree nurseries, bee supply manufactory, force and lift pump 
 manufactory, creamery, and planing mill. Population in 1880, 818. School 
 census in 1886, 359 ; J. B. Mohler, superintendent. 
 
 South Charleston, twelve miles southeast of Siiringfield, on two railroads, 
 O. S. and P. C. & St. L., is a fine village in a rich level country ; has several 
 churches, two banks — South Charleston, John Rankin, president, Stacy B. Rankin, 
 cashier ; Farmers^ National, A. D. Pancake, president, Milton Clark, cashier ; and 
 in 1880, 932 inhabitants. 
 
 Enon, seven miles from Springfield, on the Dayton road, had, in 1880, 362 in- 
 habitants. 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 CLERMONT. 
 
 Clermont, the eighth county erected in the Northwestern Territory, was formed 
 December 9, 1800, by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair. The name was probably 
 derived from Clermont, in France. The surface is generally rolling and quite 
 broken near the Ohio, and the soil mostly rich. The geological formation is the 
 blue fossiliferous limestone interstratified with clay marl, and mostly covered with 
 a rich vegetable mould. It is well watered, and the streams furnish considerable 
 water power. Area, 440 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 117,644 
 in pasture, 65,350 ; woodland, 31,265 ; lying waste, 13,662 ; produced in wheat, 
 65,387 bushels; corn, 1,219,477 ; and 3,152,566 pounds of tobacco, being alike 
 with BroAvn, its neighbor, one of the finest and largest tobacco-growing counties of the 
 State. School children enrolled in 1886, 11,028, and teachers 234. It has sixty- 
 two miles of railroad track. The following is a list of its townships, with their 
 population in 1840 and 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Batavia, 
 
 2,197 
 
 3,687 
 
 Pierce, 
 
 
 1,984 
 
 F raiiklin, 
 
 2,219 
 
 3,402 
 
 Stone Lick, 
 
 1,478 
 
 1,871 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 1,445 
 
 1,908 
 
 Tate, 
 
 2,292 
 
 2,754 
 
 Jackson-, 
 
 883 
 
 1,761 
 
 Union, 
 
 1,421 
 
 3,992 
 
 Miami, 
 
 2,061 
 
 4,346 
 
 Washington, 
 
 2,102 
 
 2,^76 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 1,617 
 
 2,101 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 976 
 
 2,164 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 2,894 
 
 3,531 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 1,459 
 
 2,336 
 
 The population of the county in 1820 was 15,820; in 1840, 23,106 ; in 1860, 
 33,034 ; and in 1880, 36,713, of whom 30,264 were Ohio-born. 
 
 The following facts in the history of the county are given as communicated for 
 the first edition by Mr. Benjamin Morris ; this gentleman, by profession a lawyer, 
 died in 1862, aged seventy-five years. 
 
 In June, 1804, and in the 19th year of my 
 age, I came to Bethel, which, with Williams- 
 burg, were the only towns in the county. 
 They were laid out about 1798 or ’99, and 
 were competitors for the county-seat. When 
 I came, Clermont was an almost unbroken 
 wilderness, and the settlers few and far be- 
 tween. In the language of the day, there were 
 Denham’s town, now Bethel ; Lytlestown, 
 now Williamsburg; Witham’s settlement, 
 now Withamsville ; Apples’, Collins’, and 
 Buchanan’s settlements. The following are 
 names of part of the settlers in and about 
 Williamsburg, in 1804: — Wm. Lytle, 11. ^y. 
 Waring, David C. Bryan, James and Daniel 
 Kain, Nicholas Sinks, Jasper Shotwell, and 
 Peter Light. W m. Lytle was the first clerk 
 of the county, and was succeeded by B. _ W. 
 AVaring and David C. Bryan. Peter Light 
 was a justice of the peace under the territorial 
 and State governments, and county surve 3 ’^or. 
 Daniel Kain was sheriff, and later justice of 
 the peace under the State government. 
 David C. Bryan represented the county 
 several years in the State Legislature, before 
 he was appointed clerk. I was at AVilliams- 
 tiiurg at tne sitting of the Court of Common 
 
 Pleas in June, 1804. Francis Dunlavy was 
 the presiding judge, and Philip Batch, Am- 
 brose Ransom, and John Wood, associates, 
 while the attendant lawyers were Jacob 
 Burnet, Arthur St. Clair — son of Gov. St. 
 Clair — ^Joshua Collet, Martin Marshall and 
 Thomas Morris. 
 
 The following are part of the settlers in and 
 about^ Bethel, in 1804 ; Obed Denham — 
 proprietor of the town — James Denham, 
 Houton Clark, John Baggess, Dr. Loof- 
 borough, John and Thomas Morris, Jeremiah 
 Beck, Henry Willis and James South. John 
 Baggess for many years was a representa- 
 tive in the legislature, justice of the peace 
 and county suiweyor. John Morris was ap- 
 pointed associate judge after the death of 
 Judge Wood, in 1807 ; he was also justice of 
 the peace, and one of the first settlers at 
 Columbia. Houton Clark was one of the 
 first, if not the very first, justice of the peace 
 in Clermont. Thomas Morris practised law 
 in the county about forty years, was a repre- 
 sentative in the legislature, and once ap- 
 pointed a judge of the Supreme Court. In 
 the winter of 1832-33 he was elected to the 
 United States Senate, where he acted a con- 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY, 
 
 4og 
 
 spicuous part in the anti-slavery movements 
 of the day. The most prominent political 
 act of his life was his reply to a speech of 
 Mr. Clay. He died suddenly, Dec. 7th, 
 1844 : posterity only can judge of the cor- 
 rectness or incorrectness of his course. ^ A 
 neat marble monument marks his resting 
 place, near Bethel. Jeremiah Beck and 
 Henry Willis were farmers and justices of 
 the peace. Ulrey’s Bun takes its name from 
 Jacob Ulrey, who settled on its west side in 
 1798, and was the earliest settler upon it. 
 The place is now known as “ the Ulrey farm. ’ ’ 
 Bred in the wilds of Pennsylvania, he was a 
 
 g enuine backwoodsman, and a terror to the 
 orse thieves, who infested the county at an 
 early day. Deer and bear were plenty around 
 him, and a large portion of his time was 
 passed in hunting them, for their skins. The 
 early settlers around him received substantial 
 tokens of his generosity, by his supplying 
 them with meat. 
 
 The first newspaper in Clermont, The 
 Political Censor^ ^ was printed at Williams- 
 burg, in 1813: it was edited by Thos. S. 
 Foot, Esq. ; the second, called The Western 
 American^ was printed in the same town, in 
 1814 : David Morris, Esq., editor. 
 
 A considerable number of the early settlers 
 in Clermont were from Kentucky. Of those 
 before named the following were from that 
 State : — R. W. Waring, Jasper Shotwell, 
 Peter Light, Obed and James Denham, 
 Houton Clark, John Boggess, Jeremiah 
 Beck, Henry Willis and James South. 
 Nicholas Sinks was from Virginia, David C. 
 Bryan from ^ New Jersey, and John and 
 Thomas Morris an^ the Kain family (I believe) 
 from Pennsylvania. After 1804 the county in- 
 creased rapidly by settlera from New Jersey, 
 Kentucky and Pennsylvania, with some from 
 Maryland, New England, and a few from 
 North Carolina. _ 
 
 Neville was laid out in 1811, Gen. Neville 
 proprietor. Point Pleasant and New Rich- 
 mond were laid out about 1814 ; Jacob Light 
 proprietor of the latter. George Ely laid 
 out Batavia afterwards. The early settlers 
 about that place, as well as I remember, were 
 George Ely, Ezekiel Dimmit, Lewis Duck- 
 wall, Henry Miley, Robert and James Town- 
 sley, Titus Everhart and Wm. Patterson. 
 Before Milford was laid out, Philip Gatch, 
 Ambrose Ransom and John Pollock settled 
 in its vicinity. Philip Gatch was a member 
 from Clermont of the convention which 
 formed the State constitution, and for years 
 after was associate judge. Ransom, as be- 
 fore stated, was associate judge; and John 
 Pollock, for many years speaker of the house 
 of representatives, and later, associate judge. 
 
 Philip Gatch was a Virginian. He freed his 
 slaves before emigrating, which circum- 
 stance led to his being selected as a member 
 of the convention to form the State constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 The most prominent settlers in the south 
 part of Clermont were the Sargeant, Pigman, 
 Prather, Buchanan and Fee families. The 
 oldest members of the Sargeant family were 
 the brothers James, John and Elijah. They 
 were from Maryland. ^ James, who had freed 
 his slaves there, w'as, in consequence, chosen 
 a member of the convention which formed 
 the State constitution. The Sargeants, who 
 are now numerous in this part of the county, 
 are uncompromising opponents of slavery. 
 The Pigman family were Joshua, sen., 
 Joshua, jr., and Levi. The Buchanan family 
 were William, Alexander, Robert, Andrew, 
 James, John, etc. James Buchanan, the 
 son of John, was at one time speaker of the 
 Ohio house of representatives. The Bu- 
 chanans were from Pennsylvania, and the 
 Pigmans from Maryland. There were sev- 
 eral brothers of the Fee family, from Penn- 
 sylvania. William, the most prominent, was 
 the proprietor of Felicity, and a member of 
 the legislature. His brothers were Thomas, 
 Elisha and Elijah ; other early settlers were 
 Samuel Waldren, James Daughters and 
 Elijah Larkin, who has been postmaster at 
 Neville for more than a quarter of a century. 
 In the vicinity of Withamsville the early 
 settlers were Nathaniel and Gideon Witham, 
 Janies Ward, Shadrach, Robert and Samuel 
 Lane. The Methodists were the most nu- 
 merous in early times, and next the Baptists ; 
 there were but a few Presbyterians among the 
 first settlers. 
 
 When I first came into the county, the 
 
 wetlandT of which there is such a large 
 proportion in the middle and northern part, 
 was considered almost worthless ; but a great 
 change has taken place in public opinion in 
 relation to its value. It is ascertained, that by 
 judicious cultivation it rapidly improves in 
 fertility. At that time, these lands were cov- 
 ered by water more than half the summer, 
 and we called them slashes : now the water 
 leaves the surface in the woods, early in the 
 spring. Forty years ago, the evenings were 
 cool as soon as the sun went down. I have 
 no recollections of warm nights, for many 
 years after I came, and their coolness was a 
 matter of general remark among the emi- 
 grants from the old States. I believe it was 
 owing to the immense forests that covered 
 the country, and shut out the rays and heat 
 of the sun from the surface of the ground, 
 for after sunset there was no warm earth to 
 impart heat to the atmosphere. 
 
 Batavia, the county-seat, is on the east fork of the Little Miami and on the 
 C. & K. R. R., 24 miles easterly from Cincinnati and 103 southwest of Columbus. 
 It was laid out in 1814 by Geo. Ely and David C. Bryan, and in 1824 became 
 the county-seat. County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, James B. Swing ; Clerk 
 of Court, A. B. Shaw ; Sheriff, J. C. F. Tatinan ; Prosecuting Attorney, Louis 
 Hicks ; Auditor, Wm. A, Page ; Treasurer, Nathan Anderson ; Recorder, Geo. W. 
 
410 
 
 CLERMONT COUNTY, 
 
 Goodwin ; Surveyor, Geo. H. Hill ; Coroner, Elijah V. Downs : Commissioners, 
 O. H. Hardin, Alfred Haywood and Francis M. Lindsey. Bata\da has 1 Metho- 
 dist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 German United Brethren Churches. One bank, 
 First National, president, M. Jameson; cashier, J. F. Dial. Newspapers: C^er- 
 mont Advance^ Prohibitionist, J. S. Robinson, proprietor and editor ; Clermont Sun, 
 Democratic, E. A. Lockwood, S. Cramer, editors ; Clermont Courier, Republican, 
 R. W . C. Gregg, J. S. Hulick, editors. 
 
 Manufactures, — Stirling & Moore, carriage and buggy works ; J. F. Smith & 
 Co., shoe factory. In 1840 Batavia had 537, and, in 1880, 1,015 inhabitants. 
 
 The First Cabin, — Ezekiel Dimmit, a Virginian by birth, in the fall of 1797 
 
 by Ucnry Iloive, 184C ; standing in 1887. 
 
 County Buildings, Batavia. 
 
 erected the first cabin in the township. The following spring he made a little 
 maple sugar and planted a few acres of corn on leased land at Columbia, fifteen 
 miles away, where he went by folloAving blazed paths through the dense woods. 
 A little corn, flax and potatoes were also planted around the cabin on partly cleared 
 ground. His nearest neighbor lived in a cabin seven miles distant. 
 
 Soon other settlers came in, and Ezekiel Dimmit’s cabin afforded a friendly 
 shelter to many a pioneer on the lookout for a new home. Among these was the 
 family of Charles Robinson, from Maryland, who having heard of the wonderful 
 fertility of the Ohio country came to Clermont in 1806 and lived near the Dim- 
 mits with his family until the next spring in a cabin put up for them near by, 
 when he moved on to a farm of his own on Lucy’s run. 
 
 A Thrilling AdventurehefeW Mary Robinson 
 in the succeeding winter ; the oldest daughter, 
 a robust young lady. Mounting a spirited 
 horse one afternoon, she started on an errand 
 for Mrs. Mitchell’s, some twelve miles dis- 
 tant. A deep snow covered the ground, 
 which delayed her, when night overtook her 
 in the woods and the snow beginning to fall, it 
 grew so dark that she could with difficulty sec 
 the blazed trees which indicated the bridle- 
 path which she expected to follow. 
 
 Losing the trac^ she alighted and tied her 
 horse to a tree until she could investigate. 
 While thus engaged she heard the howling 
 of a pack of wolves, when she hastened back 
 to her horse, but he was so frightened that he 
 would not allow her to approach him. A 
 few moments later the wolves were around 
 her and she began to suffer from the intense 
 cold. To ward them off and keep from 
 
 freezing, she decided to keep moving in a 
 path far enough from the horse to avoid 
 being kicked and yet near enough to keep the 
 wolves from approaching her ; so she walked 
 to and fro the entire night, the wolves con- 
 tinuing their fiendish howls and the horse his 
 stamping and kicking. At dawn the wolves 
 disappeared, when with difficulty she mounted 
 her horse and reached the home of John 
 Mitchell. On seeing her, he exclaimed: 
 “Why, Mary, have you been in the wilder- 
 ness all night?” She said “Yes,” and had 
 hardly been assisted from her horse when she 
 fell into a swoon. Her family becoming 
 alarmed at her absence sent a messenger on 
 her tracks. He found the place where she 
 had passed the terrible night, and then pro- 
 ceeding on to Mr, Mitchell’s saw Mary, who 
 for several days was too weak to be moved. 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 41 1 
 
 The name of Cornelius Washburn, or Neil Washburn as he was commonly 
 called, is lastingly identified with the early history of this region. This famous 
 Indian hunter, so noted for his sagacity and courage from 1815 to 1833, lived near 
 Williamsburg. He was born in New Jersey in the year before the outbreak of the 
 American Revolution. He died in his boots,’’ as the frontiersmen express it, 
 being killed by the Indians in 1834 while acting as a hunter and scout for a fur- 
 trading and trapping company on the Yellowstone. This account of him we 
 derived in 1846 from the lips of Thos. McDonald, the brother of the author of 
 the sketches and the first person, as he stated to us, who erected a cabin in Scioto 
 county. 
 
 The Exploits of Neil Washburn. 
 
 In the year ’90, I first became acquainted 
 with Neil Washburn, then a lad of sixteen, 
 living on the Kentucky side of the Ohio, six 
 miles below Maysville. From his early years, 
 he showed a disposition to follow the woods. 
 When only nine or ten, he passed his time in 
 setting snares for pheasants and wild animals. 
 Shortly after, his father purchased for him a 
 shot-gun, in the use of which he soon became 
 unexcelled. In the summer of ’90, his father 
 being out of fresh provisions, crossed the 
 Ohio with him in a canoe, to shoot deer, at a 
 lick near the mouth of Eagle creek. On 
 entering the creek, their attention was ar- 
 rested by a singular hacking noise, some dis- 
 tance up the bank. Neil landed, and with 
 gun in hand, cautiously crawling up the river 
 bank, discovered an Indian, about twenty feet 
 up a hickory tree, busily engaged in cutting 
 around the bark, to make a canoe, in which 
 he probably anticipated the gratification of 
 crossing the river and committing depreda- 
 tions upon the Kentuckians. However this 
 may have been, his meditations and work 
 were soon brought to a close, for the intrepid 
 boy no sooner saw the dusky form of the 
 savage, than he brought his gun to a level 
 with his eye, and fired : the Indian fell dead 
 to the earth, with a heavy sound. He hastily 
 retreated to the canoe, from fear of the pres- 
 ence of other Indians, and recrossed the 
 Ohio. Early the next morning a party of 
 men, guided by Neil, visited the spot, and 
 found the body of the Indian at the foot of 
 the tree. Neil secured the scalp, and the 
 same day showed it, much elated, to myself 
 and others, in the town of Washington, in 
 Mason. Several persons in the village made 
 him presents, as testimonials of their opinion 
 of his bravery. 
 
 In the next year, he was employed as a 
 spy between Maysville and the mouth of the 
 Little Miami, to watch for Indians, who 
 were accustomed to cross the Ohio into Ken- 
 tucky, to steal and murder. While so en^ 
 gaged,^ he had some encounters with them, 
 in which his unerring rifle dealt death to 
 
 several of their number. One of these was 
 at the mouth of Bullskin, on the Ohio side. 
 
 In ’92, the Indians committed such great 
 depredations upon the Ohio, between the 
 Grreat Kanawha and Maysville, that Gen. 
 Lee, the government agent, in employing 
 spies endeavored to get some of them to go 
 up the Ohio, above the Kanawha, and warn 
 all single boats not to descend the river. 
 None were found sufficiently daring to go, 
 but Neil. Furnished with an elegant horse, 
 and well armed, he started on his perilous 
 mission. He met with no adventures until 
 after crossing the Big Sandy. This he swam 
 on his horse, and had reached about a half a 
 mile beyond, when he was suddenly fired 
 upon by a party of Indians, in ambush. His 
 horse fell dead, and the Indians gave a yell of 
 triumph ; but Neil was unhurt. Springing 
 to his feet, he bounded back like a deer, 
 and swam across the Big Sandy, holding his 
 rifle and ammunition above his head. Pant- 
 ing from exertion, he rested upon the op- 
 posite bank to regain his strength, when the 
 Indians, whooping and yelling, appeared on 
 the other side, in full pursuit. Neil drew up, 
 shot one of their number, and then continued 
 his retreat down the Ohio, but meeting and 
 exchanging shots with others, he saw it was 
 impossible to keep the river valley in safety, 
 and striking his course more inland to evade 
 his enemies, arrived safely at Maysville. 
 
 In the fall of the same year, he was in the 
 action with Kenton and others against Te- 
 cumseh, in what is now Brown county. Wash- 
 burn continued as a spy throughout the war, 
 adding the '‘sagacity of the lion to the cun- 
 ning of the fox. ’ ’ He was with W ayne in his 
 campaign, and at the battle of the Fallen 
 Timbers manifested his usual prowess. 
 
 Neil Washburn was in person nearly six 
 feet in height, with broad shoulders, small 
 feet, and tapered beautifully fi'om his chest 
 down. He was both powerful and active. 
 His eyes were blue, his hair light, and com- 
 plexion fair. A prominent Roman nose alone 
 marred the symmetry of his personal appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Milford is in a picturesqe location on the Little Miami eighteen miles above 
 Cincinnati, and is connected with the Little Miami railroad by a bridge. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 1,047. School census in 1886, 315; S. T. Dial, superintendent. 
 
 Oldest Methodist Church in Ohio . — This place was early settled, being a milling 
 centre. In the summer of 1797 Francis McCormick, the pioneer Methodist 
 
4T2 
 
 CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 preacher, organized a church here in his cabin, which is the oldest Methodist 
 society in Ohio, and supposed to be the first church organized in the great North- 
 west. He had left Kentucky in 1795 through his hatred of slavery, and settled 
 just north of the site of the village. This founder of Methodism noilh of the Ohio 
 was a giant in stature, with a well-developed head, florid face and benevolent ex- 
 pression. Early in life he had been a soldier in the American Revolution and 
 served under Lafayette at Yorktown. Prominent among his small congregation 
 were Ezekiel Dimmit and wife and John and Phoebe Mitchell, four pioneers resid- 
 ing near where Batavia now stands, who went to Parson McCormick’s, a distance 
 of twelve miles through dense woods, to hear him preach. Uncle Zeke Dimmit 
 was the first class-leader, and at his old log-cabin the earliest prayer and speaking 
 meetings were held, beginning in the fall of 1797. A few years later he with others 
 organized a church now known as the Methodist church in Batavia. 
 
 In 1799 the very eminent Rev. Philip Gatch settled alongside of McCormick. 
 He was born near Baltimore in 1751 ; in 1774 he and William Walters took 
 appointments as Methodist ministers and were the first native preachers in America 
 to serve a circuit. He was very zealous, and as Methodism was not favorably 
 received became subject to violent abuse. He was tarred by a mob, his eyesight 
 injured permanently, and he narrowly escaped death at their hands. On account 
 of his position on slavery he was selected as a member of the first Constitutional 
 Convention, and for twenty-two years was an associate judge of Clermont. 
 
 In 1817 Dimmit and his associates began the erection of a stone meeting house 
 at Batavia, and which was used by the society until Sunday evening, jNIay 1 5, 
 1887, when the old bell rang out its notes for the last time for a farewell meeting 
 within its venerable walls ; a very interesting occasion, it being the most historic 
 landmark in this region. It had been largely used for public meetings. Here the 
 Clermont boys ” on tlieir return from the Mexican war were given a warm wel- 
 come, and here was rallied the first Clermont company for the Union in the war 
 of the rebellion. The old building now altered is used for a shoe factory. 
 
 The First Camp Meeting in Clermont and 
 possibly in Ohio was held near Zeke Dimmit’s 
 in October, 1815, at which a great crowd was 
 present and many were converted. The meet- 
 ing was chiefly conducted by that celebrated 
 and eccentric itinerant Lorenzo Dow. He trav- 
 elled through the United States from fifteen 
 to twenty times visiting the wilderness parts, 
 often preaching where a sermon was never 
 heard before. Occasionally he went to 
 Canada, and made three voyages to England 
 and Ireland, where as elsewhere he drew 
 crowds around him, attracted by his long 
 flowing beard and hair, singularly wild de- 
 meanor and pungency of speech. During 
 the thirty years of his public life he must 
 have travelled nearly two hundred thousand 
 miles. 
 
 So great a factor was he in the religious 
 history of Ohio and the “new countries” 
 generally that the pioneers about the year 
 1 830 largely named their boy babes ‘ ‘ Lorenzo 
 Dow,” as in 1824, the period of General 
 Lafayette’s visit to the United States, boy 
 babes were named after him. Those then 
 named, the “Lorenzo Dows” and “Lafay- 
 ettes,” are now, when living, old men. 
 
 Pickett, in his “ History of Alabama,” 
 avers that he was the earliest Protestant 
 preacher in that State ; says he : “Down to 
 this period — in 1 803 — no Protestant preacher 
 had ever raised his voice to remind the Tom- 
 
 bigbee and Tensaw settlers of their duty to 
 the Most High. Hundreds, born and bred 
 in the wilderness, and now adult men and 
 women, had never seen a preacher. The 
 mysterious and eccentric Lorenzo Dow one 
 day suddenly appeared at the boat yard. _He 
 came from Georgia, across the Creek nation, 
 encountering its dangers almost alone. He 
 proclaimed the truths of the gospel here to a 
 large audience, crossed over the Alabama and 
 preached two sermons to the ‘ Bigbee set- 
 tlers,’ and went from thence to the Natchez 
 settlements, where he also exhorted the peo- 
 ple to turn from the error of their ways. He 
 then visited the Cumberland region and 
 Kentucky, and came back to the Tombigbee, 
 filling his appointments to the very day. 
 Again plunging into the Creek nation this 
 holy man of God once more appeared among 
 the people of Georgia. ’ ’ 
 
 When Dow was in Indiana Judge 0. H. 
 Smith had the pleasure of listening to a dis- 
 course from him, some items of which he has 
 thus preserved among his sketches. “In 
 the year 1819,” states the judge, “I was one 
 of a congregation assembled in the woods 
 back of Rising Sun, anxiously awaiting the 
 arrival of Lorenzo Dow. Time passed away, 
 we had all become impatient, when in the 
 distance we saw him approaching at a rapid 
 rate through the trees on his pacing pony. 
 He rode up to the log on which I was sitting, 
 
LORENZO DOW, 
 
 Itiui©]i?ainit. ]P]i?©aiJ©]k(Ei]?, 
 
 m ths HJmUd States, Cmmda, l&it^lkmd &bdmd. 
 
 EJM)M ^ ©WGIIMM. FOimEMT 
 
 formerly ia possession, of JWBarber. — Enslaved. Ijy^fi^iVniaxd.Haxtfoxd. Conn. 
 
 laintedy fyZTicius Munson in SouZk Carolina in 1821 
 
 IBdPm. in CoTCiciitiiy 
 Connecticut 
 dDct^lSIko ITO 
 
 Feb.2i.l834:,^56. 
 
 Buried atWashinglon^ 
 
 Ome off the f™ tt 
 Frotestant Fioneer 
 
 ifieWestS^SoiLfk West 
 States and.Teoatories, 
 istingmshed fin his 
 -abois (fcEccentiicilies. 
 
 Lorenzo Uovf.-preaciung an8ie steps sfihe SouthTertico of 
 the SiatBUouse IfevrEaven. Cam. June.30S^1832, 
 
 [So important a person was Lorenzo Dow in the religious history of Ohio and the “ new countries’^ 
 generally that the pioneers largely named their boy babes from him. We saw him when on June 30, t 
 1832, the drawing in the lower picture was made by our old friend, Mr. John W. Barber, and it agrees 
 with our memory as to his swaying attitude. He was in truth a wild-looking creature.] 
 
414 
 
 CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 threw the reins over the neck of the pony 
 and stepped upon the log, took off his hat, his 
 hair parted in the middle of his head, and 
 flowing on either side to his shoulders, his 
 beard resting on his breast. ^ In a minute at 
 the top of his voice he said : ‘ “Behold, I 
 come quickly, and my reward is with me. ’ ’ 
 My subject is repentance. We sing, “ While 
 the lamp holds out to burn, the vilest sinner 
 may return.” That idea has done much 
 harm, and should be received with many 
 grains of allowance There are cases where 
 it would be easier for a camel to go through 
 the eye of a needle than for a man to repent 
 unto salvation. Let me illustrate. Do you 
 suppose that the man among you who went 
 out last fall to kill his deer and bear for winter 
 meat, and instead killed his neighbors’ hogs, 
 salted them down, and is now living on 
 the meat, can repent while it is unpaid for ? 
 I tell you nay. Except he restores a just 
 compensation his attempt at repentance will 
 
 be the basest hypocrisy. Except ye repent 
 truly, ye shall all likewise perish.’ He 
 preached some thirty minutes. Down he 
 stepped, mounted his pony, and in a few 
 minutes was moving on through the woods 
 at a rapid pace to meet another appoint- 
 ment.” 
 
 On another occasion, it has been said, hav- 
 ing been informed that the people thereabouts 
 had suffered from the depredations of a hog 
 thief, he took occasion to state to an assem- 
 blage whom he was addressing, that he felt 
 certain that the thief was among them. Then 
 stooping down he picked up a stone, and said : 
 “ Now I am going to throw this stone at him, ’ ’ 
 at the same time making a motion as if to 
 throw it, whereupon an individual in the 
 crowd dodged. “That’s him,” exclaimed 
 Dow, pointing to the conscience stricken indi- 
 vidual. The people called him Crazy Dow ; 
 his wife Peggy accompanied him in his travels. 
 He introduced camp meetings in England. 
 
 Bethel, ou the line of the C. G. & P. R. H. and Ohio turnpike, in a fine 
 country. It has 2 Methodist, 1 Christian, and 1 Baptist church, and in 1880 582 
 inhabitants. The place was settled in 1797 by Obed Denham, a Virginian, on 
 account of his abhorrence of slavery. 
 
 A Witch Story . — In the early settlement a 
 family by the nam-e of HildeGand accused 
 one of their neighbors, Nancy Evans, of being 
 a witch. Although the statutes of Ohio made 
 no provision for cases of this kind, they per- 
 suaded a justice of the peace to take the mat- 
 ter in hand. A tradition prevailed that if a 
 witch was weighed against the Bible she 
 would be compelled to tip the beam. A rude 
 scale was made, and in the presence of the 
 neighbors, with the Bible at one end and 
 Nancy Evans at the other, she was thus ad- 
 jured ; “Nancy Evans, thou art weighed 
 against the Bible to try thee against witch - 
 craftry and diabolical practices. ’ ’ This being 
 done in the name of the law, and with a pro- 
 found respect for the word of Grod, had a 
 solemn and conclusive effect. Nancy was of 
 course too heavy for the Bible ; an excellent 
 woman, who willingly submitted to this novel 
 process to bring peace of mind to her igno- 
 rant, deluded neighbors, whom she pitied. 
 
 Bethel is noted for the number of promi- 
 nent characters who have dwelt there. Sam- 
 uel Med ARY, from Pennsylvania, came to 
 Bethel almost destitute ; with twenty-five 
 cents capital opened a school, and in 1828 
 started a newspaper, the Ohio Sun, now the 
 Clermont County Sun, at Batavia. _ Medary 
 was no printer, but he edited it, delivered it 
 personally to the subscribers, and taught 
 school at the same time. He eventually 
 moved to Columbus, and as editor of the 
 Statesman and Crisis, became the most in- 
 
 fluential editor of the Democratic party in 
 the State. Late in life he was territorial 
 governor of Kansas and Nebraska. He was 
 genial, possessed business tact and force of 
 character. Prof. David Swing, D. D., the 
 eminent divine, was born near the village. 
 Two eminent Methodist divines are identified 
 with the history of the county : Rev. Dr. 
 Randolph ’Swing Foster, who was born 
 here, and Rev. Stephen M. Merrill, who 
 passed his youth here. The noted Glen. 
 Thomas L. Hamer, in 1818, came to Bethel 
 a poor, friendless boy, and found a home in 
 the family of Thomas Morris, with whom he 
 studied law.. 
 
 Jesse R. Grant, the father of Gen. Grant, 
 bought a home at Bethel about 1845, where 
 he lived ten or tweve years. While he was 
 there the general, at that time just from the 
 Academy at West Point, and later from the 
 Mexican campaign, visited his father, and 
 massed a number of months in the quiet vil- 
 age. The general’s father carried on a tan- 
 nery, and in 1852 was elected mayor. His 
 duties were partly magisterial, and one of his 
 first was to try some of the village roughs for 
 fighting, on which occasion he used the finish- 
 ing-room of his tannery for a court-room. 
 The place was crowded, and the better to see 
 some of the small boys mounted a pile of 
 hides. The pile was totlish, and the leather 
 slid, and one urchin landed precipitately into 
 a tub of Father Grant’s oil, wliich afforded 
 as much diversion as the fight itself. 
 
 Ill the village graveyard at Bethel is the grave of Thomas Morris ; a marble 
 monument w ith the annexed inscription marks the spot. Said Salmon P. Chase : 
 
 Senator Morris first led me to see the character of the slave power as an aris- 
 tocracy, and the need of an earnest organization to counteract its pretensions. He 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 415 
 
 was far beyond the time in which he lived/’ In 1637, Thomas Morris, the 
 first representative of the family, a name prominent in English history and 
 patriotism, settled in Massachusetts. Isaac, the father of Thomas Morris, was 
 born in Berks county, Pa., in 1740, and his mother, Ruth Henton, in 1750, being 
 tlie daughter of a Virginia planter. Nine sons and three daughters were born to 
 them. Thomas, John, and Benjamin came to Ohio, finally settling in Clermont 
 county. Thomas was the fifth child, and was born January 3, 1776 ; soon after 
 his birth his parents moved to Western Virginia, and settled near Clarksburg. 
 The father was a faithful minister of the Baptist church, preaching without failing 
 in a single appointment for over sixty years, never taking a dose of medicine. He 
 died in 1830, aged ninety-one. The mother of Thomas Morris refused her in- 
 heritance of four slaves. 
 
 At sixteen Thomas Morris shouldered his 
 musket to repel the aggressions of the In- 
 dians, serving several months in Capt. Levi 
 Morgan’s rangers, stationed near Marietta. 
 At nineteen he was employed as a clerk in 
 the store, at Columbia, of the then famous 
 Baptist minister, Rev. John Smith. Novem- 
 ber 19, 1797, he married Rachel Davis, 
 daughter of Benjamin Davis, from Lancaster, 
 Pa. In 1800 Thomas Morris and his wife re- 
 moved from Columbia to Williamsburgh, 
 where, in 1802, he commenced the study of 
 
 A. E. McCall, Photo., Bethel, 1887. 
 
 Monument to Thomas Morris. 
 
 law, without friends, pecuniary means, or a 
 receptor, with a growing family and but few 
 ooks. After the hard labors of the day he 
 studied at night by the light of hickory bark 
 or from a brick-kiin which he was burning for 
 the support of his family. With resolute 
 purpose and iron will he succeeded in over- 
 coming these formidable difficulties, and in 
 two years was admitted to the bar. In 1 804 
 he removed with his family to Bethel, and in 
 1806 was elected a representative from Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 In the Legislature his abilities soon placed 
 him among the most distinguished men of 
 the State. H e labored for the equal right of 
 
 all, and to conform the civil government to 
 the principles of justice and Christian moral- 
 ity. He opposed chartered monopolies, class 
 legislation, and traffic in sjiirituous liquors, 
 believing in a prohibitory high license. He 
 was a warm friend of the common schools, 
 labored earnestly for the extinction of the law 
 of imprisonment for debt, and advocated the 
 doctrine of making all offices elective. In 
 1828 he introduced a bill to allow juries before 
 justices of the peace, and one the next year 
 that judges should not charge juries on mat- 
 ters of fact. In 1812 he obtained the passage 
 of a bill allowing the head of a family to hold 
 twelve sheep exempt from execution for debt. 
 In 1828 he endeavored to obtain a law taxing 
 all chartered institutions and . manufactories 
 and exempting dwellings. He foresaw the 
 great future of Ohio, although he alone of 
 the public men opposed the canal system, 
 for he deemed it impracticable, and prophe- 
 sied that in twenty years Ohio would be cov- 
 ered with a network of railroads and canals 
 superseded. 
 
 An incident will illustrate the wonderful 
 progress since that time. When the Legis- 
 lature adjourned in March, 1827, the mud 
 roads were about impassable and streams over- 
 flowing their banks. But Mr. Morris deter- 
 mined to overcome all obstacles, and with 
 Col. Robert T. Lytle embarked in a canoe or 
 “dug-out” with their baggage, and after a 
 assage of some hundred miles down the 
 cioto from Columbus in this frail craft 
 reached Portsmouth, where they took a steam- 
 boat, reaching horne after a perilous journey 
 of four days. This transit now by rail takes 
 less than four hours. 
 
 Thomas Morris was elected Senator in 1813, 
 1821, 1825, 1827, and 1831, and while occu- 
 pying this position for the fifth time was 
 elected United States Senator for the term 
 of six years from March 4, 1833, having as 
 colleagues from Ohio Thomas Ewing (four 
 years) and William Allen (two years). On the 
 opening of the United States Senatorial ses- 
 sion in December, 1833, Mr. Morris became 
 actively identified with the anti-slavery move- 
 ments against the aggressions of the slave 
 power. 
 
 To him were addressed the memorials and 
 petitions from all parts of the land, and in 
 spite of the frowns and entreaties of his own 
 party, he would introduce them all, although 
 
4i6 
 
 CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 on all other subjects he was in full accord 
 with it. In Thomas Morris the apostles of 
 human freedom found their first champion. 
 The Congress of 1837-38 saw a deep and agi- 
 tated discussion of this question, and Mr. 
 Morris replied to the arguments of John 
 C. Calhoun, in an able and elaborate 
 speech, which attracted the attention of the 
 whole country by its bold and truthful utter- 
 ances. 
 
 February 7, 1839, Henry Clay made a great 
 speech, to counteract and arrest the public 
 agitation of slavery ; and two days after 
 Thomas Morris replied to it, in the mightiest 
 and crowning effort of his life, concluding 
 w^ith these prophetic words (golden in the 
 light of subsequent events) : ‘ ‘ Though our 
 national sins are many and grievous, yet re- 
 pentance, like that of ancient Nineveh, may 
 yet divert from us that impending danger 
 which seems to hang over our heads as by 
 
 a single hair. That all may be sa/e, I con- 
 clude that the negro will yet he free. ’ ’ 
 
 This noble speech startled the Senate, pro- 
 duced a marked sensation throughout the 
 country, and electrified the warm hearts of 
 humanity the world over. John G. Whittier, 
 the poet, then a young editor, said : ‘ ‘ Thomas 
 Morris stands confessed the lion of the day.” 
 
 Thomas Morris was far in advance of his 
 time, and in less than a month after the de- 
 livery of his great startling speech he left the 
 Senate and public life, a political exile, his 
 arty having refused to re-elect him to the 
 enate. Mr. Morris soon became identified 
 with the ‘ ‘ Liberty Party, ’ ’ and in 1 844 was 
 its candidate for Vice-President. He died 
 suddenly December 7, 1844, aged sixty-nine 
 years, with his intellectual powers unimpaired 
 by age, his physical system in vigorous ac- 
 tivity, and his heart still warm in the cause of 
 freedom. 
 
 Williamsburg has 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist church. Chair factory of 
 S. D. Mount, 23 hands ; C. H. Boulware & Bro., chair factory, 20 ; Snell & Wil- 
 liams, planing-mill, 12. Pork-packing, tobacco preparing, and tanning are carried 
 on here. Population in 1840, 385; in 1880, 795. 
 
 Williamsburg, as previously mentioned, was laid out in 1795-96 by Gen. Wil- 
 liam Lytle and his brother, and was originally called Lytlestown. His life was 
 one of much incident. He was the grandfather of Gen. Robert T. Lytle, the poet- 
 soldier, killed at the battle of Chickamauga. The following facts respecting him 
 are from Cist’s Advertiser: 
 
 Gen. William Lytle was born in Cum- 
 berland, Pa., and in 1779 his family emi- 
 grated to Kentucky. Previous to the settle- 
 ment of Ohio young Lytle was in several 
 desperate engagements with the Indians, 
 where his cool, heroic bravery won general 
 admiration. Before the treaty of (Ireenyille, 
 while making surveys in the Virginia military 
 district in Ohio, he was exposed to incessant 
 dangers, suffered great privations, and was 
 frequently attacked by the Indians. This 
 business he followed for the greater portion 
 of his life. In the war of 1812 he was ap- 
 pointed major-general of Ohio militia, and in 
 1829 surveyor-general of the public lands of 
 Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. In 1810 Gen. 
 Lytle removed from Williamsburg to Cincin- 
 nati, where he died in 1831. As a citizen he 
 was distinguished for public spirit and benev- 
 olence, and in his personal appearance and 
 character strikingly resembled President Jack- 
 son. Beside the facts given under the head 
 of Logan county, we have space for but a 
 single anecdote, exhibiting his Spartan-like 
 conduct at Grant’s defeat in Indiana. In 
 that desperate action the Kentuekians, over- 
 powered by nearly four times their number, 
 performed feats of bravery scarcely equalled 
 even in early border warfare. 
 
 In this struggle Lytle, then hardly seven- 
 teen years of age, had :« tth his arms shattered, 
 his face powder-burnt, his hair singed to the 
 roots, and nineteen bullets passed through his 
 body and clothing. In this condition, a re- 
 treat being ordered, he succeeded in bringing 
 off the field several of his friends, generously 
 
 aiding the wounded and the exhausted by 
 placing them on horses, while he himself ran 
 forward in advance of the last remnant of the 
 retreating party to stop the only boat on the 
 Ohio at that time which could take them 
 over, and save them from the overwhelming 
 force of their savage adversaries. 
 
 On reaching the river he found the boat in 
 the act of putting off for the Kentucky shore. 
 The men were reluctant to obey his demand 
 for a delay until those still in the rear should 
 come up, one of them declaring that “it was 
 better that a few should perish than that all 
 should be sacrificed.” He threw the rifie, 
 which he still carried on his shoulder, over 
 the root of a fallen tree, and swore he would 
 shoot the first man who pulled an oar until 
 his friends were aboard. In this way the 
 boat was detained until they came up, and 
 were safely lodged from the pursuing foe. 
 Disdaining personally to take advantage of 
 this result, the boat being crowded almost to 
 dipping, he ran up the river to where some 
 horses stood panting under the willows after 
 their esca])e from the battle-field, and, mount- 
 ing one of the strongest, forced him into the 
 river, holding on to the mane by his teeth, 
 until he was taken in the middle of the 
 stream into the boat, bleeding and almost 
 fainting from his wounds, by the order of his 
 allant captain, the lamented Stucker, who 
 ad observed his conduct with admiration 
 throughout, and was resolved that such a 
 spirit should not perish ; for by this trine the 
 balls of the enemy were rattling like hail 
 about their ears. 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 4x7 
 
 The Lost Child. 
 
 Two sisters living in Williamsburg — Lydia Osborn, aged eleven years, and 
 Matilda Osborn, aged seven years — started on the afternoon of July 13, 1804, to 
 drive home the cows, following the paths which led to the big field,^’ about a 
 mile from the village, where the cattle were wont to range. They were guided in 
 their movements by the tinkling of the cow-bells, and perhaps were led off from 
 the main path by this means and lost their way. The elder girl, Lydia, supposed 
 the cows were going away from home, and left her little sister, Matilda, to make a 
 detour and head them off, but without success. So she returned to where she had 
 left her sister, but could not find her ; after wandering about for a long time and 
 crying out her name she started for home, as she supposed, but took the wrong 
 direction, wandered on, and was lost in the wilderness. The younger sister followed 
 the sound of the cow-bells and arrived safe at home. 
 
 The Bower of the Lost Child. 
 
 The following is from the touching account of the Kev. J. B. Finley, who was 
 with the party in the search for her : 
 
 Night came on, casting its darkened 
 shadows over the_ forest, but she came not 
 to greet the anxious eyes of her parents ; 
 their child was in the woods exposed to the 
 savages and wild beasts. The neighborhood 
 was aroused with the alarm of “lost child ! ” 
 Every heart was touched, and soon in every 
 direction torches were seen flashing their 
 lights into the darkness of the forest. Bells 
 were rung, horns were blown, and guns were 
 fired, if perchance the sound might reach 
 the ear of the lost one. The news reached 
 the settlement where we resided, and as many 
 as could leave home turned out to seek for 
 the lost child. Some signs of her tracks were 
 discovered crossing branches and miry places ; 
 all indicating, however, that she was going 
 farther into the wilderness. 
 
 On the third day Cornelius Washburn, the 
 famous backwoodsman and hunter, arrived 
 
 with about five hundred others and accom- 
 panied by his noted hunting dog. We were 
 now deep in the wilderness and made prepara- 
 tions for camping out that night. At day- 
 break we were again ready for our search, 
 but as the collection of people was so numer- 
 ous we formed into companies taking difier- 
 ent directions and meeting at night at a place 
 designated. Money was collected and sent 
 to the settlements to buy provisions. Our 
 numbers increased so that on the seventh 
 day there were more than a thousand per- 
 sons, many from Kentucky. 
 
 Washburn discovered the place where she 
 had slept for several nights. He also saw 
 where she had plucked and eaten foxgrapes 
 and whortle-berries. 
 
 The place she had selected was where one 
 tree had fallen across another, which was 
 lying down and afforded a good protection. 
 
4i8 
 
 CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 To this place the whole crowd hurried. 
 Nothing could restrain them so eager were 
 they to find the lost child. 
 
 In all these journeyings the lather was 
 present, so absorbed in grief that he could 
 neither eat nor sleep. Sorrow drank up his 
 spirits, and he refused to be comforted. 
 When hope was kindled he seemed like one 
 frantic, and flew in every direction, calling 
 most piteously the name of his child, 
 '‘Lydia ! ” “Lydia ! ” 
 
 The eighth morning the company started 
 out abreast, about three rods apart, with a 
 man in the middle and one at each end of 
 the line, whose duty it was to blow horns at 
 intervals to keep the line in order. The line 
 extended for several miles. 
 
 On the morning of the fifteenth day we 
 found on the north fork of the Whiteoak her 
 footprints in the sand where she had crossed 
 that stream. These footprints greatly re- 
 vived our hopes, as they appeared fresh. 
 Sending back a man to notify the main body 
 we proceeded up the creek until we came to 
 a large blackberry patch. Near this patch 
 we found a neat little house built of sticks 
 over which were placed, in regular layers, 
 pieces of moss. In the centre was a little 
 door, and in the interior was a bed made of 
 leaves, covered with moss and decorated with 
 wild flowers. All could see at once that it 
 was the work of a child, and as we gazed 
 upon it the tears stole freely down our 
 cheeks. 
 
 Here away in the wilderness, far from 
 human habitation, had this child constructed 
 this miniature house, and thus recalled the 
 scenes of home, sister, mother and f^j^er. 
 
 The child must have been here several 
 days, for from her little house to the black- 
 berry patch she had beaten quite a path. 
 
 The spot of Lydia’s bower is pointed 
 county ; a citizen of that township, Mr. 
 rence, has given some additional items : 
 
 Discovering no fresh signs of her presence 
 we determined to return to the main creek 
 and wait the coming of the company, and 
 prevent, if possible, the eager crowd from 
 rushing on and destroying the signs. More 
 than a thousand men camped along the creek 
 that night. 
 
 Fearing the consequences of disclosing our 
 discovery that night we kept it secret until 
 morning, when, forming the company into 
 military order we marched them out into the 
 opening flanking out right and left. They 
 surrounded the entire space, forming a hollow 
 square. At the sight of the little bower a 
 scene occurred which it would be impossible 
 to describe. Here were brave stalwart men, 
 who had been subjected to the perils of the 
 wilderness, contending for every inch with 
 savages and wild beasts, whose hearts were 
 never known to quail with fear, who at the 
 sight of that little bower were melted to tears. 
 But when the father came up to the little 
 dwelling his own dear child had built, and 
 exclaimed, “Oh! Lydia, Lydia, my dear 
 child, are you yet alive ? ” a thousand hearts 
 broke forth in uncontrollable grief. 
 
 The result of investigation showed that the 
 tracks were several days old. Horse tracks 
 were also found, and the conclusion was that 
 she had been carried away by the Indians. 
 
 Two miles from “Lydia’s camp,” for so it 
 is called to this day, they found her bonnet, 
 and farther on an Indian camp several days 
 old. Further pursuit being considered use- 
 less the company disbanded and returned to 
 their homes. 
 
 The father never gave up the search, but 
 eneliated the wildest solitudes and sought 
 er among the Indians till the day of his 
 death. The lost was never found. 
 
 ut to this day in Perry township, Brown 
 (. W. Claypool, in speaking of this occur- 
 
 Cornelius Washburn engaged in it with the 
 keen perceptive intelligence which only a 
 noted hunter possesses, and that it was won- 
 derful to see him calm and thoughtful walk- 
 ing slowly along noting a leaf upturned, pea 
 vine, brush or anything disturbed, while 
 others could see nothing except at a time 
 when he would point out to them tracks of 
 the child on the sand bars, beds of leaves or 
 the like. Some of the searchers made so 
 much noise, hollowing, blowing horns, etc., 
 that Washburn begged of them to desist, 
 and he would find the child, insisting that 
 after she had been lost so long that she would 
 hide from man as quick as she would from a 
 
 wild animal. They would not heed him hut 
 dashed ahead. Mr. Claypool continued : I 
 was once lost when eight or nine years of age 
 with Jake Ashton, a year younger, and can 
 fully realize Washburn’s assertion of fright. 
 We went out early in the morning to hunt 
 the cows; soon the path gave out and we 
 were lost in the flat beech swamps between 
 Glady and Glassy Runs. We wandered 
 about until night, coming out at a new road 
 recently underbrushed just at the time that 
 an infair party of about a dozen couple on 
 horseback were passing. Although knowing 
 most of them we hid until they passed. 
 
 New Richmond, founded about 1816, is the largest and most important bush 
 ness village in the county. It is on the Ohio, twenty miles above Cincinnati, with 
 which it is also connected by railroad, and three miles below the birthplace of Gen. 
 Grant. It has newspapers : Clermont Independent, B. L. W^inans, editor ; The 
 News, A. Townsley, editor. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Colored Metho- 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 419 
 
 dist, 1 Colored Baptist, 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian 1 Catholic, and 1 
 Lutheran. Bank: First National, Franklin Friedman, president, D. E. Fee, 
 cashier. 
 
 Manufactures. — J. & H. Clasgens, woollen yarns, 97 hands ; Friedman, Rob- 
 erts & Co., planing-mill, 20. Tables and carriages are also made here. Popula- 
 tion in 1880, 2,545. School census in 1886, 675; George W. Fetter, superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 The Philanthropist. — In 1834 James G. Birney began the publication of his 
 noted anti-slavery publication. The Philanthropist, in New Richmond, under the 
 assurance of the Donaldson brothers and other well-known anti-slavery men that 
 he should be protected from mob violence. A native of Kentucky, he could not 
 even attempt the issue of his paper there, much as he wished. In 1836 he re- 
 moved his paper to Cincinnati, where, on the night of July 30, a mob having the 
 countenance of the leading citizens broke into the printing-office, and destroyed 
 the press and scattered the type. While at New Richmond lawless men threatened 
 to sack the office ; but, at a signal of danger, the people of the village at a public 
 meeting resolved to stand by Mr. Birney at the peril of their lives. In 1844 Mr. 
 Birney was the Liberty Party’s ’’ candidate for President, with Thomas Morris 
 for Vice-President. They received 62,163 votes. 
 
 The Underground Railway. 
 
 Anti-Slave?^ Settlei's. — Clermont county, and indeed the Ohio river border, was 
 largely settled by men from Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky to escape the 
 baleful institution of slavery. These men became the strongest of anti-slavery 
 men, and the position of Clermont was pre-eminent in the great struggle that ended 
 in the emancipation. Judge Burnet, in his Notes,’’ in his account of the dele- 
 gates who framed the first Constitution, says that Gatch and Sargent from Cler- 
 mont were among the honored men who successfully labored in the construction 
 of the State Constitution and the early legislation of Ohio ; that they were elected 
 because they were anti-slavery men, and they we^ Virginians, and both practical 
 emancipators.” Obed Denham, a Virginian, the founder of BethU, in his con- 
 veyance, wrote as follows : I also give two lots in said town for the use of the 
 regular Baptist church — who do not hold slaves, nor commune at the Lord’s table 
 with those who do practise such tyranny over their fellow-creatures.” 
 
 Fleeing Slaves. — The position of Clermont on the border made it the first place 
 of refuge for fleeing slaves. Byron Williams in the history of the county gives 
 these facts : Nothing was done to entice slaves from Kentucky ; only as they 
 came were they sped on their way. True men never refused bread to the beseech- 
 ing negro fleeing from chains and with his face toward the North Star.” 
 
 The owners pursuing the negroes were informed who were most likely to have 
 assisted the fugitives, and, returning in baffled rage, heaped curses loud and deep 
 on names of persons and localities in hearing of slaves, who reverently preserved 
 the stealthy knowledge for their own time of need. 
 
 The late Robert E. Fee, of Moscow, was, it is true, charged with abducting 
 slaves, and at one time was under requisition for the same. 
 
 Robe?'t Fee and the Kkhmppei's. — About the year 1840 a family of blacks, living 
 for years in the south part of the county, were, except the father, kidnapped at 
 night and carried into Kentucky, under the plea that the mother was a runaway 
 slave, and her children, though born out of bondage, must share her lot. Robert 
 Fee devoted himself to their rescue by legal means. He followed them into a 
 distant State into which they had been 'sold, and narrowly escaped death. The 
 mob, raging for his blood, actually passed through the room adjoining his hiding- 
 place. The affair produced mucli excitement, and caused many hitherto neutral 
 people to join the opposition to slavery. The family was hopelessly lost and sepa- 
 rated, but Fee repaid his wrongs many-fold. 
 
 A light was said to have burned in his house all night to guide travellers across 
 
420 
 
 CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 the river. His doors were barred, and his family, girls and all, slept with loaded 
 firearms in ready reach. His house was surrounded again and again by violent 
 slave-hunters. The romance of the border of that day was thrilling in the extreme, 
 though its actors were but plain farmers and timid shadow-fearing fugitives. 
 
 There w^as no preconcerted action on the part of the men so engaged, yet there 
 was a kind of system. When runaways got across the river, the Fees and others, 
 according to circumstances, either hurried them on or secreted them until the hunt 
 went by. They were then guided northward, generally through Tate township, 
 where they were cared for by the Rileys, Benjamin Rice, Richard Mace, Isaac H. 
 Brown, and others. The route from thence led by various ways to the Quaker 
 settlements of Clinton county. The work was generally done in the night, to avoid 
 trouble with some who for the sake of rewards were often on the watch. Few 
 were ever captured, and many hundreds must have escaped. 
 
 A Fourierite AssoGiaiion was formed in the county in 1844. The Phalanx 
 bought three tracts of land on the Ohio, in Franklin township, and put up some 
 buildings. At the end of two years, seeing that communism did not better their 
 lot in life and the association getting in debt, they closed up its affairs. 
 
 A Spiritualistic Community bought their buildings. At its head was John A. 
 
 Birthplace of Gen. U. S. Grant, Point Pleasant. 
 
 Wattles, with a following of nearly 100 persons. It was based on principles of 
 business and religion, and involving a system of communism. In the great flood 
 of 1847 their main building fell and seventeen lives lost, whicli ruined the enter- 
 prise. 
 
 Utopia. — The little village of Utopia was established at this era by Henry Jer- 
 nagan, one of the Fourierites, and on Utopian principles. Many of the old mem- 
 bers of the Phalanx moved thither, and carried on various avocations. For a 
 time Utopia was a happy, beautiful place ; the people had few wants, and these 
 were supplied at home. They eventually became restless, and some of the better 
 class moving away and others moving in harmony with its trustees, its Utopian 
 features dissolved. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a little village or hamlet on the Ohio, about twenty-five 
 miles above Cincinnati, will ever be memorable as the birthplace of Gen. U. S. 
 Grant. This event took place April 27, 1 822. The next year the family removed 
 to Georgetown, Brown county, which became his boyhood home. His father the 
 year before had married Miss Hannah Simpson, of Tate township. At the time 
 nf his birth Jesse R. Grant was employed in the tannery of Thomas Page. The 
 house in which the young and poor couple resided belonged to Lee Thompson. I 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 421 
 
 remains as well preserved as originally built ; a lean-to kitchen has since been 
 added. It is a one-story frame, 16x19 feet, with a steep roof, the pitch being five 
 feet, and on the right or north end is a huge chimney, affording a spacious fire- 
 place. The window-panes are very small, and it was quite a humble domicile, 
 having but two rooms : that on the right being the living-room, and that on the 
 left the bedroom in which the general first saw the light. 
 
 Chronology of Gen. Grant’s Life. 
 
 1822. April 27. Born at Point Pleasant, Ohio. 
 
 1839. July 1. Entered West Point Military 
 Academy. 
 
 1843. Graduated from West Point. 
 
 1845. Commissioned as second lieutenant, and 
 served in the Mexican war, under Gens. Taylor 
 and Scott. 
 
 1848. Married Miss Julia Dent, of St. Louis, 
 Mo., while stationed at Sackett’s Harbor, N. Y. 
 
 1852. Ordered to Oregon. 
 
 1853. Commissioned as captain in August. 
 
 1854. Resigned from the army in July. 
 
 1854-59. Lived in St. Louis. 
 
 1859. Removed to Galena, 111., engaged in the 
 tanning business with his father and brothers. 
 
 1861. Commissioned as colonel. Made briga- 
 dier-general in July, in command at Cairo ; saved 
 Kentucky to the Union. In November fought the 
 battle of Belmont. 
 
 1862. Conducted a reconnoissance to the rear of 
 Columbus in January ; Fort Henry surrendered, 
 February 6, and Fort Donelson, February 16. 
 Made commander of West Tennessee; his army 
 fought the successful battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 
 7. Second to Gen. Halleck at the siege of Corinth, 
 he was given charge of the Department of Tennes- 
 see on the latter’s call to the East. 
 
 1863. July 4. Forced the surrender of Vicks- 
 burg with 30,000 Confederates, after a siege begin- 
 ning the previous October. In November defeated 
 Gen. Bragg at Chattanooga, the fighting extending 
 over four days, beginning November 23. 
 
 1864. Commissioned lieutenant-general by Pres- 
 ident Lincoln, March 3, and called to Washing- 
 ton. Assumed command of the armies of United 
 States, March 8. Forced a passage across the 
 
 James river between June 12 and 15, after the 
 severe battles of the Wilderness, and laid siege to 
 Richmond and Petersburg. 
 
 1865. April 2. The Confederate lines broken. 
 Lee abandoned Richmond. The flying Confed- 
 erates overtaken at Appomattox Court-House. 
 April 9, Lee surrendered his entire army as pris- 
 oners of war, which was followed by the surrender 
 of all the remaining forces of the Confederacy, and 
 the close of the civil war. 
 
 1866. July 25. Congress created the grade of 
 eneral, and he received the commission the same 
 ay. 
 
 1867. Served as Secretary of War from August 
 to February, 1868. 
 
 1868. Elected President, receiving 214 of 294 
 electoral votes. 
 
 1872. Re-elected President by 268 electoral 
 votes to 80. 
 
 1877. Started upon a tour around the world, 
 which ended in the spring of 1880. 
 
 1880. Was a candidate for a third Presidential 
 term, but was defeated for the nomination by Gen. 
 James A. Garfield. 
 
 1881. Took up his residence in New York city. 
 
 1882. Became a member of the firm of Grant 
 & Ward, whose disastrous failure, involving some 
 $14,000,000, occurred in May, 1884. 
 
 1884. In June physicians were summoned to 
 prescribe for an affection of the mouth, which was 
 pronounced a cancer. 
 
 1885. March 3. The House passed the bill put- 
 ting Gen. Grant on the retired list. June 16, he 
 was removed from New York to Mount MacGre- 
 gor, Saratoga county, where he died Thursday, 
 July 23. 
 
 Loveland is on the Little Miami river, twenty-three miles from Cincinnati, on 
 the line of the P. C. & St. L., the C. W. & B., and C. & C. M. railroads. It 
 contains 1 Methodist, 1 Colored Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Catholic church. 
 Planing-mill, A. B. Brock, 10 hands ; lumber- and coal-yards, carriage-factory, 
 machine-shop, agricultural depot, etc. Newspaper : Loveland Enterprise, Con. W. 
 Gatch, editor and proprietor. Population in 1880, 595. Sixty trains pass daily 
 through it, and it is fast building up. 
 
 Feiacity is on an elevated plateau, in a rich, densely populated agricultural 
 country, and is a good business centre, five miles from the Ohio. Furniture and 
 chair-making is the chief industry. It has 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Wesleyan 
 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Church of Christ, 1 Colored Methodist, and 1 Colored 
 Baptist church, and in 1880 a population of 1,047. 
 
 The following are the names of other villages in the county, with their popula- 
 tions in 1880 : Moscow, 516 • Neville, 445 ; Boston, 307. 
 
 Clermont has produced quite a number of authors. Mary E. Fee was a poetess, 
 born in the county, who wrote for the public prints over the signature of Eulalie.” 
 Her poems were published in one volume of 194 pages, in Cincinnati, in 1854. 
 She at that time married John Shannon, and with her devoted husband sought a 
 home in California, where as Eulalie ” she lectured and recited her poems, draw- 
 ing the largest and best-paying houses the Golden State ever accorded to any person. 
 She did not live long to enjoy her brilliant triumphs, and after her lamented hus- 
 
CLERMONT COUNTY. 
 
 422 
 
 band fell in a duel. Another lady, Mrs. Dr. George Conner, of Cincinnati, for- 
 merly Miss Eliza Archard, and the well-known E. A.,^^ of the Cincinnati Com- 
 mercial, is also a native. 
 
 George M. D. Bloss, editor of the Cincinnati Thiquirer, resided at Branch Hill, on 
 the line of the L. M. B. B. ; he was run 
 over by the cars and killed there in 1876. 
 
 He was regarded as one of the most able 
 of political writers ; but his handwriting, 
 worse than Horace Greeley’s, was so 
 illegible that only one compositor in the 
 office could decipher it, and he was re- 
 tained for that purpose. His memory 
 for election statistics was as extraor- 
 dinary as his chirography was detest- 
 able. His Historic and Literary Mis- 
 cellany,” a book of 460 pages, was highly 
 popular. Milton Jameison, of Batavia, 
 who was lieutenant of Ohio volunteers 
 in the Mexican war, wrote a work 
 valuable as descriptive of army life 
 there, and especially vivid in its descrip- 
 tions of Mexican agricultural life and 
 the shiftless character of the Mexican 
 people. 
 
 Abbie C. McKeever, the acknowl- 
 edged successor of Phoebe Cary, was 
 born near Withamsville in 1852, and abbie c. McKEEVER. 
 
 is still living there. She has written 
 
 largely for the serials. Two of her poems which have been much admired are 
 annexed : 
 
 DRIFT AWAY. 
 
 Drift away, oh, clouds of amber, 
 Crimson-lined in billowy mass ; 
 
 Drift away in silent footsteps : 
 
 I shall watch you as you pass. 
 
 I shall watch you — yes, and love you — 
 For the beauty that you gave : 
 Beauty dying in the twilight, 
 
 Like the lilies on his grave. 
 
 Drift away to unknown heavens, 
 Crimson clouds along the west ; 
 But remember that you are bearing 
 In your downy amber breast, 
 Hopes that whisper softly to him 
 Of a love that never dies — 
 
 Love that tires of waiting lonely 
 Ere the call to other skies. 
 
 Drift away, oh, clouds of sunset, 
 Purple with the later light ; 
 
 See ! the stars are all about you — 
 Diamond eyes of early night. 
 
 Drift away ; but while you are passing 
 Bear this message up to him, 
 
 That the earthly skies that fold me 
 Soon shall part and let me in. 
 
 ONLY. 
 
 Only a golden token. 
 
 Tied with ribbon blue . 
 
 Only a promise broken. 
 Darling, by you. 
 
 Only a life made dark 
 All the weary way ; ~ 
 
 Only an aching heart 
 Th robbing to-day. 
 
 Only a happy dream 
 In the early light ; 
 
 Only a bitter stream 
 Flowing by night. 
 
 Only a touching prayer 
 For the strength that lies 
 
 Far from the world and care, 
 Far beyond the skies. 
 
CLINTON COUNTY, 
 
 423 
 
 CLINTOK 
 
 CLmTON County was organized in 1810, and named after George Clinton, 
 V Ice-President of the United States, who was of Irish ancestry, born in Ulster 
 county. New York, in 1739, and died in Washington, D. C., in 1812. He pro- 
 jected the canal system of New York in 1791, his ideas being carried to their 
 legitimate ends by his nephew. Governor DeWitt Clinton. 
 
 George Clinton, in 1768, returned from a privateering cruise, and as a lieuten-^ 
 ant took part in the expedition against Fort Frontenac. After disbandment of 
 the colonial forces he studied law and entered into politics, being elected to the 
 New York Assembly in 1768. He was elected a delegate to the second Conti- 
 nental Congress in 1775. He was prevented from signing the Declaration of In- 
 dependence with the New York delegation by an imperative call from Washing- 
 ton to take post in the Highlands as a militia general. In 1777 he was made a 
 brigadier-general in the Continental army, and in October of the same year made 
 a brilliant but unsuccessful defence with Montgomery of the Highland forts 
 against the British. He was chosen first governor of the State of New York, 
 April, 1777, and was successively elected until 1795. Fie thwarted an expedition 
 led in 1780 by Sir John Johnson, Brant and Cornplanter against the settlers of 
 the Mohawk valley, saving them from massacre. 
 
 At the time of Shay’s rebellion he marched in person at the head of the militia 
 against the insurgents, and greatly aided in quelling that outbreak. In 1788 he 
 presided at the State convention to ratify the Federal Constitution, the adoption of 
 which he opposed on the ground that it delegated too much power to the Federal 
 congress and executive. At the first presidential election he received three elec- 
 toral votes for the vice-presidency. In 1792, when Washington was re-elected, he 
 received fifty votes for the same office, and at the sixth presidential election, 1809- 
 13, he received six ballots from New York for the presidency. In 1800 he was 
 chosen to the legislature, and in 1801 was again governor. In 1804 he was 
 elected Vice-President of the United States, which office he filled until his death. 
 
 He took great interest in education, and in his message at the opening session of 
 the legislature in 1795 he initiated the movement for the organization of the com- 
 mon school systemo 
 
 In his private life he was affectionate and winning, though dignified. He was 
 bold and courageous as a military man, and in public life he wielded vast influence 
 owing to his sound judgment, marvellous energy, and great moral force of 
 character. 
 
 The surface of this county is generally level, on the west undulating ; it has 
 some prairie land. The soil is fertile, and is well adapted to corn and grass. Its 
 area is 400 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 115,154 ; in pasture, 
 52,313; woodland, 34,954; lying waste, 2,351; produced in wheat, 160,389 
 bushels; corn, 2,419,796. School census 1886, 7,717 ; teachers, 189. It has 97 
 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 
 921 
 
 Richland, 
 
 1,385 
 
 2,338 
 
 Chester, 
 
 1,784 
 
 1,443 
 
 Union, 
 
 3,284 
 
 5,051 
 
 Clark, 
 
 1,297 
 
 2,006 
 
 2,758 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 1,434 
 
 1.552 
 
 Greene, 
 
 1,842 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,170 
 
 1,294 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 474 
 
 1,448 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 1,366 
 
 1,448 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 Marion, 
 
 1,050 
 
 643 
 
 1,382 
 
 1,956 
 
 Wilson, 
 
 1,159 
 
 The population in 1820 was 8,085 ; in 1840, 15,729 ; in 1860, 20,638 ; in 1880, 
 23,293, of whom 21,061 were Ohio-born. 
 
 This county was settled about the year 1803, principally by emigrants from 
 ^cjitucky^ Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. The first settlement, however, was 
 
424 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 made in 1797 by William Smally. Most of the first emigrants were backwoods- 
 men, and well fitted to endure the privations incident upon settling a new country. 
 They lived principally upon game, and gave little attention to agricultural pur- 
 suits. As the country grew older game became scarce, emigrants flocked from 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846 . 
 
 Central View in Wilmington. 
 
 different parts of the Union, and the primitive manner of living gave place to that 
 more conformable to the customs of older States. 
 
 The following are the names of some of the most noted of the early settlers : 
 Thomas Hinkson, Aaron Burr, and Jesse Hughes, the first associate judges; Nathan 
 Linton, the first land surveyor ; Abraham Ellis and Thomas Hardin, who had 
 
 Slack (k Berry , Photo ., Wilmington , 1886. 
 
 Central View in Wilmington. 
 
 been soldiers of the Revolution ; Joseph Doan, James Mills, and Hen^ Babb, 
 who served as commissioners ; Morgan ^lendican, who erected the first mill in the 
 county, on Todd’s fork ; and Capt. James Spencer, who was distinguished in 
 various conflicts with the Indians. 
 
 The first house for divine worship was erected by Friends, at Centre, in 1806 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 425 
 
 The first court was held in a barn belonging to Judge Hughes, and for a number 
 of years subsequent in a small house belonging to John McGregor. 
 
 There are some of the ancient works so common throughout the West on Todd^s 
 fork, near Springfield meeting-house. The Deserted Camp,’^ situated about three 
 miles northeast of Wilmington, is a point of notoriety with the surveyors of land. 
 It was so called from the circumstance that a body of Kentuckians, on their way 
 to attack the Indian towns on the Little Miami, encamping over night lost one of 
 their number, who deserted to the enemy, and giving warning of their approach, 
 frustrated the object of the expedition. 
 
 Wilmington, the county-seat, is in the township of Union, on Todd’s fork, 
 seventy-two miles southwest from Columbus. It is regularly laid out on undu- 
 lating ground, and contains five houses for divine worship, one newspaper printing- 
 office, one high-school, nineteen mercantile stores, and a population estimated at 
 1,500. The engraving represents one of the principal streets of the village, as it 
 appears from the store of Joseph Hale ; the building with a spire is the court-house^ 
 a structure of considerable elegance. — Old Edition. 
 
 County officers 1888 : Auditor, Asa Jenkins ; Clerk of Court, Frank D. Dakin; 
 Coroner, John G. Outcart; Prosecuting Attorney, William W. Savage; Probate 
 Judge, Ambrose K. Williams ; Recorder, Egbert B. Howland ; Sheriff, Samuel A. 
 Holliday ; Surveyor, James A. Brown ; Treasurer, L. W. Crane ; Commissioners, 
 Daniel M. Collett, Jonas Watkins, Edward Qline. 
 
 Wilmington, about fifty miles northeast of Cincinnati, on the C. & M. V. and 
 C. & C. Midland railroads. Newspapers : Clinton Rejynbliean, Republican, C. N. 
 Browning & Co., editors and publishers ; Journal^ Republican, W. G. <fe C. R. 
 Fisher, editors and publishers ; Clinton County Democrat, Democmtic, J. S. Hum- 
 mell, editor and publisher. Banks : Clinton County National, F. M. Moore, 
 president, Madison Betts, cashier ; First National, C. M. Bosworth, president, C. 
 C. Nichols, cashier. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Colored Methodist 
 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 2 Friends, 2 Free-Will Baptist (1 Colored), 1 Christian, 
 and 1 Catholic. 
 
 Industries and Enployees. — Fulton & Peters, flour and grain shippers, 16 hands ; 
 The Champion Bridge Company, iron bridges, repair-work, etc., 25 ; Fisher & 
 Hughes, general wood-work; Hawkins & Spray, lumber; William Scofield, 
 woollen yarns ; Shepherd & Ludlum, builders’ wood- work ; Williams, Cusick & 
 Co., hour, etc. — State Repoy^t 1886. Also, Clinton Furnace Company and Auger- 
 Bit AForks. Population in 1880, 2,745. School census in 1886, 740; Edward 
 Merrick, superintendent. 
 
 Wilmington College was founded in 1870. It is under the management of the 
 Society of Friends, James B. Unthauk, president. 
 
 Wilmington Avas laid out in 1810, principally settled by emigrants from North 
 Carolina, and named from Wilmington in that State. The first log-house Avas 
 built by AFilliam Hobsin, and Warren Sabin’s Avas the first taA^ern. The first 
 church, a small brick edifice, was erected by the Baptists. In 1812 the first court 
 Avas held. The earliest settlers Avere AFarren Sabin, Samuel T. Louden, AFilliam 
 Hobsin, Larkin Reynolds, John SAvane, James Montgomery, John McGregor, Sr., 
 an^l Isaiah Morris. This last-named gentleman, a native of Pennsylvania; de- 
 scended the Ohio river Avith his uncle in a flat-bottonied boat in the spring of 1803, 
 and landed first at Columbia, where his uncle opened a store from a small stock 
 of goods he had brought. After remaining at that place about three months he 
 removed his goods to Lebanon, and not long after died, leaving his nephcAV, then 
 a lad of seventeen years of age, Avithout any means of support. He hoAvever made 
 friends, and eventually moved to Wilmington, Avhere, on the 8th of July, 1811, he 
 opened the first store in the toAvn in company Avith AFilliam Ferguson. He Avas 
 obliged in moving from I>(ebanon to make his way tnrough the forest, cutting a 
 wagon-road part of the distance ; the toAvn having been laid out in the woods, it 
 was with great difficulty that he could get through to the little one-story frame 
 
426 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 house, erected in the midst of trees, logs, and brush, on which he then settled and 
 has since resided. Mr. Morris was the first postmaster in the town, the fii'st repre- 
 sentative from the county to the Legislature, and has since held various public 
 offices. — OM, Edition. 
 
 Mr. William H. Spencer, who supplied the historical items relating to the 
 original edition, also included the following sketches of two of these noted charac- 
 ters among the first settlers : 
 
 William Smally was born in Western Penns 3 dvania, in 1764. At the age of 
 six years he was stolen by the Indians, carried into the interior of Ohio, and re- 
 mained with them until twenty years of age. While with them he witnessed the 
 burning of several white prisoners. On one occasion he saw an infant snatched 
 from its mother’s arms and thrown into the flames. In 1784 he left the Indians, 
 rejoined his parents near Pittsburg, and a few years after moved with them to 
 the vicinity of Cincinnati. He was in Harmar’s campaign, and at St. Clair’s de- 
 feat, in the last of which he discharged his rifle thirty-five times, twenty-one of 
 which, it is said, took effect. He likewise accompanied Wayne’s army. Being 
 on one occasion sent forward with others, on some mission to the Indians, they 
 were fired upon on their approach to the camp, and his two companions killed. 
 He evaded the danger by springing behind a tree, and calling to one of the chiefs, 
 whom he knew, telling him that he had deserted the whites and had come to join 
 him. This not only saved his life, but caused him to be treated with great kindness. 
 He, however, took an early opportunity, escaped to the army, and at the battle 
 of the Fallen Timbers showed his usual cool courage. 
 
 In 1797 he settled on Todd’s fork in this county, and resided there for a num- 
 ber of years, depending principally upon hunting for a subsistence. His personal 
 appearance was good, but his address resembled that of a savage. A little anec- 
 dote illustrates his determined character. He purchased land on which he re- 
 sided from a lawyer of Cincinnati, who refused to make him a deed. Smally 
 armed himself, called upon him and demanded a bond for his land, with the 
 threat that if not furnished in three days he w’ould take his scalp. This positive 
 language soon brought the lawyer to a sense of his dangerous situation, and before 
 the expiration of the time he gave Smally the desired paper. Mr. Smally passed 
 the latter part of his life in poverty. In 1836 he emigrated to Illinois, where he 
 died in 1840. 
 
 Col. Thomas Hinkson was born in 1772, in Westmoreland count}^. Pa. His 
 father had emigrated from Ireland in earL life, had become an excellent woods- 
 man, and visited Kentucky at a very early period. He established a station near 
 the junction of Hinkson and Stoner, which form the south fork of Licking river. 
 Here the subject of this notice was raised until the age of eighteen years, when in 
 the autumn of 1790, as a volunteer in the Kentucky militia, he accompanied the 
 expedition of Gen. Harmar. He was in the battle near the Miami villages under 
 Col. Hardin’s command in front of the town, and witnessed the total overthrow 
 and massacre of the detachment of Major Wyllis. In this battle he received a 
 slight wound in the left arm, and narrowly escaped with his life. He was after- 
 wards in the disastrous defeat of Gen. St. Clair, but amidst the general slaughter 
 escaped unhurt. Hitherto he had served as a private, but v/as subsequently 
 selected as a lieutenant in the mounted volunteers from Kentucky, who formed 
 a part of the forces of Gen. Wayne against the same Indians in 1794. 
 
 He was in the battle near the Rapids of the Maumee, but never pretended that 
 he had done anything worthy of distinction on that memorable da 5 L During 
 these several campaigns, however, he had formed the acquaintance of most of the 
 leading men of Kentucky, and others of the Northwest Territory, which was 
 highly advantageous to him in after life. Shortly after Wayne’s battle he re- 
 turned to Kentucky, married and settled on a farm inherited from his father, 
 situated in Harrison county, where he lived until the spring of 1806, when he 
 emigrated to Ohio, and in 1807 settled on a farm about eight miles east of Wil- 
 mington, but then in tlie county of Highland. He was soon afterwards elected a 
 justice of the peace for the latter county, and captain of the militia company to 
 which he belonged, in which several capacities he served until the erection of 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 427 
 
 Clinton county, in 1810, when, without his knowledge, he was elected by the 
 legislature one of the associate judges for the new county. He made no preten- 
 sions to legal knowledge, nor will the writer claim anything for him in this re- 
 spect further than good common sense, which generally prevents a man from 
 making a very foolish decision. 
 
 After this appointment he remained quietly at home in the occupations com- 
 mon to farmers until the declaration of war in 1812, nor did he manifest any dis- 
 position for actual service until after Hull’s surrender. That event cast a gloom 
 over the west. All of Michigan, Northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois were exposed 
 to savage depredations. Some troops had been hastily assembled at Urbana and 
 other points to repel invasion. Captain Hinkson was then in the prime of life, 
 possessing a robust and manly frame seldom equalled, even among pioneers. He 
 was a man of few words, and they to the purpose intended. He briefly explained 
 to his family that he believed the time had come to serve his country. He im- 
 mediately set out for headquarters, and tendered his services to Gov. Meigs, then 
 at Urbana. The President having previously made a requisition on the governor 
 of Ohio for two companies of rangers to scour the country between the settlements 
 and the enemy, Capt. Hinkson was appointed to command one of those com- 
 panies, with liberty to choose his own followers. This was soon done, and a com- 
 pany presented to the governor ready for duty. By this time the Indians had 
 actual possession of the exposed territory, and it was the duty of these companies 
 to hold them in check and keep the army advised of their numbers and position. 
 In performing this duty many incidents might be related in the life of Capt. 
 Hinkson, but one or two must suffice. 
 
 Having at one time ventured to the Miami of the Lake to ascertain the condition 
 of the enemy, they found them encamped near the foot of the rapids of that river 
 with a select company of rangers, commanded by Capt. Clark from Canada, 
 numbering in all from three to five hundred, and under the command of the 
 celebrated Tecumseh. The ground on the hill was for miles covered with a thick 
 undergrowth, which enabled Capt. Hinkson and company to approach nearly 
 within gun-shot of the enemy without being seen. It was late in the afternoon, 
 and while waiting for the approach of night, to enable them to withdraw more 
 successfully, the company was secretly drawn up near the brink of the hill, and 
 directed in whispers to merely take aim at the enemy. This was rather a hazard- 
 ous display of humor, but as many of his men had never been in battle Capt. 
 Hinkson told the writer it was merely to try their nerves. 
 
 While engaged in this sport they discovered Capt. Clark in the adjacent corn- 
 field below in hot pursuit after a flock of wild turkeys, which were running 
 toward the place of concealment. Here was a crisis. He must be slain in cold 
 blood or made a prisoner. The latter alternative was adopted. The company 
 was disposed so as to flank the captain and his turkeys. They were alarmed 
 and flew into the tree tops, and while the captain was gazing up for his prey, 
 Capt. Hinkson approached and politely requested him to ground arms upon pain 
 of instant death, in case he gave the least alarm. He at first indicated signs of 
 resistance, but soon found “ discretion the better part of valor,” and surrendered 
 Jiimself a prisoner of war. Being at least one hundred miles from the army, ii 
 sight of such a force, Capt. Hinkson and company were in a very delicate condi 
 tion. No time was to be lost. A retreat was commenced in the most secret 
 manner, in a southerly direction at right angles from the river. By travelling 
 all night they eluded pursuit and brought their prize safely to camp. 
 
 Shortly afterwards Gen. Tupper^s brigade arrived near the rapids and encamped 
 for the night, during which Capt. Hinkson and company acted as piquet guard, 
 and in the morning a few were selected to accompany him on a secret recon- 
 noissance down the river. Unluckily they were met at the summit of a hill by a 
 detachment of the same kind from the enemy. Shots were exchanged, and the 
 alarm fairly given to both parties. This brought on the skirmish which ensued 
 between that brigade and the Indians. While fighting in the Indian mode, near 
 Wm. Vernard, Esq. (one of Capt. Hinkson’s men, who had been severely wounded), 
 Capt. Hinkson saw a dusky figure suddenly rise from the grass. He had a rifle 
 never before known to miss fire. They both })resented their pieces, wliich 
 simultaneously snapped without effect. In preparing for a second trial it is sup- 
 
428 
 
 CLINTON CO UNI y. 
 
 posed the Indian was a little ahead of the captain, when a shot from Daniel Work' 
 man (another ranger) sent the Indian to his long home. 
 
 After this skirmish the Indians withdrew to Frenchtown, and block-houses were 
 hastily thrown up near the spot where Fort Meigs was afterwards erected, and 
 where the Ohio trooops were encamped when the fatal disaster befell Gen. Win- 
 chester at Raisin, Jan. 22, 1813. The news was carried by express, and the main 
 body retreated, leaving Capt. Hinkson and company to perform the sorrowful 
 duty of picking up some poor stragglers from that bloody defeat, and burning 
 the block-houses and provisions within twenty-four hours, which was done before 
 it was known that the enemy had retired to Malden. The Ohio brigade, and 
 others from Pennsylvania and Virginia, soon rallied again and formed a junction 
 at the rapids, where they commenced building the fort, so renowned for with- 
 standing two sieges in the spring and summer of 1813. During its erection Capt. 
 Hinkson was attacked with a peculiar fever, then raging in the army, from which 
 he did not recover fit for duty until late in the spring. With a shattered con- 
 stitution he returned to his home, and was immediately elected colonel of the 
 Third regiment of the Second brigade and First division Ohio militia, which was 
 then a post of honor, requiring much patience and discretion in a region rather 
 backward in supporting the war. 
 
 The reader will, in this narrative, see nothing beyond a simple memorial of 
 facts, which is all that the unassuming character requires. He was a plain, gen- 
 tlemanly individual, of a very mild and even temper; a good husband and kind 
 father, but rather indifferent to his own interest in money matters, by which he 
 became seriously involved, lost his property and removed to Indiana in 1821, 
 where he died in 1824, aged fifty-two years. 
 
 THE WOMEN’S TEMPERANCE CRUSADE. 
 
 In the winter of 1873-74 arose in Southern Ohio that strange phenomenon in 
 the temperance cause known as the “ Women’s Crusade.” 
 
 It began in Hillsboro on the last of December, and in the course of a few months 
 extended into adjoining States. In the large cities it was not anywhere successful, 
 but in the small villages the results were often surprising, the Crusaders in some 
 cases closing every saloon and for the time entirely suppressing the liquor traffic. 
 The manner of conducting their operations was in this form : the women daily 
 assembled and marched in solemn procession two by two, sometimes to the 
 number of 50 or 100. On coming to a saloon they halted in front and sent in 
 word for permission to enter and hold I'eligious exercises within. If this was 
 denied the}" held them outside. They opened with singing two or three hymns, 
 and then all kneeled on the pavement regardless of the condition of the weather 
 and the streets ; sometimes kneeling in the mud or snow. In every case the 
 ladies plead with the saloon keeper, to induce him to sign the pledge; and in 
 this way every saloon was visited. In the larger places the ladies organized in 
 separate bands so as to simultaneously visit different saloons. 
 
 The excitement soon died away, and at the end of a few months the crusade 
 hud passed into histoiy. While it was in progress the public prints were filled 
 with anecdotes of the experiences of the Crusaders with the saloon keepers. 
 Those of the New Vienna ladies in this county were peculiarly interesting with 
 John Calvin Van Pelt, reputed to be the wickedest man in Ohio. He kept a 
 saloon near the depot, known as the “ Dead Fall.” He was a tall, solidly-built 
 man, with a red nose and the head of a prize fighter, and noted for his bull-dog 
 pluck. 
 
 The ladies assembled and proceeded to Van Pelt’s “ Dead Fall,” when he threat- 
 ened to hang, draw and quarter them if they came to his saloon again, and the 
 next day he decorated one of the w’indows of his saloon with flasks of whiskey. 
 Across the other was an axe, covered with blood : over the door empty flasks were 
 suspended, and near them a large jug branded ‘‘Brady’s Family Bitters.” Over 
 all waved a black flag, while within Van Pelt was seen brandishing a club, threat- 
 ening and defying the temperance band to enter at the risk of their lives. This 
 had no effect, however, as about fifty ladies entered and, kneeling, one of them 
 began praying, when he seized a bucket of dirty water and threw the contents 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 429 
 
 against the ceiling, from whicli it came pouring down upon the kneeling suppli- 
 cants ; at the same time he liurled the vilest invectives :it them, but they heroically 
 stood to their posts until thoroughly drenched with dirty slo})s and beer, when 
 they retreated to the outside. Without were about two hundred men, husbands, 
 fathers and brothers of the ladies, and it was only through the earnest entreaties 
 of the women that they were prevented from mobbing Van Pelt. He was, how- 
 ever, arrested and languished in jail several days before getting bail. In the 
 meanwhile his brother officiated at the saloon, permitting the ladies to enter and 
 carry on their devotional exercises. 
 
 Upon Van Pelt’s release, he became more bitter and determined. He boldly 
 attended the meetings of the ladies at the Friends’ Meeting House, and publicly 
 argued the question with them, and being a man of quick wit proved a formidable 
 disputant. 
 
 The Crusading Women of New Vienna. 
 
 [The picture is from a tin-type taken at the time by a travelling artist. The women of the village are 
 laying siege to the saloon of Van Pelt, “the wickedest man in Ohio.’* They finally conquered him, 
 though it was a hard struggle.] 
 
 But at length he gave evidence of weakening by offering to sell out for five 
 hundred dollars and eventually dropping to ninety-five dollars (the amount of 
 his legal expenses), and agreeing to quit the town on the pa3^ment of this sum. 
 Many were in favor of accepting this proposition, particularly the ladies, one of 
 whom said that she had forgiven the insults heaped upon her and, although 
 refusing to acknowledge any indebtedness, was willing to make him a present 
 of the amount as an evidence of kindly feeling. But the men, more indignant, 
 refused to compromise with Van Pelt on any basis, and held that “ he might be 
 thankful he got off* with his life.” 
 
 A few days later he proved indisputably his title of the “ Wickedest Man in 
 Ohio.” When the ladies called at his saloon he told them the^" might come in 
 and pray if he were allowed to make every other prayer, which condition was 
 accepted, and after the opening prayer by them he commenced a long and blas- 
 phemous harangue in the form of a prayer. He classed women as brutes and 
 asked the Lord to be merciful to them and teach them wisdom and understanding ; 
 Women, he said, first caused sm ana were in great need of prayer. The Lord 
 operated the first distillery, or at least made the first wine, and he was following 
 the Lord’s example, etc. 
 
 Before the services ended three prayers of this description had been made. 
 The women were amazed at such depravity, and disheartened at any prospect 
 
430 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 of his reformation ; but a week later he surrendered, took up the cause he had 
 fought so desperately, and became one of its most ardent disciples. 
 
 About noon of the day of the surrender it got noised about that it was about to 
 take place ; bells were rung, boys rushed through the streets with handbills, crying 
 “Everybody meet at Van Pelt’s at two o’clock and hear his decision.” People 
 rushed from all parts of the town, places of business w^ere closed, and at two 
 o’clock an immense multitude had gathered. After singing and prayer by the 
 ladies, Van Pelt appeared and made a complete surrender of stock and fixtures. 
 He said he yielded not to law or force, but to the labor of love of the women. 
 One barrel of whiskey, another of cider and a keg of beer were then rolled out, 
 and seizing an axe he said, “ This is the same weapon with which I used to terrify 
 the ladies ; I now use it to sacrifice that which I fear has ruined many souls ! ” 
 Whereupon he stove in the heads of the barrels, and the liquor ran into the gutters. 
 Prayer was then ofiered, a hymn sung, and he made a few more remarks., saying : 
 “ Ladies, I now promise you never to sell or drink another drop of whiskey as 
 long as I live, and also promise to work with you in the cause with as much zeal 
 as I have worked against you.” 
 
 There was great rejoicing throughout the town, and in the evening a thanks- 
 giving meeting was held in the Christian Church, at which Van Pelt spoke. He 
 was a changed man, with his eyes fully opened to the evil of the liquor trafiSc, 
 very repentant and humble, and zealous in his efforts to induce others to quit 
 the business, and a week later entered the field as a temperance lecturer. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 March 5. — Wilmington is the home of Mr. 
 Addison P. Russell, one of Ohio’s literary- 
 men, and I had a day with him ; a day with 
 such a man cannot be called lost. Some 
 sixty years ago he was born here, and remains 
 as he started — single. His ancestors, Ohio 
 pioneers, came originally from Virginia, and 
 were of Revolutionary stock. In size and 
 port he is about like Daniel Webster ; and, 
 as did Daniel, fills out a big suit of clothes, 
 topping off with a high, square collar, well 
 laundried, and white cravat around a plump, 
 full neck, like a gentleman of “ye olden 
 time.” Mr. Russell was bred a printer, then 
 editor ; in 1855 was elected to the Legislature ; 
 in 1857 and 1859 was elected Secretary of 
 State ; through the war period was financial 
 agent for Ohio in New York, appointed suc- 
 cessively by Govs. Todd, Brough, and Cox. 
 Since then literature has absorbed him, and 
 his books have the indorsement of the first 
 critics. His first work was anonymous, pub- 
 lished by Appleton & Co., in 1867, and en- 
 titled, “Half Hints; Table-de-H6te and 
 Drawing-Room ; ” it has been long out of 
 print, in 1875 appeared the first edition of 
 “Library Notes,” Hurd, Houghton & Co., 
 Boston ; this book has gained a wide reputa- 
 tion. His last was “Thomas Corwin; a 
 Sketch,” Robert Clarke & Co. ; a labor of 
 love, which gave its pages the right sort of 
 flavor. 
 
 The Sage of Yamoyden. — Mr. Russell 
 gave me an interesting item in regard to our 
 mutual friend, the late Edward D. Mansfield, 
 the “Sage of Yamoyden,” so called from the 
 name of his country home, high on a hill, 
 overlooking the valley of the Little Miami. 
 
 Through the war period Mr. Mansfield con- 
 tributed weekly letters to the New York 
 Times., over the signature of “ V eteran Ob- 
 server,” dating them from “The Beeches,” 
 
 and devoted entirely to comments upon pass- 
 ing events. Few men were so well equipped 
 for this sort of labor, for he had been edu- 
 cated alike as a civilian and soldier ; gradu- 
 ated at Princeton, West Point, and at Gould’s 
 famed law-school on Litchfield hill, and then 
 from youth up had been in social contact with 
 the first minds of the nation. 
 
 These letters, evidently written by a mili- 
 tary man, were so full of intelligence, that 
 they came with great sustaining force, and, 
 more than the words of any other writer or 
 any speaker, inspired multitudes with hope 
 and encouragement in the dark and distress-' 
 ing periods. 
 
 Who was this unknown writer, evidently a 
 Western man, was a matter of curious inquiry 
 from leading characters who visited Mr. Rus- 
 sell in his office — the Ohio office, 25 William 
 street. New York. They often said that, in 
 spite of themselves, when on the verge of de- 
 spair, they were lifted out of their despondency 
 and gloom by their cheery spirit, broad intel- 
 ligence, and superabounding faith. 
 
 A year or more passed, when one day who 
 should enter the Ohio office but the “Veteran 
 Observer” himself, Edward Peering Mans- 
 field, right fresh from “The Beeches.” No- 
 body could have been more welcome than he : 
 an old man rising of sixty, with long ^ray 
 locks, who to the wisdom of the sage united 
 the simplicity of youth. When he was told 
 of the effect of his writings upon the mag- 
 nates around the old gentleman was filled with 
 surprise, and stammered and blushed like a 
 girl. He had not even dreamed he had been 
 doing such a work of beneficence while writ- 
 ing under the shade of those magnificent- 
 “Beeches” that stood in glory along the hill- 
 sides of Yamoyden, unscathed hy war’s 
 alarms, untouched by the awful disasters that 
 in those days appalled so many human 
 hearts. 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 Gm. James W. Denver., of Wilmington, is 
 a very prominent citizen, from whom Den- 
 ver, Col. , received its name. He was born in 
 Virginia in 1817, and in 1831 came with his 
 father’s family to this comity, and labored for 
 a while on his father’s farm. He graduated 
 at the Cincinnati Law School ; was a captain 
 in the Mexican war in the Twelfth U. S. In- 
 fantry, under Glen. Scott ; edited the Platte 
 Argus., in Missouri ; emigrated to California, 
 and in 1854 was sent from there to Congress ; 
 later, was appointed by Buchanan Commis- 
 sioner of Indian Affairs ; from 1857 to 1859 
 was governor of Kansas ; returned to Cali- 
 fornia, and served in the war of the Bebellion 
 as brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1876 
 his name was mentioned as a Democratic can- 
 didate for President. His family resides 
 here, but most of the time he is a resident of 
 Washington City, where he is engaged in the 
 practice of the law. 
 
 Among the residents of the town is Mrs. 
 Rhoda Corwin Morris, a very aged lady, sis- 
 ter of Hon. Thomas Corwin, and widow of 
 Hon. Isaiah Morris. She has scarcely a gray 
 hair, perfect hearing and good sight, and 
 takes an active interest in all the live issues 
 of the time. On passing her eighty-seventh 
 birthday, she laughingly exclaimed; “Isn’t 
 it wonderful that a harp of a thousand strings 
 should stay in tune so long ? ” 
 
 Near the town is the nursery and fruit 
 
 451 
 
 farm of Mr. Leo Weltz, comprising about 300 
 acres, where he has a very large nursery 
 stock, finding a market even so far West as 
 the Indian Territory. Mr. Weltz was born 
 in Prussia in 1825, the son of a professor in 
 botany. He graduated from the Government 
 Botanical Garden, at Berlin ; was for a time 
 in the employ as a gardener of Alexander III. , 
 Czar of the Russias ; fought as a lieutenant 
 in the revolution of 1847 in Gerniany, and 
 received four medals for gallantry in battle. 
 Emigrating to this country, he laid out the 
 gi'ounds of Gov. Chase, Robert Buchanan, 
 George H. Pendleton, and others near Cin- 
 cinnati, and came to Wilmington in 1860. ' 
 His prominence in connection with the agri- 
 cultural and horticultural interests of Ohio 
 renders further notice here unnecessary. 
 
 The Contemptuous Cobbler. — Mr. Russell, 
 among other amusing matters, told me of an 
 old Welsh cobbler. He was a native of the 
 island of Guernsey ; was living there during 
 the years of Victor Hugo’s exile, whom he 
 knew well, he said ; and the laughable thing 
 about his knowledge was the view he pre- 
 sented of the great author of “Les Miser- 
 ables” from his (the cobbler’s) standpoint. 
 To a question from Mr. Russell, he replied : 
 “ Oh, yes ! I knew him well ! Victor Hugo I 
 He pass my shop every day ! ” and then, with 
 a contemptuous toss of the head, he added, 
 
 “ Victor Hugo ! he nobody ! ” 
 
 The Romantic History op Jeremiah N. Reynolds. 
 
 The story of Jeremiah N. Reynolds’ life, as told in the “ History of Clinton 
 County,” is a romantic story. He was born in Pennsylvania, and in 1808, when 
 a lad of eight years, the family (that of his stepfather. Job Jeffries) moved into 
 this county. They were poor, and he had but little schooling, and this little with 
 board inclusive he paid for by working mornings and evenings and on Saturdays. 
 Sometimes he went into the prairies of Clark county, and added to his funds by 
 engaging in ditching. He was regarded as a bright boy by his schoolmate, the 
 late Judge Abner Haines, of Eaton, who says he came to school clad in leather 
 breeches and a linsey warmus, and then the judge told this story illustrative of 
 his character : 
 
 JoCs Oxen . — ‘‘ He had a stepbrother by the name of Darlington Jeffries, a son of 
 Job Jeffries, and the neighbors called them in fun Job’s oxen, and often ran the 
 joke to the chagrin of young Reynolds. On one occasion there was a log-rolling 
 at Azariah Wall’s, when the neighbors were pretty generally collected, and among 
 them Darlington Jeffries and Jeremiah Reynolds. In the afternoon Reynolds 
 was carrying the end of a handspike opposite to Peter Wrightman, a small, well- 
 built man, and young Reynolds, though large of his age, was unable to move with 
 the weight and broke down, which incident created much merriment among the 
 hands, and one of them remarked that one of Job’s oxen was a calf. This so 
 offended Reynolds that he left the field, and, as he crossed the fence near by, he. 
 set his feet on the outside lower rails, and in the most stately attitude thus ad- 
 dressed them : ‘ Gentlemen, I have no father to guide and protect me through 
 life, and you have had your fun with me to-day. Many of you are old enough to 
 be ashamed of thus rallying a young and unprotected boy; but, gentlemen, you 
 know little about him of whom you are making fun, for I assure you the time is 
 coming when you will feel proud that you ever rolled logs with Jeremiah N. 
 Reynolds, and with this sentiment I bid you good-b 3 'e.’ 
 
 This little speech produced quite a sensation among the hands ; some said it 
 was an outburst of chagrin and spite, but others looked upon it as the outcropping 
 of his coming manhood. But, be this as it may, I myself have heard several of 
 
432 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 these men in after life refer to this incident in the very light in which young 
 Reynolds expressed it from the fence.” 
 
 A Convert to Symmes^ Theory. — By teaching a common and then a writing-school, 
 he gathered funds to enable him to obtain three years of instruction in the Ohio 
 University at Athens. After this he edited a paper, the Spectator^ at Wilmington, 
 which he sold out about 1823. He became a convert to the theory of Capt. 
 Symmes that the earth is hollow and inhabited within, called the system of “ Con- 
 centric Spheres.” His theory was, that the earth was composed of several spheres 
 one within another, and all widely open at the poles. Mr. Reynolds united with 
 Capt. Symmes, and the two travelled and lectured together, when Symmes was 
 taken sick and died. Reynolds persevered, and lectured in all the ^principal 
 Eastern cities, always to full houses, and charged fifty cents admission, making 
 many converts. He thus acquired a large fund; this, with the influence and 
 co-operation of Messrs. Rush and Southard, members of President John Quincy 
 Adams’ ca^binet, enabled him to fit out a national ship, to explore the ocean to- 
 ward the South Pole, to test the truth of the theory, but before he could sail 
 Andrew Jackson came to the Presidency, and stopped the project. 
 
 Reynolds soon found a congenial spirit in Dr. Watson, of New York. Watson 
 being a man of wealth, he and Reynolds united their means, and fitted out a ship 
 and two small tenders for southern explorations, which were manned with officers 
 and men and provisioned for twelve months. 
 
 Sails for the South Pole. — Their vessel, the “Annawan,” N. B. Palmer, captain, 
 sailed from New York harbor in October, 1829, expecting to have the pleasure of 
 entering into the South Pole. “ They at length arrived in sight of land, which 
 they afterward discovered to be a southern continent, which seemed completely 
 blockaded with islands of ice. A landing was determined on. The long-boat was 
 launched, with a crew of twenty men. In attempting to reach the shore in a 
 storm, while the waves were rolling mountain-high, they were obliged to pass 
 along between the shelving rocks of the shore and the heaving masses of floating 
 ice for a considerable distance, every moment liable to be crushed to atoms. 
 They, however, arrived at a landing-place, and immediately with joy drew their 
 boat upon shore, which proved to be a solid rock. On careful observation they 
 found they were on an extensive continent, covered completely with solid ice, and 
 no vegetable growth to be seen. Now that they were landed no provisions were 
 to be obtained, and starvation seemed to stare them in the face. But, behold ! 
 Providence seemed to provide the means of support in the sea-lion. He exhibited 
 himself at the mouth of a cave, and ten men, in two squads, were sent out to bring 
 him in. They soon returned with his carcass, which weighed 1,700 pounds. His 
 flesh was excellent eating. By an accurate astronomical observation they found 
 their latitude to be eighty -two degrees south, exactly eight degrees from the South 
 Pole. After some ten days of anxious delay on land, the sea becoming calm, they 
 put out to sea in their long-boat, to endeavor to discover the ships they had left. 
 They sailed on for nearly forty hours. At length, being very weary, late in the 
 night they drew their boat upon an inclined rock. All in a few minutes were 
 sound asleep except Reynolds and Watson. They stood sentinels over the boat’s 
 crew, too anxious to sleep. About two or three o’clock in the morning they saw 
 a light far distant at sea. The crew was soon wakened, and all embarked in their 
 boat, and rowing with might and main for the ships. They soon arrived, and 
 the meeting of the two parties was full of enthusiastic jo3^ The}^ were convinced 
 that they could not enter tlie South Pole, as it was blocked up with an icy con- 
 tinent, hence they were willing to turn their faces homeward. They soon arrived 
 at Valparaiso, Chili. Here the seamen mutinied against the authority of the 
 ship, set Reynolds and Watson on shore, and launched out to sea as a pirate- 
 ship.” 
 
 Reynolds now travelled by land through the Republic of Chili and the 
 Araucanian and Indian territories to the south. It is said that while among the 
 Araucanians he was engaged as a colonel of a regiment at war with a neighboring 
 tribe, and while marching through a deep and narrow gorge was thrown from his 
 horse and severely hurt. He was at Valparaiso in October, 1832, when the United 
 States frigate “ Potomac,” under Commodore John Downes, arrived there. This 
 vessel in August, 1831, had been sent to the coast of Sumatra, to aveng the 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 435 
 
 wrongs done the United. States ship “ Friendship,” of Salem, at Quallah-Battoo, 
 on that coast. 
 
 At Valparaiso he joined the “ Potomac ” in the capacity of private secretary to 
 the commodore, and was with her until her long cruise of several years’ duration 
 was completed, the entire history of which he wrote for the United States gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Then he studied law in New York, and became a successful advocate. In 1848 
 he organized in New York a stock company for mining in New Mexico, which 
 Avas successful. His health, however, broke down under his persistent labors, 
 and he died in New York in 1858, aged tifty-nine years. 
 
 To this foregoing sketch we add a few lines of personal recollection. Mr. 
 Reynolds in his politics was a Henry Clay Whig, and during the political cam- 
 paigns of that era delivered free lectures in behalf of protection. At one of these 
 we were present. According to our memory he was a firmly built man, of medium 
 stature, with a short nose, and a somewhat broad face. His delivery was monoto- 
 nous, but what he said was solid, and his air in a high degree respectful and 
 earnest and mthal very sad, as though some great sorrow lay upon his heart, 
 which won our sympathy, and this without knowing anything of his history. 
 
 In the county history, giving the military history of Greene township in the 
 ,var of the Rebellion, is this poetic lament for the dead from the pen of Miss 
 Morley Amberg, which is both an historical and literary curiosity. 
 
 A LAMENT FOR THE DEAD. 
 
 The rolling deep, whose azure wave 
 Sweeps o’er our darling lost one’s grave, 
 
 Doth many friends now make to weep 
 For those lost in the briny deep. 
 
 Some died from sickness far away, 
 
 In miLty twilight dim and gray ; 
 
 Or at eventide, so calm and still, 
 
 They bowed to God’s own holy will 
 
 Upon this list was one brave boy, 
 
 Gone home to share eternal joy I 
 John Dixon’s friends did sadly mourn, 
 
 When he from their embrace was torn. 
 
 Upon the bloody battle-ground 
 
 Our brave men, pierced with many a wound. 
 
 Have fallen here to rise no more. 
 
 Covered with wet and reeking gore. 
 
 In the second battle of Bull Run, 
 
 Beneath the hot and burning sun, 
 
 Carey Johnson was killed in fight. 
 
 While battling for his country’s rights. 
 
 And then another from this cause. 
 
 While struggling for our own free laws, 
 
 Colonel Townsend fell amidst the fray 
 Upon this sad and fatal day. 
 
 While suffering much from bitter pain. 
 
 Have our poor boys so often lain. 
 
 With not a gentle mother’s hand 
 To smooth the brow where cold drops stand 
 
 No sister’s winning smile to cheer. 
 
 Nor father's Avell-known voice to hear, 
 
 They thus have sunk into the grave. 
 
 The noble and true-hearted brave. 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 4 34 
 
 Carl Huff and Cyrus Hudson, too, 
 
 They thus passed home to lieaven to view 
 The splendors of that beauteous land, 
 
 Where all is lovely, rich and grand. 
 
 They there have met the brave George West 
 In heaven’s attire so richly dressed ! 
 
 How joyous will that meeting be 
 
 When they, their friends — each — gladly see i 
 
 Austin Hildebrant lingered long, 
 
 Then went to join the happy throng. 
 
 Surely for him hot tears were shed 
 When gathered around his dying bed. 
 
 The noble Burley from us torn, 
 
 Left his dear wife and son to mourn. 
 
 When he his fame and kindred left * 
 
 Of him have we all been bereft. 
 
 Another, parted from his wife. 
 
 Whom he had chosen for his life ; 
 
 He, too, rests in the silent grave. 
 
 Yes, Adams was among the brave ! 
 
 In loathsome prisons some have died, 
 
 How bitterly for them we’ve sighed ! 
 
 0 sad indeed is such a death. 
 
 Where is not e’en felt one pure breath ! 
 
 In gloomy ‘ ‘ Libby Prison ’ ’ ^ died 
 These two brave boys each side by side 
 John Byan was the hallowed name 
 That died in such a place of shame. 
 
 Matthew Ryan, while fighting well, 
 
 At battle of Stone river fell ; 
 
 Amidst the booming cannons’ roar 
 This bi-ave boy fell to rise no more. 
 
 Captain J ohn Drake with his brave men. 
 
 Whom he had led through marsh and fen. 
 
 Was shot upon the battle-ground 
 And here his last remains were found. 
 
 Another that hoped soon to see 
 His cherished wife and family. 
 
 To us no more — ^was stricken down, 
 
 Elijah Hussey, from this, our town. 
 
 Sabina, 66 miles northeast of Cincinnati, on tlie C. & M. V. and C. & C. M. 
 Railroads. Newspaper : Weekly News, Independent, Griffith & Gaskins, editoi’S 
 and publishers. Five churches. Banks : Sabina, Isaac Lewis, president, E. 
 Lewis, cashier ; Dun & Co., Alfred Dun, president, J. T. Rulon, cashier. Popu= 
 lation in 1880, 757. School census in 1886, 313. 
 
 New Vienna, on the M. & C. Railroad, has, newspapers : The Record, weekly 
 Independent ; 2 monthlies, viz., Messenger of Peace and Southern Ohio Teacher. 
 1 bank, New Vienna, Ellis Good, president, E. Aidhur, cashier. Churches : 1 
 Methodist, 1 Friends, 1 Baptist, 1 Disciples, 1 Catholic. Census in 1880, 797. 
 School census in 1886, 327 ; S. M. Taggart, principal. 
 
 Mabtinsville, on the M. & C. Railroad, has 1 Friends and 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal church. Two flouring-niills and A. J. Darbeshire’s tile brick and ium- 
 ber factory, employing 17 hands. Census in 1880, 355. School census in 1886, 
 193 ; E. P. West, jwincipal. 
 
 Beanchester, 41 miles northeast ii'om Cincinnati, on the C. W. & B. Rail- 
 road. Newspaper: Star, Independent, Fred. A. Goulding, alitor and publisher. 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 435 
 
 (Miurches: 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Universalist and 1 Catholic. Bank: Blan- 
 ehester, E. D. Smith, president and cashier. Industries: Western Hame 
 Works, sash and door, patent fence, wagon and carriage, and Old Honesty 
 yeast factories, large flouring-mill, etc. Population in 1880, 776. School 
 census in 1886, 387 ; N. H. Chaney, superintendent. 
 
 Clarksville, on the C. & M. V. Railroad, has 1 Methodist Episcopal church. 
 Census of 1880, 367. Reesville. on railway, has 1 church. Census of 1880, 
 245. School census in 1886, 140. Port Williams, census of 1880, 181. 
 
 COLUMBIANA. 
 
 Columbiana County was formed from Jefferson and Washington, March 
 25, 1803. Kilbourn, in his ‘‘Gazeteer,” says: '‘Columbiana is a fancy name, 
 taken from the names Columbus and Anna. An anecdote is told pending its 
 adoption in the Legislature, that a member jocularly moved that the name 
 Maria should be added thereto, so as to have it read Columbiana-maria.” 
 The southern part is generally broken and hilly, and the northern level or 
 undulating. This is an excellent agricultural tract ; it is well watered, 
 abounds in fine mineral coal, iron ore, lime, and free-stone. The water lime- 
 stone of this county is of the best quality. Salt water abounds on Yellow 
 and Beaver creeks, which also afford a great amount of water power. Forty 
 years ago it was the greatest wool-growing county in Ohio, and was exceeded 
 by but three or four in the Union. About one-third of the population are of 
 German origin, and there are many of Scotch-Irish extraction. In 1885 the 
 acres cultivated were 118,656 ; in pasture, 90,692 ; woodland, 45,065 ; lying 
 
 waste, 14,603 ; 
 
 wheat, 159,241 
 
 bushels ; 
 
 corn, 645,329 ; oats. 
 
 580,660 ; 
 
 wool. 
 
 552,862 pounds 
 
 ; apples, 515,913 
 
 . School 
 
 census, 17,060; teachers, 357. 
 
 Area, 
 
 540 square miles. Miles of railroad track, 117. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. " Townships and Census. 
 
 1.8t0. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Butler, 
 
 1,711 
 
 1,560 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 1,601 
 
 1,590 
 
 Center, 
 
 3,472 
 
 3,719 
 
 Perry, 
 
 1,630 
 
 4,868 
 
 Elk Run, 
 
 873 
 
 1,457 
 
 St. Clair, 
 
 1,739 
 
 1,186 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 2,108 
 
 3,178 
 
 Salem, 
 
 1,903 
 
 5,142 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 893 
 
 869 
 
 Unity, 
 
 1,984 
 
 3,114 
 
 Hanover 
 
 2,963 
 
 2,258 
 
 AYashington, 
 
 814 
 
 3,192 
 
 Knox, 
 
 2,111 
 
 2,240 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 1,086 
 
 848 
 
 Ihverpool, 
 
 1,096 
 
 6.229' 
 
 West, 
 
 1,915 
 
 2,050 
 
 Madison, 
 
 1,472 
 
 1.144 
 
 Yellow Creek, 
 
 2,686 
 
 3,958 
 
 The population of Columbiana in 1820 was 22,033; in 1830, 35,508; and in 
 1840, 40,394, which was greater than any other counties in Ohio, excepting 
 Hamilton and Richland. The number of inhabitants to a square mile was 
 then 46. In 1846 the county was reduced by the formation of Mahoning, to 
 which the townships of Beaver, Goshen, Greene, Smith, and Springfield, for- 
 merly belonging to it. wnre added. The population of the county in 1860 was 
 32,836, and in 1880, 48,602, of whom 34,945 were Ohio-born ; 6,344 Pennsyl- 
 vania-born; 3,711 English subjects born; 852 Germans; 44 French; 32 Scan- 
 dinavians. 
 
 Columbiana is one of the best fruit-producing counties in Ohio. The township 
 
43 ^ 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY, 
 
 of Middletown is especially noted for its raspberries and fine quality of peaches, 
 which last is said to be a rarely failing crop. The fruit finds a near market in 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 The first paper-mill in Ohio, and the second west of the Alleghenies, was erected 
 in 1805-6 on Little Beaver creek, near its mouth, in this county. It was called 
 the Ohio paper-mill ; its proprietors were John Bever and John Coulter. 
 
 Tliis county was settled just before the commencement of the present century. 
 In 1797 a few families moved across the Ohio and settled in its limits. One of 
 them, named Carpenter, made a settlement near West Point. Shortly after, Capt. 
 Whiteyes, a noted Indian chief, stopped at the dwelling of Carpenter. Being 
 intoxicated, he got into some difficulty with a son of Mr. C., a lad of about seven- 
 teen years of age, and threatened to kill him. The young man upon this turned 
 and ran, pursued by the Indian with uplifted tomahawk, ready to bury it in his 
 brains. Finding that the latter was fast gaining upon him the young man turned 
 and shot him, and shortly afterwards he expired. As this was in time of peace, 
 Carpenter was apprehended and tried at Steubenville, under the territorial laws, 
 the courts being then held by justices of the peace. He was cleared, it appearing 
 that he acted in self-defence. The death of Whiteyes created great excitement, and 
 fears were entertained that it would provoke hostilities from the Indians. Great 
 exertions were made to reconcile them, and several presents were given to the 
 friends of the late chief. The wife of Whiteyes received from three gentlemen the 
 sum of $300; one of these donors was the late Bezaleel Wells, of Steubenville. 
 This was the last Indian blood shed by white men in this part of Ohio. 
 
 Adam and Andrew Poe, the Indian Fighters. 
 
 Adam Poe, who, with his brother Andrew, had the noted fight with the Indians, 
 once resided in this county, in Wayne township, on the west fork of Little Beaver. 
 The son of Andrew — Deacon Adam Poe — was living late as 1846 in the vicinity 
 of Ravenna, Portage county, and had the tomahawk with which the Indian struck 
 his father. The locality where the struggle occurred, he then told the author, was 
 nearly opposite the mouth of Little Yellow creek. We annex the particulars of 
 this affair from Doddridge’s Notes,” substituting, however, the name of Andrew 
 for Adam, and vice versa, as he then stated they should be placed : 
 
 In the summer of 1782 a party of seven 
 Wyandots made an incursion into a settlement 
 some distance below Fort Pitt, and several 
 miles from the Ohio river. Here, finding an 
 old man alone in a cabin, they killed him, 
 packed up what plunder they could find, and 
 commenced their retreat. Among their party 
 was a celebrated Wyandot chief, who, in ad- 
 dition to his fame as a warrior and counsellor, 
 was, as to his size and strength, a real giant. 
 
 The news of the visit of the Indians soon 
 spread through the neighborhood, and a party 
 of eight good riflemen was collected, in a few 
 hours, for the purpose of pursuing the In- 
 dians. In this party were two brothers of 
 the names of Adam and Andrew Poe. They 
 were both famous for courage, size and ac- 
 tivity. 
 
 This little party commenced the pursuit 
 of the Indians, with a determination, if pos- 
 sible, not to suffer theru to escape, as they 
 usually did on such occasions, by making a 
 speedy flight to the river, crossing it, and 
 then dividing into small parties to meet at a 
 distant point in a given time. 
 
 The pursuit was continued the greater part 
 
 of the night after the Indians had done the 
 mischief. In the morning the party found 
 themselves on the trail of the Indians, which 
 led to the river. When arrived within a 
 little distance of the river, Andrew Poe, fear- 
 ing an ambuscade, left the party, who fol- 
 lowed directly on the trail, to creep along the 
 brink of the river bank, under cover of the 
 weeds and bushes, to fall on the rear of the 
 Indians, should he find them in ambuscade. 
 He had not gone far before he saw the Indian 
 rafts at the water’s edge. Not seeing any 
 Indians, he stepped softly down the bank, 
 with his rifle cocked. When about half-way 
 down, he discovered the large Wyandot chief 
 and a small Indian, within a few steps of him. 
 They were standing with their guns cocked, 
 and lookine: in the direction of our party, 
 who by this time had. gone some distance 
 lower down the bottom. Poe took aim at 
 the large chief, but his rifle missed fire. Tha 
 Indians, hearing the snap of the gun-lock, 
 instantly turned round and discovered Poe, 
 who being too near to retreat, dropped hi» 
 gun and instantly sprang from the bank upon, 
 them, and seizing the large Indian by the 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY, 
 
 437 
 
 cloths on his breast, and at the same time 
 embracing the neck of the small one, threw 
 them both down on the ground, himself being 
 upmost. The Indian soon extricated himself, 
 ran to the raft, got his tomahawk, and at- 
 tempted to dispatch Poe, the large Indian 
 holding him fast in his arms with all his 
 might, the better to enable his fellow to effect 
 his purpose. Poe, however, so well watched 
 the motions of the Indian that when in the 
 act of aiming his blow at his head, by a vig- 
 orous and well-directed kick with one of his 
 feet he staggered the savage and knocked the 
 tomahawk out of his hand. This failure on 
 the part of the small Indian was reproved 
 by an exclamation of contempt from the large 
 one. 
 
 In a moment the Indian caught up his 
 tomahawk again, approached more cautiously 
 brandishing his tomahawk, and making a 
 number of feigned blows, in defiance and 
 derision. Poe, however, still on his guard, 
 averted the real blow from his head by throw- 
 ing up his arm and receiving it on his wrist, 
 in which he was severely wounded, but not 
 so as to lose entirely the use of his hand. 
 
 In this perilous moment, Poe, by a violent 
 effort, broke loose from the Indian, snatched 
 up one of the Indian’s guns, and shot the 
 small Indian through the breast, as he ran 
 up the third time to tomahawk him. 
 
 The large Indian was now on his feet, and 
 rasping Poe by a shoulder and leg, threw 
 im down on the bank. Poe instantly disen- 
 gaged himself and got on his feet. The In- 
 dian then seized him again and a new strug- 
 gle ensued, which, owing to the slippery 
 state of the bank, ended in the fall of both 
 combatants into the water. 
 
 In this situation, it was the object of each 
 to drown the other. Their efforts to effect 
 their purpose were continued for some time 
 with alternate success, sometimes one being 
 under the water, and sometimes the other. 
 Poe at length seized the tuft of hair on the 
 scalp of the Indian, with which he held his 
 head under the water until he supposed him 
 drowned. 
 
 Relaxing his hold too soon, Poe instantly 
 found his gigantic antagonist on his feet again 
 and ready for another combat. In this, they 
 were carried into the water beyond their 
 depth. In this situation, they were com- 
 pelled to loose their hold on each other and 
 swim for mutual safety. Both sought the 
 shore to seize a gun and end the contest with 
 bullets. The Indian being the best swimmer, 
 reached the land first. Poe, seeing this, im- 
 mediately turned back into the water to 
 escape, if possible, being shot, by diving. 
 Fortunately, the Indian caught up the 
 rifle with which Poe had killed the other 
 warrior. 
 
 At this juncture Adam Poe, missing his 
 brother from the party, and supposing, from 
 the report of the gun which he shot, that he 
 was either killed or engaged in conflict with 
 the Indians, hastened to the spot. On seeing 
 him, Andrew called out to him to “kill the 
 big Indian on shore.” But Adam’s gun. 
 
 like that of the Indian’s, was empty. The 
 contest was now between the white man and 
 the Indian, who should load and fire first. 
 Very fortunately for I\)e, the Indian, in 
 loading, drew the ramrod from the thimbles 
 of the stock of the gun with so much violence, 
 that it slipped out of his hand and fell a little 
 distance from him ; he quickly caught it up, 
 and rammed down his bullet. This little 
 delay gave Poe the advantage. He shot the 
 Indian as he was raising his gun to take aim 
 at him. 
 
 As soon as Adam had shot the Indian, he 
 jumped into the river to assist his wounded 
 brother to shore ; but Andrew, thinking more 
 of the honor of carrying the big Indian home, 
 as a trophy of victory, than of his own safety, 
 urged Adam to go back, and prevent the 
 struggling savage from rolling into the river, 
 and escaping. Adam’s solicitude for the life 
 of his brother prevented him from complying 
 with this request. 
 
 In the mean time the Indian, jealous of 
 the honor of his scalp, even in the agonies 
 of death, succeeded in reaching the rivei’ and 
 getting into the current, so that his body was 
 never obtained. 
 
 An unfortunate occurrence took place dur- 
 ing this conflict. Just as Adam arrived at 
 the top of the bank, for the relief of his 
 brother, one of the party who had followed 
 close behind him, seeing Andrew in the river, 
 and mistaking him for a wounded Indian, 
 shot at him and wounded him in the shoulder. 
 He, however, recovered from his wounds. 
 
 During the contest between Andrew Poe 
 and the Indians, the party had overtaken the 
 remaining six of them. A desperate conflict 
 ensued, in which five of the Indians were 
 killed. Our loss was three men killed, and 
 Andrew Poe severely wounded. 
 
 Thus ended this Spartan conflict, with the 
 loss of three valiant men on our part, and 
 with that of the whole of the Indian party, 
 with the exception of one warrior. Never, 
 on any occasion, was there a greater display 
 of desperate bravery, and seldom did a con- 
 flict take place which, in the issue, proved 
 fatal to so great a proportion of those en- 
 gaged in it. 
 
 The fatal issue of this little campaign on 
 the side of the Indians, occasioned an uni- 
 versal mourning among the Wyandot nation. 
 The big Indian, and his four brothers, all 
 of whom were killed at the same place, were 
 among the most distinguished chiefs and 
 warriors of their nation. 
 
 The big Indian was magnanimous, as well 
 as brave. He, more than any other indi- 
 vidual, contributed by his example and influ- 
 ence to the good character of the Wyandots, 
 for lenity towards their prisoners. He 
 would not suffer them to be killed or ill 
 treated. This mercy to captives was an 
 honorable distinction in the character of the 
 Wyandots, and was well understood by our 
 first settlers, who, in case of captivity, thought 
 it a fortunate circumstance to fall into their 
 hands. 
 
43 ^ 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 New Lisbon in 1846. — New Lisbon, the county-seat, is in the township of 
 Centre, 155 miles northeast of Columbus, 35 from Steubenville and 56 from 
 Pittsburg. It is on the line of the Sandy and Beaver canal, on the middle fork 
 of Little Beaver, and is surrounded by a populous and well-cultivated country. 
 The town is remarkably compact and substantially built ; many of its streets are 
 paved, and it has the appearance of a small city. The view was taken from the 
 southeastern part of the public square, and shows, on the left, the county buildings, 
 and on the right, the market. New Lisbon was laid out in 1802 by the Bev. 
 Lewis Kinney, of the Baptist denomination, and proprietor of the soil ; a year or 
 two after, it was made the county-seat. It contains 1 Friends’ meeting house, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 Keformed Methodist, 1 Disciples, 1 Dutch Be- 
 formed and 1 Seceder church, 3 newspaper printing offices, 2 woolen manufactories, 
 2 foundries, 2 flouring mills, 14 mercantile stores, and about 1,800 inhabitants. 
 Carriage making and tanning are extensively carried on in this village. — Old 
 Edition. 
 
 New Lisbon is on the north bank of Middle Beaver creek and Niles and New 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846, 
 
 Public Square, New Lisbon. 
 
 Lisbon railroad. County officers in 1888 : Auditor, Norman B. Garrigues; Clerk, 
 Bichardson Arter ; Commissioners, Elwood Miller, Hugh McFall, George D. 
 Flugan ; Coroner, Samuel Badger ; Prosecuting Attorney, P. M. Smith ; Probate 
 Judge, James G. Moore ; Becorder, Abram Moore ; Sherift*, John W. Wyman ; 
 Surveyor, Isaac P. Farmer ; Treasurer, Jess. Kepner. Newspapers : Ohio Pair lot y 
 Democratic, Wilson Shannon Potts, editor; Buckeye State, Bepublican, Ed. F. 
 Moore, editor ; The Journal, Bepublican, George B. Corbett, editor. Churches 
 are Friends, Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Episcopal, Baptist, German Be- 
 formed, Lutheran, Disciples, and Methodists. Banks : First National, J. F. Ben- 
 ner, president, B. B. Pritchard, cashier ; Firestone Bros., Daniel W. Firestone, 
 cashier ; Lodge & Small. Principal industries are carriage-making, quarrying of 
 building-stone, sewer-pipe, fire-brick, and iron-ore mining. Po])ulation in 1880, 
 2,028. School census 1886, 684; Superintendent, AYilliam H. Van Fossan. 
 
 The Ohio Patriot, now published in New Lisbon, is one of the oldest newspapers 
 in Ohio, and, with the exception of the Scioto (Chillicothe) Gazette, is the oldest 
 with the same continuous name. It was established in 1808, by William D. 
 Lepper, who brought the materials from Pittsburg. It was printed in a log-house 
 on Beaver street. There were at that time only four newspapers published in the 
 State, viz., one each at Chillicothe, Steubenville, Cincinnati, and at Marietta. The 
 
COLUMB/ANA COUNTY. 
 
 439 
 
 paper was only about the size of an 8 x 10 pane of window-glass, and the first 
 year was printed in German, under the title of i)er Patriot am Ohio. Until 1818 
 there was no newspaper printed in Cleveland, and the legal advertisements as well 
 as the job-printing for Cuyahoga county were done in the office of the Ohio 
 Fazriot. 
 
 G. S. Moore, Photo., New Lisbon, 1886. 
 
 Street View in New Lisbon. 
 
 [This view is on West Walnut street, looking easterly, and is very much like that of an English 
 town. The cupola of the new court-house appears in the distance.] 
 
 About half a mile west of the fine large court-house in New Lisbon, which has 
 succeeded the structure shown in the old view, is the Vallandigham homestead. 
 Here Clement Laird Vallandigham first appeared July 29, 1820, then an infant, 
 who was destined to act a prominent part in the history of the Nation’s terrible 
 struggle for existence ; to become “ the bold leader of the Ohio Democracy in the 
 turbulent times of 1863.” It was with singular emotions in remembrance of his 
 history that we stood in front of the place with the photographer, Mr. Moore, 
 and selected the spot from whence we wished him to take the view which ap- 
 pears on these pages. 
 
 The mansion is on the Canton road, on the margin of the town, on a knoll well 
 elevated from the street. We felt as we looked that it was one of the most quaint 
 old-style, home-like appearing spots we had seen for many a day. The grounds, 
 ample with the surroundings that seem vital to the culmination of the happiest 
 sort of life, garden, orchard, shrubbery, forest trees and grassy lawn, with a grand 
 outlook upon not far distant bold-wooded hills. Personally we should prefer 
 living in such a spot than in a regal city mansion, with its adjuncts of house and 
 stone-walled, prison-like streets, and rattling, deafening vehicles, and tides of 
 surging, worrying, care-laden, conflicting and never-to-be-satisfied, ever-complain- 
 ing humanity. In these rural homes it is that nature woos the spirit with her 
 gentle influences of trembling, dancing leaves and opening flowers and care-free 
 animal life ; where, too, morning comes on in smiling beauty and evening gently 
 closes the scene for calm repose. 
 
 The 17th of September, 1863, was a proud 
 day for the inmates of the mansion. It was 
 in the midst of the exciting Vallandigham 
 campaign when was witnessed the tremendous 
 outpourings of the Democracy m every part 
 of the State to bring back “their exiled 
 hero” from Canada as Groyernor of Ohio. 
 On that day one of those wild, surging, en- 
 thusiastic political processions passed by the 
 place. 
 
 “Over the gateway,” said the WdUmlle 
 
 Patriot., “was a plain white muslin, bearing 
 the simple inscription, ‘ Valla ndigh am’ s 
 Birthplace,’ and upon the grassy lawn, 
 near the old homestead, now rendered dear 
 to every freeman, stood the aged mother of 
 Hon. C. L. Vallandigham, the great apostle 
 and champion of human rights during the 
 reign of terror and high-handed usurpations 
 of the Lincoln administration. What must 
 have been her feelings when that great pro- 
 cession of freemen as they passed sent forth 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 their hearty huzzas in honor of her exiled 
 and persecuted son! . . . ‘ Vallandigham’s 
 birthplace ’ is now consecrated and classical 
 ground, and the present century will not 
 have passed into eternity until pilgrimages 
 will be made from every spot where the fire 
 
 of liberty is unquenched and sages and 
 patriots will revere the spot and love to look 
 upon it as every freeman does the hallowed 
 grounds of Mount Vernon, Monticello, the 
 Hermitage or Ashland. ’ ’ 
 
 The family still occupy the old home, and ere we left the place we obtained a 
 pamphlet containing the lecture of Mr. Vallandigham upon the Bible, of which 
 '|he was a close student, and a book, ns he once wrote in a letter to his brother 
 James, without an intimate and constant study of which no man’s education 
 can be finished and no man’s character can be complete.” 
 
 The ancestors of Mr. Vallandigham w^ere on the paternal side Huguenots and 
 on the maternal Scotch-Irish. The family came from French Flanders and the 
 original name was Van Lendeghem. It was under that name that his ancestors 
 came to Stafford county, Virginia, in 1690. These were Michael Van Lendeghem 
 and Jane, his wife. A son of these, who had become a lessee in Fairfax county 
 under Lord Fairfax, for more agreeable sound and easier pronunciation, changed 
 his family name from Van Lendeghem to Vallandigham. His father, Clement 
 Vallandigham, was born in Allegheny county, Penns 3 dvania, was an Old School 
 Presbyterian clergyman and came to New Lisbon in 1807, where he was ordained 
 pastor and commenced preaching the Gospel under a tent. His congregation 
 were largely Scotch-Irish people who had settled in and around the place. He 
 died in 1839 and is remembered as a small man, who, though not a great preacher, 
 was a most exemplary character, to whom his congregation were strongly at- 
 tached, and he thus filled the very excellent role of a much-beloved village 
 pastor. 
 
 His salary being insufficient for his support, he, to make up the deficiency and 
 to prepare his four sons for college, established a classical school in his own 
 house, which is here shown by the engraving. This school was later continued 
 by his two oldest sons. Here were taught the Armstrongs, the Begges, the 
 Blocksornes, the Brookes, the Grahams, the Harbaughs, the Hissins, the McCooks, 
 the McKaigs, the McMillans, the Richardsons and others who have occupied high 
 positions in the professions and in business. Among them was the late General 
 Wm. T. H. Brookes, a gallant officer in the Mexican war and in the late civil 
 war, and Col. Geo. W. McCook, who was in 1871 the Democratic candidate for 
 Governor of Ohio. 
 
 His son, Clement, here began his education, and before he was two years old 
 acquired the alphabet and was ready for college years before he was old enough 
 to enter. All through his early life he was a great reader and an untiring 
 student. 
 
 Mr. Vallandigham graduated at Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 and began the practice of the law at New Lisbon. In 1845 he was elected to the 
 Legislature, and, although the youngest member, became the leader of the Demo- 
 cratic party in the House, but voted against the repeal of the Black Laws, pre- 
 ferring to submit the question to popular vote, declaring that he so voted because 
 the “ measure would result in the most effectual putting down of this vexed 
 question for perhaps twenty years to come. It would probably fail as the ques- 
 tion of negro suffrage in New York, where the people had voted against it by a 
 majority of 50,000.” 
 
 In 1847 he removed to Dayton, where he became part owner and editor of. the 
 Western Empire and continued the practice of his profession. In his salutatory 
 address he said: “We will support the Constitution of the United States in its 
 whole integrity,” “ protect and defend the Union,” “ maintain the doctrine of 
 strict construction^^ and “stand fast to the doctrine also of State Rights, as 
 embodied in Mr. Madison’s Virginia report and Mr. Jefferson’s Kentucky resolu- 
 tions of 1798.” He also advocated “free trade,” “a fixed tenure to every office 
 under the Federal Government that will properly admit it ” and “popular 
 education.” 
 
 The newspaper was not a satisfying scope for his larger ambition. He was a 
 thoughtful, studious writer, but his pen was not adapted to the lighter but no 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 441 
 
 less important details necessary for successful editorship. In 1852 he made a 
 strenuous effort to secure the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant-Governor, 
 but was defeated by Wm. Medill, and over this result he felt very bitter. In 1856 
 he was nominated by the Democracy of his district for Congress, his competitor 
 being Col. Lewis D. Campbell, called the “ Butler County Pony.” The latter 
 was declared elected. The election being contested, Vallandigham was awarded 
 the seat. He continued a member until March, 1863, he having been defeated 
 in his canvass for re-election in the State election the year before by Gen. Robert 
 L. Schenck. While in Congress he was adjudged one of the ablest debaters and 
 best parliamentarians on the floor of the House and as honest in his purposes 
 and sincere in his convictions. He opposed the war because he believed that it 
 was impossible to conquer the South. 
 
 Having returned home, Mr. Vallandigham engaged with his usual boldness to 
 denounce the war, the draft then pending and, as Whitelaw Reid expresses it, 
 “stirred up the people with violent talk and particularly excited them over al- 
 leged efforts on the part of the military authorities to interfere with freedom of 
 speech and the press, which he conjured them to defend under any circumstances 
 and at all hazards.” 
 
 It was then a most gloomy period in the progress of the war and Gen. Burn- 
 side, "who had just been put in command of the military department of the Ohio, 
 under date of April 13, 1863, issued from his headquarters at Cincinnati the 
 famous “ General Order No. 38,” wherein he proclaimed that henceforth 
 
 “ . . . All persons within our lines who commit acts for the benefit of the enemies of our country 
 will be tried as spies or traitors, and if convicted will sufier death. . . . The habit of declaring sym- 
 pathy for the enemy will not be allowed in this department. Persons committing such offences will 
 be at once arrested, with a view to being tried as above stated or sent beyond our lines into the lines 
 of their friends. It must be distinctly stated that treason expressed or implied will not be tolerated 
 in this department.” 
 
 Vallandigham, angered at this order, expressed his determination to defy it 
 and to assert his constitutional right to discuss the policy of the administration 
 in the conduct of the war, and announced that he would speak at a Democratic 
 mass-meeting to be held at Mount Vernon on Friday, the 10th of May, which he 
 did, and to a large audience. 
 
 Beginning with an allusion to the American flag, which was flying over them, 
 he said, “that was the flag of the Constitution ; that it had been rendered sacred 
 by Democratic Presidents ; ” claimed that the Union could have been saved if 
 the plans he had proposed had been sanctioned and adopted ; he declared that 
 he abided by the Constitution; that he “was a freeman;” that he did not ask 
 Dave Tod, Abraham Lincoln or Ambrose E. Burnside for his right to speak as he 
 had or was doing ; that his “ authority for so doing was higher than General 
 Order No. 38 ; it was General Order No. 1 — ^the Constitution ! ” that “ the only rem- 
 edy for all the evils was the ballot box.” 
 
 Some of his more intemperate remarks having been reported to Gen. Burn- 
 side, on the Monday following he despatched a company of the 115th Ohio, under 
 Cfipt. Hutton, by a special train to Dayton to arrest him, which was effected that 
 night and he returned immediately to Cincinnati with his prisoner. A scene of 
 wild excitement the next day ensued in Dayton ; the streets were crowded with 
 his friends and adherents and that night the office of the Republican newspaper 
 was burnt by a mob. Gen. Burnside sent up an ample military force and, 
 proclaiming martial law, quelled all further disturbance. 
 
 The day after his arrest Mr. Vallandigham issued the following address : 
 
 To the Democracy of Ohio : I am here in 
 a military bastile for no other offence than 
 my political opinions, and the defence of 
 them and the rights of the people, and of 
 your constitutional liberties. Speeches made 
 in the hearing of thousands of you, in de- 
 nunciation of the usurpation of power, in- 
 fractions of the Constitution and laws, and 
 of military despotism, were the causes of my 
 arrest and imprisonment. I am a Democrat ; 
 
 for Constitution, for law, for Union, for lib- 
 erty ; this is my only crime. For no disobe- 
 dience to the Constitution, for no violation of 
 law, for no word, sign or gesture of sympathy 
 with the men of the South, who are for dis- 
 union and Southern independence, but in 
 obedience to their demand, as well as the 
 demand of Northern Abolition disunionists 
 and traitors, I am here to-day in bonds ; but 
 “ Time, at last, sets all things even.” 
 
442 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 Meanwhile, Democrats of Ohio, of the 
 Northwest, of the United States, be firm, be 
 true to your principles, to the Constitution, 
 to the Union, and all will yet be well. As 
 for myself, I adhere to every principle, and 
 will make good, through imprisonment and 
 
 life itself, every pledge and declaration which 
 I have ever made, uttered or maintained from 
 the beginning. To you, to the whole people, 
 to time, I again appeal. Stand firm ! Falter 
 not an instant ! 
 
 C. L. Vallandigham. 
 
 Mr. Vallandigham vras arraigned before a court presided over by Gen. R. B. 
 Potter, who, finding him guilty on some of the specifications, sentenced him to 
 close confinement during the war, and Fort Warren, in Boston harbor, was 
 designated. Mr. Lincoln changed this to his conveyance through our mili- 
 tary lines into the Southern Confederacy, and in the event of his return that the 
 original sentence of imprisonment be carried out. Judge Leavitt, of the United 
 States District Court, was applied to for a writ of habeas corpus to take the prisoner 
 out of the hands of the military. The application was ably argued by Hon. 
 Geo. E. Pugh and Hon. Aaron F. Perry and the United States District Attorney, 
 Hon. Flamen Ball, in behalf of Gen. Burnside. Judge Leavitt briefly took the 
 case under advisement and denied the writ, in a calm and carefully considered 
 opinion. The Democratic party bitterly assailed this decision, and some of the 
 points of the learned judge were, after the war, decided adversely by the Supreme 
 Court of the United States in the case of the Indiana conspirators. The sentence 
 for Mr. Vallandigham’s conveyance under military escort to within the lines of 
 the Confederacy was then carried out. 
 
 The widely known Ohio journalist, Mr. W. S. Furay, now (1888) of Columbus, 
 was then correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette^ and in Murfreesboro on the arrival 
 of Mr. Vallandigham. He was with the party who took him into the Southern 
 lines. His account, as written at the time, here follow's. 
 
 Amongst the transactiotis which during the 
 war it has been my fortune to witness I shall 
 not soon forget the conveyance of the Hon. 
 Mr. Vallandigham beyond the lines of our 
 army and his delivery into the hands of the 
 rebels ; which I consider an event fraught 
 with the greatest interest to the patriot, giv- 
 ing evidence as it does of a final determina- 
 tion on the part of the government to save 
 the nation at all hazards ; the first distinct 
 assertion of its right to protect itself against 
 the insinuating and cowardly copperheadism 
 of the North, more dangerous and malignant 
 than the open and armed treason of the 
 South. 
 
 Vallandigham at 3Iurfreeshoro . — It was 
 about ten o’clock on Sunday night (May 24) 
 that the somewhat suppressed whistle of a 
 locomotive announced that an extra train 
 with Mr. Vallandigham on board had 
 arrived. He had been sent from Cincinnati 
 in charge of Capt. Murray with a squad of 
 the Thirteenth regular infantry. He was at 
 once taken in custody by Major Wiles, pro- 
 vost marshal-general of the department, in 
 accordance with an order from headquarters 
 to take him to a point near our outposts, 
 keep him there until morning, and then 
 under cover of a fiag of truce to pass him 
 within the lines of the enemy. 
 
 None save those immediately surrounding 
 Gen. Rosecrans knew of his arrival. Had 
 it been known through the camp all sense of 
 discipline and restraint would have been lost, 
 and a crowd of ten thousand men would have 
 instantly collected around the ])rovost mar- 
 shals, swayed by the wildest and most ungov- 
 ernable excitement which could have found 
 
 no vent but in slaying him on the spot. So 
 intense and burning is their hatred for the 
 man who by every speech made in and out 
 of Congress the last two years had tended to 
 encourage the rebels, to render more difficult 
 and dangerous the task of their subjugation, 
 and to put far off the happy period when in 
 the midst of peace the soldiers may return to 
 home and friends. 
 
 Starts for Dixie . — It was two o’clock in 
 the morning when Vallandigham stepped 
 into a spring wagon and started for that Dixie, 
 which, notwithstanding it was now night, 
 began to loom up most distinctly before him. 
 Not one of those who accompanied Mr. Val- 
 landigham that night will ever forget it. 
 
 Col. McKibben, senior aid to Rosecrans, 
 assisted by Lieut. -Col. Ducat, had the gen- 
 eral charge. Col. McKibben had once sat in 
 Congress with this same Vallandigham, and 
 although differing in many points they had 
 fought together against the iniquity of 
 Buchanan’s administration. When taking 
 his seat in the wagon the prisoner remarked 
 .to Col. McKibben in a jocular manner : 
 “ Colonel, this is worse than Lecompton ! ” 
 This was time in a deeper sense than he in- 
 tended it, for the offence against the nation 
 for which he was to be punished was much 
 worse than the infamous attempt of Buchanan 
 to fiisten negro slavery upon the outraged in- 
 habitants of Kansas. 
 
 The prisoner himself was in charge of 
 Major AViles, the able provost marshal-gen- 
 eral of the department, efficiently assisted by 
 Capt. Goodwin of the Thirty-seventh In- 
 diana. 
 
 Capt. Doolittle and Lieut. Kelley of the 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 443 
 
 Fourth regular cavalry commanded the two 
 companies of cavalry forming the escort of 
 Gren. Rosecrans, but which, for this occasion, 
 were the escort of Vallandigham. A second 
 small wagon, with a trunk and some other 
 baggage, followed the vehicle containing the 
 prisoner. Major Wiles and Capt. Groodwin 
 rode in the wagon. Col. McKibben and Col. 
 Ducat preceded, and the escort followed. 
 Your correspondent, who was kindly per- 
 mitted to form one of the party, went loosely 
 and ad libitum. 
 
 The Procession on the Way. — Such was the 
 remarkable procession which at this silent 
 hour passed along the streets of Murfrees- 
 boro, through the quiet and slumbering 
 camps, and down the Shelbyville turnpike 
 towards rebellious Dixie. Guard after guard, 
 picket after picket, sentinel after sentinel, 
 was passed, the magic countersign opening 
 the gates in the walls of living men which, 
 circle behind circle, surrounded the town of 
 Murfreesboro. 
 
 The men on guard stood looking in silent 
 wonder at the unwonted spectacle, little think- 
 ing that they were gazing on the great copper- 
 head on his way through the lines. Stone 
 river was passed, and several miles traversed 
 when your correspondent began to wonder 
 where the mythical “ front ” so often spoken 
 of might be. 
 
 An Hour's Rest. — Just as the first faint 
 dawn appeared in the east the party stopped 
 at the house of Mr. Butler, in order to wait for 
 daylight ; for we were now near our outposts. 
 The family stared about them in great sur- 
 prise when they were wakened up, but made 
 haste to provide whatever conveniences they 
 could for enabling the party to take an hour’s 
 repose. 
 
 Here, for the first time, I was introduced 
 to Vallandigham, and as none of us felt like 
 sleeping we commenced what to me was an 
 extremely interesting and profitable conversa- 
 tion. Mr. Vallandigham talked with entire 
 freedom ; told me with the greatest apparent 
 frankness his views of the policy of the 
 administration ; discussed dispassionately the 
 circumstances of his arrest and trial, and 
 stated clearly what he supposed would be the 
 ultimate results of his punishment. He 
 manifested no bitterness of feeling whatever, 
 seemed inclined to do full justice to the gov- 
 ernment in reference to its dealings with him- 
 self, and spoke very respectfully of Gen. 
 Burnside. In spite of my fixed opinion of 
 the bad and dangerous character of the man 
 I could not but entertain for him a sentiment 
 of personal respect which I had never felt 
 before. 
 
 An Apt Quotation. — After an hour passed 
 in conversation there was an effort made to 
 obtain a little sleep, and Mr. Vallandigham 
 himself had just fallen into a doze when Col. 
 McKibben waked him, informing him that it 
 was daylight and time to move. Some poetical 
 remark having been made about the morn- 
 ing, Mr. Vallandigham raised himself up on 
 his elbow and said, dramatically : 
 
 Night’s candles are burnt out. 
 
 And jocund day stands tip-toe on misty 
 mountain tops.” 
 
 He had evidently forgotten the remaining 
 line of the quotation, but it seemed so applica- 
 ble to his own case, in view of the wrathful 
 feelings of the soldiers towards him, that I 
 could not forbear adding aloud, 
 
 ‘ ‘ I must be gone and live, or stay and die. ’ ’ 
 
 I indulge in no vanity when I say that the 
 extreme appositeness of the quotation 
 startled every one that heard it, including 
 Mr. Vallandigham himself 
 
 Again Upon the March. — The cavalcade 
 again set forth, and just as the first rays of 
 sun tinged with gold the trees upon the west- 
 ern hills we reached our remotest outposts. 
 Major Wiles and Col. MeKibben now went 
 forward with a flag of truce toward the 
 enemy’s videttes, who could be plainly seen 
 stationed in the road, not more than half a 
 mile off. The rest of the party halted, and 
 Col. Ducat, Capt. Goodwin, Lieut. Kelly, 
 Mr. Vallandigham and myself took break- 
 fast at the house of a Mr. Alexander, just 
 on the boundary line between the United 
 States and Dixie. After all were seated at 
 the table Col. Ducat informed Mrs. Alexan- 
 der, who presided, that one of the gentlemen 
 before her, pointing him out, was Mr. Val- 
 landigham. 
 
 Immediately the woman turned all sorts 
 of colors, and exclaimed, “Can it be possi- 
 ble ? Mr. V allandigham ! Why I was read- 
 ing only last night of your wonderful doings i 
 I must introduce you to the old man, shure ! ’ ’ 
 
 The “old man ” is understood to be much 
 more than half “ Secesh,” and he and not a 
 remarkably handsome daughter united in 
 giving the prisoner a warm welcome. 
 
 Vallandigham in Dixie. — After breakfast 
 was over, and while waiting for the return of 
 the flag of truee, I had another long and in- 
 teresting conversation with Mr. Vallandig- 
 ham, which I shall again have occasion to 
 refer to. 
 
 The flag at length returned, and Col. W ebb 
 of the Fifty-first Alabama having signified 
 his willingness to receive the prisoner. Major 
 Wiles and Capt. Goodwin alone accompanied 
 him a short distance within the rebel lines 
 and handed him over to a single private sol- 
 dier sent to take him in charge. 
 
 By nine o’clock the whole matter was over, 
 and the party mounting their horses galloped 
 back upon the now heated and husky turn- 
 pike to Murfreesboro. 
 
 The bearing of Mr. Vallandigham through- 
 out the whole alfair was modest, sensible and 
 dignified, and so far #as the man could be 
 separated from his pernicious principles won 
 him respeet and friends. 
 
 In conversation with your correspondent 
 he candidly admitted that the dealings of the 
 government with himself were neeessary and 
 justifiable if the Union was to be restored by 
 
444 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 war. He admitted that in that case the gov- 
 ernment would be obliged to use all the phy- 
 sical force of the loyal States and could toler- 
 ate no opposition. This, however, he declared 
 would be at the expense of the free principles 
 
 of the constitution ; whereas he thought by 
 the adoption of his plan, not only mi§ht 
 these principles be conserved, but the Union 
 of the States ultimately restored. 
 
 The life of Mr. Vallandigham by his brother, Rev. James L. Vallandigham, 
 gives some interesting items. His interview with Gen. Rosecrans lasted about 
 four hours. At first Rosecrans was disposed to lecture him for his opposition to 
 the war and concluded by remarking, “ Why, sir, do you know that unless 1 pro- 
 tect you with a guard, my soldiers will tear you in pieces in an instant?” To 
 this Mr. Vallandigham in substance replied, “That, sir, is because they are just 
 as prejudiced and ignorant of my character and career as yourself ; but. General, 
 I have a proposition to make. Draw your soldiers up in a hollow square to- 
 morrow morning and announce to them that Vallandigham desires to vindicate 
 himself, and I will guarantee that when they have heard me through they will • 
 be more willing to tear Lincoln and yourself to pieces than they will Val- 
 landigham.” The General shook his head, saying, “ he had too much regard for 
 the life of his prisoner to try it.” The genial manner of his prisoner won 
 upon him, and when he arose to go he put his hand on Mr. V.’s shoulder and 
 said to Col. McKibben, of his staff, “ He don’t look a bit like a traitor, now does 
 he, Joe ? ’ and on parting shook him warmly by the hand. 
 
 When he was left in charge of the Confederate sentinel, hours elapsed before 
 word could be sent and returned from Gen. Bragg, whose headquarters at Shel- 
 by ville were some sixteen miles away. “ They were hours,” said Mr.Vallandigham, 
 “ of solitude, but calmly spent — the bright sun shining in the clear sky above me, 
 and faith in God and the future burning in my heart.” He was kindly received 
 by General Bragg in Shelbyville, where he remained a week, mostly in seclusion, 
 and then was directed to report on parole to General Whiting at Wilmington, 
 from which place he took, on the 17th of June, a blockade-runner to Nassau and 
 thence by steamer to Canada, where he arrived early in July and awaited events. 
 The Ohio Democratic Convention which had met in June at Columbus had by 
 acclamation nominated him for Governor. 
 
 The banishment of Vallandigham and sentence by court martial created a 
 profound sensation throughout the country, and a large Democratic meeting held 
 at Albany, presided over by Erastus Corning, passed a series of resolutions con- 
 demnatory of the “ system of arbitrary arrests,” and asking President Lincoln to 
 “ reverse the action of the military tribunal which has passed a cruel and unusual 
 punishment upon the party arrested, prohibited in terms by the Constitution, 
 and restore him to the liberty of which he had been deprived.” 
 
 To this request Mr. Lincoln made a full, frank reply, putting in it some of his characteristic, homely 
 touches of humor, for instance saying : “ I can no more be persuaded that the government can consti- 
 tutionally take no strong measures in time of rebellion, because it can be shown that the same could 
 not be lawfully taken in time of peace, than I can be persuaded that a particular drug is not good 
 medicine for a sick man, because it can be shown not to be good food for a well one.” He closed by 
 stating that when he felt that the public safety would not suffer thereby he should with great pleasure 
 accede to their request. 
 
 The Ohio Democratic Convention, which met in June in Columbus, after nomi- 
 nating Mr. Vallandigham for Governor, passed resolutions strongly condemning 
 his banishment as a palpable violation of four specified provisions of the Federal 
 Constitution, and appointed a committee, largely ex-Congressmen, to go to Wash- 
 ington and intercede for his release. This committee, as will be seen by their 
 names appended, were gentlemen of high character, a majority of whom are yet 
 living, though some quite aged and feeble: IMathias Burchard, formerly a Judge 
 of the Supreme Court; George Bliss, member of Congress from the Akron Dis- 
 trict; ex-Governor Thomas W. Bartley; Hon. W. J. Gordon, of Cleveland, a 
 wealthy retail merchant ; Hon. John O’Neil, late President 'pro tern, of the Ohio 
 Senate; George S. Converse, of Columbus; Louis Shaefer, of Canton ; Abner L. 
 Backus ; Congressmen George H. Pendleton, Chilton A. White, W. P. Nohle, Wells 
 A. Hutchins, F. C. LeBlond, William E. Finck, Alexander Long, J. W. White, 
 J. F. McKinney and James R. Morris. 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY, 
 
 445 
 
 In the correspondence which ensued Mr. Lincoln offered to accede to their 
 request provided they would agree, as individuals, to certain specified things in 
 aid of the forcible suppression of the rebellion. To this they would not agree, 
 regarding the proffer as involving an imputation upon their sincerity and fidelity 
 as citizens of the United States, and stating that they had asked for Mr. Val- 
 landigham’s release as a right due the people of Ohio. 
 
 “ At this point,” says Mr. Greeley in his “ History of the American Conflict,” 
 “ the argument of this grave question concerning the right in time of war of those 
 who question the justice or the policy of such war to denounce its prosecution as 
 mistaken and ruinous, was rested by the President and his assailants — or rather 
 it was transferred by the latter to the popular forum where, especially in Ohio, it 
 was continued with decided frankness, as well as remarkable pertinacity and 
 vehemence. And one natural consequence of such discussion was to render the 
 Democratic party more decidedly, openly, palpably anti-war than it had hitherto 
 been.” 
 
 THE VALLANDIGHAM CAMPAIGN. 
 
 A vivid and interesting sketch of Vallandigham and the celebrated campaign 
 of 1863 was published in the Cincinnati Enquirer a few years since. It consisted 
 of personal reminiscences from the pen of the veteran Ohio journalist, W. W. 
 Armstrong, who was Secretary of State for Ohio from 1863 to 1865. It has a 
 peculiar interest from being from a fellow-townsman and a personal and political 
 friend of Mr. Vallandigham, though not in sympathy with his extreme views. 
 
 After the adjournment of Congress in 
 March, 1863, and while I was Secretary of 
 State, Vallandigham came to Columbus. He 
 visited my office and there informed me that 
 he was a candidate for the Democratic nomi- 
 nation for Governor. As I was originally 
 from his home county, and our families had 
 been friends, he counted upon my support 
 for the position. I said to him very frankly : 
 
 “ Colonel, this is not your time to run for 
 Governor. I think Hugh J. Jewett ought 
 to be renominated.” 
 
 As usual, he gritted his teeth and said he 
 was astonished that I of all other men in the 
 State should be opposed to his nomination. 
 I replied that Jewett, by party usage, was 
 entitled to a renomination if he would take 
 it ; that his candidacy in 1861 had been judi- 
 ciously managed ; that his speeches and let- 
 ters had been patriotic and conservative, and 
 that, being a “war” Democrat, or not so 
 radical as he (Vallandigham), that he would 
 poll a greater vote, and with the then dissat- 
 isfaction existing with the State administra- 
 tion he could be elected ; but he had made up 
 his mind to be a candidate and could not be 
 swerved from his purpose 
 
 The Convention . — The conservative Demo- 
 crats of Ohio did not desire to nominate 
 Vallandigham for Governor, but his arrest, 
 trial by Military Commission and his banish- 
 ment excited every radical and ultra peace 
 Democrat in the State, and they rallied in 
 their strength at all the county conventions 
 and captured the delegates. One radical can 
 always be counted upon to do more work than 
 ten moderate men. The day of the conven- 
 tion approached, and it soon became evident 
 that it would be the largest ever held in the 
 State, and would partake of the character of 
 a mass-meeting more than of an assemblage 
 of cool and collected delegates. 
 
 The day before the convention assembled 
 the city of Columbus was invaded by thou- 
 sands of Democrats, bitter, assertive and de- 
 fiant in their determination that, come what 
 would, they would defy “Order No. 38 ’’and 
 exercise what they claimed to be their con- 
 stitutional right of free speech. Convention 
 day came, and with it delegation after dele- 
 gation, with bands of music, flags flying, 
 hickory bushes waving, from every section of 
 the State. Great processions with men on 
 horseback and in wagons crowded the streets, 
 and the sidewalks were black with excited 
 men. No hall in the city was large enough 
 to contain one-tenth of the bold Democracy 
 present who desired to attend the convention. 
 It was held on the east front of the State- 
 House, in the open air. 
 
 Ex-Governor Medill, of Lancaster, Ohio — 
 once a leading and very active Democratic 
 politician, an old, good-looking bachelor — 
 was chosen President of the Convention. 
 No useless time was spent in the preliminaries. 
 They were hurried through. The radicals 
 soon ran away with the convention, and Me- 
 dill, always a good presiding officer, could 
 hold no check on the extravagant demonstra- 
 tions in favor of the Man in Exile. A vote 
 by counties was demanded, and under the 
 rules the demand was sustained. The name 
 of Hugh J. Jewett was presented before 
 that of Vallandigham. The announcement 
 of Jewett’s name was heard with almost 
 grim silence, and from his own county a tall 
 delegate arose and declared that Muskingum 
 was for Vallandigham, and asked that Jewett’s 
 name be withdrawn. The delegate who pre- 
 sented it declined to accede to the request. 
 Then Vallandigham’ s name was mentioned. 
 The roar and noise of that crowd in his 
 favor could be heard for miles. 
 
 The vote by counties began. Allen, Ash- 
 
446 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 land, Auglaize and even old Ashtabula an- 
 swered “ V allandigham ! ” The B’s followed 
 the same way unanimously. When the Sec- 
 retary reached the C’s Cuyahoga county re- 
 sponded solidly for Jewett, and her vote was 
 most vigorously hissed. And after that, un- 
 til Seneca county was reached, there was no 
 vote for J ewett. 
 
 y allandigham Nominated . — The people 
 became impatient, and it was moved and 
 seconded by thousands that the rules be sus- 
 pended and Vallandigham be nominated by 
 acclamation. Medill put the motion, and it 
 was carried amidst the wildest shouts, the 
 swelling notes of the crowd reminding one 
 of the fierce roar of the ocean in its most 
 turbulent moments. In a moment Vallan- 
 digham was proclaimed the unanimous nom- 
 inee of the convention, and then was witnessed 
 a scene of enthusiasm among “ Val’s’’ friends 
 that exceeded anything ever before known in 
 the political history of the United States. 
 The jubilee continued for at least an hour. 
 The next step was the 
 
 Nomination of George E. Pugh for Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor . — The game little Senator 
 did not want the nomination, but he could 
 not resist the demand made for his accept- 
 ance, and on that night in front of the Neil 
 House made one of the most fiery and elo- 
 quent speeches that ever fell from the lips 
 of this ever great and ready orator. It was 
 defiant and audacious. 
 
 The Republican Convention . — The Demo- 
 cratic State Convention was held in the 
 second week of June, and two weeks later 
 the Republican State Convention convened. 
 Governor Tod was confident of a renomina- 
 tion, but Smith, of the Cincinnati Gazette., 
 Halstead, of the Commercial, and Cowles, 
 of the Cleveland Leader, and others were 
 afraid of his defeat were he renominated. 
 They conspired to nominate John Brough, 
 arid, although he asserted he was not a can- 
 didate for nomination, his friends were at 
 work secretly and efficiently' 
 
 Governor Tod and his supporters were 
 thrown entirely off guard by the loud asser- 
 tions of Brough that he was not in the field 
 for the nomination. To the surprise and the 
 mortification of Governor Tod he was beaten 
 for a renomination by a small majority. To 
 do him justice, however, I may say safely 
 that had Tod worked personally with the 
 delegates, as he was advised to do, he would 
 have outflanked the Brough managers. He 
 stood upon his dignity, his right for an in- 
 dorsement, and went down. The personal 
 relations between Tod and Brough were never 
 friendly after this convention. Governor Tod 
 had very many weaknesses, but he was kind- 
 hearted and generous to a fault. “ My brave 
 boys,” as he styled the Ohio volunteers^ 
 never had a better friend. 
 
 John Brough . — Brough was a great pop- 
 ular orator. He had a sledge-hammer style 
 about him that made him powerful. He 
 used vigorous English, and had a directness 
 about him which always told with the people. 
 Like Tod, he originalUa Democrat ; was 
 
 at one time one of the editors and proprie* 
 tors of the Cincinnati Enquirer ; was Audi- 
 tor of State, retiring from that office to go 
 into the railroad business. He was not a 
 tall man, but was very fleshy and never very 
 cleanly in his personal appearance. He 
 chewed enormous quantities of tobacco, did 
 not believe in prohibitory laws, and could not 
 be labeled as the exemplar of any particular 
 purity. Of him some campaign poet wrote : 
 
 ‘ ‘ If all flesh is grass, as people say. 
 
 Then Johnnie Brough is a load of hay.” 
 
 The Campaign. — Both parties having 
 placed their candidates in the field there 
 opened a campaign which, for excitement, 
 for rancor and for bitterness will, I hope, 
 never again be paralleled in this country. 
 Vallandigham in exile in Canada, the com- 
 mand of his forces was given George E. 
 Pugh, while Brough led in person the Re- 
 publican cohorts. Every local speaker of any 
 note joined in the battle of words, and “Or- 
 der No. 38” was “cussed and discussed,” 
 by night and by day, from the Ohio river to 
 the lake and from the Pennsylvania to the 
 Indiana line, before great assemblages of 
 people. The great political meetings of 1840 
 were overshadowed in numbers by the gath- 
 ering of both Democrats and Republicans in 
 1863. It was the saturnalia of politics. 
 
 The Democratic meetings were especially 
 notable for their size and enthusiasm. Every- 
 where in the State were they very largely 
 attended, but particularly in the northwest, 
 the Gibraltar of the Ohio Democracy then 
 as now, and in the famed counties of the 
 wheat-belt region, Richland, Holmes, Craw- 
 ford, et al. , it was no unusual sight to see a 
 thousand men, and sometimes half as many 
 women, mounted on horseback, forming a 
 cavalry cavalcade and escort body, and in 
 each procession were wagon-loads of girls 
 dressed in white, each one representing a 
 State of the “ Union as it was. ” Glee clubs 
 were numerous, and the song of 
 
 “We will rally ’round the flag, 
 
 Shouting Vallandigham and freedom,” 
 
 was as common with the Democrats as was 
 the other song with the Republicans : 
 
 ‘ ‘ Down with the traitors, 
 
 Up with the stars. 
 
 Hurrah, boys, hurrah. 
 
 The Union forever.” 
 
 Intense Excitement . — The excitement be* 
 came so intense in many communities that 
 all business and social relations between Dem- 
 ocratic and Republican families were sun- 
 dered. Fights and knock-downs between 
 angered people were an every-day occurrence, 
 and the wearing of a butternut pin or an em- 
 blem of any kind by a Democrat was like 
 water to a mad dog before the irritated and 
 iiitensely-radical Republicans. The women 
 wore Vallandigham or Brough badges, just 
 as their feelings were enlisted, and if there is 
 intensity in politics or religion it is always 
 among the sisters of the different flocks. 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 447 
 
 Imdict'ons Incidents. — I was an eye-witness, 
 on the occasion of a Democratic mass-meeting 
 at Kenton, to a lively scrimmage between 
 several Democratic and Republican girls, in 
 which there was pulled hair, scratched faces 
 and demoralized wardrobes, and, strange to 
 say, the surrounding crowd of men inter- 
 fered only to see fair play between the com- 
 batants. Another instance, and a ludicrous 
 one, I recollef't. At McCutchenville, Wyan- 
 dot county, on one of the brightest of 
 autumnal days, there was a Democratic meet- 
 ing in a grove adjacent to the town. Judge 
 Lang, of TiflSn, and myself were the speak- 
 ers of the day. 
 
 While the Judge was addressing the peo- 
 ple, a gaunt, tall young lady,^ wearing 
 a Brough badge, stepped up behind a fat, 
 chunky little girl, who was sitting on a 
 log, and snatched from her dress the Vallan- 
 digham badge she was wearing. The little 
 girl turned around, eyed the trespasser but a 
 moment, and then made one lunge, and with 
 the awkward blow that a woman delivers, hit 
 the Brough girl under the chin and brought 
 her to the ground. With her eyes snapping 
 fire, and her cheeks aflame, .she put her arms 
 up akimbo, and, like a little Bantam rooster, 
 spreading his wings, hissed out: “I can 
 
 whip any Brough girl on the ground.” 
 
 Such occurrences were frequent, and all 
 manner of tricks, by both parties, were 
 played upon speakers and orators. The only 
 wonder is, thinking of the bitter feeling en-' 
 gendered, that more bodily harm was not 
 done. 
 
 The Orators.^ etc. — Colonel “Dick” Mer- 
 rick, of Maryland, who died a few months 
 ago in Washington City, ex-Grovernor Hen- 
 dricks, Hons. J. E. McDonald and D. W. 
 Voorhees, of Indiana, were among the many 
 distinguished speakers from other States who 
 participated in the Ohio canvass. Morton, 
 of Indiana, Harrison of the same State, 
 Secretary Chase and leading Republicans 
 from the East assisted Brough and the local 
 Republican orators. One of the most ef- 
 fective Republican speakers on the stump 
 was Colonel “Bill” Gibson, of Seneca 
 county, and one of the most sought after 
 orators in Northern Ohio was Hon. A. M. 
 Jackson, of Bucyrus, whose^ “heavenly 
 tone ’ ’ made him conspicuous in the battle 
 for ‘ ‘ free speech. ’ ’ 
 
 Sunset Cox. — -Sam Cox, then representing 
 the Columbus district in Congress, had fre- 
 quent opportunities to air his eloquence and 
 show his pluck. _ On a September day he 
 had had a meeting near Camp Chase, in 
 Franklin County. The soldiers there an- 
 nounced that he should not speak. The 
 Democrats declared that he should and must, 
 so “ Sunset ” was accompanied to his meeting 
 by a hundred city Democrats armed with re- 
 volvers, while the country Democrats came 
 pouring in loaded down with rifles and shot- 
 guns. The soldiers, seeing that they would 
 be promptly met with their own weapons, 
 concluded that Cox might expound at will 
 without intermption. Cox then made a 
 
 good speech • and when or where was the oc- 
 casion that he ever made a poor one? In 
 his old district in Ohio he is as popular now 
 as he was then. Hundreds of little “Sam 
 Coxes” are named after him, and the old 
 Democracy remember his sunshiny and cheery 
 ways and are jealous of the Turk who has 
 him now^ within ^ his boundaries. Every 
 Democratic orator in Ohio in 1863 acquitted 
 himself with credit, and was busy Rom the 
 beginning to the closing of the fight. 
 
 The Result. — ^The strain on the public mind 
 was intense. All men of all parties and all 
 classes were anxious for the strife to bo over. 
 The Democrats in the last weeks of the cam- 
 paign felt that they were beaten, but the 
 splendid discipline of the Democratic organi- 
 zation was manifested by their determined 
 effort to the very last hour of election day. 
 The vote cast for V allandigham showed what 
 a hold he had on the people, being the 
 highest vote then ever cast for a Democrat 
 in the State. Brough’s majority on the 
 home vote was 61,927, but the vote of the 
 soldiers in the field ran his majority up to 
 about 100,000, or a little over. Only about 
 3,000 votes were cast for Vallandigham by 
 the soldiers in the field. The law, however, 
 was very defective and admirably calculated 
 to give unlimited opportunities for a duplica- 
 tion of votes. It was crude and unsatisfac- 
 tory, but as a war measure ’ ’ it served the 
 purposes for which it was passed. 
 
 Vallandigham in Exile. — While the great 
 fight in his behalf in Ohio was being waged 
 Vallandigham, like a caged lion, was fretting 
 and worrying, was “watching and waiting 
 over the border.” He made his head-quar- 
 ters most of the time at a little hotel in 
 Windsor, Canada, a small town opposite 
 Detroit. From the windows of his room he 
 could see a gun-boat, with the American flag 
 flying, which had been detailed to protect the 
 Detroit river. His sarcastic remarks in refer- 
 ence to his prosecutors, and to his political 
 opponents, who* were preventing him from 
 leading his own campaign in Ohio, were 
 heralded throughout the land, and spies were 
 numerous, keeping vigil that he should not 
 return. 
 
 It was about agreed upon at one time that 
 Vallandigham should come to Lima, Ohio, 
 and make a speech, in defiance of his sen- 
 tence and the authorities, but the more con- 
 servative Democratic leaders were satisfied 
 that an attempt would be made to rearrest 
 him, which would bring about riot and blood- 
 shed, and in deference to their wishes Vab 
 landigharn did not return, although he could 
 easily have escaped from Canada, as he did 
 in 1864, when he crossed to Detroit in dis- 
 guise, entered a sleeping-car, and the next 
 morning appeared at a Democratic Conven- 
 tion at Hamilton, Ohio, where he was chosen 
 unanimously as a delegate to^ the Chicago 
 Convention. He was enthusiastically received 
 by the Democratic people, and remained un- 
 molested by the civil and military authorities. 
 Vallandigham was prompted to return by 
 political friends in his own district, who had 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 443 
 
 vainly labored to have him nominated for 
 delegate-at-large to the Chicago Convention. 
 Judge Rufus P. Ranney, of Cleveland, was 
 the choice over him by a small majority in a 
 very excited convention. 
 
 The End . — After 1868 Yallandigham pur- 
 sued the profession of the law with ardor, 
 and to his enthusiasm in the defense of a 
 client he met with the accident that deprived 
 him of life. His last appearance in the poli- 
 tical arena was at the Democratic State Con- 
 vention in Columbus in the first part of June, 
 1871. He was a delegate, and, I think, 
 chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, 
 and secured the passage in the convention of 
 what is known in Ohio politics as the “ new 
 departure ’ ’ resolutions, pledging the Democ- 
 racy to the recognition and validity of all the 
 amendments to the constitution, including the 
 fourteenth. A week or two after this con- 
 vention he came to his death in a room at a 
 hotel in Lebanon, Ohio, by the accidental 
 discharge of a pistol. He died as he lived, 
 courageously, but sensationally. 
 
 Had ^'^allandigham survived to this date 
 (1886) he would have been but sixty-six years 
 
 of age, younger than Thurman, younger thatj 
 Payne, and about the same age as Durbin 
 Ward, George H. Pendleton, George W. 
 Morgan, John O’Neil, Frank Le Blond and 
 other prominent Ohio Democrats. 
 
 Had he not been called away I think that 
 by his eloquence, by his logic and his high 
 order of talent he would have worn out 
 and dissipated that bitter prejudice which ex- 
 isted against him. He had a good personal 
 presence, a pleasant smile, an agreeable and 
 resonant voice, a dignified bearing and those 
 faculties which enabled him to h.ave a mag- 
 netic power over the people. The prize 
 which he always looked forward to as a re- 
 ward for his party services was a seat in the 
 United States Senate, and he was chagrined 
 to the heart when it escaped him in 1867. 
 In his private and domestic circle he was 
 charming, and, although there will always be 
 a discussion as to the right and policy of the 
 position he assumed during the war, no one 
 will deny that he had a profound love for the 
 constitution of his counLy and was unwaver- 
 ing and unswerving in adhering to any posi- 
 tion that he deemed right. 
 
 Salem iist 1846. — Salem is 10 miles north from New Lisbon, in the midst of a 
 beautiful agricultural country, thickly settled by Friends, who are industrious and 
 wealthy. This flourishing town was laid out about 1806 by Zadock Street, John 
 Strong and Samuel Davis, members of the Society of Friends, from Redstone, Pa. 
 Until within a few years it was an inconsiderable village. It now contains 2 
 Friends meeting-houses, 2 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Presbyterian church, a clas- 
 sical academy, in good repute, under the charge of Rev. Jacob Coon, 24 mercan- 
 tile stores, 2 woollen factories, 3 foundries, 1 grist-mill, 2 engine shops and about 
 1,300 inhabitants. There are 4 newspapers published here, one of which is the 
 American Water Cure Advocate, edited by Dr. John P. Cope, principal of a water 
 cure establishment in full operation in this village. The engraving shows the 
 principal street of the town, as it appears on entering it from the east. Street’s 
 woollen factory is seen on the left. — Old Edition, 
 
 Salem is on the line of the P. Ft. W. & C. Railroad, 67 miles from Pittsburg, 
 and contains about 6,000 inhabitants, with a post-office business of over $10,000 
 annually. It is on high land, about 60 feet above the railroad station and on one 
 of the most elevated points of land in the State. Newspapers : Salem Republican, 
 Re})., J. K. Rukenbrod, editor : Salem Era, E. P. Rukenbrod, editor ; Buckeye 
 Vidette, Greenback, J. W. Northrop. Churches : 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Disci|)les, 1 Episcopal, 3 Friends, respectively of the Gurney, Wilbur and Hick- 
 site divisions. Banks : Farmers’ National, J. Twing Brooks, president, R. V. 
 Ham])son, cashier ; First National, Furman Gee, President, Richard Pow, cashier; 
 City, Boone & Cam})bell, proprietors ; H. Greiner & Son. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — J. Woodruff <fe Sons, stoves, 72 ; Victor Stove 
 Co., stoves, 52; W. J. Clark & Co., stepladders, screens, etc., 12; Boyle & 
 Carey, stoves, 26 ; Bakewell & Mullins, sheet metal works, 100; AY. J. Clark & 
 Co., sheet metal works, 32 ; Purdy, Baird & Co., sewer pipe, 6 ; Salem Lumber 
 Co., sash, doors, etc., 10; J. B. McNabb, canned goods, 16; Salem Steel Wire 
 Co., steel wire, etc., 350 ; Silver & Deming Manufacturing Co., pumps, feed-cut- 
 ters, etc., 170; Buckeye Mills, 4 ; S. Jj. Shanks & Co., steam boilers, 17 ; Buck- 
 eye Engine Co., engines, etc., 181 ; Salem Plow Co., 12; M. L. Edwards Manu- 
 facturing Co., butchers’ and blacksmiths’ tools, 15; Stanley & Co., flour, etc., 6; 
 Carl Barckhoff*, church organs, 35. — State Report for 1887. 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 44j^ 
 
 Vopiilation in 1880, 4,041. School census, 1886, 1,464; Geo. N. Caruthers. 
 superintendent. 
 
 The following sketch of Salernos late history is from the pen of an old resident : 
 
 Drawn h>j Henry Howe in 184G. 
 
 Eastejrn Entrance into Salem. 
 
 Salem has an interesting history in connection with important national events. 
 Being originally settled by Quakers they instilled into the minds of the people 
 the true ideas of human freedom, and it early became the seat of a strong anti- 
 slavery sentiment. “The Western Anti-Slavery Society ” had its headquarters 
 in this city before the war of the Rebellion, and their organ, The Anti-Slavery 
 Bugle, was published here and ably conducted by Benj. S. Jones, Oliver Johnson 
 
 Hewitt & Hewitt, Photo., Salem, 1887, 
 
 Central View in Salem. 
 
 and Marius R. Robinson, editors, who waged an incessant, fearless and aggressive 
 warfare upon the institution of human slavery, its aiders and supporters, includ- 
 ing among the latter the National Constitution as interpreted by acts of Congress, 
 as well as most of the churches of the country. 
 
 In consequence the contest grew hot and hotter as these “ Disunion Abolition- 
 ists,” “ Covenanters ” and “ Infidels,” as they were termed, became more aggres- 
 
450 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 sive ; and as the spirit of liberty grew and spread they, with more force and 
 effect, demanded the unconditional freedom of the Southern bondmen. 
 
 At a session of one of these annual conventions of that period, held in the 
 Hicksite Friends’ Church, during a terrible Philippic by a prominent actor against 
 
 the aggressions and encroachments of 
 slavery on Northern soil, as evidenced by 
 the Fugitive Slave Law then but recently 
 enacted, a man arose in the audience 
 with telegram in hand and disturbed the 
 speaker long enough to announce that 
 on the four o’clock train, due at the sta- 
 tion in thirty minutes, “ There would be 
 as passengers a Southern man with wife 
 and child who had with them a colored 
 slave girl as nurse.” 
 
 “ Now,” said the informant, who was 
 in full sympathy with the sentiment and 
 spirit of the meeting, “ if we mean what 
 we say, let us go to the station and rescue 
 the slave girl.” The enthusiasm became 
 intense — the meeting adjourned and in 
 a body marched to the depot. Soon the train rolled in and instantly a score of 
 men boarded the cars, found the girl, forced her off the coach on to the station 
 platform, where she was seized and hurried by others on “ the underground rail- 
 road ” to a place of safety. Her owners, badly frightened, passed on apparently 
 glad to themselves escape being kid- 
 napped. The liberated slave-child was, 
 by the same meeting, christened Abby 
 Kelly Salem, in honor of Abby Kelly 
 Foster, who was one of the speakers at 
 the convention, and in commemoration 
 of the place where the “ slave ” was for- 
 cibly made free. The girl grew up to 
 womanhood, and was for years a citizen 
 of the city. 
 
 The old ‘‘ Town Hall,” yet standing in 
 all its ancient pride, of which a cut of 
 the interior is shown in these pages, was 
 the place where the meetings of the 
 Anti-Slavery Conventions were generally 
 'held. On its plain wide platform elo- 
 quent appeals in behalf of the slave, 
 like as if inspired by Him who made of 
 one blood all nations of men, were often 
 poured out in words that burned by such 
 men as Wrn. Lloyd Garrison, Wendell 
 Phillips, William Wallace Hubbard, 
 
 Parker Pillsbury, Horace Mann, John 
 Pierpont, Oliver Johnson, Garret Smith, 
 
 C. C. Burleigh, Samuel Lewis, Fred. 
 
 Douglass, Lucretia Mott, Francis D. Gage, 
 
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Marius R. Rob- 
 inson, Jacob Heaton, Owen Lovejoy, 
 
 W. H. Burleigh, J. F. Langdon, Sojourner 
 Truth, Stephen S. Foster, Abby Kelly 
 Foster, James Mott and George Thompson of England, with others of like 
 reputation. 
 
 Jn that old hall, for the promotion of education and the elevation and progress 
 of political opinion, the voice of John A. Bingham, James A. Garfield, Joshua 
 R. Giddin^s, S. P. Chase, Wm. Dennison, W. D. Henkle, Jane G. Swishelm, 
 Benj. F. Wade, Geo. W. Julian, Neil Dow, Charles Jewett, Loring Andrews, James 
 
 Hewitt, Photo. 
 
 Coppock’s Monument. 
 
 [Coppock was one of John Brown’s men and 
 hung at Harper’s Ferry.] 
 
 Hewitt, Photo. 
 
 Audience Room, Salem Town Hall. 
 
CLEMENT L. VALLANDIGHAM. 
 
 G. S. Moore, Photo., New Lisbon, 1886. 
 
 The Old Vallandigham Homestead. 
 

 [Born at Huntsville, Alabama, June 1, 1826; made a raid through Ohio in the summer of 1863 ; was 
 killed by a Union soldier September 4, 1864, while attempting to escape from a farm-house near Green 
 ville, Tenn.] 
 
 G . a . Moore , Photo ., New Lisbon , 1886. 
 
 Spot of the Surrender of Gen. John Hunt Morgan. 
 
 [Morgan’s surrender took jdace about seven miles south of New Lisbon under a cherry tree shown 
 in the foreground on the left, and a few hundred yards froni the farm-house of John Hepner seen in 
 the distance. Morgan was at the time crossing from tlm Sieubeuville to the Wells ville read.] 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 453 
 
 Monroe, Susan B. Anthony, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rooert Collyer, John P. 
 Hale, Edward F. Noyes, Jacob D. Cox and others (most of whom are numbered 
 with the dead). If those old walls could speak what a story they could tell. It 
 w^as there where seeds of , political and religious freedom were sown which grew 
 into a harvest yielding much fruit. 
 
 It was this early teaching that “all men were created equal” and endowed 
 with inalienable rights of life and liberty, thafe induced Edwin Coppock, a near-by 
 farmer’s boy, born of Quaker parents, to shoulder his musket and go forth to join 
 the immortal John Brown in opening the war for freedom at Harper’s Ferry. 
 There with his old chief he fired a shot that made slavery tremble to its fall.' 
 Coppock was captured and hanged at Charlestown, Virginia. 
 
 The following letter to his uncle, living within a few miles of Salem, was the 
 last he ever wrote. It will be read with interest. It is full of prophecy, very 
 long since fulfilled to the letter. 
 
 He wrote it two days before his death, and spoke of the coming event with the 
 nerve and fearlessness of a true man. His grave is in Hope Cemetery, Salem, 
 and marked by a plain sandstone shaft, erected to his memory by the late Howell 
 Hise. It bears only the simple inscription — “ Edwin Coppock.” 
 
 Charlestown, Dec . 13 , 1859 . 
 Joshua Coppock : 
 
 My Dear Uncle — I seat myself by the 
 stand to write for the first and last time to 
 thee and thy family. Though far from home 
 and overtaken by misfortune, I have not for- 
 gotten you. Your generous hospitality 
 towards me, during my short stay with you 
 last spring, is stamped indelibly upon my 
 heart, and also the generosity bestowed upon 
 my poor brother who now wanders an out- 
 cast from his native land. But thank God 
 he is free. I am thankful it is I who have to 
 suffer instead of him. 
 
 The time may come when he will remem- 
 ber me. And the time may come when he 
 may still further remember the cause in which 
 I die. Thank God the principles of the 
 cause in which we were engaged will not die 
 with me and my brave comrades. They will 
 spread wider and wider and gather strength 
 with each hour that passes. The voice of 
 truth will echo through our land, bringing 
 conviction to the erring and adding members 
 to that glorious army who will follow its ban- 
 ner. The cause of everlasting truth and 
 justice will go on conquering and to conquer 
 until our broad and beautiful land shall rest 
 beneath the banner of freedom. I had fondly 
 
 hoped to live to see the principles of the 
 Declaration of Independence fully realized. 
 I had hoped to see the dark stain of slavery 
 blotted from our land, and the libel of our 
 boasted freedom erased, when we can say in 
 truth that our beloved country is the land of 
 the free and the home of the brave ; but that 
 cannot be. 
 
 I have heard my sentence passed, my doom 
 is sealed. But two more short days remain 
 for me to fulfil my earthly destiny. But two 
 brief days between me and eternity. At the 
 expiration of those two days I shall stand upon 
 the scaffold to take my last look of earthly 
 scenes. But that scaffold has but little dread 
 for me, for I honestly believe that I am inno- 
 cent of any crime justifying such punishment. 
 But by the taking of my life and the lives of 
 my comrades, Virginia is but hastening on that 
 glorious day, when the slave will rejoice in 
 his freedom. When he can say, “I too am a 
 man,” and am groaning no more under the 
 yoke of oppression. But I must now close. 
 Accept this short scrawl as a remembrance 
 of me. Give my love to all the family. Kiss 
 little Joey for me. Remember me to all my 
 relatives and friends. And now farewell for 
 the last time. From thy nephew, 
 
 Edwin Coppock. 
 
 The same spirit, when the Rebellion made its aggressive move on Fort Sumter, 
 aroused the patriotism of Quaker Salem, and the first two volunteers for the war 
 in the county enlisted in this “ City of Peace; ” namely, Thomas J. Walton, yet 
 a resident and business man here, and Wm. Meldrum, an employee in the Re- 
 publican office, and who, in March, 1887, died at San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 After them Salem and the county of Columbiana furnished not less than 3,000 
 soldiers for the war ; many of them met the fate of brave men on the field of 
 battle, falling with face to the foe. 
 
 THE MORGAN RAID THROUGH OHIO. 
 
 One of the most exciting events to the people of Ohio in the Rebellion was the 
 raid of Morgan. When this dashing officer, at the head of less than 2,000 of his 
 troopers, cros.sed the entire width of the State from west to east, and although more 
 tlmn 40,000 men were in arms and in pursuit, his auda(Mty would have triumphed 
 
454 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 in his successful escape back within the Confederate lines but for circumstances 
 which even wise foresight could not have anticipated. As his surrender took place 
 within this county, we here give the history of the raid, mainly from Whitelaw 
 Keid’s Ohio in the War,^^ and in an abridged form : 
 
 The Object of the Raid. — Little progress 
 had been made in the organization of the 
 State militia, when in July, 1863, there came 
 another sudden and pressing demand for it. 
 
 In July, 1863, Rosecrans at Stone River 
 was menacing Bragg at Tullahoma. Burn- 
 side at Cincinnati was organizing a force for 
 service against Buckner in East Tennessee. 
 The communications of Burnside and Rose- 
 crans extended through Kentucky, covered 
 by some ten thousand troops under Gen. 
 Judah. Bragg felt that if these communi- 
 cations were threatened by a division, the 
 advance of Rosecrans or Burnside would be 
 delayed, and these officers kept from rein- 
 forcing each other. Gen. John Morgan was 
 the man selected for this service. He had 
 orders to go where he chose in Kentucky, to 
 attempt the capture of Louisville, but was 
 forbidden to cross the Ohio river. 
 
 Morgan s Plan. — Morgan at once set about 
 preparing for his raid, but in defiance of or- 
 ders to the contrary he determined to cross 
 the Ohio river somewhere near Louisville, 
 make a rapid detour through southern In- 
 diana and Ohio, and recross the river back 
 into Kentucky at Buffington Island, about 
 forty miles below jMarietta. In pursuance of 
 this plan men were sent into Ohio to gather 
 information and examine the fords of the 
 upper Ohio. 
 
 His plan was daring and brilliant, as was 
 also its execution, and but for the unexpected 
 and unprecedented high water for the time 
 of year, which enabled gunboats to pass up 
 the river with troops to cut off his escape, 
 he would have brought his daring raiders 
 through in safety. 
 
 Morgan Crosses Kentucky. — On the 2d 
 of July he crossed the Cumberland with 
 twenty-four hundred and sixty men, and 
 after a skirmish with Judah’s cavalry, was 
 half way to Columbia before Judah (who 
 had trusted to the swollen condition of the 
 stream to prevent the crossing) could get his 
 forces together. The next day he had a 
 severe fight at^ the crossing of the Green 
 river with a Michigan regiment under Col. 
 Moore ; they made a determined resistance, 
 and Morgan, having no time to spare, was 
 obliged to withdraw, found another crossing 
 and hurried on through Campbellstown to 
 Lebanon. Here were stationed three regi- 
 ments, but two of them being some distance 
 from the town he overwhelmed the one in 
 the town before the other two could get up 
 and hastened on to Springfield, eight miles 
 north, where he paroled his prisoners and 
 turned northwestward, marching direct for 
 Brandenburg, on the Ohio river, sixty miles 
 below Louisville. Having tapped the tele- 
 graph wires, he learned that the forces at 
 Louisville were too strong for him and gave 
 
 up all designs against that city, but captured 
 a train from_ Nashville when within thirty 
 miles of Louisville. 
 
 Two companies were sent ahead to secure 
 means of transportation across the Ohio river, 
 which the main force reached on the morning 
 of the 8th, having crossed the State of 
 Kentucky in five days. Here he found the 
 two companies sent forward had captured 
 two packet boats, the “J. J. McCombs” 
 and “Alice Dean,” and he prepared for 
 crossing, when some Indiana militia on the 
 other side opened fire upon them with mus- 
 ketry and an old cannon mounted on wagon 
 wheels ; Morgan sent two of his regiments 
 across, and bringing up his Parrott rifles the 
 militia were forced to retreat, the two rebel 
 regiments pursuing. The main force was 
 about to follow, when a little tin-clad, the 
 “Springfield,” came steaming down the 
 river. “ Suddenly checking her way,” writes 
 Basil W. Duke, Morgan’s second in com- 
 mand, “she tossed her snub nose defiantly, 
 like an angry beauty of the coal pits, sidled 
 a little toward the town, and commenced to 
 scold. A bluish-white funnel-shaped cloud 
 spouted out from her left-hand bow, and a 
 shot flew at the town ; then changing front 
 forward she snapped a shell at the men on 
 the other side. I wish I were sufficiently 
 master of nautical phraseology to do justice 
 to this little vixen’s style of fighting; but 
 she was so unlike a horse, or even a piece of 
 light artillery, that I cannot venture to at- 
 tempt it.” 
 
 Morgan Crosses the Ohio into Indiana . — 
 It was a critical moment for the raiders, as 
 every hour of delay brought Hobson nearer 
 in pursuit ; but when Morgan’s Parrotts were 
 turned upon her she was compelled to retire, 
 owing to the inequality in the range of guns ; 
 the raiders then crossed the river, burned 
 their boats, and had marched six miles be- 
 fore night. 
 
 Up to this point the movements of Mor- 
 gan had created but little alarm in the North ; 
 they had been used to panics from threatened 
 invasions of Ohio and Indiana. Heretofore 
 such invasions had amounted to little more 
 than raids through Kentucky for horses, the 
 Ohio river being looked upon as the extreme 
 northern limit of these expeditions; but 
 when it was learned that Morgan had crossed 
 the river, consternation spread throughout 
 Indiana and Ohio, all sorts of rumors and 
 conjectures were circulated as to his inten- 
 tions ; at first Indianapolis and its State 
 Treasury were said to be his objectives, then 
 Cincinnati and its banks, then Columbus and 
 its Treasury, and the alarm extended to the 
 lake shore. Morgan had anticipated this 
 alarm, desired it and did all he could to cir- 
 culate delusive and exaggerated reports of 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY, 
 
 455 
 
 his strength and intentions and, by means of 
 expert telegraphers, tapped the wires and 
 kept informed of the movements against 
 him. It was a part of his plan to avoid 
 large towns and large bodies of militia, to 
 cause by false alarms the concentration of 
 forces in the larger towns for defence, and 
 then by rapid marching pass around the de- 
 fended points, cross Indiana and Ohio and 
 into Kentucky before his purpose could be 
 divined or any adequate force be brought 
 against him. 
 
 Reaches the Ohio Line. — He rapidly crossed 
 Indiana, burning bridges, looting small towns, 
 overwhelming any small force that offered any 
 opposition, and releasing the prisoners on pa- 
 role, until on Monday, July 13th, he reached 
 Harrison, on the State line between Indiana 
 and Ohio. 
 
 “Here,” writes Duke, “Gen. Morgan be- 
 gan to manoeuvre for the benefit of the 
 commanding officer at Cincinnati. He took 
 it for granted that there was a strong force 
 of regular troops in Cincinnati. Burnside 
 had them not far off, and Gen. Morgan 
 supposed that they would of course be 
 brought there. If we could get past Cin- 
 cinnati safely, the danger of the expedition, 
 he thought, would be more than half over. 
 Here he expected to be confronted by the 
 concentrated forces of Judah and Burnside, 
 and he anticipated great difficulty in eluding 
 or cutting his way through them. Once 
 safely through this peril, his escape would 
 be certain, unless the river remained so high 
 that the transports could carry troops to in- 
 tercept him at the upper crossings. Thinking 
 that the great effort to capture him would be 
 made as he crossed the Hamilton and Dayton 
 railroad, his object was to deceive the enemy 
 as to the exact point where he would cross it, 
 and denude that point as much as possible of 
 troops. He sent detachments in various di- 
 rections, seeking, however, to create the im- 
 pression that he was marching to Hamilton.” 
 
 When Morgan entered Ohio his force 
 amounted to less than 2,000 men, the others 
 having been killed or captured in skirmishes, 
 or, unable to keep up with the rapid march- 
 ing of his flying column, had fallen behind 
 exhausted, to be picked up by the citizen- 
 soldiery, who hovered round his line of 
 march. 
 
 Passes Around Cincinnati. — While Cincin- 
 nati was filled with apprehension and alarm 
 at Morgan’s advance, he, on the other hand, 
 was equally apprehensive of danger from that 
 city, and by the greatest march he ever made 
 slipped around it in the night. Duke says 
 of this march: “It was a terrible, trying 
 march. Strong men fell out of their saddles, 
 and at every halt the officers were compelled 
 to move continually about in their respective 
 companies and pull and haul the men, who 
 Vrould drop asleep in the road. It was the 
 )nly way to keep them awake. Quite a num- 
 ber crept off into the fields, and slept until 
 Vrhey were awakened by the enemy. ... At 
 iength day appeared just as we reached the 
 last point where we had to anticipate danger. 
 
 We had passed through Glendale and all of 
 the principal suburban roads, and were near 
 the Little Miami railroad. 
 
 “. . . . We crossed the railroad without 
 opposition, and halted to feed the horses in 
 sight of Camp Dennison. After a short rest 
 here and a picket skirmish we resumed our 
 march, burning in this neighborhood a park 
 of government wagons. That evening at four 
 o’clock we were at Williamsburg, twenty- 
 eight miles east of Cincinnati, having marched 
 since leaving Summansville, in Indiana, in a 
 period of thirty-five hours, more than ninety 
 miles — the greatest march that even Morgan 
 had ever made. Feeling comparatively safe 
 here, he permitted the division to go into 
 camp and remain during the night.” 
 
 While Morgan was swinging his exhausted 
 men around Cincinnati the following de- 
 spatches were sent to Gen. Burnside in that 
 city : 
 
 “11.30 p.m. a courier arrived last even- 
 ing at Gen. Burnside’s headquarters, having 
 left Cheviot at half-past eight P. m., with in- 
 formation for the general. Cheviot is only 
 seven miles from the city. He states that 
 about 500 of Morgan’s men had crossed the 
 river at Miamitown, and attacked our pickets, 
 killing or capturing one of them. Morgan’s 
 main force, said to be 3,000 strong, was then 
 crossing the river. A portion of the rebel 
 force had been up to New Haven, and another 
 had gone to New Baltimore, and partially de- 
 stroyed both of those places. The light of 
 the burning towns was seen by our men. 
 When the courier left Morgan was moving 
 up, it was reported, to attack our advance. ’ ’ 
 
 “ 1 A. M. A courier has just arrived at 
 headquarters from Colerain. He reports that 
 the enemy, supposed to be 2,500 strong, with 
 six pieces of artillery, crossed the Colerain 
 pike at dark, at Bevis, going toward New 
 Burlington, or to Cincinnati and Hamilton 
 pike, in direction of Springdale. ’ ’ 
 
 “1.30 A. M. A despatch from Jones’ 
 Station states that the enemy are now en- 
 camped between Venice and New Balti- 
 more. ’ ’ 
 
 “ 2 A. M. Another despatch says the enemy 
 are coming in, or a squad of them, from New 
 Baltimore toward Glendale, for the supposed 
 purpose of destroying a bridge over the Cin- 
 cinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad, near 
 Glendale.” 
 
 “ 2 A. M. A despatch from Hamilton says 
 it is believed that the main portion of Mor- 
 gan’s force is moving in that direction, going 
 east. At this writing — quarter-past two A. M. 
 — it is the impression that Morgan’s main 
 force is going east, while he has sent squads 
 to burn bridges on the C. H. & D. B. B., 
 and over the Miami river, but he may turn 
 and come down this way, on some of the roads 
 leading through Walnut Hills or Mt. Au- 
 burn.” 
 
 The next day it was apparent that Cincin- 
 nati was not to be attacked, and the officials 
 began to comprehend something of Morgan’s 
 purpose. The militia, which, owing to in- 
 complete organization, had not been of much 
 
4?6 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 service heretofore, began to be more effec- 
 tively disposed ; some at Camp Chase, for 
 protection of the capital and to be thrown 
 down into Southeastern Ohio to head off 
 Morgan in front ; others were assembled at 
 Camp Dennison, to be sent after him by rail. 
 
 The Chase After Morgan. — All through 
 the southern part of the State companies 
 were mustered, and hurried by extra trains to 
 the points of danger. Hobson, who had 
 done some remarkable marching, was only a 
 few hours behind, and so close that Morgan 
 had but little time for burning bridges or im- 
 pressment of fresh horses. Judah, with his 
 troops, was despatched by boats up the river 
 to head off the galloping column. More than 
 50,000 militia, called out by Gov. Tod, were 
 preparing to close in upon him from all parts 
 of the State, and Morgan’s raid now became 
 a chase. An overwhelming force was closing 
 in upon him from every side. Thoroughly 
 realizing his situation, Morgan hastened for- 
 ward to the ford at Buffington Island. 
 
 Excitement and Plundering. — In the mean- 
 while the excitement and apprehension 
 throughout Southern Ohio was unprece- 
 dented. Horses and cattle were hurried to 
 hiding-places in the woods ; silver plate, 
 jewelry, and other valuables were buried, 
 while many families left their homes and fled 
 to more secure territory. Many ridiculous 
 things were done. 
 
 “At least one terrified matron, in a pleasant 
 inland town, forty miles from the rebel route, 
 in her husband’s absence, resolved to protect 
 the family carriage-horse at all hazards, and, 
 knowing no safer plan, led him into the house 
 and stabled him in the parlor, locking and 
 bolting doors and windows, whence the noise 
 of his dismal tramping on the resounding 
 floor sounded through the livelong night like 
 distant peals of artillery, and kept half the 
 citizens awake and watching for Morgan’s 
 entrance. ’ ’ 
 
 Horses and food were taken whenever 
 wanted by raiding parties on both sides during 
 the war, but no such j)lundering was known 
 as that of Morgan’s raid. Duke frankly ad- 
 mits this. He says : ‘ ‘ The disposition for 
 wholesale plunder exceeded anything that any 
 of us had ever seen before. The men seemed 
 actuated by a desire to pay off in the enemy’s 
 country all scores that the Union army had 
 chalked up in the South. The great cause 
 for apprehension which our situation might 
 have inspired seemed only to make them 
 reckless. Calico was the staple article of ap- 
 propriation. Each man (who could get one) 
 tied a bolt of it to his saddle, only to throw it 
 away and get a fresh one at the first oppor- 
 tunity. They did not pillage with any sort 
 of method or reason ; it seemed to be a 
 mania, senseless and purposeless. One man 
 carried a bird-cage with three canaries in it 
 for two days. Another rode with a chafing- 
 dish, which looked like a small metallic 
 coffin, on the pommel of his saddle, till an 
 officer forced him to throw it away. Although 
 the w^eather was intensely warm, another 
 slung seven pairs of skates around his neck, 
 
 and chuckled over the acquisition. I saw 
 very few articles of real value taken ; they 
 pillaged like boys robbing an orchard. I 
 would not have believed that such a passion 
 could have been developed so ludicrously 
 among any body of civilized men. At Pike- 
 ton, Ohio, some days later, one man broke 
 through the guard posted at a store, rushed 
 in, trembling with excitement and avarice, 
 and filled his pockets with horn buttons. 
 They would, with a few exceptions, throw 
 away their plunder after a while, like children 
 tired of their toys. ’ ’ 
 
 Ridiculous action was not confined to Mor- 
 gan’s men. Some militia marched from 
 Camp Dennison after Morgan until near Ba- 
 tavia, then halted, and felled trees across the 
 road, “ to check him should he return.” A 
 drawbridge was partially destroyed at Mari- 
 etta, although Morgan did not come within 
 twenty miles of that place. At Chillicothe 
 they fired on some of their own militia, and 
 burned a bridge over a stream always ford- 
 able. 
 
 Morgan Reaches the Ford at Buffington 
 Island. — The evening of July 14 Morgan en- 
 camped at Williamsburg, twenty-eight miles 
 east of Cincinnati. From there he marched 
 through to Washington C. H., Piketon (Col. 
 Bichard Morgan going through Georgetown), 
 Jackson, Vinton, Berlin, Pomeroy, and Ches- 
 ter, reaching the ford at Buffington Island on 
 the 18th. “At last the daring little column 
 approached its goal. All the troops in Ken- 
 tucky had been evaded and left behind. All 
 the militia in Indiana had been dashed aside 
 or outstripped. The 50,000 militia in Ohio 
 had failed to turn it from its pre-determined 
 path. Within precisely fifteen days from the 
 morning it had crossed the Cumberland — 
 nine days from its crossing into Indiana — it 
 stood once more on the banks of the Ohio. A 
 few mor^ hours of daylight and it would be 
 safely across, in the midst again of a popula- 
 tion to which it might look for sympathy if 
 not for aid. But the circle of the hunt was 
 narrowing. Judah, with his fresh cavalry, 
 was up, and was marching out from the river 
 against Morgan. Hobson was hard on his 
 rear. Col. Bunkle, commanding a division 
 of militia, was north of him. And at last 
 the local militia in advance of him were be- 
 ginning to fell trees and tear up bridges to 
 obstruct his progress. Near Pomeroy they 
 made a stand. For four or five miles his road 
 ran through a ravine, with occasional inter- 
 sections from hill-roads. At all these cross- 
 roads he found the militia posted, and from 
 the hills above him they made his passage 
 through the ravine a perfect running of the 
 gauntlet. On front, flank, and rear the mili- 
 tia pressed ; and, as Morgan’s first subordi- 
 nate ruefully expresses it, ‘closed eagerly 
 upon our track.’ In such plight he passed 
 through the ravine, and shaking clear of his 
 pursuers for a little, pressed on to Chester, 
 where he arrived about one o’clock in the 
 afternoon.” 
 
 Battle at Buffington Island . — Hero he 
 halted an hour and a half to breathe his 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 457 
 
 horses and hunt a guide. This delay in the 
 end proved fatal. This done, he pushed on and 
 reached Portland, opposite Buffington Island, 
 at eight in the evening. He found at the 
 ford an earthwork hastily thrown up and 
 guarded by a small body of men ; it was a 
 ‘'night of solid darkness” as the rebel 
 officers declared it, and the worn-out con- 
 dition of horses and men decided him to await 
 the morning before attacking the earthwork 
 and attempting to cross. Another for him 
 unfortunate delay. “By morning Judah 
 was up. At daybreak Duke advanced with 
 a couple of rebel regiments to storm the 
 earthwork but found it abandoned. He was 
 rapidly making the dispositions for crossing 
 when Judah’s advance struck him. At first 
 he repulsed it and took a number of prison- 
 ers, the adjutant-general of Judah’s staff 
 among them. Morgan then ordered him to 
 hold the force on liis front in check. He 
 was not able to return to his command until 
 it had been broken and thrown into full re- 
 treat before an impetuous charge of Judah’s 
 cavalry, headed by Lieutenant O’Neil, of the 
 Fifth Indiana. He succeeded in rallying 
 them and reforming his line. But now, 
 advancing up the Chester and Pomeroy road, 
 came the gallant cavalry that over three 
 States had been galloping on their track — the 
 three thousand of Hobson’s command — who 
 now for two weeks had been only a day, a 
 forenoon, an hour behind them. 
 
 As Hobson’s guidons fluttered out in the 
 little valley by the river bank where they 
 fought, every man of that band who had so 
 long defied a hundred thousand knew that 
 the contest was over. They were almost out 
 of ammunition, exhausted, and scarcely two 
 thousand strong. Against them were Hobson’ s 
 three thousand and Judah’s still larger force. 
 To complete the overwhelming odds that, in 
 spite of their efforts, had been concentrated 
 upon them, the tin-clad gunboats steamed 
 up and opened fire. 
 
 Morgan comprehended the situation as fast 
 as the hard riding troopers, who, still cling- 
 ing to their bolts of calico, were already be- 
 ginning to gallop toward the rear. He at 
 once essayed to extricate his trains, and then 
 to withdraw his regiments by column of fours 
 from right of companies, keeping up mean- 
 while as sturdy a resistance as he might. 
 For some distance the withdrawal was made 
 in tolerable order ; then under a charge of a 
 Michigan cavalry regiment, everything was 
 broken and the retreat became a rout. Mor- 
 gan with not quite twelve hundred men 
 escaped. His brother with Colonels Duke, 
 Ward, Huffman, and about seven hundred 
 men, were taken prisoners. This was the 
 battle of Buffington Island. It was brief and 
 decisive. ^ But for his two grave^ mistakes 
 of the night before Morgan might have 
 avoided it and escaped. ’ ’ 
 
 The loss on the Union side was trifling, but 
 among the killed was Major Dan’l McCook, 
 father of one of the tribes of the “ Fighting 
 McCooks.” 
 
 Morgan continues his Flight . — “ And now 
 
 began the dreariest experience of the rebel 
 chief Twenty miles above Buffington he 
 struck the river again, got three hundred 
 of his command across, when the approach- 
 ing gunboats checked the passage. Beturn- 
 ing to the nine hundred still on the Ohio 
 side he once more renewed the hurried flight. 
 His men were worn down and exhausted by 
 long continued and enormous work ; they 
 were demoralized by pillage, discouraged by 
 the shattering of their command, weakened 
 most of all bj^ their loss of faith in them- 
 selves and their commander, surrounded by 
 a multitude of foes, harassed on every hand, 
 intercepted at every loophole of escape, 
 hunted like game night and day, driven 
 hither and thither in their vain efforts to 
 
 double on their remorseless pursuers 
 
 Yet to the very last the energy this daring 
 cavalryman displayed was such as to extort 
 our admiration. From the jaws of disaster 
 he drew out the remnants of his command at 
 Buffington. 
 
 Crosses the Musldngum. — When foiled in 
 the attempted crossing above, he headed for 
 the Muskingum. Foiled here by the militia 
 under RunWe, he doubled on his track and 
 turned again toward Blennerhassett Island. 
 The clouds of dust that marked his track be- 
 trayed the movement, and on three sides the 
 pursuers closed in on him. While they slept 
 in peaceful expectation of receiving his sur- 
 render in the morning, he stole out along a 
 hillside that had been thought impassable, 
 his men walking in single file and leading 
 their horses, and by midnight he was once 
 more out of the toils, marching hard to out- 
 strip his pursuers. At last he found an un- 
 guarded crossing of the Muskingum,, at 
 Eaglesport, above McConnellsville, and then 
 with an open country before him struck out 
 once more for the Ohio. 
 
 The Surrender.^ — This time Governor Tod’s 
 sagacity was vindicated. He urged the ship- 
 ment of troops by rail to Bellaire, near 
 Wheeling, and by great good fortune, Major 
 Way, of the Ninth Michigan Cavalry, re- 
 ceived the orders. Presently this officer was 
 on the scent. “ Morgan is making for Ham- 
 mondsville,” he telegraphed General Burn- 
 side on the 25th, “and will attempt to cross 
 the Ohio river at Wellsville. I have my sec- 
 tion of battery and will follow him closely. ’ ’ 
 He kept his word and gave the finishing 
 stroke. “Morgan was attacked with the 
 remnant of his command at eight o’clock 
 this morning,” announced General Burnside 
 on the next day, “ at Salineville, by Major 
 Way, who after a severe fight routed the 
 enemy, killed about thirty, wounded some 
 fifty, and took some two hundred prisoners.” 
 Six hours later the long race ended : “I 
 captured John Morgan to-day at two o’clock 
 P. M.,” telegraphed Major Rue, of the Ninth 
 Kentucky Cavalry, on the evening of the 26th, 
 “ taking three hundred and thirty-six prison- 
 ers, four hundred horses and arms. ’ ’ 
 
 Morgan and his men were confined in the 
 Ohio penitentiary at Columbus ; on the night 
 of November 27 he with six others escaped 
 
458 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 by cutting through the stone floor of his cell 
 (with knives from the prison table) until they 
 reached an air-chamber below, from which 
 they tunneled through the walls of the prison 
 and by means of ropes made from their bed 
 clothes scaled the outer wall ; hastening to 
 the depot they boarded a train on the Little 
 
 Miami railroad for Cincinnati, and when near 
 that city they jumped from the train, made 
 their way to the ()hio river, which they crossed 
 and were soon within the Confederate lines. 
 A year later Morgan was killed while on a 
 raid in an obscure little village in East Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 The following letter, written a few days after Morgan had passed through But- 
 ler county, is an amusing addition to the history of the raid. It was written by 
 Mr. C. F. Warren, merchant, of Cincinnati, to his friend, H. H. Ford, Esq., of 
 Burton, Geauga county, and dated Jones Station, July 19th. It is here for the 
 first time published and is given as an illustration of the spirit of the times. 
 
 I returned last night after an absence of 
 two weeks, during which time Morgan’s 
 forces passed through, creating great con- 
 sternation throughout the country ; they 
 came within a mile and a half of us at the 
 nearest point, and at Springdale, the little 
 village just below us, they called up our 
 butcher, Mr. Watson, at one o’clock at 
 night, and bade him get some breakfast. 
 He began to make excuses, among others no 
 fire ; Morgan suggested that it would be bet- 
 ter for Watson to make the fire than for him 
 to do it, as it might be inconvenient to put 
 his fire out, so W atson took the hint and got 
 their breakfast. After it was ready and the 
 coffee on the table, Mrs. Watson was called 
 to take a cup of it first, and none of them 
 touched it until they were satisfied that she 
 had not poisoned it. 
 
 They took horses from every man along the 
 road, but did not take other property except 
 forage for their horses and food for them- 
 selves. Mr. Jones (a neighbor), Ned (my 
 brother), and Newton (the hired man) were 
 out scouting before and after they passed, 
 and took one prisoner in the graveyard at 
 Springdale and sent him to the city. As 
 soon as he found he was covered by their 
 rifles he began crying and begging not to be 
 shot. 
 
 Morgan’s men were very much fatigued, 
 getting to sleep in their saddles and falling to 
 the ground without waking. After they 
 passed, Ned and a neighbor’s boy, younger 
 than he, and the darky concluded to follow 
 them a while, and on their return met Hob- 
 son’s cavalry just out of Glendale. As soon 
 as they saw them, Ned and the boy wheeled 
 their horses into a cross road and called to 
 the darky to follow ; at the same time the 
 cavalry were close to Newton and called on 
 him to stop — they wanted his horse — and 
 also that of the boy. Ned was on an old 
 black and had on my spurs, and he put the 
 horse to the top of his speed ; he had to go 
 round a half square ; two of the cavalry 
 broke through the fence with their horses 
 and thought to head them, but old black 
 was too sharp for them, and when they saw 
 they could not catch them, they both di.s- 
 charged their pieces, the balls striking in a 
 otato patch near them ; by this time they 
 ad reached the Princeton pike, where they 
 encountered two more and had another race 
 
 and two more shots after them, but the 
 worn-out and jaded horses were no match 
 for the fresh ones the boys rode, and the 
 latter “made port with flying colors.” 
 
 Newton in the meantime was caught and 
 compelled tr swap my bay mare Kate for a 
 three-yeai' -OiU filly, shoeless, footsore and un- 
 broken to harness. ..... Nearly all the 
 neighbors kept patrol around their premises, 
 so there could be an immediate alarm given, 
 and the scouts were going and coming to our 
 station to telegraph Gen. Burnside. There 
 are any amount of incidents connected with 
 the passage of Morgan’s troopers through 
 the county that are interesting, as showing 
 their contempt for Vallandigham copper- 
 heads ; one old copper lost three horses and 
 thought to get them back, if they only knew 
 what he was. So he harnessed up the poor- 
 est horse he could get that would travel fast 
 enough to catch them, and went after them, 
 overtook the rear guard and told them he 
 wanted to see the officer in command. The 
 colonel came back and the old doctor began 
 to say “that he was for Vallandigham, and 
 opposed to the war,” etc. 
 
 The colonel bade him drive up into the 
 middle of the regiment, and as they could 
 not be delayed they would listen to his com- 
 plaints as they went along. Very soon word 
 came to the colonel that two soldiers had 
 given out entirely, and the colonel said to 
 our doctor and his fellow-copperhead ‘ ‘ that 
 he should be under the necessity of using his 
 wagon for the soldiers.” The doctor pro- 
 tested vehemently, “could not ride on horse- 
 back at all.” The colonel hinted that he 
 need not trouble himself about that, as he 
 intended him to walk. After trudging along 
 until his feet were blistered he began to com- 
 )lain again, that his boots hurt him so that 
 \e could not walk, and begged for his wagon 
 again ; but the colonel had a more conven- 
 ient way of relieving him, and ordered a cou- 
 ple of soldiers to pull olf his boots,^ which 
 they did, and he went on in his stocking feet 
 until they camped ; his partner driving the 
 wagon had not said anything about his poli- 
 ties all this time. After they had camped 
 the doctor thought his troubles were over ; 
 but not so. They compelled him to learn a 
 song and sing it, the chorus being, “I’ll bet 
 ten cents in specie, that Morgan ’ll win the 
 race. ’ ’ 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 459 
 
 This was the sentiment, but not the exact 
 words ; now, just imagine an old dignified 
 chap, somewhat corpulent, who never smiled, 
 the oracle of all the Democrats in the town 
 where he lived, singing a song of that kind, 
 set to a lively negro minstrel tune, and a 
 soldier standing over him brandishing a sa- 
 bre and shouting at the top of his voice, 
 “ Go it, old Yank ! Louder ! Louder !” etc. 
 — and you have the picture complete; after 
 all this they were about to depart, when the 
 officer in command suddenly concluded the 
 horse they were driving was better than some 
 he had, and kindly permitted them to unhar- 
 ness him and put another in his place ; they 
 
 then took what money he had except nine 
 dollars, and brought him three little rats of 
 horses, whose backs were raw from the with- 
 ers to the rump, gave him three cheers and 
 started him for home. 
 
 Thus far since his return he has not been 
 heard to cry “Peace” once, or even “Hur- 
 rah for Yallandigham !” and it is extremely 
 doubtful whether he will. 
 
 The doctor’s companion was a sort of 
 “Hail fellow, well met,” and although 
 begged not to tell the story could not pos- 
 sibly resist it ; it was entirely too good to 
 keep. 
 
 The capture of Morgan occasioned great rejoicing, and Prentice, of the Louis- 
 ville Jommal, the newspaper wag of that era, alluding to the habitual seizure of 
 horses by Morgan’s men, suggested that a sa|ute of one gun be fired before every 
 stable door in the land. One who was present just after the surrender wrote : 
 
 Morgan’s men were poorly dressed, ragged, dirty and very badly used up. Some 
 of them wore remnants of gray uniforms, but most of them Avere attired in spoils 
 gathered during the raid. They were much discouraged at the result of the raid 
 and the prospect of affairs generally. Morgan himself appeared in good spirits 
 and quite unconcerned at his ill luck. He is a Avell-built man, of fresh com- 
 plexion, sandy hair and beard. He last night enjoyed for the first time in a long 
 while the comforts of a sound sleep in a good bed. Morgan was attired in a linen 
 coat, black pants, white shirt and light felt hat. He has rather a mild face, there 
 being certainly nothing in it to indicate unusual intellectual abilities.” Reid says 
 of him : ^^He left a name second only to those of Forrest and Stuart among the 
 cavalrymen of the Confederacy, and a character, amid Avhich much to be con- 
 demned, was not without traces of a noble nature.” 
 
 Among the anecdotes told of him during his raid through Ohio is this. A 
 Union soldier, after his surrender, was in the act of breaking his musket across a 
 rock, when one of Morgan’s officers drew a revolver, intending to shoot him, 
 which Morgan seeing at once forbade, and then added : Never harm a man Avho 
 has surrendered. In breaking his musket, he has done just as I would AA^ere I in 
 his place.” 
 
 Morgan Avas a lieutenant of cavalry in the Mexican AA^ar. At the opening of 
 the civil war he was engaged in the manufacture of bagging at Lexington, Ky. 
 During the winter of 1862-63 he commanded a cavalry force Avhich greatly an- 
 noyed Rosecrans’s communications. By his raids in Kentucky he destroyed mil- 
 lions in value of military stores, captured railroad trains and destroyed railroad 
 bridges in rear of the national army, rendering it necessary to garrison every im- 
 portant toAvn in the State. He moved Avith great celerity, and, taking a telegraph 
 operator with him, he misled his foes and at the same time learned their move- 
 ments. Morgan Avas physically a large, poAA^erful man and could endure any 
 amount of bodily exertion, outriding and without sleep almost eA^ery other man in 
 his command. 
 
 East Liverpool is on the Ohio riA^er and a raihvay through the valley, the 
 Cleveland & Pittsburg river division, 48 miles AATst of Pittsburg and about 100 
 miles southeast of Cleveland. It is very pleasantly located in the midst of the bold, 
 picturesque scenery of the upper Ohio. It Avas first settled by Thomas FaAVcett, 
 Avho came from Pennsylvania about 1799. The name of St. Clair Avas given to 
 the village after the toAvnship in Avhich it was then situated, but it was called FaAV- 
 cettstown for many years. In 1830 a post-office was established Avith the name 
 of East Liverpool, to distinguish it from Liverpool in Medina county. From 
 this time on the town gradually greAV, and in 1834 the village of East Liverpool 
 was incorporated. 
 
4^0 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 East Liverpool has 4 newspapers : Crisis, Dem., J. C. Deibrick, publisher ; 
 Evening and Weekly Review, Rep., W. B. McCord, publisher ; Potter’s Gazette, 
 Rep., Frank Scrawl, publisher ; Tribune, Rep., J. N. Simms, editor. Churches : 
 Episcopal, Catholic, Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, 
 Methodist Protestant, Evangelical Lutheran and St. John’s German Lutheran. 
 Banks : First National, Josiah Thompson, president, F. D. Kitchel, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Enployees. — McNicol, Burton & Co., pottery ware, 113 
 hands ; Burford Brothers, pottery ware, 59 ; Dresden Co-operative Co., pottery 
 I ware, 222 ; S. & W. Baggot, pottery ware, 48 ; H. Brunt & Sons, 31 ; Rowe & 
 Mounfort, pottery supplies, 35 ; Standard Co-operative Pottery Co., pottery ware, 
 61 ; Goodwin Brothers, pottery ware, 170; Golding & Sons Co., flint and spar, 
 8 ; C. C. Thompson & Co., pottery ware, 205 ; Cartwright Brothers, pottery ware, 
 84 ; Croxall & Cartwright, pottery ware, 47 ; Knowles, Taylor & Knowles, 
 pottery ware, 613 ; A. J. Bover, machine work, 14 ; Monroe Patterson, pottery 
 machinery, 5 ; George Merely Sons, pottery ware, 49 ; J. Wyllie & Son, pot- 
 tery ware, 66 ; Vodrey Brothers, pottery ware, 64; William Brunt, Son & Co., 
 
 if. Bower , Photo ., East Liverpool , 1887. 
 
 Knowles, Tayloe & Knowles’ Pottery, East Liverpool. 
 
 [The view shows what is said to be the largest pottery in capacity and production in the world. The 
 fuel is natural gas. The decorating building appears on the left, the main works on the right and the 
 hills on the Virginia side of the Ohio in the distance.] 
 
 pottery ware, 190; Homer Laughlin, pottery ware, 137 ; George Harker, pottery 
 ware, 105 ; Friederick, Shenkle, Allen & Co., pottery ware, 50 ; Burgess & Co., 
 pottery material, 22; East Liverpool Spindling Works, door-knob spindles, 13; 
 R. Thomas & Sons, knob tops, 46 ; Wallace & Chetwynd, pottery ware, 101. — 
 State Report for 1887. 
 
 Population in 1880, 5,568. School census in 1886, 2,582; A. J. Surface, 
 superintendent. 
 
 The great feature of East Liverpool is its pottery industry. Being in the 
 heart of a country rich in mineral and chemical deposits, it has grown to be the 
 centre of the pottery interests of the United States. Although in the immediate 
 vicinity of East Liverpool are valuable coal beds, most of its factories use 
 natural gas. 
 
 The first pottery was established in 1840 by James Bennett for the manufaeture 
 of yellow ware from clay discovered in the vicinity of the town. Mr. Bennett 
 was financially aided in tliis enterprise by Nathan Kearns and BenJ. Harker. A1 • 
 most immediately after Harker established the present works of Geo. S. Harker 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 461 
 
 & Co., but it was not until 1862 that any great progress was made, when Con- 
 gress imposed a tariff of 40 per cent, on imported earthenware, which resulted in 
 giving a new impetus to the industry. Up to 1873 none but yellow ware had 
 been produced. In that year Messrs. Knowles, Taylor & Knowles turned their 
 attention to the production of white granite ware, meeting with success. Others 
 followed their example, among them being Homer and S. M. Laughlin, who in 
 the autumn of the same year built a large factory for the production of white 
 ware. Since then considerable attention has been given to the manufacture of 
 C. C., or cream-colored, ware and to decorative pottery. At the present time over 
 fifty kilns are devoted to the manufacture of white ware, twelve or more to cream- 
 colored ware and over thirty to yellow ware. The value of the yearly production 
 of a white ware kiln is from $30,000 to $35,000, a C. C. kiln about $25,000 and 
 a yellow ware kiln $15,000 to $18,000, while the annual output of all the pot- 
 teries is more than $2,000,000. 
 
 Senator John Sherman, in an address at Liverpool, June 23, 1887, gave a very 
 interesting account, from the standpoint of a protectionist, of the growth and causes 
 that led to the development of this great industry. Said he : 
 
 Several years ago I came among you, but I was not then as familiar with the 
 great industry that has given you wealth and a name throughout the land as 
 well as abroad as I am now. I believe that the manufacturing of pottery or 
 chinaware first assumed large proportions here in 1861 or 1862, but at that time 
 it met with discouragements and did not prosper. At that time all, or nearly 
 all, the white china used in this country was imported from England. The 
 English manufacturers, hearing of your efforts and your success through their 
 representatives, made strenuous efforts to keep off a duty on their goods. You 
 came to Congress and asked that a reasonable duty be placed upon imported 
 white ware and decorated china that you might carry on successfully and profit- 
 ably your industry. It was there that I first learned of the gresfct industry you 
 were pursuing. ' 
 
 At that time this business was scarcely known in the United States. We had 
 here in this locality all the clay and all the materials for manufacturing their 
 goods, and you had the money and the pluck and ability to utilize them. But 
 with English competition and cheap labor in that country you could not succeed. 
 All the people in the West used common brown pottery because they could not 
 afford to pay the high price asked for imported ware. I have eaten my meals 
 many a time from the brown plates or from the tin ware in the homes of good 
 and honest men who could not afford to buy the English china. Owing to the 
 encouragement given to the tariff after the war, this industry grew and you pros- 
 pered. I then visited your town and your potteries and found you had been 
 going ahead and were manufacturing superior ware, and in 1883, when an 
 attempt was made to break down the tariff on these goods, with your true frknd, 
 Major McKinley, and others, we stood by you and the tariff was continued. A 
 gentlemafi said to me East Liverpool cannot compete with England, and the 
 attempts of the potteries in that place will be futile, and argued that it was better 
 to break down the tariff and depend upon England ‘ The result of the pro- 
 
 tection given you has driven English goods from our market, and it has brought 
 English labor in your midst, skilled workmen who are making finer and better 
 goods than England can make and selling them cheaper. I was astonished 
 to-day when I saw the kind and class of goods you are making, and have never 
 seen any decorated ware more beautiful or more delicate in Europe. The time 
 is not far distant when the works of art in china from East Liverpool will sell as 
 high and be in as great demand as the finest goods from Europe. 
 
 Your country here, fellow-citizens, is beautiful; your hills are grand, and 
 buried under you by the magic wand of the enchanter is that marvelous dis- 
 covery, natural gas, which by the light of a friction-match is even now illumining 
 the world, and will work revolutions in your potteries and in all the industries in 
 the United States. You have coal or gas, railroad, a river and protection. Go 
 on in good work, and East Liverpool will soon rival the old Liverpool of Eng- 
 land. 
 
462 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 May 2. — Came to-day from Martin’s Ferry 
 by rail through the valley to East Liverpool, 
 passing Steubenville ; returned at 8 P. M. to 
 Steubenville. East Liverpool lies on undu- 
 lating ground well elevated from the river 
 and only two or three miles from that giant 
 State, Pennsylvania. The potteries are some- 
 what scattered ; some by the river bank ; 
 some on the second level near the high valley 
 hills. 
 
 The town is open, the buildings scattered. 
 
 the streets wide and airy ; one is named 
 Broadway. A certain quarter, on a side hill, 
 consists mainly of dwellings, and, being away 
 from the observation of strangers, bears the 
 eccentric appellation Seldom Seen,” so I 
 was told, for by me it was ” Never Seen.” 
 
 The ride up the river was attractive, for 
 from Steubenville one passes through sev- 
 eral pottery villages, as Calumet, Toronto, 
 W alker’s, etc. This part of the valley is a 
 hive of industry for the manufacture of what 
 are called “ clay goods. ” The development 
 
 FilsoHy Photo., Steubenville. 
 
 The Decline of Day on the Upper Ohio. 
 
 [The view was taken near the close of day from Huscroft’s farm on the Richmond road about three 
 miles above Steubenville, looking up the Ohio. The Englebright or Half Moon farm appears in the 
 distance on the right or West Virginia side of the river.] 
 
 of'this industry is enormous ; it is estimated 
 that of white w.'re alone E. Liverpool produces 
 one- third of all manufactured in the United 
 States; Trenton one-half, leaving only one- 
 'sixth to the scattered establishments else- 
 where. 
 
 Of white ware Knowles, Taylor & Knowles 
 produce twice as much as any other two 
 companies in the country. Beside the 500 
 hands employed under cover in their works 
 they have 700 men in their pay in the coun- 
 try. They use fifteen tons of claj’^ daily and 
 turn out a crate of ware every ten minutes. 
 
 The shades of evening were over the valley 
 when I boarded the cars for Steubenville. 
 The scenery was impressive ; the broad curv- 
 ing river and the bold lofty hills misty in the 
 deepening shadows of the coming night 
 loomed up almost alpine, their summit lines 
 and forms in continuous change by the 
 changing })osition of my lookout from the 
 cars, now elongated and then massed as in 
 peaks. Surely no scenery could surpass it in 
 grandeur. I remember nearly forty years 
 since going through the same region in a 
 steamer with the mother of the gifted Mar 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 463 
 
 • garet Fuller, the Countess D’Ossoli; Mar- 
 garet was said to have been not only the best 
 conversationalist of her time but to have the 
 magnetic faculty by her speech to so stimu- 
 late the talking powers of any ordinary mor- 
 tal as to astonish listening relatives to discover 
 that “our Jack” or “ Dolly ’’—whichever 
 it was — knew so much. 
 
 Willis said ‘ ‘ nature uncorks her champagne 
 twice a day, morning and evening.” Then 
 shade darkens into shade in infinite gradation, 
 while the high lights on the distant water or 
 the mountain summits attract with a power 
 of beauty akin to Divine truth on the heart 
 of man. On that long ago passage up the 
 river it was towards the close of a day in early 
 June that we sat on the upper deck and drank 
 in the beauty of the upper Ohio. From the 
 continual changes in the valley the river 
 came under the eye as a succession of beauti- 
 ful lakes bordered with grassy meadows and 
 softly sloping wood-crowned hills. 
 
 In travelling through the West one < 
 of another land. The foreigner who r 
 
 Just above Steubenville, on the West Vir- 
 ginia side, is a spot known as the Englebright 
 or Half Moon farm, which is greatly admired. 
 It occupies a broad expanse of meadow land 
 a mile and a half long in the shape of a half 
 moon, with the river on the west making the 
 inner curve, while lofty hills frame the outer 
 convex line. 
 
 Cole, the artist, in his youth, nearly seventy 
 years ago, lived in Steubenville. * He made 
 studies of the Ohio river scenery and intro- 
 duced it largely in his pictures, notably in his 
 celebrated series, ‘ ‘ The V oyage of Life. ” He 
 was early fiimous for his exquisite paintings 
 of our autumnal scenery, and took some 
 specimens to England. The English critics, 
 who knew nothing of the glories of our 
 forests at that season, their own being 
 devoid of any such brilliancj'^ of hue, pooh- 
 })Oohed at his pictures as untruthful and 
 farcical. 
 
 eii meets with scenes that remind him 
 kes his home upon American soil does 
 
 Drawn by Henry Uoice in 184G. 
 
 The Cottage of a German Swiss Emigrant. 
 
 not at once assimilate in language, modes of life, and current of thought with that 
 congenial to his adopted country. The German emigrant is peculiar in this 
 respect, and so much attached is he to his fatherland that years often elapse ere 
 there is any perceptible change. The annexed engraving illustrates these remarks. 
 It shows the mud cottage of a German Swiss emigrant, now standing in the neigh- 
 borhood of others of like character, in the northwestern part of this county. The 
 frame-work is of wood, with the interstices filled with light-colored clay, and the 
 whole surmounted by a ponderous shingled roof of a picturesque form. Beside 
 the tenement hop vines are clustering around their slender supporters, while hard 
 by stands the abandoned log-dwelling of the emigrant — deserted for one more 
 congenial with his early predilections. 
 
 The preceding paragraph is from our original edition. This Swiss cottage was 
 in Knox township on the old State road about sixty rods Avest of the Mahoning, 
 and near the site of a Switzer cheese factory. This township was settled by Swiss 
 and is noted for its inanufacture of Switzer cheese. 
 
464 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 On our first appearing in this county we unexpectedly came across this unique . 
 structure, when we alighted from old Pomp and made a pencil sketch for this 
 engraving. On our second appearing we learned it. had stood up to within a few 
 years ; and as there is, alas ! nothing permanent in this world, gone too must be 
 that feeding curly tailed specimen in the foreground, whose sole business and high 
 pleasure in life was to eat, grunt and grow fat ; his usefulness to our kind coming 
 when he should no longer eat but be eaten. 
 
 Wellsville in 1846. — Wellsville is at the mouth of Yellow creek, on the 
 great bend of the Ohio river, where it approximates nearest to Lake Erie, fifty 
 miles below Pittsburg and fourteen from New Lisbon. It was laid out in the 
 autumn of 1824 by William Wells, from whom it derived its name. Until 1828 
 it contained but a few buildings ; it is now an important point for the shipment 
 and transshipment of goods, and does a large business with the surrounding country. 
 The landing is one of the best, in all stages of water, on the river. This flourish- 
 ing town has 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal Methodist, 1 Reformed Methodist, and 
 1 Disciples church, 1 newspaper printing-office, 1 linseed-oil and 1 saw-mill, 1 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 18-16. 
 
 Wellsville, on the Ohio. 
 
 pottery, 1 raw-carding machine, 1 foundry, 16 mercantile stores, and in 1840 had 
 a population of 759, and in 1846, 1,066. The view, taken from the Virginia 
 bank of the Ohio, sliows but a small part of the town. About a mile below, on 
 the river-bank, in a natural grove, are several beautiful private dwellings. The 
 ‘‘ Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad,’^ ninety-seven miles in length, will commence 
 at Cleveland and terminate at Wellsville, and whenever built will tend to make 
 Wellsville a place of great business and population. A survey for this work has 
 been recently made, and there is a good prospect of its being constructed . — Old 
 Edition. 
 
 Wellsville, situated on the Ohio river, at tlie confluence of Little Yellow 
 creek, forty-eight miles below Pittsburg, on the P. C. & W. R. R. Newspapers : 
 Evening Journal^ Independent, Edward B. Clark, publisher ; Union, Republican, 
 F. M. Hawley, publisher ; Saturday Review, W. B. McCord, publisher. Churches : 
 Presbyterian, Methodist, Disciples, Episcopal, 'Catholic, and Baptist. Banks : 
 First National, J. W. Reilly, president, James Henderson, cashier ; Silver Bank- 
 ing Company, Thomas H. Silver, president, F. W. Silver, cashieu 
 
COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 465 
 
 Manufackires and Employees. — C. & P. R. R. shops, railroad repairs, 295 
 hands; Wellsville Plate and Sheet-Iron Company, plate and sheet-iron, 210; 
 Wellsville Terra-Cotta Works, sewer-pipe, etc., 45 ; Whitacre & Co., wood-turning, 
 45 ; Stevenson & Co., sewer-pipe machinery, 25 ; J. Patterson & Son, yellow-ware, 
 32 ; Pioneer Pottery Works, white granite-ware, 87. — State Report for 1887. 
 Population in 1880, 3,377. School census, 1,386 ; James L. McDonald, super- 
 intendent. 
 
 Walker’s, forty-six miles below Pittsburg, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg 
 railroad, two miles east of Wellsville and two west of East Liverpool, is the loca- 
 tion of the oldest and most extensive works in America manufacturing terra-cotta 
 and vitrified clay goods. The works are built at the foot of the highest bluff on 
 the Ohio between Pittsburg and Cairo, with a frontage of more than a mile on the 
 river. Here are over 300 acres of land rich in clay and coal, on which are erected 
 factories and dwellings for operatives. The deposits of clay are said to be the 
 richest and largest in the Union, yielding a great variety of clays suitable for fire- 
 brick, sewer-pipe, and fancy terra-cotta wares. This great industry was established 
 in 1852 by Mr. N. U. Walker. 
 
 The place has the advantage of low freightage to 'all points "bn the Ohio and 
 Mississippi. The Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad also runs through the works, 
 with ample sidings and direct communications with all main lines running east 
 and west. 
 
 The Ohio Geological Report ” says : Nearly all the river works make terra- 
 cotta, but at N. U. Walker’s the best ware of this district and the most of it is 
 made. His daily product would amount to twenty-four tons of ware — about 
 twenty in flues, etc., and four in statuary and finer grades of work.” 
 
 Leetokia, at the intersection of the P. Ft. W. & C. R. R. and Niles and New 
 Lisbon R. R., was laid out in 1866 by the Leetonia Coal and Iron Company, of 
 which William Lee, a railroad contractor, was one of the incorporators, and from 
 him the village took its name. In 1866 the post-office was opened and first hotel 
 started. Few places in the State can show such rapid growth in the same period 
 of time. In 1865 it had but a single farmhouse ; in 1870 a population of 1,800 ; 
 it now contains about 3,000. Newspaper : Democrat, Democratic, T. S. Arnold, 
 publisher. Churches : Presbyterian, Methodist, Disciples, Catholic, Lutheran. 
 Bank : First National, William Smick, president, W. G. Hendricks, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Cherry Valley Iron Company, pig, bar, and 
 muck-iron, 360 hands; Grafton Iron Company, pig-iron, 70 ; Randall, Rankin & 
 Co., flour and feed ; Leetonia Boiler-Works Company, boilers and bridges. — State 
 Report. Population in 1880, 2,552. School census 1886, 948 ; G. W. Henry, 
 superintendent. 
 
 Columbiana, sixty miles from Pittsburg, on the P. Ft. W. & C. R. R. News- 
 paper : Independent Register, Republican, John Flaugher, publisher. Churches : 
 Reformed, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Lutheran. Banks : J. Esterly 
 & Co., J. Esterly, manager ; Shilling & Co., S. S. Shilling, manager. 
 
 Principal Industries. — Enterprise Works, formerly Columbiana Pump Works; 
 Eureka Flouring Mills ; two bending works, planing-mill, and extensive buggy 
 manufacturing. Census in 1880, 1,223. School census in 1886, 379; W. W. 
 Weaver, superintendent. 
 
 Salineville, on Yellow creek and C. P. & W. R. R., sixty-three miles from 
 Pittsburg. Newspaper : Ohio Advance, J. K. Smith, proprietor. Churches : 
 Methodist, Presbyterian, Disci [)le8, and Catholic. Bank : Cope & Thompson. 
 Principal industries: manufacturing salt and coal-mining. Population in 1880, 
 2,302. School census in 1886, 974; William H. Hill, superintendent. 
 
 East Palestine, formerly called Mechanicsburg, was incorporated in 1875. 
 Newspapers : Valley Echo, Independent, T. W. & R. M. Winter, publisher. 
 Reveille, S. H. INIaneval, publisher. Churches: 2 Presbyterian, 1 United Brethren, 
 1 Methodist. Bank : Chamberlain Bros. & Co. Principal industry : coal-mining. 
 
4^)6 
 
 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1880, 1,047. School census in 1886, 626 ; G. B. Galbreath, super* 
 intendent. 
 
 Washingtonville, on the boundary-line of Columbiana and Mahoning 
 counties, and on the Niles and New Lisbon B. E., about one and a-half miles 
 north of Leetonia. It claims a population of about 1,600 people; the main 
 occupation being coal-mining and coke-burning. The principal mines are operated 
 by the Cherry Valley Company, of Leetonia. They also operate between twenty 
 and thirty coke ovens. 
 
 COSHOCTON. 
 
 Coshocton County was organized April 1, 1811. The name is a Delaware 
 word, and is derived from that of the Indian village Goschachgunk, which is 
 represented on a map in Loskiel as having stood north of the mouth of the Tus- 
 carawas river, in the fork formed by its junction with the Walhonding. The 
 surface is mostly rolling ; in some parts hilly, with fine broad valleys along the 
 Muskingum and its tributaries. The soil is varied, and abruptly so ; here we see 
 the rich alluvion almost overhung by a red-bush hill, while perhaps on the very 
 next acclivity is seen the poplar and sugar tree, indicative of a fertile soil. With 
 regard to sand and clay the changes are equally sudden. The hills abound in coal 
 and iron ore, and salt wells have been sunk and salt manufactured. It was first 
 settled by Virginians and Pennsylvanians. Area, 540 square miles. In 1885 
 acres cultivated Avere 90,218; in pasture, 150,500 : woodland, 60,619; lying 
 waste, 2,150; produced in wheat, 72,992 bushels; corn, 992,890; wool, 788,979 
 
 pounds; coal, 52,934 tons. 1 
 42 miles of railroad. 
 
 School census 1886, 8,770; 
 
 teachers, 192. 
 
 It has 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 A^dams, 
 
 838 
 
 1,246 
 
 Mill Creek, 
 
 907 
 
 626 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 1,141 
 
 921 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 557 
 
 1,003 
 
 Bethlehem, 
 
 827 
 
 836 
 
 Newcastle, 
 
 905 
 
 885 
 
 Clark, 
 
 703 
 
 1,041 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 760 
 
 1,201 
 
 Crawford, 
 
 1,134 
 
 1,431 
 
 Perry, 
 
 1,339 
 
 901 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 670 
 
 1,053 • 
 
 Pike, 
 
 1,115 
 
 720 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 1,896 
 
 1,969 
 
 Tiverton, 
 
 665 
 
 940 
 
 Jeffe^’son, 
 
 771 
 
 1,143 
 
 Tuscarawas, 
 
 1,144 
 
 4,082 
 
 Keene, 
 
 1,043 
 
 839 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,005 
 
 1,180 
 
 Lafayette, 
 
 848 
 
 1,018 
 
 1,029 
 
 729 
 
 Linton^ 
 
 1,196 
 
 1,918 
 
 White Eyes, 
 
 997 
 
 960 
 
 Population in 1820 was 7,086; 1840, 21,590; 1860, 25,032; 1880, 26,642, 
 of whom 22,909 were Ohio-born. 
 
 One hundred and twenty years ago there were six or more Indian villages within 
 the present limits of Coshocton county, all being DelaAvare towns except a 
 Shawanese village on the Wakatomika, five miles from its junction with the 
 Tuscarawas. The spot of their junction of these two branches of the IMuskingum 
 is at Coshocton, ^nd is the locality, so famous in history, known as The Forks 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY, 
 
 467 
 
 of the Muskingum ; it is 115 miles from its mouth at Marietta. At the Forks 
 was the principal village of the Turtle tribe of the Delawares, called Gosehachgunk, 
 the name now modernized into Coshocton. It occupied the site of the lower streets 
 of Coshocton, stretching along the river bank below the junction. As described 
 by explorers at that day it was a very noticeable place. From two to fourscore 
 of houses, built of logs and limbs and bark, were arranged in two parallel rows, 
 making a regular street between. Prominent among these was the council-house, 
 in which the braves of the different tribes assembled, smoked their pipes, and con- 
 ducted their councils in dignity and with decorum. At one time, in 1778, it is 
 said that 700 warriors assembled in the place. In 1781 Brodhead destroyed the 
 village. 
 
 In 1776 the Moravian missionaries. Rev. David Zeisberger and John Hick- 
 swelder, with eight families, numbering thirty-five persons, started a mission village 
 two and a half miles below the Forks. They called it Lichtenau, that is, a 
 
 Pasture of Light — a green pasture illuminated by the light of the Gospel. 
 They selected this site in deference to the wishes of Netawatwees, a friendly Dela- 
 ware chief, who with his family had become Christianized, and dwelt in Goschach- 
 gunk. On the first Sunday after the spot had been prepared by felling trees, writes 
 one, The chief and his villagers came to Lichtenau in full force to attend religious 
 services. On the rivePs bank, beneath the gemmed trees ready to burst into 
 verdure, gathered the congregation of Christian and pagan worshippers. Zeizberger 
 preached on the words, ^ Thus is it written and thus it behooved Christ to suffer, 
 and to rise from the dead the third day ; and that repentance and remission of sins 
 should be preached in His name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.^ 
 Afterwards fires were lighted, around which the converts continued to instruct 
 their brother Indians until the shades of evening fell.’’ And this was doubtless the 
 first sermon, either Protestant or Catholic, preached within the present limits of 
 Coshocton county. 
 
 Great hopes were cherished of Lichtenau until 1779, when some hostile Wyan- 
 dots and Mingo warriors having made it a rendezvous and starting-point for a 
 new war-path to the white settlements it was abandoned, and thus was terminated 
 the only Moravian mission ever established within the present limits of the 
 county. 
 
 The large number of Indian towns along the Muskingum river and its branches 
 made this region of great historic interest long before it was settled by the whites. 
 In peace these towns were frequented by white hunters and traders ; in war large 
 numbers of white captives were brought here from Virginia and Pennsylvania, 
 some to remain and others en route to the Wyandot and Shawnee towns on the 
 Sandusky, and when the Moravians came here the history of their operations in its 
 results added a chapter of unique and tragic interest. The first white occupant 
 known to the history of this territory was a woman — Mary Harris — the heroine 
 of the Legend of the Walhonding,” in 1740. She had been captured when 
 verging into womanhood, somewhere between 1730 and 1740, and adopted as a 
 wife by an Indian chief. Eagle Feather. As early as 1750 she was living in a 
 village near the junction of the Killbuck with the Walhonding, about seven miles 
 northwest of The Forks of the Muskingum.” So prominent had she become, 
 that the place was named The White Woman’s Town,” and the Walhonding 
 branch of the river thence to the Forks was called in honor of her “ The White 
 Woman’s River.” 
 
 In 1750 Capt. Christopher Gist, in the interest of the Ohio Land Company, of 
 Virginia, established in 1748, was sent out to explore the country northwest of the 
 Ohio. The object of this company was to secure permanent possession for the 
 English of the interior of the continent. To accomplish this — to secure Ohio for 
 the English world” — Lawrence Washington, Augustus Washington, of Virginia, 
 and their associates, proposed a colony beyond the Alleghenies. 
 
 In his journal Gist says that he reached an Indian town near the junction of 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 tf 08 
 
 the Tuscarawas and the White Woman which contained about tOO families, a 
 portion in the French and a portion in the English interest.’’ Here Gist met 
 George Croghan, an English trader, who had his headquarters at this town, also 
 Andrew Montour, a half-breed of the Seneca nation. He remained at this village 
 from December 14, 1750, until January 15, 1751, one month and a day. Some 
 white men lived here, two of whose names he gives, namely, Thomas Burney, a 
 
 Originally engraved for the Magazine of Western History, 
 
 The Fokks of the Muskingum. 
 
 [The view is up the valley, with its flowing waters and gracefully curving hills. On the right appears 
 the village of Coshocton and the Tuscarawas, or Little Muskingum; in front, its junction with the 
 Walhonding, or White Woman, and the delta between; on the left, the canal and bridge over the 
 Waihonding leading into Eoscoe. For soft, expansive beauty of scenery, united to memories of the 
 touching important events that here occurred when Ohio was all a wilderness, few spots are so inter- 
 esting on the American continent.] 
 
 blacksmith, and Barney Curran. On Christmas day, by request. Gist conducted 
 religious services, according to the Protestant Episcopal prayer-book, in the presence 
 of some white men and a few Indians, who attended at the earnest solicitation of 
 Burney and Curran. When Capt. Gist left he w’as accompanied by Croghan and 
 Montour, and ^Gvent west,” he says, ^Go the White Woman Creek, on which is a 
 email town,” where they found Mary Harris, and he gives briefly a few facts in 
 her history ; they remained at her town one night only. 
 
 Again he notes in his journal ; “ Tuesday, 
 January 15. — We left Muskingum and went 
 west five miles to the White Woman creek. 
 This white woman was taken away from New 
 England when she was not above ten years old 
 by the French Indians. She is now upwards 
 of fifty ; has an Indian husband and several 
 children. Her name is Mary Harris. She 
 still remembers that they used to be very re- 
 ligious in New England, and wonders how 
 the white men can be so wicked as she has 
 iSeen theni in these >yoods.” 
 
 “Her husband, ‘Eagle Feather,’ brought 
 home another white woman as a wife, whom 
 Mary called the ‘Newcomer.’ Jealousies 
 arose, and finally Eagle Feather was found 
 with his head split open, and the tomahawk 
 remaining in his skull; but the Newcomer 
 had fled. She was overtaken and brought 
 back, and was killed by the Indians Decem- 
 ber 26, 1761, while Gist was in the White 
 Woman’s town. The place where she was 
 captured was afterwards called ‘ Newcomer’ s- 
 town,’ Tuscarawas counW.” The next white 
 
4^9 
 
 CO'SlJOCrON COUNTY. 
 
 man to press the soil of Coshocton county near Bedford, Pa., brought to the village of 
 probably was James Smith. He was a lad the Tullihas, on the Walhonding, and adopted 
 of eighteen years of age when, at the period iiito one of their tribes. His narrative is 
 of Braddock’s defeat, he was taken prisoner given elsewhere in this work. 
 
 Coshocton in 1846. — Coshocton, the county-seat, is finely situated on the 
 Muskingum, at the junction of the Tuscarawas with the Walhonding river, eighty- 
 
 Draivn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Public Square, Coshocton. 
 
 three miles northeast from Columbus and thirty from Zanesville. In times of 
 high water steamboats occasionally run up to Coshocton. The ground on which 
 it is built, for situation, could scarcely be improved, as it lies in four broad natural 
 
 Shepler dk Son., Photo., Coshocton, 1887. 
 
 Public Square, Coshocton. 
 
 terraces, each elevated about nine feet above the other, the last of wliich is about 
 1,000 feet wide. The town is much scattered. About sixty rods back from the 
 Muskingum is the public square, containing four acres, neatly fenced, planted with 
 
470 
 
 COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 young trees and covered with a green sward ; on it stand the county buildings 
 represented in the engraving. Coshocton was laid out in April, 1802, by Ebenezer 
 Buckingham and John Matthews, under the name of Tuscarawa, and changed to 
 its present appellation in 1811. The county was first settled only a few years prior 
 to the formation of the town ; among the early settlers were Col. Charles Williams, 
 William Morrison, Isaac Hoglin, George M’Culloch, Andrew Craig, and William 
 I Whitten. Coshocton contains 2 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 
 Protestant Methodist church, 6 mercantile stores, 2 newspaper printing-offices, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, and had, in 1840, 625 inhabitants. — Old 
 Edition, 
 
 Coshocton is 68 miles east of Columbus and 115 miles from Cleveland, on 
 the P. C. & St. L. and at the junction of Cleveland and Canton R. R., and junc- 
 tion of Tuscarawas and Walhonding rivers. 
 
 County officers in 1888: Auditor, Joseph Burrell; Clerks, Samuel Gamble, 
 Andrew J. Hill ; Commissioners, Vincent Ferguson, Samuel Neldon, Abner 
 McCoy ; Prosecuting Attorney, Samuel H. Nichols ; Probate Judges, Holder 
 Blackman, Wm. R. Gault; Recorder, Wm. H. Coe; Sheriff, James B. Manner; 
 Surveyor, Samuel M. Moore; Treasurers, William Walker, Geo. C. Rinner. 
 Newspapers : Coshocton Democrat, Democrat, J. C. Fisher, editor ; Age, Republi- 
 can, J. F. Meek, editor ; Standard, Democrat, Beach & McCabe, publishers ; 
 WoGhenblatt,~ CcYmmi, Otto Cummerow, publisher. Churches: Presbyterian, 
 Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, and Catholic. Banks : Commercial, Jackson Hay, 
 president, Henry C. Herbig, cashier; Farmers’, J. P. Peek, president, Samuel 
 Irvine, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Buckeye Planing Mill, 5 hands ; Houston & 
 Hay & Sons, axles, springs, etc., 65 ; Wm. Ferrell, iron castings, 3 ; Tuscarawas 
 Advertising Co., advertising novelties, 12; Coshocton City Mills, flour, etc., 6 ; 
 
 J. F. Williams & Co., flour, etc., 11. — State Report 1887. 
 
 Population in 1880, 3,044. School census in 1886, 1,053; J. M. A'arnall, 
 superintendent. 
 
 ^^A short distance below Coshocton,” says Dr. Hildreth, in Silliman’s Journal, 
 on one of those elevated gravelly alluvions, so common on the rivers of the West, 
 has been recently discovered a very singular ancient burying-ground. From some 
 remains of wood still (1835) apparent in the earth around the bones, the bodies seem 
 all to have been deposited in coffins ; and what is still more curious is the fact that 
 the bodies buried here were generelly not more than from three to four and a half 
 feet in length. They are very numerous, and must have been tenants of a con- 
 siderable city, or their numbers could not have been so great. A large number 
 of graves have been opened, the inmates of which are all of this pigmy race. No 
 metallic articles or utensils have yet been found to throw any light on the period 
 or nation to which they belonged. Similar burying-grounds have been found in 
 Tennessee, and near St. Louis, in Missouri.” 
 
 We learned orally from another source that this burying-ground covered, in - 
 1830, about ten acres. The graves were arranged in regular rows with avenues 
 between, and the heads of all were placed to the west and the feet to the east. 
 
 In one of them was a skeleton with pieces of oak boards and iron wrought nails. 
 The corpse had evidently been dismembered before burial, as the skull was found 
 among the bones of the pelvis, and other bones were dis])laced. The skull itself 
 was triangular in shape, much flattened at the sides and back, and in the posterior 
 part having an orifice, evidently made by some weapon of war or bullet. In 
 1830 dwarf oaks of many years’ growth were over several of the graves. The 
 graveyard has since been plowed over. Nothing was known of its origin by the 
 early settlers. Below the graveyard is a beautiful mound. 
 
 Roscoe IN 1846. — On the west bank of the Muskingum, opposite to and con- 
 nected with Coshocton by two bridges, is Roscoe. This town was laid off in 1816 
 by James Calder, under the name of Caldersburg. An addition was subsequently 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY, 
 
 471 
 
 laid off by Ransom & Swane^ which being united with it the place was called 
 Roscoe, from Wm. Roscoe, the English author. The Walhonding canal, which 
 extends to the village of Rochester, a distance of twenty-five miles, unites with the 
 Ohio canal at Roscoe. This town is at present a great wheat depot on the canal, 
 and an important place of shipment and transshipment. Its capacities for a large 
 manufacturing town are ample. The canals bring together the whole water 
 power of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding, the latter standing in the canal at this 
 place, forty feet above the level of the Muskingum, and the canal being compara- 
 tively little used, the whole power of the stream, capable of performing almost any- 
 thing desired, could be used for manufacturing purposes ; and sites for a whole 
 manufacturing village could be purchased comparatively for a trifle.’’ Roscoe 
 contains 1 Methodist Episcopal church, 5 dry goods and 2 grocery stores, 2 for- 
 warding houses, 1 fulling, 2 saw and 2 flouring mills, and had, in 1840, 468 in- 
 habitants. — Old Edition. 
 
 Roscoe is on the Walhonding branch of the Tuscarawas about a furlong above 
 the junction of the two streams. From the hills back of the town a fine prospect is 
 presented up the valleys of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding, and down that of 
 the Muskingum. The place in the decay of the canal business has not its old time 
 relative importance. It has 1 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal church, and the State 
 report for 1887 gives the following industries and employees : Adams & Gleason, 
 doors, sash, etc., 6 hands ; D. Rose & Co., furniture, 23 ; Empire Mills, flour, etc., 
 13 ; W. H. Wilson, blankets, flannels, etc., 5 ; J. F. Williams, flour, etc., 8. 
 
 Previous to the settlement of the country in the last half of the last century there 
 were several military expeditions into this region. The first in importance and in 
 order of time was that made by Col. Bouquet in October, 1764. 
 
 The following is extracted from a lecture delivered by Charles Whittlesey at 
 Cleveland, December 17, 1846, and is especially valuable as a clear statement of 
 the condition of affairs between the whites and the Indians at the period when the 
 expedition was undertaken. 
 
 The Indians were very much displeased, 
 when they saw the English taking possession 
 of their country, for they preferred the 
 Frenchmen, who had been their friends and 
 traders more than one hundred years, and 
 had married Indian women. A noted chief 
 of the Ottawa tribe, known by the name of 
 Pontiac, formed the resolution to destroy all 
 the English frontier posts at one assault, 
 in which he was encouraged by the French 
 traders. 
 
 He succeeded in forming an alliance with 
 the Ottawas, having 900 warriors ; the Poto- 
 wotomies, with 350 ; Miamies of the lake, 
 
 350 ; Chippewas, 5,000 ; Wyandots, 300 ; Del- 
 awares, 600 ; Shawnees, 500 ; Kickapoos, 
 
 300 ; Ouatanons of the Wabash, 400, and the 
 Pinankeshaws, 250 ; in all, able to muster 
 8,950 warriors. This may be called the 
 “First Great Northwestern Confederacy” 
 against the whites. The second took place 
 under Brandt, or Thayandanegea, during the 
 revolution, and was continued by Little Tur- 
 tle ; the third, under Tecumseh, in the last 
 war. Pontiac’s projects were brought to a 
 focus in the fall of 1763, and the result was 
 nearly equal to the design. The Indians col- 
 lected at all the northwestern forts, under the 
 pretence of trade and friendly intercourse ; 
 and having killed all the English traders who 
 were scattered through their villages, they 
 made a simultaneous attack upon the forts, 
 and were in a great measure successful. 
 
 The inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Vir- 
 ginia were now subject to great alarm, and 
 frequently robberies and murders were com- 
 mitted upon them by the Indians, and 
 prisoners were captured. Gen. Gage was at 
 this time the commander-in-chief of the 
 British forces in America, and his head- 
 quarters were at Boston. He ordered an ex- 
 pedition of 3,000 men for the relief of Detroit, 
 to move early in the year 1764. It was di- 
 rected to assemble at Fort Niagara, and pro- 
 ceeded up Lake Erie in boats, commanded 
 by Gen. Bradstreet. The other was the 
 expedition I design principally to notice at 
 this time. It was at first composed of the 
 Forty-second and Seventy-seventh regiments, 
 who had been at the siege of Havana, in 
 Cuba, under the command of Col. Henry 
 Bouquet. This force left Philadelphia, for the 
 relief of Fort Pitt, in July, 1763, and after 
 defeating the Indians at Bushy Run, in 
 August, drove them across the Ohio. It 
 wintered at Fort Pitt, where some of the 
 houses, built by Col. Bouquet, may still be 
 seen, his name cut in stone upon the wall. 
 
 Gen. Gage directed Col. Bouquet to or- 
 ganize a corps of 1,500 men, and to enter the 
 country of the Delawares and the Shawnees, 
 at the same time that Gen. Bradstreet was 
 engaged in chastising the Wyandots and Ot- 
 tawas, of Lake Erie, who were still investing 
 Detroit. As a part of Col. Bouquet’s force 
 was composed of militia from Pennsylvania 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 A12 
 
 and Virginia, it was slow to assemble. On 
 the 5tli of August, the Pennsylvania quota 
 rendezvoused at Carlisle, where 300 of them 
 deserted. The Virginia quota arrived at 
 Fort Pitt on the 17th of September, and 
 uniting with the provincial militia, a part of 
 the Forty-second and Sixtieth regiments, the 
 army moved from Fort Pitt on the 3d of 
 October. Oen. Bradstreet, having dispersed 
 the Indian forces besieging Detroit, passed 
 into the Wyandot country, by way of San- 
 dusky bay. He ascended the bay and river, 
 as far as it was navigable for boats, and there 
 made a camp. A treaty of peace and friend- 
 ship was signed by the chiefs and head 
 men, who delivered but very few of their 
 prisoners. 
 
 When Col. Bouquet was at Fort Loudon, in 
 Pennsylvania, between Carlisle and Fort Pitt, 
 urging forward the militia levies, he received 
 a despatch from Gen. Bradstreet, notifying 
 him of the peace effected at Sandusky. But 
 the Ohio Indians, particularly the Shawnees 
 of the Scioto river, and the Delawares of the 
 Muskingum, still continued their robberies and 
 murders along the frontier of Pennsylvania ; 
 and so Col. Bouquet determined to proceed 
 with his division, notwithstanding the peace 
 of Gen. Bradstreet, which did not include the 
 Shawnees and Delawares. In the march 
 from Philadelphia to Fort Pitt, Col. Bouquet 
 
 had shown himself to be a man of decision, 
 courage and military genius. 
 
 In the engagement at Bushy Bun, he dis- 
 played that caution in preparing for emer- 
 gencies, that high personal influence over his 
 troops, and a facility in changing his plans 
 as circumstances changed during the battle, 
 which mark the good commander and the 
 cool-headed officer. He had been with 
 Forbes and Washington, when Fort Pitt was 
 taken from the French. The Indians who 
 were assembled at Fort Pitt left the siege of 
 that place and advanced to meet the force of 
 Bouquet, intending to execute a surprise and 
 destroy the whole command. These savages 
 remembered how easily they had entrapped 
 Gen. Braddock, a few years before, by the 
 same movement, and had no doubt of success 
 against Bouquet. But he moved always in a 
 hollow square, with his provision train and 
 his cattle in the centre, impressing his men 
 with the idea that a fire might open upon 
 them at any moment. When the important 
 hour arrived, and they were saluted with the 
 discharge of a thousand rifles, accompanied 
 by the terrific yells of so many savage war- 
 riors, arrayed in the livery of demons, the 
 English and provincial troops behaved like 
 veterans, whom nothing could shake. They 
 achieved a complete victory, and drove the 
 allied Indian force beyond the Ohio. 
 
 NARRATIVE OF BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION. 
 
 The original source of information concerning this expedition is the work of 
 Dr. Wm. Smith, Provost of the College of Philadelphia, entitled ^^An Historical 
 Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in the year 1764.” W. E. 
 Poole, LL. D., Librarian of the Newberry, Chicago, and a high authority on 
 American history and its bibliography, writes us : The original edition was 
 printed at Philadelphia in 1765 ; reprinted at London in 1766 ; at Dublin, 1769 ; 
 at Cincinnati, 1868 ; and at Amsterdam (in French) with biographical account of 
 Col. Bouquet, in 1769.” 
 
 The following narrative is from Graham’s “ History of Coshocton County,” 
 which is there rewritten from Smith in the light of modern geography which 
 clearly indicates localities to the present time reader. The two engravings are 
 copies of those designed by the celebrated painter, Benjamin West, for the London 
 edition. The originals were engraved on copper, a better material than steel for 
 artistic engraving. It is now out of use from its want of durability. 
 
 “The Indians, disheartened by their over- 
 whelming defeat dt Bushy Run, and despair- 
 ing of success against Fort Pitt, now it was 
 so heavily reinforced, retired sullenly to their 
 homes beyond the Ohio, leaving the country 
 between it and their settlements free from 
 their ravages. Communication now being 
 rendered safe, the fugitive settlers were able 
 to return to their friends, or take possession 
 again of their abandoned cabins. By com- 
 paring notes they were soon able to make out 
 an accurate list of those who were missing — 
 either killed, or prisoners among the various 
 tribes — when it was found to contain the 
 3iames of more than 200 men, women, and 
 children. Fathers mourned their daughters 
 
 Slam, or subject to a captivity worse than 
 death ; husbands their wives left mangled in 
 the forest, or forced into the embraces of 
 their savage captors — some with babes at 
 their breast, and some whose offspring would 
 first see the light in the red man’s wigwam — 
 and loud were the cries that went up on every 
 side for vengeance. 
 
 Bouquet wished to follow up his success, 
 and march at once into the heart of the 
 enemy’s countr}^ and wring from the hostile 
 tribes by force of arms a treaty of peace 
 which should forever put an end to these 
 scenes of rapine and murder. But his force 
 was too small to attempt tliis, while the 
 season was too far advanced to leave time to 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 473 
 
 organize another expedition before winter. 
 He therefore determined to remain at the fort 
 till spring, and then assemble an army suffi- 
 ciently large to crush all opposition, and 
 finish what he had so successfully begun. 
 
 Acting under instructions, he matured 
 during the winter all his plans, and soon as 
 spring opened set on foot measures by which 
 an army strong enough to render resistance 
 hopeless should be placed under his com- 
 mand. 
 
 In the meantime the Indians had obtained 
 powder from the French, and as soon as the 
 snow melted recommenced their ravages along 
 the frontier, killing, scalping, and taking 
 prisoners men, women, and children. 
 
 Bouquet could muster scarcely 500 men of 
 the regular army — most of them Highlanders 
 of the Forty-second and Sixtieth regiments — 
 but Pennsylvania, at her own expense, fur- 
 nished 1,000 militia, and Virginia a corps of 
 volunteers. With this imposing force he 
 was directed to march against the Delawares, 
 Mohicans, and Mingoes ; while Col. Brad- 
 street, from Detroit, should advance into the 
 territory of the Wyandots, Ottawas, and 
 Chippewas; and thus, by one great simul- 
 taneous movement, crush those warlike tribes. 
 Bouquet’s route, however, was without any 
 water communication whatever, but lay di- 
 rectly through the heart of an unbroken wil- 
 derness. The expedition, from beginning to 
 snd, was to be carried on without boats, 
 wagons, or artillery, and without a post to 
 fall back upon in case of disaster. The army 
 was to be an isolated thing, a self-supporting 
 machine. 
 
 Although the preparations commenced 
 early in the spring difficulties and delays 
 occurred in carrying them forward, so that 
 the troops that were ordered to assemble at 
 Carlisle did not get ready to march till the 
 5th of August. Four days after they were 
 drawn up on parade, and addressed in a pa- 
 triotic speech by the governor of the State. 
 This ceremony being finished, they turned 
 their steps toward the wilderness, followed by 
 the cheers of the people. Passing over the 
 bloody field of Bushy Bun, which still bore 
 the marks of the sharp conflict that took 
 place there the year before, they pushed on, 
 unmolested by the Indians, and entered Fort 
 Pitt on the 1 3th of September. 
 
 In the meantime a company of Delawares 
 visited the fort, and informed Bouquet that 
 Col. Bradstreet had formed a treaty of peace 
 with them and the Shawnees. 
 
 Bouquet gave no credit to the story, and 
 went on with his preparations. To set the 
 matter at rest, however, he offered to send an 
 express to Detroit if they would furnish 
 guides and safe conduct, saying he would 
 give it ten days to go and ten to return. 
 
 This they agreed to ; but, unwilling to 
 trust their word alone, he retained ten of their 
 number as hostages, whom he declared he 
 would shoot if the express came to any harm. 
 Soon after other Indians arrived, and en- 
 deavored to persuade him not to advance till 
 the express should return. Suspecting that 
 
 their motive was to delay him till the season 
 was too far advanced to move at all, he 
 turned a deaf ear to their solicitations, saying 
 that the express could meet him on his march ; 
 and, if it was true, as they said, that peace 
 'was concluded, they would receive no harm 
 from him. So, on the 3d of October, under 
 a bright autumnal sky, the imposing little 
 army of 1,500 men defiled out of the fort, and 
 taking the great Indian trail westward boldly 
 entered the wilderness. The long train of 
 pack-horses and immense droves of sheep and 
 cattle that accompanied it gave to it the ap- 
 pearance of a huge caravan, slowly threading 
 its way amidst the endless colonnades of th». 
 forest. Only one woman was allowed to each 
 corps, and two for general hospital 
 
 This expedition, even in early history, was 
 a novel one ; for, following no water-course, 
 it struck directly into the trackless forest, 
 with no definite point in view and no fixed 
 limit to its advance. It was intended to over- 
 awe by its magnitude ; to move as an exhibi- 
 tion of awful power into the very heart of the 
 red man’s dominions. Expecting to be shut 
 up in the forest at least a month, and receive 
 in that time no supplies from without, it had 
 to carry along an immense quantity of pro- 
 visions. Meat, of course, could not be pre- 
 served, and so the frontier settlements were 
 exhausted of sheep and oxen to move on with 
 it for its support. These necessarily caused 
 its march to be slow and methodical. A 
 corps of Virginia volunteers went in advance, 
 preceded by three scouting parties, one of 
 which kept the path, while the other two 
 moved in a line abreast on either side to ex- 
 plore the woods. Under cover of these the 
 axe companies, guarded by two companies of 
 light infantry, cut two parallel jtaths, one each 
 side of the main path, for the troops, pack- 
 horses, and cattle that were to follow. First 
 marched the Highlanders, in column two 
 deep in the centre path, and in the side paths 
 in single file abreast, the men six feet apart ; 
 and behind them the corps of reserve and the 
 second battalion of Pennsylvania militia. 
 Then came the officers and pack-horses, fol- 
 lowed by the vast droves of cattle, filling the 
 forest with their loud complainings. A com- 
 pany of light horse walked slowly after these, 
 and the rear guard closed the long array. No 
 talking was allowed, and no music cheered 
 the way. When the order to halt passed 
 along the line the whole were to face outward, 
 and the moment the signal of attack sounded 
 to form a hollow square, into the centre of 
 which pack-horses, ammunition, and cattle 
 were to be hurried, followed by the light 
 horse. 
 
 In this order the unwieldy caravan strug- 
 gled on through the forest, neither extremity 
 of which could be seen from the centre, it 
 being lost amidst the thickly clustering trunks 
 and foliage in the distance. 
 
 The first day the expedition made only 
 three miles. The next, after marching two 
 niiles, it came to the Ohio, and moved down 
 its gravelly beach six miles and a half, when 
 it again struck into the Ibrcst, and, making 
 
474 
 
 COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 seven miles, encamped. ^ The sheep and cat- 
 tle, which kept up an incessant bleating and 
 lowing that could be heard more than a mile, 
 were placed far in the rear at night and 
 strongly guarded. 
 
 Tuesday, October 5, the march led across 
 a level country, covered with stately timber 
 and with but little underbrush, so that paths 
 were easily cut, and the army made ten miles 
 before camping. The next day it again 
 struck the Ohio, but followed it only half a 
 mile when it turned abruptly off, and cross- 
 ing a high ridge over which the cattle were 
 urged with great difficulty, found itself on the 
 banks of Big Beaver creek. The stream was 
 deep for fording, with a rough, rocky bottom, 
 and high, steep banks. The current was, 
 moreover, strong and rapid ; so that, although 
 the soldiers waded across without material 
 difficulty, they had great trouble in getting 
 the cattle safely over. The sheep were com- 
 pelled to swim, and being borne down by the 
 rapid current landed, bleating, in scattered 
 squads along the steep banks, and were col- 
 lected together again only after a long effort. 
 Keeping down the stream they at length 
 reached its mouth, where they found some 
 deserted Indian huts, which the Indians with 
 them said had been abandoned the year 
 before, after the battle of Bushy Run. Two 
 miles further on they came upon the skull of 
 a child stuck upon a pole. 
 
 There was a large number of men in the 
 army who had wives, children, and friends 
 prisoners among the Indians, and who had 
 accompanied the expedition for the purpose 
 of recovering them. To these the skull of 
 this little child brought sad reflections. Some 
 one among them was perhaps its father, while 
 the thought that it might stand as an index 
 to tell the fate of all that had been captured 
 made each one shudder. As they looked on it, 
 bleached by the winds and rain, the anxious 
 heart asked questions it dared not answer. 
 
 The next day was Sunday, but the camp 
 broke up at the usual hour, and the army re- 
 sumed its slow march. During the day it 
 crossed a high ridge, from the top of which 
 one of those wondrous scenes found nowhere 
 but in the American wilderness burst on their 
 view. A limitless expanse of forest stretched 
 away till it met the western heavens, broken 
 only here or there by a dark gash or seam, 
 showing where, deep down amidst the trees, 
 a river was pursuing its solitary way to the 
 Ohio, or an occasional glimpse of the Ohio 
 itself, as in its winding course it came in line 
 of vision. In one direction the tree-tops 
 would extend, miles upon miles, a vast floor- 
 ing of foliage, level as the bosom of a lake, 
 and then break into green billows, that w^ent 
 rolling gently against the cloudless horizon. 
 In another lofty ridges rose, crowned with 
 majestic trees, at the base of which swamps 
 of dark fir trees, refusing the bright beams 
 of the October sun, that flooded the rest of 
 the wilderness, made a pleasing contrast of 
 light and shade. The magnificent scene was 
 new to officers and men, and they gazed on it 
 in rapture and wonder. 
 
 Keeping on their course they came, two 
 days after, to a point where the Indian path 
 they had been following so long divided — the 
 two branches leading off at a wide angle. 
 The trees at the forks were covered with 
 hieroglyphics, describing the various battles 
 the Indians had fought, and telling the num- 
 ber of scalps they had taken, etc. 
 
 This point was in the southern part of the 
 present county of Columbiana. The trails 
 were both plainly marked and much trav- 
 elled. 
 
 The right-hand trail took a general course 
 northwest toward Sandusky, and led to that 
 place and on to Detroit ; the course of the 
 left-hand trail was generally southwest, and 
 passed through the counties of Carroll and 
 Tuscarawas, striking the Tuscarawas river in 
 the latter county, down which it followed, on 
 the south side, to Coshocton, and crossing 
 the Muskingum a few miles below the site of 
 Coshocton continued down the west side of 
 the Muskingum at Dresden, where it crossed 
 the Wakatomika and entered Licking county ; 
 passing across that county to the present 
 reservoir continued on southwest to the In- 
 dian towns on the Scioto. 
 
 Col. Bouquet took the right-hand trail, 
 which he followed until he reached the Tusca- 
 rawas river, when he left it and turned south- 
 ward along that stream . 
 
 The path selected by the army was so over- 
 grown with bushes that every foot of the way 
 had to be cleared with the axe. It led through 
 low, soft ground, and was frequently crossed 
 by narrow, sluggish rivulets, so deep and 
 miry that the pack-horses could not be forced 
 across them. After several attempts to do so, 
 in which the animals became so thoroughly 
 imbedded in the mud that they had to be 
 lifted out with main force, they halted, 
 while the artificers cut down trees and poles 
 and made bridges. This was the hardest 
 day’s toil to which they had been subjected, 
 and with their utmost efforts they were able 
 to accomplish but five miles. 
 
 On Thurday, the 11th, the forest was open, 
 and so clear of undergrowth that they made 
 seventeen miles. Friday, the 1 2th, the path 
 led along the banks of Yellow Creek, through 
 a beautiful country of rich bottom land on 
 which the Pennsylvanians and Virginians 
 looked with covetous eyes, and made a note 
 for future reference. The next day they 
 crossed it, and ascending a swell of land 
 marched two miles in view of one of the 
 loveliest prospects the sun ever shone upon. 
 There had been two or three frosty nights, 
 which had changed the whole aspect of the 
 forest. Where, a few days before, an ocean 
 of green had rolled away, there now was 
 spread a boundless carpet, decorated with an 
 endless variety of the gayest colors, and 
 lighted up by the mellow rays of an October 
 sun. 
 
 Long strips of yellow, vast masses of green, 
 waving lines of red, wandering away and los- 
 ing themselves in the blue of the distant sky 
 — immense spaces sprinkled with every im- 
 aginable hue, now separated clear and distinct 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 475 
 
 as if by a painter’s brush, and n©w shading 
 gradually into each other, or mingling in 
 inextricable beautiful confusion, combined to 
 form a scene that appeared more like a won- 
 drous vision suddenly unrolled before them 
 than this dull earth. A cloudless sky and 
 the dreamy haze of Indian summer, overarch- 
 ing and enrobing all this beauty and splendor, 
 completed the picture and left nothing for 
 the imagination to suggest. 
 
 At length they descended to a small river, 
 which they followed till it joined the main 
 branch of the Muskingum (Tuscarawas), 
 where a scene of a very different character 
 greeted them. A little below and above the 
 forks the shores had been cultivated and 
 lined with Indian houses. The place was 
 called “ Tuscaroras, ” and for beauty of situa- 
 tion could not well be surpassed. The high, 
 luxuriant banks, the placid rivers meeting 
 and flowing on together, the green fields 
 springled with huts and bordered with the 
 rich autumnal foliage, all basking in the 
 mellow October light, and so out of the way 
 there in the wilderness, combined to form a 
 sweet picture, and was doubly lovely to them 
 after having been so long shut up in the 
 forest. 
 
 They reached this beautiful spot Saturday 
 afternoon, October 13, and the next day 
 being Sunday they remained in camp, and 
 men and cattle were allowed a day of rest. 
 The latter revived under the smell of green 
 grass once more, and roaming over the fields 
 gave a still more civilized aspect to the quiet 
 scene. ^ 
 
 During the day the two messengers that 
 had been sent to Detroit came into camp, 
 accompanied by their Indian guides. The 
 report they brought showed the wisdom of 
 Bouquet in refusing to delay his march until 
 their return. They had not been allowed to 
 pursue their journey, but were held close 
 prisoners by the Delawares until the arrival 
 of the army, when, alarmed for their own 
 safety, they released them and made them 
 bearers of a petition for peace. 
 
 The next day, Monday, the army moved 
 two miles farther down the Tuscarawas, and 
 encamped on a high bank, where the stream 
 was 300 feet wide, within the present limits 
 of Tuscarawas county, where it remained in 
 camp about a week. On Tuesday six chiefs 
 came into camp, saying that all the rest were 
 eight miles off waiting to make peace. 
 Bouquet told them he would be ready to re- 
 ceive them the next day. In the meantime 
 he ordered a large bower to be built a short 
 distance from the camp, while sentinels were 
 posted in every direction to prevent surprise, 
 in case treachery was meditated. 
 
 The next day, the 17th, he paraded the 
 Highlanders and Virginian volunteers, and, 
 escorted by the light horse, led them to the 
 bower, where he disposed them in the most 
 imposing manner, so as to impress the chiefs 
 in the ap{5roaching interview. The latter, 
 as they emerged from the forest, were con- 
 ducted with great ceremori}" to the bower, 
 which they entered with their accustomed 
 
 gravity ; and without saying a word quietly 
 seated themselves and commenced smoking. 
 When they had finished they laid aside their 
 pipes, and drew from their pouches strings 
 of wampum. The council being thus opened 
 they made a long address, laying the whole 
 blame of the war on the young men, whom 
 they said they could not control. Bouquet, 
 not wishing to appear eager to come to a set- 
 tlement, replied that he would give his answer 
 the next day ; and the council broke up. The 
 next day, however, a pouring storm pre- 
 vented the meeting of council until the day 
 following. Bouquet’s answer was long and 
 conciliatory, but the gist of it was he would 
 make peace on one condition and no other — 
 that the Indians should give up all the pris- 
 oners in their possession within ten days. 
 
 The Indians present at this council were 
 Ki-yash-uta, chief of the Senecas, with fifteen 
 warriors ; Custaloga, chief of the Wolf tribe 
 of Delawares, and Beaver, chief of the Tur- 
 key tribe of the Delawares, with twenty war- 
 riors ; and Keissi-nautchtha, as chief of the 
 Shawnees, with six warriors. 
 
 Monday, October 22, the army, accom- 
 panied by the Indian deputies, recommenced 
 its march, as Bouquet wished to show that he 
 was determined to enforce his demands. 
 They marched nine miles down the Tusca- 
 rawas and went into camp. This was their 
 fourteenth camp since leaving Fort Pitt, and 
 was within a few miles of the east line of 
 Coshocton county. The next day (October 
 23) the army crossed the present boundaries 
 of this county, marching sixteen miles and 
 camping seven miles east of the present site 
 of the town. This camp must have been in 
 Lafayette township, very near the line between 
 it and Oxford. Here Bouquet remained until 
 the 25th, when he continued his march a little 
 more than six miles, camping within a mile 
 of the forks of the Muskingum. 
 
 Judging this to be as central a position as 
 he could find, he resolved to fix himself here 
 until the object of his mission could be ac- 
 complished. He ordered four redoubts to 
 be built, erected several storehouses, a ruess 
 house, a large number of ovens and various 
 other buildings for the reception of the cap- 
 tives, which, with the white tents scattered 
 up and down the banks of the river, made a 
 large settlement in the wilderness and filled 
 the Indians with alarm. A town with nearly 
 two thousand inhabitants, well supplied with 
 horses, cattle and sheep, and ample means 
 of defence, was well calculated to awaken the 
 gloomiest anticipations. 
 
 The steady sound of the axe day after day, 
 the lowing of the cattle, and all the sounds 
 of civilization echoing along the banks of the 
 Tuscarawas within the very heart of their 
 territory, was more alarming than the resist- 
 less march of a victorious army, and anxious 
 to get rid of such unwelcome companions, 
 they made every effort to collect the prisoners 
 scattered among the various tribes. 
 
 The American wilderness never presented 
 such a spectacle as was here exhibited on the 
 banks of the Muskingum. It was no longer 
 
476 
 
 COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 a hostile camp, but a stage on which human 
 nature was displaying i'ts most attractive and 
 noble traits ; or rather a sublime poem, en- 
 acted there in the bosom of the wilderness, 
 whose burden was human alFection and whose 
 great argument the common brotherhood of 
 mankind. 
 
 Bouquet and his officers were deeply im- 
 pressed and could hardly believe their senses 
 when they saw young warriors, whose deeds 
 bf daring and savage ferocity had made their 
 names a terror on the frontier, weeping like 
 jhildren over their bereavement. 
 
 A treaty of peace having been concluded 
 with the various tribes. Bouquet, taking 
 hostages to secure their good behavior and 
 the return of the remaining prisoners, broke 
 up his camp on the 18th of November and 
 began to retrace his steps toward Fort Pitt. 
 The leafless forest rocked and roared above 
 the little army as it once more entered its 
 
 f loomy recesses, and that lovely spot on the 
 'uscarawas, on which such strange scenes had 
 been witnessed, lapsed again into solitude and 
 silence. The Indians gazed with various and 
 conflicting emotions on the lessening files — 
 some with grief and desolation of heart be- 
 cause they bore away the objects of their 
 deep affection, others with savage hate, for 
 they went as conquerors. 
 
 In ten days the army again drew up in a 
 little clearing in front of Fort Pitt and were 
 welcomed with loud shouts. The war was 
 over, and the troubled frontier rested once 
 more in peace. 
 
 As a perusal of the details of this interest- 
 ing expedition may have created a desire to 
 know more of the man who conducted it, it 
 is thought best to add the following personal 
 sketch of Col. Henry Bouquet ; 
 
 He was born in Rolle, on the northern bor- 
 der of Lake Greneva, in the canton of Berne, 
 
 Switzerland, in 1719. At the age of seven- 
 teen he was received as a cadet in the regi- 
 ment of Constant in the service of the States 
 General of Holland, and two years later ob- 
 tained the commission of ensign in the same 
 regiment. Subsequently he entered the ser- 
 vice of the king of Sardinia, and distinguished 
 himself first as a lieutenant and afterward as 
 adjutant in the campaigns conducted by that 
 prince against the combined forces of France 
 and Spain. He acquitted himself with much 
 credit, and his ability and courage coming to 
 the knowledge of the Prince of Orange, he 
 engaged Bouquet in the service of the Re- 
 public. He held rank here as Lieutenant- 
 Colonel in the Swiss Guards, formed at Th-^ 
 Hague in 1748. 
 
 At the breaking out of the war betweei- 
 France and England, in 1754, he accepted a 
 commission in the Royal American, or Six- 
 tieth British, Regiment as lieutenant-colonel, 
 and embarked for America. 
 
 His operations from this time to the date 
 of his expedition against the Indi<jns are in- 
 volved in obscurity, little or nothing having 
 been preserved, except the fact that he was a 
 subordinate in the Forbes expedition against 
 Fort Du Quesne (Fort Pitt) in 1758. 
 
 After his successful Indian campaign in 
 1764 he went to Philadelphia, where he was 
 received with distinguished kindness and 
 warmly welcomed, especially by those whose 
 friends he had rescued from the Indians. 
 The Assembly voted him a complimentary 
 address, while the home government, as a re- 
 ward for his services, promoted him to the 
 rank of brigadier-general and placed him in 
 command of the Southern Department of 
 North America. He did not live long, how- 
 ever, to enjoy his honors, for, in the latter 
 part of the year 1765, he died of a fever in 
 Pensacola. 
 
 Hutchins gives in detail the conference between Col. Bouquet and the chiefs 
 of the different tribes. The quaint simplicity of his narrative is charming. We 
 here quote from him, giving some of the incidents of the conference between 
 Bouquet and the Shawnees : 
 
 The Shawnees still remained to be treated with, and though this nation saw 
 themselves under the necessity of yielding to the same conditions with the other 
 tribes, yet there had appeared a dilatoriness and sullen haughtiness in all their 
 conduct which rendered it very suspicious. 
 
 The 12th of November was appointed for the conference with them, which was 
 arranged on their part by Kissinautchtha and Niniwha, their chiefs, with the Red 
 Hawke, Lavissimo, Bensiv'asica, Eweecunwe, Keigleighque and forty warriors. 
 The Caughnawaga, Seneca and Delaware chiefs, with about sixty warriors, being 
 also present. 
 
 The Red Hawke was their s])eaker, and as he delivered himself with a strange 
 mixture of fierce pride and humble submission, I shall add a passage or two from 
 his speech. 
 
 “Brother: You will listen to us your 
 younger brother, and as we discover some- 
 thing in your eyes that looks like dissatis- 
 faction with us, we now wipe away every- 
 thing bad between us that you may clearly 
 see. You have heard many bad stories of 
 
 us. We clean your ears that you may hear. 
 We remove everything bad from your heart 
 that it may be like the heart of your ances- 
 tors when they thought of nothing but good. 
 (Here he gave a string.) 
 
 “ Brother : When we saw you coming thie 
 
The Indians and Bodquet in Council. Suukendek of the Captives. 
 
479 
 
 COSHOCTON COUNTS 
 
 road you advanced towards us with a toma- 
 hawk in your hand ; but we, your younger 
 brothers, take it out of your hands and 
 throw it up to God to dispose of as he 
 pleases, by which means we hope never to 
 see it more. ’ ’ Their usual figure of speech 
 is “burjdng the hatchet,” but as such 
 hatchets may be dug up again, perhaps he 
 thought this new expression of ‘ ‘ sending it 
 up to God,” or the “Great Spirit,” a much 
 stronger emblem of the permanency and 
 steadfastness of the peace now to be made. 
 “And now, brother, we beg leave that you 
 who are a warrior will take hold of this 
 chain (giving a string) of friendship and re- 
 ceive it from us, who are also warriors, and 
 let us think no more of war, in pity to our 
 old men, women and children.” Intimating 
 
 by this last expression that it was mere com- 
 passion to them and not inability to nght that 
 made their nation desire peace. 
 
 He then produced a treaty held with the 
 government of Pennsylvania, 1701, and three 
 messages or letters from that government of 
 different dates, and concluded thus : 
 
 “ Now, brother, I beg we who are warriors 
 may forget our disputes and renew the friend- 
 ship which appears by these papers to have 
 pbsisted between our fathers.” He prom- 
 ised, in behalf of the rest of their nation who 
 had gone to a great distance to hunt and 
 could not have notice to attend the treaty, 
 that they should certainly come to Fort Pitt 
 in the spring and bring the remainder of the 
 prisoners with them. 
 
 As the season was far advanced, the Colonel could not stay long in these remote 
 parts. He was obliged to rest satisfied with the prisoners the Shawnees had 
 brought, taking hostages and laying them under the strongest obligations for the 
 delivery of the rest, knowing that no other effectual method could be pursued. 
 
 After a reply from Bouquet and some further talk, the prisoners were delivered 
 up. The circumstances, as thus told by Dr. Smith, were very touching. 
 
 The Caughnawagas, the Delawares and 
 Senecas severally addressed the Shawanese, 
 as grandchildren and nephews, “to perform 
 their promises, and to be strong in doing 
 good, that this peace might be everlasting.” 
 
 And I am here to enter on a scene, re- 
 served on purpose for this place that the 
 thread of the foregoing narrative might not 
 be interrupted — a scene which language in- 
 deed can but weakly describe ; and to which 
 the poet or painter might have repaired to 
 enrich their highest colorings of the variety 
 of human passions ; the philosopher to find 
 ample subject for his most serious reflections ; 
 and the man to exercise all the tender and 
 sympathetic feelings of the soul. 
 
 The scene I mean was the arrival of the 
 prisoners in the camp ; where were to be 
 seen fathers and mothers recognizing and 
 clasping their once lost babes ; husbands 
 hanging around the necks of their newly- 
 recovered wives ; sisters and brothers unex- 
 pectedly meeting together after long separa- 
 tion, scarce able to speak the same language, 
 or, for some time, to be sure that they were 
 children of the same parents ! In all these 
 interviews joy and rapture inexpressible were 
 seen, while feelings of a very different nature 
 were painted in the looks of others — flying 
 from place to place in eager inquiries after 
 relatives not found ! trembling to receive an 
 answer to their questions ! distracted with 
 doubts, hopes and fears on obtaining no ac- 
 count of those they fought for ! or stiffened 
 into living monuments of horror and woe on 
 learning their unhappy fate ! 
 
 The Indians, too, as if wholly forgetting 
 their usual savageness, bore a capital part in 
 heightening this most affecting scene. 
 
 They delivered up their beioved captives 
 with the utmost reluctance, shed torrents of 
 tears over them, recommending them to the 
 
 care and protection of the commanding 
 officer. Their regard to them continued all 
 the time they remained in camp. They 
 visited them from day to day, and brought 
 them what corn, skins, horses and other 
 matters they had bestowed on them while 
 in their families, accompanied with other 
 presents, and all the marks of the most sin- 
 cere and tender affection. Nay, they did not 
 stop here ; but when the army marched, some 
 of the Indians solicited and obtained leave to 
 accompany their former captives all the way 
 to Fort Pitt, and employed themselves in 
 hunting and bringing provisions for them on 
 the road. A young Mingo carried this still 
 further, and gave an instance of love which 
 would make a figure even in romance. A 
 young woman of Virginia was among the 
 captives, to whom he had formed so strong 
 an attachment as to call her his wife. Against 
 all the remonstrances of the imminent dan- 
 ger to which he exposed himself by ap- 
 proaching to the frontiers, he persisted in 
 following her at the risk of being killed by 
 the surviving relations of many unfortunate 
 ersons, who had been captivated or scalped 
 y those of his nation. 
 
 Those qualities in savages challenge our 
 just esteem. They should make us chari- 
 tably consider their barbarities as the effects 
 of wrong education, and false notions of 
 bravery and heroism ; while we should look 
 on their virtues as sure marks that nature 
 has made them fit subjects of cultivation as 
 well as us, and that we are called by our su- 
 perior advantages to yield them all the helps 
 we can in this waj\ Cruel and unmerciful as 
 they are, by habit and long exam])le, in war, 
 yet whenever they come to give way to the 
 native dictates of humanity, they exercise 
 virtues which Christians need not blush to 
 imitate- When once they determine to give 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY, 
 
 479 
 
 life they give everything with it, which, in 
 their apprehension, belongs to it. From 
 every inquiry that has been made, it appears 
 that no woman thus saved is preserved from 
 base motives, or need fear the violation of 
 her honor. No child is otherwise treated by 
 the persons adopting it than the children of 
 their own body. The perpetual slavery of 
 those captivated in war is a notion which 
 even their barbarity has not yet suggested to 
 them. Every captive whom their affection, 
 their caprice, or whatever else, leads them to 
 save, is soon incorporated with them, and 
 fares alike with themselves. 
 
 These instances of Indian tenderness and 
 humanity were thought worthy of particular 
 notice. The like instances among our own 
 people will not seem strange, and therefore I 
 shall only mention one out of a multitude 
 that might be given on this occasion. 
 
 Among the captives a woman was brought 
 into camp at Muskingum with a babe about 
 three months old at her breast. One of the 
 Virginia volunteers soon knew her to be his 
 wife, who had been taken by the Indians 
 about six months before. She was immedi- 
 ately delivered to her overjoyed husband. 
 He flew with her to his tent, and clothed her 
 and his child in proper apparel. But their 
 joy after the first transports was soon damped 
 by the reflection, that another dear child of 
 aljout two years old, captivated with the 
 mother, and separated from her, was still 
 missing, although many children had been 
 brought in. 
 
 A few days afterwards a number of other 
 prisoners were brought to the camp, among 
 whom were several more children. The 
 woman was sent for, and one supposed to 
 be hers was produced to her. At first she 
 was uncertain ; but viewing the child with 
 great earnestness, she soon recollected its 
 features, and was so overcome with joy, that 
 literally forgetting her sucking child she 
 dropped it from her arms, and catching up 
 the new-found child in an ecstasy, pressed it 
 
 to her breast, and bursting into tears carried 
 it off, unable to speak for joy. The father, 
 seizing up the babe she had let fall, followed 
 her in no less transport and affection. 
 
 Among the children who had been carried 
 off young, and had long lived with the In- 
 dians, it is not to be expected that any marks 
 of joy would appear on being restored to 
 their {parents or relatives. 
 
 Having been accustomed to look upon the 
 Indians as the only connections they had, 
 having been tenderly treated by them, and 
 speaking their language, it is no wonder they 
 considered their new state in the light of a 
 captivity, and parted from the savages with 
 tears. 
 
 But it must not be denied that there were 
 even some grown persons who showed an 
 unwillingness to return. The Shawanese 
 were obliged to bind several of their prison- 
 ers and force them along to the camp ; and 
 some women who had been delivered up, 
 afterwards found means to escape and ran 
 back to the Indian towns. Some who could 
 not make their escape, clung to their savage 
 acquaintance at parting, and continued many 
 days in bitter lamentations, even refusing 
 sustenance. 
 
 For the honor of humanity we Would sup- 
 pose those persons to have been of the lowest 
 rank, either bred up in ignorance and dis- 
 tressing penury, or who had lived so long 
 with the Indians as to forget all their former 
 connections.^ For, easy and unconstrained as 
 the savage life is, certainly it could never be 
 put in competition with the blessings of im- 
 proved life and the light of religion by any 
 persons who have had the happiness of 
 enjoying, and the capacity of discerning 
 them.” 
 
 By the 9th of November 206 prisoners 
 had been delivered, including women and 
 children; of whom 32 men and 58 women 
 and children were from Virginia, and 49 
 males and 67 females from Pennsylvania. 
 
 Capt. Thomas Hui’CHINS, who prepared the three maps which accompany Dr. 
 Smithes Historical Account/’ was an extraordinary man. He was born in 1730, 
 in Monmouth, N. J., and died in Pittsburg in 1789. He entered the British 
 army as ensign before he was sixteen, and became captain and paymaster of the 
 Sixtieth Boyal-American regiment, and accompanied Bouquet as assistant- 
 engineer. He also took part in a campaign against the Florida Indians. 
 
 In the year 1779 he was in London, and being in strong sympathy with the 
 cause of American Independence, he was, on the charge of being in communica- 
 tion with Dr. Franklin in Paris, seized and imprisoned for several weeks, and lost 
 thereby, it was said, £12,000. He soon after went to France, and thence to 
 Charleston, S. C., where he joined Gen. Nathaniel Greene, and received the title 
 of ^ Geographer-General.’ Beside furnishing the maps mentioned above, he is 
 the author of ^A Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land, and North Carolina’ (London, 1778) ; ^History, Narrative, and Description 
 of Louisiana and West Florida’ (Philadelphia, 1784) ; and papers in the ‘Phila- 
 delphia Transactions,’ and one in the ‘ Transactions of the American Society.’ ” 
 
 Capt. Hutchins, as one of the Commissioners of Pennsylvania in 1784, ran the 
 boundary line between that State and what is now Ohio. In 1 786, as Geographer 
 
48 o 
 
 COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 of the United States, he put in practice the rectangular system of dividing the 
 public lands in squares of one mile with meridian lines, which has been of such 
 vast utility in the settlement of the West. It seems that Hutchins conceived of 
 this simplest of all known modes of survey in 1764 while with Bouquet. It formed 
 a part of his plan of military colonies north of the Ohio, as a protection against 
 Indians. An article upon this subject, Surveys of the Public Lands of Ohio,’’ 
 by Col. Charles Whittlesey, is among the introductory articles of this work. (See 
 page 133.) 
 
 Bkoadhead’s Expedition. 
 
 In the war of the Revolution, in the summer of 1780, a second expedition was 
 undertaken against the towns of the Delaware Indians in the forks of the 
 Muskingum. It arose from the deepened feeling of antipathy to the Indians con- 
 sequent upon some depredations and outrages committed upon settlers in Western 
 Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Eastern Ohio. It had also been reported that the 
 Delawares, contrary to pledges, were joining the British. Its commander was Col. 
 Daniel Broadhead, who was at that time in command of the Western military 
 department, with headquarters at Fort Pitt, now Pittsburg, an officer well expe- 
 rienced in Indian warfare. The narrative of this, usually known as the Coshocton 
 Campaign,” we derive from Doddridge’s Notes.” 
 
 The place of rendezvous was Wheeling ; 
 the number of regulars and militia about 800. 
 From Wheeling they made a rapid march, 
 by the nearest route, to the place of their 
 destination. When the army reached the 
 river, a little below Salem, the lower Mora- 
 vian town. Col. Broadhead sent an express to 
 the missionary in that place, the Rev. John 
 Heckewelder, informing him of his arrival in 
 the neighborhood, with his army, requesting 
 a small supply of provisions and a visit from 
 him in his camp. When the missionary ar- 
 rived at the camp, the general informed him 
 of the object of the expedition he was en- 
 gaged in, and inquired whether any of the 
 Christian Indians were^ hunting or engaged 
 in business in the direction of his march. On 
 being answered in the negative, he stated 
 that nothing would give him greater pain 
 than to hear that any of the Moravian In- 
 dians had^ been molested by the troops, as 
 these Indians had always, from the com- 
 mencement of the war, conducted themselves 
 in a manner that did them honor. 
 
 A part of the militia had resolved on going 
 up the river to destroy the Moravian villages, 
 but were prevented from executing their pro- 
 ject by Gen. Broadhead, and Col. Shepherd 
 of Wheeling. At White Eyes’ Plain, a few 
 miles from Coshocton, an Indian prisoner 
 was taken. Soon afterwards two more In- 
 dians were discovered, one of whom was 
 wounded, but he, as well as the other, made 
 his escape. 
 
 The commander, knowing that these two 
 Indians would make the utmost despatch in 
 going to the town, to give notice of the ap- 
 proach of the army, ordered a rapid march, 
 in the midst of a heavy fall of rain, to reach 
 the town before them and take it by surprise. 
 The plan succeeded. The army reached the 
 place in three divisions. The right and left 
 
 wings approached the river a little abo'^e and 
 below the town, while the centre marched 
 directly upon it. The whole number of the 
 Indians in the village, on the east side of the 
 river, together with ten or twelve from a little 
 village some distance above, were made pris- 
 oners without firing a single shot. The river 
 having risen to a great height, owing 4io the 
 recent fall of rain, the army could not cross 
 it. Owing to this the villages, with their in- 
 habitants on the west side of the river, es- 
 caped destruction. 
 
 Among the prisoners, sixteen warriors were 
 pointed out by Pekillon, a friendly Delaware 
 chief, who was with the army of Broadhead. 
 A little after dark a council of war was held 
 to determine on the fate of the warriors in 
 custody. They were doomed to death, and 
 by order of the commander they were bound, 
 taken a little distance below the town and 
 despatched with tomahawks and spears and 
 scalped. 
 
 Early the next morning an Indian pre- 
 sented himself on the opposite bank of the 
 river and asked for the big captain. Broad- 
 head presented himself and asked the Indian 
 what he wanted. To which he replied, “I 
 want peace.” “Send over some of your 
 chiefs, ’ ’ said Broadhead . ‘ ‘ Maybe you kill, ” 
 said the Indian. He was answered, “They 
 shall not be killed.” One of the chiefs, a 
 well-looking man, came over the river, and 
 entered into conversation with the commander 
 in the street ; but while engaged in conversa- 
 tion, a man of the name of Wetzel came up 
 behind him, with a tomahawk concealed in 
 the bosom of his hunting-shirt, and struck 
 him on the back of his head. He fell and 
 instantly expired. About 11 or 12 o’clock 
 the army commenced its retreat from Coshoc- 
 ton. Gen. Broadhead committed the care 
 of the prisoners to the militia. They were 
 
COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 481 
 
 about twenty in number. After marching dren, wlio were spared and taken to Fort 
 about half a mile, the men commenced kill- Pitt, and, after some time, exchanged for an 
 ing them. In a short time they were all equal number of their prisoners, 
 dispatched, except a few women and chil- 
 
 After the Giiadenhutten Massacre, which occurred the next year, in what is now 
 Tuscarawas county, the few remaining Indians gradually left this region. In 1795 
 this long-favorite home of the Delawares came into the full possession of the 
 United States. A few straggling members of the nation, more particularly the 
 Moravians, until after the war of 1812, moved about the locality, hunting, selling 
 their pelts, and then all turned away forever from its loved haunts and the graves 
 of their fathers. William E. Hunt, in the Magazine of Western History,’^ gives 
 us these interesting items of its succeeding history : 
 
 The Forks of the Muskingum, in subse- 
 quent years, and in the possession of a new 
 race, was still a marked locality. Its flour 
 and whiskey have given it fame in far-off* 
 lands, albeit of the latter none is now made. 
 Forty thousand gallons of it, however, were 
 once sent by one shipment to California. Its 
 sons and daughters are widely scattered and 
 many of them well known. It has been the 
 dwelling-place of such men as the Bucking- 
 hams, Joseph Medill, the famous Chicago 
 editor ; of Noah H. Swayne, of the United 
 States Supreme Court ; Bev. Dr. Conkling, 
 of New York City ; Governor Stone, of Iowa, 
 and of many others of scarcely less distinc- 
 tion. The junction of the Ohio and Wal- 
 honding canals, with an unlimited supply of 
 water-power and with thick-set mills and 
 factories, is within gunshot of the Forks. 
 Within sight are numerous collieries. The 
 thriving towns of Coshocton and Boscoe on 
 either hand, with really noticeable hotels, 
 business houses, schools and churches, catch 
 the eyes of the myriads of passengers over 
 the Panhandle and other railways passing by 
 them. 
 
 King Charley . — Probably no man ever 
 had so much notoriety in connection with the 
 Forks, and especially gave so much notoriety 
 to the locality, as “old Charley Williams,” 
 or “ King Charley, ” as he was called. He 
 was born in 1764, near Hagerstown, Mary- 
 land. In his boyhood the family removed 
 to Western Virginia, near Wheeling. He 
 subsequently struck out for himself, and was 
 engaged for a time at the salt works, ten 
 miles below Coshocton, but in the closing 
 years of the last century he settled at “the 
 Forks.” He is generally regarded as the 
 first permanent white settler in what is now 
 Coshocton county. He died in 1840. Of 
 hardy stock, he grew up in the severest dis- 
 cipline of pioneer life. He was a successful 
 trapper, scout, hunter and trader. Clever, 
 shrewd, indomitable, not averse to the pop- 
 ular vices of his day, and even making a vir- 
 tue of profanity, he was for forty years a 
 prominent feature of the locality and for 
 twenty-five years the real ruling power of the 
 region. He held every office possible in that 
 day for a man of his education, from road- 
 supervisor up to tax-collector and member 
 of the legislature. He kept the Forks ferry 
 
 and tavern near by. ^ He was a good shot, a 
 fine dancer, a colonel in the militia. 
 
 King Charley and Louis Fhdlippe. — 
 Among the accepted traditions of the locality is 
 one telling how the Colonel once kicked Louis 
 Phillippe, afterwards the famous French 
 king, out of his tavern. G. W. Silliman, a 
 lawyer of Coshocton, was in Paris as bearer 
 of dispatches to the American minister, hav- 
 ing been sent by his uncle. General Lewis 
 Cass, Secretary of State, and heard the king 
 speaking of his travels in the western coun- 
 try, when a refugee in America. The king 
 complained that he had been very shabbily 
 treated at the Forks tavern. And this con- 
 firmed Williams’ oft-told tale, which was that 
 Louis complained of the accommodations as 
 utterly unfit for a real king, and Williams 
 told him that he had entertained hundreds 
 of sovereigns (all the people of his country 
 being such), and if he was not satisfied with 
 what had pleased them he could get out of 
 the house, and as the king withdrew he gave 
 him a little lift with the toe of his boot. 
 
 The story, at any rate, helped no little to 
 make Williams, in the eyes of the early set- 
 tlers, “a biger man than old Grant.” In 
 the days of the militia musters, and at the 
 time of “ the court balls,” held at the close 
 of each term of court, the old tavern shone 
 in its brightest glories. For a year or so 
 after the county-seat was established at Co- 
 shocton, the courts were all held in Williams’ 
 house, and several of the earlier sermons at 
 the Forks were preached in “ Old Charley’s ” 
 bar-room. What the Forks were to the 
 wide adjacent region, that “Old Charley’s” 
 tavern was to the Forks. Some of its fea- 
 tures can still be seen in far-western regions, 
 but some are no longer found even in the 
 pioneer tavern. For many of the old set- 
 tlers about the Forks, in its day, life would 
 have been hardly worth living without the 
 old tavern. 
 
 Mother Renfrew . — In what may be ternaed 
 the second stage of settlement of the region 
 about the Forks, there came to be very widely 
 known a house of marked contrast with the 
 old tavern, and no picture of the locality is 
 complete without it. Less widely known, it 
 yet is more deeply embalmed in the memo- 
 ries of the very many who did know it — res- 
 idents, movers, traveling preachers, home- 
 
482 
 
 COSHOCTON COUNTY. 
 
 sick emigrants, fever-stricken settlers, unlet- 
 tered children, and all that longed for heav- 
 enly light and rest. For year after year it 
 was the “headquarters” of the godly, the 
 ministers’ “hold.” The chief figure in that 
 house was a woman. She came from the 
 grand old Scotch-Irish stock, which, what- 
 ever glory is due unto another race for what 
 was done in the outset of our career, or may 
 yet be attained by possibly still another, it 
 must now be admitted, has furnished so im- 
 mensely the brain and brawn whereby this 
 great land has become what it is. 
 
 Although for a number of years prior to 
 coming to the Forks she had lived in Western 
 Pennsylvania, she was herself an emigrant 
 from Ireland, and thus knew the heart of a 
 stranger. She had been reared in a family 
 connection famed for its earnest piety and 
 
 the large contribution of its sons to the min- 
 istry. She had experienced the griefs of 
 widowhood, and had learned the care of a 
 family. She came to the Forks with the 
 children of her first marriage, as the wife of 
 the leading “store-keeper” of the region. 
 
 He was also from the “Green Isle,” and 
 had full proportion of the keen wit and 
 strong sense characterizing his people gener- 
 ally. He was in full sympathy with her in 
 her religious views, which were always tingea 
 with the bright and loving blue of true Pres- 
 byterianism, and cheerfully supported by his 
 means all her endeavors in the hospitable and 
 charitable line. And so she wrought, leav- 
 ing imperishable marks, and making her 
 name, “Mother” Renfrew, to be still cher- 
 ished in many a household at the Forks and 
 far away. 
 
 CRAWFORD. 
 
 Crawford County was formed April 1, 1820, from old Indian Territory. It 
 formed a part of the New Purchase.’^ This included the last part of the State 
 under Indian domination, and was ceded to the United States in accordance with 
 a treaty made at the foot of the Maumee Rapids, September 29, 1817. The New 
 Purchase was divided into seventeen counties. The surface of the county is gen- 
 erally level and in parts slightly rolling. The south and west part is beautiful 
 prairie land, comprising a part of the great Sandusky Plains, and covered with a 
 rich vegetable loam of from six to fifteen inches deep ; the subsoil in most parts is 
 clay mixed with lime, in some others a mixture of marl. Save on the plains, the 
 land originally was covered with a dense growth of heavy timber. The original 
 settlers were largely of New England origin ; later, about 1832, a heavy immigra- 
 tion set in direct from Germany. In 1848 the political troubles of Germany 
 brought a great addition to the Teutonic element, so that it obtained the ascendancy. 
 The area is 400 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 135,300 ; in 
 pasture, 32,056 ; woodland, 41,324 ; lying waste, 857 ; produced in wheat, 512,287 
 bushels; oats, 448,783; corn, 927,107 ; wool, 245,572 pounds. School census in 
 
 1886, 10,019 ; teachers. 
 
 ,171. 
 
 It has 72 miles of railroad. 
 
 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 
 1,176 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 1,469 
 
 1,679 
 
 Bucyrus, 
 
 1,654 
 
 5,073 
 
 Lykins, 
 
 742 
 
 1,225 
 
 Chatfield, 
 
 878 
 
 1,266 
 
 Polk, 
 
 
 6,518 
 
 Cranberry, 
 
 680 
 
 1,824 
 
 Sandusky, 
 
 679 
 
 658 
 
 Dallas, 
 
 
 500 
 
 Texas, 
 
 
 587 
 
 Holmes, 
 
 744 
 
 1,660 
 
 Tod, 
 
 
 1,099 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 636 
 
 3,216 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 
 1,038 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 
 1,224 
 
 Whetstone, 
 
 1,124 
 
 1,840 
 
 Population in 1830 was 4,788 ; in 1840, 18,167 ; 1860, 23,881 ; 1880, 26,862, 
 of whom 22,634 were Ohio-born, and 2,531 natives of Germany. 
 
CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 483 
 
 This county derived its name from Col. 
 William Crawford, who was born in Virginia 
 in 1732, the same year with Washington. In 
 1758 he was a captain in Forbes’ expedition, 
 which took possession of Fort Duquesne, on 
 the site of Pittsburg. Washington was the 
 friend of Crawford, and often in his visits to 
 the then West was an inmate of his humble 
 dwelling in Fayette county. He was a brave 
 and energetic man, and, at the commence- 
 ment of the Revolution, raised a regiment by 
 
 his own exertions, and received the commis- 
 sion of colonel of Continentals. He often led 
 parties against the Indians across the Ohio. 
 In 1782 he reluctantly accepted the command 
 of an expedition against the Ohio Indians. 
 On this occasion he was taken prisoner, and 
 burnt to death amid the most excruciating 
 tortures, on the Tyemochtee, in the former 
 limits of this, but now within the new county 
 of Wyandot. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe, 1846. 
 
 Central Part of Bucyrus. 
 
 Bucyrus in 1846. — Bucyrus, the county-seat, is on the Sandusky river — here 
 a small stream — sixty-two miles north of Columbus, and forty-six from Sandusky 
 
 James Dougherty, Photo., Bucyrus, 1887. 
 
 Central Part of Bucyrus. 
 
 [The new view shows on the right the same frame building seen in the old view ; also, the new opera 
 house. On the left appears the court-house and Methodist church.] 
 
 city. The view shows on the right the Lutheran church, and on the left the county 
 buildings and the academy. It contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Lutheran, 1 Baptist, 1 
 
484 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 Methodist, and 1 Protestant Methodist church ; 14 stores, ] grist, 1 saw, and 2 
 fulling mills, 1 newspaper printing office, and a population of about 1,000 ; in 
 1840 it had 704 inhabitants. On the land of R. W. Musgrave, in the southeastern 
 part of the town, a gas Avell has recently been dug. On first reaching the water — 
 a distance of about eighteen feet — it flew up about six feet, with a loud, roaring 
 noise ; a pump has been placed over it, and the gas is conducted to the surface by 
 a pipe, which, when a torch is applied, burns with a brilliant flame. Bucyrus Avas 
 laid out February 11, 1822, by Samuel Norton and James Kilbourne, proprietors 
 jof the soil. The first settler on the site of the town was Samuel Norton, Avho 
 moved in from Pennsylvania in 1819. He Avintered in a small cabin made of 
 poles, Avhich stood just north of his present residence on the bank of the Sandusky. 
 This region of country Avas not throAAui into market until August, 1820, at Avhich 
 time it abounded in bears, AA^olves, catamounts, foxes, and other Avild animals. 
 When he came there Avere but a feAV settlers in the county, principally squatters on 
 the Whetstone, the nearest of Avhom Avas on that stream eight miles distant. North 
 and Avest of Mr. N. there Avas not a single settler in the county. Others of the 
 early settlers in the toAvn Avhose names are recollected Avere David and Michael 
 Beedle, Daniel MAiichael, John Kent, William Young, Jacob Schaefer, Thomas 
 and James Scott, James SteAvard, David Stein, George Black, John Blowers, and 
 Nehemiah Squires. The first frame house Avas built by Samuel Bailey, and is the 
 small frame building standing next to and north of F. Margraf’s residence. The 
 first brick dAvelling is the one noAV OAvned by William Timanus, on the public 
 square. The Methodists built the first church. — Old Edition. 
 
 Bucyrus, sixty miles north of Columbus, on the Sandusky river and O. C. 
 R. R., and P. Ft. W. & C. R. R., located in the centre of a thickly settled and 
 prosperous farming community. County officers 1888 : Probate Judge, Frederick 
 Hipp ; Clerk of Court, LeAvis C. DonneiiAvirth ; Sheriff, Peter Faeth ; Prosecuting 
 Attorney, Isaac Caehill ; Auditor, Adam J. High ; Treasurer, Christian H. 
 Schonert; Recorder, William F. CroAve; Surveyor, Harry L. Weber; Coroner, 
 John A. Chesney; Commissioners, Henry Dapper, Peter Bauer. Newspapers: 
 Crawford County Forum, Democratic, Holbrook & Co., publishers ; Journal, 
 Republican, J. Hapley & Son ; Critic, Independent, Holbrook & Co. ; Crawford 
 County News, Prohibition and Temperance, T. E. Hopley, editor ; Courier, Ger- 
 man Democratic, A. Broemel. Churches : 1 English Lutheran, 1 Presbyterian, 
 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 German Evangelical, 1 German Reformed, 1 
 German Methodist, 1 Catholic, and 1 Disciple. Banks : First National, J. B. 
 Gormly, president, G. C. Gormly, cashier ; Second National, M. J. Monnett, 
 president, J. C. F. Hull, cashier ; Monnett & Co., E. B. Monnett, president, J. 
 H. Robinson, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Enployees. — C. Roehr, planing mill, 40 hands ; Eagle ^la- 
 chine Works, machinery, 30 ; C. Roehr, planing mill, etc., 55 ; G. DonneiiAVorth 
 & Bro., lager beer, 8 ; Bucyrus Eoundry and Manufacturing Company, steam 
 excavators, etc., 102 ; Bucyrus Creamery, 8 ; T. & O. C. R. R. Shops, 102 ; P. 
 Saeger, AA^agons, buggies, etc., 6 ; Vollrath Bros., planing mill, 16 ; Franze & Poj^e 
 Knitting Machine Company, 40 ; A. Shunk, Sr., plows, etc., 10; T. A. Vollrath, 
 flour, etc., 6 ; Bucyrus Woollen Mill ; Geiger & Bush, copper kettles, 9 ; Nuss- 
 baum & BoAvers, flour, etc. ; G. K. Ziegler, flour, etc. ; D. Picking & Co., copper 
 kettles, 10. — State Report 1887. Population in 1880, 3,835. School census in 
 1886, 1,504 ; F. M. Hamilton, superintendent. 
 
 While excavating for a mill-race in Bucyrus, August 13, 1838, Mr. Abraham 
 Hahn discovered the perfect skeleton of a mastodon. The spot Avas near the 
 dividing ridge of the northern and southern AA’aters of the State, in a Avet, s})ongy 
 soil. Mr. Hahn at first exhibited the bones, but finally sold them for $1,800, and 
 they fell into the hands of Barnum, and Avere destroyed in the burning of his 
 museum. Within the last thirty years, in making excavations for seAvers and 
 cellars in Bucyrus, the bones of mastodons have frequently been found. 
 
CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 485 
 
 Col. James Kil bourne, the surveyor who laid out Bucyrus, gave it its name ; 
 and it being so unusual much conjecture has arisen as to its origin. The daugh- 
 ters of Samuel Norton asserted that one of Kilbourne’s favorite historical charac- 
 ters was Cyrus the Persian General, and the town was named in his memory. The 
 syllable bu,’^ the sound of the first syllable in the word beautiful, was given 
 because the country around at an early day was very beautiful, and the old sur- 
 veyor said that the name should always mean beautiful Cyrus.’^ An old citizen, 
 F. Adams, says that Mr. Kilbourne named it from Busiris in ancient Egypt, 
 and changed so that in its name it should be a nonsuch. The colonel wrote a poem 
 of eighty lines in its praises called The Song of Bucyrus.’^ 
 
 He was a great favorite with the early settlers ; in his frequent visits from his 
 home in Worthington, Franklin county, he was wont to assemble with his old 
 cronies at the village tavern and sometimes make a night of it,’^ singing pongs 
 and telling stories, all under the inspiring influences of the landlord’s choicest 
 liquors;, on these occasions the colonel was wont to give them his ‘‘Song of 
 Bucyrus.” 
 
 The song is descriptive of the riches and beauty of the country. We annex its 
 opening and closing verses : 
 
 THE SONG OF BUCYRUS. 
 
 Ye men of spirit, ardent souls, 
 
 Whose hearts are firm and hands are strong, 
 
 Whom generous enterprise controls, 
 
 Attend ! and truth shall guide my song. 
 
 I’ll tell you how Bucyrus, now 
 Just rising like the star of morn. 
 
 Surrounded stands by fertile lands. 
 
 On clear Sandusky’s rural bourne. 
 ******** 
 
 Then here, my friend, your search may end, 
 
 For here’s a country to your mind. 
 
 And here’s a town your hopes may crown, 
 
 As those who try it soon shall find. 
 
 Here fountains flow, mild zephyrs blow, 
 
 While health and pleasure smile each morn, 
 
 From all around Bucyrus found 
 On fair Sandusky’s rural bourne. 
 
 When Bucyrus ’was laid out the only outlet to the^lake for teams was by way 
 of New Haven, and by ox teams the trip was usually from ten days to two 
 weeks. Directly north was an almost unbroken wilderness to the Huron plains, 
 and very few outlets between this place and Sandusky city. For the first ten years 
 after the settlement of the county the inhabitants were poor, having little to sell 
 and no market fo/ that little, except to supply the wants of newcomers, and what 
 was sold abroad had to walk abroad, as cattle and hogs were driven east and sold 
 at barely living prices. 
 
 In 1834 was finished the turnpike road from Columbus to Sandusky ; it had 
 been seven years in the building. It was 106 miles in length, and for some years 
 was the great thoroughfare of the State from the river to the lakes, and the princi- 
 pal road to market for the counties of Delaware, Union and Marion. 
 
 Seventy-five wagons loaded with wheat were counted passing through Bucyrus 
 in one day, all of which would return loaded with goods, and this stimulated the 
 development of the entire region. From the first a good market could always be 
 found for furs, which would bring the cash at the East. Many occasionally hunted 
 and raised funds to meet their taxes in that way. Sometimes they employed the 
 Indians of the Wyandot tribe to hunt for them, which they would do for a trifling 
 compensation. The settlers were always on good terms with these simple child- 
 like people. 
 
486 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 In the County History’’ are some valuable items in regard to the Nortons, the 
 first settlers of Bucyrus. 
 
 Pioneer Privations . — In October, 1819, 
 there was not a single white family in the 
 limits of the county. The following winter 
 they occupied their first cabin. The physical 
 privations of many of the early families is 
 hard to realize. When the Nortons arrived 
 in 1819 the nearest flouring-mills were at Lex- 
 ington, Richland county, and the Herron 
 mills near Fredericksburg. The man or boy 
 who visited the mills walked the entire dis- 
 tance and led a horse loaded with two or 
 three sacks of wheat. 
 
 When the Norton family could not visit 
 these mills they secured flour or meal bv 
 pounding the wheat or corn in a mortar with 
 a wooden pestle. The mortar used was a 
 log, hollowed out by burning a hole with fire 
 until the cavity was large enough to hold a 
 half bushel of grain. The meal was sifted 
 with sieves of three different sizes and three 
 grades of flour were obtained. The finest 
 was baked into bread ; the coarsest was 
 boiled, and it sometimes required a whole 
 day over the fire to soften it. When the 
 wheat-flour was all gone the family subsisted 
 on food prepared from corn-meal, but fre- 
 quently there was none of this in the cabin, 
 and the mother of the famib^ busy with 
 other household duties, was expected to pro- 
 vide a supper without even flour, corn-meal, 
 vegetables or meat. The fatlier is away at 
 work and will shortly appear tired and hun- 
 gry. The pioneer women were full of re- 
 sources ; they had an instrument called a 
 grater made by taking one side of an old tin 
 bucket, punching small holes close together 
 all over it, and nailing it on a board in such a 
 manner that the middle curved upward two 
 or three inches from the board. Meal could 
 be made by industriously rubbing ears of corn 
 along its surface ; and this must be done 
 until sufficient meal is obtained to furnish food 
 for supper and breakfast next morning. The 
 mother, then, having nothing in the house for 
 supper, says to her children : “ Here, Louisa, 
 you and Warren take this basket and go out 
 to the corn-patch and bring in enough corn 
 to grate for supper and breakfast. ’ ’ When 
 the children return the grater is taken down, 
 ind after considerable hard labor the meal 
 was provided. If the corn-meal was mixed 
 and baked in a Hutch oven it was called 
 “pone,” if baked on a board near or over 
 Hie fire it was called “Johnny cake,” and if 
 it was made into round balls and baked in the 
 oven they then called these balls “corn- 
 dodgers. ’ ’ A very common way was to boil 
 the meal into mush and eat it with milk. 
 But sometimes flour and corn-meal could not 
 be either pounded with a pestle or grated 
 with their rude instrument, for the reason 
 that no grains of this description were in the 
 cabin, and the Nortons could not secure of 
 their few neighbors either grain, flour or 
 meal. 
 
 Wild Game . — It is reported by Norton’s 
 
 daughters that they frequently lived for 
 weeks without bread, during which time the 
 family subsisted on honey, pork, potatoes and 
 game from the woods. Wild turkeys were 
 frequently shot ; they were cooked on a hook 
 in the fireplace with a pan underneath to 
 catch the drippings, and these were poured 
 over the suspended carcass with a spoon. 
 The forests were for many years full of 
 smaller game upon which a meal could be 
 inade wheo other expedients failed. One 
 winter Mr. Norton killed five deer near the 
 present site of T. C. Hall’s barn. A deer- 
 lick was situated near the river in this vicinity, 
 and when these animals visited this lick they 
 fell victims to the unerring shot of the first 
 pioneer settler. Heer continued plenty in the 
 vicinity of Bucyrus until after 1830. In 
 consequence of the industry of many swarms 
 of bees at Crawford at an early day it was 
 literally a land of honey, if not milk. The 
 Indians, depending on nature to provide 
 food, never wasted what they found in the 
 forest, and, in obtaining honey, never secured 
 at one time more than they wished to supply 
 their temporal wants. Norton found in one 
 day twenty-three bee trees, and the honey 
 secured from the woods was always a rich 
 treat for the children, and more especially 
 when the family larder was not filled with 
 those articles which, at this day, every family 
 considers a necessity. Norton also secured 
 his first swarm of bees from the wild bees 
 found in the woods. 
 
 Spinning and Weaving .— hardships 
 suffered by the Norton family were not only 
 in consequence of a scarcity of food. The 
 Nortons brought from Pennsylvania both 
 looms and spinning-wheels. In those early 
 days every young lady was taught to spin, 
 and many added weaving to their skill as in- 
 dustrious and expert housekeepers. IMothers 
 frequently were expected to cook, wash, 
 scrub, bake, sew, 'spin and weave for a large 
 family of small children without any assist- 
 ance. Mrs. Norton’s elder children were 
 valuable aid in providing clothing for their 
 younger brothers and sisters. 
 
 Norton purchased forty sheep from settlers 
 in Marion county, and brought these valuable 
 domestic animals to his pioneer home, but in 
 a few weeks they were all devoured by wolves. 
 For many years the settlers were not able to 
 keep sheep in consequence of these same 
 mutton-loving beasts. The early settlers 
 were not fond of these ravenous animals. 
 Their howling and yelping made many a 
 night hideous, and for this and many other 
 reasons it was soon decided that in order to 
 civilize the county the wolves should be ex- 
 terminated. A bounty was paid by the State 
 for the scalp of each wolf, not that these 
 scalps were valuable, but because each new 
 scalp secured furnished additional proof that 
 the mutton crop of the future looked more 
 promising. 
 
CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 487 
 
 FeA)er and Agm,^ Sickness . — The first 
 settlers suflfered greatly from fever and ague 
 and a few additional privations in consequence 
 of extreme poverty. One case of privation 
 has been graphically described by Mrs. Lucy 
 Rogers, who says: “My husband took sick 
 on one occasion and was bedfast. He could 
 neither eat nor drink a part of the time. 
 Meanwhile our scanty store of food was con- 
 sumed, until not a particle was left in the 
 house for our subsistence. The last crust 
 was gone. My prayer to Grod was that all 
 of us, my young babe, my helpless husband, 
 'and my starving self might die together be- 
 fore the sun should set. That night was one 
 of sleepless agony. Next morning I went 
 through an Indian trail, unfit as I was to go 
 through the tall, wet grass, which was then 
 as high as a man’s head, to William Lang- 
 don’s near Young’s grist-mill, and between 
 sobs told my pitiful story to him and begged 
 for some flour to keep my little family from 
 starving to death. He did not know me and 
 refused, but his wife, Grod bless her, spoke 
 up and said : ‘ You shall not starve if it 
 takes all there is in the house. ’ Her hus- 
 band relented and weighed me out nineteen 
 pounds of flour, and then, blessing them for 
 their charity, I returned home through the 
 tall grass with ‘ the bird of hope ’ again 
 singing in my bosom. 
 
 “How sweet the short cake without meat, 
 butter or anything else tasted that day ! In 
 the afternoon Aunt Lois Kent, learning of 
 our destitution, brought us a pan of meal. I 
 got some milk of Mrs. Schultz, and then 
 made some mush.^ Believe me, the tears of 
 joy and sorrow rained down my cheeks when 
 this meal was eaten. I then told Louisa 
 Norton, who afterward married Harris Grar- 
 ton, how terribly we were distressed by want 
 and hunger. She went home^ and told her 
 father, Samuel Norton, who said : ‘ This will 
 not do ; these folks have come to a new 
 country and must be helped. They shall 
 not starve in Bucyrus.’ So every evening he 
 sent us new milk fresh from the cow, and as 
 we needed it a ham of meat. One day he 
 sent Louisa over to us with a dressed pig. 
 I never had a present that did me so much 
 good. In a few weeks my husband recovered, 
 and then we fared better.” But very few 
 of the early citizens were reduced to such ex- 
 tremes, although most families were many 
 times without the necessaries of life. 
 
 The Knisely Springs., gas and medicinal, 
 are in the township of Sandusky, on the 
 farm of Mr. Joseph Knisely, about seven 
 miles northeast of Bucyrus. Within an area 
 of four rods are eleven springs and the owner 
 maintains that chemical analysis shows that 
 each one possesses a virtue not found in either 
 of the others. They are located in a small 
 basin on a little rill that flows into the San- 
 dusky river. Scattered along the creek above 
 them are about a dozen others, some of 
 which contain no traces of sulphur, while 
 the Knisely springs are highly impregnated 
 with it. From one of them inflammable gas 
 is eontinually issuing. Many years ago Mr. 
 
 Knisely put a large funnel over the surface 
 of the water, and collecting the gas, led it to 
 his house, about 100 feet distant, through an 
 India rubber tube and burned it steadily over 
 two years. One of the springs is very valu- 
 able and interesting on account of its medi- 
 cinal properties. A stone box four feet deep, 
 with the same length and width, is sunk 
 over it almost to the top of the box, and up 
 through an orifice in the bottom the spring 
 water bubbles as clear as crystal. The water 
 is four feet deep and seemingly possesses a 
 magnifying power, as objects at the bottom 
 can be seen as plainly as in the open air. 
 The bottom of the box is covered with a 
 beautiful purple sediment of a chalybeate 
 character. The water is a mild cathartic and 
 possesses valuable diuretic and diaphoretic 
 properties. It is asserted by the owner that 
 animals live but a few minutes in this water. 
 Its properties are not fully known, but sev- 
 eral very obstinate cases of skin diseases have 
 been cured. 
 
 Cranberry -picking and RaUlesyiakes . — 
 Cranberry is the name of a township in 
 this county which derives its name from an 
 extensive cranberry marsh within rt, contain- 
 ing about 2,000 acres. It was known far 
 and near by the hunters and trappers in early 
 years, who came when the water was covered 
 with ice to trap wolves, foxes, minx and other 
 fur-bearing animals. Prior to 1820 a large 
 variety of animals abounded, and the enter- 
 prising hunter, if he had the necessary skill, 
 could penetrate the marsh and kill a panther 
 or a bear whenever he wished. About the 
 year 1830 a large emigration arrived from 
 Germany and located in different ppts of the 
 township. The county history gives some 
 interesting items in regard to these people, 
 their cranberry-picking and annoyances while 
 so engaged from rattlesnakes. 
 
 As far as possible they chose the higher 
 lands, but many of them built their cabins 
 on the ridges that rose almost like islands 
 from the swamp. They seemed to have a 
 reckless disregard for ague and the various 
 types of malarial diseases. With no hope of 
 seeing the land drained for twenty or thirty 
 years, they went to work to let in the sun- 
 light and to let out the stagnant water. After 
 many years this course brought the desired 
 result, but not without all the accompanying 
 hardships and self-denials. ^ The settlers were 
 quite unobtrusive and industrious. The 
 cranberry marsh furnished an abundant har- 
 vest of berries, and it also furnished to those 
 of sufficient skill valuable returns in the way 
 of furs. The cranberries grew on short 
 stems on the under side of the long, wiry 
 vines that crept over the mosses and sedges 
 growing in profusion in the marsh. The 
 vines did not grow on the dry ridges, but 
 sought the wet grounds, often growing out of 
 the mud, which was covered with several 
 inches of water. 
 
 Cranberry-picking was extensively engaged 
 in by all the neighboring settlers, many of 
 whom made no little money in the business. 
 In 1824 the berries sold for twenty and 
 
488 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 twenty-five cents a bushel. They steadily 
 increased in value, the market for them be- 
 ing always active. In 1835 they were worth 
 seventy-five cents per bushel, and in 1850 
 had arisen to about two dollars. Those gath- 
 ering the berries — men and women — wore 
 long-legged boots to keep out the water, and 
 as a precaution against snake bites. A sec- 
 •iion of plank, from a foot and a half to two 
 feet long, and about a foot wide, was taken, 
 and around one end was bound a tough band 
 of hickory bark, forming a sort of box. The 
 other end of the plank was serrated, the 
 teeth being about eight inches long. Two 
 handles were attached, and the rude imj^le- 
 ment thus completed was used in gathering 
 cranberries. The teeth were placed over one 
 of the long slender vines, and the implement 
 was held so that when it was pushed along 
 the berries were scooped into the box at the 
 other end. Fifteen or twenty bushels were 
 often gathered in one day with this imple- 
 ment. The cranberry season began the latter 
 part of September and lasted nearly two 
 months ; or rather it lasted all winter and 
 the next spring. But few were gathered in 
 the winter, however, owing to their being 
 frozen in the ice. As soon as the ice had 
 thawed in the spring, the gathering began 
 again, and the berries obtained at this season 
 were considered better than those gathered in 
 the fall, as less sugar was required to prepare 
 them for the table. 
 
 Whole families turned out during the cran- 
 berry season, and the marsh swarmed with 
 settlers, some of whom came many miles 
 and remained several days, camping in their 
 wagons. When a sufficient quantity of ber- 
 ries was gathered to fill the wagon-bed, they 
 were taken to Sandusky, or some other city, 
 and sold. Some families desiring to make the 
 most of the marsh, picked day and night 
 while the season lasted. The berries were 
 heaped on some dry mound near by, and a 
 
 member of the family was detailed to guard 
 and clean them, while the remaining mem- 
 bers picked as fast as they could. Although 
 hundreds of bushels grew in the marsh, they 
 usually were all gathered long before the sea- 
 son had closed. 
 
 Snake Bites . — Several incidents are related 
 where the gatherers were severely bitten by 
 rattlesnakes, though no cases are recollected 
 where death resulted from the bite, except 
 perhaps the death of the snake, an inevi- 
 table result of the reptile’s indiscretion. Jo- 
 seph Smith and Robert Hilburn were one 
 day picking in the marsh, when they were 
 startled by a piercing scream near them, and, 
 glancing quickly around, saw a woman, dis- 
 tant about twenty rods, throw her arms 
 wildly in the air and sink fainting to the 
 ground. They ran to her assistance, and as 
 there happened to be no water near, Robert 
 plunged his arm down into the mud, forming 
 a well after a small pattern, which was quickly 
 filled with muddy water. This was dashed 
 copiously in the face of the unconscious 
 woman, who soon revived. She said she 
 had been bitten by a rattlesnake, and showed 
 a small wound just above the ankle. The 
 flesh had already begun to swell, and Smith 
 took from his pocket quite a quantity of 
 “dog-leg” tobacco, and having moistened a 
 moderately large quid, applied it to the 
 wound. After a few minutes this ^yas re- 
 moved and another portion applied, and the 
 operation was repeated until all the tobacco 
 was used. The woman recovered from her 
 nervous shock and arose to her feet. She 
 had had enough cranberry-picking that day 
 and started for home. Her name has been 
 forgotten. After she left, a large rattlesnake 
 was killed about a rod from where she had 
 fallen. It was evidently the same one that 
 had bitten her. In 1855 the marsh had 
 grown so dry that cranberries no longer grew 
 there in paying quantities. 
 
 Galion is eighty miles southwest of Cleveland and fifty-eight miles north of 
 Columbus, on the C. C. C. & I., N. Y. P. & O., and Bee Line railroads. It is 
 an enterprising and growing town. Its newspapers are : Inquirer, Democratic, 
 H. S. ^latthias, editor, George L. Matthias, publisher ; Sun-Review, Hepublican, 
 A. D. Howe and F. E. Coonrad, editors and publishers. Churches : 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal, 1 English Lutheran, 1 United Brethren, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 
 Episcopalian, 1 German Methodist, I German Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, and 
 2 Catholic. Banks : Citizens’ National, J. H. Green, president, A. E. Lowe, 
 cashier ; First National, C. S. Crini, j^resident, A. W. Monroe, assistant-cashier ; 
 Gallon National, George Snyder, president, O. L. Hays, cashier. 
 
 Factories and Employees. — N. Y. P. & O. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 230 
 hands ; C. C. C. & I. R. R. Shop, railroad repairs, 50 ; Central Lounge Manu- 
 facturing Company, lounges, 18; Squier* & Homer, machine work, 15; Central 
 Ohio Wheel Company, vehicle wheels, 136 ; Armstrong, Daily & Co., planing 
 mill, etc., 39 ; Plank, Gray & Co., flour, etc., 15. — State Report 1887. Also, Cen- 
 tral Oil Company Works; A. Howard, buggy works; I. K. Kunkel, buggy 
 works ; H. Altstater’s brewery and bottling works ; Reisinger’s bottling works ; 
 J. Kesselmeir, jewelers’ lathes ; O. R. Cox & Co., carriage hardware, etc. lk)pu- 
 lation in 1880, 5,635. School census in 1886, 1,873; Marcellus Manley, super- 
 intendent. 
 
CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 485 
 
 Gallon was laid out in 1831 by Michael and Jacob Ruhl, being then in San- 
 dusky township, Richland county. In 1824 a post-office was established here, in 
 accordance with a petition from the inhabitants, who, however, had requested its 
 name to be Goshen, but as there were several Goshens in the country the Post- 
 master-General to prevent confusion gave the name Galeon ; it was later changed 
 in the spelling to Gabon. The name can be found nowhere else in the world ; it 
 is unknown why this particular name should have been adopted. John Ruhl, the 
 father of Michael and Jacob, came from York county. Pa., and entered several 
 sections of land here. The Ruhls were German Lutherans, and were active in 
 building the first church, erected the first saw-mill, kept a tavern and a store, and 
 were enterprising in developing the settlement. In 1849 it had less than 400 
 
 L. M. Reck, Photo., Gallon, 1887. 
 
 Central View in Galion. 
 
 [This view was taken on the public square looking down South Market street. The church spires 
 shown are the German Lutheran, the Presbyterian, and the German Methodist] 
 
 population. Its prosperity is due to the building of railroads, which, with their 
 immense shops, constitute the life of Galion ; two-thirds of the population consist 
 of railroad men and their families. 
 
 The following sketches of character and incident are from the History of 
 Crawford County,” an unusually fine work of its class : 
 
 The 1 ailor Justice . — “ Squire Peter W orst, 
 one of the early justices, was a tailor by trade, 
 and generally heard the cases while sitting 
 cross-legged on his office bench, seldom paus- 
 ing^ in the work on which he was occupied. 
 It is reported that one day a case was brought 
 before him, and he continued sewing while 
 the plaintiff’s side was being argued, after 
 which he quit work for a moment, grabbed 
 his docket, made several entries upon it and 
 continued his task. The counsel for the de- 
 fendant was anxious to make a plea, and 
 growing^ impatient, asked, “Doesn’t the 
 Court wish to hear any evidence on the other 
 side?’’ “ Oh, yes,” replied the squire, “you 
 can talk just as long as you please, but I have 
 decided the case in favor of the plaintiff. ’ ’ 
 
 It is unnecessary to write of the details of 
 this case, but the remark' was characteristic 
 of Mr. Worst, who was one of the early set- 
 tlers of Bucyrus township. Mr. Worst was 
 a resident of the county for nearly forty-five 
 years, and held various township and corpo- 
 ration offices during this period. He was a 
 citizen of strongly marked character, peculiar 
 and quaint, fond of harmless fun and ever 
 ready with an original remark or an innocent 
 jest, but never with any unkindness or sting 
 in his cheerful mirth. 
 
 The Two Bachelor Hermits . — ^Among the 
 early residents of Auburn township were two 
 singular old bachelors, named V arnica and 
 Wadsworth. They were hermits, and lived 
 lonely and solitary lives in rude caves dug by 
 
490 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 themselves in the side of embankments, the 
 roof being ^ supported with upright posts, 
 standing at intervals within the cave. People 
 called them crazy and the eccentricity of the 
 two gave abundant credence to the reports. 
 They shunned all associates except their faith- 
 ful dogs, and were never seen in the neigh- 
 borhood settlements, unless called there for 
 supplies or to dispose of provisions. 
 
 Varnica was a German, and could handle 
 the glib idioms of his native language with a 
 grace and fluency that proved his education 
 to be of unusual excellence. It became cur- 
 rent, and was universally believed that he had 
 been an officer in one of the European armies, 
 possibly in that of Napoleon Bonaparte. His 
 language and manners indicated that he was 
 familiar with military tactics, and his inability 
 to speak English proved that he had not re- 
 sided long in America. Although he lived 
 in poverty, and went dressed in insufficient 
 and even ragged clothing, he seemed to have 
 an abundance of money, which he kept hid 
 in out-of-the-way places. He entered a quar- 
 ter section of land, upon which he resided 
 until his death. But little money was found 
 after this event, until a will was found among 
 his papers, bequeathing his land, and a few 
 hundred dollars in money, to a young man 
 named James Wilson, with whom he had 
 lived at the time of his death. He was 
 always silent and melancholy, and seemed to 
 have a deep-rooted sorrow preying upon his 
 mind, robbing it of joys that make life en- 
 durable. By the provisions of the will, Wil- 
 son was made executor, and was enjoined to 
 distribute the balance of the money among 
 poor and friendless females. This provision 
 was a denouement to some, who had noticed 
 that Varnica shunned the opposite sex as he 
 would the plagues of Egypt, his conduct 
 giving rise to the report that his life had been 
 blighted by a woman. The will disclosed the 
 hiding place of $2,200 in gold, which had 
 been concealed in a gate post, into which a 
 hole had been bored and the gold dropped in, 
 after which the hole had been closed with a 
 pin of the same wood as the post. He died 
 in 1840, and Wilson faithfully executed the 
 provision of the will. 
 
 W adsworth was a graduate of Yale College, 
 and had evidently fitted himself for the min- 
 isterial profession. He lived in a cave on his 
 land, and, though bent almost double from un- 
 known circumstances, was possessed of en- 
 ormous strength. He earned his melons, 
 potatoes, and other provisions, in a sack on 
 his back, from house to house or to some of 
 the surrounding villages. He was a recluse, 
 and seemed contented only when he could 
 brood without molestation over his mysterious 
 life. He had rich relatives living in Boston, 
 who occasionally visited him and tried to in- 
 duce him to abandon his life of poverty and 
 loneliness, but without avail. A happy smile 
 was never seen upon his sad face, and, when 
 he at last died, in about 1838, his property 
 was claimed by his eastern relatives. 
 
 Lost People . — About one mile southwest of 
 Gallon, was a double log-cabin, in which two 
 
 families lived, one by the name of Erysman 
 and one by the name of Dun, or Doormise, 
 who had a little daughter about four years of 
 age. The mother was boiling sugar water in 
 the woods near by, and had the little girl by 
 her. Thinking it time the little one was in 
 the house, she went with her to the fence, 
 lifted her over the enclosure and told her to 
 amuse herself until the mother arrived. 
 Nothing was ever seen of the little girl after 
 that day. A number of strange Indians 
 (called Canadians, because they belonged near 
 the lakes, where the settlers were French) had 
 been roving around the settlements, and but 
 a few hours before the child was missed a 
 party of four or five had been to Mr. Hos- 
 ford’s to purchase some whiskey. But a few 
 days before a party of Indians, supposed to 
 be the same, had been to the house of Benja- 
 min Sharrock, and attempted to negotiate for 
 a young girl whom they wanted to raise in 
 their tribe, and be adopted as one^ of them. 
 
 When the poor mother came in from her 
 work and found that the little daughter had 
 not come in the house, she knew almost in- 
 tuitively that the little one was lost. She was 
 frenzied with horror, and a strange terror crept 
 over her ; in a frantic manner she roved up 
 and down the woods, one moment calling in 
 endearing accents the name of her little child, 
 and the next the woods would ring with her 
 iercing shrieks, her cries and appeals to 
 eaven. Word had been sent to Mr. Asa 
 Hosford, and he came with men as promptly 
 as possible ; for three days and nights the 
 woods were searched ; parties of men were 
 sent with information in every direction, but 
 all of no use. The frantic mother suffered so 
 much, that all the good-hearted old pioneers 
 tried to think of some expedient ; finally they 
 ceased their search in the woods and began to 
 drag the creek. Men, women and children, 
 with poles, rakes, grappels, and every imple^ 
 ment that could possibly be of use, were 
 brought out for the purpose. But hopes of 
 the lost one died within them, and the search 
 was gradually given up, and the bright little 
 one lost forever. 
 
 The strange Indians were never seen in 
 that vicinity thereafter. It was the^ theory 
 of those most versed in Indian affairs that 
 some chief was desirous of bringing up in his 
 tribe a white squaw that in time should be 
 the wife of one of his favorite sons, or his 
 legitimate successor. The only mitigation of 
 this horrible destiny was the fact that nearly 
 all remembrance of her parents and her inno- 
 cent childhood joys would be obliterated 
 from her memory. 
 
 Near the same place a family by the name 
 of Bashford had taken a little girl to raise. 
 She went out to find the cows, which, by the 
 ringing of a bell, she soon discovered ; but 
 she was confused about the route to be 
 taken for the house. She kept cool, and de- 
 termined to stay with the cows, knowing that 
 when they were found she would be all right. 
 She followed them around until they laid 
 down, when she crawled up and laid as near 
 the back of an old cow as she could for the 
 
CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 4QI 
 
 sake of warmth. In the morning she was 
 found rambling around with the cattle and 
 her feet somewhat frost-bitten. She was 
 much alarmed by the howling of wolves 
 through the night. 
 
 There were hardly any roads except Indian 
 trails, and women and children were often 
 lost in passing from place to place, and in 
 some instances men were lost. A man by 
 the name of Samuel Dany went into the 
 woods tc shoot a deer ; he soon became lost, 
 and wandered round and round until he be- 
 came perfectly confused. At last he canae 
 in sight of a cabin and a woman standing in 
 the door ; he walked up to the fence and 
 inquired where Samuel Dany lived. She 
 laughingly told him he might come in and 
 see. He was overjoyed to discover that it 
 was his own wife and his own home. 
 
 Indian War Dance. — When the first set- 
 tlers came to Polk, they found a village of 
 Wyandot Indians on the south side of the 
 Oleantangy, on ground that now forms the 
 northern part of Galion. They were peace- 
 ful and well disposed toward the white set- 
 tlers, and rendered them valuable assistance 
 in the erection of their cabins and at log- 
 rollings. At one time Mr. Hosford had em- 
 ployed a number of them to assist in a log- 
 rolling. In the evening, when the day’s 
 work was done, they all assembled in Mr. 
 Hosford’ s kitchen ; being slightly intoxicated, 
 they were in humor for some demonstration 
 of their pent-up spirits. Mr. Hosford, think- 
 ing to amuse all present, and desiring to wit- 
 ness some of their ceremonies, proposed that 
 the Indians should give an exhibition of their 
 war dance. ^ They readily acceded to his re- 
 quest, and immediately placed one of their 
 number, by name ‘"Buckwheat,” in the cen- 
 tre of the room, and commenced a horrible 
 dance around him. 
 
 Hideous as they were of themselves, they 
 added to their repulsiveness contortions of 
 body and countenance. They whooped and 
 yelled and grew fiercer in their actions, till 
 they finally dragged Buckwheat roughly 
 from his seat and threw him violently upon 
 the floor. One of the braves placed his foot 
 upon Buckwheat’s neck and went through 
 the pantomime of scalping him, while others 
 represented themselves as plunging their 
 knives into the quivering victim. Buck- 
 wheat played his part well ; he was person- 
 ifying a white man in captivity. So realistic 
 was this tableau, that a white man present 
 became enraged at the apparent fear and 
 trembling of Buckwheat, and it almost re- 
 quired the personal restraint of Mr. Hosford 
 to prevent Buckwheat being killed. Mr. 
 Hosford had reason to congratulate himself 
 that before the exhibition commenced all 
 arms and weapons had been concealed. This 
 mimic dance and death of a white man at 
 this period made a lasting impression on 
 those who saw it, and it brought vividly to 
 their memones the horrible atrocities perpe- 
 trated in this near neighborhood but a com- 
 paratively few years before. 
 
 How to Find Honey Bees. — Many persons 
 
 at an early date engaged in bee-hunting. A 
 Mr. Schauber sold enough honey to secure 
 the purchase -money on what is known as 
 the Schauber farm. The beautiful forests 
 abounded in bee-trees ; it is surprising to see 
 the countless swarms that spread over the 
 West. The Indians considered them the 
 harbinger of the white man, as the whites do 
 the buffalo and deer of the Indian, and note 
 that as the larger game retires the bee ad- 
 vances. 
 
 The Indians with surprise found the mold- 
 ering trees of their forests suddenly teeming 
 with ambrosial sw^eets, and nothing could ex- 
 ceed the greedy relish with which they ban- 
 queted for the first time upon this unthought 
 of luxury of the wilderness. The honey-bee 
 swarms in myriads in the noble groves and 
 forests that skirt and intersect the prairies, 
 and along the alluvial bottoms of the creeks 
 and rivers. The hunters generally place a 
 piece of comb on a tree, and await the arrival 
 of workers. As soon as the bees have loaded 
 themselves with honey, they take their flight 
 straight for their own tree with their load. 
 The hunters run after them with head erect 
 and eyes aloft, frequently stumbling over ob- 
 stacles at their feet ; in this manner they track 
 the bees to their individual colonies, mark the 
 trees, and seek for more. They dare not cut 
 down the trees until fully prepared to take 
 away the honey, for the bears, skunks, rac- 
 coons and possums have sweet teeth and 
 would soon devour any honey within their 
 reach. The bears will gnaw for days together 
 until they make a hole in the trunk, big 
 enough to insert their paws, and then draw 
 out honey, bees and all. 
 
 Mr. Story states that in an early day, 
 Doudy, an Indian, with his squaw, cut down 
 a bee-tree. The grandfather of Story was 
 along ; the honey was very fine, and the In- 
 dian, who was very fond of Mr. Story, sent 
 him a large piece of comb on a piece of 
 shellbark. Story was quite overcome by the 
 generosity of the Indian, who, he says, was 
 gentle in peace, while desperate and brave in 
 war. 
 
 Petroleum Nashy Characters. — Porters- 
 ville gained national notoriety during and 
 since the last war, by being the celebrated A 
 Cross Roads where the fictitious personage 
 Petroleum V. Nasby first began to chronicle 
 his experiences, and to send communications 
 to the Toledo Blade and other well-known 
 newspapers. Many of the incidents and cir- 
 cumstances narrated by him, though given 
 with partisan partiality, actually transpired ; 
 and all the principal characters, such as 
 Nasby, Bigler, Bascom, Pogram and others, 
 were taken from fancied resemblances to in- 
 dividuals residing in the village at that time. 
 The inquisitorial eyes of the nation became 
 centred upon the little town, and the charac- 
 ters drawn have become almost as well known 
 to the citizens of the United States as those 
 of Dickens or Shakespeare. They have 
 become permanent characters in standard 
 American literature. It was not long before 
 the renowned Nasby sold out at Portersville 
 
492 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 (if the figure may be indulged in) and estab- 
 lished himself at the “Confedrit X Hoads, 
 which is in the State of Kentucky. ’ ’ Several 
 of the originals from which the principal 
 characters were drawn are yet living in the 
 village, or in other parts of the county. The 
 legend of Nasby’s trials in the political world, 
 like that of the fanciful Don Quixote, will 
 ever remain connected with the unpreten- 
 tious little village, and will afibrd abundant 
 material for gossip for scores of years to 
 come. 
 
 Abundance of Game . — Crawford county 
 was a favorite hunting-ground for the In- 
 dians, and the early settlers found an abun- 
 dance of game. Deer were very plenty, but 
 for the first few years the slaughter of deer 
 was carried on so wantonly that the more 
 thoughtful and prudent among them saw 
 that those animals were soon destined to be- 
 come unknown in the country, unless some 
 means could be devised to end the useless 
 slaughter. 
 
 Bawling up Deer. — The Indians who 
 camped on the small streams throughout 
 the country killed hundreds of them for 
 nothing but their skins, leaving the flesh for 
 the wolves and buzzards. During the season, 
 when the fawns were young, the Indians, in 
 order to kill as many deer as possible, were 
 in the habit of what was called “bawling up 
 a deer.” They imitated the bleating of a 
 fawn in distress, when the instinct of the doe 
 to protect her young was on the alert and 
 paramount; and when she ran to her off- 
 spring she was shot by the Indians. In this 
 manner large numbers of does were slaugh- 
 tered. 
 
 After a few years the settlers forbade the 
 Indians coming to the neighborhood to kill 
 doer; and on one occasion, when they dis- 
 obeyed the command and killed a fine doe 
 by the “bawling process,” several settlers, 
 among whom was one of the Chilcotes, of 
 Cranberry Township, and Enoch Baker, in- 
 formed them emphatically, with a significant 
 tap upon the rifle, that if the act was re- 
 })eated the Indians doing it would be shot. 
 This put a stop to the destruction in that di- 
 rection, and the settlers were requested not 
 to slaughter the animals unnecessarily. Ira 
 Blair, on one occasion, remained in the woods 
 for three days, killing during that time eight 
 deer. 
 
 It is related by Amos Morse, that, in about 
 1821, Jacob Byers made a contract with Bu- 
 dolphus Morse, the father of Amos, to the 
 effect that he could kill more deer the next 
 day than Mr. Morse could bring in. The 
 bargain was made one evening, during a 
 heavy fall of snow. Byers knew that the 
 following day would be an excellent one for 
 the hunt, so early in the morning he started 
 out. 
 
 He had an old flint-lock rifle, that had evi- 
 dently seen any amount of service, as the 
 arts were tied together in many jilaces with 
 ands of tow. But the gun proved very 
 effective in the hands of the experienced 
 Byers, who, during that eventful day, killed 
 
 seven deer, all of which were brought in, ac- 
 cording to agreement, by Mr. Morse, except 
 one, which had been mortally wounded, and 
 had been followed and killed about eight 
 miles east of the township. The approach 
 of darkness prevented Mr. Morse from bring- 
 ing this animal in, and he therefore failed to 
 live up to his part of the agreement. 
 
 Fawns were often captured alive, and after 
 a few days elapsed they would follow the 
 members of the_ family around like dogs. 
 Almost every cabin had its pet deer or fawn. 
 Bells were hung around their necks to prevent 
 them from getting lost in the woods. 
 
 Encouyiter with Wolves. — Mr. Baker owned 
 one of these pets which was prized very 
 highly by the members of his family. One 
 day, while it was feeding near the cabin, Mr. 
 Tyndal, who was hunting in the woods, pos- 
 sibly thinking it was a wild one, shot and 
 killed it. He also killed several others about 
 the neighborhood, when the indignant owners 
 came to the conclusion that it was prepos- 
 terous to look any longer hpon the act as a 
 mistake. Enoch Baker became quite an ex- 
 pert hunter, and in 1887 was still living in 
 Auburn township, on the farm purchased by 
 his father in 1826. On one occasion, when 
 returning late at night, or rather early in the 
 morning, from “sparking” a neighbor’s 
 daughter, he barely escaped being devoured 
 by wolves. He had left_ the cabin of his 
 sweetheart and was walking along through 
 the forest, swinging his cane and whistling, 
 as boys do yet when returning on similar oc- 
 casions, when the distant howl of a wolf was 
 borne to his ears. The howl was repeated, 
 and soon the woods were filled with a chorus 
 of terrifying sounds. 
 
 The boy was terribly frightened, and as he 
 had several miles to go before reaching home, 
 he started rapidly on the run, hoping to 
 reach his father’s cabin before the wolves 
 closed upon him. He ran on as swiftly as his 
 feet would carry him, but soon the foremost 
 wolves were seen bounding along at his right 
 and left. 
 
 He swung his club aloft and shouted, and 
 the wolves fell back a short distance, only to 
 again approach nearer than before. But the 
 panting boy was almost home. He struggled 
 on, with the wolves about him, and finally 
 ran into the clearing around his father’s 
 cabin, when the animals fell back and were 
 soon lost to sight in the dark forest. This 
 was a lesson to the youth, but it did no good, 
 for the next Sunday night he was out late 
 again for the same reason. 
 
 Catamounts . — On another occasion, Wil- 
 liam Johns, a neighbor, having lost several 
 pigs through the agency of some wild animal 
 that carried them off one by one on succes- 
 sive nights, oft’ered Mr. Baker a dollar if he 
 would kill the animal. Baker accordingly 
 established himself with his dog in the cabin 
 of Johns to watch for the animal during the 
 night. About twelve o’clock the swine were 
 heard squeaking, and Baker opened the door 
 and told the eager dog to go. Away it went 
 after some large animal, that bounded off 
 
CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 493 
 
 into the woods and ran up a tree. Baker 
 followed and saw by the light of the moon a 
 catamount crouched on a large limb above his 
 head. He fired and the animal fell to the 
 ground dead. The death of the catamount 
 stopped the destruction of the swine ; but 
 Baker refused to take the dollar he had 
 earned, being satisfied with the skin of the 
 animal. At another time, when returning 
 from a neighbor’s, his dogs treed two 
 catamounts. After a lively skirmish, dur- 
 ing which he experienced considerable per- 
 sonal danger, he succeeded in killing them 
 both. 
 
 Squirrels . — The woods were filled with 
 squirrels, which came by the hundreds into 
 the corn-fields and dug up and destroyed the 
 growing grain. Hunts were frequently or- 
 ganized to rid the forest of these pests, and 
 often on such occasions hundreds were killed 
 and for days after the hunters’ families were 
 provided with an abundant supply of choice 
 meat. A hunt of this character was pro- 
 jected one day by a party of settlers, among 
 whom were Thomas Cooker and Enoch 
 Baker. When night came and the hunters 
 assembled to see who had been most success- 
 ful, it was found that almost 200 squirrels 
 had been killed. As each hunter brought 
 into the room the squirrels he had killed, 
 Baker, to the astonishment of all, lugged in a 
 large catamount as the result of his day’s 
 hunt. It was conceded by all that he had 
 done the best day’s work. 
 
 Encounters with Bears . — At another time, 
 William Cloe, then a boy about sixteen years 
 old, called the dogs one evening, and started 
 in search of the cows. The dogs left his 
 side, and he soon heard them barking 
 furiously at some animal that had turned at 
 bay. He hurried forward and saw them 
 standing guard over a large hollow log, and, 
 from their cautious movements, he knew they 
 were confronted by an animal of which they 
 were afraid. He stole cautiously forward 
 from the rear, and, peering under the log, 
 saw the huge paws of a bear. The boy was 
 without a gun, but, determining to attack the 
 bear at all hazards, he armed himself with a 
 heavy club and resolutely approached the 
 log. While the attention of the bear was di- 
 verted to the dogs, which, emboldened by the 
 approach of the boy, had renewed the attack 
 with great fury, he seized it by the hind leg 
 and pulled it from the log. Before the ani- 
 mal could recover its feet, the boy dealt it a 
 terrible blow across the head, repeating the 
 act again and again, until life was extinct. 
 When the excited boy returned home without 
 the cows and related his adventure his story 
 was not believed until the dead bear was seen. 
 
 William’s brother Daniel remained one 
 night at the cabin of a relative near West 
 Liberty, and early the next morning, before 
 daybreak, started for home. He was accom- 
 panied by a large bull-do^, belonging to 
 Enoch Baker, and after going a short dis- 
 tance he was startled by seeing several wolves 
 running along in the woods on either side of 
 and behind him. He started forward, but 
 had not gone ten paces before a pack of 
 eleven wolves, with open mouths, bounded 
 toward him from behind. A large one, the 
 leader of the pack, was almost upon him, 
 when it was seized by the throat by the dog 
 and pinned to the ground. The others fell 
 back, giving the boy time to ascend a small 
 iron-wood tree, and, after a short fight, the 
 wolf escaped the hold of the dog, and to- 
 gether the whole pack turned and disap- 
 peared in the woods. The boy had been 
 saved by the dog from a horrible death . 
 
 One day Seth Hawkes, hearing one of his 
 hogs squealing loudly in the woods about a 
 quarter of a mile from his cabin, hastened 
 out to see what could be the matter. A large 
 log lay upon the ground between him and the 
 squealing hog, and nothing could be seen by 
 the settler until he reached the log and 
 peered over. There lay his hog upon the 
 ground, while standing over it, with their 
 sharp teeth and claws in its flesh, were two 
 large bears. The animals instantly perceived 
 the intruder and turned upon him furiously, 
 but he ran to a small tree, and sprang into 
 the lower branches just in time to escape the 
 claws of the larger bear, which had swiftly 
 pursued him. The furious animal began 
 making desperate efforts to reach the settler. 
 It at first endeavored to climb the tree ; but, 
 failing in this, it retired to a short distance, 
 and, turning, ran toward the tree with the 
 apparent intention of leaping into the lower 
 branches. The terrified Mr. Hawks sat on a 
 limb above and regarded with no little con- 
 cern the efforts of the bear. He began hal- 
 looing loudly for assistance, and the bear in- 
 creased its efforts to reach its enemy. It 
 soon wore quite a path in running to the 
 tree, and would leap high enough to seize one 
 of the limbs in its teeth. After about half 
 an hour Budolphus Morse, who had been ap- 
 prised by Mrs. Hawks of the dangerous situa- 
 tion of her husband, appeared upon the 
 scene, whereupon the bears, whose fury had 
 spent itself, apparently realizing that it was 
 no longer wise to dispute against such odds 
 about the ownership of the hog, shambled 
 off through the woods as fast as ^ their feet 
 could carry them. Many other interesting 
 anecdotes of a similar nature are related by 
 the old settlers. 
 
 Ceestline is situated at the erossing of the P. Ft. W. & C. and the C. C. C. 
 & I. Railroad, about 13 miles from Bucyrus. It was laid out in 1851 by Rensel- 
 laer Livingston and originally bore the name of Livingston. It is in Jackson 
 township, comprising only 8 square miles, probably the smallest in the State. It 
 is a railroad town and supported mainly by the railroad shops located here. Be- 
 
m 
 
 CRAWFoRD COUNTY. 
 
 fore the day of railroads a town on this spot was not thought of. Men who are 
 still in the prime of life remember when it Avas a good place to hunt deer. The 
 site is flat. When laid out it was thought to be the highest point above sea-level 
 in the State, hence the name Crestline. It has two newspapers, Advomie^ Ind., 
 D. C. Billow, editor ; Vidette, Dem., W. W. Pope, editor. Churches : 1 Methc • 
 dist Episcopal, 2 German Lutheran, 1 English Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, i 
 Presbyterian and 1 Catholic. Babst’s Banking House, Babst Bros., proprietOi.s, 
 Jacob Babst, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees . — Talbot & Co., meal and feed, 4 hands ; Eckstein 
 & Ross, planing mill, 14 ; J. W. Pond & Co., flour, etc., 3 ; P. Ft. W. & C. R. 
 R. Co., railroad repairs, 156 ; N. Burch Plow Works, plows, 8 . — State Report 
 1887. Population in 1880, 2,848. 
 
 Ncav Washington village had in 1880 675 inhabitants, and Leesville Cross 
 Roads 213. 
 
 CIJYAIIOGA. 
 
 Cuyahoga was formed from Geauga county, June 7, 1807, and organized in 
 May, 1810. The name Avas derived from the river, and is said to signify, in the 
 Indian language, crooked f a term significant of the river, Avhich is very Avind- 
 ing, and has its sources farther north than its mouth. The surface is level or 
 gently undulating. Near the lake the soil is sandy, elsewhere generall}^ a clayey 
 loam. The valleys of the streams are highly productive in corn and oats ; in other 
 parts the principal crops are wheat, barley and hay. Tlie county produces a great 
 variety and amount of excellent fruit ; also cheese, butter, etc. Excellent grind- 
 stone quarries are Avorked, and grindstones largely exported. The sandstone from 
 these quarries is a great article of commerce. 
 
 Area, 470 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 100,462 ; pasture, 
 73,790; Avoodland, 24,634; lying Avaste, 8,937; produced in Avheat, 184,680 
 bushels; oats, 550,108 ; corn, 360,664; apples, 297,497 ; butter, 847,183 pounds; 
 cheese, 46,397; milk, 3,598,729 quarts; coavs, 12,486; pounds of grapes, 
 3,290,363, being more than double that of any qther county. School census 1886 
 74,027 ; teachers, 932. It has 395 miles of railroad track. 
 
 )WNSHiPs AND Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 2,021 
 
 1,787 
 
 Middlebutg, 
 
 339 
 
 4,053 
 
 Brecksville, 
 
 1,124 
 
 1,095 
 
 Newburg, 
 
 1,342 
 
 1,613 
 
 Brooklyn, 
 
 1,409 
 
 4,433 
 
 Olmsted, 
 
 659 
 
 1,817 
 
 Chagrin Falls, 
 
 
 1,562 
 
 Orange, 
 
 1,114 
 
 783 
 
 Cleveland, 
 
 7,037 
 
 160,146 
 
 Parma, 
 
 965 
 
 1,444 
 
 Dover, 
 
 966 
 
 1,784 
 
 Rockport, 
 
 1,235 
 
 2,676 
 
 East Cleveland, 
 
 
 3,673 
 
 Royalton, 
 
 1,051 
 
 1,124 
 
 Euclid, 
 
 1,774 
 
 2,776 
 
 Solon, 
 
 774 
 
 867 
 
 Independence, 
 
 754 
 
 1,993 
 
 Strongsville, 
 
 1,151 
 
 1,029 
 
 Mayfield, 
 
 852 
 
 879 
 
 Warrensville, 
 
 1,085 
 
 1,409 
 
 Population in 1840 was 26,512; in 1860, 77,139; in 1870, 
 
 130,564 ; 
 
 in 1880, 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 495 
 
 I 194,735, of whom 101,980 were Oliio-born ; 4,728 Pennsylvania; 10,059 New 
 York; 27,051 born in the German Empire; 13,203 in Ireland; 10,839 in Eng- 
 land and Wales; 4,884 British Ameriea ; 1,705 Scotland; 506 France; 248 Swe- 
 den and Norway. 
 
 As early as 1755 there was a French station within the present limits of Cuyahoga. 
 On Lewis Evans^ map of the middle British colonies, published that year, there is 
 marked upon the west bank of the Cuya- 
 hoga, the words ^^Frencli house” Avhich 
 was doubtless the station of a French 
 trader. The ruins of a house, supposed to 
 be those of the one alluded to, have been 
 discovered on Foot’s farm, in Brooklyn 
 township, about five miles from the mouth 
 of the Cuyahoga. The small engraving 
 annexed is from the map of Evans, and 
 delineates the geography as in the original. 
 
 In 1786 the Moravian missionary, 
 
 Zeisberger, with his Indian converts, left 
 Detroit, and arrived at the mouth of the 
 Cuyahoga in a vessel called the Mack- 
 inaw. From thence they proceeded up 
 the river about ten miles from the site of 
 Cleveland, and settled in an abandoned village of the Ottawas, within the present 
 limits' of Independence, which they called Pilgerruh, i. e., PilgrivYs Rest. Their 
 stay was brief, for in the April following they left for Huron river, and settled 
 near the site of Milan, Erie county, at a locality they named New Salem. 
 
 The British, who, after the Bevolutionary war, refused to yield possession of the 
 lake country west of the Cuyahoga, occupied to its shores until 1790. Their trad- 
 ers had a house in Ohio City, north of the Detroit road on the point of the hill 
 near the river, when the surveyors first arrived here in 1796. From an early day 
 Washington, Jefferson and other leading Virginia statesmen regarded the mouth 
 of the Cuyahoga as an important commercial position. 
 
 The First Permanent Settlement within the 
 limits of Cuyahoga was made at Cleveland 
 in the autumn of 1796. On the 4th of July 
 previous, the first surveying party of the Re- 
 . serve landed at Conneaut. In September and 
 October the corps laid out the city, which 
 was named in honor of the land company’s 
 agent, Gen. Moses Cleveland. By the 18th 
 of October, the surveyors quitted the place, 
 leaving Mr. Job V. Stiles and his family 
 and Mr. Edward Paine, who were the only 
 persons that passed the winter of 1796-97 
 within the limits of the town. ^ Their lonely 
 residence ■ was a log-cabin, which stood near 
 the site of the Commercial bank. The near- 
 est white settlement west was at the mouth 
 of the Raisin ; south or east at Fort M’Intosh, 
 at the mouth of Big Beaver ; and northeast at 
 Conneaut. Those families that wintered 
 at Conneaut suffered severely from want of 
 food. 
 
 The Surveying Party., on reaching the Re- 
 serve the succeeding season, again made 
 Cleveland their headquarters. Early this sea- 
 son, Elijah Gunn and Judge Kingsbury re- 
 moved here from Conneaut with their fam- 
 ilies, and in the fall the latter removed to 
 Newburg, where he still (1846) resides at an 
 
 advanced age. The little colony was increased 
 also by the arrival of Major Lorenzo Carter 
 and Ezekiel Hawley, with their families. 
 
 Trials and Suffering. — In 1798 Rodolphus 
 Edwards and Nathaniel Boane, with their 
 families, settled in Cleveland. To faintly 
 show the difficulty of travelling at that time, 
 it is stated that Mr. Doane was ninety-two 
 days on his journey from Chatham, Conn. 
 In the latter part of the summer and in the 
 fall, every person in the town was sick, either 
 with the bilious fever or with the fever and 
 ague. Mr. Boane’ s family consisted of nine 
 persons ; the only one of them having sufficient 
 strength to take care of them and brin^ a 
 pail of water was Seth Boane, then a lad of 
 thirteen years of age, and even he had daily 
 attacks of the fever and ague. Such was the 
 severity of the bilious fever at that time, 
 that a person having only daily attacks of 
 fever and ague was deemed lucky. There 
 was much suffering from the want of food, 
 particularly that proper for the sick. The 
 only way this family was supplied, for two 
 months or more, was through the exertions 
 of this boy, who daily, after having an attack 
 of the ague, went to Judge Kingsbury’s, in 
 Newburg — five miles distant — got a peck of 
 
Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Valley op the Cuyahoga at Cleveland. 
 
 [The view sliows in the distance Lake Erie. The valley is now for miles filled with manufacturing 
 establishments — a scene of busy industry. The viaduct now spans the valley in the middle back- 
 ground from plateau to plateau, 3,211 feet in length, 68 feet high and 64 feet wide.] 
 
 The Superior Street Viaduct at Cleveland. 
 
 [This great arched viaduct of Berea stone and iron was completed in 1878 and at a cost of $2,226,000. 
 Ten years later, in 1888, through the enterprise of !Mr. J, M. Curtis, was completed at an ex]>ense of 
 about $1,000,000 the Central Viaduct. It is built of iron on the Cantilever principle, and crosses the 
 Cuyahoga about a mile above the other atid also Walworth Iluu Valley, the combined length 5,229 JeeL 
 and height above the Cuyalioga 101 feet.] 
 
496 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 corn, mashed it in a handmill, waited until a 
 second attack of the ague was over, and then 
 started on his return. There was at one time 
 a space of several days when he was too ill to 
 make the trip, during which turnii'S com- 
 prised about all the vegetables the family had. 
 Fortunately, Major Carter having only the 
 fever and ague, was enabled, through the 
 aid of his hounds and trusty rifle, to procure 
 'abundance of venison and other wild game. 
 His flimily being somewhat acclimated, suf- 
 fered less than that of Mr. Doane. Their 
 situation can scarcely be conceived of at the 
 present day. Destitute of a physician, and 
 with a few medicines, necessity taught them 
 to use such means as nature had placed within 
 their reach. For calomel they substituted 
 pills from the extract of the bark of the but- 
 ternut and in lieu of quinine used dogwood 
 and cherry bark. 
 
 In November, four men who had so far re- 
 covered as to have ague attacks no oftener 
 than once in two or three days, started in the 
 only boat for Walnut creek. Pa., to obtain a 
 winter’s supply of flour for the colony. When 
 below Euclid creek a storm arose, drove them 
 ashore, stove their boat in pieces and it was 
 with difficulty they saved their lives and re- 
 gained the city. During the winter and sum- 
 mer following, the colony had no flour except 
 that ground in hand or coffee mills, which, 
 for want of proper means to separate from the 
 bran, was made into a bread similar to that of 
 Graham’s. In this summer the Connecticut 
 land company opened the flrst road on the 
 Reserve, which commenced about ten miles 
 from the lake on the Pennsylvania line and 
 extended to Cleveland. In January, 1799, 
 Mr. Doane moved to Doane’ s Corners, and 
 from that time until April, 1800 — a space of 
 fifteen months — Major Carter’s was the only 
 white family in Cleveland. During the spring 
 of 1799, Wheeler W. Williams, from Norwich, 
 Conn., and Major Wyatt erected a small 
 grist and a saw mill at the falls, on the site of 
 Ncwburg, which being the first mill on the 
 Reserve, spread joy among the pioneers. A 
 short time prior to this, each house in Cleve- 
 land had its own hand grist mill in the chim- 
 ney corner, which is thus described by one of 
 the early settlers : ‘ ‘ The stones were of the 
 common grindstone grit and about four inches 
 thick and twenty in diameter. The runner 
 was turned by hand, with a pole set in the 
 top of it near the verge. The upper end of 
 the pole went into another hole inserted into 
 a board, and nailed on the under side of the 
 joist, immediately over the hole in the verge 
 of the runner. One person turned the stone 
 and another fed the corn nto the eye with 
 his hands. It was very hard work to grind, 
 and the operators alternately changed places. ’ ’ 
 
 Celebrating Independence Day. — In 1800 
 several settlers came, among whom were 
 David Clark and Major Amos SpalFord, and 
 from this time the town slowly progressed. 
 The first ball in Cleveland was on the 4th of 
 July, 1801, and was held at Major Carter’s 
 lo^-cabin, on the side hill ; John and Benja- 
 min Wood and R. H Blinn, managers, and 
 
 Major Samuel Jones, musician and master 
 of ceremonies. The company consisted of 
 about thirty of both sexes. Mr. J ones’ pro- 
 ficiency on the violin won him great favor. 
 Notwithstanding the dancers had a rough 
 puncheon floor, ^ and no better beverage to 
 enliven their spirits than whiskey sweetened 
 with maple sugar, yet it is doubtful if the 
 anniversary of American independence was 
 ever celebrated in Cleveland by a more joyful 
 and harmonious company than those who 
 danced the scamper-down, double-shuffle, 
 western-swing and half-moon forty-six years 
 ago in the log-cabin of Major Carter. 
 
 Major Carter and the Indians. — The In- 
 dians were accustomed, at this period, to 
 meet every autumn at Cleveland in great 
 numbers and pile up their canoes at the 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga. From thence they 
 scattered into the interior, and passed the 
 winter in hunting. In the spring they re- 
 turned, disposed of their furs to traders, and, 
 launching their bark canoes upon the lake, 
 returned to their towns, in the region of the 
 Sandusky and Maumee, where they remained 
 until the succeeding autumn, to raise their 
 crops of corn and potatoes. In this connec- 
 tion we give an incident showing the fear- 
 lessness and intrepidity of Major Lorenzo 
 Carter, a native of Rutland, Vt., and a 
 thorough pioneer, whose rough exterior cov- 
 ered a warm heart. Some time in the spring 
 of 1799 the Chippewas and Ottawas, to the 
 number of several hundred, having disposed 
 of their furs, determined to have one of their 
 drinking frolics at their camp, on the west 
 bank of the Cuyahoga. As a precautionary 
 measure, they gave up their tomahawks and 
 other deadly weapons to their squaws to 
 secrete, so that, in the height of their 
 frenzy, they need not harm each other. They 
 then sent to the Major for whiskey, from 
 time to time, as they wanted it ; and in pro- 
 portion as they became intoxicated, he weak- 
 ened it with water. After a while it resulted 
 in the Indians becoming partially sober from 
 drinking freely of diluted liquor. Perceiving 
 the trick, they became much enraged. Nine 
 of them came on to the Major’s, swearing 
 vengeance on him and family. Carter being 
 apprised of their design, and knowing they 
 were partially intoxicated, felt himself to be 
 fully their match, although possessing but 
 poor weapons of defence. Stationing him- 
 self behind his cabin door with a fire poker, 
 he successively knocked down three or foui 
 as they attempted to enter, and then, leaping 
 over their prostrate bodies, furiously attacked 
 those on the outside and drove them to their 
 canoes. Soon after a deputation of squaws 
 came over to make peace with the Major, 
 when, arming himself, he fearlessly repaired 
 to their camp alone and settled the difficulty. 
 Such eventually became his influence over 
 the Indians that they regarded him as a 
 magician, and many of them were made to 
 believe that he could shoot them with a rifle 
 and not break their skins. 
 
 I'he First Militia Master in Cuyahoga 
 county was held on the Ifith of June, 1806, 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 497 
 
 at Doane’s Corners. Nathaniel Doane was 
 captain ; Sylvanus Burke, lieutenant ; and 
 Samuel Jones, ensign, with about fifty pri- 
 vates. The surveying party being at Cleve- 
 land, and many strangers, this event attracted 
 much attention. Never had so many whites 
 been collected together in this vicinity as on 
 this occasion. The military marched and 
 countermarched to the lively roll of the 
 drum of J oseph Burke, who had been drum 
 major in the Bevolution, and the soul-stirring 
 strains of the fife of Lewis Bill. “Yankee 
 Boodle,” “Hail Columbia,” and “Who’s 
 Afeared ’ ’ were among the tunes that aroused 
 the martial spirit of many a gallant heart, as 
 he wielded, perhaps, some ancient relic of 
 the Revolution upon his shoulder. 
 
 ^ Sad Incidents. — Early in the spring pre- 
 vious a small boat, containing a Mr. Hunter, 
 wife and child, a colored man named Ben, 
 and a small colored boy, who w'^re moving to 
 Cleveland, was overtaken on the lake by a 
 squall of wind and driven ashore east of 
 Rocky river. The bluff being perpendicular, 
 they were unable to ascend. They, however, 
 climbed up the rocks as far as possible — the 
 sur^e constantly beating over them — with the 
 vain hope that the storm would subside ; but 
 on Saturday it increased, and during Sunday 
 Mrs. Hunter expired, the children having 
 died previously. On Monday Mr. Hunter 
 'expired. Black Ben held out until Tuesday, 
 when, the^ storm subsiding, some French 
 traders, going in a vessel from Cleveland to 
 Betroit, discovered him, took him aboard 
 and returned with him to Cleveland. Thus, 
 for three days and four nights had he been 
 without sleep or food, and with little clothing, 
 exposed to the continued surge, and holding 
 on for life to some small bushes in the crev- 
 ices of ^ the rocks. Ben was treated with 
 great kindness by Major Carter, in whose 
 family he remained an invalid over a year. 
 
 Early the second spring succeeding a sim- 
 ilar incident occurred near the same place. 
 Stephen Gilbert, Joseph Plumb, Adolphus 
 Spafford and Mr. Gilmore started on a fish- 
 ing expedition for Maumee river in a Cana- 
 dian batteau. They had aboard some goods 
 and provisions, sent by Major Perry to his 
 son Nathan, at Black river, and a hired 
 woman, named Mary, as a passenger to that 
 place. A Mr. White, of Newburg, and two 
 sons of Mr. Plumb, not arriving in time, 
 started by land for the mouth of Black river, 
 intending to overtake the boat at that point. 
 Pursuing the Indian trail on the bank of the 
 lake, they discovered, when about half way, 
 the wreck of the boat on the beach, by the 
 rocky shore, about sixty feet below them, in 
 what is now Bover, and near it, Mr. Plumb, 
 seriously injured and suffering with cold. 
 From him they learned that a squall of wind 
 had upset their boat when about a mile from 
 shore, and that all but him had drowned. 
 
 They were all good swimmers but Plumb, 
 who luckily got astraddle of the boat after it 
 had upset and floated ashore. The others 
 
 Cleveland in 1846. — Cleveland is 
 
 made for the shore, Gilbert telling his com- 
 panions to divest themsel /es of their clothing 
 as much as possible : but all their efforts 
 failed. The coldness of the water chilled them 
 so that they could not swim. Having learned 
 the circumstances from Mr. Plumb, they 
 made every eftbrt to reach him, but were 
 prevented by the steepness of the rocks. 
 Mr. White and one of Mr. Plumb’s sons has- 
 tened to Blfick river, to procure means of re- 
 lief, leaving the other son to comfort his 
 father. After they left he climbed up an 
 iron-wood sapling, which bent with his weight, 
 and dropping about thirty feet perpendicular, 
 joined his parent. In the night Quintus F. 
 Atkins and Nathan Perry returned with 
 White and recovered Mr. Plumb by hauling 
 him up the bank with a rope, by the light 
 of a torch. This was no easy task for men 
 worn down by fatigue, Mr. Plumb’s weight 
 being 220 pounds. The corpses of Gilmore 
 and Spafford were afterwards found and 
 buried at Cleveland ; that of the colored 
 'woman was discovered and interred at Black 
 river. This was a melancholy event to the 
 colony. Of the eighteen deaths that had 
 taken place among the inhabitants of Cleve- 
 land from the first settlement in 1796, a pe- 
 riod of twelve years, eleven had been by 
 drowning. Buring this time the nearest set- 
 tled physicians were at Hudson, twenty-four, 
 and Austinburg, fifty miles. 
 
 Hanging of O' Mic . — On the 26th of June, 
 1812, an Indian, named O’ Mic, was hung for 
 murder, at Cleveland, on the public square. 
 Fearing an attempt at rescue on the part of 
 the Indians, a large number of armed citizens 
 from this and the adjoining counties assem- 
 bled. At the hour of execution he objected 
 to going upon the scaffold ; this difiiculty was 
 removed by the promise of a pint of whiskey, 
 which he swallowed, and then took his de- 
 parture for the land of spirits. In 1813 
 Cleveland became a depot of supplies and 
 rendezvous for troops engaged in the war. 
 A small stockade was erected at the foot of 
 Ontario street, on the lake bank, and a per- 
 manent garrison stationed here, under Major 
 (afterwards General) Jessup, of the United 
 States army. 
 
 The Return^ of Peace was celebrated by 
 libations of whiskey and the roar of artillery. 
 One worthy, known as “Uncle Abram,” was 
 much elevated on the occasion. He carried 
 the powder in an open tin pail upon his arm, 
 while another, to touch off the gun, carried a 
 stick with fire at the end, kept alive by 
 swinging it through the air. Amid the gen- 
 eral excitement a spark found its way to 
 Uncle Abram’s powder about the time the 
 gun was discharged, and his body was seen to 
 rise twenty feet in the air and return by its 
 own gravity to the earth, blackened and des- 
 titute of clothing. He was dead, if his own 
 vociferations were to be believed ; but they 
 were not, and he soon recovered from his 
 wounds. 
 
 at the northern termination of the Ohio 
 
498 
 
 CUYAHOGA CCUNTY. 
 
 canal, 139 miles northeast from Columbus, 255 from Cincinnati, 130 from Pitts* 
 burg, 190 from Buffalo, 650 from New York, and 130 from Detroit. It was 
 incorporated as a village in 1814 and as a city in 1836. Excepting a small por- 
 tion of it on the river, it is situated on a gravelly plain elevated about 100 feet 
 above the lake, of which it has a most commanding prospect. Some of the com- 
 mon streets are 100 feet wide, and the principal business one. Main street, has the 
 extraordinary width of 132 feet. It is one of the most beautiful towns in the 
 Union, and much taste is displayed in the private dAvellings and disposition of 
 shrubbery. The location is dry and healthy, and the view of the meanderings 
 of the Cuyahoga river and of the steamboats and shipping in the port, and leav* 
 ing or entering it, and of rhe numerous vessels on the lake under sail, presents a 
 prospect exceedingly interesting from the high shore of the lake. 
 
 Near the centre of the place is a public square of ten acres, divided into four 
 parts by intersecting streets, neatly enclosed and shaded with trees. The court 
 house and one or two churches front on this square. 
 
 The harbor of Cleveland is one of the best on Lake Erie. It is formed by the 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga river and improved by a pier on each side, extending 425 
 yards into the lake, 200 feet apart, and faced with substantial stone masonry. 
 Cleveland is the great mart of the greatest grain-growing State in the Union, and 
 it is the Ohio and Erie canals that have made it such, though it exports much by 
 way of the Welland canal to Canada, It has a ready connection with Pittsburg 
 through the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, which extends from the Ohio canal at 
 Akron to Beaver creek, which enters the Ohio below Pittsburg. The natural 
 advantages of this place are unsurpassed in the West, to which it has a large 
 access by the lakes and the Ohio canal. But the Erie canal constitutes the prin- 
 cipal source of its vast advantages; without that great work, it would have 
 remained in its former insignificance.’^ The construction of two contemplated 
 railroads, the first connecting Cleveland with Wellsville, on the Ohio, and the 
 last with Columbus, will add much to the business facilities of the place. 
 
 The government of the city is vested in a mayor and council, which consists 
 of three members from each of the three wards into which the city is divided, and 
 also an alderman from each ward. The following is a list of the mayors of the 
 city since its organization, with the time of their election : John W. Wiliejj, 1836 
 and 1837 ; Joshua Mills, 1838 and 1839 ; Nicholas Dockstader, 184C ; JcLii W. 
 Allen, 1841; Joshua Mills, 1842; Nelson Hayward, 1843; Samuel Stark- 
 weather, 1844 and 1845 ; George Hoadley, 1846, and J. A. Harris, 1847. 
 
 The Cleveland medical college, although established but four or five years, is in 
 a very flourishing condition, and has gained so much in public estimation, as to be 
 equalled in patronage by only one or two similar institutions in the West. It has 
 seven professors, and all the necessary apparatus and facilities for instruction. 
 
 In 1837 the government purchased nine acres on the height overlooking the 
 lake, for the purpose of erecting a marine hospital ; up to the present time, but 
 little more than the foundation has been laid. It is to be of Ionic architecture, 
 of hewn stone, and will combine convenience and beauty. 
 
 Cleveland has a large number of mercantile and mechanical establisliments ; 4 
 banks, 3 daily, 6 weekly, and 1 semi-monthly newspaper, and 21 religious socie- 
 ties, viz. : 3 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Cath- 
 olic, 1 Bethel, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, 1 German Evangelical Protestant, 1 German 
 Mission Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1 German Evangelical Lu- 
 theran, 1 Evangelical Association of North America, 1 Associate Presbyterian, 1 
 Seceder, 1 Disciples, 1 Jewish, 1 Universalist, and 2 Second Advent. The busi- 
 ness of the port of Cleveland, both by canal and lake, is very heavy, and con- 
 stantly increasing. The number of arrivals by lake, in 1845, was 2,136 ; of these, 
 927 were steamers. The tonnage then owned at this port amounted to 13,493, 
 and number of vessels of all kinds, 85. The total value of the im}x>rts and ex- 
 ports by the lake was over §9,000,000. 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 49 ^ 
 
 The population of Cleveland, on the east side of the Cuyahoga, was, in the year 
 1796, 3; 1798, 16; 1825, 500; 1831, 1,100; 1835, 5,080; 1840, 6,071 ; and 
 1846, 10,135. Of the last, 6,780 were natives of the United States; 1,472 of 
 Germany ; 808 of England ; 632 of Ireland ; 144 of Canada ; 97 of the Isle of 
 Man, and 96 of Scotland. 
 
 Ohio City (united to Cleveland in 1854) is beautifully situated on a command- 
 ing eminence on the west side of the Cuyahoga, opposite Cleveland. It was in- 
 corporated as a city, March 3, 1836, and its government vested in a mayor and 
 council. The city is divided into three wards, and is well laid out and built. 
 There are three churches, viz. : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 Epis- 
 copalian — the last of which is a Gothic structure of great beauty. The population 
 of Ohio City, in 1840, was 1,577, and in 1845, 2,462. — Old Edition. 
 
 Cleveland is on the line of seven railroads, viz. : C. & C. ; C. C. & C. ; C. 
 C. C. & I. ; L. S. & M. S. ; K Y. C. & St. L. ; N. Y. L. E. & W. ; Penn. Co. ; 
 V. : in a direct line about 600 miles from New York and 450 from Chicago. 
 County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, Henry Clay White; Auditor, William 
 H. Brew ; Clerk, Levi E. Meacham ; Prosecuting Attorney, Alexander Haddon ; 
 
 Recorder, Alfred T. 
 Anderson ; Sheriff, 
 Erasmus I). Sawyer ; 
 Surveyor, James F. 
 Brown ; Treasurer, 
 David W. Kimber- 
 ly ; Commissioners, 
 Alfred A. Jerome, 
 George A. Schlatter- 
 eck, Wilbur Bently. 
 
 The following 
 newspapers are pub- 
 lished in Cleveland: 
 Evening News and 
 Herald, Leader and 
 Morning Herald, Re- 
 publican, daily. Lead- 
 er Printing C o m- 
 pany, publishers; 
 Plain-Dealer, Demo- 
 cratic, morning and 
 evening daily, Plain-Dealer Publishing Company, editors and publishers ; 
 Anzeiger, German Independent Republican, William Kauffman, editor, Anzei- 
 ger Publishing Company, publishers; Wdchter am Erie, German Democratic, 
 daily, Wachter am Erie Publishing Company, editors and publishers ; Press, 
 Independent daily. In addition to the above dailies are 48 weekly, bi-monthly 
 and monthly journals, devoted to commerce, agriculture, religion, science, history, 
 temperance, society, etc. Of these, 9 are printed in German, 2 Bohemian, and 
 one devoted to the interests of the colored race. The official organ of the Brother- 
 hood of Locomotive Engineers is also published here. 
 
 Banks. — Broadway Savings and Loan Company, Joseph Turney, president, 
 O. M. Stafford, treasurer ; Citizens’ Savings and Loan Association, J. H. Wade, 
 president, W. S. Jones, treasurer; Cleveland National Bank, S. S. Warner, presi- 
 dent, P. M. Spencer, cashier ; Commercial National Bank, Dan. P. Eells, presi- 
 dent, David Z. Norton, cashier ; East End Savings Bank Company, J. H. McBride, 
 president, Charles A. Post, treasurer ; Euclid Avenue National Bank, John L. 
 Woods, president, Solon L. Severance, cashier; First National Bank, James Bar- 
 nett, president, H. S. Whittlesey, cashier ; Mercantile National Bank, Truman P. 
 Handy, president, Charles L. Murfey, cashier ; National Bank of Commerce, J^ 
 
 Medical College in 1846. 
 
500 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 H. Wade, president, F. E. Eittman, cashier ; Ohio National Bank, John McCly- 
 monds, president, Henry C. Ellison, cashier ; National City Bank, W. P. South- 
 worth, president, J. F. Whitelaw, cashier ; People’s Savings and Loan Association, 
 Eobert E. Ehodes, president, A. L. Withington, treasurer ; Savings and Trust 
 Company, C. G. King, president, H, E. Newcomb, treasurer ; Society for Savings, 
 S. H. Mather, president, M. T. Herrick, treasurer; South Cleveland Banking 
 Company, Joseph Turney, president, James Walker, treasurer ; Union National 
 Bank* M. A. Hanna, president, E. H. Bourne, cashier ; West Side Banking Com- 
 pany, Lee McBride, president, Thomas M. Irvine, cashier ; Crumb & Baslington, 
 E. B. Hale & Co., W. J. Hayes & Sons, Lamprecht Bros. & Co., Charles H. Pot- 
 ter & Co., Henry Wick & Co., Cleveland Clearing House Association, Truman P. 
 Handy, president, A. H. Wick, secretary. 
 
 Colleges and Scientific Institutions. — The Adelbert College of the Western Ee- 
 serve University ; Case School of Applied Sciences ; Kirtland Society of Natural 
 Sciences ; Western Eeserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society ; Medical De- 
 partment of Western Eeserve University ; Medical Department University of 
 Wooster; Homoeopathic College. 
 
 Chayntable Institutions. — City Infirmary ; Charity Hospital ; City Hospital ; 
 Hospital for Women; Asylum for Insane; Homoeopathic Hospital; House of 
 Maternity ; St. Alexis Hospital ; University Hospital ; Protestant Orphan 
 Asylum; Children’s Home; House of the Good Shepherd ; Little Sisters of the 
 Poor. 
 
 Public Libraries. — Cleveland, 51,000 volumes; Case, 21,000 volumes ; Law, 
 9,000 volumes. 
 
 Cleveland has in all 186 churches and missions. These are divided into many 
 denominations, as 26 Eoman Catholic, 14 Baptist, 4 Disciples, 15 Congregational, 
 9 Evangelical Association, 2 Evangelical, 1 Independent, 11 Evangelical Lutheran, 
 7 Evangelical Eeformed, 1 Free Methodist, 1 Friends, 9 Hebrew, 21 Methodist 
 Episcopal, 11 Presbyterian, 2 United Presbyterian, 14 Protestant Episcopal, 4 
 Eeformed Dutch, 1 Spiritualist, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Unitarian, 3 United Breth- 
 ren, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, 1 Seventh Day Advent, 1 Church of God, 1 Floating 
 Bethel, etc., etc. These are conducted by various nationalities ; English, German, 
 Hebrew, Welsh, Poles, Hungarian, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Italian, etc. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — The manufactures of Cleveland are im- 
 mense. Henry Dorn, Chief State Inspe«tor of Workshops and Factories, in his 
 report for 1887 gave a list of 462 establishments. Of these, one hundred and 
 thirty-eight employed 50 hands or over ; eighty-one, 100 hands or over ; thirty- 
 two, 200 hands or over ; eleven, 400 hands or over ; six, 600 hands and over, of 
 which one was the Standard Oil Company with 2,000 hands, and the other the 
 Cleveland Eolling Mill with 4,150 hands, but which at times exceeds 5,000 hands. 
 We annex a list of those with 100 hands or over, eighty-one in number : 
 
 American Wire Co.^ 465 ; Prospect Machine Co., engines and machinery, 220 ; 
 Lake Erie Iron Co., forging bolts and nuts, 250 ; Cleveland Hardware Co., car- 
 riage hardware, 178 ; H. P. Nail Co., wire and wire nails, 505; Cleveland City 
 Forge, iron forgings, 425 ; Britton Iron and Steel Co., iron and steel plate, 215 ; 
 Buckeye Bridge and Boiler AVorks, boilers and bridges, 106 ; Ohio Steel AAorks, 
 steel, 625; King Iron Bridge Manufacturing^ Co., bridges, roofs, etc., 225; T. H. 
 Brooks & Co., iron founders, 108 ; Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. Co., car re- 
 pairs, 125 ; Lake Shore Foundry Co., iron castings, 281 ; Lake Shore E. E. Car 
 Shops, railroad repairs, 1 50 ; Standard Tobacco and Cigar Co., tobacco and cigars, 
 260 ; A. W. Sampliner, cloaks, 235 ; D. Black & Co., cloaks, 205 ; Landesman, 
 Herscheimer & Co., cloaks, 255 ; Schneider and Trenkamp Co., gasoline stoves, 
 etc., 250 ; Cleveland Ship-building Co., engines and ships, 200 ; Theodore Kunetz, 
 sewing-machine cabinet work, 335 y Cleveland Burial Case Co., undertakers’ sup- 
 plies, 205 ; Globe Iron Works Co., iron steamships, etc., 275 ; Globe Iron AYorks 
 Co.’s Ship-Yard, iron steamships, etc., 268; Powell Tool Co., edge tools, 100; 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 501 
 
 Myers, Osborn & Co., stoves, 200; Garry Iron Roofing Co., iron roofing, 152 r 
 Gorham & Sargent, washboards, 115 ; C. C. C. & I. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 
 350; Palmer & Dellory, castings, 115; Bowler & Co., car wheels and castings, 
 150 ; Sherwin & Williams, paints, etc., 250 ; Cleveland Provision Co., provision 
 and packing house, 225 ; Stafford & Son, soap, 600 ; Murphy & Co., varnish, 182 ; 
 Peck, Stow & Wilcox, hardware, 232 ; Taylor & Boggis Foundry Co., castings, 
 188 ; Sturtevant Lumber Co., planing-mill, 147 ; Variety Iron Works Co., ma- 
 chinery and castings, 225 ; Lamson, Sessions & Co., butts and bolts, 300 ; Woods, 
 Jenks & Co., planing-mill, 100 ; Maher & Brayton, castings, 160 ; Colwell & Col- 
 lins, bolts and nuts, 150; The Upson Nut Co., nuts, bolts, etc., 122; Hotchkiss 
 & Upson Co., bolts and screws, 350; Riverside Blast Furnace, pig iron, 150; 
 Standard Oil Co., oils, 2,150; Frederick Hempy & Co., packing cases, etc., 180 ; 
 Central Blast Furnace, pig iron, 175; Grasselli Chemical Co., chemicals, 100; 
 Cleveland Paper Co., paper, 180; White Sewing Machine Co., sewing machines, 
 505 ; Comey & Johnston, straw goods, 105 ; Felsenheld Bros. & Co., ladies^ wraps, 
 100 ; S. Kennard & Son, shoes, 102 ; The Walker Manufacturing Co., power trans- 
 mitting machinery, 200; Chapin Bolt and Nut Co., bolts and nuts, 186 ; W. S. 
 TylePs Wire Works, wire goods, 164 ; Union Steel Screw Co., wood screws, 190 ; 
 Standard Lighting Co., incandescent lamps, 106 ; Brush Electric Light Co., elec- 
 tric machinery, 525 ; Taylor & Boggis Foundry Co., castings, 105 ; I. N. Topliff 
 Manufacturing Co., carriage hardware, 105 ; Standard Sewing Machine Co., sew- 
 ing machines, 230 ; Cleveland Malleable Iron Co., malleable iron, 550 ; Van Dorn 
 Iron Works, iron specialties, 102 ; Eberhard Manufacturing Co., malleable iron, 
 615; Union Rolling Mill Co., iron, 335; American Lubricating Oil Co., oils, 
 187 ; F. Mulhauser, shoddies, 310; Beckman, Senior & Co., woolen goods, 100; 
 Cleveland Rolling Mill Co., iron and steel, 4,150 ; Strong, Cobb & Co., druggists, 
 662 ; Publishing House Evangelical Association, publishers, 130 ; Dangler Stove 
 Manufacturing Co., vapor stoves, etc., 130 ; H. B. Hunt, sheet iron work, 120. 
 
 Lake Commerce. — According to the Marine Record of Cle\^eland, the total num- 
 ber of hulls and tonnage on the lakes at the close of 1887 was 3,537 vessels with 
 a total tonnage of 905,277 tons. 
 
 The custom house report for the same year showed imports of the value of 
 $43,884,336, exports, $34,988,095. Of the imports, iron ore leads, being valued 
 $16,351,126 ; lumber, $9,945,040; merchandise, $12,701,200; copper, $627,000. 
 Of the exports, merchandise, $12,531,200; coal, $3,540,011; iron (bar, etc.), 
 $1,277,950 ; coal oil, 591,964. Vessels built at the port of Cleveland in 1887 — 
 tonnage, 19,000 tons. 
 
 The item, export of coal oil, only indicates the little that goes by vessels up the 
 lakes in the sailing season, and in no sense indicates the magnitude of the oil refin- 
 ing industry of Cleveland — the largest in the world. 
 
 The population of Cleveland in the year 1840 was 6,071 ; in 1880, 160,146 ; 
 estimated 1888, 220,000. School census in 1886, 61,654 ; Burk A. Hinsdale, 
 superintendent. 
 
 The following clear, concise outline sketch of Cleveland, its past and present, 
 was written for this work by D. W. Manchester, Secretary of the Western Reserve 
 Historical Society. 
 
 Cleveland stands on a broad plateau elevated about eighty feet above the surface 
 of the lake and it is intersected by the Cuyahoga river, some five miles of which 
 is broad, deep, and navigable for the largest steamers and sailing craft. 
 
 In the remote cycles of geological times this elevated plain was the bottom of 
 the lake, which in the course of countless ages has receded to its present level, evi- 
 denced by a series of ridges parallel therewith, many miles in length, and extend- 
 ing back several miles to rocky elevations which were its original and primeval 
 shores in the day when these northern waters met and mingled with those of the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The great plateau was formed during the glacial period and is more than 200 
 
502 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY, 
 
 feet in depth to the underlying rocky foundation. It is composed of alternate 
 strata of Devonian shale, marl, clay, gravel, sand and alluvium, the disintegration 
 of Arctic mountains of rocks, intermingled with boulders of various magnitudes 
 and ancient driftwood, which grew in a once northern tropical climate. 
 
 In the sandy and alluvium strata of the cycles are found the bones of many ani- 
 mals, characteristic of the drift period, and notably the tusks and grinders of the 
 elephant, and the skeleton entire of both the elephant and mastodon of gigantic 
 proportions, discovered in the sliding banks of the lake, river or ravines and some- 
 times in excavating cellars. It was, moreover, the home, the cultivated field, the 
 garden and the grave of the northern colony of that prehistoric people the remains 
 of whose wonderful earthwork have given them the designation of Mound-builders. 
 Then came the red man, known to the white man for nearly 400 years as the In- 
 dian, but bringing with him neither knowledge nor tradition concerning the pre^ 
 ceding race, or of their mighty works which are an astonishment unto this day. 
 
 From 1535 to 1760, two hundred and twenty-five years, the region of the lakes 
 and the territory north of the Ohio river to the Mississippi river, discovered and 
 traversed by the Jesuit missionaries and fur traders, was under the dominion of 
 the king of France, and was designated on the maps as New France, all of which 
 by the fate of war and treaties of peace passed to the English in 1760. During 
 that long period the land was occupied by the native races. There were two pow- 
 erful empires of the aborigines, the East comprising the confederated Six Nations, 
 and the West, of which, as late as 1763, Pontiac was the Napoleon, and the Cuya- 
 hoga river was the boundary line of the two empires on the southerly side of Lake 
 Erie. More than two hundred years ago, on the banks of this boundary stream, 
 Christianity was taught the wild man by the French missionaries, and letters were 
 written to Madame Maintenon, the wife of Louis XIV., now extant in the ar- 
 chives of France, descriptive of the Indians, the lands, the forests and the rivers 
 on the southerly border of Lake Erie, and containing the first description or men- 
 tion on paper of the wonderful falls over which is discharged the blue waters of 
 the magnificent chain of American lakes. When the English came into possession 
 this part of Ohio became a province of Quebec. Immediately following the Dev- 
 olution New York and Virginia ceded to the general government all right to this 
 territory based on expressions in the early colonial charters signifying the exten- 
 sion of the grant to the mythical South sea on the west. 
 
 In 1786 Connecticut ceded her claim likewise to the United States, retaining, 
 however, so much thereof as is now known as the Western Deserve. 
 
 In July, 1787, the Congress of the Confederation of States passed an act organ- 
 izing the Northwest Territory, and the spring following the first white settlement 
 was made at the mouth of the Muskingum, on the Ohio river, and in 1789 the 
 first Congress under the Federal Constitution gave the Territory a pern;ianent 
 status among the States of the Depublic. Indian wars succeeded. General St. Clair’s 
 army Avas defeated; but in 1794 Mad Anthony Wayne, at the head of a well- 
 appointed army, subdued the numerous hostile tribes. 
 
 Connecticut, in 1792, gave 500,000 acres of the west end of the Deserve” for 
 the benefit of her citizens who had suffered by the spoliations of the British, since 
 known as the Fire Lands.” 
 
 In 1795 Connecticut sold the remainder of the Deserve lands east of the Cuya-' 
 hoga river, a little more than 3,000,000 acres, to a syndicate of her citizens, Avho 
 organized themselves into an association under the name of the Connecticut Laud 
 Company, the interests of the company being managed by seven directors. 
 
 General Moses Cleaveland, a lawyer of Canterbury, Windham county. Conn., 
 was appointed general agent of the company. In the spring of 1796 a large sur- 
 veying party was organized, of Avhich General Cleaveland was appointed superin- 
 tendent. On the 4th of July of that year the party arrived on the territory of 
 the Deserve. It having been determined by the company to lay out a capital 
 town on an eligible site, the high and beautiful plateau at the mouth of tlie Cuya- 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 503 
 
 hoga, on the east side thereof, was selected, and here in September, 1796, the then 
 future city was surveyed, mapped, and named in honor of their chief by his asso- 
 ciates. He was emphatically a gentleman of fine acquirements, polished manners 
 and unquestioned integrity. When the surveying party returned to their homes 
 in the East, only three white persons were left on the Reserve — Job Stiles and iii» 
 wife and Joseph Landon. The last named soon left and Avas succeeded by Edward 
 Paine, afterwards General Paine of Painesville, who boarded with the Stiles, and 
 was an Indian trader. 
 
 General Cleaveland never afterwards returned to the infant settlement, but died 
 at his native home in 1806, too soon to see the wonderful growth of the city to 
 which he gave his name. 
 
 The year 1797 brought James Kingsbnry and his family to Cleveland. He 
 was born in Connecticut, but came to the Reserve from Alsted, New Hampshire. 
 Also Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley, his brother-in-law, Avith their families. 
 This year occurred the birth of the first Avhite child, that of IVIr. Stiles. Daniel 
 Eldridge, one of the old surveying party, coming back to the settlement, died and 
 Avas buried in the first selected cemetery, long since abandoned, noAV in the heart 
 of the busy city. The first wedding Avas that of Chloe Inches, a servant in the 
 family of Mayor Carter, Avho married a Canadian, Mr. Clement, by the Rev. Seth 
 Hart, Avho had been of the surveying party. In 1799 Rodolphus Edwards and 
 Nathaniel Doan came to the then eity on paper. Thei’e Avere a feAV other names 
 Avhich might be mentioned as being on the ground during the year above men- 
 tioned, but Carter, Kingsbury, Edwards and Doane Avere the real primcA^al 
 pioneers, whose names are best knoAvn to the present generation as men of gen- 
 erous spirit, great endurance and noble deeds, the advance guard of civilization 
 prior to the year 1800. 
 
 In 1801 Samuel Huntington, a nepheiv of Gov. Huntington, of Connecticut, 
 a lawyer of the age of about thirty-five years, settled in Cleveland. He Avas a 
 member of the first Constitutional Convention, the first State Senator of the 
 county, then Trumbull, presided over that body, Avas appointed Judge of the 
 Supreme Court in 1803, and elected Governor in 1808. He resided in a block 
 house on Superior street, near Avhere noAV stands the American House. 
 
 Cuyahoga county Avas created in 1810, Cleveland being the county-seat. The 
 first Court of Record Avas held in a frame building on the north side of Superior 
 street, June 5, 1810, Judge Ruggles presiding. John Wahvorth Avas Clerk of the 
 Court and S. S. BaldAvin the Sheriff. In 1812 the first court-house, of logs, Avas 
 erected on the public square, and in the same year the first execution occurred, 
 that of Omic, the Indian, being hanged for the murder of two Avhite men near 
 Sandusky. 
 
 Cleveland was granted a village charter at the Avinter legislative session of 
 1814-15. The next year The Commercial Bank of Lake Erie^^ was established, 
 with Leonard Case as president. 
 
 The Episcopal church AA^as established in 1817, and ten years later Avas erected 
 its house of worship, corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets. 
 
 In 1827 the Ohio canal Avas completed as far south as Akron, and in 1832 it 
 AA^as in operation from Lake Erie to the Ohio river, resulting in advancing the 
 commercial prosperity of Cleveland and a rapid increase of population. In im- 
 mediate connection Avith this great public Avork Avas the improvement of the har- 
 bor, for Avhich Congress had made an appropriation of $5,000. Small as the 
 appropriation seems now, it sufficed, by honest management and the volunteer 
 help of citizens, to cut a new channel for the river a few rods east of its natural 
 l^ed and outlet into the lake and the building of piers. 
 
 In the same year of 1827 the Presbyterian congregation Avas incorporated. The 
 society had been in existence since 1820, having been organized in the oid log 
 court-house with fourteen members, and in 1834 the first stone church on the 
 north side of the public square AA^as dedicated. It Avas burnt in i858, and the 
 
504 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 present noble structure immediately arose from its ashes. The Methodist Confer- 
 ence, in 1830, established a station here. Rev. Plimpton holding the charge. In 
 1833 the First Baptist Society was organized with twenty-seven members, and 
 erected a church edifice of brick on the corner of Seneca and Champlain streets, 
 which remains there yet, although long since abandoned for religious purposes for 
 a more pleasant locality and a more elegant structure. The pioneer Roman Cath- 
 olic church came in 1835 and built a house of worship in the valley on Columbus 
 street. The same year the Bethel was built on Water street for the use of sailors ; 
 and in 1839 the Hebrew congregation established their first synagogue, and built 
 soon after a fine brick edifice on Eagle street. In less than fifty years all these 
 religious societies, denominations, churches and synagogues have flourished and 
 multiplied in numbers and increased iij wealth and influence, and all have been 
 blessed with the happiness resulting from the consciousness that each institution 
 has been guided and instructed by its respective rector, minister, priest and rabbi, 
 ever earnest and faithful in his clerical ministrations, and not a few of whom 
 have been pre-eminent for scholarly attainments and elegance of discourse. 
 
 As early as 1786 there was a trading-post at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river 
 to facilitate the transshipment of flour and bacon brought overland from Pitts- 
 burg, destined thence by water to the military post at Detroit, being the first lake 
 traffic at this point. The commercial marine of the lakes, now surpassing that of 
 the Mediterranean, had its genesis in the Griffin,^’ a vessel of sixty tons, built on 
 the Niagara river above the Falls, by La Salle, for exploring service, and sailed 
 on its mission of discovery August 7, 1678. The first vessel launched at Cleve- 
 land was a sloop of thirty tons, built in 1808 by the famous pioneer, Lorenzo 
 Carter, and named the ^^Zepher.’^ From the Griffin and the Zepher ” to the 
 year 1887 the lake marine has developed into the enormous proportion of 3,502 
 vessels of all classes — steamers and sail-craft — with a total tonnage of 905,277.57 
 tons, according to the excellent authority of the editor of the Marine Record, of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 For nearly twenty years ferocious wild beasts of the dense forests in and sur- 
 rounding Cleveland annoyed and terrified the inhabitants. Bears entered their 
 gardens and dwellings even in the daytime, and at night invaded the barnyards 
 and pigsties, killing and carrying off young porkers, calves, and sheep ; and wolves 
 beset the night traveller on streets and avenues now lined with costly residences 
 and palatial mansions. 
 
 In 1820 a stage line was established between Cleveland and Columbus, and 
 coaches were run to Norwalk ; soon thereafter to Pittsburg and Buffalo. For 
 thirty years this system of passenger travel flourished in all gayety, splendor, and 
 excitement along the several routes, enlivening villages and awakening lone 
 hamlets. 
 
 Cleveland was during that period a noted centre of the stage lines between the 
 East and the West and South, until that system of travel was superseded by the 
 railway system, about 1850, when the blast from the bugle and the crack of the 
 stage-drivePs whip was no more heard along the turnpike on the high and dry 
 parallel ridges and ancient shores of Lake Erie. 
 
 The first railway charter was that of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, 
 followed soon by the Cleveland and Pittsburg, Cleveland and Toledo, and the 
 Cleveland and Ashtabula, or Lake Shore, connecting with the New York Central 
 and New York and Erie. Thus, as early as 1852, a complete line was in opera- 
 tion from the sea-coast to Chicago, and even to Rock Island, on the Mississippi 
 river. This last great modern system of travel and transport had the immediate 
 effect of sweeping from the chain of lakes, as it had the stages from the land, the 
 line of splendid side-wheel steamers and floating palaces that for many years had 
 plied between Buffalo and Chicago, each crowded with hundreds of passengers. 
 
 The railroads changed the order of business at Cleveland, and for a brief season 
 the lake commerce at this port presented a gloomy aspect, and total ruin of the 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 505 
 
 marine industry was prophesied. Fortunately, however, the Cleveland and Ma- 
 honing Valley railroad was soon completed, extending into the great coal-fields, 
 and opening up a new territory to trade, and laying the foundation and stimulat- 
 ing manufacturing enterprises, resulting eventually in the creation here of an 
 industrial and producing centre now pre-eminent among the cities of the lakes. 
 Two other railroads within the last decade have been added to the railway system ; 
 the Valley railroad, along a portion of the line of the Ohio canal, and the Connot- 
 ton Valley railroad, both leading into the great southern and eastern coal belt. 
 
 The Perry Statue, Monumental Park. 
 
 With these facilities and the simultaneous opening up of the vast iron and copper 
 regions of Lake Superior, the wonderful and almost mysterious alliance of coal 
 and iron and fire along the banks of the lake and river, within the limits of 
 Cleveland, has resulted in vast iron furnaces, rolling mills, and many branches 
 incident thereto, such as wire mills, nuts and bolts, screws, shovels, engines, and 
 machinery, together with every conceivable branch of manufacturing industry, from 
 the great tube and exquisitely adjustable mechanism of the Lick telescope to a 
 shingle-nail. Here coal and iron meet, and in their resulting industries. 
 
 The central lowlands and broad meadows on either side of the wide navigable 
 river for a distance of several miles are the sites of hundreds of great manufactur- 
 ing plants, whose lofty smokestacks give daily and often nightly evidence of per- 
 petual industry, while the broad and elevated plateaus for five miles distant on 
 both sides are densely covered with mercantile houses, public buildings, mansions 
 of the millionaires, and the more modest but goodly homes of 300,000 people. 
 
 Cleveland’s municipal existence dates from 1836, with John W. Willey, an 
 eminent lawyer, as its first mayor. At that date the west side of the river con- 
 stituted Ohio City, but, in 1854, it was united with Cleveland, and William B. 
 Castle was the first mayor after the union, the population being at the following 
 census (1860) 44,000. The city had already been lighted with gas. 
 
 The first great public enterprise after the union was in supplying the city with 
 w/^ter pumped from a great distance from the lake shore to a reservoir on the most 
 el v^ated land, the height thereof being artificially increased about a hundred feet, 
 
5o6 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 and from thence distributed, and from time to time since extended until nearly 
 every street, house, and building enjoys the blessing of pure lake water, bountifully 
 supplied. 
 
 In the possession of parks and public grounds the city is pre-eminently for- 
 tunate. In addition to the central park of ten acres laid out by the original sur- 
 vey, and since the erection of the statue of Commodore Perry, in 1860, called 
 Monumental Park, Lake View Paek has been created along the sloping blulf 
 from Seneca street east to Erie street, and is adorned and embellished in the 
 best style of the landscape-gardener’s art. The Circle is a finely ornamented 
 
 Garfield's Monument, Lake View Cemetery. 
 
 ground on Franklin avenue, west side, from which radiates several streets. It has 
 a central rock structure in primitive style ; moss and vine, covered with water 
 jets, rivulets, and drinking fountains — a delightful summer evening resort. 
 Wade Park came to the city already laid out and adorned through the munifi- 
 cence of Mr. J. H. Wade, of electrical fame. It has an area of some sixty-five 
 acres of ravine and upland level, traversed by a bountiful and ever-living stream 
 of pure water, fed by the not far distant hills ; is shaded witli abundant trees and 
 profuse with native and cultivated shrubbery, and is almost limitless in its extent 
 of walks and drives. 
 
 South Side Park is a fine, level piece of land, covered with native trees, but 
 recently purchased by the city, and not yet developed and beautified to its utmost 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY, 507 
 
 possibilities. It is, however, destined to delight the eye and grace the south side 
 of the municipality. 
 
 One hundred years has sufficed to populate a dozen or more municipal ceme- 
 teries, such as Erie, Woodlawn, Monroe, and the consecrated grounds of the Catholic 
 church, all well kept. 
 
 Modern culture and taste, accompanied by individual and associated wealth, has 
 largely removed the native dread of death, inspired by the lonely and neglected 
 graveyard of primitive times, in the establishment independent of municipal 
 authority, and often remote from cities, of cheerful and ornate cemetery grounds. 
 
 Lake View and Riverside represent the results of the wealth, forethought, 
 and taste of J. H. Wade and J. M. Curtiss and their associates in the two enter- 
 prises. The first of these cities of the dead overlooks the lake and comprises a 
 tract of upwards of three hundred acres of wooded hill and dale, of oak and other 
 forest trees. The second overlooks the broad meadows and the winding river. 
 
 It has a little over one hundred acres, with many richly wooded ravines, brooks, 
 and springs utilized in fountains and ponds. It has romantic and shady drives 
 through its numerous dells, aggregating more than five miles, and is one of the 
 most attractive and beautiful resorts of the city’s rural suburbs. 
 
 While hardly two decades have elapsed since Lake View and Riverside opened 
 their portals, yet the vast number of elaborate monuments and tombs in every 
 conceivable style of monumental art from the monoliths of the Pharaohs and the 
 mausoleums of the Csesars to modern days, indicates the mighty annual increase of 
 the silent inhabitants of these beautiful cities of the dead. 
 
 In pursuance of the terms of annexation several swing bridges were built over 
 the river, and in 1878 the great arched viaduct of stone and iron was completed, 
 spanning the wide valley from plateau to plateau, 3,211 feet in length, 68 feet 
 high, and 64 feet wide, and costing $2,225,000. It has double street railway 
 Ira'tks, carriage ways, and walks on both sides. 
 
 The Brush Electric Light Company’s Works. 
 
 There is now (1888) in process of construction by the government a harbor of 
 refuge, to enable vessels to enter the poTt with safety. The anchorage room within 
 the enclosure of the extended breakwater is ample for the entire marine of the 
 lakes, and the water is deep enough to float the largest lake vessels. Estimated 
 cost $2,000,000. 
 
 Among the number of manufacturing industries it should be remembered that 
 here is the corporation and plant of the Standard Oil Company, whose opera- 
 tions are world-wide, and whose dealings surjiass in millions any other known in- 
 stitution in America or Europe. Here also is the Brush Electric Light 
 Company, with its vast manufacturing plant and machinery, and the home of 
 the famous inventor. 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 So8 
 
 Of the dead, who by their life-deeds and testamentary provisions are canonized 
 as noble benefactors, and as such held in reverent and honored memory, allusion 
 must be here made to William and Leonard Case, Joseph Perkins, Henry Chis- 
 holm, and Amasa Stone. 
 
 Of the many persons of great wealth still living, of whose noble and generous 
 deeds it would be pleasant to here record, it would seem invidious to discriminatt, 
 where space is not adequate to mention all. Suffice it to say, the millionaires of 
 Cleveland are recognized as among its liberal public benefactors. 
 
 In addition to its excellent common school system and academical institutions, 
 there may be now reckoned among the literary and scientific advantages of Cleve- 
 land, the Adelbekt College ; the Case School of Applied Science, at the 
 head of which is Professor John N. Stockwell, well known to the savants of 
 Europe as an Astronomical Mathematician ; the Western Reserve Historical 
 Society and Museum, organized in 1867, by Col. Charles Whittlesey, its presi- 
 dent from the first until his death in October, 1886 ; and Judge Charles C. Bald- 
 win, its present president ; the Kirtland Society of Natural Science, named 
 in honor of the late Professor Jared P. Kirtland, who in his lifetime was called 
 the “Agassiz of the West;^^ the Case Library ; the Cleveland Public Library, 
 and three medical colleges. An opera house and five theatres furnish adequate 
 entertainment. • 
 
 Eight street railroads furnish ample facilities for local passenger transport from 
 the centre to any part of the city, and even into the rural regions beyond its 
 corporate limits. 
 
 Hotel accommodations are among the advantages of the city. There are prob- 
 ably more than twenty, all good, but of the famous old ones recently enlarged 
 and refurnished may be noted the Weddell, American, and Forest City ; while of 
 the great modern structures, the Stillman and the Hollenden are unsurpassed. 
 
 The summer temperature of Cleveland is delightful. The fresh cool air from 
 the lake prevails throughout the heated term, and the evenings and nights are 
 always pleasantly cool, making the city a delightful refuge from the sultry heat 
 of the inland cities, and thousands from all parts of the country sojourn in the 
 beautiful city during the summer. 
 
 Biographical Sketches. 
 
 Cleveland has been strong from the beginning in its leading minds in every 
 department of utility. A few representative characters are here brought under 
 notice. First in order comes Gen. Moses Cleaveland, its founder. The name 
 is Saxon, and the family, before the Norman conquest, occupied an extensive 
 landed estate in Yorkshire that was marked by open fissures, called by the Saxons 
 as “ clefts,” or “ cleves,” hence the name, which has been variously spelled — Cleff- 
 land, Clifland, Cleiveland, Cleveland and Cleaveland, which is the way General 
 Moses spelled it, and the place was so spelled until the Cleveland Advertiser was 
 issued in 1830, whert the editor, finding the type of his headline too large to extend 
 across his page, dropped the first “ a ” and made it Cleveland. 
 
 All family names in the lapse of time, as is knoAvn to every genealogist, have 
 undergone changes, and some so radical th^it many readers hereof would not know 
 his own could he see it as written by his ancestors in the dim remote. A bit of 
 humor will do no harm just here, the mention of a hypothetical change of a name, 
 that of General Cornwallis, made by a colored man in the long ago, who said, “ In 
 de American Rebolution, GinTal Washington he shell all de corn ob GinTal Corn- 
 wallis and make Gin’ral Cobwallis.” 
 
 General Moses Cleaveland was born 
 in Canterbury, Conn., in 1754, graduated at 
 Yale College in 1777, studied and practiced 
 law in bis native town. In 1779 he was ap- 
 
 pointed by Congress captain of a company of 
 sappers and miners in the army of the United 
 States. He was subsequently a member of 
 the Connecticut Legislature and ai)p()inted a 
 
CUYAHOGA 
 
 COUNTY, 
 
 509 
 
 brigadier-general in the State militia — a posi- 
 tion in that day deemed as one of distin- 
 guished honor. He was also Grrand Master 
 of the Masonic Fraternity of the State. He 
 married Esther Champion in 1794, by whom 
 he had four children. 
 
 It is said that when he founded the city he 
 
 redicted the time would come when it would 
 ave as many people as Old Windham, in 
 Connecticut, which was then about 1,500. 
 After laying out the city he returned to Can- 
 terbury, where he died in 1806 aged fifty- 
 three years. He was a large, dignified man, 
 of swarthy complexion, of sedate aspect, and 
 
 GENERAL MOSES CLEAVELAND. 
 
 often taken for a clergyman. He was very 
 kindly in his nature and of excellent judg- 
 ment. 
 
 On the 23d of July, 1888, being the anni- 
 versary of the arrival of Gen. Cleaveland, a 
 fine bronze statue to his memory was unveiled 
 on the public square. It had been erected 
 through the efforts of Mr. Harvey Rice, the 
 venerable president of the Early Settlers’ 
 Association, who has done so much for edu- 
 cational and patriotic purposes in a life now 
 prolonged to eighty-nine years. 
 
 The work is a circular pedestal of polished 
 granite Ts feet high, surmounted by a life- 
 like statue of the general, 71 feet high, 
 weighing 1,450 pounds, U. S. standard 
 bronze, cut in one piece, representing him in 
 the character of a surveyor in the field, with 
 a Jacob’s staff in his right hand and an old- 
 time compass clasped in the elbow of his left 
 arm. On its base is the inscription, ‘ ‘ General 
 Moses Cleaveland, Founder of the City, 
 1796.” 
 
 Jared Potter Kirtland was born in 
 
 Wallingford, Conn., in 1793, and died in 
 Cleveland in 1877, aged eighty-four years. 
 He graduated at the Yale Medical School, 
 and at the age of thirty emigrated to Poland, 
 Ohio, where he practiced his profession and, 
 as^ before, devoted his leisure to natural 
 science. When a mere youth at school he 
 had become an expert in the cultivation of 
 fruits and flowers, made his first attempt of 
 new varieties of fruit, and managed a large 
 plantation of white mulberry trees for the 
 rearing of silk worms. 
 
 After coming to Ohio he served three 
 terms in the State Legislature, from 1837 to 
 1842 was medical professor at Willoughby, 
 in 1837 was assistant on the first geological 
 survey of Ohio and made a report on its zo- 
 ology. About 1840 he removed to Rockport, 
 just west of and near Cleveland, and became 
 one of the founders of the Cleveland Medical 
 College. In the civil war he was examining 
 surgeon for recruits and devoted his pay to 
 the Soldiers’ Aid Society. He made many 
 investigations in many departments of natural 
 
510 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 history which were published in scientific 
 journals. 
 
 In 1 845 he was one of the founders of the 
 Cleveland Academy of Natural Science, which 
 in 1865 became the Kirtland Society of Nat- 
 ural History, and to which he gave his rich 
 
 collection of specimens. He was a man of 
 great learning and personal magnetism^ and 
 more than any one of his day was his influ- 
 ence in improving agriculture and horticulture 
 and diffusing a love of natural history through- 
 out the entire Northwest. 
 
 DU. KlUTLAND. 
 
 Writes Col. Chas. Whittlesey : “As a nat- 
 uralist he was self-educated. ^ Nature had 
 formed him mentally and physically for that 
 mission. In 1829, while studying the unios 
 or fresh water mussels, he discovered that 
 authors and teachers of conchology had made 
 nearly double the number of species which 
 are warn n table. Names had been given to 
 species to what is only a difference of form, 
 due to males and females of the same species. 
 This conclusion was announced in “ Silliman’s 
 Journal of Science. ” 
 
 “ The fraternity of naturalists in the Uni- 
 ted States and Europe were astonished be- 
 cause of the value of the discovery and the 
 source from whence it came. There were 
 hundreds and probably thousands of profes- 
 
 sors who had observed the unios and enjoyed 
 the pleasure of inventing new names for the 
 varieties. A practicing physician in the 
 backwoods of Ohio had shattered the entire 
 nomenclature of the naides. At the Cincin- 
 nati meeting of the American Association in 
 1852, Professor Kirtland produced specimens 
 of unios of both sexes, from their conception 
 through all stages to the jierfect animal and 
 its shell. Agassiz was present and sustained 
 his views and said they were likewise sus- 
 tained by the most eminent naturalists of 
 Europe. It is difficult in a brief jiaper like 
 this to do justice to the life and character of 
 a man who lived so long laboring incessantly 
 regardless of personal conifort, and did so 
 much to extend the dominion of absolute 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 knowledge. Like Cuvier, Agassiz and Tyn- 
 dall, his work has shown that theory and dis- 
 cussion do not settle anything worthy of a 
 lace in science, that it is only those who 
 ase their conclusions on observed nature 
 whose reputations become permanent.” 
 
 In person Dr. Kirtland was a large man, 
 with a great heart and lungs and an untiring 
 worker, to whom time was more precious 
 than gold. One who knew him well said of 
 him he possessed more good and useful traits 
 of character than any person he ever knew — 
 so unselfish, social, kind to all — beloved by 
 both old and young he seemed to be happiest 
 when making others happy. He cultivated 
 the taste for the beautiful by distributing 
 freely, at times almost robbing himself of rare 
 fruit or costly plants to distribute to his 
 neighbors. He was a hearty and sincere be- 
 liever in the Christian religion, but adopting 
 no particular religious creed. When near 
 death he wrote : “ My family all attention. 
 Every day growing weaker. The great 
 change must soon occur. On the mercies of 
 a kind Providence who created me, who has 
 sustained and helped me through a long life, 
 I rely with a firm faith and hope. We know 
 not what is beyond the grave. Vast multi- 
 tudes have gone there before us. Love to 
 all. Farewell.” 
 
 Keuben Wood, Governor of Ohio from 
 1851 to 1853, was born at Royalton, Ver- 
 mont, in 1793, and died in J8G4, at his farm 
 
 in Rockport. When the war of 1812 broke 
 out he was temporarily living with an uncle 
 in Canada, where he was studying the clas- 
 sics and reading law. He was subjected to 
 military service against his^ own country. 
 To this he would not submit, and, though 
 placed under guard, succeeded at the hazard 
 of his life in effecting an escape in a small 
 boat across the entire width of Lake On- 
 tario to Sackett’s Harbor. He then worked 
 on the home farm to aid his widowed mother 
 and studied law. In 1818 he emigrated to 
 
 <TT 
 
 Cleveland and engaged in the practice of 
 his profession. He was three times elected 
 to the State Senate ; in 1830 was elected 
 President- Judge of the Third Judicial Dis- 
 trict ; in 1833 became Judge of the Supreme 
 Court by the unanimous vote of the Legis- 
 lature ; in 1841 he was re-elected by the 
 same vote, and for three years was the 
 Chief- Justice. He was elected Governor 
 by the Democratic party in 1850 by a ma- 
 jority of 11,000, and re-elected under the 
 new Constitution in 1851 by a majority of 
 26,000. He resigned to accept the position 
 of consul at V alparaiso. Chili, and later be- 
 came minister. 
 
 The climate proved too delicious ; it seldom 
 or never rained, little else than a continuous 
 calm and sunshine, while humanity there in 
 its stagnation of indolence and ignorance 
 offered nothing to interest him. In his 
 quick disgust he was stricken with nostalgia 
 as bad as any of our poor soldier boys in the 
 war time, resigned, and came home that he 
 might once again be a sharer in the activities 
 of a wonderfully progressive intellectual 
 people, and again enjoy the sight of a wild, 
 howling storm on Lake Erie. Thus it was 
 that he, whom in the political parlance of 
 the day was called all through Ohio from 
 his great height and residence “the tall 
 chief of the Cuyahogas,” returned home 
 to pass the remainder of his days on his 
 noble farm, “Evergreen Place,” on the 
 margin of the beautiful lake he loved so 
 well. 
 
 Harvey Rice, from whose article in the 
 “Magazine of Western History” we take 
 some of the facts in this personal sketch and 
 in the two next to follow, writes of him: 
 “Governor Wood was one of nature’s no- 
 blemen, large-hearted and generous to a 
 fault. Nature gave him a slim tall figure 
 over six feet in height and replete with brains 
 and mother wit. 
 
 He was quick in his perceptions, an ex- 
 cellent classical scholar, a man of the people 
 and honored by the people. He possessed 
 tact and shrewdness ; his statesmanship ex- 
 hibited to a high degree wisdom and fore- 
 cast, while on the bench his decisions showed 
 a profound knowledge of law, and crowned 
 his life-work as one of the ablest jurists 
 of the State.” 
 
 And Judge Thurman, on “Lawyers’ Day ” 
 Ohio Centennial, Columbus, Wednesday, 
 September 19, 1888, after speaking of the 
 greatness of Thomas Ewing, thus expressed 
 himself of Governor Wood : “And that un- 
 surpassed nisi prills Judge Reuben Wood, 
 who never left a jury when he charged it, 
 but who was clear-headed and brainy, and 
 always to the point. ’ ’ 
 
 Sherlock James Andrews, the son of a 
 physician, was born in Wallingford, Conn., 
 in 1801, graduated at Union College, for a 
 time was assistant of Prof. Silliman at 
 Yale, ^ame to Cleveland in 1825, and was 
 one of the long noted law firm of Andrews, 
 Foot & Hoyt. In 1840 he was elected to 
 Congress, in 1848 was elected Judge of the 
 
512 
 
 Superior Court of Cleveland ; was a mem- 
 ber of the State Constitutional Convention, 
 and die(^ in 1880. He was one of the leaders 
 of the Ohio bar— a man of pure^ principles 
 and noble aspirations. Learned in the law 
 and of persuasive and somewhat impas- 
 sioned eloquence he was noted for good 
 sense and an electric wit that would convulse 
 alike the court and audience. A brother, 
 also eminent in his profession, John W. 
 Andrews, settled in Columbus, where he yet 
 resides, and in his advanced age is an hon- 
 ored member of the “State Board of Char- 
 ities.” 
 
 Rufus P. Ranney is of Scotch descent. 
 He was born in Blanford, Mass., in 1813, 
 and when a lad of eleven years came with 
 his parents to Freedom, Portage county. 
 He chopped wood at twenty-five cents a cord, 
 and so earned money with which to enter 
 Western Reserve College. Without gradu- 
 ating he travelled on foot to Jelferson, Ash- 
 tabula county, carrying all his worldly goods 
 on his back with a single exception — an extra 
 shirt that went into his hat. He then 
 entered the law office of Griddings & Wade. 
 When Mr. Giddings was elected to Congress, 
 he formed a partnership with Mr. Wade. 
 At the age of thirty-two he opened a law 
 office at Warren. He was twice put in 
 nomination by the Democratle party for 
 Congress. In 1^51 he was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention , uid, although 
 a young man, was regarded s "its Hercules. 
 He has been twice a Judge i \ the Supreme 
 Bench, and was once the Dep.ocratic candi- 
 date for Governor against Mr. Dennison just 
 before the war, and when that ensued made 
 speeches to secure enlistments. 
 
 As a lawyer he stands with scarcely an 
 equal in the State. Harvey Rice wrote of 
 him: “Judge Ranney is not only born a 
 logician, but has so improved nature’s gifts 
 as to become a most learned if not match- 
 less reasoner. His mental powers are 
 gigantic. In a great case, knarled and knotted 
 as it may be, he always proves himself 
 equal to its clear exposition and logical solu- 
 tion. And yet he is modest even to tiui- 
 idity. His presence is dignified, and he is 
 a man who has ripened into a noble man- 
 hood. ’ ’ 
 
 Henry Chisholm, who was the founder 
 and President of the Cleveland Rolling Mill 
 Company, the largest establbhment of the 
 kind in the world, was born in Lochgelly. 
 Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1822. He was by 
 trade a carpenter, and when twenty years 
 old landed at Montreal an almost penniless 
 youth.^ He became a master-builder, worked 
 for a time on the Cleveland breakwater, and 
 in 1857 founded, at Newburg, the iron 
 manufacturing firm of Chisholm, Jones & 
 Co., from which beginning arose “ the great 
 establishment, the ^ Cleveland Rolling Mill 
 Company, which is the pride of Cleve- 
 land and one of the marvels of modern 
 times;” employing in all 8,000 workmen. 
 His brother, three years younger, W illiam 
 Chisholm, the inventor, joined him in 
 
 1857, and later engaged in the manufacture 
 of spikes, bolts, and horse-shoes, and after 
 demonstrating by experiments the practica- 
 bility of the rnanufacture of screws from 
 Bessemer steel, in 1871 organized the Union 
 Steel Company of Cleveland. He after- 
 wards devised new methods and machinery 
 for manufacturing steel-shovels, spades and 
 scoops, and established a factory for the new 
 industry. In 1882 he began to make steam- 
 engines of a new model, adapted for hoisting 
 and pumping, and transmitters for carrying 
 coal and ore between vessels and railroad 
 cars. 
 
 Charles Francis Brush, electric in- 
 ventor, was born in Euclid, Cuyahoga 
 
 county, in 1840, the son of a farmer, and 
 was educated at the University of Michigan. 
 When a mere youth of fifteen he constructed 
 microscopes and telescopes for himself and 
 companions, and devised a plan for turning 
 on gas in street-lamps and lighting and then 
 extinguishing it. After returning from col- 
 lege he fitted up a laboratory and obtained a 
 fine reputation as an analytical chemist. 
 
 In 1875 he turned his attention to electric 
 lighting. “ The probability of producing a 
 dynamo machine that could produce the 
 proper amount and kind of electrical current 
 for operating several lamps was submitted 
 to him, and in less than two months a ma- 
 chine was built so perfect and complete that 
 for ten years it has continued in regular use 
 without change. A lamp that then could 
 work successfully on a circuit with a large 
 number of other lamps, so that all would 
 burn uniformly, was then necessary, and this 
 he produced in a few weeks. These two in- 
 ventions were successfully introduced in the 
 United States during 1876. Since then he 
 has produced more than fifty patents, two- 
 thirds of which are sources of revenue. 
 They relate principally to details of his two 
 leading inventions — the dynamo and the 
 lamp — and to methods 6f their production. 
 All of his patents, present and future, are 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 513 
 
 the property of the Electric Brush Company 
 of Cleveland, and his foreign patents are 
 owned by the Anglo-American Brush Elec- 
 tric Light of London. Pecuniary rewards 
 and honors have been awarded him ; the 
 French government decorated him “Cheva- 
 lier of the Legion of Honor. ’ ’ Mr. Brush 
 is of commanding presence, uncommonly 
 fine i:)hysique, and his residence is one of the 
 palatial mansions for which Euclid Avenue is 
 famed. He is yet a hard worker, his mind 
 absorbed in invention and discovery. Such 
 men are benefactors beyond the power of 
 expression. 
 
 John Henry Devereux, who died in 
 Cleveland in 1886, at the age of fifty-four 
 years, was one of the most efficient railroad 
 managers and foremost railroad men in the 
 country. He was born in Boston, and when 
 sixteen years of age came to Northern Ohio, 
 and eventually served as construction engi- 
 neer on several railroads. When the civil 
 war arose he was in Tennessee occupying 
 a very prominent position in his profession, 
 when he offered his services to the govern- 
 ment and became Superintendent of the 
 Military Bailroads in Virginia. Here the 
 executive capacity he displayed in bringing 
 order out of confusion, overcoming ap- 
 parently insurmountable obstacles to move 
 the armies and supply transportation, was 
 the wonder and admiration of the highest 
 officers of the government.^ In 1864 he re- 
 turned to Cleveland, and in succession be- 
 came President of the C. C. C. & I., the 
 A. & Gr. W. and of the I. & St. L. By 
 his personal courage in 1877 he prevented 
 800 of his men from joining in the railroad 
 riots. 
 
 The name Leonard Case, father and son, 
 each thus named alike, will long recall pleas- 
 ant associations with Cleveland people. The 
 elder, who died here in 1864, at the age 
 of eighty, was a native of Pennsylvania. He 
 came to Cleveland from Warren, Trumbull 
 county, in 1816, and followed the business of 
 a lawyer, banker, and land agent. He took 
 a warm interest in the progress of Cleveland ; 
 is said to have begun the work of planting 
 the trees whose luxuriant foliage now so 
 pleasantly adorns the “Forest City.” He 
 was the president of the village, the first 
 county auditor, a great friend of the canals, 
 and one of the projectors of the first railroad 
 • — the C. C. & C. With the great growth of 
 his fortunes he enlarged his benefactions. 
 His son, lately also deceased, inheriting his 
 father’s disposition and fortune, made a 
 crowning gift of the Case Building, valued at 
 1300,000, to the Cleveland Library Associa- 
 tion, a gift seldom equalled in the annals of 
 private munificence. 
 
 Edwin Cowles, one of the veteran editors 
 and printers of Ohio, is of Puritan stock, 
 born of Connecticut parents', in 1 825, in Aus- 
 tinburg, Ashtabula county. He learned the 
 printing business in the office of the Cleve- 
 land Herald., now the Leader., of which he is 
 the editor. In the winter of 1 854-55 he was 
 one of those who, in the editorial room of his 
 
 j)aper, took the initiatory steps for the forma- 
 tion of the Bepublican party of Ohio, which 
 was a consolidation of the Free Soil, Know- 
 Nothing, and Whig parties, into one great 
 party 
 
 In 1861 he first suggested in his paper the 
 nomination by the Bepublican party of David 
 Tod, a war-Democrat, to unite all the loyal 
 elements in the cause of the Union ; and, in 
 1863, in like manner suggested that of John 
 Brough, both of which were acted upon, and 
 with most excellent results. Immediately 
 after the Union defeat at Bull Bun he wrote 
 an editorial headed, “Now is the Time to 
 Abolish Slavery!” Strong in his feelings, 
 fearless, outspoken, and an untiring worker, 
 he has been a living, aggressive force in 
 Cleveland. 
 
 In 1870, perceiving the great peril to life 
 from the various railroad crossings in the val- 
 ley of the Cuyahoga, between the heights of 
 the east and west sides^ of Cleveland, he con- 
 ceived the idea of a high bridge, or viaduct 
 as it is generally called, to span the valley and 
 Cuyahoga river, connecting the two hill-tops, 
 thus avoiding going up and down hill and 
 crossing the “valley of death.” He wrote 
 an elaborate editorial favoring the city’s build- 
 ing the viaduct. His suggestion met with 
 fierce opposition from the other city papers, 
 it being considered by them utopian and un- 
 necessary; but it was submitted^ to the 
 popular vote, and carried by an immense 
 majority. This great work, costing nearly 
 $3,000,000, is one of the wonders of Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 “Mr. Cowles’ success in life has been at- 
 tained under extraordinary disadvantages. 
 From his birth he was affected with a defect 
 in hearing, which caused so peculiar an im- 
 pediment of speech that no parallel case was 
 to be found on record. Until he was twenty- 
 three years of age the peculiarity of this im- 
 pediment was not disoovered. At that age 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 ^ { 
 
 
 Prof. Kennedy, a distinguished elocutionist, 
 became interested in his case, and, after a 
 thorough examination, it was found that he 
 never heard the hissing sound of the human 
 voice, and consequently had never made that 
 sound. Many of the consonants sounded 
 alike to him. He never heard the notes of 
 the seventh octave of the piano or organ, 
 never heard the upper notes of a violin, the 
 fife in martial music, never heard a bird sing, 
 and has always supposed that the music of 
 the birds was a poetical fiction. This dis- 
 covery of his physical defect enabled him to 
 act accordingly. After much time spent in 
 practising under Prof Kennedy’s tuition, he 
 was enabled to learn arbitrarily how to make 
 the hissing sound, but he never hears the 
 sound himself, although he could hear ordi- 
 nary low-toned conversation.” 
 
 Henry B. Payne, a Senator from Ohio in 
 the National Congress, was born in 1810, in 
 Hamilton, New York, of Connecticut stock ; 
 graduated at Hamilton college, and came to 
 the then village of Cleveland in 1833, and 
 soon entered upon the practice of the law. 
 In 1851 he was the first president of the 
 Cleveland and Columbus railroad, its incep- 
 tion and construction having been mainly 
 due to his efforts in conjunction with Alfred 
 Kelly and Richard Hilliard. He was early 
 interested in manufacturing enterprises, hav- 
 ing been at one time director and stockholder 
 in some eighteen different corporations. In 
 1851 he was the Democratic candidate for the 
 United States Senate in opposition to Benja- 
 min F. W ade, and defeated by only one ma- 
 jority. In the war period he made speeches 
 advocating enlistments. In 1874 he was 
 elected to Congress, and during the exciting 
 contest in the winter of 1876-77 over the 
 election of President, he was chairman of the 
 committee chosen by the House to unite with 
 one from the Senate in devising a method for 
 settling the difficulty, which resulted in the 
 celebrated Electoral Commission. In 1875 
 he was prominently mentioned as the prob- 
 able Democratic nominee for President. “As 
 a lawyer Mr. Payne is distinguished for fidel- 
 ity, thoroughness, and forensic ability ; and 
 as a man, for public spirit, coolness of tem- 
 per, suavity, and genial humor, combined 
 with firmness and strength of will. ’ ’ 
 
 JosEPfi Perkins was born in Warren, 
 Trumbull county, Ohio, July 5, 1819, and 
 died at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. , August 26, 
 
 1 885. He was a son of General Simon Per- 
 kins, one of the earliest and most active pio- 
 neers of Ohio, who was extensively engaged 
 in land transactions, and from whom he in- 
 herited a large estate. 
 
 At the age of twenty Joseph Perkins grad- 
 uated from Marietta College. He then re- 
 turned to Warren, and, after settling his 
 father’s estate, removed to Cleveland in 1852, 
 where the remainder of his life was spent. 
 
 He was largely interested in banking, and 
 as a business man showed great financial and 
 executive abilities. The “Historical and 
 Biographical Cyclopedia of Ohio,” from 
 which we extract this sketch, says of him : 
 
 “ His personal honesty was such that he won 
 the unquestioned trust of everyone with whom 
 he came in contact, and in the course of a 
 long life that covered many large transactions. 
 
 involved great sums of money, and touched 
 on many personal interests, no one ever sus- 
 ected him of a dishonest act or assigned to 
 im a base motive. His character shone 
 through all his deeds as the pure crystal.” 
 It is not as a business man that Mr. Perkins 
 is best known, but through his great philan- 
 thropy and boundless generosity, his active 
 interest and labor in public and private char- 
 ities, which were not confined within the 
 limits of his own city or State lines, but ex- 
 tended to many institutions in the South as 
 well as the North. 
 
 Mr. Perkins’ most prominent public work 
 was through his connection with the Ohio 
 Board of State Charities. It is but to repeat 
 the language of all cognizant with the facts 
 to say that his was the master-hand that 
 shaped the work of that Board from the be- 
 ginning. He was appointed by Governor 
 Cox, in 1867, on the formation of the Board, 
 and, by successive reappointments, continued 
 a member until his death. On the occasion 
 of the first meeting, he became impressed 
 with the deplorable condition of many of the 
 county jails. 
 
 He gave the matter not only time and 
 thought, but at his own expense travelled all 
 over the Eastern States, inspecting a large 
 number of penal and reformatory institutions, 
 and giving the matter a close and intelligent 
 study. He ‘was an investigator and a phi- 
 losopher as well, and, on seeing a defect, 
 could not only discover its cause, but work 
 intelligently toward a remedy. He modeled 
 a plan which was accepted by the Board and 
 made its own, and that has become known 
 and copied the country over as the “jail sys- 
 tem ” of the Board of State Charities of 
 Ohio. What he aimed to achieve was a 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 515 
 
 model jail, in which prisoners could be held 
 secure and not herded together. This much 
 accomplished, Mr. Perkins next turned his 
 attention to the infirmary system of the 
 State, and made visits to many places, and 
 learned much that showed the need of some 
 direct and practical reform. This he sug- 
 gested in a plan somewhat similar to the one 
 mentioned above, modified to the needs of 
 the class for which it was intended. 
 
 One thing Mr. Perkins learned in these 
 investigations, and that he strongly insisted 
 upon in all his official relations and personal 
 discussions with executive officials, and that 
 was that the less restraint placed upon the 
 insane and the more air and ouMoor work 
 iven them, the better for their physical 
 ealth and chances of recovery. His infirmary 
 plan has become a model for the country, and 
 the best buildings erected, anywhere have 
 been in accordance with its specifications. 
 Always a believer in the theory that crime or 
 want should be prevented where possible, he 
 was ever a strong and earnest friend to any 
 measure suggested in aid of the children. 
 His next step was the making of a plan for a 
 Children’s Home, to which he gave the 
 greatest care and attention, and which expert 
 testimony and practical experience have 
 united in showing to be as nearly perfect as 
 anything of the kind can be. 
 
 In all these labors, and in the many other 
 things he was enabled to do through his con- 
 nection with this Board, Mr. Perkins kept 
 himself in the background, and gave to the 
 Board and not himself the credit of his 
 thought and labor, while the expenses of his 
 various missions never became a charge upon 
 the State fund, but were met by him person- 
 ally. His official associates appreciated his 
 value to the causes they all held so dear, and 
 in a fitting memorial to his honor declared 
 that “Traces of his long arfd valuable ser- 
 vice are seen in the annual reports of the 
 Board ; and the plans and estimates for jails 
 and infirmaries therein published, and which 
 we regard as the best in the world, are mainly 
 his work, and were gotten up entirely at his 
 expense. ’ ’ 
 
 Another of Cleveland’s philanthropic char- 
 acters was Mrs. Bebecca Elliott Crom- 
 well Rouse, so well known for her self- 
 sacrificing devotion to the soldiers of the 
 North during the civil war. She was born 
 in Salem, Mass., October 30, 1799. Her 
 childhood was spent in affluence, her educa- 
 tion liberal, and her mind cultured by years 
 of travel in many lands. At the age of 
 eighteen she married Benjamin Rouse ; in 
 1825 removed to New York city, and five 
 years later, with her husband, left her Eastern 
 home to engage in missionary work on the 
 Western Reserve. 
 
 Mrs. Rouse is called “the mother of the 
 Baptist churches and founder of the W Oman’s 
 Christian work in Cleveland. ’ ’ She was the 
 organizing spirit and the president of the 
 Martha Washington Society of 1842, the 
 outgrowth of which was the Protestant Or- 
 phan Asylum, the oldest of the Protestant 
 
 benevolent institutions of Cleveland, of which 
 Mrs. Rouse was for years the managing 
 director. 
 
 Many there are “who shall rise up and 
 
 call her blessed.” Not a few of these are 
 the Ohio boys in blue, during the war of the 
 rebellion. They never will forget the con- 
 tinued self-sacrificing labor this great-hearted 
 woman gave for five years, when she was in- 
 strumental in collecting and distributing over 
 $2,000,000 worth of hospital supplies for the 
 allant sick and wounded lying in military 
 ospitals. The call to arms was sounded on 
 the 15th of April, 1861. Five days later 
 the^ “Soldiers’ Aid Society of Cleveland, 
 Ohio,” was formed, and it has the honor, 
 the great and lasting honor, of being the 
 first society of women that met and organ- 
 ized for the noble work of bearing a people’s 
 love to the people’s army. As president of 
 this famous society, Mrs. Rouse became 
 widely known and much beloved. Fragile 
 and delicate in person, it was astonishing the 
 amount of labor she performed. To her wise 
 administration of its affairs was largely due 
 the success of an enterprise which achieved 
 a national reputation. 
 
 Mrs. Rouse has recently passed away after 
 a life nobly spent in ameliorating human woe. 
 Self-sacrifice brought her peace and happi 
 ness, although the labor was great and the 
 body and mind oft weary. 
 
 John Brough, the last of the three “War 
 Governors of Ohio,” as he, Messrs. Tod, and 
 Dennison were termed from having been 
 State executives during the civil war, was 
 born in Marietta in 1811, and died in Cleve- 
 land in 1865, in the midst of labors, worn out 
 by his excessive application in the service of 
 his State and country. He was the son of an 
 Englishman who came over in 1806 with 
 Blennerhasset, and his mother was a Penn- 
 sylvania lady ; it was from her he inherited 
 his strong traits of character. He was bred 
 a printer, and to enjoy the benefit of a course 
 of study in Athens College entered a printing 
 
516 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 office in Athens. In 1831 he was editor and 
 proprietor of a Democratic paper at Marietta 
 —the Gazette \ in 1833, with his brother 
 Charles, he purchased and published the 
 Lancaster Eagle., which gained great influence 
 as a Democratic organ. In 1839 he was 
 elected State auditor. 
 
 “ He entered upon the duties of his office 
 at a time when the whole country still felt 
 the effects of the panic of 1837, and when the 
 State of Ohio was peculiarly burdened with 
 liabilities for which there appeared to be no 
 adequate relief Mr. Brough devoted him- 
 self to reconstructing the whole financial 
 system of Ohio, and retired from office, in 
 1846, with a high reputation as a public offi- 
 cer. In partnership with his brother Charles 
 he undertook the management of the Cincin- 
 nati Enquirer, which was soon one of the 
 most powerful Democratic journals in the 
 West.^ At the same time he opened a law 
 office in Cincinnati. Personally Mr. Brough 
 took an active part in politics, and became 
 the niost popular Democratic orator in the 
 State. He retired from active political life 
 in 1848, and in 1853 was elected president of 
 the Madison and Indianapolis railway, then 
 one of the great lines of the West. He re- 
 moved his residence to Cleveland, and, when 
 the civil war began, in 1861, he was urged to 
 become a candidate of the Republican Union 
 party for governor. This honor he declined, 
 although his position as a “ war-Democrat ’ ’ 
 was always distinctly understood. The can- 
 vass of 1863 was held under very different 
 conditions. The civil war was at its height, 
 a large proportion of the loyal voters were in 
 the army, and Southern sympathizers, led by 
 Clement L. Vallandigham, were openly defi- 
 ant. Vallandigham was arrested for disloyal 
 utterances, tried by court-martial, and ban- 
 ished from the United States. He was sent 
 within the Confederate lines, and subse- 
 quently received the regular Democratic nom- 
 ination for governor of Ohio. There was 
 apparently some danger that he would ac- 
 tually be elected by the ‘‘peace” faction of 
 the party. At this crisis Mr. Brough made 
 a speech at Marietta, declaring slavery de- 
 stroyed by the act of rebellion, and earnestly 
 appealing to all patriots, of whatever pre- 
 vious political affiliations, to unite against 
 the Southern rebels. He was immediately 
 put before the people by the Republican 
 Union party as a candidate for governor, and 
 the majority that elected him (101,099) was 
 the largest ever given for a governor in any 
 State up to that time. In the discharge of 
 his duties as chief magistrate he was labo- 
 rious, far-sighted, clear in his convictions of 
 duty, firm in their maintenance, and fearless 
 in their execution. He was distinctly the 
 “ War Governor of Ohio.” 
 
 Whitelaw Reid says of him: “Gov. 
 Brough was impetuous, strong-willed, indif- 
 ferent to personal considerations, often re- 
 gardless of men’s feelings, always disposed to 
 try them by a standard of integrity to which 
 the world is not accustomed. His adminis- 
 tration was constantly embroiled ; now with 
 
 the Sanitary Commission, then with the offi- 
 cers in the field, again with the surgeons. 
 But^ every struggle was begun and endued in 
 the interest of the private soldiers as against 
 the tyranny or neglect of their superiors ; in 
 the interest of subordinate officers as against 
 those who sought to keep them down ; in the 
 interest of the men who fought as against 
 those who shirked ; in the interest of the 
 maimed as against the sound ; in the interest 
 of their families as against all other expendi- 
 tures. Never was a knight of the old chivalry 
 more unselfishly loyal to the defence of the 
 defenceless. 
 
 Brough was a statesman. His views of 
 public policy were broad and catholic, and his 
 course was governed by what seemed to be 
 the best interests of the people, without re- 
 gard to party expediency or personal advance- 
 ment. He was honest and incorruptible, 
 rigidly just and plain, even to bluntness. He 
 had not a particle of dissimulation. People 
 thought him ill-natured, rude, and hard- 
 hearted. He was not ; he was simply a 
 plain, honest, straightforward man, devoted 
 to business. He had not the suaviter in 
 niodo. This was perhaps unfortunate for 
 himself, but the public interests suffered 
 nothing thereby. He was, moreover, a kind- 
 hearted man, easily affected by the sufferings 
 of others, and ready to relieve suffering when 
 he found the genuine article. He, perhaps, 
 mistrusted more than some men, but when he 
 was convinced he did not measure his gifts. 
 He was a good judge of .character. He 
 looked a man through and through at first 
 sight. Hence no one hated a rogue more 
 than he ; and, on the other hand, no one had 
 a warmer appreciation of a man of good 
 principles. He was a devoted friend. 
 
 ^ As a public speaker Brough had few supe- 
 riors. His style was clear, fluent, and logical, 
 while at times he was impassioned and elo- 
 quent. When the famous joint campaign 
 was being made between Corwin and Shannon 
 for governor the Democratic leaders found it 
 expedient to withdraw Shannon and substi- 
 tute Brough, in order that they might not 
 utterly fail in the canvass. Corwin and 
 Brough were warm friends, and none of 
 Brough’s partisans ever had a higher admira- 
 tion for his genius than had Corwin. 
 
 In 1832 Mr. Brough married Miss Achsah 
 P. Pruden, of Athens, Ohio. She died Sep- 
 tember 8, 1838, in the twenty -fifth year of 
 her age. In 1843 he married at Lewiston, 
 Pa., Miss Caroline A. Nelson, of Columbus, 
 Ohio, by whom he had two sons and two 
 daughters. Both of the sons have died. So 
 soon as Gov. Brough became aware of the 
 dangerous nature of his disease he made his 
 will, and talked freely to his wife, children, 
 and friends. He sought full preparation for 
 death. Though not a member of a church, 
 nor during the last ten years of his life an 
 active attendant at any place of worship, he 
 stated very calmly, yet with deep feeling, that 
 he was, and always had been, a firm believer 
 in the doctrines of Christianity ; that he had 
 full faith and hope in Jesus Christ, and 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY, 
 
 through him hoped for eternal life. He re- 
 marked that he had never been a demon- 
 strative man, but his faith had, nevertheless,' 
 been firmly and deeply grounded.” 
 
 John D. Rockefeller, president of the 
 Standard Oil Company, at Cleveland, Ohio, 
 was born, the son of a physician, July 8, 
 1839, in Central New York. In 1853 he re- 
 moved to Cleveland. In the spring of 1858 
 he formed a partnership with M. B. Clark in 
 the produce commission business, and the 
 firm having in 1862 become interested in the 
 refining of petroleum, Mr. Rockefeller’s en- 
 ergies became so interested that, in 1865, he 
 sold out his share in the commission business 
 and gave his entire attention to the refining 
 of petroleum. He established the firm of 
 Rockefeller & Andrews, and from this begin- 
 ning the Standard Oil Company was devel- 
 oped. This company was organized in 1870 
 with a capital of a million dollars. From the 
 “Biographical Cyclopaedia” of Ohio we 
 take the following account of the gigantic 
 interests controlled by this concern. 
 
 “ Large tracts of land were purchased and 
 fine warehouses erected for the storage of pe- 
 troleum ; a considerable number of iron cars 
 were procured, and the business of transport- 
 ing oil ^ entered upon ; interests were pur- 
 chased in oil pipes in the producing regions, 
 so that the company and its associates con- 
 trolled about 200 miles of oil pipes and 
 several hundred thousand barrels of oil tank- 
 age. Works were erected for the manu- 
 facture ^ of barrels, paints, and glue, and 
 everything used in the manufacture or ship- 
 naent of oil. The works had a capacity of 
 distilling 29,000 barrels of crude oil per day, 
 and from 3,500 to 4,000 men were employed 
 in the various departments. The cooperage 
 factory, the largest in the world, turned out 
 
 9.000 barrels a day, which consumed over 
 
 200.000 staves and headings, the product of 
 from fifteen to twenty acres of selected oak. 
 When it is remembered that it was formerly 
 the full labor of one man to manufacture 
 three or four barrels daily, the magnitude of 
 this accessory to the business can be realized. 
 Only about forty per cent, of the company’s 
 business was done in Cleveland, the remain- 
 der being widely diffused over the country, 
 stimulating industry and traffic wherever it 
 was established ; but, the business originat- 
 ing in Cleveland, the managers felt a pride in 
 Keeping a large proportion of it in that city. 
 
 with the exception, perhaps, of the com- 
 bined iron industries of the city, the oil refin- 
 ing interests, almost entirely owned by the 
 Standard Oil Company, made larger additions 
 to the wealth and growth of Cleveland than 
 did any other one branch of trade or manu- 
 facture. The greater part of Ihe product was 
 shipped to Europe, and the market for it was 
 found in all parts of that continent and the 
 British Islands ; in fact, all over the world. 
 Every part of the United States was supplied 
 from the main distilling point (Cleveland), 
 and the company virtually controlled the oil 
 market of this continent, and, in fact, of the 
 world. Besides the president, the principal 
 
 517 
 
 active members of the company were Wil- 
 liam Rockefeller, vice-president ; H. M. 
 Flagler, secretary ; Col. 0. H. Payne, treas- 
 urer, and S. Andrews, superintendent, who 
 had charge of the manufacturing. The suc- 
 cess of the company was largely due to the 
 energy, foresight, and unremitting labors of 
 its founder and president. ’ ’ 
 
 The great responsibilities and labor of such 
 immense enterprises as have engaged the at- 
 tention of Mr. Rockefeller have prevented 
 his taking a leading part in public life. He 
 has, however, always given freely to all patri- 
 otic, benevolent and religious purposes, and 
 many a worthy cause owes success to the 
 private and unostentatious aid from him. 
 The city of Cleveland owes much to him, not 
 alone from the indirect benefit derived from 
 the immense industries he controlled, but 
 also from improvements in real estate within 
 its limits. 
 
 He is a member of the Second Baptist 
 church, with which he has been connected 
 for about twenty years — two years as a 
 scholar, twelve or thirteen years as a teacher, 
 and the remainder as superintendent of its 
 Sabbath and Mission schools — and he has 
 made liberal donations to its fund, as he did 
 also to the Baptist college at Granville. 
 
 He is essentially a man of progress, and 
 the rare success which has attended him 
 through life is attributable to his enterpris- 
 ing, ambitious spirit, the confidence his integ- 
 rity and ability inspired in others, a power 
 of concentrating his mind and energies in a 
 special, well-chosen channel, and a systematic, 
 judiciously economical method of engineering 
 and managing great projects. Foremost 
 among those who gave him timely assistance 
 and aid in his early stru^les he ever cherished 
 the memory of T. P. Ilandy, Esq. , who has 
 ever been a great power, a promoter of what- 
 ever appertained to the moral and material 
 interests of the city. In 1864 Mr. Rocke- 
 feller married Miss Laura C. Spelman, of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Amasa Stone was born in Charlton, Mas- 
 sachusetts, April 27, 1818, and died in Cleve- 
 land, May 11,1883. He was a man of re- 
 markable activity of body and mind ; we look 
 over the record of his life with a sense of as- 
 tonishment that one man could have directed 
 and completed so many large enterprises. 
 
 His youth was spent in assisting his father 
 on the New England farm, and in gaining 
 his education at intervals between the farm- 
 work. At the age of seventeen he left the 
 farm and with an elder brother was engaged 
 in the trade of building at Worcester. In 
 1839 he was associated with his brother-in- 
 law, Mr. Howe, inventor of the famous 
 “Howe Truss Bridge,” and a year or two 
 later he and Mr. Azariah Boody purchased 
 Mr. Howe’s patent for the New England 
 States and formed a company for their con- 
 struction. He made important improvements 
 in the Howe bridge, and while yet a young 
 man became one of the most eminent con- 
 structors of railroads and railroad bridges in 
 New England. 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY, 
 
 5i« 
 
 In 1845 lie assumed the duties of superin- 
 tendent of the New Haven, Hartford & 
 Springfield railroad, but shortly resigned to 
 devote his entire time to bridge and railroad 
 construction. 
 
 One of his enterprises, which at that day 
 was considered a marvel of dispatch, was the 
 reconstruction in forty days of a bridge on 
 the New Haven, Hartford & Springfield road 
 over the Connecticut river at Enfield Falls, 
 which had been carried away by a storm. 
 
 Shortly after this Mr. Stone dissolved the 
 partnership with Mr. Boody^ and formed 
 another with Mr. D. L. Harris for Massa- 
 chusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and 
 still another with Mr. Stillman Witt and Mr. 
 Frederick Harbach for the construction of the 
 Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati road, from 
 Cleveland to Columbus. The enterprise was 
 carried through so satisfactorily to the owners 
 of the road, that on its completion Mr. Stone 
 was offered and accepted the superintendency 
 and in 1850 made his home at Cleveland. 
 
 Immediately thereafter he engaged in the 
 construction of a railroad from Cleveland to 
 Erie, which was successfully accomplished, 
 and he was also offered the superintendence 
 of this road, being for some years superin- 
 tendent of both roads, as well as a director in 
 the companies which owned them. 
 
 From a sketch in the “Magazine of Western 
 History ” we quote the following : “He was 
 for a long time president of the Cleveland, 
 Painesville & Ashtabula railroad, and in 
 1858, in company with his partner and life- 
 long friend, Stillman Wi^i contracted to 
 build the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad, of 
 which he became and remained for many 
 years a ' prominent director. He was also a 
 director of the Jamestown & Franklin and of 
 the Tuscarawas Valley, now the Cleveland, 
 Lorain & Wheeling railroad and of several 
 others. 
 
 He was not only one of the most succets- 
 ful railway contractors and administrators 
 in the United States, but there was not a 
 single department of financial or industrial 
 enterprise in which he did not seem to bear 
 a conspicuous and useful part. He was one 
 of the leading bankers of the State of Ohio — 
 a director in the Merchants’ Bank, the Bank 
 of Commerce, the Second National Bank, the 
 Commercial National Bank and the Cleve- 
 land Banking Company, all of the city of 
 Cleveland. He was the president of the 
 Toledo branch of the State Bank of Ohio, 
 and president of the Mercer Iron and Coal 
 Company. He also gave financial aid and 
 wise and sagacious counsel to many manu- 
 fiicturing enterprises. He constructed iron 
 mills, woollen mills, car works and other man- 
 ufacturing establishments. He designed and 
 built the Union Passenger Depot at Cleve- 
 land. He was, we believe, the first man to 
 design and build pivot bridges of long span, 
 and he was constantly introducing important 
 improvements in the construction of railway 
 cars, locomotives, and all the appliances of 
 the ^reat transportation system of the country. 
 During the war for the Union Mr. Stune wajs 
 
 an ardent and active supporter of the admin- 
 istration of Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a 
 trusted friend and counsellor. The President 
 frequently sent for him to come to Washing- 
 ton to advise him in the most important prob- 
 lems of supply and transportation of the 
 army. ^ He tendered him an appointment as 
 brigadier-general, for the purpose of superin- 
 tending the construction of a military railway 
 from Kentucky to Knoxville, Tennessee, a 
 project which was, op Mr. Stone’s 
 advice, afterwards relinquished by the gov- 
 ernment. . . 
 
 Soon after the war closed he met with a 
 great misfortune in the death of his only son, 
 Adelbert Barnes Stone, who was drowned 
 while bathing in the Connecticut river, being 
 at the time a student in Yale college. . . 
 
 In 1873, at the earnest solicitation of Com- 
 modore Vanderbilt and other large stock- 
 holders of the Lake Shore road, he assumed 
 charge of that road as managing director, but 
 two years afterwards resigned it, and from 
 that time onward steadily declined any posi- 
 tion involving great labor or responsibility. 
 He had for many years been planning in his 
 mind a series of important benefactions to the 
 city of Cleveland, and he now devoted his 
 leisure to carrying them successively into 
 effect. He first built and endowed the Home 
 for Aged Women on Kennard street, a beau- 
 tiful and estimable charity, by means of which 
 ladies stricken in years and misfortune find a 
 peaceful refuge for their age. His next work 
 was the construction and presentation to the 
 Children’s Aid Society of the commodious 
 stone edifice^ on Detroit street, as a place of 
 shelter and instruction for destitute children 
 gathered up by that admirable institution 
 from the streets and saved from lives of vice 
 and ignorance to be placed in respectable 
 Christian homes. When this work was com- 
 pleted he made ready in his mind for the 
 greatest and most important of his benefac- 
 tions. On condition that the Western Re- 
 serve college at Hudson should remove to 
 Cleveland and assume in its classical depart- 
 ment the name of his lost and lamented son, 
 he endowed it with the munificent sum of 
 half a million dollars, which at his desire 
 after his death was increased by his family to 
 the amount of six hundred thousand dollars. 
 In each of these cases he gave not merely his 
 money, but his constant lanor and supervision 
 in all the details of construction and adminis- 
 tration. He gave of himself as liberally as 
 of his means. . . 
 
 He had a mind remarkable for its grasp 
 both of great and minute matters. In discuss- 
 ing the construction of a railroad he could 
 compute, without putting pencil to paper, the 
 probable expenses of engineering ana equip- 
 ment, amounting to millions ; and he was 
 equally ready in the smallest thincrs. . . 
 
 He remained to the end of his Ha^^s one of 
 the simplest and most unassuming of men. 
 This does not mean that there was anything 
 of diffidence or distrust in his nature ; on the 
 contrary, he was perfectly aware of his own 
 powers and confident in the exercise of them. 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 519 
 
 But he never lost the inherent American 
 democracy of his character ; the puddler from 
 the rolling mill, the brakeman ot the railroad 
 was always as sure of a courteous and consid- 
 erate hearing from him as a senator or a mil- 
 lionaire. There was no man in the country 
 great enough to daunt him, and none so sim- 
 ple as to receive from him the treatment of 
 an inferior. He was a man extraordinarily 
 clean in heart, in hand and in lips. ’ ’ 
 
 Jephtha H. Wade was born in Seneca 
 county, N. Y., August 11, 1811, the son of a 
 surveyor and civil engineer. He early gave 
 evidence of great mechanical and inventive 
 ability, combined with great executive ca- 
 pacity. Before arriving at the age of twenty- 
 one he was the owner of a large sash and 
 blind factory. He studied portrait-painting 
 under Randall Palmer, a celebrated artist, 
 and achieved considerable reputation as an 
 artist, and when about thirty years of age 
 became interested in the discovery of Ha- 
 uerre. Being then located at Adrian, Mich. , 
 e procured a camera and took the first da- 
 guerreotype ever made west of New York ; 
 but about this time the invention of tele- 
 graphy attracted his attention, and he opened 
 and equipped the Jackson ofiice, along the 
 Michigan Central line, the first road built 
 west of Buffalo. 
 
 Later he entered into the construction of 
 telegraph lines in Ohio and other Western 
 States, which were known as Wade’s lines. 
 He made many important telegraphic inven- 
 tions and improvements, among which was 
 Wade's insulator. He was also the first to 
 enclose a sub-marine cable in iron armor, on 
 a line across the Mississippi river at St. Louis. 
 This was a very important invention, as, 
 through it, the crossing of oceans and large 
 bodies of water was made practicable. 
 
 The numerous rival telegraph companies 
 which had sprung up in the West were en- 
 gaged in a ruinous competition when a con- 
 solidation was effected under the name of the 
 Western Union Telegraph Company, with Mr. 
 Wade as general manager. 
 
 Largely through Mr. Wade’s efforts the 
 construction of a trans-continental line was 
 commenced under his superintendence in the 
 spring of 1861, and through his efficient 
 management, in October of the same year 
 communication opened. ^ In California he 
 consolidated the competing lines and was 
 made the first president of the Pacific Tel- 
 egraph Company, which was in turn consol- 
 idated with the Western Union Company and 
 Mr. Wade made president of the entire con- 
 solidation, a position which he filled until 
 1867, when he retired from active business 
 life on account of ill health. His retirement, 
 however, did not preclude his engaging in an 
 aidvisory capacity in many large enterprises. 
 He is a leading director in several factories, 
 banka, railroads and other institutions. ^ 
 
 His great interest and enterprise in the 
 development of the city of Cleveland has 
 resulted in great benefit to that city, he hav- 
 ing opened and improved many streets and 
 Iodides and originated the Lake View Cem- 
 
 etery association, with its more than 300 
 acres of tastefully arranged grounds. At 
 great expense he beautified an extensive tract 
 of land adjoining Euclid avenue, known as 
 Wade Park, and opened it to tihe enjoyment 
 of the public. He also built for the Cleve- 
 land Protestant Children’s Home a fine large 
 fire-proof building, with accommodations for 
 from 100 to 150 children. 
 
 Mr. Wade’s life has been one of great 
 benefit and usefulness to his fellow-men, not 
 only in his private and public charities, but 
 in opening up new avenues of industry, thus 
 contributing to the wealth and comfort of the 
 community at large. 
 
 Colonel Charles Whittlesey was born 
 in Southington, Conn., October 4, 1808. 
 His father, Asaph Whittlesey, wife and two 
 children, started in the spring of 1813 for 
 Tallmadge, Portage county. The wilder- 
 ness was full of perils from savage men 
 and beasts and the journey a long and hard 
 one, with many incidents cf trial, so that 
 their destination was not reached until July. 
 His father having settled at Tallmadge, 
 Charles spent his summers in work on the 
 farm and winters at school. Tallmadge was 
 settled by a colony of New England Congre- 
 gationalists, and the religious austerity and 
 strict morality of the inhabitants had much 
 influence upon the mind of Charles, who had 
 inherited from his father a vigorous mind 
 and great energy and from his mother stu- 
 dious habits and literary tastes. Reared 
 midst the severe surroundings of the early 
 pioneer days, he learned to realize at an 
 early age the earnestness of life and the vast 
 possibilities of this new country. He saw 
 Ohio develop from a wilderness to a wonder- 
 fully productive and intelligent common- 
 wealth of more than 3,000,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In 1827 he entered West Point, graduating 
 therefrom in 1831, when he became brevet 
 second-lieutenant in the Sixth United States 
 Infantry. 
 
 Later he exchanged with a brother officer 
 into the Fifth United States Infantry, with 
 headquarters at Mackinaw, and started in 
 November on a vessel through the lakes, 
 reaching his post after a voyage of much 
 hardship and suffering from the severity of 
 the weather. Here he was assigned to the 
 company of Capt. Martin Scott, the famous 
 shot and hunter. 
 
 At the close of the Black Hawk war 
 Lieut. Whittlesey resigned from the army 
 and opened a law office in Cleveland, and in 
 connection with his law practice was occupied 
 as part owner and co-editor of the Whig^ and 
 Herald until 1837, when he was appointed 
 assistant geologist of the Ohio Survey. This 
 was disbanded in 1839 through lack of appro- 
 priations to carry on the work, but not before 
 great and permanent good had been done in 
 disclosing the mineral wealth of the State, 
 thus laying the foundation for immense man- 
 ufacturing industries. 
 
 During this survey Col. Whittlesey had 
 become much interested in the geology and 
 ancient earthworks of the State, and after 
 
520 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 its disbandment induced Mr. Joseph Sullivant, 
 a wealthy gentleman of Columbus, much in- 
 terested in p’chgeology, to furnish means for 
 continuing investigation into the works of the 
 Mound Builders, with a view to a joint pub- 
 lication . 
 
 During the years 1839 and 1840, under 
 this arrangement, he examined nearly all the 
 remaining earthworks then discovered, but 
 nothing was done toward publication of the 
 results until some years later, when much of 
 the material gathered was used in the publi- 
 * cation by the Smithsonian Institute of the 
 great work of Squier & Davis. The first 
 volume of that work says ; 
 
 “Among the most zealous investigators in 
 the field of American antiquarian research is 
 Charles Whittlesey, *Esq. , of Cleveland, for- 
 merly topographical engineer of Ohio. His 
 surveys and observations, carried on for many 
 years and over a wide field, have been both 
 numerous and accurate, and are among the 
 most valuable in all respects of any hitherto 
 made. Although Mr. Whittlesey, in con- 
 junction with Joseph Sullivant, Esq., of 
 Columbus, originally contemplated a joint 
 work in which the results of his investiga- 
 tions should be embodied, he has neverthe- 
 less, with a liberality which will be not less 
 appreciated by the public than by the authors, 
 contributed to this memoir about twenty 
 plans of ancient works which, with the 
 accompanying explanations and general ob- 
 servations, will be found embodied in the 
 following pages. 
 
 It is to be hoped the public may be put in 
 possession of the entire results of Mr. Whit- 
 tlesey’ s labor, which could not fail of adding 
 greatly to our stock of knowledge on this in- 
 teresting subject.” 
 
 Among other discoveries of Mr. Whittle- 
 sey in connection with the ancient earth- 
 works of Ohio was that the Mound Builders 
 were two diflPerent races of people, the “long- 
 headed and short-headed,” so called from th^e 
 shape of their skulls. 
 
 In 1844 Mr. Whittlesey made an agricul- 
 tural survey of Hamilton county. That year 
 a great excitement was created by the explo- 
 rations and reports of Dr. Houghton in the 
 copper mines of Michigan. Companies were 
 organized for their development and from 
 Point Keweenaw to the Montreal river the 
 forests swarmed with adventurers as eager 
 and hopeful as those of California in 1848. 
 Iron ore was beneath their notice. 
 
 - A company was organized in Detroit in 
 1845 and Mr. Whittlesey appointed geol- 
 ogist. In August they launched their boat 
 and pulled away for Copper harbor, and 
 thence to the region between Portage lake 
 and the Ontonagon river, where the Algon- 
 quin and Douglass Houghton mines were 
 opened. The party narrowly escaped drown- 
 ing the night they landed. 
 
 Col. Whittlesey has given an interesting 
 account of their adventures in an article en- 
 titled “ Two Months in the Copper Regions,” 
 published in the National Magazine of New 
 York city. 
 
 In 1847 he was employed by the United 
 States government to make a geological sur- 
 vey of the land about Lake Superior and the 
 Upper Mississippi river. His survey was of 
 very great value and gave proofs of great 
 scientific ability and judgment. He was 
 afterwards engaged by the State of Wiscon- 
 sin to make a survey of that State, which 
 work was uncompleted when the war of the 
 rebellion broke out. 
 
 Upon his return to Cleveland, Col. Whit- 
 tlesey became identified with a local military 
 organization which was tendered to Gen. 
 Scott early in the year 1861. On April 17, 
 1861, he became assistant quartermaster gen- 
 eral upon the Governor’s staff, and he was 
 immediately sent to the field in Western Vir- 
 ginia, where he served during the three 
 months’ term as State military engineer with 
 the Ohio troops. He re-entered the three 
 years’ service as colonel of the Twentieth regi- 
 ment Ohio volunteers. He was detailed as 
 chief engineer of the department of Ohio, 
 and at the battle of Shiloh on the second day 
 of the fight was placed in the command of 
 the third brigade of Gen. Wallace’s division, 
 and was specially commended for bravery. 
 Soon after this engagement he resigned from 
 the army. Gen. Grant endorsed his applica- 
 tion : “We cannot afford to lose so good an 
 officer.’’ The following letter written soon 
 after his decease shows in what estimation he 
 was held by his army associates. 
 
 “Cincinnati, 0., Nov. 10, 1886. 
 
 “Dear Mrs. Whittlesey: Your noble 
 husband has got release from the pains and 
 ills that made life a burden. His active life 
 was a lesson to us how to live. His latter 
 years showed us how to ^ endure. To all of 
 us in the Twentieth regiment he seemed a 
 father. I do not know any other colonel that 
 was so revered by his regiment. Since the 
 war he has constantly surprised me with his 
 incessant literary and scientific activity. Al- 
 ways his character was an example and an 
 incitement. 
 
 ‘ ‘ V ery truly yours, 
 
 “M. F. Force.” 
 
 After retiring from the army Col. Whittle 
 sey again turned his attention to explorations 
 in the Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi 
 river basins, and “ new additions to the min- 
 eral wealth of the country were the result of 
 his surveys and researches.” 
 
 In 1867 Col. Whittlesey organized the 
 Western Reserve Historical Society, and was 
 its president until his death, which occurred 
 in 1866. The latter years of Col. Whittle- 
 sey’s life were full of ceaseless activity and 
 research in scientific and historical fields. His 
 published literary works were very numerous, 
 commencing in 1833 and ending with his 
 death ; they number one hundred and ninety- 
 one books and pamphlets. 
 
 “ His contributions to literature,” said the 
 New York Herald, “have attracted wide 
 attention among the scientific men of Europe 
 and America ! and adds, “he was larg^^ 
 
The Old Whittlesey Homestead, Euclid Avenue. 
 
□HID'S THREE WRR EDVERNDRS. 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 523 
 
 rnstnimental in discovering and causing the 
 development of the ^reat iron and copper re- 
 gions of Lake Superior.” 
 
 Judge Baldwin, from whose sketch of Col. 
 Whittlesey in the “Magazine of Western 
 History ” we take mcst of the facts given in 
 this sketch, says : 
 
 “As an American archaeologist Col. Whit- 
 tlesey was very learned and thorough. He 
 had in Ohio the advantage of surveying its 
 wonderful works at an early date. He had, 
 too, that cool poise and self-possession that 
 prevented his enthusiasm from coloring his 
 judgment. He completely avoided errors 
 into which a large share of archaeologists fall. 
 The scanty information as to the past and its 
 romantic interest lead to easy but dangerous 
 theories, and even suffers the practice of many 
 impositions. He was of late years of great 
 service in exposing frauds, and thereby helped 
 the science to a healthy tone. It may be well 
 enough to say that in one of his tracts he ex- 
 posed, on what was apparently the best evi- 
 dence, the supposed falsity of the Cincinnati 
 tablet, so called. Its authenticity was de- 
 fended by Mr. Robert Clarke, of Cincinnati, 
 successfully and convincingly to Col. Whittle- 
 sey himself. I was with the colonel when he 
 first heard of the successful defence, and with 
 a mutual friend who thought he might be 
 chagrined, but he was so much more inter- 
 ested in the truth for its own sake than in 
 his relations to it that he appeared much 
 pleased with the result. 
 
 “ He impressed his associates as being full 
 of learning, not from books but nevertheless 
 of all around — the roads, the fields, the sky, 
 men, aninaals or plants. Charming it was to 
 be with him in excursions ; that was really 
 life and elevated the mind and heart.” 
 
 He was a profoundly religious man, never 
 ostentatiously so, but to him religion and 
 science were twin and inseparable compan- 
 ions. They were in his life and thought, 
 and he wished to and did live to express in 
 print his sense that the God of science was 
 the God of religion, and that the “Maker 
 had not lost power over the thing made.” 
 
 Some literary characters of national re- 
 putation have been identified with Cleve- 
 land. Early among American humorists was 
 CARLES F. Browne, “Artemus Ward.” 
 His wit first scintillated here and later came 
 in to brighten some of the dark days of 
 Abraham Lincoln ; and J OHN Hay has his 
 home here, the author of “Castilian Days” 
 and “Little Breeches,” and whose writings 
 upon Mr. Lincoln are of such prime value as 
 to give him an enduring reputation. The 
 city was the girlhood and early womanhood 
 home of Constance Fennimore Woolson, 
 who wrote “East Angels” and “Anne,” 
 and likewise is the birth-place and early home 
 of another female writer of children’s books 
 and pleasing verses, Sarah Woolsey, under 
 the pen-name of Susan Coolidge ; and then 
 a third, Mrs. Sarah Knowles Bolton, who 
 although not Ohio-born is Ohio-living. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 When I first knew Cleveland, aow about 
 half a century ago, it was a small place with 
 only a few thousand people. Even^ then it 
 had a distinction of being an attractive spot 
 from the beauty of its situation and adorn- 
 ments of trees and shrubbery and was called 
 “ the Forest City.” The people of the town 
 largely lived in small houses, but many of 
 these were pretty, simple cottages, showing 
 refinement from their social porcmes and sur- 
 roundings of flowers and shrubbery. 
 
 The city had a grand start from the charac- 
 ter of its human stock. Indeed, I think the 
 historian Bancroft somewhere has said, speak- 
 ing of the entire Western Reserve, that the 
 average grade of intelligence in its popula- 
 tion exceeded that of any other equal era of 
 people on the globe. 
 
 Euclid avenue, too, was acquiring a repu- 
 tation for beauty. One residence upon it, 
 that of Judge Thomas H. Kelly, Gen. Har- 
 rison said was the handsomest in Ohio. It 
 is yet a fine home-like domicile, but cannot 
 compare with the palatial mansions now 
 there. 
 
 But magnificent as these are, there is 
 standing to-day upon this avenue one little 
 cottage that, to my eye, is more attractive 
 than them all, and because it had long been 
 the home of the late Charles Whittlesey, the 
 most learned of Ohio’s historians ; the most 
 original, philosophic and varied in his inves- 
 tigations, alike in the realms of science and 
 of events. 
 
 The Whittlesey home-place is about three 
 miles from the centre, a white cottage, stand- 
 ing a few rods back from the avenue, par- 
 tially hid by evergreens. As I approached it 
 on this tour to make a call upon my old 
 friend, whom I had not seen in many years, 
 I was surprised at the discovery at the path- 
 side of what seemed to me an original sort 
 of door-plate. It was a small white boul- 
 der, dotted with red spots-jasper. The front 
 side was polished, and on it was carved 
 CHARLES WHITTLESEY. It WaS a block of 
 breccia, conglomerated quartz and jasper, 
 the natural home of which was the north 
 shore of Lake Superior. Only four such 
 have been found in Ohio, brought here in the 
 ice age, though common in Michigan. This 
 identical block was procured by Mr. Whittle- 
 sey and shipped from the north shore of 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 My visit was on a bright summer after- 
 noon. I found “the Colonel,” as everybody 
 called him, not in his cottage, but in his 
 garden, and the way I went thither was in- 
 teresting — in at the front door and then out 
 at the back door, through the little low 
 rooms, filled with the books and utilities of 
 the old student and scientist, life-long loves 
 and companions, silent teachers of God, man 
 and the universe. 
 
 In the garden, in the rear of a little old 
 brown barn, old soldier-like, I found him, 
 with his tent spread and in solitude. He 
 was seated on a camji-stool at the tent door, 
 the sun pouring full in his face, the afternoor 
 
524 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 sun of July 3, 1886. As I approached he 
 did not at first hear my footsteps; he was 
 gazing into vacancy, his mind evidently far 
 away amid scenes of a long, eventful life ; 
 at times, perhaps, on the far-away wilder- 
 ness with savages, away back in the forties, 
 surveying in the wintry snows of the Lake 
 Superior country, or on the battle-field of 
 Shiloh, or, perhaps, to his still earlier ex- 
 periences when a boy, when this century was 
 young, he was beginning life in a cabin 
 among the struggling pioneers of Portage 
 county. 
 
 Yes, gazing into vacancy from the tent 
 door, a rather small, aged man, a blonde, 
 and bald and evidently an invalid. He wore 
 a dressing-gown, and, as I later saw, when he 
 moved it was slowly, painfully, in bent atti- 
 tude and leaning on a cane. 
 
 Around him strewed on the boarded tent 
 were a few books, a map or two and relics of 
 by-gone days ; the old military suit he wore 
 in the Black Hawk war in 1832, when he 
 was one of Uncle Sam’s lieutenants of in- 
 fantry, a stiff, black hat, bell-crowned, with 
 a receptacle for a pompon, ancient sword 
 with curving blade, an old-fashioned military 
 coat with rear appendage of hanging flaps. 
 He had saved it so long (for fifty-four years) 
 that I fancied the moths must have owed 
 him a grudge. 
 
 The Colonel had heard I was coming and 
 sent word he wanted to see me. I got an 
 honest greeting. There was no gush about 
 him. He was one of the most plain, simple 
 of men, a terse talker, giving out nuggets of 
 facts— so terse that if perchance a listener 
 let his mind go a wool gathering for a second 
 and lost two or three words he would be clear 
 broken up. 
 
 He told me that was the fourth summer in 
 which he had passed several hours daily in 
 his tent. This was to take sun baths, from 
 which he thought then for the first time he 
 was experiencing a decided benefit. Asking 
 what was his special ailment he replied : “I 
 have five chronic complaints, and all in full 
 blast.” When asked why soldiers did not 
 take cold in tents he answered : ‘ ‘ Because 
 the temperature is always even. Indoors we 
 cannot avoid uneven temperatures and in 
 changing from tent life to house life one is apt 
 to take cold. ’ ’ 
 
 No intelligent man could long listen to Mr. 
 Whittlesey without feeling his intellect stimu- 
 lated, and valuable facts were being poured 
 in for storage. His conversation, too, was 
 enlivened by little flashes of grim humor, 
 which he gave forth apparently unconscious, 
 with a fixed, sedate expression. And if you 
 then smiled he gave no answering smile, and 
 you would-be apt to think you had not heard 
 him aright. 
 
 The learned man had helped me on my 
 first edition ; had contributed an article on the 
 geology of the State. The science was then 
 new and the article is now obsolete. He 
 wanted to help me on this edition, and wrote 
 foi it “The Pioneer Engineers of Ohio.” 
 
 There is another article also in this book 
 
 by him, “Sources of Ohio’s Strength,” but 
 of the great characters therein portrayed no 
 one had greater breadth of knowledge, not 
 one so varied knowledge, not one a finer in- 
 tellect, not one was more worthy of the re- 
 spect and veneration of the people of the 
 commonwealth than Charles Whittlesey. 
 And it is a singular gratification to me that 
 he of all others of the many who contributed 
 papers to my first edition should have contrib- 
 uted to this edition. And he was the only one 
 of them all who was living and could do so. 
 
 After this and another interview I saw him 
 no more. His work was finished. He 
 passed away in the autumn, and the white 
 boulder with blushing spots that adorned the 
 front yard of the cottage is also gone and 
 now rests over his burial spot in peaceful 
 Woodlawn. With a sense of profound grati- 
 tude I pen this tribute not only to one of 
 Ohio’s great men, but to one of the nation’s 
 great men. 
 
 Much gratification was derived this time 
 in Cleveland by a call upon Mr. John A. 
 Foote, an old lawyer, an octogenarian, of 
 whom I had all my life heard but never met 
 until now. He was a brother of Admiral 
 Foote and son of that (Governor Foote of Con- 
 necticut who, when in the United States 
 Senate, introduced a resolution, historically 
 known as “Foote’s resolution,” which led to 
 the famous debate between Daniel Webster 
 and Mr. Hayne, of South Carolina. 
 
 Mr. Foote first came here from Cheshire, 
 Connecticut, in the summer of 1833, and was 
 for years a member of the eminent law firm 
 of Andrews, Foote & Hoyt. He was born in 
 1803 on the site of the Tontine Hotel in New 
 Haven, Connecticut,^ but his home at the 
 time of leaving was in Cheshire. The town 
 was overwhelmingly Democratic, and he was 
 a Whig, but as the State Legislature was in 
 session but for a few weeks his townsmen ir- 
 respective of politics, “in town meeting duly 
 assembled,” gave him and a Mr. Edward A. 
 Cornwall, prior to their departure for the dis- 
 tant wilds of Ohio, as a parting compliment, 
 the privilege of representing them in that 
 body. So they went down to Hartford and 
 passed a few weeks pleasantly among the 
 ^‘Shad Eaters,” as, in the humorous 
 parlance of the time, the members were 
 called, from the fact that they met in May, 
 the season of shad-catching in the Connect- 
 icut. 
 
 The year 1883 came around when Foote 
 and Cornwall, after a lapse thus of fifty 
 years, in company visited the Legislature of 
 Connecticut at Hartford and were received 
 with great eclat. The House passed some 
 complimentary resolutions, signed by the 
 speaker and clerk, expressive of their high 
 gratification. These Mr. Foote with com- 
 mendable pride pointed out to me framed on 
 his parlor wall, and we copied the last : 
 
 “ That we congratulate them on their be- 
 ing able to round out a half century of lives 
 alike honorable to themselves and useful to 
 their fellow-citizens with this pleasing inci- 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 525 
 
 dent which we believe to be without a parallel 
 in the history of American legislative bodies. 
 
 “Chas. H. Pine, Speaker. 
 
 “Donald S. Perkins, Clerk. 
 
 “ Passed February 22, 1883, Washington’s 
 birthday. ’ ’ 
 
 Mr. Foote told me that what struck him as 
 the most notable thing on his arrival in 
 Cleveland in the summer of 1833 was the 
 caving in of the lake shore by the encroach- 
 ments of the waves upon the sands of the 
 bank. Whole acres disappeared in a single 
 
 season, so that in time the town site seemed 
 doomed to disappear. They had continually 
 to move buildings away from the remorseless 
 waters. 
 
 Mr. Charles Whittlesey then devised the 
 plan of driving piles along the lake shore, 
 and it was a perfect success. 
 
 Mr. Foote is a neighbor of the highly es- 
 teemed and widely known Harvey Bice, 
 whom I found also a fine specimen of happy 
 old age. He was then eighty-six years old, 
 tall, erect, his powers well preserved and able 
 to read and write without glasses. 
 
 Berea is on the C. C. C. & I. and L. S. & M. S. K. R., 12 miles southwest of 
 Cleveland. It is the seat of Baldwin University and the German Wallace Col- 
 lege. Natural gas is used to some extent. Newspapers : Advertiser, Republican, 
 E. D. Peebles, editor •and manager ; Grit, S. S. Brown, publisher. Churches : 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Congregational, 1 Episcopal and 2 Catholic. Bank of 
 Berea, Thos. Churchward, president, A. H. Pomeroy, cashier. 
 
 Industries . — The Berea stone quarries are renowned throughout the whole 
 (30untry for superior quality and inexhaustible supply. Population in 1880, 
 1,682. School census in 1886, 558 ; J. W. Bowles, superintendent. 
 
 At an early day there was in the village a peculiar industry to be established in 
 what was then almost in the woods ; this was the globe factory of Josiah Hol- 
 brook for the manufacture of globes and various kinds of school apparatus. • At 
 one time he employed about a dozen men and did a large business. The factory 
 remained until about 1852. 
 
 Berea, as has been mentioned, has long been famous for its manufacture of 
 grindstones, and many before the invention of the Baldwin blower died of 
 what was called grindstone consumption,’’ their lungs being found after death to 
 be filled with the fine, flour-like dust with which the air was impregnated. The 
 disease is now unknown. We visited the spot at that period and watched the 
 interesting process of turning out grindstones. In conversation with one of the 
 workmen he complained to us with a sigh, as though it was hard work to breathe, 
 of the continuous oppressive feeling he had at his chest from the fine powder 
 which was steadily accumulating and filling up his lungs, and there was no 
 remedy. It was a horrible necessity, working for bread while every hour of in- 
 dustry was but the taking in of more dust for a suffocating death. 
 
 The following article upon the Berea Sandstone industry has been contributed 
 for these pages by Mr. E. D. Peebles, editor at Berea. 
 
 Berea Sandstone, the economic value of 
 which is now well known all over the country, 
 lies in a stratum about sixty feet in thickness, 
 under the drift clay and shales that are found 
 everywhere in Northern Ohio. The stone 
 has no surface exposure, excepting where 
 cut through by water courses. In color it is 
 a grayish white, free from pebbles and bedded 
 in layers varying in thickness from six inches 
 to ten feet. These layers usually have a 
 good bed-seam, so that they can be quarried 
 separately and with regard to the use for 
 which they are especially adapted. The 
 best sheets are reserved for grindstones, 
 which require a smooth, even texture, neither 
 too soft or too hard, free from cracks, flaws 
 or hard spots and must split well ; other 
 grades are used for building purposes, flag- 
 ging, etc. The Berea rock is especially fine 
 
 for grindstones, while its beauty and dura- 
 bility for architectural purposes is unsur- 
 passed. 
 
 This rock has been worked for more than 
 forty years. The early pioneers were not 
 slow to discover that a grindstone worked 
 out of Berea stone was an indispensable 
 article to every well-regulated farm, house- 
 hold or workshop. 
 
 The demand for it became so urgent that 
 John Baldwin, foreseeing its value as an 
 article of commercial industry, devoted his 
 energies to its development. 
 
 Mr. Baldwin came from Connecticut, and 
 was in every way suited for the grand work 
 of a pioneer. He was possessed of keen 
 sagacity, downright honesty, strict economy 
 coupled with a generosity that at times was 
 almost a fault, indomitable perseverance 
 
526 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 that knew no defeat, and a Christianity whose 
 mantle was charity. He was the founder 
 of Baldwin University, located at Berea. 
 
 When Baldwin first gave his attention to 
 Berea stone grindstones were cut out by hand. 
 
 but he conceived the idea of turning them. 
 Having no shaft or mandle suitable for such 
 work, he made a model of basswood, and 
 one moonlight night placed it on his shoulder 
 and walked to Cleveland (distant fourteen 
 
 View at the Quarries, Berea. 
 
 miles) to have one made, and with but slight 
 improvement this model is in use at the 
 present time. 
 
 In former times much of the rock was 
 wasted in quarrying and cutting, but little 
 sawing being done. Now nearly all the cut- 
 ting is by steam-power, and about twenty 
 gangs of the most improved saws are kept at 
 work in season night and day. The quarries 
 are below drainage and steam pumps are 
 constantly at work pumping out water. 
 
 Some idea of the proportions of this in- 
 dustry can be formed by the statement that 
 of the 3,000 inhabitants of Berea, three- 
 fourths get their living directly or indirectly 
 from the quarries ; from nine to twelve 
 thousand cars are annually loaded with stone 
 taken from the quarries, and if placed in a 
 continuous line would make a train fifty 
 miles lon^. 
 
 Great improvements have been made in 
 the preparation of the stone for the market. 
 Formerly the grindstones were sent to the 
 consumer hung on a crude home-made shaft 
 and frame, which was placed under the apple 
 tree on the farm. And the farmer boy of 
 the past can well remember how he used to 
 
 suffer while turning that stone, eagerly watch- 
 ing to see if the hand-blistering, back-break- 
 ing job was not most done. Now they are 
 mounted on frames with friction-rollers so 
 that a child can turn them without fatigue, 
 or they can be used with a treadle. 
 
 The stone business of Northern Ohio is 
 an immense industry, employing millions of 
 capital and thousands of laborers ; now under 
 one management, that of the Cleveland Stone 
 Company, with headquarters at Cleveland. 
 It includes the quarries at Berea, North 
 Amherst, Columbia, West View, Olmstead 
 and La Grange. The Garfield monument 
 and the Cleveland viaduct are built of Berea 
 stone ; on the latter were used over two 
 millions of cubic feet. From the quarries of 
 the Cleveland Stone Company have been 
 built some of the noblest public buildings of 
 the Western States and Canada, as the Ma- 
 sonic Temple and Central High School, 
 Cleveland ; Parliament Buildings, Ottawa ; 
 University Building, Toronto ; Palmer House, 
 Chicago ; Michigan State Capitol, Lansing ; 
 Chamner of Commerce Building, Milwau- 
 kee ; Government Court House and Post 
 Office, Columbus, etc. 
 
 Chagrin Falls, about 17 miles southeast of Cleveland and south of Lake 
 Erie, is on the C. F. (fe S. R. R. It is jn the township of Chagrin Falls, one of 
 the smallest town.ships in the State. The Chagrin river at this point has a fall 
 of 150 feet, giving water-power to the manufacturing interests of the village. 
 Newspaper : Exponent, J. J. Stranahan, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Congregational and 1 Disciple. Bank : Rodgers & Harper. 
 
CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 
 
 527 
 
 Industries. — Paper, flour and grocer saoks, iron, wooden-ware handles, car- 
 riages, canvas-boats, etc. Population in 1880, 1,211, School census in 1886, 
 346 ; C. W. Kandall, superintendent. 
 
 The view of Chagrin Falls was drawn and engraved for the first edition in 
 
 Chagrin Falls in 1846. 
 
 1846 by Mr. Jehu Brainard, of Cleveland, who made and presented it to us to 
 memorialize himself in the work. HLs picture has the newness, the crudity in 
 appearance which the village at the time presented. It looked to us then as 
 though it had just emerged from the woods ; its people were full of the fire of a 
 good beginning, and fancying that some day theirs would be a great place. 
 Among their congratulations were the facts that they had a daily stage to Cleve- 
 land and that the Cleveland and Pittsburg stages ran through their town. 
 
 The name of Chagrin was originally applied to the river, then to the present 
 village of Willoughby, and later to the town with the adjunct of the word 
 Falls.’^ Crisfield Johnson, in his excellent History of Cuyahoga County,” issued 
 in 1879, says : The name of the river Chagrin is undoubtedly derived from the 
 old Indian word ‘ Shagrin,^ which is to be found applied to it on maps issued 
 before the Eevolution. ‘ Shagrin * is supposed to mean ^ clear,^ but this is not 
 so certain.” On Evanses map, published in 1755, the river is called “Elk.” 
 Harvey Bice, in his sketch of Moses Cleaveland, states that he with his surveying 
 party on the 4th of July, 1796, landed at Conneaut and celebrated Independence 
 Day, and then in the course of two weeks he left Conneaut in company with a 
 select few of his staff and coasted along the southeastern shore of Lake Erie 
 until he came to the mouth of a river which he took to be the Cuyahoga. Hft 
 ascended the stream for some distance, amid many embarrassments arising from 
 the sand bars and fallen trees, when he discovered his mistake and found it was a 
 shallow stream and not noted on his map. This perplexity and delay so chagrined 
 him that he named it the Chagrin, a designation by which it is still known.” 
 
 We here introduce an incident in the life of a pioneer woman who until near 
 the time of the issue of our original edition was living in this vicinity. 
 
 A Plucky Pioneer Woman. — ^Joel Thorp, alone to procure some through the wilderness, 
 with his wife Sarah, moved with an ox team, - with no guide but a pocket compass, to the 
 in May, ’99, from North Haven, Connecticut, nearest settlement, about 20 miles distant, in 
 to Millsford, in Ashtabula county, and were Pennsylvania. His family, consisting of Mrs. 
 the first settlers in that region. They soon Thorp and three children, the oldest child, 
 had a small clearing on and^ about an old Basil, being but eight years- of age, were be- 
 beaver dam, which was very rich and mellow. fore his return reduced to extremities for the 
 Towards the first of June, the family being want of food. They were compelled, in a 
 short of provisions, Mr. Thorp started off measure, to dig for and subsist on roots, which 
 
526 
 
 CUYAHOGA COUNTY, 
 
 yielded but little nourishment. The children 
 in vain asked food, promising to be satisfied 
 with the least possible portion. The boy, 
 Basil, remembered to have seen some kernels 
 of corn in a crack of one of the logs of the 
 cabin, and passed hours in an unsuccessful 
 search for them. 
 
 Mrs. Thorp emptied the straw out of her 
 bed and picked it over to obtain the little 
 wheat it contained, which she boiled and gave 
 to her children. Her husband, it seems, had 
 taught her to shoot at a mark, in which she 
 acquired great skill. When all her means for 
 procuring food were exhausted, she saw, as 
 she stood in her cabin door, a wild turkey 
 fiying near. She took down her husband’s 
 rifle, and, on looking for ammunition, was 
 surprised to find only sufficient for a small 
 charge. Carefully cleaning the barrel, so as 
 not to lose any by its sticking to the sides as 
 it went down, she set some apart for priming 
 and loaded the piece with the remainder, and 
 started in pursuit of the turkey, reflecting 
 
 that on her success depended the lives of her- 
 self and children. Under the excitement of 
 her feelings she came near defeating her ob- 
 ject, by frightening the turkey, which flew a 
 short distance and again alighted in a potato 
 patch. Upon this, she returned to the house 
 and waited until the fowl had begun to wallow 
 in the loose earth. On her second approach, 
 she acted with great caution and coolness, 
 creeping slyly on her hands and knees from 
 log to log until she had gained the last ob- 
 struction between herself and the desired ob- 
 ject. It was now a trying moment, and a 
 crowd of emotions passed through her mind 
 as she lifted the rifle to a level with her eye. 
 She fired ; the result was fortunate : the tur- 
 key was killed and herself and family pre- 
 served from death by her skill. Mrs. Thorp 
 married three times. Her first husband was 
 killed in Canada, in the war of 1812 ; her 
 second was supposed to have been murdered. 
 Her last husband’s name was Gordiner. She 
 died in Orange, in this county, Nov. 1, 1846. 
 
 CoLLiNWOOD is 7 miles northeast of Cleveland, on Lake Erie. Its inhabitants 
 are mostly employees of the L. S. & M. S. R. R., it being the terminus of two 
 divisions of that road and location of large freight yards. Churches : 1 Congre- 
 gationalist and 1 Christian. Population in 1880, 792. School census in 1886, 
 436 ; T. W. Byrns, superintendent. 
 
 Newburgh, a suburb of and part of the corporate city of Cleveland, connected 
 with it by four railroads and a street car line. It is about five miles from Cleve- 
 land centre. Newspaper : South Cleveland Advocate, Republican, H. H. Nelson, 
 editor and proprietor. Churches : 1 Episcopal, 1 English and 1 Welsh Baptist, 
 1 English and 1 Welsh Methodist Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Welsh Congrega- 
 tional, 1 Disciple, and 1 Catholic. A State hospital for the insane is located here. 
 
 Brooklyn, a suburb of Cleveland, is about 5 miles south of Cleveland Centre, 
 on the Cuyahoga river, and Valley Railroad. Calvin College is located here. 
 Newspaper: Guyahogan, Republican, C. F. Beachler, editor and proprietor. 
 Churches : 1 Congregational, 1 Methodist Episcopal. Population in 1880, 1,295. 
 School census in 1886, 801 ; A. G. Comings, superintendent. 
 
 The following is a list of villages in this county not previously mentioned, with 
 their populations in 1880: Bedford, a place noted for its chair manufactories, 
 766; West Cleveland, 1,781; East Cleveland, 2,876; Glenville, 797; Indepen- 
 dence, 262 ; Olmstead Falls, 404 ; and Euclid, 699. The first frame meeting- 
 house with a spire built on the Reserve was erected in 1817, at Euclid. The 
 township of Euclid was settled by the surveyors under General Cleav’^eland ; in 
 1798 Joseph Burke and family, and in 1801 Timothy Doane and family, 
 settled in Euclid. 
 
DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 529 
 
 DAEKE. 
 
 Darke County was formed from Miami county, January 3, 1809, and organ- 
 ized in March, 1817. The surface is generally level, and it has some prairie land. 
 It is well timbered with oak, poplar, walnut, blue ash, sugar maple, hickory, elm, 
 and beach, and the soil is exceedingly fertile. It is a granary of corn, oats, and 
 wheat — the yield immense and the quality excellent — and it is a first-class agri- 
 cultural county, a large proportion of the land being a deep black soil and appar- 
 ently inexhaustible. Area unusually large — 600 square miles. In 1885 the acres 
 cultivated were 214,522 ; in pasture, 23,247 ; woodland, 72,333 ; lying waste, 
 7,207; produced in wheat, 996,331 bushels; oats, 472,201; corn, 3,066,476; 
 broom brush, 36,545 pounds; tobacco, 3,152,425; butter, 867,560; flax, 91,457 ; 
 potatoes, 215,809 bushels; sorghum, 49,559, largest in the State; eggs, 867,493 
 dozen ; horses owned, 13,548 ; cattle, 25,517 ; hogs, 36,977. School census 1886, 
 13,881 ; teachers, 255. It has 158 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 698 
 
 2,826 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 
 1,400 
 
 Allen, 
 
 194 
 
 1,246 
 
 Neave, 
 
 635 
 
 1,082 
 
 Brown, 
 
 293 
 
 1,909 
 
 Patterson, 
 
 
 1,280 
 
 Butler, 
 
 1,116 
 
 1,739 
 
 Richland, 
 
 589 
 
 1,252 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 291 
 
 1,871 
 
 Twin, 
 
 1,047 
 
 2,724 
 
 German, 
 
 1,173 
 
 1,809 
 
 Van Buren, 
 
 421 
 
 1,512 
 
 Greenville, 
 
 1,851 
 
 6,807 
 
 Wabash, 
 
 
 1,135 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 1,666 
 
 2,174 
 
 Washington, 
 
 898 
 
 1,612 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 304 
 
 2,850 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 727 
 
 2,762 
 
 Mississinewa, 
 
 124 
 
 1,506 
 
 York, 
 
 371 
 
 1,000 
 
 Population in 1820 was 3,717 ; in 1840, 13,145 ; 1860, 26,009 ; 1880, 40,496, 
 of whom 33,062 were Ohio-born, 1,846 Pennsylvanians, and 1,208 in Germany. 
 
 Gen, William Darke, from whom thiscounty 
 derived its name, was born in Pennsylvania, 
 in.] 736, and removed at the age of five years 
 with his parents to near Shepherdstown, Va. 
 He was with the Virginia provincials at Brad- 
 dock’s defeat, taken prisoner in the Revolu- 
 tionary war, at Germantown, commanded as 
 colonel two Virginia regiments at the siege of 
 York, was a member of the Virginia Conven- 
 
 tion of ’88, and was repeatedly a member of the 
 Legislature of that ancient commonwealth. 
 He distinguished himself at St. Clair’s defeat, 
 and died Nov. 20, 1801. Gen. Darke was by 
 profession a farmer. He possessed a hercu- 
 lean frame, rough manners, a strong but un- 
 cultivated mind, and a frank and fearless dis- 
 position. 
 
 This county is of considerable historic interest. The defeat of St. Clair, No- 
 vember 4, 1791, took place just over its northwestern border, near the Indiana 
 line, on the site of the village of Fort Recovery. Under the head of IMercer 
 county, a very full account of this event is given, with individual narratives and 
 
 incidents. 
 
 On his march north from Cincinnati St. 
 Clair built a fort five miles south of the pres- 
 ent site of Greenville, which he named Fort 
 Jefferson. His army left on the 24th of Oc- 
 tober, and continued their toilsome march 
 northward through the wilderness, which in 
 less than two weeks was brought to its disas- 
 trous’ close. 
 
 In the summer of the next year a large body 
 of Indians surrounded this fort. Before they 
 
 were discovered, a party of them secreted 
 themselves in some underbrush and behind 
 some bogs near the fort. Knowing that Capt. 
 Shaylor, the commandant, was passionately 
 fond of hunting, they imitated the noise of 
 turkeys. The captain, not dreaming of a de- 
 coy, hastened out with his son, fully expect- 
 ing to return loaded with game. As they 
 approached near the place the savages rose, 
 fired, and his son, a promising lad, fell. The 
 
530 
 
 DARKE COUNTY, 
 
 captain turning, fled to the garrison. The They were, however, disappointed, though at 
 
 Indians pursued closely, calculating either to his heels ; he entered, and the gate was closed 
 
 take him prisoner or enter the sally-gate with the instant he reached it. In his retreat he 
 
 him in case it were opened for his admission. was badly wounded by an arrow in his back. 
 
 Greenville in 1846. — Greenville, the county-seat, is ninety-two miles west 
 of Columbus, and ten from the Indiana line. It was laid off August 10, 1808, by 
 Robert Gray and John Devor, and contains 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 
 and 1 Christian church, 16 mercantile stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 newspaper print- 
 ing office, and about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Greenville is a point of much historical note. In December, 1793, Wayne 
 built a fort at this place, which he called Fort Greenville. He remained until the 
 
 Fort Greenville. 
 
 28th of July, 1794, when he left for the Maumee rapids, where he defeated the 
 Indians on the 20th of the month succeeding. His army returned to Greenville 
 on the 2d of November, after an absence of three months and six days. Fort 
 Greenville was an extensive work, and covered the greater part of the site of the 
 town. The annexed plan is from the survey of Mr. James M’Bride, of Hamilton. 
 The blocks represent the squares of the town, within the lines of the fort. Traces 
 of the embankment are plainly discernible, and various localities within the fort 
 are pointed out by the citizens of the town. The quarters of Wayne were on the 
 site of the residence of Stephen Perrine, on Main street. Henry House, now (1846) 
 of this county, who was in Wayne’s campaign, says that the soldiers built log- 
 huts, arranged in rows, each regiment occupying one row, and each hut — of which 
 there were many hundred — occiuiied by six soldiei’s^ He also infoi’ms us that 
 Wayne drilled his men to load while rimning ; and every night, when on tlr^ 
 march, had good breastworks erected, at which the men had been so well practised 
 as to be able to construct in a few minutes. — Old Edition. 
 
 Greenville is ninety-four miles west of Columbus, on the C. St. L. & P. R. 
 R., and seventy miles north of Cincinnati. It is on Greenville creek, also the C. 
 J. & M. and D. & U. railroads. County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, Sam- 
 uel L. Kolp; Clerk of Court, Patrick H. Maher; Sheriff, David E. Vantilburg; 
 Prosecuting Attorney, James C. Elliott ; Auditor, Cyrus Minnich ; Treasurer, 
 Henry M. Bickel ; Recorder, Daniel Snyder ; Surveyor, Elliott M. Miller ; Cor- 
 oner, George W. Burnett ; Commissioners, William M. Smith, Reuben K. Beam, 
 Samuel J. Stapleton. Greenville has five newspapers : Darke County Democfraiio 
 Advocate^ Democratic, W. A. Brown, editor ; Democrat, Democratic, Charles 
 Roland, editor ; Journal, Republican, E. W. Otwill, editor ; Die Post, German 
 
DARKE COUNTY. 531 
 
 Democratic, George Feuchtinger, editor; Sunday Courier , Republican, A. R, 
 Calderwood, editor. Banks : Farmers’ National, G. W. Studabaker, president. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 View on the Public Square, Greenville. 
 
 [The public square was included within the area of the fort. The old court-house, which is seen in 
 the centre of this view, with an addition and changes, is now the town-hall ; the latter is the building 
 shown in the distance, in the new view taken by photograph. The street on the right is Broadway. 
 The building in the rear of the tavern sign is the site of the Farmers’ National Bank. The dwelling 
 on the extreme left is now standing, and residence of J. Riley Knox.] 
 
 T. S. Waring, cashier ; Greenville Bank Company, W. S. Turpen, president, G. 
 H. Martz, cashier ; Second National, A. F. Koop, president ; R. A. Shuffleton, 
 
 J . Harper , Photo ., Greenville , 1886. 
 
 View on Broadway, Greenville. 
 
 [The court-house is shown on the left, the town-hall in the distance.] 
 
 cashier. Churches : 1 German Reformed, 1 German Methodist Episcopal, 1 Gher- 
 man Lutheran, 1 German Evangelical, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Chris- 
 tian, 1 Catholic, 1 United Brethren, 1 Episcopalian, and 1 Presbyterian. The 
 
532 
 
 DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 largest industries here are machinery and moulding, the lumber business, and wagon 
 making. Population in 1880, 3,535. 
 
 On the 3d of August, 1795, Wayne concluded a treaty of peace with the Indians 
 at Greenville. The number of Indians present was 1,130, viz., 180 Wyaudots, 
 381 Delawares, 143 Shawnees, 45 Ottawas, 46 Chippewas, 240 Pottawattamies, 
 73 Miamies and Eel river, 12 Weas and Piankeshaws, and 10 Kickapoos and 
 Kaskaskias. The principal chiefs were Tarhe, Buckongehelas, Black Hoof, Blue 
 Jacket and Little Turtle. Most of the chiefs had been tampered with by MT^^ee 
 and other British agents ; but their people, having been reduced to great extremi- 
 ties by the generalship of Wayne, had, notwithstanding, determined to make a 
 permanent peace with the Thirteen Fires,’’ as they called the federal States. 
 The basis of the treaty of Greenville was that hostilities were to cease and all 
 prisoners restored. Article 3d defined the Indian boundary as follows : 
 
 The general boundary line between the 
 lands of the United States and the lands of 
 the said Indian tribes shall begin at the mouth 
 of the Cuyahoga river, and run thence up the 
 same to the Portage, between that and the 
 Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, thence 
 down that branch to the crossing-place above 
 Fort Laurens, thence westerly to a fork of 
 that branch of the Great Miami river running 
 into the Ohio, at or near which fork stood 
 Loromie’s store, and where commenced the 
 portage between the Miami of the Ohio and 
 St. Mary’s river, which is a branch of the 
 Miami which runs into Lake Erie ; thence a 
 westerly course to Fort Recovery, which 
 stands on the branch of the Wabash ; thence 
 southerly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to 
 intersect that river opposite the mouth of 
 Kentucke or Cuttawa river. 
 
 The following are the reservations within 
 the limits of Ohio granted to the Indians by 
 this treaty : 
 
 ] st. One piece of land, six miles square, at 
 or near Loramie’s store, before mentioned. 
 
 2d. One piece, two miles square, at the head 
 of the navigable water or landing on the St. 
 Mary’s river, near Girty’s town. 3d. One 
 piece, six miles square, at the head of the 
 navigable water of the Auglaize river. 4th. 
 One piece, six miles square, at the confluence 
 of the Auglaise and Miami rivers, where Fort 
 Defiance now stands. 8th. One piece, twelve 
 miles square, at the British fort on the Miami 
 of the lake, at the foot of the rapids. 9th. 
 One piece, six miles square, at the mouth of 
 the said river, where it empties into the lake. 
 10th. One piece, six miles square, upon San- 
 dusky lake, where a fort formerly stood. 
 11th. One piece, two miles square, at the 
 lower rapids of the Sandusky river. 
 
 These, with the other tracts, were given 
 “for the same considerations, and as an evi- 
 dence of the returning friendship of the said 
 Indian tribes, of their confidence in the 
 United States, and desire to provide for their 
 accommodation, and for that convenient inter- 
 course which will be beneficial to both par- 
 ties. ’ ’ 
 
 A second treaty was concluded at Greenville, July 22, 1814, with the Wyan- 
 
 dots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and 
 
 The commissioners on the part of the 
 United States were Gen. William Henry 
 Harrison and Gov. Lewis Cass. By it these 
 tribes engaged to aid the United States in the 
 war with Great Britain and her savage allies. 
 The prominent chiefs were Tarhe, Capt. Pipe, 
 and Black Hoof. Both of the treaties were 
 held on the same spot, within the present 
 (1846) garden of Abraham Scribner, in Green- 
 ville. On the 22d of July, 1840, just twenty- 
 six years after the last treaty, there was a 
 great celebration at this place, called “the 
 Greenville Treaty Celebration,” at which the 
 many thousands present were addressed at 
 length by Gen. Harrison. 
 
 From the year 1805 to 1808 the celebrated 
 Tecumseh, with his brother, the prophet, 
 resided at Greenville. It was the point where 
 they formed -their plans of hostility to the 
 whites. During their residence at this place 
 
 Miamies. 
 
 they were visited by many Indians, who were 
 wrought into the highest excitement by the 
 eloquence of Tecumseh and the cunning of 
 the prophet. 
 
 On the plan of Fort Greenville is laid down 
 “Tecumseh Point,” at the junction of the 
 rivulet with Greenville creek, about a quarter 
 of a mile from the court-house. At this place 
 are some Indian graves ; here Tecumseh had 
 a cabin, and formerly near it was a spring, 
 called “ Tecumseh’ s Spring.” In 1832 the 
 remnant of the Shawnees, then moving to 
 their new homes in the far West, from their 
 reservation on the Auglaize, took this place 
 on their route, instead of Cincinnati, as de- 
 sired by the United States agents. They en- 
 camped on Tecumseh’s Point to the number 
 of several hundred, and remained a day or 
 two to take a final farewell of a place so dear 
 to their memories. 
 
 In the graveyard at Greenville lies the remains of Enoch Berry Seitz, one 
 of the greatest mathematicians of his time on the globe, and withal a man of 
 
DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 533 
 
 singular modesty and amiability of character. He died in Missouri in 1 883, aged 
 thirty-seven, and was brought here for burial, because he had been a teacher here 
 for a number of years, was endeared to the people, and this was the home of his 
 wife. He was born near Lancaster, Fairfield county, the son of a farmer, and 
 early displayed great aptness for mathematics. He graduated at the Ohio Wes- 
 leyan University in 1870. His friend. Prof. John S. Royer, wrote of him : 
 
 Having a special fondness for mathematics, he devoted his leisure hours to the 
 broad fields and hidden beauties of its higher branches, delving deep into the mine 
 of original investigation, and astonishing the world by the aptness with which he 
 unfolded the beautiful and mysterious relations of numbers. 
 
 Years ago he was a subscriber to the School-day Magazine^ which had a math- 
 ematical department, edited by the great mathematician, Artemus Martin. He 
 displayed great ingenuity and ability in solving difficult probability problems, and 
 when asked what works he had on that difficult branch of mathematical science. 
 
 ENOCH BERRY SEITZ. 
 
 Mr. Seitz, to the great astonishment of his friend, replied : ^ I have no books on 
 that subject, but what I know of it I learned by studying the problems and solu- 
 tions in your magazine.^ Here was the secret of his success. He first studied the 
 principle — laid a sure foundation, upon which he afterward reared the magnificent 
 edifice. He furnished over 500 model solutions to the School VisitoVy which 
 evinced those striking characteristics of his mathematical work — originality, 
 accuracy, and beauty. Many readers have gathered inspiration and taste for the 
 science by his labor of love in this behalf. He was also a regular contributor to 
 the Analystj the Mathematical VisitoVy and the Educational TimeSy of London, 
 England. 
 
 The latter has a department sustained by the greatest mathematicians in Europe 
 and America. In this everything is found starlight, but our lamented friend 
 represented a most brilliant star, standing upon the eminent plane side by side 
 with Woolhouse, England's acknowledged mathematical champion, and in his 
 especial branches — ^ Average^ and ^Probabilities^ — Prof. Seitz had no superior in 
 the world.^^ In 1880 he was elected a member of the London Mathematical 
 
534 
 
 DARKE COUNTY, 
 
 Society, being the fifth American so honored. At the time of his decease he was 
 Professor of Mathematics at the State Normal School, Kirkersville, Mo. He 
 died young, but the work he accomplished remains, an endearing monument of 
 fame and honor. 
 
 During the years 1827 and 1828 John H. Martin and Thomas F. Chenowith, 
 by the aid of two four-horse teams, transported all of the products marketed in 
 the county to Cincinnati, and brought back about all of the merchandise sold in 
 the county. In 1886 they were both living, and at the age of about eighty years. 
 The following items are from the County History : 
 
 Indian Trading. — The first permanent 
 white settler in Darke county was Azor 
 Scribner, who in 1806 or 1807 established 
 an Indian trading-house in Greenville town- 
 ship. His goods were hauled from Cincin- 
 nati along Wayne’s road by a yoke of oxen 
 attached to a rough sled denominated a mud 
 boot, and a trip usually occupied from three 
 to six weeks. He exchanged his goods for 
 furs and did a thriving business. The man- 
 ner of trading has thus been described : The 
 Indians, bringing with them their roll of furs, 
 walked into the cabin and found seats, while 
 each was presented with a small piece of to- 
 bacco. Pipes were lighted, and the residue 
 was placed in pouches. After some time 
 passed in smoking and talking among them- 
 selves, one arose, went to the counter, and 
 taking up a yard-stick, pointed out the article 
 wanted and asked the price. 
 
 Payment being made in skins, there was to 
 each kind a recognized value. The muskrat 
 was held at a quarter, the raccoon at a third, 
 a doe at a half, and a buckskin at a dollar. 
 Payment was made following each purchase, 
 until all exchanges were effected.^ As each 
 retired another came forward in_ his turn un- 
 til all had traded. No one desired to antici- 
 pate his turn, decorum was observed, and no 
 attempt was made to “ beat down,” for, if 
 not satisfied, another article was pointed out 
 and named. It is reported that Scribner not 
 only sold the Indians tobacco, but rum, and 
 they generally reserved some of their furs 
 with which to procure liquor for a final 
 frolic. 
 
 In the winter of 1807-8 Samuel Boyd 
 moved in with his family, and in 1810 the 
 three Rush brothers and some others. A 
 year later the Indians became hostile and 
 committed some murders. Prior to the war 
 of 1812 several dwellings and four block- 
 houses were erected in Greenville. Among 
 those who were killed by the Indians was 
 Andrew Rush. One day in April, 1812, 
 while going to mill through the wilderness, 
 he stopped at the cabin of Mr. Daniel Pot- 
 ter, when Mrs. Potter asked him if he was 
 not afraid of the Indians waylaying and kill- 
 ing him. Upon this he laughed, and running 
 his hand through his hair jokingly replied : 
 “No, I had my wife this morning cut my 
 hair so short that they could not get my scalp 
 off.” That afternoon he was shot from his 
 horse, tomahawked and scalped. 
 
 The First School- House . — So slow was the 
 settlement of the county, that in 1824 there 
 
 were entire townships that did not contain a 
 single inhabitant. There were but two meet- 
 ing-houses, one a Methodist, the other a 
 Hardshell Baptist. The roads of the county 
 consisted of the old war traces of St. Clair 
 and Wayne, some Indian paths and some 
 few other traces cut by the early settlers. 
 Educational advantages in town and county 
 were for many years quite limited. There 
 were a few rude school-hou, (;s widely scat- 
 tered, and these were occupic ' three months 
 of each winter by teachers whose qualifica- 
 tions better adapted them for burning brick 
 than solving problems in mathematics, and 
 consequently there was little learned. Schools 
 were taught by subscription. 
 
 Settlers built houses as they were needed. 
 Many settlers had large families — as many as 
 ten children were found in a single cabin — 
 and to provide for the future of these young 
 people, the parents came to this county. 
 There was always work to be done, and the 
 services of all hands were needed ; it was 
 only during the winter months that schools 
 could be attended. At these only the ele- 
 mentary branches were taught, and the pre- 
 dominant idea of the school-master was dis- 
 cipline first, learning afterward. No gram- 
 mar nor geography was taught. Few stud- 
 ied arithmetic, and these did not proceed 
 much beyond the rudiments ; and when at 
 length grammar was introduced, such pupils 
 were thought well advanced. 
 
 In any locality, whenever sufficient families 
 had moved in to form a school, the settlers 
 stood ready to build a house and engage a 
 teacher. Tall, strapping youths attended 
 school, and the master had need of decision 
 and courage as well as method and erudition. 
 It was the custom for the person applying for 
 the school to call upon the parties within 
 sending distance and canvass for scholars. 
 If enough were secured school opened. An 
 illustration of the old-time method is given 
 as follows : About the year 1815 a man came 
 into the Rush neighborhood and offered his 
 services as a teacher. The settlers located 
 along Mud creek. West Branch and Bridge 
 creek talked the matter oyer and concluded 
 to employ him. It was a light labor for all 
 to turn out with axes, handspikes and oxen, 
 upon a day appointed, to chop and draw logs 
 to a chosen site for the purpose of putting 
 up a school-house. The location was near 
 Rush Fort, on Mud creek. While some put 
 up round logs, notched down one layer upon 
 another, until they were of sufficient eleva- 
 
DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 535 
 
 tion to form a story, split clasp-boards for the 
 roof, chamber floor and door, and puncheons 
 for the floor, others drew stone for the fire- 
 place, and prepared sticks and mud for the 
 chimney. The floor being laid, next came 
 the desks and the seats. Large holes were 
 bored in a log on each side of the room, 
 wooden pins were driven in, and a slab or 
 unplaned plank laid on these pins. For seats, 
 holes were bored in puncheons and legs driven 
 in, two at each end. Windows were made by 
 cutting out a log nearly the whole length of 
 the house, leaving a hole a foot wide. Into 
 this was foiled a sort of lattice-work of sticks, 
 and upon this greased paper was pasted to 
 transmit the light. Such was the school- 
 house of sixty-five years ago. It was not 
 much of a structure, but there was no great 
 contrast between it and the homes of the 
 builders. There was no lack of ventilation, 
 and the wood was not too long for the fire- 
 place. 
 
 Love- Malang and Marriage . — The arrival 
 of a family occasioned eager inquiry by the 
 young men as to whether there were any 
 marriageable daughters of the number. The 
 demand was in excess of the supply. ^ The 
 same maiden had sometimes several suitors ; 
 this involved the delicate matter of rejection 
 as well as choice. 
 
 Sometimes the girls were betrothed before 
 leaving home, and a knowledge of this fact 
 caused disappointment. For a long time 
 after the first settlement of the county the 
 people generally married young. The parties 
 differed little in fortune, and none in rank. 
 First impressions of love resulted in mar- 
 riage, and a family establishment cost only a 
 little labor. 
 
 The marriage ceremony was arranged to 
 take place before dinner, which was a sub- 
 stantial feast of beef, pork, fowls, and some- 
 times venison and bear meat, roasted and 
 boiled, with abundance of potatoes and other 
 vegetables. Dinner was free from formality, 
 and a time for mirth and enjoyment. There 
 was dancing after dinner. “The figures of 
 
 the dance were three and four handed reels 
 or square sets and jigs. The commencement 
 was always a square four, which was followed 
 by what was called jigging it off ; that is, two 
 of the four would single out for a jig, and 
 were followed out by the remaining couple. 
 The jigs were often accompanied with what 
 was called cutting out, that is, when either 
 of the parties tired of the dance, on intima- 
 tion the place was supplied by some one of 
 the company without any interruption to the 
 dance. In this way the amusement was often 
 continued till the musician was heartily tired 
 of the situation.” 
 
 Among marriages in pioneer days was that 
 of Ullry to his brother’s widow ; they had 
 lived together some time during the inopera- 
 tive period before the election of justices, and 
 when a justice was chosen they were legally 
 married. In a spirit of jovialty a party of 
 young people, being resolved to have a mar- 
 riage, seized upon a man named Israel Wertz 
 and fitted him out with a suit. One of the 
 party furnished leggins, another some other 
 article of dress until he was properly clothed, 
 and then calling upon a woman named Jane 
 Dugan, asked her if she was willing to marry 
 Wertz. She replied affirmatively, and they 
 all started for the house of Alexander Smith, 
 a justice of the peace who lived east of Green- 
 ville. Wertz repented and broke away, upon 
 which a dog was set after him, and he was 
 caught and held. The ceremony was then 
 performed, and the twain thus singularly 
 made one lived many years together happily, 
 and both finally died of old age. 
 
 At this date the only article of export from 
 the county was hoop-poles. During the win- 
 ter the principal employment of farmers was 
 wagoning these hoop-poles to Germantown, 
 Middletown, Lewisburg, etc., and by this 
 means they were enabled measurably to sup- 
 ply themselves with salt, groceries, leather 
 and other necessaries. This supplied the 
 
 eople with ready money. The county-seat 
 
 ad only about 300 people, many very poor 
 finding it hard work to get a living. 
 
 We here make a valuable extract from the pen of Prof. W. H. McIntosh, in 
 the County History, relating to the climate when the country was in a wilder- 
 ness condition, and the changes which the clearing away the forests have produced 
 in the health of the people : 
 
 Since the early settlement of Darke county 
 occurring changes have greatly modified the 
 climate, and to a less extent this is still in 
 progress. The original forest, together with 
 the undergrowth, shut out the sun from the 
 soil and impeded atmospheric circulation. 
 The almost monotonous level, receiving the 
 winter snows and spring rains, retained the 
 water through the summer, and thereby 
 caused a moist, cool air. The forests broke 
 the sweep of the cold northwest winds of 
 winter, and the freezing of large, partly sub- 
 merged tracts gave off a sufiicient amount of 
 heat to sensibly mitigate the cold incident to 
 the season. The soil, bedded in leaves and 
 
 vegetation, was greatly protected from the 
 frost, and the warm air of spring speedily 
 awakened the dormant germs of vegetation. 
 It also, being protected by the overhang- 
 ing foliage from the heat of summer, more 
 readily experienced the influences of wind 
 and frost, and hastened winter. 
 
 The forests being gradually cut down to 
 make room for cultivation, the land being 
 thoroughly drained, these conditions have 
 correspondingly changed. The earth now 
 receives the sun-rays unobstructed ; the air 
 has free circulation. The tilled lands have 
 been underdrained with tile and open ditches, 
 thereby carrying away at once the melting 
 
536 
 
 DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 snows of winter ^ and the rains of spring, 
 leaving little moisture to affect the climate 
 by evaporation. The effect of this denuding 
 and draining of the soil is seen in the great 
 depth to which the summer’s sun-rays pene- 
 trate, and scs, these rays are given on, the 
 arrival of winter is proportionally delayed. 
 
 But when the reserve of heat is exhausted 
 the unprotected earth is deeply frozen, and 
 from these conditions come later springs, 
 warmer summers and delayed but more 
 severe winters. 
 
 An analysis of the climate of Darke 
 county, according to the previous descrip- 
 tion, requires a consideration, also, of the 
 situation of its land, and the direction and 
 character of its winds. 
 
 Located about midway between the Alle- 
 gheny mountains and the Mississippi river 
 there is observable a prevalence of westerly 
 winds. This is explained by the enormous 
 area of level lowlands whereon the atmos- 
 phere is influenced by the earth’s rotary mo- 
 tion, causing it to move in westerly currents 
 toward or from the equator. The west and 
 northwest winds are mainly dry-air currents, 
 so that although the annual rainfall is con- 
 siderable, yet under their action the moisture 
 is rapidly absorbed. Such conditions would 
 inure to the productiveness of most soils, 
 but in a good, rich soil, such as Darke 
 county occupies, there is almost a certainty 
 of ample and abundant crops. 
 
 The averages in the various seasons are, 
 approximately, 31° for winter, 57° for spring, 
 74° for summer, 52° for autumn. The winter 
 is long, and there are sudden changes from 
 the mildness of spring to the most intense 
 cold. These cold spells are rarely of more 
 than seven or eight days’ duration, and are 
 generally preceded by storms of rain or snow. 
 Bain falls almost nightly and for a day or so 
 at a time during spring, and the temperature 
 fluctuates from the chill of winter to the 
 warmth of summer. Following one of these 
 changes summer comes and throughout is 
 one of a tropical character. As fall draws 
 near, the atmospheric conditions approach 
 uniformity, and at this period Darke county 
 is seen to the greatest advantage. Breathing 
 an agreeable atmosphere, surrounded by 
 healthful conditions, the beholder looks with 
 pleasure upon the fields, the orchards and 
 the gardens. Turning to the woodlands, he 
 sees the maples, elms and oaks in holiday at- 
 tire, preparing for their period of rest. There 
 is every hue and all shades of color. The 
 winds toy with the branches ; the sunlight is 
 all about them ; some are darkened as in 
 shadow, others are brilliant in the glow of 
 light, and all about there are seen bluish, 
 smoke-like mists, completing nature’s finest 
 portraiture of the forest in the fall-time ar- 
 rayed in splendor. 
 
 The health of the settler and of the later 
 residents has been subjected to the mutations 
 affecting the climate. In the low swamps 
 miasma prevailed ; the action of the sun 
 upon the decaying vegetation opened by the 
 clearing and stirred by the plow, induced 
 
 fevers and chills, and there were few that did 
 not, at times, succumb to these disorders. 
 The healthy and hardy entered into the 
 struggle with nature courageously and joy- 
 ously. Labor had its zest, and food and 
 sleep were most refreshing , but there were 
 many who struggled on under the depression 
 and hindrances of sickness. 
 
 As settlers came in and clearing took 
 greater sweep, sickness became more gen- 
 eral, or at least more apparent, and when 
 Drs. Perrine and Briggs came to Greenville, 
 they found constant employment in attending 
 to the calls of the sick. Fever and ague pre- 
 vailed, and few, if any, families but had 
 some sick members. Not then, as now, was 
 quinine available — not even known — and the 
 popular remedies were dog-wood and wild- 
 cherry bark steeped in native whiskey. 
 
 Slow progress was made for a time, as men 
 became disheartened, left the county and 
 circulated reports that were not only true, 
 but sadly true, of an irreclaimable wilderness 
 of morass and swamp, the haunt of pestifer- 
 ous agues and consuming fevers. It is a fact 
 that very few of the pioneers of Darke held 
 on through all vicissitudes. 
 
 From 1820 to 1840 the doctors were all 
 kept busy attending to the sick, so prevalent 
 were ague, flux and bilious fever at certain 
 seasons of the year. The years 1836 and 
 1837 were comparatively healthy; the year 
 following was more sickly, and 1839 still 
 more so, and from that time till 1850 there 
 were more or less of bilious complaints every 
 season. Since that date both towns and 
 country have been generally healthy. 
 
 As an illustration of the desperation to 
 which the medical treatment subjected pa- 
 tients, we relate an incident in the practice 
 of Dr. Gard, one of the veteran physicians 
 of the early ^ days. He was called in, as 
 family physician, to minister to the wants of 
 a sick child. Cold water was forbidden, and 
 calomel, as was usual, was administered. 
 The doctor then retired, with promise of a 
 return the next day. Cold water was barred ; 
 the boy begged for a drink, but entreated in 
 vain, as the doctor’s orders were immutable 
 law. He then resorted to strategy. Feigning 
 a desire for rest and repose, the family re- 
 tired to permit their indulgence. Soon heavy 
 breathing announced that all were asleep, 
 and the patient arose from bed, staggered to 
 the water-bucket, and, to his dismay, found 
 it empty. This discovery would have been 
 hailed with imprecations that would have 
 roused all in the house had not the necessity 
 01 "he case demanded control. Water must 
 be had, although the spring was at quite a 
 distance. The coffee-pot was found, and the 
 patient set out to assuage his consuming 
 thirst. He rested several times in the wet 
 grass, but finally arrived at the spring, drank 
 heartily, and, undiscovered, returned to his 
 bed, having placed the well-filled coffee-pot 
 at his bedside. This was two-thirds emptied 
 before this suicidal act was known, when the 
 doctor was hurriedly summoned and stood 
 with astonished and ominous look, awaiting 
 
DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 537 
 
 serious results that did not happen. In a 
 few days the patient had recovered.^ Dr. 
 Grard was as skillful as the best, and did his 
 duty, but the practice of that day had its 
 rigors. 
 
 Rich as the land was, it could not produce 
 money, and this must be had to meet pay- 
 ments and taxes. Clearing, aside from small 
 patches, had no stimulus. Of what avail 
 were bins of corn and wheat, and droves of 
 swine, without a purchaser or market, and 
 of markets there were none. Haying suffi- 
 cient bread and meat, all were satisfied, and 
 they shared freely with each other and with 
 strangers. Wheat was worth about two 
 shillings per bushel, and corn changed hands 
 at about one-half that price. The current 
 prices fluctuated with the supply ; and it was 
 a gratification when a newspaper for the first 
 
 time made its appearance and obtained general 
 circulation in the county. It was published 
 at Eaton, Preble county, and subscription was 
 paid in corn at fifteen cents per bushel. 
 
 Pork was sold, when it could be sold, at 
 two and three cents a pound ; beef brought 
 about the same price ; maple sugar was held 
 at six and eight cents per pound, and maple 
 syrup at about two shillings a gallon. Wages 
 ranged from two to three shillings a day, and 
 this was regarded as an average of compensa- 
 tion. Had some wealthy man bought large 
 tracts and taken steps to develop the capacity 
 of the land, there were many who would have 
 gladly ^ offered their services ; but improve- 
 ment in wages, prices and health were yet 
 far in the future, and this border life between 
 the civilized and the savage had few attrac- 
 tions such as society affords. 
 
 During the war of the Rebellion Darke county contributed her full share to the 
 ranks of the Union army. The Fortieth Ohio infantry, largely composed of 
 Darke county men, was organized in the fall of 1861. 
 
 After varied service, in March, 1863, it joined the army of Kentucky at Frank- 
 lin, Tenn., where, a few weeks later, an attack was made by a strong force of the 
 enemy upon the place, but they were repulsed by the excellent fighting of some 
 companies of the Fortieth out on picket line. The story of this fight, with the 
 spicy conversation between Van Dorn and Serg. Orin of the Fortieth, who had 
 been taken prisoner, we copy from the County History : 
 
 On the 10th of April, 1863, the regiment 
 was placed on picket duty in front of the 
 town, with Capt. Charles 0. Matchett in 
 command. At that time the rebel forces, 
 under Gen. Van Dorn, were stationed at 
 Spring Hill, Tenn., nine miles south of 
 Franklin. Soon after 12 o’clock M. the 
 rebels commenced an attack upon seven 
 companies of the Fortieth, which had been 
 stationed on and between the Columbia pike 
 and the Big Harpeth river (a distance of 
 about five hundred yards), but were hand- 
 somely repulsed. The attack was renewed 
 with reinforcements, and again repulsed. 
 By this^ time the enemy^ were preparing to 
 charge in force, and the situation of the For- 
 tieth was precarious. Behind them, for the 
 distance of more than half a mile, lay an 
 open field without an obstacle or a shelter on 
 it ; but, momentarily expecting reinforce- 
 ments, they held their ground, and repulsed 
 charge after charge, for two hours. 
 
 Van Dorn then formed his entire force for 
 a charge, and the Fortieth fell back in good 
 order to the town, where, taking advantage 
 of hedges, fences, houses, etc. , they repulsed 
 the enemy and drove them out of town, and, 
 at 4 o’clock P. M., resumed their former po- 
 sition on picket duty. 
 
 The Fortieth’s loss was three killed, four 
 wounded, and ten missing, and all afterward 
 were exchanged and rejoined the command. 
 
 The enemy’s entire loss is not known. 
 Two captains and fifteen men killed, one 
 major and twelve men wounded, and thirteen 
 prisoners fell into the hands of the Fortieth. 
 The enemy’s entire force was cavalry and two 
 
 batteries of artillery. Over one hundred 
 horses, equipped, escaped within the Union 
 lines and were captured by other commands. 
 The prisoners, when exchanged, reported 
 Van Dorn’s entire loss in killed and wounded 
 to be one hundred and fifty men and one 
 hundred and twenty horses. 
 
 An incident connected with this fight is 
 worth relating : 
 
 Among the prisoners captured from the 
 Fortieth that day was Jesse N. Orin, a ser- 
 geant of Company B, afterward a distin- 
 guished representative for many years in the 
 Ohio Legislature from Clinton county. The 
 prisoners were taken before Van Dorn, and 
 questioned by him. Sergt. Orin answered in 
 behalf of the captives. 
 
 “What commands do you belong to, 
 boys?” said the rebel chieftain. 
 
 “Fortieth Ohio, sir,” answered Orin. 
 “You don’t all belong to the same regi- 
 ment, do you ? ’ ’ 
 
 “Yes, sir.” 
 
 “What officer was that in command of the 
 forces you had in to-day’s fight? ” 
 
 “Capt. Matchett, of the Fortieth, sir.”^ 
 
 “ Have you got down so low that captains 
 must command your brigades ? ” 
 
 “ Brigades ? There was no other regiment 
 fought against you to-day but the Fortieth, 
 and only seven companies of that ; for one 
 company was in the town as provost-guard, 
 and two companies were on the west of the 
 town, and neither of them were engaged.” ^ 
 “Then why in the name of thunder did 
 not your captain quietly surrender when my 
 brigade of cavalry attacked them ? ’ ’ 
 
53 ^ 
 
 DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 “ I presume, sir, the captain’s orders were 
 to defend the picket line as long as he could, 
 and not to surrender. ’ ’ 
 
 “But, why were you not reinforced ? ” 
 
 “ I do not know, sir ; just before we began 
 to fall back the captain rode along our lines 
 and told each company that it was evident 
 that we were not to be reinforced, and we 
 could not successfully retreat over that cotton- 
 field, unless each company implicitly obeyed 
 his commands. We all understood this ; and 
 he concentrated and retired us in the manner 
 you saw. ’ ’ 
 
 “How did you boys come to be cap- 
 tured?” 
 
 “When our regiment had retreated about 
 half the distance between the picket-line and 
 the town, a column of your cavalry threat- 
 ened to pass by our left, and get between us 
 and the town, and ‘gobble us all up,” and 
 Capt. Matchett ordered me and another ser- 
 geant, with about twenty men, to a position 
 about three hundred yards to the left and 
 rear of our regiment, in order to oppose that 
 threatened movement, with orders to hold 
 that position at all hazards, until the regi- 
 ment had retired beyond the cotton-gin, and 
 then make our way back to town as best we 
 could. We stayed there as ordered, but 
 when your forces in front of the regiment 
 were repulsed, they swept around to our po- 
 sition and took us all in, except a few who 
 started to run the gauntlet back to town. ’ ’ 
 
 At this a fine-looking officer, who was 
 present, broke out into a loud laugh, and 
 said : “ Gen. Van Dorn, the joke is on you ; 
 you promised to show us how neatly you 
 could take in the Yankees at Franklin, and 
 it seems that you have been very cleverly 
 repulsed by seven companies of infantry, 
 commanded by a captain, with his left pro- 
 tected by a sergeant’s squad.” 
 
 At this Sergt. Orin said: “General, I 
 would like to be permitted to say one word 
 in your defence ; that is— ^^there is not a pri- 
 vate in the Fortieth Ohio who would not 
 make a good colonel, and not a non-commis- 
 sioned officer who would not make a good 
 brigadier, and as to the captain who com- 
 manded us to-day, he could handle an army 
 equal to Bonaparte.” 
 
 “Thank you,” said Van Dorn ; and then, 
 turning to the officer referred to above, he 
 said : “ How could you expect me, with my 
 division of cavalry, to overcome a Bonaparte, 
 his field-marshals, his sixty generals and five 
 hundred colonels ? ’ ’ 
 
 Gen. Van Dorn then asked Sergt. Orin : 
 “How many men have you at Franklin ? ” 
 
 “ I do not know, sir, and if I did I should 
 decline to answer your question. ’ ’ 
 
 “ What is the nature and extent of your 
 fortifications there?” 
 
 “General, possibly you had better obtain 
 that information by another reconnoissance.” 
 
 “Well, Sergeant,” said the General, 
 “you’ll do. When you rejoin the regi- 
 ment, give my compliments to your brave 
 comrades and the captain, and say to him 
 that I hope he may never be promoted. ’ ’ 
 “Captain,” said he, addressing an officer, 
 “see that these men are treated with that 
 courtesy and respect due brave men. ’ ’ 
 
 The men were then taken back, and re- 
 mained prisoners only about three weeks, 
 when they were exchanged. Their prison 
 life was made far more agreeable to them 
 than they expected. 
 
 In 1878 a major of the Confederate army 
 stopped for a few days at Greenville, Ohio, 
 and called on Capt. Matchett, and said that 
 he had belonged to the staff of the Inspector- 
 General of the Confederate army ; that they 
 had come west to look after Bragg’^ army, 
 and went to Spring Hill Run about the 8th 
 of April, 1863, and found Gen. Van Dorn a 
 very genial and social fellow, who induced 
 the Inspector-General to go with him that 
 day (April 10th), and see how nicely he 
 would take in the Yankees at Franklin. 
 
 The major said that all the officers agreed 
 that they had never seen “such a fighting 
 regiment” as the Fortieth was ; and that he 
 was free to say that he never met with sueh 
 coolness and determined bravery since. He 
 detailed the conversation between Gen. Van 
 Dorn and the captured sergeant, substantially 
 as given above, which, in the mind of the 
 writer, confirmed the statements made by 
 Sergt. Orin and his captured comrades, on ’ 
 their return from captivity. 
 
 Gettysburg is on the C. St. L. & P. R. R., 87 miles west of Columbus. It 
 is the shipping point for a very productive surrounding wheat country. News- 
 papers : School Visitor, educational, John S. Royer, editor and publisher. Churches : 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 German Lutheran. It is some- 
 what of an educational centre. 
 
 Population in 1880, 202. 
 
 Arcanum, about 80 miles west of Columbus, at the intersection of the D. & U. 
 and I. B. & W. Railroads, is surrounded by a fine farming district, and is a point 
 of shipment for a large part of the tobacco crop of the county, of which the crop 
 is generally immense. Newspaper : Tribune, Democrat, S. M. Kemble, editor. 
 Churches : 1 Methodist, 1 United Baptist, 1 German Reformed. It has two good 
 natural gas wells and more are being put down. Milling, wood work and tile 
 making are the main industries. 
 
 Population in 1880, 778. School census in 1886, 335. 
 
DARKE COUNTY. 
 
 539 
 
 Versailles is on the C. C. C. & T. R. R. It has one newspaper, Policy^ In- 
 dependent. Central Bank, J. R. Jackson, president; J. W. Starbuck, cashier. 
 Census in 1880, 1,163. School census in 1886, 433 ; W. W. Long, superintend- 
 ent. This village was laid out in 1819 by Silas Atchison under the name of 
 Jacksonville. 
 
 The Hardshell Baptists, says the county 
 historian, built here in 1823 the second 
 church erected in the county. As their rules 
 required every applicant for membership to 
 give in a brief experience as a test of his fit- 
 ness for admission, he relates this as an illus- 
 tration. A person living up the creek by the 
 name of Stoner it appears, notwithstanding 
 his hard name, was a little soft. Neverthe- 
 less, he wanted to join the church. He rose 
 in the congregation and thus began : “I got 
 up this mornin’, greased my shoes, combed 
 my head and started to meetin’. As I was a 
 
 Ansonia, about 90 miles west of Columbus, on Stillwater creek, and at inter- 
 section of the C. C. C. & I. and C. V. W. & M. Railroads, is in the centre of a 
 grain-raising district. Newspaper: Mirror, Independent, Frank H. Jobes, editor 
 and publisher. Churches ; 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Christian, 1 German Lu- 
 theran. The Ansonia Stave Co., employing 18 hands, is the largest industry. 
 Population in 1880, 542. 
 
 Union City is on three railways and in two States, Indiana and Ohio ; two 
 counties, Randolph, Ind., and Darke, Ohio, and has two village corporations with 
 corresponding sets of officials. In 1880 the population of the Indiana side was 
 2,478, Ohio side, 1,127 ; total, 3,605. Union City was platted in 1852, and the 
 place has grown up in consequence of railroads. The industries here are wooden- 
 ware, staves, tubs, pails, clamps, broom handles, trunk slats, shingles, heading, 
 hubs, spokes, chairs, also drain tile, etc. It is also a prominent point for the manu-' 
 facture of flour and the purchase and shipment of grain. 
 
 cornin’ along I saw a tree ; I says to myself, 
 Kin one man pull that ar tree up ? No ! 
 Kin two men pull that ar tree up ? No ! 
 Kin three men pull that ar tree up? No ! 
 Kin ten men pull that ar tree up ? No ! 
 Kin twenty men pull that ar tree up ? No ! 
 Kin God Almighty pull that tree up ? Yes ! 
 I feel like suthin’ is going to happen. ’ ’ He 
 sat down. The preacher rose and said : 
 “Brethren, extend the right hand of fellow- 
 ship to Brother Stoner, for this is the true 
 blatin’ of the lamb. ’ ’ 
 
 DEFIANCE. 
 
 Defiance County was erected March 4, 1845, from Williams, Henry and 
 Paulding, and named from Fort Defiance. It is watered by the Auglaize, the 
 Tiffin and the Maumee ; this last-named stream was anciently called Miami of 
 the Lake,^^ and sometimes ^‘OmeeT The Maumee is navigable by steamers, in 
 high water, to Fort Wayne, and in ordinary stages to that place for keel boats car- 
 rying sixty tons. The Auglaize is navigable for keel boats to Wapakoneta, and 
 the Tiffin, which is a narrow, deep stream, is navigable, for pirogues of a few tons, 
 about fifty miles. Prior to the building of the Wabash canal, Northern Indiana 
 received a large part of its supplies by the Maumee. Much of this county is 
 within the Black Swamp region, and where cleared and drained as fertile perhaps 
 as the famed valley of the Nile. It was covered by abundant forests of oak, 
 hickory, ash, and elm and other trees, mostly of gigantic size, rendering the clear- 
 ing away a heavy labor. Area 420 squares miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated 
 
540 
 
 DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 were 113,070; pasture, 12,019; woodland, 65,823; lying waste, 906; produced 
 in wheat, 342,352 bushels ; oats, 242,330 ; corn, 650,887 ; wool, 66,570 pounds. 
 School census 1886, 8,028 ; teachers, 148. It has 49 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 188 1,509 
 
 Mark, 
 
 
 1,096 
 
 Defiance, 
 
 1,044 6,846 
 
 Milford, 
 
 175 
 
 1,460 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 201 1,505 
 
 Noble, 
 
 
 912 
 
 Farmer, 
 
 281 1,302 
 
 Richland, 
 
 
 1,427 
 
 Hicksville, 
 
 67 2,381 
 
 Tiffin, 
 
 222 
 
 1,526 
 
 Highland, 
 
 542 1,226 
 
 Washington, 
 
 98 
 
 1,325 
 
 Population of the county in 1840 was 2,818 ; in 1850, 6,966 ; in 1860, 11,983 ; 
 in 1870, 15,719; and in 1880, 22,515, of whom 16,711 w^ere Ohio-born; 1,780 
 born in Germany ; 867 Pennsylvania ; and 553 New York. 
 
 The annexed plan and description of Fort Defiance is found in the memoranda 
 of Benj. Van Cleve, communicated by his son, John W. Van Cleve, of Dayton, 
 to the American Pioneer. 
 
 At each angle of the fort was a block-house. 
 The one next the Maumee is marked A, having 
 port-holes, B, on the three exterior sides, and 
 door D and chimney C on the side facing to the 
 interior. There was a line of pickets on each 
 side of the fort, connecting the block-houses by 
 their nearest angles. Outside of the pickets and 
 around the block-houses was a glacis, a wall of 
 earth eight feet thick, sloping upwards and out- 
 wards from the feet of the pickets, supported by 
 a log wall on the side of the ditch and by fascines, 
 a wall of fagots, on the side next the Auglaize. 
 The ditch, fifteen feet wide and eight feet deep, 
 surrounded the whole work except on the side 
 toward the Auglaize ; the diagonal pickets, eleven 
 feet long and one foot apart, were secured to the 
 log wall and projected over the ditch. E and E 
 were gateways. F was a bank of earth, four feet 
 wide, left for a passage across the ditch. G was a 
 falling gate or drawbridge, which was raised and 
 lowered by pullies, across the ditch, covering it 
 or leaving it uncovered at pleasure. The oflS- 
 cers’ quarters were at H, and the storehouses at I. 
 At K, two lines of pickets converged toward L, 
 which was a ditch eight feet deep, by which water 
 was procured from the river without exposing the 
 carrier to the enemy. M was a small sand-bar at 
 the point. 
 
 Fort Defiance, 
 
 The lands now embraced within Defiance county were ceded by the Indians to 
 the United States by the treaty of Sept. 29, 1817, at the rapids of the Miami of 
 Lake Erie. Surveys were made from the Indiana line east to the line of the West- 
 ern Reserve and south to the Greenville treaty line. The base line of this survey 
 is the 41st degree of north latitude and it is also the south line of the Connecticut 
 Western Reserve. On the 12th of February, 1820, the legislature of Ohio passed 
 an act erecting these ceded lands into fourteen separate and distinct counties.’’ 
 
 Among these was AVilliams county. When Williams was organized in 1824 
 Henry, Paulding and Putnam counties were attached to it for judicial purposes, 
 with the town of Defiance as the county-seat of Williams county, and it so remained 
 for many years, when Bryan, then covered with a dense forest, was selected as the 
 site of the new county-seat of Williams. Dissatisfaction with this change led to 
 the creation of Defiance county, with Defiance as the seat of justice. 
 
 The nucleus of the early settlement of tiiese counties was at Defiance, and it 
 was chiefly settled in what now constitutes Defiance county by those who were 
 active in the early official life of Williams county. 
 
DEFIANCE COUNTY, 
 
 541 
 
 The first court-house (a brick structure) for Williams county was, as late aa 
 1883, standing on the banks of the Maumee in Defiance and used as a priva 
 dwelling. A large part of the settlers of Defiance county were Germans. Many 
 were laborers upon the railroads, who remained and took up lands. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Distant View of Defiance from the North Bank of the Maumee. 
 
 Defiance in 1846. — Defiance, the county-seat, is on the south bank of the 
 Maumee, at its junction with the Auglaize, on the line of the canal, 1 52 miles north- 
 west of Columbus, 58 from Toledo and 50 from Fort Wayne. It was laid out in 
 1822 by Benj. Level and Horatio G. Philips and contains 1 Methodist and 1 Catho- 
 
 L . E . Beardsley , Photo . , Defiance , 1887. 
 
 Near View of Defiance from the I^rth Bank of the Maumee. 
 
 lie church, 5 mercantile stores and a population of about 700. It is destined, from 
 its natural position, to be, when the country is fiilly settled, a large and flourishing 
 place ; it already has an extensive trade with a large district of country. Defiance is 
 on the site of a large Indian settlement, which extended for miles up and down the 
 
542 
 
 DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 river. Gen. Wayne, on his advance march, arrived at this place Aug. 8, 1794, 
 His army found it surrounded by a highly cultivated country, there being vege- 
 tables of every kind in abundance, and not less than one thousand acres of corn 
 around the Indian town, besides immense apple and peach orchards. It had been 
 a great trading point between the Canadian French and the Indians. On the 9th 
 of August Wayne commenced the erection of a fort, which he called Fort De- 
 fiance. The army remained here several days and then moved northward, and on 
 the 20th routed the Indians at the Maumee rapids. On their return they com- 
 pleted the fortress. Fort Defiance was built at the confluence of the Auglaize 
 and Maumee, traces of which work are now plainly discernible. The situation is 
 beautiful and commanding : it is indicated in the view of Defiance by the flag 
 shown on the left. Gen. Winchester, previous to his defeat at the river Raisin, in 
 the war of 1812, encamped in a picketed fort, which he built on the Auglaize, 
 about 100 yards south of the other and named Fort Winchester. 
 
 Defiance is 115 miles northwest of Columbus and 49 southwest of Toledo, at 
 the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee, formerly called The Miami of the 
 Lake,’’ rivers. It is on the line of the W. St. L. & P. R. R. and the B. & O. & 
 C. R. R. County officers in 1888: Probate Judge, John H. Bevington; Clerk 
 of the Court, Simon M. Cameron; Sheriff, Henry Wonderly; Prosecuting Attor- 
 ney, John W. Winn; Auditor, Wyatt T. Hill; Treasurer, John F. Dowe; Re- 
 corder, Geo. A. Heatley ; Surveyor, Martin W. Steinberger ; Coroner, D. P. Aldrich ; 
 Commissioners, Jacob Karst, David Miller, Frank J. Clemmer. Newspapers: 
 Defiance County Express^ Rep., Jos. Ralston, proprietor ; Deuiocraty Dem., W. G. 
 Blymer, editor ; Weekly Herald, Dem., German, J. A. Diendorfer, editor ; Local 
 News, Rep., Aaron F. Schrack, editor. Churches: 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Episcopal, 2 Catholic, 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 German, and 1 English, 2 
 Lutheran, 1 Albright Methodist and 1 United Brethren. Banks : Defiance Na- 
 tional, James A. Orcutt, president, Edward Squire, cashier ; Merchants’ National, 
 Wm. C. Holgate, president, E. P. Hooker, cashier. 
 
 Industries and Employees. — Karst & Fenger, doors, sash, etc., 34 hands ; Burg- 
 land & Shead, butter tubs, etc., 69 ; Defiance Woollen Mills, 37 ; Defiance Machine 
 Works, wood- working m .chinery, 176; Corwin & Kiser, carriages, etc., 10; 
 Kuhn Brothers, tobacco boxc”^. and lumber, 75 ; Christ. Diehl, beer, 13 ; Turnbull 
 Wagon Co., wagons and agriculti: ral supplies, 190; L. Archembeault, wagons, 
 etc., 5; Peter Schlosser & Son, ^Sirriag^s, etc., 20; C. Geiger & Son, furniture, 
 36 ; Wilhelm & Son, flour, etc., 12 ; Levi & Ginsburg, cigars, 32 ; Defiance 
 Paper Co., wrapping paper, 25; John Marshall, lumber, etc., 11 ; J. V. Olds, 
 spokes and hubs, 11; George H. Dicus, cooperage, 15; Alexander Friedman, 
 cigars, 5 ; Arbuckle, Ryan & Co., flour, etc., 13 ; Oconto Box and Barrel Co., 
 barrels and boxes, 40 ; Marshall and Greenlen, hoops and staves, 36 ; D. F. 
 Holston & Son, hoops, 65 ; Crowe & Hooker, hoops and staves, 53 ; John Rowe 
 & Son, hoops ; Trowbridge & Eddy, staves and heading, 65. — State Report for 
 1887. 
 
 Population in 1880, 5,907. School census in 1886, 2,113; C. W. Butler, 
 superintendent. 
 
 From early times Defiance has been an important historical point. It occu- 
 pies the site of the ancient “ Tu-en-da-wie ” of the Wyandot and ^^En-sa-woc-sa” 
 of the Shawnee. Wm. C. Holgate, in an address before the Historical Society of 
 the Maumee Valley, describes it as the heart of the Indian nations, the great 
 centre where the ancient races came to live, trade and counsel. He ascribes it to 
 the peculiar topography of the Maumee valley, extending 100 miles east and 
 Avest and 100 miles north and south, of which Defiance is the centre. The val- 
 ley is the territory drained by the Maumee and its tributaries, Avhich consists of 
 about twelve counties in Ohio and parts of Michigan and Indiana. The chief 
 tributary streams from the north, the Little St. Joseph and the Tiffin, originate in 
 Hillsdale county, Mich., about fifty miles north of Defiance. All these streams 
 
DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 545 
 
 were navigable to a certain extent. The other two tributary streams from the 
 south, the Auglaize and St. Mary^s, originate as far south of Defiance. 
 
 Au Glaize and Grand Glaize were the names given by the French to this place, 
 and it was so called in all historical accounts prior to the erection of Fort De- 
 fiance.' It is claimed on good authority, says Knapp, that the noted chief Pontiac 
 was born here, one of his parents being a Miami and the other belonging to the 
 Ottawa tribe. Heckewelder states the Miami of the Lake, at the junction of 
 the Auglaize with that river,’^ was the place of abode and refuge in 1781 for a 
 remnant of the Moravian Christian Indians after the massacre of the Mus- 
 kingum. 
 
 In 1780, during the Revolutionary war, an expedition under Col. Byrd was fitted 
 out at Detroit, consisting of 600 men, including Indians and Canadians, with two 
 pieces of artillery, destined for the invasion of Kentucky. This expedition took 
 Au Glaize on their route and, it is inferred, erected a stockade here and rested on 
 both going and returning from Detroit. This was the force that appeared before 
 Bryant’s Station ” and Ruddle’s Station ” and compelled their surrender, and, 
 after promising protection to the prisoners, massacred them in cold blood. 
 
 One of the early historical accounts speaks of a great council of all the Indian 
 tribes, held at Au Glaize in October, 1792, and says it was the largest Indian 
 council of the times ; that the chiefs of all the tribes of the Northwest were here, 
 and representatives of the seven nations of Canada and of the twenty-seven na- 
 tions beyond Canada ; that Cornplanter and forty-eight chiefs of the six nations 
 of New York repaired here ; that three men of the Gora nations were in attend- 
 ance, whom it took a whole season to travel to this point. “ Besides these,” says 
 Cornplanter, there were so many nations that we eannot tell the names of them.” 
 
 The question of peace or war was long and earnestly discussed : the chiefs of 
 the Shawnees being for war, and Red Jacket, the Seneca chief, for peace. This 
 convention represented a larger territory than any convention of Indians we have 
 an account of, before or since, being held on the American continent. It seems 
 to have been a natural intuition that led the red men of the forest to see that this 
 was the strategetic centre of North America. 
 
 Captivity qf Two White Boys. — Captives 
 were brought to Au Glaize ; and what is 
 singular two boys, when captured, one nine 
 years of age, J ohn Brickell, from Pittsburg ; 
 the other eleven years of age, Oliver M. 
 Spencer, from Cincinnati, have left written 
 accounts of their experience. Brickell was 
 taken in February, 1791, and was adopted by 
 a Delaware Indian named Whingy Pooshies 
 and lived with his family four years. In his 
 narrative he says he was treated very kindly, 
 every way as one of themselves, and had 
 every opportunity of learning their manners, 
 customs and religion, and thinks he has been 
 influenced to good more from what he 
 learned among these Indians than from what 
 he has learned from amongst people of his 
 own color. Honesty, bravery and hospitality 
 were cardinal virtues among them. When a 
 company of strangers come to a town and 
 encamp, they are not asked if they want 
 anything, but a runner starts out proclaiming 
 “strangers have arrived.” On this every 
 family provide of the best they have, and 
 take it to the strangers, for which not a 
 thought is had of anything being received in 
 return, and when they start out they are 
 helped on their journey. Worshipping the 
 Great Spirit, whom they call Manitou, 
 “never,” says Brickell, “even on one occa- 
 
 sion did I know of their using the name 
 irreverently,” and they had no term in their 
 language by which they could swear pro- 
 fanely. Their young honor the aged. The 
 first corn that is fit to use is made a feast- 
 offering. The first game that is taken on a 
 hunting expedition is dressed whole without 
 the breaking of a bone, with the head, ears 
 and hoof on, and being cooked whole, all eat 
 of it, and^ if any is left it is entirely burnt 
 up ; and in respect to things clean and un- 
 clean they follow the Jewish customs. They 
 have no public worship except the feasts, but 
 frequently observe family worship, in which 
 they sing and pray. They believe in a res- 
 urrection after death, and in future rewards 
 and punishments. Their cruel treatment of 
 their enemies in war seems but the acting 
 out of the precepts, “an eye for an eye, a 
 tooth for a tooth, and blood for blood.” 
 Young Brickell was trained to hunt ana 
 much of his time was out on hunting expe- 
 ditions. These were generally to the streams 
 of the Maumee in summer, but in winter 
 extended to the Scioto, the Hocking and 
 Licking rivers. During his four years’ so- 
 journ here, two very important events oc- 
 cun-ed — St. Clair’s defeat, in 1791, and 
 Wayne’s victory, August 20, 1794. 
 
 He gives some interesting items in regard 
 
544 
 
 DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 to Wayne’s victory. The following winter 
 his people had to winter at the mouth of 
 Swan creek, on the site of Toledo. He says : 
 “We were entirely dependent upon the 
 British, and they did not half supply us. 
 The starving and sickly condition of the In- 
 dians made them very impatient, and they 
 became exasperated at the British. It was 
 finally concluded to send a flag to Fort Defi- 
 ance in order to make a treaty with the 
 Americans. This was successful. Our men 
 found the Americans ready to treat, and 
 they agreed upon an exchange of prisoners. 
 I saw nine white prisoners exchanged for 
 nine Indians. I was left, there being no In- 
 dian to give for me. Patton, Johnston, 
 Sloan and Mrs. Baker were four of the nine ; 
 the names of the others I do not recollect. 
 
 On the breaking-up of spring we all went 
 to Fort Defiance, and arriving on the shore 
 opposite, we saluted the fort with a round 
 of rifles, and they shot a cannon thirteen 
 times. We then encamped on the spot. On 
 the same day Whingy Pooshies told me I 
 must go over to the fort. The children hung 
 around me, crying, and asked me if I was 
 going to leave them. I told them I did not 
 know. When we got over to the fort and 
 were seated with the officers, Whingy Poo- 
 shies told me to stand up, which I did. He 
 then arose and addressed me in about these 
 words : ‘ My son, these are men the same 
 
 color with yourself, and some of your kin 
 
 may be here, or they may be a great way off. 
 You have lived a long time with us. I call 
 on you to say if I have not been a father to 
 you ; if I have not used you as a father 
 would a son?’ I said, ‘You have used me 
 as well as a father could use a son. ’ He said, 
 
 ‘ I am glad you say so. You have lived long 
 with me ; you have hunted for me ; but your 
 treaty says you must be free. If you choose 
 to go with people of your own color I have 
 no right to say a word ; but if you choose to 
 stay with me your people have no right to 
 speak. Now reflect on it and take your 
 choice and tell us as soon as you make up 
 your mind. ’ I was silent for a few minutes, 
 in which time I seemed to think of most 
 everything. I thought of the children I had 
 just left crying ; I thought of the Indians I 
 was attached to, and I thought of my people 
 whom I remembered ; and this latter thought 
 predominated, and I said, ‘ I will go with my 
 kin. ’ The old man then said, ‘ I have raised 
 you. I have learned you to hunt ; you are a 
 good hunter. You have been better to me 
 than my own sons. I am now getting old 
 and I cannot hunt. I thought you would be 
 a support to my old age. I leaned on you as 
 on a staff. Now it is broken — j^ou are going 
 to leave me and I have no right to say a 
 word, but I am ruined.’ He then sank back 
 in tears to his seat. ^ I heartily joined him in 
 his tears, parted with him, and have never 
 seen or heard of him since. ’ ’ 
 
 On his return from his captivity Brickell settled in Columbus, and became one 
 of its most esteemed citizens. O. M. Spencer, the eleven-year-old Cincinnati boy, 
 was taken in 1792, while a little way from home, by two Indians. His captor 
 was a Shawnee, but he shortly transferred his rights to his companion, Wah-paw- 
 waw-qua, or White Loon, the son of a Mohawk chief. At their arrival at the 
 confluence of the Auglaize and the Maumee, after disposing of their furs to a 
 British Indian trader, they crossed over to a small bark-cabin near its banks, and 
 directly opposite the point, and, leaving him in charge of its occupant — an old 
 widow, the mother-in-law of Waw-paw-waw-qua — departed for their homes, a 
 Shawnee village, on the river about one mile below. 
 
 Cooh-coo-che, the widow in whose charge young Spencer had been left, was a 
 princess of the Iroquois tribe. She was a priestess, to whom the Indians applied 
 before going on any important war expedition. She was esteemed a great medi- 
 cine-woman. 
 
 The description of the settlement at that time is from the narrative of Spencer ; 
 
 On this high ground (since the site of 
 Fort Defiance, erected by General Wayne in 
 1794), extending from the Maumee a quarter 
 of a mile up the Auglaize, about two hun- 
 dred yards in width, was an open space, on 
 the west and south of which were oak woods, 
 with hazel undergrowth. Within this open- 
 ing, a few hundred yards above the point, on 
 the steep high bank of the Auglaize, were 
 five or six cabins and log-houses, inhabited 
 principally by Indian traders. The most 
 northerly, a large hewed log-house, divided 
 below into three apartments, was occupied as 
 a warehouse, store and dwelling by George 
 Ironside, the most wealthy and influential of 
 
 the traders on the point. Next to his were 
 the houses of Pirault (Pero), a French baker, 
 and M’Kenzie, a Scot, who, in addition to 
 merchandising, followed the occupation of a 
 silversmith, exchanging with the Indians his 
 brooches, ear-drops, and other silver orna- 
 ments, at an enormous profit, for skins and 
 furs. Still farther up were several other 
 families of French and English ; and two 
 American prisoners, Henry Ball, a^ soldier 
 taken at St. Clair’s defeat, and his wife, 
 Polly Meadows, captured at the same time, 
 were allowed to live here, and by labor to 
 ay their masters the price of their ransom ; 
 e by boating to the rapids of the Maumee, 
 
DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 545 
 
 and she by washing and sewing. Fronting 
 the house of Ironside, and about fifty yards 
 from the bank, was a small stockade enclos- 
 ing two hewed log-houses, one of which was 
 occupied by James Girty (brother of Simon), 
 the other, occasionally, by M’Kee and Elliott, 
 British Indian agents, living at Detroit. 
 
 From this station I had a fine view of the 
 large village more than a mile south, on the 
 east side of the Auglaize, of Blue Jacket’s 
 town, and of the Maumee river for several 
 miles below, and of the extensive prairie 
 covered with corn, directly opposite, and 
 forming together a very handsome landscape. 
 
 Young Spencer was redeemed from captivity on the last day of F^ebriiary, 1793, 
 and through the solicitation of Washington to the governor of Canada. The 
 latter instructed Col. Elliott, the Indian agent, to interpose for his release. He 
 was taken down the Maumee in an open pirouge, thence paddled in a canoe by 
 two squaAvs along the shore of Lake Erie to Detroit. His route thence was by 
 Lake Erie in a vessel to Erie, Pa., thence to Forts Chippewa and Niagara, across 
 New York State, then mostly a Avilderness, to Albany, down the Hudson to New 
 York city, thence through Pennsylvania to Cincinnati. The distance was 2,000 
 miles, and such the difficulties to be overcome that two years were consumed in the 
 journey ; but for the protecting auspices of those highest in authority it could not 
 have been accomplished at all. 
 
 Young Spencer became a Methodist minister, and reared a family of the high- 
 est respectability; one son became postmaster of Cincinnati about 1850, another 
 a judge of its superior court. 
 
 Wayne was eight days in building Fort Defiance ; began on the 9th of August 
 and finished on the 17th. After surveying its block-houses, pickets, ditches, and 
 fascines, Wayne exclaimed, “ I defy the English, Indians, and all the devils in 
 hell to take it.’^ Gen. Scott, Avho happened at that instant to be standing at his 
 side, remarked, Then call it ‘ Fort Defiance V ” and so Wayne, in a letter to 
 the Secretary of War written at this time, said : ‘‘ Thus, sir, we have gained 
 possession of the grand emporium of the hostile Indians of the West, Avithout loss 
 of blood. The very extensive and highly cultivated fields and gardens shoAv the 
 work of many hands. The margin of those beautiful rivers — the Miamis of the 
 lake (or Maumee) and Auglaize — appear like one continued village for a number 
 of miles both above and beloAv this place ; nor have I ever before beheld such 
 fields of corn in any part of America from Canada to Florida. We are noAV 
 employed in completing a strong stockade fort, with four good block-houses, by 
 way of bastions, at the confluence of the Auglaize and the Maumee, Avhich I have 
 called Defiance.^^ 
 
 When first known, there Avas an abundance of apple trees at Defiance. The 
 bank of the Auglaize at one spot was lined with these trees, and there AA^ere single 
 trees scattered about in various places. It is supposed they Avere planted by 
 French missionaries and traders during the French dominion on the lakes, and 
 cared for afterAvards by the Indian trappers and traders. The fruit of these trees 
 was better than that of the so-called natural trees of the present time ; they grew 
 larger, and had a more agreeable taste. The stocks Avere more like the forest 
 trees ; higher to the branches, longer to the limbs than the grafted trees of the 
 pre^^ut day. Probably the shade and contracted clearings in which they Avere 
 groATU had much to do Avith this large groAvth. There Avas then no civilization to 
 bring in borers, Avorms, and curculios, and so the trees thrived Avithout hindrance. 
 The ‘^County History,’^ published in 1883, from AAfiiich the above Avas derived, 
 says : ‘‘ Defiance has been famed for the possession of a monstrous apple tree. 
 Strangers have seldom failed to visit it, to measure its proportions, and speculate 
 upon its age and origin. It stands on the narrow bottom, on the north side of 
 the Maumee, and nearly opposite the old fort. ' It has never failed, in the knoAvl- 
 edge of present settlers, in producing a crop of very excellent apples. One large 
 branch, however, has of late years been broken off by the .storms, which has much 
 marred its proportions ; the remainder is yet healthy and prospering. Before the 
 town was laid out there were many trees, equally thrifty and not less in size, in 
 
546 
 
 DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 this vicinity.’’ The famed apple tree was destroyed by a gale in the fall of 1886. 
 It was judged to be 150 years old, and was much dilapidated. It has produced 
 in some seasons 200 bushels of apples. 
 
 In the war of 1812 Fort Defiance was an important point for the concentration 
 of troops, under Gen. Harrison, against the British and Indians on the frontier. 
 On one occasion a revolt took place in the Kentucky regiment of Col. Allen. 
 Gen. Harrison was not present, but luckily arrived that night in camp, and had 
 retired, when he was suddenly awakened by Col. Allen and Maj. Hardin with the 
 bad tidings. The outcome illustrates the knowledge of his men and the inimitable 
 tact which Gen. Harrison appears to have possessed in his management of them. 
 The details are from Knapp’s History of the Maumee Valley : ” 
 
 Col. Allen and Major M. D. Hardin in- 
 formed the General that Allen’s regiment, 
 exhausted by the hard fare of the campaign, 
 and disappointed in the expectation of an 
 immediate engagement with the enemy, 
 had, in defiance of their duty to their coun- 
 try and all the earnest impassioned remon- 
 strances of their officers, determined to re- 
 turn home. They begged the General to rise 
 and interfere, as the only officer who could 
 bring the mutineers to a sense of their duty. 
 
 Gen. Harrison informed the officers that 
 he would take the matter in hand, and they 
 retired. In the meantime, he sent an aid to 
 Gen. Winchester to order the alarm, or point 
 of war, to be beat the following morning in- 
 stead of the reveille. 
 
 The next morning, at the roll of the 
 drum, every soldier sprang to his post, all 
 alert and eager to learn the cause of the 
 unexpected war alarm. Gen. Winchester 
 formed them into a hollow square ; at this 
 moment Gen. Harrison appeared upon pa- 
 rade. The effect on the assembled troops of 
 this sudden and unexpected appearance in 
 their midst of their favorite commander can 
 be easily imagined. Taking advantage of 
 this Gen. Harrison immediately addressed 
 them. He began by lamenting that there 
 was, as he was informed, considerable dis- 
 content in one of the Kentucky regiments ; 
 this, although a mortification to himself, on 
 their account, was happily of little conse- 
 quence to the government. He had more 
 troops than he knew what to do with at th-e 
 present stage of the campaign ; he was ex- 
 pecting daily the arrival of the Pennsylvania 
 and Virginia quotas. It is fortunate, said 
 this officer, with the ready oratory for which 
 his native Virginia is so famed, that he had 
 found out this dissatisfaction before the cam- 
 paign was farther advanced, when the dis- 
 covery might have been mischievous to the 
 public interests, as well as disgraceful to the 
 parties concerned. Now, so far as the gov- 
 ernment was interested, the discontented 
 troops, who had come into the woods with 
 the expectation of finding all the luxuries of 
 home and of peace, had full liberty to return. 
 He would, he continued, order facilities to be 
 furnished for their immediate accommoda- 
 tion. But he could not refrain from express- 
 ing the mortification he anticipated for the 
 reception they would meet from the old and 
 
 the young, who had greeted them on their 
 march to the scene of war, as their gallant 
 neighbors. 
 
 What must be their feelings, said the Gen- 
 eral, to see those whom they had hailed as 
 their generous defenders, now returning with- 
 out striking a blow and before their term of 
 plighted service had expired? But if this 
 would be the state of public sentiment in 
 Ohio, what would it be in Kentucky? If 
 their fathers did not drive their degenerate 
 sons back to the field of battle to recover 
 their wounded honor, their mothers and sis- 
 ters would hiss them from their presence. 
 If, however, the discontented men were dis- 
 posed to put up with all the taunts and dis- 
 dain which awaited them wherever they went 
 they were. General Harrison again assured 
 them, at full liberty to go back. 
 
 The influence of this animated address 
 was instantaneous. 
 
 This was evinced in a manner most flatter- 
 ing to the tact and management of the com- 
 mander. Col. J. M. Scott, the senior colonel 
 of Kentucky, and who had served in the 
 armies of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne, in 
 the medical staff, now addressed his men. 
 
 These were well known in the army as the 
 “Ironworks” from the neighborhood from 
 which they had come. “You, my bo3'S,” 
 said the generous veteran, “will prove your 
 attachment for the service of your country 
 and your general by giving him three cheers. ’ ’ 
 
 The address was attended with immediate 
 success, and the air resounded with the 
 shouts of both officers and men. 
 
 Colonel Lewis next took up the same 
 course and with the same effect. 
 
 It now became the turn of the noble Allen 
 again to try the temper of his men. He 
 begged leave of the general to address them, 
 but excess of emotion choked his utterance. 
 At length he gave vent to the contending 
 feelings of his heart in a broken but forcible 
 address, breathing the fire which ever burned 
 so ardently in his breast. At the close of it, 
 however, he conjured the soldiers of his reg' 
 iment to give the general the same manifesta- 
 tion of their patriotism and returning sense 
 of duty which the other Kentucky regiments 
 had so freely done. The wishes of their 
 high-spirited officer were comi)lied with, and 
 a mutiny was nipped in its bud which might, 
 if persisted in, have spread disaffectiou 
 
DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 547 
 
 through the Kentucky troops, to the disgrace the remainder of their service till the greater 
 of that gallant State and the lasting injury part of them offered up their lives in de- 
 of the public cause. No troops, however, fence of their country on the fatal field of 
 behaved more faithfully or zealously through Raisin. 
 
 Hicksville is twenty miles west of Defiance, on the line of the B. & O. & 
 C. R. R. It has two newspapers : Independent, Republican, T. G. Dowell, editor ; 
 Nev^s, Independent, W. C. B. Harrison, editor. Churches : 1 Catholic, 1 Chris- 
 tian, 1 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, and, in 1880, 1,212 inhabitants. 
 
 Hicksville was laid out in 1836 by Miller Arrowsmith for John A. Bryan, 
 Henry W. Hicks, and Isaac S. Smith. The next spring the Hon. Alfred P. 
 Edgerton (born in Plattsburg, N. Y., in 1813) came out here in 1837 and 
 assumed the management of the extended landed interests of the American Land 
 Company and of the Messrs. Hicks, their interest being known as the Hicks 
 Land Company.’^ He revised and added to the layout of the town, built mills, 
 and made extensive improvements, and was a generous contributor to every good 
 work or thing connected with the welfare of the community. In his land-office in 
 Hicksville, up to October 5, 1852, he sold 140,000 acres, all to actual settlers. 
 In 1857 he removed to Fort Wayne, Ind., but 
 remained a citizen of Ohio until 1862, and 
 now, late in life, is Civil Service. Commissioner 
 under the general government. 
 
 Mr. Edgerton is a man of remarkable intel- 
 lectual and physical vitality, and his life has 
 been strongly and usefully identified with the 
 history of this region and the State. In 1845 
 he was elected to the State Senate from the ter- 
 ritory embraced by the present counties of 
 Williams, Defiance, Paulding, Van Wert, Mer- 
 cer, Auglaize, Allen, Henry, Putnam, and part 
 of Fulton, where he became the leader of the 
 Democratic party, and electrified the Senate by 
 his clear, logical spe':'"'hes in opposition to some 
 of the financial mer res advocated by the late 
 Alfred Kelley, the \v hig leader. It was stated 
 that ^Gvhile the debate between the two was 
 one of the most noted of the times, that the ^ ALFRED P. EDGERTON. 
 respectful deference shown by Mr. Edgerton to 
 
 Mr. Kelley, who was the senior, won for him the respect of the entire Whig 
 party of the State and secured to him ever after the warm friendship and respect 
 of Mr. Kelley, which he often exhibited in kind and valuable ways.’’ This was 
 during the period of our original tour over the State, and we well remember seeing 
 him in his place in the Senate, being impressed by the keen, sharp, intellectual 
 visage of the then young man. That memory has prompted us to this full 
 notice. 
 
 He was elected to Congress in 1850 and again in 1852, and during the latter 
 term, with several others of the more sagacious members of the Democratic party, 
 opposed the rescinding of the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 On closing up the affairs of the land company Mr. Edgerton bought a large 
 amount of land of them at a merely nominal price. We terminate this account 
 of him by the relation of a very pleasant incident of honorable history, as related 
 by Mr. Frank G. Carpenter : 
 
 vf ■■■■■■■ / / 
 
 Along early in the seventies Mr. Edgerton 
 was worth between $800,000 and $1,000,000, 
 and he was helping his brother, Lycurgus 
 Edgerton, who was doing business in New 
 
 York. His brother had only his verbal 
 promise for surety, and when the panic of 
 1873 came around and caused him to fail to 
 the extent of $250,000, Edgerton was not 
 
548 
 
 DEFIANCE COUNTY. 
 
 legally responsible for his debts. Neverthe- 
 less, he paid every dollar of them, though in 
 doing so it cost him the larger part of his 
 fortune. In order to get the ready money he 
 had to sell valuable stocks, such as the Pitts- 
 burg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad stock, 
 and others which are now away above par, 
 but which went then at a sacrifice. Upon 
 Edgerton’s friends urging him not to pay 
 these debts of his brother, stating that he 
 could not be held for them, he replied that 
 the legal obligation made no difference to 
 him. He had promised his brother that he 
 would be his surety, and had he made no such 
 promise he would have paid his brother’s 
 
 debts rather than see his notes dishonored. 
 Such examples as that above instanced by 
 Mr. Carpenter of a fine sense of honor on the 
 part of public men are of extraordinary edu- 
 cational value to the general public, especially 
 S 9 to the young. Hence it pleases us to here 
 cite another illustrative instance on the part 
 of one of Ohio’s gallant ofiicers, Gen. Chas. 
 H. Grosvenor, the member of Congress from 
 the Athens district. He made claim for an 
 invalid pension, which was allowed. Later, 
 finding he could attend to business so as to 
 support his family, he felt it wrong to accept 
 of his pension, and ordered the check in his 
 favor, which was about $5,000, to be cancelled. 
 
 DEL AW A EE. 
 
 Delaware County was formed from Franklin county, February 10, 1808. 
 It lies north of Columbus. The surface is generally level and the soil clay, except 
 the river bottoms. About one-third of the surface is adapted to meadow and pas- 
 ture, and the remainder to the plough. The Scioto and branches run through 
 north and south — the Olentangy, Alum creek, and Walnut creek. Area, 450 
 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 108,277 ; in pasture, 98,488; 
 woodland, 43,371 ; lying waste, 1,009 ; produced in wheat, 279,917 bushels; corn, 
 1,410,875; wool, 606,665 pounds; sheep, 107,895. School census 1886, 8,487 ; 
 teachers, 196. It has 72 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Berkshire, 
 
 1,407 
 
 1,656 
 
 Marlborough, 
 
 1,182 
 
 360 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 827 
 
 1,388 
 
 Orange, 
 
 789 
 
 1,227 
 
 Brown, 
 
 908 
 
 1,178 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 774 
 
 1,266 
 
 Concord, 
 
 1,185 
 
 1,478 
 
 Porter, 
 
 678 
 
 925 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 1,917 
 
 8,091 
 
 Eadnor, 
 
 1,174 
 
 i;209 
 
 Genoa, 
 
 1,193 
 
 1,045 
 
 Scioto, 
 
 877 
 
 1,667 
 
 Harlem, 
 
 963 
 
 1,144 
 
 Thompson, 
 
 660 
 
 851 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 657 
 
 562 
 
 Trenton, 
 
 1,188 
 
 899 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 811 
 
 1,481 
 
 Troy, 
 
 838 
 
 954 
 
 The population of the county in 1820 ^vas 7,639; in 1840, 22,060; in 1860, 
 23,902; in 1880, 27,381, of whom 21,890 were Ohio-born. 
 
 The name of this county originated from the Delaware tribe, some of whom 
 once dwelt within its limits, and had extensive corn-fields adjacent to its seat of 
 justice. John Johnston says: 
 
 ^^The true name of this once powerful tribe is Wa-be-nugh-ha, that is, ^the 
 people from the east,’ or ^ the sun rising.’ The tradition among themselves is, that 
 they originally, at some very remote period, emigrated from the West, crossed the 
 Mississippi, ascending the Ohio, fighting their Avay, until they reached the Delaware 
 river (so named from Lord Delaware), near where Philadelphia now stands, in 
 which region of country they became fixed. 
 
 About this time they were so numerous that no enumemtion could be made of 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 549 
 
 the nation. They welcomed to the shores of the new world that great lawgiver, 
 William Penn, and his peaceful followers, and ever since this people have enter- 
 tained a kind and grateful recollection of them ; and to this day, speaking of good 
 men, they would say, ^ Wa-s\ie-a^ E-le-nCy such a man is a Quaker, i. e., all good 
 men are Quakers. In 1823 I removed to the west of the Mississippi persons of 
 this tribe who were born and raised within thirty miles of Philadelphia. These 
 were the most squalid, wretched, and degraded of their race, and often furnished 
 chiefs wfth a subject of reproach against the whites, pointing to these of their peo- 
 ple and saying to us, ^ see how you have spoiled them,’ meaning they had acquired 
 all the bad habits of the white people, and were ignorant of hunting, and incapable 
 of making a livelihood as other Indians. 
 
 In 1819 there were belonging to my agency in Ohio 80 Delawares, who were 
 stationed near Upper Sandusky, and in Indiana 2,300 of the same tribe. 
 
 Bockinghelas was the principal chief of the Delawares for many years after my 
 going into the Indian country ; he was a distinguished warrior in his day, and an 
 old man when I knew him. Killbuck, another Delaware chief, had received a 
 liberal education at Princeton College, and retained until his death the great out- 
 lines of the morality of the Gospel.” 
 
 In the middle of the last century the Forks of the Muskingum, in Coshocton 
 county, was the great central point of the DelaAvares. There are yet fragments of 
 the nation in Canada and in the Indian Territory. 
 
 The following historical sketch of Delaware county and its noted characters 
 was written for the first edition by Dr. H. C. Mann : 
 
 The first settlement in the county was made 
 May 1, 1801, on the east bank of the Olen- 
 tangy, five miles below Delaware, by Nathan 
 Carpenter and Avery Powers, from Chenango 
 county, N. Y. Carpenter brought his family 
 with him and built the first cabin near where 
 the farm-house now stands. Powers’ family 
 came out towards fall, but he had been out 
 the year before to explore the country and 
 select the location. In April, 1 802, Thomas 
 Celler, with Josiah McKinney, from Franklin 
 county, Pa. , moved in and settled two miles 
 lower down, and in the fall of 1803 Henry 
 Perry, from Wales, commenced a clearing 
 and put up a cabin in Radnor, three-fourths 
 of a mile south of Delhi. In the spring of 
 1804 Aaron, John and Ebenezer Welch 
 (brothers) and Capt. Leonard Mpnroe, from 
 Chenango, N. Y., settled in Carpenter’s 
 neighborhood, and the next fall Col. Byxbe 
 and his company, from Berkshire, Mass., 
 settled on Alum creek, and named their 
 township Berkshire. The settlement at Nor- 
 ton, by William Drake and Nathaniel Wyatt ; 
 Lewis settlement, in Berlin, and the one at 
 Westfield followed soon after. In 1804 Car- 
 penter built the first mill in the county, 
 where the factory of Gun, Jones & Co. now 
 stands. It was a saw-mill, with a small pair 
 of stones attached, made of boulders, or 
 “nigger heads,” as they are commonly 
 called. It could only grind a few bushels a 
 day, but still it was a great advantage to the 
 settlers. When the county was organized, in 
 1808, the following officers were elected, viz. : 
 Avery Powers, John Welch and Ezekiel 
 Brown, commissioners ; Rev. Jacob Drake, 
 treasurer ; Dr. Reuben Lamb, recorder, and 
 Azariah Root, surveyor. The officers of the 
 court were Judge Belt, of Chillicothe, presi- 
 
 dent ; Josiah M’ Kinney, Thomas Brown and 
 Moses Byxbe, associate judges ; Ralph Os- 
 born, prosecuting attorney ; Solomon Smith, 
 sheriff, and Moses Byxbe, Jr., clerk. The 
 first session was held in a little cabin that 
 stood north of the sulphur spring. The 
 grand jury sat under a cherry-tree, and the 
 petit jury in a cluster of bushes on another 
 part of the lot, with their constables at a con- 
 siderable distance to keep off intruders. 
 
 Block-homes . — This being a border county 
 during the last war, danger was apprehended 
 from the Indians, and a block-house was built 
 in 1812 at Norton, and another, still standing on 
 Alum creek, seven miles east from Delaware, 
 and the present dwelling of L. H. Cowles, 
 Esq., northeast corner Main and William 
 streets, was converted into a temporary 
 stockade. During the war this county fur- 
 nished a company of cavalry, that served 
 several short campaigns as volunteers under 
 Capt. Elias Murray, and several entire com- 
 panies of infantry were called out from here 
 at different times by Gov. Meigs, but the 
 county never was invaded. 
 
 Drake s Defeat . — After Hull’s surrender, 
 Capt. Wm. Drake formed a company of 
 rangers in the northern part of the county to 
 protect the frontier from maurauding bands 
 of Indians who then had nothing to restrain 
 them, and when Lower Sandusky was threat- 
 ened with attack, this company, with great 
 alacrity, obeyed the call to march to its de- 
 fence. They encamped the first night a few 
 miles beyond the outskirts of the settlement. 
 In those days the captain was a great wag, 
 and naturally very fond of sport, and being 
 withal desirous of testing the courage of his 
 men, after thej'^ had all got asleep, he slipped 
 into the bushes at some distance, and, dis- 
 
550 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 charging his gun, rushed towards the camp 
 yelling Indians ! Indians ! with all his might. 
 
 The sentinels, supposing the alarm to pro- 
 ceed from one of their number, joined in the 
 cry and ran to quarters ; the men sprang to 
 their feet in complete confusion, and the 
 courageous attempted to form on the ground 
 designated the night before in case of attack ; 
 but the first lieutenant, thinking there was 
 more safety in depending upon leg8 than 
 arms., took to his heels and dashed into the 
 woods. Seeing the consternation and im- 
 pending disgrace of his company, the captain 
 quickly proclaimed the hoax and ordered a 
 halt, but the lieutenant’s frightened imagina- 
 tion converted every sound into Indian yells 
 and the sanguinary war-whoop, and the 
 louder the captain shouted, the faster he ran, 
 till the sounds sank away in the distance and 
 he supposed the captain and his adherents 
 had succumbed to the tomahawk and the 
 scalping-knife. Supposing he had been 
 asleep a few minutes only, he took the moon 
 for his guide and flew for home, but having 
 had time to gain the western horizon she led 
 him in the wrong direction,^ and after break- 
 ing down saplings and running through brush 
 some ten miles through the woods, he reached 
 Radnor settlement just at daybreak, bare- 
 headed and with his garments flowing in a 
 thousand streams. The people, roused hur- 
 riedly from their slumber and horrified with 
 his report that the whole company was mas- 
 sacred but him who alone had escaped, began 
 a general and rapid flight. 
 
 Each conveyed the tidings to his neighbor, 
 and just after sunrise they came rushing 
 through Delaware, mostly on . horse-back, 
 many in wagons, and some on foot, present- 
 ing all those grotesque appearances that 
 frontier settlers naturally would, supposing 
 the Indians close in their rear. Many anec- 
 dotes are told, amusing now to us who can- 
 not realize their feelings, that exhibit the 
 varied hues of courage and trepidation char- 
 acterizing different persons, and also show 
 that there is no difference between real and 
 supposed danger, and yet those actuated by 
 the^ latter seldom receive the sympathy of 
 their fellows. 
 
 One family, named Penry, drove so fast 
 that they bounced a little boy, two or three 
 years old, out of the wagon, near Delaware, 
 and did not miss him till they had gone five 
 or six miles on their way to Worthington, 
 and then upon consultation concluded it was 
 too late to recover him amid such imminent 
 danger, and so yielded him up as a painful 
 sacrifice ! But the little fellow found protec- 
 tion from others, and is now living in the 
 western part of the county. One woman, in 
 the confusion of hurrying off, forgot her 
 babe till after starting, and ran back to get 
 it, but being peculiarly absent-minded she 
 caught up a stick of wood from the chimney 
 corner and hastened off, leaving her child 
 again quietly sleeping in the cradle ! A large 
 portion of the peo})le fled to Worthington 
 and Franklinton, and some kept on to Cliilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 In Delaware the men who could be spared 
 from conveying away their families, or who 
 had none, rallied for defence and sent scouts 
 to Norton to reconnoitre, where they found 
 the people quietly engaged in their or- 
 dinary avocations, having received a message 
 from the captain ; but it was too late to save 
 the other settlements from a precipitate 
 flight. Upon the whole, it was quite an in- 
 jury to the county, as a large amount of 
 produce was lost from the intrusion of cattle 
 and the want of hands to harvest it ; many 
 of the people being slow in returning and 
 some never did. Capt. Drake, with his 
 company, marched on to Sandusky to execute 
 the duty assigned him without knowing the 
 effect produced in his rear. He has since 
 been associate judge and filled several other 
 offices in the county, and is still living, re- 
 spected by his neighbors and characterized by 
 hospitality and good humor and his strong 
 penchant for anecdote and fun. 
 
 Eaxly Customs . — During the early period 
 of the county the people were in a condition 
 of complete social equality ; no aristocratic 
 distinctions were thought of in society, and 
 the first line of demarkation drawn was to 
 separate the very bad from the general mass. 
 Their parties were for raisings and log-roll- 
 ings, and the labor being finished, their 
 sports usually were shooting and gymnastic 
 exercises with the men, and convivial amuse- 
 ments among the women ; no punctilious 
 formality, nor ignoble aping the fashions of 
 licentious Paris, marred their assemblies, but 
 all were happy and enjoyed themselves in see- 
 ing others so. The rich and the poor dressed 
 alike ; the men generally wearing hunting- 
 shirts and buckskin pants, and the women 
 attired in coarse fabrics produced by their 
 own hands. Such was their common and 
 holiday dress, and if a fair damsel wished a 
 superb dress for her bridal day, her highest 
 aspiration was to obtain a common American 
 cotton check. The latter, which now sells 
 for a shilling a yard, then cost one dollar, 
 and five yards was deemed an ample pattern. 
 Silks, satins and fancy goods, that now inflate 
 our vanity and deplete our purses, were not 
 then even dreamed of 
 
 The cabins were furnished in the same 
 style of simplicity ; the bedstead was home- 
 made, and often consisted of forked sticks 
 driven into the ground with cross poles to 
 support the clapboards or the cord. One 
 pot, kettle, and frying-pan were the only 
 articles considered indispensable, though some 
 included the tea-kettle ; a few plates and 
 dishes upon the shelf in one corner was as 
 satisfactory as is now a cupboard full of china, 
 and their food relished well from a puncheon 
 table. Some of the weathiest families had a 
 few split-bottom chairs, but, as a general 
 thing, stools and benches answered the place 
 of lounges and sofas, and at first the green 
 sward or smoothly levelled earth served the 
 double purpose of floor and carpet. Whisky 
 toddy was considered luxury enough for any 
 l)arty — the woods furnished abundance of 
 venison, and corn pone supplied the place of 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 551 
 
 every variety of pastry. Flour could not for 
 some time be obtained nearer than Chillicothe 
 or Zanesville ; goods were very high, and 
 none but the most common kinds were 
 brought here, and had to be packed on 
 horses or mules from Detroit, or wagoned 
 from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, thence down 
 the Ohio river in flat boats to the mouth of 
 the Scioto, and then packed or hauled up. 
 The freight was enormous, costing often $4 
 per ton. Tea retailed at from two to three 
 dollars a pound, coffee 75 cents, salt $5 to $6 
 per bushel (50lbs .). The coarsest calicoes were 
 $1 per yard, whisky from $1 to $2 per gallon, 
 and as much of the latter was sold as of all 
 other articles, for several years after Delaware 
 was laid out ; but it must be remembered 
 that this then was the border town, and had 
 considerable trade with the Indians. 
 
 It was the common practice to set a bottle 
 on each end of the counter for customers to 
 help themselves gratuitously to enable them 
 to purchase advantageously ! Many people 
 suffered hardships and endured privations 
 that now would seem insupportable. In the 
 fall of 1803 Henry Perry, after getting up his 
 cabin near Delhi, left his two sons and re- 
 turned to Philadelphia for the remainder of 
 his family, but finding his wife sick, and after- 
 wards being sick himself, could not get back 
 till the next June. These two little boys, 
 Levi and Pepper, only eleven and nine years 
 old, remained there alone eight months, fifteen 
 miles from any white family, and surrounded 
 by Indians, with no food but the rabbits they 
 could catch in the hollow logs ; the remains 
 of one deer that the wolves killed near them, 
 and a little corn meal that they occasionally 
 obtained of Thomas Cellar by following 
 down the “Indian trace.” The winter was 
 a severe one, and their cabin was open, 
 having neither daubing, fire-place, nor chim- 
 ney ; they had no gun, and were wholly 
 unaccustomed to forest life, being fresh from 
 Wales, and yet these little fellows not only 
 struggled through but actually made a con- 
 siderabler clearing ! Jacob Foust, at an early 
 day, when his wife was sick and could obtain 
 nothing to eat that she relished, procured a 
 bushel of wheat, and throwing it upon his 
 shoulders carried it to Zanesville to get it 
 ground, a distance of more than seventy-five 
 miles, by the tortuous path he had to 
 traverse, and then shouldering his flour re- 
 traced his steps home, fording the streams 
 and camping out nights. 
 
 Biography. — Col. Moses Byxhe was for 
 several years the most prominent man in the 
 county, being the owner of some 8,000 acres 
 of valuable land in Berkshire and Berlin, and 
 joint owner with Judge Baldwin of about 
 thirty thousand acres more, the sale of which 
 he had the entire control. These were mili- 
 tary lands which he sold on credit, at prices 
 varying from two and a half to ten dollars an 
 acre. He possessed a complete knowledge of 
 human nature, and was an energetic and 
 prompt business man. Upon the organiza- 
 tion of the county he was elected one of the 
 associate judges, and continued to hold the 
 
 office till 1822. He was afflicted with partial 
 insanity before he died, which occurred in 
 1827 at the age of 67. 
 
 Solomon Smith, Esq., was born in New 
 Salem, N. H,, and came here with Col. Byxbe 
 in 1804. He was the first sheriff in the 
 county, and was the first justice of the peace 
 in the township, which office he held, by re- 
 peated elections, more than twenty years. 
 He was also the first postmaster, and con- 
 tinued many years in that capacity. The 
 responsible offices of county treasurer and' 
 county auditor he also filled for many years, 
 and discharged the duties of all these stations 
 with an accuracy seldom excelled, and a 
 fidelity never questioned. In him was ex- 
 hibited an instance of a constant office-holder 
 and an honest man, and for a long time he 
 possessed more personal popularity than any 
 other man in the county. He died of con- 
 gestive fever, at Sandusky City, on his return 
 from New York, July 10, 1845, in his 58th 
 year, and his remains were brought here for 
 interment. 
 
 Hon. Ezeldel Brown was born in Orange 
 county, N. Y., in 1760, and moved to North- 
 umberland county. Pa. , when about ten years 
 old. In 1776 he volunteered and marched 
 to join Washington’s army, which he reached 
 just after the battle of Trenton. He partici- 
 pated in four different engagements, and in 
 1778 joined a company of rangers called out 
 against the Indians. On the 24th of May, 
 when out scouting with two others, they 
 same across a party of fifteen Indians watch- 
 ing a house, and were themselves discovered 
 at the same moment. The Indians fired and 
 killed one man, and Brown and his comrade 
 instantly returned the fire, wounding an In- 
 dian, and then fled. The other escaped, but 
 he was not fleet enough, and was captured. 
 They were Delawares and Cayugas, and first 
 took him to Chemung, an Indian town on 
 Tioga river, where he had to run the gaunt- 
 let, being badly beaten, and received a severe 
 wound on his head from a tomahawk, but he 
 succeeded in reaching the council-house with- 
 out being knocked down. 
 
 After a few days they resumed their march 
 to the north, and met Colonel Butler with a 
 large body of British, tories and Indians on 
 their way to attack Wyoming, and he was 
 compelled to run the gauntlet again to gratify 
 the savages. This time he did not get through, 
 being felled by a war-club and awfully man- 
 gled. He recovered and proceeded on to the 
 main town of the Cayugas, where Scipio, 
 N. Y. , now stands, and having again passed 
 the gauntlet ordeal successfully he was adopted 
 by a family, in the place of a son killed at 
 Fort Stanwix. Afterwards he was taken to 
 Canada, and kept to the close of the war in 
 1783, when he received a passport from the 
 British general, M’Clure, and returned, after 
 an absence of five years, to his friends in 
 Pennsylvania. In 1800 he moved to Ohio, 
 and in 1808 he settled near Sunbury, and was 
 immediately elected one of the first county 
 commissioners. Afterwards he was elected 
 associate judge, and served in several minor 
 
552 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 offices, and died about five years ago, leaving 
 the reputation of an upright man. 
 
 Capt. John Mintei\ from Kentucky, one 
 of the early settlers in Iladnor,^and brother- 
 in-law of Col. Crawford, who was burnt by 
 the Indians, was, in his younger days, a great 
 hunter, and became famous for a terrible bear 
 fight, in which he came very near losing his 
 life. When hunting alone one day he came 
 across a very large bear and fired at him. 
 The bear fell, and reloading his gun Minter 
 advanced, supposing him dead, and touched 
 his nose with the muzzle of the gun, when 
 he instantly reared upon his hind legs to seize 
 him. Minter fired again, which increased his 
 rage, only inflicting a flesh wound, and then 
 threw his hatchet at him ; and as the bear 
 sprang forward to grasp him he struck him 
 with the rifle on the head with all his might, 
 producing no other effect than shivering the 
 gun to pieces. Too late then to escape he 
 drew his big knife from his sheath and made 
 a plunge at his heart, but old Bruin, by a 
 stroke of his paw, whirled the knife into the 
 air, and enfolding its weaponless owner with 
 his huge arms both rolled to the ground. 
 
 A fearful struggle then ensued between 
 the combatants ; one ruled by unvarying in- 
 stinct, and the other guided by the dictates 
 of reason. The former depended wholly 
 upon hugging his adversary to death, while 
 the latter aimed at presenting his body in 
 such positions as would best enable him to 
 withstand the vice-like squeeze till he could 
 loosen the grasp. He was about six feet in 
 height, possessing large bones and well-de- 
 veloped muscles, and being properly propor- 
 tioned was very athletic. The woods were 
 open and clear of underbrush, and in their 
 struggles they rolled in every direction. Sev- 
 eral times he thought the severity of the hug 
 would finish him ; but by choking the bear 
 he would compel him to release his hold to 
 knock off his hands, when he would recover 
 his breath and gain a better position. After 
 maintaining the contest in this way several 
 hours they, happily for him, rolled back near 
 where his knife lay, which inspired him with 
 buoyant hope, but he had to make many in- 
 effectual efforts before he could tumble the 
 bear within reach of it. Having finally re- 
 covered it he stabbed him at every chance till 
 he at last bled to death, only relaxing his 
 hold when life became extinct. 
 
 He attempted to get up, but was too much 
 exhausted, and crawling to a log, against 
 which he leaned, his heart sickened as he 
 contemplated the scene. Not a rag was left 
 on him, and over his back, arms and legs his 
 flesh was lacerated to the bones by the claws 
 of the bear. By crawling and walking he 
 readied home after night with no other cov- 
 ering than a gore of blood from head to foot. 
 His friends, who went out next morning to 
 survey the ground and bring in the trophy, 
 said the surface was torn up by them over a 
 space of at least half an acre. After several 
 weeks he recovered, but he carried with him 
 the cicatrices and welts, some of which were 
 more than a quarter of an inch thick, till he 
 
 died, which occurred about fifteen years ago. 
 He never desired another bear hug, but gave 
 up hunting, and turning his attention to 
 agriculture left his children a comfortable 
 patrimony and a good name. 
 
 Rev. Joseph S. Hughes, from Washington, 
 Pa., came to Delaware in 1810, and organized 
 the first Presbyterian church here, and also 
 those in Liberty and Radnor. For a short 
 time, he was chaplain in the army, and was 
 with Hull when he surrendered, at which 
 time he returned. The societies being unable 
 to pay much salary, he sought his support 
 mainly from other sources, serving several 
 years as clerk of the court, and afterwards in 
 the capacity of editor. He possessed a liberal 
 education, superadded to oratorical powers 
 of a superior order by nature. As an orator 
 he is described as being graceful, mellifluous, 
 persuasive and convincing, and he has left 
 the reputation among many of the old settlers 
 of being the most effective speaker that they 
 have ever heard. In the social circle, too, 
 he excelled, but unfortunately he had an in- 
 domitable penchant for festivity and sport. 
 Many anecdotes are related detracting from 
 his clerical character, and when dwelt upon, 
 we must not forget to associate ^ the habits 
 and customs of the times in which they oc- 
 curred. 
 
 For instance, it is said that one time, on 
 the occasion of a wedding at Capt. Minter’ s, 
 after the ceremonies had been solemnized and 
 the luxuries duly honored, he started off about 
 dusk to go to a place some five miles through 
 the woods, but after dark returned somewhat 
 scratched by the bushes, and reported having 
 been lost, and concluded to stay till morning. 
 According to the general custom on such oc- 
 casions, all the young folks in the settlement 
 had assembled for a frolic, and they charged 
 him with having returned to participate with 
 them, and as he was a good musician, and 
 their “knight of the bow ” had disappointed 
 them, they insisted upon his playing the 
 fiddle for them to dance, which he did all 
 night, with an occasional intermission for re- 
 freshment or to romp ! Some of the old 
 citizens say also that he was a good hand at 
 pitching quoits, and as it was common to 
 choose sides and pitch for the “grog,” he 
 seldom even then backed out ! 
 
 For these and other charges he was ar- 
 raigned before the presbytery, where, declin- 
 ing all assistance, and relying on his own 
 ingenuity and eloquence, he made a successful 
 defence. He continued to preach as “stated 
 supply ” until he was suddenly cut off by an 
 epidemic fever in the fall of 1823, and was 
 interred in the old )3urying-ground, but no 
 tombstone points out the place where his 
 mouldering remains lie. He was succeeded 
 in 1824 by Rev. Henry Vandeman, the first 
 installed pastor, and who has retained his 
 charge ever since, a fact that is mentioned, 
 because in the west preachers seldom retain a 
 pastoral charge so long, and in this presbytery 
 there is no similar instance, excepting that 
 of Dr. Hodge, of Columbus. 
 
 Antiquities . — The remains of ancient forti- 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 553 
 
 fications are found in three places^ in the 
 county, the most remarkable of which is in 
 the lower part of Liberty, about eleven miles 
 below Delaware, on the east bank of the 
 Olentangy. 
 
 Indian Villages . — There were formerly two 
 villages belonging to the Delawares, mostly 
 within the limits of the present town of 
 Delaware. One occupied the ground around 
 the east end of William street, and the other 
 was at the west end, extending from near the 
 sawmill to the hill-side. Upon the_ ground 
 now occupied by the town, they cultivated a 
 corn-field of about 400 acres. The Mingoes 
 had a small village half a mile above town, on 
 “horse-shoe bottom,” where they also raised 
 corn. 
 
 Many of the old pioneers entertained tow- 
 ards the Indians an inveterate hatred, and 
 did not consider it really criminal even to 
 murder them. One time, after the last war, 
 a dead Indian was seen floating down the 
 Scioto on two logs, iashed together, having 
 his gun and all his accoutrements with him. 
 He had been shot, and the people believed 
 the murderer was George Shanon, who had 
 been in service considerably during the war, 
 and one time when out, not far from Lower 
 Sandusky, with a small company, fell in with 
 a party of warriors and had to retreat. He 
 lingered behind till he got a shot, and killed 
 one. As soon as he fired, several Indians 
 sprang forward to catch him alive, but being 
 swift on foot, he could easily keep ahead, 
 when he suddenly came to an open field, 
 across which he had to run or be cut off. 
 The Indians gained the first side just as he 
 
 was leaping the fence on the other and fired 
 at him, one ball entering his hip. He 
 staunched the blood by stuffing the hole with 
 a portion of his shirt, that they might not 
 track him, and crawled into the brush-; but 
 they gave up the chase, thinking they had 
 not hit him, and being convinced of his su- 
 perior fleetness. Shanon got into camp and 
 was conveyed home, but he was always lame 
 afterwards, and fostered an unrelenting desire 
 for vengeance ^ towards the whole race, not 
 excepting the innocent and harmless. 
 
 As late as 1820 two Indians were murdered 
 on Fulton’s creek. ' A party came down there 
 to hunt, as was customary with them every 
 fall, and Henry Swartz ordered them ofiP. 
 They replied, “No ! the land belongs to the 
 white man — the game to the Indian,” and 
 insisted that they were friends and ought not 
 to be disturbed. A few days after, two of 
 their number were missing, and they hunted 
 the entire country over without finding them, 
 and at last found evidence of human bones 
 where there had been a fire, and immediately 
 charged Swartz with killing and burning 
 them. They threatened vengeance on him, 
 and for several years after he had to be con- 
 stantly on his guard to prevent being waylaid. 
 It was never legally investigated, but the 
 neighbors all believed ‘that Swartz, aided 
 probably by Ned Williams, murdered and 
 disposed of them in the manner the Indians 
 suspected, and at one time talked of driving 
 them out of the settlement. They were con- 
 sidered bad men, and never prospered after- 
 wards. 
 
 Delaware in 1846. — Delaware, the county-seat, is pleasantly situated on 
 rolling ground upon the western bank of the Olentangy river, twenty-four miles 
 north from Columbus. The engraving shows the public buildings on one of the 
 principal streets of this neat and thriving town. The churches which appear are 
 respectively, commencing on the right, the First Presbyterian, the Episcopal, and 
 the Second Presbyterian ; between the first two the Methodist church, a substan- 
 tial stone structure, is partially shown in the distance. The large building seen 
 beyond the Second Presbyterian church is the Hinton House,’^ one of the largest 
 and best constructed hotels in Ohio. The town contains the Ohio Wesleyan 
 University, 4 taverns (one, the Hinton House, being among the largest in Ohio, 
 having over 100 rooms), 8 dry-goods stores, 3 drug stores, 1 shoe store, 1 con- 
 fectionery and variety store, and 2 small groceries ; 2 divisions of the Sons of 
 Temperance, 1 Odd Fellows’ lodge, 1 Masonic society, 2 printing offices, from 
 which issue weekly the Olentangy Gazette (Whig), by Abel Thomson, and the 
 Loco Foco (Dem.), by George F. Stay man. The latter commenced in 1845 ; the 
 former in -1821, by Hon. E. Griswold, then called the Delaware Patron and 
 Franklin Chronicle. The first paper in town was published in 1818 by Rey^.J. 
 Drake and Joseph S. Hughs. Delaware also contains 2 saw mills, 1 flouring 
 miHTT oil mill, and the woollen factory of Messrs. Howard & Sharp, carrying on 
 quite an extensive business ; 8 lawyers, 7 physicians, a full quota of mechanics, 
 275 dwellings, and about 2,000 inhabitants, including South Delaware, which 
 properly belongs to it, though not included in the corporation. The Delaware 
 bank, with a capital of $100,000, is a branch of the State bank. A bank was 
 opened in 1812, but failing to get a charter the next winter it wound up, redeem- 
 ing all its notes; and during the same year a swindling concern, called the 
 
554 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 Scioto Exporting Company/^ was started by a posse of counterfeiters, who drew 
 in some others, but it was destroyed by the citizens before they could get a large 
 amount of paper afloat. The population of Delaware in 1840 was 898. 
 
 Delaware was laid out in 1808 by Col. Moses Byxbe and Hon. Henry Baldwin, 
 of Pittsburg, who had purchased a large tract of land for that purpose. They 
 sold the lots at private sale, at the uniform price of $30, the purchaser taking his 
 choice. Joseph Barber put up the first cabin in the fall of 1807. It stood close 
 to the spring, and was made of poles, Indian fashion, fifteen feet square, in which 
 he kept tavern. The principal settlers were Messrs. Byxbe, William Little, Dr. 
 Lamb, Solomon Smith, Elder Jacob Drake (Baptist preacher), Thomas Butler, and 
 Ira Carpenter. In the spring of 1808 Moses Byxbe built the first frame house, 
 on William street, lot 70, and the first brick house was erected the ensuing fall by 
 Elder Drake, on Winter street, where Thomas Pettibone’s mansion now stands ; 
 being unable to get but one mason, his wife laid all the brick of the inside walls. 
 The court-house was built in 1815, the year in which the town was incorporated. 
 The Methodists commenced the first meeting-house in 1823 (now the schoolhouse), 
 but it was not finished for several years. The old churches of the First Presby- 
 terians and the Episcopalians were built in 1825, upon the sites on which the 
 present beautiful edifices were erected in 1845. The Second Presbyterian church 
 was erected in 1844, the new Methodist church in 1846, and the Lutheran church 
 in 1835. — Old Edition. 
 
 The Ohio Wesleyan University has been recently established at Delaware, with 
 fine prospects of success — the Pev. Edward Thomson, D. D., president. The 
 college edifice stands on a pleasant elevation in the southern part of the village, and 
 embraces within its grounds ten acres of land, including the sulphur spring. 
 
 The springs here have long been known. Tradition states that the Indians re- 
 sorted to them to use the waters and to kill the deer and buffalo which came here 
 in great numbers. Before the grounds were enclosed in the early settlement of the 
 county the domestic animals for miles around made this a favorite resort in the 
 heats of summer, and appeared satisfied with no other water. The water is said 
 to be similar to that of the celebrated white sulphur springs of Virginia, and equal 
 in their mineral and medicinal qualities. The water is cooler, being as Ioav as 53°, 
 contains more gas, and is therefore lighter and more pleasant than that of the 
 Virginia water. Many cures have been effected of persons afilicted with scrofulous 
 diseases, dyspepsia, bilious derangements of the liver and stomach, want of appe- 
 tite and digestion, cases of erysipelas when all the usual remedies had failed, and 
 injuries inflicted by the excessive use of calomel. — Old Edition. 
 
 Aside from the long-famed spring above described this region seems to abound 
 in mineral springs. On the outskirts of the town, in the valley of Delaware Run, 
 in an area of about thirty-seven acres, is a collection of five flowing springs called 
 “ Little’s Springs,” consisting of as many different varieties of water — wLite sul- 
 phur, black sulphur, magnetic, iron, and fresh water. 
 
 Delaware is on the Olentangy river, 24 miles north of Columbus, 131 miles 
 from Cincinnati, 114 from Cleveland, 88 from Toledo, on the C. C. C. & I. and 
 C. H. V. & T. railroads, very nearly in the centre of the State, 378 feet above 
 Lake Erie, and 943 above the sea-level. County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, 
 Norman E. Overture ; Clerk of Court, John M. Shoemaker ; Sheriff, ^Villiam J. 
 Davis; Prosecuting Attorney, Frank Kauffman; Auditor, John J. Ramage ; 
 Treasurer, N. Porter Ferguson ; Recorder, Frank E. Sprague ; Surveyor, Edmund 
 S. Minor ; Coroner, Robert C. Wintermute ; Commissioners, John L. Thurston, 
 James C. Ryant, George W. Jones. Newspapers : two dailies — Chronicle; Gazette, 
 Independent, A. Thomson & Son, publishers. Weeklies — Herald, Democratic, 
 James K. Newcomer, editor and publisher; Satui'day Horning Call; Gazette, 
 Republican, A. Thomson & Son, publishers. Banks : First National, C. B. Paul, 
 president, G. W. Powers, eashier ; Delaware County National, S. Moore, president, 
 William Little, cashier ; Deposit Banking Company, S. P. Shaw, president, H. A. 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY, 
 
 555 
 
 Welch, cashier. Churches : 4 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Cerman Methodist Epis- 
 copal, 2 Colored Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 
 Colored Baptist, 2 Lutheran, and 1 Catholic. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 184 (). 
 
 Winter Street, Delaware. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees . — Clark & Young, builders’ supplies, 15 hands j 
 Delaware Chair Company, 205 ; Riddle, Graff & Co., cigars, 104 ; J. Hessnauer, 
 
 Vlrey Bros ., Photo ., Delaware , 1886. 
 
 Sandusky Street, Delaware. 
 
 cigars, 21; Delaware Co-operative Cigar Company, 12; M. Neville, carriages, 
 et^. ; L. Miller, carriages, etc., 15; Frank Moyer, carriages, etc.; J. A. Broed* 
 Deer, cigar boxes, 12 : C. C. C. & I. R. R. Shoos. 150: J. Rubrecht, carpenter 
 
556 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY 
 
 work, 15 . — State Report for 1887, Also, brick, carpets, mineral waters, stoves, 
 and pumps. Population in 1880, 6,894. School census in 1886, 2,621 ; J. L. 
 Campbell, superintendent. 
 
 The great distinguishing feature of this pleasant town is as an educational point. 
 The Ohio Wesleyan University located here is one of the largest in America under 
 the auspices of the Methodist Church. It was founded in 1842. The Ohio 
 
 The Ohio Wesleyan University. 
 
 Wesleyan Female College, founded in 1853, was consolidated with the University 
 in 1877, and the two institutions are now conducted as one, ladies being admitted 
 to all branches of study. This part of the institution has the finest and largest of 
 the college edifices : it is called Monnett Hall, and is about ten minutes’ walk from 
 the Male Department, in a pretty campus of about ten acres. Over 1,100 young 
 men and women have graduated from the University, and several thousand have 
 
 Monnett Hall. 
 
 taken a partial course ; ‘‘ the annual attendance has reached to 830.” The Uni- 
 versity has a very complete Conservatory of Music, a flourishing Art Department, 
 and a Commercial Department, giving a business training. 
 
 On William street, one block from the post-office, in Delaware, in a house now 
 owned and occupied by J. J. Richards, was born on October 4, 1822, Rutherfoed 
 B. Hayes, the nineteenth President of the United States. The front is of brick 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 cr c"7 
 
 j j t 
 
 and the rear wood. When a boy he went to a private school — that of Mrs. John 
 Murray — on Franklin street. A brother of his was drowned while skating in the 
 Olentangy ; a melancholy incident, remembered by the older citizens. 
 
 His father, Rutherford Hayes, a Vermonter, came to Delaware in 1817, and 
 engaged in merchandising. He died in the very year of his son’s birth (1822), 
 
 Vlretj & Bro., Photo., Delaware, 1880. 
 
 Birthplace of President Hayes. 
 
 leaving a widow and three young children, with a large, unsettled business. Sar- 
 dis Birchard, a brotlier of the widow, then a youtli of sixteen, emigrated witli the 
 family from Vermont. He worked with his brother-in-law in building, farming, 
 driving, taking care of stock, and employing all his spare hours in hunting, and 
 was enabled with his rifle to supply his own and other families with turkeys and 
 venison. He was a handsome, jovial young man, a universal favorite, and de- 
 voted to his sister and her little flock. In 1827. when the future President was 
 
 five years of age, Mr. Birchard removed 
 from that date it became the home of the 
 
 Mr. Hayes graduated at Kenyon in 1840, 
 then prepared in Columbus for entrance into 
 the Harvard Law School, where he in due 
 time also graduated. It was at this period 
 he illustrated his regard for his native State, 
 which all through his career has been a 
 marked trait. The anecdote is thus related 
 in the history of Delaware county, with 
 which we here close, referring the reader to 
 a more extended notice of him under the head 
 of Sandusky county. 
 
 It was in 1844, while a law student at 
 Cambridge, that Mr, Hayes went to Boston 
 to witness a demonstration in honor of 
 Henry Clay, who was a candidate for Presi- 
 dent against James K. Polk. The campaign 
 was an exciting one, and hotly contested from 
 the opening to the close. Upon the occasion 
 referred to, the Hon. Cassius M. Clay was to 
 make a speech before the Henry Clay club, 
 and the most extensive preparations had 
 been made for a big day. In accordance 
 with the customs of those times, a grand 
 civil parade was a chief feature of the pro- 
 ceedings, Mr. Hayes met Mr. Aigin, from 
 Delaware, whom he recognized, and, while 
 
 to Fremont, then Lower Sandusky, and 
 family. 
 
 standing in front of the Tremont House, 
 they were joined by several others, among 
 them his uncle, Mr. Birchard. The motley- 
 bannered procession was being highly praised 
 when young Mr. Hayes suggested that it 
 only lacked an ‘‘Ohio delegation” to make 
 its success complete. It was received as a 
 happy jest, but nothing more thought of it 
 until Mr. Hayes, who had been hardly 
 missed, again appeared, carrying a rude ban- 
 ner which he had hastily constructed of a 
 strip from the edge of a board, on either side 
 of which, in awkward straggling letters, was 
 painted the word ‘ ‘ Ohio: ’ ’ As the proces- 
 sion passed, Mr. Hayes, with his banner, 
 “fell in,” while the others — three in num- 
 ber — brought up the rear. Ohio men con- 
 tinued to drop in and swell their ranks, until, 
 when the procession halted on Boston Com- 
 mon, the “Ohio delegation” numbered 
 twenty-four men, and was one of the most 
 conspicuous in the line. The enthusiasm 
 was great, and floral tributes were showered 
 upon them from the balcony windows alon^ 
 the line of march. Among these tributes 
 were several wreaths. These the young 
 
558 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 leader carefully placed over the rude banner, never been honored before. This was prob- 
 and the unexpected “Ohio delegation,” ably Mr. Hayes’ first appearance as a politi- 
 proudly marching under a crown of laurel cal leader, and doubtless one of the happiest 
 leaves, was cheered and honored as Ohio had and proudest days of his life. 
 
 John Anthony Quitman, a noted general of the Mexican war, and later 
 governor of Mississippi, was a resident of Delaware for a number of years, studied 
 law, and was admitted to the bar there. He was born in 1799, in Rhinebeck, 
 N. Y. Thomas Carney, governor of Kansas during the rebellion, was born in 
 Kingston township, near Rosecrans’ birthplace. His private secretary was John 
 C. Vaughn, the veteran journalist of Ohio and Kansas, who, now well in the 
 eighties, with the memories of a useful life, is passing his remaining days an inmate 
 of the Old Gentlemen’s Home,” Cincinnati. Preston B. Plumb, now United 
 States Senator from Kansas, was born on Alum creek, in Berlin township. A. 
 P. Morehouse, now governor of Missouri (born in 1835), is a native of this 
 county. Gen. John Calvin Lee, who did efficient service in the Rebellion, and 
 served two terms as lieutenant-governor under Hayes, is a native of Brown town- 
 ship. Judge Thomas W. Powell, now deceased, resided in Delaware. He was 
 one of Ohio’s most eminent and learned jurists, and author of a historical work 
 entitled History of the Ancient Britons.” His son, Hon. T. E. Powell, was 
 the Democratic candidate for governor of the State in 1887 versus J. B. Foraker. 
 Mr. Philip Phillips, the famed Christian songster, has his home in Delaware — a 
 pleasant residence. The annals of Delaware show a bevy of authors : Rev. Drs. 
 Payne and Merrick, Profs. McCabe, Parsons, and Grove — all of the University — 
 in works of instruction or theology ; Prof. T. C. O’Kane, in Sunday-school song- 
 books, and Prof. G. W. Michael, in Michael’s System of Rapid Writing.” 
 
 The Delaware Grape. — This remarkable 
 and celebrated grape was first sent forth from 
 this county. It took its name from the 
 town. This was about the year 1850, when 
 it was discovered growing near the banks of 
 the Scioto in the hands of a Mr. Heath who 
 brought it from New Jersey years before. 
 Its origin is doubtful, whether foreign or na- 
 tives: Mr. Thompson, the editor of the 
 
 Gazette, discovered its superior merits. Its 
 introduction created a great furore in grape- 
 
 growing, called “the grape fever.” The 
 ability of grape propagators was taxed to 
 the utmost to supply the demand, and Dela- 
 ware grapewines were sold in enormous quan- 
 tities at prices ranging from $1 to $5 each. 
 The wildest ideas prevailed in regard to it, 
 and inexperienced cultivators suffered through 
 their excess of zeal over knowledge. In 
 soils suitable the Delaware grape maintains 
 its original high character, but its cultivation 
 requires great skill and care. 
 
 The State Reform School for G^Vfe,” as it was originally called, but changed in 
 1872 by an act of the Legislature to the Girls’ Industrial Home,” is on a beautiful 
 site on the Scioto, ten miles southwest of Delaware, and eighteen above Columbus. 
 The spot was long known as the White Sulphur Springs.” In early times a 
 hole was bored here 460 feet for salt Avater, but, instead, Avas struck a spring of 
 strong Avhite sulphur water. In 1847 a large hotel and some cottages Avere put up 
 for boarders, and the place was for a term of years quite a resort, but finally ran 
 doAvn. 
 
 It becoming a home for girls was the result of a petition to the Legislature by 
 some of the benevolent citizens of the county, Avho, seeing the fine property going 
 to decay, desired that it should be purchased by the btate, and converted into an 
 asylum for unprotected girls. In 1869 the State purchased it, and founded the 
 institution for the instruction, employment, and reformation of exposed, helpless, 
 evil-disposedf and vicious girls,” above the age of seven years and under that of 
 sixteen. The institution at times has over 200 pupils, and is on a Avell-conducted 
 foundation. Col. James M. CraAvford is the superintendent. 
 
 DelaAvare county Avill be permanently render^ noted not only as the birthplace 
 of a President but also of that of one of the most brilliant military strategists 
 knoAvn to the art of Avar — that great soldier and patriot, William S. Rosecrans. 
 
 Whitelaw Reid writes of Rosecrans : As a strategist he stands among the fore- 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 559 
 
 most, if not himself the foremost, of all our generals His tactical ability 
 
 shone as conspicuously as his strategy. He handled tfoops with rare facility and 
 judgment under the stress of battle. More than all, there came upon him^ in the 
 hour of conflict the inspiration of war, so that men were magnetized by his pres- 
 ence into heroes. Stone River, under Rosecrans, and Cedar Creek, under Sheri- 
 dan, are the sole examples in the war of defeats converted into victories by the 
 reinforcement of a single man.^^ 
 
 We give a sketch of his career from the pen of Mr. W. S. Furay, a native of 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe, 1846, 
 
 The White Sulphur Springs. 
 
 Ross county, who was war correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette^ beginning with 
 the opening campaign in Western Virginia and continuing until the close of the 
 war. Since that period Mr. Furay has held various civil and journalistic positions, 
 and is now on the editorial staff of the Ohio State Journal. 
 
 William Starke Rosecrans was* born 
 in Kingston township, of Delaware county, 
 Sept. 6, 1819. He merited in one respect the 
 title of “the Dutch General,” given him by 
 the Confederates early in the War of the Re- 
 bellion, for his ancestors on the father’s side 
 came from Amsterdam, although his mother 
 traced back her descent to Timothy Hopkins, 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of In- 
 dependence. 
 
 At the age of fifteen Rosecrans entered the 
 military academy at West Point, graduating 
 thence in the class of 1842. Entering the 
 Engineer Corps of the Army as Second Lieu- 
 tenar.t, he served the Government efficiently 
 and well in various capacities until 1853, when 
 he was promoted to First Lieutenant, and 
 shortly aftep to the great regret of his superior 
 officers, resigned. 
 
 From this time until the breaking out of 
 the _ rebellion, he devoted himself to civil 
 engineering and kindred occupations, making 
 his headquarters at Cincinnati. During all 
 these years of his earlier career he exhibited, 
 in the limited fields open to him, those char- 
 acteristics of original conception, inventive 
 genius, restless activity and tireless energy 
 
 which were ever afterwards to carry him 
 through a career of wonderful success at the 
 head of great armies and enroll his name 
 amongst those of the most brilliant soldiers 
 known to military history. 
 
 The following is a rapid outline of that 
 career : 
 
 In the spring of 1861, W. S. Rosecrans 
 was commissioned by the Governor of Ohio 
 Chief Engineer of the State of Ohio, with 
 the rank and pay of United States Colonel of 
 Engineers. Answering his country’s call, 
 however, as a citizen volunteer aide he organ- 
 ized the troops at Camp Dennison, Ohio, and 
 began the organization of Camp Chase as 
 Colonel of the 23d United States Ohio Vol- 
 unteer Infantry. 
 
 As brigadier-general in the United States 
 army, he went to West Virginia, fought the 
 battle of Rich Mountain, and on the 23d or 
 24th of July, 1861, succeeded McClellan as 
 commander of the Department of the Ohio, 
 consisting of troops from West Virginia, 
 Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana. While in com- 
 mand of that department he defeated the 
 attempts of General Lee to penetrate West 
 Virginia by Cheat Mountain and the Kanawha 
 
560 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 route, and subsequently by way of Romney, 
 and along tbe B. & 0. road. The Legislature 
 of West Virginia passed a unanimous vote of 
 thanks in recognition of his services in de- 
 fending the State, which was followed soon 
 after by a similar vote of thanks from the 
 Legislature of the State of Ohio. 
 
 In 1862 he submitted a plan for the cam- 
 paign of that year auxiliary to that for the 
 movements of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac, which plan was highly approved by 
 the general-in-chief and by the War Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Early in April, 1862, he was ordered to 
 Washington and sent to find and conduct 
 Blencker’s Division to General Fremont. 
 
 He submitted to the War Department a 
 plan for the application of the forces under 
 Generals McDowell, Banks, and Fremont to 
 occupy the Shenandoah Valley and threaten 
 communications with the South. 
 
 In May, 1862, he was ordered to report to 
 General Halleck, who commanded our army 
 in front of Corinth, Mississippi. Was put 
 in command of two divisions (Stanley’s and 
 Paine’s) in front of that city, and when it 
 was vacated by Bragg and Beauregard he led 
 the infantry pursuit until ordered to stop. 
 
 In June, 1862, he was placed in command 
 of the Army of the Mississippi, consisting of 
 four divisions. 
 
 In September, 1862, with two small divis- 
 ions he confronted General Sterling Price, and 
 fought the battle of luka. 
 
 In connection with the mention of his gen- 
 eral system of army management, it may be 
 stated that he originated the making of photo- 
 printing maps, and furnished his subordinate 
 commanders with information maps of the 
 regions of military operations ; established 
 convalescent hospitals for the treatment or 
 discharge of chronic cases ; organized colored 
 men into squads of twenty-five each, and 
 equipped and employed them as engineer 
 troops ; employed escaped colored women in 
 laundries and as cooks for hospitals, etc. 
 
 On October 3d and 4th, 1862, with four 
 divisions, he fought the battle of Corinth. 
 
 By order of the President he was placed in 
 command of the Department of the Cumber- 
 land and Army of the Ohio, relieving General 
 Buell, October 30, 1862. He reorganized 
 this army, and established an Inspector-Gen- 
 eral’s system by detail from the line, also a 
 Topographical Department by detail of Brig- 
 ade, Division, and Corps Engineers, and a 
 Pioneer Corps by detail of officers and men 
 from the infantry. He also reorganized both 
 the cavalry and artillery. 
 
 On December 31, 1862, and January 1 and 
 2, 1863, he fought the battle of Stone River, 
 against the Confederates under General Bragg, 
 and drove him behind the line of Duck river. 
 
 From June 23 to July 7, 1863, he conducted 
 the campaign of Tullahoma, by which Bragg 
 was driven out of his intrenched camps (at 
 Shelbyville' and Tullahoma) in Middle Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 After the battle of Stone River he was 
 tendered, almost simultaneously, a unanimous 
 
 vote of thanks from Congress and from the 
 States of Ohio and Indiana. 
 
 From July 7, 1863, to August 14, 1863, he 
 was bringing forward supplies, perfecting the 
 organization of the army, and manoeuvring 
 for Chattanooga, giving special attention to 
 the rebuilding of a railroad, as a necessary 
 pre-requisite to success. 
 
 From August 14 to September 22, 1863, he 
 made the campaign of Chattanooga, and 
 fought the battle of Chickamauga, man 
 oeuvring the Confederates out of the objec 
 tive point covered by Lookout Range and the 
 Tennessee river. 
 
 For his services at Chickamauga, he re- 
 ceived a unanimous vote of thanks from the 
 National House of Representatives. 
 
 After the battle of Chickamauga, he was 
 engaged in making the preliminary arrange- 
 ments to constitute Chattanooga a new main 
 depot, by water and rail connections with 
 Nashville, Louisville, and Cincinnati. 
 
 Between October, 1863, and January 27, 
 1864, he presided oyer the groat Western 
 Sanitary Fair at Cincinnati, which raised 
 $325,000 for objects of beneficence to Union 
 soldiers. He also presided over the Missis- 
 sippi Valley Sanitary Fair, which raised 
 $525,000 for the same cause. 
 
 On the 27th of J anuary, 1864, he was placed 
 in command of the Department of Missouri, 
 in which capacity he succeeded in defeating 
 all the objects and purposes of Price in Mis- 
 souri, defeated him on the Big Blue and at 
 Maris des Cj^gnes, and drove him out in a 
 state of disorganization, from which he never 
 recovered. 
 
 He was also successful in exposing and 
 defeating the objects of the Order of Ameri- 
 can Knights. 
 
 In January, 1866, he was mustered out as 
 Major-General of Volunteers and resigned as 
 Brigadier-General in United States Army in 
 1867. He was afterwards made Brevet 
 Major-General. 
 
 Up to the time of the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga there was, neither with the govern- 
 ment nor amongst the people, a single doubt 
 as to the genius or ability of Rosecrans. 
 Every step he had taken had been a suc- 
 cessful step. Every campaign and every 
 battle had added to his laurels and his glor 3 ^ 
 Rich Mountain had developed that penetrat- 
 ing sagacity without which no man can ever 
 rise to distinction as a soldier. In the subse- 
 quent campaign in West Virginia he had 
 with wonderful skill baffled and defeated the 
 officer who subsequently became the renowned 
 Commander-in-chief of the Confederate 
 armies. At luka and Corinth his daring 
 energy had blazed forth like a star, guiding 
 the way to two shining victories. At Stone 
 river he had assailed the rebel army under 
 Gen. Bragg in its own chosen position, re- 
 trieved by his personal exertions what on 
 the first day’s conflict had seemed to be dis- 
 astrous defeat, inspired the soul of every 
 soldier under him with his own lofty resolve 
 to conquer or die, and with matehless vigor, 
 energy and skill fairly compelled success to 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY, 
 
 561 
 
 alight upon the Union standards, and gained 
 a victory which electrified the nation and the 
 world. In the Tullahoma campaign he had 
 exhibited a talent for strategy equal to Na- 
 poleon in the campaign of Ulm, and without 
 the loss of a regiment, a gun or a stand of 
 colors, had driven Bragg from his whole line 
 of entrenched camps, and expelled him from 
 Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Rosecrans had been too successful. ^ He 
 had raised himself to too exalted a height. 
 The fatal halo of supposed invincibility glim- 
 mered around his head. No soldier ever was 
 or ever will be absolutely invincible, but he 
 who is believed to be so must maintain the 
 reputation or fall to a lower level than what 
 he rose from. Nay, he must not merely suc- 
 ceed thereafter in attaining the object at 
 which he aims ; he must attain it in the 
 manner that public opinion marks out for 
 him, and scarcely dare achieve less than the 
 impossible.^ 
 
 The limits of this sketch will not permit a 
 discussion of the campaign in August and 
 September, 1863, and only the conclusions can 
 be set down, which, by a prolonged and con- 
 scientious study of the whole history of that 
 campaign, have been arrived at.^ 
 
 The object that Rosecrans had in view when 
 he commenced his great movement on the 
 23d of August, 1863, was to relieve East 
 Tennessee from Confederate occupation and 
 get possession of that central key to the Con- 
 federacy, the city of Chattanooga. The 
 place was defended by Gen. Bragg’s army, 
 which from the first was fully equal in num- 
 bers to that under Rosecrans and soon became 
 greatly superior. The all-knowing soldier who 
 commanded the Union army knew from the 
 first that Bragg could easily be reinforced, 
 that every elfort would be made by the Con- 
 federate government to save Chattanooga, 
 and that his own force was inadequate to the 
 mighty task he had before him. Hence he 
 begged, pleaded and implored for reinforce- 
 ments which were within easy reach, which 
 were persistently denied him, but which when 
 the campaign was ended came up in such 
 numbers that had a third of them been sent 
 to Rosecrans before he began his march 
 across the Tennessee and the mountains to 
 manoeuvre Bragg out of Chattanooga, would 
 have enabled him not only to get possession 
 of that stronghold, but to utterly destroy the 
 army opposed to him. 
 
 Chattanooga could not be obtained without 
 a battle. To assail it directly would be simply 
 madness. Rosecrans therefore began that 
 splendid series of manoeuvres to the south- 
 ward of the city which carried his army into 
 Georgia and threatened the Confederate com- 
 munications with Atlanta. Bragg retired out 
 of the city and marched southward, taking 
 up such position that he could, at any time, 
 return on shorter lines and compel Rosecrans 
 to fight a battle for the prize. The Union 
 general expected this, and had prepared ac- 
 cordingly. But while he was concentrating 
 his army, that which he had clearly foreseen oc- 
 curred. From every quarter of the Confed- 
 
 eracy troops were hurried to Bragg’s assist- 
 ance. From Mississippi, from Mobile, from 
 Savannah they came, and from Virginia the 
 powerful corps of Gen. Longstreet was hur- 
 ried to North Georgia to overwhelm the 
 comparatively feeble army under Rosecrans. 
 In round numbers, 40,000 Union soldiers 
 were to contend with 75,000 Confederates, to 
 see which would finally hold Chattanooga. 
 
 Before the Union army was fully concen- 
 trated the Confederates assailed it, and the 
 awful battle of Chickamauga began. The 
 first day the assailants were repelled at all 
 points. The second day they rushed through 
 a gap in our lines caused by a miswording or 
 misunderstanding of orders, and separating 
 the right wing of our army from the centre, 
 overwhelmed that wing. Our centre and left 
 stood firm ; Rosecrans seeing this and that 
 the enemy who had overwhelrned our right 
 might push up the valley (which the right 
 had been covering) into Chattanooga, has- 
 tened to rally the right, to get the troops left 
 behind in Chattanooga as guards to our stores 
 and reserve artillery, in proper shape, and to 
 prepare a new position for the army at Ross- 
 ville in case the centre and left should also be 
 compelled to retreat. It was here he showed 
 the greatness of the true soldier who leaves 
 nothing to chance ; it was here he specially 
 proved his worthiness for the highest com- 
 -mand. As fast as he could do so, he urged 
 portions of the rallied troops to the assistance 
 of that part of the army which still held the 
 field ; he sent word of all he was doing to the 
 brave Thomas, who was so grandly resisting 
 the enemy’s onset, and gave new courage and 
 confidence to that veteran by assuring him 
 when he felt he could no longer hold his posi- 
 tion on the field the new lines would be ready 
 for his recep'ion. It was this knowledge that 
 inspired Thomas with the stern determination 
 not to retreat in the face of the foe at all 
 And he did not retreat. He held his own 
 until nightfall, suffering dreadful loss, but 
 always inflicting more than he suffered, and 
 when the last effort of the foe had been re- 
 pelled, retiring leisurely to the new lines 
 which the genius of Rosecrans had marked 
 out for the army. 
 
 The next day the Confederate forces, who 
 did not know that they had gained any vic- 
 toiy, and who ^ had really retired from the 
 battle-field at night as far as our own soldiers 
 had retired, came slowly and cautiously up 
 towards the new Union lines, took a careful 
 look at them, heard the loud cheers of the 
 Union legion as Rosecrans rode along them, 
 and decided not to attack ! The great object 
 of the campaign, the great prize of the bat- 
 tle, namely, the city of Chattanooga, was in 
 possession of the National troops, and never 
 again went out of their hands. 
 
 And this was the campaign, this the battle, 
 with which some have associated the terms 
 ‘ ‘ failure ’ ’ and ‘ ‘ defeat ! ’ ’ The gallant Army 
 of the Cumberland had crossed a great river, 
 toiled over two chains of mountains, and, 
 under the leadership of the brightest military 
 genius that the war developed, had com- 
 
562 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY, 
 
 pletely deceived the enemy and manoeuvred 
 him by masterly strategy out of his strong- 
 hold, then had baffled all his efforts to regain 
 it, had fought nearly double its own numbers 
 for two days, suffering a loss of 15,000 men 
 and inflicting a loss of more than 18,000 
 upon the enemy, had held the field until it 
 retired of its own choice and after all firing 
 had ceased,^ then leisurely assumed the new 
 position which its great leader had prepared, 
 and then defiantly awaited another attack 
 which its awfully punished foe did not dare 
 to make. And it held the city it had won 
 and for which the battle was fought. Was 
 all this failure and defeat? The blood of 
 every soldier who fell upon that gory field 
 cries out against the falsehood ! 
 
 Abraham Lincoln’s clear eye perceived the 
 truth ; he saw that the skill of Losecrans 
 had assured relief to East Tennessee, had 
 cut the line of the enemy’s defence by rail, 
 had secured the key that was to unlock the 
 treasure-house of the foe, and had opened 
 the way to the very heart of the Confederacy. 
 He telegraphed Rosecrans, as well he might, 
 “be of good cheer; we have unabated con- 
 fidence in your soldiers, in your officers and 
 in you. ’ ’ 
 
 And Rosecrans was of good cheer, and 
 immediately devised the plans for reopening 
 communications along the line of the Nash- 
 ville and Chattanooga railroad, plans which 
 others afterwards^ executed ; for the clear- 
 sighted Lincoln yielded to some sinister in- 
 fluence ; and the brilliant leader of the Army 
 of the Cumberland, after a campaign which 
 in all its aspects was one of the most success- 
 ful known to history, and in the very midst 
 of the city which his valor and genius had 
 won, found himself summarily relieved of 
 his command ! It was the one act of meas- 
 ureless injustice and wrong which, while not 
 Abraham Lincoln’s fault, stains the annals 
 of his otherwise spotless career. 
 
 On resigning his commission General Rose- 
 crans went to California and became a citizen 
 of that State. He was offered and declined 
 the Democratic nomination for governor of 
 California in 1867. He was also offered 
 the nomination for governor by the conven- 
 tion of Independent Republicans held at 
 Marysville, and declined. In 1868 he 
 was nominated and confirmed as United 
 States minister to Mexico, without con- 
 sultation or knowledge on his part until offi- 
 cially notified thereof ^ He accepted this 
 appointment on condition that he should 
 be allowed carte-blanche to represent the 
 
 good will of the American republic towards 
 Mexico. 
 
 In 1 869 he returned to California and re- 
 sumed the practice of his profession, namely, 
 that of civil and mining engineering. It 
 should be stated, however, that during his 
 residence in Mexico he became thoroughly 
 convinced that the mutual prosperity of Mex- 
 ico and the United States would be promoted 
 by the progress of Mexico under her own 
 autonomy, and, acting in accordance with his 
 carte-blanche, he urged the Mexican cabinet 
 and other leaders to further and foster the 
 construction of railroads. His efforts in this 
 direction met with such success that the ini- 
 tiative period of Mexican development in this 
 regard dates from the time of these earnest 
 efforts on his part. 
 
 In 1869 he was also offered and declined 
 the_ Democratic nomination for Governor of 
 Ohio. In 1870 he memorialized Congress, 
 urging the encouragement of commerce with 
 Mexico. In 1872-3, at the instance of influ- 
 ential people in this country, and on the invi- 
 tation of the president of Mexico, he super- 
 vised the legislation in favor of railroad con- 
 struction among the various States of that 
 republic. As a result of his presence in the 
 country, and counsel given by means of pub- 
 lic discussion in the prominent newspapers 
 of the republic, the legislatures of seventeen 
 Mexican States passed unanimously resolu- 
 tions urging the government to take favora- 
 ble legislative action for encouraging the con- 
 struction of railroads in Mexico. In six 
 other States, whose legislatures were not in 
 session, the governors sent, officially, strong 
 messages to the general government in favor 
 of the fostering of such enterprises. Thus, 
 practically, in twenty-three States favorable 
 legislation was enacted asking the govern- 
 ment to encourage railroad construction. 
 
 In 1881 he was urged by the workingmen 
 of California to allow his name to be used by 
 the Democratic party as a candidate for the 
 Forty-eighth Congress, and on his consent 
 thereto was nominated and elected. He was 
 re-elected to the Forty-ninth Congress. Dur- 
 ing each of his congressional terms he was 
 assigned, as representative, to important 
 legislative and political duties. In June, 
 1885, he was appointed by President Cleve- 
 land to the position of Register of the 
 United States Treasury, the duties of which 
 office he is now performing with characteristic 
 thoroughness and efficiency. Thus his career 
 has been as useful and honorable in peace as 
 it was patriotic and glorious in war. 
 
 To the foregoing sketch of Mr. Furay we add a paragraph. Nearly a quarter 
 of a century elapsed after the removal of Hosecrans when, at the reunion of the 
 veterans of the Army of the Cumberland, at Washington, in May, 1887, he broke 
 the long silence, unsealed his lips, and spoke of that event which at the time 
 occasioned great indignation and sorrow throughout Ohio. His splendid services 
 as a soldier, his absorbing enthusiasm and loyalty to the Union, his fiery denun- 
 ciation of those who plotted a surrender to the treason, the entire spirit and elan 
 of the man had given untold comfort to multitudes in the early years of the 
 rebellion, an em of indescribable anguish and heart-sinking anxieties. 
 
DELAWARE COUNTY. 
 
 563 
 
 It was a most pathetic scene when he came upon the platform, an old man, 
 sixty-eight years of age, and told his surviving comrades of the bloody fields how 
 his removal took place. It is thus related by Frank G. Carpenter, the interesting 
 Ohio correspondent, who was present : 
 
 “It was at night,” said Rosecrans, “that 
 I received the order, and I sent for Gen. 
 
 Thomas. He came alone to the tent and 
 took his seat. I handed him the letter. He 
 read it, and as he did so his breast began to 
 swell and he turned pale. He did not want 
 to accept the command, but we agreed on 
 consideration that he must do so, and I told 
 him that I could not bear to meet my troops 
 afterward. ‘ I want to leave,’ said I, ‘ before 
 the announcement is made, and I will start 
 in the early morning.’ I packed up that 
 night, and the next morning about 7 o’clock 
 I rode away through the fog which then 
 
 SuNBURY, on Walnut creek and the C. Mt. V. & D. R. R., has 1 Baptist and 
 1 Methodist church ; 1 bank : Farmers’, O. H. Kimball, president, Emery J. 
 Smith, cashier ; 1 newspaper : The Sunhury Monitor , Sprague & Robinson, 
 publishers ; and had, in 1880, 340 inhabitants. School census 1886, 192 ; W. W. 
 Long, superintendent. 
 
 Here are extensive blue-limestone quarries, supplying the finest quality of 
 building stone ; and the new process rolling mill at this place is described as the 
 pride of the county.” 
 
 Ashley, on the C. C. C. & I. R. R., has churches : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Baptist, 1 Friends; 1 newspaper: The Ashley Times, C. B. Benedict, pub- 
 lisher; 1 bank : Ashley, Sperry & Wormstaff ; 2 regalia and emblems factories, a 
 roller flouring mill, and is noted as a shipping-point for live-stock. In 1880 it 
 had 483 inhabitants. 
 
 The village of Galena, on the C. Mt. V. & D. R. R., two miles south of 
 Sunbury, had, in 1880, 250 inhabitants. School census 1886, 152; I. C. 
 Guinther, principal. Ostrander, in 1880, had 269 inhabitants. 
 
 hung over the camp. The best of relations 
 prevailed between Gen. Thomas and myself, 
 and as to the statement that he considered 
 himself my superior and obeyed orders only 
 from a sense of duty, I assure you it was not 
 so. ” 
 
 As Rosecrans bowed to the audience and 
 stepped back from the platform there was 
 not a man present who did not feel sorry for 
 him, and he was so much affected himself 
 that his voice trembled as he uttered his 
 closing words. He talked in a low tone and 
 his accents were almost pleading. 
 
C<. 
 
ERIE. 
 
 Erie County was formed in 1838 from Huron and Sandusky counties. The 
 surface to the eye seems nearly level, while in fact it forms a gentle slope from the 
 south line of the county, where it has an elevation of about 150 feet above the 
 lake, to the lake level. It has inexhaustible quarries of limestone and freestone. 
 The soil is very fertile. The principal crops are wheat, corn, oats and potatoes. 
 It is very prominent as a fruit-growing county, productive in apples, peaches and 
 especially so in grapes. Its area is 290 square miles, being one of the smallest in 
 territory in the State. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 78,912; in pasture, 
 20,638; woodland, 11,^25; lying waste, 3,941; produced in wheat, 247,824 
 bushels; in oats, 294,676; corn, 564,863; potatoes, 301,306; wool, 144,992 
 pounds; grapes, 1,571,045. School census 1886, 10,929 ; teachers, 172. It has 
 90 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 1,628 
 
 2,042 
 
 Milan, 
 
 1,531 
 
 2,239 
 
 Florence, 
 
 1,655 
 
 1,330 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 736 
 
 1,231 
 
 Groton, 
 
 854 
 
 1,038 
 
 1,910 
 
 Perkins, 
 
 839 
 
 1,878 
 
 Huron, 
 
 1,488 
 
 Portland, 
 
 1,434 
 
 15,838 
 
 1,944 
 
 Kelley’s Island, 
 Margaretta, 
 
 1,104 
 
 888 
 
 2,302 
 
 Vermillion, 
 
 1,334 
 
 The population in 1840 was 12,457; 1860, 24,474; 1880, 32,640, of whom 
 20,899 were Ohio-born ; 1,651 New York ; 534 Pennsylvania; 4,882 Germany; 
 1,196 Ireland; 702 England and Wales; and 287 British America. 
 
 The name of this county was originally applied to the Erie tribe of Indians. 
 This nation is said to have had their residence at the east end of the lake, near 
 where Buffalo now stands. They are represented to have been the most powerful 
 and warlike of all the Indian tribes, and to have been extirpated by the Five 
 Nations or Iroquois two or three centuries since.* 
 
 Father Lewis Hennepin, in his work pub- 
 lished about 1684, in speaking of certain 
 Catholic priests, thus alludes to the Fries : 
 “These good fathers were great friends of 
 the Hurons, who told them that the Iroquois 
 went to war beyond Virginia, or New Sweden, 
 near a lake which they called ''Erige^' or 
 ^Erie^' which signifies ^tlie cat^' or '‘nation of 
 the cat and because these savages brought 
 captives from the nation of the cat in return- 
 ing to their cantons along this lake, the Hu- 
 rons named it, in their language, '‘Erige^' or 
 'Ericke, ’ ‘ the lake of the cat^ ’ and which our 
 
 Canadians, in softening the word, have called 
 ‘ Lake Erie. ’ ” 
 
 Charlevoix, writing in 1721, says respecting 
 Lake Erie : “The name it bears is that of an 
 Indian nation of the Huron [Wyandot] lan- 
 guage, which was formerly seated on its banks, 
 and who have been entirely destroyed by the 
 Iroquois. Erie^ in that language, signifies 
 cat, and in some accounts this nation is called 
 the cat nation. This name probably comes 
 from the large number of that animal formerly 
 found in this country. ’ ’ 
 
 The French established a small trading-post at the mouth of Huron river, and 
 another on the shore of the bay on or near the site of Sandusky City, which were 
 abandoned before the war of the revolution. The small map annexed is copied 
 from part of Evan’s map of the Middle British Colonies, published in 1755. The 
 reader will perceive upon the east bank of Sandusky river, near the bay, a French 
 
 * These facts are derived fiom the beautiful “ tradition of the Eries,” published in the Buffalo Com- 
 Taercialy \n i\\Q summer of 1845. That tradition (says the editor) “maybe implicitly relied upon, 
 every detail having been taken from the lips of Blacksnake and other venerable chie^ of the Senecas 
 and Tonawandas, who still cherish the traditions of their fathers.” 
 
Bishop, Photo., Sandusky, 1888. 
 
ERIE COUNTY, 565 
 
 fort, there described as ^^Fort Junandat, built in 1754.” The words Wandots are 
 doubtless meant for Wyandot towns. 
 
 In 1764, while Pontiac was besieging De- 
 troit, Gen. Bradstreet collected a force of 3,000 
 men, which embarked at Niagara in boats and 
 proceeded up the lake to the relief of that post. 
 
 Having burned the Indian corn-fields and 
 villages at Sandusky and along the rich bot- 
 toms of the Maumee, and dispersed the Indians 
 whom they there then found, he reached Detroit 
 without opposition.* Having dispersed the 
 Indians beseiging Detroit he passed into the 
 Wyandot country by way of Sandusky bay. 
 
 He ascended the bay and river as far as it was 
 navigable for boats and there made a camp. A 
 treaty of peace and friendship was signed by 
 the chiefs and head men.f 
 
 Erie, Huron and a small part of Ottawa 
 county comprise that portion of the Western Reserve known as ^rthe fire- 
 lands,” being a tract of about 500,000 acres, granted by the State of Connecticut 
 to the sufferers by fire from the British in their incursions into that Stated The 
 history which follows of the fire-lands and the settlement of this county is from 
 the MSS. history of the Fire-Lands, by C. B. Squier, and written about 1840. 
 
 The largest sufferers, and, consequently, 
 those who held the largest interest in the 
 fire-lands, purchased the rights of many who 
 held smaller interests. The proprietors of 
 the fire-lands, anxious that their new terri- 
 tory should be settled, offered strong induce- 
 ments for persons to settle in this then un- 
 known region. But, aside from the ordinary 
 difficulties attending a new settlement, the 
 Indian title to the western part of the re- 
 serve was not then extinguished ; but by a 
 treaty held at Fort Industry, on the Maumee, 
 in July, 1805, this object was accomplished, 
 and the east line of the Indian territory was 
 established on the west line of the reserve. 
 
 The proprietors of the fire-lands were 
 deeply interested in this treaty, upon the re- 
 sult of which depended their ability to pos- 
 sess and settle their lands. Consequently, 
 the Hon. Isaac Mills, secretary of the com- 
 pany, with others interested, left Connecticut 
 to be present at these negotiations. Cleve- 
 land was the point first designated for hold- 
 ing the treaty. But, upon their arrival, it 
 was ascertained that the influence of the 
 British agents among the Indians was so 
 great as to occasion them to refuse to treat 
 with the agents of the United States, unless 
 they would come into their own territory, on 
 the Miami of the Lakes, as the Maumee was 
 then termed. Having arrived at the Mau- 
 mee, they found several agents of the British 
 government among the Indians, using every 
 possible effort to prevent any negotiation 
 
 whatever, and it was fifteen or twenty days 
 before they could bring them to any reason- 
 able terms. Soon after the conclusion of the 
 treaty, the settlements commenced upon the 
 fire-lands. 
 
 It is quite difficult to ascertain who the 
 first settlers were upon the fire-lands. As 
 early, if not prior to the organization of the 
 State, several persons had squatted upon the 
 lands, at the mouth of the streams and near 
 the shore of the lake, led a hunter’s life and 
 trafficked with the Indians. But they were 
 a race of wanderers and gradually disappeared 
 before the regular progress of the settle- 
 ments. Those devoted missionaries, the Mo- 
 ravians, made a settlement, which they called 
 New Salem, as early as 1790, on Huron river, 
 about two miles below Milan, on the Hath- 
 away farm. They afterwards settled at 
 Milan. 
 
 The first regular settlers upon the fire-lands 
 were Col. Jerard Ward, who came in the 
 spring of 1808,^ and Almon Buggies and 
 Jabez Wright, in the autumn succeeding. 
 Ere the close of the next year, quite a num- 
 ber of families had settled in the townships 
 of Huron, Florence, Berlin, Oxford, Marga- 
 retta, Portland and Vermillion. These early 
 settlers generally erected the ordinary log- 
 cabin, but others of a wandering character 
 built bark huts, which were made by driving 
 a post at each of the four corners and one 
 higher between each of the two end corners, 
 in the middle, to support the roof, which 
 
 ^Lanman’s Michigan. 
 
 t Whittlesey’s address on Bouquet’s expedition. 
 
 i For some facts connected with the history of the fire-lands, see sketch of the Western Eeserve, to 
 be found elsewhere in this work. 
 
566 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 were connected together by a ridge-pole. 
 Layers of bark were wound around the side 
 of the posts, each upper layer lapping the 
 one beneath to shed rain. The roof was 
 barked over, strips being bent across from 
 one eave over the ridge-pole to the other and 
 secured by poles on them. The occupants 
 of these bark huts were squatters, and lived 
 principally by hunting. They were the semi- 
 civilized race that usually precedes the more 
 substantial pioneer in the western wilderness. 
 
 For two or three years '^previous to the late 
 war, the inhabitants were so isolated from 
 other settlements that no supplies could be 
 had, and there was much suffering for want 
 of food and clothing ; at times, whole fami- 
 lies subsisted for weeks together on nothing 
 but parched and pounded corn, with a very 
 scanty supply of wild meat. Indeed, there 
 was not a family in the fire-lands, between 
 1809 and ’15, who did not keenly feel the 
 want of both food and clothing. Wild meat, 
 it is true, could usually be procured ; but 
 living on this alone would much enfeeble and 
 disease any one but an Indian or a hunter 
 accustomed to it for years. 
 
 For even several years after the war rac- 
 coon caps, with the fur outside, and deerskin 
 jackets and pantaloons, were almost univer- 
 sally worn. The deerskin pantaloons could 
 not be very well tanned, and when dried, 
 after being wet, were hard and inflexible : 
 when thrown upon the floor they bounded 
 and rattled like tin kettles. A man, in a 
 cold winter’s morning, drawing on a pair, 
 was in about as comfortable a position as if 
 thrusting his limbs into a couple of frosty 
 stove-pipes. 
 
 To add to the trials and hardships of the 
 early settlers, it soon became very sickly, and 
 remained so for several years. The follow- 
 ing is but one of the many touching scenes 
 of privation and distress that might be re- 
 lated : 
 
 A young man with his family settled not 
 far from the Huron river, building his cabin 
 in the thick woods, distant from any other 
 settlement. During the summer he cleared 
 a small patch, and in the fall became sick and 
 died. Soon after, a hunter on his way home, 
 passing by the clearing, saw everything still 
 about the cabin, mistrusted all was not right, 
 and knocked at the door to inquire. A fee- 
 ble voice bade him enter. Opening the door 
 he was startled by the appearance of the 
 woman, sitting by the fire, pale, emaciated, 
 and holding a puny, sickly babe ! He imme- 
 diately inquired their health. She burst 
 into tears and was unable to answer. The 
 hunter stood for a moment aghast at the 
 scene. The woman, recovering from her 
 gush of sorrow, at length raised her head 
 and pointed towards the bed, saying, “There 
 is my little Edward — I expect he is dying — 
 and here is my babe, so sick I cannot lay it 
 down ; I am so feeble I can scarcely remain 
 in my chair, and my poor husband lies buried 
 beside the cabin ! ” and then, as if frantic by 
 the fearful recital, she exclaimed in a tone of 
 the deepest anguish, “ Oh ! that I was back 
 
 to my own country, where I could fall into 
 the arms of my mother!” Tears of sym- 
 pathy rolled down the weather-beaten cheeks 
 of the iron-framed hunter as he rapidly 
 walked away for assistance. It was a touch- 
 ing scene. 
 
 ^ A majority of the inhabitants of this pe- 
 riod were of upright characters ; bold, daring 
 and somewhat restless, but generous-minded. 
 Although enduring great privations, much 
 happiness fell to the kind of life they were 
 leading. One of them says : “When I look 
 back upon the first few years of our residence 
 here, I am led to exclaim, 0 1 happy days 
 of primitive simplicity 1 What little aristo- 
 cratic feeling any one might have brought 
 with him was soon quelled, for we soon found 
 ourselves equally dependent on one another * 
 and we enjoyed our winter evenings around 
 our blazing hearths in our log-huts cracking 
 nuts full as well, aye ! much better than has 
 fallen to our lots since the distinctions and 
 animosities consequent upon the acquisition 
 of wealth have crept in among us.” 
 
 Another pioneer says : “In illustration of 
 that old saw, 
 
 ‘A man wants but little here below, 
 
 Nor wants that little long,’ 
 
 I relate the following. A year or two after 
 we arrived, a. visit was got up by the ladies, 
 in order to call on a neighboring family who 
 lived a little out of the common way. The 
 hostess was very much pleased to see them, 
 and immediately commenced preparing the 
 usual treat on such occasions — a cup of tea 
 and its accompaniments. As she had but 
 one fire-proof vessel in the house, an old 
 broken bake kettle, it, of course, must take 
 some time. In the first place, some pork was 
 tried up in the kettle to get lard — secondly, 
 some cakes were made and fried in it — 
 thirdly, some shortcakes were made in it — 
 fourthly, it was used as a bucket to draw 
 wditer— fifthly, the water was heated jn it ; 
 and sixthly and lastly, the tea was put in and 
 a very sociable dish of tea they had. In 
 those good old times, perfectly fresh to my 
 recollection, the young men asked nothing 
 better than buckskin pantaloons to go a 
 courting in, and the young ladies were not 
 too proud to go to meeting barefoot.” 
 
 The following little anecdote illustrates tlu- 
 intrepidity of a lady in indulging her socia> 
 feelings. A gentleman settled with his fam- 
 ily about two miles west of the Vermillion 
 river without a neighbor near him. Soon 
 after a man and wife settled on the opposite 
 side of the river, three miles distant ; the 
 lady on the west side was very anxious to 
 visit her stranger neighbor on the east, and 
 sent her a message setting a day when she 
 should make her visit, and at the time ap- 
 pointed went down to cross the river with her 
 husband, but found it so swollen with recent 
 rains as to render it impossible to cross on 
 foot. There was no canoe or horse in that 
 part of the country. The obstacle was appa- 
 rently insurmountable. Fortunately the man 
 on the other side w^as fertile in expedients ; 
 
ERIE COUNTY, 
 
 567 
 
 he yoked up his oxen, anticipating the event, 
 and arrived at the river just as the others 
 were about to leave. Springing upon the back 
 of one of the oxen he rode him across the 
 river, and when he had reached the west 
 bank, the lady, Europa-like, as fearlessly 
 sprang on the back of the other ox, and they 
 were both borne across the raging waters, and 
 safely landed upon the opposite bank ; and 
 when she had concluded her visit, she returned 
 in the same manner. The lady still lives on 
 the same spot, and is noted for her goodness 
 of heart and cultivated manners. 
 
 Early in the settlement of the fire-lands 
 the landholders injudiciously raised the price 
 of land to $5 per acre. The lands belonging 
 to the general government on the west were 
 opened for sale at $2 per acre ; immigration 
 ceased, and as most of the settlers had 
 bought their land on a credit, the hard times 
 which followed the last war pressed severely 
 upon them, and the settlements languished. 
 
 Money was so scarce in 1820 and 1822, that 
 even those who had their farms paid for were 
 in the practice of laying up sixpences and 
 shillings for many months to meet their 
 taxes. All kinds of trade were carried on by 
 barter. Many settlers left their improve- 
 ments and removed farther west, finding 
 themselves unable to pay for their lands. 
 
 The first exports of produce of any conse- 
 quence commenced in 1817 ; in 1818 the 
 article of salt was $8 per barrel ; flour was 
 then $10, and a poor article at that. 
 
 There was no market for several years be- 
 yond the wants of the settlers, which was 
 sufficient to swallow up all the surplus prod- 
 ucts of the farmer ; but when such an outlet 
 was wanted, it was found at Detroit, Monroe 
 and the other settlements in the upper regions 
 of Lake Erie. As to the commercial advan- 
 tages, there was a sufficient number of vessels 
 on the lake to do the business of the country, 
 which was done at the price of $2. 50 per bar- 
 rel bulk, from Buffalo to this place, a dis- 
 
 Sandusky in 1846. — Sandusky, the county-seat, is situated on Sandusky bay, 
 105 miles north of Columbus, and 60 from Cleveland and Detroit. Its situation 
 is pleasant, rising gradually from the lake, and commanding a fine view of it. 
 The town is based upon an inexhaustible quarry of the finest limestone, which is 
 not only used in building elegant and substantial edifices in the town, but is an 
 extensive article of export. A few hundred yards back from the lake is a large 
 and handsome public square on which, fronting the lake, are the principal churches 
 and public buildings. The first permanent settlement at Sandusky City was made 
 in June, 1817, at which time the locality was called Ogontz place, from an Indian 
 chief who resided here previous to the war of 1812. The town was laid out 
 under the name of Portland, in 1817, by its proprietors, Hon. Zalmon Wildman, 
 of Danbury, Ct., and Hon. Isaac Mills, of New Haven, in the same State. On 
 the first of July of that year, a small store of goods was opened -by Moores Far- 
 well, in the employment of Mr. Wildman. The same building is now standing 
 on the bay shore, and is occupied by Mr. West. There were at this time but two 
 log-huts in the place besides the store, which was a frame, and had been erected 
 the year previous. One of the huts stood on the site of the Verandah hotel, and 
 the other some sixty rods east. The first frame dwelling was erected by Wm. B. 
 Smith in the fall of 1817, the second soon after by Cyrus W. Marsh, and a third 
 
 tance of 250 miles. Now goods are trans- 
 ported from New York to Sandusky City as 
 low as forty-seven cents per hundred, or $9 
 per ton. Most kinds of merchandise sold at 
 a sale corresponding to the prices of freight. 
 Domestic shirtings from fifty to sixty-two 
 cents and satinets $2. 50 to $3. 50 per yard ; 
 green teas $1.50 to $2.50 per pound ; brown 
 sugar from twenty-five to thirty cents per 
 pound ; loaf from forty to fifty per pound, 
 etc. , etc. Butter was worth twenty-five cents, 
 and corn $1.00 per bushel. As to wheat 
 there was scarcely a price known for some of 
 the first years ; the inhabitants mostly de- 
 pended on buying flour by the barrel on ac- 
 count of the want of mills. 
 
 The Indians murdered several of the in- 
 habitants in the fire-lands. One of the most 
 barbarous murders was committed in the 
 spring of 1812, upon Michael Gibbs and one 
 Buel, who lived together in a cabin about a 
 mile southeast of the present town of San- 
 dusky. The murderers were two Indians 
 named Semo and Omic. The whites went in 
 pursuit of them ; Omic was taken to Cleve- 
 land, tried, found guilty and executed. 
 Semo was afterwards demanded of his tribe, 
 and they were about to give him up, when, 
 anticipating his fate, he gave the war-whoop, 
 and shot himself through the heart. 
 
 In the late war, previous to Perry’s victory, 
 the inhabitants were in much dread of the 
 Indians. Some people upon Huron river 
 were captured by them, and also at the head 
 of Cold creek, where a Mrs. Putnam and a 
 whole family by the name of Snow (the man 
 excepted) were attacked. Mrs. Snow and 
 one little child were cruelly butchered, and 
 the rest taken captive, together with a Mrs. 
 Butler and a girl named Page, and carried to 
 Canada. They were, however, released or 
 purchased by the whites a few months after. 
 Other depredations and murders were com- 
 mitted by the savages. 
 
568 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 in the succeeding spring by Moores Farwell. The Methodist Episcopal church, a 
 small frame building, and the first built, was erected in 1830 ; the Episcopal and 
 Presbyterian churches in 1835; the Wesleyan chapel in 1836, and the rest since. 
 Sandusky contains 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 1 Congregational, 1 Peformed Meth- 
 odist, 1 Catholic and 1 German Lutheran church, 1 high school, a large number 
 of dry-goods and grocery stores, several forwarding and commission houses, 2 
 furnaces, 1 oil mill, 2 'extensive machine shops for the manufacture of the iron for 
 railroad cars, 2 printing offices, 2 banks, and a population estimated at 3,000. 
 This town is now very thriving, and promises to be, ere many years, a large city. 
 A great impetus has been given to its prosperity by the construction of two rail- 
 roads which terminate here ; the first, the Mad River and Little Miami railroad, 
 connects it with Cincinnati ; the other connects it with Mansfield, from which place 
 it is constructing through Mount Vernon and Newark to Columbus: a branch 
 will diverge from Newark to Zanesville. This last is one of the best built rail- 
 roads in the country, and is doing a very heavy transportation business. The 
 commerce of Sandusky City is heavy, and constantly increasing. The arrivals at 
 this port in 1846 were 447, clearances 441 ; and 843,746 bushels of wheat were 
 among the articles exported. On the farm of Isaac A. Mills, west of the town, are 
 some ancient works and mounds. In the late Canadian patriot war,^’ this city 
 was a rendezvous for patriots ; they had an action on the ice near Point-au- 
 Pelee island with British cavalry in the winter of 1838. They were under Capt. 
 Bradley, of this city, who has since commanded a company of volunteers in the 
 war with Mexico. In this action the patriots ’’ behaved with cool bravery, and 
 although attacked by a superior force, delivered their fire Avith steadiness, and re- 
 pelled their enemy with considerable loss. — Old Edition. 
 
 Sandusky City, on Sandusky bay, an inlet of Lake Erie, is 100 miles north 
 of Columbus and midway between Cleveland and Toledo. It is on the line of 
 the L. S. & M. S. ; I. B. & W. ; L. .E. A. & S. ; and S. M. & N. railroads. County 
 Officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, Albert E. Merrill ; Clerk of Court, Silas E. 
 Bander; Sheriff, Thos. A. Hughes ; Prosecuting Attorney, Cyrus B. Winters ; 
 Auditor, Win. J. Bonn; Treasurer, Jas. Alder ; Recorder, John Strickland ; Sur- 
 veyor, Albert W. Judson ; Coroner, Louis S. Szendery ; Commissioners, William 
 Zimmerman, Jas. Douglass, John L. Hull. Newspapers : Register, Republican, 
 J. F. Mack & Bro., editors and proprietors ; Journcd, Democratic, C. C. Bittur, 
 editor and publisher ; Democrat, German, Democratic. Churches : 1 Congrega- 
 tional, 4 Episcopal, 3 Catholic, 1 Baptist, 1 Colored Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Friends, 
 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Colored Methodist, 4 German Evangelical, 1 German Lu- 
 theran and 1 German Methodist. Banks : Citizens’ National, A. E. Merrill, pres- 
 ident, Henry Graefe, cashier ; Moss National, A. H. Moss, president, Horace O. 
 Moss, cashier ; Second National, R. B. Hubbard, president, A. W. Prout, cashier ; 
 Third National, LaAvrence Cable, president, E. P. Zollinger, cashier. 
 
 Principal Industries and Employees. — D. J. BroAvn & Co., hoops, etc., 35 hands ; 
 Germania Basket Company, baskets, 31 ; George W. Icsman, saAV mills ; Sandusky 
 Tool Company, edge tools, 230 ; Ohlemacher Lime Company, lime, 34 ; J. B. 
 Johnston & Co., lime, 14 ; Kilbourne & Co., cooperage, 20 ; J. T. Johnson, plan- 
 ing mill, 31 ; B. & O. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 130 ; B. & O. Grain EleA^ator ; 
 J. M. Soncrant, cooperage, 20 ; Johnson, Kunz & Co., lime ; Schoeffie & Sloane, 
 doors, sash, etc., 45 ; Woolsey Wheel Company, carriage Avheels, etc., 143; B. B. 
 Hubbard & Son, planing-mill ; August Kunzman, carriages, etc., 10 ; Lea, Her- 
 bert & Co., planing-mill, 22 ; Sandusky Machine and Agricultural Works, en- 
 gines, reapers, etc., 45 ; Barney & Kilby, engines, etc., 206 ; J. C. Butler & Co., 
 doors, sash, etc., 142 ; Eureka Lumber Company, planing-mill, etc., 44 ; I. B. & 
 W. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 164 ; The Sandusky Wheel Company, carriage 
 Avheels, etc., 260 ; Anthony Ilg & Co., lager beer, 12 ; Albert ScliAAHir, cigar boxes, 
 37 ; Portland Boiler Company ; Frank Slang, lager beer, 15 ; J. Kuebler & Co., 
 lager beer, 22 ; Hinde, Hansen & Co., paper, 18 ; J. S. CoAvdery, crayons, chalk. 
 
ERIE COUNTY, 
 
 569 
 
 etc., 42 ; G. B. Hodgeman Manufacturing Company, cooperage, 112 . — State Report 
 for 1887, Population in 1880, 15,838. School census in 1886, 5,861 ; Alston 
 Ellis, superintendent, 
 
 Sandusky has the largest and best harbor on the great chain of lakes, having 
 the advantage of a large and land-locked bay, while the other lake ports are 
 mostly but the mouths of rivers. This bay is eighteen miles in length, furnishing 
 ample room for all the water craft that ever could be required. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 The Harbor of Sandusky. 
 
 It is claimed for Sandusky that in the manufacture of wheels and other wood 
 implements that it exceeds any other city of the Union ; that of the 1,800 hands 
 in its shops and factories an unusual per cent, are skilled mechanics, and married 
 men, and very largely own the houses in which they live. 
 
 Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home . — In the latter part of the year 1885 P. R. 
 Brown, Commander of the Department of Ohio, G. A. R., learned that some old 
 soldiers, survivors of the civil war, were living in county infirmaries. He imme- 
 diately set inquiries on foot and learned by the end of the year that there were 300 
 sueh ; and that many others, equally destitute, were supported by private benevolence. 
 Soon after Gov. ForakePs inauguration, in January, 1886, Commander Brown 
 conferred with him, and found his sympathies warmly enlisted. 
 
 A bill was introduced in the legislature and 
 met with such general favor, that on the 30th 
 of January an act was passed to establish 
 “The Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home,” 
 for all honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, 
 and marines who have served the United 
 States government in any of its wars, and 
 who are citizens of Ohio at the date of the 
 passage of this act, and are not able to sup- 
 port themselves, ete., etc., and who cannot 
 gain admission to the national military homes. 
 
 The Governor appointed I. F. Mack, of 
 Sandusky ; R. B. Brown, of Zanesville ; Bur- 
 bin Ward, of Lebanon ; W. P. Orr, of Piqua; 
 and Thomas T. Bill, of Mansfield, trustees. 
 Burbin Ward dying, Thomas R. Paxton, of 
 Cincinnati, was appointed in his place, and I. 
 F. Mack was elected president, and R. B. 
 Brown, secretary. 
 
 The board, on the 31st of July, having pre- 
 viously examined many titles in various parts 
 of the State, resolved to establish the Home 
 near Sandusky . _ On the 1 9th of August, they 
 selected as the site ninety acres of breezy land, 
 partly wooded, a mile outside the corporate 
 limits of the city ; the land being donated to 
 the State, and guarantees being given for the 
 construction of a large stone sewer from the 
 grounds to the lake, of mains for water, gas, 
 electricity, a railway switch to the grounds 
 
 and two fine avenues 100 feet in width as out- 
 lets. The grounds will be beautifully orna- 
 mented, the attractive features including a 
 chain of lakes and shelter house. 
 
 The terms have been fulfilled by the county, 
 the city, and by citizens. The legislature has 
 been liberal in making appropriations from 
 time to time ; the trustees have been earnest 
 in the work and have enjoyed the hearty co- 
 operation of the governor. 
 
 Plans have been adopted for buildings tc 
 accommodate about 1,000 inmates, and arc 
 now in course of construction ; they consist 
 of thirteen cottages of four different designs, 
 dining and kitchen building, power-house, 
 laundry and bath-rooms, hospital, chapel, 
 conservatory, and the administration building, 
 in which are located the offices of the com- 
 mandant and his assistants and of the Board 
 of Trustees. The buildings are of the best 
 Ohio limestone and sandstone, and from an 
 architectural point of view present a hand- 
 some appearance. 
 
 The land lies between forty and fifty feet 
 above the level of the lake, and no higher 
 land is near. The buildings are admirably 
 designed, and are thoroughly built, with ex- 
 terior walls of stone and partitions of brick. 
 No building is more than two stories high. 
 They will be comfortable and healthful, and 
 
570 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 the architectural effect jof the mass will be 
 handsome and imposing. 
 
 The board is to be congratulated on its 
 choice of Gen. M. F. Force, of Cincinnati, 
 for commandant, a gentleman of rare ability, 
 singular modesty and worth, under whose 
 management the Home will assuredly meet 
 the best purposes for which it is designed. 
 
 When the Civil war of 1861 was fairly in- 
 augumted Gen. Force was a practicing attor- 
 ney in Cincinnati. He joined a military 
 company, and was soon after promoted to the 
 lieutenant-colonelcy of the Twentieth Ohio, 
 apd at Camp Chase proved to be an excellent 
 drill officer. The history of the Twentieth 
 shows what efficiency he developed as a com- 
 manding officer of the regiment, the brigade, 
 and eventually of the division. Stooping over 
 his wounded friend. Adjutant Walker, in the 
 terrible conflict at Atlanta, he received a bul- 
 let through his face just below the eye, and 
 he now bears upon his frontlet the honored 
 
 scar of battle for his country. When the 
 army disbanded Gen. Force returned to civil 
 life, and was elected a judge of the Superior 
 Court of Hamilton county, which office he 
 held until his resignation in 1887. 
 
 The late Col. Charles Whittlesey wrote of 
 him : “ From his father, the late Peter Force, 
 of Washington, he inherits a taste for litera- 
 ture, especially for history and ethnology. 
 His publications, especially those upon the 
 theory of evolution, devised by Darwin, and 
 upon the character of the Mound Builders, 
 also upon his war memoranda, filling one 
 volume of the Scribner Series, display calm 
 and faithful investigation with a clear and 
 facile mode of expression. His address 
 delivered at the first reunion of the Twentieth 
 Regiment, on the anniversary of the battle 
 of Shiloh Church, April 6, 1876, shows the 
 finish of his style and the close personal rela- 
 tions that existed with his men. ’ ’ 
 
 Ohio State Fish Hatchery . — On the eastern margin of Sandusky, by the water- 
 side, in a small, one-story, frame building of two rooms, is located the Ohio 
 State Fish Hatchery. Small and unpretentious as the quarters are, neverthe- 
 less a work of great importance goes on within their limits, and it is to be hoped 
 that our State government will take measures for the greater development of 
 this useful institution. With great increase in the needs of its people, a wise 
 government makes provision for keeping its food supplies unimpoverished. 
 The Ohio State Fish Hatchery was founded some twelve years ago at Toledo. 
 Some years later the Sandusky branch was started, and then, owing to a cut- 
 ting down of funds, that at Toledo was closed. 
 
 The establishment at Sandusky is under the charge of Superintendent Henry 
 Douglass, assisted by George W. Littleton and six or seven extra assistants en- 
 gaged during the hatching seasons. But two kinds of fish have as yet been 
 hatched, pickerel and white fish; of these, 65,000,000 pickerel and 100,000,000 
 white fish were hatched during the past season, 1887-1888. 
 
 About April 1st the pickerel eggs are taken 
 and about October 1st the white fish eggs. 
 These are procured from fish caught in nets 
 on Lake Erie. From the females (which can 
 be distinguished by their unusual size) the 
 eggs are squeezed in three-gallon pans (eggs 
 from three females to each pan). Next six 
 male fish are picked out and the impregnating 
 fluid squeezed from them into the pan. 
 Males and females are then thrown back into 
 the lake, and the pans containing the impreg- 
 nated eggs are taken to the hatchery. 
 
 In the larger of the two rooms of the 
 hatchery are ranged on each side and in the 
 centre a series of wooden troughs, and below 
 each trough a row of glass jars about two feet 
 high and six or seven inches in diameter. 
 Above each jar is a wooden faucet connected 
 by a rubber hose a few inches long to a thick 
 glass tube in the centre of the jar and of the 
 same length as the jar. Four small “feet” 
 at the bottom of the tube permit the water 
 to flow from it up through the jar to its top 
 where it is discharged into another,^ thence 
 through other jars and so on. The impreg- 
 nated eggs are placed in these jars and the 
 
 water turned on. The water is lake Water 
 supplied from the city water works. It is 
 kept cold, sometimes freezing, as the eggs and 
 the fish have to be kept cold until placed in 
 the streams. 
 
 After the eggs are placed in the jars they 
 must be kept constantly moving, and are 
 watched night and day, that they may not 
 adhere to each other or the sides of the jars 
 as soon as an egg spoils (which is discovered 
 by its failure to change color) it must be re- 
 moved ; this is done with a feather. 
 
 At the first the eggs have a kind of cream 
 color, from which they change in a month to 
 a much darker color, then in six weeks back 
 to their original hue, and alternate colors in 
 that manner until hatched, which is about two 
 to four weeks for pickerel and five months for 
 white fish. When hatched the pickerel are 
 about one-quarter of an inch long and the 
 white fish half an inch. Each fi^ is found 
 to have a food sack containing a viscid color- 
 less substance which sustains its life from 
 three to four weeks, but what they live on 
 after that is unknown. In about a year they 
 grow to weigh a pound and increase in weight 
 
ERIE COUNTY, 
 
 571 
 
 each succeeding year, until the pickerel attains 
 a weight of fifteen to eighteen pounds and the 
 white fish a weight of twenty pounds. 
 
 The freshly hatched fish are given away to 
 any one making application for them, the 
 only requirement being that they be placed in 
 some inland stream or lake. They are put 
 up in cans similar to milk cans and are dis- 
 tributed according to order by the agents of 
 the hatchery who travel through all parts of 
 the State. Pickerel only are placed in streams- 
 as the white fish will not live in streams, but 
 large numbers of the young white fish have 
 been placed in Lake Erie, resulting in an ap- 
 parent increase in the supply. 
 
 After years of effort it has been found im- 
 possible to hatch bass or perch. ^ The difficulty 
 lies in obtaining the impregnating fluid from 
 
 the males, who at the season of impregnation 
 go into deep water and defy all efforts to cap- 
 ture them. Experiments have been made by 
 keeping them in captivity, but without avail. 
 
 The only way that lakes can be stocked with 
 bass is to catch the young fish with nets and 
 transport them to where they are wanted. 
 
 This is often done. A year ago a lot of 
 herring were hatched and placed in some 
 lakes east of Cleveland, and if they thrive 
 the hatching of herring will be made one of 
 the features of the hatchery. Lake Erie 
 abounds with them.. They are a small fish, 
 weighing but a pound when full grown, but 
 are very good^ eating. Some experiments in 
 the propagation of cat-fish are also to be 
 undertaken shortly. 
 
 When the first settlers under the Fire-Lands Company arrived at Sandusky 
 they found on the present site of the town a village of Ottawa Indians^ and on the 
 peninsula some French-Canadian settlers. 
 
 THE STORY OF OGONTZ. 
 
 The whole settlement was under the con- 
 trol of an Indian chief named Ogontz. He 
 was in many respects a remarkable man. 
 Having been found when a babe in an Indian 
 village in the far Northwest, whose inhabi- 
 tants had all either died off or fled from 
 smallpox, he was taken charge of by French 
 Catholic priests near Quebec, and educated 
 for a missionary among the Indians, and about 
 the time of the outbreak of the Revolution 
 went among the Ottawas to preach Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 He had a strong dislike of the British pro- 
 vincial government, and having gained great 
 influence among the Ottawas, he induced two 
 tribes and some French people in the neigh- 
 borhood to locate at Sandusky, he going with 
 them as priest or father ; at his direction the 
 French settled on the peninsula and the 
 Indians on the other side of the bay. 
 
 Finding he could be more useful to these 
 people as chief than priest, he gave up his 
 holy office, was adopted into one of the tribes, 
 and became its chief. 
 
 In an account of his life which he related 
 to his friend and neighbor, Mr. Benajah 
 Wolcott, who, in 1809, had settled on the 
 peninsula, he said : 
 
 “In my heart I had never been a good 
 Catholic, though I had tried to be a good 
 Christian. I found it, however, much easier 
 to make Catholics than Christians of other 
 Indians. What I mean is, that they were 
 much more willing to observe the forms than 
 to obey the laws of Christianity, and that 
 they grew no better under my preaching. I 
 became discouraged, and feared that my 
 preaching was an imposition and I an im- 
 postor.” 
 
 As priest the chief of the other tribe had 
 been guided by him and profited by his coun- 
 sels, but when Ogontz became a chief his 
 jealousy was arouseff and during a drunken 
 orgie he approached Ogontz from behind and 
 
 tried to stab him, but Ogontz was on his 
 guard, and instead of slaying him he was him' 
 self slain by Ogontz. 
 
 Although Ogontz had slain his rival in self- 
 defence a council was held to decide his fate. 
 The Indian law is “blood for blood,” and it 
 was very rarely that this law was departed 
 from, and as Ogontz sat on a log facing the 
 lake, a few rods off, the council debated the 
 question of life and death ; and, having de- 
 cided, the messengers of the council ap- 
 proached him. If the decision had been 
 death they would have gone up behind and 
 tomahawked him as he sat. As they neared 
 him the solemn chief sat motionless, looking 
 out upon the expanse of water before him, 
 when the messengers made a slight detour 
 and approached him face to face. The coun- 
 cil had spared his life. 
 
 Ogontz adopted the son of the chief, and 
 brought him up as hie own, knowing that 
 some day that son would kill him to avenge 
 his father’s death. 
 
 Ogontz was ever for peace. Foreseeing the 
 war of 1812, he led his people back to Canada, 
 as they could not stay at Sandusky and remain 
 neutral. He said : 
 
 “I have done these people (Indians and 
 French) all the good I could and have kept 
 them at peace with each other, and, so far as 
 I could, with all the world ; but trouble wilF 
 come on us all very soon. I had hoped to 
 spend all my days near this bay. Your peo- 
 ple will take our present corn-fields for them- 
 selves, but we could find others near enough 
 if we could be at peace. A war between your 
 people and the British is close at hand, and 
 when that comes we must fly from here — all 
 of us. Indians are great fools for taking part 
 in the wars of the white people, but they will 
 do so. Ottawas will join the British and 
 Wyandots will join your people. ^ I will not 
 fight in such a war. I wish your side success, 
 but I must go with my people.” 
 
 When peace was declared between the 
 
572 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 United States and Great Britain he and his 
 tribe went from Canada to Maumee river, 
 and at a pow-wow held there he was mur- 
 dered by his adopted son, meeting the death 
 he knew was in store for him when he 
 adopted the son of the chief he had slain in 
 self-defence. 
 
 ^ The lodge of Ogontz was on the site occu- 
 pied by the national bank on Columbus 
 avenue, between Market and Water streets. 
 The bank building was originally the residence 
 of Eleutheros Cooke, and built by him. His 
 son, the celebrated banl^er. Jay Cooke, was 
 born here in 1821. The family knew Ogontz 
 very well. When a child, Ogontz at times 
 
 carried the boy Jay on his shoulders. Out 
 of respect to his memory, Mr. Cooke in after 
 years, when fame and fortune were his, built 
 a magnificent country-seat at Ghelton Hills, 
 near Philadelphia, which he named Ogontz. 
 The name of Ogontz is perpetuated at San- 
 dusky by a street, flouring mills, a Knight 
 Templars’ lodge, a fire company, etc. When 
 making investigations years since for a rail- 
 road in the Lake Superior country Mr. Cooke 
 found the name Ogontz still perpetuated 
 among the Indians, and in the person of a 
 boy whose acquaintance he made, and who 
 proved to be a grandson of the chief. 
 
 Three miles north of Sandusky, in her land-locked bay, lies Johnson’s Island. 
 Its area is about 300 acres ; nearly a mile long and half that in breadth, gradually 
 rising in the centre to a height of fifty feet. It was originally covered with heavy 
 timber, and a favorite resort of the Indians, who came here in the fishing season, 
 engaged in festivities, and brought their captives for torture. 
 
 Its first owner was E. W. Bull, and it was called Bull’s Island, until 1852, 
 when it was purchased by L. B. Johnson and its name changed to Johnson’s 
 Island. 
 
 In 1811 an effort was made to found a town on the island, and steps taken to 
 lay out village lots ; the custom house of the port was located here, but the attempt 
 was unsuccessful and abandoned. 
 
 In 1861 the property was leased by the government as a depot for rebel prison- 
 ers. The necessary buildings having been erected, the first prisoners were installed 
 in their quarters in April, 1862, under the charge of Company A, Hoffman Bat- 
 talion, which was subsequently increased to a full regiment, the 128th O. V. I. 
 
 The number of prisoners was constantly varying, the largest number at any one 
 time being over 3,000 ; but, from the period of its establishment until the close of 
 the war, over 15,000 rebels were confined here, and owing to its supposed security, 
 the prisoners were largely composed of rebel officers. 
 
 As the war progressed floating rumors of an intended rescue by rebel sympa- 
 thizers in Canada came to the ears of the Federal authorities, and the steamer 
 Michigan,” the only United States war vessel on Lake Erie, was stationed here. 
 In September, 1864, a conspiracy was concocted to release the prisoners, at that 
 time numbering a? -out 2,400, arm -them, burn Sandusky, Cleveland and other 
 defenseless lake cities, secure horses, ride through Ohio, raiding the country on the 
 route, and join the rebel army in Virginia; at the same time the Michigan” 
 was to be captured and co-operate with the released prisoners on land. The nar- 
 rative of the occurrences which follows is abridged from that in the Lake Shore 
 Magazine: 
 
 John Yates Beall, a Yirginiaii of great 
 wealth and a graduate of Virginia Univer- 
 sity, called “The Pirate of Lake Erie,” was 
 the prime mover in this conspiracy, and was 
 aided in the enterprise by that arch traitor 
 and fiend Jacob Thompson, the agent of the 
 Confederate government. 
 
 September 19, 1864, the steamer “Philo 
 Parsons,” plying between Detroit, Sandusky 
 and the adjacent islands, was boarded at 
 Sandwich on the Canadian shore by four 
 men, and at Malden by twenty more, who 
 brought an old trunk with them. No sus- 
 picions were aroused, as large numbers of 
 fugitives were constantly travelling to and 
 from Canada at that time. After leaving 
 
 Kelley’s Island, the clerk, who was in com- 
 mand of the boat, was suddenly confronted 
 by four men with revolvers pointed at his 
 head, the old trunk was opened, the whole 
 party armed themselves, and with Beall at 
 their head took possession of the boat. Her 
 course was altered and turned back to Middle 
 Bass Island. Here the “Island Queen,” a 
 boat plying among the islands, came along- 
 side; she was immediately boarded, and d- 
 though her captain (G. W. Orr) made a de- 
 termined resistance, she was soon at the 
 mercy of the conspirators, together with a 
 large number of passengers. The engineer 
 of the “Queen,” refusing to do the bidding 
 of the captors, was shot through the cheek. 
 
ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 573 
 
 But no discourtesy was offered to any one of 
 us beyond the absolute necessity of the case, 
 the conspirators being laigely educated men 
 from the best families of the South. 
 
 An oath of secrecy for twenty-four hours 
 was extorted from the passengers, and they 
 were then put ashore, the captain of the 
 “Queen” being retained as pilot, a capacity 
 in which he refused to act. The two steamers 
 were then lashed together and put off toward 
 Sandusky ; but after proceeding a few miles 
 the “Island Queen” was scuttled and the 
 “Parsons” continued alone; she did not en- 
 ter, but cruised around the mouth of San- 
 dusky Bay, waiting for the signal from the 
 conspirators on land. That part of the plot 
 had, however, failed. 
 
 A Confederate officer named Cole, to whom 
 the operations at Sandusky had been en- 
 trusted, had, as a Titusville oil man, been 
 figuring very largely in social circles, a liberal 
 entertainer, giving wine suppers and spend- 
 ing money very freely. He had formed the 
 acquaintance of the officers of the “Michi- 
 gan ’ ’ and had invited them to a wine supper 
 on the evening of September 19th. The 
 wine was drugged, and when the officers had 
 succumbed to it a signal was to notify Beall, 
 who was then to make the attack on the 
 ‘Michigan.” But Cole had performed his 
 part of the plan in such a bungling manner 
 that the suspicions of the officers were 
 aroused and the commanding officer of the 
 “Michigan,” Capt. Carter, arrested him on 
 suspicion at the very moment when success 
 seemed assured. 
 
 In the meanwhile Beall and his comrades 
 waited outside the bay for the signal ; but, as 
 the time for it passed by and it was not 
 given, they realized that the plot had failed, 
 and made for the Canadian shore, passing 
 Middle Bass Island, where he had left the 
 “Island Queen” and “Parsons” passengers, 
 who saw the “Parsons” pass “with fire 
 pouring out of her smoke-stacks, and mak- 
 ing for Detroit like a scared pickerel. ’ ’ The 
 captain and others who had been kept to 
 manage the “Parsons,” were put off on 
 an uninhabited island, and when the Cana- 
 dian shore was reached, she was scuttled 
 and the conspirators disbanded. 
 
 This daring venture excited great conster- 
 nation among the lake cities and served to 
 call attention to their defenseless condition. 
 
 Beall was captured a few months later, 
 near Suspension Bridge, charged with being 
 a spy both in Ohio and New York, also with 
 an attempt to throw an express train from 
 the track between Dunkirk and Buffalo. He 
 confessed to much of the evidence brought 
 against him, was found guilty and hung on 
 Governor’s Island, February 24. 1865. 
 
 Cole after being arrested managed to warn 
 his accomplices in Sandusky, of whom he 
 had a great number, and who, thus warned, 
 escaped arrest. He himself was confined for 
 some time on board the “Michigan,” after- 
 ward transferred to the island, then to Fort 
 Lafayette in September, 1865, and was ulti- 
 mately released after the close of the war. 
 
 The treatment of the rebel prisoners on 
 Johnson’s Island was considerate even to the 
 verge of indulgence ; their wants were said 
 to have been better filled than those of the 
 soldiers guarding them ; this was owing to 
 their being supplied plentifully with money 
 by their friends ; they were well fed, clothed 
 and housed and were allowed every privilege 
 consistent with security. 
 
 The prisoners were all confined within an 
 enclosure of about eighteen acres surrounded 
 by a stockade eighteen feet high, made of 
 plank, with a platform near the top, about 
 four feet wide, where the sentinels walked. 
 This is shown in the engraving. At the east 
 and west corner was a block -house with small 
 brass cannon. The soldiers’ and officers’ 
 quarters of the guard were at the left of 
 the enclosure. The open space shown by the 
 flag was the parade ground. On the left of 
 the road was a line of small buildings, huck- 
 sters’ shops, etc. Beyond appears Fort Hill. 
 It was an earthwork and mounted a few 
 guns. The graveyard was in the grove on 
 the extreme right, where to this day are 
 relics. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Sandusky impresses one with the extreme 
 solid appearance of its business and public 
 buildings. It is because the whole city lies 
 upon an inexhaustible quarry of the finest 
 limestone, and all the people have to do for 
 structures is to blast and rear. The outlook 
 upon its harbor is extremely pleasant ; it is so 
 expanded and well defended. In the very 
 heats of summer the breezes come from the 
 lake with a refreshing coolness, while the 
 thought that steamers are continually plying 
 to the beautiful cluster of islands beyond the 
 bay to give the visitor any needed change he 
 may require of scene, adds to the attractions 
 of the city as he may walk its solidly lined 
 streets. 
 
 Four things come in mind in connection 
 with Sandusky, viz., lumber, fish, lime, and 
 grapes. It is a great lumber mart, the lum- 
 ber coming mainly from Michigan, and it is 
 the greatest fish market on the globe. Vast 
 quantities of lime are burnt, especially over 
 on the peninsula, that body of land forming 
 the western boundary of the bay, and put on 
 the map as Ottawa county ; and as to grapes, 
 there seems to be no end. In this county 
 alone the vineyards aggregate nearly five 
 square miles, viz., 3,082 acres. In 1885 the 
 amount of wine manufactured amounted to 
 71,170 gallons. One gentleman in Sandusky, 
 Gen. Mills, an octogenarian, has in a single 
 body a vineyard of eighty acres, the largest, I 
 believe, in Ohio. From this he makes a 
 superior article of sparkling Catawba wine — 
 “Mills’ Brand” — that, having once tasted 
 for “medicinal purposes only,” a Rechabite 
 in temperance in a season of despondency 
 would be sorely tempted for a revivification 
 merely to yield his willing lips. The general 
 tells me there is no money in the manufacture 
 of this, a pure, honest article. The public 
 demand is for cheap wines. The consequence 
 
574 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 is they largely get adulterations, with which 
 any vineyard has but slight connection, and 
 as a return for their parsimony, the imbib- 
 ants suffer from disordered stomachs and 
 splitting headaches. 
 
 Looking on the map again one will see 
 forming the east boundary of the bay a strip 
 of land about three miles long and a quarter 
 of a mile wide, terminating in a point, called 
 Cedar Point, on or near which is a lighthouse. 
 In the summer season a steamer, the “ R. B. 
 Hayes,” continually passes to and from the 
 city, carrying parties thither for picnics in the 
 groves and bathing. The beach there on the 
 lake side is safe and beautiful for bathing, 
 and so expansive the view that one standing 
 there is affected by the same emotion as if 
 gazing upon the ocean. 
 
 Johnson s Islmi J at the mouth of the har- 
 bor, is in plain sight from the dock at San- 
 dusky. It will always be an object of interest 
 to travellers as the spot where the officers of 
 the Confederate army were confined. Mr. 
 Leonard Johnson, son of the owner of the 
 island, has given me some interesting items. 
 He was then a boy of about eight years, and 
 often went into the prison with his elder 
 brother. 
 
 The prisoners were always glad to see chil- 
 dren, welcomed, and petted them. For 
 amusement they had athletic games and 
 theatricals. In summer, he told me, they 
 were allowed to bathe in the lake, about 100 
 at a time, under guard. One of their amuse- 
 ments was whittling and carving finger-rings, 
 watch-charms, etc., from gutta-percha but- 
 tons, their work being sometimes very in- 
 genious and beautiful. 
 
 The guard were principally men recruited 
 for this purpose in the lake neighborhood, 
 and many had their families on the island. 
 
 Two men were drummed off the island — 
 one for stealing blankets, and the other a 
 teamster, for an offence of a different charac- 
 ter. The latter had a placard in front and 
 one in the rear proclaiming his malfeasance 
 thus : 
 
 I Sold Whiskey to the Rebels. 
 
 His hands were tied behind, and he was 
 marched in the middle of a squad of soldiers, 
 with their bayonets pointed toward him, those 
 in front having their guns reversed. To 
 the music of drums and fifes he was conducted 
 to the boat, thence through the streets of 
 Sandusky to the depot. It was an occasion 
 of great fun and frolic, and the derisive shouts 
 of the following crowd added to the mortifi- 
 cation of the teamster, who was employed to 
 cart away offal, but “Sold whiskey to the 
 rebels.” 
 
 Prominent among the public men in San- 
 dusky at the time of my original visit was 
 
 Eleutheros Cooke, born in Granville, N. 
 Y., in 1787, died in Sandusky in 1864: a 
 large, fine-looking, enthusiastic gentleman, 
 social, pleasing to meet, and universally re- 
 spected. He was by profession a lawyer, 
 was in the State Legislature and in Congress, 
 and a pioneer in railroad enterprises, having 
 been the projector of the Mad River railroad. 
 He had a wonderful command of language, 
 was an orator very flowery and imaginative, 
 and indulged largely in poetical similes. On 
 an occasion in Congress, when Mr. Stanberry, 
 of Ohio, was assaulted on Pennsylvania avenue 
 by Felix Houston, of Texas, for words spoken 
 in debate, he declared, in a speech, that if 
 freedom of discussion was denied them he 
 would “flee to the bosom of his constitu- 
 ents,” an expression that his political oppo- 
 nents ran the changes upon for a long time 
 after. 
 
 He could talk for hours upon any given 
 topic, and on an occasion when it was neces- 
 sary to get a new writ from Norwalk to detain 
 for debt an arrested steamboat man with his 
 vessel, he talked to the court sixteen hours 
 continuously to stave off* a decision upon the 
 defective writ by which he was held. In 
 order to illustrate the legal question before 
 the court, he had gone into a review of the 
 history of the human race, and got from the 
 Creation down to the destruction of J erusalem 
 by Titus when the necessary papers arrived ; 
 then he stopped the harangue, allowed the 
 old writ to be squelched, the new writ was 
 then served, when the defendant paid his 
 debt, and sailed away in his steamer. 
 
 Mr. Cooke had one trouble — it was life- 
 long — stuck to him closer than a brother. It 
 was in his name, Eleutheros. He was born 
 in 1787, the year of the framing of the Fed- 
 eral Constitution, and the name was given in 
 commemoration : it was from a Greek term 
 signifying to set free. It showed his parents 
 must have been fanciful and so he got his name 
 alike with poetical tendencies from them. 
 But the name liked to have been his ruin, that 
 is political ruin. He lost one election by its 
 misspelling, more particularly by the German 
 voters. They spelt it in various ways, taking 
 with it most unwarrantable liberties — spelling 
 it “Luther,” “Lutheros,” “ Eilutheros,’^ 
 “Eilros,” etc. When he had boys of his 
 own, taking warning from experience, he 
 started them with names after great states- 
 men. The first was Pitt Cooke, the second 
 was Jay Cooke, and the third was to have 
 been, perhaps. Fox Cooke, or something like 
 it, when the mother rebelled and the child 
 was given the good old-fashioned name of 
 Henry D. Cooke. Pitt died at fifty ; he was a 
 partner with his brothers in the banking busi- 
 ness. Henry D. became an eminent journalist, 
 had an interesting and valuable life ; was the 
 first Governor of the District of Columbia, ap- 
 pointed by Gra.it, and died in 1881. The 
 history of Jay Cooke, the great financier of 
 our civil war, is dwelt upon under the head of 
 Ottawa county, where lies Gibraltar, his beau- 
 tiful summer island home in the lake, where 
 he entertains his friends with abounding hos- 
 
( 575 ) 
 
JT, A, Bishop, Photo., Sandusky City. 
 
 Inscription Eock, Kelley’s Island. 
 
ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 577 
 
 pitality and recreates with much fishing in 
 prolific waters. 
 
 In my original visit to Sandusky there was 
 also residing here Ebenezer Lane, whose 
 acquaintance I had the privilege of making. 
 He was among the most eminent legal men 
 of Ohio of that day : profound in scholarship 
 and frank and cordial in his ways. In five 
 minutes I felt as though we had been lifelong 
 friends. His brothers in the profession idol- 
 ized him. He was born in Northampton in 
 1793, graduated at Harvard in 1811, studied 
 law under his uncle, Matthew Griswold, of 
 Lyme, Conn. ; early came to Ohio, was soon 
 judge of Common Pleas, and from 1843 until 
 1845 judge of the Supreme Court, when he 
 retired from the bench to give his attention 
 to the railroad development of this region. 
 
 Sandusky never dreamed but what she 
 would be the terminus of the Ohio canal. 
 It was the shortest and direct distance across 
 the State from the mouth of the Scioto on 
 the Ohio to the lake, and its harbor expansive 
 and safe. Instead of that, mainly through 
 the efforts of Alfred Kelly, who then resided 
 there and was one of the canal commissioners, 
 Cleveland was made its terminus ; thus in- 
 creasing the distance by a winding tortuous 
 course of perhaps thirty or more miles, yet 
 bringing the canal nearer the big wheat fields 
 and coal beds, and accommodating a larger 
 farming population, a more densely settled 
 older country. 
 
 The canal was a prime factor in making 
 
 Cleveland the great lake city of the State. 
 The people of Sandusky felt keenly its loss 
 as a cruel wrong, and with the hope of re- 
 trieving the disaster started the earliest in rail- 
 road construction ; so Judge Lane, prompted 
 by public spirit, left the bench to exert his 
 powers in that direction, in the course of which 
 he became President of the Lake Erie and 
 Mad River Railroad, a link in the first con- 
 tinuous railroad line across the State. 
 
 Cleveland was also on the alert in railroad 
 construction, but a little behind Sandusky, 
 and tapping the great coal-fields of south- 
 eastern Ohio and bringing down the iron of 
 Lake Superior got a power for the lead that 
 was irresistible. The diversion of Judge 
 Lane from his profession was a loss to his 
 fame, as otherwise his reputation would have 
 become national, from his unquestionably 
 great powers. 
 
 On the publication of my original edition, 
 I got four of those whom I regarded as the 
 most influential men of the Ohio of that day 
 to unite in a joint recommendation, two Demo- 
 crats and two Whigs. Those four were Sam- 
 uel Medary, of Columbus, editor of the Ohio 
 Statesman., called the “ Old Wheel Horse of 
 the Democracy,” Governor Reuben Wood, 
 of Cleveland, the “Tall Chief of the Cuya- 
 hogas,” Thomas Corwin, of Lebanon, “The 
 Wagon Boy,” and Ebenezer Lane, of San- 
 dusky, and there I rested, fortified as the book 
 was by a “Wheel Horse,” a “Cuyahoga 
 Chief,” a “Wagon Boy,” and a “Judge.” 
 
 Milan in 1846. — Twelve miles from Sandusky City, and eight from Lake 
 Erie is the flourishing town of Milan, in the township of the same name. It 
 stands upon a commanding blufl‘ on the bank of Huron river. The engraving on 
 next page shows its appearance from a hill near the road to Sandusky City, and a few 
 rods back of Kneeland Townsend’s old distillery building, which appears in front. 
 In the middle ground is shown the Huron river and the canal ; on the right the 
 bridge across the river ; on the hill, part of the town appears, Avith the tower of 
 the Methodist and spire of the Presbyterian church. Population about 100. — - 
 Old Edition. 
 
 Milan is 8 miles south of Lake Erie, on the Huron river, 55 miles west of 
 Cleveland, on the line of the N. & H. and N. Y. St. L. and C. Railroads. It Avas 
 before the days of railroads a great grain depot, the grain product of several neigh- 
 boring counties being brought in wagons here for shipment by river and canal. 
 Some of the Avagons had in them loads of a hundred bushels of grain and Avere 
 drawn by four or six horses. Six hundred Avagons have arrived in a day. As 
 many as tAventy sail vessels have been loaded in a single day, and 35,000 bushels 
 of grain put on board. 
 
 NeAvspapers : Advertiser , Wickham &, Gibbs, publishers. Churches : 1 Presby- 
 terian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Catholic. Bank : Milan Bank- 
 ing Company, James C. LockAvood, president ; L. L. Stoddard, cashier. Indus- 
 tries : 2 flouring mills, 1 tile factory, 1 spoke factory, and Stoakes’ Automatic Pen 
 Factory. 
 
 The Western Reserve Normal School, 75 pupils, B. B. Hall, principal, is lo- 
 cated here. 
 
 Population in 1880, 797. School census in 1886, 225 ; John R. Sherman, super« 
 intendent. 
 
 Appended is a historical and descriptive sketch of the village and township given 
 to the old edition by Rev. E. Judson, of Milan. 
 
578 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 On the spot where the town of Milan now 
 stands, there was, at the time of the survey 
 of the fire-lands, in 1807, an Indian village, 
 containing within it a Christian community, 
 under the superintendence of Kev. Christian 
 Frederic Dencke, a Moravian missionary. 
 The Indian name of the town was Petquot- 
 ting. The mission was established here in 
 1804. Mr. Dencke brought with him several 
 families of Christian Indians, from the vicin- 
 ity of the Thames river, in Upper Canada. 
 They had a chapel and a mission house,, and 
 were making good progress in the cultivation 
 ©f Christian principles, when the commence- 
 snent of the white settlements induced them. 
 
 in 1809, to emigrate with their missionary to 
 Canada. There was a Moravian mission at- 
 tempted as early as 1787. A considerable 
 party of Christian Indians had been driven 
 from their settlement at Gnadenhutten, on 
 the Tuscarawas river, by the inhuman butch- 
 ery of a large number of the inhabitants by 
 the white settlers. After years of wandering, 
 with Zeisberger for their spiritual guide, they 
 at length formed a home on the banks of the 
 Cuyahoga river, near Cleveland, which they 
 named Pilgerruh ( ‘ ‘ Pilgrim’ s rest. ’ ’ ) They 
 were soon driven from this post, whence they 
 came to the Huron, and commenced a settle- 
 ment on its east bank, and near the north 
 
 Dnuva by Henry Hone, IS-IG 
 
 Milan from near the Sandusky City Road. 
 
 line of the township. To this village they 
 gave the name of New Salem. Here the 
 labors of their indefatigable missionary were 
 crowned with very considerable success. They 
 were soon compelled to leave, however, by 
 the persecutions of the pagan Indians. It 
 seems to have been a portion of these exiles 
 who returned, in 1804, to commence the new 
 mission. 
 
 The ground on both sides of the Huron 
 river, through the entire length of the town- 
 ship, is distinctly marked at short intervals 
 by the remains of a former race. Mounds 
 and enclosures, both circular and angular, 
 some of which have strongly marked features, 
 occur at different points along the river. 
 
 The land in the township of Milan was 
 brought into market in 1 808. In the sum- 
 mer of the following year David Abbott pur- 
 chased 1800 acres, in the northeast section 
 of the township, and lying on both sides of 
 the Huron, for the purpose of commencing 
 a settlement. He removed here with his 
 family in 1810. Jared AVard purchased a 
 art of Mr. Abbott’s tract, and removed 
 ere in 1809. He was the first “actual 
 white settler,” who had an interest in the 
 soil. The progress of the settlement ^vas at 
 first rapid. When hostilities with Great 
 Britain commenced, in 1812, there were within 
 
 the township twenty-three families and about 
 forty persons capable of bearing arms. The 
 progress of the settlement was interrupted 
 by the war, and few or no emigrants arrived 
 between 1812 and 1816. This interruption 
 was not the only evil experienced by the in- 
 habitants. The British, in the early part of 
 the war, commanded Lake Erie, and could at 
 any moment make a descent upon the place. 
 Many of the Indians were hostile, and were 
 supposed to be instigated to acts of cruelty 
 by the willingness of the British commander 
 at Fort Malden to purchase the scalps of 
 American citizens. Occasional outrages were 
 perpetrated ; houses were burned, and in a 
 few instances individuals were murdered in 
 cold blood, while others were taken prisoners. 
 Near the southwestern corner of the town- 
 ship, at a place known as the l^irker farm — 
 from its having been first purcha.sed and 
 occupied b}" Charles Parker — there was a 
 block-house, used as a ifiace of resort during 
 the war. A military guard was kept here. 
 Two young men, apprehensive of no imme- 
 diate danger, on a pleasant morning in the 
 fall of 1812, left the block-house and wan- 
 dered to the distance of a mile for the pur- 
 ])o.se of collecting honey from a “bee-tree.” 
 While in the act of cutting down the tree 
 they wei’c surjirised by the Indians, who, it 
 
ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 579 
 
 seems, had been for some time watching for 
 their prey ; one of them, named Seymour, 
 was killed on the spot ; the other was recog- 
 nized by one of the Indians, made a captive 
 ' and treated kindly. The Indian who cap- 
 tured him had been a frequent guest in the 
 family where the young man had resided. 
 
 Some time previous two men, Buell and 
 Gibbs, had been murdered by the Indians 
 near Sandusky, Thirteen persons, women 
 and children, had been^ captured near the 
 present village of Castalia, some six miles to 
 the westward of Sandusky. Of these, five, 
 most of whom belonged to the family of 
 D. P. Snow, were massacred. All the men 
 belonging to the settlement were absent at 
 the time of the massacre. These repeated 
 butcheries, supposed at the time to be insti- 
 gated by the British commander at Fort 
 Malden, whither the scalps of all who were 
 murdered were carried, kept the people of 
 Milan in a constant state of alarm. In August 
 Gen. Hull surrendered Detroit to the British, 
 and from this time to the achievement of 
 Perry’s victory, in September of the follow- 
 ing year, the inhabitants were in constant 
 apprehension for their personal safety. The 
 sighing of the breeze and the discharge of 
 the hunter’s rifle alike startled the wife and 
 the mother, as she trembled for her absent 
 husband or her still more defenceless ‘‘little 
 one.” During this interval. General Simon 
 Perkins, of Warren, with a regiment of 
 militia, had been stationed at “Fort Avery,” 
 a fortification hastily thrown up on the east 
 bank of the Huron river, about a mile and a 
 half north of the present town of Milan ; 
 but the inexperience of the militia, and the 
 constant presence in the neighborhood of 
 scouting parties of Indians, whom no vigilance 
 could detect and no valor defeat, rendered 
 the feeling of insecurity scarcely less than 
 before. Some left the settlements, not to 
 return till peace was restored. Those who 
 remained were compelled, at frequent inter- 
 vals, to collect in the fort for safety, or made 
 sudden flights to the interior of the State, or 
 to the more populous districts in the vicinity 
 of Cleveland, where a few days of quiet 
 would so far quell their fears as to lead them 
 to return to their homes, to be driven olf 
 again by fresh alarms. With the return of 
 peace, in 1815, prosperity was restored to the 
 settlements, and the emigration was very 
 considerable. The emigrants were almost 
 exclusively of the New England stock and 
 the establishment of common schools and the 
 organization of Christian churches were among 
 the earliest fruits of their enterprising spirit. 
 The town of Milan was “laid out” in 1816 
 by Ebenezer Merry, who had two years pre- 
 viously removed to its township. Mr. Merry 
 was a native of West Hartford, in Connecti- 
 cut, and by his example contributed much, 
 as the proprietor of the town, to promote 
 
 f ood morals among the early inhabitants. 
 
 le took measures immediately for the erec- 
 tion of a flouring-mill and saw-mill, which 
 contributed materially to the improvement 
 of the town, and were of great service to 
 
 the infant settlements in the vicinity. In 
 the first settlement of the place, grain was 
 carried more than fifty miles down the lake 
 in open boats, to be ground ; and sometimes 
 from points more in the interior, on the 
 shoulders of a father, whose power of endur- 
 ance was greatly heightened by the anticipated 
 smiles of a group of little ones, whose sub- 
 sistence for weeks together had been venison 
 and hominy. 
 
 Mr. Merry was a man of acute observation, 
 practical benevolence and unbounded hospi- 
 tality. He repeatedly represented the county 
 in the legislature of the State, was twice 
 elected to a seat on the bench of the common 
 pleas, an honor in both instances declined. 
 He died January 1, 1846, at the age of 73, 
 greatly beloved. 
 
 David Abbott, as the first purchaser of 
 land in the township, with a view to its occu^ 
 pancy as a permanent “settler,” deserves 
 some notice in this brief sketch. Mr. Abbott 
 was a native of Brookfield, Mass. He was 
 educated at Yale College. His health failed, 
 and he was obliged to forego a diploma by 
 leaving college in the earlier part of his 
 senior year. He soon after entered upon the 
 study of the law, and located himself at 
 Borne, Oneida county, N. Y., whence he 
 came to Ohio, in 1798, and spent a few years 
 at Willoughby, whence he removed to Milan 
 in 1809. He was sheriff of Trumbull county 
 when the whole Western Deserve was em- 
 braced within its limits; was a member .of 
 the convention for the formation of the Con- 
 stitution of the State, previous to its admis- 
 sion to the Union, in 1802 ; was .one of the 
 electors of President and Vice-President in 
 1812 ; clerk of the supreme court for the 
 county, and repeatedly a member of both 
 houses of the State legislature. He was a 
 man of eccentric habits, and his life was 
 filled up with the stirring incidents peculiar 
 to a pioneer in the new settlements of the 
 West. He several times traversed the entire 
 length of Lake Erie, in an open boat, of 
 which he was both helmsman and commander, 
 and in one instance was driven before a tem- 
 pest diagonally across the lake, a distance of 
 more than a hundred miles, and thrown upon 
 the Canada shore. There was but one per- 
 son with him in the boat, and he was em- 
 ployed most of the time in bailing out the 
 water with his hat, the only thing on board 
 capable of being appropriated to such use. 
 AVhen the storm had subsided and the wind 
 veered about, they retraced their course in 
 the frail craft that had endured the tempest 
 unscathed, and after a week’s absence were 
 hailed by their friends with great satisfaction, 
 having been given up as lost. Mr. Abbott 
 died in 1822 at the age of 57. Of the other 
 citizens who have deceased, and whose names 
 deserve honorable mention as having contrib- 
 uted in various ways to the prosperity of the 
 town, are Ralph Lockwood, Dr. A. B. Har- 
 ris and Hon. G. W. Choate. 
 
 The religious societies of the place are^ a 
 Presbyterian, Methodist and Protestant Epis- 
 copal church, each of which enjoys the stated 
 
58 o 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 preaching of the gospel, and is in a flourish- 
 ing state. The two former have substantial 
 and valuable church edifices. The latter soci- 
 ety has one in process of erection. 
 
 In 1832 a substantial and commodious 
 brick edifice was erected as an academy, fur- 
 nishing, beside two public school-rooms and 
 suitable apartments for a library and appa- 
 ratus, ten rooms for the accommodation of 
 students. The annual catalogue for the last 
 ten years has exhibited an average number 
 of about 150 pupils. 
 
 In 1833 a company of citizens, who had 
 been previously incorporated for the purpose, 
 entered vigorously upon the work of extend- 
 ing the navigation of Lake Erie to this place 
 by improving the navigation of the river 
 some five miles from its mouth and excavat- 
 ing a ship canal for the remaining distance 
 of three miles. After much delay, occasioned 
 by want of funds, and an outlay of about 
 $75,000, the work was completed, and the 
 first vessel, a schooner of 100 tons, floated in 
 the basin July 4, 1839. The canal is capable 
 of being navigated by vessels of from 200 to 
 250 tons burden. The chief exports of the 
 place are wheat, flour, pork, staves, ashes, 
 wool and grass seeds. The surrounding 
 country is rapidly undergoing the improve- 
 ments incident to the removal of the primi- 
 tive forests, and with the increased product- 
 iveness the business of the town has rapidly 
 increased. 
 
 The value of exports for the year 1844 was 
 $825,098 ; of this, more than three-fourths 
 consisted of wheat and flour. The importa- 
 tion of merchandise, salt, plaster, etc., for 
 the same period, was in value $634,711. 
 
 TRAVELLING! NOTES. 
 
 Ohio is the native State of those two emi- 
 nent electricians, Chas. Francis Brush, born 
 in Euclid, near Cleveland, in 1849, and 
 Thomas Alva Edison, born in Milan in 1847. 
 At noon, July 20th, I left the train at Milan 
 to visit the birthplace of the latter. The 
 station is down in the valley, and ascending 
 the hill I gained the plain on which the vil- 
 lage stands. In the centre is a neat square 
 of an acre covered with maples and' ever- 
 greens. On this stands a soldiers’ monument 
 surmounted by an eagle and inscribed with 
 the names of Milan’s dead heroes. No spot 
 could be more quiet. Scarcely a soul was in 
 sight; the spirit of repose seemed to rest 
 there in undisturbed slumber. 
 
 Two old men, octogenarians, gazed upon 
 me as I neared them, and pausing in their 
 presence I made known my errand, where- 
 upon one of them, Mr. Darling, took me to 
 Edison’s birthplace. It is on Choate avenue, 
 and now the residence of Mrs. Sarah Talcott. 
 It is a neat brick cottage on the edge of a 
 hill which overlooks the valley of the Huron, 
 with a fine view, sixty or eighty feet below, 
 of river, bridge, canal, railroad and rich 
 farming country beyond. My venerable con- 
 ductoi could give me but a single reminis- 
 cence of the inventor, and that was as a child 
 in frocks, too young to read or spell, when he 
 
 saw him seated on the ground on the little 
 village green, grasping a piece of chalk and 
 
 THOMAS ALVA EDISON. 
 
 copying on a board the letters of a store sign 
 near by. It was a bright beginning ; an ordi- 
 nary child would not have done such a thing. 
 
 In the evening Mr. Ashley, an elderly gen- 
 tleman, the village jeweler, gave me some 
 items. The father of Mr. Edison was from 
 Canada ; the mother, originally a Miss Elliott, 
 an American. He became a resident of Mi- 
 lan about 1842. He was a man of magnifi- 
 cent physique and so athletic that when at 
 the war period, although about sixty years 
 of age, not a single man in an entire Michi- 
 gan regiment could equal him in length of 
 running leap. His occupation in Milan was 
 the making of shingles by hand from wood 
 imported from Canada. He had a number 
 of men under him, and it was quite an in- 
 dustry. The wood was brought here in what 
 are called bolts ; a bolt was three feet long 
 and made two shingles, was sawn in two b}' 
 hand and then split and shaved. None but 
 first-class timber could be used, and such 
 shingles far outlasted those now made by 
 machinery with their cross-grain cut. Mr. 
 Ashley said he shingled his house in 1 844, 
 and now, after a lapse of forty-two years, it 
 is in good condition. 
 
 The Edison family removed to Michigan, 
 and they being in humble circumstances, 
 young Edison at the age of twelve took the 
 position of newsboy on the Grand Trunk line 
 mnning into Detroit. The little schooling he 
 received was from his mother, who had been 
 a teacher, but he acquired the habit of read- 
 ing, studied chemistry and made experiments 
 wlien on the train. 
 
 Later he became interested in the opera- 
 tions of the telegraph, which he witnessed 
 in the railroad stations, and improvised rude 
 means of transmitting messages from his 
 father’s house in Port Huron to that of a 
 neighbor. Finally a station master, whoso 
 child he had rescued in front of an incoming 
 
ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 581 
 
 train, taught him telegraph operating, when 
 he followed that profession and experimented 
 in electric science, with results so surprising 
 and useful as to gain for him undying fame. 
 
 The original owner of the land on which 
 Milan stands was John Beatty, a native of 
 the north of Ireland. He was the largest 
 landowner in the Fire-Lands and the grand- 
 father of General John Beatty, who has 
 favored us with this sketch of him, accom- 
 panied with some racy anecdotes : 
 
 Among the more prominent of the early 
 settlers of Erie county was John Beatty, for- 
 merly of New London, Connecticut. His 
 first visit to Ohio was made in 1810, at 
 which time he bought some 40,000 acres 
 within the present limits of Erie and Huron, 
 of what were then known as the “Fire- 
 Lands.” In 1815 he removed with his 
 family to this wilderness and built his first 
 residence five miles south of Sandusky, on 
 what is still known to the older residents of 
 
 Geo. W. Edmondson, Photo , Norwalk, 1886. 
 
 Birthplace of Thomas A. Edison, Milan. 
 
 that section as the “stone-house place.” 
 When the township of Perkins was organized 
 Mr. Beatty was made its first clerk. Subse- 
 quently he was appointed postmaster, and 
 for many years thereafter he served the pio- 
 neers as justice of the peace. About 1828 
 he removed to Sandusky, and in 1833 was 
 elected mayor of that city. He died in 1845, 
 and is still remembered as an upright, intelli- 
 gent, warm-hearted, hospitable gentleman. 
 The church edifice now standing on the pub- 
 lic square of Sandusky, and occupied at this 
 date by the Lutherans, was built at his cost 
 and donated by him to the Wesleyan Method- 
 ist Society. 
 
 John Beatty was a local preacher of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and from 1815 
 to 1819 on almost every Sabbath met the 
 ioneers in their log school-houses or at their 
 omes and addressed them very acceptably 
 on religious subjects. _ He was, however, a 
 hot-tempered, impulsive, generous, obstinate 
 Irishman, who never succeeded in reaching 
 that degree of perfection which enabled him 
 to love his enemies and offer the left cheek 
 to an adversary who had smitten him on the 
 right. 
 
 An Accommodating Postmaster . — In 1816, 
 or thereabouts, a post-office was established 
 and Beatty appointed postmaster. The era 
 of cheap transportation and of cheap postage 
 had not arrived. The settlers were poor ; few 
 of them could raise the shilling with which 
 to pay the postage on a letter, but it was 
 hard to have it withheld simply because they 
 
 were poor and had no money. The new post- 
 master proved equal to the occasion ; he gave 
 them their letters and never made returns to 
 the department. When called upon to do so, 
 he replied that he had received no money 
 from the office, and therefore had none to 
 return, and instead of being indebted to the 
 government, the latter was in fact indebted 
 to him. This sort of logic, however satisfac- 
 tory to the settlers, was by no means pleasing 
 to the Post-Office Department, and so the 
 government in 1819 discontinued the office, 
 and thus afforded Mr. Beatty greater leisure 
 to look after the spiritual welfare of his 
 neighbors. 
 
 He was the original proprietor of the land 
 on which the town of Milan now stands ; the 
 site on the banks of the Huron river was 
 naturally a very pretty one. Frederick Chris- 
 tian Deucke, a Moravian missionary, had, in 
 1804, established a mission there and called 
 the place Petquoting — a very handsome name 
 by the way and one which the people should 
 never have abandoned. In 1814 Mr, Ebene- 
 zer Merry, having bought the place, laid out 
 a village, and in honor of the first owner 
 called it Beatty. 
 
 An Audacious Seizure.— Among the first, 
 if not the first vessel built in what is now 
 Erie county, was one built by Abijah Hewitt, 
 Eleazer Bell and a man named Montgomery 
 on the bay shore a few miles southeast of 
 Sandusky. In one of its first voyages it 
 brought to Sandusky a cargo comprising a 
 stock of general mercbandise for Mr. Beatty, 
 
582 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 and among other things a cask of brandy 
 which had not been entered at the custom 
 house. The vessel was consequently seized 
 and subsequently confiscated. Mr. Beatty’s 
 merchandise was put under lock and guard 
 and the case reported to the department. 
 The mails moved slowly in those days ; time 
 passed, and conscious of no fault on his part 
 respecting the matter, Beatty grew impa- 
 tient, and finally called his friends about him, 
 drove his teams onto the wharf, put revenue 
 officers and their employes. aside, broke open 
 the doors of the warehouse, and carried off 
 his merchandise. All this was not difficult to 
 do ; the troublesome part of the affair came 
 afterward, and resulted not from the cask of 
 smuggled brandy, but from the violent and 
 unwarrantable manner in which he had re- 
 gained possession of his goods. The United 
 States government was a big thing, even 
 then, and no single citizen could affi)rd to 
 defy it, as Mr. Beatty discovered some years 
 afterward when compelled to pay the costs 
 and penalties growing out of this unfortunate 
 transaction. 
 
 I'he Candle Story . — While a resident of 
 New London, Connecticut, a boy stole from 
 Mr. Beatty a box of candles ; the thief was 
 promptly arrested and arraigned before a 
 magistrate ; a witness appeared who testified 
 that the ^ boy was guilty as charged, and 
 Beatty being called to prove the value of the 
 property, swore that ‘‘the candles were worth 
 four dollars, every penny of it.” Under the 
 law respecting petty offence at that time in 
 force in Connecticut,, when the property sto- 
 len was worth from four dollars and upward, 
 the penalty was whipping at the post ! The 
 magistrate was about to pass sentence, when 
 Beatty realized for the first time the terrible 
 nature of the punishment ; his anger had by 
 this time cooled, and a feeling of pity for the 
 boy supplanting every other emotion, he took 
 the witness stand again and said: “If it 
 please your honor I desire to correct my testi- 
 
 mony. I swore that the candles were worth 
 four dollars, but I omitted to add that that 
 was the retail price ; as the boy took a whole 
 box I’ll put them to him at three dollars 
 and thirty-three cents.” The boy was not 
 whipped. 
 
 Jay Cooke's StaH. — Mr. Pitt Cooke once 
 told me how his brother Jay happened to get 
 into the banking business, and as nearly as I 
 can recollect it was as follows : The Cookes 
 were living in a house on Columbus avenue 
 (Sandusky), near the present site of tho 
 Second National Bank. One day, when th( 
 family were seated at the dinner table, Eleu- 
 theros Cooke, the father, said in a spirit of 
 pleasantry : “Well, boys, you must look oul 
 for yourselves. I have sold this house to 
 ‘ Squire ’ Beatty, and we have no home now. ’' 
 Jay was the only one who took the mattei 
 seriously. He obtained a situation in a store 
 that afternoon, subsequently accompanied his 
 employer to Philadelphia, and this opened 
 the way for him to the position of clerk in a 
 banking house, and from this humble start 
 in life he became the financial agent of the 
 United States. 
 
 The Bev. Alvan Coe, a very worthy and 
 devout man, at an early day established a 
 school for Indian boys, on the Fire-Lands in 
 the vicinity of Milan, where he sought to 
 instruct them in the mysteries of religion 
 and teach them to read and write. The 
 father of one of the Indian boys came over 
 from the Sandusky river to visit his son, and 
 while lingering in the vicinity wandered into 
 a distillery. As was the custom in those 
 days, the proprietor offered him a cup of 
 whiskey. The Indian shook his head, and 
 with much dignity said : “My boy tell me, 
 Mr. Coe say. Ingin no drink, good man : go 
 up much happy. Ingin drink, bad man : go 
 down hum much." Then looking wistfully 
 at the whiskey he picked it up, and raising it 
 slowly to his lips said : ‘ ‘ Maybe Mr. Coe tell 
 d — n lie., ’ ’ and drank it down. 
 
 Berlin Heights is a village on the line of the N. Y. St. L. & C. R. R., which 
 has three churches and about 5CK) inhabitants. Census of 1880 was 424. School 
 census 1886, 208 ; Hugh A. Myers, superintendent. It is the largest of the three 
 villages of Berlin township, the other two being Ceylon and Berlinville. The 
 township of Berlin from a small beginning has become noted for the perfection of 
 its various fruits and the skill of its horticulturists. The proximity to the lake 
 prevents damaging frosts, and the soil is well adapted to the apple, pear, peach, 
 and grape. The pioneers at an early day w^ere determined to have orchards, and 
 began to plant trees before the ground was clear of the forests. Canada was the 
 nearest place from whence fruit-trees could be obtained, and in 1812 John Hoak 
 and Mr. Fleming, of Huron, crossed the lake, and returned Avith a boat-load of 
 trees, apple and pear. Some of these old trees are now standing, vigorous, and of 
 enormous size and productiveness. One of the pear trees is seventy feet in height, 
 with a girth of eight feet nine inches eighteen inches from the ground ; an apple 
 tree is over nine feet in girth. 
 
 A quarter of a century ago Berlin Heights Avidely attracted attention from the 
 orgaihzarion therein of a Socialistic or Free LoA^e society; only a single citizen of 
 the toAvnship Avas identified Avith the movement, its supporters being dmwn from 
 various States. Three successive communities were established and each failed. 
 
ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 583 
 
 The last was the Berlin Community, or Christian Republic ; it commenced in 1865, 
 and had twelve adult members and six children, and lived about one year. The 
 Socialists started journals, which had in succession brief careers, but striking 
 names, as Social Revolutionist, Age of Freedom, Good, Time Coming, The New 
 Republic, The Optimist and Kingdom of Heaven, etc. One of the papers. The Age 
 of Freedom, issued in 1858, was so obnoxious that twenty Berlin women seized 
 the mail-sack which Frank Barry, the editor, had brought on his shoulders to 
 the post-office, loaded with copies, and made a bonfire of them in the street. 
 
 The author of the historical sketch of Berlin Heights, from which the foregoing 
 items are derived, says : The drifting to this section of so many individuals who, 
 to use their own phrase, were ^ intensely individualized,’ and who remained after 
 the complete failure of their schemes, has had an influence on the character of the 
 town. They engaged in fruit-growing, have multiplied the small farms, and added 
 to the prosperity and intellectual life of the people. From the beginning their 
 honesty was never questioned, however mistaken their ideas.” This author, Hud- 
 son Tuttle, was born here in 1836, in a log-cabin, on the spot where he now 
 has a productive fruit-farm of between 200 and 300 acres of orchards and vine- 
 yards. He is known to the outside world by his spiritualistic and other works, 
 and his wife, Mrs. Emma Tuttle, by her two volumes o.t* poems : Blossoms of 
 Our Spring ” and songs which have been set to music, I's My Lost Darling,” 
 The Unseen City,” and Beautiful Claribel.” 
 
 Hon. Almon Ruggles, the original sur- 
 veyor of the “Fire-Lands,” was a resident of 
 Berlin and died in 1840 in the sixty-ninth 
 ear of his age. He came in 1805 from Dan- 
 ury, Conn. , to survey the ‘ ‘ Sufferers’ Lands, ’ ’ 
 as the Fire-Lands were sometimes termed. 
 In addition to his salary he was permitted to 
 select one mile square anywhere on the lake 
 shore within the limits of his survey at one 
 
 dollar per acre. He selected the land in the 
 township of Berlin. His early life was a strug- 
 gle with adversity, and he had but six months 
 schooling. He obtained his first book by 
 catching wood-chucks, tanning the skins and 
 braiding them i-nto whip lashes for market ; 
 and later he became a school-teacher. He 
 
 was a man of great kindness of heart — had 
 a store of general merchandise and trusted all 
 those who could not pay. It was said of him 
 that he might have been very rich had he 
 been disposed to grind the face of poverty. 
 He preferred to live more unselfishly and 
 merit the confidence and respect of his 
 fellows. He not only encouraged the early 
 settlers with material aid, but with cheerful 
 looks and kind_ words. He represented this 
 senatorial district in the State legislature in 
 1816-17-19, when the district consisted of the 
 counties of Ashtabula, Greauga, Portage, 
 Cuyahoga and Huron. He was associate 
 judge for several years under the old con- 
 stitution. His ability, his integrity, his 
 knowledge of the country and the people 
 eminently qualified him for the places he 
 filled. He was an earnest worker in the 
 Whig party, and a personal friend of Gen. 
 Harrison. 
 
 Mr. Tuttle, from whose township history 
 the notice of Almon Ruggles is derived, draws 
 a refreshing picture of virtue in his sketch 
 of Rev. Phineas Barker Barber of Berlin. 
 He was a Methodist preacher who died in 
 1877 at the age of eighty-four. 
 
 His ministry commenced in Ohio in 1830, 
 when he could stand in his own door and 
 shoot deer and other game, which he fre- 
 quently did. During the fifty-eight yeai-s 
 of his ministy he never received a dollar for 
 preaching, but supported his family by hard 
 labor on his farm. His endurance was won- 
 derful. He preached every Sunday and his 
 appointments were from five to twenty miles 
 apart ; in the early times he went through 
 the wilderness on foot. He also attended on 
 an average three funerals a week, and invaria- 
 bly suffered with a sick headache after 
 preaching. His long and useful life was 
 filled with labor and adorned with love. 
 
584 
 
 ' ERIE COUNTY. , 
 
 Huron, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Huron river, is nine miles east of 
 Sandusky and fifty-six miles west of Cleveland, on the L. S. & M. S. and N. & 
 H. Railroad. Newspaper ; Erie County Reporter, Independent, D. H. Clock, pub- 
 lisher. Churches ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist and 1 German Evangelical. 
 Bank : Huron Banking Co., V. Fries, president ; H. W. Rand, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Industries . — One of the largest fishing industries on the lakes 
 is located here, employing 150 men. About 500 tons are annually frozen during 
 the winter months and 2,000 tons salted during the fall and spring. Its man- 
 ufactures are tackle blocks, mast hoops and a patent shifting seat for top buggies. 
 
 Population in 1880. 1.038. School census in 1886, 371 ; C. K. Smoyer, super- 
 intendent. 
 
 Huron has one of the best harbors on the 
 lake, with about fifteen feet of water in the 
 channel and room enough for all the ship- 
 ping on the lake. The French had a trading- 
 post at the mouth of the Huron river about 
 the year 1749. The Moravian niissionaries, 
 consisting of a few white settlers and Indians, 
 located on a part of the southeast corner of 
 Huron and the northeast corner of Milan 
 
 townships, which they abandoned previous to 
 the Revolutionary war. 
 
 In the latter part of the last century or be- 
 ginning of this, John Baptiste Flemond or 
 Fleming from Montreal opened a trading 
 station and dealt with the Indians on the 
 east bank of the Huron about two miles from 
 its mouth. He at one time assisted the sur- 
 veyors in surveying the Fire-Lands. 
 
 Castalia is a ueat village on the line of the I. B. & W. and L. E. & W. 
 Railroads at the head of Coal creek, five miles southwest of Sandusky City. It 
 borders on a beautiful prairie of about 3,000 acres; was laid out in 1836 by Mar- 
 shall Burton and named from the Grecian fount. 
 
 The phenomena presented by the Castalia 
 Springs has excited considerable curiosity 
 and interest. At Castalia a volume of water 
 called Cold creek, which forms quite a river, 
 fiows up from several deep orifices in the 
 limestone rock and supplies in its descent of 
 fifty-seven feet to Sandusky bay, three miles 
 distant, the motive power for several mills. 
 Being fed by subterranean fountains it is not 
 much aff’ected by fioods and drouths.^ In its 
 natural channel this creek ran through a 
 piece of prairie covering several hundred 
 acres into a quagmire and ‘ ‘ muskrat garden. ’ ’ 
 It now runs nearly its whole length through 
 an artificial channel or mill-race. 
 
 In 1810 a grist mill was built near the head 
 of Cold creek which ground corn until the 
 settlers were driven away by the news of 
 Hull’s surrender. This was probably the 
 first grist mill on the Fire-Lands. 
 
 Similar springs to the Castalia are found 
 in all limestone countries. The water is so 
 pure that the smallest i)article can be seen at 
 
 the bottom, and when the sun is at the 
 meridian all the objects at the bottom, logs, 
 stumps, etc., refiect the hues of the rainbow, 
 forming a view of great beauty. The con- 
 stituents of the water are lime, soda, mag- 
 nesia and iron, and it petrifies all objects, as 
 grass, stumps, moss, etc., which come in 
 contact with it. The water wheels of the 
 mills upon it are imperishable from decay in 
 consequence of their being incrusted by petri- 
 faction. The water is very cold but never 
 freezes, and at its point of entrance to the lake 
 prevents the formation there of ice ; it main- 
 tains nearly the same temperature summer 
 and winter. 
 
 In 1870 Mr. John Hoyt procured a couple 
 of thousand of eggs of the brook or speckled 
 trout, made hatching troughs and was suc- 
 cessful in raising trout on Cold creek. The 
 stream is now well stocked with trout and is 
 leased to two clubs of gentlemen for sporting 
 purposes, ‘'The Castalia Spring Club” and 
 the ” Cold Creek Trout Club.” 
 
 The village of Venice is on Sandusky bay, near the mouth of Cold creek, and 
 on the L. S. & M. S. R. R. In the summer of 1817 the village w’as founded and 
 the mill-race was begun to bring Cold creek to the present site of the Venice mills. 
 The flouring mills here have performed a very important part in the development 
 of the country. The A^enice flouring mills, completed in 1833, established the 
 first permanent cash market' for wheat in the Fire-Lands.’’ The first 100 barrels 
 of flour in the merchant work was sent to New York. On its arrival hundreds 
 of people went to see it, for it w^as the first shipment of extra flour from Ohio, and 
 some even predicted that in time Ohio might furnish them with several thousand 
 barrels of flour a year. 
 
 Much of the flour made in Ohio before 1840 Avas sent AVest for market. In 
 
ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 5^5 
 
 1836 Oliver Newberry purchased 500 barrels of flour, at $8 per barrel, and took 
 it to Chicago, then a struggling frontier village, and sold it for $20 a barrel, citi- 
 zens holding a public meeting thanking him for not asking $50. It was all the 
 flour the people of Chicago had for the winter. Board in Chicago wai at that 
 early day enormously high, owing to the scarcity of food, the country around being 
 then an unproductive wilderness. 
 
 Before the starting of the flouring-mills in 
 the fire-lands, the earliest settlers in some cases 
 took their wheat in boats over the lake to the 
 French mills, near Detroit. A touching in- 
 cident is told of a party of men who started 
 with their year’s wheat in a boat and landed 
 near the close of the day on one of the islands 
 and then went inland a short distance to select 
 a place to camp over night. On their return 
 to the shore, lo and behold their boat was no- 
 where to be seen. A sudden gust of wind 
 had freed it from its mooring and it had 
 floated off with its precious load upon the 
 broad expanse of Lake Erie. What situa- 
 tion could be more deplorable ! They were 
 
 Kelley^s Island is a township of Erie county ; lies in the lake, thirteen miles 
 from Sandusky, and contains a little over four square miles. It was originally 
 called Cunninghamks Island, from a Frenchman, Avho came here about 1803. He 
 was an Indian trader, and built a cabin or trading shanty. In 1810 came two other 
 Frenchmen, Poschile and Bebo; all three left the island in the war period, at which 
 time Gen. Harrison, in command of the ^^Army of the Northwest,’^ stationed a 
 guard on the Avest point of the island to watch the movements of the British and 
 Indians on the lake. In 1818 a man named Killam came Avith his family and one 
 or tAvo men. The steamboat Walk-in-the-AVater,’’ the first built upon the lakes, 
 came out this year, and Killam furnished her Avith fuel — all red cedar. In 1820 
 the Walk-in-the- Water Avas Avrecked at Point Albino. In 1833 Datus Kelley, 
 of Kockport, in connection Avith his brother, Irad Kelley, of Cleveland, bought the 
 island, Avith a view of bringing into the market the red cedar Avith which much 
 of the island Avas then covered. At this time there Avere only three or four families, 
 and those squatters, on the island, and only six acres of cleared land. In 1836 
 Mr. Datus Kelley moved his family to his island home, and remained until his 
 death, in 1866, in his seventy-eighth year. He Avas a man of great force of char- 
 acter, and careful not to sell land to any settlers except to people of thrift and 
 general good habits ; the result of this is apparent in the fine moral status of its 
 present population. The census of 1840 gave it a population of 68 ; that of 
 1880, 888. 
 
 The sales of Avood, cedar, and stone soon repaid many times the entire purchase, 
 and the tillable land, a strong limestone soil, proved to be of superior quality. 
 The stone trade greAv into great proportions. I^arge quantities of limestone Avere 
 then quarried for building and other purposes. Some of the most elegant structures 
 of our cities are built Avith the Kelley Island limestone. 
 
 Another element came in to effect a revolution in the pursuits of the people. 
 About the year 1 842, Mr. Datus Kelley noticing that the Avild grapes upon the 
 island Avere remarkably thrifty, brought from his former residence at Rockport the 
 CataAvba and Isabella grape vines, and found the soil and climate surprisingly Avell 
 adapted to tlie culture of the grape. Mr. Charles Carpenter, son-in-laAV of Mr. 
 Kelley — born in Norwich, Conn., in 1810 — planted the first acre of grapes as a 
 field crop, and the demonstration Avas such that in a few years there Avere nearly 
 1,000 acres set to vines, about one-third of the entire area of the island. Large 
 profits for a time resulted from the sale of the fruit packed for table use, and as a 
 consequence the price of land advanced several hundred per cent. The excess of 
 
 on a lone island and no way of escape. There 
 were no passing vessels to rescue them. The 
 lake was at that time but a solitude of water. 
 Thoughts of their families, starvation for 
 them and starvation for themselves seemed 
 inevitable. Poor men ! they broke down, 
 shed tears, and passed a night of woe. 
 Morning came. Heartbroken, they Avan- 
 dered down to the shore and gazed upon the 
 wild waste of waters. Then all at once in a 
 little nook, safe and close in shore, they dis- 
 covered their boat. A change of wind in the 
 night had floated it back as silently as it had 
 floated away. 
 
586 
 
 ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 supply over demand for table use, and also the quality of the crop for that pur- 
 pose, led to the manufacture of wine, and there were in course of time erected on 
 the island cellars which, including those of the Kelley Island Wine Com23any, had 
 a capacity of storing half a million gallons of wine. The average crop of grapes 
 by 1880 had grown to 700 tons, all of which was manufactured into wine. Mr. 
 Carpenter, mentioned above, was not only prominent as a horticulturist, but he 
 took a deep interest in the artificial propagation of fish ; was active and prominent 
 in inducing the State to experiment in the propagation of white-fish, and was put 
 in charge of a branch of the State Fish Hatchery on Kelley’s Island. 
 
 Antiquities. — Kelley’s Island Avas a favorite place of resort of the aborigines, 
 which is shown by the remains of mounds, burial-places, and implements. Here 
 is the famous Inscription Kock,” Avhich archaeologists have regarded as the work 
 of the Fries, or Cat nation, which Avas annih’lated in a Avholesale slaughter by the 
 Iroquois in 1655. The following brief description is from the pen of Mr. Addison 
 Kelley : 
 
 This Inscription Fock lies on the south 
 shore of Kelley’s Island, in Lake Erie, about 
 60 rods east of the steamboat landing. The 
 rock is 32 feet greatest length, and 21 feet 
 greatest breadth, and 11 feet high above the 
 Avater in Avhich it sets. It is a part of the 
 same stratification as the island, from which 
 it has been separated by lake action. The 
 top presents a smooth and polished surface, 
 like all the limestone of this section of coun- 
 try when the soil is removed, suggesting the 
 idea of glacial action ; upon this the inscrip- 
 tions are cut; the figures and devices are 
 deeply sunk in the rock. 
 
 Schoolcraft’s “Indian Antiquities” says 
 of it ; “It is by far the most extensive and 
 well sculptured and best preserved inscription 
 of the antiquarian period ever found in 
 America. ’ ’ It is in the pictographic charac- 
 ter of the natives ; its leading symbols are 
 readily interpreted. The human figures, the 
 pipe, smoking groups, and other figures de- 
 note tribes, negotiations, crimes, and tur- 
 moils, which tell a story of thrilling interest, 
 connected with the occupation of this section 
 by the Eries — of the coming of the Wyandots 
 — of the final triumph of the Iroquois, and 
 flight of the people who have left their name 
 on the lake. 
 
 In the year 1851 drawings of these inscrip- 
 tions Avere made by Ool. Eastman, of the 
 United States army, who was detailed by the 
 government at Washington to examine them 
 on the representation of Gen. Meigs, who had 
 examined them. Copies of the inscriptions 
 
 were made and submitted to Shingvauk, an 
 Indian learned in Indian pictography, and 
 who had interpreted prior inscriptions sub- 
 mitted to him. 
 
 We copy a few lines from Schoolcraft’s 
 “American Antiquities,” page 85 to 87 in- 
 clusive : “No. 6, is a chief and warrior of 
 distinction ; 7, his pipe, he is smoking after 
 a fast ; 15-16, are ornaments of leather worn 
 by distinguished warriors and chiefs ; No. 14, 
 ornaments of feathers ; 33, is a symbol for the 
 No. 10, and denotes ten days, the length of 
 his fast ; 34, is a mark for the No. 2, and de- 
 signates two days, and that he fasted the whole 
 time, except a morsel at sunset. 
 
 “Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 
 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 43 represent 
 different objects relied upon by the chief in 
 the exhibition of his magical and political 
 powers, denoting in him the sources of long 
 ife and potent influences ; figures 30, 19, 41, 
 denote a journey in snow shoes ; 31-40, war 
 clubs ; 78, a road ; 122, serpents who beset 
 his path, etc., etc.” 
 
 These inscriptions were first brought to the 
 knowledge of “the white man,” about the 
 year 1833-4, soon after the purchase of the 
 island by Datus and Irad Kelley, being dis- 
 covered by Mr. Charles Olmstead, of Connec- 
 ticut, while tracing, and studying the glacial 
 rooves. Since then the rock has been visited 
 y thousands of persons, and has become 
 much worn, and some of it is so much oblit- 
 erated as to prevent a full photograph being 
 taken of it, as it was when first discovered. 
 
 Prior to photographing the vieAV shoAvn of Inscription Rock Mr. Bishop and 
 Mr. Addison Kelley, the latter shoAvn on its summit, passed half a day in going 
 over the partly obliterated lines in red chalk because red photographs black. 
 
 The most celebrated locality perhaps in the Avorld to shoAV the marks of the re- 
 ceding glaciers is in this island region, and especially are they strong on Kelley’s 
 Island, as described on the third page of the article in this Avork, Glacial Man in 
 Ohio.” Col. Chas. Wliittlesey, in a })aper read before the ^^Americ^n Association 
 for the Advancement of Science,” August, 1878, entitled ‘Ancient Glacial Action, 
 Kelley’s Island, Lake Erie,” says : “ These islands originally formed a part of the 
 main land on the south and of the Ioav coast to the Avest. Probably all of the 
 lake Avest of* Point Pellee, in the pre-glacial period, Avas more land than water. 
 
ERIE COUNTY. 
 
 5S7 
 
 Instead of a lake with islands it must have been a country with lakes, rivers and 
 swamps.” Some of the furrows on this island worn by the ice are two feet deep. 
 
 In this region whenever the rocks are laid bare the evidences of ice action are 
 very marked. In Sandusky City many of the cellar bottoms show polished, 
 grooved and striated surfaces. 
 
 Vermillion is on the L. S. <& M. S. and N. Y. C. and St. L. R. R., at the 
 mouth of Vermillion river, which was so named by the Indians on account of a 
 paint they found along its banks. Census of Vermillion in 1880, 1,069. School 
 census, 1886, 329 ; J. Q. Versoy, principal. The first settlers in this vicinity 
 came between the years 1808 and 1810 and were Wm. Haddy, William Austin, 
 George and John Sherarts, Enoch Smith, Horatio Perry, Solomon Parsons, Ben- 
 jamin Brooks, Barlow Sturges, Deacon John Beardsley, James Cuddeback and 
 Almon Ruggles, surveyor of the Fire-Lands and land agent for tli^ company. 
 One of these, Capt. Wm. Austin, said he often held Commodore O. H. Perry on 
 his knees when a baby. About 1842 the harbor here was dredged to a depth of 
 fourteen feet, a light-house built and ship-building extensively prosecuted. 
 
 FAIRPIELD 
 
 Fairfield County was formed December 9, 1800, by proclamation of Gov. 
 St. Clair and so named from the beauty of iU fair fields. It contains every variety 
 of soil, from the richest to the most sterile. In the north and west it is generally 
 level and the soil fertile. The southern part is hilly and broken, the soil thin and 
 in many places composed of sand and gravel. A great and permanent source of 
 wealth to the county is its vast sandstone quarries, the stone from which is largely 
 sent to other parts of the State for building purposes. Area 470 square miles. 
 In 1885 the acres cultivated were 130,721 ; in pasture, 93,071 ; woodland, 42,005; 
 lying waste, 5,258 ; produced in wheat 160,756 bushels; corn, 2,649,925 ; butter, 
 713,868 pounds; wool, 146,192; cattle owned, 23,448; sheep, 30,391; hogs, 
 32,538. School census, 1886, 10,663 ; teachers, 205. It has 95 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840 . 
 
 1880 . 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840 . 
 
 1880 . 
 
 Amanda, 
 
 1,937 
 
 1,840 
 
 Madison, 
 
 1,085 
 
 ,• 1,387 
 
 Berne, 
 
 Bloom, 
 
 2,431 
 
 2,288 
 
 2,625 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 2,025 
 
 2,281 
 
 2,179 
 
 Richland, 
 
 1,960 
 
 1,520 
 
 Clear Creek, 
 
 1,716 
 
 2,080 
 
 Rush Creek, 
 
 2,426 
 
 8,605 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 2,148 
 
 2,120 
 
 2,778 
 
 2,036 
 
 Violet, 
 
 2,400 
 
 2,197 
 
 Hocking, 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 2,412 
 
 3,070 
 
 Walnut, 
 
 2,098 
 
 2,070 
 
 Tlie population in 1820 was 16,508 ; 1840, 31,858 ; 1860, 30,538 ; 1880, 34,- 
 284, of whom 29,963 were Ohio-born; Pennsylvania, 1,058; Germany, 1,C18; 
 Ireland, 230; Virginia, 623; New York, 135; Indiana, 143. 
 
 From the lecture delivered before tlie Ivancaster Tjiterary Institute, in March, 
 1844, by George Sanderson, Esq., we derive the following sketch of the history 
 of this region : 
 
 The lands watered by the sources of the within the limits of Fairfield county, when 
 Hockhocking river, and now comprehended first discovered by the early settlers at Mari- 
 
588 
 
 FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 etta, were owned and occupied by the Wy- 
 andot tribe of Indians. The principal town 
 of the nation stood along the margin of the 
 prairie, between the south end of Broad 
 street and T. Ewing’s canal basin, and the 
 resent town of Lancaster, and extending 
 ack to the base of the hill, south of the 
 Methodist Episcopal church. It is said that 
 the town contained, in 1790, about 100 wig- 
 wams and a population of 500 souls. It was 
 called Tarhe, or in English the Crane-town., 
 and derived its name from that of the prin- 
 cipal chief of the tribe. Another portion of 
 the tribe then lived at Tohey-town., nine miles 
 west of Tarhetown (now Boyalton), and was 
 governed by an inferior chief called Tohey. 
 The chief’s wigwam, in Tarhe, stood upon 
 the bank of the prairie, near where the fourth 
 lock is built on the Hocking canal, and near 
 where a beautiful spring of water flowed into 
 the Hockhocking river. The wigwams were 
 built of the bark of trees, set on poles in the 
 
 form of a sugar camp, with one square open, 
 fronting a fire, and about the height of 
 man. .The Wyandot tribe numbered at that 
 
 day about 500 warriors By the treaty 
 
 of Greenville, in 1795, the Wyandots ceded 
 all their territory on the Hockhocking river 
 to the United States. 
 
 The Crane chief, soon after the treaty, with 
 many of the tribe, removed and settled at 
 Upper Sandusky ; others remained behind for 
 four or flve years after the settlement of the 
 country, as if unable or unwilling to tear them- 
 selves away from the graves of their fore- 
 fathers and their hunting-grounds. They 
 were, however, so peaceably disposed towards 
 the settlers, that no one felt willing to drive 
 them away. In process of time, the game 
 and fur became scarce, and the lingering In- 
 dian, unwilling to labor for a living, was 
 forced by stern necessity to quit the country, 
 and take up his abode with those of his tribe 
 who had preceded him, at Upper Sandusky. 
 
 In 1797 Ebenezer Zane opened the road known as ^^Zane’s Trace/’ from 
 Wheeling to Limestone (now Maysville). It passed through the site of Lancas- 
 ter, at a fording about 300 yards below the present turnpike bridge, west of the 
 town, and then called the crossings of the Hockhocking.” He located one of 
 
 his three tracts of land, given , by Cong] 
 the Hockhocking, at Lancaster. 
 
 In 1797, Zane’s trace having opened a com- 
 munication between the Eastern States and 
 Kentucky, many individuals in both direc- 
 tions, wishing to better their condition in life 
 by emigrating and settling in the “back- 
 woods,” so called, visited the Hockhocking 
 valley for that purpose. Finding the country 
 surpassingly fertile, abounding in fine springs 
 of the purest water, they determined to make 
 it their new homes. 
 
 In April, 1798, Capt. Joseph Hunter, a 
 bold and enterprising man, with his family, 
 emigrated from Kentucky and settled on 
 Zane’s trace, upon the bank of the prairie, 
 west of the crossings, and about 150 yards 
 northwest of the present turnpike road, and 
 which place was called “ Hunter’s settle- 
 ment.” Here he cleared off the underbrush, 
 felled the forest trees and erected a cabin, at 
 a time when he had not a neighbor nearer 
 than the Muskingum or Scioto rivers. This 
 was the commencement of the first settlement 
 in the Upper Hockhocking valley, and Capt. 
 Hunter^ is regarded as the founder of the 
 flourishing and populous county of Fairfield. 
 He lived to see the county densely settled and 
 in a high state of improvement, and died 
 about the year 1829. His wife was the first 
 white woman that settled in the valley, and 
 shared with her husband all the toils, suffer- 
 ings, hpdships and privations incident to the 
 formation of the new settlement. During the 
 spring of the same 3 "ear (1798) Nathaniel 
 Wilson, the elder, John and Allen Green, 
 John and Joseph M’lMullen, Bobert Cooi)er, 
 Isaac Shaeffer and a few others, reached the 
 valley, erected cabins and put out a crop of 
 corn . 
 
 In 1799 the tide of emigration set in with 
 
 for the performance of this task, of* 
 
 great force. In the spring of this year two 
 settlements were made in the present town- 
 ship of Greenfield. Each settlement con- 
 tained twenty or thirty families. One was 
 called the Forks of the Hockhocking, and the 
 other Yankeetown, Settlements were also 
 made along the river below Hunter’s, on 
 Bush creek, Baccoon and Indian creeks. 
 Pleasant run. Fetter’s run, at TobejTown, 
 Muddy Prairie, and on Clear creek. In the 
 fall of 1799 Joseph Loveland and Hezekiah 
 Smith erected a log grist-mill at the upper 
 falls of the Hockhocking, now called the 
 Bock mill. This was the first grist-mill built 
 on the Hockhocking. 
 
 In April, 1799, Samuel Coates, Sen., and 
 Samuel Coates, Jr., from England, built a 
 cabin in the prairie at the “ Crossings of the 
 Hockhocking,” kept bachelors’ hall, and 
 raised a crop of corn. In the latter part of 
 the year a mail route was established along 
 Zane’s trace, from Wheeling to Limestone. 
 The mail was carried through on horseback, 
 and, at first, only once a week. Samuel 
 Coates, Sen., was the postmaster, and kept 
 his office at the Crossings. This was the first 
 established mail route through the interior 
 of the territory, and Samuel Coates was the 
 first postmaster at the new settlements. 
 
 The settlers subsisted principally on corn- 
 bread, potatoes, milk and butter, and wild 
 meats. Flour, tea and coffee were scarcely to 
 be had ; and when brought to the country, 
 such prices were asked as to put it out of the 
 reach of many to purchase. Salt was an in- 
 disi)ensable article, and cost at the Scioto salt 
 works $5 per fifty pounds. Flour brought 
 $16 per barrel; tea, $2.50; coffee, $1,50 5 
 spice and pepper, $1 per pound. 
 
FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 53g 
 
 In the fall of 1800 Ebeneier Zane laid out Lancaster, and by way of compli' 
 ment to a number of emigrants from Lancaster county, Pa., called it New Lan- 
 caster. It retained that name until 1805, when, by an act of the Legislature, the 
 word New was dropped. A sale of lots took place soon after the town was 
 laid oif and sold to purchasers at prices ranging from five to fifty dollars each. 
 The greater portion of the purchasers were mechanics, and they immediately set 
 about putting up log-buildings. Much of the material needed for that purpose 
 was found upon their lots and in the streets, and so rapidly did the work of im- 
 provement progress during the fall of 1800 and following winter that in the spring 
 of 1801 the principal streets and alleys assumed their present shapes and gave as- 
 surance that New Lancaster would, at no distant day, become a town of some 
 importance. 
 
 About this time merchants and professional 
 men made their appearance. The Rev. John 
 Wright, of the Presbyterian church, settled 
 in Lancaster in 1801, and the Rev. Asa Shinn 
 and Rev. James Quinn, of the Methodist 
 church, travelled on the Fairfield circuit. 
 
 Shortly after the settlement, and while the 
 stumps yet remained in the streets, a small 
 portion of the settlers occasionally indulged 
 in drinking frolics, ending frequently in fights. 
 In the absence of law, the better disposed part 
 of the population determined to stop the 
 growing evil. They accordingly met and re- 
 solved, that any person of the town found in- 
 toxicated, should, for every such offence, dig 
 
 a stump out of the street, or suffer personal 
 chastisement. The result was, that after sev- 
 eral offenders had expiated their crimes, dram 
 drinking ceased, and for a time all became a 
 sober, temperate ^ nd happy people. 
 
 On the 9th day of December, 1800, the 
 governor and council of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory organized the county of Fairfield, and 
 designated New Lancaster as the seat of jus- 
 tice. The county then contained within its 
 limits all, or nearly all, of the present counties 
 of Licking and Knox ; a large portion of 
 Perry, and small parts of Pickaway and Hock- 
 ing counties. 
 
 The first white male child bom in Fairfield was the son of Mrs. Huhama 
 Greene. This lady emigrated to this region in 1798 and settled three miles west 
 of Lancaster, where her child was born. The sketch appended of her is from 
 
 Col. J ohn McDonald, of Ross county. 
 
 Mrs. Ruhama Greene was born and raised 
 in Jefferson county, Virginia. In 1785 she 
 married a Mr. Charles Builderback, and with 
 him crossed the mountains and settled at the 
 mouth of Short creek, on the east bank of 
 the Ohio, a few miles above \^^heeling. Her 
 husband, a brave man, had on many occa- 
 sions distinguished himself in repelling the 
 Indians, who had often felt the sure aim of 
 his unerring rifie. They therefore deter- 
 mined at all hazards to kill him. 
 
 On a beautiful summer morning in June, 
 1789, at a time when it was thought the 
 enemy had abandoned the western shores of 
 the Ohio, Capt. Charles Builderback, his wife 
 and brother, Jacob Builderback, crossed the 
 Ohio to look after some. cattle. On reaching 
 the shore, a party of fifteen or twenty Indi- 
 ans rushed out from an anibush, and firing 
 upon them, wounded Jacob in the shoulder. 
 Charles was taken while he was running to 
 escape. Jacob returned to the canoe and got 
 away. In the meantime, Mrs. Builderback 
 secreted herself in some drift-wood, near the 
 bank of the river. As soon as the Indians 
 liad secured and tied her husband, and not 
 being enabled to discover her hiding-place, 
 they compelled him, with threats of imme- 
 diate death, to call her to him. With a hope 
 of appeasing their fury, he did so. She 
 heard him, but made no answer. “ Here,” 
 
 to use her words, ‘ ‘ a struggle took place in 
 my breast, which I cannot describe. Shall I 
 go to him and become a prisoner, or shall I 
 remain, return to our cabin and provide for 
 and take care of our children ? ’ ' He shouted 
 to her a second time to come to him, saying, 
 “that if she obeyed, perhaps it would be the 
 means of saving his life.” She no longer 
 liesitated, left her place of safety, and sur- 
 rendered herself to his savage captors. All 
 this took place in full view of their cabin, on 
 the opposite shore, and where they had left 
 their two children, one a son about three years 
 of age, and an infant daughter. The Indians, 
 knowing that they would be pursued as soon 
 as the news of their visit reached the stockade, 
 at Wheeling, commenced their retreat. Mrs. 
 Builderback and her husband travelled to- 
 gether that day and the following night. The 
 next morning the Indians separated into two 
 bands, one taking Builderback, and the other 
 his wife, and continued a westward course by 
 different routes. 
 
 In a few days the band having Mrs. Builder- 
 back in custody reached the Tuscarawas river, 
 where they encamj)ed, and were soon rejoined 
 by the band that had had her husband in 
 charge. Here the murderers exhibited his 
 scalp on the top of a pole, and to convince 
 her that they had killed him, pulled it dowp 
 and threw it into her lap. She recognized it 
 
590 
 
 FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 at once by the redness of his hair. She said 
 nothing, and uttered no complaint. It was 
 evening ; her ears pained with the terrific 
 yells of the savages, and wearied by constant 
 travelling, she reclined against a tree and fell 
 into a profound sleep, and forgot all her suf- 
 ferings until morning. When she awoke, the 
 scalp of her murdered husband was gone, 
 and she never learned what became of it. 
 
 As soon as the capture of Builderback was 
 known at Wheeling, a party of scouts set off 
 in pursuit, and taking the trail of one of the 
 bands, ^ followed it until they found the body 
 of Builderback. He had been tomahawked 
 and scalped, and apparently suffered a lin- 
 gering death. 
 
 The Indians, on reaching their towns on 
 the Big Miami, adopted Mrs. Builderback 
 into a family, with whom she resided until 
 released from captivity. She remained a 
 prisoner about nine months, performing the 
 labor and drudgery of squ. ws, such as carry- 
 ing in meat from the hunting-grounds, pre- 
 paring and drying it, making moccasins, leg- 
 gings and other clothing for the family in 
 which she was raised. After her adoption, 
 she suffered much from the rough and filthy 
 manner of Indian living, but had no cause to 
 complain of ill-treatment otherwise. 
 
 In a few months after her capture, some 
 friendly Indians informed the commandant at 
 
 Fort Washington that there was a white 
 woman in captivity at the Miami towns. She 
 was ransomed and brought into the fort, and 
 in a few weeks was sent up the river to her 
 lonely cabin, and to the embrace of her two 
 orphan children. She then recrossed the 
 mountains, and settled in her native county. 
 
 In 1791 Mrs. Builderback married Mr. 
 John Greene, and in 1798 they emigrated to 
 the Hockhocking valley, and settled about 
 three miles west of Lancaster, where she 
 continued to reside until the time of her 
 death, about the year 1842. She survived 
 her last husband about ten years. 
 
 Her first husband, Builderback, commanded 
 a company at Crawford’s defeat. He was a 
 large, noble-looking man, and a bold and 
 intrepid warrior. He was in the bloody Mo- 
 ravian campaign, and took his share in the 
 tragedy by shedding the first blood on that 
 occasion, when he shot, tomahawked and 
 scalped Shebosh, a Moravian chief. But 
 retributive justice was meted to him. After 
 being taken prisoner, the Indians inquired 
 his name. “Charles Builderback,” replied 
 he, after some little pause. At this revela- 
 tion, the Indians stared at each other with a 
 malignant triumph. ‘ ‘ Ha ! ' ’ said they, ‘ ‘ you 
 kill many Indians — ^jmu big captain — you kill 
 Moravians.” From that moment, probably, 
 his death was decreed. 
 
 Near the town of Lancaster stands a bold and romantic eminence, about two 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 18 IG. 
 
 Mount Pleasant. 
 
 hundred feet high, known as Alt. Pleasant, which was called by the Indians ^Ghe 
 Standing Stone.^’ A writer on geology says in reference to this rock : What is 
 properly called the sandstone formation terminates near Lancaster in immense de- 
 tached mural precipices, like the remains of ancient islands. One of these, called 
 Alt. Pleasant, seated on the borders of a large jdain, affords from its top a fine 
 view of the adjacent country. The base is a mile and a half in circumference, 
 while the apex is only about thirty by one hundred yards, resembling, at a dis- 
 tance, a huge pyramid. These lofty towers of sandstone are like so many monu- 
 ments to point out the boundaries of that ancient western Alediterranean which 
 once covered the present rich prairies of Ohio/^ 
 
FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 591 
 
 It is a place much resorted to by parties of pleasure. The Duke of Saxc- 
 Weimar, when in this country in 1825, visited this mount and carved his name 
 upon the rocks. The lecture delivered before the Literary Institute gives a thrill- 
 
 Vrawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 View in Main Street, Lancaster. 
 
 ing narrative of the visit of two scouts to this spot (the famed Wetzel brothers) 
 at an early day, their successful fight with the Indians, the recapture of a female 
 prisoner and their perilous escape from the enemy. The incident was the founda- 
 tion of a novel by Emerson Bennett, issued about 1848. The name of his heroine 
 was Forest Kose. 
 
 J. J. Wolfe, Photo. , Lancaster, 1886. 
 
 View in Main Street, Lancaster. 
 
 [Near the top of the hill on the left is the Sherman homestead, where in a then log-house were born 
 Senator and General Sherman. The lowing mansion and new court-house are near them on the sum* 
 mit of the hill.] 
 
 Lancaster in 1846. — Lancaster, the county-seat, is situated on the Hockhock- 
 ing river and canal, on the Zanesville and Chillicothe turnpike, 28- miles southeast 
 Df Columbus, 37 from Zanesville^ 18 from Somerset, 19 from Logan, 35 from. 
 
592 
 
 FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 Chillicothe, 20 from Circleville and 27 from Newark. It stands in a beautiful 
 and fertile valley, and is a flourishing, well-built town. It contains 1 Presby- 
 terian, 1 Methodist, 1 Catholic, 1 Lutheran, 1 Protestant Methodist, 1 Baptist and 
 1 German Reformed church, about 20 mercantile stores, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 had, in 1840, 2,120 inhabitants. It has since much increased. The engraving 
 shows the appearance of the principal street in the town. It was taken near the 
 court-house and represents the western part of the street. The court-house is 
 shown on the right and the market on the left of the vie^^. — Old Edition. 
 
 Lancaster, at the intersection of the C. H. V. & T. and C. &■ M. V. Rail- 
 roads, 32 miles southeast of Columbus. It has natural gas and a fine surrounding 
 agricultural district. Its fair ground is one of the finest in the State and its fairs 
 highly successful. County officers in 1888 : Auditor, Benjamin Deem ; Clerks, 
 M^m. H. AYolfe, Wm. B. Henry; Coroner, MTn. L. Jeflries; Prosecuting Attor- 
 ney, Wm. H. Daugherty; Probate Judge, John Theodore Busby; Recorder, 
 Robert A. Bell ; Sheriff, Benj. F. Price ; Surveyor, Chas. W. Borland ; Treasurer, 
 Solomon Bader, Michael C. Miller ; Commissioners, Allen D. Friesner, Henry W. 
 Gerrett, John Hozey. Newspapers : Ohio Eagle, Dem., Thos. ^yetzler, editor and 
 publisher ; Gazette, Rep., S. A. Griswold, editor ; Fairfield County Republican, 
 Rep., A. R. Eversole, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Catholic, 3 Lutheran, 1 Reformed, 1 Episcopal and 1 Evan- 
 gelical. Banks : Fairfield County, Philip Rising, president, H. B. Peters, 
 cashier; Hocldng Valley National, Theo. Mithoff, president, Thomas Mithoff, 
 cashier ; Lancaster, S. J. Wright, president, George W. Beck, cashier. 
 
 Industries and Employees. — E. Becker & Co., lager beer, 14 hands ; McAnespie 
 & Co., cloth, yarns, etc., 10 ; J. B. Orman Bros., doors, sash, etc., 10 ; Peter Mil- 
 ler & Co., clothing, 70; Beery & Beck, clothing, 74; Temple of Fashion, cloth- 
 ing, 92 ; Sifford & Schultz, doors, sash, etc. ; Peet & Dennis, flour, etc. ; J. R. 
 ]\Iumaugh, flour, etc. ; Hocking Valley IManufacturing Co., agricultural imple- 
 ments, 93 ; Hocking Valley Bridge Co., bridges, 14 ; C. & M. V. R. R. Shops, 
 railroad repairs, 40; A. Bauman, crackers, etc., 13. — State Report for 1887. 
 
 Population in 1880, 6,803. School census in 1886, 2,023 ; Geo. W. AYalsli, 
 superintendent. 
 
 On the 1st of February, 1887, natural gas was discovered, after prospecting 
 about fifteen months, in the city of Lancaster, on the grounds in the south part of 
 the city belonging to Dr. E. L. Slocum, who was the first to advocate the organ- 
 ization of a stock company to bore for gas. At the depth of 1,957 feet a flow of 
 gas of 100,000 cubic feet a day was discovered in the Clinton or limestone rock. 
 This was named the Wyandot well, or Well No. 1. Since the discovery at the 
 AVyandot well two other wells have been put down : the one is named Mt. Pleasant, 
 or AVell No. 2, and the other East End Avell, or Well No. 3. MTll No. 2 has a 
 flow of 900,000 cubic feet per day, and Well No. 3 over 1,000,000 cubic feet per 
 day. 
 
 The pressure is 700 pounds to the cubic inch, being much higher than any in 
 the State. Well No. 2 is 1,989 feet deep, and AWll No. 3 is 2,023 feet deep. In 
 all of those wells the gas was found in the Clinton shale or limestone rock. At 
 the de])th of about 1,900 feet a large flo^v^ of salt-water was found in each of the 
 wells in the Niagara shale, which had to be cased off before boring could proceed. 
 The Clinton rock at Lancaster is a highly crystalline limestone, included between 
 two beds of rock, the uj^j^er one being a deposit of the famous fossil ore of the 
 Clinton formation. The gas is regarded as being equal to any in the State. Two 
 additional wells are now being put down : one at the Eagle Machine Works, and 
 the other at the Becker brewery. Pipes are now being laid along the principal 
 streets in the city, and all tlie manulactories, and some of the offices, hotels, and 
 residences are already using it. 
 
 Lancaster has an unusual record in the line of illustrious men. First for our 
 notice comes Thomas E'WIXG, who passeil most of his youth in Athens county, under 
 
594 
 
 FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 which head will be found details of his early life from his own pen. From 1816 to 
 1831 he practised law in Lancaster. He first entered political life in 1830, and 
 served two terms in the United States Senate, viz., having been elected by the Whigs 
 from 1831 to 1837, again in 1850-51 in the place of Thomas Corwin on the appoint- 
 ment of the latter to the office of Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 hand and send it sailing five feet or more 
 above the steeple and then passed on. 
 
 In oratory he was not eloquent, but he ^ 
 could say more in feyrer words than any one, 
 and in that lay his great success. By some 
 he was considered unsocial, as he seemed 
 when his mind was at work ; but when once 
 reached, his social qualities were warm, cor- 
 dial and sincere. His mind worked on an ele- 
 vated plane, leaving the impression that he 
 knew little of the small affairs of life, but at 
 the same time he could tell a 'farmer more 
 about plows than he could tell himself. Dur- 
 ing the latter part of his professional life his 
 business was chiefly before^ the Suprerne 
 Court at Washington. Daniel Webster in 
 his last years largely sought his aid in 
 weighty cases. Among the anecdotes related 
 of him it is said that after two eminent law- 
 yers had argued a case before the Supreme 
 Court for two days, he took but a little over 
 an hour for reply and won his suit. 
 
 Mr. Ewing in 1861 was a member of the 
 Peace Congress, and during the civil war he 
 gave through the press and by correspond- 
 ence and personal interviews his countenance 
 and influence to the support of the national 
 authorities. He died in Lancaster and was 
 buried in the Catholic cemetery by the side 
 of his wife Maria, eldest daughter of Hugh 
 Boyle. Her death was in 1 864. On the lid 
 of Mr. Ewing’s burial casket was engraved 
 the following ; 
 
 The Ewing mansion stands on the summit of the hill on the corner to the left 
 shown in the street view, and which until recently was the home of Mr. Ewing’s 
 daughter, Mrs. Col. Steele. It is of brick : a solid, substantial edifice, com- 
 porting with the memory of the giant among men who once made it his home ; 
 of the memory of one of whom James G. Blaine, who in his youth was a visitor 
 here, wrote on the occasion of his death to his daughter, Mrs. Ellen Ewing 
 Sherman : He was a grand and massive man, almost without peerc. With no 
 little familiarity and association with the leading men of the day, I can truly 
 say I never met with one who impressed me so ])rofoundly.” In an interesting 
 article upon Mr. Ewing, Mr. Frank B. Loomis, late State Librarian, appends this 
 sketch of his also eminent family : 
 
 “Thomas Ewing transmitted to his sons Philemon, Thomas and Charles, have all 
 some of the fine and rare qualities that made distinguished themselves in various useful 
 him a great man. His four sons, Hugh, ways. 
 
 THOMAS EWINC, 
 
 Born December 28, 1789. 
 Died October 26, 1871^ 
 
 In the Senate Mr. Ewing wielded great 
 power and introduced several important bills. 
 In his last term he opposed the fugitive slave 
 law. Clay’s compromise bill, and advocated 
 the abolition of slavery in the District of 
 Columbia. In 1841 he became Secretary of 
 the Treasury under Harrison. Upon the 
 death of the President, Vice-President Tyler 
 invited the Cabinet in a body to remain. 
 Upon the meeting of the extra session of 
 Congress^ having evidence that Mr. Tyler 
 designed to betray the trusts and disappoint 
 the hopes of the Whig party that had ele- 
 vated him • to power, Mr. Ewing indignantly 
 resigned. He retired from public life in 1851 
 and resumed the law practice. He early won 
 and maintained throughout life unquestioned 
 supremacy at the bar of Ohio, and ranked in 
 the Supreme Court of the United States with 
 the foremost lawyers of the nation. t 
 
 In strength and massiveness of intellect he 
 was then and is to-day by many regarded as 
 not having had an equal in the history of the 
 State. In physical strength also he had but 
 few equals, being a man of large frame and 
 ponderous in body. We take the following 
 items from the county history : 
 
 At one time, when Mr. Ewing was chop- 
 ping wood in the forest, a pioneer Methodist 
 preacher came along. By a recent rain the 
 stream to be crossed was swollen. The mis- 
 sionary was afraid to attempt to ford it. Mr. 
 Ewing, being a young man, strong and tall, 
 took the preacher on his shoulders, the horse 
 by the bridle, and landed them safely on the 
 other side of the stream, and then returned 
 to his axe. 
 
 At another time, as he was passing the old 
 court-house in Lancaster, shown in the view, 
 a number of stout men were trying to_ throw 
 a chopping-axe over it ; they had all in vain 
 tried their power. Mr. Ewing halted just 
 long enough to take the axe-hand e vi his 
 
FAIRFIELD COUNTY. ^ 
 
 595 
 
 Hugh, Charles and Thomas Ewing were 
 brave and successful soldiers in the war of 
 the rebellion. 
 
 General Thomas Ewing has achieved po- 
 litical prominence, and is now a lawyer of 
 note in New York ; has been President of the 
 Ohio Society there from its beginning. 
 
 General Charles Ewing, who was a man of 
 much prominence, is dead. 
 
 Major-General Hugh Ewing was engaged 
 in the practice of law at the outbreak of the 
 civil war. In May, 1861, he was appointed 
 by Gov. Dennison Brigade-Inspector of the 
 Third Brigade, Ohio militia, with the rank 
 of Major, and was stationed at Camp Denni- 
 son until the 21st of June in the same year, 
 when he enlisted in the three-years service 
 and joined McClellan’s army at Buckhannon, 
 
 The Ewing Mansion. 
 
 W. Va. He participated in a number of 
 important battles. At Antietam he com- 
 manded a brigade at the extreme left which, 
 according to Gen. Burnside’s report, saved 
 that wing from disaster. 
 
 Gen. Ewing 'commanded the Thirtieth, 
 Thirty-second and Forty-seventh Ohio and 
 the Fourth Virginia Infantry before Vicks- 
 burg, and with this brigade led a gallant but 
 unsuccessful movement on the city. The 
 colors that were borne in that memorable 
 charge are furled in the general’s reception- 
 room at his home. They are riddled with 
 bullet holes and the battered staff bears many 
 a scar. 
 
 In 1886 Gen. Ewing was appointed Minis- 
 ter of The Hague. He i§ now living in 
 pleasant retirement at Lancaster. 
 
 General Thomas Ewing, the third son of 
 Thomas Ewing, was born in Lancaster, Au- 
 gust 11, 1829. He was liberally educated, 
 and is an alumnus of Brown University and 
 of the Cincinnati Law School. In 1856 he 
 removed to Leavenworth, Kan., and com- 
 menced the practice of law. He soon be- 
 came prominent, and for two years held the 
 position of Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the State. 
 
 In 1862 he organized the Eleventh Regi- 
 ment of Kansas Infantry, of which he was 
 appointed colonel. At Pilot Knob he was 
 engaged against several times his force in one 
 of the most stubborn, and, in proportion to 
 the number engaged, one of the most fatal 
 conflicts of the war. He lost one-fourth of 
 his available force, and, having to retreat, 
 kept up a running fight for twenty miles. 
 The campaign of a week was a remarkable 
 one. 
 
 The enemy lost more than 1,500, while 
 Gen. Ewing’s entire force was but 1,060, and 
 these largely raw troops. The result of Ew- 
 ing’s brave stand was to put an end to all 
 attempts upon St. Louis by the rebels. 
 
 Thomas Ewing’s oldest daughter, Ellen 
 Ewing, was married to Gen. W. T. Sherman 
 in 1850. Mrs. Sherman has inherited some 
 of her father’s mental vigor and has mani- 
 fested it in a literary, social and religious 
 way. The Ewings are zealous members of 
 the Catholic church, and Senator Ewing em- 
 braced that faith a short time before he died. 
 So the influence of this remarkable family 
 has always been cast upon the side of effect- 
 ive Christianity. ’ ’ 
 
 It is rare that so small a place as Lancaster has in its history two such famous 
 families as the Ewings and the Shermans. The founder of the Sherman family, 
 Judge Charles Sherman, was born in Norwalk, Conn., May 26, 1788. In 
 1810 he was admitted to the bar, the same year marrying Mary Hoyt, of Nor- 
 walk. In the following year he came to Lancaster with his wife and infant child, 
 and commenced the practice of the law. Their journey from their New England 
 home was weary and beset with hardships, exposure, and danger, being obliged to 
 
596 
 
 . FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 journey the greater part of the distance on horseback, carrying the baby on a 
 pillow before them. The little boy carried thus was the late Hon. Charles Taylor 
 Sherman, United States District Judge of the northern district of Ohio. 
 
 Charles Sherman, the father, was elected by the Legislature to the bench of the 
 Supreme Court in 1823 ; here he remained over six years, when he died suddenly 
 at Lebanon, Ohio, from cholera, while attending court, June 24, 1829. He was but 
 forty-one years of age, and a man of fine legal capabilities. Mary Hoyt Sherman 
 survived him many years. Their tombs are in the cemetery east of Lancaster. 
 
 Judge Sherman was the father of Hon. John Sherman, born in 1823, now of the 
 United States Senate, and Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, born February 8, 1820 ; 
 also, Mrs. W. J. Reece, of Lancaster, and Frances, wife of the late Col. Charles 
 Wc Moulton, of New York, and other children — eleven in all. A sketch of 
 Senator Sherman is given under the head of Mansfield, Richland county, whxch 
 has been his home from early manhood. We here give a few paragraphs to 
 W iLLiAM Tecumseh Sherman : 
 
 General Sherman, we believe, is the only 
 eminent American named from an Indian 
 chief His father had seen and greatly ad- 
 mired Tecumseh from his nobility of charac- 
 ter and his humanity to prisoners, and he 
 wanted one boy trained for the army. The 
 name, considering the brilliant history of its 
 recipient, is peculiarly appropriate, as in the 
 Indian tongue it signifies the Shooting Star. 
 
 A few months after his father’s death he 
 was taken to the church to be baptized. The 
 preacher, a Presbyterian, objected to baptizing 
 him by the name of a heathen, Tecumseh. 
 He wanted to call the lad simply William. 
 He at once rebelled, saying, “ My father called 
 me Tecumseh, and Tecumseh I will be called. 
 If you won’t. I’ll not have any of your bap- 
 tism. ’ ’ The preacher yielded. 
 
 Judge Sherman’s widow being left with a 
 large family and her means of support slight, 
 Hon. Thomas Ewing offered to adopt one of 
 the boys and educate him. He consulted 
 with the mother, and “ Cump,” as the gen- 
 eral was then called, a sandy-haired youth, 
 was selected. At the moment the future war- 
 rior was playing with other lads in a neigh- 
 boring sand-bank. The new home was only 
 a stone’s throw from his mother’s, so the lad 
 was in no danger from attacks of nostalgia. 
 Beside he found in Mr. Ewing’s little daugh- 
 ter Ellen a pleasant playmate to vary the 
 monotony of excursions to sand -banks, and 
 who from the very happy intimacy thus be- 
 gan eventually became the queen of his heart 
 and home. 
 
 Mr. Ewing educated the lad and sent him 
 when 16 years of age to West Point, where 
 he graduated the sixth in his class. He was 
 commissioned second lieutenant in the Third 
 Artillery, and sent to Fort Moultrie, Charles- 
 ton, thence in 1846 to California, where he 
 rose to the rank of captain. In 1 850 he went 
 to Washington, and then married the eldest 
 daughter of his friend and benefactor. Three 
 years later, tired of the monotony of military 
 life, he resigned, and from 1 853 to 1 857 had 
 charge of a banking-house in California, and 
 -again for a short time in New York, but with 
 small success. Having studied law in the 
 leisure of his army life, he united with his 
 
 brother-in-law, Thomas H. Ewing and Gen. I). 
 McCook, who were establishing themselves in 
 the law in Leavenworth, Kansas. The prac- 
 tice of the profession not agreeing with his 
 tastes, he was offered and accepted the posi- 
 tion in 1859 of President of the Louisiana 
 State Military Academy at a salary of $5,000 
 per annum. 
 
 He remained in that position until he saw 
 that civil war was inevitable and then sent in 
 his resignation, with a letter which clearly 
 showed that he read correctly the signs of 
 the hour. This is the closing paragraph of 
 the letter: “I beg you to take immediate 
 steps to remove me as Superintendent the 
 moment the State resolves to secede, for on no 
 earthly account will I do any act or think any 
 thoughts hostile to the defence of the old 
 Government of the United States.” It will 
 be seen by the foregoing sketch that Sher- 
 man’s experience had been a wide one. He 
 was acquainted with many people in many 
 parts of the country ; he was impressed with 
 the notion (gained from his life among the 
 people of the South) that the war was to be 
 a long, bitter, and costly one; he went to 
 Washington and had an interview with the 
 President and Secretary of War. He laid his 
 views before them, but they laughed him aside 
 and thought him a crusty and excitable man. 
 He failed to convince the Government that 
 the struggle was to be something more than 
 a temporary storm. Seventy-five thousand 
 troops were called for, and Sherman ex- 
 claimed, “You might as well undertake to 
 extinguish the flames of a building with a 
 squirt-gun as to put down this rebellion with 
 three months’ troops. We ought,” said he, 
 
 ‘ ‘ to organize at once for a gigantic war, call 
 out the whole military power of the country, 
 and with its forces strangle the rebellion in its 
 very birth. ” 
 
 The five years of bloody contest which en- 
 sued demonstrated the truth and power of 
 Sherman’s prophecy. In the first battle of 
 Bull Bun Sherman was commander of a bri- 
 gade in the regular army. He fought bravely 
 and desperately. Two-thirds of tlie loss fell 
 on his brigade. He was shortly made briga- 
 dier-general of the volunteers which were sta- 
 
FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 597 
 
 tioned at Louisville. He had some trouble 
 with newspaper correspondents, and the rumor 
 that he was insane was set afloat, Sherman 
 next distinguished himself at Shiloh. Kous- 
 seau, in speaking of his conduct on that field, 
 said, “No man living could surpass him,” 
 and Gen. Nelson remarked a few hours 
 before his death, “During eight hours the 
 fate of the army, on the field of Shiloh, de- 
 pended on the life of one man. If Gen. 
 Sherman had fallen the army would have been 
 captured or destroyed. ’ ’ Gen. Grant added, 
 ‘ ‘ To h’s individual efforts I am indebted for 
 the success of that battle,” Sherman’s ser- 
 vices before Vicksburg are well known. 
 
 He was next heard of thundering along the 
 heights of Mission llidge and Lookout Moun- 
 tain, Here he added to his reputation and 
 to his services to the country. In the spring 
 of i863 he began to prepare for his movement 
 upon Atlanta ; it was a remarkable campaign, 
 and again demonstrated his wonderful fore- 
 sight and genius. It was followed by a still 
 more important military movement, the 
 Georgia campaign and the march to the sea. 
 He cut loose from all that was behind him, 
 burned his bridges, threw aside superfluous 
 baggage, and marched without provisions into 
 the heart of the enemy’s country. He set at 
 defiance many of the old and established 
 maxims of warfare, and when his daring 
 project was first made public the world was 
 astonished. 
 
 _ “Military critics and warriors in this coun- 
 try and in Europe predicted the destruction 
 of his army. They said : ‘ The people of 
 the South and on the line of his proposed 
 march would hang about his army as light- 
 ning plays along the thunder clouds. ’ These 
 same critics declared that people would re- 
 move all provisions be 3 ^ond his reach, so that 
 his soldiers must perish by starvation. ’ The 
 British Army and Navy Gazette said : ‘ He 
 
 has done either one of the most brilliant or 
 most foolish things ever performed by a mil- 
 itary leader.’ Sherman, however, trusting 
 in Thomas and Grant, his own armj’’, his own 
 genius, and a favoring Providence, set duly 
 out on his march. He drove before him the 
 troops of the enemy, and in a short time es- 
 tablished his headquarters in the Executive 
 Mansion at Macon, The soldiers fared sump- 
 tuously on the fat of the land. No army 
 was ever more contented or in better condi- 
 tion. The great column swept splendidly on 
 through cities, villages and forests. It was 
 a triumphal march. All opposition melted 
 before them. Savannah was the next point 
 to be gained, and Sherman was soon able to 
 send the following despatch to the President 
 of the United States ‘I beg to present to 
 you as a Christmas gift th^ city of Savan- 
 nah with 150 guns and plenty of ammunition 
 and about 25, WO bales of cotton.’ 
 
 “So ended one of the most remarkable 
 campaigns in the world’s military history. 
 To the prestige of his Georgia achievements 
 Sherman soon added the glory of a successful 
 campaign in the Carolinas. He swept on in 
 his resistless way and practically received the 
 surrender of Johnston at Raleigh, though 
 the War Department fell out with him about 
 his terms with the rebel commander, and 
 finally sent Gen. Grant to arrange for the 
 surrender of Johnston’s army. _ 
 
 “Sherman was appointed lieutenant-gen- 
 eral in 1866, and in 1869 became commander- 
 in-chief He has had ample justice done to 
 the daring originality of design, the fertility 
 of resource, the brilliant strategy and untir- 
 ing energy, that made Gen. Grant pronounce 
 him ‘ the best field officer the war had pro- 
 duced.’ He retired frossi the command of 
 the army of the United States November 1, 
 1883.” 
 
 Of the many interesting characters that adorned our military annals not one 
 occupies a warmer place in the affections of his countrymen ; and, moreover, he 
 has the singular distinction of refusing to become Chief Magistrate when it was 
 freely offered. In the progress of the nation but a little time will elapse when the 
 names of most of those on the long roll of its Presidents will be forgotten, but 
 never that of the bold, gallant leader of the famous March to the Sea.^^ 
 
 It is in place here to give the famous army song which Sherman’s veterans 
 chanted on their victorious marcho It was written by Adj. Byers, of the Fifth 
 Iowa, while in the prison at Columbia, S. C., and being set to music, was frequently 
 sung by the captives as a relief to the monotony of their prison life. After Wil- 
 mington was taken it was sung in the theatre, producing immense enthusiasm. 
 
 THE MARCHING SONG OF SHERMAN’S ARMY ON THE WAY TO THE SEA. 
 
 Our camp fires shone bright on the mountains 
 That frowned on the river below. 
 
 While we stood by our guns in the morning 
 And eagerly watched for the foe— 
 
 When a rider came out from the darkness 
 That hung over mountain and tree. 
 
 And shouted, “Boys, up and be ready. 
 
 For Sherman will march for the sea.” 
 
FAIRFIELD COUNTY, 
 
 ':;o8 
 
 When cheer upon cheer for hold Sherman 
 Went up from each valley and glen, 
 
 And the bugles re-echoed the music 
 That came from the lips of the men. 
 
 For we knew that the stars in our banner 
 More bright in their splendor would be, 
 
 And that blessings from Northland would greet us. 
 
 When Sherman marched down to the sea. 
 
 Then forward, boys, forward to battle. 
 
 We marched on our wearisome way. 
 
 And we stormed the wild hills of Resaca — 
 
 God bless those who fell on that day. 
 
 Then Kenesaw frowned in its glory, 
 
 Frowned down on the flag of the free. 
 
 But the East and the West bore our standards, 
 
 And Sherman marched on to the sea. 
 
 • Still onward we pressed, till our banners 
 Swept out from Atlanta’s grim walls. 
 
 And the blood of the patriot dampened 
 The soil where the traitor flag falls. 
 
 But we paused not to weep for the fallen, 
 
 Who slept by each river and tree. 
 
 Yet we twined them a wreath of the laurel 
 As Sherman marched down to the sea. 
 
 O, proud was our army that morning. 
 
 That stood where the pine darkly towers. 
 
 When Sherman said, ‘‘Boys, you are weary; 
 
 But to-day fair Savannah is ours.” 
 
 Then sang we a song for our chieftain. 
 
 That echoed o’er river and lea. 
 
 And the stars in our banners shone brighter 
 When Sherman marched down to the sea. 
 
 The bar of Fairfield county has from early times been pre-eminent. We here 
 notice some of the more prominent. Hocking H. Hunter was among them, 
 and alike valued professionally and as a mark He was the son of Joseph Hunter, 
 the first white man to build a cabin in the Hocking valley. He named his son 
 from the river. The latter died in 1872. William J. Reese, a lawyer, who 
 came, in 1827, from Philadelphia to Lancaster, was a prominent Mason, and is 
 said to have been the first Scottish-rite Mason in Ohio. He was a man of rare 
 culture and refinement. He died in 1883, and his widow, a sister of Gen. Sher- 
 man, still survives him. 
 
 Philemon Beecher was one of the Connecticut Beechers ; was born in Kent, 
 Litchfield county, in 1775, came out here early, represented this district in Con- 
 gress from 1817 to 1827, and died about 1840. Was in politics a Whig, and a 
 man of fine address and presence. He it was who gave Thomas Ewing his first 
 law business of any moment. The very elegant Henry Stanbery, who began 
 his law practice in Lancaster, and lived here for many years, married for his first 
 wife a daughter of Mr. Beecher. He later lived in Columbus and in the vicinity 
 of Cincinnati, and ended his professional career as Attorney-General of the United 
 States under President Johnson. 
 
 AVilliam Medill was the eleventh governor of the State, and the first under 
 the new Constitution, which he had done so much to mould. He came from the 
 State of Delaware, and opened a law office in Lancaster in 1832. He early acquired 
 the public confidence, and arose to distinction ; was a Democrat, and ambitious 
 politically; was three times elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1838—41 he was 
 a member of Congress, serving four years. He occupied the position of Indian 
 agent at Washington, and, in 1860, held the office of First Comptroller of the 
 Treasury under Buchanan. In the fall of 1852 he was elected lieutenant-governor 
 of Ohio, and acted as governor the latter part of the term. In 1854 he was chosen 
 
FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 599 
 
 governor. He was never married, and at his death, in Lancaster, in 1865, left a 
 large estate. He was a man of superior ability and character. In his adminis- 
 tration of the Indian Department he inaugurated many needed reforms, and won 
 the regard of the Indians by his just, kind treatment. 
 
 The Ohio Boys’ Industrial School was founded in 1858 by the Legislature, who 
 appointed three commissioners, and they purchased a farm site of 1,170 acres six 
 miles a little south or southwest of Lancaster, high up on the hills and 500 feet 
 above the town. The following description is from the County History : ” 
 
 Cheap log-buildings were first erected, and 
 to these ten boys were brought from the 
 House of Refuge of Cincinnati, and a begin- 
 ning made. George E. Howe was constituted 
 acting commissioner, and with his family 
 
 resided on the farm, and had general super- 
 intendence until 1878, with Mrs. Howe as 
 matron. He was then superseded by John 
 C. Hite, of Lancaster, with Mrs. Hite as 
 matron. Mr. Howe was then called to the 
 
 The Ohio Boys’ Industrial School. 
 
 charge of the State Reform School of Con- 
 necticut, at Meriden, which he still retains. 
 From an humble beginning the farm has grown 
 into gigantic proportions and beauty. The 
 soil for the most part is thin, but it seems 
 well adapted to fruits — as apples, pears, 
 peaches, berries, grapes, etc. — of which large 
 quantities as well as garden vegetables are 
 produced and consumed in the institution, 
 numbering usually about 600 inmates. 
 
 The institution became popular from the 
 start; the log structures soon disappeared 
 and fine brick buildings took their place. The 
 present value of the farm with all its build- 
 ings and improvements is over half a million 
 dollars. The total number of pupils who 
 have passed through the school is over 4,000, 
 of whom it is estimated eighty per cent, have 
 become good citizens. 
 
 The main building is 161 feet in length, 
 with projections. It contains offices, recep- 
 tion-rooms, parlors, dining-rooms, residence, 
 guest-rooms, storage-rooms, council-chamber, 
 and telegraph-offices. The kitchen, culinary 
 department, and boys’ dining-rooms are all 
 in projections of the main building. 
 
 What are denominated fiimily buildings 
 are two-story bricks, with basement. The 
 basement is the wash-room and play-place 
 for the boys ; the second story is the school- 
 room and apartments of the elder brother and 
 his family ; the third story is the sleeping 
 apartment for boys. There are nine of these 
 family buildings, besides union family build- 
 ings. The other buildings of the farm are 
 the chapel, shops, laundry and wash-houses, 
 water-tower, bake-house, engine-house, sta- 
 bles, hot-houses, coal-houses, hospital, “cham- 
 ber of reflection,” besides many other out- 
 buildings. The buildings are disposed in 
 squares, more or less spaced, and altogether 
 occupy an area of about twenty acres. The 
 Ohio building, which is the home of the 
 small boys, is isolated from the others, and 
 stands off a third of a mile to the east, and is 
 connected with the chapel and main grounds 
 by a plank walk. A telegraph line connects 
 it with the main buildings shown in the en- 
 graving. The grounds are laid off with 
 gravel drives and plank walks, and are beau- 
 tifully decorated with evergreen trees, arbors, 
 flower-houses, and grass-lawns. The family 
 
6oo 
 
 FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 buildings are named after rivers in Ohio, thus : 
 Muskingum, Ohio, Hocking, Scioto, Cuya- 
 hoga, Huron, Maumee, Miami, and Erie. 
 “The family of boys of each building take the 
 family name after the building, as the Mau- 
 mee family. Hocking family, etc. 
 
 In the incipient state of the school some 
 discrepancy of opinion existed in regard to 
 modes of discipline. By some it was pro- 
 posed to adopt the House of Refuge plan, in 
 part, in connection with the “open system.” 
 The latter was adopted. The term “open 
 system ’ ’ signifies that an establishment is not 
 walled in like a prison, but is all open to the 
 surrounding country, the same as it would be 
 were it not a place of confinement. 
 
 The time of the boys is divided between 
 work of some kind, school, and recreation. 
 Every boy is half the day in school and the 
 other half at work. There is an hour for 
 dinner. Recreations in the form of playing 
 ball and other athletic plays are taken after 
 supper, on Saturday afternoons, and holi- 
 days. Each family is under the manage- 
 ment of an officer denominated the elder 
 brother, whose wife, with few exceptions, is 
 the teacher. The branches taught are those 
 of a common-school education. The boys are 
 held to close and rigid discipline, but treated 
 with uniform kindness and trust. One of the 
 leading features of the discipline is to inspire 
 the inmates with the ambition of earning a 
 good reputation for trustworthiness. Cor- 
 poral punishment is only resorted to in extreme 
 cases, and is always with the rod. A lockup 
 is provided for the most incorrigible, and is 
 denominated the “chamber of reflection.” 
 
 In addition to school education and manual 
 labor on the farm mechanical branches are 
 also taught. The institution has a shoe and 
 boot manufacturing establishment, a brush 
 factory, a tailor-shop, a cane-seat making de- 
 partment, a telegraph-office, and a printing- 
 office, from which is issued a weekly news- 
 paper, edited and printed by the boys. 
 
 ()ther mechanical trades have been learned 
 there that have been highly creditable to the 
 institution, and greatly advantageous to the 
 inmates. The management find homes for 
 them on their discharge. The time of com- 
 mitment depends upon conduct, as no time is 
 specified, this matter being optional with the 
 superintendent. Boys under sixteen years 
 of age who commit penitentiary crimes are 
 usually sent to the Reform Farm, and some 
 who have been sentenced to the State prison 
 have been commuted to the farm. 
 
 Religious instruction is given in the chapel 
 and Sunday-school, and presided over by alter- 
 nation of clergymen of different denomina- 
 tions. I'here is also a library provided by the 
 State, and from which they draw books under 
 regulations. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 My experience has been peculiar — a Sun- 
 day passed at the Industrial School of Ohio, 
 high on the hills six miles south of Lancaster. 
 I went out Satui’day afternoon in a carriage 
 
 belonging to the institution. The ride out 
 was invigorating ; all the way up hill, with 
 eeps down into side valleys where, in little 
 impling^ spots, farmhouses were snugly 
 nestled with orchards and vineyards. 
 
 It is an interesting spot. I felt while there 
 as if I was lifted above the world, the location 
 is so sightly and so secluded. It seemed as 
 if one could see over everything. To the 
 west, points thirty miles away in Pickaway 
 county, and to the east, in Perry county, 
 about as far, are in view. With a glass, I am 
 told, one can discern the spire of St. Joseph, 
 near Somerset, a place associated with the 
 boy days of Phil. Sheridan. 
 
 The institution is under the charge of Mr. 
 J. C. Hite, a tall, venerable-looking gentle- 
 man, who gave me a cordial welcome. He 
 was born on a farm, and has had a varied ex- 
 perience as farmer, teacher, bookseller, county 
 auditor, and now superintendent. The boys 
 address him as ‘ ‘ Brother, ’ ’ as they do all of 
 the officers. In the evening Mr. Hite took 
 me over to the buildings, a quarter of a mile 
 away, where dwell the smaller boys from ten 
 to twelve years of age. About 200 were in 
 the school-room seated on benches, and in 
 the centre was a black boy cutting the hair of 
 his mates. It was Saturday night, and they 
 were preparing for Sunday. Presently they 
 marched around the room in single file pre- 
 paratory to retiring— marched to music ; and 
 then I witnessed a sight that surprised me. 
 A boy passed me completely transformed ; he 
 marched stiff, head thrown back, arms stiff 
 by his side, his face transfused, expression 
 intense, and he seemed completely as if under 
 the influence of melody and^ rhythm. In a 
 moment another went by in like manner 
 affected, and then another, and so in that 
 long string of marchers about one in five were 
 thus possessed. Mysterious power, this of 
 music, to lift the soul into the far-away 
 realms of what we fancy without a particle of 
 knowledge must be akin to the spirit-world. 
 And what a lever this emotional faculty is to 
 work upon in this checkered life of ours for 
 good or evil ! 
 
 The scene on the lawn the next morning, 
 the first Sunday in May, was charming. It 
 was alive with birds. Birds are social, seek 
 the company of man, and here are none to 
 molest or make afraid. The variety is great, 
 and at times the lawn is fairly studded with 
 robins. Here, too, fly the blue-birds, the 
 yellow-birds, scarlet-tanagers, mocking-birds, 
 the modest little chip-bird, who says, “Is 
 there room for me in the world?” and the 
 saucy little sparrow, who asks no odds of any- 
 body, and tries to fight its way into the boxes 
 of the martens, but can’t quite make it; 
 woodpeckers from the adjacent woods beat 
 their rataplan, and whip-poor-wills in the 
 shadows of night send forth their sad, re- 
 proachful cries. 
 
 Ten o’clock came, and then opened a beau- 
 tiful sight. IMy ears were arrested by a slow, 
 measured tramp, tramp, on the planks, like 
 that of soldiers. And then I saw what it 
 was ; the boys, in companies of about fifty. 
 
FAIRFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 6oi 
 
 one company from each cottage, were march- 
 ing to church, neatly attired in blue blouses 
 and blue caps and gray pantaloons. Some of 
 these companies were composed of lads from 
 sixteen to eighteen years of age, in stature 
 men. 
 
 Everything was so orderly and neat, that I 
 instinctively felt a respect for them ; and well 
 I might. Most of those who live here become 
 so well grounded in the principles of morality 
 that they become good citizens. Very many 
 of the boys never had virtuous homes, and 
 their coming here where the law of kindness 
 is the prevailing rule has been a great bless- 
 ing. Prominent engineers, builders, lawyers, 
 farmers, and merchants have gone from this 
 institution, and I expect the time will come 
 when some of them will rise to be among the 
 highest in the land. They have among them 
 a literary and debating society, issue a news- 
 paper, and have a Christian association of 
 200 or more members. 
 
 The entire village, as I may call it, gath- 
 ered into the chapel — in all about 700 souls. 
 A huge platform filled one side of the audi- 
 tory. Being an expected visitor, Mr. Hite 
 introduced me to the boys, telling them who 
 T was and what I had done in the past for 
 the State and was now doing, and how my 
 book had blessed his youthful days, so that 
 when I alighted from the carriage the even- 
 ing before and made myself known a thrill 
 passed over him. I had brought back the 
 memories of youth ; he had never expected 
 to meet me. The boys wanted me to talk to 
 them ; and I did, the sum of it about this, 
 which I repeat here for the benefit of the 
 jmung people, for whose use I give these 
 Travelling Notes : 
 
 “ Happiness is what we all desire ; but it won’t 
 come by a grab for it. This is where those silly 
 ones, the pleasure-seekers and self-indulgent, fail ; 
 it only comes by indirection, the following of the 
 path of duty. Many live in their imaginings and 
 not in their facts, and hence are largely miserable. 
 The wise Thomas JelFerson once truly said, man- 
 
 kind suffered more from imagining evil that never 
 ensued than all the real evils of life. Once I saw 
 this sentence in a newspaper: ‘If you would be 
 happy, perform the disagreeable duty first.’ 
 There was a world of wisdom in this; for, if 
 shrunk from, there is misery in the sense of duty 
 unperformed, and when met is never so disagree- 
 able as imagined; in fact, generally proves- a 
 positive pleasure, and when finished lifts the 
 spirits in the emotion of triumph that is inevitable. 
 It is as a successful charge of the bayonet; after 
 it one is ready for the next fight with a stronger 
 heart and more cheery spirit. This as a contin- 
 uous rule of life results in victory all along the 
 line.” 
 
 Mr. Hite being bred a farmer, is very en- 
 thusiastic upon the agricultural capacities of 
 these hills. Immense quantities of fruit are 
 raised here, as apples, pears, peaches, grapes, 
 and berries of all sorts, for which last the soil 
 seems peculiarly well adapted. The success 
 is such that it is bringing in a better class of 
 farmers, and pushing out the rude population 
 yet dwelling in cabins, and called by the boys 
 ‘ ‘ hillikens. ’ ’ The ‘ ‘ hillikens ’ ’ are the police 
 of the institution, and ever ready to “nab” 
 a runaway for the standing reward ot $5. 
 Land on the hills is cheap, and can now be 
 bought for from $10 to $15 per acre. The 
 autumnal scenery here is said to be grand, 
 from the mixture of the green of the pines 
 with the scarlet and gold of the oaks and 
 other deciduous trees. In summer these 
 hills are cooler and in winter warmer than the 
 valleys. And what homes there will be among 
 them and all the hill country of Southeastern 
 Ohio, on their summits and slopes, in the 
 riper, richer future of the coming decades. 
 This is one of the most healthy spots of the 
 globe. From 1858 to 1885, a period of twenty- 
 seven years, out of 4,530 boys who have been 
 here there have been but twenty-three deaths, 
 four of these by accident. From this, it would 
 seem as though this was one of those peculiar 
 places where people neglect trying to get 
 sick, and when, perchance they do, refuse 
 to die. 
 
 Lithopolis, about eighteen miles southeast of Columbus, is on a high eleva- 
 tion, surrounded by a fine farming district. Newspaper : LithopoUtan Home Neivs, 
 Independent, Miss O. E. D. Baughn, editor and proprietor. Churches : 1 Lu- 
 theran, 1 Methodist, and I Presbyterian. Industries: Hunter Buggy Works, 
 Lithopolis free-stone and William Long quarries. Stone City Creamery, etc. 
 Population in 1880, 404. School census in 1886, 156 ; H. C. Bailey, superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 Rushville, thirty-seven miles southeast of Columbus, on the T. & O. C. R. R. 
 Newspaper : Item, Independent, W. J. Mortal, editor and publisher. Churches : 
 I Methodist Episcopal, 1 German Reformed. Population in 1880, 227. 
 
 AmaNDA, on the railroad, about eight miles southwest of Lancaster, has 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, and 1 Lutheran church, and, in 1880, 375 inhabitants; 
 is in a fine farming country, and is a large grain market. 
 
 Baltimore, twenty-nine miles east of Columbus, on the T. & O. C. R. R., is 
 situated in a fine farming country. Newspaper: Messenger, Independent, Miller 
 & Evans, publishers. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 German 
 Reformed, and 1 Evangelical. Population in 1880. 489. School census in 1886. 
 217, 
 
6o2 
 
 FAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 FAYETTE. 
 
 Fayette County was formed in March, 1810, from Ross and Highland. 
 The surface is flat ; about half the soil is a dark vegetable loam on a clayey sub- 
 soil, mixed with limestone gravel, the rest is a yellow, clayey loam. The growth 
 of the county when first settled was retarded by much of the land being owned by 
 non-residents, and also from the wet lands, which, when drained, proved highly 
 productive. The county is noted for stock-raising, its fine horses and cattle. Its 
 area is 420 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 95,549 ; in pasture, 
 78,938; woodland, 26,167; lying waste, 1,841; produced in wheat, 111,318 
 bushels; corn, 2,594,944; wool, 142,852 pounds; hogs, 33,958. School census 
 1886, 6,733 ; teachers, 136. It has 97 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 
 Concord, 1,074 
 
 Greene, 1,616 
 
 Jasper, 
 
 Jefierson, 1,948 
 
 Madison, 765 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 908 
 
 Marion, 
 
 879 
 
 971 
 
 916 
 
 Paint, 
 
 1,212 
 
 2,045 
 
 2,072 
 
 Perry, 
 
 
 1,320 
 
 2,925 
 
 Union, 
 
 1,945 
 
 6,175 
 
 1,405 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 1,540 
 
 1,627 
 
 Population in 1820 was 6,336; 1840, 10,979; 1860, 15,935; 1880, 20,364, 
 of whom 17,363 Avere Ohio-born ; Virginia, 1,052 ; Kentucky, 298 ; Pennsyl- 
 vania, 291 ; Ireland, 256 ; Germany, 136. 
 
 A gentleman of the county at the time of the issue of the first edition gave the 
 annexed list of some of the more prominent characters in the early history of 
 Fayette. This gentleman was the late Hon. Alfred S. Hickey, Avhom Justice 
 Chase described as an eminent judge in Ohio, and worthy of the great esteem in 
 which he is held.’^ He died in 1873, aged sixty-two years. He Avas the father 
 of Hon. H. L. Hickey, of the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congress : 
 
 The folloAAung are the names of some of the first settlers of this county, viz. : 
 Col. James SteAvart, Jesse Milliken, Wade Loofborough, Thomas McDonald, Hr. 
 Thomas M’Gara, John Popejoy, Gen. B. Harrison, Jesse Rowe, John HeAvitt, 
 Hamilton and Benjamin Rogers, William Harper, James Hays, Michael Carr, 
 Peter Eyeman, William Snider, Judge Jacob Jamison, Samuel Waddle, James 
 Sanderson, and Smith and William Rankin. 
 
 Col. SteAvart, at an early date, settled near the site of Bloomingburg, about five 
 miles northerly from Washington. His untiring industry in improving the 
 country in his vicinity and the moral influence Avhich he had in the community 
 Avill be long remembered. Jesse Milliken Avas one of the first settlers of Wash- 
 ington, Avas the first postmaster, and the first clerk of both the supreme and com- 
 mon pleas courts of the county, in all of Avhich offices he continued until his deatli 
 in August, 1835. He Avas also an excellent surveyor, performed much of the first 
 surveying done in the county, and erected some of the first houses built in the 
 toAvn. Wade Loofborough, Esq., AA^as one of the first citizens and lawyers in the 
 county. Thomas M^Honald Avas one of the first settlers in this part of Ohio, built 
 the first cabin in Scioto county, Av^as engaged Avith Gen. IMassie and othei’S in laying- 
 off the county into surveys. He rendered A^aluable services in Wayne’s campaign, 
 in Avhich he acted as a spy, and Avas also in the AA^ar of 1812. 
 
 Hr. Thomas M’Gara AA^as one of the first settlers and first ])hysician of the toAvn 
 of Washington, AAffiere he practised his profession for a number of years. He 
 represented the county in the Legislature, and Avas associate judge. John Popejoy, 
 Esq., AA^as one of the first justices in the county; he built the one-story "house on 
 Court street, on the lot No. 5. It is said that he kept his docket on detached scraps 
 of ])aper in the most convenient cracks of his cabin, and that his ink AAas made of 
 
FAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 603 
 
 walnut bark. Although many amusing anecdotes are related of him yet he was a 
 good man, sincerely desirous of promoting peace and good-will in the community. 
 When a lawsuit was brought before him his universal practice was, if possible, to pre- 
 vail upon the parties to settle the dispute amicably. He always either charged no 
 costs, or took it in beer, cider, or some other innocent beverage, of which the wit- 
 nesses, parties, and spectators partook at his request, and the parties generally left 
 the court in better humor and better satisfied than when they entered. 
 
 The first court of common pleas in the county was held by Judge Thompson, 
 at the cabin of John Devault, a little north of where Bloomingburg now stands. 
 The judge received a severe lecture from old Mrs. Devault for sitting upon and 
 rumpling her bed. The grand jury held their deliberations in the stable and in 
 the hazel-brush. Judge Thompson was a man of strict and Puritan-like morality, 
 and distinguished for the long (and in some instances tedious) moral lectures given 
 in open court to the culprits brought before him. 
 
 The, Fighting Funks. — The pioneers of 
 Fayette county were principal^ from Vir- 
 ginia and Kentucky, and were generally hale 
 and robust, brave and generous. Among the 
 Kentuckians was a family of great notoriety, 
 by the name of Funk, The men, from old 
 Adam down to Absalom, were of uncom- 
 monly large size, and distinguished for their 
 boldness, activity, and fighting propensities. 
 Jake Funk, the most notorious, having been 
 arrested in Kentucky for passing counterfeit 
 money, or some other crime, was bailed by a 
 friend, a Kentuckian by the name of Trumbo. 
 Having failed to appear at court, Trumbo, 
 with about a dozen of his friends, well armed, 
 proceeded to the house of the Funks for the 
 purpose of taking Jake, running him off to 
 Kentucky and delivering him up to the proper 
 authorities, to free himself from paying bail. 
 The Funks, having notice of the contem- 
 plated a'ttack, prepared themselves for the 
 conflict. Old Adam, the father, took his 
 seat in the middle of the floor to give com- 
 mand to his sons, who were armed with pis- 
 tols, knives, etc. When Trumbo and his 
 party appeared, they were warned to desist ; 
 instead of which, they made a rush at Jake, 
 who was on the porch. A Mr. Wilson, of 
 the attacking party, grappled with Jake, at 
 which the firing commenced on both sides. 
 Wilson was shot dead. Ab. Funk was also 
 
 shot down. Trumbo having clinched J ake, 
 the latter drew him to the door, and was about 
 to cut his throat with a large knife, when old 
 Adam cried out, “ Spare him ! — don’t kill 
 him ! — his father once saved me from being 
 murdered by the Indians ! ’ ’ — at which he was 
 let off, after being severely wounded, and his 
 companions were glad to escape with their 
 lives. The old house at which this fight oc- 
 curred is still standing (1846), on the east fork, 
 about eight miles north of Washington, with 
 the bullet-holes in the logs as a memento of 
 the conflict. 
 
 The Funk family were no enemies to whis 
 key. Old Adam, with some of his comrades, 
 being one day at Roebuck’s grocery — the first 
 opened in the county, about a mile below 
 Funk’s house — became merry by drinking. 
 Old Adam, wishing to carry a gallon of whis- 
 key home, in vain endeavored even to procure 
 a wash-tub for the purpose. Observing one 
 of Roebuck’s pigs running about the yard, he 
 purchased it for a dollar and skinned it whole, 
 taking out the bone about two inches from 
 the root of the tail, which served as a neck 
 for the bottle. Tying up the other holes that 
 Would, of necessity, be in the skin, he poured 
 in the liquor and started for home with his 
 companions, where they all got drunk from 
 the contents of the hog-skin. 
 
 Captain John was a Shawanee chief, well known to the early settlers of the 
 Scioto valley. He was over six feet in height, strong and active, full of spirit and 
 fond of frolic. In the late war he joined the American army, and was with Logan 
 at the time the latter received his death-Avonnd. We extract two anecdotes respect- 
 ing him from the notice by Col. John McDonald. The scene of the first was in 
 Pickaway, and the last in this county. 
 
 When Chillicothe was first settled by the 
 whites, an Indian named John Cushen, a half- 
 blood, made his principal home with the 
 McCoy family, and said it was his intention 
 to live with the white people. He would 
 sometimes _ engage in chopping wood, and 
 making rails and working in the corn-fields. 
 
 He was a large, muscular man, good humored 
 and pleasant in his interviews with the whites. 
 
 In the fall season, he would leave the white 
 
 settlement to take a hunt in the lonely forest. 
 In the autumn of 1779, he went up Darby 
 creek to make his annual hunt. There was 
 an Indian trader by the name of Fallenash, 
 who traversed the country from one Indian 
 camp to another with pack-horses, laden with 
 whiskey and other articles. Captain John’s 
 hunting camp was near Darby creek, and 
 John Cushen arrived at his camp while Fal- 
 lenash, the Indian trader, was there with his 
 
6o4 
 
 FAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 goods and whiskey. The Indians set to for a 
 real drunken frolic. During the night, Cap- 
 tain John and John Cushen had a quarrel, 
 which ended in a fight : they were separated 
 by Fallenash and the other Indians, but both 
 were enraged to the highest pitch of fury. 
 They made an arrangement to fight the next 
 morning, with tomahawks and knives. They 
 stuck a post on the south side of a log, made 
 a notch in the log, and agreed that when the 
 shadow of the post came into the notch the 
 fight should commence. When the shadow 
 of the post drew near the spot, they deliber- 
 ately, and in gloomy silence, took their stations 
 on the log. At length the shadow of the post 
 came into the notch, and these two despera- 
 does, thirsting for each other’s blood, simul- 
 taneously sprang to their feet, with each a 
 tomahawk in his right hand and a scalping- 
 knife in the left, and flew at each other with 
 the fury of tigers, swinging their tomahawks 
 around their heads and yelling in the most 
 terrific manner. Language fails to describe 
 the horrible scene. After several passes and 
 some wounds, Captain John’s tomahawk fell 
 
 on Cushen’ s head and left him lifeless on the 
 ground. Thus ended this affair of honor ^ and 
 the guilty one escaped. 
 
 About the year 1800, Captain John, with a 
 party of Indians, went to Wnt on the waters 
 of what is called the Rattlesnake fork of Paint 
 creek, a branch of the Scioto river. After 
 they had been some time at camp. Captain 
 John and his wife had a quarrel and mutually 
 agreed to separate ; which of them was to leave 
 the camp is not now recollected. After they 
 had divided their property, the wife insisted 
 upon keeping the child ; they had but one, a 
 little boy of two or three years of age. The 
 wife laid hold of the child, and John at- 
 tempted to wrest it from her ; at length 
 John’s passion was roused to a furjq he drew 
 his fist, knocked down his wife, seized the 
 child and carrying it to a log cut it into two 
 arts, and then, throwing one-half to his wife, 
 ade her take it, but never again show her 
 face, or he would treat her in the same man- 
 ner. Thus ended this cruel and brutal scene 
 of savage tragedy. 
 
 Washington Court-House in 1846. — Washington Court-House, the county- 
 seat, is on a fork of Paint creek, 43 miles south-southwest of Columbus. It contains 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist church, 1 academy, 8 mercantile stores, 2 newspaper 
 printing offices, 2 woollen factories, 1 saw and 2 grist mills, and 97 dwellings. It 
 was laid out in 1810 as the county-seat, on land given for that purpose by Benjamin 
 Temple, of Kentucky, out of his survey. — Old Edition. 
 
 AVashington Court-House, county-seat, is on the C. & C. M., D. Ft. AT. & 
 C., P. C. & St. L., and I. B. & W. railroads, thirty-eight miles from Columbus and 
 seventy-seven miles from Cincinnati. County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, 
 Thomas N. Craig; Clerk of Court, E. AY. AYelsheimer; Sheriff, A. B. Rankin; 
 Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Miller; Auditor, T. J. Lindsey; Treasurer, 
 James F. Cook ; Recorder, John R. Sutherland ; Surveyor, Frank M. Kennedy ; 
 Coroner, L. F. House ; Commissioners, Lewis C. Mallow, Henry Mark, Thomas 
 F. Parrett. Newspapers : Herald, Republican, AVilliam Millikan & Son, editors; 
 Fayette Republican, Republican, Thomas F. Gardner and AA^ill R. Dalbey, editors ; 
 Ohio State Register, Democratic, AA^illiam Campbell, editor. Banks : Commercial, 
 Alorris Sharp, manager ; Alerchants’ and Farmers’, M. Pavey, president, J. AY. 
 Faringer, cashier ; People’s and Drovers’, Daniel McLean, president, Robert A. 
 Robinson, cashier. Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Catholic, 1 Christian, 1 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Colored JMethodist, 1 Baptist, and 3 Colored Baptist. Principal industries : 
 Janney & Manning’s machine shop; Fayette Creamery Company ; AA^hite & Bal- 
 lard’s shoe factory ; A. CofPman & Co., doors, sash, and blinds ; the Ludlow Soap 
 Factory; J. D. Stucky and Parks Bros., milling. Population in 1880, 3,798. 
 School census 1886, 1,398 ; Charles F. Dean, superintendent. 
 
 AYashington is a leading stock centre. The last Tuesday of every month is 
 stock-sales day, when the streets are often filled ^vith cattle. As many as 6,400 
 head of cattle have been sold in a single day. 
 
 Tliere is yet a pensioner of the American Revolution alive and residing in 
 AYashington Court-House — Mrs. Alary Casey, a war widow,” who when young 
 married an old soldier of the “ times that tried men’s souls.” 
 
 On the 8th of September, 1885, A\Ashington Court-House was partially de- 
 stroyed by one of the most disastrous of (cyclones. The loss of life was surpnsingly 
 small considering the fearful di.sturbance of the elements, there being but six per- 
 sons kilh'd and a (comparatively small number injured. The loss of property Avas 
 estimat(*d to be nearly §500,000. 
 
FAYEri'E COUNTY. 
 
 605 
 
 The cyclone had its origin in Greene county, and moving southeasterly struck 
 Fayette county in Jasper township, increasing in power and destructiveness until 
 it reached Washington Court-House, about eight o'clock in the evening, leaving 
 almost total devastation along its course of twelve miles. An hour before the 
 cyclone struck Washington a huge black cloud slowly crept up the western horizon. 
 
 Brawn by Henry Hoire in 1846. 
 
 View in Washington C. H. 
 
 which was followed by a strange phosphorescent cloud filled with lightning shoot- 
 ing from heaven to earth in a constant chain. Some described the cloud as re- 
 sembling a huge elephant's trunk, the lower end of which dipped down first on the 
 right hand and then on the left. Others say it resembled a great and luminous 
 hornef s-nest, whirling in the heavens in frantic fury. As the clouds approached 
 
 Willett, Photo., Watihiixjloti , 1886. 
 
 A Stock Sales Day in Washington C. H. 
 
 the darkness became intense ; the roar of the angry elements could be heara grad- 
 ually increasing in power. About five minutes past eight the rain commenced 
 falling in torrents, and the storm burst upon the town with a terrible roar, amidst 
 which could be hoard the falling of walls, crashing of timbers, and smashing of 
 
6o6 
 
 FAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 glass, while the earth seemed to sway and reel under the force of the discordant 
 elements. This lasted about a minute, when the storm passed over, but the rain 
 continued falling in torrents. 
 
 The entire western, southern, and central parts of the town were swept by th(? 
 storm, and within that territory which includes the business portion very few 
 houses escaped injury, while many were totally destroyed, and the majority more or 
 less seriously damaged. 
 
 Along the course of the storm in the country whole farms Avere totally destroyed, 
 buildings blown down, and fields mowed clean of vegetation ; corn not only blown 
 from the stalks, but in some instances completely husked ; patches of timber liter- 
 ally mowed down, and barns, straw-stacks, etc., blown to atoms. On the farm 
 of Mr. Jesse Bush, three miles from Washington, blades of straw Avere found 
 bloAvn endAvise into trees to the depth of half an inch ; in another place a piece of 
 pine fence-board was found with a piece of tarred-])aper roofing driven into it to a 
 depth Df three-quarters of an inch and firmly imbedded. A train of nine cars and 
 caboose standing on a bridge on the Ohio Southern railroad was blown olf. An 
 /apple-tree in the yard of Mrs. Lou Harris, the milliner, on Fayette street, Avas 
 driven from tAvo to three feet into the ground without breaking a bough. A car- 
 load of tin roofing, cornices, etc., from Washington, was gathered on a farm 
 eighteen miles distant. 
 
 Besides these curious freaks of the great storm illustrating its poAver, and AAfi\ich 
 are vouched for by thoroughly trustworthy parties, many instances of heroism 
 transpired, one of Avhich is particularly noteworthy. Miss Lucy Pine, a school- 
 teacher, A'^as left in charge of her sister’s children, tAVO boys, aged respectiA^ely one 
 and a half and three years. The babies had been put to bed ; Avhen the storm came 
 up Miss Pine rushed to them, and, as the roof Avas torn off^ she leaned OA^er the 
 bed, receiving the Aveight of a falling joist upon her back, and thus saA'^ed their 
 lives. By pressing down the springs of the bed she Avas enabled to extricate them 
 and herself from their perilous position. From the Fayette Republican we quote : 
 
 “The residence of Mr. Henry C. Shoop, on 
 the corner of Oak LaAvn avenue and the 
 Washington pike, Avas considerably shaken 
 up. Mr. Shoop tells the following story : 
 ‘ My wife and myself, with our three small 
 children, were in the house when the cyclone 
 struck it. The house shook and the glass 
 door crashed in. Fearing the house would 
 be demolished and we all crushed beneath 
 the ruins, my wife and children rushed out 
 of the door, and were carried by the wind 
 fully fifty feet. I, anxious about my wife and 
 little ones, leaped out of the house, and was 
 instantly carried ten feet high into the air. 
 The whole family were blown against the 
 fence in front of the house. A large tree 
 was blown up by the roots and fell across the 
 street, the top of it almost reaching us as we 
 clung with a death-grip to the fence, which, 
 fortunately, Avas not blown away by the ter- 
 rific gale. A large limb of the tree was 
 hurled over the fence, and struck on the 
 ground just a few feet aAvay. The screams 
 and moans of those who were buried beneath 
 the debiis were heartrending. Many of my 
 neighbors’ houses were blown entirely away, 
 and the inmates pinned to the ground by 
 heavy timbers. As my house was the only 
 place in the neighborhood where the lights 
 were not extinguished my neighbors, after 
 extricating themselves from the rubbish, con- 
 gregated there for shelter. My house was 
 fuU of unfortunate victims ; mothers and 
 
 children crazed with fright, Avith blood stream- 
 ing from their wounds and chilled by expo- 
 sure to the heavy rains. Those who could 
 not help themsePes from the ruins cried most 
 pitifully for help. The house of Mr. James 
 Bench was in the same locality as mine, and 
 it was utterly demolished. His wife, who 
 was lying upon the bed, holding in her arms 
 an infant but three days old, and her two 
 little children standing at her bedside, were 
 in an instant carried quite a distance with 
 their house, which was picked up by the 
 whirling monster and dashed to pieces upon 
 the ground. Mr. Bench was knocked sense- 
 less. After he began to realize the situation 
 he heard screams from his children, and 
 hearing his wife’s voice, he was overjoyed to 
 think that they were still alive. Mrs. Bench 
 received several bi’uises, which Avere not 
 serious, and the infant was unharmed. Mr. 
 Bench is a A^erj^ industrious young man, and 
 by economy and frugality had just finished 
 paying for his little house. But the cyclone 
 scattered it to the four Avinds, and to-day he 
 and his estimable family are homeless. The 
 house of Mr. George BjFee, Sr., moA^ed on 
 its foundation, and it Avas feared it Avas going, 
 but Mr. Bj’bee, Avho has been prostrated 
 upon a bed of affliction for years, remained in 
 the house AA'ith his family unharmed, A\diile 
 the huge trees in the yard Avere torn ^u|> by 
 the roots and thrown all around them.’ ’ 
 
FAYE2TE COUNTY. 
 
 607 
 
 One of the narrow escapes was that of the Rev. John B. Steptoe, pastor of the 
 Second Baptist (colored) church, who had sought shelter from the storm in the 
 tower of the Catholic church, and was there engaged in prayer at the moment of 
 its destruction. The reverend gentleman has favored us with the following unique 
 iccount : 
 
 I was going home from prayer meeting at 
 the Second Baptist church (colored), of which 
 I was pastor, and the skies above me seemed 
 angry and threatening. As the lightning 
 above me would flash every moment I noticed 
 clouds of diflerent kinds and colors, dark and 
 angry, red, pale and an inky blue. 
 
 Then a kind of warm something passed by 
 me. At this time I was a few rods from the 
 Catholic church when balls of hail commenced 
 to fall around me, and way above my head in 
 the air it appeared that something like large 
 whips and guns were firing and cracking. I 
 turned back in search of a place of refuge, 
 but I could not get any farther than the 
 Catholic church. There I stood in the tower, 
 and in a quiet manner I thought I was pray- 
 ing my last prayer. I did not make a noise, 
 but I prayed secret. 
 
 Just across the street stood the First Bap- 
 tist church, when something like a big slap 
 struck it and it fell ; then with two crashes 
 the Catholic church fell, all except the tower, 
 in which I was standing and praying ; but 
 the Catholic church went down so easy, as it 
 appeared to me, that I thought it was only a 
 breach or two in the wall, for where I was 
 standing I could not see the main building. 
 I had my umbrella in my hand and the top 
 part of the stick was broken off and carried 
 away ; my hat was also taken off my head. 
 I have never found it. My lantern was burn- 
 ing in my right hand and did not go out. I 
 don’t suppose the cyclone lasted oyer two or 
 three minutes, but it was a long time to me. 
 I passed the same by myself, for nobody 
 knew where I was, and as soon as the storm 
 was over, instead of going home as I had 
 started to, I turned back bare-headed to tell 
 the people what had happened, for I was not 
 aware at that time the destruction was nearly 
 general, and I tell you, my dear reader, I 
 never felt so thankful in my life as I did that 
 night when God heard and answered^ my 
 prayer. It is a truth, and my very legs felt 
 glad in a way they had never felt before. 
 But afterward, when I had surveyed the re- 
 mains of the church, and saw what a narrow 
 escape I had made, my legs then reversed 
 their feeling, for they trembled, and I could 
 not avoid it. “Though Thou slay me, yet 
 will I trust in Thee ! ’ ’ 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Some places we can never forget. In my 
 experience Washington Court-House is one 
 such. First, because it is the only town in 
 Ohio which, when named, it seems necessary 
 to convey the idea tfiat there justice is done, 
 so it is written with “ Court-House ” against 
 it. Second, because there, on my original 
 tour, I made the acquaintance of the man 
 
 who had committed one of the most auda- 
 cious, if not the most audacious, act known 
 in American history — the man who had com- 
 mitted a personal assault on a President of 
 the United States, and that President Gen. 
 Jackson ! He had tried to pull his nose, and, 
 as he claimed, succeeded ; but this was de- 
 nied. 
 
 This man was Lieut. Robert B. Randolph, 
 
 Willct, Photo. 
 
 The Catholic Church after the Cyclone 
 
 of Virginia, who had been dismissed in dis* 
 grace from the navy by President J ackson. 
 
 Assault on General Jackson. — The circum- 
 stances of the assault were these. ^ In the 
 summer of 1 833, in company with Vice-Pres- 
 ident Martin Van Buren and the members of 
 his cabinet, the President, or “Old Hickory,” 
 as the people often called him, made his 
 rand tour through the principal cities. J ust 
 efore starting he went down to Fredericks- 
 burg, Virginia, to attend the ceremony of 
 laying the corner stone of the monument to 
 the memory of the mother of Washington. 
 On the way thither the steamboat in which 
 he was stopped at the wharf at Alexandria. 
 
 At the moment the general was almost 
 alone in the cabin, reading a newspaper, when 
 Randolph, smarting under a sense of wrong, 
 hurried aboard, and finding him thus ab- 
 sorbed, rushed upon him, and haying fully 
 accomplished, as he claimed, this indignity, 
 quickly made good his escape before the by- 
 standers could fairly comprehend it. Taken 
 by surprise, the aged warrior, in a torrent of 
 passion, sprang from his seat, his spectacles, 
 it was said, going one way and his newspaper 
 another, and called out, “ Give me my cane ! 
 Give me my cane ! By the Eternal, I’ll 
 chastise the rascal. ’ ’ 
 
 A Pen Portrait of Gen. Jaclzson. — The 
 wrath of Gen. J ackson was something terri- 
 ble to behold. I saw him on his tour aud I 
 
6o8 
 
 FAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 can imagine it ; a six-foot tall, wiry old man, 
 visage long, thin, melancholy, solemn as that 
 of the Knight of the Rueful Countenance. 
 His face was red from the sunburn of recent 
 travel, having bowed bareheaded, riding in 
 his carriage, to enthusiastic, shouting multi- 
 tudes in many cities through which he had 
 lately passed. In striking contrast, his hair, 
 snowy white, stood upright, bristling from 
 every part of his head. It was a common 
 saying in that day, “Yes ; his hair stands up 
 bristling all over his head just like General 
 Jackson’s.” He wore a tall white hat, the 
 lower half buried in crape in mourning for 
 his deceased wife, upon whom he had doted, 
 and in defence of whose good name he once 
 fought a duel and killed his man. This 
 assault created a great sensation at the time. 
 Jackson was a man implacable in his enmities 
 and warm in his friendships. He was idol- 
 ized by the people at large because he had 
 defeated the British at New Orleans, the 
 feeling at that era being very bitter against 
 England, and for the effective manner in 
 which he had stamped out nullification in 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Lieut Randolph . — At the time of my visit 
 to Washington I met Randolph, who was 
 boarding at the Wilson tavern shown in the 
 old view, where I was stopping. He was 
 indeed a pitiable object, old, poor and seedy ; 
 a disgraced and fallen man living in bitter 
 memories, existence joyless, without hope. 
 But, withal, his air was of one born to com- 
 mand, and I saw in that tall, imperious pres- 
 ence a gentleman from one of the proudest, 
 most honored families of old Virginia. 
 
 On making his acquaintance he greeted me 
 with great warmth. I had but a short time 
 
 { )reviously made an historical tour of his be- 
 oved Virginia and published a book on it, 
 and this warmly commended me to his re- 
 gards. He had that indescribable air char- 
 acteristic of the old style gentlemen of Vir- 
 ginia in their social intercourse, a mingling 
 of dignity with great suavity and deference 
 of manner and a simplicity and frankness of 
 speech that was charming. Like children, it 
 seemed often in talking with such as though 
 they were laying their hearts open bare to 
 
 one’s gaze. A highly emotional people, 
 largely planters, knowing nothing of the 
 great business world, when the finer chords 
 of their nature were played upon, nothing 
 could be more winning than their society. 
 
 Randolph's Eccentricities . — On this present 
 visit I found Richard Millikan, an elderly 
 gentleman, here, one who knew Randolph 
 well. He gave me some items. Having 
 been at sea in early life, Millikan and Ran- 
 dolph met on congenial grounds ; and they 
 were quite intimate, often took their Sunday 
 dinners together. Randolph came here to 
 have the oversight-of some wild land which 
 belonged to the family. He was, when not 
 antagonized, a pleasant man, delighted in 
 children, had a fancy for the young men of 
 the town, whom he was wont to gather in his 
 room and play chess and entertain with nau- 
 tical stories of his experience while in the 
 navy. As was common with the old-style of 
 seafaring men, he was exceedingly profane, 
 but was never known to utter an oath in the 
 presence of ladies or of clergymen. Al- 
 though very poor he seemed. Old Virginia 
 like, to have no idea of the value of money. 
 He shipped a barrel of hickory nuts to his 
 wife in Richmond. This was before railroads 
 and the freight was $10.00. He was in con- 
 tinued litigation with his double cousin, Rich- 
 ard Randolph. He had quarrels with him 
 and Judge Jacob Jamieson ; with the latter 
 in regard to a boundary line. One night he 
 displayed his wrath ; hung them both in 
 efiigy here in Washington on the Court-House 
 Square, the bodies being duly labeled with 
 their names. 
 
 He finally sold his land for a trifle, owing 
 to an imperfection in the title, which, how- 
 ever, proved good, and then returned to Vir- 
 ginia. In Buchanan’s administration he for 
 a time held a petty office in the navy depart- 
 ment at Washington, but was not allowed to 
 hold it long. Some member of Congress 
 from Jackson’s State, Tennessee, made a raid 
 upon him and had him turned out. The 
 poor old fellow long ere this must have been 
 gathered to his fathers, the Randolphs of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Jeffersonville, about 35 miles southwest of Columbus, is in the centre of 
 a fine stock-raising and grain district. It is on the O. S. and C. C. & H. V. 
 Railroads. Newspapers : Ohio Citizen^ Independent, L. A. Elster, M. D., editor; 
 Chronide, Independent, Adolphe V^oight, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Con- 
 gregational, 1 Methodist Episcopal, I Universalist. Jeffersonville Bank, E. A. 
 Lewis, president, S. M. Taggart, cashier. Industries: Jeffersonville is the ship- 
 ping point for fine specimens of Poland-China hogs and Short-horn cattle for 
 breeding. Population in 1880, 374. 
 
 Bloomingburg, on the C. & C. M. R. R. and on the east fork of Paint, 5 
 miles easterly from Washington Court-House, has several churches and, in 1880, 
 526 inhabitants. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 609 
 
 FKANKLIK 
 
 Franklin County was formed from Ross, April 30, 1803, and named from 
 Benjamin. Franklin, who died April 17, 1790, aged eighty-four years, who was 
 at once philosopher, diplomatist, scientific discoverer, moralist, statesman, writer 
 and wit, and in many respects the greatest of Americans, and one of the greatest 
 men whose names are recorded in history.’’ The prevailing character of the 
 soil of the county is clay, and the surface is generally level. It contains 
 naturally much low wet land, and is best adapted to grain ; but it has many 
 finely cultivated farms, especially along the water courses. In 1885 the acres 
 cultivated were 151,102; in pasture, 55,100 ; woodland, 32,799; lying waste, 
 6,521 ; bushels wheat, 145,240 ; corn, 3,590,968 (being next to Pickaway the 
 greatest amount of any county in the State); oats, 221,319; apples, 145,651. 
 School census 33,223 ; teachers, 520 ; area, 540 square miles. It has 228 miles 
 of railroad. 
 
 Toavnships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Toavnships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Blendon, 
 
 972 
 
 2,185 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 7,497 
 
 51,647 
 
 BroAvn, 
 
 425 
 
 982 
 
 NorAvich, 
 
 740 
 
 1,690 
 
 Clinton^ 
 
 965 
 
 1,700 
 
 Perry, - 
 
 1,039 
 
 1,489 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 1,345 
 
 3,810 
 
 Plain, 
 
 1,263 
 
 1,270 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 1,238 
 
 1,485 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 811 
 
 2,291 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 787 
 
 2,092 
 
 Prairie, 
 
 603 
 
 1,926 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 1,040 
 
 1,288 
 
 Sharon, 
 
 1,168 
 
 1,621 
 
 Madison, 
 
 1,815 
 
 3,853 
 
 Truro, 
 
 1,418 
 
 1,955 
 
 Marion, 
 
 Mifflin, 
 
 832 
 
 2,342 
 
 1,845 
 
 Washington, 
 
 842 
 
 1,326 
 
 The population of Franklin in 1820 Avas 10,300 ; in 1830, 14,756 ; in 1840, 
 24,880; 1860, 50,361; 1880, 86,882, of whom 63,224 Avere Ohio-born; 2,91C 
 Pennsylvania; 1,920 Virginia; 1,699 Ncav York ; 601 Kentucky; 521 Indiana, 
 6,098 Germany ; 2,742 Ireland ; England and Wales, 1,598 ; British America, 
 396 ; France, 266 ; Scotland, 156. 
 
 The tract comprised within the limits of the county Avas once the residence of 
 the Wyandot Indians. They had a large toAvn on the site of the city of Colum- 
 bus, and cultivated extensive fields of corn on the river bottoms opposite their 
 toAvn. Mr. Jeremiah Armstrong, who early kept a hotel at Columbus, AA^as taken 
 prisoner Avhen a boy from the frontier of Pennsylvania, and brought captive to 
 this place : after residing Avith them a number of years he Avas ransomed and 
 I’eturned to his friends. Mr. Robert Armstrong, also a native of Pennsylvania, 
 being an orphan boy Avas bound to a trader, and Avhile trapping and trading on 
 the Alleghany, himself and employer were surprised by some Wyandots and 
 Senecas. The master Avas killed and Armstrong brought to their toAvn at Frank- 
 linton. He Avas raised by the Indians, became a great favorite, lived, married 
 and died among them. He Avas oeeasionally an interj^reter for the United States. 
 He left tAvo sons avIio Avent with tlie Wyandots to the far Avest ; both of them 
 Avere educated, and one of them Avas admitted to the Ohio bar. 
 
 In the year 1780 a party of Avhites folloAved a band of Indians from the 
 mouth of the KanaAvha, overtook them on or near the site of Columbus and gave 
 them battle and defeated them. During the fight, one of the AAfiiites saw tAvo 
 squaAvs secrete themselves in a large holloAV tree, and when the action Avas over 
 they dreAV them out and carried them captive to Virginia. This tree was alive 
 and standing, on the Avest bank of the Scioto, as late as 1 845. 
 
Frank Ileanj Jlowe, Amateur Photo., 1888. 
 
 The State Capitol at Columbus. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 6n 
 
 The annexed anecdote, derived from J. W. Van Cleve, of Dayton, shows a 
 pleasing feature in the character of the Indian. 
 
 A party, surveying on the Scioto, above 
 the site of Columbus, in ’97, had been re- 
 duced to three scanty meals for four days. 
 They came to the camp of a Wyandot Indian 
 with his family, and he gave them all the 
 provisions he had, which comprised only two 
 rabbits and a small piece of venison. This 
 
 Wyandot’s father had been murdered by the 
 whites in time of peace : the father of one 
 of the surveyors had been killed by the In- 
 dians in time of war. He concluded that 
 the Indian had more reason to cherish 
 hostility towards the white man than he to- 
 ward the Indian. 
 
 In June, 1810, there was an old Wyandot chief, named Leatherlips, executed 
 in this county, and it is claimed for the sole reason that he was a friend of the 
 white man and opposed to taking up armies against the whites. We take the 
 account of this event from Drake’s Life of Tecumseh,” where it is abridged from 
 an article by Otway Curry, in the Hesperian.” 
 
 Gen. Harrison entertained the opinion 
 that his death was the result of the prophet’s 
 command, and that the party who acted as 
 executioners went directly from Tippecanoe 
 to the banks of the Scioto, where the tragedy 
 was enacted. Leatherlips was found en- 
 camped upon that stream, twelve miles above 
 Columbus. The six Wyandots who put him 
 to death were headed, it is supposed, by the 
 chief Roundhead. An effort was made by 
 some white men, who were present, to save 
 the life of the accused, but without success. 
 A council of two or three hours took place : 
 the accusing party spoke with warmth and 
 bitterness of feeling : Leatherlips was calm 
 and dispassionate in his replies. The sen- 
 tence of death, which had been previously 
 passed upon him, was reaffirmed.^ “The 
 prisoner then walked slowly to his camp, 
 partook of a dinner of jerked venison, washed 
 and arrayed himself in his best apparel, and 
 afterwards painted his face. His dress was 
 very rich — his hair gray, and his whole ap- 
 pearance graceful and commanding.” When 
 the hour for the execution had arrived, 
 Leatherlips shook hands in silence with the 
 spectators. “He then turned from his 
 wigwam, and with a voice of surpassing 
 strength and melody commenced the chant 
 of the death song. He was followed closely 
 by the Wyandot warriors, all timing with 
 their slow and measured march the music 
 of his wild and melancholy dirge. The 
 white men were likewise all silent followers 
 in that strange procession. At the distance 
 of seventy or eighty yards from the camp, 
 they came to a shallow grave, which, un- 
 known to the white men, had been previously 
 repared by the Indians. Here the old man 
 nelt down, and in an elevated but solemn 
 tone of voice, addressed his prayer to the 
 Great Spirit. As soon as he had finished, 
 the captain of the Indians knelt beside him 
 and prayed in a similar manner. Their 
 prayers, of course, were spoken in the 
 
 Wyandot tongue. . . . After a few moments’ 
 delay, the prisoner again sank down upon 
 his knees and prayed, as he had done before. 
 When he had ceased, he still continued in a 
 kneeling position. All the rifles belonging 
 to the party had been left at the wigwam. 
 There was not a weapon of any kind to be 
 seen at the place of execution, and the spec- 
 tators were consequently unable to form any 
 conjecture as to the mode of procedure which 
 the executioners had determined on for the 
 fulfilment of their purpose. Suddenly one 
 of the warriors drew from beneath the skirts 
 of his capote a keen, bright tomahawk — 
 walked rapidly up behind the chieftain — 
 brandished the weapon on high for a single 
 moment, and then struck with his whole 
 strength. The blow descended directly upon 
 the crown of the head, and the victim im- 
 mediately fell prostrate. After he had lain 
 awhile in the agonies of death, the Indian 
 captain directed the attention of the white 
 men to the drops of sweat which were gath- 
 ering upon his neck and face ; remarked 
 with much apparent exultation, that it was 
 conclusive proof of the sufferer’s guilt. 
 Again the executioner advanced, and with 
 the same weapon inflicted two or three ad- 
 ditional and heavy blows. As soon as life 
 was entirely extinct, the body was hastily 
 buried, with all its apparel and decorations, 
 and the assemblage dispersed. ’ ’ 
 
 One of Mr. Heckewelder’s correspondents, 
 as quoted in his historical account of the In- 
 dian nations, makes Tarhe, better known by 
 the name of Crane, the leader of this party. 
 This has been denied ; and the letter of Gen. 
 Harrison on the subject proves quite conclu- 
 sively that. this celebrated chief had nothing 
 to do with the execution of Leatherlips. 
 ]Mr. Heckewelder’s correspondent concurs in 
 the opinion that the original order for the 
 death of this old man was issued from the 
 head-quarters of the prophet and his brother 
 Tecumseh. 
 
 In Columbus is a social organization called the Wyandot Club.” Its officers 
 are, President, William Taylor; Vice-Pres. A. McNinch; Secretary, E. L. 
 Taylor ; Treasurer, (L W. Willard. Among their intentions is to perpetuate the 
 
6l2 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 memory of Leatherlips, by the erection of a monument on the place of his ex- 
 ecution and burial, which is about fourteen miles north of Columbus near the 
 Delaware county line. 
 
 Steps were taken for this purpose at their annual reunion, September 18, 1887. 
 This took place in a noble forest named Wyandot Grove ’’ on the west bank of 
 the Scioto about eight miles northwest of the city, with about 150 invited guests, 
 where under a spreading tent they sat down to a sumptuous repast gathered from 
 the farm, garden, river, and tropics, amid which the florist made a gorgeous display. 
 
 This feast had been preceded by a speech by Col. Samuel Thompson, in Avhich 
 he gave a sketch of the noble Wyandot tribe, the most humane of all the Indian 
 tribes, and largely opposed to the torture of prisoners. He paid a tribute to one 
 of their great chiefs, Tarhe, or Chief Crane, so wise in council, and so renowned 
 in war, and who had interposed in vain to save the ill-fated Col. Crawford from 
 the stake. I learned,^^ said he, from our venerable friend, the late Abraham 
 Sells, former proprietor of this beautiful grove, rightly named by him Wyandot 
 Grove, near yon crystal spring once stood the cabin of this noted chief. It was 
 here that the Wyandots halted to rest and refresh themselves when on their way to 
 the white settlements at Chillicothe and subsequently at Franklinton, this county.’' 
 
 The Colonel then told the story of Leatherlips, who was executed for polit 
 ical reasons,” substantially as already giverio He was followed by Capt. E. L. 
 Taylor, who spoke in a very interesting manner, after which a committee was 
 appointed to take measures for the erection of the monument. 
 
 The first settlement of this county was commenced in 1797o Some of the early 
 settlers were Robert Armstrong, George Skidmore, Lucas Sullivant, Wm. 
 Domigan, the Deardorfs, the M’Elvains, the Sellses, James Marshall, John Dili, 
 Jacob Grubb, Jacob Overdier, Arthur O’Harra, Colonel Culbertson and John 
 Brickell. This last-named gentleman was taken prisoner when a boy, in Penn- 
 sylvania, brought into Ohio and held captive four and a half years among the 
 Delawares. He was liberated at Fort Defiance, shortly after the treaty of Green- 
 ville, the details of which will be found under the head of Defiance county. 
 
 In the month of August, 1797, Franklinton was laid out by Lucas Sullivant. 
 The settlement at that place was the first in the county. Mr. Sullivant was a 
 self-made man and noted as a surveyor. He had often encountered great peril 
 from the attacks of Indians while making his surveys. 
 
 The following items of local history are from a A Brief History and Descrip- 
 tion of Franklin County” which accompanied Wheeler’s map. 
 
 Next after the settlement of Franklinton, 
 a Mr. Springer and his son-in-law, Osborn, 
 settled on Darby ; then next was a scattering 
 settlement along Alum creek, which last was 
 probably about the summer of 1798. Among 
 the first settlers here were Messrs. White, 
 Nelson, Shaw, Agler, and Reed. About the 
 same time, some improvements were made 
 near the mouth of Grahannah (formerly called 
 Big belly), and the settlements thus gradually 
 extended along the principal water courses. 
 In the mean time, Franklinton was the point 
 to which emigrants first repaired, to spend 
 some months, or probably years, prior to their 
 permanent location. For several years there 
 was no mill nor considerable settlement nearer 
 than the vicinity of Chillicothe. In Franklin- 
 ton, the neighbors constructed a kind of hand- 
 mill, upon which they generallj'^ ground their 
 corn.. Some pounded it, and occasionally a 
 trip was made with a canoe or periogue, by 
 way of the river, to the Chillicothe mill 
 About the year 1799, a Mr. Jolin D. Rush 
 erected an inferior mill on the Scioto, a short 
 
 distance above Franklinton ; it was, however, 
 a poor concern, and soon fell to ruin. A horse* 
 mill was then resorted to, and kept up for some 
 time ; but the first mill of any considerable 
 advantage to the country was erected by Col. 
 Kilbourne, near Worthington, about the year 
 1 805. About the same time. Carpenter’s mill, 
 near Delaware, and Dyer’s, on Darby, were 
 erected. About one year, probably, after thu 
 first settlement of Franklinton, a Mr. Jame* 
 Scott opened the first small store in the place, 
 which added much to the convenience of the 
 settlers. For probably seven or eight years, 
 there was no post-office nearer than Chilli- 
 cothe, and when other opportunities did not 
 offer, the men would occasionally raise by con- 
 tribution the means, and employ a man to go 
 the moderate distance of forty-five miles to 
 the post-office to inquire for letters and news- 
 papers. During the first years of the settle- 
 ment, it was extremely sickly — perhaps as 
 much so as any part of the State. Although 
 sickness was so general in the fall season a3to 
 almost entirely, discourage th.i inhabitants. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 613 
 
 yet, on the return of health, the prospective of the country generally, induced them to re- 
 advantages of the country, the luxuriant crops, main. The principal disease of the country 
 and abundance of game of all kinds, together being fever and ague, deaths were compara- 
 with the gradual improvement in the health lively seldom. 
 
 Franklinton iw 1846. — Franklinton lies on the west side of the Scioto, op- 
 posite Columbus. It was the first town laid off in the Scioto valley north of 
 Chillicothe. From the formation of the county, in 1803, it remained its seat of 
 justice until 1824, when it was removed to Columbus. During the late war, it 
 was a place of general rendezvous for the northwestern army, and sometimes from 
 one to three thousand troops were stationed there. In those days, it was a place 
 of considerable note ; it is now a small village, containing, by the census of 1840, 
 394 inhabitants . — Old Edition. 
 
 Franklinton now is included in the city of Columbus. It has changed less than 
 any part of the city so near the centre, and preserves to this day many of its old 
 style village features. It is a quiet spot, but cannot much long:er so remain in the 
 rapid progress of improvements. 
 
 Worthington in 1846. — Worthington is a neat town, 9 miles north of Co- 
 lumbus, containing 3 churches, and by the census of 1840, 440 inhabitants. Al 
 
 this place is a classical academy, in the old bo- 
 tanic college building, in fine repute, under the 
 charge of the Eev. R. K. Nash ; also a flourish- 
 ing female seminary, under the patronage of the 
 Ohio Methodist Conference, of \ k^ch the Eev. 
 Alexander Nelson is the principal. The build- 
 ing is of brick, and stands in a pleasant green. — 
 Old Edition. 
 
 Since 1840 to 1880 Worthington has increased 
 from 440 to 459 inhabitants. It is now on the 
 line of the C. C. C. and I. railway. It has long been known as an educational 
 point, and it was the attractions of this spot that first drew Bishop Philander 
 Chase to Ohio. He came out and settled here in 1817, bought five village lots, 
 and a farm of 150 acres just south of the place. About 60 acres were cleared, 
 and the total cost was two thousand and fifty dollars. He was appointed princi- 
 pal of the academy and conducted services in the Episcopal church. While re- 
 siding here he was made in 1818 the first Bishop of Ohio. Worthington was also 
 honored by the early residence of Salmon P. Chase. Williams Bros.’ combined 
 history of Franklin and Pickaway counties gives the following amusing items : 
 
 Worthington Female Seminary 
 IN 1846. 
 
 Boyhood Pranks of Salmon P. Chase .^ — 
 Salmon P. Chase came to Ohio to live with 
 his uncle, Bishop Chase, in 1820, when but 
 twelve years of age. He did chores about the 
 farm, drove the cows to pasture and home 
 again, took grain to the mill, and was kept 
 busy when not at school. He once received 
 instructions from his uncle to kill and dress a 
 little young pig which was to be roasted for 
 dinner. He knew how to kill and scald him, 
 but either the water was too hot, or he left 
 the pig in too long, for when he expected to 
 remove the bristles easijy, he could hardly 
 pull out even a single bristle at a time. He 
 was aware that the pig must be ready 
 promptly for dinner, and bethought himself 
 of his pousin Philander’ s razor which he got 
 and with which he neatly shaved the pig. 
 The job was well done and reflected credit on 
 the barber, but about ruined the razor. 
 
 Salmon was also accustomed to ride a horse 
 belonging to Squire Charles E. Burr, the 
 same animal being a favorite with the college 
 professors and others. He found that by 
 sticking his heels in the sides of the horse 
 that he resented the indignity by kicking. 
 He enjoyed the fun and continued it until the 
 horse was completely ruined for the ordinary 
 uses of a horse ; it could not be used for any 
 purpose whatsoever except to kick eyerw 
 thing within the swing of his heels, which it 
 ever after did, and with a gusto. 
 
 Salmon lived with his uncle about a yeai 
 and a half. Mr. Elias Lewis, of Worthing 
 ton, now in his eighty-third year, when i 
 bricklayer had Salmon P. Chase for a mortar 
 carrier and speaks with pride of the|^fa(t that 
 a man who afterward became a governor ol 
 Ohio and chief justice of the United States 
 should have carried the hod for him. 
 
 The township of Sharon, in which Worthington is, was very early settled by 
 
6i4 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 “The Scioto Company/’ formed in Granby, Conn., in the winter of 1801-2, and 
 consisting at first of eight associates. They drew np articles of association, among 
 which was one limiting their number to forty, each of whom must be imanimonsly 
 chosen by ballot, a single negative being sufficient to prevent an election. Col. 
 James Kilbourne was sent out the succeeding spring to explore the country, select 
 and purchase a township for settlement. He returned in the fall without making 
 a purchase, through fear that the State Constitution, then about to be formed, 
 should tolerate slavery, in which case the project would have been abandoned. 
 
 It is here worthy of notice that Col. Kilbourne on this visit constructed the 
 FIRST MAP OF OHIO, which he compiled from maps of its different sections in the 
 office of Col. Worthington (afterwards governor), then register of the United States 
 land office at Chilficothe. The part delineating the Indian territory was from a 
 map made by John Fitch, of steamboat memory, who had been a prisoner among 
 the Indians, which, although in a measure conjectural, was the most accurate of 
 that part of the Northwest Territory. 
 
 Immediately upon receiving information that the Constitution of Ohio prohibited 
 slavery Col. Kilbourne purchased this township, lying Avithin the United States 
 military land district, and in the spring of 1803 returned to Ohio and commenced 
 improvements. By the succeeding December 100 settlers, mainly from Hartford 
 county, Conn., and Hampshire county. Mass., arrived at their new home. Obey’ 
 ing to the letter the articles of association, the first cabin erected Avas used for a 
 school-house and church of the Protestant Episcopal denomination ; the first Sab- 
 bath after the arrival of the third family divine Avorship Avas held therein, and on 
 the arrival of the eleventh family a school Avas commenced. This early attention 
 to religion and education has left its favorable impress upon the character of the 
 people to the present day. The succeeding 4th of July Avas appropriately celebrated. 
 Seventeen gigantic trees, emblematical of the seventeen States forming the federal 
 union, AA^ere cut so that a fcAV bloAvs of the axe, at sunrise on the Fourth, prostrated 
 each successively with a tremendous crash, forming a national salute novel in the 
 Avorld’s history. 
 
 ^ James (sometimes called Colonel and some- 
 times Reverend, for he Avas both) Kilbourne 
 laid out the village of Worthington in May, 
 
 1804, into 162 lots, one of which was reserved 
 for church and another for school purposes. 
 
 This eminent pioneer was born in New Britain, 
 
 Conn.,- in 1770, and nmned the village from 
 the parish of Worthington, which is near 
 that of New Britain. He was first appren- 
 ticed to a farmer, and learned mathematics 
 and the classics from the farmer’s son. He 
 became a mechanic, subsequently acquired a 
 competence as a merchant and manufacturer, 
 and about the year 1 800 took orders in the 
 Episcopal church. He organized the Epis- 
 copal church in Worthington, the first organ- 
 ized in Ohio. In 1804 he retired from the 
 ministry, and in 1805 Avas appointed by Con- 
 gress surveyor of public lands. In 1812 he 
 was on the commission to settle the boundary 
 between the public lands and the Virginia 
 reservation, and was a colonel of a frontier 
 regiment. He was from 1813 to 1817 a 
 
 member of Congress (sent by the Democrats), 
 and had the distinguished merit of originating 
 the measure to grant the public lands of the 
 Northwest Territory to actual settlers, and 
 was chairman of the select committee that 
 drew up the bill for that purpose. He died 
 in Worthington in 1850. A useful and most 
 worthy citizen, he was of a strong social 
 nature, and sometimes indulged in poetry, as 
 will be seen in his “Song of Bucyrus,” two 
 verses of which are under the head of Craw- 
 ford county. 
 
 The grave of Col. Kilbourne in the Worth- 
 ington cemetery is marked by a stone, on 
 which he had cut prior to his death the names 
 of his fiimily, including that of his second 
 Avife. She took exception to the cutting of 
 her name upon a tombstone before her death, 
 and directed that her remains should not be 
 interred there. Her Avish Avas observed, and 
 her body now lies in Green Lawn cemetery, 
 Columbus. 
 
 Columbus in 1846. — Columbus, the capital of Ohio, and scat of justice for 
 Franklin county, “is 106 miles southerly from Sandusky City, 139 miles south- 
 Avest from Cleveland, 148 south Avestwardly from Steubenville, 184 in the same 
 direction from Pittsburg, Pa., 126 miles AA'Cst from Wheeling, Va., about 100 ^ 
 northwest from Marietta, 105 north Avest from Gallipolis, 45 north from Chilli- 
 
This view, photographed by Frank Henry Howe in 1887, is looking South on High Street. On the right is shown the present Neil 
 House, on the site of that burnt, and on the left the present Capitol of Ohio. 
 
This view, di'awn by Henry Howe in 1846, is looking south on High Street, Columbus. On the right is shown the old Neil Hoiwe, 
 
 later burnt, and on the left the old Ohio State Capitol and buildings. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 617 
 
 eotkfi,* 90 in the same direction from Portsmouth, at the month of the Scioto river, 
 J18 northwardly from Maysville, Ky., 110 northeast from Cincinnati, 68 easterly 
 from Dayton, 104 soutliwardly from Lower Sandusky, and 175 due south from 
 Detroit, MicL ; N. lat. 39° 57', W. long. 6° from A¥ashington city, or 83° from 
 London. It is situated exactly on the same parallel of latitude with Zanesville 
 and Philadelphia, from which latter place it is 450 miles distant ; and on the same 
 meridian with Detroit, Mich., and Milledgeville, Ga. The National road passed 
 through it east and west, and the Columbus and Sandusky turnpike extends from 
 this point north to Lake Erie. In all other directions roads are laid out, and 
 many of them in good repair. By the Columbus feeder water communication is 
 opened with the Ohio canal, and thence to Lake Erie and the Ohio river.'’ 
 Columbus is beautifully situated on the east bank of the Scioto, about half a mile 
 below its junction with the Olentangy. The streets are spacious, the site level, 
 and it has many elegant private dwellings. Columbus has a few manufactories 
 only ; it does, however, a heavy mercantile business, there being many stores of 
 various kinds. It contains 17 churches, viz., 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 German 
 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 German Lutheran, 1 German Evangelical 
 Protestant, 1 German Reformed, 2 Episcopal, 1 Catholic, 1 Welsh Presbyterian, 
 1 United Brethren, 1 Universalist, and 1 Bethel, and 1 Baptist for colored persons. 
 The principal literary institutions in this city are the Columbus Institute, a 
 flourishing classical institution for males, rlr. and MrSo Schenck's female seminary, 
 and the German Theological Lutheran Seminary, which last has been established 
 about seventeen years. Rev. William Lehmann, professor of theology. There are 
 in Columbus 6 weekly, 2 tri-weekly, and 1 semi-monthly newspaper and several 
 banks. The great State institutions located at Columbus do honor to Ohio, give 
 great interest to the city, and present strong attractions to strangers. They are 
 the Asylum for Lunatics, the Asylum for the Blind, the Asylum for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, and the Penitentiary, which last is the most imposing edifice in Columbus, 
 and is situated on the east bank of the Scioto, about half a mile north of the State- 
 house. Its population in 1815 was about 700; in 1820, about 1,400; in 1830, 
 2,437 ; in 1840, 6,048, and in 1846, 10,016. — Old Edition. 
 
 Columbus, the capital of Ohio, is a great railroad centre, and on the line of 
 thirteen different railroads, viz., B. & O. ; C. St. L. & P. ; C. A. & C. ; C. C. C. 
 & 1. ; C. & E. ; C. & C. M.; C. H. Y. & T. ; K. & O. ; S. Y. R. ; C. & X. ; 
 C. O. ; T. & O. C. ; Po C. & St. L. County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, 
 Charles G. Saffin ; Clerk, John J. Joyce ; Sheriff*, B. Wo Custer ; Auditor, Frank 
 J. Reinhard ; Treasurer, A. D. Heffner ; Surveyor, Josiah Kinnear ; Recorder, 
 M. A. Lilley ; Prosecuting Attorney, Cyrus Huling ; Commissioners, Richard Z. 
 Dawson, William Wall, M. Morehead. Columbus has 30 newspapers and maga- 
 zines, dailies, weeklies, and monthlies. The dailies and weeklies are : Ohio State 
 Journal, daily and weekly ; Daily Times, daily and weekly ; Evening Dispatch, 
 daily and weekly ; Catholic Columbian, weekly ; Record and Market Reporter, 
 weekly ; Sunday Herald, weekly ; Gospel Expositor, weekly ; Irish Times, weekly ; 
 Ohio Law Journal, weekly ; Sunday Capitol, weekly ; Sunday Morning News, 
 weekly ; The Saturday Toiler, weekly ; Der Ohio Sonntagsgast, weekly ; De)' 
 Westbote, weekly and semi- weekly ; Dutherische Kirchenzeitung, semi-monthly. 
 Churches : Baptist, 5 ; Catholic, 6 ; Congregational, 6 ; Disciples, 1 ; Evangelical 
 Association, 1 ; Friends, 1 ; Jewish, 1 ; German Independent Protestant, 1 ; 
 Lutheran, 8 ; Methodist Episcopal, 11 ; African Methodist Episcopal, 1 ; Presby- 
 terian, 6 ; Welsh Presbyterian, 1 ; Protestant Episcopal, 3 ; United Brethren, 1 ; 
 Universalist, 1 ; total, 54. Banks : Capital City, S. S. Rickly, president, R. R. 
 Rickly, cashier; Citizens' Savings, John Beatty, president, Frank R. Shinn, 
 cashier ; Clinton National, M. M. Greene, president, F. W. Prentiss, cashier ; 
 Columbus Savings, E. L. Hinman, president, C. G. Henderson, cashier ; Com- 
 mercial National, F. C. Sessions, president, W. H. Albery, cashier ; Deshler Bank, 
 Geo. W. Sinks, president, John G. Deshler, cashier; First National, William 
 
6t8 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 Monypeny, president, Theo. P. Qordon, eashier; Fourth National, AY. S. Ide, 
 president, AY. Stewart, eashier; Alerchants’ and Alannfactnrers’, G. Al. Peters, 
 president, AAhlliam D. Park, cashier ; National Exchange, AY. G. Deshler, presi- 
 dent, Charles J. Hardy, cashier ; South End, H. Alithoff, president ; Brooks, But- 
 ler & Co., David AY. Brooks, president, Herbert Brooks, cashier ; P. Hayden & 
 Co., E. K. Stewart, eashier ; P. AA^. Huntington & Co. ; Aliller, Donaldson & 
 Co. ; Reinhard & Co. ; Columbus Clearing House Association, T. P. Gordon, 
 president, John Field, manager. Ohio State University, AYilliam H. Scott, pres- 
 ident; 154 students. Capital University, AI. Loy, president; 43 students. 
 
 3Ianufacturers and Employees. — The State Report of Inspector of AYorkshops 
 and Factories for 1887 gave a list of 194 establishments, of which the following — 
 in all 58 — employed 40 hands and over : Columbus Sewer Pipe Company, 80 
 liands ; B. B. Anderson, cigars, etc., 45 ; U. S. Carriage Company, 109 ; Scioto 
 Buggy Company, 103 ; Hildreth & Alartin, doors, sash, etc., 40 ; Columbus Cab- 
 inet Company, furniture, 72; C. Emrich, stoves, 60; Halm, Bellows & Co., fur- 
 niture, 127 ; Ohio Furniture Company, 65; Butler, Crawford & Co., coffee and 
 spices, 80 ; Franklin Furnace, pig-iron, 75 ; R. C. Schmertz & Co., window glass, 
 60 ; P. Hayden & Co., iron and hames, 178 ; F. R. AA^inget, cigars, 120 ; Colum- 
 bus Cigar Alanufacturing Company, 95; Kilbourne & Jacobs Afanufacturing 
 Company, wheelbarrows, road scrapers, etc., 430; Ohio Tool Company, 70 ; N. 
 Schlee, beer and malt, 45 ; Born & Co., beer and malt, 40 ; L. Hoster Brewing 
 Company, beer and malt, 95 ; John Immel & Son, carriages, etc., 45 ; Columbus 
 Bolt AYorks, 125; Reed, Jones & Co., shoes, 75; Case Alanufacturing Company, 
 mill machinery", 150 ; J. AA^. Dann Alanufacturing Company, bent wood- work, 50; 
 Columbus Dash and AYagon Company, 78; AI. T. Gleason, brass foundry, 40; 
 Scheuweker Bros., leather, 50 ; Ohio Pipe Company, iron pipes, 175 ; Steel Skein 
 AA^orks, wagon skeins, 45 ; Buckeye Buggy Company, 139 ; AAAssall Fire-Clay 
 Company, fire-brick, sewer pipe, etc., 40 ; C. H. V. & T. R. R. Shops, railroad 
 supplies, 400 ; Lechner Alanufacturing Company, mining machinery, 50 ; Door, 
 Sash, and Lumber Company, 133; E. D. & J. C. Howard, brooms, 55 ; Newark 
 Alachine Company, clover Imllers, etc., 312 ; Columbus Alachine Company, 
 engines and castings, 80 ; Capital City Carriage Company, 75 ; Westbote Printing 
 Company, 48 ; AYilliam Armbruster, hosiery, etc., 46 ; S. R. Klotts, stogies, 106; 
 James Ohlen, saws, 75 ; Slade & Kelton, sash, 60; Inter-State Cigar Company, 
 44; Columbus Coffin Company, 52; A^ulcan Iron AA^orks, founders and machin- ' 
 ists, 70; J. J. AA^ood Starch Company, starch, 150; Columbus AAAtch Company, 
 220 ; AA^illiam Fish & Son, building stone, 40 ; E. AA^ood & Co., malleable iron, 
 65 ; AY. D. Brickell & Co., newspaper, 60 ; Snyder, Chaffee & Co., candies, 73 ; 
 Alunson & Hayden, malleable iron, 120 ; H. C. Godman, shoes, 46 ; AIcAIorrow & 
 Aliller, shoes, 40; P. Hayden & Co., foundry and machine shop, 47 ; P. Hayden S. 
 H. Company, ehains, 90 ; Senter & Lerch, boxes, 43 ; The AI. C. Lilley & Co., 
 regalia for Alasons, Odd Fellows, etc., 420 employees, and said to be the largest 
 establishment of the kind in the world. — State Report for 1887. Population in 
 1880, 51,647; in 1888, estimated, 106,000. School census in 1886, 22,404; 
 Robert AY. Stevenson, superintendent. 
 
 The following article, “ Columbus, Its Past and Peesent,’^ was contributed 
 for this work by Air. E. O. Randall, ex-President of the Columbus Board of 
 Trade. 
 
 The site of Columbus was originally occupied by the AAAandots and other 
 tribes Avho had settlements of a straggling, transitory character in the forests upon 
 the banks of the ereeks now known as the Darby, Alum, AA^alnut and Black Lick, 
 and the rivers Scioto and Olentangy. Among other interesting items is the fact, 
 shown by the former existence of mounds, that the AYyandots had a flourishing 
 village within the limits of Franklinton — now AATst Columbus — and cultivated 
 corn on the low, flat lands of tlie Scioto. Franklinton was laid out in 1797 by 
 Lucas Sullivan, a young man from Kentucky engagcxl in surveying lands and 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 619 
 
 locating land warrants in the Virginia military district west of the Scioto ; its 
 settlement immediately ensued, and it became a white man’s village. 
 
 The county of Franklin, one of the first to be created by the new State legis- 
 lature, was formed in 1803 with Franklinton as the seat of justice. The first 
 official building created was a log-cabin jail. The first court-house was built in 
 1807, of brick pressed from tl>e clay of a mound that had entombed the bones 
 and beads of chiefs, squaws and pappooses. 
 
 The Ohio legislature first convened in 1803, and until 1816 it had no local 
 habitation, but sojourned temporarily at Chillicothe, where it met until 1810, 
 ^\Fen it wandered to Zanesville for two sessions, thence returning to Chillicothe 
 and there abiding until 1816. In the winter of 1810, while the legislature was 
 in Zanesville, four citizens of Franklinton (viz., Lyne Starling, James Johnson, 
 Alex. McLaughlin and John Kerr, formed a company to establish the State 
 Capitol ^^on the high bank of the Scioto river opposite Franklinton.” The vil- 
 lages of Dublin, Worthington and Delaware were competitors, but the geograph- 
 ical advantages of the Columbus site and the terms offered by them prevailed. 
 Their proposal was to give to the State two separate batches of land of ten acres 
 each — one lot for the State House and one lot for the Penitentiary — the foresighted 
 and impartial founders of the capitol realizing that equal and immediate quarters 
 should be provided alike for the laAV makers and the law breakers. In addition 
 they agreed to build (at their expense) the capitol and penitentiary and such 
 other buildings as should be directed by the legislature to be built, not to exceed 
 a total cost of $50,000.” 
 
 On St. Valentine’s Day, 1812, the legislature, then at Zanesville, accepted the 
 proposition and passed a law establishing the capital of Ohio at Columbus. On 
 th^l8th of June following, 1812, the same day Congress declared war on Great 
 Britain, Columbus, the site of which was then an unbroken forest, was laid out, 
 and the primeval wilderness and native untrodden soil aAvoke to its initial real 
 estate boom. 
 
 The town was platted with streets running at right angles and nearly due north 
 and south, or east and west. High street was made 100 feet wide; Broad, 120, 
 all others 82 J, and all alleys 33. The town lots were 62 J feet by 187J feet deep. 
 At the time of the first sale of lots there was but one cleared spot, that on the 
 corner of Front and State. Naturally after the platting of the toAvn and its es- 
 tablishment as the capital, improvements and growth advanced rapidly ; immi- 
 grants came and business began to bustle. Among the first settlers, or as early as 
 1813, were George M’Cormick, Geo. B. Harvey, Jno. Shields, Michael Patton, 
 Alex. Patton, Wm. Altman, John Collett, Wm. M’Elwain, Daniel Kooser, Peter 
 Putnam, Jacob Hare, Christian Keyl, Jarvis, Geo. and Benj. Pike, Wm. Long 
 and Dr. John M. Edmiston. 
 
 The association, or as we should now term it the syndicate,” more than ful- 
 filled their obligations. In 1813 a penitentiary was erected, and the north grave- 
 yard, for whicli one and a half acres Avere set apart, began to receive tenants. 
 The folloAving year, 1814, the first church AA^as built, the first school opened and 
 the first neAvspaper Avas issued. The first church AA^as a cabin, on Spring street, on 
 a lot of Dr. Hoge’s, Avhich Avas used by the Presbyterians. Rev. Dr. Hoge Avas 
 its pastor. It Avas not long occupied for that purpose ; that denomination then 
 Avorshipped in the Franklinton meeting-house until 1818, Avhen the first Presby- 
 terian church AA-as organized in Columbus, and a frame meeting-house erected on 
 Front street, where Dr. Hoge preached until the erection of ^Ghe 1st Presbyterian 
 church,” about 1825. In 1814 the Methodist church of Columbus Avas organized ; 
 and the same year they erected a small, hewed log-house, Avhich served the double 
 purpose of school-house and church until about 1824, Avhen a permanent building 
 Avas erected on the same site. 
 
 Tlie first neAVS})aper' is historic, and AA^orthy a passing notice. It originated in 
 Worthington as the Western Intelligencer , AA^as transplanted to Columbus, when it 
 
620 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 became known as the Western Intelligencer & Columbus Gazette. From it sprung 
 the present widely known and influential Ohio State Journal. It continued to be 
 published weekly, however, as the Columbus Gazette until 1884, when its ftiture 
 fell into the hands of the writer of these lines, who after a praiseworthy eflbrt to 
 revive its pristine glory and power, transferred it to the party led by the apostles 
 of temperance ; it then soon disappeared entirely. 
 
 The State-house was erected in 1814 ; the brick of this edifice was partly made 
 from a beautiful mound near l^y, which has given the name to a street. It stood 
 until destroyed by fire on Sunday morning, April 1, 1852. On the 10th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1816, the town was incorporated as ^Hhe borough of Columbus.’^ The 
 first board of councilmen elected Avere Henry Brown, Michael Patton, Jarvis 
 Pike, Robt. and Jeremiah Armstrong, John Kerr, John Cutler, Caleb Houston 
 and Pobt. MK^oy. About the year 1819 the United States or old court-house 
 was erected. 
 
 In 1815 was taken the first census, enumerating the population at 700, with 6 
 stores, 1 printing office and 4 lawyers. In 1816 a subscription of $200 was 
 raised to remove the stumps from High Street, and the town was incorporated as 
 the borough of Columbus with nine prominent citizens as the first board of coun- 
 cilmen. On? of the first acts of the council Avas to authorize the corporation to 
 issue money in the shape of small bills to the amount of $555.75 in the folloAving 
 quantities and denominations : 120 bills of 75 cents, 464 of 50 cents, 464 of 25 
 cents, 836 of 12 J cents, 212 of 6J cents. In December, 1816, the legislature ar- 
 rived in Columbus and took up its quarters in the old, red brick State-house and 
 began that continuous and monotonous grind of passing laAvs one Avinter and 
 remodeling and repealing them the next. In tAvo respects Columbus doth re- 
 semble Pome. The Scioto is as muddy and majestic as the time-honored Tiber, 
 and Ohio^s capital Avas not built in a day.’’ But the little city grcAV apr^ce until 
 1819, Avhen the enterprise and energy that had founded it and made it flourish 
 succumbed to the check of business reaction. A year or two of depression and 
 failure set in. Peal estate shrunk and fell, and full city lots Avere forced on the 
 market as Ioav as eight and ten dollars. In 1824 Columbus Avas made the county- 
 seat of Franklin county, and ten years later, in 1834, it Avas incorporated as a 
 city, having at that time 4,000 inhabitants, Avho elected the first mayor, one John 
 Brooks, there being five candidates and 449 voters. From this time on Columbus 
 rapidly advanced and the era of public improvements began. The canal and 
 national turn-pikes and State plank-roads came along, opening Columbus to the 
 leading cities of this and other States. 
 
 On July 4, 1825, was commenced the Ohio canal, 307 miles long, from CleA^e- 
 land to Portsmouth, connecting the Lake Erie Avith the Ohio riA^er. It Avas fin- 
 ished in 1838. The Columbus outlet knoAvn as the ^Heeder,” leading from Co- 
 lumbus to Lockbourne, a distance of eleven miles, Avas opened in September, 1831, 
 when the first canal boat. Gov. BroAvn, arrived from Circleville and AA’as received 
 with peals of artillery, martial music and the huzzas of the delighted citizens. 
 
 In 1836 the famous National Poad — the Via A})j)ia of our capital — a mag- 
 nificent piece of engineering and construction, a graded surface, Avith a stone bed, 
 reaching from Wheeling, AV. Va., to Indianapolis, Ind., passed in its construction 
 through Columbus. In 1840 the population Avas 6,000, Avith five ministers to 
 prepare the good people for the finishing touches of tAA^elve distinctive doctors. 
 Then came the age of raipA^ays and telegraphs, the latter opening an office in 
 August, 1846. The first railroad begun in Ohio AA^as in 1841, and on February 
 20, 1850, the first passenger train steamed into Columbus on the Columbus & 
 Xenia. True to its immutable instincts, the legislature Avithout delay got passes 
 and took an excursion. 
 
 Aside from A\4iat Ave have recorded, little of conspicuousness occurred except 
 perhaps an occasional invasion of the cholera and periodic amusement epidemic 
 among the people, Avhich usnallv took the nature of a balloon ascension. Ik 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 621 
 
 January, 1857, was celebrated the opening of the present capitol building, repre- 
 senting fifteen years work, and a cost of $1,359,121. It was a stupendous 
 festival, in which every inch of interior was packed with a seething, panicky, per- 
 spiring mass of humanity squeezed almost to speechlessness. The music could not 
 be heard, and the elaborate menu invariably spilled upon the dress suits of the 
 beaux and the decollete shoulders of the belles. However, it was the greatest ball 
 of the season, inaugurating the greatest State capitol building then in the United 
 States. It occupies just two acres, and is the centre of an area of ten acres. Il 
 was built of limestone from Sullivant hill by convict labor. 
 
 Thus much in the way of a retrospect of the past. Of Columbus at this 
 writing we speak with pardonable pride. The population in 1850 was 18,000; 
 
 Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1888. 
 
 The Ohio State University. 
 
 in 1870, 31,000 ; in 1880, 52,000 ; and the centennial year, 1888, from 90,000 to 
 100,000. It is now increasing at the rate of 5,000 a year. For some years an 
 average of 1,000 buildings per year have been erected. The city to-day has an 
 area of 7,040 acres, or 11 square miles, and a corporated circumference of 18 
 miles. It extends north and south 6 miles, east and west 3J miles. It has 165 
 miles of streets ; 109 miles of these are either graveled, bouldered, macadamized 
 or surfaced in asphalt, stone-block or fire-brick. It has 30 miles of street railway, 
 70 miles of water mains, 75 miles of main and 75 miles of distributing gas pipes. 
 It has 195 acres of parks and public grounds, not including the State fair grounds 
 of some 125 acres. This is the city’s size by measurement, but these figures con- 
 vey no idea of its beauty, industry, wealth and influence. That Columbus owes 
 its importance, as it does its existence, to the fact that it is the capital of the third 
 State in the Union, is an erroneous and exploded notion ; and though not in a 
 particularly picturesque locality, Columbus is admirably placed near the geo- 
 graphical centre of the State, in the midst of a magnificent agricultural country, 
 and within two or three hours ride by rail of the inexhaustible coal and iron re- 
 gion of Southeastern Ohio. Its railway and shipping facilities are unsurpassed, 
 for it is the radiating centre of fifteen railroads, thus making it a most advanta- 
 geous point for jobbing and manufacturing. For financial solidity and com- 
 mercial importance it is conspicuous throughout the country. It has seventeen 
 sound and well-managed banks, and its clearing-house transactions the past year 
 (1887) amounted to $112,543,461. 
 
622 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 It is now rated as the wealthiest city in the Union, per capita of population. 
 The tax duplicate lor this year (1888) will show about $30,000,000 in realty and 
 some $12,000,000 in personalty. This return indicates an actual city wealth up- 
 wards of $100,000,000. The amount of business done in 1887 aggregated $60,- 
 000,000. Its location, as before indicated, makes Columbus a great lumber, coal 
 and iron market. In the year 1887 2,000,000 tons of the 9,000,000 mined in 
 Ohio were consumed in the city. 
 
 It is estimated that the capital invested in business and in manufacturing in 
 Columbus is near two hundred millions of dollars. The three greatest interests 
 are coal, iron and the building of buggies. The greatest is coal ; the capital in- 
 vested in the business is $20,000,000, and that in iron $18,000,000. Twenty-one 
 firms and corporations are in the city engaged as miners and shippers of coal and 
 acting as wholesale dealers, which give employment to at least 10,000 men. It is 
 claimed that coal, iron and lumber can nowhere else be obtained more cheaply than 
 in this city. In the manufacture of buggies and carriages are 18 establishments, 
 employing about 2,500 men and 300 women, and the number sold in the past year 
 amounted to over 20,000, or one for every nine minutes, counting the working 
 hours daily ten in number. But tempering the enterprise, energy and magnitude 
 of the business interests of Columbus is a sort of old-time conservatism. In no 
 city is capital so cautious and so steady. The speculative element is almost en- 
 tirely eliminated from all transactions. There are no gamblings on margins 
 and no bubble real estate booms with subsequent shrinkages ; and the city har> 
 from foundation to the last finishing touches pursued the even tenor of a moderate 
 way. But it has always progressed, and has safely survived the storm of panics 
 and shocks of depiessions better than any city of its magnitude. It is a pleasant 
 reflection that the working people of the city are thrifty and largely own their 
 homes, which are mostly cottages built of brick made from Columbus clay. 
 
 Columbus in a marked degree represents the commercial push of the pro- 
 gressive West and the culture and refinement of the East. Its public schools are 
 second to none ; indeed, it is a school city. The census of 1887 gave 23,440 
 children within the school age of six to twenty-one ; 11,000 of these are registered 
 in the public schools, for which twenty-two spacious and modern-equipped build- 
 ings, representing $1,260,550 in value, are provided. The Boman Catholics, who 
 are numerous, aggressive, influential, and indeed liberal and public-spirited, support 
 a number of parochial schools, colleges, and seminaries, in which they educate 
 their own children. Among their institutions is the Academy f f* St. Mary’s of 
 the Springs” for the education of young ladies. It was incorporated in 1868, and 
 is in the midst of pleasant surroundings, about two miles east of the city limits ; 
 it is under the direction of the Dominican Sisters. 
 
 St. Joseph’s Cathedral, on Broad street, in its vastness and splendor reflects 
 great credit upon the enterprise and devotion of the Catholic population. In a 
 vault beneath rests the remains of its founder. Bishop Bosecrans. 
 
 The State University, two and one-half miles north of the State-house, with 
 its handsome grounds of 325 acres and commodious buildings, and excellent 
 equipment and efficient faculty, affords the best opportunity for higher academic 
 and scientific education. The Lutherans maintain a flourishing college — Capital 
 University— with theological annex. Two medical colleges — the Starling 
 and the Columbus — mould medical proficients, and eacli year send at large some 
 fifty each of the devotees of iEsculapius. In connection with these institutions 
 are two well-conducted hospitals. Tlien there is the usual quota of commercial 
 colleges, kindergartens, private schools, etc. 
 
 Literature and the arts are neither primitive nor obscure in the cajiital city. 
 The good citizens slake their insatiate intellectual thirst at the Pierian founts of 
 the State Library with 52,000 volumes, or the City and School Library with 
 22,000, and the Law Library with 10,000. The sort of mental pabulum that the 
 Columbusters delight to devour should grouse the admiration and envy of brain*' 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 623 
 
 crammed Boston. The interesting and instructive reports of the city librarian 
 reveal that of the books drawn and read, over sixty per cent, are biography, science, 
 and history, while only thirty-four per cento are novels and fiction. This is the 
 best intellectual average reported by any miscellaneous circulating library in the 
 country. In Boston, where the cranial gray matter is claimed to be at tlie highest 
 state of cultivation, the issue of the library shows seventy-four per cent, of 
 fiction. 
 
 Columbus is afflicted with the great American contagion and nuisance — the 
 base-ball nine ; but the muses nine circulate freely in the best society. Art 
 and music flourish in no mediocre manner. The work accomplished in the art 
 department of the public schools in two late annual national exhibits was accorded 
 a rank second only to the incomparable modern Athens. The Art School, with 
 its ten years of age and experience and success, and its 200 pupils, is one of the 
 best in the West. Professional art is not enormously profitable as yet, but a 
 goodly number of painters haunt the halls of the public buildings, and at times 
 frighten or delight the passer-by with the display in the shop windows of their 
 glowing colors upon the canvas backs. Music, too, indulges copiously in its 
 voluptuous swells,’^ and has its clubs and societies and concerts to make the 
 welkin ring, and soothe with its charms the unstrung nerves of the busy bur- 
 gesses. 
 
 As cities go, Columbus, though owing to the character of its population, which 
 is one-third foreign, can hardly be set down as Puritanic, is nevertheless peaceful 
 and religious. It numbers some fifty churches having buildings of their own, 
 embracing a total membership of 35,000, including Catholics, who reckon by 
 families. The aggregate property owned by these church organizations reaches 
 easily a value of $2,000,000. To offset the religious influences, the world, the 
 flesh, and the devil offer some 600 saloons and places where internal fires and 
 eternal damnation are dispensed. 
 
 In the matter of public charity the city makes a noble showing. It has a 
 numerous category of benevolent associations, missions, homes, and asylums. In 
 no city is this kind of work better organized, better equipped or executed. 
 
 Washington City alone takes precedence of Columbus in the size and number of 
 public institutions, all of which present architecturally attractive buildings that 
 make the State capital the Mecca of thousands of sight-seeing visitors. The State 
 Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb, the Feeble-Minded, the Blind, and the Insane 
 are all vast edifices, palatial in appearance, and models of the best forms of con- 
 struction for the purposes to which they are devoted. 
 
 The Insane Asyi.um, the largest in the world, cost $2,000,000, and accom- 
 modates 1,300 patients. The Asylum for Feeble-Minded Youth employs 
 150 persons, cares for 800 inmates, at an annual cost to the State of $125,000. 
 Tiie Blind Asylum was erected at a cost of $600,000, and shelters some 300 
 pupils, who require the care of about 70 attendants. It costs $50,000 a year to 
 maintain this institution. The Deaf and Dumb Asylum cost $800,000, cares 
 for 500 pupils, and expends $80,000 a year. The Ohio Penitentiary, built by 
 convict labor, at a cost of $800,000, entertains about 1,400 persons, at an annual 
 expense of $250,000. Most of these buildings have picturesque grounds, that 
 add beauty and fresh air to the localities in which they are situated. 
 
 In addition to the State institutions, Columbus is embellished by a number of 
 buildings pertaining to the national, county, and municipal government. The 
 Government Building, opposite the State Capitol, recently erected at a cost of 
 $500,000, contains the Post-Office, Unite<l States Court-Boom, and Pension Office. 
 The United States War Department maintains within the city limits a military 
 post and recruiting station. It is nothing short of an attractive park of eighty 
 acres, artistically laid out, and adorned with shrubbery, shade-trees, grass-lawns, 
 walks, miniature lake, and ample parade-grounds, about which are grouped the 
 barracks, arsenal, hospital, grand-house, and officers’ quarters. 
 
624 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 The Bakracks/’ as the place is called, is the favorite resort of the citizens, 
 who, of evenings, drive or walk thither to listen to the military music and witness 
 the evolutions of the soldiers, who are mostly beardless recruits in their teens and 
 newly donned trappings. 
 
 The other grateful breathing spots of the city are the Franklin Park of 
 ninety acres, the Good ale of forty-four, and the City of twenty-three, all well 
 cared for and much enjoyed by the nature-loving people. The County Court- 
 House, completed in 1887, at a cost of $400,000, is one of the most magnificent 
 buildings of its kind in any State. In architecture, elegance of finish, and 
 
 The Franklin County Court-House, Columbus. 
 
 spaciousness, in convenience and perfection for the admission of light and ventila- 
 tion it would be difficult to find its superior. It is justly the pride of the city and 
 county. It was dedicated July 13, 1887, the dedicatory address being by Hon. 
 Henry C. Noble, President of the Court-House Commission. The City-Hall 
 Building, in which the municipal offices are quartered, is a massive, striking 
 structure, to say the least. The City Jail, a lately built and a large, Bastile- 
 appcaring structure, with all the modern conveniences, is highly spoken of by 
 those who have stopped there. The rooms are airy, the bill-of-fare, if not contain- 
 ing all the delicacies of the season, is wholesome and inexpensive to the guests. 
 The hotel is complete ; for though there are no liquors allowed on tlie premises, 
 there are excellent bar attachments.’’ The Union Depot is one of the largest 
 and best arranged in the West, and 100 passenger trains come and go each day. 
 The railroads, of course, run their tracks where they please — across streets and 
 thoroughfares, without regard to the comfort or cost to the city ; but, as railroads 
 go, they are considerate, and when they run over a street-car, a cab, or a citizen 
 they usually express regret. The new Board of Trade Building, now in 
 process of erection, will be one of the architectural features of the city, and one of 
 the chief adornments of the Capitol Square. It is built by the leading organiza- 
 tion of the city — the Board of Trade, organized a few years ago, and comprising 
 in its membershi]! over 500 of its leading business-men of the city. It is the 
 avowed mission of the Board of Trade to stimulate the motive and suggest the 
 means for the development and improvement of Columbus ; and much of the 
 progress and growth made by the city in the past few years is due to the weight 
 and wisdom of this organization. This Board of Trade does not deal in wheat 
 and corn that never grew, nor in stocks that are floated in water. 
 
 Finally, Columbus is not merely wealthy and wise, as we have indicated, but 
 she is healthy. Her climate is what the geograjihers call salubrious.” She is 
 admirably located for good drainage, as the land slopes on the east and on the west 
 to streams of water, thus giving her sewage very easy outlet. The city is clean ; 
 good water is supplied by a reservoir at the junction of the Scioto and the Whet- 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 6?5 
 
 stone. The death-rate is phenomenally low, being but 10 53-100 to the 1,000 ; 
 twice this ratio — 20 to the 1,000 — -is not regarded as excessive in our cities. 
 These are the facts, figures, and features that pertain to the mind, body, and estate 
 of the good capital of Ohio — an honor to the State and the pride of her people. 
 
 TILE DRAINAGE IN OHIO. 
 
 Drainage is all important to the welfare of an agricultural region, alike vital 
 to the fertility of its soil and the health of its inhabitants. 
 
 A large tract of the Northwestern Ohio long known as the Black Swamp Re- 
 
 The Apple Dale Tile Works. 
 
 [The Apple Dale Tile Works, the property of Mr. S, J. Woolley, is one of the pioneer tile factories 
 of Ohio. It is near the village of Hilliards, about thirteen miles northwest of Columbus, in Franklin 
 county.] 
 
 gion,’^ covering the area of several counties, has been reclaimed by a system of 
 open ditches and converted into an area of surprising fertility ; of this we give de- 
 tails elsewhere. We here present an article from Frank Henry Howe upon 
 the Tile Drainage of the State. The magnitude of this industry and its value to 
 the commonwealth is such that by so doing we think we do a public service and 
 enhance the value of this work. 
 
 Although drain tile was made by hand in Rome, and in France some two centuries 
 since, Ohio was one of the first States in the Union to develop to any extent this 
 valuable industry. 
 
 About the year 1810 drain tile was made at Netherby, in Northumberland, 
 England. It was called horseshoe tile, being shaped like a horseshoe, instead 
 of cylindrical, and was Lid with the opening at the bottom. This was then con- 
 sidered the nc plus ultra of drain tile, and for thirty years there was no improve- 
 ment on this pattern. 
 
 At a very early date Mr. Johnston, in New York State, did much to call the 
 attention of the farmers to the value of tile draining, by his published writings. 
 
626 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 and experiments on his own farm. He is frequently called The Father of 
 Tile Drainage in America.^’ 
 
 Some time previous to Mr. Johnston’s efforts Dr. N. S. Townshend, then a 
 youth in his teens, who had seen during his boyhood days spent in England the 
 benefits derived from drainage, succeeded in introducing it in Lorain county. 
 
 In 1832 horseshoe tile were made by hand at Avon, Lorain county, Ohio. 
 
 In 1843 a machine for the manufacture of pipe tile was invented by John 
 Head and exhibited by him at the county fair of Derbyshire, England. 
 
 About 1857 Mr. Canfield, who made the best horseshoe tile in Connecticut, 
 removed to Milford Center, Union county, Ohio, and there manufactured horse- 
 shoe tile until his decease about 1869. A Mr. Miner also operated a small tile 
 factory at Columbus. 
 
 The only tile machines made at this date were those manufactured by A. 
 La Tourette, of Waterloo, New York, and Mattice & Penfield, of Willoughby, 
 Ohio, who also manufactured tile. These men did not meet with any great 
 success financially, but they were the pioneers in educating the people. 
 
 At the close of the rebellion W. S. Postle, of Prairie, and S. J. Woolley, of 
 Brown township, Franklin county, Ohio, were the first to establish tile factories, 
 which have been run successfully ever since, and are now large establishments. 
 
 Since their establishment many others have been started in different parts of 
 the State until at the present time there are over five hundred factories in success- 
 ful operation in Ohio. 
 
 The first improvement over the horseshoe pattern was made by adding a 
 bottom piece, called the sole tile, to the opening in the horseshoe. These im- 
 proved tile were extensively used until superseded by the cylindrical pattern, 
 which is the only kind of drain tile now manufactured. Improvements in 
 machinery,, kilns and manipulation have brought these to a high degree of 
 perfection and at a very low cost. / 
 
 The output of €iese five hundred factories per annum is six and a half million 
 rods, worth at the present low prices about two million dollars. 
 
 In 1880 J. J. W. Billingsley, of Indianapolis, commenced the publication of 
 the Drainage Journal, and distributed a large amount of literature on drainage, 
 which has had a very great influence in extending the use of tile, educating the 
 people on this important subject of drainage. 
 
 It is someAvhat singular that with the material developments which have taken 
 place within the last half century that the remarkable value of drainage from an 
 economical as well as sanitary standpoint has not sooner attracted the attention of 
 the people. Its first disciples met with opposition and ridicule, but they soon turned 
 the laugh on their tormentors, as its value was so apparent in the results that the 
 unbelievers hastened to benefit by the example. Nevertheless, although the 
 developments of drainage Avithin the past decade have been remarkable, it is but 
 in its infancy as yet. Mr. J. M. Harrison, of Scio, Ohio, in an able article on tlm 
 Past, Present and Future of Tile Drainage in Ohio,” read before the Ohio 
 Tile and Drainage Association, and published in the Drainage Journal, says. 
 No accurate estimate of the number of tile used in Ohio has ever been made. 
 We estimate that between two hundred and fifty and three hundred millions of tiL 
 have been used. This seems like a vast sum, yet it is only large enough to drain 
 a little over three hundred thousand acres of land, or about one-eightieth of the 
 entire State. It would seem then that tile drainage Avas only in its infancy, for 
 these figures shoAV that all the drainage that has been done Avould only be equal 
 to about one county, leaving the other eiglity-seven counties to be drained. Wc 
 must bear in mind, hoAvever, that a considerable portion of our State is naturally 
 iinderdrained. Then the Avoodland and other portions Avhich it is safe to assume 
 will never be drained reduce the above figures to about one-half If Ave assume 
 that cue-fortieth of the draining is done and thatAA^e haA^e been thirty years in 
 doing it, the figures Avould indi(!ate tliat Ave Avould be twelve hundred years in 
 
FRANKLIISf COUNTY. 
 
 62; 
 
 completing the work in Ohio. The fact is, however, that nearly all the draining in 
 the State has been done since 1 880. The Drainage Journal estimates that there was 
 as much draining in 1882 as had been done in all the years prior to 1880. The 
 most reasonable conclusion is that there will be plenty of work for a few tile 
 factories in every county in the State for the next fifty years. 
 
 Much of the draining is so poorly done that it will be necessary to do it over again 
 in the future. It is evident from a study of the agricultural reports of this 
 State that tile drainage has been in progress in a few counties for quite a number 
 of years, and we also find in a great many X30unties tile drainage has only been very 
 recently introduced, and that there are a few counties that have no tile factories 
 at all.^^ 
 
 While it is generally supposed that only wet and swampy lands are benefited 
 by drainage it has been clearly demonstrated tliat the productiveness of almost all 
 land is so increased as to more than pay williin a few seasons for the cost. Land 
 with a gravelly subsoil has more or less natural drainage and is not benefited to 
 the same extent as land with a clayey subsoil. 
 
 , The remarkable fertility of the soil of England, the garden spot of the world,’^ 
 is largely due to the extensive system of drainage there in use. 
 
 Ditching is a primitive method of draining, which in its results falls far short 
 of the efficiency of tile, and in itself prevents its extended use by preventing the 
 cultivation of a considerable part of the land intended to be benefited ; therefore all 
 reference to drainage in this article relates to the use of tiles. 
 
 Upon the invitation of its proprietor we visited the tile factory of S. J. Woolley 
 near Hilliards, to learn something of the methods of manufacture. The material 
 used is a slate-colored fire-clay, of which abundant quantities are found through- 
 out the State of Ohio adapted to the manufacture of drain tile, although differing 
 somewhat in quality. When taken from the bank it contains more or less 
 moisture according to the location of the bank and the humidity of the season. 
 The clay used at Mr. Woolley’s factory when taken from the bank has about the 
 consistency of putty and requires neither drying out nor moisture, excepting in 
 very dry seasons, when it is sometimes necessary to make it sufficiently pliable 
 for working. The clay is taken from the bank to the factory near by, and fed 
 into the hoppers of the large tile machines, which are run by steam-power. From 
 the hopper it passes into a large iron cylinder in which revolve a series of blades 
 which cut and knead the clay, forcing it out at the base in the shape of a con- 
 tinuous clay cylinder, varying in diameter according to the size of the die then in 
 use in the machine. These dies range in size from three to eighteen inches. 
 The cylinder of clay as it is forced from the machine comes out horizontally, 
 and is cut off with a wire in lengths of from twelve to fifteen inches. 
 
 One of Mr. Woolley’s tile machines, however, forces out the clay cylinder 
 perpendicularly ; this is a recent improvement and prevents the collapsing of the 
 soft clay tile as sometimes occurs with large sizes by reason of their owui weight. 
 After the tile come from the machine they are placed on a tram car and run into 
 long wooden buildings ; here they are placed on a series of slatted shelves, which 
 are so arranged as to allow a free circulation of air, as from one to two weeks 
 drying out is necessary, depending upon the weather, before they can be burned 
 in the kilns. The smaller c r three-inch tile are placed horizontally, but the larger 
 sizes all stand on end. 
 
 When the tile have dried out sufficiently they are conveyed by tram car to the 
 kiln preparatory to burning or, more properly, firing. These kilns are huge bee- 
 hive-likc structures, built of fire-brick and similar to those used in pottery establish- 
 ments. Projecting from the base at regular intervals are four stubs, as they are 
 called ; these stubs consist of a fire-place, grate and ash-pit, and are the furnaces 
 from which the heat passes into the kiln. About five feet from the base of the 
 kiln is an opening large enough for the easy entrance of a man, through which 
 Access is had to the interior of the kiln. The tram car loaded with the unbaked 
 
628 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 tile is run up to this entrance and the tile passed in for packing. The floor of the 
 interior is made of fire-brick and constructed like a grate, so that the flame, heat 
 and smoke pass upward through the kiln. The tile are packed closely together, 
 standing on end and nested ; that is, the small tile are placed within those of 
 larger diameter. Layer after layer of tile are placed on top of each other until 
 the kiln is filled, when the entrance is built up with brick and plaster and the 
 fires started. The fires, which are fed with either wood or coal, are kept low and 
 allowed to smoke and smoulder until such moisture as remains in the tile after 
 the atmospheric drying has been driven out; when this has been •accomplished 
 they are freely plied with fuel, and when a white heat has been reached, usually 
 in about forty-eight hours, and discernible by means of small apertures in the 
 sides of the kiln, the firing is complete and the fires are allowed to burn out. 
 
 The smoke, flame and heat pass up through the kiln, come into direct 
 contact with the tile, and are then conducted by means of flues down to the 
 base and into a smoke stack some thirty or forty feet high and built a few feet 
 apart from the kiln. This arrangement allows of a more perfect combustion 
 of fuel and more equal distribution of heat. After the fires have died out 
 several days elapse before the kiln is opened, that the contents may cool grad- 
 ually, as a sudden cooling would crack the tile. When taken from the kiln 
 the tile are a bright red in color, with a metallic ring when struck, and almost 
 as durable as time itself, inasmuch as there has been no product of man which 
 has stood the test of time as fire-baked clay. 
 
 The farm of Mr. Woolley, on which his factory is situated, is a fine example 
 of the efficacy of tile drainage. Originally a wooded swamp, upon a large 
 part of which water stood the whole year round, it is now one of the most 
 productive farms in Franklin county. When Mr. Woollej" first purchased this 
 farm his friends doubted his sanity, others pitied his folly, but now none doubt 
 his wisdom, and the tile factory, originally built for his own private uses, sup- 
 plies the country for miles around and has converted what was formerly looked 
 upon as waste laud into about the most fertile in the county. “He who 
 makes two blades of grass to grow where but one grew before is a benefactor 
 to his race.” How much more must one be “ who makes two blades of grass 
 to grow where none grew before.” 
 
 That drainage is a benefit to low marshy lands is evident to the commonest 
 understanding, but that it should be of any great value to land already surface 
 dry is not very comprehensive to a very large proportion of our population. 
 
 The soil is the medium for the growth of plants, but does not in itself fur- 
 nish all of the elements which develop their growth. Carbonic acid and am- 
 monia, which are diffused in small quantities through the atmosphere, are 
 brought down to the soil by rain. Upon undrained land these plant foods pass 
 off with the surface water ; on drained and porous soils they are abosrbed. 
 Drain the land and give these elements free access to the plants. When rain 
 falls on elevated land it packs the surface of the soil, finds its way to its lowest 
 level and, unless it can penetrate through the soil, runs off in streams and 
 rivulets ; the sun comes out, dries, then bakes and hardens the surface of the 
 soil which the water has not penetrated because it could find no outlet beneath it. 
 
 To a certain degree we overcome this with the plow and harrow ; but, in rais- 
 ing a crop on this land, the roots of the plants only penetrate to about the depth 
 the plow has furrowed and only draw sustenance from that part of the soil. Let 
 us drain this land. Now the rain falls, percolates through the soil and finds an out- 
 let through the drain, the soil becomes porous like sponge and like a sponge holds 
 a large part of the moisture, the sun shines again and, when the surface moisture 
 has been absorbed, a fresh supply is drawn from the porous soil by capillary 
 attraction, so that, instead of baking the surface, the soil is kept moist, is lifted 
 by the capillary forces set into action by the sun and becomes mellow and easily 
 worked. Less water has flowed from this land during the rain since it was 
 
Geo. L. Graham, Amateur Photo., Columbus. 
 
 Hayden Falls. 
 
 [These Falls are some twelve miles northwest of Columbus, about a mile below Dublin, on a littm 
 stream that empties into the Scioto. It is a wild, picturesque spot in the heart of the State which is 
 enhanced by contrast with tne prairie-like country around it.] 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 Uf^lVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 ■ / URBANA 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 631 
 
 drained than before ; a larger part of it remains m tfie soil, which has now 
 become a reservoir from which to draw as the plants require. Tliat this is the 
 effect of drainage has been proven in every case where drainage has been tried. 
 
 In a valuable article on the Philosophy of Tile Drainage read by Mr. W. 
 J. Chamberlin before the Ohio Tile Convention held at Columbus, Feb. 8, 1881, 
 he thus summarizes the benefits of tile drainage : 
 
 1. Tile drainage deepens the soil, and gives the roots more feeding ground. 
 
 2. It helps pulverize the ground and thus to unlock its fertility so that the 
 
 minute roots may drink it in. | 
 
 3. It prevents surface wash and consequent and often great waste of fertility. 
 
 . 4. It dispenses with open ditches, which are not so good and are a great hin- 
 drance in cultivating and harvesting crops. 
 
 5. It lengthens the season of tillage and matures the crop before frost. It 
 largely prevents winter-killing of wheat and the heaving of clover and other 
 roots by frost. 
 
 ‘6. It saves labor by making tillage and pulverization easier. 
 
 7. It supplies air to tlie roots and promotes the absorption of vapor and of 
 fertilizing matters from the air and the rains and the snows. 
 
 8. It prevents the chilling eff'ects from the thawing of ice and the evaporation 
 of water, and in this and other ways w^arms the soiL Water warms rapidly 
 when heat is applied from beneath, but very slowly when it is applied from 
 above. Hence it is impossible for the sun from above to warm a saturated soil. 
 (It has been ascertained by experiment in England that soil tile-drained is ten 
 degrees warmer seven inches below the surface than the same kind of soil without 
 drains.) 
 
 9. Drainage improves the quality as well as quantity of crops. Especially is 
 this true of apples and of root crops like potatoes. 
 
 10. It is a great help in the harvest of corn, and especially of root crops in a 
 wet fall. Without tile drainage, indeed, it is almost impossible on clayey soil. 
 
 11. It improves the health of crops and even prevents potato rot, which may 
 occur on undrained soil. 
 
 12. It greatly improves the health of man and beast in many localities. 
 
 13. It greatly increases the crops, other thipgs being equal. 
 
 14. But it should not be forgotten that tile-drainage is not needed on lands that 
 have a gravel or porous sub-soil, and that even on soils that do need it drainage 
 is only the basis for good farming, and will not pay unless followed by good 
 farming.^’ 
 
 THE STATE INSTITUTIONS AT COLUMBUS. 
 
 Asylum for the Insane — Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb— 
 Institution for the Education of the Blind — Institution for the Education of 
 Eeehle- Minded Youth — The Ohio Penitentiary, 
 
 By the Constitution of the State the Legislature is authorized to provide at the 
 j)ublic expense for the entire support of these varied benevolent institutions, and 
 does not take cognizance of the pecuniary position of any of the inmates who are 
 alike supported by the Commonwealth. Herein the insane or blind millionaire 
 and the insane or blind pauper are on the same footing. It is on the same princi- 
 ple as with the Public Scliools where education is universal and free to all alike, 
 and because it tends to the moral and material progress of the whole body of the 
 people. 
 
 The following historical and descriptive sketches were written for this work by 
 Mr. Charles T. Howe, after a visit to each institution for this object. They 
 embody a large amount and variety of valuable information. 
 
632 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 The Insane Asylum. 
 
 In response to a memorial adopted and sent 
 to the Legislature by the State Medical Con- 
 vention, held in Columbus, January, 1835, 
 an act was passed the same year to establish 
 a lunatic asylum for the State of Ohio. 
 
 The First Asylum. — In July, 1835, thirty 
 acres of land in the northeastern part of Co- 
 lumbus were purchased and foundations laid 
 for a building to accommodate one hundred 
 and twenty patients, which was completed in 
 November, 1839. Then twenty -seven acres 
 were added to the original tract of land and 
 in 1845 about seven more, making a total of 
 sixty-four acres. ^ In 1 845-46-47 respectively, 
 three further additions were made to the orig- 
 inal main building. 
 
 Destruction hy Fire. — On the evening of 
 November 18, 1868, the entire structure was 
 destroyed by a fire, which originated in the 
 east wing, presumably through the mischiev- 
 ousness of one of the patients. Through the 
 efiicient eftbrts of the officers and employees 
 all the patients were rescued excepting six 
 females who perished from suffocation. The 
 rescued patients were temporarily quartered 
 in the deaf and dumb asylum and in the 
 hospital, which escaped destruction, standing 
 apart from the main building. The patients 
 were eventually cared for in different asylums 
 throughout the State. 
 
 The Present Asylum Emit. — It was deter- 
 mined not to rebuild on the old site, and that 
 property was sold in May, 1870, and the 
 present location decided upon for the erection 
 of a new building. On July 4, 1870, the 
 corner-stone of the present immense struc- 
 ture was laid with Governor Hayes presiding, 
 the officers of the Grand Lodge of Ohio and 
 other Masonic bodies taking a prominent 
 part 
 
 Vast Size of the Structure. — The site se- 
 lected lies some two miles west of the State 
 house, and consists of three hundred acres of 
 elevated land, commanding a fine view of the 
 city. The grounds have been beautifully laid 
 out with walks, drives, and shrubbery. In 
 fact, so extensive and charming are the sur- 
 roundings to this institution that it is but a 
 short flight of fancy for the visitor to imagine 
 himself in one of the grand old parks of the 
 nobility of England. An idea of the enor- 
 mous dimensions of the asylum can be formed 
 when it is stated that the building was seven 
 years in the course of erection, and at a cost 
 of one and a half million dollars, and the dis- 
 tance around the outside wall is a mile and a 
 quarter. That this is the largest institution 
 of its kind in the world is well known, but 
 the beauty and grandeur of the building and 
 its surroundings, its perfect system of man- 
 agement and the work accomplished in be- 
 half of this unforturiote class can only be 
 fully appreciated b the intelligent and ob- 
 serving visitor. 
 
 Modern Medxtas of Treatmen t. — M any well - 
 informed pe ie know comparatively little of 
 the modern methods employed in the care and 
 treatment of those bereft of reason and har- 
 bor the groundless belief that hospitals for 
 
 the insane partake largely of the character 
 of prisons, with raving maniacs confined in 
 cells, the corridors resounding with cries and 
 yells. 
 
 “Thoughtless he raves his sleeping hours 
 away, 
 
 In chains all night, in darkness all the 
 day.” 
 
 These ideas, however, are the result of the 
 treatment of the insane in times long past, 
 and it is gratifying to be able to say that the 
 management of the insane at the present time 
 stands in happy contrast to that of the past, 
 the result of great scientific discoveries and 
 the accumulated experience of years. 
 
 Employments of the Insane. — JMechanical 
 restraint beyond occasional confinement of 
 violent patients in the strong room is now 
 entirely dispensed with. In addition to med- 
 ical treatment various plmis are adopted to 
 divert the mind and lead it as far as possible 
 away from self, and especially from the crush- 
 ing forebodings common to the insane. Every 
 effort is made to promote the happiness of 
 the patients ; a high moral discipline is ex- 
 ercised with pure beneficial influences, that 
 seldom fail to tranquilize and lighten the 
 burden of their affliction. In addition to 
 providing for their comfort a systematic effort 
 is made to furnish bodily and mental recrea- 
 tion. To accomplish this there is maintained 
 a system of daily outdoor exercises, such as 
 walking, riding, playing, and marching when 
 the weather permits. Carriage riding for the 
 feeble has been a leading feature and is prac- 
 ticed daily. A large number have been en- 
 couraged to perform different kinds of manual 
 labor. Men are employed on the farm, gar- 
 den, barn, boiler-room. They are not coerced, 
 but left free to do so or not ; and it being a 
 matter of choice their work is done cheerfully 
 and to their profit. 
 
 Benefit of Labor. — While on a visit to this 
 Central Insane Asylum we were shown a 
 patient in the clothes drying-room who was 
 busily engaged hanging w'et sheets on a 
 clothes horse. He took great pride and 
 pleasure in his work and would brook no ad- 
 vice or interference. The official who con- 
 ducted us through the institution informed 
 us that he silently and faithfully performed 
 his daily task and w^ould not hesitate to do 
 bodily injury to any one who dared to assist 
 or interfere with him. Each person em- 
 ployed works on an average about four hours 
 a day. The benefit of daily labor as a cura- 
 tive agent has long been acknowledged by the 
 best experts. Being employed in light labor 
 the mind is occupied, which with the fresh 
 air and healthful exercise do much to pro- 
 mote happiness, good temper, and content- 
 ment. 
 
 Their Liberties. — Those persons who are 
 under the impression that in the worst cases 
 of insanity the i)atients are in constant 
 confinement and are dangerous to them- 
 selves and those around them would find 
 their ideas on the subject greatly exaggerated 
 
Drawn by Henry Howe. 
 
 The Peisoners Marching in the Ohio Penitentiary, 1846. 
 
 Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 1846 
 
 Asylum for the Insane, 1846. 
 
 Asylum for the Blind, 1846. 
 
The Asylum for the Insane, 1888. 
 
 Asylum for the Blind, 1888. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY, 635 
 
 if they could have accompanied us through 
 the wards occupied by this class of patients. 
 We found them promenading up and down 
 engaged in conversation with each other and 
 occupied in various ways. Many of them 
 seemed quite happy and contented. When 
 their periodical fits of violence come on it 
 becomes necessary to confine them in the 
 strong room until the fit wears off, usually in 
 a short time. They are liberated as soon as 
 their condition permits and allowed to mingle 
 with the others in their ward ; and every 
 effort consistent with safety is made to have 
 them feel that they are under no restraint. 
 This, combined with kind treatment, the best 
 medical skill and attention to comfort, health 
 and happiness, improves the condition of all 
 and in many cases results in an entire cure. 
 
 Interesting Anecdotes. — The prejudices and 
 notions that take root in a diseased brain are 
 manifested in many ways. While we were 
 being conducted through one of the wards 
 one of the inmates, a short stout man about 
 fifty years of age with slightly stooping 
 shoulders, long gray beard, a large hooked 
 nose and most repulsive cast of countenance, 
 followed close behind the oflScial who accom- 
 panied us, imitating our gait, muttering in a 
 low tone of voice, and steadfastly gazing at 
 our attendant with expression so threatening 
 and sinister as to fill a timid person with 
 terror. Whenever we stopped he did like- 
 wise, always keeping the same distance from 
 us, and we were not rid of his unwelcome 
 presence until the outer door of his ward was 
 shut and locked between us. Our attendant 
 said that the man imagined him an enemy 
 and invariably went through the same pro- 
 gramme whenever the official had occasion to 
 enter his ward. The man is waiting for a 
 favorable opportunity to attack his supposed 
 enemy, but the official told us he was not at 
 all alarmed for his safety, for when attacked 
 it is only necessary to place the hand over the 
 mouth and nose of the patient when suffoca- 
 tion ensues and subdues them. In resisting 
 the most violent patients it is never necessary 
 to resort to blows. So skillful do the attend- 
 ants become in the management of the vio- 
 lently insane that two attendants can easily 
 manage an insane person when four inexpe- 
 rienced persons would find it a difficult task. 
 
 W e had a practical illustration of this dur- 
 ing our visit. A new patient who was suf- 
 fering from acute mania was being brought 
 in by two robust-looking men, evidently inex- 
 perienced, as w iS shown by the great diffi- 
 culty they had in managing their charge, 
 when they were met by two of the attend- 
 ants, who, placing themselves one on each 
 side of the patient, grasped with one hand 
 each shoulder and with the other each wrist, 
 and with the patient’s arms stretched out at 
 full length, marched him through the corri- 
 dor with seeming ease. 
 
 Use of Narcotics. — What is known as 
 chemical restraint, or the use of powerful 
 narcotic drugs in order to reduce a violent 
 patient to a state of quiescence is never re- 
 sorted to except in cases where the health of 
 
 the patients would not admit of any other 
 treatment. 
 
 Suicidal Tendencies. — The officers and at- 
 tendants are made familiar with the history 
 of every new patient where i)ossible, and in 
 that way learn their special hobbies and pe- 
 culiarities, and are governed accordingly in 
 theL treatment of them. We were informed 
 that those patients of suicidal intent would 
 never attempt self-destruction in the presence 
 of others, and for that reason four or five of 
 them would be placed in the same apartments, 
 and effectually guarded each other. This 
 class of insane persons consume much time 
 in making preparations for suicide, so that 
 they are always prevented from accomplish- 
 ing their purpose before their preparations 
 are completed by the vigilant watchfulness 
 of the attendants. Never having any weapon, 
 every precaution being taken, they are ren- 
 dered harmless. 
 
 An Amusing Incident is related of two fe- 
 males who had agreed to kill each other, and 
 had managed to detach the iron grating 
 from the register, which was to be the weapon 
 used. It was agreed between them that one 
 was to strike the other a blow on the head, 
 but not so hard as to kill instantly, so that 
 the one struck would have sufficient strength 
 left to strike the uninjured one in return. 
 They then entered into an animated discus- 
 sion as to which one should strike first, when 
 the arrival of the attendant put a stop to the 
 proceedings. 
 
 The Evidences of Insanity are not discern- 
 ible in the personal appearance of many of 
 the patients, but a few moments conversation 
 is all that is necessary to convince the most 
 skeptical that the mind is diseased. A case 
 of this kind was that of a large, benevolent- 
 looking old lady who politely invited us into 
 her room with an apology for the smallness 
 of her quarters. She gave intelligent an- 
 swers to our questions, but upon her trying 
 to convince us that she was 2,882 years of age 
 and was the mother of 400 children, we came 
 to the conclusion that she had an original 
 method of computation or was where she 
 properly belonged. And we had no doubt 
 remaining as to the correctness of the latter 
 conclusion when we were informed that she 
 was passionately fond of smoking dried onions 
 and garlic. 
 
 The Ball Room Recreation. — Every Thurs- 
 day evening a ball is given in the handsome 
 entertainment hall in the asylum which is 
 attended by about 400 of the patients. They 
 all look forward to the evening with bright 
 anticipations of pleasure and seem to fully 
 realize them. The beneficial results of this 
 recreation are apparent. The excitable are 
 entertained and the melancholy cheered, 
 while the excellent deportment of all excites 
 the wonder of visitors. Concerts, dramatic 
 entertainments and lantern exhibitions are 
 also given and are greatly enjoyed. Every- 
 thing in fact is done to divert the patients’ 
 minds from their condition and inspire them 
 with that greatest cordial of the mind, hope. 
 
 The Great Secret of Success in the treat- 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 636 
 
 ment of the insane lies in taking advantage 
 of lucid intervals and at such times endeav- 
 oring by every means at command to prolong 
 their duration. Hence the employment of 
 frequent and varied amusements, the object 
 being to beget freshness, vividness and sane 
 consciousness. The result is a full realiza- 
 tion of the morbid fantasies of the past and 
 firm resolves to keep in subjection outbreaks 
 of temper, anxious and perverted thoughts, 
 bewildering illusions and free the mind of 
 
 “A whirling gulf of phantasy and flame.” 
 
 The Asylum Life not Gloomy. — A visit to 
 the Central Ohio Insane Asylum would at 
 once correct the erroneous idea that asylum 
 life is of necessity one of gloom and depres- 
 sion. While there is much that is saddening 
 and pitiful indeed, the many cures effected, 
 the improvement in the majority, and the 
 kindly care and constant efforts that” are 
 made for the physical and mental welfare of 
 the inmates cheers instead of depressing the 
 spirits of the visitor. 
 
 The Religious Welfare of the patients is 
 not neglected. Chapel services are held reg- 
 ularly on Sabbath evenings and to congrega- 
 tions which are an interesting study. All 
 degrees of mental departure are represented, 
 yet their behavior and attention would set a 
 good example for many who boast superior 
 intelligence. ^ The congregation, with books 
 in hand, join in singing, and the whole effect 
 of the services is to greatly improve the 
 mental condition of the patients. 
 
 The Statistics of the institution show that 
 those persons engaged in occupations requir- 
 ing heavy bodily labor, such as farmers, 
 laborers, housewives, housekeepers and do- 
 mestics, furnish a large proportion of the 
 inmates. Farmers and farmers’ wives abound 
 more than any other single class in these in- 
 stitutions. This is owing to the monotonous 
 lives led by them and consequent inactivity 
 of the brain, which, becoming weakened 
 from lack of proper exercise of its functions, 
 is the first organ to succumb when disease 
 attacks the system. This showing is in di- 
 rect opposition to the general impression that 
 insanity is usually the result of excessive 
 mental activity. The statistics give further 
 proof that the general impression is errone- 
 ous in this regard, by showing that the pro- 
 portion of insane among the educated class 
 of people is very small. This also proves 
 that the laws of health require proper exer- 
 cise for the brain as well as the bodj^ 
 
 The statistics of this asylum for the year 
 1887 show that 140 males were admitted, of 
 whom 60 were farmers, 25 laborers, and the 
 rest were scattering, the highest being car- 
 penters, 4 in number. Of females 144 were 
 admitted, of whom 85 were housewives, 28 
 housekeepers and 15 domestics, the next 
 highest being farmers’ daughters, 3 in num- 
 ber. 
 
 The report also states that the daily aver- 
 age number of inmates was 863, of whom 
 410 were males and 453 females. The report 
 also says ; “ Special attention is called to the 
 
 number of recoveries, being 90 males and 52 
 females, total 142, and also to the low death 
 rate, which was 30 males, 23 females, total 
 53. This will compare very favorably with 
 any institution in the country. The per- 
 centage of recoveries, based upon the admis- 
 sions, is, for males, 64.28 per cent., and for 
 females, 36.11 percent., and for both 55.69 
 per cent. The percentage of deaths, based 
 upon the whole number treated, is, for 
 males, 5.36 per cent., and for females 3.89 
 per cent., and for both, 4.71 per cent.” 
 
 Trustees. — Henry Plimpton, Columbus ; 
 Aaron B. Robinson, Marysville ; George W. 
 Morgan, Mt. Vernon; Joseph P. Smith, 
 Circleville ; William Waddle, Chillicothe; 
 Superintendent, C. M. Finch, M. D. ; Stew- 
 ard. George L. Currier. 
 
 The Ohio Central Insane Asylum is not 
 the only State institution providing for 
 the insane ; others are located at Athens, 
 Cleveland, Carthage and Dayton. There is 
 also under the patronage of the State the 
 Northwestern Asylum, which, containing a 
 yearly average of about 100 patients under a 
 contract with the State, is a county institu- 
 tion under control and direction of county 
 commissioners. 
 
 The total number of persons in Ohio State 
 Hospitals for Insane on Nov. 15, 1887, was 
 3,687, of whom 1,775 were males and 1,912 
 females. 
 
 The Institution for the Education of 
 THE Deaf and Dumb. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Hoge, of Columbus, was a man 
 of great force in Ohio, shown by his successful 
 elForts at an early date in influencing its Legis- 
 lature to found beneficent institutions. Largely 
 through him it was that an institution for the 
 education of the deaf and dumb was founded 
 during the legislative session of 1826-27. 
 Gov. Morrow in his annual message recom^ 
 mended the measure, and the result was the 
 passage of an act in accordance with the 
 recommendation. 
 
 The school ^vas opened October 16, 1829, in 
 a small building on the corner of High and 
 Broad streets. Only three pupils were pres- 
 ent, but the number steadily increased, and 
 larger quarters became necessary. In Febru- 
 ary, 1829, ten acres of land, lying half a mile 
 east of the State-House, were purchased, at 
 a cost of $300. On this site the first build- 
 ing for the use of the school was erected, and 
 ready for occupancy at the opening of the 
 fall term of 1834. A wing was added in 
 1845-46 to the south end of the original 
 building. The continued increase of appli- 
 cants in time rendered a larger building 
 necessary, and in pursuance of an act of the 
 Legislature passed March, 1864, in October 
 of the same year the corner-stone for the 
 )resent large and commodious structure was 
 aid with approi)riate exercises. 
 
 The Original Ideas of the Mute. — When 
 we compare the average graduate from such 
 an institution properly conducted with the 
 candidate for admission its great usefulness 
 is apparent. The mute presents himself 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 637 
 
 before bis teacher as nature formed and left 
 him ; his mental faculties undeveloped, and 
 with vague and undefined notions of what is 
 oing to be done for him. The world is to 
 im a blank ; his pleasures are mere animal 
 leasures, nor does hope, as it does for others, 
 old up a brilliant future for him. He looks 
 at the stars as mere openings in the azure 
 canopy of night, or as a few moons broken 
 up and in disorder upon its surface. He 
 supposes the sun a small ball of fire at a little 
 distance from the earth, and a new one 
 formed for daily use, or the old one by stealth 
 finds its way to the east while people are 
 asleep, ready on each successive morning to 
 commence again its daily course. 
 
 These and similar ideas are the struggling 
 efforts of an imprisoned mind unaided and 
 thrown back upon its own native resources 
 attempting to account for some of the usual 
 phenomena of nature. He finds himself a 
 foreigner at home, a stranger at his father’s 
 fireside ; though in the midst of society, he 
 is isolated from his fellow-men, entirely igno- 
 rant of the past history of the world, of the 
 rise and fall of nations, of the wars which 
 have deluged the earth in blood, or of the 
 great principles of the world ; nor has he the 
 least conception of the crimes and virtues of 
 men, or knows that he is a social and intel- 
 lectual being ; and does not dream of the 
 immortality oip the soul, or of the existence 
 of a Supreme Being, until the effects of edu- 
 cation begin to show upon his darkened in- 
 tellect. 
 
 The object of the institution is to educate 
 the mute, and fit him to occupy a position in 
 the world where he will be of use to himself 
 and his fellow-men ; give him the benefit of 
 education and moral cultivation, and as nearly 
 as possible place him on terms of equality 
 with others more favored by providential 
 circumstances. There have been cases where 
 the deaf and dumb were entirely cured, but 
 they are extremely rare, and only where the 
 cause of the infirmity has been some obstruc- 
 tions in the outer ear, and which are remov- 
 able, that there is much probability of a 
 cure. 
 
 In the method of instruction great use is 
 made of the countenance ; in fact, the mutes 
 could not be taught without it, as it is needed 
 to modify and accentuate the sign-language. 
 The happy results obtained in the five years’ 
 course of study are astonishing, from the first 
 dawn of knowledge obtained from the study 
 of the manual alphabet down through a 
 _ course of instruction including those studies 
 that are taught to advanced pupils in our 
 high schools and colleges, as well as in teach- 
 ing various trades, 
 
 A venf strong attachment springs up be- 
 tween the teacher and deaf and dumb scholar. 
 An instance of this is now a matter of his- 
 tory : In France, during the reign of terror, 
 the Abbe Sicard, the celebrated teacher, 
 while engaged in his benevolent avocation of 
 maturing his system of educating the deaf 
 and dumb, was arrested in his school-room, 
 and hurried from -among his mute pupils 
 
 to prison. A mock trial, a mere prelude to 
 the guillotine, had been held, when his 
 pupils in a body, of their own accord, it is 
 believed, appeared at the prison gates, and 
 besought the release of their more than 
 father. So powerful a demonstration of grief 
 did they make, that the populace was moved 
 in their behalf and Sicard liberated. These 
 people were small deaf and dumb children, 
 collected by Sicard, and for whose moral and 
 intellectual salvation he had consecrated his 
 days. 
 
 The industrial department of this institu- 
 tion is one of its most important features, 
 and gives employment to the inmates outside 
 of the school-rooms. This department in- 
 cludes a carpenter-shop, shoe-shops, printing- 
 office, where a weekly paper is printed, and a 
 large bookbindery, where regular contract- 
 work gives employment to many of the mutes. 
 The females are also taught to sew, and make 
 many necessary articles of wearing apparel, 
 as well as do all of the mending of the clothes 
 of the inmates. 
 
 The institution, which now has accommo- 
 dations for 425 pupils, is located in the midst 
 of spacious grounds, handsomely laid out with 
 walks, shrubbery, and flowers, to give the 
 inmates the benefit of pleasing surroundings. 
 
 Trustees. — J. M, Kirby, Upper Sandusky ; 
 Rufus R. Dawes, Marietta ; Janidfe Scott, 
 Lebanon ; Jacob Cherryholmes, Millersburg; 
 Frederick W. Herbst, Columbus. Superin- 
 tendent, Amasa Pratt ; Steward, J. S. Ellis. 
 
 The Institution for the Education of 
 THE Blind. 
 
 The Institution at Columbus is the only 
 State institution of the kind, excepting the 
 Working Home for the Blind at Iberia, Mor- 
 row county, which differs somewhat in its 
 aims and purposes. 
 
 It is somewhat doubtful as to the real 
 character of the Working Home of the 
 Blind, as it sustains a peculiar relationship in 
 the list of the organized charities of the 
 State. It was organized under State law, 
 money was appropriated for its proper equip- 
 ment, with a view to establishing a home 
 where the blind capable of performing skilled 
 work could find a home and employment, 
 and be assured of a competence for their 
 support from the results of their labor. 
 
 It was the understanding with those who 
 conceived the plan and urged the considera- 
 tion of the General Assembly to the project, 
 that after the institution would be fairly 
 started no further aid would be asked from 
 the State. 
 
 The opening exercises of the Ohio Institute 
 for the Blind were held in the Presbyterian 
 church in Columbus, on July 4, 1837, in the 
 presence of the teachers and scholars of the 
 city Sunday-schools, who, to the number of 
 900, had assembled to celebrate Independence 
 day. The teacher and five pupils were 
 present, which number was increased to 
 eleven by November. 
 
 The first building was erected in 1838, upon 
 beautiful grounds on the north side of the 
 
638 
 
 FRANKLfN COUNTY. 
 
 National road near the city, and the pupils 
 removed there in October. So rapid was the 
 {progress of the pupils in one year’s instruc- 
 tion at the institute that during the last 
 vacation they were able to give interesting 
 exhibitions, in company with their instructors, 
 in several cities of the State. 
 
 The Present Building. — The demands for 
 larger quarters becoming apparent, a law 
 authorizing the erection of a new building 
 was passed May 6, 1869, but owing to the 
 scarcity of labor the building was not com- 
 pleted and occupied until May 21, 1874. 
 This imposing structure is in the old English 
 or the later period of Elizabethan style of 
 architecture, and has accommodations for 250 
 pupils and about 65 additional persons, in- 
 cluding officers, teachers, secants, etc. The 
 building is fireproof, and is arranged with 
 the strictest regard for the health, conven- 
 ience, and happiness of the inmates. 
 
 Devices for Instruction. — One cannot fully 
 appreciate or understand the wonderful re- 
 sults obtained from a course of instruction at 
 the institute until he has paid it a visit. 
 There are to be seen specimens of the most 
 beautiful handiwork in embroidery, etc. , by 
 the female pupils, and a library of books with 
 raised letters, from which the blind can while 
 away many a pleasant hour, deriving pleasure 
 and instruction from reading by the sense of 
 feeling. Maps and charts are also used, with 
 the rivers, countries, mountains, cities, etc., 
 marked out by raised lines and by indenta- 
 tions, by which the pupils are enabled to ob- 
 tain a most accurate knowledge of geography. 
 
 The Happy Device of Valentine Hauu . — 
 Previous to^ the year 1774 the method of 
 instruction in all blind institutions was en- 
 tirely oral, when owing to an incident, 
 trivial in itself, a discovery which has been 
 most wonderful in its results, and opened a 
 new world to the blind, was made by Valen- 
 tine Hauy, a Frenchman and brother to the 
 celebrated Abbe Hauy, by which the blind 
 were enabled to read. In an evening walk 
 M. Hauy’s attention was attracted by the 
 sound of music proceeding from one of those 
 houses of refreshment so common in Europe 
 along the public promenades. Approaching 
 the spot he discovered eight or ten blind 
 persons, “spectacles au nez'' seated behind 
 a long desk, which was covered^ with music 
 books, executing in concert various airs on 
 diff'erent musical instruments, much to the 
 amusement of the bystanders. The parade 
 of music-books was of course a mere farce ; 
 but the active and benevolent mind of Hauy 
 converted this otherwise ridiculous circum- 
 stance into an event most important in its 
 results. 
 
 The blind, thought he, readily distinguish 
 objects by the diversity of their forms ; why 
 then may they not distinguish fa from sol, or 
 an A from an F, if these characters should 
 be rendered palpable ? The result of this ran- 
 dom thought was the invention of books, 
 music, charts, etc., with raised characters. 
 This method of instruction invented and 
 adopted by M. Hauy has undergone but few 
 
 alterations since his day, and though his 
 system is undoulDtedly susceptible of large 
 improvement, it is yet a matter of astonish- 
 ment that so much has actually been accom- 
 plished. 
 
 The Blind Leading the Seeing. — The 
 ability of the blind to become even more 
 familiar with their surroundings and the 
 location of different objects is shown in many 
 instances. Visitors to the institution are 
 shown through the building by a blind young 
 lady, who rather reverses the order of things 
 by leading those who can see up and down 
 stairs, through long corridors and different 
 apartments with perfect ease and familiarity, 
 explaining to them the uses of the various 
 departments and objects with never failing 
 accuracy. 
 
 Entertainment Hall. — Perhaps not the 
 least interesting apartment is the entertain- 
 ment hall, which is beautifully frescoed and 
 decorated, and is fitted up with a fine church 
 organ, grand piano and stage, where exhibi- 
 tions, concerts, etc., are given, showing the 
 proficiency of the pupils in literature, science 
 and the arts to audiences who are filled with 
 astonishment and delight at the wonderful 
 results obtained by an education at the insti- 
 tute. Music has always been an essential 
 branch in the system of instruction because 
 of their peculiar aptitude for it. The sus- 
 ceptibility of the ear and the powers of the 
 voice seem augmented by the deprivation of 
 sight, though it is physiologically certain that 
 this apparent improvement of the auditory 
 and vocal organs is owing merely to increased 
 exercise. Another strong reason why the 
 blind have so much talent for music is their 
 great love for an art which their infirmity 
 does not prevent them from deriving as much 
 enjoyment from as those who see. By the 
 cultivation of music the blind are furnished 
 with means always at command not onlj^ of 
 innocent and beneficial recreation, but also 
 of a pleasant and respectable livelihood. 
 They are in general remarkable for facility 
 both in the acquisition and communication 
 of ideas. The object of the institution in 
 educating a class of people who have been 
 poor, unhappy creatures, almost helpless and 
 in the majority of cases dependent upon 
 charity for their daily sustenance, is indeed 
 most successfully accomplished. Although 
 deprived of sight the deficiency is supplied 
 to a certain extent by the natural acuteness 
 of intellect and powers of memory which, com- 
 bined with the educational advantages 
 derived from the institution, develop them 
 into useful, intelligent citizens, not only 
 capable of self-support but in many cases 
 they have risen to prominence in literary, 
 mechanical and art circles. 
 
 The Blind Philosopher. — Genius sur- 
 mounts all obstacles and we have many such 
 examples among the blind, proving the 
 practicability of communicating instruction to 
 these people. A striking instance of this is 
 shown in the account of Nicholas Saunderson, 
 a distinguished philosopher at the Unive.*^ 
 sity of Cambridge, England, in the last 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 •539 
 
 century. Saunderson lost his sight at a very 
 early age, from small-pox. This man be- 
 came one of the professors at the university, 
 and lectured most admirably upon mathe- 
 matics and every subject connected there- 
 with. He was a man of most extensive 
 erudition, and a great philosopher ; but what 
 most astonished those who knew him^ was 
 the perfection to which he brought his re- 
 maining senses ; his hearing was so acute that 
 he could detect the minutest intonations of 
 the voice, and judge very shrewdly of the 
 character of any one with whom he conversed 
 ten minutes ; on coming into his room he 
 could tell by the sound of his cane on the 
 floor, or by the echo of his voice, whether 
 any of the large furniture of the room had 
 been removed, or changed from one side of 
 the room to the other. The perfection of his 
 touch was often tested in the examination 
 of ancient coins; for he could run over a 
 cabinet of Roman medals with his fingers, 
 and distinguish the genuine from the counter- 
 feit, when the difference was so slight as to 
 puzzle connoisseurs with both eyes to find it 
 out. Saunderson enjoyed the friendship of 
 Sir Isaac Newton. The Royal Society of 
 London elected him a member of that body, 
 and after his death the University of Cam- 
 bridge published his mathematical works. 
 
 The inmates of the Ohio institution are an 
 apt illustration of the maxim that work and 
 occupation is the soother of all sorrows, 
 for they are evidently very happy. They 
 have the continued consciousness that they 
 are fitting themselves for lives of usefulness 
 and independence, and when the community 
 at large see and realize the beneficial effects 
 of the education derived from this and other 
 institutions they should no longer say 
 “Helpless are the blind,” but rather “ Help- 
 less are the ignorant. ’ ’ 
 
 Trustees. — John L. Atwood, Ripley; H. 
 C. JDrinkle, Lancaster ; John H. Hudson, 
 Sandusky; David L. Wadsworth, Welling- 
 ton ; Edward Pagels, Columbus. Superin- 
 tendent, C. H. Miller. Steward, R. W. Bell. 
 
 The Institution for the Education op 
 Feeble-Minded Youth. 
 
 In March, 1850, the Hon. Pinckney Lewis, 
 of the Ohio Senate, secured the passage of a 
 resolution directing Dr. Hanbury Smith, 
 superintendent of the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, 
 to report to the next general assembly the 
 number of imbecile youth in the State, and 
 the propriety of making provision for their 
 support and education. No such report was 
 presented. 
 
 Its Origin. — In 1853 Dr. N. S. Townshend, 
 then a senator elect, who had previously stud- 
 ied medicine in Paris, and learned what had 
 been done there for imbeciles, meeting Oov. 
 xMedill on the street approached him with 
 the remark, “Governor, have you any- 
 thing in your forthcoming message on the 
 education of imbeciles?” “What!” was 
 the reply, fools I why you can’t teach fools 
 anything, can you ? ” “ Oh, yes,” he replied, 
 and then went on to explain what had been 
 
 accomplished elsewhere. As a result of the 
 conversation Gov. Medill in his next mes- 
 sage brought the ^ subject before the gen- 
 eral assembly. This portion of the message 
 being referred to a select committee of which 
 Dr, Townshend was chairman he presented a 
 report detailing what had been done for this 
 unfortunate class in Europe and in our coun- 
 try. A bill for the establishment of an in- 
 stitution for imbeciles was introduced, but 
 failed to pass. 
 
 The Institution Established . — In the win- 
 ter of 1856 Dr. Wilbur, superintendent of 
 the New York Imbecile Asylum, passed 
 through Columbus, gave a lecture, and ex- 
 hibited two pupils before the general assem- 
 bly. In 1857 Hon. Heman Canfield, of the 
 senate, introduced a bill to establish an Ohio 
 Asylum for Idiots, which passed both branches 
 of the Legislature, and became a law April 
 17, 1857. A board of trustees wa^ promptly 
 appointed by Gov. Chase, consisting of Wil- 
 liam Dennison, Asher Cook, and N. S. 
 Townshend. Upon the organization of the 
 board, Mr. Dennison was ^osen chairman ; 
 N. S. Townshend, secretary ; and Pr. R. J. 
 Patterson, superintendent. At the time of 
 making the first report in November, 1857, 
 the building on E. Main street, now used for 
 the home of the friendless, had been secured 
 and fifteen pupils received, a number soon 
 afterward increased to 40. In 1859 the office 
 of assistant superintendent was created, and 
 Dr. G. A. Doren chosen to fill that position. 
 In 1860 the office of superintendent becom- 
 ing vacant. Dr. Doren was elected superin- 
 tendent pro tern, by the board of trustees. 
 So faithful and efficient was this gentleman in 
 the discharge of his duties that he was unani- 
 mously re-elected at the close of the year, and 
 has been continued from that period to this, 
 in all twenty-eight years. The old quarters 
 were occupied for ten years, with a yearly 
 average of between forty and fifty pupils, 
 which was the largest number the building 
 could accommodate. ^ The increasing number 
 cf applicants becoming greater each year, in 
 accordance with an act of the Legislature ap- 
 propriating the necessary amount, the pres- 
 ent site was purchased, and in 1864 a suitable 
 building for the accommodation of 300 pupils 
 and the necessary officers, teachers, etc., was 
 commenced. In July, 1868, the new build- 
 ing was completed and occupied^ Before the 
 end of the first school year the number of 
 inmates in the new building had increased to 
 nearly 300. The practicability and value of the 
 institution having been satisfactorily demon- 
 strated, additions were constantly being made 
 to the original building to accommodate the 
 increasing number of applicants for admit- 
 tence until in the year 1881 there were 614 
 inmates and every available space in use. 
 
 Destruction by Fire . — Upon the morning 
 of November 18, 1881, fire w^^s discovered 
 in the cellar of the main building. Its loca- 
 tion was so dangerous that an order was given 
 that the children be removed at once, which 
 was safely accomplished. So rapid was the 
 proijress of the flames that in spite of the 
 
640 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 most praiseworthy efforts of the officers and 
 employees, the main building was totally 
 destroyed., and several of the side wings 
 greatly damaged. One hundred of the 614 
 inmates were sent home owing to this calam- 
 ity, and the remainder were crowded into the 
 buildings which had escaped destruction, 
 where the good work of the institution was 
 carried on, notwithstanding the inconvenience 
 of insufficient room, for three years before 
 the work of rebuilding had been completed. 
 Profiting by the experience of this disaster, 
 fire proof materials were used in the con- 
 struction of the new building ; ^ and additional 
 security for the safety of the inmates in case 
 of fire, provided by iron stairways erected on 
 the outside walls of the building leading from 
 each story and extending several feet away 
 from the outside walls of the lower windows 
 to the ground. Electric bells also communi- 
 cate with the main office from every quarter 
 of the building, so that a fire alarm can be 
 instantly given and the fire located. 
 
 Objects of the Institution. — At the close of 
 the last school year, July, 1888, the institu- 
 tion contained 725 inmates, and it is a sad 
 fact to record that only 125 had homes to 
 visit during tho vacation season, leaving 600 
 idiots without any home except that provided 
 by the State. 
 
 “The important objects of the institution 
 are the amelioration of the condition of the 
 imbecile, the accompanying relief of the 
 family of the burden of care and anxiety for 
 them and their future, by so training them 
 that they may attain the greatest possible de- 
 gree of self-helpfulness and even usefulness ; 
 the obtaining of such information as will re- 
 duce as far as possible the hereditary and 
 accidental cases of idiocy and imbecility by so 
 informing the world in regard to tho condi- 
 tions liable to their production that they may 
 be avoided. The first is accomplished by the 
 careful training and development of the child, 
 surrounding it with the most efficient influ- 
 ence for the unfolding of a capacity for use- 
 fulness in its station. The second, by the 
 careful study of the cases individually, as near 
 as possible, to the events that have reduced 
 them to the condition, and which will offer a 
 better opportunity to arrive at reliable conclu- 
 sions, no matter how patiently the histories 
 may be pursued at a later age. ’ ’ 
 
 Fortunately, the rights of the child to its 
 opportunity for education go hand in hand 
 'with the sympathies of all in this case ; in- 
 deed, they have the double right as enjoined 
 by the people, not only of special means of 
 education, but of the care and custody of 
 those of minds diseased. If the duty of 
 caring for them at all is enjoined, then, cer- 
 tainly, the doing of it in the best manner is 
 not to be questioned. There is no excuse 
 for neglecting them as children, that they 
 may be taken charge of when of adult age 
 and size, to be cared for frequently in all re- 
 spects as infants whose infancy has been pro- 
 longed by neglect. Nor is there reason for 
 the admission to an institution of an adult 
 imbecile for simple care and custody, to the 
 
 exclusion of a young and improvable child 
 from a family of young children, who may 
 be saved from the depressing influence of be- 
 ing reared with such associations, and from 
 which they never recover, the parents from 
 the discouragements and depression which 
 frequently causes pauperism of the whole 
 family. 
 
 The duty of the public to provide for all is 
 clear, but in making provision for them it 
 should be done in an intelligent and efficient 
 manner, with the view of lessening the bur- 
 den to the utmost by the highest possible 
 development of them as children, in order 
 that they may, when of adult age and strength, 
 contribute to the extent of their ability to- 
 ward their own support. To the State it 
 matters little whether a helpless case is in an 
 institution or in the family ; if there should 
 be any difference it would be in favor of the 
 institution, even granting the best of care 
 possible in the family. In the institution 
 their care is associate and with proper facili- 
 ties. In families they are single and do not 
 have these facilities, and are expensive to 
 the State in the proportion that their help- 
 lessness withdraws from the general body of 
 workers and producers to attend upon them ; 
 their condition frequently requiring the public 
 to support a whole family on account of one 
 imbecile member consuming the energies of 
 those who should give it support while sus- 
 taining all others dependent upon them. 
 The object of the institution is to prevent 
 this condition of things by assuming the care 
 and development of the child. 
 
 Beauty of the Location. — A ride of about 
 two miles directly west from the state house 
 at Columbus brings the visitor to the site of 
 the present institution. Passing through the 
 entrance gate one cannot fail to be impressed 
 with the beauty of the grounds. A broad 
 avenue, shaded 0:1 each side by overhanging 
 branches of rows of trees, leads to the main 
 building, which is upon a rising knoll, about 
 one-eighth of a mile from the main entrance. 
 Immediately in front of the buildings is a 
 magnificent park of many acres and covered 
 with grand old trees, under which the in- 
 mates pass many a happy hour deriving the 
 benefit of healthful exercise in the air and 
 bright sunlight. In the woodland beyond 
 the park are about thirty Shetland ponies, 
 which are the property of the superintendent 
 and have been provided for the amusement 
 of the juveniles of the establishment. 
 
 We were conducted through the buildings 
 and grounds by Miss Harriet F. Purple, who 
 has been the able and efficient matron of the 
 institution for nearly thirty years. Every 
 department gave evidence of a system 01 
 management which only years of experience, 
 devotion and intelligence on the part of those 
 in charge could produce. 
 
 The educational department is under the 
 charge of twenty-five teachers and graded 
 according to the capabilities or mental condi- 
 tion of the pupils. School hours are from 9 
 A. M. to 12.30 P. M. and 2 to 4 P. M. While 
 it seems a hopeless task to attempt to instruct 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 641 
 
 these unfortunates, the results^ obtained by 
 persistent effort and great patience on the 
 part of the teachers is most beneficial in the 
 majority of cases, while the proficiency ob- 
 tained by some of the pupils excites the 
 wonder of visitors. 
 
 Devices for Instruction. — In the depart- 
 ment containing low-grade pupils the work 
 of instruction is necessarily slow and laborious. 
 Many on entering are unable to talk, and the 
 teacher considers that much has been ac- 
 complished when the pupil’s mind and atten- 
 tion has been concentrated upon one special 
 object. Many ingenious devices have been 
 invented for this purpose.^ Bright-colored 
 toys, strings of beads and similar articles are 
 given to the children, who finally learn to 
 separate and fit together the different parts. 
 When evidence is thus given of the possi- 
 bility of advancement it is taken advantage 
 of and the especial point reached opens an 
 avenue for further development. 
 
 In the high-grade department the pupils 
 are taught geography, arithmetic, history, 
 penmanship, calisthenics, etc., and while con- 
 siderable difficulty is experienced owing to 
 weak memory the results accomplished by 
 patient and persistent effort are remarkable 
 when a comparison is made between the con- 
 dition of the pupil before and after receiving 
 the benefits of the institution. Examples in 
 arithmetic of no little difficulty are solved, 
 the specimens of penmanship are remarkably 
 well done, while considerable proficiency is 
 shown in geography and history. 
 
 An Exhibition in Calisthenics. — We were 
 favored with an exhibition of calisthenics, 
 which was most skilfully executed, the pupils 
 going through the ' different movements to 
 musical accompaniment and without an error. 
 Their leader was a boy about seventeen years 
 of age, whose display of memory in leading 
 the pupils through a long series of move- 
 ments was most remarkable. When the per- 
 formance was over the^ class went through 
 several intricate marching figures, each in 
 turn depositing their dumb-bells in the space 
 designed for them at the end of the hall, and 
 marched out of the door, the sound of their 
 footsteps marking perfect time to the music 
 as it gradually died away in the distance. 
 
 The Imbeciles' Band of Music. — We were 
 next favored with a performance that ex- 
 cited wonder and surprise that such results 
 could be obtained in an art that requires not 
 only many long^ hours of faithful, laborious 
 study, but also intelligence and natural apti- 
 tude. We refer to the concert by the band 
 of the institution. ^ This organization is com- 
 posed of about thirty-five performers and is 
 what is known as a military reed band, the 
 leading instruments being composed of wood 
 or reed wind instruments, such as clarionets, 
 flutes, piccolos, oboes, bassoons and saxa- 
 phones. Good performers on the last three 
 named instruments are very rare everywhere, 
 owing to the difficulty in mastering them. 
 
 Standard overtures, operatic selections, and 
 even classical compositions of the old masters 
 are performed by this band and in a style 
 
 that would do credit to professional musi- 
 cians.^ Only those who have studied the 
 beautiful art of music can fully appreciate 
 what an immense amount of labor and per- 
 severance it requires to go through the many 
 intricate steps that are necessary to bring a 
 band of musicians of normal intelligence to 
 a degree of proficiency. That so much has 
 been accomplished by this band of feeble- 
 minded musicians is another evidence of the 
 efiicient work that is being accomplished at 
 this institution toward the improvement, 
 development and happiness of this unfor- 
 tunate class of our fellow-citizens. 
 
 While permanent cures of idiocy are sel- 
 dom effected, yet there are instances in the 
 history of this institution where they have 
 occurred and the patients became useful 
 citizens. We were told of one man who, 
 having learned the carpenters’ trade at the 
 institution, is now earning $2.50 a day work- 
 ing at his trade and has saved sufficient 
 money to buy a home. While cures are only 
 possible when idiocy is caused by disease, the 
 improvability of all is practicable to a greater 
 or less degree, except with the class known as 
 “cretins.” Some of these latter are con- 
 genital cases, deformed in body as well as in 
 mind, and are generally small in stature, with 
 large, flat heads, thick necks and short limbs. 
 
 Their Gratitude.— WYA q physically they 
 are capable of improvement, little can bo 
 done to advance their mental condition. 
 Sometimes they are taught to say a few 
 words, and they also understand some things 
 that are said to them, but their condition is 
 more like that of the lower order of dumb 
 animals than of human beings. The kind- 
 ness and humanity that governs all the offi- 
 cers and teachers in their treatment of the 
 inmates is fully appreciated by the “cre- 
 tins,” who show affection and gratitude 
 for their attendants similar to that of a dog 
 for his master. Generally the inmates are 
 feeble and’ stunted in body as well as under 
 size. Children apparently ten ^ or twelve 
 years of age we found to be on inquiry six- 
 teen to eighteen. In going through the in- 
 stitution it seems as the home of one huge 
 family. 
 
 Consanguinity., or the inter-marriage of 
 persons of the same kin, contrary to the 
 general public impression, is not a prolific 
 source of imbecility. The records of this 
 institution, for all that period of time from 
 its foundation to the date of the fire of 1881, , 
 showed that comparatively few cases could be 
 charged to consanguinity. That these records 
 were destroyed by the fire is a great misfor- 
 tune, as much valuable matter, from which 
 to form a basis of calculation as to the causes 
 of idiocy and its prevention, was thereby 
 lost. 
 
 Employrnents. — Many of the inmates are 
 employed in various ways, and it has proven 
 of great physical as well as mental benefit to 
 them. The girls are taught to sew, and be- 
 come sufficiently skillful to do all the mend- 
 ing for the asylum. The laundry work is 
 done entirely by the inmates, and many be- 
 
642 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 come very good shoemakers, tailors, carpen- 
 ters, and plumbers, and not only do all neces- 
 sary work of this kind for the institution, but 
 thus obtain a means of livelihood upon leaving 
 it. One man is employed in the plumbing 
 department who has shown remarkable me- 
 chanical skill in the building of a working 
 miniature engine. Although almost a hope- 
 less idiot, the constructive faculty has been 
 developed when other faculties of the mind 
 were totally deficient. 
 
 The beautiful and extensive surroundings.^ 
 consisting of 188 acres, contribute not a little 
 toward the mental as well as physical im- 
 provement of the inmates. The garden sup- 
 plies all of the vegetables used here. Milk 
 is furnished by a fine herd of cows, fifty in 
 number, who have been trained to enter the 
 barn at certain hours, walking in single file, 
 each one stepping out of the fine into its own 
 accustomed feeding-place as it comes to it. 
 They are milked night and morning by the 
 inmates. 
 
 Healthfidness. — That there is so little sick- 
 ness in an institution filled with persons, 
 whose infirmities cause weak and delicate 
 constitutions, is owing to the perfection of 
 its sanitary regulations. In its entire history 
 there has been but one epidemic which was 
 attended with serious results : that was in 
 November, 1882, when there were 183 cases 
 of scarlet fever. The death-rate was the 
 largest since the foundation of the asylum. 
 The school-rooms and dormitories were con- 
 verted into hospital-rooms, and the teachers 
 and attendants became nurses. Every pre- 
 caution was taken to prevent the spread of 
 the disease, which finally disappeared after 
 twelve weeks of self-sacrificing devotion, 
 courage and fortitude of the attendants, 
 during which time they were constantly ex- 
 posed to the dangers of a disease, the results 
 of which are fearful even when death does 
 not ensue. 
 
 The General Residts. — The reports show 
 that 69 per cent, of its inmates learn to work, 
 74 per cent, to read and write, 43 per cent, 
 make useful progress in arithmetic, while all 
 are improved in personal habits. 
 
 A Public Duty. — With the increase in 
 population of the State, and consequent 
 larger number of this unfortunate class, the 
 necessity for making permanent provision, 
 and enabling them to make the best possible 
 use of such faculties as they already possess, 
 together with the necessity for placing them 
 under such restrictions as will prevent the 
 increase and perpetuation of their kind, must 
 be apparent to every thoughtful citizen ; and 
 this the spirit of humanity demands of the 
 State. 
 
 Except in very few cases this class is not 
 fitted to go out into the world ; yet under 
 proper management a large proportion could 
 not only earn sufficient to support themselves, 
 but largely aid in the support of their kind. 
 There is at the present time a large number 
 of adult imbeciles who have arrived at ma- 
 turity since entering this institution, and this 
 number is constantly increasing. They have 
 
 no place to go except to the county infirma- 
 ries, or to wander at large through the com- 
 munity, dependent upon the charity of the 
 public for support ; no longer under improv- 
 ing infiuences, but relapsing into their former 
 helpless condition, to become criminals or 
 paupers. The institution is at present crowded 
 far beyond its capacity, and between 300 and 
 400 applications for admission were refused 
 last year owing to this fact. 
 
 An Outlook for the Future. — For the per- 
 manent provision of this class it has been 
 suggested that an appropriation should be 
 made by the General Assembly to purchase a 
 large tract of land at a convenient distance 
 from the institution, on which should be 
 erected plain and substantial farm -buildings, 
 with all needful appliances for the various 
 industries^ of the farm and workshop. As 
 there are in the asylum at the present time a 
 sufficient number of unemployed inmates to 
 work 1,000 acres of land, the value of such 
 an arrangement needs no argument. The 
 sale of the products of the farm and work- 
 shops would realize enough to pay all its 
 expenses, thereby utilizing what has been 
 heretofore a public expense and burden, and 
 permitting the asylum to carry out the ob- 
 jects of its foundation. 
 
 The education of the feeble-minded youth 
 in Ohio has been unusually successful, and it 
 is the largest institution of the kind on the 
 globe. Its success is largely owing to the 
 ability and efficiency of both past and present 
 trustees and officers, and the untiring energy 
 and zeal of its superintendent. Dr. G. A. 
 Doren, who, having held this position since 
 1859, has made the bettering of the condition 
 of this class his life-work. 
 
 The officers and trustees in 1888 are : 
 Trustees — Silas A. Conrad, Massillon ; Rob- 
 ert Mehaffey, Herring; Benjamin B. Wood- 
 bury, Chardon ; Edward Squire, Defiance ; 
 Ross J. Alexander, Bridgeport ; superin- 
 tendent, G. A. Doren ; steward, George 
 Evans. 
 
 The Ohio Penitentiary. 
 
 The penitentiary system was introduced 
 into Ohio in 1815. Previous to that date 
 certain crimes, afterward punishable by im- 
 prisonment in tl:e penitentiary, were pun- 
 ished by whipping. For instance, upon con- 
 viction of larceny the offender was sentence^' 
 to be whipped ; not exceeding thirty striped 
 on the naked back for the first ofFence, anO 
 not exceeding fifty stripes upon a second con 
 viction for a like offence. 
 
 In 1815 was enacted the first Ohio statuU 
 for the punishment of larceny by imprison- 
 ment in the State prison. It provided that 
 conviction of larceny of the value of ten dol- 
 lars and upward should be punishable by im- 
 prisonment at hard labor for not less than 
 one nor more than seven years. In 1821 the 
 amount of larceny to constitute a State-prison 
 offence was increased to fifty dollars, but, in 
 1835, was reduced to the present amount* — 
 thirty-five dollars. 
 
 The first penitentianj in Ohio was built in 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 643 
 
 1813, on a ten-acre lot in the southwest corner 
 of Columbus, which was conveyed to the 
 State for that purpose by the original pro- 
 prietors of the town. It was a brick building 
 fronting on Scioto street ; the dimensions 
 were sixty by thirty feet and three stories in 
 height, which included the basement partly 
 below ground. The basement contained the 
 living-rooms of the prisoners, and could only 
 be entered from the prison-yard. The second 
 story A/^as the keeper's residence. The third 
 or upper story contained the prisoners’ cells, 
 thirteen in number, nine of which were light 
 and four dark cells. 
 
 The prison-yard, about 100 feet square, 
 was enclosed by a stone wall from fifteen to 
 eighteen feet high. 
 
 In 1818 a new brick building was erected, 
 and the prison-yard enlarged to about 400 by 
 160 feet, enclosed by stone walls twenty feet 
 high and three feet thick, with a plank floor 
 and hand-railing on the top. Workshops 
 were arranged within the yard. The new 
 building was 150 by 34 feet, two stories high, 
 and formed a connecting-line with the old 
 building, which was remodelled as a residence 
 for the keeper. 
 
 The dining-room, kitchen, and fifty-four 
 cells occupied the ground floor of the new 
 building ; below ground, accessible only by a 
 trap-door in the hall, were five dark and soli- 
 tary cells, and on the second floor two adjoin- 
 ing rooms served for a hospital. 
 
 Until 1819 the keeper or warden was ap- 
 pointed by five inspectors chosen by the Leg- 
 islature. That year, however, the office of 
 State agent was created, and both agent and 
 keeper elected by the Legislature for a term 
 of three years. It was the State agent’s duty 
 to receive from the keeper all manufactured 
 articles, make sales, collect debts, and pay 
 over to the State treasurer all cash receipts. 
 The office of State agent was abolished in 
 1822. 
 
 TJie first warden or keeper of the peniten- 
 tiary was James Kooken. At that time the 
 prison contained but few convicts, the keeper 
 was kind-hearted and as lenient as was con- 
 sistent with official duty, and, there being at 
 times but little work for the prisoners, they 
 were permitted to indulge in various amuse- 
 ments, one of which was ball-playing ; and 
 when, as sometimes happened, the ball was 
 knocked over the prison walls, a dog they had 
 trained for the purpose would run to the 
 main entrance, summon the guard, pass out, 
 get the ball, and return with it to the 
 players. 
 
 The labor of the prisoners was employed in 
 blacksmithing, cabinetmaking, giinsmithing, 
 wagon-making, shoemaking, coopering, weav- 
 ing, and tailoring, the manufactured articles 
 being sold or exchanged for provisid ns or raw 
 materials. 
 
 Attempts at Escape.- — There were more or 
 less individual attempts to escape, but only 
 one outbreak at all general in its character. 
 One day, during the year 1 830, about a dozen 
 prisoners, under the leadership of daring 
 fellow. Smith Maythe by name, secreted 
 
 themselves near the outer door of the prison, 
 and, when the turnkey unlocked the door, 
 Maythe sprang upon him, securing a firm 
 hold, while his companions rushed out. 
 Then, releasing the turnkey he bounded out, 
 and joining his fellow-conspirators fled to 
 some woods a short distance southeast of the 
 prison. Their liberty was short-lived, how- 
 ever, for soon they were all recaptured and 
 returned to the prison. Maythe, the leader, 
 was eventually hung by a mob in Kentucky 
 for an attempt at robbery and murder. 
 
 Liberties to Convicts. — Previous to 1836 
 convicts were frequently taken out to work in 
 different parts of the town, and sometimes 
 without a guard. Among others who were 
 allowed great liberties in this respect was one 
 Scott, a printer, who was permitted to earn 
 money, a part of which he was allowed to 
 keep for himself, by working at his trade 
 outside the prison. On one occasion he got 
 uproariously drunk, and, meeting Grov. Lucas 
 on the street, he besought him to grant him 
 a pardon, and, backed up by the whisky he 
 had imbibed, became very urgent, much to 
 the governor’s discomfiture. Perhaps it is 
 needless to state that Mr. Scott served out 
 his full term, and with restricted privileges. 
 
 The Asiatic Cholera. — In the summer of 
 1833 the cholera broke out in Columbus, and 
 soon became epidemic within the penitentiary. 
 Out of 303 convicts few were exempt from 
 sickness. One hundred were confined in the 
 hospital, forty of them with pronounced gen- 
 uine cholera, and there were eleven deaths 
 before the disease disappeared. 
 
 In 1849, the prison having been removed 
 to its present quarters, the cholera again 
 made its appearance, and with a fatality that 
 was appalling ; and notwithstanding every 
 precaution, more than one-fourth of the 
 inmates became its victims. 
 
 Heroic Devotion. — It broke out in the 
 prison on the 30th day of June, having pre- 
 viously prevailed in Columbus and surround- 
 ing towns for eight or ten days. The first 
 day there were two fatal cases, and the daily 
 mortality increased to five on July 7, eight 
 the day following, and twelve on the 9th of 
 July. Dr. Lathrop, the regular prison physi- 
 cian, was attacked by the disease July_3; 
 fifty to sixty new cases were occurring daily, 
 and, although Dr. Trevitt was in attendance, 
 having been called the first day the epidemic 
 broke out. Dr. Lathrop felt that his duty was 
 at his post ; and although • advised by his 
 physicians to keep his bed, totally unfit for 
 any labor, on ffie 6th of July he was again at 
 work administering to the sick and dying. 
 His heroic devotion cost him his life five 
 days later. 
 
 July 8, nine days after the first appearance 
 of the disease, 396 out of 41 3 prisoners had 
 been attacked by cholera, 21 had died, and 
 the next day 12 more died. The condition 
 and prospect of affairs was horrible to con- 
 template. The directors called to the aid of 
 Drs. Lathrop and Trevitt other physicians in 
 the city, as Drs. B. F. Card, Robert Thomp- 
 son, J. B. Thompson, Norman Cay, and J. 
 
644 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 Morrison. Medical students and citizens 
 were also engaged as attendants and nurses. 
 
 Distressing Scenes and Fanic. — The hos- 
 pital being crowded ^ the abandoned work- 
 shops were divided into wards, nurses and 
 attendants assigned, and they were soon 
 filled with the sick and dying. Just at this 
 time, when their services were most needed, 
 the guards fled, panic-stricken. Necessarily 
 discipline was very much relaxed. For six- 
 teen days and nights the cell doors remained 
 unlocked and the prisoners commingled 
 
 . freely. Some of them were stoically indif- 
 ferent to their surroundings, others were 
 manly, heroic, and rendered very efficient 
 service in ministering to the sick, while an- 
 other class of prisoners were filled with ner- 
 vous fear and trembling, imploring physi- 
 cians, attendants and nurses, with piteous 
 cries, to speak to the governor and have them 
 pardoned out. 
 
 Governor Ford acted with great discretion 
 in this emergency. An article written by 
 Hon. Charles B. Flood and published in 
 
 Dra%vn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 The Ohio Penitentiary. 
 
 [The above view was drawn from the west bank of the Scioto. Since then the front has been 
 changed and the institution greatly enlarged, while the vicinity has been made black and girm with 
 iron works and other hives of solid labor.] 
 
 Cincinnati long after the incidents occurred, 
 describes his action : ‘ ' When the cholera 
 broke out in the Ohio penitentiary Gov. Ford 
 was absent from Columbus. To be used in 
 extraordinary cases, he had left a small num- 
 ber of blank pardons with Mr. Samuel Gal- 
 loway, the secretary of state. ^ The scene in 
 the penitentiary and in the city was fearful. 
 Galloway could not withstand the piteous 
 appeals for liberty, and he soon exhausted 
 die pardons and wrote to Ford at his home 
 in Burton, Geauga county, for more. This 
 the governor refused, but wrote Mr. Gallo- 
 way that he would come down to Columbus 
 immediately. He did so ; went to the prison, 
 examined the hospital and patients, assem- 
 bled the convicts and told them that no par- 
 dons would be issued while the cholera was 
 in the prison ; that to those who behaved 
 well, nursed the sick and aided in cleaning 
 the prison, pardons on the recommendations 
 of the officers would be freely granted when 
 the danger was passed ; even those who had 
 homes to go to could not be half as well 
 nursed or attended to as in the prison hospi- 
 tal, and that the appearance of a single man 
 in the neighborhood who was known to have 
 been in prison and pardoned because of the 
 cholera would create alarm and perhaps pro- 
 duce the much-dreaded disease. The men 
 were satisfied. The effect in the city was 
 good, and the heroism and good sense of 
 Gov. Ford were much commended. At the 
 risk of his life he personally went among the 
 sick and personally attended to their wants. 
 
 July 10th the epidemic reached its height, 
 the number of deaths being twenty-two, a 
 reater mortality than on any other single 
 ay. On that day Hr. Gard was attacked 
 and Dr. Lathrop again stricken down by the 
 disepe. The two heroes both died noble 
 sacrifices on the altar of professional zeal and 
 large-hearted humanity. On July 11th Dr. 
 G. W. Maris filled the vacancy caused by Dr. 
 Gard’s fatal sickness, and from this date the 
 virulence of the epidemic gradually declined 
 until July 30th, when the last death from 
 cholera occurred. 
 
 Number of Deaths. — During the thirty 
 days of the epidemic 116 prisoners had died 
 from cholera, and out of 413 convicts, the 
 number had be*n reduced by deaths and par- 
 dons to 273. With the subsidence of the 
 disease the prison discipline was gradually 
 resumed. 
 
 When the cholera prevailed in Co^lmbus 
 between August 30th and November 29th of 
 the year 1850 there were twenty-two deaths 
 attributed to dysentery and other disease by 
 the regular prison physician, but since then 
 the prison has been exempt from epidemic 
 diseases. 
 
 The Present Peniteiitiari/. — In October, 
 1832, the legislature passed an act for the 
 selection of a site and the erection of a new 
 penitentiary, and a site in the western part 
 of Columbus, on the banks of the Scioto, 
 selected ; but there being some complications 
 with regard to a perfect title, five public- 
 spirited citizens of Columbus — Joseph Ridg- 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 645 
 
 way, Jr., Otis Crosby, Samuel Crosby and 
 D. W. Deshler — succeeded in securing the 
 property for the State and guaranteed a per- 
 fect title. The property consisted of fifteen 
 acres of land, to which was added a small 
 strip purchased of John Brick ell for $50 
 by the directors of the penitentiary. The 
 whole site cost the State but $800. 
 
 Work was started on the building in 1832 
 by the preparation of much of the material, 
 but the structure itself was not commenced 
 until the following spring, and operations were 
 suspended during the summer owing to the 
 cholera epidemic. Convicts were employed 
 in the work. When the building of the new 
 penitentiary was begun, convicts whose time 
 would not expire before its completion were 
 romised a pardon when the building was 
 nished if they would faithfully perform the 
 tasks assigned them and make no attempt to 
 escape. Those making this promise were 
 employed accordingly, and in no case was 
 there a violation of the terms. 
 
 New Rules and Regulations. — In 1834 the 
 new building was occupied ; and in 1835, with 
 a new building, new ofiicers, new rules and 
 regulations, the old system of barter was 
 abandoned and the present system of hiring 
 the convicts by the day to contractors and 
 manufacturers, who employed them in the 
 prison workshops, was inaugurated. Rules 
 of great severity were rigidly enforced which 
 have been relaxed of late years and kindness 
 and humane treatment substituted, with the 
 object of reformation as well as punishment 
 of the offender. Solitary confinement in- 
 stead of the “shower bath” and the “cat” 
 is now used ^ to bring the refractory convict 
 into subjection. 
 
 In 1837, at the east end of the main build- 
 ing, an addition was constructed which con- 
 tained eleven cells, with capacity for twice 
 that number. This addition was used as a 
 separate apartment for female prisoners. 
 
 The cost of the new penitentiary, when 
 completed, was $93,370, besides 1,113,462 
 days of convict labor expended upon it. The 
 buildings and prison walls formed a hollow 
 square containing about six acres of land, 
 which was increased in 1868 by the addition 
 and enclosure of ten acres of land lying north 
 of the prison. These ten acres of land were 
 
 E urchased from the representatives of Dr. 
 lincoln Goodale at a cost of $20,000. 
 
 New Humanizing Features. — Many im- 
 provements have been made in the labor sys- 
 tem since the adoption of the contract plan ; 
 a recent one is that of having piece-work 
 given out to the convicts, who are thus stim- 
 ulated to greater industry, and many of them, 
 by increased application to their labors, often 
 leave the prison upon the expiration of their 
 sentences with sufficient money saved by 
 working extra time to start them in useful 
 callings. During our visit mention was made 
 of one prisoner who will shortly leave with 
 $540 earned in that way. The habits of in- 
 dustry thus acquired, with the consciousness 
 of possessing the reward of faithful efforts, 
 cannot fail to have a beneficial effect upon 
 
 criminals and do much toward making them 
 honest and industrious citizens. 
 
 All prisoners who are physically able are 
 employed in the different labor departments. 
 Those who are experienced in any particular 
 trade upon entering the prison are given 
 work in their specialty ; but the majority of 
 the convicts have never learned trades when 
 first imprisoned. 
 
 In the female department a number of the 
 inmates are employed making stogies, and we 
 were informed during a recent visit to the 
 institution that in every instance the trade 
 was learned in the prison. The cooking and 
 laundry work in this department is all 
 done by the female prisoners. At the present 
 time there are only about thirty-five feuialcs 
 in the department, who are entirely separated 
 from the rest of the prisoners. It has two 
 dark cells or dungeons, which are seldon> 
 used, as the women generally are well be- 
 haved. 
 
 The Reformatory Principle. — Every effort 
 is made to improve the moral and religious 
 condition of the convicts, and to carry out 
 the reformatory principle as far as possible. 
 Religious exercises are held every Sunday, in 
 which the prisoners take an active part. The 
 prison Sunday-school is divided into classes 
 that are taught by different teachers from the 
 city. Convicts who are members of the Catho- 
 lic denomination have a large chapel devoted 
 to their special use. The uneducated are 
 obliged to attend night-school for a few 
 hours every evening, with the exception of a 
 few vacation months in the summer. The 
 prison library, which contains over 2,000 vol- 
 umes, besides a large number of monthly 
 magazines, furnishes another means for in- 
 tellectual improvement, and is a great aid to 
 moral reformation. Humanity and kindness 
 is shown in every possible way in the treat- 
 ment of the prisoners, every incitement to 
 good behavior given them. As a result of 
 the influences, out of over 1,200 convicts 
 there are not over six or seven daily infrac- 
 tions of the rules. 
 
 The Suit of Honor. — The prisoners are 
 graded by different-colored clothing. The 
 wearing of a suit of clothes striped gray and 
 white instead of striped black and white is a 
 badge of good behavior. The plan was sug- 
 gested by the prisoners themselves, originated 
 here, and works so well that this ‘ ‘ Ohio 
 idea” is being copied in other States. To 
 entitle the prisoner to don the gray he must 
 sign a special agreement to implicitly obey all 
 the rules and regulations in spirit as well as 
 in letter, and must for six months receive the 
 highest possible rating for good behavior. 
 With these conditions fully met, the convict 
 becomes entitled to his mark of honor — the 
 suit of gray. The plan works well as a re- 
 formatory measure. 
 
 A mail department has been established 
 within the prison, where convicts are allowed 
 to receive letters or papers from their rela- 
 tives or friends. One day of each month a 
 prisoner is allowed to receive visits from 
 friends and relatives. 
 
646 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 In the insane department of the peniten- 
 tiary there are at present about twenty-five 
 inmates, who are given the best medical treat- 
 ment, and owing to their unfortunate condi- 
 tion of mind are allowed many privileges. 
 Being incapacitated from work of any kind 
 they exercise in the yard adjoining, and are 
 only locked in their cells at night. Many of 
 the convicts feign insanity with the hope of 
 being sent to this department to enjoy its 
 freedom and idleness ; but such attempts at 
 imposition are soon discovered. There are 
 also numerous applications for admittance to 
 the hospital by those who are perfectly well 
 and under the plea of sickness hope to escape 
 work. 
 
 Hopefulness of Life Convicts. — At present 
 about 125 convicts are serving life sentences, 
 and we were surprised to learn that this class 
 of prisoners, instead of giving way to the 
 hopelessness of their position, are generally 
 in a cheerful frame of mind, and seldom 
 realize that the remainder of their lives are 
 to be spent in prison ; they invariably expect 
 that through some unforeseen good fortune 
 or a pardon they will regain the liberty of 
 which their crimes have deprived them. 
 
 The cells are built of stone and have iron 
 barred doors ; they are about 4x7 feet in 
 size, and are not occupied by the prisoners 
 during the day, as they are then engaged in 
 the workshops. Each cell contains a bed or 
 cot, which can be turned up against the side 
 wall, and the furniture is of the simplest 
 kind, although they are permitted to furnish 
 them more expensively if they or their 
 friends have the means to do so. There are 
 two stories or tiers of cells in each section of 
 the prison ; they face the outside walls of 
 the buildings in which they are located, hav- 
 ing wide corridors between them and ^ the 
 walls. Dampness in the lower cells is avoided 
 by an air-duct, which runs under the stone 
 fiooring. 
 
 When Gen. Morgan escaped from the Ohio 
 penitentiary, during the war, he discovered 
 the existence of this air-passage by sounding 
 the floor of the cell ; and having secretly ob- 
 tained a case-knife, he cut through the stone 
 flooring until this passage was reached and 
 the hole made large enough to admit his 
 body to the space below, when he crawled 
 through the passage to the outside of the 
 prison, and thus gained his freedom. The 
 cell occupied by this famous rebel raider still 
 shows the marks of his work, but the air- 
 passage now opens inside instead of outside 
 of the prison-walls. 
 
 The Condemned Murderers' Quarters. — In 
 the east end of the penitentiary is located the 
 annex which has recently been constructed 
 for the accommodation of criminals con- 
 demned to death. It consists of three rooms, 
 one of which is called the cage, because one 
 side of it is protected by an iron lattice-work 
 partition. It is the place of confinement for 
 the condemned criminal, who for several days 
 previous to his execution has what is called 
 the death-watch set upon him ; this vigil is 
 kept by guards on the outer side of the lat- 
 
 ticed partition ; here also is a large alarm- 
 clock, which rings a bell every half hour of 
 the night, so as to insure wakefulness on the 
 part of the guard on duty. 
 
 The Execution Room. — On the south side 
 of the cage and guard-room is built a stair- 
 way, which the prisoner ascends when going 
 to execution. A door at the top of this 
 stairway opens on a balcony built in the ad- 
 joining execution room. On this balcony, 
 which is about seven feet above the floor of 
 the execution room, is the death-trap. The 
 doomed prisoner stands upon the trap, a cap 
 is drawn over his head, the rope adjusted, 
 and at a given signal a spring is touched, 
 which opens the trap, and the prisoner falls 
 about six feet, when the rope tautens with a 
 jerk and the neck is broken by the force of 
 the fall. Most criminals condemned to death 
 declare their innocence to the last, but they 
 rarely meet death with calm demeanor. 
 
 So superior is the management of the Ohio 
 penitentiary, that convicts are sent here both 
 by the United States and also by some of the 
 Territories, their expenses being paid by the 
 government sending them. At present there 
 are ten Apache Indians f»ent here by the 
 United States authorities to serve sentences 
 of from ten to thirty years for manslaughter. 
 These prisoners have been employed in 
 weaving chair-seats, no difficulty having been 
 experienced in making these representatives 
 of a wild and savage race maintain the best 
 behavior. W e were informed that they had 
 killed a number of their own race, members 
 of a hostile tribe, in revenge for some injury 
 done. 
 
 The Parole System. — In 1885 a parole 
 system was inaugurated at the Ohio peniten- 
 tiary, in pursuance of an act passed by the 
 Legislature on May 4th of that year. Sec- 
 tion 8 of that act is as follows : 
 
 That said Board of Managers shall have power 
 to establish rules and regulations under which 
 any prisoner who is now, or hereafter may be, 
 imprisoned under a sentence other than for mur- 
 der in the first or second degree, who may have 
 served the minimum term provided by law for the 
 crime for which he was convicted, and who has 
 not previously been convicted of a felony, and 
 served a term in a penal institution, may be al- 
 lowed to go upon parole outside the buildings and 
 enclosures, but to remain, while on parole, in legal 
 custody and under the control of the board, and 
 subject at any time to be taken back within the 
 enclosure of said institution; and full power to 
 enforce such rules and regulations, and to retake 
 and reimprison any convict so u])on parole, is 
 hereby conferred upon said board, whose written 
 order, certified by its secretary, shall be a suffi- 
 cietit warrant for all officers named therein, to 
 authorize such officer to return to actual custody 
 any conditionally released or paroled prisoner, 
 and it is hereby made the duty of all officers to 
 execute said order the same as ordinary criminal 
 process. 
 
 This system of parole has proven to be a 
 wise measure. Of the 254 prisoners paroled 
 since the passage of the law, but sixteen 
 have violated their parole and but ten have 
 been returned for its violation. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 Bertillori s Method for Identification. — In 
 1887 the penitentiary management adopted 
 what is known as the Alphonse Bertillon’s 
 new method for the identification of criminals 
 by anthropometic descriptions. This system 
 looks more directly to the detection of re- 
 cidivists — a term applied to confirmed crimi- 
 nals — and, when carefully applied, renders 
 their identification as certain as can be made. 
 
 It consists of certain measurements and “ nota- 
 tion of various bone dimensions which remain 
 unchangeable on the same subject, and which are 
 recorded in a uniform way. These are principally 
 the stature or height of the figure, the length and 
 width of the head, the length of the foot, middle 
 finger, etc.” 
 
 The measurements are by the metric system 
 and has, with its corresponding classification, 
 been carried on in France for the past four years, 
 during whieh time, from 1882 till April, 1886, 
 eight hundred and seventy-three (873) criminals 
 under assumed names were recognized. 
 
 Warden R. W. McClaughry, of the Joliet, Illi- 
 nois, State Penitentiary, who presented this sub- 
 ject in a thoroughly comprehensive paper, with 
 practical illustrations of methods employed, at 
 the late Prison Congress, held at Toronto, Canada, 
 quotes Mr. Bertillon as saying, that, in respect to 
 the “identification of a criminal under an as- 
 sumed name is, as far as the general welfare is 
 concerned, equivalent to his direct arrest on the 
 public highway for some other crime.” Under 
 the existing law of our State relating to “ habitual 
 criminals,” the system of identification of recidi- 
 vists — a second or third termer — who appears un- 
 der an assumed name, becomes a matter of the 
 first importance. The method of taking measure- 
 ments is entirely simple and expeditious — “ an 
 operation requiring two or three minlites of time, 
 and within the range of the intelligence of an 
 ordinary man.” This system is now employed in 
 our State Penitentiary, and has the approbation 
 of the entire management, and will be carefully 
 applied, and will, no doubt, in time yield satis- 
 factory results. 
 
 The State Board of Pardons was created ; 
 in 1 888. Section 2 of the act providing for 
 this board reads as follows : 
 
 Sec. 2. Every applicant for the granting of a 
 pardon, commutation of sentence, or reprieve, of 
 a person duly convicted of crime, shall be made 
 directly to said board, which shall carefully con- 
 sider the same, and shall thereupon recommend 
 in writing to the governor, the advisability of 
 granting or rejecting said application. They 
 shall also transit to the governor, with their 
 recommendation, a full and concise statement of 
 the facts in each case, together with all papers 
 and documents pertaining thereto. 
 
 This board consists of Lorenzo D. Hagerty, 
 President, Henry Kahlo, Thomas T. Thomp- 
 
 647 
 
 son, Nathan Drucker and Charles E. Prior, 
 Secretary, ex-officio. 
 
 The statistics of the penitentiary furnish 
 some very interesting facts. For the year 
 ending Oct. 31, 1887, the number of convicts 
 enrolled was 649, of whom 636 were males, 
 13 females; 579 of these were whites and 
 70 colored. Seventeen were under 17 
 years of age, 296 were between 21 ana 30, 
 and 18 between 60 and 76 years of age. 
 One hundred and five cannot read, 275 have 
 a common school education, 17 have a high- 
 school education, and 8 a collegiate education. 
 Four hundred and five confess to intemperate 
 habits. Number of first convictions 567 ; 
 second convictions, 69 ; and third convictions, 
 10 . 
 
 The present management of the institution 
 is most efficient. Dr. A. G-. Byers, Secretary 
 of the Board of Stqte Charities, in his twelfth 
 annual report to the General Assembly, says : 
 
 The Management.— '"‘llsiYmg been familiar 
 for nearly a quarter of a century with the 
 management of the penitentiary, I feel it due 
 to the present Board of Managers, without 
 any reflection upon preceding boards, to say 
 that in the selection of officers, in the super- 
 vision of prison labor, in patient investigation 
 of disciplinary measures, and in the exercise 
 of official and personal interest in individual 
 prisoners, the board has manifested an 
 unusual interest and a wise discrimination in 
 the discharge of its duty, that has brought 
 the institution to a higher standard of prison 
 management than was ever attained before. 
 
 The warden (E. G. Coffin) has developed 
 more than ordinary qualifications for his 
 position, attributing the success of his ad- 
 ministration to the wise counsel and gener- 
 ous support of the Board of Managers and 
 to the efficient co-operation of his deputy, 
 W. B. Cherrington, and subordinate officers. 
 This rnodest appreciation of his own service 
 is possibly the best indication of a capacity 
 to command the service of others. 
 
 ^ Earnings. — Just what the financial opera- 
 tions of the year have been cannot now be 
 stated, but it is probable that the earnings of 
 the year have fully equalled the expenditures. 
 If this end has been attained there can be no 
 just grounds of complaint. 
 
 No public interest demands a revenue to 
 the State from prison labor. ’ ’ 
 
 Board of Managers. — Jacob J. Johnson, 
 New Lexington ; Isaac D. Smead, Toledo ; 
 Thomas Murphy, Zanesville ; Bobert M. 
 Rownd, Columbus ; William B. Phipps, 
 Cincinnati ; J. W. Clements, Secretary, 
 Hamilton. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 In Eranklinton is now standing the birthplace of Gen. Irvin McDowell, who 
 in the period of the war of the rebellion, as Whitelaw Reid says, was one of the 
 best military scholars of the army and one of the most unsuccessful of its officers. 
 . . . . His place in the sure judgment of coming times is secure. He will not be 
 reckoned brilliant or great ; but his ability and devotion will be recognized. His 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 648 
 
 manifold misfortunes, the amiability with which he encountered personal reverses, 
 the fortitude with which he endured cahimny will be recounted. Men will do 
 justice to the services he rendered us in our darkest hours, and he will leave an 
 enduring and an honorable fame.’^ 
 
 Irvin McDowell was of Scotch-Irish descent, and the branch from whence he 
 sprang were early emigrants to Ken- 
 tucky. He was born in 1818, was 
 educated at West Point, served in the 
 Mexican war, and died in San Fran- 
 cisco in 1885, having been retired in 
 1882 from the army and the position 
 of major-general, in command of the 
 Division of the Pacific. 
 
 The great misfortune of his career 
 was, that it fell to his lot to command 
 the Union troops at ,the first great 
 battle of the war — that of Bull Pun 
 — and he was made the scapegoat of 
 that mortifying disaster. Of his gen- 
 eralship there Mr. Peid says : His 
 plan was excellent, and though there 
 were innumerable faults of execution, 
 they arose more because of the materials with which he had to work than from 
 his own inexperience or lack of judgment. After all the display of ability 
 which the war has called out, we would be puzzled to-day if called upon to 
 name any officer who, if then put in McDowelPs place, would have done better. 
 We may doubt, indeed, if there are any who would have done so well.^^ 
 
 The long and full narrative of his career, as given by Mr. Peid, is a pitiful tale 
 of cruel wrong against a high-minded and patriotic soldier made the victim of 
 calumny. It is one of the peculiarities of war that while it often develops the 
 most noble and heroic qualities of patriotism and self-sacrifice the diabolical and 
 atrocious has its fullest scope. No jealousies,’’ wrote the late Col. Charles 
 Whittlesey, are equal to those between military men,” and history records innu- 
 merable instances of multitudes slain through the exercise of this passion against 
 a brother officer. 
 
 Lucas Sullivant, the leading pioneer in 
 Franklin county, was born in Mecklenbur^h 
 county, Va., in 1765. Losing his parents in 
 youth, he learned surveying, and first went to 
 practise his art in the new lands of Kentucky, 
 then an outlying county of Virginia. Col. 
 Richard C. Anderson, surveyor-general of the 
 Virginia military land district of Ohio, ap- 
 pointed him as deputy. With a party of 
 twenty men he advanced into the wilderness 
 of Ohio, and in the summer and fall of 1797 
 laid out the town of Franklinton ; there he 
 resided the remainder of his life. He died 
 in 1823, in his fifty-eighth year. He was a 
 man of high character ; kind, courteous, 
 eminently _ public-spirited, benevolent and 
 helping, with strong natural powers, and left 
 a large fortune, the just fruits of a spirit of 
 daring, useful enterprise. He left three sons 
 — William Starling, Michael L. , and Joseph. 
 
 William S. Sullivant, his oldest son, 
 was born at Franklinton in 1803, graduated 
 at Yale CoUege, returned home, and although 
 immersed in the active business of life while 
 yet in early manhood, he found time to 
 acquaint himself with the flora of Central 
 
 Ohio, discovering in his researches several 
 species hitherto unknown, to one of which by 
 his Eastern botanical associates was given the 
 name “Sullivantia Ohioensis.” 
 
 The distinguished botanist, Dr. Asa Gray, 
 said of him : “As soon as the flowering 
 plants of his district ceased to afford him 
 novelty he turned to the mosses, in which he 
 found abundant scientific occupation of a 
 kind well suited to the bent of his close, 
 patient observation, scrupulous accuracy, and 
 
 nice discrimination His works have 
 
 laid such a broad and complete foundation 
 for the study of bryology in this country, and 
 are of such recognized importance everywhere 
 that they must always be of classic authority. 
 Wherever mosses are studied his name will 
 always be honorably remembered. In this 
 country it should long be remembered with 
 peculiar gratitude.” On noticing his death, 
 which occurred in 1873, the annual report of 
 the Council of the American Academy of 
 Arts and Sciences said : “ In him we lose the 
 most accomplished bryologist which this 
 country has ever produced. ’ 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 64a 
 
 Michael L. Sullivant, the second son, 
 was born in 1807, was educated at Athens 
 and Centre College, Ky., and, inheriting a 
 large body of land, became on an immense 
 scale a grazier and stock feeder. At an early 
 day, owing to a want of market, the grain 
 was largely fed to stock driven to the Scioto 
 valley from various quarters — even as far as 
 from the prairies of Illinois — in the fall and 
 winter months, where they were what is 
 termed “stall-fed,” i. c., fattened and driven 
 over the mountains and sold on the seaboard. 
 To purchase and feed cattle for sale East was 
 extensively practised in the valley. Mr. Sul- 
 livant was one of the originators of the Ohio 
 Stock Importing Company and of the Ohio 
 State Board of Agriculture, of which he was 
 twice the president. In 1854 he sold out his 
 Ohio possessions, and moving to Illinois, 
 bought two immense tracts at government 
 prices, called respectively “Broadlands” and 
 ‘ ‘ Burr Oak. ’ ’ The first named was in Cham- 
 paign county, and each comprised tens of 
 thousands of acres. On these he commenced 
 farming on an immense scale. The news- 
 papers of the time were full of notices of his 
 stupendous experiment, which involved a 
 small army of retainers as laborers. The ex- 
 periment, however, failed, and proved a great 
 financial loss. He died in 1879. 
 
 Joseph Sullivant, the youngest son, was 
 born in 1809, received a collegiate education, 
 and lived an honored life. He interested 
 himself in varied public matters, literary, 
 scientific, and material education, agriculture, 
 and projects for the general welfare. He 
 wrote a pamphlet on “A Water Supply for 
 Columbus,” and projected “Greenlawn” 
 cemetery, etc., etc. His bust is in the hall 
 of the “Sullivant School,” a contribution 
 from the teachers and scholars, as evidence 
 of their high regard for his useful services. 
 He died in 1882. 
 
 Dr. Lincoln Good ale was born in Wor- 
 cester, Mass., and, in 1788, when a child of 
 six years, came with his father to Marietta. 
 In the war of 1812, while acting as assistant 
 surgeon, he was taken prisoner at Hull’s 
 surrendei\ In 1814 he came to Columbus, 
 engaged in merchandising, acquired great 
 wealth, and died in 1868, aged eighty-seven 
 years. He gave the beautiful Goodale Park 
 to the city, wherein was placed, in 1888, his 
 bust in bronze, a fine piece of work by J. 
 Quincy A. Ward. 
 
 The most prominent of the four men who 
 founded Columbus was Lyne Starling, and 
 it was by a mere ruse that they succeeded. 
 Col. James Kilbourne was actively at work 
 for his town, Worthington, and had a major- 
 ity of o?ie pledged in the Legislature in his 
 favor. As Worthington was almost the exact 
 geographical centre of the State, and his pro- 
 posals liberal, success seemed assured. When 
 the time came for voting two of Kil bourne’s 
 supporters could not be found, and so the 
 colonel lost by one majority. Those two 
 missing members had been su ^cessfully hived 
 in a secure retreat with cards nd wine. 
 
 Mr. Starling was born in Mecklenburgh 
 
 county, Va., in 1784, and died at his lodgings 
 in the American Hotel in 1848. In 1806 he 
 came from Kentucky to Franklinton, and 
 assisted his brother-in-law, Lucas Sullivant, 
 who was clerk of court for Franklin county. 
 Later he held the office, and for many years ; 
 was also a successful merchant and trader. 
 “He was a warm-hearted, eccentric, honored, 
 and useful citizen, and to-day ‘ Starling Med- 
 ical College,’ founded through his munifi- 
 cence, perpetuates his name.” 
 
 It was fortunate for the beginning of 
 Columbus that it had for its first clergyman 
 a man of such marked character for useful- 
 ness as Bev. Dr. James Hoge. He was 
 born in Moorfield, Va., in 1784, of Scotch- 
 Presbyterian stock, and was the son of a 
 famous Presbyterian divine, Bev. Dr. Moses 
 Hoge. The father was president of Hamp- 
 den Sidney College, author of “Christian 
 Panoply,” an answer to Paine’s “Age of 
 Beason,” and noted for his pulpit oratory. 
 John Bandolph said of him, he was the most 
 eloquent preacher he had ever heard. 
 
 James Hoge being licensed to preach by 
 the Presbytery of Lexington, Va., in 1805, 
 when just twenty-one years of age, came out 
 as itinerant missionary to Ohio. In 1806 a 
 Presbyterian church was organized in Frank- 
 linton, and he was soon called to be its pastor. 
 In 1812 a brick building was erected there 
 for a church. It was destroyed by a tornado. 
 In 1814 a church built of logs was erected in 
 Columbus on land belonging to him. He 
 continued in this charge until 1858, when, 
 after a pastorate of over half a century, age 
 and infirmity compelled his resignation. 
 
 Dr. Hoge was the pioneer of the tem- 
 perance movement in Ohio, and, although 
 born in a slave State, was an ardent abolition- 
 ist. He was instrumental in establishing the 
 State Deaf and Dumb and Insane Asylums, 
 was a trustee of two educational institutions, 
 and a founder of the Ohio Bible Society. 
 
 Hon. Alfred Kelly, son of Daniel Kelly, 
 
 ALFRED KELLY. 
 
 was born in Middletown, Conn., November 
 7, 1789. When nine years of age his father 
 removed with his family to Lowville, N. Y 
 Alfred was educated at Fairfield Academy, 
 N. Y., and studied law with Jonas Platt, a 
 judge of the Supreme Court of that State. 
 
 In 1810 he removed to Cleveland, was ad 
 
650 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 mitted to the bar and appointed prosecuting 
 attorney on his twenty -first birthday, to which 
 office he was continuously appointed until 
 1821. In 1814 Mr. Kelly was elected to the 
 Ohio House of Representatives ; and was the 
 youngest member of that body, which met at 
 Chillicothe, then the capital of the State. 
 
 From a very valuable and interesting sketch 
 of “Reminiscences of Alfred _ Kelly, ” by 
 Judge Alfred Yaple, who was his friend and 
 a member of the last Legislature in which he 
 served, we have made copious extracts 
 throughout this article. 
 
 ‘ ‘ At an early day during one of the ses- 
 sions, he prepared and introduced a proposi- 
 tion to reform the practice in our courts. His 
 proposition looked to the lopping off of all 
 the fo' malities and verbiage of the old system 
 of pleading and to simplify it. This propo- 
 sition was the forerunner of our code, which 
 came some thirty years later. ^ It also pro- 
 vided for the abolishment of imprisonment 
 for debt, except in cases of fraud. This was 
 the first time, as I have heard him say, such 
 a measure was ever seriously urged in any 
 legislative body in the civilized world. 
 
 ‘ ‘ Dickens’ flaming pen had not then flashed 
 light into the gloomy recesses and revealed 
 the sufferings and wretchedness within the 
 walls of the ‘ Old Marshalsea, ’ and aroused 
 the English people to apply the plowshare to 
 turning over the ground upon which its foun- 
 dations had stood. Three years after he in- 
 troduced it in Ohio, Kelly’s bill was passed 
 by the Legislature of one of the States, New 
 York, — I think — but not in Ohio until about 
 1837 or 1839. At the time he introduced it, 
 it was considered so impracticable and radical 
 that it defeated his entire plan of judicial re- 
 form. He introduced it, as he said, because 
 he held that property should be the basis of 
 credit, and property alone taken for debt; 
 that to discharge debt, the person could not 
 be sold, and for debt personal liberty should 
 not be restrained. This principle is now, I 
 believe, incorporated in the Constitution of 
 every State, and is uj^on the Federal statute- 
 book of the United States, and has been en- 
 acted by the Parliament of England. 
 
 “ He was the master spirit, whether in or 
 out of the legislature, of our canal policy. 
 He urged it as a necessary means of develop- 
 ing the resources of the State, and to the ex- 
 tent that he advocated and aided it, it was 
 eminently a success. ^ Instead of three bushels 
 of wheat being required to purchase a bushel 
 of salt, one bushel of the former would pur- 
 chase three of the latter. The same thing 
 happened in the prices of iron and all other 
 imported heavy articles. We got them no 
 longer by pack-saddle. 
 
 “When the system was finally decided 
 upon, it was generally supposed that the con- 
 templated works could not be completed 
 within the lives of any then living, and cer- 
 tainly not within the limits of the estimated 
 cost. He, having been the prime mover in 
 the undertaking, having framed the statutes 
 Authorizing and governing these works, was 
 made an active canal commissioner, the Leg- 
 
 islature thus, in effect, saying: ‘You claim 
 that this work can be done with a given 
 amount of money ; now do it. ’ He accepted 
 the trust, abandoned his profession, sacrificed 
 his health by exposure to the wet and malaria 
 of the valleys, and accomplished the work. 
 And the work was well done.” 
 
 To make sure that everything was honestly 
 done he personally inspected the work, living 
 at one time in a cabin on the line of the canal 
 with his family. He used a long iron rod 
 with which he was accustomed to probe the 
 embankments to discover the tricks of con- 
 tractors who were apt to fell huge tree bodies, 
 cover them with earth, and then draw pa; 
 therefor at so much a cubic yard. 
 
 Mr. Kelly had that peculiar quality oi 
 mind which could not only grasp large enter- 
 
 rises in their entirety but at the same time 
 
 irect the perfecting of every detail wither 
 losing hold on the main purpose. 
 
 Once having undertaken any matter, he 
 assumed entire responsibility, and with in- 
 domitable will and perseverance exacted im- 
 plicit obedience to orders from all under him. 
 His was the mind that projected the methods, 
 his subordinates’ duties were to execute orders. 
 His opinions and plans were formed after 
 careful thought, and when formed he was 
 sure he was right, would brook no opposition, 
 and was therefore impatient of criticism. 
 This sometimes caused him to be considered 
 despotic toward those in his employ, but as 
 long as his orders were strictly obeyed he was 
 an easy taskmaster. An illustration of this 
 is given in the following anecdote : A gentle- 
 man, Mr. John J. Janney, an old citizen of 
 Columbus, as he informs us, calling at his 
 house, saw two men, one on the roof appa- 
 rently making some change in a chimney top, 
 the other sitting on a stone on the ground. 
 Inquiring if Mr. Kelly was in the house, Mr. 
 Janney was told that he might be found at a 
 certain designated point with some men who 
 were at work in a ditch. Upon reaching it, 
 Mr. Kelly was found at the bottom of the 
 ditch laying drain tile, not the modern tile for 
 they had not yet come into use, but the flat 
 paving tile ; two hired men were standing by 
 looking on. Mr. Kelly would not trust them 
 to do the work even under his own personal 
 supervision, but was as much besmeared with 
 dirt and mud as either of his hired laborers. 
 
 Upon returning to the house Mr. Janney 
 found that the two men who had been en- 
 gaged on the chimney were quietly resting on 
 the ground. Being accosted with the saluta- 
 tion that they seemed to be earning two dol- 
 lars and a half a day very easily, one of them 
 replied, “That is so, but we have gone just 
 as far as Mr. Kelly told us how to go, and 
 while we think we know exactly what we 
 ought to do next, when you have worked for 
 Mr. Kelly as long as we have you will know 
 better than to do anything which he has not 
 told you how to do. He will be perfectly 
 satisfied to have us sit here all the afternoon 
 and do nothing, if he does not come back and 
 tell us what to do next. He is a capital man 
 to work for if you know how to obey his 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 651 
 
 directions exactly, but if you don’t do that 
 he will not want you. ’ ’ 
 
 Another anecdote illustrates Mr. Kelly’s 
 character, and shows how great an interest he 
 took in the property and business interests 
 of the State : While on a tour of inspection, 
 the boat he was on came to a lock ; Mr. 
 Kelly got otf the boat and while examining 
 the lock discovered a lot of brush lodged 
 against one of the gates ; he called up the 
 division inspector — a recent appointee who 
 did not know Mr. Kelly by sight — and point- 
 ing to the brush, said, “ Wh^y don’t you re- 
 move that brush ? it is liable to cause damage 
 if not removed.” The inspector replied, 
 “Well, I’ve been trying to get a man to go 
 in there and take it out, but have not found 
 one as yet.” Without another word Mr. 
 Kelly, clothes and all, plunged into the canal 
 and cleared out the brush. Then, dripping 
 with muddy water, he went up to the aston- 
 ished inspector and said, “ My name is Al- 
 fred Kelly ; some political influence secured 
 your appointment to this position, but we 
 shall have no further use for your services. I 
 will send another man to All your place imme- 
 diately.” 
 
 The Ohio canal was the great life-work of 
 Mr. Kelly, and although a public work, Mr. 
 Kelly gave so much of himself both to its 
 origin and construction, was so devoted and 
 untiring in its behalf, surmounting^ all difii- 
 culties, and was with all so economical in its 
 management that when in 1835 the Ohio 
 canal, connecting the Ohio river with Lake 
 Erie, was completed, the actual cost did not 
 exceed the estimate. 
 
 During the memorable financial crash from 
 1837 to 1841 he, then living at Columbus, 
 where he resided until his death, was ap- 
 pointed fund commissioner. _ While holding 
 this responsible position during that critical 
 eriod the State of Mississippi repudiated 
 er debt. Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, 
 and perhaps other States, had failed to pay 
 the interest on their bonds. The State of 
 New York and the government of the United 
 States were in the New York market seeking 
 in vain to raise money. The Ohio treasury 
 had not enough money to pay her January 
 interest. He was in New York endeavoring 
 to raise money for that purpose by the sale 
 of bonds and prevent the disgrace of bank- 
 ruptcy. In the midst of it, resolutions were 
 introduced and backed by certain Solons in 
 our legislature, to follow the example of 
 Mississippi and repudiate our debt ; and in 
 Illinois the same disgrace was being urged 
 for adoption. Communication was slow, the 
 mails being carried by stage coach. 
 
 Capitalists in New York, in view of these 
 resolutions and the character of the times, 
 refused to lend the State of Ohio a single 
 dollar on its credit. But at last and just in 
 time to save the State, Kelly backed Ohio by 
 giving his own individual notes for it, to an 
 amount more than twice what he was then 
 worth, risking the impoverishment of him- 
 self and his family ; but he raised the money 
 and paid the interest. Some of these notes 
 
 are now in possession of his family, or were 
 at his death, which occurred at the beginning 
 of our late war. 
 
 Tlirough his financiering, his system by 
 this time having become known and appreci- 
 ated, Ohio’s bonds went up from fifty cents 
 on the dollar to much above par, and have 
 ever since remained there. Those who 
 bought them at a low figure became, and 
 justly and fairly so, enriched by the invest- 
 ment. 
 
 After saving the State’s credit in New 
 York by pledging more than twice the aggre- 
 gate of his own life-accumulations, and before 
 the marked advance in Ohio bonds, he made 
 an expose of the State finances, and fore- 
 shadowed the necessity for the adoption of a 
 new system of taxation. These considera- 
 tions led to his being^ sent again to the State 
 Senate. There he introduced and carried 
 through the tax law of 1846, the principle of 
 which was — saving a blunder, which the Su- 
 preme Court has held prevents the deduction 
 of debts from credits — incorporated into our 
 present constitution, and which, by letting 
 the ‘ ‘ blunder ’ ’ part of the constitution 
 “slide,” is our present tax law, passed in 
 1859. 
 
 Through the influence of ex-Governor Den- 
 nison, the Kelly system has been adopted for 
 the District of Columbia, and the fierce op- 
 position against its introduction there enables 
 us to realize the difiiculties with which Kelly, 
 on its first introduction, had to contend in 
 Ohio. Men who invest $100,000 in one kind 
 of business, and are free from taxation, will 
 look with complacency upon the $100,000 of 
 their neighbors, invested in real estate, taxed 
 to bear all the expenses of government to 
 rotect both ; and will strenuously object to 
 eing compelled to pay an equal share. But 
 after one year no one will attempt or desire 
 to return to the former partial and unjust 
 system. 
 
 At the same session of 1846 the currency 
 of the State was worthless. The people were 
 suffering from losses entailed by the Bank of 
 Gallipolis, the new Bank of Circleville, etc. 
 Kelly then introduced and procured the pas- 
 sage of the State Bank and Independent 
 Bank Laws, requiring them to redeem their 
 issues, dollar for dollar, in gold, at the will of 
 the holder, without loss ; and made each 
 branch of the State Bank liable for the 
 issues of every other branch. This was the 
 banking system in force at the beginning of 
 the late war, and which was superseded by 
 our present national banking system ; the 
 federal statutes governing which were copied 
 from Kelly’s law. Kelly’s system was the 
 best the State ever had, and as good as that 
 ever possessed by any State in the Union. 
 This is proved by the fact that it was taken 
 as the model to frame the national system. 
 
 Any enterprise in which Mr. Kelly became 
 interested was considered almost certain of 
 success ; so great was the confidence he in- 
 spired, that when in 1847 the prospects of 
 the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati 
 Railroad became so dark that it was almost 
 
652 FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 determined to abandon the attempt to con- 
 struct the road, its friends made a last des- 
 perate rally, and Mr. Richard Hilliaid, of 
 Cleveland, came to Columbus to induce Mr. 
 Kelly to take charge of its affairs. Mr. 
 Hilliard represented the almost hopeless con- 
 dition of the enterprise and that unless he 
 came to their rescue the venture would be 
 likely to fail. Although the interview was 
 prolonged until late in the night he was com- 
 pelled to retire with a negative answer. But 
 next morning Mr. Kelly went to him and told 
 him that he had reconsidered the matter, 
 that it was of such great importance to the 
 interests and welfare of the State that he felt 
 it his duty to accede to his propositions. He 
 accepted the presidency of the road, and 
 from that moment its success was assured. 
 He entered upon the work with an energy 
 and vim only exceeded by his exertions in 
 behalf of the Ohio canal. With his own 
 hands he dug the first spadeful of dirt and 
 laid the last rail. 
 
 In stature Mr. Kelly was between five feet 
 seven and eight inches ; he was compactly 
 built, neither broad nor slender; his head 
 was set firmly, his appearance being that of 
 a man carved out of a block of marble. He 
 neither affected popular manners nor sought 
 popularity. He possessed, emphatically, the 
 fortiter in re, with but little or none of the 
 suaviter in modo.^ His mind worked with the 
 accuracy of the geometric lathe, and his 
 action and conduct adhered strictly to the 
 line of his ideas. This made him unpopular 
 with all who sought, from personal interest 
 or supposed better information, to induce 
 him to depart from or vary plans or purposes 
 he had formed ; to such he listened with im- 
 patience, and showed them but little respect, 
 but adhered firmly to his purpose and moved 
 straight toward the object he had in view. 
 This enabled him to construct the^ canals 
 within the time and for the sums estimated. 
 He would not vary the proper line of the 
 work to accommodate any local interests, and 
 this caused many people to feel hardly toward 
 him ; but feeling that he was right, he was 
 heedless of their clamor and oppositior., 
 
 “ He despised cant and hypocrisy. An 
 incident related to me, and occurring before 
 I knew him, but which I am certain oc- 
 curred, well illustrates this. One session, 
 when he was urging some measure in caucus, 
 a member, who was opposed to it, but who 
 could not answer Kelly’s arguments, began 
 (o talk of obeying the dictates of his con- 
 science, and all that. Kelly settled his neck 
 and head stiffly on his shoulders, buttoned 
 his coat up to the throat, and arose almost 
 choking with wrath. Said he : ‘ Mr. Chair- 
 man, when a mere politician comes here, and 
 in place of good sense and sound argument 
 begins, by a formal parade, to set up his 
 conscientious scruples and tender piety, I set 
 him down for a rascal right from the start — 
 right from the start. ’ The scrupulous mem- 
 ber subsided.^ 
 
 “ Kelly tried in every way to get the 
 Legislature to adopt his plan for the semi- 
 
 annual collection of taxes — finally tacking it on 
 the general appropriation bill ; but he failed, 
 because the House voted it down. When 
 that vote was taken, the end of the session 
 and the time for adjournment was at hand. 
 It was after midnight — a night dark, bluster- 
 ing, and stormy ; snow and rain commingled, 
 and falling thick and fast. Kelly listened 
 with stern anxiety to the roll-call and the 
 responses of the members. The ‘No,’ as 
 uttered by many, was not only emphatic, but 
 delivered in a tone and manner as if intended 
 for him to hear and see that he was aimed at, 
 and indicated intentional insult to him. The 
 result was announced, the measure declared 
 lost, and Kelly buttoned his coat up to his 
 throat, drew tightly around his neck his fur 
 collar, adjusted his head squarely and firmly 
 upon his shoulder, and started for the door. 
 Feeling mortified at^ the disrespect shown 
 him I sought his side and expressed my 
 regret for what had transpired. ‘Oh,’ said 
 he, ‘ I am used to it. It don’t trouble me. 
 These are honest, well-meaning men enough ; 
 but I do wonder how many of them were 
 ever able to find their way from home to 
 Columbus. I hope they will find their way 
 back in safety, and turn their attention to 
 something they know more about than legis- 
 lation. Sir,’ said he, ‘remember this: I'^ 
 would rather deal with fifty scoundrels than 
 one fool ; the rascal knows when you have 
 him, but the fool knows nothing.’ And 
 then, with a manner that spoke his assur- 
 ance of the adoption of the law for the semi- 
 annual collection of taxes at no distant day, 
 in spite of the action of that Legislature, the 
 old man disappeared in the darkness of the 
 street, in that midnight storm, his living 
 voice to be heard no more forever in the 
 councils of the State. ’ ’ 
 
 After retiring from public life he gradually 
 declined in vitality and strength, broken in 
 health by his arduous labors in behalf of the 
 people of the State. On December 2, 1859, 
 he passed away, after having lived a life of as 
 great if not greater usefulness to his fellow- 
 citizens of Ohio than that of any other one 
 man the State has had. 
 
 One of the most elegantly courtly men 
 known to the legal profession in Ohio was 
 Henry Stanbery. He was in stature 
 about six feet, erect, with dignified bearing 
 and a very pleasant face. His features were 
 large and strongly marked, and when suf- 
 fused with the light of his genial spirit 
 nothing could be more captivating. Indeed 
 he was grace itself and seemed as a prince 
 among men. The memory of his fine pres- 
 ence is to many living a valued lifetime 
 possession. And he was deserving of the 
 regard which his presence inspired, for he 
 was the soul of honor and integrity ; scorned 
 to mislead a court or jury, or to deceive an 
 opponent by any misstatement of law oi 
 fact. 
 
 He was kindness itself, never lost his con 
 trol nor indulged in petulance nor passion. 
 He was one oi the first lawyers in the United 
 States and entitled to the highest veneration 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY, 
 
 and regard. He was a member of the Epis- 
 copal communion and in all his deportment 
 and career showed his love for justice, truth 
 and beauty. 
 
 Henry Stanbery was born in New York 
 
 HON. HENRY STANBERY. 
 
 city, and in 1814, when a lad of eleven years, 
 came with his father, a physician, to Zanes- 
 ville. He was educated^ at Washington 
 College, Pennsylvania, studied law at Zanes- 
 ville, and was admitted to the bar in 1821, 
 when he was invited by Hon. Thomas Ewing 
 to begin the practice at Lancaster and ride 
 the circuit with him, which offer he accepted 
 and for many years resided there. 
 
 When, in 1846, the office of attorney-general 
 of Ohio was created he was elected by the 
 General Assembly to be its first occupant. 
 He then removed to Columbus, where he 
 resided during his entire term of five years 
 In 1850 he was a member of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention from Franklin county, and 
 was conspicuous in its debates. 
 
 On leaving Columbus he for several years 
 practised law in Cincinnati. In 1866 he was 
 appointed Attorney-General of the United 
 States by President Johnson, which ofi&ce he 
 accepted from a desire to assist in carrying 
 the government safely through the perilous 
 times following the war. He resigned this 
 ofiice to become one of the counsel of the 
 President upon his impeachment. His 
 health at that time was so delicate that most 
 of his arguments on that trial were sub- 
 mitted on paper. He died in New York in 
 1883, aged 80 years. 
 
 Hon. Henry C. Noble, now of Columbus, 
 who in his boy-days knew him at Lancaster, 
 Noble’s birthplace, and later was his pupil in 
 the law, gave in a personal sketch this 
 synopsis of his professional qualities ; 
 
 ‘ ‘ He was from the first a most accurate 
 lawyer, fond of technicalities and ready in 
 applying every refinement of pleading and 
 all the nice rules of evidence and practice. 
 
 653 
 
 It was, however, in the discussion of the 
 general principles of the law which arose in 
 his cases in which he generally delighted. 
 Upon all young men who studied the law 
 he would urge the essential importance of 
 mastering general principles in order to attain 
 the highest success. He was especially fond 
 of the Latin maxims, which he regarded as 
 the very embodiment of terse wisdom. 
 
 In his manner as a practitioner Mr. Stan- 
 bery was a model. Always courteous and 
 dignified, he was nevertheless as alert and 
 ready as a soldier on guard. , He was quick 
 to perceive the slightest weakness of an op- 
 ponent’s cause, and on it dealt his blow with 
 overwhelming suddenness. 
 
 His manner in the examination of witnesses 
 was admirable. He never bullied nor at- 
 tempted to mislead them, but with sincere 
 frankness and winning address would secure 
 from the reluctant or the unfair witness 
 often full and true answers to his questions. 
 
 His language was of the purest English 
 and his style free from all the glitter of mere 
 words. To court and jury alike his speeches 
 were clear. His arguments on the law were 
 models of orderly arrangement and logical 
 force, often eloquent from these very qualities. 
 His addresses to the jury were masterly dis- 
 cussions of the facts, ingeniously mustered to 
 sustain his views, and were exceedingly at- 
 tractive. 
 
 In writing he was a marvel of accuracy. 
 Often his manuscripts were printed from the 
 original draft, with scarcely a correction. 
 He was systematic and thorough as a worker, 
 never putting ofi" anything for a more con- 
 venient season, but at the earliest moment 
 analyzing his case and settling the law and 
 the facts which would control it. ’ ’ 
 
 William -Dennison, the first of Ohio’s 
 trio of war governors, was born at Cincinnati, 
 Nov. 23, 1815. His father was the pro- 
 rietor of the highly popular and^ widely 
 nown “Dennison House ” in that city, and 
 a grand specimen of the old style of Western 
 landlords. He graduated from Miami uni- 
 versity, and entered upon the study of law in 
 Cincinnati in the office of Nathaniel G. Pen- 
 dleton and Stephen Fales. In 1840 he was 
 admitted to the bar ; shortly afterward he 
 married a daughter of William Neil, of 
 Columbus, the famous stage proprietor in the 
 days of stages, and removed to that city. 
 
 He practised law until 1 848, when he was 
 elected to the Ohio Senate by the Whig 
 party. About this time he became interested 
 in banking and railroads, was made president 
 of the Exchange Bank and also of the 
 Columbus and Xenia Railroad Company. In 
 1856 he was a delegate to the convention 
 which inaugurated the Republican party, 
 and the same year took a prominent part in 
 the convention which nominated John C. 
 Fremont for the Presidency. In 1860 he 
 was elected governor of Ohio by the Repub- 
 licans. He was elected chairman of the Re- 
 publican convention at Baltimore which in 
 1864 renominated President Lincoln, and was 
 by him appointed Postmaster-General, hold- 
 
654 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 ing that position until 1866, when President 
 Johnson began to assail the Union party and 
 he resigned his portfolio. In 1880 he was 
 a leader of the friends of Senator John Sher- 
 man in the effort to secure his nonzination in 
 the National Republican Convention of that 
 year. Governor Dennison accumulated a hand- 
 some fortune in his private business and con- 
 tributed largely to Dennison College at Gran- 
 ville, Ohio. He died at his home in Colum- 
 bus, June 15, 1882. 
 
 Governor Dennison was a man of fine 
 social connections, tall, courtly and elegant in 
 manner, with a foresight and ability unsus- 
 pected by those not intimately associated 
 \7ith him, but which was fully demonstrated 
 during his administration as Governor of 
 Ohio, during which the true, pure metal of the 
 man rang out with a resonance that should 
 have left no doubt as to its composition. 
 .Notwithstanding that in his political debates 
 he had given evidence of ability and unex- 
 pected reserve power, the general public 
 with singular pertinacity held to the opinion 
 that he was superficial and of mediocre 
 ability, and even after he had clearly shown 
 by the valuable results of his measures that 
 he had been misunderstood and his ability 
 underestimated the Ohio public were slow to 
 acknowledge his merits and give him due 
 credit for his valuable services to the State 
 and nation. 
 
 In the confusion and excitement at the out- 
 break of the war almost every citizen felt 
 that he knew just what ought to be done. 
 Troops should be raised and sent to the front 
 at once. Such matters as equipment, or- 
 ganization, etc. , did not enter into their cal- 
 culations, and because this was not done by 
 the saying of it the governor must be in- 
 efiicient. The critics having prejudged Gov- 
 ernor Dennison ^ said so, and it seemed as 
 though each citizen had received a special 
 commission to join the critics and malign 
 him. Every step he took brought down 
 senseless abuse from every quarter. Denni- 
 son bore it nobly, not a word of reproach es- 
 caped him, and when for some months the 
 newspapers of the State were abusing him 
 for mismanagement at Camp Dennison he ut- 
 tered no complaint, but generously kept si- 
 lence, when in truth he had at that time no 
 more to do with the management of Camp 
 Dennison than any private citizen of the 
 State, it being under the control of the na- 
 tional government. A word from the ofiicer 
 in command at Camp Dennison would have 
 shown the injustice of this abuse. White- 
 law Reid, in his comprehensive and valuable 
 work on “ Ohio in the War,” says in refer- 
 ence to this unjust criticism : “ To a man of 
 his sensitive temper and desire for the good 
 opinion of others the unjust and measureless 
 abuse to which his earnest efforts had sub- 
 jected him was agonizing. But he suffered 
 no sign to escape him, and with a single- 
 hearted devotion and an ability for which the 
 State had not credited him he proceeded to 
 the measures most necessary in tne crisis.” 
 
 He succeeded in favorably placing the loan 
 
 authorized by the Million War bill. Having 
 secured money, the “sinews of war,” he 
 then looked around for arms, of which Ohio 
 had a very meagre supply, and learning that 
 Illinois had a considerable number, he se- 
 cured five thousand muskets from thence and 
 proposed a measure for uniting all the troops 
 of the Mississippi valley under one major- 
 general. 
 
 It was through Gov. Dennison that West 
 Virginia was saved to the Union. He as- 
 sured the Unionists of that State that if they 
 would break off from old Virginia and ad- 
 here to the Union, Ohio would send the ne- 
 cessary military force to protect them. And 
 when afterward it became necessary to redeem 
 this pledge Gov. Dennison sent Ohio militia 
 (not mustered into the United States service 
 at all), who, uniting with the loyal citizens, 
 drove the rebels out of West Virginia. 
 
 His course in dealing with Kentucky at the 
 commencement of the war, although after- 
 ward proven to be a mistaken one, was the 
 same as that adopted by the general govern- 
 ment. 
 
 One action of Gov. Dennison’s during his 
 administration as governor shows him to 
 have been a man courageous enough to meet 
 almost any emergency. When the general 
 government was about to refund to Ohio 
 money used for military purposes the State 
 auditor and the attorney-general decided 
 that this money could not legally be used 
 again for military purposes. Dennison there- 
 fore, by means of his personal agents, caused 
 it to be collected from the United States gov- 
 ernment and used it for military purposes in- 
 stead of turning it into the Ohio State Treas- 
 ury. It was again refunded to Ohio, his 
 agents again collected it, and it was thus used 
 over and over again, so that he intercepted in 
 all $1,077,600. The measure was a high- 
 handed one, but thoroughly justifiable upon 
 the ground of public necessity. For every 
 dollar he presented satisfactory accounts and 
 vouchers to the Legislature, and not a shadow 
 was ever cast upon the integrity of the gov- 
 ernor or his ofiicers through whom it was dis- 
 bursed. 
 
 Reid’s “Ohio in the War” sums up his 
 administration as follows: “Without prac- 
 tical knowledge of war, without arms for a 
 regiment, or rations for a company, or uni- 
 forms for a corporal’s guard at the outset, 
 and without the means or the needful prep- 
 arations for purchase or manufacture, the 
 administration had, in less than a month, 
 raised, organized and sent to the field or to 
 the camps of the government an army larger 
 than that of the whole United States three 
 months before. Within the State this won- 
 derful achievement was saluted with com- 
 plaints about extravagance in rations,^ defects 
 in uniforms, about everything which the 
 authorities did, and about everything which 
 they left undone. Without the State the 
 noise of this clamor was not heard, and men 
 saw only the splendid results. The general 
 government was therefore lavish in its 
 praise. The governor under whom these 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 655 
 
 things were done grew to be the most influ- 
 ential of all the State executives at Wash- 
 ington at the Very time when at home he was 
 the most unpopular of all who had within 
 the memory of a generation been elevated to 
 that office. 
 
 It was his misfortune that the flrst rush of 
 the war’s responsibilities fell upon him. 
 Those who came after were enabled to walk 
 by the light of his painful experience. If he 
 had been as well known to the State and as 
 highly esteemed two years before the out- 
 break of the war as he was two years after- 
 ward, his burdens would have been greatly 
 lightened. But he was not credited with the 
 ability he really possessed, and in their 
 distrust men found it very easy to assure 
 themselves that he was to blame for every- 
 thing. 
 
 .... He met the flrst shock of the con- 
 test, and in the midst of difficulties which 
 now seem scarcely credible organized twenty- 
 three regiments for the three months’ ser- 
 vice and eighty-two for three years,^ nearly 
 one-half the entire number of organizations 
 sent to the field by the State during the war. 
 He left the State credited with 20,751 soldiers 
 above and beyond all calls made by the Presi- 
 dent upon her. He handled large sums of 
 money beyond the authority of law and with- 
 out the safeguard of bonded agents, and his 
 accounts were honorably closed. 
 
 His fate was indeed a singular one. The 
 honest, patriotic discharge of his duty made 
 him odious to an intensely patriotic people. 
 With the end of his service he began to be 
 appreciated. He was the most trusted coun- 
 sellor and efficient aid to^ his successor. 
 Though no more than a private citizen, he 
 came to be recognized in and out of the State 
 as her best spokesman in the departments at 
 Washington. Those who^ followed him on 
 the public stage, though with the light of his 
 experience to guide them, did not (as in the 
 case of most military men similarly situated) 
 leave him in obscurity. (Gradually he even 
 became popular. The State began to reckon 
 him among her leading public men, the party 
 selected him as President of the great Na- 
 tional Convention at Baltimore and Mr. Lin- 
 coln called him to his Cabinet. ’ ’ 
 
 Joseph R. Swan, jurist, was born in 
 Westernville, Oneida county, N. iT., in 1802, 
 and in 1824, after studying law with his 
 uncle, Oustavus Swan, in Columbus, he was 
 admitted to the bar. In 1854 the opponents 
 of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise 
 elected him Supreme Judge by over 77,000 
 majority, and he eventually became Chief- 
 Justice. His prominent characteristic on 
 the bench was great conscientiousness, so that 
 neither personal interest nor sympathy could 
 in any manner influence his judgment of 
 right or law. He prepared a number of ele- 
 mentary law books which stand very high 
 with the profession and have been of wide- 
 spread utility, as “Swan’s Treatise,” an in- 
 dispensable companion for every justice of 
 the peace ; ‘ ‘ Guide for Executors and Ad- 
 ministrators, ” “Swan’s Revised Statutes,” 
 
 “Pleading and Practice,” etc. He died De- 
 cember 18, 1884. 
 
 The late Noah H. Swayne, Judge of 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, 
 was born in Culpeper county, Virginia, in 
 1804, of Quaker parentage. When nineteen 
 years of age he was admitted to the bar and, 
 disliking slavery, came to Ohio. At the age 
 
 of twenty-six he was appointed by Gen. 
 Jackson United States Attorney for Ohio, 
 when he removed from Coshocton, where he 
 was settled, to Columbus. In 1839 President 
 Van Buren appointed him United States 
 District Attorney. He soon acquired high 
 reputation as a jury lawyer, his peculiar 
 forte being the examination of witnesses and 
 in skilful analysis of testimony. On retiring 
 from this office he took no part in politics 
 until 1856, when in the Fremont campaign he 
 made speeches against the extension of 
 slavery. 
 
 In February, 1862, after the decease of 
 Justice McLean, of the Supreme Court, he 
 was appointed by President Lincoln his suc- 
 cessor. This was by the unanimous recom- 
 mendation of the Ohio delegation in Con- 
 gress and in accordance with the oft-repeated 
 expressed desire of Justice McLean, in his 
 lifetime, that in the event of his decease he 
 would be the best person for his successor. 
 This opinion of Judge McLean was coin- 
 cided in by the leading members of the bar 
 in Washington City, who had witnessed his 
 display of eminent ability in some cases which 
 he had argued before the Supreme Court 
 and which also had a like effect upon the 
 judges before whom he had appeared. Ho 
 left several sons, the oldest of whom is the 
 eminent Gen. Wager Swayne, now of New 
 York city, whose first nanie was the family 
 name of his mother, a Virginia lady. Wager 
 Swayne was at one time a partner with his 
 father in the practice of the law. Another 
 son, F. B. Swayne, is now a law partner with 
 a son of ex-President Hayes in Toledo. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 656 
 
 Allen G. Thurman was born the son of 
 a clergyman, Rev. P. Thurman, in Lynch- 
 burgh, Va., November 13, 1813. The next 
 year the family removed to Chillicothe. He 
 was educated at the Chillicothe Academy, and 
 studied law with his uncle, William Allen, 
 later governor, and Noah H. Swayne, after- 
 ward judge of the United States Supreme 
 Court. In 1835 he began the practice at 
 Chillicothe. In 1844 he was married to 
 Mary Dun, of Kentucky, and also elected to 
 Congress. In 1851 he was elected a judge of 
 the superior court of Ohio, and from 1854 to 
 1856, the date of the expiration of his term, 
 was chief-justice. The “ Ohio Reports ” 
 containing his decisions gave him a wide 
 reputation as a lawyer and jurist. In 1853 
 he removed to Columbus, and on leaving the 
 bench resumed his law practice. “ His opin- 
 ions on important legal questions were much 
 sought after and relied upon by the bar all 
 over the State, and he was retained as coun- 
 sel in the supreme court in many of the most 
 important cases. He has always been a 
 laborious student ; indefatigable in the prepa- 
 ration of his cases, and a forcible and direct 
 speaker, who wastes no time on immaterial 
 points. ’ ’ 
 
 In 1868 he was first elected to the United 
 States Senate, and was a leading member for 
 many years, where^ he became chairman of 
 the judiciary committee. 
 
 “ In the session of 1877-78 he reported the 
 bill commonly called the ‘Thurman Bill,’ to 
 compel the Pacific railroads to secure their 
 indebtedness of nearly seventy millions to the 
 government, and supported it by a written 
 report sustaining its constitutionality and 
 propriety, and also by elaborate and able 
 arguments in the debate that followed. The 
 constitutionality of the bill was relentlessly 
 assailed by its opponents, but the law has 
 been sustained by the Supreme Court. 
 
 Judge Thurman has always been a Demo- 
 crat of the strictest sect, and not inclined^ to 
 run after temporary expedients in politics. 
 He firmly believes that the welfare of the 
 country depends upon the preservation of the 
 Democratic party, ’ ’ and to a singular degree 
 he has the respect of the public, irrespective 
 of parties, for integrity and uprightness. In 
 selecting him as their candidate in the can- 
 vass of 1888 for the high ofiice of Vice- 
 President the Democratic party is widely 
 judged to have especially honored them- 
 selves. 
 
 , Prof Leo Lesquereux, palaeo-botanist, 
 was born in 1806, in Fleurier, canton of Neu- 
 chatel, Switzerland. His ancestors were Hu- 
 guenots, fugitives from France after the 
 Edict of Nantes. He was destined for the 
 church, but, at nineteen years of age, when 
 he entered the Academy of Neuchatel, he 
 met Arnold Guyot, and together they became 
 much interested in natural science, toward 
 which Lesquereux’ s tastes and disposition h^ 
 always inclined. Completing his course in 
 the Academy of Neuchatm, he went to 
 Eisenach, and taught the French language 
 while perfecting himself in the German lan- 
 
 guage, preparatory to entering the University 
 of Berlin. 
 
 ^ In 1829 he returned to Switzerland as prin- 
 cipal of the College of La Chaux-de-Fonds, 
 canton of Neuchatel, but, becoming deaf, he 
 gave up this position, and for twelve years 
 supported himself by engraving watch-cases 
 and manufacturing watch-springs ; in the 
 meanwhile, however, he continued his studies 
 and researches in natural science, devoting 
 his attention particularly to mosses and fossil 
 botany. In 1832 he married Baroness Sophia 
 von WollFskeel, daughter of Gen. von Wolfif- 
 skeel, of Eisenach, Saxe-Weimer._ 
 
 His researches on peat-formations led to 
 his being commissioned in 1845 by the Prus- 
 sian government to make explorations on the 
 peat-bogs of Europe. In 1848 he removed 
 to the United States, first locating at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. , and later at Columbus, Ohio, 
 where he now resides. Appleton’s “Bio- 
 graphical Cyclopaedia ’ ’ says of his career in 
 the United States : ^ 
 
 “He became associated with William S. 
 Sullivant in the study of American bryology. 
 Together they published ‘Musci Americana 
 Exsiccati ’ (1856; 2d ed., 1865), and subse- 
 quently he assisted Mr. Sullivant in the ex- 
 amination of the mosses that had been col- 
 lected by Capt. Charles Wilkes on the South 
 Pacific exploring expedition and by Lieut. 
 Amiel W. Whipple on the Pacific railroad 
 exploration, and finally in his ‘ leones Mus- 
 corum’ (Cambridge, 1864).^ His own most 
 valuable researches, beginning in 1850, were 
 studies of the coal formations of Ohio, Penn- 
 sylvania, Illinois, Kentucky, and Arkansas, 
 on which he contributed memoirs to the re- 
 ports of the State surveys. His investiga- 
 tions on the coal flora of Pennsylvania are of 
 special value. He prepared a ‘ Catalogue 
 of the Fossil Plants which have been Named 
 or Described from the Coal Measures of North 
 America ’ for the reports of Henry D. Rogers 
 in 1858. and in 1884 furnished ‘The Coal 
 Flora ’ (3 vols. of text, with an atlas) for the 
 second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 
 which is regarded as the most important work 
 on carboniferous plants that has thus far ap- 
 peared in the United^ States. Since 1868 
 arts of the material in fossil botany have 
 een referred to him by the various national 
 surveys in the field, and he has contributed 
 to their reports the results of his investiga- 
 tions. ^ He is a member of more than twenty 
 scientific societies in the United States and 
 Europe, and in 1864 was the first member 
 that was elected to the National Academy of 
 Sciences. The titles of his publications are 
 niore than fifty in number, and include twelve 
 important volumes on the natural history of 
 the United States, besides which he has pub- 
 lished ‘Letters Written on Germany’ (Neu- 
 chatel, 1846) and ‘Letters Written on Amer- 
 ica’ (1847-55). He has also published with 
 Thomas P. James, ‘Manual of the Mosses 
 of North America ’ (Boston, 1884).” 
 
 A few years since a leading New York 
 journal made the statement that it was some- 
 what remarkable that a city like Columbus 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 657 
 
 should be the home of three such eminent 
 scientists as Prof. Leo Lesquereux, William 
 S. Sullivant, and J)r. T. Gr. Wormley. Of 
 the first two sketches have already been 
 given ; the latter, now of the University of 
 Pennsylvania, but formerly professor of 
 chemistry and toxicology in the Starling Med- 
 
 ical College at Columbus, is the author of 
 “ the most valuable contribution to toxicology 
 and medical jurisprudence that America has 
 ever made to medical science, and in many 
 of its features is unsurpassed by any contri- 
 bution to these departments from European 
 science.’’ 
 
 Mrs. T. 6. WormUy ad nat, del. et sculp. 
 
 Forms of Poison Crystals. 
 
 [The above are copies of two of the seventy-eight engravings in the “Micro-Chemistry of Poisons,” 
 which show the exact appearance of the Poison Crystals after doing their work of death upon cats and 
 dogs with different poisons, and were obtained by analysing their blood and the contents of their 
 stomachs.] 
 
 This work is an elaborate chemical and 
 microscopical analysis of the nature and 
 operation of many different poisons in their 
 relation to animal life.^ It is the result of 
 years of patient experimenting, and at the 
 cost of the lives of some 2,000 cats and dogs 
 of the city of Columbus, whose blood and 
 contents of whose stomachs were analyzed to 
 determine the exact appearance of the poison- 
 crystals after producing death. 
 
 That the exact appearance of these poison- 
 crystals should be reproduced with the utmost 
 accuracy was absolutely necessary to give to 
 the world the benefits of Dr. Wormley’ s re- 
 searches. 
 
 Throughout the course of his experiments 
 he had been assisted by his wife, who, with 
 remarkable accuracy and delicacy, had made 
 drawings of the crystalline forms. This was 
 a work requiring the most patient and perse- 
 vering labor, the difiiculty of which was im- 
 measurably increased by the volatile character 
 of the forms to be represented, which could 
 only be seen under the microscope, and then 
 but for a few seconds at a time, necessitating 
 their reproduction again and again until the 
 drawings were completed. 
 
 When the work was ready for publication 
 the most distinguished engravers in the coun- 
 try were consulted as to the engraving of the 
 drawings. They all agreed that it would take 
 
 years of labor, almost a fortune of money, 
 and that there were but one or two engravers 
 in America possessed of the skill necessary 
 to do the work properly. One of them en- 
 graved a plate but it was not acceptable. 
 
 Among other engravers consulted was Mr. 
 F. E. Jones, of Cincinnati, long connected 
 with the Methodist Book Concern. Im- 
 
 ings, he said to Dr.' Wormley, “Whoever 
 made the drawings must engrave the plates.” 
 “Impossible,” replied the doctor, “for the 
 person who drew the figures knows nothing 
 of engraving.” “Whoever can draw like 
 that on paper,” said Mr. Jones, “can etch 
 on steel. ” “It was my wife, ’ ’ said the doc- 
 tor, beginning almost to despair of having 
 his plates engraved, “ and she knows nothing 
 of etching or any other part of engraving. ” 
 
 From an article published in the Ladies^ 
 Repository for January, 1868, we quote the 
 following: “The doctor was at length per- 
 suaded to procure a steel plate and points. 
 The artist prepared the plate, gave a few 
 items of instruction and explanation to the 
 doctor who was to carry his message and in- 
 structions home to his wife. 
 
 The indefatigable wife accepted the respon- 
 sibility and went to work, and in a few weeks 
 came to the artist’s office with her etched 
 plate, the product of her own hand, being the 
 
658 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 first she had ever seen. She had no knowl- 
 edge how to take an impression from the plate, 
 nor an engraver’s press with which to do it if 
 she had. She was delighted and encouraged 
 when she saw a proof of her first effort which 
 was then taken for her by Mr. Jones. It was 
 so good that with a little correction it might 
 have been used ; but she felt that she could 
 do better, and the plate was cancelled. The 
 number of steel plates necessary for the whole 
 work was then ordered. Mrs. Wormley be- 
 gan the labor and in less than a year finished 
 the etching of thirteen plates, containing in 
 all seventy-eight figures. 
 
 Encouraged by her success in the use of 
 the point, Mrs. Wormley thought she would 
 try the graver, a tool she had not yet used, 
 and necessary in the finishing of the plates. 
 Her success in that was equal to her etching. 
 She then requested permission to use the 
 ruling machine, of which she knew as little 
 as she had known of the point or graver. In 
 a little while she was mistress of the ruler, 
 and presented to her husband the whole series 
 of plates, the delicate touches of which defy 
 criticism, even under the scrutiny of a micro- 
 scope ! Indeed, the details of many of the 
 figures can only be obtained by means of the 
 lens. They have been pronounced by com- 
 petent judges the finest set of microscopic 
 plates ever produced in Europe or America. 
 W e look upon the result as one of the most 
 wonderful achievements of womanly patience, 
 skill, and perseverance, the full greatness of 
 which it is impossible to make apparent 
 to those who are unacquainted with the 
 difficulties and mysteries of the engraver’s 
 art.” 
 
 Dr. Wormley, although born at Carlisle, 
 Pa. , was a resident of Ohio for about a quar- 
 ter of a century. He has been elected to 
 honorary membership in many of the most 
 prominent scientific societies of Europe and 
 America. His wife is a native of Ohio, a 
 daughter of Mr. John L. Grill, one of the 
 oldest residents of Columbus, and first presi- 
 dent of the Columbus board of trade, and to 
 whom the city is more indebted than to any 
 other citizen for the development of its 
 manufacturing interests. 
 
 Phineas Bacon Wilcox was born in 
 1798 on “ Forty Rod Hill,” his father’s 
 farm near Middletown, Conn., and died at 
 Columbus in 1863. He was educated at 
 Yale, came to Columbus in 1824, and became 
 eminent as a land and also as a chancery law- 
 
 yer. He was by turns prosecuting attorney, 
 reporter for the Supreme Court and United 
 States commissioner, which last office he 
 resigned rather than be made instrument in 
 remanding a fugitive slave to bondage. He 
 was a fine classical scholar, and had one of 
 the finest law libraries in the West. He had 
 deep religious convictions and was said by a 
 friend to have lived upon Coke and the Bible. 
 He prepared various law works, as “Ohio 
 Forms and Practice,”, “Practical Forms 
 Under the Code of Civil Procedure,” etc. 
 With politics he would have nothing to do, 
 other than voting, although a staunch Re- 
 publican. He never douffied but that the 
 rebellion would be squelched, but the great 
 peril would come after the war from want 
 of loyalty of the South to the General 
 Government. 
 
 Samuel Galloway was born of Scotch- 
 Irish stock in 1811 at Gettysburg, Pa., and 
 died at Columbus in 1872. He graduated 
 with distinguished honor at Miami univer- 
 sity in 1833 ; was for a time a professor there 
 and at South Hanover, Indiana ; later was 
 admitted to the bar at Chillicothe, where he 
 became a partner of Nathaniel Massie. In 
 1843, being chosen secretary of state, he re- 
 moved to Columbus. In the session of 
 1854-5 he represented the Colum'bus district 
 in Congress, being elected by the Repub- 
 licans. His speech there on the Kansas bill 
 was a theme for widespread eulogy, alike in 
 this country and in Europe. During the 
 war he was judge advocate for the examina- 
 tion of the prisoners at Camp Chase, and 
 was in constant private correspondence with 
 Mr. Lincoln, who set a high value upon his 
 advice and statesmanlike qualities. He was 
 the trustee for several of the State benevolent 
 institutions and took a prominent part in the 
 councils of the Old-school Presbyterian 
 church. As a lawyer he had great power 
 with a jury, and in wit and humor on the 
 political arena he had scarcely an equal 
 anywhere. His reputation in this respect 
 was late in life a source of regret to him, as 
 the same was with Thomas Corwin. Both 
 gentlemen found that the gathering crowds 
 when they spake came to be amused rather 
 than instructed, which each in turn experi- 
 enced was an injury to his reputation for the 
 possession of the solid qualities of mind and 
 character which along can bring respect and 
 confidence. 
 
 We here insert a curiosity from the Columbus Gazette of Aug. 20, 1822. At 
 au early day there was a law offering a bounty for the scalps of squirrels. 
 Whether in force at that time we do not know ; if so, it must have made quite a 
 draft upon the public treasury. 
 
 Grand Squirrel Hunt ! — The squirrels are 
 becoming so numerous in the county as to 
 threaten serious injury, if not destruction, to 
 the hopes of the farmer during the ensuing 
 fall. Much good might be done by a gen- 
 eral turnout of all citizens whose convenience 
 
 will permit, for two or three days, in order 
 to prevent the alarming ravages of these mis- 
 chievous neighbors. It is therefore respect- 
 fully submitted to the different townships 
 each to meet and choose two or three of their 
 citizens to meet in a hunting caucus, at the 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 house of Christian Heyl, on Saturday, the 
 31st inst., at 2 o’clock p. M. Should the 
 time above stated prove too short for the 
 townships to hold meetings, as above recom- 
 mended, the following persons are respect- 
 fully nominated and invited to attend the 
 meeting at Columbus : 
 
 Montgomery, Jeremiah McLene and Ed- 
 ward Livingston. Hamilton, George W. 
 Williams and Andrew Hill. Madison, Nicho- 
 las Goetschius and W. H. Richardson. 
 Truro, Abiathar V. Taylor and John Han- 
 son. Jetferson, John Edgar and Elias Og- 
 den. Plain, Thomas B. Patterson and Jona- 
 than Whitehead. Harrison, F. C. Olmstead 
 and Capt. Bishop. Sharon, Matthew Matth- 
 ews and Bulkley Comstock. Perry, Griffith 
 Thomas and William Mickey. Washington, 
 Peter Sells and Uriah Clark. Norwich, 
 Robert Elliott and Alanson Perry. Clinton, 
 Col. Cook and Samuel Henderson. Franklin, 
 
 659 
 
 John Mcllvain and Lewis Williams. Prairie, 
 John Hunter and Jacob Neff. Pleasant, 
 James Gardiner and Reuben Golliday, Jack- 
 son, Woollery Coonrod and Nicholas Hoover. 
 Mifflin, Adam Reed and William Dalzell. 
 
 In case any township should be unrepre- 
 sented in the meeting those present will take 
 the liberty of nominating suitable persons 
 for said absent township. 
 
 Ralph Osborn, Lucas Sullivant, 
 Gustavus Swan, Samuel G. Flenniken, 
 Christian Heyl, John A.. McDowell. 
 
 A subsequent paper says : “ The hunt was 
 conducted agreeably to the instructions in 
 our last paper. On counting the scalps it 
 appeared that 19,660 scalps were produced. 
 It is impossible to say what number in all 
 were killed, as a great many of the hunters 
 did not come in. We think we can safely 
 challenge any other county in the State to 
 kill squirrels with us.” 
 
 Franklin county at the period of this squirrel-hunt must have been in the 
 course of an army of * emigrating squirrels. The exodus of squirrels was an oc- 
 casional sight in the early part of this century in ^rthe new country/’ as the West 
 was generally termed. A personal experience is in place here. Early on a No- 
 vember morning of 1844, after a night’s rest in the cabin of a mountaineer, while 
 on a pedestrian tour through Western Virginia, passing through an open forest, 
 we suddenly found ourselves in the midst of an immense multitude of squirrels. 
 The woods were fairly alive with them. Thousands must have been under our 
 view without turning our head. Their tameness was surprising — close, thick 
 around us, almost under our feet were the graceful, nimble, little creatures, hop- 
 ping around and evidently enjoying themselves. 
 
 They were of various colors, gray, red and black. The gray was the pre- 
 dominant color, and those were the largest and most plump. Only about one in 
 twenty was black, and he was black as ink. Later we were told they had been 
 for a day or two previously swimming the Kanawha, and therein multitudes in the 
 high wind that had prevailed had perished. 
 
 The theory of their emigration was that in their old homes the mast,” as 
 beech nnts, walnuts, chestnuts, etc., were termed, had given out, and they were 
 moving north to find a more prolific region for their sustenance during the cold of 
 the approaching winter. They were evidently under some leadership and knew 
 where to go ; perhaps might have sent out advance couriers on tours of explora-^ 
 tion and, guided by their reports, had gathered as a mighty host with banners and 
 under some chosen Moses among them were moving toward the promised land. 
 
 Hayden Falls are situated some 12 miles northwest of Columbus, on a small 
 creek which empties into the Scioto river, about 100 rods from the falls. The 
 rock formation thereabouts is of limestone, and the water coming over the rocky 
 ledge has a fall of about sixty feet ; the amount of water is not large and, like all 
 western streams, the quantity varies according to the season of the year. Owing 
 to the remoteness of the falls from any of the public highways and railways, it 
 has not been much visited by the people, who have little idea of the wild, pictur- 
 esque beauty of the spot, which is enhanced by contrast with the general prairie 
 formation of this part of the State. 
 
 Westerville, 14 miles north of Columbus, on the C. A. & C. H. H., in the 
 centre of a fine agricultural country, is the seat of Otterbein University. News- 
 paper : Public Opinion, A. H. Keller, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 United 
 Brethren, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Evangelical, and 1 African Methodist 
 Episcopal. Bank of Westerville, O. H. Kimball, president, Emery J. Smith, 
 cashier. 
 
66q 
 
 FRANKLIN . COUNTY. 
 
 Industries. — People’s Mutual Benefit Life Association, Farmers’ and Stock- 
 Breeders’ Live Stock Insurance Association. Population in 1880, 1,148. School 
 census in 1886, 393; Thos. M. Foutz, superintendent. 
 
 Canal Winchester is 16 miles southeast of Columbus on the C. H. V. & T. R. 
 B. and Ohio canal, and is a substantial and thrifty village. Newspapers : Winchester 
 Times, Independent, B. F. & O. P. Cayman, editors and publishers. Churches : 
 Reformed, Metliodist Episcopal, United Brethren and Lvitheran. 
 
 Industries. — C. B. & D. H. Cowan, flour and feed ; N. C. Whitehurst, flour and 
 feed ; Geo. Barries, doors, sash, etc. ; Geo. Powell, drain tile, also mannfacturer of 
 force pumps and wood and wire fences. Population in 1880, 850. School census 
 in 1886, 288 ; W. H. Hartsough, superintendent. 
 
 Franklin County Indian Story. — An interesting anecdote, illustrating the pecu- 
 liar characteristics of the Indians as our first settlers of Columbus found them, is 
 related of Keziah, the youngest daughter of John and Mary Hamlin. 
 
 In 1804 Mr. Hamlin built the first cabin east of the Scioto river, on the spot 
 where Hoster’s brewery now stands, and here, Oct. 16, 1804, his daughter Keziah, 
 the first white child in Columbus, was born. 
 
 At this time a tribe of Wyandot Indians were located near a bend in the river 
 just below the present Harrisburgh bridge. They were very friendly to the 
 Hamlins, and were specially fond of Mrs. Hamlin’s freshly baked bread. On 
 bread-baking days they would come to the cabin, and lifting aside the curtain 
 which served for a door, enter and help themselves to the contents of the larder 
 without asking permission or saying a word to the occupants. Upon leaving they 
 would throw a hunk of venison or whatever game they had upon the floor as 
 compensation, and then silently take their departure. 
 
 One day when Mrs. Hamlin was attending to her household duties with nobody 
 present save her infant daughter, who was calmly sleeping in her crib, several of 
 the Indians entered the cabin, and without saying a word deliberately took up the 
 sleeping infant and carried her away with them to their village, leaving Mrs. 
 Hamlin trembling with fear and anxiety for the safety of her child. As the hours 
 passed by and the child was not returned, she suffered the greatest mental anguish 
 and suspense, until, toward the close of day, her sufferings were relieved by the 
 reappearance of the Indians bringing with them the child, which wore a beautiful 
 pair of beaded moccasins upon her little feet, and which the Indians had been in- 
 dustriously working upon all day, and had felt the necessity of having the child 
 with them so as to insure a perfect fit. This token of the appreciation of a savage 
 race for the kindness and hospitality shown them by early pioneers was preserved 
 until a few years ago, when the scion of a younger generation of the same house 
 unfortunately destroyed them when too young to appreciate their value. 
 
 Miss Keziah Hamlin, the heroine of this pleasing anecdote, married Dec. 19, 
 1822, David Brooks, of Princeton, Mass., and died Feb. 4, 1875, leaving a family 
 of three sons and two daughters, one of whom, Mr. David W. Brooks, of the 
 banking firm of Brooks, Butler & Co., kindly furnished us with the facts given 
 herein. 
 
FULTON COUNTY, 
 
 66f 
 
 FULTOlSr. 
 
 Fulton County was formed February 28, 1850, from Lucas, Henry, and 
 Williams counties. Its surface is pleasantly undulating, and it is drained by 
 tributaries of the Maumee. Its soil is fertile. Being originally heavily wooded, 
 its early settlement was slow. Its area is 400 square miles. In 1885 the acres 
 cultivated were 124,300 ; pasture, 25,032 ; woodland, 53,834 ; lying waste, 2,632; 
 produced in wheat, 375,532 bushels; oats, 362,327 ; rye, 12,132; corn, 680,014; 
 butter, 531,773 pounds; cheese, 452,240; wool, 188,294; sheep owned, 40,992. 
 
 School census 1886, 6,696 ; teachers, 142. It has 33 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1850. 1880. Townships 'and Census. 1850. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Amboy, 
 
 460 
 
 1,291 
 
 German, 
 
 982 
 
 2,989 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 
 538 
 
 1,011 
 
 Gorham, 
 
 906 
 
 2,027 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 708 
 
 3,725 
 
 Pike, 
 
 Royalton, 
 
 485 
 
 990 
 
 Dover, 
 
 381 
 
 1,058 
 
 570 
 
 1,096 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 720 
 
 1,207 
 
 Swan Creek, 
 
 621 
 
 1,528 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 625 
 
 1,559 
 
 York, 
 
 784 
 
 2,572 
 
 Population in 1850 
 
 was 7,780 
 
 ; in 1860, 
 
 14,043; 1870, 17,789; 
 
 1880, 21,053, 
 
 of whom 14,907 were Ohio-born; 1,485, New York; 902, Pennsylvania; 185, 
 Indiana; 569, British Empire ; 731, German Empire. 
 
 Wauseon, named from an Indian chief, is thirty-two miles west of Toledo, on 
 the L. S. & M. S. R. B., in the centre of a fine agricultural region. County 
 officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, Levi W. Brown ; Clerks of Court, Albert D. 
 Smith, James C. King ; Sheriff, Daniel Dowling ; Prosecuting Attorney, Mazzini 
 Slusser; Auditor, Abram W. McConnell; Treasurer, John B. Schuetzler; Re- 
 corder, Harrison E. Randall ; Surveyor, Lucius B. Fraker ; Coroner, Levi E. 
 Miley ; Commissioners, James C. Vaughn, Daniel T. Biddle, Sylvester W. Baum. 
 Newspapers : Northwestern Republican, Sherwood & Williams, editors ; Democratic 
 ^Expositor, J. C. Bollmeyer, editor ; Fulton County Tribune, Republican, Smith & 
 Knoft, editors and publishers. Churches : 1 Methodist, 1 Congregational, 1 Bap- 
 tist, 1 Disciples, 1 United Brethren, and 1 Catholic. Bank of Wauseon, Barber 
 & Callender, E. S. Callender, cashier. 
 
 Workshops cmd Employees. — Philip Schletz, jacks and cider-mill screws ; H. H. 
 Williams & Co., butter tubs and lumber, 18 hands; Meeks & Cornell, saw mill ; 
 W. J. Harper, Rugg machine; Wauseon Roller Mills, flour and feed, 18. — State 
 Report for 1887. Population in 1880, 1,905. School census 1886, 576; W. S. 
 Kennedy, superintendent. 
 
 Wauseon was platted in 1854. The first building was ereeted by E. L. Hayes 
 as a store and dwelling in April of that year. In 1870 it became the county-seat. 
 
 Col. D. W. Howard, of this county, has given us the following valuable and 
 interesting reminiscences of early experiences among the Indians and pioneers of 
 Fulton and adjoining counties : 
 
 My grandfather, Thomas Howard, with 
 my father Edward, an uncle Richard Howard, 
 with their wives and a sister, Mrs. Sidney 
 Howard Nelson, left Yates county, N. Y., 
 early in May, 1821 , with two emigrant wagons. 
 
 Arrived at Buffalo, grandfather, my mother 
 and two Hunts, with a girl cousin and my- 
 self, the only children, shipped on board a 
 thirty-two ton schooner, commanded by Capt. 
 
 Anson Reed, for Fort Meigs ; the men driving 
 the teams (with three or four cows and a few 
 
 sheep) along the shore of Lake Erie ; a trip 
 of many weeks’ duration and of much hard- 
 ship, as there were scarcely any roads much of 
 the way. 
 
 The little vessel arrived safely after a very 
 rough voyage of more than a week, entered 
 the dark waters of the Maumee on the morn- 
 ing of June 17, and in the dusk of the same 
 evening anchored in the bay under the walls 
 and frowning pickets of Fort Meigs. 
 
 The next morning the sight of the Indian 
 
662 
 
 FULTON COUNTY. 
 
 villages which lined either bank of the river, 
 with the yells and boisterous revelry of the 
 inhabitants at their sports, filled us with dis- 
 may who had never before beheld the face or 
 heard the hideous yells of the native redman. 
 
 The principal settlement on the river at 
 this time was “Orleanes,” on the river flats, 
 immediately under the fort, on the northwest 
 bank, and was largely composed of Canadian 
 French. Business was almost entirely con- 
 fined to the Indian fur trade, which was 
 
 carried on by J ohn and Frank Holister, Gen. 
 John E. Hunt, Bobert A. Forsyth and Judge 
 Wolcott, whose wife was the daughter of the 
 Indian chief Little Turtle. 
 
 ^ The agriculture of the country was at this 
 time so limited, that it scarcely produced 
 sufiicient for the support of the inhabitants ; 
 but the wild game of the country (such as 
 wild turkey, venison and bear meat), which 
 was abundant, made up for the deficiency. 
 A little settlement was started at Waterville, 
 
 F. C. Blackman^ Photo , Wauseon. 
 
 Central View in Wauseon. 
 
 six miles above Maumee City, in 1818, by 
 John Pray, Deacon Cross, Whitcomb Haskins 
 and a few others ; a few families, Elisha, 
 Elijah, and Bichard Gunn, Mr. Bucklin 
 Scribner and Samuel Vance, settled at Prairie 
 Damascus, on the north bank of the river, 
 six miles above the head of the Grand Bapids 
 (twenty-five miles above Fort Meigs), about 
 1818, and Pierce Evans, the Indian trader, at 
 old Fort Defiance, at the mouth of the Aug- 
 laize river. The Indian mission was estab- 
 lished ten miles above Fort Meigs on the 
 right (south- bank) of the river in 1821, 
 and my father, Edward Howard, with two 
 brothers, built their cabins at the head of the 
 Bapids, during the winter of 1822-23, and 
 were the first settlers above the mission 
 (eight miles) on the south bank, with Uncle 
 Pete Menard (Menor), a French trader, on 
 the Indian reservation, on the south bank. 
 
 The first settlers within the present limits 
 of Fulton county were Valentine Winslow 
 (whose wife was Celia Howard, a cousin of 
 mine). Col. Eli Phillips and David Hobart, 
 who came in the summer of 1833, all of 
 whom have long since passed to the other 
 shore except Col. Phillips, who is still Jiving, 
 hale and hearty, on the farm on which he 
 built the first cabin. The old pioneer was 
 active at the rearing of our Pioneer Cabin, 
 several years ago, to commemorate ^he events 
 of the early pioneers. 
 
 The Old Maumee Mvision . — The Presbyte- 
 rian Mission was established on the south 
 bank of the Maumee, ten miles above Fort 
 Meigs and eight below the head of the 
 Bapids, in the year 1821 or 1822, about the 
 time that my father and his two brothers 
 moved to their lands at the head of the 
 Bapids of the Maumee. 
 
 At the time of its establishment there was 
 no settlement on the south side of the river 
 above what is now the village of Waterville, 
 and my father and his two brothers with the 
 aid of the mission people cut the first wagon 
 track, from opposite Waterville to the head 
 of the Grand Bapids, winding up and over 
 deep gullies, and across several considerable 
 streams, such as the Tone-tog-a-nee (named 
 from the great chief of the name, whose 
 village was at its mouth). Kettle creek and 
 Beaver creek, which had to be crossed by 
 fording in order to reach their destination. 
 
 There were several large villages in this 
 vicinity. Tone-tog-a-nee (at the mouth of tbo 
 creek), Na-wash village on the Indian island 
 immediately opposite the mission, and on the 
 opposite side of the river Awp-a-to-wa-jo- 
 win, or Kin-jo-a-no’s Town, on the Indian 
 reservation (opposite my father’s at the 
 head of the Bapids), San-wa-co-sack, on 
 the Auglaize above Fort Defiance, and a large 
 village at the mouth of the river and along 
 the bay, with numerous smaller towns of less 
 
FULTON COUNTY. 
 
 note located on the banks of all the streams 
 in the country. 
 
 Rev. Isaac V an Tassel was the principal 
 of the mission ; Mr. Sackett and Rev. Mr. 
 Coe, assistants, with their wives and several 
 maiden ladies as teachers, and together with 
 a few mechanics and laborers forming the 
 community of white people that established 
 and carried forward the enterprise success- 
 fully for many years ; in fact sustained it in 
 its work of Christianizing and civilizing the 
 Indians until the tribes were by degrees 
 moved to their far-off homes in the West and 
 Northwest, on the Missouri, the Kansas^ and 
 the Osage rivers and on the bays and rivers 
 of the Straits of Mackinack. 
 
 Mission Schools . — I had a long acquain- 
 tance with these good missionary people and 
 have no words but kindness for them. ^ While 
 they may have accomplished but little in 
 Christianizing the Indians, they did the best 
 they could for them and with the best inten- 
 tions. Their work was one of great difficulty: 
 white men and half breeds sold whiskey to 
 the Indians, used all efforts against their 
 patronizing the institution, and hired the 
 Indians to keep their children from school. 
 It is easy for any one to appreciate the diffi- 
 culty of establishing a school among these 
 wild, fierce people — boys and girls who had 
 never been restrained, or their freedom 
 abridged in the least. To gather together 
 one or two hundred boys and girls of all ages, 
 from six or seven to twenty years, was no 
 easy task ; to ask them to come in out of the 
 free woods, to close their Indian sports of 
 fishing and hunting and paddling in their 
 canoes, of riding on horseback, running races 
 and other pastimes, was of course requiring 
 great effort on the part of these young 
 savages, and after a few days’ experience in 
 the school-room, with all its attendant re- 
 straints, it cannot be wondered that many of 
 them took the trail back to their villages, 
 having had enough of civilization. 
 
 I appreciate the situation, as I had the 
 same experience and have not forgotten it to 
 this day. 
 
 After the Indians became acquainted with 
 the mission people, and knew that they were 
 true friends, their children were sent to the 
 school and most of the time they had from 
 eighty to one hundred and fifty in attendance. 
 
 The society bought a large and valuable 
 tract of land, including an island of about 
 three hundred acres, upon which they opened 
 a farm, built a large mission house, and a 
 commodious school-room ; where the teachers 
 held forth to us for six long hours every day 
 except Sunday, when we had two good long 
 old-fashioned Presbyterian sermons. 
 
 I have said we, and I do so for the reason 
 that I had (what I then thought) a sad ex- 
 erience at the old mission. When I was 
 etween seven and eight years old my father 
 placed me in the care of the Rev. Van Tassel, 
 at the mission school. I was taken like the 
 Indian boys from the woods, away from my 
 sports and associates at the Indian village op' 
 posite my father’s, where I had spent most 
 
 663 
 
 of my time, as free as the Indian boys and, 
 like them, as wild as a partridge or wild 
 turkey. 
 
 We spent the time at the village in sum- 
 mer, shooting bow and arrows, fishing or 
 swimming in the river, and in many other 
 plays and sports peculiar to young Indian 
 boys, and you can imagine that it was almosf 
 death to shut us away from all these pas 
 times ; and shut up to in a school-room 
 (where the presiding genius was a sanctimo- 
 nious old maid of the hard-shell, stiff-backed 
 Yankee Presbyterian persuasion), where long 
 prayers were said morning and evening, and 
 not a smile or whisper allowed. 
 
 Many of the Indian boys brought to the 
 school after a few days experience left between 
 two days, and forever after kept at such a 
 distance that they could never be caught or 
 tempted back. I would have gladly followed 
 their example and hid in the Indian villages, 
 among which I had many friends, but Indians 
 were too honest and would not have kept me 
 hid from my father and mother. 
 
 Every effort was made by these earnest 
 missionaries, and always with the kindest 
 manner, to induce these wild and untutored 
 people to believe in the Bible and its teach- 
 ings, but with limited success ; they took 
 education readily, but religion sparingly and 
 doubtingly. Although the great end origin- 
 ally anticipated was not gained the mission 
 did a good work ; it educated many hundreds 
 of the youths of these tribes, of whom many 
 in after years in their new homes west of the 
 Mississippi became good farmers and me- 
 chanics and some of them are still living in 
 Kansas and Indian Territory. 
 
 Sports of Indian Children . — We enjoyed 
 our Saturday half holiday. In the winter 
 season, when the river was frozen over, we 
 skated on the ice, both boys and girls, and 
 when there was snow we enjoyed ourselves 
 sliding down the long hill on the bank of the 
 river. 
 
 The sled was made of a strip of white elm 
 bark about one foot wide and six or seven feet 
 long, with a bark rope or string fastened to 
 the forward end, in order to raise it above the 
 uneven surface and guide it down the steep 
 and slippery path. This was placed smooth 
 side down, giving us the rough outside bark 
 for a foothold. We would start this Indian 
 shute at the top of the hill with as many boys 
 and girls as could stand upright on the bark 
 and a leader on the front holding the string 
 to guide it down the slippery track. With 
 lightning speed it would fairly fiy down the 
 hill and far out on the ice on the river if suc- 
 cessfully guided ; if not, you might be able to 
 see a load of boys and girls piled up in the 
 snow, or scattered along the hill. It took a 
 brave boy with a steady hand to ride this In- 
 dian sled down those steep hills, for after the 
 snow was packed and the path beaten it be- 
 came as slippery as glass. 
 
 Another Indian game was to take two 
 pieces of freshly peeled bark, a foot wide and 
 three or four feet long, place the two insides 
 together and then place them on the ground. 
 
664 
 
 FULTON COUNTY. 
 
 Now the game was to run and jump on the 
 bark, the feet striking the rough bark of the 
 upper piece, and unless well practised in the 
 art, the upper bark would fly from under the 
 moment the feet struck it. I have seen many 
 a novice in the art fly off when his feet struck 
 the bark as if he had taken his departure for 
 some other planet. It took long and careful 
 practise to be able to strike the slippery bark 
 and not go down. This exercise created a 
 great deal of amusement in our summer 
 sports. 
 
 Nut Gatliemng. — But the great enjoyable 
 seasons were the maple sugar making in the 
 spring, and gathering hickory nuts in the fall 
 of the year. The latter always commenced 
 in the Indian summer days in the fall, usually 
 in November. After the frosts had loosened 
 the nuts, they were showered down by every 
 wind, and the ground would be white with 
 them, all free from the shell, lying ready to 
 be gathered by the Indian children or the coon 
 and bears, that were very fond of these rich 
 thin shelled nuts. These animals grew very 
 fat on them, as there was always an abundance, 
 it being a great hickory country. 
 
 The abundance of the ‘ ‘ shellbark ’ ’ hick- 
 ory in the woods at that day (a very few of 
 which still remain) was a source of proflt as 
 well as pleasure. Many thousands of bushels 
 were annually gathered by the Indians, pur- 
 chased by the traders and shipped to eastern 
 markets. 
 
 Rev. Isaac Van Thsse?, the head of the 
 mission, was one of the kindest and purest of 
 men, always just and generous. His wife, the 
 daughter of Rev. Badger (one of the earliest 
 missionaries of the West), was equally well 
 fitted by her universal kindness of heart and 
 manner to aid her husband in this noble 
 work. Elder Coe was one of the active 
 workers and became a great friend of the In- 
 dians ; they in return gave him their full 
 confidence and from his exceeding kindness 
 called him the ‘ ' Tender Heart. ” Mr. Thomas 
 Mackelrath, one of the teachers, was always 
 kind to us; Miss Riggs, one of the “old 
 maid” teachers, was as kind to us as any 
 mother could be, too good and noble a woman 
 to remain an “old maid,” which I believe 
 she did. 
 
 Mr. Van Tassel removed to a farm near 
 Bowling Green, where he died about 1850. 
 Mrs. Van Tassel survived her husband many 
 years, dying in Maumee City a few years ago, 
 the last survivor of the niission teachers. 
 The kind-hearted old man, “"Uncle Coe,” as 
 my father called him, died many years before 
 Mr. Van Tassel. When the mission broke 
 up, in 1835 or 1836, many of those still living 
 returned to their homes in the East. 
 
 Dayton Riley. — Prominent in my memory 
 of the characters of that time was Dayton 
 Riley, a brother of the well-known William 
 Riley, who was taken in Algiers and was a 
 slave of the Arabs for a number of years. 
 This man Dayton Riley wandered into this 
 wilderness country about the time of the 
 founding of the mission, and being a carpen- 
 ter and handy at all work, was employed and 
 
 made his home at the mission until it broke 
 up. He followed the life of a trapper and 
 hunter, and after a hard and weary season of 
 trapping would find his way back to the mis- 
 sion to rest and recruit his failing strength 
 during his declining years. He became 
 somewhat dissipated, as most of his occupa- 
 tion do sooner or later, but lived to quite an 
 advanced age. 
 
 Waseon and Ottohee were noble red men. 
 Finer or more perfect specimens of the hu- 
 man physique, or of natural mental ability, 
 are seldom found anywhere. Gttokee, the 
 older of the two brothers (or half brothers, 
 as they really were), was a man six feet high, 
 weighing about two hundred pounds, and 
 when speaking on the floor of the Council 
 Lodge was as dignified and as noble in de- 
 meanor as a Clay or Webster, and had as much 
 force and eloquence as their limited language 
 would permit. 
 
 Wa-se-on (which signifies far 05") was not 
 so fleshy, but had a heavy frame and was 
 quite as large a man as his older brother 
 Gttokee, yet not so great an orator, but a 
 very intelligent man and a good speaker. 
 
 There were two other brothers of this fam- 
 ily named No-tin-no (or the calm) and Wa- 
 sa-on-quet. The latter was at one time the 
 head chief of the Ottowas of the Maumee 
 valley, but through dissi|3ation and debauch- 
 ery, consequent upon his intercourse with the 
 white traders, he was ‘ ‘ broken ’ ’ of his office 
 and reduced to a private member of the 
 tribe. He was one of the most eloquent 
 speakers I ever heard. He died from the 
 effects of whiskey soon after being removed 
 west of the Mississippi. 
 
 No-tin-no, the oldest of the four brothers, 
 was living the last I knew of him. He was 
 a good speaker, but not as eloquent as either 
 of his brothers. These men were the sons 
 of the noted Ottawa chief, 0-to-sah, if I re- 
 member correctly, by different mothers. No 
 two of them, I think, were full brothers, 
 polygamy being a legalized institution among 
 all the Indian tribes with which I have been 
 personally acquainted. 
 
 Aw-pa-to-wa-jo-win, or “half way,” was 
 about half way from the mouth of the river 
 to Fort Defiance, and also half way from De- 
 troit to Fort Wayne, the then two principal 
 trading points of the country. The presid- 
 ing chief of this village was an old man 
 whose active life had long since passed but 
 who was always received in the councils of the 
 tribe with great respect. His name was 
 Kin-jo-a-no. This chief had but one son, a 
 very intelligent young man, whose name was 
 Muc-cut-a-mong. He was killed, however, 
 while yet a young man, by the hand of his 
 own cousin (Pe-way) at one of the corn- 
 dances held by this tribe. 
 
 There were many other noted chiefs of 
 these tribes inhabiting at this time the val- 
 leys of the Maumee, Auglaize, St. Maries 
 and St. Joseph. Among them were Char- 
 low, Shaw-wun-no, Pe-ton-i-quet, Nac-i-che- 
 wa, Oc-que-nox-ie, the latter chief having 
 his village on the Auglaize. This man was 
 
FULTON COUNTY, 
 
 665 
 
 a Datural-born savage, and really the only 
 Indian I was ever much afraid of when a 
 boy, for he was ugly either drunk or sober, 
 and always manifested a desire or disposition 
 to take somebody’s scalp. He had great 
 influence with the tribe, especially in their 
 councils of war. All the other chiefs and 
 head men that I came in contact with, with- 
 out a single exception (when not crazed and 
 maddened by whiskey, or “fire-water), were 
 kind-hearted, generous and always honor- 
 able. 
 
 The very last speech made by an Indian in 
 the country in council was made by Ottokee 
 at a treaty or council with the United States 
 government agents, for the purpose of their 
 removal West. Many did not come into the 
 council and consent to be removed, but re- 
 mained in^ the deep forests of the Maumee 
 and Auglaize valleys for a few years, wander- 
 ing from place to place and camping wher- 
 ever they found a white man who was kind 
 enough to allow them to do so. 
 
 Ottokee and Waseon were among the last 
 to remove from^ this county, having gone 
 west in the spring of 1838. These chiefs 
 lived but a few years in their new homes and 
 died comparatively young, Waseon being not 
 over forty-five years old. 
 
 The lands which were assigned to these 
 Indians, and to which they were removed, lie 
 upon the Osage river in Kansas, about sixty 
 miles south of Kansas City and not far from 
 the flourishing village of Ottawa. 
 
 The old block-house is gone ! It took fire 
 from the chimney on Monday, May 20, 1879, 
 and was burned down. One by one the relics 
 of a past generation pass away, and^ this was 
 almost the last one of any note in north- 
 western Ohio. 
 
 The land was purchased of the United 
 States government, and the post established 
 in the year 1831 or ’32. It was put up as an 
 Indian trading house, used as a magazine, or 
 in the French trader’s parlance a store and 
 fort, for the safety of the trader and the pro- 
 tection of his furs and goods. They were 
 usually built of hewn logs of great size, as 
 this one was, and when completed with heavy 
 split puncheons for roof, made a building that 
 was a perfect protection against the assault 
 of any ordinary band of drunken Indians or 
 their more vicious associates, renegade white 
 men and half-breed Indians, who were often 
 ugly from a too free use of the white man’s 
 Schoo-ta-ne-be or fire-water, which was al- 
 ways furnished them by the less sensitive or 
 unscrupulous trader. 
 
 Indian Trading House. — In the spring of 
 1832 my father engaged two white men, 
 whose names I have forgotten, to build an 
 “Indian Trading House,” as such buildings 
 were called at that day on the frontier. ^ The 
 house was located near the site of the village 
 of the chief Winameg, furnished a stock of 
 Indian goods early in the winter, and a regu- 
 lar Indian trading establishment opened. 
 
 A young man by the name of Wilkinson, 
 nephew of old Capt. Have Wilkinson, the 
 veteran captain of the Lakes, was put in 
 
 charge, as the French frontiersman would 
 say, the Boorzwa of the concern, my father 
 judging that I was a little too wild to be at 
 the head, and might shut up the block-house, 
 mount my pony and ride away to some Indian 
 village where a big dance was going on, and 
 say, as my old friend Frank Holister said on 
 such occasions, that it was a poor store that 
 couldn’t tend itself sometimes. 
 
 Indian Goods. — The stock of Indian goods 
 mainly consisted of red and green blankets, 
 with the pure white marked with broad black 
 stripes across the end, and always of British 
 manufacture, Turkey red calicoes and Merri- 
 mac blue, with a few light patterns, blue and 
 green English broadcloths, large cotton hand- 
 kerchiefs and shawls (used almost entirely 
 for the head as turbans), guns, tomahawks, 
 butcher-knives, powder, lead shot and lead 
 balls, brass trinkets, rings, beads, wamj)um, 
 small bells to ornament the sides of leggings, 
 silver brooches, rings for the nose and ears, 
 with Turkish vermilion to paint the face. 
 Fine saddles and highly ornamented bridles, 
 trimmed with silver-plated bits, tinsel and 
 colored leathers, were great articles of trade. 
 
 The Fur Trade . — Many of the roving 
 traders sold whiskey to the Indians; but as a 
 rule the principal traders did not sell it to 
 them, for it destroyed the ability of the In- 
 dian to make much of a hunt, and of course 
 was not in the interest of the trader whose 
 aim was the procuring of furs and skins, 
 which mainly constituted the trade. 
 
 Bear, wolf, otter, mink, muskrat, raccoon, 
 fisher, the red cross and silver-gray fox were 
 the principal furs taken, the beaver having 
 nearly all disappeared. The last beaver caught 
 in the county was taken on the Little St. Jo- 
 seph, near the present village of Pioneer, in 
 1837, by a Pottawatomie chief named Me- 
 te-ah, for which I paid in goods twenty dol- 
 lars, it being a very large one, and the last 
 that had been taken for many years. 
 
 The prices of these furs at that time were 
 $3 to $4 for bear, the same for otter, 40 cents 
 for rat, 30 cents for mink, 50 cents for fox, 
 $2 for fisher, coon 25 cents, deer-skins 75 
 cents to $1.25, wolf 25 cents, silver-gray fox 
 from $25 to $75. In exchange for these we 
 sold blankets (according to size) from $2 to 
 $6, Turkey calicoes 75 cents to $1 per yard, 
 blue 50 cents to 75 cents, and all other goods 
 at about the same rates. Lead was 50 cents 
 and powder $1 per pound. 
 
 We had a very good trade for a year of 
 two at this post, and then the general govern- 
 ment began to agitate the removal of the 
 Indians. The business of the old house was 
 changed to a country tavern, and was patron- 
 ized solely by the white man. The dusky 
 form of the Indian was seen no more about 
 the spring and the camping ground, and his 
 familiar whoop and drunken song were no 
 more heard passing the old post, for he had 
 taken up his line of march toward the setting 
 sun. 
 
 The Old Council Elm . — This noble old 
 tree, a monarch of the forest, has a history 
 connected with the incidents of the Maumee 
 
666 
 
 FULTON COUNTY. 
 
 valley. The- tree was a white elm, standing 
 on a beautiful spot on the north bank of the 
 river, being four or five feet in diameter, and 
 fifty feet to the first limb. It was crowned 
 with an immense top that covered with its 
 shade a number of square rods of beautiful 
 green sward. The spot where it stood being 
 at a point very near and overlooking the- 
 ‘ ‘ Grand Rapids ’ ’ (the grandest of the entire 
 succession of rapids from Fort Meigs), and 
 within sound of its never ceasing murmur, it 
 was selected long ago by the Indians as a 
 favorite council ground,^ and consequently 
 this tree became known in the early days by 
 the traders and settlers as the “Council 
 Elm.” 
 
 It was destroyed by a severe storm in July, 
 1879. While the canal basin and dam were 
 being constructed at Grand Rapids, young 
 Jackson, at that time a very young man, 
 was the Assistant Engineer of the Public 
 Works of Ohio, in charge of this part of 
 the public work. He was somewhat ac- 
 quainted with the tradition and more recent 
 history and was a great admirer of the noble 
 jld tree, and loved to sit under its cooling 
 shade and enjoy the cool breeze during his 
 leisure hours. On one occasion one of the 
 workmen kindled a fire on the roots of the 
 old tree ; the young engineer, highly incensed, 
 first put out the fire, and then calling up the 
 man who had built it, gave him to under- 
 stand that any future aggressions upon the 
 old elm would cause the perpetrator such 
 chastisement as he would not readily forget. 
 This Jackson was well able and ready to give, 
 for he had without doubt some of the “ Old 
 Hero’s” blood in his veins, as I have often 
 heard him express himself in strong language, 
 using “By the Eternal” with the variations, 
 and woe be to him Avho fell under his dis- 
 pleasure, for cause. 
 
 The once large and populous village of Kin- 
 jo-a-no, or Ap-a-to-wa-jo-win, was situated 
 at the foot of the Grand Rapids, nearly a 
 mile below the old elm, and as the tree was 
 isolated from the noise and turmoil of an In- 
 dian village, it was frequently selected as the 
 council-ground for many important gatherings 
 of the chiefs and head men of the Ottawas 
 and Pottawatomies. 
 
 The great council which impressed me 
 most was the last council of any importance 
 ever held under its spreading branches. 
 
 Bad White Men . — It was some time after 
 the lands had been ceded to the general gov- 
 ernment, the Indians still retaining posses- 
 sion of the lands. 
 
 After the treaties had been made the val- 
 ’ey renegade white hunters and trappers, 
 vhiskey-sellers, and bee-hunters (for the hol- 
 low trees were filled with wild hone}^ de- 
 stroyed the Indians’ traps, often stole their 
 horses, and run them far out of the reach of 
 their owners. 
 
 I was then a mere boy, but all my sympa- 
 thies were with the much abused Indians, and 
 I was rather in hopes that some dark night 
 these intruders and renegades would be wiped 
 out. But the better and wiser counsels of 
 
 Wa-se-on, Ottokee, Pe-ton-i-quet, Nac i-che- 
 wa, and other noted chiefs prevailed, and the 
 Indians bore their wrongs with a grace and 
 patience unparalleled among civilized people. 
 
 Uncle Peter Menard, my father, and Col. 
 George Knaggs, being great friends of the 
 Indians, were importuned to intercede for 
 them with the government agent, that these 
 abuses might be stopped and redress made 
 for losses already infiicted. 
 
 ^ The Indian Council. — Col. Jackson, the 
 kind-hearted agent, was ready to co-operate 
 with his friends in giving the redress asked 
 for, promised that the matter should be laid 
 before the authorities at Washington, and 
 called a council to be held under the big 
 elm. 
 
 Some days previous to the day set for the 
 council the Indians began to arrive ; by the 
 morning of the council-day the chiefs and 
 head men were nearly all present in the vil- 
 lage, and at ten o’clock the assembled braves 
 were ready for the grand smoke and talk with 
 the white chief, 0-ke-maw-wa-bush-ke. It 
 was a warm day, and all enjoyed the shade 
 of the old tree. Seated upon a log sat the 
 dignified Col. Jackson, and on his left Uncle 
 Peter Menard and my father. The Indians 
 composing the council sat on the ground in a 
 semicircle in front of the white men, and the 
 younger warriors and hunters not admitted 
 to the charmed circle sat in groups under the 
 shade of the old elm, silent but interested 
 spectators. Although a boy, I had been 
 chosen by Col. J ackson to act as interpreter. 
 
 Speech of Ottohee . — At a signal from the 
 agent that the council was convened the head 
 chief, Ottokee, lit the pipe of kinnekanick ; 
 it was passed from mouth to mouth, the 
 white men participating in the ceremony, and 
 it was not until several pipesful of the fra- 
 grant weed bad been exhausted that the 
 council was ready to proceed with the “big 
 talk.” Coi. Jackson then said that “his 
 ears were open, and he would listen to the 
 words of the chiefs.” After a few minutes 
 of perfect silence Ottokee rose to his feet — a 
 noble specimen of a' native orator — and, with 
 the dignity of a prince, his arms folded across 
 his breast, he commenced the delivery of the 
 great speech of the occasion. He portrayed 
 in glowing colors the situation of his people, 
 the faith they had kept with their white 
 brothers and with their great fatlier, the 
 President of the United States ; that they 
 believed his words when he said he would 
 protect them in their rights while remaining 
 in their old homes from the intrusions of 
 white men until he should be ready to move 
 them to their new homes west of the great 
 river (Mississippi), but he was so far away 
 that he could not see or hear his red children 
 when they called to him in their distress. 
 They had called many times to have him 
 drive away the bad white men, but he did 
 not hear them. 
 
 The Great Father is good, but the white 
 men fill his ears, and he cannot hear the red 
 men call. My white brother sitting before 
 me is the half-brother of the Great (jhief at 
 
FULTON COUNTY, 
 
 66y 
 
 the Big House, and he has heard us and now 
 listens to what we say. The bad white men 
 have killed our deer, trapped our otter and 
 mink, have stolen our horses and abused our 
 women, have camped on our land and call it 
 their own, and when we tell them to go they 
 hold up their rifles and say they will shoot. 
 What must we do? We have waited many, 
 many moons, very long, for our Great Father 
 to drive these bad men from our land, but he 
 has not done it, and if we drive them he will 
 be angry with us. He has women, he has 
 children ; will he let bad men abuse them ? 
 No! he will not I Our Great Father is a 
 great chief ; he was at the great river when 
 oiir British brothers from across the big water 
 tried to take the country away from him, but 
 lie would not let them land. Our Father is 
 a great chief ; he is brave ; will he protect 
 his red children? I have spoken,” he con- 
 cluded; “ my brother will speak.” 
 
 Col. Jackson answered this speech by say- 
 ing that his heart was good and his ears were 
 open, and he would let the President hear all 
 the words of the great chief, Ottokee. “Let 
 the other chiefs speak,” he said. “I will 
 listen. ’ ’ 
 
 Speech of Nach-izche-waji. — One after an- 
 other the chiefs rose in their places and spoke 
 much in the same spirit as Ottokee, some 
 more vehement than others, some with mod- 
 eration ; all, with one exception, counselling 
 peace. ^ Nack-i-che-wah, the most active of 
 the chiefs, and the greatest orator of his 
 tribe, or his nation, or in fact of the neigh- 
 boring tribes, was more bold and outspoken. 
 He said they had listened to the sweet words 
 of the Great Father and believed them, but 
 they were like the singing bird : sweet while 
 you listened, but it flew away ; it did not 
 come ^ck, and you heard its voice no more, 
 and did not answer when you called it to 
 come back. Our Great Father had sent his 
 chief to tell us his words of honey ; our 
 ears were open, we heard what he said, and 
 we believed them, but our Father has for 
 gotten his words, and his red children are 
 sorrowful. Shall we, too, forget that we 
 signed the paper, ton-ga-nun-me-gwan,, and 
 draw the tomahawk and drive these dogs of 
 pale-faces from our hunting-grounds ? 
 
 ^ We have called to the Great Father many 
 times and he does not hear us. Are his ears 
 closed to the complaints of his red children ? 
 I have done. 
 
 So earnest the manner of speaking and so 
 deep the interest that all felt on this momen- 
 tous occasion, no one had taken notice of 
 time, and it was late in the afternoon when 
 the last speaker took his seat amid the mo- 
 notonous guttural sounds of acquiescence in 
 the arguments presented by the chiefs in their 
 defence of the rights of their usually quiet 
 people. 
 
 Col. Jadcson., the agent., then arose to his 
 feet and in a very dignified manner spoke to 
 the Indians. He said the President, the' 
 Great Father, had a big heart and he loved 
 his red children, that his ears were open and 
 he heard the complaints of his peojile, but 
 the pale faces were as many as leaves upon 
 the trees, and he must listen to all, and he 
 could not answer all at the same time. He 
 had many, many more red children to listen to, 
 who must be heard, his ears were open and 
 all should be heard in their time. 
 
 “ My white brother,” he said, referring to 
 my father, who was acting secretary for the 
 council, ‘ ‘ has taken the words of the Great 
 Chiefs and put them on the paper ; they will 
 be sent to the Great Father and he will read 
 them ; his heart is good and he will answer 
 his red childreU. He will pay them for the 
 losses of their horses and their traps and the 
 killing of their game. I will call the chiefs 
 together when his word comes back and tell 
 them what he says. Have my brothers any- 
 thing more to say ? ” 
 
 A murmuring sound of satisfaction, “Wa- 
 ho,” went through the council, and Ottokee 
 answered that his people were satisfied with 
 their brother’s words and that they were done. 
 Col. Jackson took his seat, the tomahawk 
 pipe of kinnekanick was again lighted and 
 passed around, and after all, both white men 
 and Indians, had participated the council 
 broke up and the Indians repaired to the ad- 
 joining village where they partook of a boun- 
 tiful feast of beef, pork, and corn prepared 
 for them by the order of the agent, a custom 
 always adopted by the government, when 
 holding treaties or councils with the Indians. 
 
 The council broke up with perfect under- 
 standing and good feeling among all the In- 
 dians present, with a perfect reliance that 
 government would remunerate them for the 
 losses they had sustained and drive the in- 
 truders from their lands, and for once the 
 government kept its word with the Indians. 
 
 Fayette, near the border line of Ohio and Michigan, is surrounded by a 
 fine farming section. It is on the W. St. L. & P. and L. S. & M. S. Railroads. 
 Newspaper : Record, Independent, Lewis & Griffin, publishers. Churches : 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Disciple, and 1 Christian Union. Bank of Fayette, C. 
 L. Allen, cashier. Industries : 2 saw, 1 planing, and 1 grist mill, 1 creamery, 
 and 2 novelty manufacturing establishments. • Population in 1880, 579. Is the 
 seat of the Fayette Normal Music and Business College, a growing institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Delta, on L. S. & M. S., 35 miles west of Toledo, surrounded by a fine agri- 
 cultural country. Newspapers : Atlas, Independent, E. L. Waltz, editor ; Ava- 
 lanche. Republican, J. H. Fluhart, editor. Churches ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Meth- 
 
FULTON COUNTY. 
 
 odist Episcopal, 1 United Brethren, 1 Free Methodist. Bank of Delta, William 
 E. Ramsey, cashier. Industries: Delta Oval Wood Dish Company, 1 grist, 
 2 saw, and 1 planing mill, brick and tile works, 3 wagon and carriage shops, 
 large pearlash factory, 1 cheese, 1 washing machine, and 1 broom factory. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 859. 
 
 Archbold is 8 miles west of Wauseon, on the L. S. & M. S. Railroad. It has 
 newspaper : Herald, Non-partisan, W. O. Taylor, editor. Churches : 1 Catholic, 
 1 German Reformed, 1 German Lutheran, and 1 Methodist Episcopal. Popula- 
 tion in 1880, 635. School census 1886, 260. 
 
 GALLIA. 
 
 Gallia CouirrY was formed from Washington, April 30, 1803. The word 
 Gallia is the ancient name of France, from whence it was originally settled. The 
 surface is generally broken, excepting in the eastern part, and on the Ohio river 
 and Kiger creek, where it is more level and the soil fertile. Much of the county 
 is well adapted to wheat, and a great part covered with a sandy loam. Area, 430 
 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 69,775; in pasture, 86,973; 
 woodland, 48,880 ; lying waste, 6,298 ; produced in wheat, bushels, 44,552 ; oats, 
 84,035; corn, 654,383; tobacco, pounds, 153,325; butter, pounds, 461,471. 
 
 School census 1886 — pupils, 5,359 ; teachers, 260. It has 41 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Addison, 
 
 692 
 
 1,440 
 
 Huntington, 
 
 972 
 
 1,758 
 
 Cheshire, 
 
 791 
 
 2,030 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 744 
 
 1,465 
 
 Clay, 
 
 745 
 
 1,507 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Perry, 
 
 626 
 
 1,429 
 
 Gallipolis, 
 
 1,413 
 
 5,227 
 
 973 
 
 1,329 
 
 Green, 
 
 1,047 
 
 1,532 
 
 Raccoon, 
 
 1,610 
 
 1,821 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 639 
 
 1,209 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 991 
 
 1,782 
 
 ^uyan. 
 
 342 
 
 2,277 
 
 Walnut, 
 
 423 
 
 1,892 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 688 
 
 1,426 
 
 Wilkes ville. 
 
 738 
 
 The population of the county was, in 1820, 7,098; in 1830, 9,733; in 1840, 
 13,445; in 1860, 20,453; in 1870, 22,743; in 1880, 25,178, of whom 22,763 
 were Ohio-born ; 2,470 Virginia ; 505 Pennsylvania; 323 German Empire ; 398 
 England and Wales ; 92 Ireland ; 27 France. 
 
 The first settlement in Gallia county was at Gallipolis. It was settled in 1791, 
 by a French colony sent out under the auspices of the ‘^Scioto Company.” This 
 was an association formed in Paris, the project of Col. William Duer, of New 
 York, Secretary of the United States Board of Treasury, a large operator and a 
 man of speculative turn. He was of English birth and had been a member of 
 the Continental Congress. While Dr. Manasseh Cutler was negotiating for the 
 passage of the ordinance of the Ohio Company’s Purchase Mr. Duer went to him 
 and proposed to connect with it an outside land speculation and colonization 
 scheme. The passage of the ordinance seemed hopeless without Duer’s influence 
 
GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 669 
 
 and as he offered generous conditions Cutler acceded. With his influence its suc- 
 cess was certain. The matter, however, was to be kept a profound secret. The 
 generous conditions on the part of Duer to the Ohio Company for permitting the 
 contract to be made under cover of its petition was a loan of $143,000 in securi- 
 ties, to enable it to complete the first payment to the Board of Treasury, many 
 shareholders of the Ohio Company having failed to respond promptly to the call. 
 
 In October, 1787, Dr. Cutler and Sargent 
 closed two contracts with the Board of Trea- 
 sury. One with Manasseh Cutler and Win- 
 throp Sargent, as agents for the directors of 
 the “Ohio Company of Associates, so called, ’ ’ 
 was an absolute purchase of 1,500,000 acres, 
 lying between the Ohio river, the 7th and 17th 
 ranges of townships, ^ and extending north 
 from the river till a line due west from the 
 7th to the 17th range should, with the reser- 
 vations stated in the contract, include the 
 whole amount. The other with Manasseh 
 Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, “ for them- 
 sekes and associates,” was an option to pur- 
 
 chase all the lands lying between the Ohio and 
 Scioto rivers and the 17th Range, extending 
 north to the line of the 10th Township, and 
 also all the land east of this tract, west of the 
 7th Range, south of the 10th Township, and 
 north of the Ohio Company’s purchase. 
 The whole tract of land included in the last 
 contract was estimated to be from 3,000,000 
 to 3,500,000 acres. In each contract the 
 line of the 17th range is recognized as yet to 
 be determined. The price of the land was 
 one dollar per acre, subject to a reduction of 
 one-third for bad land, to be paid in gold, 
 silver, or securities of the United States. 
 
 From the above it is seen that Dr. Cutler and Major Sargent made an absolute 
 purchase from the Board of Treasury for the direct use of the Ohio Company, and 
 a contract for the right of purchase or pre-emption right of the three millions and 
 a half or thereabouts wanted by Duer and associates. Having done this they 
 ceded to the latter the pre-emption right. Cutler and Sargent, members of the 
 Ohio Company, were included as associates with Duer. 
 
 What we may term the Scioto tract was divided into thirty shares, of which 
 Duer took 13, Cutler and Sargent jointly 13, and the remaining four were to be 
 sold in Europe. Cutler and Sargent assigned interests to Generals Benjamin 
 Tupper, Rufus Putnam, S. H. Parsons, and Royal Flint. Joel Barlow was also 
 given an interest by Duer of one-sixtieth of the tract, he being selected as agent 
 to go to Paris and sell the four shares. He arrived there the last of June, 1788. 
 He could, however, sell only the right of pre-emption.’^ Barlow took with him 
 a copy of a pamphlet by Dr. Cutler entitled An explanation of the Map which 
 delineates that part of the Federal lands comprehended between Pennsylvania, 
 the Rivers Ohio, Scioto, and Lake Erie.” This pamphlet was reprinted in Paris, 
 in 1789, with the endorsement of Capt. Thomas Hutchins, the geographer of the 
 United States, as to its accuracy. 
 
 At first Barlow met with indifferent success, but early in 1789 he got acquainted 
 with William Playfair, whom he describes as an Englishman of a bold and en- 
 terprising spirit and a good imagination.” 
 
 In July of that year the Bastile was taken and all France was in an uproar. 
 The times were propitious for schemes of emigration. Barlow and Playfair issued 
 Prospectus for an Estfblishment on the Rivers Ohio and Scioto.” In preparing 
 this they used the pamphlet of Dr. Cutler and Capt. Hutchins descriptive of the 
 Ohio country, with additions and embellishments wherein Playfair’s good imag- 
 ination ” was displayed, as is shown by the annexed extract : 
 
 A climate wholesome and delightful, frost 
 even in winter almost entirely unknown, and 
 a river called, by way of eminence, the heau- 
 tiful^ and abounding in excellent fish of a vast 
 size. Noble forests, consisting of trees that 
 spontaneously produce sugar {the sugar maple) 
 and a plant that yields ready-made candles 
 
 {myrica cerifera). Venison in plenty, the 
 pursuit of which is uninterrupted by wolves. 
 Foxes, lions or tigers. A couple of swine will 
 multiply themselves a hundredfold in two or 
 three years, without taking any care of them. 
 No taxes to pay, no military services to be 
 performed. 
 
 Yolney, who came to America in 1795, in his View,” where we find the 
 above, says : 
 
670 
 
 GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 These munificent promisers forgot to say 
 that these forests must be cut down before 
 corn could be raised ; that for a year, at least, 
 they must bring their daily bread from a 
 great distance ; that hunting and fishing are 
 agreeable amusements, when pursued for the 
 sake of amusement, but are widely different 
 when followed for the sake of subsistence. 
 And they quite forgot to mention that, though 
 (there be no bears or tigers in the neighbor- 
 ^hood, there are wild beasts infinitely more 
 cunning and ferocious, in the shape of men, 
 who were at that time at open and cruel war 
 with the whites. 
 
 In France, in Paris, the imagination was 
 too heated to admit of doubt or suspicion. 
 
 and people were too ignorant and uninformed 
 to perceive where the picture was defective 
 and its colors too glaring. The example, too, 
 of the wealthy and reputedly wise confirmed 
 the_ popular delusion. Nothing was talked 
 of, in every social circle, but the paradise that 
 was opened for Frenchmen in the western 
 wilderness, the free and happy life to be led 
 on the blissful banks of the Scioto. At 
 length Brissot published his travels and com- 
 pleted the flattering delusion. Buyers became 
 numerous and importunate, chiefly among 
 the better sort of the middle class. Single 
 persons and whole families disposed of their 
 all, flattering themselves with having made 
 excellent bargains. 
 
 Volney here refers to the travels of Brissot de Warville. Brissot published 
 several volumes relating to America, as we infer from his preface to his New 
 Travels in America/’ a work issued in the spring of 1791, and consisting in part 
 of a series of letters written from this country in 1788. In his preface to the 
 last, he says : The third volume was published in 1787 by Mr. Claviere and me.” 
 In the last, he refers to the charges against the Scioto Company in this wise : 
 ^^This company has been much calumniated. It has been accused of selling 
 lands which it does not possess, of giving exaggerated accounts of its fertility, of 
 deceiving the emigrants, of robbing France of her inhabitants, and of sending 
 them to be butchered by the savages. But the title of this association is incon- 
 testable ; the proprietors are reputable men ; the description which they have 
 given of the lands is taken from the public and authentic reports of Mr. 
 Hutchins, geographer of Congress. No person can dispute their prodigious fer- 
 tility.” He elsewhere speaks, in this volume, in high terms of the company. 
 
 With the proposals they issued a map copied from that of Capt. Hutchins, but 
 with a fraudulent addition in the statement that the country east of the Scioto 
 tract was cleared and settled when, indeed, it was a wilderness, the first settlement 
 within it, that at Marietta, having been made only the year before. 
 
 The engraved map annexed was inserted in the first edition of this work. It 
 was copied by us in 1846 from the map of Barlow and Playfair in the possession 
 of Monsieur J. P. R. Bureau, one of the settlers who was then living in Gallipolis, 
 and who came out in 1799 from Paris. The original was sixteen inches long and 
 twelve wide. 
 
 It was in French, handsomely engraved and colored, with the lands of the two 
 companies and the tract east of them, all divided into townships of six miles 
 square. It represents the Scioto Company’s tract as extending about 100 miles 
 north of the mouth of the Kanawha, and including more or less of the present 
 counties of Meigs, Athens, Muskingum, Licking, Franklin, Pickaway, Ross, Pike, 
 Scioto, Gallia, Lawrence, Perry, Jackson, Hocking and Fairfield. This tract, on 
 the map, is divided into 142 townships and thirty-two fractions. The north line 
 of the Ohio Land Company’s tract is eighteen miles south of the other, and included 
 the present county of Morgan and parts of Washington, Meigs, Athens, Mus- 
 kingum, Guernsey and Monroe, there divided into ninety-one townships and six- 
 teen fractions. The tract east of that of the Ohio Company extends forty-eight 
 miles farther north. Upon the original are the words, ‘‘ Sept rangs de munici- 
 palite acquis par des individues et occupes depuis, 1786;” i. e., Seven ranges 
 of townships acquired by individuals and occupied since 1786.” 
 
 It was in November, 1789, that Barlow, as agent, concluded the sale to a com- 
 pany formed in Paris under the firm-name of the Company of the Scioto,” the 
 principal members of which were M. Gouy de Arsy, M. Barond, St. Didier, 
 Maheas, Guibert, the Chevalier de Coquelon, William Playfair and Joel Barlow. 
 He used no deception with the company, showing them the exact terms of the 
 grant to his principals. 
 
GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 671 
 
 The Society of the Scioto Company sold their lands rapidly, but the deeds did 
 not give a perfect title nor claim to do so. They conveyed all the right, title, 
 interest and claim of said society,’’ but many persons accepted the deeds as con- 
 veying and warranting a perfect title. The warranty clause in the deeds guar- 
 anteed against every kind of eviction or attack.” 
 
 Barlow exceeded his powers in allowing the Scioto Company to give deeds. 
 He, however, expected that from the proceeds of sales they would be enabled to 
 
 perfect the title. His associate, Playfair, withheld the funds, and Barlow, i\ 
 seems, was duped by him. 
 
 The upshot of the matter was that the Scioto Company and Col. Duer failed, 
 and the failure of the latter was so great that it was said to have been the very first 
 financial shock of any moment from speculation New, York city ever received. 
 
 A full history of the Scioto Company is given in thirty pages of the “ Life of 
 Manasseh Cutler,” published by Eobert Clarke & Co., to which the reader is 
 referred. 
 
6/2 
 
 GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 The result of the operations of the Scioto Company was to colonize a spot in 
 Ohio with French people in 1790, who thus made the third permanent regular 
 settlement within its limits at Gallipolis, the others preceding being Marietta and 
 Cincinnati. The first party of French emigrants arrived at Alexandria on May 
 1, 1790; about 500 in all left their native country for the promised land, and 
 about October 20th the first boat-load arrived at Gallipolis. 
 
 The terms to induce immigration were as follows : the company agreed to take 
 the colonists to their lands and pay the cost, and the latter bound himself to work 
 three years for the company, for which he was to receive fifty acres, a house and a 
 cow. Not all came on these terms, for among them were men of wealth and title 
 
 Gallipolis, i . e ., City of the French, in 1790. 
 
 who paid their own passage and bought land on their own account. They were 
 persons ill fitted for such an enterprise. Among them were not a few carvers and 
 gilders to his majesty, coach and peruke makers,, friseurs and other artistes, about 
 equally well fitted for a backwoods life, with only ten or twelve farmers and 
 laborers. 
 
 On the map is shown the first town,’^ i. e., Premiere VilleJ^ opposite the 
 
 mouth of the Kanawha. It was laid out by the Ohio Company, under the name 
 of Fair Haven ; but as the ground there is low and liable to overflow, Gallipolis 
 was located four miles below, upon a high bank, ten feet above the flood of 1832. 
 
 The location was made a few months before the arrival of the French. Rufus 
 Putnam sent for that purpose Major Burnham, with forty men, who arriv^ed here 
 on the 8th of June by river from Marietta. They made a clearing and erected 
 block -houses and cabins. Col. Robert Safford, who died here June 26, 1863, a 
 very aged man, was of this party and was the first to spring ashore from the boat 
 and signalize his landing by cutting down a sapling, which he did with a camp 
 hatchet, which was the first blow towards making a settlement. 
 
 On the public square Burnham erected eighty log-cabins, twenty in each row. 
 At each of the corners were block-houses, two stories in height. In front of the 
 cabins, close by the river bank, was a small, log-breastwork, erected for a defence 
 while building the cabins. Above the cabins, on the square, Avere two other par- 
 allel rows of cabins, which, with a high stockade fence and block-houses at each 
 of the upper corners, formed a sufficient fortification in times of danger. These 
 upper cabins were a story and a half in height, built of hewed logs, and finislied 
 in better style than those beloAV, being intended for the richer class. In the upper 
 cabins was a room used for a council chamber and a ball room. 
 
 The Scioto Company contracted with Putnam to erect these buildings and furnish 
 
GALLIA COUNTY, 
 
 ^73 
 
 the settlers with provisions, but failed of payment, by which he lost a large amount. 
 It was a dense little village, the cabins close together, and in its personelle a 
 piece of Paris dropped down on the banks of the Ohio. According to well- 
 authenticated tradition one of the cabins had out the sign, Bakeey & Mid- 
 wifery. 
 
 We continue the history of Gallipolis in the annexed extract from a communi- 
 cation in the American Pioneer y made about the year 1843 by Waldeurard Meu- 
 lette, one of the colonists. 
 
 At an early meeting of the colonists, the 
 town was named Gallipolis (town of the 
 French). I did not arrive till nearly all the 
 colonists were there. I descended the river 
 in 1791 , in flat boats, loaded with troops, com- 
 manded by Gen. St. Clair, destined for an 
 expedition against the Indians. Some of my 
 countrymen j^oined that expedition ; among 
 others was Count Malartie, a captain in the 
 French guard of Louis XYI. General St. 
 Clair made him one of his aide-de-camps in 
 the battle, in which he was severely wounded. 
 He went back to Philadelphia, from whence 
 he returned to France. The Indians were 
 encouraged to greater depredations and mur- 
 ders, by their success in this expedition, but 
 most especially against the American settle- 
 ments. From their intercourse with the 
 French in Canada, or some other cause, they 
 seemed less disposed to trouble us. Imme- 
 diately after St. Clair’s defeat. Col. Sproat, 
 commandant at Marietta, appointed four spies 
 for Gallipolis — two Americans and two French, 
 of which I was one, and it was not until after 
 the treaty at Greenville, in 1795, that we were 
 released. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great difiiculties, the 
 diflbrence of tempers, education and profes- 
 sions, the inhabitants lived in harmony, and 
 having little or nothing to do, made themselves 
 agreeable and useful to each other. The 
 Americans and hunters, employed by the com- 
 pany, performed the first labors of clearing 
 the township, which was divided into lots. 
 
 Although the French were willing to work, 
 yet the clearing of an American wilderness 
 and its heavy timber, was far more than they 
 could perform. To migrate from the Eastern 
 States to the “far west” is painful enough 
 now-a-days, but how much more so it must be 
 for a citizen of a large European town ! even 
 a farmer of the old countries would find it 
 very hard, if not impossible, to clear land in 
 the wilderness. Those hunters were paid by 
 the colonists to prepare their garden ground, 
 which was to receive the seeds brought from 
 France ; few of the colonists knew how to 
 make a garden, but they were guided by a few 
 books on that subject, which they had brought 
 likewise from France. 
 
 The colony then began to improve in its 
 appearance and comfort. The fresh provisions 
 were supplied by the company’s hunters, the 
 others came from their magazines. When 
 on the expeditions of Generals St. Clair and 
 Wayne many of the troops stopped at Galli- 
 poiis to take provisions, which had been de- 
 posited there for that purpose by government ; 
 
 the Indians, who no doubt often came there 
 in the night, at last saw the regulars going 
 morning and evening round the town in order 
 to ascertoin if there were any Indian traces, 
 and attacked them, killing and wounding sev- 
 eral — a soldier, besides other wounds, was 
 tomahawked, but recovered. A French col- 
 onist, who had tried to raise corn at some dis- 
 tance from the town, seeing an Indian rising 
 from behind some brushwood against a tree, 
 shot him in the shoulder ; the Indian hearing 
 an American patrole, must have thought that 
 the Frenchman made a part of it ; and some- 
 time afterward a Frenchman was killed, and 
 a man and woman made prisoners, as they 
 were going to collect ashes to make soap, at 
 some distance from town. 
 
 After this, although the Indians committed 
 depredations on the Americans on both sides 
 of the river, the French had suffered only by 
 the loss of some cattle carried away, until the 
 murder of the man above related. The Scioto 
 Company, in the mean time, had nearly ful- 
 filled all their engagements during six months, 
 after which time they ceased their supply of 
 provisions to the colonists, and one of their 
 agents gave as a reason for it, that the com- 
 pany had been cheated by one or two of their 
 agents in France, who, having received the 
 funds in France for the purchased lands, had 
 kept the money for themselves and run off 
 with it to England, without having purchased 
 or possessing any of the tract which they had 
 sold to the deceived colonists. This intelli- 
 gence exasperated them, and was the more 
 sensibly felt as a scarcity of provisions added 
 to their disappointment. The winter was 
 uncommonly severe ; the creek and the Ohio 
 were frozen ; the hunters had no longer any 
 meat to sell ; flat boats could not come down 
 with flour to furnish as they had done before. 
 This produced almost a famine in the settle- 
 ment, and a family of eight persons, father, 
 mother, and children, was obliged to subsist 
 for eight or ten days on dry beans, boiled in 
 water, without either salt, grease or bread, 
 and those had never known, before that time, 
 what it was to want for anything. On the 
 Other hand, the dangers from the Indians 
 seemed to augment every day. 
 
 The colonists were by this time weary of 
 being confined to a few acres of land ; the 
 result of their industry was lost ; the money 
 and clothes which they had brought were 
 nearly gone. They knew not to whom they 
 were to apply to get their lands ; they hoped 
 that if Wayne’s campaign forced the Indians 
 to make a lasting peace, the Scioto Company 
 
674 
 
 GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 would send immediately, either to recover or 
 to purchase those promised lands ; but they 
 soon found out their mistake. After the 
 treaty of Greenville, many Indians passing 
 through Gallipolis, on their way to the seat 
 of government, and several travellers, revealed 
 the whole transaction, from which it was as- 
 certained that the pretended Scioto Company 
 was composed of New Englanders, the names 
 of very few only being known to the French, 
 who, being themselves ignorant of the English 
 language, and at such a distance from the 
 place of residence of their defrauders, and 
 without means for prosecuting them, could 
 get no redress. . 
 
 Lonely Condition of the Colonists. — Far in 
 a distant land, separated forever from their 
 friends and relations — with exhausted means, 
 was it surprising that they were disheartened, 
 and that every social tie should have been 
 loosened, nearly broken, and a great portion 
 of the deceived colonists should have become 
 reckless ? May the happy of this day never 
 feel as they did, when all hope was blasted, 
 and they were left so destitute ! Many of the 
 colonists went off and settled elsewhere with 
 the means that remained to them, and re- 
 sumed their trades in more populous parts of 
 the country ; others led a half-savage life, as 
 hunters for skins : the greater part, however, 
 resolved, in a general assembly, to make a 
 memorial of their grievances, and send it to 
 Congress. The memorial claimed no rights 
 from that body, but it was a detail of their 
 wrongs and sufferings, together with an ap- 
 peal to the generosity and feelings of Con- 
 gress ; and they did not appeal in vain. One 
 of the colonists proposed to carry the peti- 
 tion ; he only stipulated that his expenses 
 should be paid by a contribution of the col- 
 onists, whether he succeeded or not in their 
 object ; but he added that if he obtained for 
 himself the quantity of land which he had 
 
 paid for, and the rest had none, he should be 
 repaid by their gratitude for his efforts. 
 
 The French Grant. — At Philadelphia he 
 met with a French lawyer, M. Duponceau, 
 and through his means he obtained from Con- 
 gress a grant of 24,000 acres of land, known 
 by the name of the French grant, opposite to 
 Little Sandy, for the French, who were still 
 resident at Gallipolis. The act annexed the 
 condition of settling on the lands three years 
 before receiving the deed of gift. The bearer 
 of the petition had his 4,000 acres ; the rest 
 was divided among the remaining French, 
 amounting to ninety-two persons, married and 
 single. 
 
 Each inhabitant had thus a lot of 2171 
 acres of land ; but before the surveys and 
 other arrangements could be made, some time 
 was necessary, during which, those who had 
 reclaimed the wilderness and improved Galli- 
 polis being reluctant to lose all their labor, and 
 finding that a company, owning the lands of 
 Marietta, and where there was a settlement 
 previous to that of the French colony, had 
 mej. to divide lands which they had purchased 
 in a common stock, the colonists sent a depu- 
 tation for the purpose of proposing to the 
 company to sell them the spot where Galli- 
 polis was and is situated, and to be paid in 
 proportion to what was improved, which was 
 accepted. When at last the distribution of 
 the lots of the French grant was achieved, 
 some sold their share, others went to settle on 
 it, or put tenants, and either remained at Gal- 
 lipolis, or went elsewhere ; but how few en- 
 tered again heartily into a new kind of life, 
 many having lost their lives and others 
 their health, amid hardships, excess of 
 labor, or the indolence which follows discour- 
 agement and hopeless efforts ! Few of the 
 original settlers remain at Gallipolis : not 
 many at the French grant. 
 
 Breckenridge, in his Becollections/^ gives some remini.scences of Gallipolis, 
 related in a style of charming simplicity and humor. He was at Gallipolis in 
 1795, at which time he was a boy of nine years of age. 
 
 The Little French Doctor. — Behold me 
 once more in port, and domiciliated at the 
 house, or the inn, of Monsieur, or rather. 
 Dr. Saugrain, a cheerful, sprightly little 
 Frenchman, four feet six, English measure, 
 and a chemist, natural philosopher, and phy- 
 sician, both in the English and French signi- 
 fication of the word This singular 
 
 village was settled by people from Paris and 
 Lyons, chiefly artisans and artists, peculiarly 
 unfitted to sit down in the wilderness and 
 clear away forests. I have seen half a dozen 
 at work in taking down a tree, some pulling 
 ropes fastened to the branches, while others 
 were cutting around it like beavers. Some- 
 times serious accidents occurred in conse- 
 quence of their awkwardness. Their former 
 employment had been only calculated to ad- 
 minister to the luxury of highly polished 
 and wealthy societies. There were carvers 
 
 and gilders to the king, coach-makers, friseurs 
 and peruke-makers, and a variety of others 
 who might have found some emplojmient in 
 our larger towns, but who were entirely out 
 of their place in the wilds of Ohio. Their 
 means by this time had been exhausted, and 
 they were beginning to suffer from the want 
 of the comforts and even the necessaries of 
 life. 
 
 The country back from the river was still a 
 wilderness, and the Gallipotians did not pre- 
 tend to cultivate anything more than small 
 garden spots, depending for their supply of 
 provisions on the boats which now began to 
 descend the river ; but they had to pay in 
 cash and that was become scarce. They still 
 assembled at the ball-room twice a week ; it 
 was evident, however, that they felt disap- 
 pointment, and were no longer happy. The 
 predilections of the best among them being 
 
GALLIA COUNTY, 
 
 075 
 
 on the side of the Bourbons, the horrors of 
 the French revolution, even in their remote 
 situation, mingled with their private misfor- 
 tunes, which had at this time nearly reached 
 their acme in consequence of the discovery 
 that they had no title to their lands, having 
 been cruelly deceived by those from whom 
 they had purchased. It is well known that 
 Congress generously made them a grant of 
 20,000 acres, from which, however, but few 
 of them ever derived any advantage. 
 
 As the Ohio was now more frequented, the 
 house was occasionally resorted to, and espe- 
 cially by persons looking out for land to pur- 
 chase. The doctor had a small apartment 
 which contained his chemical apparatus, and 
 I used to sit by him as often as I could, 
 watching the curious operation of his blow- 
 
 pipe and crucible. I loved the cheerful little 
 man, and he became very fond of me in re- 
 turn. Many of my countrymen used to 
 come and stare at his doings, which, they 
 were half inclined to think, had a too near 
 resemblance to the black art. The doctor’s 
 little phosphoric matches, igniting sponta- 
 neously when the little glass tube was broken, 
 and from which he derived some emolument, 
 were thought by some to be rather beyond 
 mere human power. His barometer and 
 thermometer, with the scale neatly painted 
 with the pen, and the frames richly carved, 
 were objects of wonder, and probably some 
 of them are yet extant in the west. But 
 what most astonished some of our visitors 
 was a large peach in a glass bottle, th-^ neck 
 of which would only admit a common cork • 
 
 The French Settlers at Gallipolis, lirect from Paris, Cutting Down Trees. 
 
 this was accomplished by tying the bottle to 
 the limb of a tree, with the peach when 
 young inserted into it. His swans which 
 swam around basins of water amused me 
 more than any wonders exhibited by the won- 
 derful man. 
 
 The French Philosophers and the Savages. 
 — The doctor was a great favorite with the 
 Americans, as well for his vivacity and sweet- 
 ness of temper, which nothing could sour, as 
 on account of a circumstance which gave him 
 high claim to the esteem of the backwoods- 
 men. ^ He had shown himself, notwithstand- 
 ing his small stature and great good nature, 
 a very hero in combat with the Indians. He 
 had descended the Ohio in company with 
 two French philosophers who were believers 
 in the primitive innocence and goodness of 
 
 the children of the forest. They could not 
 be persuaded that any danger was to be ap- 
 prehended from the Indians. As they had 
 no intentions to injure that people, they sup- 
 posed no harm could be meditated on their 
 part. Dr. Saugrain was not altogether so 
 well convinced of their good intentions, and 
 accordingly kept his pistols loaded. Near 
 the mouth of the Sandy a canoe with a party 
 of warriors approached the boat ; the philos- 
 ophers invited them on board by signs, when 
 they came rather too willingly. The first 
 thing they did on coming on board of the 
 boat was to salute the two philosophers with 
 the tomahawk, and they would have treated 
 the doctor in the same way but that he used 
 his pistols with good effect — killed two of t.he 
 savages and then leaped into the water, div- 
 
6/6 
 
 GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 ing like a dipper at the flash of the guns of 
 the others, and succeeded in s^Timming to the 
 shore with several severe wounds whose scars 
 were conspicuous. 
 
 Madame Saugrain. — The doctor was mar- 
 ried to an amiable young woman, but not 
 possessing as much vivacity as himself. As 
 Madame Saugrain had no maid to assist her, 
 her brother, a boy of my age, and myself. 
 Were her principal helps in the kitchen. We 
 brought water and wood and washed the 
 dishes. I used to go in the morning about 
 two miles for a little milk, sometimes on the 
 frozen ground, barefooted. I tried a pair of 
 sabots, or wooden shoes, but was unable to 
 make any use of them, although they had 
 been made by the carver to the king. Little 
 perquisites, too, sometimes fell to our share 
 n-om blacking boots and shoes. My com- 
 panion generally saved his, while mine would 
 have burned a hole in my pocket if it had 
 remained there. In the spring and summer 
 a good deal of my time was passed in the 
 garden, weeding the beds. While thus en- 
 gaged I formed an acquaintance with a young 
 lady of eighteen or twenty on the other side 
 of the palings, who was often similarly occu- 
 pied. Our friendship, which was purely 
 Platonic, commenced with the story of Blue 
 Beard, recounted by her, and with the nov- 
 elty and pathos of which I was much inter- 
 ested. This incident may perhaps remind 
 the reader of the story of Pyramus and 
 Thisbe, or perhaps of the hortical ecologue 
 of Bean Swift, “Bermot and Shela.” 
 
 Connected with this lady is an incident 
 which I feel a pleasure in relating. One 
 da}^, while standing alone on the bank of the 
 river, I saw a man who had gone in to bathe 
 and who had got beyond his depth without 
 being able to swim. He had begun to strug- 
 gle for life, and in a few seconds would have 
 sunk to rise no more. I shot down the bank 
 like an arrow, leaped into a canoe which for- 
 tunately happened to be close by, pushed the 
 end to iiim, and, as he rose, perhaps for the 
 last time, he seized it with a deadly, convul- 
 sive grasp and held so firmly that the skin 
 afterward came off the parts of his arms 
 which pressed against the wood. I screamed 
 for help. Several persons came and took 
 him out, perfectly insensible. He afterwards 
 married the young lady and raised a numerous 
 and respectable family. One of his daugh- 
 ters married a young lawyer who now repre- 
 sents that district in Congress. 
 
 Sufferings of the Settlers. — Toward the 
 latter part of summer the inhabitants suffered 
 severely from sickness and want of provisions. 
 Their situation was truly wretched. The 
 swamp in the rear, now exposed by the clear- 
 ing between it and the river, became the 
 cause of a frightful epidemic, from which 
 few escaped, and many became its victims. 
 I had recovered from the ague, and was 
 among the few exempted from the disease ; 
 but our family, as well as the rest, suffered 
 much from absolute hunger, a most painful 
 sensation, as I had before experienced. To 
 show the extremity of our distress, on one 
 
 occasion the brother of Madame Saugrain and 
 myself pushed a light canoe to an island 
 above town, where we pulled some corn, took 
 it to mill, and, excepting some of the raw 
 grains, had nothing to eat from the day be- 
 fore until we carried home the flour and 
 made some bread, but had neither milk nor 
 meat. I have learned to be thankful when I 
 had a sufficiency of wholesome food, how- 
 ever plain, and was blessed with health ; and 
 I could put up with humble fare without a 
 murmur, although accustomed to luxuries, 
 when I have seen those who have never ex- 
 perienced absolute starvation turn up their 
 noses at that which was a very little worse 
 
 than the best they had ever known 
 
 General Willdnsonand Suite. — I had been 
 nearly a year at Gallipolis, when Capt. Smith, 
 of the United States army, came along in 
 advance of the barge of Gen. Wilkinson, 
 and, according to the request of my father, 
 took me into his custody for the purpose of 
 bringing me once more to my native place. 
 He remained two or three days waiting for 
 the general, and in the meanwhile procured 
 me hat, shoes and clothes befitting a gentle- 
 man’s son, and then took me on board his 
 boat. Shortly after the general overtook us 
 I was transferred on board his barge as a 
 playmate for his son Biddle, a boy of my 
 own age. The general’s lady and several 
 ladies and gentlemen were on board his boat, 
 which was fitted up in a style of convenience 
 and even magnificence scarcely surpassed 
 even by the present steamboats. It was 
 propelled against the stream by twenty-five 
 or thirty men, sometimes by the pole, the 
 cordelle, and often by the oar. There was 
 also a band of musicians on board, and the 
 whole had the appearance of a mere party 
 of pleasure. My senses were overpowered — 
 it seemed an elysium ! The splendor of the 
 furniture — the elegance of the dresses — and 
 then, the luxuries of the table, to a half- 
 starved creature like me, produced an effect 
 which can scarce be easily described. Every 
 repast was a royal banquet, and such deli- 
 cacies were placed before me as I had never 
 seen before, and in sufficient abundance to 
 satiate my insatiable appetite. I was no 
 more like what I had been than the cast-off 
 skin of the blacksnake resembles the new 
 dress in which he glistens in the sunbeam. 
 The general’s countenance was continually 
 lighted up with smiles, and he seemed faire 
 le bonheur of all around him ; it seemed his 
 business to make every one happy about 
 him. His countenance and manners were 
 such as I have rarely seen, and now that I 
 can form a more just estimate of them, were 
 such as better fitted him for a court than a 
 republic. His lad}’^ was truly an estimable 
 person, of the mildest and softest manners. 
 8he gave her son and myself a reproof one 
 day which I never forgot. She saw us catch- 
 ing minnows with pin-hooks, made us desist, 
 and then explained in the sweetest manner 
 the cruelty of taking away life wantonly from 
 the humblest thing in creationL 
 
GALLIA COUNTY, 
 
 677 
 
 In 1807 Breckenridge again saw Galllpolis. 
 
 As we passed Point Pleasant and tlie island 
 below it, Gallipolis, which I looked for with 
 anxious feelings, hove in sight. I thought 
 of the French inhabitants — I thought of my 
 friend Saugrain ; and I recalled, in the live- 
 liest colors, the incidents of that portion of 
 my life which was passed here. A year is a 
 long time at that period — every day is crowded 
 with new and great and striking events. 
 When the boat landed, I ran up the bank and 
 looked around ; but alas ! how changed ! The 
 Americans had taken the town in hand, and 
 no trace of antiquity^ that is, of twelve years 
 ago, remained. I hastened to the spot where 
 I expected to find the abode, the little log- 
 house, tavern, and laboratory of the doctor, 
 but they had vanished like the palace of Alad- 
 din. After some inquiry I found a little 
 Frenchman, who, like the old woman of Gold- 
 smith’s village, was “ the sad historian of the 
 deserted plain,” — that is, deserted by one 
 
 race, to be peopled by another. He led me 
 to where a few logs might be seen, as the only 
 remains of the once happy tenement which 
 had sheltered me — but all around it was a 
 coinmon ; the town had taken a different di- 
 rection. My heart sickened ; the picture 
 which my imagination had drawn — the scenes 
 which my memory loved to cherish, were 
 blotted out and obliterated. A volume of re- 
 miniscences seemed to be annihilated in an 
 instant ! I took a hasty glance at the new 
 town, as I returned to the boat. I saw brick 
 houses, painted frames, fanciful enclosures, 
 ornamental trees ! Even the pond, which had 
 carried off a third of the French population 
 by its malaria, had disappeared, and a pretty 
 green had usurped its place, with a neat brick 
 court-house in the midst of it. This was too 
 much ; I hastened my pace, and with sorrow 
 once more pushed into the stream. 
 
 Gallipolis in 1846. — Gallipolis, the county-seat, is pleasantly situated on the 
 Ohio river, 102 miles southeasterly from Columbus. It contains 1 Presbyterian, 
 1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist church, 12 or 14 stores, 2 newspaper printing offices, 
 and by the census of 1840 had 1,221 inhabitants, and now has about 1,700. A 
 part of the population is of F"rench descent, but they have in a great measure lost 
 their national characteristics. Some few of the original French settlers are yet 
 living. The engraving of the public square shows the market and court-house 
 near the centre of the view, with a glimpse of the Ohio river on the left. — Old 
 Edition. 
 
 Gallipolis is on the Ohio, 4 miles below the mouth of the Kanawha, 102 south* 
 east of Columbus, and on the C. H. V. & T. R. R. County officers in 1888 : 
 Auditor, Anthony W. Kerns; Clerk, Robert D. Keal ; Coroner, Fred. A. Crom- 
 ley ; Prosecuting Attorney, T>. Warren Jones; Probate Judge, John J. Thomas; 
 Recorder, James K. Williams; Sheriff, Valentine H. Switzer; Surveyor, Ira W. 
 Jacobs ; Treasurer, D. S. Trowbridge, I. Floyd Chapman ; Commissioners, S. F. 
 Coughenour, Daniel J. Davies, William H. Clark. Newspapers : Bulletin, Demo- 
 cratic ; Gallia Tribune, Republican ; Jom^nal, Republican. Churches : 3 Episco- 
 pal Methodist, 1 Colored Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Colored Baptist, 1 Catholic, 1 
 German Lutheran, 1 Universalist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopalian. Banks : First 
 National, R. Deletombe, president, J. S. Blackaller, cashier; Ohio Valley, A. 
 Henking, president, C. W. Henking, cashier. Industries and Enployees: Gal- 
 lipolis Steam Tannery, 14 hands; Morrison & Betz, lumber; James Mullineaux, 
 doors, sash, etc., 24; Vanden & Son, A. A. Lyon, carriages; Martin McHale, 
 brooms, 19; Fuller & Hutsinpiller, furniture, 75; The Fuller and Hutsinpiller 
 Company, finishing furniture, 64; Treasure Stove Works, stoves, etc., 21 ; Kling 
 & Co., stoves, etc., 24; T. S. Ford & Co., flooring, etc., 12; Enos, Hill & Co., 
 machinery, etc., 25 ; Gatewood Lumber Company, furniture, etc., 22. — State Report 
 for 1887. ' 
 
 Population in 1880, 4,400. School census in 1886, 1,868; Miron E. Hard, 
 superintendent. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 In my original visit to Gallipolis I failed of 
 learning that the extraordinary specimen of 
 humanity known as Mad Ann Bailey passed 
 the latter part of her days in its vicinity. In 
 my travels over Virginia in the years 1843- 
 
 44 taking pencil sketches and collecting mate- 
 rials for my work upon that State, I learned 
 of her and inserted therein this account. 
 
 “There was an eccentric female, who lived 
 in the Kanawha region towards the latter 
 part of the last century. Her name was Ann 
 
6y8 
 
 GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 Bailey. She was born in Liverpool, and had 
 been the wife of an English soldier. She 
 
 f enerally went by the cognomen of Mad Ann. 
 
 )uring the wars with the Indians, she very 
 often acted as a messenger, and conveyed let- 
 ters from the fort, at Covington, to Point 
 
 Pleasant. On these occasions she was 
 mounted on a favorite horse of great saga- 
 city, and rode like a man, with a rifle over 
 her shoulder, and a tomahawk and a butch- 
 er’ s-knife in her belt. At night she slept in 
 the woods. Her custom was to let her horse 
 
 Drawn by Henry lloive in 184(5. 
 
 Public Squake, Gallipolis. 
 
 go free, and then walk some distance back on 
 his trail, to escape being discovered by the 
 Indians. After the Indian wars she spent 
 some time in hunting. She pursued and shot 
 deer and bears with the skill of a backwoods- 
 man. She was a short, stout woman, very 
 masculine and coarse in her appearance, and 
 
 seldom or never wore a gown, but usually had 
 on a petticoat, with a man’s coat over it, and 
 buckskin breeches. The services she ren- 
 dered in the wars with the Indians endeared 
 her to the people. Mad Ann, and her black 
 pony Liverpool, were always welcome at every 
 house. Often, she gathered the honest, sim- 
 
 Fenner , Photo ., 1883. 
 
 On the Public Square, Gallipolis. 
 
 pie-hearted mountaineers around, and related 
 her adventures and trials, while the sym])a- 
 thetic tear would course down their cheeks. 
 She was profane, often became intoxicated, 
 and could box with the skill of one of the 
 fancy. IMad Ann po.ssessed considerable in- 
 telligence, and could read and write. She 
 died in Ohio many years since.” 
 
 I have this notice of her death which is 
 kindly copied for me by Mr. James Harper, 
 from the Gallia Free Press, of December 3, 
 1 825, published by his father. In a note with 
 it he wrote to me : “I saw Ann Bailey a short 
 time before she died — the first and only time 
 — and she made a lasting impression upon my 
 six-year-old mind. She wore a hat, and her 
 
GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 670 
 
 accoutrements were tomahawk and scalping- 
 knife.” The account was published under 
 the caption ” Longevity. ” 
 
 “Died, in Harrison township, Galliacounty, 
 Ohio, on Tuesday, November 22, 1825, the 
 celebrated Ann Bailey. From the best ac- 
 count we have had she must have been at 
 least 125 years of age. According to her own 
 story her father was a soldier in Queen Anne’s 
 wars ; that on getting a furlough to go home, 
 he found his wife with a fine daughter in her 
 arms, whom he called Ann, after the Queen, 
 as a token of respect. In 1714 she went 
 from Liverpool to London with her mother 
 on a visit to her brother — while there, she 
 saw Lord Lovett beheaded. 
 
 She came to the United States the year 
 after Braddock’s defeat, aged then forty-six 
 years. Her husband was killed at the battle 
 of Point Pleasant in 1774 ; after that, to 
 avenge his death, she joined the garrison, 
 under the command of Ool. A¥m. Clendenin, 
 where she remained until the final departure 
 of the Indians from the country. She has 
 always been noted for intrepid bravery. Col. 
 Win. Clendenin says, while he was com- 
 mander of the garrison where Charleston, 
 Kanawha, is now located, an attack by In- 
 dians was hourly expected. On examination 
 it was believed that the ammunition on hand 
 was insufi&cient to hold out a siege of any 
 length ; to send even two, three or four men 
 
 ANN BAILEY, the Heroine of Point Pleasant. 
 
 to Lewisburg, the nearest place it could be 
 had, a distance of 100 miles, was like sending 
 men to be slaughtered ; and to send a larger 
 force was weakening the garrison. While in 
 this state Ann Bailey volunteered to leave 
 the fort in the night and go to Lewisburg. 
 She did so — and travelled the wilderness, 
 where uot the vestige of a house was to be 
 seen — arrived safe at Lewisburg, delivered 
 her orders, received the ammunition, and re- 
 turned safe to her post, amidst the plaudits 
 of a grateful people. ’ ’ 
 
 In the April number, 1885, of the Magazine 
 of Western History is a sketch of Mad Ann 
 by Wm. P. Buell. It states she was born in 
 the year 1700, in Liverpool, England, and 
 named in honor of Queen Anne, and was 
 present with her parents at her coronation in 
 1705. She was of good family; the name 
 Sargent. At the age of nineteen, while on 
 her way to school with books on her arm, she 
 was kidnapped, as was common in those days, 
 and brought to America and landed in Vir- 
 ginia, on James river, when she was sold to 
 defray her expenses. At the age of thirty 
 she married John Trotter, who was killed at 
 the battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. The 
 loss of her husband filled her with rage and, 
 
 swearing vengeance upon the entire savage 
 race, she entered upon a career as a scout and 
 spy. She hun'^'d, rode and fought like a 
 man. She had a fine black horse called Liv- 
 erpool, in honor of her birthplace, an animal 
 of great beauty and intelligence. On _ one 
 occasion, when she was pursued by Indians, 
 she came to an impenetrable thicket where 
 she was obliged to dismount and leave him 
 for their capture. She then crawled into a 
 hollow sycamore log. The Indians came and 
 rested on the log, but without suspecting her 
 concealment within. After they had gone 
 she followed their trail, and in the darkness 
 of night recaptured the animal, and, mount- 
 ing him, when at a safe distance from being 
 shot or taken gave a shout of defiance and 
 bounded away. The Indians eventually be- 
 came afraid of her, regarding her as insane 
 and therefore under the special protection of 
 the Great Spirit. 
 
 ^ After sixteen years of widowhood she mar- 
 ried John Bailey, a soldier, and went with 
 him to Fort Clendenin, on the site of Charles- 
 ton, Kanawha river. This was in 1790, and 
 when she had attained to the ripe, mellow 
 age of ninety years. Her second husband 
 was murdered, when she went to live with 
 
68o 
 
 GALLIA COUNTY, 
 
 her son, William Trotter. In 1818 Trotter 
 moved into Grallia county, became a large 
 landowner and was justice of the peace for 
 twenty-one years, and a highly respected man. 
 
 A Chat with James L. Newsom about Mad 
 Ann Bailey and others was a wholesome enter- 
 tainment for me while in Gallipolis. Mr. 
 Newsom lived in a little cottage a stone’s 
 throw from the Ohio. He was rather tall, 
 cheeks rosy, and life appeared to have gone 
 well with him ; and was a boy of fourteen 
 when Mad Ann Bailey died. He told me 
 that he had eleven children, eight boys and 
 three girls ; that not one of the eleven had 
 ever tasted ardent spirits, and the eight boys 
 always voted the Bepublican ticket, which I 
 
 concluded was a good thing for that ticket, 
 but bad for the distilling business. 
 
 “ I knew Ann Bailey well,” he said, “ and 
 heard her say she was five years old when, in 
 1705, Queen Anne was crowned, and her 
 mother took her up to London to see the 
 event. She was a low-set, heavy woman,^ not 
 over five feet two inches high, dressed in a 
 etticoat with a man’s coat over it, wore a 
 at, and loved whiskey in her old age ; often 
 saw her come to town with a gun and a shot- 
 pouch over her shoulder. She would not 
 live with her son and grandchildren — was too 
 wild. Her home was a cabin, or rather pen, 
 four miles below town, high on the Ohio river 
 hills. She built it of fence rails, whick 
 
 Cabin of Ann Bailey. 
 
 It was on the Ohio Eiver Hills, below Gallipolis, and built by her of fence rails. 
 
 lapped at the corners. It was made like a 
 shed, had one door and a single window, a 
 small, four-pane affair. The roof was without 
 nails, of black oak clapboards say four feet 
 long, held to their places by weight poles. 
 The chimney was merely an excuse for a 
 chimney ; was, outside, about four feet high ; 
 the fireplace would take in sticks four or five 
 feet long. The interstices of the cabin were 
 stuffed with straw and old rags and daubed 
 with mud. The only floor was the earth ; 
 she had no furniture, not even a bedstead. 
 Mad Ann was passionate, high spirited, had 
 excellent sense, Avould allow no trifling with 
 her, and hated Indians. 
 
 She was veiy particular in the observance 
 of the Sabbath ; gathered in the children and 
 taught them Sunday lessons. Her voice was 
 coarse, like the growl^ of a lion, and she 
 chewed tobacco like a pig, the saliva coming 
 down the corners of h^r mouth. I often saAV 
 her in town ; she sometimes walked and some- 
 times paddled up in a canoe, and always with 
 a gun and shot-pouch over her shoulder in 
 hunter fiishion. 
 
 Although spoken of as Mad Ann, no one 
 ever had the temerity to so address her ; the 
 people fairly idolized her, treated her with 
 great kindness, loaded her with presents and 
 
 plied her well with whiskey. She died from 
 old age, never was sick — only gave out. 
 
 She looked tough as a mule and seemed 
 about as strong. I was a stout boy of four- 
 teen, and one day she laid down her bundle 
 of things which people gave her. We boys 
 were afraid of her, as she was disposed to be 
 a little cross, but as her back was turned 1 
 tried to lift it, but was unable. She lifted it 
 with ease, and walked all the way to hei' 
 home with it, four miles awaj’’.” 
 
 Mr. Newsom brought out a picture, which 
 he gave me, saying he had kept it for years 
 because it was an excellent likeness of Mad 
 Ann, although not taken for her, and this is 
 reproduced in these pages. That of the cabin 
 is from the imagination of an artist, who 
 being a city man has made it altogether too 
 palatial ; Mad Ann would have scorned to 
 have lived in so pretentious a mansion. 
 
 Gen. Edward W. Tupper, an officer of 
 the war of 1812, lived in a house now stand- 
 ing, which faces the public square in Gal- 
 lipolis. In 181 2 he raised, mainly from Gallia, 
 Jackson and Lawrence counties, 1,000 men, 
 marched to the northwest and had a skirmish 
 with the enemy at the foot of the jMaumee 
 Bapids. He was a large, fine-looking man, 
 continued Mr. Newsom, and when our people 
 
GALLIA COUNTY. 
 
 68i 
 
 attempted to establish a ferry to Point Pleas- 
 ant, the inhabitants there arose in opposition. 
 The jurisdiction of Virginia extended over 
 the Ohio, and they threatened to kill the first 
 assenger who crossed. Hearing this, Tupper 
 uckled on his sword and pistols and mounting 
 his old war horse ordered the ferryman to take 
 him over. He landed and galloped to and 
 fro through the village. No one ventured to 
 molest him, and thus was the ferry estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Mr. Newsom also related this anecdote of 
 Col. Kobert Salford, who, as stated, cut the 
 first tree on the site of Grallipolis. “One 
 time, said Salford to me, after the defeat of 
 St. Clair, I was in the neighborhood of Rac- 
 coon creek with a brother scout, one Hart, 
 when we discovered an Indian seated on a 
 hillock mending his moccasins. I told Hart 
 we must shoot together and I would give the 
 word by counting one, two, three, four. When 
 I said ‘ four ’ he must answer ‘ four, ’ then we 
 would shoot together. I did so, but Hart not 
 responding I looked behind me where Hart 
 was and saw him running away. I again 
 looked at the hillock and saw not one, but 
 four Indians ; so I followed suit.” 
 
 Gallipolis was the life-home of Simeon 
 Nash, one of the learned jurists of Ohio ; he 
 died in 1 87 9. He aided me on the first edition 
 by a valuable contribution. He was one of 
 those plain, sensible, industrious men who 
 generally go direct for their facts and get 
 them. He was born in Massachusetts in 
 1801, educated at Amherst ; was a member 
 of the Constitutional Convention of 1850, and 
 for many years Judge of the Seventh Dis- 
 trict. Judge Nash was author of various law 
 works, as: “Digest of Ohio Reports,” in 
 twenty volumes ; “ Morality and the State,” 
 “ Crime and the Family,” etc. 
 
 Joseph Drouillard,; now living, at the 
 age of ninety-two years, with his son-in-law, 
 Mr. James Harper, editor of the Gallipolis 
 Journal^ is a son of the ‘ ‘ Peter Druyer ’ ’ (as 
 the name has been wrongly spelled) who res- 
 cued Simon Kenton from being burnt at the 
 stake by the Indians. He was clerk of the 
 court here for twenty-three years and is a 
 highly respected citizen. 
 
 The cemetery at Gallipolis is unique from 
 having so many monuments to French people. 
 One of these is to the memory of John 
 Peter Romaine Bureau. I met him here 
 on my first visit ; a little, vivacious, old gen- 
 tleman, very urbane, graceful and smiling; 
 evidently wanting everybody to feel as joyous 
 as himself. A daughter of his, Romaine 
 Madelaine, married Hon. Samuel F. V inton, 
 one of Ohio’s most distinguished statesmen. 
 (See Vinton county. ) Their daughter, Made- 
 laine Vinton Dahlgren, for her second 
 husband married Admiral Dahlgren. As 
 early as 1859 she published “ Sketches and 
 Poems,” under the pen-name of Corinne. 
 Her reputation as an authoress and a lady of 
 the highest culture, wealth of information 
 and efiiciency in the circles of W ashington is 
 too well known for other than our allusion. 
 The Chapel of “St. Joseph’s of the Sacred 
 Heart of Jesus,” at South Mountain, Md., 
 her summer home, was built through her 
 munificence. One of her works received the 
 compliment of a preface from James A. 
 Garfield, and another the thanks of Pius IX., 
 and still another the thanks of the illustrious 
 Montalembert. Her summer home overlooks 
 the famous battlefield, and resembles a castle 
 of the Middle Ages. Mrs. Dahlgren has 
 published various works on various subjects ; 
 essays, poems, biography, magazine and news- 
 paper articles, and nearly a dozen novels. 
 
 Chambersburg, Crown City and Patriot are small villages in this county, 
 neither of which have over sixty families. 
 
682 
 
 GEAUGA COUNTS. 
 
 GEAUGA. 
 
 Geauga County was formed in 1805 from Trumbull, since which its original 
 limits have been much reduced. It was the second county formed on the 
 Reserve. The name Geauga, or Sheauga, signifies in the Indian language Rac- 
 coon. It was originally applied to Grand river, thus : Sheauga sepe,’^ i. e.. 
 Raccoon river. The surface is rolling and the soil generally clay. Its area is 
 400 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 62^,698 ; in pasture, 103,077 ; 
 woodland, 45,541; lying waste, 2,703; produced in bushels, wheat, 148,178: 
 oats, 383,891; corn, 253,691 ; potatoes, 171,760; hay, tons, 41,393; butter, 
 460,807 pounds; cheese, 1,550,382. School census, 1886, 3,984; teachers, 240. 
 It has 25 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840 . 
 
 18 - 80 . 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840 . 
 
 1880 . 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Bainbridge, 
 
 1,198 
 
 786 
 
 Middlefield, 
 
 
 835 
 
 988 
 
 683 
 
 Montville, 
 
 567 
 
 824 
 
 Batavia, 
 
 771 
 
 
 Munson, 
 
 Newburg, 
 
 1,263 
 
 774 
 
 . Burton, 
 
 1,022 
 
 1,130 
 
 1,209 
 
 889 
 
 Chardon, 
 
 1,910 
 
 1,702 
 
 Parkman, 
 
 1,181 
 
 961 
 
 Chester, 
 
 962 
 
 748 
 
 Russell, 
 
 742 
 
 713 
 
 Claridon, 
 
 Hampden, 
 
 879 
 
 808* 
 
 Thompson, 
 
 1,038 
 
 1,021 
 
 840 
 
 666 
 
 Troy, 
 
 1,208 
 
 901 
 
 Huntsburg, 
 
 911 
 
 810 
 
 
 
 
 The population in 1820 was 7,791; in 1840, 16,299; in 1860, 15,817; in 
 1880, 14,251, of whom 10,380 were Ohio-born; 1,241, New York; 372, Penn- 
 sylvania; 719, foreign-born. 
 
 This county, being at the head-waters of Chagrin, Cuyahoga and part of Grand 
 rivers, is high ground, and more subject to deep snows than any other part of the 
 Reserve. In its early settlement it was visited by some high sweeping winds or 
 tornadoes, but perhaps no more than other counties around them. In August, 
 1804, John Miner was killed at Chester. He had lately moved from Burton, 
 with part of his family, into a log-house which he had built at that place. A 
 furious storm suddenly arose, and the timber commenced falling on all sides, 
 when he directed his two children to go under the floor, and stepped to the door 
 to see the falling timber. At that instant three trees fell across the house and 
 killed him instantly. The children remained in the house until the next morn- 
 ing, when the oldest made her way to a neighbor, about two miles distant, and 
 related the sad tidings. 
 
 The first settlement in Geauga was at Burton, in the year 1798, when three 
 families settled there from Connecticut. This settlement was in the interior of 
 the country, at a considerable distance from any other. The hardships and pri- 
 vations of the early settlers of the Reserve are well described in the annexed 
 article from the pen of one who was familiar with them. 
 
 The settlement of the Reserve commenced 
 in a manner somewhat peculiar. Instead of 
 beginning on one side of a county, and pro- 
 gressing gradually into the interior, as had 
 Usually been done in similar cases, the pro- 
 prietors of the Reserve, being governed by 
 different and separate views, began their im- 
 provements wherever their individual inter- 
 ests led them. Hence we find many of the 
 first settlers immured in a dense forest, fifteen 
 
 or twenty miles or more from the abode of 
 any white inhabitants. In consequence of 
 their scattered situation, journeys were some- 
 times to be performed of twenty or fifty 
 miles, for the sole purpose of having the sta- 
 ple of an ox-yoke mended, or some other 
 mechanical job, in itself trifling, but abso- 
 lutely essential for the successful prosecution 
 of business. These journeys had to be per- 
 formed through the wilderness, at a great 
 
GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 683 
 
 expense of time, and, in many cases, the only 
 safe guide to direct their course were the 
 township lines made by the surveyors. 
 
 The want of mills to grind the first har- 
 vests was in itself a great evil. Prior to the 
 year 1800 many families used a small hand- 
 mill, properly called a sweat-mill^ which took 
 the hard labor of two hours to supply flour 
 enough for one person a single day. About 
 the year 1800 one or two grist-mills, operat- 
 ing by water power, were erected. One of 
 these was at Newburg, now in Cuyahoga 
 county. But the distance of many of the 
 settlements from the mills, and the want of 
 roads, often rendered the expense of grinding 
 a single bushel equal the value of two or 
 three. 
 
 The difficulties of procuring subsistence for 
 a family, in such circumstances, must be ob- 
 vious. Often would a man leave his family 
 in the wilderness with a stinted supply of 
 food, and with his team or pack-horse go 
 perhaps some twenty or thirty miles for pro- 
 visions. The necessary appendages of his 
 
 journey would be an axe, a pocket compass, 
 fireworks, and blanket and bells. He cut and 
 beat his way through the woods with his axe, 
 and forded almost impassable streams. When 
 the day was spent he stopped where he was, 
 fastened his bells to his beasts, and set them 
 at liberty to provide for themselves. Then he 
 would strike a fire, not only to dissipate, in 
 some degree, the gloom and damps of night, 
 but to annoy the gnats and mosquitos, and 
 prevent the approach of wolves, bears and 
 panthers. Thus the night -passed, with the 
 trees for his shelter. At early dawn, or per- 
 haps long before, he is listening to catch the 
 sound of bells, to him sweet music, for often 
 many hours of tedious wanderings were con- 
 sumed ere he could find his team and resume 
 his journey. If prospered, on reaching his 
 place of destination, in obtaining his expected 
 supply, he follows his lonely way back to his 
 anxious and secluded family, and perhaps has 
 scarce time to refresh and rest himself ere 
 the same journey and errand had to be re- 
 peated. 
 
 Geauga suffered much from the Great Drouth’’ in the summer of 1845, the 
 following brief description of which was communicated to Dr. S. P. Hildreth, by 
 Gov. Seabury Ford, and published in Silliman’s Journal.” 
 
 The district of country which suffered the 
 most was about one hundred miles in length, 
 and fifty or sixty in width, extending nearly 
 east and west parallel with the lake, and in 
 some places directly bordering on the shore 
 of this great inland sea. There was no rain 
 from the last of March, or the 1st of April, 
 until the 10th of June, when there fell a lit- 
 tle rain for one day, but no more until the 2d 
 of July, when there probably fell half an 
 inch, as it made the roads a little muddy. 
 From this time no more rain fell until early 
 in September. This long-continued drouth 
 reduced the streams of water to mere rills, 
 and many springs and wells heretofore unfail- 
 ing became dry, or nearly so. The grass crop 
 entirely failed, and through several counties 
 the pasture grounds in places were so dry, 
 that in walking across them the dust would 
 rise under the feet, as in highways. So dry 
 was the grass in meadows, that fires, when 
 accidentally kindled, would run over them as 
 over a stubble-field, and great caution was 
 required to prevent damage from them. The 
 crop of oats and corn was nearly destroyed. 
 Many fields of wheat so perished that no at- 
 tempt was made to harvest them. Scions set 
 in the nursery dried up for lack of sap in the 
 stocks, and many of the forest trees with- 
 ered, and all shed their leaves much earlier 
 than usual. The health of the inhabitants 
 was not materially affected, although much 
 sickness was anticipated. Grasshoppers were 
 multiplied exceedingly in many places, and 
 destroyed every green thing that the drouth 
 had spared, even to the thistles and elder- 
 tops by the roadside. 
 
 The late frosts and cold drying winds of 
 the spring months cut off nearly all the fruit, 
 and what few apples remained were defective 
 
 at the core, and decayed soon after being 
 gathered in the fall. Many of the farmers 
 sowed fields of turnips in August and Sep- 
 tember, hoping to raise winter food for their 
 cattle, but the seed generally failed to vege- 
 tate for lack of moisture. So great was the 
 scarcity of food for the domestic animals, 
 that early in the autumn large droves of cat- 
 tle were sent into the valley of the Scioto, 
 where the crops were more abundant, to pass 
 the winter, while others were sent eastward 
 into the borders of Pennsylvania. This re- 
 gion of country abounds in grasses, and one 
 of the staple commodities is the produce of 
 the dairy. Many stocks of dairy cows were 
 broken up and dispersed, selling for only four 
 or five dollars a head, as the cost of wintering 
 would be more than their worth in the spring. 
 
 Such great losses and suffering from the 
 effects of drouth have not been experienced 
 in Ohio for many years, if at all since the 
 settlement of the country. As the lands be- 
 come more completely cleared of the forest 
 trees, dry summers will doubtless be more 
 frequent. In a region so near a large body 
 of water we should expect more rain than in 
 one at a distance. The sky in that district 
 is, nevertheless, much oftener covered with 
 clouds than in the southern portion of the 
 State, where rains are more abundant ; but 
 the dividing ridge, or height of land between 
 Lake Erie and the waters of the Ohio, lacks 
 a range of high hills to attract the moisture 
 from the clouds and cause it to descend in 
 showers of rain. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 An Amusing Old Lady. — On leaving 
 Painesville on this the last morning of Sep- 
 tember, my attention was arrested at a little 
 
6S4 
 
 GEAUGA COUNTY, 
 
 depot on the outskirts by an old lady, evi- 
 dently a character. She was seated on a box ; 
 an eight-year-old boy was by her side, and 
 she was smoking a pipe. Changes were be- 
 ing made in the gauge of the track, with 
 consequent confusion at the depot, with scant 
 accommodation for waiting passengers. She 
 was virtuously indignant. ‘ ‘All the railroad 
 men care for is to get our money, ’ ’ she said ; 
 then putfed away. After a little the locomo- 
 tive came up drawing a single car; in a 
 twinkling it was filled with a merry lot of 
 rural people, laughing and chatting, exhila- 
 rated by the air of a perfect September 
 morning, sunny and bracing. 
 
 I object. — While waiting for the start 
 something was said about smoking in the 
 car, whereupon a gentleman exclaimed : “If 
 any person objects we must not smoke.” 
 Instantly came from a distant corner, in the 
 shrill, screaming tones of some ancient 
 woman: “/ ohjecC^ The announcement 
 was received with a shout of laughter, in 
 which everybody seemed to join. It was 
 evident that every soul in that car felt that 
 “/ object' ' had such an abhorrence of to- 
 bacco smoke, that if the man in the moon 
 got out his pipe she would know it after a 
 few puffs ; that is, if the wind was right. 
 
 My sympathy was excited for the old lady 
 at the deprivation of her pipe-smoke, and so 
 tried, as we started, to relieve her mind by 
 conversation. As is not unusual with hu- 
 manity, herself was an interesting topic. 
 She was, she told me, fifty-five years old ; 
 her parents born in Connecticut, she in 
 “York State,” but from five years old had 
 lived in Greauga county. In turn I told her 
 what I was doing, travelling over the State to 
 make a book. “Make money out of it?” 
 inquired she. “Hope so.” As I said this 
 she dropped into a brown study, evidently 
 thinking what a grand thing, making money ! 
 That thought having time to soak in, she 
 broke the silence with : “My husband died 
 twelve years ago ; ’ ’ then putting her hand on 
 the shoulder of the boy, as if joyed at the 
 thought, added : ‘ ‘ This is rny man ; took 
 him at five months^ first time seen the 
 hears. ' ' 
 
 As we were passing some sheep, I in- 
 quired : “Sheep plenty in this country, 
 madam?” “Yes. I’ve got some, but no 
 such poor scrawny things as those,” she 
 said, smirking her nostrils and pointing so 
 contemptuously at the humble nibbling crea- 
 tures, scattered over a field below us, that I 
 elt sorry for them. Soon after crossing a 
 country road whereon was a fiock of turkeys, 
 it came my turn to point, as I said : “How 
 bad those turkeys would feel if they knew 
 Christmas was coming.” “What?” said 
 she. She had got a new idea : Turkeys 
 dreading Christmas when everybody else was 
 so glad. 
 
 Burton. — The ride over from the depot to 
 Burton is a little over two miles westerly. 
 Burton stands on a hill, and it loomed up 
 pleasantly as I neared it, reminding me of 
 the old-time New England villages. It was 
 
 largely settled from Cheshire, Connecticut, 
 which also stands on a hill. The prospect 
 from the village is beautiful and commanding 
 in every direction, takes in a circuit of sixty 
 or seventy miles, including points in Trum- 
 bull and Portage counties ; north I discerned 
 over a leafy expanse spires in Chardon, eight 
 miles distant ; and south the belfry of Hiram 
 College at Garretsville, fourteen miles away. 
 As I look the one makes me think of Peter 
 Chardon Brookes, its founder ; and the other 
 of James Garfield, for there he went to 
 school. The county is charmingly diversified 
 with hills and valleys. About ten miles from 
 the shore of Lake Erie and nearly parallel to 
 it is the dividing ridge, on which are points 
 nearly 800 feet above the lake, as Little 
 Mountain and Thompson Ledge ; the mean 
 surface of the county is about 500 feet above 
 the lake. 
 
 The New Connecticut People. — General 
 Garfield in a speech at Burton, September 
 16, 1873, before the Historical Society of 
 Geauga County, drew a pleasant picture de- 
 scriptive of the character of the people, a 
 large majority of whom are descendants of 
 emigrants from Connecticut. He said : “On 
 this Western Eeserve are townships more 
 thoroughly New England in character and 
 spirit than most of the towns of New Eng- 
 land to-day. Cut off from the metropolitan 
 life that has been molding and changing the 
 spirit of New England, they have preserved 
 here in the wilderness the characteristics of 
 New England as it was when they left it in 
 the beginning of the century. This has given 
 to the people of the Western Reserve those 
 strongly marked qualities which have always 
 distinguished them. ’ ’ 
 
 When the Reserve was surveyed in 1796 
 by Gen. Cleveland there were but two white 
 families of settlers on the entire lake shore 
 region of Northern Ohio. One of these was 
 at Cleveland and the other at Sandusky. By 
 the close of the year 1800 there were thirty- 
 two settlements on the Reserve, though no 
 organization of government had been estab- 
 lished. But the pioneers were a people who 
 had been trained in the principles and prac- 
 tices of civil order, and these were trans- 
 planted to their new homes. In New Con- 
 necticut there was little of that lawlessness 
 which so often characterizes the people of a 
 new country. In many instances a township 
 organization was completed and a minister 
 chosen before the pioneers left home. Thus 
 they planted the institutions of old Connec- 
 ticut in their new wilderness homes. 
 
 The pioneers who first broke ground here 
 accomplished a work unlike that which will 
 fall to the lot of any succeeding generation. 
 The hardships they endured, the obstacles 
 they encountered, the life they led, the pecu- 
 liar qualities they needed in their undertak- 
 ings, and the traits of character developed 
 by their work, stand alone in our history. 
 
 These pioneers knew well that the three 
 great forces which constitute the strength and 
 glory of a free government are — the family, 
 the school and the church. These three they 
 
GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 685 
 
 planted here, and they nourished and cher- world. The glory of our country can never 
 ished them with an energy and devotion be dimmed while these three lights are kept 
 scarcely equalled in any other quarter of the shining with an undimmed lustre. 
 
 Burton is about 30 miles east of Cleveland, 8 south of Chardon, about 20 
 miles from Lake Erie, and miles westerly from the P. & Y. E. K. It is a 
 finely located village, and the seat of the county fair grounds. Newspaper.* 
 
 OLD-TIME Way of Making Maple Sugar. 
 
 Geauga Leader, A. R. Woolsey, editor and proprietor. Churches : 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal and 1 Congregational. Bank: Houghton, Ford & Co. Population 
 in 1880, 480. 
 
 THE MAPLE SUGAR INDUSTRY. 
 
 The peculiar industry of Geauga county is the making of maple sugar. Forty- 
 five counties in the State make maple sugar, but Geauga, one of the smallest, 
 yields nearly a third of the entire product, beside very large amounts of syrup of 
 excellent quality ; but no other county in the Union equals its amount of maple 
 sugar. The entire amount for the year 1885 was a trifle less than 2,000,000 
 pounds, of which Geauga produced 631,000 pounds, and Ashtabula county, the 
 next largest, 253,000 pounds. Improvements in this have taken place as in other 
 manufactures, and the quality here made is of the very best. Where poorly 
 made its peculiarly fine flavor is lost. Our cut, showing the old-time way, is 
 
686 
 
 GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 copied from that in Peter Parley’s “ Recollections of a Lifetime.” The article 
 which here follows is by Henry C. Tuttle, of Burton, who wrote it for these 
 pages : 
 
 “The undulating and somewhat hilly character of Geauga county seems espe- 
 cially adapted to the growth of the sugar maple and productive of a large supply 
 of sap. Not only does it make the largest quantity, but also the best quality of 
 maple sweet. From using troughs hollowed out of split logs in which to catch the 
 sap and boiling it in big iron kettles in the open air to a thick, black, sticky com- 
 pound of sugar, ashes and miscellaneous dirt, which had some place in the house- 
 hold economy, but no market value, sugar-makers to-day use buckets with covers 
 to keep out the rain and dirt, the latest improved evaporators, metal storage tanks, 
 and have good sugar-houses in which the sap is quickly reduced to syrup. All 
 this has been done at a large outlay of money, but the result proves* it to have 
 been a good investment, as the superior article made finds a ready market and 
 brings annually from $80,000 to $100,000. 
 
 The season usually opens early in March, when the trees are tapped and a 
 metal spout inserted, from which is suspended the bucket. When the flow of sap 
 begins it is collected in galvanized iron gathering tanks, hauled to the sugar- 
 house and emptied into the storage vats, from which it is fed by a pipe to the 
 evaporator. The syrup taken from the evaporator is strained, and if sugar is to 
 be made, goes at once into the sugar-pan, where it is boiled to the proper degree, 
 and caked in pound and one-half cakes. If syrup is to be made, it is alloAvcd to 
 cool, and is then reheated and cooled again, to precipitate the silica. It is then 
 drawn off into cans and is ready for market. 
 
 The greatest care and cleanliness is required to make the highest grade of sugar 
 and syrup, and the fragrant maple flavor is only preserved by converting the sap 
 into sugar or syrup as fast as possible. If the sap stands long in the vats or is 
 boiled a long time the flavor is lost and the color becomes dark. 
 
 The groves or “ bushes ” vary from 300 to 3,000 trees each, the total num- 
 ber of trees tapped in 1886 being 375,000. The industry is still groAving, and 
 there are probably enough groves not yet worked to make a total of 475,000, 
 which, if tapped, would increase the output about one-third. The sugar and 
 syrup is mostly sold at home. The principal market is Burton, centrally located, 
 and from there it is shipped to consumers in all parts of the country, the larger 
 proportion going to the Western States.” 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Burton is a pleasant place for a feAV days’ 
 rest. It has a ten-acre square with homes, 
 churches and academy grouped around it, 
 and on it is a hand-stand where, on evenings, 
 the village band gives excellent music. The 
 place has had some noted characters. Here 
 lived,^ at the time of my original visit, two 
 especially such. Gov. Seabury Ford, bom 
 in Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1801, and Juage 
 Peter Hitchcock, born in the same place 
 in 1781. Mr. Ford came here when a child 
 He was educated for the law, was Lng in 
 olitical life, serving as speaker of both 
 ranches of the State Legislature, and was 
 governor of the State in 1849-51, and died 
 soon after from paralysis. He was an ardent 
 Whig and greatly instrumental in carrying 
 the State for Henry Clay. 
 
 In 1820, with a companion, Mr. I). Witter, 
 he travelled through an almost unbroken 
 wilderness to New Haven, Conn., fora four 
 years’ absence to obtain an education at Yale 
 College. They both graduated, and were the 
 
 very first to do so from the young State of 
 Ohio. While there he was elected the col- 
 lege ‘ ‘ bully. ’ ’ This was an office for which 
 the physically strongest man was generally 
 chosen, to preside at class meetings and to 
 lead in fights against the ‘ ‘ town boys, ’ ’ so 
 called, the rougher elements of the city, with 
 whom there were sometimes conflicts. On 
 one dark night, the latter, a mob of town 
 boj"S, went so far as to draw up a cannon 
 loaded to its mouth with missiles, in front of 
 the college and applied the torch. It simply 
 flashed, having been secretly spiked on the 
 way thither. The office of ‘ ‘ college bully ’ ’ 
 has long since become obsolete from the ab- 
 sence of a low-down class of people to cher- 
 ish enmity against students. 
 
 Seabury Ford was one of the most efficient 
 men known to tl o legislative history of the 
 State. He gave an excellent piece of advice 
 in a letter to his son Seabury, so characteristic 
 of the man and so likely to be of use to some 
 reader, that I know nothing more fitting for 
 a close here than its quotation : ‘ Avoid pol- 
 
GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 6Z7 
 
 itics and public life until, by a careful and 
 industrious attention to a legitimate and hon- 
 orable calling, you have accumulated a for- 
 tune sufficiently large to entitle you to the 
 respect and confidence of your fellowmien as 
 a business man and a man of integrity, and 
 sufficiently large to render you thoroughly 
 and entirely independent of any official sal- 
 ary. ’ ’ 
 
 I walked about a mile from the village on 
 the Chardon road to visit the old home of 
 Peter Hitchcock, who has been defined as 
 “Father of the Constitution of Ohio,” so 
 largely was his advice followed in framing* it. 
 I wished to see how this man of mark had 
 lived, and was greatly pleased to find it was 
 with full republican simplicity. It seemed 
 like an old-time Connecticut farmhouse set 
 down here in Ohio. Vines nestled over the 
 attached kitchen building, and a huge milk- 
 can, tall as a five-year-old urchin, was perched 
 on the fence drying in the sun preparatory to 
 being filled against to-morrow morning’s visit 
 of the man from the cheese factory. Both 
 are shown in the engraving. 
 
 Peter Hitchcock, in 1801, graduated at 
 Yale at the age of 20, was admitted to the 
 bar, and in 1806 moved to Ohio and took 
 a farm here and divided his time between 
 clearing the wilderness, teaching and the law 
 
 P ractice. Four years later he went to the 
 legislature ; in 1814 was speaker of the 
 Senate; in 1817 a member of Congress; in 
 1819 was a Judge of the Supreme Court, and 
 with slight intermissions held that position 
 until 1852, part of the time being Chief 
 Justice. He was a leading member of the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1850. _ In 1852, 
 at the age of 70 years, after a public service 
 of over forty years, like Cincinnatus, he re- 
 tired to his farm and died in 1854. 
 
 He is described as having been finely pro- 
 ortioned, erect, strong-chested, with a large 
 ead full of solid sense ; his expression se- 
 date and Puritanic. He was profound in 
 law, his judgment almost unerring, in words 
 few but exact to the point. He was revered 
 by the bar and beloved by the people, and 
 his decisions considered as models of sound 
 logic. Unconscious of it himself, he was 
 great as a man and a judge. 
 
 The history of Mortimer D. Leggett, 
 one of Ohio’s efficient generals in the rebel- 
 lion, is identified with this county. He was 
 born in Ithaca, New York, in 1821, and in 
 1836 came with his father’s family on to a 
 farm at Montville. He worked on the farm 
 and studied at intervals, then went to the 
 Teachers’ Seminary at Kirtland, later studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in 1844, but 
 did not until six years after begin the prac- 
 tice, for he became deeply interested in the 
 subject of common schools and labored ardu- 
 ously with Dr. A. D. Lord, Lorin Andrews 
 and M. F. Cowdry for the establishment of 
 Ohio’s present system of public instruction. 
 These three gentlemen, with young Leggett, 
 stumped the entire State at their own ex- 
 pense in favor of free schools. 
 
 Those two warm friends of education, 
 
 Judge Worcester, of Norwalk, and Harvey 
 Bice, of Cleveland, fortunately were in the 
 Legislature, and uniting their efforts in the 
 fall of 1846, accomplished the passage of a 
 special school law for the village of Akron, 
 whereupon young Leggett, then but 25 
 
 Peter Hitchcock Homestead. 
 
 years of age, went thither and organized the' 
 first system of free graded schools west of the 
 Alleghenies, under what is known as the 
 “Akron School Law.” The good Judge 
 Worcester, whom I well knew — and who, by 
 the way, was the brother of the scholar who 
 made the dictionary — passed away many 
 ears since. Harvey Bice I found at his 
 ome in Cleveland in 1886, and although 
 born in the last year of the last century, he 
 was then erect, his hearing perfect, and his 
 vision so good as to enable him to read with- 
 out glasses. Moreover, he was active in 
 instituting measures for the erection of a 
 monument to the memory of the city’s 
 founder, now accomplished. Gen. Leggett is 
 to-day a practising lawyer in Cleveland. His 
 example of what a young man without expe- 
 rience, but enthused with a beneficent idea, 
 can do for the public welfare, is too valuable 
 not to have a permanent record. 
 
 In Burton I made the acquaintance of an 
 ex-soldier of the Union army, Mr. E. P. 
 Latham, whose history is a wonderful ex- 
 ample of pluck and will power. He was 
 early in the war in the Cumberland moun- 
 tains, under the command of Gen. Morgan, 
 where, while assisting in firing a salute from 
 a cannon, both of his arms were blown off 
 above the elbow. Yet Mr. Latham feeds 
 himself, drives a fast-going horse in a buggy 
 around Burton, keeps the accounts of a cheese 
 fiictory, writes letters, manages a farm, and 
 superintends a Sabbath-school. 
 
 At table his food is prepared for him, and 
 he feeds himself with a fork or spoon strapped 
 to his left stump, his right stump being par- 
 alyzed ; he drives with the reins oyer his 
 shoulder and back of his neck, guiding his 
 horse, turning corners, etc., by movements 
 of his body ; and writes with his mouth. 
 
 As he wrote the specimen annexed in my 
 presence I describe it. 1. He placed himself 
 at the table, and with his stump moved paper 
 and pen to the right position. 2. Picked up 
 the pen with his mouth and held it in his 
 teeth, pointing to the left. 3. Dipped it in 
 
688 
 
 GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 the ink. 4. Brought his face close to the 
 table and wrote, dragging the pen across the 
 
 ^\\\ 
 
 E. P. LATHAM, Ex-Soldier, O. V. 
 
 paper from left to right. He had such con- 
 trol of it that by the combined use of his lips 
 and teeth he turned the point so as to bring 
 
 the slit to its proper bearing for the free flow 
 of the ink. In the engraving it is reduced 
 one-third in size from the original. 
 
 His right stump is useless, being without 
 sensation ; he cannot feel a pin prick. It is, 
 indeed, an inconvenience. “ In winter,” said 
 he, ‘‘before retiring I am obliged to heat it 
 by the fire, otherwise it feels in bed like a 
 clog of ice— chills me. I have not been free 
 from pain since my loss ; I don’t know what 
 it is not to suffer ; but I won’t allow my mind 
 to rest upon it — what is the use ? I have now 
 lived longer without my hands than with 
 them, yet to-day I feel all my fingers. ’ ’ Then 
 he bared his left stump and showed me the 
 varied movements necessary for picking up - 
 and grasping things in case the remainder of 
 his arm and hand had been there. 
 
 I persuaded him to give me a specimen 
 of his handwriting, saying that he ought not 
 to withhold the lesson of his life from the 
 public ; that it would be of untold benefit to 
 the young people as an illustration of the 
 principle never to despair, but to accept the 
 inevitable and work with what was left ; that 
 these seeming disasters were often of the 
 greatest benefit. “Yes,” said he, “I know 
 
 
 
 
 ad OCny'2^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specimen of Writing with a Pen Held in the Mouth, by E. P. Latham, an Armless 
 
 EX-SOLDIER OF THE UNION ARMY, NOW OF BURTON, OhIO. 
 
 it ; but for this, I might to-day be in the 
 penitentiary.” 
 
 Mr. Latham is rather tall, erect, slender, 
 with an intellectual and somewhat sad expres- 
 sion, the result I presume of never ceaseing 
 pain. I once met while travelling a young 
 man, a stranger, whose every breath was in 
 ain, one of his lungs having when diseased 
 ecome attached to his ribs ; his expression 
 was like that of Mr. Latham’s. 
 
 Mr. Latham has a family and enjoys life be- 
 cause his mind is fully occupied with pleasant 
 duties. A French author, in writing a book 
 
 entitled “The Art of Being Happy,” finally 
 summed it in three words, “An absorbing 
 pursuit;” and this Mr. Latham has. Then 
 he can pride himself on being original ; does 
 things differently from anybody else. A lady 
 said to me, “I was one day walking behind 
 Mr. Latham, when a sudden gust of wind 
 blew off his hat ; with his foot he turned it 
 over, bent down and thrust in his head, arose 
 and then walked away independent, as though 
 he felt that was the proper way to put on a 
 hat. ’ ’ And it was for Mr. Latham. 
 
GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 689 
 
 Chardon in 1846. — Chardon is the county-seat, 170 miles northeast of Co- 
 lumbus, and twenty-eight from Cleveland. It was laid out about the year 1808, 
 for the county-seat, and named from Peter Chardon Brookes, of Boston, then pro- 
 prietor of the soil. There are but few villages in Ohio that stand upon such an 
 elevated, commanding ridge as this, and it can be seen in some directions for several 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 View on Public Square in Chardon. 
 
 miles : although but fourteen miles from Lake Erie, it is computed to be 600 feet 
 above it. The village is scattered and small. In the centre is a handsome green, 
 of about eleven acres, on which stands the public buildings, two of which, the 
 court-house and Methodist church, are shown in the engraving. The Baptist 
 church and a classical academy, which are on or face the public square, are not 
 
 E . D . King , Photo ., Chardon , 1887. 
 
 Business Block on Public Square, Chardon. 
 
 shown in this view. Chardon has six stores, a newspaper printing office, and in 
 1840 had 446 inhabitants . — Old Edition. 
 
 Chardon, county-seat of Geauga county, is on the P. & Y. B. R. It is beau- 
 tifully situated on a hill, and together with Bass Lake, three miles, and Little 
 Mountain, seven miles distant, is somewhat of a summer resort. County officers 
 
600 
 
 GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 in 1888 : Auditor, Sylvester D. Hollenbeck ; Clerk, Brainard D. Ames ; Coroner, 
 Will J. Layman; Prosecuting Attorney, Leonard P. Barrows; Probate Judge, 
 Henry K. Smith; Kecorder, Charles A. Mills; Sheriff, Wm. Martin; Surveyor, 
 Milton L. Maynard ; Treasurer, Charles J. Scott ; Commissioners, David A. Gates, 
 Lester D. Taylor, Joseph N. Strong. Newspapers : Repuhliaan^ Republican, J. O. 
 Converse, editor and proprietor ; Democratic Record, Denton Bros. & King, editors 
 and proprietors. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Congregationalist, 1 Baptist, 
 and 1 Disciple. Bank : Geauga Saving & Loan Association, B. B. Woodbury, 
 president, S. S. Smith, cashier. 
 
 Population in 
 superintendent. 
 
 1880, 
 
 1,081. 
 
 School census in 1886, 321 ; Chas. W. Carroll, 
 
 E. D. Eingy Photo. 
 
 View in King’s Cheese Factory, Chardon. 
 
 The term Cheesedom,’’ as applied to 
 the Western Reserve, has led strangers 
 to suppose that the dairy was the great 
 source relied upon for the support of the 
 farmers. This is an error, for in no 
 part of the Union is mixed husbandry 
 more prevalent, and when grass fails 
 the farmers fall back upon their culti- 
 vated crops and great variety and 
 abundance of fruits. It is true cheese 
 and butter making are the most im- 
 portant industries. 
 
 The pioneer women were skilled in 
 cheese-making in their Eastern homes, 
 and when the settlers had enclosed and 
 seeded their pastures, cheese-making increased. In the Centennial year 1876, 
 the dairy productions of the county were, butter, 672,641 pounds; cheese, 4,136,- 
 231. Only three counties in Ohio made more, but those Avere much larger in 
 territory. In 1885, in this county Avas made, butter, 686,207 pounds, and cheese, 
 1,550,832 pounds. Ashtabula, Lorain, Portage and Trumbull uoav exceed it in 
 cheese-making, though none of them come up to Avithin three-quarters of Geauga’s 
 figures for 1876. 
 
 In 1862 began the great revolution in the manufacture of cheese, dairymen 
 sending their milk to factories to be worked up by the co-operative system. In a 
 feAv years every tOAvnship had its one or more cheese factories, until they summed 
 up about sixty in the county — a Avonderful relief to the domestic labor of the 
 women. Butter and cheese is noAV shipped direct from this county to Liverpool. 
 
 Process of Cheese Manufacture. — The milk is brought to the factory at morn- 
 ing and evening of each day. Here it is Aveighed and strained into large vats 
 surrounded by running spring water. It is cooled to about 60° F. and a suffi- 
 cient quantity of rennet added to set the curd. The curd is then cut AAuth kniA^es 
 made for the pur]3ose, into small cubes and heated by steam to 90° F. Then the 
 Avhey is draAvn off and the curd salted, tAVo and a half to three pounds of salt to 
 100 pounds of milk. The curd is then put into hoops and pressed for two hours, 
 then the bandages of cheese cloth are put on and the cheese again goes to press 
 for tAA^enty-four hours, Avhen it is taken out and goes to the curing-honse, AA'herc it 
 is rubbed and turned every day for thirty to forty days, Avhen it is ready for 
 market. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Oct. 5. — I came with a load of passengers 
 early this morning in a public hack from 
 Chardon to Painesville, distance ten miles. 
 Chardon being on high table land, the clouds 
 are apt to gather there, and so we started in 
 mists which the sun dispelled and warmed us 
 up and we went through a rich country of 
 gentle hills and valleys. We passed orchards 
 
 and had the pleasant sight of men and boys 
 in the trees gathering the many-colored ap- 
 ples and stowing them away in bags hanging 
 from the branches. I observed some noble 
 hickories, and was pointed to a tree from 
 which at a single season four and a half 
 bushels had been gathered. The maples 
 were but just beginning to blush. Geaug# 
 
GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 691 
 
 Is the favorite home of the maple and its 
 maple sugar industry the greatest in the 
 Union, and the sugar excelling in qual- 
 ity. 
 
 Trout Streams. — Geauga has, with Erie, 
 the distinction of being the only one of two 
 counties that I know of in Ohio that has a 
 stream of water so pure and cold as to be the 
 native home of the speckled brook trout. In 
 Erie the source is a cold spring at Castalia 
 gushing forth from a prairie. In Geauga it 
 is in the vicinity of where we are passing 
 to-day, below the conglomerate rock, at the 
 base of which the filtered pure water gushes 
 forth in streams, forming the head-waters of 
 Chagrin river. 
 
 Fast and Present on the Reserve. — Travelers 
 by rail see comparatively little. My ride by 
 hack was a refreshing change, an eye feast. 
 In my original journey on horseback through 
 the Reserve^ I was continually reminded of 
 the Connecticut of that time by the large 
 number of red houses, red barns and little 
 district school-houses by the roadside, also 
 red. Gone are these red things, and gone 
 mostly are the people, and gone the country 
 taverns with their barroom shelves filled with 
 liquor bottles. The boys and girls of that 
 time now living are largely grand-parents. 
 Now the farmhouses are white or a neutral 
 tint, many of them ornate, the creations of 
 skilled architects ; all of those hereabouts 
 have porches either upon the main building 
 or upon the addition. Labor-saving machines 
 and implements and conveniences, both on 
 the farm and in the dwelling, have saved 
 much untold back-aching drudgery and given 
 leisure for the more delicate things. Farm- 
 ers’ wives can any time pick up Harper's 
 Weekly or Monthly and read an article on 
 entomology, maybe an instructive one on the 
 habits of the bumble-bee, and not feel as 
 though they were committing a sin — en- 
 croaching on valuable time that ought to be 
 given to melting snow in a huge kettle hang- 
 ing over backlogs, whereby to get water and 
 worry through the week’s washing. 
 
 The dreadful isolation and loneliness of 
 farm-life is a thing of the past. Good roads 
 have overcome this and brought town and 
 country together shaking hands. Most fam- 
 ilies have representatives in some neighbor- 
 ing city or on farms farther west, and they 
 often visit the old homestead, bringing their 
 children, and renew the old ties. The cricket 
 still sings somewhere around the premises, 
 the doves still coo from the eaves ; the clover, 
 fragrant as ever, finds them out and steals 
 into their noses. Books, magazines are in 
 every dwelling and education general ; and 
 social intercourse has changed and broadened 
 their lives. Noah Webster lies alongside the 
 Family Bible with the photographic album, 
 wherein are absent friends and the latest 
 arrival by the “limited express” — limited 
 by the capacities of maternity. “Was there 
 ever such a pretty baby?” The genus 
 gawkey is no more and no longer one hears 
 uncouth speech and expressions, such as : 
 “I want ter kneow ! ” “Dew tell,” “I 
 
 kinder reckon,” “Stun wall!” “Pale the 
 keow ! ’ ’ etc. 
 
 Stage-Coach Talk. — Nearing Painesville, 
 our way over the height of land was through 
 winding ravines with their running streams, 
 and one spot was pointed out to me by a 
 gentleman by my side, where was nestled in 
 a nook a homestead that seemed as a sort of 
 paradise. “I had rather live there,” he 
 said, “as those people live in these sur- 
 roundings than on Euclid avenue.” He was 
 of the law, a large man from Chardon ; re- 
 minded me of Tom Corwin, whom I knew, 
 and like him had a dark complexion and run 
 to adipose ; and, as Corwin would have done, 
 beguiled the way with amusing stories, and 
 his budget was running over. 
 
 As we started out of the village, he said : 
 “Some of us have been making a sort of 
 social census of Chardon ; the result is : 
 three bachelors, four old maids (that is, count' 
 ing girls over 35 as such), five widowers and 
 seventy widows.” Thought I, if that is a 
 quiz, I admire your ingenuity. If a fact, it 
 is astounding as an earthquake. My cour- 
 tesy led me to apparently take the shock, and 
 so I put in ‘ ‘ Why does Chardon so run to 
 widows ? W as the town gotten up for them ? ’ ’ 
 “No,” said he, “not exactly that ; they al) 
 have children and come from the country 
 around to educate them, the schools and 
 na orals of the people are so excellent, and it 
 is such a healthy pretty spot, with such 
 abundance of everything and living so cheap. ’ ’ 
 
 Dropping the widows, we launched on to 
 other subjects ; one was the false idea that 
 young and inexperienced people have of men 
 of high station and reputation. “I was,” 
 he said, “bred on a farm and knew nothing 
 of the world. When a young man I jour- 
 neyed to Columbus and called upon the Gov- 
 ernor in his audience chamber in the State 
 House. Ushered into his presence, I trem- 
 bled as an aspen. He invited me to a seat, 
 and I was in the act of sitting down in a 
 chair, when a leg slipped out of its socket. 
 “Hold on,” said he, “let me fix that.” 
 Then he stooped to his knees and slipped the 
 chair leg in its place. In a twinkling my awe 
 vanished. I saw the Governor of Ohio, kneel- 
 ing before me, was as other men ; so when 
 he arose I was as calm as a May morning. 
 The governor was B. B. Hayes. ’ ’ 
 
 The timid, sensitive boy is of all others 
 to be admired, for he has the first requisition 
 of genius and heroism — imjyressihility. The 
 old Athenians, that lovable people, had it to 
 a superlative degree ; and how heroic and 
 intellectual were they and how exquisite their 
 art, their architecture and statuary. Those 
 creations of their genius seen under the ten- 
 der blue skies of that soft, delicious climate, 
 amid the moving figures of the beautiful 
 Athenians arrayed in their simple loose gar- 
 ments of white that swayed in graceful folds 
 around their pei'sons, must have completed a 
 landscape that touched the rude Scythian 
 brought into their presence with a sense akin 
 to the celestial. ^ The greatest, no matter how 
 high their station, at times may be timid. 
 
692 
 
 GEAUGA COUNTY. 
 
 Nothing is so dreadful to man as man. It is 
 the world of intellect that at times awes the 
 strongest. Intellect is of God, and its pos- 
 session makes man godlike. One who had 
 been a cabinet minister, a governor of a great 
 State, and a soldier of national reputation, 
 recently to a question of mine replied : “,Yes, 
 to this day I at times suffer from sensitive- 
 ness, even just before I begin such a simple 
 duty as questioning a witness in court.” As 
 he thus spake, my regard for him, which was 
 high before, increased. 
 
 If the young nervous boy, who shrinks on 
 hearing his name called in school, could real- 
 
 ize the grand truth, that when a sense of 
 duty impels, that with action timidity van- 
 ishes, and that he of all others will prove the 
 most capable of heroic things, a great point 
 would be gained for the world into which he 
 has arrived for the express purpose of devel- 
 oping himself and helping to make it better. 
 ‘‘ Why do you tremble so ? ” said an old offi- 
 cer to a young lieutenant of Wellington’s 
 army just at the opening of a battle. “Do 
 you feel bad?” “Yes, sir, I do,” he re- 
 joined ; “ and if you felt as bad as I do you 
 would run away.” 
 
 Middlefield is about 30 miles east of Cleveland and about 25 miles south 
 of Lake Erie, on the P. & Yo E, R. Newspaper : Messenger, Independent, C. B, 
 Murdock, editor. Churches r 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Wesleyan Methodist. 
 Industries : 1 grist, 2 saw and woodworking mills, brick and tile, cheese factories, 
 etc. Population in 1880, 325. The vicinity abounds in mineral springs. Geauga 
 has several other small villages, as Parkman, 16 miles S. E. of Chardon; Hunts- 
 burg, 6 miles east, and Chester Cross Roads, in the northwestern corner of the 
 county. 
 
 GREENE. 
 
 Greene County was formed from Hamilton and Ross, May 1, 1803, and 
 named from Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of the revolution. The soil is generally 
 clayey ; the surface on the east is flat and well adapted to grazing, the rest of the 
 iX)unty is rolling and productive in wheat and corn. Considerable water-power 
 is furnished by the streams. It has some fine limestone quarries, and near Xenia, 
 on Cgesar’s creek, is a quarry of beautifully variegated marble. The principal 
 productions are wheat, corn, rye, grass, grass seed, oats, barley, sheep and swine. 
 Area, 430 square mileso In 1885 the acres cultivated were 131,197 ; in pas- 
 toe, 35,693 ; woodland, 34,544 ; lying waste, 6,668 i produced in wheat, 362,749 
 bushels; oatrf, 183,639; corn, 2,560,852; flax, 72,50C pounds; wool, 129,355; 
 horses owned, 10,703 ; cattle, 18,986 ; sheep, 33,411 ; hogs, 30,191. School census, 
 1886, 9,027 ; teachers, 183. Tt has 87 miles of railroad. 
 
 Townships and Censls, 1840. 1880. 
 
 Bath, 1,717 2,593 
 
 Beaver Creek, 1,762 2,470 
 
 Caesar Creek, 1,730 1,174 
 
 Cedar ville, 2,702 
 
 Jefferson, 1,643 
 
 Miami, 1,230 2,733 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 1880. 
 
 New Jasper, 1,013 
 
 Ross, i,310 1,335 
 
 Silver Creek, 2,435 2,155 
 
 Spring Valley, 1,562 
 
 Sugar Creek, 2,379 1,588 
 
 Xenia, 5,190 10,381 
 
 Population in 1820 was 10,509; 1840, 17,753; 1860, 26,197; 1880, 31,549, 
 of whom 23,747 were Ohio-born; Kentucky, 1,645; Virginia, 1,377 ; Pennsyl- 
 vania, 854 ; Indiana, 340 ; New York, 230 ; Ireland, 729 ; and Germany, 384. 
 
 The Shawnee town, ^^Old ChiUicotlie,^’ was on the I./ittle Miami, in this county, 
 about three and a half miles north of the site of Xenia : it was a place of note. 
 
GREENE COUNTY, 
 
 693 
 
 and is frequently mentioned in the annals of the early explorations and settlements 
 of the West. It was sometimes called the Old Town. 
 
 In the year 1773 Capt. Thomas Bullit, of Virginia^ one of the first settlers of 
 Kentucky, was proceeding down the Ohio river, with a party, to make surveys 
 and a settlement there, when he stopped and left his companions on the river, and 
 passed through the wilderness to Old Chillicothe- to obtain the consent of the 
 Indians to his intended settlement. He entered the town alone, with a flag of 
 truce, before he was discoveredo The Indians, astcfiished at his boldness, flocked 
 around him, when the following dialogue ensued between him and a principal 
 chief, which we derive from Butler’s Notes on Kentucky:” 
 
 Indian Chief. What news do you bring? 
 are you from the Iiong Knife? If you are an 
 ambassador, why did you not send a runner? 
 
 Bullit. I have no bad news. The Long 
 Knife and the Bed men are at peace, and I 
 have come among my brothers to have a 
 friendly talk with them about settling on the 
 other side of the Ohio. 
 
 Indian Chief. Why did you not send a 
 runner? 
 
 Bullit I had no runner swifter than my- 
 self, and as I was in haste, I could not wait 
 the return of a runner. If you were hungry 
 and had killed a deer, would you send your 
 squaw to town to tell the news, and wait her 
 return betbro you would eat? 
 
 This reply of Bullit put the bystanders in 
 high humor ; they relaxed from their native 
 gravity and laughed heartily. The Indians 
 conducted Bullit into the principal wigwam 
 of the town, and regaled him with venison, 
 after which he addressed the chief as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Brothers : — I am sent with my people, 
 whom I left on the Ohio, to settle the country 
 
 on the other side of that river, as low down 
 as the falls. We came from. V^irginia. I only 
 want the country to settle and to cultivate the 
 soil. There will be no objection to your 
 hunting and trapping in it; as heretofore. I 
 hope you will live with us in friendship. 
 
 To this address the principal chief made 
 the following reply. 
 
 Brother : — You have come a hard journey 
 through the woods and the grass. W e are 
 pleased to find that j^our people in settling 
 our country are not to disturb us in our hunt- 
 ing ; for we must hunt to kill meat for our 
 women and children, and to have something 
 to buy powder and lead, and procure blankets 
 and other necessaries. We desire you will 
 be strong in discharging your promises to- 
 wards us, as we are determined to be strong 
 in advising our young men to be kind, friendly 
 and peaceable towards you. Having finished 
 his mission, Capt. Bullit returned to his men, 
 and with them descended the river to tho 
 falls. 
 
 Some of this party of Bullit’ s shortly after 
 laid oiit the town of Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 The celebrated Daniel Boone was taken prisoner, with twenty-seven others, in 
 Kentucky, in February, 1778, in the war of the revolution, and brought to Old 
 Chillicotlie. Through the influence of the British governor Hamilton, Boone, 
 with ten others, was taken from thence to Detroit. 
 
 The governor took an especial fancy to 
 Boone, and offered considerable sums for his 
 release, but to no purpose, for thj Indians 
 also had taken their fancy, and S' great was 
 it that they took him back to Old hillicothe, 
 adopted him into a family, and fondly ca- 
 ressed him. He mingled with their sports, 
 shot, fished, hunted and swam with them, and 
 had become deeply ingratiated in their favor, 
 when on the 1st of June, they took him to 
 assist them in making salt in the Scioto val- 
 ley, at the old salt wells, near, or at, we be- 
 lieve, the present town of Jackson, Jackson 
 county. They remained a few days, and 
 when returned to Old Chiliicothe, his heart 
 was agonized by the sight of 450 warriors, 
 armed, painted and equipped in all the para- 
 phernalia of savage splendor, ready to start 
 cn an expedition against Boonesborough. To 
 avert the cruel blow that was about to fall 
 upon his friends, he alone, on the morning 
 of the 16th of June, escaped from his In- 
 dian companions, and arrived in time to foil 
 the plans of the enemy, and not only saved 
 
 the borough, which he himself had founded, 
 but probably all the frontier parts of Ken- 
 tucky, from devastation. 
 
 Boone told an aged pioneer that when 
 taken prisoner on this occasion, the Indians 
 got out of food, and after having killed and 
 eaten their dogs, were ten days without any 
 other sustenance than that of a decoction 
 made from the oozings of the inner-bark of 
 the white-oak, v/hich after drinking, Boone 
 could travel with the best of them. At 
 length the Indians shot a deer and boiled its 
 entrails to a jelly of which they all drank, 
 and it soon acted freely on their bowels. They 
 gave some to Boone, Wt his stomach refused 
 it. After repeated efforts,^ they forced him 
 to swallow about half a pint, which he did 
 with wry face and disagreeable retchings, 
 much to the amusement of the simple sav- 
 ages, who laughed heartily. After this medi- 
 cine had well operated, the Indians told 
 Boone that he might eat ; but if he had done 
 so before it would have killed him. They 
 then all fell to, and soon made amends foi 
 
694 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 tlieir long fast. At Detroit, he astonished ing been shut up in a room with all the 
 the governor by making gunpowder, he hav- materials. 
 
 Col. John Johnston, who knew Boone well, says in a commnnication to us : 
 
 It is now (1847) fifty-four years since I first 
 saw Daniel Boone. He was then about 60 
 years old, of a medium size, say five_ feet ten 
 inches, not given to corpulency, retired, un- 
 obtrusive, and a man of few words. My ac- 
 quaintance was made with him in the winter 
 season, and I well remember his dress was 
 of tow cloth, and not a woollen garment on 
 his body, unless his stockings were of that 
 material. Home-made was the common wear 
 
 of the people of Kentucky, at that time: 
 sheep were not yet introduced into the 
 country. I slept four nights in the house of 
 one West, with Boone : there were a number 
 of strangers, and he was constantly occupied 
 in answering questions. He had nothing re- 
 markable in his personal appearance. His 
 son, Capt. N. Boone, now an old man, is 
 serving in the 1st regiment United States 
 Dragoons. 
 
 In July, 1779, the year after Boone escaped from Old Chillicothe, Col. John 
 Bowman, with 160 Kentuckians, marched against the town. The narrative of 
 this expedition is derived from Butler’s Motes. 
 
 The party rendezvoused at the mouth of 
 the Licking, and at the end of the second 
 night got in sight of the town undiscovered. 
 It was determined to await until daylight in 
 the morning before they would make the 
 attack ; but by the imprudence of some of 
 the men, whose curiosity exceeded their judg- 
 ment, the party was discovered by the Indi- 
 ans before the officers and men had arrived 
 at the several positions assigned to them. As 
 soon as the alarm was given, a fire com- 
 menced on both sides, and was kept up, 
 while the women and children were seen 
 running from cabin to cabin, in the greatest 
 confusion, and collecting in the most central 
 and strongest. At clear day-light it was dis- 
 covered that Bowman’s men were from 
 seventy to one hundred yards from the cab- 
 ins, in which the Indians had collected, and 
 which they appeared determined to defend. 
 Having no other arms than tomahawks and 
 rifles, it was thought imprudent to attempt 
 to storm strong cabins, well defended by ex- 
 pert warriors. In consequence of the war- 
 riors collecting in a few cabins contiguous to 
 each other, the remainder of the town was 
 left unprotected, therefore, while a fire was 
 kept up at the port-holes,^ which engaged the 
 attention of those within, fire was set to 
 thirty or forty cabins, which ^ were con- 
 sumed, and a considerable quantity of prop- 
 erty, consisting of kettles and blankets, 
 were taken from those cabins. In searching 
 the woods near the town, 133 horses were 
 collected. 
 
 About 10 o’clock Bowman and his party 
 commenced their march homeward, after 
 
 having nine men killed. What loss the In- 
 dians sustained was never known, except 
 Blackfish, their principal chief, who was 
 wounded through the knee. After receiving 
 the wound, Blackfish proposed to surrender, 
 being confident that his wound was danger- 
 ous, and believing that there were among 
 the white people surgeons that could cure 
 him, but that none among his own people 
 could do it. 
 
 The party had not marched more than 
 eight or ten miles on their return home, be- 
 fore the Indians appeared in considerable 
 force on their rear, and began to press hard 
 upon that quarter. Bowman selected his 
 ground, and formed his men in a square ; but 
 the Indians declined a close engagement, only 
 keeping up a scattering fire. It was soon dis- 
 covered that their object was to retard their 
 march until they could procure reinforce- 
 ments from the neighboring villages. 
 
 As soon as a strong position was taken by 
 Col. Bowman, the Indians retired, and he 
 resumed the line of march, when he was 
 again attacked in the rear. He again formed 
 for battle, and again the Indians retired, and 
 the scene was acted over several times. At 
 length, John Bulger, James Harrod and 
 George Michael Bedinger, with about 100 
 more mounted on horseback, rushed on the 
 Indian ranks and dispersed them in every 
 direction ; after which the Indians aban- 
 doned their pursuit. Bowman crossed the 
 Ohio at the mouth of the Little Miami, and 
 after crossing, the men dispersed to their 
 several homes. 
 
 In the summer after this expedition Gen. Clark invaded the Indian country, 
 an account of which is related under the head of Clark County. On his approach 
 the Indians burnt Old Chillicothe. 
 
 The article relating to early times in Greene county is slightly abridged from a 
 communication by Thomas C. Wright, Escp, the county auditor. 
 
 After Abdolonymus had been taken from Sidonea, it is said he kept a i)air of wooden 
 
 his humble station in life, and made king of shoes near his throne, to remind him of his 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 695 
 
 former obscurity, and check the pride which 
 power is so apt to engender in the heart of 
 man . The annexed drawing is deemed worthy 
 of preservation, not only as a memento of 
 early times, and serving as a contrast to the 
 presmt advanced state of improvement, but 
 on account of the historical associations it 
 raises in the memory of the first judicial pro- 
 ceedings and organization of Greene county. 
 
 The house, of which the engraving is a 
 correct representation, is yet (184G) standing, 
 five and a half miles west of Xenia, near 
 the Dayton road. It was built by Gen. Benj. 
 Whiteman, a short distance south of the log 
 cabin mill of Owen Davis, on Beaver creek. 
 This mill, the first erected in Greene, was 
 finished in 1798. A short distance east were 
 erected two block-houses, and it was intended, 
 should danger render it necessary, to connect 
 them by a line of pickets, and include the 
 mill within the stockade. This mill was used 
 by the settlers of “the Dutch Station,” some 
 thirty miles distant, in the centre of Miami 
 county. 
 
 On the 10th of May, 1803, the first court 
 for organizing Greene county was held in 
 ^ this house, then the residence of Peter 
 Borders. Wm. Maxwell, Benj. Whiteman 
 and James Barret were the associate Judges, 
 and John Paul, clerk. The first business of 
 the court was to lay otf the county into town- 
 ships, and after transacting some other busi- 
 ness, they adjourned “ until court in course,” 
 having been in session one day. 
 
 The First Court for the trial of causes was 
 held in the same house, on Tuesday, Aug. 2, 
 1803, with the same associate judges, and 
 Francis Dunlavy, presiding judge, and Daniel 
 Simms, prosecuting attorney. “And there 
 came a grand jury, to wit : Wm. J. Stewart, 
 foreman, John Wilson, Wm. Buckles, 
 Abrm. Van Eaton, James Snodgrass, John 
 Judy, Evan Morgan, Bobt. Marshall, Alex. 
 C. Armstrong, Joseph C. Vance, Joseph 
 Wilson, John Buckhannon, Martin Menden- 
 hall and Harry Martin, who were sworn a 
 grand jury of inquest, for the body of Greene 
 county.” After receiving the charge “they 
 
 First Court-House in Gri^kne. 
 
 retired out of court ; ” a circumstance not to 
 be wondered at, as there was but one room 
 in the house. Their place of retirement, or 
 jury room, was a little squat-shaped pole 
 iiut, shown on the right of the view. 
 
 And now, while their honors, with becom- 
 ing gravity, are sitting behind a table ready 
 for business, and the grand jury making 
 solemn inquest of crimes committed, the 
 contrast between the state of the county then 
 and at present, naturally presents itself to 
 the mind. Since then, forty-four years ago 
 — a period within the recollection of many 
 of our citizens — and what a change ! Then 
 it was almost an entire wilderness-*^a 
 primeval forest, planted by the hand of na- 
 ture. The first house in Greene county was 
 built by Daniel Wilson, who is now living 
 near Centerville, Montgomery county. It 
 was raised on the 7th day of April, 1796, 
 about four miles from where Bellbrook has 
 long since been laid out, in Sugarcreek town- 
 
 ship. In 1798 Thomas Tounsley settled near 
 the falls of Massie’s creek, some eight miles 
 from Xenia. The same year James (Gallo- 
 way, Sr., settled on the Little Miami, two 
 miles north of Oldtown. Isaiah and Wm. 
 Garner Sutton erected the first house in 
 Caesar’s Creek township, in 1799, about five 
 miles south of Xenia, near where the Bullskin 
 road crosses Caesar’s creek. Caesarsville was 
 laid out by T. Carneal, in 1 800, and the first 
 house in it was built the year following. It 
 was expected to become the county-seat, but 
 was finally rejected in favor of Xenia. 
 Caesarsville, at the time of this court, con- 
 tained a few log-cabins, and so scattered 
 about, miles apart, the traveller might find 
 one of these primitive dwellings sending up 
 its smoke from a mud and stick chimney 
 among the giants of the forest, each cabin 
 with a little i)atch of a corn-field, thickly 
 dotted over with girdled trees. A bridle- 
 path, or blazed trees, led the traveller from 
 
696 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 one to the other. But they were the abodes 
 of contentment, simplicity of manners, 
 whole-hearted hospitality and generosity of 
 soul, which does honor to human nature and 
 gives a charm to existence. 
 
 But to return to the court. From a careful 
 examination of the records and other sources 
 of information I cannot learn there was any 
 business for the grand jury when they re- 
 tired. But they were not permitted to re- 
 main idle long : the spectators in attendance 
 promptly took the matter into consideration. 
 They, doubtless, thought it a great pity to 
 have a learned court and nothing for it to do ; 
 so they set to and cut out employment for 
 their honors by engaging in divers hard fights 
 at fisticulfs, right on the ground. So it 
 seems our pioneers fought for the benefit of 
 the court. At all events, while their honors 
 were waiting to settle differences according to 
 law, they were making up issues and settling 
 them by trial ''''hy combat” — a process by 
 which they avoided the much complained of 
 ‘ ‘ law’s delay, ’ ’ and incurred no other damages 
 than black eyes and bloody noses, which were 
 regarded as mere trifies, of course. ^ Among 
 the incidents of the day, characteristic of the 
 
 times, was this : A Mr. , from Warren 
 
 county, was in attendance. Owen Davis, the 
 owner of the mill, who, by the way, was a 
 brave Indian fighter, as well as a kind-hearted, 
 obliging man, charged this Warren county 
 man with speculating in pork, alias stealing 
 his neighbor’s hogs. The insult was resented 
 — a combat tobk place forthwith, in which 
 Davis proved victorious. He then went into 
 court, and planting himself in front of the 
 judges, he observed, addressing himself 
 articularly to one of them, “Well, Ben, 
 ’ve whipped that d — d hog-thief — what’s 
 the damage — what’s to pay ? ’ ’ and thereupon, 
 suiting the action to the word, he drew out 
 his buckskin purse, containing eight or ten 
 dollars, and slammed it down on tlie table — 
 then shaking his fist at the judge, whom he 
 addressed, he continued, “Yes, Ben, and if 
 youM steal a hog, d — n you, I’d whip you, 
 too.” He had, doubtless, come to the con- 
 clusion, that, as there was a court, the luxury 
 of fighting could not be indulged in gratis, 
 and he was for paying up as he went. 
 Seventeen witnesses were sworn and sent be- 
 fore the grand jury, and nine bills of in- 
 dictment were found the same day — all for 
 affrays and assaults and batteries committed 
 after the court was organized. To these in- 
 dictments the parties all pleaded guilty, and 
 were fined — Davis among the rest, who was 
 fined eight dollars for his share in the trans- 
 actions of the day. 
 
 The following is the first entry made on 
 the record after the grand jury retired : 
 “ The court then proceeded to examine the 
 sev^al candidates for the surveyor’s office, 
 and James Galloway, Jr., being well quali- 
 fied, was appointed surveyor of said county.” 
 On the second day of the term Joseph C. 
 Vance (father of ex-Gov. Vance, of Cham- 
 paign county) was appointed to make the 
 necessary arrangements for establishing the 
 
 seat of justice, who, with David Huston and 
 Joseph Wilson, his securities, entered into a 
 bond, with a penalty of $1500 for the faith- 
 ful performance of his duties. He surveyed 
 and laid out the town of Xenia (which, 
 by the way, is an old French word, signi- 
 fying a new-year’s gift) the same season, for 
 at the next December term he was allowed 
 “$49.25 for laying off the town of Xenia, 
 finding chainmen, making plots and selling 
 lots. ’ ’ On the third day of the term Daniel 
 Sy mines was allowed twenty dollars for prose- 
 cuting in behalf of the State. The presiding 
 judge then left the court, but it was con- 
 tinued by the associate judges for the trans- 
 action of county business. In addition to 
 the duties now pertaining to associate judges, 
 they discharged the duties now performed by 
 the board of county commissioners. Archi- 
 bald Lowry and Griffith Foos were each 
 licensed to keep a tavern in the town of 
 Springfield, on the payment of eight dollars 
 for each license. A license was also granted 
 to Peter Borders to keep a tavern at his 
 house, on the payment of four dollars, “to- 
 other with all legal fees. ’ ’ So our old log- 
 ouse has the honor of having the first 
 learned court held within its rough walls ; 
 and, in addition to that, it was, in fact, the 
 first hotel ever licensed in the county in which 
 hog and hominy and new corn whisk ej’’ 
 could be had in abundance. Perhaps the 
 court was a little interested in granting the 
 license. Like old Jack Falstaff, they might 
 like “ to take their own ease in their own 
 inn.” James Galloway, Sr., was appointed 
 county treasurer. The court then adjourned, 
 having been in session three days. 
 
 On the 19th day of the same month 
 (August), the associate judges held another 
 court for the transaction of county business. 
 They continued to meet and adjourn from 
 day to day, waiting for the lister of taxable 
 property to return his book, until the 22d, 
 when they made an order, that fifty cents 
 should be paid for each wolf killed within 
 the bounds of the county, and “that the 
 largest block-house should be appropriated 
 to the use of a jail ; ” and Benjamin White- 
 man, Esq., was appointed, in behalf of the 
 county, to contract for repairing it — a de- 
 cisive mark of civilization. Among the 
 allowances, at this term, there was one of 
 six dollars to Joseph C. Vance, for carrying 
 the election returns of Sugar Creek township 
 to Cincinnati ; and a like sum to David 
 Huston, for returning the poll-book of 
 Beaver Creek. He afterwards held the office 
 of associate judge tweifiy-one years, and 
 twice represented Greene county in the State 
 legislature. He lived the life of an honest 
 man — was beloved and respected by all who 
 knew him. He died in 1843. The clerk 
 and sheriff were allowed twenty dollars each 
 for ex-officio fees, and Jacob Shingledecker, 
 nine dollars and fifty cent, for preparing the 
 block-house to serve as a jail — a great per- 
 version from the original design of the build- 
 ing, as it was intended at first to keep un- 
 welcome visitors out, and ended in keeping 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 697 
 
 unwilling visitors in. It was ordered by the 
 court, that the inhabitants of Mad River 
 township should be exempted from the pay- 
 ment of taxes, or rather, their taxes were 
 reduced two cents on each horse and one cent 
 on each cow. The reason assigned for this 
 favor was “/or erecting public buildings.''' 
 As we have seen no public buildings yet but 
 the two block-houses, and the one which 
 figures at the head of this communication, 
 the reader would, doubtless, be much sur- 
 prised that the erection of these should be 
 deemed sufficiently meritorious as, in part, to 
 exempt the inhabitants from the payment of 
 taxes. But these public buildings were 
 situated in Cincinnati. We apprehend that 
 but few of our citizens are aware of the fact, 
 that the first settlers in this county con- 
 tributed to the erection of public buildings in 
 Cincinnati — the old stone court-house, we 
 suppose, which was burnt down while used 
 as barracks in time of the last war, and the 
 hewed log jail which stood on the north side 
 of the public square. 
 
 The first supreme court was held in the 
 same house, on the 25th day of October, 
 1803, by their honors Samuel Huntingdon 
 and Wm. Spriggs, judges; William Max- 
 well, sheriff, John Paul, clerk, and Arthur 
 St. Clair, Esq., of Cincinnati, prosecuting 
 attorney. Richard Thomas was admitted an 
 attorney and counsellor at law. Nothing 
 more was done, and the court adjourned the 
 same day. 
 
 At the November term of the court of 
 common pleas, the first thing was to arraign 
 Thomas Davis, a justice of the peace, for 
 misconduct in office. He pleaded guilty, was 
 fined one dollar, and ordered, in the language 
 of the record, “ to stand committed mitix 
 performance.' But what the misconduct 
 was for which he was fined, the record sayeth 
 not ; neither is it known whether he raised 
 the dollar, or was made familiar with the in- 
 side of the block-house. On the first day of 
 this term, the Rev. Robert Armstrong re- 
 ceived a license to solemnize the rites of 
 matrimony. He and the Rev. Andrew 
 Fulton were sent, by the general associate 
 synod of Scotland, as missionaries to 
 Kentucky, and arrived at Maysville, in 1798 ; 
 but, not liking the institution of slavery, Mr. 
 Fulton went to the neighborhood where 
 South Hanover now is, Indiana, and Mr. 
 Armstrong came to Greene county, Ohio. 
 This was the commencement of the Seceder 
 denomination in this county. From this 
 small beginning it has become the most 
 numerous, perhaps, of any other in the 
 county. They form a large portion of an 
 orderly, law-abiding and industrious popu- 
 lation — strict in observing the Sabbath and 
 in discharge of their religious duties, and 
 correct in moral conduct. They are mostly 
 farmers, in independent circumstances. Mr. 
 Armstrong was a small man, of vast learning, 
 with the simplicity, in some things, of a 
 child. An anecdote is told of his being at a 
 log-rolling, assisting to carry a log, and hav- 
 ing but a few inches of handspike, the weight 
 
 of it resting mostly on him. The person 
 with whom he was lifting, seeing his situa- 
 tion, said, “Stop, Mr. Armstrong — let me 
 give you more handspike.” “No,” said 
 the Rev. gentleman, “ no more stick for me ; 
 I have already as much as I can carry.” He 
 was universally esteemed and respected. He 
 died in 1818. He brought a very large 
 library of books with him, and was very 
 liberal in lending them. To this circum- 
 stance, perhaps, may be attributed the fact, 
 that more books have been sold and read in 
 this county than in any other of the same 
 population in the State. 
 
 At this term, in the case of Wm. Orr vs. 
 Peter Borders, leave was given to amend the 
 declaration, on payment of costs — an indica- 
 tion that some attention began to be paid to 
 special pleading. The first civil case that was 
 tried by a jury was that of Wallingsford vs. 
 Vandolah. A verdict was rendered for the 
 plaintiff of twenty-four cents, upon which 
 “ he paid the jury and constable fees.” 
 
 At the December term of the common 
 pleas four cases of assault and battery were 
 tried by jury, which took up the first day. 
 The day following, this entry was made : Wil- 
 liam Chipman vs. Henry Storm, “judgment 
 confessed for one cent damages and costs.” 
 But such is the imperfect manner in which 
 the records were kept, that it is impossible to 
 ascertain what the subject matter of the con- 
 troversy was in which such heavy damages 
 were admitted. The court decided that the 
 fee paid to the State’s attorney, at the August 
 term, was illegal, and should be refunded. 
 This was the result of “sober second 
 thoughts ’ ’ of the court about that twenty 
 dollar fee^ for which the attorney came from 
 Cincinnati, mote tlian fifty miles, through the 
 woods, and drew nine bills c.f indictment and 
 attended to the cases. At this tci’m Andrew 
 Read, an early settler near where the beautiful 
 village of Fairfield now is, took his seat on 
 the bench as associate judge, to fill the va‘ 
 cancy occasioned by the election of William 
 Maxwell to the office of sheriff. The first 
 view and survey of a new road route was 
 granted at this term. It was to commence at 
 Springfield, pass the Yellow spring and inter- 
 sect the Pinkney road near Isaac Morgan’s. 
 Wm. Maxwell, Lewis Davis and Thomas 
 Tounsley were appointed viewers, and James 
 Galloway, Jun., surveyor. So our fellow- 
 citizen, Maj. Galloway, was the first county 
 surveyor, surveyed the first road by order of 
 the court and afterwards made a map of the 
 county, in its present metes and bounds, 
 showing all the surveys and sections of the 
 land, with their divisions and subdivisions 
 into tracts. Tavern licenses were granted to 
 Thomas Fream, William Moore, and James 
 M’Pherson to keep taverns in their houses 
 for one year, and so ended the term. 
 
 The June term of 1804 was the last court 
 ever held in the old log-house. It was com- 
 posed of the same judges, clerk and sheriff, 
 with Arthur St. Clair, Esq., of Cincinnati, 
 prosecuting attorney. The writer of this has 
 been informed he wore a cocked hat and a 
 
698 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 sword. William M’Farland was foreman of 
 the grand jury. A singular incident took 
 place at the opening of this court. There 
 was a shelf in one corner, consisting of a 
 board on two pins inserted in the wall, con- 
 taining a few books, among which counsellor 
 St. Clair searched for a Bible, on which to 
 swear the jury. At length he took down a 
 volume, and observed, with his peculiar lisp, 
 “Well, gentlemen, here is a book which looks 
 tlikt like a testament. ’ ’ The foreman of the 
 rand jury was accordingly sworn upon it — 
 ut the book, which so much resembled a 
 testament in external appearance, turned out 
 in fact to be an old volume of The Arabian 
 Nights Entertainment ! From this mistake, 
 or some unknown cause, the practice of swear- 
 ing on the Evangelists, has gone entirely out 
 of use in this county, being substituted by 
 swearing with the uplifted hand, or affirming. 
 The grand jury found several bills of indict- 
 ment, and were discharged the same day. 
 
 In proportion as cases of assault and bat- 
 tery begin to decrease, a sprinkling of civil 
 suits make their appearance on the docket. 
 Fourteen cases were called the first day, and 
 all continued, except one in which judgment 
 was confessed and stay of execution granted 
 until next term. The entry of continuance 
 was in this form : A. B. vs. C. B. E. F. and 
 G. H. pledges for the defendant in the sum 
 
 $ . This form was observed in all cases, 
 
 the amount being more or less, according to 
 the subject matter in controversy. On 
 Wednesday of this term Joseph Tatman pro- 
 duced his commission as associate judge, and 
 took the oath of office. He afterwards, in 
 1816, in company with Samuel and William 
 Casad, laid out the town of Fairfield, not far 
 from the site of an old Indian town, named 
 Piqua, at which Gen. George B. Clark de- 
 feated the Indians in 1780. On this day 22 
 cases were called : 11 continued, 2 settled, 1 
 judgment, 5 ruled for plea in 40 days, 1 in 
 10 days, 1 discontinued and 1 abated by death. 
 This was certainly a pretty fair beginning, and 
 quite encouraging to the learned profession. 
 
 The total amount of taxable property re- 
 turned by the “listers ” was $393.04, and this 
 levy included houses and mills, if any. As 
 to houses, there was but one returned, and 
 that was valued for taxation at one dollar ! 
 Considering the sparseness of population and 
 small amount of property in the county, the 
 proportion of litigation was greater then than 
 at this time, 1847, when the total amount of 
 taxable property is $6,583,673. So much of 
 a change in forty-three years. They fought 
 less and lawed more. In newly settled coun- 
 ties, there appears to be a peculiar fondness 
 among the people for lawsuits. After a court 
 has been organized in a new county, they still 
 continue to settle their difficulties by combat. 
 
 until fines become troublesome. The court 
 then becomes the arena in which their con- 
 tentions and quarrels are carried and finally 
 disposed of. If one cannot afford the fine or 
 imprisonment which would be incurred, by 
 taking personal satisfaction, he can bring a 
 suit, if any cause of action can be found, and 
 no matter how small the amount claimed, or 
 frivolous the matter, if he can only cast his 
 adversary and throw him in the costs, he is as 
 much gratified as if he had made him halloa 
 “enough — take him off.” It is this spirit 
 which gives rise to so many trifling and vex- 
 atious lawsuits. 
 
 And now we take leave of our primitive 
 dwelling-house, court-house and tavern.. It 
 is still standing, and occupied as a residence. 
 While our drawing was being taken, an old- 
 fashioned long-handled frying-pan was over 
 the fire — its spacious bottom well paved with 
 rashers of ham, sending forth a savory odor, 
 enough to make a hungry person’s mouth 
 water. _ What scenes it has witnessed — what 
 memories it recalls! It has witnessed the 
 organization of the county, the .first adminis- 
 tration of law and justice, the first exercise 
 of the right of suffrage through the ballot- 
 box, and the first legal punishment of crimi- 
 nals. Near it the first corn was ground into 
 meal for the use of the settlers, and here they 
 rallied to build block-houses to protect them 
 from the hostile attacks of the Indians. As 
 a tavern many a weary traveller, through the 
 tall and lonely forest, has been sheltered and 
 refreshed beneath its humble roof. How 
 many buckeye lads and lasses have been 
 reared within its walls — for 
 
 “ Buirdly chiels and clever hizzies 
 Are bred in sic a way as this is I ” 
 
 How many jovial dances have been had on 
 its puncheon floor 1 While we may suppose 
 some lame or lazy fellow seated on a stool in a 
 corner, prepared with an awl or Barlow knife, 
 to extract splinters from the heels of the 
 dancers, as fast as the sets were over. How 
 many courtships have been carried on during 
 the long winter nights — the old folks asleep, 
 and the young lovers comfortably toasting 
 their shins over the decaying embers — happy 
 in present love, and indulging in bright an- 
 ticipations of housekeeping in a cabin. 
 
 Long mayest thou stand, old relic, as a 
 memento of pioneer life, primitive simplicity 
 and good old-fashioned honesty, to remind 
 the rising generation of the hardships and 
 privations our pioneer fathers encountered 
 in first settling the county, and to show by 
 this humble beginning, compared with the 
 present state of improvement, how much 
 honest labor, painstaking industry and thrifty 
 management can accomplish. 
 
 JOSIAH HUNT, THE INDIAN FIGHTER. 
 
 JosiAH Hunt resided in this county in the time of the last war with Great 
 Britain. He was a stout, well-formed, heavy-set man, capable of enduring great 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 599 
 
 hardships and privations, and was then a member of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church. There was a tone of candor and sincerity, as well as modesty, in his 
 manner of relating the thrilling scenes in which he had been an actor, which left 
 no doubt of their truth in the minds of those who heard him. He was one of 
 
 Wayne’s legion, and was in the battle 
 August, 1794. 
 
 At the commencement of the onset, just 
 after entering the fallen timber, Hunt was 
 rushing on and about to spring over a fallen 
 tree, when he was fired at by an Indian con- 
 cealed behind it. The latter was compelled 
 to fire in such haste that he missed his aim. 
 It was, however, a close shave, for the bullet 
 whizzed through the lock of his right temple, 
 causing that ear to ring for an hour after. 
 The Indian’s body was entirely naked from 
 the waist up, with a red stripe painted up and 
 down his back. As soon as he fired he took 
 to his heels. Hunt aimed at the centre of the 
 red stripe, the Indian running zig-zag “like 
 the worm of a fence. ’ ’ When he fired, the 
 Indian bounded up and fell forward. He 
 had fought his last battle. 
 
 He was an excellent hunter. In the winter 
 of 1793, while the army lay at Greenville, he 
 was employed to supply the officers with 
 game, and in consequence was exempted 
 from garrison duty. The sentinels had orders 
 to permit him to leave and enter the fort 
 whenever he chose. The Indians made a 
 practice of climbing trees in the vicinity of 
 the fort, the better to watch the garrison. If 
 a person was seen to go out, notice was taken 
 of the direction he went, his path ambushed 
 and his scalp secured. To avoid this danger. 
 Hunt always left the fort in the darkness of 
 night, for said he, “when once I had got 
 into the woods without their knowledge, I 
 had as good a chance as they.” He was ac- 
 customed, on leaving the fort, to proceed 
 some distance in the direction he intended to 
 hunt the next day, and bivouac for the night. 
 To keep from freezing to death, it was neces- 
 sary to have a fire ; but to show a light in the 
 enemy’s country was to invite certain de- 
 struction. To avoid this danger he dug a hole 
 in the ground with his tomahawk, about the 
 size and depth of a hat crown. Having pre- 
 pared it properly, he procured some roth, 
 meaning thick white-oak bark, from a dead 
 tree, which will retain a strong heat when 
 covered with its ashes. Kindling a fire from 
 fiint and steel at the bottom of his “coal 
 pit,” as he termed it, the bark was severed 
 into strips and placed in layers crosswise, until 
 the pit was full. After it was sufficiently 
 ignited it was covered over with dirt, with the 
 exception of two air holes in the margin, 
 which could be opened or closed at pleasure. 
 Spreading down a layer of bark or brush to 
 keep him off the cold ground, he sat down 
 with the “coal pit” between his legs, en- 
 veloped himself in his blanket, and slept cat- 
 dozes in an upright position. If his fire be- 
 came too much smothered, he would freshen 
 it up by blowing into one of the air holes. 
 He declared he could make himself sweat 
 
 of the Fallen Timber, on the 20th of 
 
 whenever he chose. The snapping of a dry 
 twig was sufficient to awaken him, when, un- 
 covering his head, he keenly scrutinized in 
 the darkness and gloom around — his right 
 hand on his trusty rifle “ready for the mis- 
 chance of the hour.” A person now, in full 
 security from danger, enjoying the comforts 
 and refinements of civilized life, can scarcely 
 bring his mind to realize his situation, or do 
 ’ustice to the powers of bodily endurance, 
 rmness of nerve, self-reliance and courage, 
 manifested by him that winter. A lone man 
 in a dreary, interminable forest swarming 
 with enemies, bloodthirsty, crafty and of 
 horrid barbarity, without a friend or human 
 being to afford him the least aid, in the 
 depth of winter, the freezing winds moaning 
 through ’the bare and leafless branches of the 
 tall trees, while the dismal howling of a 
 pack of wolves — 
 
 “ Cruel as death, and hungry as the grave ; 
 Burning for blood, bony, gaunt and grim,” 
 
 might be heard in the distance, mingled with 
 the bowlings of the wintry winds, were well 
 calculated to create a lonely sensation about 
 the heart and appall any common spirit. 
 There would he sit, nooding in his blanket, 
 undistinguishable in the darkness from an old 
 stump, enduring the rigor of winter, keeping 
 himself from freezing, yet showing no fire, 
 — calm, ready and prompt to engage in 
 mortal combat, with whatever enemy might 
 assail, whether Indian, bear or panther. At 
 day-light he commenced hunting, proceeding 
 slowly and with extreme caution, looking for 
 game and watching for Indians at the same 
 time. ^ When he found a deer, previously to 
 shooting it, he put a bullet in his mouth, 
 ready for reloading his gun with all possible 
 dispatch, which he did before moving from 
 the spot, casting searching glances in every 
 direction for Indians. Cautiously approach- 
 ing the deer, after he had shot it, he dragged 
 it to a tree and commenced the process of 
 skinning with his back toward the tree, and 
 his rifle leaning against it, in reach of his 
 right hand. And so with his rear protected 
 by the tree, he would skin a short time, then 
 straighten up and scan in every direction, to 
 see if the report of his rifle had brought an 
 Indian in his vicinity, then apply himself to 
 skinning again. If he hepd a stick break, 
 or any, the slightest noise indicating the 
 proximity of animal life, he clutched his rifle 
 instantly, and was on the alert prepared for 
 any emergency. Having skinned and cut up 
 the animal, the four-quarters were packed in 
 the hide, which was so arranged as to be 
 slung on his back like a knapsack, with which 
 
700 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 he wended his way to the fort. If the deer 
 was killed far from the garrison, he only 
 brought in the four-quarters. One day he 
 got within gun-shot of three Indians un- 
 perceived by them. He was on a ridge and 
 they in a hollow. He took aim at the fore- 
 most one, and waited some time for a chance 
 for two to range against each other, intend- 
 ing, if they got in that position, to shoot two 
 and take his chance with the other in single 
 combat. But they continued marching in 
 Indian file, and though he could have killed 
 either of them, the other two would have 
 made the odds against him too great, so he 
 let them pass unmolested. Amidst all the 
 danger to which he was constantly exposed, 
 he passed unharmed. 
 
 Owing to the constant and powerful ex- 
 ercise of the faculties, his ability to hear and 
 discriminate sounds was wonderfully in- 
 creased, and the perceptive faculties much 
 enlarged. He made $70 that winter by 
 hunting, over and above his pay as a soldier. 
 
 At the treaty at Greenville, in 1795, the 
 Indians seemed to consider Hunt as the next 
 
 Mr. T. C. Wright, who supplied the foregoing sketch of Josiah Hunt for our 
 first edition, also gave the annexed historical sketch of Xenia, which name is said 
 to be from a Greek word signifying friendship. 
 
 Xenia was laid olf in the forest, in the autumn of 1803, by Joseph C. Vance, 
 on the land of John Paul, who gave the ground bounded by Main, Market, De- 
 troit and Greene streets, for the public buildings. The first cabin was erected in 
 April, 1804, by John Marshall, in the southwest corner of the town. The first 
 good hewed log-house was erected for the Rev. James Fowler, of the Methodist 
 persuasion, from Petersburg, Va.: it is still standing, and is now the hattePs shop, 
 a short distance west of the old bank. David A. Sanders built the first frame 
 house, on the spot occupied by the new bank ; it is yet standing on Main street, 
 in Gowdy’s addition. 
 
 The first supreme court was held Oct. 3, 1804. The grand jury held their 
 deliberations under a sugar tree in the rear of the present residence of James 
 Gowdy. 
 
 greatest man to Wayne himself. They in* 
 quired for him, got round him, and were 
 loud and earnest in their praises and com- 
 pliments ; “ Great man, Capt. Hunt — great 
 warrior — good hunting man ; Indian no can 
 kill!” They informed him that some of 
 their bravest and most cunning warriors had 
 often set out expressly to kill him. They 
 knew how he made his secret camp-fire, the 
 ingenuity of which excited their admiration. 
 The parties in quest of him had often seen 
 him — could^ describe the dress he wore, and 
 his cap, which was made of a raccoon’s skin 
 with the tail hanging down behind, the front 
 turned up and ornamented with three brass 
 rings. The scalp of such a great hunter 
 and warrior they considered to be an invalu- 
 able trophy. Y et they never could catch him 
 off his guard — never get within shooting dis- 
 tance, without being discovered and exposed 
 to his death-dealing rifle. 
 
 Many years age he went to Indiana, nor 
 has the writer of this ever heard from him 
 since, nor is it known among his old friends 
 here whether he is living. 
 
 The first court of common pleas in Xenia 
 was on the 15th of November, 1804, and was 
 held by the associate judges. A license was 
 granted to “William A. Beatty, to keep a 
 tavern in the town of Xenia for one year, on 
 the payment of $8.00 ! ” This was the first 
 tavern ever licensed in the place. ^ It was a 
 double hewed log-house, two stories high, 
 and was in progress of erection at the same 
 time with Fowler’s house. It stood on the 
 south side of Main street, opposite the public 
 square, on the spot where there now is a two 
 story brick house, occupied as a drug store. 
 In the west room, above stairs, the court was 
 held. The first election in the place was held 
 in this house. It continued to be a tavern 
 until after the last war with Great Britain, 
 and, until Mr. James Collier built his brick 
 tavern on Detroit street, was the grand hotel 
 of the place. In a corner of the west room 
 there was an old-fashioned bar — the upper 
 part enclosed with upright slats of wood, 
 with a. little wicket, through which the grog 
 was handed out in hall' pint glass cruets. In 
 
 time of the war the recruiting ofi5cers pu'c 
 up at this house ; and here might be seen 
 the recruiting sergeant rattling dollps on a 
 drum’s head, and calling for half pints, ap- 
 pealing to the patriotism of the bystanders, 
 tempting them with jingling dollars, and 
 adding thereto the potency of whiskey, to 
 enlist recruits for the arm 3 ^ Court continued 
 to be held in this house for the years 1804 
 and 1805, and until a new court-house was 
 built. 
 
 In 1804 the building of the first jail was 
 let to Amos Durough ; it was received from 
 the contractor in October. It stood on ground 
 now covered by the new court-house, and was 
 constructed of hewed logs. It was burnt 
 down the year following ; and in April, 1806, 
 a new jail was accepted from William A. 
 Beatty. It stood on the site of the present 
 market house — was a rough log-building ; 
 two stories high, with a cabin roof, and was 
 burnt down in time of the war with England. 
 The building of the first court-house was let 
 on the 8th day of April, 1806, to Williaui 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 70! 
 
 Kendall, who was allowed six dollars for 
 clearing the timber from the public square. 
 The house was built of brick, forty feet 
 square and twenty-eight feet high, with a 
 cupola in the centre of the roof, ten feet in 
 diameter and fifteen feet high. It was fin- 
 ished, and on the 14th day of August, 1809, 
 accepted. 
 
 On the 6th of April, 1806, “ a license was 
 
 granted to James Gowdy, for retailing mer- 
 chandise, on his complying with the law ! ” 
 He opened his goods in a log-house, with a 
 mud and stick chimney, which stood on 
 Greene street, at the north end of where Mr. 
 John Ewing’s store now is. He was the first 
 merchant in the place. 
 
 The first punishment for crime was in 1806. 
 The person was convicted for stealing leather, 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe iu 1846. 
 
 Street-view in Xenia. 
 
 to half-sole a pair of shoes. There was a 
 sugar tree on the public square, which served 
 as a whipping-post. He was tied up to the 
 tree, and underwent the sentence of the 
 court, which was to receive one stripe on his 
 bare back, which was inflicted by James Col- 
 lier. The sugar tree served as a whipping- 
 post for the last time on the 8th of October, 
 
 1808. A man was convicted for stealing a 
 shovel-plow and clevis, and the sentence was 
 that he should receive eight lashes on his 
 bareback, “and stand committed until per- 
 formance.” He drank a pint of whiskey just 
 before hugging the tree, though it did not 
 prevent him from halloaing lustily, while 
 receiving the eight stripes. 
 
 Wm. M. Gatch, Phofo., Xenia^ 1886 . 
 
 View in Xenia. 
 
 [Both views were taken near the same stand-point, but showing different sides of the same street, and 
 in time taken 40 years apart. The court-house is yet standing. A fiue bank building now seen on the 
 right side of the new picture occupies the site of the two-story store shown in the old view.] 
 
702 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 Xenia in 1846. — Xenia, the county-seat, is on the Little Miami railroad, 64 
 miles north of Cincinnati, and 61 from Columbus. It is a handsomey flourishing 
 and well-built town, with broad streets, and some fine stores and elegant dwellings. 
 The engraving represents a part of the principal street: the court-house, shown 
 on the left, is the most elegant, as yet built, in Ohio. 
 
 Xenia contains 1 German Lutheran, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Methodist Prot- 
 estant, 1 Seceder, 1 Associate Reformed and 1 Baptist church, beside 2 churches 
 for colored persons — two church edifices are erecting, one by the Presbyterian and 
 the other by the Associate Reformed denomination — 17 mercantile stores, 1 
 foundry, 2 newspaper printing offices, 1 bank, a classical academy in fine repute, 
 and in 1840 had 1,414 inhabitants, and in 1847 about 2,800. — Old Edition. 
 
 Xenia is 55 miles southwest of Columbus and 65 miles north of Cincinnati, 
 on the line of the P. C. & St. L. and D. & I. R. R. It is the county-seat of 
 Greene county. County officers in 1888: Probate Judge, John H. Cooper; 
 Clerk of Court, John A. Cisco; Sheriff, Clement W. Linkhart; Prosecuting At- 
 torney, J. N. Dean: Auditor, William R. Baker; Treasurer, F. E. McGervey, 
 James A. Johnston; Recorder, S. N. Adams; Surveyor, Levi Riddle; Coroner, 
 Addison S. Dry den ; Commissioners, Moses A. Walton, Alfred Johnson, Henry 
 H. Conklin. 
 
 Xewspapers ; Democrat-News , Democrat ; Republican^ Republican, O. W. Mar- 
 shall, editor ; Gazette, Republican ; Torchlight, Republican ; Boss Painters* Jour- 
 nal, Trade. Churches : 2 Methodist, 3 United Presbyterian, 1 Reformed, 1 
 Lutheran, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Catholic, 1 Old School Presbyterian, 2 Col- 
 ored Methodist, 2 Colored Baptist, and 1 Colored Christian. Banks : Citizens 
 National, J. D. Edwards, president, W. R. McGervey, cashier ; Second National, 
 Thomas P. Townley, president, Robert Lytle, cashier; Xenia National, John B. 
 Allen, president, A. S. Frazer, cashier. 
 
 Factories and Employees : J. P. & W. P. Chew, newspaper, 14 hands ; N. F. 
 Copenhaver, lumber, 5 ; Upham & Clayton, builders, wood work, 4 ; Leonard 
 Smith & Co., linseed oil, 1 2 ; The Xenia Paper-Mill Company, brown paper, 25 ; 
 The Field Cordage Company, 183 ; The Xenia Twine and Cordage Company, 94 ; 
 Hoover & Allison Cordage, etc.. 111. — State Report 1887. Population in 1880, 
 7026. School census in 1886, 2107. Edwin B. Cox, superintendent. Xenia is 
 sometimes termed the Twine City ; its three twine factories are said to be the 
 largest west of the Alleghenies. 
 
 In Xenia are two extensive gunpowder companies which do a large business — 
 the Miami Powder Company, whose mills are on the railroad five miles north of 
 the city, and King’s Great Western Powder Company, whose works are near 
 Foster’s Crossings cn the Little Miami. 
 
 THE POWDER MILL EXPLOSION. 
 
 Notwithstanding the care taken the history of all powder works is marked 
 by explosions of greater or less frequency. One of the heaviest of these occurred 
 on the morning of March 1, 1886, at the works of the Miami Powder Company. 
 Several had taken place at the same works in the intervals of years. A large 
 dry house containing 50,000 pounds of powder at this time exploded, from some 
 undiscovered cause. It was completely demolished ; the fields about were strewn 
 with debris, none of it larger than a man’s hand. A car to which a horse had 
 been harnessed could not be found ; one of the large wheels was thrown to the other 
 side of the Miami river, 500 yards distance. Of three men at work tliere the 
 largest part found was a piece of backbone ; other fragments being scattered 
 necessitated the gathering up of the remains in bags and baskets. Part of an arm 
 with other debris was found at Oldtown, a distance of two miles. Houses were 
 injured and debris scattered for miles away. The scene among the families of 
 the employees who flocked to the ruins was heartrending ; as husbands, fathers 
 
GREENE COUNTY, 
 
 • 703 
 
 and brothers came out uninjured, their families gathered about them and wept 
 tears of joy. But to three women and their children the fathers and husbands 
 came liot. 
 
 At Xenia every building was badly shaken and many windows broken. The 
 people rushed out of their houses into the street fearing that the buildings were 
 about to fall ; while north of the city could be seen an immense white cloud of 
 smoke and debris hanging over the scene of devastation. The cloud was photo- 
 graphed from Xenia. Reports of the explosion were heard 100 miles distant. 
 A house three miles from the explosion was completely demolished and the 
 covered bridge on the Yellow Springs turnpike, half a mile distant, was blown in ; 
 while a number of people in the vicinity were so prostrated by the shock that 
 they were confined to their beds for several days after. 
 
 THE XENIA FLOOD. 
 
 In May, 1886, the southern and western parts of Ohio were visited by per- 
 haps the most severe storm or tornado known in the history of the State. The 
 destruction of property was very great throughout several counties, but the 
 greatest damage to life and property prevailed in Greene county, in and about Xenia. 
 
 On the evening of Friday, May 14, 1886, between 8 and 9 o’clock, a violent 
 storm of wind, rain and hail struck Xenia and grew in violence until about 1 2 
 o’clock. The wind came in a continual gale. At 10 o’clock the fire-bells rang 
 an alarm, and the people came forth from their houses to assist in the rescue of 
 the unfortunate. Owing to the dense darkness and the severity of the storm, 
 they could only grope around and were not able to do much. Above the roar of 
 the elements came frantic cries for lielp. 
 
 It was found that Shawnee creek had burst its banks and was rising at the rate of 
 one foot in every five minutes. The stream became a torrent and threatened to 
 submerge the entire southern part of the town, through which it passed ; houses 
 on its banks were most all swept from their foundations or floated down the stream. 
 The house of Aaron Ferguson was carried away and lodged against the Detroit 
 street bridge, where nine persons were rescued from it. 
 
 From this point to the Second street bridge the flood swept everything in its 
 way. The dwellings were mostly occupied by poor people and the waters rose 
 so rapidly that it was with the utmost difficulty that any were rescued. Screams 
 and cries for help came from every quarter, and many acts of heroism were per- 
 formed by the rescuers. Ladders and lanterns were procured to aid in the work, 
 and huge bonfires kindled that the workers might see. 
 
 Alongside the Springfield Railroad, in Barr’s Bottoms, the destruction was ter- 
 rible ; of twenty houses only three remained. The gas works were flooded and 
 coal-oil lamps were in use all over the town. 
 
 The flood seemed to start at a small culvert on the Little Miami Railroad, where 
 the water formed an immense lake rising to tlie top of the embankment, when it 
 suddenly broke through and swept down upon the toAvn. In some places where 
 the houses were carried away the ground was washed as smooth as a floor, leaving 
 not a vestige of .plank or timber. 
 
 It was prayer-meeting night in Xenia, and many people had attended the meet- 
 ings, leaving their children at home alone ; the storm detained them in the churches, 
 but when they learned its disastrous results they rushed forth in an agony of ap- 
 prehension for the safety of their children, who had, however, mostly been taken 
 to places of safety by rescuing parties. Their anguish while searching for the 
 missing little ones was heartrending to see. Strong men wept and Avomen Avrung 
 their hands while rushing hither and thither, and were filled Avith doubt, hope and 
 dread. 
 
 A house containing Orin Morris and family Avas seen floating doAAm the stream, 
 and the screams of the family could be heard above the roar of the relentless 
 
704 • 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 waters. Then the house struck the solid masonry of a bridge, sank, and all was 
 still. Afterwards two of his children were saved. 
 
 Among many others whose heroic efforts saved many lives that horrible night 
 were six young men, named Watson, Tarbox, Byres, Morris, Paxton and Eyler. 
 (The town of Xenia presented these young men with medals commemorative of 
 their bravery.) 
 
 Byres made three attempts to swim to the Ferguson house (which lodged against 
 the Detroit street bridge) with a rope around his waist, but was swept away each 
 time by the swift current. Finally Tarbox succeeded in reaching the house by 
 going farther up stream and allowing the current to carry him against the house, 
 from which the family was rescued, the house going to pieces just as the last person 
 was taken out. 
 
 A colored boy named Booker, who was rescued with his mother from one of the 
 buildings, could have saved himself but w^ould not leave his mother, whom he 
 placed with great difficulty on top of some furniture ; then groping his way around, 
 with the water up to his neck, he found a rope and after great effort succeeded in 
 fastening the floating house to a tree, where the two remained until rescued. Rev. 
 Mr. Yorkey and Homer Thrall succeeded in rescuing Mrs. John Burch from her 
 house ; she was found with the water up to her neck, holding her baby above her 
 head. 
 
 The scene at the mayor’s office next morning was a sad one ; here were brought 
 the bodies of those who had lost their lives ; some were in night-clothes, having 
 been swept away while in bed, others were partially dressed. Side by side lay the 
 bodies of the Morris family, seven in number. In all there were twenty-three 
 bodies, although the total number of lives lost was about thirty, as other bodies 
 were afterward found one or two miles below the town, carried there by the pow- 
 erful current. The dead included the young and old, white and colored. 
 
 The mayor and city authorities took active measures for the relief of the sur- 
 viving sufferers, and aid was generously forthcoming from other cities. 
 
 The loss of lives by this storm was confined to the toAvn of Xenia, but the loss 
 of property extended throughout a large district of territory into many counties. 
 Railroad bridges Avere destroyed and tracks washed away throughout many parts 
 of Southwestern Ohio. In Greene county nearly every bridge in the county was 
 destroyed, while the pikes were so washed out that access to Xenia Avas almost 
 entirely cut off. The day after the flood the correspondent of the Oincinnati Com- 
 mercial Gazette^ from Avhose communication to that journal most of these facts are 
 gathered, Avas fiA^e hours going from Dayton to Xenia (16 miles), being compelled 
 to AA^alk, make use of boat, farm Avagons, railroads, hand-car and carriage. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 To haA^e chats Avith old gentlemen has been 
 to me in my years of historic travel a great 
 source of amusement and instruction. Such 
 grow mellow and sweet under the revival of 
 memories of events and characters of their 
 early days. I always found they ran largely 
 to anecdote, and the humorous rather than 
 the sad formed the burden of their talk. 
 
 In Xenia two elderly gentlemen ministered 
 to my entertainment — I)r. Geo. Watt and 
 James E. Galloway. The first named was 
 born in the county in 1820, was surgeon in 
 the One hundred and fifty-fourth Ohio, and 
 is an invalid from an injury to the spine, a 
 direct result, of his love for the old flag. 
 
 Feeding Joe Hookers Soldiers . — The first 
 point of oui talk Avas the passing of Joe 
 Hooker’s army corps of some 30,000 men 
 through Xenia. They were on their way 
 from the sea-board to the mountains of 
 
 Georgia. It was a mighty host, and it was 
 days in passing ; and these boys in blue had 
 to be feJ The whole town was alive in the 
 good work, women busy cooking and all min- 
 istering to the blue-coated host, a free offer- 
 ing of hospitality on the altar of patriotisni. 
 Such were the scenes and the common sacri- 
 fices of that period in Ohio on the lines of 
 transportation. It helped to ennoble the 
 people, but is one of those minor matters 
 illustrating the spirit of the times that rarely 
 finds a place in formal history. 
 
 Indian Anecdote . — The Doctor’s memory 
 went back to the time “when the Indians 
 were about,’’ and so he told me this. About 
 the year 1825 Father IMahin, a local preacher 
 of the iMethodist church li\fing in the eastern 
 art of the county, having lost his wife, and 
 is children being properly cared for, went as 
 a self-supporting missionary to the Wyandot 
 Indians near Upper Sandusky. 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 705 
 
 He had a mechanical turn and made him- 
 self especially useful in giving them, with 
 moral and religious instruction, a knowledge 
 of the arts of civilized life, as blacksmithing, 
 shoemaking and the like. I well remember 
 a scene occurring when I was about five years 
 of age. Six Indians, the first I ever saw, 
 came to my father’s, having been sent to see 
 why Father Mahin, who was at home on a 
 visit, had not returned to them at the ex- 
 pected time, and if needed to aid him in the 
 journey. 
 
 My mother gave them their dinner, and 
 when they asked the way to Father Mahin’s 
 she replied it was about a mile distant in a 
 direct line and two miles by the road. “I 
 advise you,” she said, “ to go by the road as 
 you may miss the way.” “What ! ” replied 
 the leader, “must Indian keep out of the 
 woods ? Indian get lost ? Point to Father’s 
 wigwam and tell what it like.”^ She pointed 
 the direction and gave instructions, and they 
 set out across the fields, fences and woods, 
 going direct, as she afterward learned. 
 
 An Eccentric Character. — On the preced- 
 ing pages are amusing accounts of early times, 
 in this county, contributed to our first edition 
 by Thomas Coke Wright, at the time county 
 auditor. He was, I think, the most eccentric 
 as well as the most beloved man of his time 
 in Greene county, and when I knew him was 
 about sixty years of age. He was nearly six 
 feet in stature, very fieshy, face florid, and he 
 was excessively deaf. His voice was light, 
 pitched upon a high key, and he was a com- 
 plete specimen in his simplicity of a child- 
 man, susceptible and quickly responsive to 
 every shade of emotion. At one moment 
 speaking of something sad, his face would 
 put on the most lugubrious aspect, and his 
 fine high voice crying tones : then in a 
 twinkling, as something droll flitted across his 
 memory which he would relate, there would 
 come out a merry laugh. The expression of 
 his face when at rest was sad, as is usual with 
 very deaf people of strong social natures, 
 being in this respect different from the blind, 
 who are generally happy. It is because the 
 first, by the use of vision, are constantly re- 
 minded of their infirmity, while the last can 
 have no conception of their great deprivation. 
 
 Mr. Wright was indeed what they term “ a 
 character,” one worthy of the pen of a 
 Dickens, and, like the Cheeryble brothers, 
 superabounding in benevolence and sociality. 
 He was a native of Virginia, and when a 
 young man had been a teacher under Father 
 Finley, the missionary to the Wyandots. He 
 later studied law, but becoming too deaf to 
 practice, the people gave him the position of 
 county auditor. He was a poor accountant, 
 but he got along with an assistant. His de- 
 ficiencies made no dilference, his super- 
 abounding aff'ection for everybody was such 
 that the plain farmers, irrespective of politics, 
 would have given him any office he wanted, 
 he was such a warm friend to everybody and 
 so anxious to do everybody some good. He 
 was a Kepublican, loved his old native Vir- 
 ginia, and told me some excellent anecdotes 
 
 illustrative of the affection some of the old- 
 time slave-holders had for their old servants, 
 with whom they had begun life as children 
 playing together. 
 
 Dr. Watt related an amusing incident of 
 Mr. Wright, who died shortly after the war, 
 at an advanced age. Said he : “A few years 
 before his death, the late Dr. Joseph Tem- 
 pleton, of Washington, Pa., but a former 
 resident of Xenia, visited here, and the late 
 Dr. S. Martin and myself were entertaining 
 him. As we walked with him to the railroad 
 station we met Mr-. Wright. The two men, 
 equally deaf, ■ cordially saluted each other, 
 when this dialogue ensued : 
 
 Templeton. — Xenia has greatly improved 
 since I left. 
 
 Wright. — It is a great misfortune, but the 
 best thing for us is a short tin trumpet. 
 
 Templeton. — Some very fine business blocks 
 have been built. 
 
 Wright. — I’d show you mine, but a tinner 
 has it for a pattern while making a new one 
 for a friend. 
 
 Templeton. — Some of my old friends now 
 reside in very fine houses. 
 
 Wright. — I’ll have one made and send it 
 to you if you will give me your address. 
 
 “And in twenty minutes’ conversation,” 
 continued Dr. Watt, “they got no nearer. 
 As we went on. Dr. Templeton cordially 
 thanked us for waiting to let him have such 
 a pleasant conversation with his old friend 
 Coke Wright. Coming back we met Mr. 
 Wright, who still more cordially thanked us 
 for our patient waiting, as he had not had 
 such a pleasant chat for years. ’ ’ 
 
 Mr. Galloway I found living in his rooms 
 over some stores in the centre of the town, 
 alone among his books and papers and old- 
 time relics. Among these, over the door, 
 were the horns of the last deer killed in 
 Greene county. The year of Mr. Galloway’s 
 birth I know not, but evidently it was so 
 far back that he must have been born in 
 some cabin in the woods, or perhaps in one 
 near their leafy margins, among the girdled 
 trunks of the skeleton monsters of a once 
 luxuriant forest. 
 
 The Bullet Barometer. — His grandfather, 
 James Galloway, Sen., a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was the first settler in his part of the 
 county. In 1797 he came from Kentucky, 
 and built a cabin on the Little Miami, near 
 the site of the Miami Powder Mills. During 
 the revolutionary war he was in the service 
 of the United States in the capacity of 
 hunter, to procure game for the army. “ My 
 grandfather,” said he, “was in the Blue Lick 
 fight in Kentucky and during the campaign 
 of 1792 he was shot by the renegade Simon 
 Girty, whom he well knew. He had met 
 Girty while on horseback going through the 
 woods face to face, who, perceiving that he 
 was unarmed, said: “Now, Galloway, d — n 
 you, I have got you,” and instantly fired 
 three small bullets into his body. Girty sup- 
 posed he had killed him. Although in a 
 fainting condition, Galloway wheeled his 
 horse and made good his escape. One bullet 
 
7o6 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 passed through his shoulder and stopped in 
 the back of his neck. He carried it there for 
 many j^ears, and brought it with him to Ohio. 
 It was a great source of annoyance, which 
 varied much with the state of the weather. 
 It served one useful purpose — acted as a 
 barometer ; so much so that when anything 
 important was to be done requiring good 
 weather, the neighbors would send to him to 
 learn the prospect. Finally grandfather con- 
 
 The Galloway Chair. 
 
 eluded that he must part with his barometer; 
 it was getting altogether too demonstrative. 
 There was no surgeon about, so one day he 
 sent for a cobbler and seating himself in his 
 big arm-chair the cobbler extracted it, using 
 his shoe knife and awl.” 
 
 Having told me this, Mr. Galloway took 
 me into his attic and brought out the identical 
 old arm-chair in which his grandfather had 
 sat when the cobbler had turned surgeon. I 
 found it the most comfortable of seats. It 
 
 was hand-made, very strong, the wood maple 
 and hickory, and a great deal of thought with 
 faithful workmanship had gone into its con- 
 struction. The seat was very elastic. It con- 
 sisted of a network of deer-thongs covered 
 with buckskin, so that it yielded gently to 
 every varying pressure or movement of the 
 person. The back slats were each curved 
 with a due regard to exactly fitting the part 
 of the form leaning against it, the lowest 
 having, as it should, great curvature. The 
 chair arms were a curiosity, inasmuch as each 
 terminated in a knob in which were cut 
 grooves to admit the spreading fingers of a 
 sitter, while resting in comfort. 
 
 Teemnseh Smitten with Rebecca Galloway. 
 — Having shown me the arm-chair, Mr. Gal- 
 loway gave me some anecdotes of the great 
 Indian chief. “Tecumseh,” said he, ‘‘was 
 a young man of about thirty years when my 
 grandfather first moved into Greene county. 
 He lived some fifteen or twenty miles away. 
 They became great friends, Tecumseh being 
 a frequent visitor. Whether the chief was 
 attracted by friendship for grandfather or his 
 fancy for his daughter, my aunt Rebecca, was 
 at first a matter of conjecture ; it was soon 
 evident, however, that he was smitten with 
 the “ white girl,” but according to the Indian 
 custom he made his advances to the father, 
 who referred him to his daughter. 
 
 Although Tecumseh was brave in battle he 
 was timid in love, and it was a long time before 
 he could get his courage up to the sticking- 
 point, which he did finally and proposed, of- 
 fering her fifty broaches of silver. She de- 
 clined, telling him she did not wish to be a 
 wild woman and work like an Indian squaw. 
 He replied that she need not work, as he 
 would make her a “^reat squaw.” Not- 
 withstanding his rejection, he ever remained 
 friendly with the family. 
 
 Tecumseh on a Spree . — The books speak 
 of Tecumseh having been a large man; but 
 this, I can assure you, was not so ; he was but 
 a moderate-sized Indian. He was fond of 
 “fire-water,” and would go on a spree some- 
 times, when he would become very trouble- 
 some and provoking. On one occasion, when 
 at the shop of “Blacksmith” James Gal- 
 loway (a cousin of my grandfather’s who lived 
 on the banks of Mad River), Tecumseh, being 
 on one of his big “ drunks,” became very in- 
 sulting and annoying. Galloway grew angry, 
 and being a very powerful man took him, 
 much to his disgust, and tied him up to a 
 tree until he became more sober and quiet. 
 
 THE SOLDIERS’ AND SAILORS’ ORPHANS’ HOME. 
 
 This noble institution of the State is loeated at Xenia. The Home farm con- 
 sists of 275 acres, on a healtlifnl site a mile southeasterly from the centre of the 
 town and about three-quarters from the depot of the Little Miami railroad. 
 
 The buildings consist of an administration building with large dining-room at- 
 tached, the two forming an Egyptian cross ; twenty cottages, ten on each side of 
 the administration building, a school-house, chapel, hospital, laundry, industrial 
 building, engine room, gas houses and all necessary farm-buildings. The build- 
 
GREENE COUNTY. fifi 
 
 ings are substantial brick structures, except the industrial and farm-buildings and 
 green houses. 
 
 The administration building has three stories, and is oceupied by the officers 
 and teachers ; the cottages are two stories high, and are arranged to aceommodate 
 thirty-four ehildren each ; the school-house is three stories high, and will accom- 
 modate nearly 700 children. The chapel has a seating capacity of 700 ; the 
 hospital is well arranged for the care of the sick. The building annexed to the 
 administration building, known as the Domestic building, is three stories in height, 
 the basement being occupied by the kitchen and bakery ; the second story is tlie 
 children’s dining-room, with a seating capacity of nearly 700 ; the third story con- 
 tains sleeping apartments for certain of the employees, and the linen and store 
 rooms. The children all sleep in the cottages, each cottage being -under the charge 
 of a matron. The principal buildings are heated by steam, lighted by gas and 
 supplied with water from the water-tower in the rear. This water originally 
 came from Shawnee creek, which runs through the grounds. 
 
 The large view was taken from a standpoint in the forest north of the cottages. 
 It shows just half of them and the administration building, the other half being 
 on the other side of that building. They are about 1800 feet from the road to 
 Xenia, and form a continuous line of 1500 feet. The ground in front is a grassy 
 lawn, sloping down through an open forest, beyond which, on a little lower ground 
 near the road, winds Shawnee creek, a mere rivulet which is crossed by a bridge. 
 On the path side, as the visitor enters the ground, he is greeted by a floral design 
 speaking from the ground itself, a single word only — Welcome.” 
 
 It was a morning late in the autumn when we entered the place, and found the 
 children scattered on the lawn enjoying themselves, playing at games in the bright 
 sunshine. It was our second visit, after a lapse of a year and a half. A little 
 later, while adjusting the camera for the picture, the music sounded from the boys’ 
 band in the distance near the school-house, summoning them to school. Looking 
 up we saw the boys in their neat military costumes arranged in companies in front 
 of the cottages as shown in the picture. In one place was a platoon of urchins 
 in zouave costumes : red leggings and red fez. In another, one girl in the bright 
 garb of a vivandier, at the end of a platoon of boys. It was indeed a charming 
 picture. A few minutes elapsed ; we were too busy to look up. When we did, 
 not a soul Avas to be seen ; not a sound was heard. It was a surprise to us, the 
 sudden change. The whole, some 600 strong, boys and girls, had been hived 
 in the school-house seen in the extreme distance. 
 
 It is the custom of the superintendent, Maj. Xoah Thomas, an armless ex-soldier 
 who carries an empty sleeve, to take a stand on the steps of the administration 
 building on these occasions, and as the companies of boys march by they give him 
 the military salute. 
 
 Historical Shetch. — ^The initiatory steps 
 toward tlie establishment of a SoiiDlERs’ AND 
 Sailors’ Orphans’ Home were taken in 
 1869 by the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 Its purpose was to secure necessary funds 
 through private beneficence, believing that 
 having placed the project well on foot the 
 State would take it up and carry it to its 
 consummation. On June 21 , 1 869, a meeting 
 was held in the city hall at Xenia to devise 
 the ways and means for perfecting the plan. 
 On July 13th a second meeting was held 
 therein and addressed by Gov. Hayes, Con- 
 gressman Winans, Capt. Earnshaw and oth- 
 ers. Subscriptions to the amount of $16,500 
 were guaranteed, Eli Millen, Lester Arnold 
 and J. C. McMillen subscribing $1,000 each. 
 
 In the meantime the citizens of Xenia and 
 
 representatives of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic Avere actively at work ; a desirable 
 location in the vicinity of Xenia was selected, 
 and the press advocated the immediate erec- 
 tion of buildings. 
 
 The Grand Army of the Republic appointed 
 a board of control consisting of Gen. G eo. B. 
 Wright, Maj. M. S. Gunckel, Col. H. G. 
 Armstrong, Eli Millen, Judge White, Mrs. 
 R. B. HaA^es, Mrs. H. L. Monroe and Mrs. 
 Ann E. McMeans, which met October 11th 
 and agreed to accept the location ofiered by 
 the people of Xenia. 
 
 Contracts were made for the erection of 
 four cottages. In anticipation of the early 
 establishment of the “ Home,” a number of 
 children had been gathered at Xenia and 
 temporary provision made by leasing quarters 
 
708 
 
 GREENE COUNTY, 
 
 on Main street. Mrs. A. McMeans was elected 
 superintendent in January, 1870, but resigned 
 in a short time and Maj, M. S. Gunckel was 
 appointed acting superintendent, with Mrs. 
 Edington, of Chicago, as matron and four 
 others as assistants and teachers. January 
 23, 1870, it was decided to construct at once 
 a large frame building as a dormitory and 
 dining-room, and contracts were made for 
 the erection of five more cottages. Children 
 were now coming in rapidly ; there were about 
 one hundred in the temporary quarters and 
 numerous applications on file. Contributions 
 and donations, principally wearing apparel 
 and bedding, were sent in from all parts of 
 the State. 
 
 A committee from the State Legislature 
 visited the “Home.” February 28th a 
 public meeting was held in the City Hall, 
 attended by the children in a body, and one 
 of them. Master Howard E. Gilkey, of 
 Cleveland, delivered a touching speech, pre- 
 senting the claims of the orphaned children 
 upon the State. The entire audience was 
 much affected by his speech, and after other 
 speeches the committee returned to Colum- 
 bus, thoroughly convinced that it was the 
 duty of the State to at once assume the care 
 of the orphaned children of its soldiers and 
 sailors. A bill was introduced in the Legis- 
 lature to “establish Ohio Soldiers’ and Sail- 
 ors’ Orphans’ Homes.” The bill provided 
 that such institutions should be under the 
 control of a board of managers, consisting of 
 seven citizens appointed by the Governor; 
 that there should be received into the Homes 
 the children residing in Ohio, not _ beyond 
 sixteen years of age, of deceased, indigent 
 and permanently disabled soldiers and sailors 
 who served during the rebellion. Thirteen 
 thousand dollars was appropriated, and such 
 part of the property of the State at White 
 Sulphur Springs in Delaware county as was 
 not necessary for the Reform and Industrial 
 School for Girls, already located at that 
 place, should be set apart for the establish- 
 ment of a “ Home.” The bill also provided 
 that in case the orphans could not be com- 
 fortably and well accommodated at White 
 Sulphur Springs without interfering with the 
 efficiency of the Industrial School for Girls, 
 that the Board of Managers should have au- 
 thority to accept by donation or bequest a 
 suitable tract of land at a convenient point, 
 with necessary accommodations, buildings 
 and equipments, for two hundred and fifty 
 children. This bill was passed April 14, 
 1870, and the following gentlemen were ap- 
 pointed a Board of Managers by the Gov- 
 ernor : R. P. Buckland, Fremont ; Janies 
 Barnett, Cleveland; J. Warren Keifer, 
 Springfield ; Benj. F. Coate, Portsmouth ; 
 M. F. Force, Cincinnati ; J. S. Jones, Dela- 
 ware ; H. G. Armstrong, Cincinnati. There 
 was much objection to its requirement that 
 the Home should be established at White 
 Sulphur Springs ; but, as that property 
 could not be made available for the purpose 
 of the law, at a meeting of the Board of 
 Managers held in Delaware, May 13th, they 
 
 resolved that they would accept a suitable 
 tract of land with buildings, etc. , at some 
 other point, as provided by the act of the 
 Legislature. 
 
 May 25th the Board of Managers accepted 
 the proposition of Gen. Geo. B. Wright, 
 Maj. M. S. Gunckel and Col. H. G. Arm- 
 strong, representing the Board of Control of 
 the Xenia Home, which was to complete the 
 work already commenced under their au- 
 spices, and have the same ready for occu- 
 pancy by June 1st. A large force of men at 
 once resumed work on the buildings, and on 
 August 16, 1870, they were ready for pre- 
 sentation to the State. Dr. I. D. Griswold 
 was elected superintendent and Mrs. Gris- 
 wold matron. During this month the chil- 
 dren were transferred to the three cottages 
 and the large frame building (now occupied 
 as the workshop). The Board passed upon 
 application for more than two hundred 
 and fifty children, including those already 
 collected, who numbered one hundred and 
 twenty-three at an average age of nine years. 
 The whole number of children in the State 
 entitled to the benefits of the “Home” was 
 estimated at 800. Of these 350 had already 
 made application for admission, and another 
 appropriation was made in May, 1871, to in- 
 crease the accommodations. 
 
 The plan of dividing the children into 
 families in cottages, separating the sexes, 
 was found to work excellently, thereby ren- 
 dering government easier and less liability to 
 sickness and epidemic. A main building 
 served to provide a suitable dining-hall, cul- 
 inary department, school-rooms, etc. Many 
 of the larger children were required to work, 
 the boys on the farm and the girls in the do- 
 mestic department. 
 
 In 1872 additional land was secured to en- 
 large the farm, and many improvements 
 made on the grounds and buildings, and the 
 following spring a large number of fruit trees 
 and vines were planted. In 1874 a system 
 of industrial education was inaugurated. 
 Shops were established to teach printing, 
 telegraphing, tailoring, dressmaking, knit- 
 ting, carpentering, blacksmithing, shoemak- 
 ing and tinning. Gentlemen well versed in 
 the different branches were placed at the 
 head of each department. 
 
 The inmates now numbered nearly 600, 
 and although the general health had been 
 good, the prevalence of sore ejTS was no- 
 ticeable, and Dr. C. B. Jones, the physician, 
 ui)on investigation discovered that the trou- 
 ble arose from the manner in which the in- 
 mates washed their hands a-nd faces. This 
 was done in tin wash-basins, three to each 
 cottage, the drying being done with one large 
 towel. Fixtures were introduced so that the 
 washing was done in running water, and the 
 drying with separate towels, and the epi- 
 demic soon disappeared. The measles and 
 scarlet fever had also appeared simultane- 
 ously with the coming of every winter sea- 
 son. Investigation into the cause of this 
 showed that every spring the heavier winter 
 bed clothing had been stored away in closets 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 709 
 
 without airing or washing. Washing, air- 
 ing and drying before storing in the spring 
 prevented a recurrence of these diseases. 
 
 Further appropriations by the Legislature 
 and a steady improvement in the system of 
 management brought to the institution a 
 high degree of efficiency in accomplishing the 
 objects for which it was founded. 
 
 On February 16, 1879, the destruction of 
 the administration and domestic buildings by 
 fire involved a loss to the State of nearly 
 $75,000, and to the employees and officers of 
 sums ranging from $100 to $500. The Leg- 
 islature speedily authorized the rebuilding 
 of the destroyed structures, and plans were 
 adopted for making the new buildings fire- 
 proof 
 
 On the 27th day of April, 1884, the insti- 
 tution was visited by a most terrific cyclone. 
 The storm did not rage to exceed one minute, 
 but with force indescribable, tearing away the 
 roofs of the laundry, hospital and other 
 buildings, completely demolishing the barn, 
 wagon and tool sheds, carrying away the 
 roof of the hospital a distance of five hun- 
 
 dred feet, in an almost unbroken condition 
 until it struck the earth, driving slates into 
 the trees with such force as that it was im- 
 possible to remove them with the hand ; re- 
 moving a large part of the east veranda from 
 its foundation, tearing down timber, fences, 
 and other structures, and carrying a portion 
 of the wreck miles away, and yet there was 
 no human being injured, except two em- 
 ployees slightly, although there were at the 
 time within the institution about seven hun- 
 dred and fifty men, women and children ; the 
 children all being at supper. 
 
 The damages resulting from the cyclone 
 were repaired, at a cost of $7,500, a large 
 ortion of the money used for that purpose 
 aving been procured by Governor George 
 Hoadly and Hon. John Little, they having 
 given their joint promissory note for $5,152.- 
 50, and Mr. Little his individual note for 
 $508.75. 
 
 This was the same cyclone which visited 
 Jamestown in this county, with such disas- 
 trous results, an account of which is given on 
 another page. 
 
 In 1888 the institution was under the superintendence of M^’or Noah Thomas, 
 with Mrs. Alice Thomas matron, Leigh McClung physician, George H. Harlan 
 financial officer. The Educational Department, with Horace A. Stokes as prin- 
 cipal, had sixteen lady teachers. The cottage matrons numbered twenty, also a 
 hospital matron, Mrs. Ephraim Hardesty, and Miss Kosa Bauerle supply ma- 
 tron and teacher The number of children November 15, 1887, were 668, of 
 whom 242 were girls, 426 boys. 
 
 The occupations taught are domestic economy, stenography, shoemaking, farm- 
 ing, carpentering, painting, girls’ sewing, printing, tinning, gardening, engineer- 
 ing, baking, tailoring, dressmaking, blacksmithing, cutting and fitting dress- 
 making. 
 
 Board of Trustees . — Charles H. Grosvenor, Athens ; Nelson A. Fulton, Xenia ; 
 William C. Lyon, Newark; John S. Jones, Delaware; and Andrew Schwarz, 
 Columbus. ' 
 
 The average age of the children is about eleven years, and were it double its 
 capacity the Home would speedily be filled with orphans of the class contemplated 
 by the law. The annual expense is for each orphan about $140. This is about 
 what it is with the inmates of the other charitable institutions, as the Deaf and 
 Dumb, Blind, Imbecile and Insane. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 “■ The Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' 
 
 Home" at Xenia is one of the bright places in 
 the State . It pays the people largely to sustain 
 it. I was a guest over night March 17, 1886, 
 and then, passing there a few hours of the 
 next day, saw much to admire and nothing 
 to condemn. It is as one great household 
 where system and order and a conscientious 
 spirit everywhere prevails. 
 
 The Food and Health . — At these various 
 State charitable institutions the inmates all 
 live well. The food is of the very best, much 
 fruit, vegetables and milk ; with no dishes 
 of flummery for cloyed appetites, but all 
 simple, well cooked, and healthy ; far better 
 than in most private families or hotels. The 
 sleeping apartments are well ventilated, am- 
 
 ple washing facilities are supplied and a 
 healthy temperature maintained by good heat- 
 ing facilities. Aside from this comes the 
 element of uniform employment without the 
 fret, worry and hurry and idleness that often 
 attend life elsewhere. Hence the health of 
 the inmates generally surpasses that of any 
 like number of people outside of such institu- 
 tions. Only one death had occurred here in 
 the three years prior to my visit. 
 
 The Ages . — Children are here of all ages 
 from the infant of nineteen months to those 
 of sixteen years. Beyond the sixteenth 
 birthday none are allowed by law to remain. 
 Places where they can earn their own living 
 are generally found against the arrival of the 
 sixteenth birthday, and by that time they have 
 been taught some industry to help them do 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 7TO 
 
 so. Some who have been bred here are 
 among the teachers, and in time the entire 
 supply may come from the institution itself. 
 
 I visited the various shops, among them 
 the printing office, where they print a weekly 
 newspaper, the fruit and vegetable store- 
 house, and the greenhouse, with its array of 
 flowers. The hospital I did not enter ; it is 
 not much used, as there are rarely many in- 
 mates. 
 
 Uses of Children. — A school-room, es- 
 pecially if filled with very small children, is 
 always attractive. A world without children 
 would be a stupid spot. Thej'^ make things 
 lively, are the best sort of instructoi's, their 
 ignorance, helplessness and trustful leaning 
 so developing to our own high good, often so 
 warming the heart in delightful emotion, 
 that, even before the Master himself came to 
 utter the words, “Suffer little children to 
 come unto me,” multitudes of our race must 
 have experienced the angelic glow that comes 
 from their appealing presence. 
 
 Beauty of the Dawning Intellect. — No 
 flower opens with more beauty to sip the 
 morning dew as it glistens upon its fragile 
 petals, than the heart of the young child to 
 the reception of kindness and love, while it 
 literally hungers and thirsts after knowledge, 
 finding itself in this great storehouse of crea- 
 tion, with everything around new and strange, 
 made for its use and development. 
 
 Yes, everything : the glory of the earth 
 by day ; the glory of the vast dome by 
 night ; time, that never was, but ever is ; 
 space, witli its immensity that has no bounds ; 
 and, moreover, the qualities of justice, truth 
 and love, higher than all material things, 
 which always were, before anything was, 
 ready existing for their exercise whenever 
 sentient life could spring into creation. 
 
 And then a Supreme Intelligence and 
 Supreme Power over all, that creates, bring- 
 ing these qualities into the uses of the think- 
 ing life he has created, and to fill it with 
 joy and gratitude as it learns to discern more 
 and more, through all time, through all 
 eternity, the full perfection and superlative 
 beauty of the universe, of which not the least 
 woiider will be that he finds himself a part. 
 It is in this view to what children are the 
 heirs, that to supply their highest wants, to 
 give to them the noblest, purest development, 
 is among the highest, most bliss-filling of 
 duties. 
 
 An Exhibition of the Little People. — I 
 entered the far building in the picture, the 
 school-house. The first room I went in was 
 for small children, about eight years of age. 
 There were forty boys and girls under the 
 charge of Miss Pix. The room was on the 
 ground floor, spacious, and lighted on two 
 sides by nine windows. These gave a pleas- 
 ing outlook upon green fields and noble trees, 
 with the early buds of a spring morning un- 
 folding in the sunlight. I now state what 
 happened. 
 
 1st. School opened with the Lord’s Prayer. 
 
 2d. With folded hands and bowed heads 
 the children repeated : 
 
 “I thank thee, Lord, for quiet rest, 
 
 And for Thy care of me,” etc. 
 
 3d. A hyinn was sung by the children, 
 “Gentle Saviour,” followed by one entitled 
 “Little Ones,” “Jesus, when He Left the 
 Skies,” etc. 
 
 4th. Recitation. The noted poem of Alice 
 Carey, beginning with — 
 
 “Among the beautiful pictures 
 That hang on memory’s wall. 
 
 Is one of a dim old forest 
 That seemeth the best of all.” 
 
 5th. Recitation : 
 
 “Do your best, your very best ; 
 
 Do it every day,” etc. 
 
 6th. Recitation : 
 
 “ One step and then another. 
 
 And the longest walk is ended,” etc. 
 
 After these preliminaries they went through 
 exercises on the blackboards, and their pro- 
 ficiency was surprising. 
 
 I then arose to go into some of the other 
 rooms, when the teacher called out a little 
 one as a guide. As the midget came to me 
 I lifted him up under the arms. He was as 
 light as a kitten, and as his little legs dangled 
 in the air I kissed him, whereupon the other 
 thirty-nine midgets burst forth with a simul- 
 taneous laugh, in which their teacher, Miss 
 Sarah Belle Dix, joined — making forty laughs 
 as the product of a single kiss. 
 
 The Cottages. — A little later I went ex- 
 ploring the twenty cottages, each cottage with 
 its family of thirty-four, presided over by a 
 matron or cottage mother, thirteen cottages 
 occupied by boys and seven by girls, and sixteen 
 cottages in a straight line, facing the town of 
 Xenia a mile away, with two others at each 
 end facing at right angles. 
 
 "A plank walk passes in front of the cot- 
 tages, over which is a continuous roof, as 
 shown in the engraving. This is a shelter 
 from the rain and the sun when the children 
 march out from their cottages to the great 
 dining-hall in the main building. 
 
 The dining-hall has four long tables, with 
 a seating capacity for 700 children. They 
 march in with military tread, accompanied by 
 the matrons. When seated, they repeat the 
 Lord’s Prayer in concert. The matrons wait 
 on and serve the children under their con- 
 trol. 
 
 When I approached the doors of the cot- 
 tages I found them all open and no persons 
 resent but the matron of each, the children 
 eing at school and some in the shops at 
 work. One matron'after another invited me 
 in, as I came to their open doors. None of 
 the matrons are teachers in the school. Each 
 matron simply has charge of her cottage as a 
 mother does of her children at home ; in each 
 the children are of about the same age. The 
 matrons are fully occupied in school hours, 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 having the rooms to look after and the chil- 
 dren’s clothing to mend. The older girls 
 largely assist them, and learn housewifery 
 after the very best kind of instruction. 
 
 The larger picture shows the form of each 
 cottage, which are all on the same model. 
 The general sitting-room is on the ground 
 floor. I describe one of the several I en- 
 tered, and they are mainly all alike. The 
 
 7if 
 
 room was about thirty-three by eighteen feet. 
 It was carpeted, with two rows of chairs run- 
 ning lengthwise. On the walls hung pictures ; 
 a table was in the centre, with a few books 
 upon it. In front of this was a doll’s table, 
 with play-dishes and dolls sitting around. 
 One mother doll was in a pleasure carriage 
 on the floor, holding a baby doll in each arm. 
 The toys for the children are supplied by 
 
 Frank llenrii Howe , Photo ., 1888. 
 
 Sitting-Room of a Cottage, Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home. 
 
 ihe Grand Army. Last Christmas there was 
 a great celebration here, and a deputation 
 from them who distributed presents. The 
 pictures and ornaments on the walls are paid 
 for by saving the rags and old papers of the 
 Institution. 
 
 In the small picture are shown three doors. 
 That in the centre leads up-stairs. That on 
 the left is to the sitting-room of the matron ; 
 on the right is the children’s store-room, 
 where each child’s clothes are laid away in a 
 series of drawers against the walls, a drawer 
 to a child, and each one with its name or 
 number. Over these rooms is the wash-room 
 and the matron’s bed-room. The children’s 
 dormitory is over the sitting-room, and of the 
 same size. The floor is uncarpeted, the walls 
 white, the coverlets to the beds white ; the 
 bedsteads are of oak, seventeen in number, 
 arranged in rows. Two children occupy a 
 single bed. Everything there is neat, sweet 
 and clean, as it indeed is about everything 
 connected with the Home. Many house- 
 keepers might learn much in these regards by 
 visiting the various State Institutions. The 
 general tone of the bed-rooms is a snow-like 
 whiteness and purity, with floods of light 
 from ample windows. 
 
 The Matrons welcome visitors and take a 
 just pride in showing them through their 
 cottages. Among them one sees a variety 
 of character. There is the large, fleshy 
 
 woman with rosy cheeks, who has charge of 
 the smallest troop of boys. Her face is 
 redolent with goodness and smiles, and it is 
 pleasing to see the little ones clustering around 
 her to be caressed and share the envied kiss. 
 Then there is the tall, strong woman, some- 
 what advanced in years. She has no especial 
 call for the exercise of the softer motherly 
 qualities. Her expression shows determina- 
 tion and executive capacity : and she should 
 have these. The question of strong govern- 
 ment is ever before her, for her charge is a 
 family of thirty-four boys from fourteen to 
 near sixteen j^ears of age. They all sleep in 
 one room, are naturally full of the exuber- 
 ance and strength of dawning manhood, and 
 how she manages to keep them from occasion- 
 ally engaging in a pillow fight and frolic on 
 retiring, after the manner of boys elsewhere, 
 is a mystery. 
 
 To one such I carelessly remarked, “ I sup- 
 pose you have an easy time here in managing 
 your charge.” The moment I uttered this 
 I wished I hadn’t. I saw by the change of 
 countenance, half comic and half anguished, 
 I had made a mistake, for she at once ejacu- 
 lated : “ Humph ! I should think so ! — ^^Boys 
 are not angels ; did you ever see any hoys that 
 were angels f ” 
 
 The Soldier s Widow . — Then there is the 
 short, small, delicate matron. She is a 
 blonde about forty-five years old, and her face 
 
713 
 
 GREENE COUNTY, 
 
 ineffably sweet and gentle, and very sad ; ob, 
 so sad ! There is a history of suffering in 
 that face. Instinctively you are drawn toward 
 her as to the face of the suffering Christ as 
 portrayed by the genius of Raphael or Da 
 Vinci. You inquire, and maybe learn she is 
 a soldier’s widow and now motherless. Her 
 husband fell upon no battle-field in the heat 
 and glory of patriotic conflict to find a grave 
 of honor upon Southern soil. Worse than 
 that. He was one of the thousands of victims 
 to the horrors of Anderson ville ; was ex- 
 changed and came home to die, a mere skele- 
 ton, wasted by starvation, his mind gone, a 
 hopeless driveling crying idiot. Then her 
 two little ones were taken from her, and she 
 is alone in the world. She is here and fills 
 out her life in ministering to the little waifs 
 of the departed heroes.^ 
 
 Religion offers to her its cup of anticipatory 
 
 bliss in the expectation of again meeting her 
 children and the love of her youth as he was 
 when he left her one bright spring morning 
 early in the sixties — left her in his manly 
 strength and beauty, and marched away under 
 the beautiful flag. ^ And she is happy, though 
 pffering-;-happy in her ministering, happy 
 in her faith. “God loves those whom he 
 chastens,” and to such, while the tears 
 fall, the heart of the bereaved swells with 
 the bliss of heavenly love. 
 
 “Her faith shows a new world, and the eyes 
 Of saints look pity on her. Death will come: 
 A few short moments over, and the prize 
 Of peace eternal waits her, and the tomb 
 Will become her fondest pillow: all its gloom 
 Be scattered. What a meeting there will bo 
 To her and those she loved while here. ’ ’ 
 
 FOUR LITERARY MEN. 
 
 Four literary men of note and now living come under notice in connection with 
 Xenia — William D. Gallagher, Coates Kinney, William D. Howells, and White- 
 law Reid. William Davis Gallagher was born in 1808, in Philadelphia, 
 and when a lad of eight years came with his widowed mother to Mount Pleasant, 
 Hamilton county, Ohio, and was for forty-seven years a resident of the State ; his 
 home IS now Pee wee Valley, near Louisville, Ky. 
 
 He learned the printing business in Cincinnati, and, in 1830, when but twenty- 
 two years of age, came to Xenia, and started a campaign newspaper, which he 
 entitled the Bach woodsman, giving it that name because it was peculiarly Western, 
 a strong characteristic of his being an ardent affection for the West. Mr. 
 Gallagher was an enthusiastic Whig, and the main object of his sheet was to 
 hurrah for Clay and to use up Jimmy Gardner, editor of the Jackson organ of 
 Xenia/^ 
 
 After the lapse of a year he returned to 
 Cincinnati and took the editorship of the 
 Cincinnati Mirror, which had a life of several 
 years, and his prose and poetic writings were 
 of so much merit that he was soon regarded 
 as the leading imaginative writer of the 
 West. Later he edited two other literary 
 journals, was for a time on the Ohio State 
 Journal, of Columbus, and from 1839 to 1850 
 was associate editor on the Cincinnati Gazette, 
 when he went to W ashington with Thomas 
 Corwin in a confidential capacity, Corwin 
 having been appointed^ Secretary of the 
 Treasury : again in the civil war he was em- 
 ployed in the United States Treasury Depart- 
 ment at Louisville by Mr. Lincoln. In 1853 
 he was on the editorial staff of the Louisville 
 Courier. 
 
 Mr. Gallagher’s father, Barnard Gallagher, 
 was an Irish Roman Catholic, a participant 
 in the rebellion in 1803, that cost Robert 
 Emmet his life ; and his mother, Abigail 
 Davis, daughter of a Welsh farmer, who lost 
 his life in the American Revolution. Com- 
 ing from a liberty-loving stock, Mr. Gallagher 
 inherited the spirit of freedom and philan- 
 thropy and could not be otherwise than an 
 opposer of slavery. His biographer, Prof. 
 
 Venable, in the Ohio Archceological and^ His- 
 torical Quarterly for 1888, says of him in his 
 early days : “ He sang the dignity of intrinsic 
 manhood, the nobleness of honest labor and 
 the glory of human freedom. Much he 
 wrote was extremely radical. . . . Such 
 lines as these, and as compose the poems 
 ‘Truth and Freedom,’ ‘Conservatism,’ 
 ‘The Laborer,’ ‘The New Age,’ ‘All 
 Things Free,’ went to the brain and heart 
 of many people, and it is not to be doubted 
 but that they exercised a deep and lasting 
 influence. 
 
 “Mr. Gallagher first became known as a 
 writer in 1828 by the publication of ‘A Jour- 
 ney through Kentucky and Mississippi in 
 the Cincinnati Chronicle. His first poetical 
 contribution that attracted general attention 
 was ‘The Wreck of the Hornet;’ this was 
 reprinted in a collection of his poems entitled 
 ‘Errato’ (3 vols., Cincinnati, 1835-7). He 
 edited ‘ Selections from the Poetical Litera- 
 ture of the West’ (Cincinnati, 1841). In 
 1849 he delivered the annual address before 
 the Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, 
 of which he was President, on ‘ The Progress 
 and Resources of the Northwest.’ One of 
 the most elaborate of his agricultural essays 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 is his ‘Fruit Culture in the Ohio Valley.’ 
 His latest volume is ‘Miami Woods: a 
 Golden Wedding and Other Poems’ (Cin- 
 cinnati, 1881). Venable says: ‘Gallagher’s 
 verse paints the forest and field with Nature’s 
 
 in 
 
 own color, and glows with the warmth of hu- 
 man love and joy. ‘ Miami Woods ’ is a sort 
 of Thomson’s ‘ Seasons ’ adapted to the Ohio 
 Valley.” 
 
 FIFTY YEARS AGO. 
 
 A Song of the Western Pioneer. 
 
 BY WM. GALLAGHER. 
 
 No man was ever more thoroughly imbued with a love of the West than Mr. 
 Gallagher. The memories of his boyhood were rich with the glow of enthusiasm 
 for its free and manly life, when everything was so rapidly expanding and pros- 
 perity seemed to be so assured to the humblest who would but exert his powers. 
 Annexed is one of his songs that was widely published in the papers of the West 
 
 forty years ago : 
 
 A song for the early times out West, 
 And our green old forest home, 
 
 Whose pleasant memories freshly yet 
 Across the bosom come : 
 
 A song for the free and gladsome life 
 In those early days we led. 
 
 With a teeming soil beneath our feet, 
 And a smiling heaven o’erhead ! 
 
 0, the waves of life danced merrily 
 And had a joyous flow. 
 
 In the days when we were pioneers. 
 Fifty years ago ! 
 
 The hunt, the shot, the glorious chase. 
 The captured elk or deer ; 
 
 The camp, the big, bright fire, and then 
 The rich and wholesome cheer ; 
 
 The sweet, sound sleep at dead of night 
 By our camp-fire blazing high — 
 Unbroken by the wolt’s long howl 
 And the panther springing by.^ 
 
 0, merrily passed the time, despite 
 Our wily Indian foe. 
 
 In the days when we were pioneers. 
 Fifty years ago. 
 
 We shunn’d not labor ; when ’twas due 
 We wrought with right good will. 
 
 And for the home we won for them 
 Our children bless us still. 
 
 We lived not hermit lives, but oft 
 In social converse met ; 
 
 And fires of love were kindled then 
 That burn on warmly yet. 
 
 0, pleasantly the stream of life 
 Pursued its constant flow. 
 
 In the days when we were pioneers. 
 Fifty years ago ! 
 
 We felt that we were fellow-men ; 
 
 We felt we were a band. 
 
 Sustain’d here in the wilderness 
 By heaven’s upholding hand. 
 
 And when the solemn Sabbath came, 
 
 We gather’d in the wood. 
 
 And lifted up our hearts in prayer 
 To God, the only good. 
 
 Our temples then were earth and sky ; 
 
 None others did we know 
 In the days when we were pioneers, 
 
 Fifty years ago ! 
 
 Our forest life was rough and rude. 
 
 And dangers closed us round. 
 
 But here, amid the green old trees, 
 Freedom we sought and found. 
 
 Oft through our dwellings wintry blasts 
 Would rush with shriek and moan ; 
 
 We cared not ; though they were but frail, 
 W e felt they were our own ! 
 
 0, free and manly lives we led, 
 
 ’Mid verdure or ’mid snow. 
 
 In the days when we were pioneers. 
 
 Fifty years ago ! 
 
 But now our course of life is short ; 
 
 And as, from day to day. 
 
 We’re walking on with halting step, 
 
 And fainting by the way. 
 
 Another land, more bright than this. 
 
 To our dim sight appears. 
 
 And on our way to it we’ll soon 
 Again be pioneers ! 
 
 Yet while we linger we may all 
 A backward glance still throw 
 To the days when we were pioneers. 
 
 Fifty years ago ! 
 
 Many of his songs were set to music and sung in theatres, and in 1845 was pub- 
 lished his famous ballad, The Spotted Fawn,^^ which became immensely popu- 
 lar, being sung everywhere. The Spotted Fawn was the beautiful daughter of an 
 Indian chief, who dwelt in the valley of the Mahketewa, who, with her bridegroom. 
 White Cloud, was slain on her bridal night by the cruel white man who in time 
 of peace stole in upon them in their slumbering hours. The Mahketewa is the 
 Indian name for a stream that empties into the Ohio at Cincinnati, commonly 
 called Mill Creek and largely at that point inhabited by frogs. Some wicked wag 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 ru 
 
 wrote a parody upon the ballad under the title of ‘‘ The Spotted Frog,” which 
 paralleled the fate of the Indian maiden with that of a young frog stoned to 
 death by boys. This ever after spoiled the ballad for popular use. A verse from 
 each follows : 
 
 By Maliketewa’s flowery marge 
 The Spotted Fawn had birth, 
 
 And grew as fair an Indian girl 
 As ever blessed the earth. 
 
 She was the Bed Chiefs only child, 
 
 And sought by many a brave ; 
 
 But to gallant young White Cloud 
 Her plighted troth she gave. 
 
 Oh, the Si)otted Fawn ! 
 
 Oh, the Spotted Fawn ! 
 
 The light and life of the forest shades 
 With the Bed Chief’s child is gone. 
 
 By stagnant Mill Creek’s muddy marge 
 The Spotted Frog had birth. 
 
 And grew as fair and fat a frog 
 As ever hopped on earth. 
 
 She was the Frog Chief’s only child, 
 
 And sought by many a frog ; 
 
 But yet on one alone she smiled 
 From that old rotten log. 
 
 Oh, the Spotted Frog ! 
 
 Oh, the Spotted Frog ! 
 
 The light and life of Mill Creek’s mud 
 Was the lovely Spotted Frog. 
 
 Mr. Gallagher is rather tall in person, with blue eyes and rather proudly bear- 
 ing. He was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated Mr. Lin- 
 coln, whereupon, on his return home, a mob assembled at Beard’s Station, near 
 by, to warn him to leave the State, and his position was a dangerous one. Inde- 
 pendent, outspoken and with the keenest sense of honor he had won the, warm 
 respect of his rebel neighbors, some of whom put arms into his hands for self-de- 
 fence. A stalwart young mechanic took upon himself to champion the cause of 
 free opinion. I hate Gallagher’s politics as much as any of you,” said this 
 chivalrous young Kentuckian to the crowd, but he has as good a right to his 
 opinions as we have to ours, and ” — with a string of terrible oaths, added — “ who- 
 ever tries to lay a hand on him or to give him an order to leave the State must 
 first pass over my dead body.” This put a quietus upon the mob, the excitement 
 died away and the stars and stripes floated over Fern Cliff Cottage during the 
 five gloomy years of the war. 
 
 On Tuesday, September 4, 1888, the opening day ©f the Ohio State Centennial 
 
 Exposition at Columbus, a tall, finely- 
 formed and erect gentleman, with flashing 
 dark eyes, and with the most silvery head 
 in that multitude of thousands, arose on 
 the platform and delivered the ^^Ohio 
 Centennial Ode.” The Coliseum, in 
 which it was given, rises about 100 feet in 
 the air, springing from the ground in 
 form a half globe, with seats for some 10,- 
 000. Behind him were 1,500 children on 
 tlie platform in tier above tier, arrayed 
 in red, white and blue, whose patriotic 
 songs had just filled the vast auditorium 
 and the simultaneous fluttering of their 
 hand-held flags had made for a few mo- 
 ments a bewildering, brilliant scene of 
 gayety and beauty. 
 
 Most poets have fine, delicate voices, 
 that nullify their public-spoken utter- 
 ances, from dwelling, we suppose, so greatly in the light, high regions of an at- 
 tenuated etherealized idealism. Not so with the poet of Ohio’s Centennial, Col. 
 Coates Kinney, of Xenia, for his voice is clear, strong and sonorous, and the 
 audience signified their appreciation of a masterly production with rounds of ap- 
 plause. It was a great topic, the sublime occasion of an hundred years, and here 
 we gladden and render more patriotic our pages by its presentation : 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 715 
 
 OHIO CENTENNIAL ODE. 
 
 BY COL. COATES KINNEY. 
 
 Delivered in the Coliseum, Columbus, O., on the Opening Day, September 4, 1888, of the State Cele- 
 bration of the Arrival of the Centennial Year. 
 
 In what historic thousand years of man 
 Has there been builded such a State as 
 this ? 
 
 Yet, since the clamor of the axes ran 
 Along the great woods, with the groan and 
 hiss 
 
 And crash of trees, to hew thy groundsels 
 here, 
 
 Ohio ! but a century has gone. 
 
 And thy republic’s building stands the peer 
 Of any that the sun and stars shine on. 
 
 Not on a fallen empire’s rubbish-heap, 
 
 Not on old quicksands wet with blood of 
 wrong. 
 
 Ho the foundations of thy structure sleep. 
 But on a ground of nature, new and strong. 
 
 Men that had faced the Old World seven 
 years 
 
 In battle on the Old World turned their 
 backs 
 
 And, quitting Old-World thoughts and hopes 
 and fears. 
 
 With only rifle, powder-horn and axe 
 
 For tools of civilization, won their way 
 Into the wilderness, against wild man and 
 beast. 
 
 And laid the wood-glooms open to the day. 
 And from the sway of savagery released 
 
 The land to nobler uses of a higher race ; 
 Where Labor, Kno wledge, Freedom, Peace, 
 and Law 
 
 Have wrought all miracles of dream in place 
 And time — ay, more than ever dream fore- 
 saw. 
 
 A hundred years of Labor ! Labor free ! 
 
 Our Biver ran between it and the curse. 
 
 And freemen proved how toil can glory be. 
 The heroes that Ohio took to nurse 
 
 (As the she-wolf the founders of old 
 Rome) — 
 
 Their deeds of fame let history rehearse 
 
 And oratory celebrate ; but see 
 
 This paradise their hands have made our 
 home ! 
 
 Nod, plumes of wheat, wave, banderoles of 
 corn. 
 
 Toss, orchard-oriflammes, swing, wreaths 
 of vine. 
 
 Shout, happy farms, with voice of sheep 
 and kine. 
 
 For the old victories conquered here on 
 these 
 
 The fields of Labor when, ere we were 
 born. 
 
 The Fathers fought the armies of the 
 trees, 
 
 And, chopping out the night, chopt in the 
 morn ! 
 
 A hundred years of Knowledge ! We have 
 mixt 
 
 More brains with Labor in the century 
 Than man had done_ since the decree was fixt 
 That Labor was his doom and dignity. 
 
 All honor to those far-foreworking men 
 Who, as they stooped their sickles in to 
 fling. 
 
 Or took the wheat upon the cradles’ swing. 
 Thought of the boy, the little citizen 
 There gathering sheaves, and planned the 
 school for him. 
 
 Which should wind up the clockwork of his 
 mind 
 
 To cunning moves of wheels and blades that 
 skim 
 
 Across the fields and reap, and rake, and 
 bind ! 
 
 They planned the schools — the woods were 
 full of schools ! 
 
 Our learning has not soared, but it has 
 spread : 
 
 Ohio’s intellects are sharpened tools 
 To deal with daily fact and daily bread. 
 
 The starry peaks of knowledge in thin air 
 Her culture has not climbed, but on the 
 plain. 
 
 In whatsoever is to do or dare 
 
 With mind or matter, there behold her 
 reign. 
 
 The axemen who chopt out the clearing here 
 Where stands the Capital, could they to- 
 day 
 
 Arise and see our hundred years’ display — 
 Steam-wagons in their thundering career — 
 Wires that a friend’s voice waft across a 
 State, 
 
 And wires that wink a thought across the 
 sea. 
 
 And wires wherein imprisoned lightnings 
 wait 
 
 To leap forth at the turning of a key — 
 Could they these shows of mind in matter 
 note. 
 
 Machines that almost conscious souls con- 
 fess. 
 
 Seeming to will and think — the printing 
 press. 
 
 Not quite intelligent enough to vote — 
 
 Could they arise these marvels to behold. 
 What would to them the past Republic 
 seem — 
 
 The State historified in volumes old. 
 
 Or prophesied in Grecian Plato’s dream ? 
 
 A hundred years of Freedom ! Freedom such 
 No other people on the earth had known 
 Till our America the world had shown ^ 
 What Freedom meant. No slave might 
 touch 
 
7t6 GREENE 
 
 Our earth, no master’s lash outrage our 
 heaven : 
 
 The Declaration of the Great July, 
 
 Fired by our Ordinance of Eighty-seven, 
 Flamed from the Kiver to the northern 
 sky 
 
 Ay, that flame rose against the Arctic stars. 
 And shone a new aurore across the land. 
 
 A Body scored with stripes of whip and 
 scars 
 
 Of branding-iron seemed to understand — 
 
 Soulless though reckoned by our Union’s 
 pact — 
 
 That It was Man, for whom that heavenly 
 sign 
 
 Lit up the North ; and while the bloodhounds 
 tracked 
 
 Him footsore through Kentucky, stars be- 
 nign 
 
 Befriended him and brought him to our shore, 
 A stranger, frightened, hungry, travel- 
 worn ; 
 
 And we laid hands on him and gave him o’er 
 Again to bondage, as in fealty sworn. 
 
 So rich in Freedom, we had none to give ! 
 While we might quaff, we could not pass 
 the cup : 
 
 No slave should touch foot to our soil and live 
 Upon it slave — he must be given up ! 
 
 When that first man was wrested from our 
 State, 
 
 Then slavery had crossed the Bubicon ; 
 
 Then Freedom was the whole Bepublic’s fate ; 
 Then John Brown’s soul began its march- 
 ing-on ; 
 
 Then the Ohio Idea had to go 
 
 Where’er the banner of the Union flew, 
 
 From northmost limits in Alaskan snow 
 To southmost in the Mexic waters blue. 
 
 A hundred years of Peace ! Yes, less the 
 four 
 
 (Our little Indian squabbles were not war). 
 
 The four when we, in battle’s shock and roar. 
 Declared that Freedom was worth dying for. 
 Ohio gave to that great fight for Man 
 Her Grant, her Sherman, and her Sheri- 
 dan, 
 
 And her victorious hundred thousands more. 
 
 Victorious, yes, though legions of them sleep 
 In garments rolled in blood on foughten 
 fields — 
 
 Though still the mothers and the widows weep 
 For the slain heroes borne home on their 
 shields. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Their glorious victory this day behold : 
 
 They conquered Peace ; and where their 
 manly frays 
 
 Across the land of bondage stormed and 
 rolled. 
 
 Millions of grateful freed men hymn their 
 praise. 
 
 Ohio honors them with happy tears : 
 
 The battles that they braved for her. 
 
 The banner that they waved for her. 
 
 The Freedom that they saved for her. 
 
 Shall keep their laurels green a thousand 
 years. 
 
 A hundred years of Law ! The people’s will. 
 The might of the majority, 
 
 The right of the minority. 
 
 The light hand with authority. 
 
 We promised, with the purpose to fulfil ; 
 
 But the contagion of the border-taint 
 
 Blackened our statues with its shameful 
 stain. 
 
 And left the color of our conscience faint 
 Till freshened by the battle-storm’s red 
 rain. 
 
 Ay, war has legislated ; it has cast 
 The “White Man’s Government ” out into 
 night. 
 
 And Labor, Knowledge, Freedom, Peace, at 
 last 
 
 Stand color-blind in Law’s resplendent 
 light. 
 
 Now hail, my State ot States ! thy justice 
 wins — 
 
 Thy justice and thy valor now are one ; 
 
 Thou hast arisen, and thy little sins 
 
 Are spots of darkness lost upon the sun. 
 
 Thy sun is up — 0, may it never set ! — 
 
 These hundred years were but thy morning- 
 red : 
 
 It shall be forenoon for thy glory yet 
 When all who this day look on thee are 
 dead. 
 
 0, splendor of the noon awaiting thee ! 
 
 O, rights of man and heights of manhood 
 free ! 
 
 Hail, beautiful Ohio that shalt be ! 
 
 Hail, Ship of State ! and take our parting 
 cheers ! 
 
 Ah, God ! that we might gather here to see 
 Thy sails loom in, swoln with a thousand 
 years. 
 
 A hundred years of Freedom I Freedom such 
 No other people on the earth had known 
 Till our America the world had shown 
 What Freedom meant. No foot of slave might touch 
 Our earth., no master's lash outrage our heaven. 
 
 Col. Coates Kinney was born in Yates county, K. Y., in 1826 ; came to Ohio 
 in 1840; studied law with Judge Wm. Lawrence and J. W. and Bonn Piatt; 
 soon adopted journalism as a life profession ; was paymaster in the army through 
 the war and brevetted Lieut.-Colonel. 
 
 In 1881 he was the leading Republican speaker in the Ohio Senate. He waa 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 717 
 
 the author of the amendment to the Constitution on the subject of temperance, 
 which was submitted to the voters the following year, and of the bill for the 
 abolition of The Official Railroad Pass,’^ on which he made a speech that was 
 circulated and commended throughout the United States. He passed the bill 
 through the Senate by his eloquent, masterly array of facts and deductions, but 
 the railroad influence reconsidered it the next day, and converted enough votes 
 from aye to no to defeat it, but the principles of the bill have since been enacted in 
 the Inter-State Commerce Law. But Col. Kinney’s record as editor, speaker 
 and public official has been eclipsed by his achievements in literature, especially 
 poetry. His reputation as a poet was established in 1849, when he wrote the 
 famous lyric, Rain on the Roof.” Since then he has written several poems of 
 such merit as to demonstrate that his early effort was not a literary accident, and 
 his recent collection, entitled Lyrics of the Ideal and the Real,” has greatly ex- 
 tended his reputation. 
 
 In review of this work the poet’s friend. Prof. W. H. Venable, says, he gives, 
 ^Un glowing words and often splendid dictum, the deepest and most earnest 
 thoughts of a well-trained and subtle intellect upon life, doubt, fear, faith, freedom, 
 immortality, God and man ; and then to all his own restless and penetrating 
 questions finds an answer.” This answer Mr. Venable then quotes in the thril- 
 ling stanza with which he concludes the great poem of the book entitled Duty 
 Here and Glory There.” 
 
 Where ? My soul looked up and ques- 
 tioned — 
 
 Up to where the stars were burning 
 In the grand and awful temple 
 Of the midnight — up to where 
 Vision stops against the curtain 
 Of the infinite, but spirit 
 
 Parts aside the veil and enters ; 
 
 It is there ! Oh, it is there ! 
 
 Thrilled the whisper through my being, 
 “ Duty here for little lifetimes, 
 
 Griory there for endless ages — 
 
 Duty here and glory there ! ’ ’ 
 
 Another of the poet’s friends, and he has many, Mr. Frank D. Mussey, in his 
 review says : After reading some of the strong poetical efforts of Col. Kinney 
 in his recent book, how softly comes back into the thoughts from the days of one’s 
 boyhood, the old lines of ‘ Rain on the Roof,’ a poem which there are few writers 
 who could wish for anything better to leave to the world ; that is in every school- 
 book ; sung to the music of a dozen composers, and is in every man’s memory 
 and life.” 
 
 RAIN ON THE ROOF. 
 
 When the humid shadows hover 
 Over all the starry spheres. 
 
 And the melancholy darkness 
 G-ently weeps in rainy tears, 
 
 What a bliss to press the pillow 
 Of a cottage-chamber bed. 
 
 And listen to the patter 
 Of the soft rain overhead. 
 
 Every tinkle on the shingles 
 Has an echo in my heart ; 
 
 And a thousand dreamy fancies 
 Into busy being start. 
 
 And a thousand recollections 
 
 Weave their air threads into woof 
 As I listen to the patter 
 Of the rain upon the roof. 
 
 Now in memory comes my mother. 
 As she used in years agone. 
 
 To regard the darling dreamers 
 Ere she left them till the dawn. 
 
 0, I feel her fond look on me. 
 
 As I list to this refrain. 
 
 Which is played upon the shingles 
 By the patter of the rain. 
 
 Then my little seraph sister. 
 
 With the wings and waving hair. 
 And her star-eyed cherub brother — 
 A serene, angelic pair — 
 
 Glide around my wakeful pillow. 
 With their praise of mild reproof, 
 As I listen to the murmur 
 Of the soft rain on the roof 
 
 And another comes to thrill me 
 With her eyes delicious blue ; 
 
 And I mind not musing on her. 
 That her heart was all untrue ; 
 
 I remember but to love her 
 With a passion kin to pain, 
 
 And my heart’s quick pulses quiver 
 To the patter of the rain. 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 r*i8 
 
 Art hath naught of tone or cadence 
 That can work with such a spell 
 In the soul’s mysterious fountains, 
 Whence the tears of rapture well 
 
 As that melody of nature, 
 
 That subdued, subduing strain, 
 Which is played upon the shingles 
 By the patter of the rain. 
 
 When a lad of fourteen William Dean Howells (see page 327) lived with 
 his father’s family in a log-cabin on the Little Miami river, where his father had 
 a grist-mill, near the road to Dayton, some two or three miles from Xenia. His 
 home was rude and ruinous ; through the roof the stars shone in and the snows 
 sifted down. Says Mr. Howells : I should not like to step out of bed into a 
 snow-wreath now, but then I was glad to do it ; and, so far from thinking that or 
 anything in our life a hardship, I counted it all joy.” 
 
 There were barrels of books in the loft, and 
 this was a treasure to him. Among them, he 
 says, ‘ ‘ I found also a copy of the poems of a 
 certain Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, then 
 wholly unknown to me ; and, while the old 
 gi^ist-mill, whistling and wheezing to itself, 
 made a vague music in my ear, my soul was 
 filled with this strange new sweetness. I read 
 ' The Spanish Student ’ then, and ‘ Copias de 
 Manrique,’ and the solemn and ever-beautiful 
 ‘Voices of the Night.’ But neither those 
 nor any other books 1 read made me discon- 
 tented with the small boys’ world around me. 
 They made it a little more populous with 
 visionary shapes, and there was room for 
 
 them all. It was not darkened with cares, 
 and the duties in it were not many. ” 
 
 In the tenderly expressed poem of his 
 “Lost Boyhood” he wistfully recalls the 
 calm, peaceful hours of his early life on the 
 banks of the Little Miami. 
 
 “Were some bright seraph sent from bliss 
 With songs of heaven to win my soul 
 From simple memories such as this. 
 
 What could he tell to tenapt my ear 
 From you ? What high thing could there be. 
 So tenderly and sweetly dear 
 As my lost boyhood is to me.” 
 
 It is a somewhat remarkable fact that Ohio, besides supplying the nation with 
 so large a proportion of statesmen and generals of eminence, should be alike pro- 
 lific of journalists. At this time three of the leading dailies of New York city, 
 the* metropolis of the nation, have as their editorial managers Ohio men, viz., 
 Whitelaw Reid, the Tribune, Col. John A. Cockerill, the World, and Charles 
 Julius Chambers, the Herald; also William Henry Smith, of the Associated 
 Press, Bernard Peters, of the Brooklyn Times, and W. L. Brown, Daily News. 
 
 Whitelaw Reid is a direct descendant of the Scotch Covenanters. His father, 
 Robert Charleton Reid, had married Marian Whitelaw Ronalds, who came in a 
 direct line from the small and ancient clan Ronalds ” of the Highlands. His 
 paternal grandfather emigrated to this country from the south of Scotland, and 
 settled in Kentucky, but crossed the Ohio in 1800, and bought several hundred 
 acres of land on the present site of Cincinnati. He was a stern old Covenanter, 
 and found his conscience uneasy owing to a condition in the deed which required 
 him to run a ferry across the river every day of tlie week. Sooner than violate 
 the Sabbath he sold out, and, removing to Greene county, became one of the 
 founders of Xenia. 
 
 Whitelaw Reid was born near Xenia, 
 October 27, 1837. He graduated at Miami 
 University in 1856, and took an active inter- 
 est in journalism and politics before attaining 
 his majority ; made speeches in the Fremont 
 campaign on the Republican side, and soon 
 became editor of the Xenia Neios. At the 
 opening of the civil war he was sent into the 
 field as correspondent of the Cincinnati Ga- 
 zette., making his headquarters at Washington, 
 where his letters on current politics, over the 
 signature of ‘‘Agate,” attracted much atten- 
 tion by their thought, information, and 
 pungent st 3 de. From that point he made 
 excursions to the army whenever there was a 
 prospect of active operations. 
 
 He served as aide-de-camp to Cen. William 
 S. Rosecrans in the Western Virginia cam- 
 paign of 1861, and was present at the battles 
 of Shiloh and G-eUysburg. From 1863 to 
 1866 wa-s librarian of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. He engaged in cotton-planting in 
 the South after the war, and embodied the 
 results of his observations in a book— “After 
 the War.” He then gave two .years in writ- 
 ing “Ohio in the War” (Cincinnati, 1868). 
 This work is by far the most important of all 
 the State histories of the ciyil war. It con- 
 tains elaborate biographies of most of the 
 chief generals of the army, and a complete 
 history of the State from 1861 till 1865. On 
 the conclusion of this labor he came to New 
 

 WIIITELAW REID HOMESTEAD. 
 Birthplace of Wliitelaw Reid. 
 
 (779) 
 
liVank Henry Howe, Amateur Photo., 1887. 
 
 Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home, Xenia, 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 72 ) 
 
 York at the invitation of Horace Greeley, and 
 became an editorial writer on the Trilmne. 
 On the death of Mr. Greeley he succeeded 
 him as editor and principal owner of the 
 paper. In 1878 he was chosen by the Legis- 
 lature to be a regent for life of the University 
 of New York. With this exception he has 
 declined all public employment. He was 
 offered by President Hayes the post of Min- 
 ister to Germany and a similar appointment 
 by President Garfield. He is a director of 
 
 numerous financial and charitable corpora- 
 tions, and has been for many years president 
 of the Lotus Club. Besides the works men- 
 tioned above, and his contributions to period- 
 ical literature, he has published “ Schools of 
 Journalism” (New York, 1871); ‘'The 
 Scholar in Politics” (1873); “Some News- 
 paper Tendencies” (1879) ; and “Town-Hall 
 Suggestions” (1881). — Appleton's Cyclope- 
 dia of American Biography. 
 
 The Eeid Homestead, in which Whitelaw was born, was erected by his 
 father, Robert Charleton Heid, in 1823, on land which, before his marriage, he 
 and his brother bonght at the Virginia military sales, and stands to-day as it was 
 then, identical in frame-work, flooring, plastering, and interior finish. It is situ- 
 ated between Massie’s creek and Little Miami river, in what was then part of 
 Xenia township, not far from the centre of the triangle formed by the three towns 
 of Xenia, Yellow Springs, and Cedarville. 
 
 About the year 1850 this part of Xenia 
 township was set off to Cedarville, of which 
 it is now a part. The house, as left by Rob- 
 ert Charleton Reid, consisted of a two-story 
 frame building with a one-story wing, in which 
 were sitting-room, dining-room, and kitchen. 
 Some extensions have been made to the wing 
 and the whole exterior has been repaired and 
 restored by Whitelaw Reid. The interior 
 finish in the old part of the house was of 
 oiled and polished black walnut, with hand- 
 some mantels, oak floors, excellent plastering, 
 and windows with 8x10 panes of glass, which 
 were then a costly elegance. Every room on 
 the first floor had a large fireplace finished in 
 Xenia limestone. The original framework 
 has now been filled in with fireproof concrete 
 blocks, and the roof and second story are 
 covered entirely with red Akron tiles. There 
 are numerous piazzas, a porte-cochere, etc., 
 and the new rooms in the extensions of the 
 wing are finished in handsome cabinet-work 
 in cherry, sycamore, ash, walnut, etc. The 
 house contains fourteen rooms, numerous 
 bath-rooms, dressing-rooms, etc. 
 
 It is situated on one of the highest points 
 in the county, the ground gently sloping 
 away, and giving a view of many miles in 
 every direction. The farm consists of about 
 200 acres, is carried on by a farmer for whom 
 a separate house is provided, and is kept in a 
 nice state of cultivation. 
 
 When Robert Charleton Reid was married 
 he immediately took his bride to this house. 
 There he died in the room in which his chil- 
 dren were all born, and there his widow still 
 lives. His eldest son also died there. The 
 house was originally finished in oak, black 
 walnut, and poplar ; not because it was fore- 
 seen that these woods would be fashionable 
 half a century afterwards, but because they 
 stood on the actual site of the dwelling, and 
 had to be got out of the way to make room 
 for it. The house at first stood in almost 
 unbroken forest, and for a number of years 
 there were not more than ten acres of cleared 
 land in sight. The lawn surrounding it has 
 always remained unbroken by the plough 
 since the Indians rambled over it. 
 
 Mr. Eeid is in person very tall and sinewy, uniting delicacy with strength. 
 He has in person and character the best qualities of his Scotch ancestry. His 
 eyes are dark and forehead broad and full, and the intellectual perceptions that 
 discern, and the untiring persistence that wins, have been his inheritance. His 
 great work of Ohio in the War will grow with the years, for it has no equal 
 as a record of those troublous times. Therein he wrote of that of which he was 
 a part. He was at the head sources of' knowledge and a personal witness of the 
 events under which the Nation trembled. Its spirit of fairness, to those opinions 
 with which he could have no personal sympathy, and its fulness in facts must 
 impress every reader. In character-drawing it is most admirable — every man 
 brought in review stands out in his peculiarities ; and wherein there are words of 
 condemnation which a love of truth and a sense of duty impelled him to utter, it 
 seems as though the spirit of charity guided his pen and flowed with the ink. 
 
 Wilberforce University is the result of a most notable effort of the negro in 
 America at self-development. It began Sept. 21, 1844, with the appointment of 
 a committee to select a tract of land for the purpose of erecting a seminary of 
 learning, on the Manual Labor plan, for the instruction of the youth among us, in 
 
722 
 
 GREENE COUNTY, 
 
 the various branches of literature, science, agriculture and mechanic arts ; and also 
 for those young men who may desire 
 to prepare their minds for the work 
 of the ministry/’ In 1847 Union 
 Seminary, twelve miles from Col- 
 umbus, began a humble yet relatively 
 important career. In 1856 the M. 
 
 E. Church laid- the foundations of 
 Wilberforce University. Students 
 by the score came from the South 
 into the free State of Ohio. Stu- 
 dents by the score returned with edu- 
 cation from surroundings, as well as 
 from science, for Wilberforce began, 
 and has continued, a Southern school on Northern soil. In 1863 the University 
 passed into the possession and under the control of colored men. Two years later 
 it lay ill ashes, on the very day of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. 
 Arrangements for rebuilding were begun at once ; yet thirteen years of arduous 
 effort were required for its completion. 
 
 W I L BE KFO KC E UN 1 V EKSIT Y. 
 
 “The work of the University has been, 
 from its organization, continuous and progres- 
 sive. It has maintained a faculty of from 
 four to seven regular instructors, assisted by 
 undergraduates. It has enrolled more than 
 3,000 students, or an annual average of about 
 130. These have come from all parts of the 
 United States, from Canada, the West 
 Indies, and India. It is located about three 
 miles from Xenia, in Xenia township, and 
 about one mile from the P. C. & St. L. R. 
 R. The main building is a substantial brick 
 160 X 44, four stories high, containing seventy- 
 eight rooms. Eight cottages in the campus 
 are used for resident and dormitory purposes. 
 There have been recently erected by the 
 State Normal and Industrial Board a build- 
 ing for instruction in domestic arts, and one 
 for instruction in carpentry. 
 
 The property is variously estimated at from 
 $50,000 to $60,000. The university has an 
 endowment fund of $14,033.62. During its 
 existence of twenty-two and one-half years 
 there have been collected and disbursed more 
 than $200,000. The university is under the 
 
 management of a Board of Trustees, com- 
 posed of the entire Episcopal Bench — seven- 
 teen permanent trustees and 210 conference 
 trustees : the latter are chosen at each con- 
 ference and consist of three ministerial and 
 two lay members. Under the jurisdiction of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church Dr. Fred- 
 erick Merrick and Dr. R. S. Rust presided. 
 Three Presidents have executed the will of 
 the Board since 1863 — Bishop D. A. Payne, 
 D. D., presiding from July 3, 1863, to Sep- 
 tember 6, 1876 ; Rev. B. F. Lee, D. D., from 
 September 6, 1876, to June 19, 1884, and 
 Rev. S. T. Mitchell, A. M., was elected June 
 20, 1884. Under the provisions of an act 
 of the Legislature of Ohio passed March 19, 
 1887, the Normal Department has been 
 strengthened and an Industrial Department 
 organized ; $5,000 per annum is pledged to its 
 support. 
 
 The Board for the management of the new 
 department consists of Bishop D. A. Payne, 
 Dr. B. W. Arnett, Hon. C. L. Maxwell, 
 Senator John O’Neill, Dr. R. McMurdy and 
 Hon. J. A. Howell. 
 
 Yellow Springs is about forty-five miles west of Columbus, on the Little 
 Miami River, and on a branch of the P. C. & St. L. R. R. Newspaper : 
 view, Independent, A. E. Humphreys, publisher. Churches : 1 Christian, 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Advent, 1 A. Methodist 
 Episcopal and 1 Colored Methodist Episcopal. Industries : 1 saw-mill, grain 
 elevator, etc. There are many small fruit growers at this place. Population in 
 1880, 1,377 ; school census in 1886^^410, S. Ogan, superintendent. 
 
 The village is a pleasant and interesting spot, the seat of Antioch College, and 
 takes its name from the medicinal springs here. Formerly they were much 
 visited, and there were ample hotel accommodations for invalids. Early in the 
 century travellers often spoke of the place. The noted Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 
 who was here in 1824, says in his travels : 
 
 The spring originates in a limestone rock. The water has a little taste of iron, 
 and deposits a great quantity of ochre, from which it takes its name. The 
 spring is said to give 110 gallons of water per minute, which is received in a 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 723 
 
 basin surrounded with cedar trees. The yellow stream which comes from the 
 basin rims a short distance over a bed of limestone and is afterwards precipitated 
 into the \ alley. These limestone rocks form very singular figures on the edge of 
 this valley ; the detached pieces resemble the Devil’s Wall of the Hartz. 
 
 In the beautiful glen at Yellow Springs is Pompey’s Pillar, of which Prof 
 Orton has written for us this brief description. 
 
 Pompey’s Pillar, Yellow Springs. 
 
 It consists of a mass of the native limestone rock, fifteen to twenty feet in height, 
 which has been left as we find it, through the action of erosive agencies in the 
 past. The large mass which makes the top of the column is a part of the cap- 
 rock of the cliffs, and the column itself consists of a number of courses of the 
 building stone of the same series. All of it is Niagara limestone. The formation 
 of the column must date back for many hundred and probably for many thou- 
 sand years. It is now slowly wasting through the action of the atmosphere, but 
 is likely enough to remain about as it is for many centuries to come, unless dis^ 
 turbed by human agency. 
 
 Yellow Springs derives its principal im- 
 portance at this time from being the seat of 
 Antioch College. Connected with its teach- 
 ing department have been quite a number of 
 eminent men. In the college campus is a 
 monument to the memory of Horace Mann 
 of national fame, who spent the last seven 
 years of his life, from 1852 to 1859 , here as 
 its President. He was born in Franklin, 
 Mass., in 1796 , was educated at Brown 
 University ; the theme of his graduating 
 oration, “The Progressive Character of the 
 
 Human Race,” foreshadowed his subsequent 
 career. He was educated to the law, took 
 great interest in the cause of education, and 
 being elected Secretary to the Massachusetts 
 Board of Education introduced thorough re- 
 forms into the school system of the State. 
 He visited the schools of Europe, especially 
 those of Germany, and on his return by his 
 lectures and writings did more to awaken an 
 interest throughout the country in education 
 than any man in our history. 
 
 From 1848 to 1853 he served in Congress, 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 ;24 
 
 first succeeding to the vacancy, as a Whig, 
 occasioned by the death of John Quincy 
 Adams ; then was re-elected by the anti- 
 slavery party, and as an advocate in behalf 
 of their principles was pre-eminent, at one 
 time engaging in a controversy with Daniel 
 Webster, in regard to the extension of 
 slavery and a fugitive slave-law. Failing 
 in his candidacy from the Free-soil party as 
 Governor of the State, he accepted the Presi- 
 dency of Antioch. He carried the institu- 
 tion through pecuniary and other difficulties, 
 and satisfied himself of the practicability of 
 
 the co-education of the sexes, and his in- 
 cessant labors hastened his death. This great 
 friend to nian gave to Ohio his last ripe years, 
 and her soil is honored by being the resting 
 - place of his remains. He published several 
 annual reports, also lectures on education, 
 voluminous controversial writings, “A Few 
 Thoughts fora Young Man,” “Slavery : Let- 
 ters and Speeches,’’ “Powers and Duties of 
 Women,” etc. His work on education was 
 republished in France, with a biographical 
 sketch. 
 
 Bellbrook is about forty miles northeast of Cincinnati and half a mile from 
 the Miami river. The Magnetic Springs, owned by Ohmer & Co., of Dayton, 
 were discovered here in 1884. Newspaper : Moon, Independent, Morgan Fudge, 
 editor and proprietor. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 P. M., 1 Presby- 
 terian. Population in 1880, 425. 
 
 Jamestown is an important village eleven miles east of Xenia, on the D. & I. 
 railroad, which had in 1880 a population of 877. It narrowly escaped destruction 
 a few years since by what has been termed the Jamestown Cyclone.^^ 
 
 THE JAMESTOWN CYXLONE. 
 
 On Sunday, April 27, 1884, at about five o’clock, a destructive cyclone passed 
 over the southern part of Montgomery and Greene counties. It was formed near 
 Dayton by the meeting of two light storm clouds from the south and northwest 
 respectively, which immediately assumed the shape of a water spout, rising and 
 descending like waves of the sea, and moved on with great fury, destroying every- 
 thing in its path. It caused much damage in Montgomery county, mowing down 
 forests, destroying buildings, fences, live-stock, etc. 
 
 At Bellbrook, in Greene county, at least fifteen houses were more or less 
 damaged ; but the inmates seeing its approach took refuge in the cellars, and thus 
 escaped serious injury. The greatest damage inflicted was at Jamestown, where 
 the cloud approached along the pike leading to Xenia, having first passed over the 
 fair grounds of the Union Agricultural Society, completely demolishing all the 
 buildings excepting a few small stalls ; even the fence posts were razed to the 
 ground. In Jamestown only about one-half of the homes of the entire popula- 
 tion escaped destruction : nearly one hundred families were rendered homeless, 
 four persons killed outright, and some thirty-five or forty more or less seriously 
 injured. 
 
 Along the track of the storm, Avhich Avas about one hundred yards Avide, not a 
 single building Avas left intact, and nine out cf every ten Avere razed to the ground. 
 The most prominent buildings in the toAvn Avere either unroofed or badly damaged. 
 Every church Avas more or less damaged, and those of the Methodist, Presby- 
 terian, Christian and Colored Methodist nearly demolished. The loss of property 
 amounted to nearly $200,000. The cyclone seemed to have about exhausted its 
 fury on JamestoAvn, for it passed aAvay to the east without creating much more 
 damage. 
 
 Clifton is ten miles north of Xenia, on the Little Miami, and on the line of 
 Clark county, and has about 300 inhal)itants. The name originated from the 
 cliffs Avhich bound the river at this place. The stream commences running 
 through a deep ravine at the eastern extremity of the village, and after circling 
 around the toAvn, leaves it on the southwest. For more than tAVO miles it runs 
 through a deep and narroAV gorge, bounded by perpendicular and impending rocks. 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 725 
 
 overhung by evergreens, and presenting scenery of a and picturesque char- 
 acter. In this distance the stream has sufficient fall to supply a number of manu- 
 facturing establishments. 
 
 Cedarville is forty-seven miles southwest of Columbus on the P. C. & St. 
 L. R. R., and on Massies^ creek, eight miles northeast from Xenia. Newspaper : 
 Heraldy Independent, Robt. H. Young, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Cov- 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846, 
 
 Cascade at Clifton. 
 
 enanter, 1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 United Presbyterian, 
 1 African Methodist Episcopal and 1 Colored Baptist. 
 
 Industries . — Manufacture of lime ; extensive saw-mills are also located here. 
 Population in 1880, 1,181. School census in 1886, 368 ; J. V. Stewart, superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 Fairfield is twelve miles northwest of Xenia; had in 1880, 380 population. 
 Spring Valley, seven southwest of Xenia, 376 ; and Osborne, near the north- 
 west corner and line of Clark county, 656 population. 
 
736 
 
 GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 GUERNSEY. 
 
 Guernsey County was organized in March, 1810. The upland is hilly and of 
 various qualities, and the soil clay or clayey loam. There is much excellent land in 
 the bottom of Wills creek and its branches, which cover about one-third of the coimtyo 
 Wool is a staple product of the county, together with beef cattle, horses and swine. 
 Its area is 460 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 67,095 ; in past- 
 ure, 133,784; woodland, 48,407 ; lying waste, 1,134; produced in wheat, 68,313 
 bushels ; oats, 206,490 ; corn, 671,694 ; tobacco, 231,191 pounds ; wool, 685,262 ; 
 sorghum, 32,069 gallons; sheep owned, 162,640 ; coal, 433,800 tons. School cen- 
 sus, 1886, 9,690; teachers, 180. 
 
 It has seventy-eight miles of railroad. 
 
 •WNSHIPS AND Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. Townships and Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 866 
 
 806 
 
 Millwood, 
 
 1,722 
 
 1,984 
 
 Beaver, 
 
 1,686 
 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 1,098 
 
 1,080 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 1,025 
 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 2,133 
 
 1,615 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 2,033 
 
 4,665 
 
 Richland, 
 
 1,772 
 
 1,439 
 
 Center, 
 
 976 
 
 1,233 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 1,356 
 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 1,155 
 
 1,140 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 1,669 
 
 1,552 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 755 
 
 931 
 
 Valley, 
 
 
 999 
 
 Knox, 
 
 538 
 
 964 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,008 
 
 742 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 835 
 
 1,503 
 
 Westland, 
 
 1,077 
 
 925 
 
 Londonderry, 
 
 1,629 
 
 1,320 
 
 Wills, 
 
 1,887 
 
 1,855 
 
 Madison, 
 
 1,569 
 
 1,160 
 
 Wheeling, 
 
 769 
 
 1,284 
 
 Population in 
 
 1820 was 9,292 
 
 ; in 1830, 
 
 18,636; 1840, 
 
 27,729; 1860, 
 
 24,474 ; 
 
 1880, 27,197, of whonl 23,554 were Ohio-born, 1,499 Pennsylvania, 608 Vir- 
 ginia, 47 New York, and 578 from Europe. 
 
 Previous to the first settlement of the county there was a party of whites 
 attacked by Indians on Wills creek, near the site of Cambridge. The particulars 
 which follow are from the pen of Col. John McDonald, author of the ‘‘Bio- 
 graphical Sketches.^^ 
 
 In the year 1791 or ’92, the Indians hav- 
 ing made frequent incursions into the settle- 
 ments along the Ohio river, between Wheel- 
 ing and the Mingo bottom, sometimes killing 
 or capturing whole families, at other times 
 stealing all the horses belonging to a station 
 or fort, a company consisting of seven men 
 rendezvoused at a place called the Beech 
 bottom, on the Ohio river, a few miles below 
 where W ellsburg has been erected. This com- 
 pany were John Whetzel, William M’ Col- 
 lough, John Hough, Thomas Biggs, Joseph 
 Hedges,' Kinzie Dickerson, and a Mr. Linn. 
 Their avowed object was to go to the Indian 
 towns to steal horses. This was then consid- 
 ered a legal, honorable business, as we were 
 then at open war with the Indians. It would 
 only be retaliating upon them in their own 
 way. These seven men were all trained to 
 Indian warfare and a life in the woods from 
 their youth. Perhaps the western frontier 
 at no time could furnish seven men whose 
 souls were better fitted, and whose nerves and 
 sinews were better strung to perform any enter- 
 
 prise which required resolution and firmness. 
 They crossed the Ohio, and proceeded with 
 cautious steps and vigilant glances on their 
 way through the cheerless, dark and almost 
 impervious forest, in the Indian country, till 
 they came to an Indian town, near where the 
 head waters of the Sandusky and Muskingum 
 rivers interlock. Here they made a fine haul, 
 and set off homeward with fifteen horses. 
 They travelled rapidly, only making short 
 halts to let their horses graze and breathe a 
 short time to recruit their strength and ac- 
 tivity. In the evening of the second day of 
 their rapid retreat they arrived at Wills 
 creek, not far from where the town of Cam- 
 bridge has been since erected. Here Mr. 
 Linn was taken violently sick, and they must 
 Stop their march or leave him alone to perish 
 in the dark and lonely woods. Our frontier 
 men, notwithstanding their rough and un- 
 polished manners, had too much of my Un- 
 cle Toby’s “sympathy for suffering human- 
 ity ’ ’ to forsake a comrade in distress. They 
 halted, and placed sentinels on their back 
 
GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 727 
 
 trail, who remained there till late in the 
 night, without seeing any signs of being 
 pursued. The sentinels on the back trail re- 
 turned to the camp, Mr. Linn still lying in 
 excruciating pain. All the simple remedies 
 in their power were administered to the sick 
 man, without producing any elfect. Being 
 late in the night, they all lay down to rest, 
 except one who was placed as guard. Their 
 camp was on the bank of a small branch. 
 Just before daybreak the guard took a small 
 bucket and dipped some water out of the 
 stream ; on carrying it to the fire he discov- 
 ered the water to be muddy. The muddy 
 water waked his suspicion that the enemy 
 might be approaching them, and were walk- 
 ing down in the stream, as their footsteps 
 would be noiseless in the water. He waked 
 his companions and communicated his sus- 
 picion. They arose, examined the branch a 
 little distance, and listened attentively for 
 some time ; but neither saw nor heard any- 
 thing, and then concluded it must have been 
 raccoons, or some other animals, puddling in 
 the stream. After this conclusion the com- 
 pany all lay down to rest, except the sentinel, 
 who was stationed just outside of the light. 
 Happily for them the fire was burned down, 
 and only a few coals afforded a dim light to 
 point out where they lay. The enemy had 
 come silently down the creek, as the sentinel 
 suspected, to within ten or twelve feet of the 
 place where they lay, and fired several guns 
 over the bank. Mr. Linn, the sick man, was 
 lying with his side towards the bank, and re- 
 ceived nearly all the balls which were at first 
 fired. The Indians then, with tremendous 
 yells, mounted the bank with loaded rifles, 
 war-clubs and tomahawks, rushed upon our 
 men, who fled barefooted and without arms. 
 Mr. Linn, Thomas Biggs and Joseph Hedges 
 were killed in and near the camp. William 
 M’Collough had run but a short distance 
 when he was fired at by the enemy. At the 
 
 instant the fire was given he jumped into a 
 quagmire and fell ; the Indians, supposing 
 that they killed him, ran past in pursuit of 
 others. He soon extricated himself out of 
 the mire, and so made his escape. He fell in 
 with John Hough, and came into Wheeling. 
 John Whetzel and Kinzie Dickerson met in 
 their retreat, and returned together. Those 
 who made thejr escape were without arms, 
 without clothing or provisions. Their suffer- 
 ings were great ; but this they bore with 
 stoical indifference, as it was the fortune of 
 war. Whether the Indians who defeated our 
 heroes followed in pursuit from their towns, 
 or were a party of warriors who accidentally 
 happened to fall in with them, has never 
 been ascertained. From the place they had 
 stolen the horses they had travelled two 
 nights and almost two entire days, without 
 halting, except just a few minutes at a time, 
 to let the horses graze. From the circum- 
 stance of their rapid retreat with the horses 
 it was supposed that no pursuit could pos- 
 sibly have overtaken them, but that fate had 
 decreed that this party of Indians should 
 meet and defeat them. As soon as the 
 stragglers arrived at Wheeling, Capt. John 
 M’Collough collected a party of men, and 
 went to Wills creek and buried the unfor- 
 tunate men who fell in and near the camp. 
 The Indians had mangled the dead bodies at 
 a most barbarous rate. Thus was closed the 
 horse-stealing tragedy. 
 
 Of the four who survived this tragedy 
 none are now living to tell the story of their 
 suffering. They continued to hunt and to 
 fight as long as the war lasted. John Whet- 
 zel and Dickerson died , in the country near 
 Wheeling. John Hough died a few years 
 since, near Columbia, Hamilton county, Ohio. 
 The brave Capt. William M’Collough fell in 
 1812, in the battle of Brownstown, in the 
 campaign with Gen. Hull. 
 
 Hon. William Farrar has given us the following interesting items concern- 
 ing the early history of the county : 
 
 The streams of this county come somewhat 
 curiously by their names, as Leatherwood, 
 from a bush having a tough leathery bark 
 used by the pioneers for many useful pur- 
 poses ; Yoker, from the yoker brush that 
 grows along its banks ; Wills creek, from 
 Wills river, Maryland; Crooked creek, from 
 its winding course ; Little and Big Skull 
 Forks, from the fact that in early times the 
 Indians, having made one of their raids into 
 the white settlements east of the Ohio river, 
 were returning with their prisoners, among 
 whom were a mother and infant child ; being 
 pursued they first killed the infant and left 
 the body to be devoured by the wolves, who 
 left no remains but the little skull ; farther 
 on the mother was killed and in like manner 
 devoured by the wolves, leaving only the 
 skull. These skulls were found by the pur- 
 suing whites on_ the banks of the streams 
 which thus received their respective names. 
 
 Another stream is named Indian Camp from 
 one of their camping grounds. 
 
 The settlement of the county was curious 
 in that settlers from so many different dis- 
 tricts met here. The Virginians and Guern- 
 seymen met at Wills creek ; the Yankees 
 from Massachusetts and Western Pennsylva- 
 nians in the southwest ; Quakers froni North 
 Carolina and Chester county, Pa., in the 
 southeast ; the Irish in northern and western 
 townships. A settlement from New Jersey 
 extends into two townships, while there are 
 families, descendants of the Hessians, in the 
 southern part of the county that came in 
 through Virginia and Maryland settlements. 
 The youngest daughter of Gen. Stark, of 
 the Be volution, died in this county, aged 
 ninety-nine years. 
 
 The man who wields the second oar in the 
 painting of Perry’s Victory, in the rotunda 
 of the Ohio State House, was a Guernsey 
 
728 
 
 GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 county man known as “Fighting Bill” Reed. 
 He was of Virginia or Pennsylvania stock, 
 who learned the blacksmith trade with Wil- 
 liam McCracken, of Cambridge.^ 
 
 Gren. Broadhead’s trail on his Coshocton 
 
 campaign in 1781 against the Indians is dis- 
 tinctly marked through the county. There 
 were no Indian villages in this region, it be- 
 ing the hunting ground of parties that hunted 
 and fished along the principal streams. 
 
 In 1798 ^^Zane^s Trace was cut through the county. When Zane’s party 
 arrived at Wills Creek Crossing they found the government surveyors busy sur- 
 veying the United States military lands. They had a camp on its banks. At 
 this time the only dwelling between Wheeling and Lancaster was at Zanesville. 
 The Zanes were from the South Branch of the Potomac, near Wills river, Mary- 
 land, and hence gave the. name Wills creek to the stream. So far as known, 
 Ebenezer Zane’s party consisted of himself, his brother Jonathan Zane, John 
 Mclntire, Joseph Worley, Levi Williams, and an Indian guide named Tomepome- 
 hala. 
 
 Wills creek is a sluggish stream with clay bottom, and choked up as it was at 
 that day with drift wood and rubbish, was a difficidt crossing ; and the Zanes, in 
 compliance with the requirements of the act to establish and maintain ferries at 
 the principal crossings, probably induced a man of the name of Graham to estab- 
 lish one there. It was the first stream west of Wheeling on the Trace over 
 which they placed a ferry. Who this first ferryman was or where from is not 
 known. He remained about two years, and was succeeded by George Beymer, 
 from Somerset, Pennsylvania, a brother-in-law of John Mclntire, of Zane’s party. 
 Mclntire was a brother-in-law of Ebenezer Zane. Both of these persons kept a 
 house of entertainment and a ferry for travellers on their way to Kentucky and 
 other parts of the West. Mr. Beymer, in April, 1803, gave up his tavern to Mr. 
 John Beatty, who moved in from Loudon county, Virginia. Beatty’s family 
 consisted of eleven persons. Among these was Wyatt Hutchinson, who later 
 kept a tavern in the town. The Indians then hunted in this vicinity, and often 
 encamped on the creek. In June, 1806, Cambridge was laid out; and on the 
 day the lots were first offered for sale, several families from the British isle of 
 Guernsey, near the coast of France, stopped here and purchased lands. These 
 were followed by other families, amounting in all to some fifteen or twenty, from 
 the same island ; all of whom, settling in the county, gave origin to its present 
 name. Among the heads of these families were William Ogier, Thomas Naftel, 
 Thomas Lanfisty, James Bishard, Charles and John Marquand, John Robbins, 
 Daniel Ferbrache, Peter, Thomas and John Sarchet, and Daniel Hubert. 
 
 Cambridge in 1846. — Cambridge, the county-seat, is on the National road, 77 
 miles east of Columbus and 24 east of Zanesville. It is a flourishing village, and 
 contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Seceder, 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Reformed Meth- 
 odist church, an academy, 9 mercantile stores, 2 carding machines, 1 flouring and 
 2 fulling mills, 1 newspaper printing office and about 1,000 inhabitants. The 
 view represents the town as it appears from a hill on the west, about 300 yards 
 north of the National road. The bridge across Wills creek is shown on the right 
 and the town on the hill in the distance . — Old Edition. 
 
 The bridge above spoken of is shown also in the new picture. Although built 
 in 1828 it still does good service. It is on the plan of Ithiel Town, a noted 
 architect who, at the same date, was building the Connecticut State-House after 
 the mode] of the Greek temple, and is now standing on the New Haven Green, 
 though no longer used as a State-House, while the bridge, started as a bridge, 
 remains still on duty as a bridge. 
 
 Cambridge is 77 miles east of Columbus, at the intersection of the C. & M. 
 and B. & O. railroads. It is the centre of a fine agricultural district and the 
 county-seat of G’>ernsey county. County officers in 1888 : Probate Judge, Lot 
 P. Hosick ; Clerks of Court, James R. Barr, Alfred Weedon ; Sheriff, Hugh F. 
 McDonald; Prosecuting Attorney, Justus H. Mackey; Auditor, Thomas Smith; 
 Treasurer, Milton Turner; Recorder, John K. Casey; Surveyor, William J. Hes- 
 
GUERNSEY COUNr\ 
 
 729 
 
 tor ; Coroner, John H. Sarchet ; Commissioners, John Shipman, James B. Hart- 
 ley, George Watson. Newspapers : Jeffersonian, Democrat, John M. Amos, edi- 
 tor and proprietor ; Guernsey Times, Kepublican, D. D. Taylor, editor and pro- 
 prietor ; Herald, Independent, Mehaffy & Ogier, editors and proprietors ; PeO' 
 
 Drawn hy Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Cambridge, from the West. 
 
 plds Press, Republican, C. W. Dunnifer, editor; Eastern Ohio Teacher, Educa- 
 tional, Prof. John McBurney, editor and proprietor. Churches : 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 United Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopalian, 1 
 Colored Baptist and 1 African Methodist Episcopal. Banks : Central National, 
 
 J. P. Brown, Photo., Cambridge, 1887. 
 
 Cambridge, from the West. 
 
 A. J. Hutchinson, president, W. E. Boden, cashier; Guernsey National, J. D. 
 Taylor, president, A. A. Taylor, cashier ; Old National, S. J. McMahon, presi- 
 dent, A. R. Murray, cashier. 
 
 Industries and Employees. — C. & M. R. R. shops, 50 hands ; Cambridge Chair 
 Factory, 75 hands; Cambridge Roofing Co., iron roofing, 27 hands; Hoyle & 
 
730 
 
 GUERJSrSEY COUNTY, 
 
 Scott, doors and sash ; Simons Bros., foundry ; E. M. Collum, buggies, City 
 Mills . — Btaie Report for 1887. Natural gas is used here for manufacturing and 
 domestic purposes. Population in 1880, 2,883. School census in 1886, 1,280; 
 E. Burgess, superintendent. 
 
 Eight miles east of Cambridge, on the National road, is Washington, of which 
 we said in 1846 : ^^It is a very thriving village, and does an extensive business 
 with the surrounding country, which is very fertile. It has 1 Lutheran, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Methodist, 1 Union and 1 
 Catholic church, the last of which is 
 an elegant and costly Gothic edifice ; 6 
 mercantile stores, 1 woollen factory, 
 a population nearly equal to Cam- 
 bridge. It was laid out about the 
 year 1805 by Simon Beymer, pro- 
 prietor of the soil, and a native of 
 Cumberland county, Pennsylvania.” 
 
 Being away from railways, it has lost 
 its relative importance. The census of 
 1880 gave it exactly 600 inhabitants. 
 
 In the northern part of this county, 
 on the line of the C. & M. railroad 
 track, a few hundred yards north of 
 Guernsey station, stand the Twin 
 Sycamores, which are a considerable 
 curiosity in the way of trees. These 
 are the measurements, as obtained for 
 us by Mr. William M. Farrar : 
 
 Twelve inches above ground the 
 largest is in girth 14 feet 6 inches, 
 and the smaller, 10 feet and 4 inches. KnowUon, photo. 
 
 The arm or connection is 22 feet 2 the Twin Sycamores. 
 
 inches from the ground, and its girth 
 
 5 feet 5 inches. The girth of the larger tree above the arm is 10 feet 5 inches ; 
 of the smaller tree, 7 feet 9 inches. The growing of a limb of one tree into the 
 body of another is occasionally seen in the forests. This, however, is an unusual 
 specimen. Sometimes one limb grows into another ; an example of this is on the 
 New Haven Green, where a lower limb about five feet in length has grown into 
 the one above and serves as a brace as completely as any brace put in by human 
 hands. 
 
 The Leatpierwood God. 
 
 At the village of Salesville there was built by the early settlers a hewed log- 
 church called tlie Temple and for the use of all denominations. In August, 1828, 
 about two and a half miles northwest of the Temple, was held a camp-meeting 
 under the auspices of the United Brethren Church. It began on Wednesday and 
 continued over Sunday. 
 
 On Sunday afternoon a large assemblage was addressed by the Pev. Jolin 
 Crum, P. E. He was about half way through a sermon of great eloquence, which 
 had produced a profound impression, when he paused that the truths he had spo- 
 ken might sink into the minds of his liearers. At tliis moment the solemn silence 
 was broken b3' a tremendous V(>ice, bursting forth like a clap of thunder upon the 
 congregation, giving utterance to but one word, Salvation,” followed by a 
 shout and snort, which filled the people with awe and dread ; one of those present 
 said: They carried with them, right through you, a thrill like that felt when 
 greatly scared in the dark and a dread similar to that experienced when we think 
 of dying instantly.” 
 
GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 731 
 
 Men jumped to their feet, women screamed aloud and every cheek blanched. 
 All eyes were turned in the direction from whence the sounds came, and there, 
 seated in the. midst of the congregation, was a stranger with solemn countenance, 
 totally unmoved, dressed in a suit of broadcloth, frock coat, white cravat and yel- 
 low beaver hat. 
 
 How or when he had come there no one knew, although dressed in a garb differ-^ 
 ing from any seen in this community at that time. 
 
 After several moments the clergyman proceeded with his sermon, but the people 
 gave no heed to it, for every eye and mind was centred upon the mysterious 
 and solemn stranger in their midst. His large black flashing eyes, pale face, lo\\ 
 broad forehead, from which the long black locks were brushed back, reaching 
 half way to his waist, and his melancholy, solemn aspect seemed to inspire the 
 people with awe. 
 
 After the meeting, he went about representing himself to be God Almighty, 
 who had come down into the midst of the assembled people in his spiritual body 
 and then assumed the corporeal one with the name of Joseph C. Dylks ; that he 
 could appear and disappear at will, perform miracles, and, finally, that he had come 
 to establish the millennium, and that whosoever followed him should never die in 
 their natural bodieSo He found many believers and followers. At first he was 
 very cautious in his statements, but, as converts became more numerous, he grew 
 more bold, claimed that his body could not be touched without his permission and 
 that with a shout and snort he could destroy the universe. His following increased 
 and converts were made throughout parts of Belmont, Guernsey and Noble coun- 
 ties. Three men from the vicinity of Salesville, Michael Brill, Robert McCormick 
 and John Brill, also a young minister named Davis, who had come to Salesville 
 during his visitation, were appointed disciples. He preached in the Temple at 
 Salesville and made many converts. 
 
 He addressed them as follows : I am God and there is none else. I am God 
 and the Christ united. In me Father, Son and Holy Ghost are met. There is 
 now no salvation for men except by faith in me. All who put their trust in me 
 shall never taste death, but shall be translated into the New Jerusalem, which I 
 am about to bring down from heaven.^^ Then the brothers yelled We shall 
 never die,^^ the sisters screamed, Dylks snorted and the spectators muttered their 
 indignation at the blasphemy. When Dylks descended from the pulpit McCor- 
 mick exclaimed, Behold our God/’ and the believers fell on their knees and 
 worshipped him. 
 
 The indignation of those who had not been drawn into the delusion of the 
 Dylksites finally resulted in organized opposition, and Dylks was called upon to 
 prove his professions by the performance of a ihiracle. Thereupon he agreed to 
 make a seamless garment if the cloth were furnished him. 
 
 The cloth was forthcoming but the miracle was not accomplished. Dylks was 
 arrested and brought before a magistrate, but there being no law provided for such 
 offences he was discharged. His accusers were not satisfied with this, and Dylks 
 was obliged to flee to the woods pursued by a mob. After this his conversions 
 ceased, but those who had accepted him still believed in his divinity, and among 
 these he found a refuge from the unbelievers who sought to drive him from the 
 country. He remained several weeks in hiding, and then assembled his converts 
 and announced that he must go to Philadelphia and set up his New Jerusalem.” 
 This was in the latter part of October, and taking three of his disciples with him, 
 they proceeded on foot to Philadelphia. When about to enter the city, Dylks and 
 Davis separated from McCormick and Michael Brill, to meet again,” said Dylks, 
 where the light from heaven shall shine brightest within the city, for there will 
 New Jerusalem begin to expand to fill the earth.” They searched the city over 
 and never found the Light ” nor Dylks and Davis, and after many days wan- 
 derings, footsore and moneyless, with sorrow and weeping, McCormick and Brill 
 turned their steps homeward. 
 
732 
 
 GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 Notwithstanding that death removed the Dylksites one by one, the survivors 
 still believed in the divinity of the Leatherwood God, and that he would some day 
 return and set up his New Jerusalem. Seven years later the Rev. Davis reap- 
 peared and preached a sermon in which he declared he had seen Dylks ascend into 
 heaven, and that he would return and set up his kingdom. Davis then left and 
 neither he nor Dylks was ever heard of again. 
 
 The mystery surrounding the method by which Dylks reached the centre of that 
 congregation was never divulged. When it is considered that his appearance was 
 such a peculiar one, his attire differing from any ever seen in that community at 
 that time, it is not surprising that many believed him to be a supernatural being, 
 to have suddenly appeared in the midst of that large body of people without obsep 
 vation from any one. 
 
 A Pennyroyal Distillery. 
 
 The title, The Leatherwood God,’^ was given this impostor from the meeting 
 where he first appeared having been held on the bank of Leatherwood creek. 
 Leatherwood, which gives name to the creek, is a peculiarly soft and pliable wood 
 with a tough bark that can be tied into knots. It was used by the pioneers for 
 tying the meat of wild hogs, venison and bear upon pack saddles for conveyance 
 to market at Wheeling. When gi'een it is so soft and spongy that it can be dented 
 by the pressure of the fingers. 
 
 Pennyeoyaldom is the name of a district of uncertain boundaries of which 
 Oxford township is the centre and to which it is principally applicable. This is 
 the central of the three easternmost townships bordering on Belmont county. It 
 is so called from the peculiar industry of pennyroyal raising and distilling within 
 its limits. It is not a great industry, because the demand for the article is light, 
 but it is a peculiar and rare industry, and as such is worthy of notice. The fol- 
 lowing is a description of the process of its distillation. 
 
 The pennyroyal, after being gathered, is allowed to wilt until it will pack well, 
 is then tramped down carefully in the steam-cliest until it is full. The oil is in 
 the leaf, and at times can be seen with a magnifying glass in small globules on the 
 under side of the leaf. Set free by the steam it ])asses into the condenser, into 
 whicii a stream of cold water is conducted until condensed, and jioured into an oil 
 vat filled with water u]) nearly to the top. Tlie oil, being lighter than the water, 
 runs into the vessel and passes out into a receiver. 
 
 The still-houses are of rude construction, as shown in the engraving. Four 
 forks are set in the ground with connecting jioles, upon which the roof of rough 
 
GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 r33 
 
 boards is placed, extending from a ridge-pole to the eaves. The business is not 
 of enough importance to justify any large expenditure for complete works. 
 
 The origin of the industry is as follows : 
 
 The first settlers of Oxford township found after plowing up the ground that a 
 spontaneous growth of pennyroyal sprang up. Benjamin Borton, who came from 
 New Jersey in 1804 and settled on the line of the old Wheeling road, having 
 learned the art in his native State, commenced its distillation, and the industry has 
 since been continued by his sons, grandsons and great-grandsons and became iden- 
 tified with the history of this region. 
 
 It is said that in the early days when all other resources for raising ready money 
 with which to pay taxes had been exhausted, the farmers would go out and gather 
 pennyroyal, distil it and in this way raise the cash, which was a scarce article in 
 those times. 
 
 The medicinal qualities of the American pennyroyal are superior to that of for- 
 eign production, and the oil found a ready sale in the Eastern markets. 
 
 The industry has been productive of benefit as it has given rise, indirectly, to 
 social reunions among the people, and as the outcome of these has been narratives 
 of pioneer experience, it comes within our province to go into some little detail 
 in regard to them. 
 
 At a banquet given in Cambridge on the 
 retirement of Jonathan Bose as County Com- 
 missioner and the incoming of Peter Lochary, • 
 it was proposed to hold annual reunions of 
 those born or bred in Pennyroyaldom, and 
 the proposition acted upon. The first was 
 held, August, 1880, at Grardiner’s Grove in 
 Oxford township, and the records of that and 
 succeeding meetings have been preserved by 
 Mr. John Kirkpatrick in pamphlet form 
 from which we quote. 
 
 Bev. John Abies, of Jackson township, 
 and his brother Bethuel (since deceased), the 
 oldest living people born in Oxford township, 
 were present at the first reunion, and from 
 the sj^eech of Bethuel (the first white child 
 born in Oxford township), we extract the 
 following : 
 
 “ I was born in 1806, within a mile of this 
 spot, amongst the wolves, Indians and snakes. 
 My father died when I was six years old, and 
 left me the oldest of the family upon my 
 mother’s hands. John, who has just spoken, 
 was the next eldest. One night he and I, as 
 the wolves were troublesome, penned the 
 sheep right up against the cabin. In the 
 night the wolves came and howled and pushed 
 around the house. The sheep were killed 
 and wounded. It made our little hearts 
 quake at the danger. Once I went for my 
 uncle, Beuben Borton, through a wheat patch 
 for water. I was terribly afraid of snakes. I 
 stepped in my bare feet on two copperheads 
 while going, and also on an old hoop which 
 flew up and struck me. I jumped so high 
 each time that I brought no water back. My 
 uncle found and killed the snakes. 
 
 “There were no near neighbors ; for miles 
 around there was nothing but paths. One 
 day I was riding on an errand through the 
 woods on ‘Kate,’ and suddenly a man’s 
 hand came from behind a tree on my thigh. 
 
 I told of it and was informed that it was a 
 robber looking for land buyers who had 
 money. I escaped because I was a boy. In 
 
 a few days we heard of a murder on the 
 Maginnis farm. The hand of Providence 
 was around us or we could not have lived. 
 We suffered. I was out after the cows one 
 day, and in crossing a creek walked on a 
 log out into the stream and jumped to get 
 over. I lit in the mud and went down and 
 down, and could not get out: the more I 
 stepped the more I became fastened. Some 
 chips floated near me and little by little I 
 was enabled to reach a slim branch above 
 me. 
 
 “I learned the blacksmith business. I 
 made the tools to clear this country. I 
 made the hoes, the axes and the mattocks 
 for the settlers. I was here when there were 
 not thirty people in the township. I know 
 all of Pennyroyal, and how to make the oil, 
 too. In the early days we boiled it in kettles, 
 now a four-horse load is needed to fill a ‘ gum. ’ 
 It was hard work to gather pennyroyal. It 
 grows by ‘ grasshopper springs. ’ The springs 
 near it are generally filled with grasshoppers, 
 and the fields with weeds, etc. ’ ’ 
 
 From the address of Geo. Plattenburg 
 (since deceased) we give : 
 
 “In 1805 my father and family moved 
 out. We did not have a load of furniture, 
 and put some salt in the bottom of the wagon 
 and sold it at Washington, Pa., for $6 a sack 
 or $30 a barrel. It took one-and-a-half 
 bushels of wheat to buy a pound of coffee 
 then. Flour sold at New Orleans for $1.50 
 a barrel. It was plenty and money scarce. 
 I made a coat for a man that cost him twenty- 
 seven barrels of flour, or one hundred and 
 thirty-five bushels of wheat. Timber sold at 
 $12 a thousand feet, and whiskey at fifteen 
 cents a gallon, but where were the fifteen 
 cents? ” 
 
 From William Morton’s remarks we quote : 
 
 “There were not more than fifteen persons 
 in the township when we came to the goodly 
 land of Ohio, in 1814 and 1815. The early 
 settlers who followed were from New Jersey, 
 
734 
 
 GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 New York, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsyl- 
 vania and Virginia. I was then ten years old. 
 The boys had to hunt the cows from ridge to 
 ridge through the wood sometimes for half a 
 day, and then come home without them. 
 They braved dangers, too. The hogs in the 
 woods, wild as they were, were more danger- 
 ous than the bears. When cow-hunting the 
 dogs would scare up the hogs, the hogs would 
 charge, in battle array, upon the dogs, who 
 would fall back upon the boys and they would 
 have to stand the battle from great fallen trees 
 or from the saplings. One day when my 
 brothers and myself were out, we heard 
 on a ridge above us bowlings like those of a 
 wolf We howled similarly in return, and 
 the dogs joined us in the howling. A boy on 
 the ridge took to flight, thinking a pack of 
 wolves was in reality near. This was the fun 
 of those times. ’ ’ 
 
 Hon. Joseph Ferrell said that when Oxford 
 township was organized there were not enough 
 men in it to fill the offices. It was soon set- 
 tled by soldiers from the war of 1812, two of 
 whom, William Bernard and William Rich- 
 ards, were still living. The Second Regiment 
 of Ohio in the war of 1812 was made up in 
 this region ; the Second Regiment in the war 
 of 1846 was filled from here, and the Second 
 Regiment in the last war had many from this 
 neighborhood. 
 
 From Hon. Newell Kennon’s reminiscences 
 of Fairview we extract : 
 
 “About 1818, in the woods south of Fair- 
 view, was seen by all the passers-by a speak- 
 er’s stand with benches in front sufficient to 
 seat a large audience. This place was occu- 
 pied for preaching by the Reformed Associate 
 Presbyterian Church for five or six years by 
 the Rev. Samuel Findley, their chosen pas- 
 tor. In fair weather very large and appreci- 
 ative audiences would assemble -to hear the 
 teachings of the learned doctor. The churuo 
 increased rapidly, large numbers of families 
 settling in the neighborhood who were mem- 
 bers of that persuasion, besides others joining 
 who had never been members of any church. 
 They then built what was called a large and 
 comfortable stone church. The chief archi- 
 tect was a sort of stone mason — but not a 
 Free Mason, or he would have used the plumb, 
 square and level more than he did, thus pre- 
 venting the intolerant law of gravitation 
 from pushing it down in the process of time. 
 It was strange that the architect, who had 
 the entire control of the building, would have 
 a jug of whiskey placed in the corner-stone 
 as a memento. When the workmen took 
 down the building, the jug and the whiskey 
 were found in a high state of preservation ; 
 they drank the whiskey and I don’t know 
 what became of the jug. ’ ’ 
 
 In the early settlement of the West the borders were infested by desperadoes 
 flying from justice, suspected or convicted felons escaped from the grasp of law, 
 who sought safety in the depths of the wilderness. The counterfeiter and robber 
 found there a secure retreat and a new theatre for crime. 
 
 During the early settlement of the wild hill country of Southeastern Ohio the 
 scattered, struggling, honest pioneers suffered much from the depredations of this 
 Class who found hiding-places among the caves and rocks and thick tangled under- 
 growth of the ravines. Much loss was inflicted by horse-thieves and counterfeit- 
 ing of coin was carried on at times quite extensively. In some instances the 
 early settlers executed summary justice upon die depredators and hung or shot 
 them without ceremony. The outside public learned not of these events, as they 
 took place before the advent of newspapers and communication with the older 
 settled communities infrequent ; we now learn of them mainly by tradition. 
 
 For several years prior to 1834 a large number of horses had been stolen from 
 Guernsey and the surrounding counties, and so completely were all traces of the 
 thieves covered up that the settlers were forced to the conclusion that an organized 
 band of horse thieves must have been formed in their midst. From the scant evi- 
 dence at hand, it appeared that these marauders had a line of communication from 
 the Muskingum Valley to Lake Erie. So that horses stolen in Guernsey county 
 would be passed along the line and disposed of at a point far distant from the 
 place of theft. All efforts toward the discovery of the thieves were without avail, 
 until finally suspicion fastened upon one Walter G. Perry, who resided some five 
 miles east of Cumberland, in Guernsey county, near what is now called Blue Bell. 
 
 On the night of October 15, 1833, a horse had been stolen from Wm. Knaj)- 
 penburger, of Tuscarawas county, who offered a reward for the capture of the 
 thief, and described him as a short stout-made man, with black piercing eyes and 
 of a rather quiet disposition.’^ Perry answered to this description and measures 
 were taken for his arrest, but he could not be found. 
 
 At this time a school-teacher in the McElroy district, named Adonijah Parrish, 
 was boarding with Anthony Jones, and during the night, January 5, 1834, he 
 
GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 735 
 
 heard some one cautiously admitted to the Jones dwelling ; his suspicions were 
 aroused and still further excited when, toward morning, he heard the stealthy 
 departure of the person admitted during the night. By questioning the young 
 son of Jones, Parrish learned that the cautious guest of the night was uncle 
 Perry.’^ Instead of attending to his school that day he hastened to an adjoining 
 district, now called Harmony, and securing the assistance of Robert Marshall, 
 Thomas Rannels, James C. Bay, E. Burt and Robert Kells, started in pursuit of 
 Perry. Armed with rifles, they proceeded to the dwelling of Jones and from there 
 
 L. M. Bodeclser, Photo., Cumherlund. 
 
 Perry’s Den. 
 
 took up the trail, which was easily followed, owing to a light snow having fallen 
 during the night. After following it for some distance, they perceived that an 
 effort had been made to cover the tracks and baffle pursuit. 
 
 About a mile and a half from Jones’s the trail led into a deep ravine, on either 
 side of which were high projecting rocks and deep, dark recesses, causing the pur- 
 suers some trepidation through fear that Perry might have accomplices hid among 
 the rocks and caverns of the ravine, and that they might fall victims to an am- 
 bushed enemy. They moved cautiously forward, speaking only in whispers, every 
 faculty on the alert. Suddenly one of the party called out, ‘‘ There he is, by the 
 rocks.” Seeing that he was discovered. Perry assumed a defiant attitude, and pis- 
 tol in hand, cried out with an oath that he would shoot the first one Avho came 
 near. His pursuers having satisfied themselves that he was alone, began closing 
 in on him, when he started to run. Marshall and Rannels threw up their rifles, 
 firing simultaneously, and Perry fell, wounded in the right leg. His (*aptors car- 
 ried him to the cabin of Clark Williams, where his wound was dressed, and on the 
 evening of the same day he was taken to Cambridge. 
 
 Perry was tried and convicted at the April term of court in Tuscarawas county, 
 and on the 19th of April was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment in the peni- 
 tentiary. His wgund refused to heal and near the end of the first year’s impris- 
 onment he was pardoned by the governor and set at liberty. He returned to his 
 family, who still resided in Guernsey county, but, after a short time, they all left 
 and were heard of no more. Perry had preserved the rifle-ball which had shat- 
 tered his leg, swearing he would be glad to plant it in each of his captors.” 
 
 After Perry’s departure evidences came to light of his having been connected 
 with a gang of counterfeiters. For several months preceding his arrest, numerous 
 
GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 736 
 
 spurious notes and coins were put in circulation, and Perry on one occasion liad 
 remarked to Martin Robbins that he had a lot of coins that would ^^go just as well 
 as any/’ About two hundred yards east of his dwelling, in a ravine, was dis- 
 covered a slot cut in a tree, and near it a long lever, which was used to make im- 
 prints of coins in short blocks of seasoned wood ; from these primitive molds casts 
 were made in the same manner that the early pioneers cast their rifle-balls. 
 
 These discoveries furnished an explanation of the stealthy visits of strangers to 
 the cabin of Perry during all hours of the night. In 1883, in a fleld near this 
 spot, Newton Hickle plowed up some 130 or more counterfeit coins, evidently 
 made in this manner. 
 
 The place of his capture has ever since been called Perry’s Den, and is a resort 
 for picnic parties and lovers of the romantic in nature. It is in Spencer township, 
 three miles east of Cumberland, in a deep glen in the highlands, dividing the waters 
 of Wills and Duck creeks. 
 
 In its native wildness it aflbrded remarkable facilities for secreting stolen prop- 
 erty. Its distance from roads and the difficulties of access, together with the 
 dense underbrush and its peculiar openings in the rocks, made its discovery 
 extremely unlikely. 
 
 Two waterfalls of from twenty to thirty feet descent and about one hundred yards 
 apart add to the romantic beauty of the glen. Horse Shoe Falls, with its ledge of 
 rock projecting out over the depths below, forms a cavern in which twenty horses 
 could be stabled at one time, undiscoverable except by the closest inspection, and 
 early settlers say that unmistakable evidences that it had been put to such uses 
 were plainly discernible. The second waterfall is a gem of beauty ; in summer it 
 is bordered with ferns and flowers, intermingled with laurels and evergreens, and 
 in winter, stately columns of glittering ice and fantastic shapes and forms of fila- 
 gree and frosted work arrest and please the eye. 
 
 The Guernsey County Meteor. 
 
 On the 1st of May, 1860, about half an hour after noon, an aerolite exploded 
 over the western border cf this county a little east of the village of New Concord. 
 As it approached the earth its brilliance was almost equal to the sun. A great 
 number of distinct detonations were heard like the firing of cannon, after Avhich 
 the sounds became blended together and were compared to the roar of a railway 
 train. This meteor was one of the most remarkable on record from the large 
 quantity of stones which fell to the earth. Prof. Elias Loomis, of Yale College, 
 in Harper’s Magazine for June, 1868, in an article entitled Shooting Stars, De- 
 tonating Meteors and Aerolites,” thus gives the main items connected with this 
 very notable aerolite. 
 
 “Several stones were seen to fall to the 
 ground and they penetrated the earth from 
 two to three feet. The largest weighed 103 
 pounds, and is preserved in the cabinet of 
 Marietta College. Another was found which 
 weighed fifty-three pounds, a third fift 3 ’'-one 
 pounds, a fourth was estimated to weigh 
 forty to fifty pounds and a fifth weighed 
 thirty-six pounds. A small one, weighing 
 fifteen pounds, is preserved in the cabinet 
 of Yale College. . . . About thirty stones 
 were found, and the entire weight of all the 
 fragments was estimated at 700 pounds. 
 
 “All these stones have the same general ap- 
 pearance. They are irregular blocks, and 
 are covered with a very thin black crust, 
 which looks as if it had been fused. Their 
 
 specific gravity was 3. 54, and their composi- 
 tion very similar to that of the Weston me- 
 teor. This meteor fell in the southwestern 
 part of Connecticut on the morning of Decem- 
 ber 14, 1807, and was nearly one-half silex, 
 about one-third oxide of iron, and one-eighth 
 magnesia, with a little nickel and sulphur, 
 
 “ Owing to the cloudy state of the atmos- 
 phere, the time was unfavorable for accurate 
 observation of the meteor’s position in the 
 heavens. It has been computed, however, 
 that the meteor moved toward the northwest, 
 that its path was nearly horizontal, and ele- 
 vated about fort}^ miles above the earth’s 
 surface. ... The velocity of the Weston 
 meteor relative to the earth was about fifteen 
 miles per second. . . . There are eighteen 
 
GUERNSEY COUNTY. 
 
 well-authenticated cases in which aerolites 
 have fallen in the United States during the 
 last sixty years and their aggregate weight is 
 1,250 pounds. 
 
 “While aerolites contain no elements but 
 such as are found in terrestrial minerals, 
 their appearance is quite peculiar, and the 
 grouping of the elements, that is, the 
 compound formed by them, is so peculiar 
 as to enable us by chemical analysis to dis- 
 tinguish an aerolite from any terrestrial sub- 
 stance. 
 
 “All aerolites without exception contain a 
 substance called Schreihersite, though often 
 in very small quantities. This substance is a 
 compound of iron, nickel and phosphorus, 
 and has never been found except in aero- 
 lites.” 
 
 Another writer upon meteors says ; 
 
 “Records of the fall of aerolites is as old 
 as history. One is recorded by Pliny, 467 
 B. c. , which was the size of a wagon. Kep- 
 ler affirmed his belief that there were more 
 
 737 
 
 comets and smaller bodies flying through space 
 in number than fish in the ocean. 
 
 “ In regard to the chemical composition of 
 these stones it must be observed that in pass- 
 ing through our atmosphere they undergo 
 some change, as they always take fire in the 
 upper regions by friction against our atmos- 
 phere, and arrive at the ground hot, some- 
 times making a deep hole. Combustible 
 substances in their composition, and perhaps 
 an atmosphere of combustible gases surround- 
 ing them, combined with the immense 
 velocity with which they enter our atmos- 
 phere, cause, on the sudden diminution ol 
 that motion, a most intense rise in tempera 
 ture, ignition, and very often one or more 
 violent explosions. It is not surprising that 
 they all present the appearance of having 
 been subject to great heat. Chemists have 
 proved that aerolites are not of volcanic 
 origin, and astronomers that their velocity is 
 far too great to be accounted for by terres- 
 trial attraction.” 
 
 Cumberland, about seventy miles east of Columbus, at the junction of B. Z. 
 & C. and C. W. & N. Y. railroads, is surrounded by a fine farming country. 
 Newspaper : Ney)s, Independent, W. A. Reedle, editor and publisher. Churches : 
 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Cumberland Presbyterian and 1 Presbyterian. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 519. School census in 1886, 200; A. R. McCulloch, superintend- 
 ent. 
 
 Quaker City, about ninety miles east of Columbus, on the O. C. R. R., is in 
 the midst of a fine agricultural and stock-raising district. Newspaper : Indepen- 
 dent, Independent, J. W. & A. B. Hill. Churches : 1 Disciples, 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal and 1 Friends. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees . — Manufacturing builders’ materials ; sheep- 
 shearers’ benches ; 1 foundry and machine shop ; cigar factories ; Quaker City 
 Window Glass Co., employing 70 hands; 2 good gas wells; coal mining, etc. 
 Bank : Quaker City National, John R. Hall, president, I. P. Steele, cashier. 
 Population in 1880, 594. 
 
 Byesville, five miles south of Cumberland, on the C. & M. R. R. News- 
 paper : Transcript, Independent, V. D. Browne, editor and proprietor. Popula- 
 tion in 1880, 210. The following are names of villages, with their population in 
 1880 : Seneca viLLE, 402 ; Salesville, 266 ; Fair view, 152. 
 
(By courtesy of Publishers of the Wev/ England Ilagazino. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 739 
 
 HAMILTON. • 
 
 Hamilton was the second county established in the Northwestern Territory. 
 It was formed January 2, 1790, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, and 
 named from Gen. Alexander Hamilton. Its original boundaries were thus 
 defined : ‘‘‘ Beginning on the Ohio river, at the confluence of the Little Miami, 
 and down the said Ohio to the mouth of the Big Miami ; and up said Miami to 
 the standing stone forks or branch of said river, and thence with a line to be 
 drawn due east to the Little Miami, and down said Little Miami river to the 
 place of beginning.^^ The surface is generally rolling ; soil on the uplands clay, 
 and in the valleys deep alluvion, with a substratum of sand. Its agriculture 
 includes a great variety of fruits and vegetables for the Cincinnati market. 
 
 Area about 400 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 68,458 ; in 
 pasture, 19,468; woodland, 10,774; lying waste, 5,619; produced in wheat, 
 163,251 bushels; rye, 34,390; buckwheat, 110; oats, 116,500; barley, 34,390; 
 corn, 468,501; broom corn, 2,345 pounds brush; meadow hay, 16,573 tons; 
 clover hay, 3,915; potatoes, 190,398 bushels; tobacco, 25,460 pounds; butter, 
 648,910; cheese, 9,950; sorghum, 15 gallons; maple syrup, 454; honey, 
 7,413 pounds; eggs, 327,650 dozen; grapes, 235,235 pounds; wine, 3,091 
 gallons; sweet potatoes, 11,314 bushels; apples, 1,910; peaches, 2,327; pears, 
 1,195; wool, 9,405 pounds; milch cows owned, 9,714; milk, 3,779,048 gallons. 
 School census, 1888, 99,049 ; teachers, 1,031; miles of railroad track, 545. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census.* 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Anderson, 
 
 2,311 
 
 4,154 
 
 Miami, 
 
 2,189 
 
 2,317 
 
 Colerain, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 2,272 
 
 3,722 
 
 Mill Creek, 
 
 6,249 
 
 11,286 
 
 3,022 
 
 5,306 
 
 1,043 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 996 
 
 Crosby, 
 
 1,875 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 3,092 
 
 7,975 
 
 Cincinnati (city). 
 
 46,382 
 
 255,139 
 
 Storrs, 
 
 740 
 
 Delhi, 
 
 1,466 
 
 4,738 
 
 Sycamore, 
 
 3,207 
 
 6,369 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 1,505 
 
 
 Symmes, 
 
 1,033 
 
 1,626 
 
 Green, 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 2,939 
 
 4,851 
 
 2,277 
 
 AYhitewater, 
 
 1,883 
 
 1,575 
 
 Population of Hamilton, in 1820, was 31,764; 1830, 52,380; 1840, 80,165; 
 1860, 216,410; 1880,313,374; of whom 191,509 were born in Ohio; 10,586, 
 Kentucky; 6,468, Indiana; 4,362, New York; 4,185, Pennsylvania; 2,361, 
 Virginia; 53,252, German Empire; 16,991, Ireland; 4,099, England and Wales; 
 1,787, France; 1,308, British America; 796, Scotland. Census, 1890, 374,573. 
 
 Before the war much attention was given to the cultivation of vineyards upon 
 the hillsides of tlie Ohio for the manufacture of wine, and it promised to be a 
 great business when the change in climate resulted disastrously. 
 
740 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 The Great Dam at Cincinnati in the Ice Age. 
 
 The country in the vicinity of Cincinnati owes its unsurpassed beauty to the 
 operations of Nature during the glacial era. It was the ice movements that gave 
 it those fine terraces along the valleys and graceful contours of formation on the 
 summits of the hills that were so attractive to the pioneers. Here it was that the 
 great ice movement from the north ended. As has been remarked, those were 
 the days of the beautiful lake rather than the beautiful river.^’ 
 
 No single cause has done more to diversify the surface of the country, to add 
 to the attractiveness of the scenery and to furnish the key by Avhich the condition 
 of the Ice Age can be reproduced to the mind’s eye than glacial dams. To them 
 we owe the present existence of nearly all the waterfalls in North America, as 
 well as nearly all the lakes. 
 
 A glacial dam across the Ohio river is supposed to have existed at the site of 
 Cincinnati during the Ice Age, and the evidence supporting the theory is so full 
 and conclusive that its existence can almost be assumed as an absolute certainty. 
 
 The evidences of the former existence of this dam and the lake caused thereby 
 were first discovered and the attention of the scientific world attracted thereto, in 
 the summer of 1882 , by Prof. G. Frederick Wright, of Oberlin, whose valuable 
 researches on glacial phenomena have given him a world-Avide reputation. The 
 facts here given are extracted from Prof. Wright’s recently published volume. 
 The Ice Age in North America,” a Avork scientific, but plain to the commonest 
 understanding, intensely interesting and an inestimably valuable contribution to 
 the sum of human knoAvledge. 
 
 “The ice came down through the trough 
 of the Ohio, and meeting with an obstruction, 
 crossed it so as to completely choke the chan- 
 nel, and form a glacial dam high enough to 
 raise the le\"el of the water five hundred and 
 fifty feet — this being the height of the water 
 shed to the south. The consequences follow- 
 ing are interesting to trace. 
 
 “The bottom of the Ohio river at Cincin- 
 nati is 447 feet above the sea-level. A dam 
 of 553 feet would raise the water in its rear 
 to a height of 1,000 feet above the tide. 
 This would produce a long narrow lake, of 
 the width of the eroded trough of the Ohio, 
 submerge the site of Pittsburg to a depth of 
 300 feet, and make slack-water up the Monon- 
 gahela nearly to Grafton, W. Va., and up 
 the Allegheny as far as Oil City. All the 
 tributaries of the Ohio would likewise be 
 filled to this level with the back-water. The 
 length of this slack-water lake in the main 
 valley, to its termination up either the Alle- 
 gheny or the Monongahela, was not far from 
 one thousand miles. The conditions were 
 also peculiar in this, that all the northern 
 tributaries head within the southern margin 
 of the ice-front, which lay at varying dis- 
 tances to the north. Down these northern 
 tributaries there must have poured during 
 the summer months immense torrents of 
 water to strand bowlder-laden icebergs on the 
 summits of such high hills as were lower than 
 the level of the dam.” 
 
 Prof. E. W. Claypole, in an article read 
 before the Geological Society of Edinburgh, 
 and published in their “Transactions,” has 
 given a very vivid description of the scenes 
 connected with the final breaking away of 
 
 the ice-barrier at Cincinnati. He estimates 
 that the body of water held in check by this 
 dam occupied 20,000 square miles, and that 
 during the summer months, when the ice was 
 most rapidly melting away, it was supplied 
 with water at a rate that would be eqiuvalent 
 to a rainfall of 160 feet in a year. This con- 
 clusion he arrives at by estimating that ten 
 feet of ice would annually melt from the por- 
 tion of the State which was glaciated, and 
 which is about twice the extent of the un- 
 glaciated portion. Ten feet over the glaciated 
 portion is equal to twenty feet of water over 
 the unglaciated. To this must be added an 
 equal amount from the area fiirther back 
 whose drainage was then into the upper 
 Ohio. This makes forty feet per year of 
 water so contributed to this lake-basin. 
 Furthermore, this supply would all be fur- 
 nished in the six months of warm weather, 
 and to a large degree in the daytime, whicn 
 gives the rate above mentioned. 
 
 The breaking away of the barrier to such a 
 body of water is no simple affair. As this 
 writer remarks : 
 
 “The Ohio of to-day in flood is a terrible 
 danger to the valley, but the Ohio then must 
 have been a much more formidable river to 
 the dwellers on its banks. The muddy Avaters 
 rolled along, fed by innumerable rills of 
 glacier-milk, and often charged with ice and 
 stones. The first warm days of spring were 
 the harbinger of the coming flood, which 
 grew swifter and deeper as the summer 
 came, and only subsided as the falling tem- 
 perature of autumn locked up Avith frost the 
 glacier fountains. The ancient Ohio river 
 system was in its higher part a multitude of 
 
From Wright’s Ice Age in North America; by courtesy of D. Appleton & Co., Publishers. 
 
74 * 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 glacial torrents rushing off the ice-sheet, 
 carrying all before them, waxing strong 
 beneath the rising sun, till in the afternoon 
 the roar of the waters and their stony burden 
 reached its maximum, as the sun slowly 
 sank again diminished, and gradually died 
 away during the night, reaching its minimum 
 at sunrise. ^ 
 
 ‘‘But with the steady amelioration of the 
 climate, more violent and sudden floods en- 
 sued. The increasing heat of summer com- 
 pelled the retreat of the ice from the Ken- 
 tucky shore, where Covington and Newport 
 now lie, and so lowered its surface that it 
 fell below the previous out-flow point. The 
 jvaters then took their course over the dam, 
 instead of passing, as formerly, up the Lick- 
 ing and down the Kentucky river valleys. 
 The spectacle of a great ice- cascade, or of 
 long ice-rapids, was then exhibited at Cin- 
 cinnati. This cataract or these rapids must 
 have been several hundred feet high. Down 
 these cliffs or this slope the water dashed, 
 melting its own channel, and breaking up the 
 foundations of its own dam. With the de- 
 pression of the dam the level of the lake also 
 fell. Possibly the change was gradual, and 
 the dam and the lake went gently down to- 
 gether. Possibly, but not probably, this 
 was the case. Far more likely is it that the 
 melting was rapid, and that it sapped the 
 strength of the dam faster than it lowered 
 the water. This will be more probable if we 
 consider the immense area to be drained. 
 The catastrophe was then inevitable — the 
 dam broke, and all the accumulated water of 
 Lake Ohio was poured through the gap. 
 Days or even weeks must have passed before 
 it was all gone ; but at last its bed was dry. 
 The upper Ohio valley was free from water, 
 and Lake Ohio had passed away. 
 
 “But the whole tale is not yet told. Not 
 once only did these tremendous floods occur. 
 In the ensuing winter the dam was repaired 
 by the advancing ice, relieved from the 
 melting effects of the sun and of the floods. 
 
 Year after year was this conflict repeated. 
 How often we cannot tell. But there came 
 at last a summer when the^ Cincinnati dam 
 was broken for the last time ; when the 
 winter with its snow and ice failed to renew 
 it, when the channel remained permanently 
 clear, and Lake Ohio had disappeared for- 
 ever from the geography of North America. 
 
 ‘* How many years or ages this conflict be- 
 tween the lake and the dam continued it is 
 quite impossible to say, but the quantity of 
 wreckage found in the valley of the lower 
 Ohio, and even in that of the Mississippi, 
 below their point of junction, is sufficient to 
 convince us that it was no short time. ‘ The 
 Age of Oreat Floods’ formed a striking 
 episode in the story of the ‘ Retreat of the 
 Ice. ’ Long afterwards must the valley have 
 borne the marks of these disastrous torrents, 
 far surpassing in intensity anything now 
 known on earth. The great flood of 1885, 
 when the ice-laden water slowly rose seventy- 
 three feet above low-water mark, will long be 
 remembered by Cincinnati and her inhabi- 
 tants. But that flood, terrible as it was, sinks 
 into insignificance beside the furious torrents 
 caused by the sudden, even though partial, 
 breach of an ice-dam hundreds of feet in 
 height, and the discharge of a body of water 
 held behind it, and forming a lake of 20,000 
 square miles in extent. 
 
 “To the human dwellers in the Ohio 
 valley — for we have reason to believe that the 
 valley was in that day tenanted by man — 
 these floods must have proved disastrous in 
 the extreme. It is scarcely likely that they 
 were often forecast. The whole population 
 of the bottom lands must have been re- 
 eatedly swept away ; and it is far from 
 eing unlikely that in these and other similar 
 catastrophes in different parts of the world, 
 which characterized certain stages in the 
 Glacial era, will be found the far-off basis 
 on which rest those traditions of a flood that 
 are found ^ among almost all savage nations, 
 especially in the north temperate zone.” 
 
 Maclisonville, eight miles northeast of Cincinnati (in a cross valley about five 
 miles in length, connecting Mill creek with the Little Miami back of Avondale, 
 Walnut Hills and the observatory), is an extremely interesting region, as con- 
 nected with the glacial period. This valley, or depression, is generally level, 
 from one to two miles wide, and about 200 feet above the low water-mark in the 
 Ohio, and from 200 to 300 feet below the adjacent hills. It is occupied by a 
 deposit of gravel, sand and loam, belonging to the glacial-terrace epoch. In the 
 article, Glacial Man in Ohio,’’ by Prof Wright, in Vol. I., page 93, is given a 
 map of this region. The article also speaks of the discoveries of Dr. C. L. Metz 
 of two palaeolithic implements, which prove that man lived in Ohio before the 
 close of the glacial period, say from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, before which there 
 were no Niagara Falls and no Lake Erie. 
 
 The first implement was found at Madisonville by him, in 1885, while digging 
 a cistern. “ In making the excavation for this he penetrated the loam eight feet 
 before reaching the gravel, and then near the surface of the gravel this implement 
 was found. There is no chance for it to have been covered by any slide, for the 
 plain is extensive and level-topped, and there had evidently been no previous 
 disturbance of the gravel.” It is not smoothed, but simply a rudely chij^ped. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 743 
 
 pointed weapon about three inches long.” The other palseolith was found by 
 Dr. Metz, in the spring of 1887, in an excavation in a similar deposit near Love- 
 land, some thirty feet below the surface, and near where some mastodon bones 
 had previously been found. It was an oblong stone about six inches long, four 
 and a half inches wide, which had here been chipped all around to an edge. Sim- 
 ilar discoveries have since been made in Tuscarawas county. 
 
 Dr. Metz has favored us with the following article upon discoveries in the 
 mounds and earthworks of the lost race which inhabited this region after the 
 glacial era. They are all upon the surface, being built upon the summits of 
 the glacial-terraces or upon the present flood plains. 
 
 The Prehistoric Monuments of Hamilton County. 
 
 The territory comprising Hamilton county 
 appears to have been one of the great centres 
 of the aboriginal inhabitants. This is evi- 
 denced by the great number of earthworks, 
 mounds and extensive burial places found 
 throughout the county. 
 
 Mounds and Earthworks . — ^The mounds 
 and the earthworks are found most numerous 
 in the valleys of the Little and Great Miami, 
 and in the region between the Little Miami 
 and Ohio rivers. Of the mounds, 437 have 
 been observed in the county, the largest of 
 which is located on the Levi Martin estate, 
 about one mile east of the village of Newtown. 
 The dimensions of this mound from actual 
 measurements are as follows : Circumference 
 at base, 625 feet; width at base, 150 feet; 
 length at base, 250 feet ; perpendicular 
 height, 40 feet. 
 
 Earth Enclosures— 0^ the earthworks, or 
 enclosures, fifteen in number have been 
 located, the principal ones being the “For- 
 tified Hill” near the mouth of the great 
 Miami river, figured and described by Squire 
 and Davis in their “Ancient Monuments of 
 the Mississippi Valley” [see Plate IX., No. 
 2, Vol. I., Smithsonian Contributions to 
 Knowledge], and the very interesting earth- 
 works located on the lands of Mr. Michael 
 Turner, near the junction of the East Fork 
 and Little Miami river in Anderson township, 
 and which the writer takes the liberty to des- 
 ignate as the “ Whittlesey and Turner group 
 of works.” This group of works was first 
 described by T. C. Day, Esq. , in a paper en- 
 titled “ The Antiquities of the Miami Val- 
 ley,” Cincinnati Chronicle^ November, 1839, 
 and subsequently, in 1850, were surveyed and 
 described by Col. Charles Whittlesey in Vol. 
 III., Article 7, Smithsonian Contributions 
 to Knowledge. ^ Of this work, Mr. Day says : 
 “The site of this stupendous fortification, if 
 we may so call it, is a few rods to the right 
 of the road leading from Newtown to Milford, 
 and about midway between them. It is situ- 
 ated on a ridge of land that juts out from the 
 third bottom of the Little Miami, and reaches 
 within 300 yards of its bed. From the top 
 of the ridge to low water-mark is probably 
 100 feet. It terminates with quite a sharp 
 point, and its rides are very abrupt, bearing 
 evident marks of having once been swept by 
 some stream of water, probably the Miami. 
 It forms an extremity of an immense bend, 
 
 curving into what is now called the third bot- 
 tom, but which is evidently of alluvial for- 
 mation. Its probable height is forty feet, 
 and its length about a quarter of a mile be- 
 fore it expands out and forms the third allu- 
 vial bottom. About 150 yards from the ex- 
 treme point of this ridge, the ancient workmen 
 having cut a ditch directly through it, it is 
 thirty feet in depth, its length, a semi-circular 
 curve, is 500 feet, and its width at the top is 
 eighty feet, having a level base of forty feet. 
 At the time of its formation it was probably 
 cut to the base of the ridge, but the washing 
 of the rains has filled it up to its present 
 height. Forty feet from the_ western side 
 of the ditch is placed the low circular wall of 
 the fort, which describes in its circumference 
 an area of about four acres. The wall is 
 probably three feet in mean height, and is 
 composed of clay occasionally mixed with 
 small fiat river stone. It keeps at an exact 
 distance from the top of the ditch, but ap- 
 proaches nearer to the edge of the ridge. 
 The form of the fort is a perfect circle, and is 
 200 yards in diameter. Its western side is 
 defended with a ditch, cut through in the 
 same manner as the one on the eastern side. 
 Its width and depth is the same, but its 
 length is greater by 200 feet, as the ridge is 
 that much wider than where the other is cut 
 through. The wall of this fort keeps exactly 
 the same distance from the top of this ditch 
 as of the other, viz. : forty feet. Its curve 
 is exactly the opposite of that of the other, 
 so as to form two segments of a circle. ^ At 
 the southeastern side of the fort there is an 
 opening in the wall thirty-six yards wide, and 
 opposite this opening is one of the most 
 marked features of this wonderful rnonument. 
 A causeway extends out from the ridge about 
 300 feet in length, 100 feet in width, with a 
 
 f radual descent to the alluvial bottom at its 
 ase. The material of its construction is evi- 
 dently a portion of the earth excavated from 
 the ditches. . . . “To defend this entrance 
 they raised a mound of earth seven feet high, 
 forty wide and seventy-five long. It is placed 
 about 100 feet from the mouth of the cause- 
 way, and is so situated that its garrison could 
 sweep it to its base. ’ ’ The mound above re- 
 ferred to was explored by the writer under 
 the auspices of Prof. F. W. Putnam, curator 
 of the Peabody Museum of American Arch- 
 aeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass., 
 
744 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 and we quote from their Sixteenth Annual 
 Report: “The large mound proved a most 
 interesting structure, unlike anything hereto- 
 fore discovered. It contained a small central 
 tumulus, surrounded by a carefully built 
 stone-wall and covered in by a platform of 
 stones, over which was a mass of clay. On 
 this wall were two depressions in each of 
 which a body had been laid, and outside the 
 wall in the surrounding clay were found sev- 
 eral skeletons, one of them lying upon a plat- 
 form of stones. With these skeletons were 
 found a copper celt, ornaments made of 
 copper and shell, and two large sea-shells. 
 With each of three of the skeletons was a 
 pair of the spool-shaped ear ornaments of 
 copper, and in every instance these ornaments 
 were found one on either side near the skull.” 
 
 Large Earth Enclosure. — From the base 
 of the graded way heretofore described extend 
 two embankments forming the segments of 
 an oblong oval, enclosing an area of about 16 
 acres. These embankments extend in an east- 
 erly direction, gradually approaching each 
 other until an opening or gateway, 150 feet 
 in width, remains. To protect this gateway 
 a mound is erected just within the opening, 
 having a diameter at base of 125 feet and a 
 perpendicular height of seven feet. Within 
 the above enclosure are fourteen mounds and 
 one large circular embankment, having a 
 diameter of 300 feet and a gateway to the 
 south sixty feet wide. Near the northern side 
 of this circular enclosure was. a small mound 
 covering a stone cist containing a human 
 skeleton. 
 
 Altar Mounds. — On the southern side of 
 the oval was a group of eight mounds. 
 Several of these mounds contained “Al- 
 tars ’ ’ or basings of burnt clay, on two of 
 which there were thousands of objects 
 of interest, which are described as fol- 
 lows by Prof Putnam in his report: “Two 
 of these altars, each about four feet square, 
 were cut out and brought to the museum. 
 Among the objects from the altars are nu- 
 merous ornaments and carvings unlike any- 
 thing we have had before. 
 
 “ One altar contained about two bushels of 
 ornaments made of stone, copper, mica, 
 shells, the canine teeth of bears and other 
 animals, and thousands of pearls (50,000 have 
 been counted and sorted from the mass). 
 Nearly all of these objects are perforated in 
 various ways for suspension. Several of the 
 copper ornaments are covered with native 
 silver, which had been hammered out into 
 thin sheets and folded over the copper. 
 Among these are a bracelet and a bead, and 
 several of the spool-shaped ear ornaments. 
 
 "'‘Gold in Mound. — One small copper pen- 
 dant seems to have been covered with a thin 
 sheet of gold, a portion of which still adheres 
 to the copper, while other bits of it were 
 found in the mass of material. This is the 
 first time that native gold has been found in 
 the mounds, although hundreds have been 
 explored. The ornaments cut out of copper 
 and mica are very interesting, and embrace 
 many forms. Among them is a grotesque 
 human profile cut out of a sheet of mica. 
 
 Several ornaments of this material resemble 
 the heads of animals whose features are em- 
 phasized by a red color, while others are the 
 form of circles and bands. Many of the 
 copper ornaments are large and of peculiar 
 shape ; others are scrolls, scolloped circles, 
 oval pendants and other forms. There are 
 about thirty of the singular spool-shaped 
 objects or ear-rings made of copper. Three 
 large sheets of mica were on this altar, and 
 several finely-chipped points of obsidian, chal- 
 cedony and chert were in the mass of materials. 
 
 “There were several pendants cut from a 
 micaceous schist and of a unique style of 
 work. There are also portions of a circular 
 piece of bone, over the surface of which are 
 incised figures, and flat pieces of shell simi- 
 larly carved. Several masses of native copper 
 were on the altar. 
 
 Meteor ic Iron and Terra- Cotta Figurines. — 
 But by far the most important things found 
 on this altar were the several masses of 
 meteoric iron and the ornaments made from 
 this metal. One of these is half of a spool- 
 shaped object like those made of copper, 
 with which it was associated. Another ear- 
 ornament of copper is covered with a thin 
 plating of the iron, in the same manner as 
 others were covered with silver. “Three of 
 the masses of iron have been more or less 
 hammered into bars, as if for the purpose of 
 making some ornament or implement, another 
 is apparently in the natural shape in which it 
 was found.” “On another altar in another 
 mound of the group were several terra-cotta 
 figurines of a character heretofore unknown 
 from the mounds. 
 
 “Unfortunately these objects as well as 
 others found on the altars have been more or 
 less burnt, and many of them appear to have 
 been purposely broken before they were 
 placed on the altars. 
 
 “ Many pieces of these images have been 
 united, and it is my hope that we shall suc- 
 ceed in nearly restoring some of them. 
 
 “Enough has already been made out to 
 show the peculiar method of wearing the 
 hair ; the singular head-dress and large button- 
 like ear-ornaments shown by those human 
 figures are of particular interest. On the 
 same altar with the figurines were two re- 
 markable dishes carved from stone in the 
 form of animals; with these was a Serpent 
 cut out of mica. On the altar were several 
 hundred quartz pebbles from the river, and 
 nearly 300 astragali of deer and elk. As but 
 two of these bones could be obtained from a 
 single animal, and as there were but one or 
 two fragments of other bones, there must 
 have been some special and important reason 
 for collecting so large a number of these par- 
 ticular bones. 
 
 “A fine-made bracelet made of copper 
 and covered with silver and several other 
 ornaments of copper, a few pearls and shells 
 and other ornaments were also on this altar.” 
 Near the last group of earth-works are two 
 parallel ways or embankments, 100 feet apart 
 and extending one-half mile in length north- 
 westwardly across the lands of Mr. Gano 
 Martin. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 745 
 
 Small Earth Enclosures.— 0^ the smaller 
 earth enclosures, the one in the Stites Grove, 
 near Plainville, is in the best state of preser- 
 vation, It consists of a circular embank- 
 ment, inner ditch, across which is a cause- 
 way leading to an opening in the embankment 
 to the southeast. Numerous ancient burial- 
 places are found in the^ county, and the 
 mortuary customs are varied, indicating that 
 the territory has been occupied by various 
 tribes at different periods. We find the 
 stonecist burials, burials under flat stones, 
 burials . in stone circles, burials in the drift 
 gravel beds, burials in pits in the horizontal 
 and also in the sitting positions, original 
 mound burials, intrusive mound burials and 
 evidences of cremation. 
 
 Ancient Cemeteiy., Near Madisonville., 0 . — 
 The most extensive and interesting of the 
 ancient burial-places is the one known as the 
 pre-historic cemetery, near Madisonville, 
 Ohio, which has become noted for its 
 singular ash-pits, as well as for the skeletons 
 buried in or at the bottom of the leaf-mould 
 covering the pits. One thousand and sixty- 
 five skeletons, 700 ash-pits, upwards of 300 
 earthen vases, numerous implements of bone, 
 horn, shell, copper and stone have been found. 
 
 The Ash-Ni^ ^»^re discovered after twelve to 
 twenty-four inches of the leaf-mould has 
 been removed and the hard pan or clay is 
 reached, when the pit is discovered by a 
 circular discoloration or black spot. These 
 ash-pits, as they have been well named, are 
 circular excavations in the hard pan of the 
 plateau, from three to four feet in diameter 
 and from four to seven feet deep. The con- 
 tents themselves are of peculiar interest, and 
 the purpose for which they were made is still 
 a mystery. The average pit may be said to 
 be filled with ashes in more or less defined 
 layers. Some of the layers near the top 
 seem to be mixed with the surrounding 
 gravel to a greater ^ or less extent ; but 
 generally, after removing the contents of the 
 upper third of the pit, a mass of fine gray 
 ashes is found, which is from a few inches to 
 over two feet in thickness. 
 
 Sometimes this mass of ashes contains thin 
 strata of charcoal, sand or gravel. Through- 
 out the mass of ashes and sand, from the top 
 of pit to the bottom, are bones of fishes, 
 reptiles, birds and mammals. With the 
 bones are the shells of several species of 
 unionidae. There are also found in these 
 its large pieces of pottery, also a large num- 
 er of implements made of bones of deer, 
 and elk antlers have been found. Those 
 made of elk antlers are in most cases adapted 
 for digging or agricultural purposes, and 
 often so large and so well made as to prove 
 that they are effective implements. Among 
 other objects made of bone are beeds, small 
 whistles, or bird-calls, made from hollow bone 
 of birds, also flat and cylindrical pieces with 
 “tally” notches and marks cut upon them, 
 short round pieces of antler carefully cut and 
 polished together, with arrow points, drills, 
 scrapers and other chipped instruments of 
 stone. A few polished celts and several rough 
 hammer stones have been found in the pits. 
 
 Com- Pit. — A number of objects of copper, 
 particularly beads, have been taken from these 
 pits, as have also several pipes of various 
 shapes cut out of stone. One pit discovered 
 August 26, 1879, known as the “corn-pit,” 
 is of peculiar interest. The depth of this 
 pit was six feet, its diameter three feet. The 
 layers or strata from above downwards were : 
 
 1st, Leaf-mould 24 inches ; 2d, Gravel and 
 clay 15 inches ; 3d, Ashes containing animal 
 remains, pottery sherds, unio shells 10 
 inches ; 4th, Bark, twigs and matting 4 
 inches ; 5th, Carbonized shell corn 4 inches ; 
 6th, Layer of twigs, matting and corn leaves 
 2 inches ; 7th, Carbonized corn in ear 6 
 inches ; 8th, Boulders covering the bottom 
 of the pit 6 inches. 
 
 Immediately along-side of this pit was 
 another the same depth, 3 feet 7 inches in 
 diameter ; containing leaf-mould, 24 inches ; 
 ashes with animal remains, fragments of pot- 
 tery, shells, etc., 4 feet. 
 
 The bottom layer of all the pits was 
 invariably ashes, and in the ashes were found, 
 in good state of preservation, bone imple- 
 ments, representing fish hooks, fish spears, 
 bone and horn digging tools, bone beads, 
 solid cylinders of bone two to three inches 
 in length, one-fourth to one-half inch in 
 diameter, bone awls, needles, fifes, grooved 
 bones, cut pieces of antler of deer and elk, 
 copper beads, perforated unios, together with 
 numerous animal remains ; of these many 
 were identified as belonging to the deer, elk, 
 bear, buffalo, raccoon, opossum, mink, wood- 
 chuck, beaver, various species of birds and 
 water fowls, turkey, fish, together with 
 various species of unio shell. 
 
 Pottery. — The skeletons were buried in the 
 horizontal position, and are generally found 
 at a depth of from eighteen inches to three 
 feet ; with the skeletons have been found a 
 number of vessels of pottery ; the most com- 
 mon of these are small cooking-pots with 
 pointed bottoms and four handles. Most of 
 the vessels are simply cord-marked, but some 
 are found ornamented within with incised 
 lines, or with circular indentations. Several 
 have been obtained on which were small and 
 rudely made medallion figures representing 
 the human face. 
 
 Lizard Ornamentation. — On one pot a 
 similarly formed head is on the edge so as to 
 face the inside of the vessel. One vessel 
 lent to the Smithsonian Institute has luted 
 ornants representing the human face on 
 either side between the handles. A half 
 dozen small vessels have a very interesting 
 form of decoration ; these are known as liz- 
 ard or salamander pots. On some of these 
 vessels the salamander, which is fairly 
 modeled, is on the surface of the broad, flat 
 handles on opposite sides, on others these 
 ornaments are placed between the handles, 
 and on one they form the handles. In all, 
 the head of the salamander is on the edge or 
 lip of the vessel, and in one or two is carried 
 a little to the inside. A few other forms of 
 vessels are represented by single specimens. 
 Such are an ordinary pot attached to a hol- 
 low stand a few inches high, two vessels 
 
746 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 joined together, one above the other, the 
 upper without a bottom, the two having 
 eight handles and a flat, long dish with two 
 handles at each end. 
 
 The ’prehistoric cemetery., near Madison- 
 ville, occupies an area of about fifteen acres 
 covered with vast forest trees. Many of the 
 skeletons and pits are found beneath the 
 roots of large oak, walnut or maple trees. 
 
 Mardelles or Dug-outs . — In the county but 
 two of the circular excavations designated as 
 “mardelles” have been found. The best 
 preserved of this class of works is the one 
 situated on the lands of the John Turner 
 estate, two miles northeast of the village of 
 Newtown. 
 
 This pit has a diameter of sixty feet at the 
 top, depth in the centre twelve feet ; six 
 feet from the edge of the pit is a well-marked 
 embankment conforming to the circular edge 
 of the pit. The embankment is two feet 
 high, eight feet wide at the base, and is 
 interrupted by a gate-way or opening fifteen 
 feet wide at the east. There are many 
 interesting objects in the county that warrant 
 a detailed description ; we can, however, but 
 briefly call attention to the terraced hill at 
 Red Bank and the old road-way in Section 
 11, Columbia Township. 
 
 The hill at Red Bank, just north from the 
 railway station, has an elevation of about 300 
 feet, and is terraced on its eastern and 
 southern slopes. The terraces are five in 
 number, and are undoubtedly the work of 
 human hands. This hill is surmounted by a 
 small mound. The ancient road-way in 
 Section 11, Columbia Township, near 
 Madisonville, is cut along the face of a steep 
 hill extending from the creek in a south- 
 westwardly direction to the top of the hill 
 ending near the Darling homestead. The 
 road- way is upward of 1,600 feet in length, 
 having an average width of twenty-five 
 feet, and is overgrown with large forest 
 trees. 
 
 Implements of Preglacial Men. — Evidences 
 of preglacial men having existed in Ohio 
 have been given by the finding of rudely 
 chipped pointed implements at Madisonville 
 and at Loveland in the glacial deposits as 
 before stated. The discovery of the altar 
 mounds in the Little Miami Valley similar 
 to those discovered and explored by Squire 
 and Davis in the Scioto Vallejq near Chilli- 
 cothe, would indicate that the territory that 
 is now known as Ross and Hamilton counties 
 was once the great centre of the pre-historic 
 population of Southern Ohio. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 Hamilton county was the second settled in Ohio. VTashington, the first, had its 
 first settlement at Marietta, April 7, 1788. The country between the Great and 
 Little Miamis had been the scene of so many fierce conflicts between the Ken- 
 tuckians and Indians in their raids to and fro that it was termed the Miami 
 Slaughter House.^’ In June, 1780, the period of the Revolutionary war. Captain 
 Byrd, in command of 600 British and Indians with artillery from Detroit, came 
 down the Big Miami and ascended the Licking opposite Cincinnati on his noted 
 expedition into Kentucky, when he destroyed several stations and did great mis- 
 chief. And in the August following Gen. Rogers Clark, with his Kentuckians, 
 took up his line of march from the site of Cincinnati for the Shawnee towns on 
 Little Miami and Mad rivers, which he destroyed. On this campaign he erected 
 two blockhouses on the north side of the Ohio. These were the first structures 
 known to have been built on the site of the city. 
 
 The beautiful country between the Miamis had been so infested by the Indians 
 that it was avoided by the whites, and its settlement might have been procrasti- 
 nated for years, but for the discovery and enterprise of Major Benjamin Stites, a 
 trader from New Jersey. In the summer of 1786 Stites happened to be at Wash- 
 ington, just back of Limestone, now Maysville, where he headed a party of Ken- 
 tuckians in pursuit of some Indians who had stolen some horses. They followed 
 for some days ; the latter escaped, but Stites gained by it a view of the rich val- 
 leys of the Great and Little Miami as far up as the site of Xenia. With this 
 knowledge, and charmed by the beauty of the country, he hurried back to New 
 Jersey, and revealed his discovery to Judge John Cleves Symmes, of Trenton, at 
 that time a member of Congress and a man of great influence. The result was 
 the formation of a company of twenty-four gentlemen of the State, similar to that 
 of the Ohio Company, as proprietors of the proposed purchase. Among these 
 were General Jonathan Dayton, Elias Boudinot and Dr. Witherspoon, as well as 
 Symmes and Stites. Symmes, in August of next year, 1787, petitioned Con- 
 gress for a grant of the land, but before the bargain was closed he made arrange- 
 ments with Stites to sell him 10,000 acres of the best land. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 747 
 
 Settlement c 
 
 Under the contract with Symmes, Sti' 
 landed on the 18th of November, 1788, 
 below the mouth of the Little Miami ; it 
 miles east of Fountain Square. 
 
 The settlers were superior men. Among 
 them were Col. Spencer, Major Gano, Judge 
 Goforth, Francis Dunlavy, Major Kibbey, 
 Rev. John Smith, Judge Foster, Col. Brown, 
 Mr. Hubbell, Capt. Flinn, Jacob White and 
 John Riley, and for several years the settle- 
 ment was the most populous and successful. 
 
 Two or three blockhouses were first erected 
 for the protection of the women and chil- 
 dren, and then log-cabins for the families. 
 The boats in which they had come from 
 Maysville, then Limestone, were broken up 
 and used for the doors, fioors, etc. , to these 
 rude buildings. They had at that time no 
 trouble from the Indians, which arose from 
 the fact that they were then gathered at Fort 
 Harmar to make a treaty with the whites. 
 Wild game was plenty, but their breadstuff’s 
 and salt soon gave out, and as a substitute 
 they occpionally used various roots, taken 
 from native plants, the bear grass especially. 
 When the spring of 1789 opened their pros- 
 pects grew brighter. The fine bottoms on 
 the Little Miami had long been cultivated by 
 the savages, and were found mellow as ash 
 
 Settlement 
 
 F Columbia. 
 
 ■es, with a party of eighteen or twenty, 
 and laid out the village of Columbia 
 is now within the limits of the city, five 
 
 heaps. The men worked in divisions, one- 
 half keeping guard with their rifles while the 
 others worked, changing their employments 
 morning and afternoon. 
 
 Turkey Bottom, on the Little Miami, one 
 and a half miles above Columbia, was a 
 clearing in area of a vSquare mile, and had 
 been cultivated by the Indians for a long 
 while, and supplied both Columbia and the 
 garrison at Fort Washington at Cincinnati 
 with corn for that season. From nine acres 
 of Turkey Bottom, the tradition goes, the 
 enormous crop of 963 bushels were gathered 
 the very first season. 
 
 Before this the women and children from 
 Columbia early visited Turkey Bottom to 
 scr tch up the bulbous roots of the bear 
 gr< is. These they boiled, washed, dried on 
 smooth boards, and finally pounded into a 
 species of flour, which served as a tolerable 
 substitute for making various baking opera- 
 tions. Many of the families subsisted for a 
 time entirely on the roots of the bear grass ; 
 and there was great suffering for provisions 
 until they could grow corn. 
 
 ^ Cincinnati. 
 
 The facts connected with the settlement of Cincinnati are these : In the win- 
 ter of 1787-1788 Matthias Denman, of Springfield, New Jersey, purchased of 
 John Cleves Symmes, a tract of land comprising 740 acres, now but a small part 
 of the city, his object being to form a station, lay out a town on the Ohio side 
 opposite the mouth of the Licking river, and establish a ferry, which last was 
 especially important. The old Indian war-path from the British garrison at De- 
 troit here crossed the Ohio, and here was the usual avenue by which savages from 
 the north had invaded Kentucky. Denman paid five shillings per acre in Con- 
 tinental scrip, or about fifteen pence per acre in specie, or less than $125 in specie 
 for the entire plot. 
 
 Denman the next summer associated with him two gentlemen of Lexington, 
 Ky., each having one-third interest. Col. Robert Patterson and John Filson. 
 The first was a gallant soldier of the Indian wars, and John Filson a school- 
 master and surveyor, and author of various works upon the W est, of which he 
 had been an explorer, one of them The Discovery, Settlement and Present State 
 of Kentucky,^^ published in 1784 ; also a map of the same. Filson was to survey 
 the site and lay it out into lots, thirty in-lots of half an acre and thirty out-lots 
 of four acres to be given thirty settlers on their paying $1.50 for deed and sur- 
 vey. He called the proposed town Losantiville, a name formed by him from 
 the Latin ^^os,’^ mouth, the Greek ^^anti,’’ opposite, and the French ‘Wille,’^ 
 city, from its position opposite the mouth of the Licking river. And this name 
 it retained until the advent of Gov. St. Clair, January 2, 1790, who, being a 
 member of the old Revolutionary army Society of Cincinnatus, expressed a desire 
 the name should be changed to Cincinnati, when his wish was complied with. 
 
 Preliminary Exploration. — In September, of Symmes. They landed at the mouth of 
 
 1788, a large party, embracing Symmes, the Great Miami, and explored the country 
 
 Stites, Denman, Patterson, Filson, Ludlow, for some distance back from that and North 
 
 with others, in all about sixty men, left Bend, at which point Symmes then decided 
 
 Limestone to visit the new Miami Purchase to make a settlement. The party surveyed 
 
74 ^ 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 the distance between the two Miamis, follow- 
 ing the meanders of the Ohio, and returned 
 to Limestone. 
 
 On this trip Filson became separated from 
 his companions while in the rear of North 
 Bend, and was never more heard of, having 
 doubtless been killed by the Indians, a fate 
 of which he always seemed to have a present- 
 iment. Israel Ludlow, who had intended to 
 act as surveyor for Symmes, now accepted 
 Filson ’s interest, and assumed his duties in 
 laying out Losantiville. 
 
 Landing at Cincinnati . — On the 24th of 
 December, 1788, Denman and Patterson, 
 with twenty-six others, left Limestone in a 
 boat to found Losantiville. After much dif- 
 ficulty and danger from floating ice in the 
 river, they arrived at the spot on or about 
 the 28th, the exact date being in dispute. 
 The precise spot of their landing was an inlet 
 at the foot of Sycamore street, later known 
 as Yeatman’s Cove. 
 
 Ludlow laid out the town. On the 7th of 
 January ensuing the settlers by lottery de- 
 cided on their choice of donation lots, he 
 
 same being given to each in fee simple on 
 condition : 1. Raising two crops succes- 
 
 sively, and not less than an acre for each 
 crop. 2. Building within two years a house 
 equal to twenty-five feet square, one and a 
 half stories high, with brick, stone or clay 
 chimney, each house to stand in front of 
 their lots. The following is a list of the set- 
 tlers who so agreed, thirty in number ; Sam- 
 uel Blackburn, Sylvester Y/hite, Joseph 
 Thornton, John Vance, James Dumont, 
 Fulton, Elijah Martin, Isaac Van Me- 
 ter, Thomas Gissel, David McCleyer, 
 
 Davidson, Matthew Campbell, James Mon- 
 son, James McConnell, Noah Badgely, 
 James Carpenter, Samuel Mooney, James 
 Campbell, Isaac Freeman, Scott Traverse, 
 Benjamin Dumont, Jesse Stewart, Henry 
 Bechtle, Richard Stewart, Luther Kitchell, 
 Ephraim Kibbey, Henry Lindsey, John 
 Porter, Daniel Shoemaker, Joel Williams. 
 
 The thirty in-lots in general terms com- 
 prised the space back from the landing be- 
 tween Main street and Broadway, and there 
 was the town began. 
 
 The North Bend settlement was the third within the Symmes Purchase, and 
 was made under the immediate care of Judge Symmes. He called it North Bend 
 because it is the most northerly bend on the Ohio west of the Kanawha. The 
 Judge with his party of adventurers left Limestone January 29, 1789, only about 
 a month after that of Denman at Cincinnati, and two months after that of Stites 
 at Columbia. The history of this with other connecting historical items we ex- 
 tract from BurnePs Notes ; 
 
 The party, on their passage down the 
 river, were obstructed, delayed and exposed 
 to imminent danger from floating ice, which 
 covered the river. They, however, reached 
 the Bend, the place of their destination, in 
 safety, early in February. The first object 
 of the Judge was to found a city at that 
 place, which had received the name of North 
 Bend, from the fact that it was the most 
 northern bend in the Ohio river below the 
 mouth of the Great Kanawha. 
 
 The water-craft nsQd. in descending the 
 Ohio, in those primitive times, were flat- 
 boats made of green oak plank, fastened by 
 wooden pins to a frame of timber, and caulked 
 with tow, or any other pliant substance that 
 could be procured. Boats similarly con- 
 structed on the northern waters were then 
 called arlcs, but on the western rivers they 
 were denominated Kentuchy boats. The ma- 
 terials of which they were composed were 
 found to be of great utility in the construc- 
 tion of temporary buildings for safety, and for 
 protection from the inclemency of the weather, 
 after they had arrived at their destination. 
 
 At the earnest solicitation of the Judge, 
 General Harmar sent Captain Kearsey with 
 forty-eight rank and file, to protect the im- 
 provements just commencing in the Miami 
 country. This detachment reached Lime- 
 stone in December, 1788, and in a few days 
 after. Captain Kearsey sent a part of his 
 command in advance, as a guard to protect 
 the pioneers under Major Stites, at the Little 
 Miami, where they arrived soon after. Mr. 
 
 Symmes and his party, accompanied by Cap- 
 tain Kearsey, landed at Columbia, on their 
 passage down the river, and the detachment 
 previously sent to that place joined their 
 company. They then proceeded to the Bend, 
 and landed about the first or second of Feb- 
 ruary. When they left Limestone, it was 
 the purpose of Captain Kearsey to occupy 
 the fort built at the mouth of the Miami, by 
 a detachment of United States troops, who 
 afterwards descended the river to the flills. ^ 
 
 That purpose was defeated by the flood in 
 the river, which had spread over the low 
 grounds and rendered it difiicult to reach the 
 fort. Captain Kearsey, however, was anx- 
 ious to make the attempt, but the Judge 
 would not consent to it ; he was, of course, 
 much disappointed, and greatly displeased. 
 When he set out on the expedition, ex]:)ecting 
 to find a fort ready built to receive him, he 
 did not provide the implements necessary to 
 construct one. Thus disappointed and dis- 
 pleased, he resolved that he would not build 
 a new work, but would leave the Bend and 
 join the garrison at Louisville. 
 
 In pursuance of that resolution, he em- 
 barked early in March, and descended the 
 river with his command. The Judge imme- 
 diately wrote to Major Willis, commandant 
 of the garrison at the Falls, complaining of 
 the conduct of Captain Kearsey, representing 
 the exposed situation of the Miami settle- 
 ment, stating the indications of hostility 
 manifested by the Indians, and requesting a 
 guard to be sent to the Bend. This request 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 749 
 
 was promptly granted, and before the close 
 of the month, Ensign Luce arrived with 
 seventeen or eighteen soldiers, which, for the 
 time, removed the apprehensions of the 
 pioneers at that place. It was not long, 
 however, before the Indians made an attack 
 on them, in which they killed one soldier, 
 and wounded four or five other persons, in- 
 cluding Major J. K. Mills, an emigrant from 
 Elizabethtown, New Jersey, who was a sur- 
 veyor, and an intelligent and highly respected 
 citizen. Although he recovered from his 
 wounds, he felt their disabling effects to the 
 day of his death. 
 
 Symmes City Laid Out . — The surface of 
 the ground where the Judge and his party 
 had landed was above the reach of the 
 water, and sufficiently level to admit of a 
 convenient settlement. He therefore deter- 
 mined, for the immediate accommodation of 
 his party, to lay out a village at that place, 
 and to suspend, for the present, the execu- 
 tion of his purpose, as to the city, of which 
 he had given notice, until satisfactory infor- 
 mation could be obtained in regard to the 
 comparative advantages of different places in 
 the vicinity. The determination, however, 
 of laying out such a city, was not abandoned, 
 but was executed in the succeeding year on a 
 magnificent scale. It included the village, 
 and extended from the Ohio across the pen- 
 insula to the Miami river. This city, which 
 was certainly a beautiful one, on paper, was 
 called Symmes, and for a time was a subject 
 of conversation and of criticism ; but it soon 
 ceased to be remembered — even its name 
 was forgotten, and the settlement continued 
 to be called North Bend. Since then, that 
 village has been distinguished as the residence 
 and the home of the soldier and statesman, 
 William Henry Harrison, whose remains now 
 repose in an humble vault on one of its beau- 
 tiful hills. 
 
 In conformity with a stipulation made at 
 Limestone, every individual belonging to the 
 party received a donation lot, which he was 
 required to improve, as the condition of ob- 
 taining a title. As the number of these ad- 
 venturers increased in consequence of the 
 protection afforded by the military, the Judge 
 was induced to lay out another village, six or 
 seven miles higher up the river, which he 
 called South Bend, where he disposed of 
 some donation lots ; but that project failed, 
 and in a few years the village was deserted 
 and converted into a farm. 
 
 ^ Indian Intei'views . — During these transac- 
 tions, the Judge was visited by a number of 
 Indians from a camp in the neighborhood of 
 Stites’ settlement. One of them, a Shawnee 
 chief, had many complaints to make of frauds 
 practised on them by white traders, who for- 
 tunately had no connection with the pioneers. 
 After several conversations, and some small 
 presents,^ he professed to be satisfied with the 
 explanation he had received, and gave^ assur- 
 ances that the Indians would trade with the 
 white men as friends. 
 
 In one of their interviews, the Judge told 
 him be had been commissioned and sent out 
 
 to their country, by the thirteen fires, in the 
 spirit of friendship and kindness ; and that he 
 was instructed to treat them as friends and 
 brothers. In proof of this he showed them 
 the fiag of the Union, with its stars and 
 stripes, and also his commission, having the 
 great seal of the United States attached to it ; 
 exhibiting the American eagle, with the olive 
 branch in one claw, emblematical of peace, 
 and the instrument of war and death in the 
 other. He explained the meaning of those 
 symbols to their satisfaction, though at first 
 the chief seemed to think they were not very 
 striking emblems either of peace or friend- 
 ship ; but before he departed from the Bend, 
 he gave assurances of the most friendly char- 
 acter. Yet, when they left their camp to 
 return to their towns, they carried off a num- 
 . ber of horses belonging to the Columbia set 
 tlement, to compensate for the injuries done 
 them by wandering traders, who had no part 
 or lot with the pioneers. These depredations 
 having been repeated, a party was sent out 
 in pursuit, who followed the trail of the In- 
 dians a considerable distance, when they dis- 
 covered fresh signs, and sent Captain Flinn, 
 one of their party, in advance, to reconnoitre. 
 He had not proceeded far before he was sur- 
 prised, taken prisoner, and carried to the 
 Indian camp. Not liking the movements he 
 saw going on, which seemed to indicate per- 
 sonal violence, in regard to himself, and hav- 
 ing great confidence in his activity and 
 strength, at a favorable moment he sprang 
 from the camp, made his escape, and joined 
 his party. The Indians, fearing an ambus- 
 cade, did not pursue. The party possessed 
 themselves of some horses belonging to the 
 Indians, and returned to Columbia. In a 
 few days, the Indians brought in Captain 
 Flinn’ s rifle, and begged Major Stites to re- 
 store their horses — alleging that they were 
 innocent of the depredations laid to their 
 charge. After some further explanations, 
 the matter was amicably settled, and the 
 horses were given up. 
 
 The three principal settlements of the 
 Miami country, although they had one gen- 
 eral object, and were threatened by one coni- 
 mon danger, yet there existed a strong spirit 
 of rivalry between them — each feeling a pride 
 in the prosperity of the little colony to which 
 he belonged. That spirit produced a strong 
 influence on the feelings of the pioneers 
 of the different villages, and produced an 
 esprit du corps., scarcely to be expected under 
 circumstances so critical and dangerous as 
 those which threatened them. At first it 
 was a matter of doubt which of the rivals, 
 Columbia, Cincinnati or North Bend, would 
 eventually become the chief seat of business. 
 
 That, however, lasted but a short time. 
 The garrison having been established at Cin- 
 cinnati, made it the headquarters and the 
 depot of the army. In addition to this, as 
 soon as the county courts of the territory 
 were organized, it was made the seat of jus- 
 tice of Hamilton county. These advantages 
 convinced everybody that it was destined to 
 become the emporium of the Miami country 
 
75 ° 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Privations of the Settlers. — A large number 
 of the original adventurers to the Miami pur- 
 chase had exhausted their means by paying 
 for their land, and removing their families to 
 the country. Others were wholly destitute 
 of property, and came out as volunteers, un- 
 der the expectation of obtaining, gratuitously, 
 such small tracts of land as might be forfeited 
 by the purchasers, under Judge Symmes, for 
 not making the improvements required by 
 the conditions stipulated in the terms of sale 
 and settlement of Miami lands, published by 
 the Judge, in 1787. The class of adventurers 
 first named was comparatively numerous, and 
 had come out under an expectation of taking 
 immediate possession of their lands, and of 
 commencing the cultivation of them for sub- 
 sistence. Their situation, therefore, was dis- 
 tressing. ^ To go out into the wilderness to 
 till the soil appeared to be certain death ; to 
 remain in the settlements threatened them 
 with starvation. The best provided of the 
 pioneers found it diflicult to obtain subsist- 
 ence ; and, of course, the class now spoken of 
 were not far from total destitution. They 
 depended on game, fish,^ and such products 
 of the earth as could be raised on small patches 
 of ground in the immediate vicinity of the 
 settlements. 
 
 Occasionally, small lots of provision were 
 brought down the river by emigrants, and 
 sometimes were transported on pack-horses, 
 from Lexington, at a heavy expense, and not 
 without danger. But supplies, thus procured, 
 were beyond the reach of those destitute 
 persons now referred to. 
 
 S tations Established. — Having endured 
 these privations as long as they could be 
 borne, the more resolute of them determined 
 to brave the consequences of moving on to 
 their lands. To accomplish the object with 
 the least exposure, those whose lands were 
 in the same neighborhood united as one 
 family ; and on that principle, a number of 
 associations were formed, amounting to a 
 dozen or more who went out resolved to 
 maintain their positions. 
 
 Each party erected a strong block-house, 
 near to which their cabins were put up, and 
 the whole was enclosed by strong log pickets. 
 This being done, they commenced clearing 
 their lands, and preparing for planting their 
 crops. During the day, while they were at 
 work, one person was placed as a sentinel, to 
 warn them of approaching danger. At sun- 
 set they retired to the block-house and their 
 cabins, taking everything of value within the 
 pickets. In this manner they proceeded from 
 day to day, and week to week, till their im- 
 provements were sufficiently extensive to 
 support their families. During this time, 
 they depended for subsistence on wild 
 game, obtained at some hazard, more than 
 on the scanty supplies they were able to 
 procure from the settlements on the river. 
 
 In a short time these stations gave pro- 
 tection and food to a large number of destitute 
 families. After they were established, the 
 Indians became less annoying to the settle- 
 ments on the Ohio, as part of their time was 
 
 employed in watching the stations. The 
 former, however, did not escape, but endured 
 their share of the fruits of savage hostility. 
 In fact, no place or situation was exempt 
 from danger. The safety of the pioneer de- 
 pended on his means of defence, and on per- 
 petual vigilance. 
 
 The Indians viewed those stations with 
 great jealousy, as they had the appearance of 
 permanent military establishments, intended 
 to retain possession of their country. In that 
 view they were correct ; and it was fortunate 
 for the settlers that the Indians wanted 
 either the skill or the means of demolishing 
 them 
 
 The truth of the matter is, their great 
 error consisted in permitting those works to 
 be constructed at all. They might have pre- 
 vented it with great ease, but they appeared 
 not to be aware of the serious consequences 
 which, were to result, until it was too late 
 to act with effect. Several attacks were, 
 however, made at different times, with an 
 apparent determination to destroy them ; but 
 they failed in every instance. The assault 
 made on the station erected by Captain 
 Jacob AVhite, a pioneer of much energy and 
 enterprise, at the third crossing of Mill creek 
 from Cincinnati, on the old Hamilton road, 
 was resolute and daring ; but it was gallantly 
 met and successfully repelled. During the 
 attack, which was in the night. Captain 
 White shot and killed a warrior, who fell so 
 near the block-house, that his companions 
 could not remove his body. The next morn- 
 ing it was brought in, and judging from his 
 stature, as reported by the inmates, he juight 
 have claimed descent from a race of giants. 
 On examining the ground in the vicinity of 
 the block-house, the appearances of blood 
 indicated that the assailants had suffered 
 severely. 
 
 Dunlap's Station Attacked. — In the winter 
 of 1790-1, an attack was made, with a strong 
 party, amounting, probably, to four or five 
 hundred, on Dunlap’s station, at Colerain. 
 The block-house at that place was occupied 
 by a small number of United States troops, 
 commanded by Col. Kingsbury, then a subal- 
 tern in the army. The fort was furnished 
 with a piece of artillery, which was an object 
 of terror to the Indians ; yet that did not de- 
 ter them from an attempt to effect their pur- 
 pose. The attack was violent, and for some 
 time the station was in imminent danger. 
 
 The savages were led by the notorious 
 Simon Girty, and outnumbered the garrison, 
 at least, ten to one. The works were entirely 
 of wood, and the only obstacle between the 
 assailants and the assailed was a picket of 
 logs, that might have been demolished, with 
 a loss not exceeding, probably, twenty or 
 thirty lives. The garrison displayed unusual 
 gallantry — they frequently exposed their per- 
 sons above the pickets, to insult and provoke 
 the assailants; and judging from the facts 
 reported, they conducted with as much folly 
 as bravery. 
 
 Col. John Wallace, of Cincinnati, one of 
 the earliest and bravest of the pioneers, and 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 75* 
 
 as amiable as he was brave, was in the fort 
 when the attack was made. Although the 
 works were completely surrounded by the 
 enemy, the colonel volunteered his services 
 to go to Cincinnati for a reinforcement. The 
 fort stood on the east bank of the Big Miami. 
 Late in the night he was conveyed across 
 the river in a canoe, and landed on the op- 
 posite shore. Having passed down some 
 miles below the fort, he swam the river, and 
 directed his course for Cincinnati. On his 
 way down, the next day, he met a body of 
 men from that place and from Columbia, 
 proceeding to Colerain. They had been in- 
 formed of the attack, by persons hunting in 
 the neighborhood, who were suflSciently near 
 the fort to hear the firing when it began. 
 
 He joined the party, and led them to the 
 station by the same route he had travelled 
 from it; but before they arrived, the Indians 
 had taken their departure. It was afterwards 
 
 ascertained that Mr. Abner Hunt, a respect- 
 able citizen of New Jersey, who was on a 
 surveying tour in the neighborhood of Cole- 
 rain, at the time of the attack, was killed 
 before he could reach the fort. His body 
 was afterwards found, shockingly mangled. 
 
 _ The Indians tied Hunt to a saijling, within 
 sight of the garrison, who distinctly heard 
 his screams, and built a large fire so near as 
 to scorch him, infiicting the most acute pain ; 
 then, as his flesh, from the action of the fire 
 and the frequent application of live coals, be- 
 came less sensible, making deep incisions in 
 his limbs, as if to renew his sensibility of 
 pain ; answering his cries for water, to allay 
 the extreme thirst caused by burning, by 
 fresh tortures ; and, finally, when, exhausted 
 and fainting, death seemed approaching to 
 release the wretched prisoner, terminating 
 his sufferings by applying flaming brands to 
 his naked bowels.” 
 
 Early Beginnings of Cincinnati. 
 
 Soon as the settlers of Cincinnati landed (December, 1788) they commenced 
 erecting three or four cabins, the first of which was built on Front, east of and 
 near Main street. The lower table of land was then covered with sycamore and 
 maple trees, and the upper with beech and oak. Through this dense forest the 
 streets were laid out, their corners being marked upon the trees. This survey ex- 
 tended from Eastern row, now Broadway, to Western row, now Central Avenue, 
 and from the river as far north as to Northern row, now Seventh street. 
 
 Fort Washington was built in the fall of 1789 by Major Doughty, the com- 
 mander of a body of troops sent by Gen. Harmar from Fort Harmar with discre- 
 tionary power to locate a fort in the Miami country. The site selected was, a 
 little east of Broadway just outside of the village limits, and where Third street 
 now crosses it. The fort was a solid, substantial fortress of hewn timber about 
 180 feet square with block-houses at the four angles and two stories high. 
 Fifteen acres were reserved there by government. It was the most important and 
 extensive military work then in the Territories, and figured largely in the Indian 
 wars of the period. Gen. Harmar arrived and took command late in December, 
 its garrison then comprising seventy men. 
 
 In January, 1790, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, then governor of the Northwest 
 Territory, arrived at Cincinnati to organize the county of Hamilton. In the 
 succeeding fall Gen. Harmar marched from Fort Washington on his expedition 
 against the Indians of the Northwest. In the following year (1791) the unfor- 
 tunate army of St. Clair marched from the same place. On his return, St. Clair 
 gave Major Zeigler the command of Fort Washington and repaired to Philadelphia. 
 Soon after the latter was succeeded by Col. Wilkinson. This year Cincinnati had 
 little increase in its population. About one-half of the inhabitants were attached 
 to the army of St. Clair, and many killed in the defeat. 
 
 In 1792 about fifty persons were added by immigration to the population of 
 Cincinnati, and a house of worship erected. In the spring following the troops 
 which had been recruited for Wayne’s army landed at Cincinnati and encamped 
 on the bank of the river, between the village of Cincinnati and Mill creek. To 
 that encampment Wayne gave the name of Hobson’s Choice,” it being the only 
 suitable place for that object. This was just west of Central avenue. Here he 
 remained several months, constantly drilling his troops, and then moved on to a 
 spot now in Darke county, where he erected Fort Greenville. In the fall, after 
 the army had left, the small-pox broke out in the garrison at Fort Washington, 
 and spread with so much malignity that nearly one-third of the soldiers and 
 citizens fell victims. In July, 1794, the army left Fort Greenville, and on the 
 
752 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 20th of August defeated the enemy at the battle of the Fallen Timbers/’ in 
 what is now Lucas county, a few miles above Toledo. Judge Burnet thus de- 
 scribes Cincinnati, at about this period. 
 
 Prior to the treaty of Greenville, which established a permanent peace 
 between the United States and the Indians, but few improvements had been 
 made of any description, and scarcely one of a permanent character. In Cincin- 
 nati, Fort Washington was the most remarkable object. That rude but highly 
 interesting structure stood between Third and Fourth streets produced, east of 
 Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a two-pole alley, and was the 
 eastern boundary of the town, as originally laid out. It was composed of a 
 number of strongly built, hewed-log-cabins, a story and a half high, calculated 
 for soldiers’ barracks. Some of them, more conveniently arranged and better 
 finished, were intended for officers’ quarters. They were so placed as to form a 
 hollow square of about an acre of ground with a strong block-house at each 
 angle. It was built of large logs, cut from the ground on which it stood, which 
 was a tract of fifteen acres, reserved by Congress in the law of 1792 for the 
 accommodation of the garrison. 
 
 The artificers’ yard was an appendage to the fort, and stood on the bank of the 
 river immediately in front. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by 
 small contiguous buildings, occupied as work-shops and quarters for laborers. 
 Within the enclosure there was a large two-story frame-house, familiarly called 
 the yellow-house,” built for the accommodation of the quartermaster-general, 
 which was the most commodious and best finished edifice in Cincinnati. 
 
 On the north side of Fourth street, immediately behind the fort. Colonel 
 Sargent, secretary of the territory, had a convenient frame-house and a spacious 
 garden, cultivated with care and taste. On the east side of the fort. Dr. Allison, 
 the surgeon-general of the army, had a plain frame dwelling in the centre of a 
 large lot, cultivated as a garden and fruitery, which was called Peach Grove. 
 
 The Presbyterian church, an interesting edifice, stood on Main street in front of 
 the spacious brick building now occupied by the first Presbyterian congregation. 
 It was a substantial frame building about forty feet by thirty, enclosed with 
 clapboards, but neither lathed, plastered nor ceiled. The floor was of boat plank, 
 resting on wooden blocks. In that humble edifice the pioneers and their families 
 assembled statedly for public worship ; and, during the continuance of the war, 
 they always attended with loaded rifles by their sides. That building was after- 
 wards neatly finished, and some years subsequently [1814] was sold and 
 removed to Vine street, where it now [1847] remains the property of Judge 
 Burke. 
 
 On the north side of Fourth street, opposite where St. Paul’s Church now 
 stands, there stood a frame school-house, enclosed, but unfinished, in which the 
 children of the village were instructed. On the north side of the public square 
 there was a strong log-building erected and occupied as a jail. A room in the 
 tavern of George Avery, near the frog-pond, at the corner of Main and Fifth 
 streets, had been rented for the accommodation of the courts ; and as the 
 penitentiary system had not been adopted, and Cincinnati was a seat of justice, it 
 was ornamented with a pillory, stocks and whipping-post, and occasionally with a 
 gallows. These were all the structures of a public character then in the place. 
 Add to these the cabins and other temporary buildings for the shelter of the 
 inhabitants, and it will complete the schedule of the improvements of Cincinnati 
 at the time of the treaty of Greenville. The only vestige of them now remain- 
 ing is the church of the pioneers. With that exception, and probably two or 
 three frame buildings which have been repaired, improved and preserved, every 
 edifice in the city has been erected since the ratification of that treaty. The sta- 
 tions of defence scattered through the IMiami Valley were all temporary, and 
 have long since gone to decay or been demolished. 
 
 It may assist the reader in forming something like a correct idea of the appear- 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 753 
 
 ance of Cincinnati, and of what it actually was at that time, to know that at the 
 intersection of Main and Fifth streets, now the centre of business and tasteful 
 improvement, there was a pond of water, full of alder bushes, from which the 
 frogs serenaded the neighborhood during the summer and fall, and which rendered 
 it necessary to construct a causeway of logs to pass it. That morass remained in 
 its natural state, with its alders and its frogs, several years after Mr. B. became a 
 resident of the place, the population of which, including the garrison and fol- 
 lowers of the army, was about six hundred. The fort was then commanded by 
 William H. Harrison, a captain in the army, but afterwards President of the 
 United States. In 1797, General Wilkinson, the commander-in-chief of the 
 army, made it his head-quarters for a few months, but did not apparently interfere 
 with the command of Captain Harrison, which continued till his resignation in 
 1798. 
 
 During the period now spoken of, the settlements of the territory, including 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in Winter of 1846-1847. 
 
 The First Church in Cincinnati. 
 
 [The engraving represents the first Presbyterian Church as it appeared in February, 1847. In the 
 following spring it was taken down and the materials used for the construction of several dwellings in 
 the western part of Cincinnati then called Texas. The greater proportion of the timber was found to 
 be perfectly sound. The site was on Vine street just above where now is the Arcade. In 1791 a num- 
 ber of the inhabitants formed themselves into a company to escort the Rev. James Kemper from 
 beyond the Kentucky river to Cincinnati ; and, after his arrival, a subscription was set on foot to build 
 this church, which was erected in 1792. This subscription paper is still in existence, and bears date 
 January 16, 1792. Among its signers were General Wilkinson, Captains Ford, Peters and Shaylor, 
 of the regular service. Dr. Allison, surgeon to St. Clair and Wayne, Winthrop Sargeant, Captain Robert 
 Elliot and others, principally citizens, to the number of 106.] 
 
 Cincinnati, contained but few individuals, and still fewer families, who had been 
 accustomed to mingle in the circles of polished society. That fact put it in the 
 power of the military to give character to the manners and customs of the people. 
 Such a school, it must be admitted, was by no means calculated to make the most 
 favorable impression on the morals and sobriety of any community, as was 
 abundantly proved by the result. 
 
 Idleness, drinking and gambling prevailed in the army to a greater extent than 
 it has done at any subsequent period. This may be attributed to the fact that 
 they had been several years in the wilderness, cut off from all society but their 
 own, with but few comforts or conveniences at hand, and no amusements but 
 such as their own ingenuity could invent. Libraries were not to be found — men 
 of literary minds or polished manners were rarely met with ; and they had long 
 been deprived of the advantage of modest, accomplished female society, which 
 always produces a salutary influence on the feelings and moral habits of men. 
 
754 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Thus situated, the officers were urged, by an irresistible impulse, to tax their wits 
 for expedients to fill up the chasms of leisure which were left on their hands after 
 a full discharge of their military duties ; and, as is too frequently the case, in 
 such circumstances, the bottle, the dice-box and the card-table were among the 
 expedients resorted to, because they were the nearest at hand and the most easily 
 procured. 
 
 It is a distressing fact that a very large proportion of the officers under General 
 Wayne, and subsequently under General Wilkinson, were hard drinkers. Har- 
 rison, Clark, Shomberg, Ford, Strong and a few others were the only exceptions. 
 Such were the habits of the army when they began to associate with the inhabi- 
 tants of Cincinnati, and of the western settlements generally, and to give tone to 
 public sentiment. 
 
 As a natural consequence the citizens indulged in the same practices and formed 
 the same habits. As a proof of this it may be stated that when Mr. Burnet came 
 to the bar there were nine resident lawyers engaged in the practice, of whom he 
 is and has been for many years the only survivor. They all became confirmed 
 sots, and descended to premature graves, excepting his brother, who was a young 
 man of high promise, but whose life was terminated by a rapid consumption in 
 the summer of 1801. He expired under the shade of a tree, by the side of the 
 road, on the banks of Paint creek, a few miles from Chillicothe. 
 
 On the 9th of November, 1793, William Maxwell established at Cincinnati 
 The Centinel of the Northwestern Territory, with the motto, open to all parties — 
 influenced by none.’’ It was on a half-sheet, royal quarto size, and was the first 
 newspaper printed north of the Ohio river. In 1796 Edward Freeman became 
 the owner of the paper, which he changed to Freefnian’s Journal, which he con- 
 tinued until the beginning of 1800, when he removed to Chillicothe. On the 28th 
 of May, 1799, Joseph Carpenter issued the first number of a weekly paper 
 entitled the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette. On the 11th of January, 1794, 
 two keel-boats sailed from Cincinnati to Pittsburg, each making a trip once in 
 four weeks. Each boat was so covered as to be protected against rifle- and 
 musket-balls, and had port-holes to fire out at, and was provided with six pieces 
 carrying pound balls, a number of muskets and ammunition, as a protection 
 against the Indians on the banks of the Ohio. In 1801 the first sea- vessel 
 equipped for sea — of 100 tons, built at Marietta — passed down the Ohio, carrying 
 produce, and the banks of the river at Cincinnati were crowded with spectators to 
 witness this novel event. December 19, 1801, the Territorial Legislature passed 
 a bill removing the seat of government from Chillicothe to Cincinnati. 
 
 January 2, 1802, the Territorial Legislature incorporated the town of Cincinnati, 
 and the following officers were appointed : David Ziegler, President ; Jacob 
 Burnet, Recorder; Wm. Ramsay, David E. Wade, Chas. Avery, John Reily, 
 Wm. Stanley, Samuel Dick, and Wm. Ruffher, Trustees; Jo. Prince, Assessor; 
 Abram Cary, Collector; and James Smith, Town Marshal. In 1795 the town 
 contained 94 cabins, 10 frame houses, and about 500 inhabitants. In 1800 the 
 population was estimated at 750, and, in 1810, it was 2,540. 
 
 We give on an adjoining page a view of Cincinnati, taken by J. Cutler, as it 
 appeared about the year 1810. It is from an engraving in ^Hhe Topographical 
 Description of Ohio, Indiana Territory, and Louisiana, by a late officer of the 
 army,” and published at Boston, in 1812. 
 
 That work states that Cincinnati contains about 400 dwellings, an elegant court-house, jail, 
 3 market-houses, a land-office for the sale of Congress lands, 2 printing-offices, issuing weekly 
 gazettes, 30 mercantile stores, and the various branches of mechanism are carried on with 
 spirit. Industry of every kind being duly encouraged by the citizens, it is likely to become 
 a considerable manufacturing place. It has a bank, issuing notes under the authority of the 
 State, called the Miami Exporting Company. . . . . A considerable trade is carried on 
 
 between Cincinnati and New Orleans in keel-boats, which return laden with foreign goods. 
 The passage of a boat, of forty tons, down to New Orleans, is computed at about twenty-five, 
 and its return at about sixty-five days. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 755 
 
 In 1819 a charter was obtained from the State Legislature, by which Cincinnati 
 was incorporated as a city. This, since repeatedly amended and altered, forms 
 the basis of its present municipal authority. 
 
 Description of Cincinnati in 1847. 
 
 [From the Original Edition.] 
 
 Cincinnati is 116 miles southwest Columbus; 120 southeast Indianapolis, 
 Indiana; 90 north-northwest Lexington, Kentucky; 270 north-northeast Nash- 
 ville, Tennessee ; 455 below Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, by the course of the river ; 
 132 above Louisville, Kentucky ; 49^4 above the mouth of the Ohio river, and 
 1,447 miles above NeW Orleans by the Mississippi and Ohio rivers ; 518 by post- 
 route west of Baltimore; 617 miles west by south of Philadelphia; 950 from 
 New York by Lake Erie, Erie canal, and Hudson river, and 492 from Washington 
 City. It is in 39 deg. 6 minutes 30 seconds N. lat., and 7 deg. 24 minutes 25 
 seconds W. long. It is the largest city of the West north of New Orleans, and 
 the fifth in population in the United States. It is situated on the north bank of 
 the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of Licking river, which enters the Ohio 
 between Newport and Covington, Kentucky. The Ohio here has a gradual bend 
 towards the south. 
 
 This city is near the eastern extremity of a valley about twelve miles in 
 circumference, surrounded by beautiful hills, which rise to the height of 300 feet 
 by gentle and varying slopes, and mostly covered with native forest trees. The 
 summit of these hills presents a beautiful and picturesque view of the city and 
 valley. The city is built on two table-lands, the one elevated from forty to sixty 
 feet above the other. Low- water mark in the river, which is 108 below the 
 upper part'of the city, is 432 feet above tide- water at Albany, and 133 feet below 
 the level of Lake Erie. The population in 1800 was 750; in 1810, 2,540; in 
 1820, 9,602; in 1830, 24,831; in 1840, 46,338; and, in 1847, over 90,000. 
 Employed in commerce in 1840, 2,226 ; in manufactures and trades, 10,866 ; 
 navigating rivers and canals, 1,748 ; in the learned professions, 377. Covington 
 and Newport, opposite in Kentucky, and Fulton and the adjacent parts of Mill 
 Creek township on the north are, in fact, suburbs of Cincinnati, and if added to 
 the above population would extend it to 105,000. The shore of the Ohio at the 
 landing is substantially paved to low-water mark, and is supplied with floating 
 wharves, adapted to the great rise and fall of river, which renders the landing 
 and shipping of goods at all times convenient. 
 
 Cincinnati seems to have been originally laid out on the model of Philadelphia 
 — with great regularity. North of Main street, between the north side of Front 
 street and the bank of the river, is the landing, an open area of 10 acres, with 
 about 1,000 feet front. This area is of great importance to the business of the 
 city, and generally presents a scene of much activity. The corporate limits include 
 about four square miles. The central part is compactly and finely built, with 
 spacious warehouses, large stores, and handsome dwellings ; but in its outer parts 
 it is but partially built up and the houses irregularly scattered. Many of them 
 are of stone or brick, but an equal or greater number are of wood, and are gener- 
 ally from two to four stories high. The city contains over 11,000 edifices, public 
 and private ; and of those recently erected, the number of brick exceeds those of 
 wood, and the style of architecture is constantly improving. Many of the streets 
 are well paved, extensively shaded with trees, and the houses ornamented with 
 shrubbery. The climate is more variable than on the Atlantic coast in the same 
 latitude. Snow rarely falls sufficiently deep or lies long enough to furnish 
 sleighing. Few places are more healthy, the average annual mortality being 1 in 
 40. The inhabitants are from every State in the Union, and from various 
 countries in Europe. Besides natives of Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Jersey 
 have furnished the greatest number ; but many are from New York, Virginia, 
 
75 ^ 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Maryland, and New England. Nearly one-fifth of the adult population are 
 Germans. But England, Ireland, Scotland, France, and Wales have furnished 
 considerable numbers. 
 
 The Ohio river at Cincinnati is 1,800 feet, or about one-third of a mile wide, 
 and its mean annual range from low to high water is about 50 feet ; the extreme 
 range may be about 10 feet more. The greatest depressions are generally in 
 August, September, and October, and the greatest rise in December, March, May, 
 and June. , The upward navigation is generally suspended by floating ice for eight 
 or ten weeks in the winter. Its current at its mean height is about three miles an 
 hour ; when higher and rising, it is more ; and, when very low, it does not exceed 
 two miles. The quantity of rain and snow which falls annually at Cincinnati is 
 near 3 feet 9 inches. The wettest month is May, and the driest January. The 
 average number of clear and fair days in a year is 146; of variable, 114; of 
 cloudy, 105. There have been, since 1840, from thirty to thirty-eight steamboats 
 annually built, with an average aggregate tonnage of 6,500 tons. 
 
 Among the public buildings of Cincinnati is the court-house, on Main street ; 
 it is a spacious building. The edifice of the Franklin and Lafayette bank, of 
 Cincinnati, on Third street, has a splendid portico of Grecian Doric columns, 4 
 feet 6 inches in diameter, extending through the entire front, was built after the 
 model of the Parthenon, and is truly classical and beautiful. The First and 
 Second Presbyterian churches are beautiful edifices, and the Unitarian church is 
 singularly neat. There are several churches, built within the last three years, 
 which possess great beauty, either internally or externally. But the most impres' 
 sive building is the Catholic Cathedral, which, at far less cost, surpasses in beauty 
 and picturesque effect the metropolitan edifice at Baltimore. There are many fine 
 blocks of stores on Front, Walnut, Pearl, Main, and Fourth streets, and the eye 
 is arrested by many beautiful* private habitations. The most showy quarters are 
 Main street, Broadway, Pearl, and Fourth street west of its intersection with 
 Main. 
 
 There are 76 churches in Cincinnati, viz. : 7 Presbyterian (4 Old and 3 New 
 School); 2 Congregational ; 12 Episcopal Methodist; 2 Methodist Protestant ; 2 
 Wesleyan Methodist; 1 Methodist Episcopal South; 1 Bethel; 1 Associate 
 Reformed ; 1 Reformed Presbyterian ; 6 Baptist ; 5 Disciples ; 1 Universalist ; 1 
 Restoration ist ; 1 Christian ; 8 German Lutheran and Reformed ; English Lutheran 
 and Reformed, 1 each ; 1 United Brethren ; 1 Welsh Calvinistic ; 1 Welsh Con- 
 gregational ; 1 Unitarian ; 2 Friends ; 1 New Jerusalem ; 8 Catholic, 6 of which 
 are for Germans ; 2 Jewish synagogues ; 5 Episcopal, and 1 Second Advent. 
 
 There are 5 market-houses and 3 theatres, of which 1 is German. 
 
 Cincinnati contains many literary and charitable institutions. The Cincinnati 
 College was founded in 1819. The building is in the centre of the city, and is 
 the most beautiful edifice of the kind in the State. It is of the Grecian Doric 
 order, with pilaster fronts and fa9ade of Dayton marble, and cost about $35,000. 
 It has 7 professors or other instructors, about 160^pupils, one-quarter of whom 
 are in the collegiate department. Woodward College, named from its founder, 
 who gave a valuable block of ground in the north part of the city, has a president 
 and 5 professors or other instructors, and, including its preparatory department, 
 near 200 students. The Catholics have a college called St. Xavier’s, which has 
 about 100 students and near 5,000 volumes in its libraries. Lane Seminary, a 
 theological institution, is at Walnut Hills, two miles from the centre of the city. 
 It went into operation in 1833, has near 100 students, and over 10,000 volumes 
 in its libraries. There is no charge for tuition. Rooms are provided and fur- 
 nished at $5 per annum, and the students boarded at 90 and 62J cents per week. 
 The Medical College was chartered and placed under trustees in 1825. It has a 
 large and commodious building, a library of over 2,000 volumes, 7 professors, and 
 about 150 students. The Cincinnati Law School is connected with Cincinnati 
 College, has 3 professors and about 30 students. The Mechanics’ Institute^ 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 757 
 
 chartered in 1828, has a valuable philosophical and chemical apparatus, a library 
 and a reading-room. The common free schools of the city are of a high order, 
 with fine buildings, teachers, and apparatus. In the high schools there are not 
 less than 1,500 pupils; in the common and private, 5,000; and, including the 
 
 students in the collegiate institutions, there are 7,000 persons in the various 
 departments of education. In 1831 a college of teachers was established, having 
 for its object the elevation of the profession, and the advancement of the interest 
 of schools in the Mississippi Valley, which holds an annual meeting in Cin- 
 cinnati in October. The Young Men’s Mercantile Library Association has a 
 fine library and reading-rooms. The library contains over 3,800 volumes, and 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe, 1846. 
 
 Lane Seminary. 
 
 the institution promises to be an honor and a blessing to the commercial com- 
 munity. The Apprentices’ Library, founded in 1821, contains 2,200 volumes. 
 
 The charitable institutions of the city are highly respectable. The Cincinnati 
 orphan asylum is in a building which cost $18,000. Attached is a library and 
 well-organized school, with a provision even for infants ; and it is surrounded by 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 758 
 
 ample grounds. It has trained up over 300 children for usefulness. The 
 Catholics have one male and female orphan asylum. The commercial hospital 
 and lunatic asylum of Ohio was incorporated in 1821. The edifice, in the north- 
 west part of the city, will accommodate 250 persons ; 1,100 have been admitted 
 within a year. A part of the building is used for a poor-house ; and there are 
 separate apartments for the insane. 
 
 The city is supplied by water raised from the Ohio river, by a steam-engine, of 
 forty horse-power, and forced into two reservoirs, on a hill, 700 feet distant; from 
 whence it is carried in pipes to the intersection of Broadway and Third streets, and 
 thence distributed through the principal streets in pipes. These works are now 
 owned by the city. 
 
 Cincinnati is an extensive manufacturing place. Its natural destitution of 
 water-power is extensively compensated at present by steam-engines, and by the 
 surplus water of the Miami canal, which affords 3000 cubic feet per minute. 
 But the Cincinnati and White Water canal, which extends twenty-five miles and 
 connects with the White Water canal of Indiana, half a mile south of Harrison, 
 on the State line, will furnish a great increase of water-power, equal to ninety runs 
 of millstones. The manufactures of the city, already large, may be expected to 
 greatly increase. By a late enumeration, it appears that the manufactures of 
 Cincinnati of all kinds employ 10,647 persons, a capital of $14,541,842, and 
 produce articles of over seventeen millions of dollars value. 
 
 The trade of Cincinnati embraces the country from the Ohio to the lakes, north 
 and south ; and from the Scioto to the Wabash, east and west. The Ohio river 
 line, in Kentucky, for fifty miles down, and as far up as the Virginia line, make 
 their purchases here. Its manufactures are sent into the upper and lower Missis- 
 sippi country. 
 
 There are six incorporated banks, with aggregate capital of $5,800,000, beside 
 two unincorporated banks. Cincinnati is the greatest pork market in the world. 
 Not far from three millions of dollars worth of pork are annually exported. 
 
 Cincinnati enjoys great facilities for communication with the surrounding 
 country. The total length of canals, railroads and turnpikes which centre here, 
 completed and constructing, is 1,125 miles. Those who have made it a matter of 
 investigation predict, that Cincinnati will eventually be a city of a very great 
 population. A writer, J. W. Scott, editor of the Toledo Blade, in Cist’s Cincin- 
 nati in 1841,” in a long article on this subject, commences with the startling 
 announcement ; ^^Not having before my eyes the fear of men, ^ who — in the lan- 
 guage of Governor Morris — with too much pride to study and too much wit to 
 think, undervalue what they do not understand, and condemn what they do not 
 comprehend,’ I venture the prediction, that within one hundred years from this 
 time, Cincinnati will be the greatest city in America ; and by the year of our 
 Lord 2000 the greatest city in the world.” We have not space here to recap- 
 itulate the arguments on which this prediction is based. The prediction itself we 
 place on record for future reference . — Old Edition. 
 
 EARLY INCIDENTS. 
 
 The few following pages are devoted to incidents which transpired within the 
 city and county up to the time of issue of the edition of 1847. They were derived 
 mainly from newspapers and other publications. 
 
 Adventure of Jacob Wetzel., the Indian j^ears, and the building improvements adja- 
 Hunter . — The road along the Ohio river, cent, the spot still possesses many features of 
 leading to Storrs and Delhi, some four hun- its original surface, although now divested of 
 dred yards below the junction of Front and its forest character. At the period of this 
 Fifth streets, crosses what, in early days, was adventure — October 7, 1790 — besides the 
 the outlet of a water-course, and notwith- dense forest of maple and beech, its heavy 
 standing the changes made by the lapse of undergrowth of spice-wood and grape-vine 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 759 
 
 made it an admirable lurking-place for the 
 savage beasts, and more savage still, the red 
 men of the woods, 
 
 Wetzel had been out on his accustomed 
 pursuit — hunting — and was returning to town, 
 at that time a few cabins and huts collected 
 in the space fronting the river, and extend- 
 ing from Main street to Broadway. He had 
 been very successful, and was returning to 
 rocure a horse to bear a load too heavy for 
 is own shoulders, and, at the spot alluded 
 to, had sat down on a decaying tree-trunk to 
 rest himself, and wipe the sweat from his 
 brow, which his forcing his way through the 
 brush had started, cool as was the weather, 
 when he heard the rustling of leaves and 
 branches, which betokened that an animal or 
 an enemy was approaching. Silencing the 
 growl of his dog, who sat at his feet, and 
 appeared equally conscious of danger, he 
 sprang behind a tree and discovered the dark 
 form of an Indian, half hidden by the body 
 of a large oak, who had his rifle in his hands, 
 ready for any emergency that might require 
 the use of’ it — as he, too, appeared to be on 
 his guard, having heard the low growling of 
 the dog. At this instant, the dog also spied 
 the Indian and barked aloud, which told the 
 Indian of the proximity of his enemy. To 
 raise his rifle was but the work of a moment, 
 and the distinct cracks of two weapons were 
 heard almost at the same time. The Indian’ s 
 fell from his hands, as the ball of the hunter’s 
 had penetrated and broken the elbow of his 
 left arm, while the hunter escaped unhurt. 
 Before the Indian could possibly reload his 
 rifle in his wounded condition, Wetzel had 
 rushed swiftly upon him with his knife, but 
 not before the Indian had drawn his. The 
 flrst thrust was parried off by the Indian with 
 the greatest skill, and the shock was so great 
 in the effort that the hunter’s weapon was 
 thrown some thirty feet from him. Nothing 
 daunted, he threw himself upon the Indian 
 with all his force and seized him around the 
 body ; at the same time encircling the right 
 arm, in which the Indian still grasped his 
 knife. The Indian, however, was a very 
 muscular fellow, and the conflict now seemed 
 doubtful indeed. The savage was striving 
 with all his might to release his arm, in order 
 to use his knife. In their struggle, their feet 
 became interlocked, and they both fell to the 
 ground, the Indian uppermost, which extri- 
 cated the Indian’s arm from the iron grasp 
 of the hunter. He was making his greatest 
 endeavors to _ use his knife, but could not, 
 from the position in which they were lying, 
 as Wetzel soon forced him over on his right 
 side, and, consequently, he could have no 
 use of his arm. 
 
 Just at this point of the deadly conflict, 
 the Indian gave an appalling yell, and, with 
 renewed strength, placed his enemy under- 
 neath him again, and with a most exulting 
 cry of victory, as he sat upon his body, raised 
 his arm for that fatal plunge. Wetzel saw 
 death before his eyes, and gave himself up 
 for lost, when, just at this most critical junc- 
 ture, his faithful dog, who had not been an 
 
 uninterested observer of the scene, sprang 
 forward and seized the Indian with such force 
 by the throat, as caused the weapon to fall 
 harmless from his hand. Wetzel, seeing such 
 a sudden change in his fate, made one last 
 and desperate effort for his life, and threw 
 the Indian from him. Before the prostrate 
 savage had time to recover himself, the 
 hunter had seized his knife, and with re- 
 doubled energy rushed upon him, and with 
 his foot flrmly planted on the Indian’s breast, 
 plunged the weapon up to the hilt in his 
 heart. The savage gave one convulsive 
 shudder, and was no more. 
 
 As soon as Wetzel had possessed himself 
 of his rifle, together with the Indian’s 
 weapons, he started immediately on his way. 
 He had gone but a short distance when his 
 ears were assailed by the startling whoop of 
 a number of Indians. He ran eagerly for the 
 river, and, fortunately, finding a canoe on 
 the beach near the water, was soon out of 
 reach, and made his way, without further 
 danger, to the cove at the foot of Sycamore 
 street. 
 
 The Indians came up to the place of the 
 recent rencounter, and discovered the body of 
 a fallen comrade. They gave a most hideous 
 yell when, upon examination, they recognized 
 in the dead Indian the features of one of 
 their bravest chiefs. 
 
 0. M. Spencer Taken Captive. — In July, 
 1792, two men, together with Mrs. Coleman 
 and Oliver M. Spencer, then a lad, were 
 returning in a canoe from Cincinnati to 
 Columbia ; they were fired ^ upon by two 
 Indians, in ambush on the river bank ; one 
 of the men was killed, and the other, a Mr. 
 Light, wounded. Mrs. Coleman jumped 
 from the canoe into the river, and without 
 making any exertions to swim, floated down 
 nearly two miles. It is supposed she was 
 borne up by her dress, which, according to 
 the fashion of that time, consisted of a stuffed 
 quilt and other buoyant robes. Spencer was 
 taken and carried captive to the Maumee, 
 where he remained about eight months and 
 was ransomed. A narrative of his captivity, 
 written by himself, has been published by 
 the Methodists. [For some further details 
 see Defiance County.] 
 
 Scalping of Col. Robert Elliott. — In 1794 
 Col. Robert Elliott, contractor for supplying 
 the United States army, while travelling with 
 his servant from Fort Washington to Fort 
 Hamilton, was waylaid and killed by the 
 Indians, at the big hill, south of where 
 Thomas Fleming lived, and near the line of 
 Hamilton and Butler counties. When shot, 
 he fell from his horse. The servant made 
 his escape by putting his horse at full speed, 
 followed by that of Elliott’s, into Fort Hamil- 
 ton. The savage who shot the colonel, in 
 haste to take his scalp, drew his knife, and 
 seized him by the wig which he wore. To 
 his astonishment, the scalp came off at the 
 first touch, when he exclaimed, “c?am lie! ” 
 In a few minutes, the surprise of the party 
 was over, and they made themselves merry 
 at the expense of their comrade. The next 
 
760 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 day, a party from the fort, under the guid- 
 ance of the servant, visited the spot, placed 
 the body in a cofl&n and proceeded on their 
 way to Fort Washington. About a mile 
 south of Springdale they were fired upon by 
 Indians, and the servant, who was on the 
 horse of his late master, was shot at the first 
 fire. The party retreated, leaving the body 
 of Elliott with the savages, who had broken 
 open the coffin, when the former rallied, re- 
 took the body and carried it, with that of the 
 servant, to Cincinnati, and buried them side 
 by side in the Presbyterian cemetery, on 
 Twelfth street. Several years after, a neat 
 monument was erected, with the following 
 inscription : 
 
 In memory of 
 ROBERT ELLIOTT, 
 
 SLAIN BY A PARTY OF INDIANS, 
 Near this point. 
 
 While in the service of his country. 
 
 Placed by his son. 
 
 Com. J. D. Elliott, U. S. Navy. 
 1835. 
 
 DAMON AND FIDELITY. 
 
 A Witch Story . — About the year 1814, one 
 of our most wealthy and respectable farmers 
 of Mill creek, who had taken great pains and 
 expended much money in procuring and pro- 
 pagating a fine breed of horses, was unfortu- 
 nate in losing a number of them, by a dis- 
 temper which appeared to be of a novel 
 character. As the disease baffled all his 
 skill, he soon became satisfied that it was the 
 result of witchcraft. Under that impression, 
 he consulted such persons as were reputed to 
 have a knowledge of sorcery, or who pre- 
 tended to be fortune-tellers. These persons 
 instructed him how to proceed to discover 
 and destroy the witch. One of the experi- 
 ments he was directed to make was to boil 
 certain ingredients, herbs, et cetera, over a 
 hot fire, with pins and needles in the caul- 
 dron, which, he was told, would produce 
 great mental and bodily distress in the witch 
 or wizzard. He tried that experiment, and 
 while the pot was boiling furiously, placed 
 himself in his door, which overlooked the 
 principal part of his farm, including the field 
 in which his horses were kept. It so hap- 
 pened, that, while standing in the door, he 
 saw his daughter-in-law, who lived in a cabin 
 about eighty rods from his own house, hasten- 
 ing to the spring for a bucket of water. His 
 imagination connected that hurried movement 
 with his incantation so strongly, that he im- 
 mediately ordered his son to move his family 
 from the farm. 
 
 From some cause, he had formed an 
 opinion that a Mrs. Grarrison, an aged woman, 
 in feeble health, fast sinking to the grave, 
 living some eight or ten miles from his farm, 
 
 was the principal agent in the destruction of 
 his horses. He had frequently expressed 
 that opinion in the neighborhood. Mrs. 
 Grarrison had heard of it, and, as might be 
 expected, her feelings were injured and her 
 spirits much depressed by the slanderous 
 report. One of the charms he had been 
 directed to try was to shoot a silver bullet at 
 a horse while the witch was evidently in him. 
 This he was told would kill the witch and 
 cure the animal. He accordingly prepared a 
 silver ball, and shot it at a very fine brood- 
 mare which was affected by the distemper. 
 The mare, of course, was killed ; and as it so 
 happened, that, in a very short time after, 
 poor Mrs. Garrison died, the experiment was 
 declared to be successful, and the experi- 
 menter _ believes to this day that his silver 
 bullet killed the poor old woman. However 
 that may be, his slanderous report had a 
 reat effect on her health, and no doubt 
 astened her death. — Burnet's Notes. 
 
 Explosion of the Moselle . — The new and 
 elegant steamboat, Moselle, Captain Perkin, 
 left the wharf in Cincinnati, April 26, 1838 
 (full of passengers), for Louisville and St. 
 Louis ; and, with the view of taking a family 
 on board at Fulton, about a mile and a half 
 above the quay, proceeded up the river and 
 made fast to a lumber raft for that purpose. 
 Here the family was taken on board ; and, 
 during the whole time of their detention, the 
 captain had |madly held on to all the steam 
 that he could create, with the intention, not 
 only of showing off to the best advantage the 
 great speed of his boat, as it passed down the 
 river the entire length of the city, but that 
 he might overtake and pass another boat 
 which had left the wharf for Louisville, but 
 a short time previous. As the Moselle was a 
 new hrag boat, and had recently made several 
 exceedingly quick trips to and from Cincin- 
 nati, it would not do to risk her popularity 
 for speed, by giving to another boat (even 
 though that boat had the advantage of time 
 and distance) the most remote chance of be- 
 ing the first to arrive at the destined port. 
 This insane policy — this poor ambition of 
 proprietors and captains — has almost inevita- 
 bly tended to the same melancholy results. 
 The Moselle had but just parted from the 
 lumber raft to which she had been fast — her 
 wheels had scarcely made their first revolu- 
 tion — when her boilers burst with an awful 
 and astounding noise, equal to the most 
 violent clap of thunder. The explosion was 
 destructive and heart-rending in the ex- 
 treme ; heads, limbs and bodies were seen 
 flying through the air in every direction, 
 attended with the most horrible shrieks and 
 groans from the wounded and dying. The 
 boat, at the time of the accident, was about 
 thirty feet from the shore, and was rendered 
 a perfect wreck. It seemed to be entirely 
 shattered as far back as the gentlemen’s 
 cabin ; and her hurricane deck, the whole 
 length, was entirely swept away. The boat 
 immediately began to sink, and float with a 
 strong current down the river, at the same 
 time receding farther from the shore — while 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 761 
 
 the passengers, who yet remained unhurt in 
 the gentlemen’s and ladies’ cabins, became 
 panic-struck, and most of them, with a fatuity 
 which seems unaccountable, jumped into the 
 river. Being above the ordinary business 
 parts of the city, there were no boats at hand, 
 except a few large and unmanageable wood- 
 floats, which were carried to the relief of the 
 sutferers, as soon as possible, by the few 
 ersons on the shore. Many were drowned, 
 owever, before they could be rescued, and 
 many sunk, who were never seen afterwards. 
 There was one little boy on the shore who 
 was seen wringing his hands in agony, im- 
 ploring those present to save his father, 
 mother and three sisters — all of whom were 
 struggling in the water to gain the shore — 
 but whom the little fellow had the awful 
 misfortune to see perish, one by one, almost 
 within his reach ; an infant child, belonging 
 to the family, was picked up alive, floating 
 down the river on one of the fragments of the 
 hurricane deck. 
 
 The boat sunk about fifteen minutes after 
 the explosion, leaving nothing to be seen but 
 her chimneys and a small portion of her 
 upper works. 
 
 The “Moselle” was crowded with pas- 
 sengers from stem to stern, principally Ger- 
 mans, bound to St. Louis. Nearly all on 
 board (with the exception of those in the 
 ladies’ cabin) were killed or wounded. Most 
 of the sufferers were among the hands of the 
 boat and the steerage passengers. The cap- 
 tain was thrown by the explosion into the 
 street and was picked up dead and dreadfully 
 mangled. Another man was forced through 
 the roof of one of the neighboring houses ; 
 the pilot was thrown about a hundred feet 
 into the air, whence he fell and found his 
 grave in the river ; and many were the limbs 
 and other fragments of human bodies which 
 were found scattered about upon the river 
 and far along the shore. The number de- 
 stroyed by the explosion was estimated at 
 over 200 persons. 
 
 The Asiatic Cholera . — This dreaded pesti- 
 lence first visited the United States in 1832 
 and broke out in October of that year. The 
 total number of deaths by it in Cincinnati 
 was, as reported, 351. [The most fatal year 
 of its visitation was in 1849, when out of a 
 population of 116,000 the total deaths were 
 8,500. The deaths among the Germans and 
 Irish were one in sixteen persons and among 
 the Americans one in fifty-six. The causes 
 of these results were doubtless owing to the 
 different modes of living. The greatest mor- 
 tality was in the hot month of July, yet great 
 fires were made in some streets, but the dis- 
 ease went on with its fearful fatality and 
 “the long funerals blackened all the way,”] 
 
 The Great Freshet of February., 1832. — 
 The Ohio river commenced rising at this 
 place about the 9th inst. On the 12th it be- 
 gan to swell over the banks, and on the 14th 
 many merchants and others near the river 
 were compelled to remove their goods to the 
 second story of their houses. It continued to 
 rise rapidly till Saturday morning, February 
 
 18th, when it came to a stand, having risen 
 sixty-three /ee^ above low water mark. Dif- 
 ferences of opinion exist as to its compara- 
 tive height with the rises of 1792 and 1815. 
 It is supposed to have been about five feet 
 higher than in 1792 or 1815. About noon, 
 on the 18th, it commenced falling very slowly, 
 and yet continues to fall. In the. course of 
 two or three days it probably will be confined 
 within its banks. 
 
 The rise was of the most distressing char- 
 acter. It carried desolation into all the lower 
 parts of the city. Hundreds of families 
 were turned houseless upon the community. 
 During the early part of the rise many in the 
 lower part of the city were awakened at 
 night by the water pouring in upon them and 
 were obliged to fly ; others betook themselves 
 to the upper stories and were brought away 
 in boats the next morning. Many families 
 continue to reside in the upper part of their 
 dwellings, making use of boats in going from 
 and returning to their stores and houses 
 
 We have heard of the death of but two in- 
 dividuals, Mr. John Harding and Mr. Wil- 
 liam Aulsbrook ; the former a man of family, 
 the latter a single man. They were in the 
 employ of Mr. William Tift, of this city, 
 and lost their lives in endeavoring to keep 
 the water out of his cellar. While at work 
 the back wall of the building gave way ; the 
 cellar filled in an instant and they were unable 
 to get out. They both were very worthy 
 men. 
 
 The water extended over about thirty-five 
 squares of the thickly settled part of the 
 city, from John street on the west to Deer 
 creek on the east, and north to Lower Market 
 and Pearl streets. The distance of about a 
 mile west of John street was likewise sub- 
 merged. This part of the city, however, is 
 but thinly settled. 
 
 The amount of damage sustained by mer- 
 chants, owners of improved real estate and 
 others cannot be correctly ascertained. Many 
 houses have floated away, a great num- 
 ber have moved from their foundations and 
 turned over ; many walls have settled so as 
 to injure the houses materially, and a great 
 quantity of lumber and other property has 
 floated off. The large bridge over the mouth 
 of Mill creek floated away, and that over 
 Deer creek is much injured. Thousands and 
 tens of thousands of dollars worth of dry 
 goods, groceries, etc. , have been destroyed or 
 materially injured. Business of almost every 
 description was stopped ; money became 
 scarce, and wood and flour enormously 
 high. ^ 
 
 Active measures were taken by the citizens 
 for the relief of the sufferers. A town 
 meeting was held at the council chamber 
 on the 15th inst. G. W. Jones was ap- 
 pointed chairman and Samuel H. Goodin 
 secretary. On motion a committee of fifteen 
 (three from a ward) was appointed to take 
 up collections for the relief of the sufferers, 
 consisting of the following persons ; E. Hulse, 
 N. G. Pendleton, E. C. Smith, J. W. Gazlay, 
 Jno. Wood, G. W. Jones, W. G. Orr, W. 
 
762 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Holmes, A. Owen, P. Britt, J. Resor, 0. 
 Lovell and G. C. Miller. 
 
 A committee of vigilance was also ap- 
 pointed, whose duty it was to remove per- 
 sons and goods surrounded with water. ^ The 
 following persons composed that committee : 
 J. Pierce, Wm. Phillips, Sami. Fosdick, Wm. 
 Stephenson, Chas. Fox, Henry Tatem, I. A. 
 Butterfield, Jas. McIntyre, N. M. Whitte- 
 more, M. Cofiin, Jas. McLean, J. Aumuck, 
 J. D. Garard, A. G. Dodd and Fullom 
 Perry. 
 
 T. D. Carneal, J. M. Mason, J. C. Avery, 
 Chas. Fox and R. Buchanan were appointed 
 a committee to procure shelter for those 
 whose houses were rendered untenable. On 
 motion it was resolved that persons who may 
 need assistance be requested to make applica- 
 tion to the council chamber, where members 
 of the committee of vigilance shall rendez- 
 vous and where one or more shall at all times 
 remain for the purpose of affording relief. 
 At a subsequent meeting twenty were added 
 to the committee of vigilance. 
 
 It gives us pleasure to state that the mem- 
 bers of the foregoing committees most faith- 
 fully discharged their respective duties. A 
 provision house was opened by the committee 
 of vigilance, on Fourth street, where meats, 
 bread, wood, clothes, _ etc., were liberally 
 given to all who applied. The ladies sup- 
 ported their well-known character for benevo- 
 lence by contributing clothing and food to 
 the sufferers. The committee appointed to 
 collect funds found the citizens liberal in 
 their donations. All who had vacant houses 
 and rooms cheerfully appropriated them to 
 the use of those made homeless. Public 
 buildings, school-houses and basement stories 
 of churches were appropriated to this pur- 
 pose. Mr. Brown, of the amphitheatre, Mr. 
 Franks, proprietor of the gallery of paint- 
 ings, Mr. R. Letton, proprietor of the Mu- 
 seum, appropriated the entire proceeds of 
 their houses, the first on the night of the 17th ; 
 the second on the 18th, and the third on that 
 of the 20th, for the relief of the sufferers. The 
 Beethoven society of sacred music also gave 
 a concert for the same purpose, in the Second 
 Presbyterian church, on Fourth street, on the 
 night of the 24th. 
 
 Destruction of the Philanthropist news- 
 pa^cr printing office hy a mob., July 30, 1 836. 
 — The paper had then been published in Cin- 
 cinnati about three months, and was edited 
 by James G. Birney. As early as the 14th 
 of July, the press-room was broken open and 
 the press and materials defaced and destroyed. 
 J uly 23d a meeting of citizens was convened 
 at the lower market-house “to decide 
 whether they will permit the publication or 
 distribution of abolition papers in this city. ’ ’ 
 This meeting appointed a committee, which 
 opened a correspondence with the conductors 
 of that print — the executive committee of the 
 Ohio Anti-slavery Society — requesting them 
 to discontinue its publication. This effort 
 being unsuccessful, the committee of citizens 
 published the correspondence, to which they 
 appended a resolution, in one clause of which 
 
 they stated, “That in discharging their 
 duties they have used all the measures of 
 persuasion and conciliation in their power. 
 That their exertions have not been successful 
 the above correspondence will show. It 
 only remains, then, in pursuance of their 
 instructions, to publish their proceedings and 
 adjourn without day. But ere they do this, 
 they owe it to themselves, and those whom 
 they represent, to express their utmost 
 abhorrence of everything like violence, and 
 earnestly to implore their fellow-citizens to 
 abstain therefrom. ’ ’ The sequel is thus given 
 by a city print. 
 
 On Saturday night, July 30th, very soon 
 after dark, a concourse of citizens assembled 
 at the corner of Main and Seventh streets, in 
 this city, and upon a short consultation, broke 
 open the printing ofiice of the Philanthropist., 
 the abolition paper, scattered the type into the 
 streets, tore down the presses and completely 
 dismantled the office. It was owned by A. 
 Pugh, a peaceable and orderly printer, who 
 printed the Philanthropist for the Anti- 
 slavery Society of Ohio. From the printing 
 office the crowd went to th.e house of A. 
 Pugh, where they supposed there were other 
 printing materials, but found none, nor 
 offered any violence. Then to the Messrs. 
 Donaldson’s, where only ladies were at home. 
 The residence of Mr. Birney, the editor, was 
 then visited ; no person was at home but a 
 youth, upon whose explanations the house 
 was left undisturbed. 
 
 A shout was raised for Dr. Colby’s, and 
 the concourse returned to Main street, pro- 
 posed to pile up the contents of the office in 
 the street and make a bonfire of them. A 
 gentleman mounted the pile and advised 
 against burning it, lest the houses near might 
 take fire. A portion of the press was then 
 dragged down Main street, broken up and 
 thrown into the river. The Exchange was 
 then visited and refreshments taken. After 
 which the concourse again went up Main 
 street to about opposite the Gazette office. 
 Some suggestions were hinted that it should 
 be demolished, but the hint was overruled. 
 An attack was then made upon the residences 
 of some blacks in Church alley ; two guns 
 were fired upon the assailants and they 
 recoiled. It was supposed that one man was 
 wounded, but that was not the case. It was 
 some time before a rally could again be made, 
 several voices declaring they did not wish to 
 endanger themselves. A second attack was 
 made, the houses found empty and their 
 interior contents destroyed. ... On the 
 afternoon of August 2d, pursuant to a call, a 
 very large and respectable meeting of citizens 
 met at the court-house and passed a series of 
 resolutions, the first of which was “ that this 
 meeting deeply regret the cause oT the 
 recent occurrences, and entirely disapprove 
 of mobs or other unlawful assemblages.” 
 The concluding resolution was approbatory 
 of the cour.se of the colonization society, and 
 expressed an opinion that it was “the only 
 method of getting clear of slavery.” 
 
 Negro Riot of September., 1841. — This city 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 763 
 
 has been in a most alarming condition for 
 several days, and from 8 o’clock on Friday 
 evening until 3 o’clock yesterday [Sunday] 
 morning almost entirely at the mercy of a 
 lawless mob, ranging in number from 200 to 
 1500. 
 
 On Tuesday evening last, as we are in- 
 formed, a quarrel took place on the corner of 
 Sixth street and Broadway, between a party 
 of Irishmen and some negroes ; some two or 
 three of each party were wounded. On 
 Wednesday night the quarrel was renewed in 
 some way, and some time after midnight a 
 party of excited men, armed with clubs, etc., 
 attacked a house occupied as a negro board- 
 ing-house on Macalister street, demanding 
 the surrender of a negro whom they said was 
 secreted in the house, and uttering the most 
 violent threats against the house and the 
 negroes in general. Several of the adjoining 
 houses were occupied by negro families. The 
 violence increased and was resisted by those 
 in or about the houses — an engagement took 
 place, in which several were wounded on each 
 side. On Thursday night another rencounter 
 oook place in the neighborhood of the Lower 
 xdarket between some young men and boys 
 and some negroes, in which one or two boys 
 were badly wounded, as was supposed, with 
 xnives. 
 
 On Friday evening before 8 o’clock a mob, 
 the principal organization of which, we 
 understand, took place in Kentucky, openly 
 assembled in Fifth street market, unmolested 
 by the police or citizens. They marched 
 from their rendezvous towards Broadway and 
 Sixth street, armed with clubs, stones, etc. 
 Reaching the scene of operation with shouts 
 and blasphemous imprecations they attacked 
 a negro confectionery in Broadway, next to 
 the synagogue, and demolished the doors and 
 windows. This attracted an immense crowd. 
 
 About this time, before 9 o’clock, they were 
 addressed by J. W. Piatt, who exhorted them 
 to peace and obedience to the law ; but his 
 voice was drowned by shouts and throwing 
 of stones. The mayor also attempted to ad- 
 dress them. The savage yell was instantly 
 raised: “Down with him! run him off!” 
 were shouted and intermixed with horrid 
 imprecations and exhortations to the mob to 
 move onward. A large portion of the leading 
 disturbers appeared to be strangers — some 
 connected with river navigation and backed 
 by boat hands of the lowest order. They ad- 
 vanced to the attack with stones, etc., and 
 were repeatedly fired upon by the negroes. 
 The mob scattered, but immediately rallied 
 again, and again were in like manner repulsed. 
 Men were wounded on both sides and carried 
 off — and many reported dead. The negroes 
 rallied several times, advanced upon the 
 crowd, and most unjustifiably fired down the 
 street into it, causing a great rush down the 
 street. These things were repeated until 
 past 1 o’clock, when a party procured an iron 
 six pounder from near the river, loaded with 
 boiler punchings, etc., and hauled it to the 
 ground, against tbe exhortations of the mayor 
 and others. It was posted on Broadway and 
 
 pointed down Sixth street. The yells con- 
 tinued, but there was a partial cessation of 
 firing. Many of the negroes had fled to the 
 hills. The attack upon the houses was re- 
 commenced with the firing of guns upon both 
 sides, which continued during most of tbe 
 night ; and exaggerated rumors of the killed 
 and wounded filled the streets. The cannon 
 was discharged several times. About 2 
 o’clock a portion of the military, upon the 
 call of the mayor, proceeded to the scene of 
 disorder and succeeded in keeping tbe mob 
 at bay. In the morning and throughout the 
 day several blocks, including the battle- 
 ground, were surrounded with sentinels and 
 kept under martial law — keeping within the 
 negroes there, and adding to tbem such as 
 were brought in during the day for pro- 
 tection. 
 
 A meeting of citizens was held at the court- 
 house on Saturday morning, which was ad- 
 dressed by the mayor and others, and a series 
 of resolutions passed discountenancing mobs 
 — invoking the aid of the civil authorities to 
 stay the violence, repudiating the doctrines 
 of the abolitionists, etc. The city council 
 also held a special session to concert measures 
 to vindicate the majesty of the law and re- 
 store peace to the city. Intense excitement 
 continued during the day, the mob and their 
 leaders boldly occupying the streets without 
 ^rrest. The negroes held a meeting in a church 
 and respectfully assured the mayor and citizens 
 that they would use every effort to conduct as 
 orderly citizens, to suppress imprudent conduct 
 among their own people, etc. They expressed 
 their readiness to conform to the law of 1807, 
 and give bond, or to leave within a specified 
 time — and tendered their thanks to the 
 mayor, watch, officers and gentlemen of the 
 city, for the efforts made to save their prop- 
 erty, their lives, their wives and children. 
 
 At 3 P. M., the mayor, sheriff, marshal 
 and a portion of the police, proceeded to the 
 battle-ground, and there, under the protection 
 of the military, though in the presence of 
 the mob, and so far controlled by them as to 
 prevent the taking away of any negroes upon 
 their complying with the law, several of the 
 negroes gave bond and obtained permission to 
 go away with their sureties, who were some 
 of our most respectable citizens, but were 
 headed even within the military sentinels, 
 and compelled to return within the ground. 
 It was resolved then to embody the male 
 negroes and march them to jail for security 
 under the protection of the civil and military 
 authority. From 250 to 300 were accordingly 
 escorted to that place with difficulty, sur- 
 rounded by the military and officers, and a 
 dense mass of men, women and boys, con- 
 founding all distinction between the orderly 
 and disorderly, accompanied with deafen- 
 ing yells. They were safely lodged, and still 
 remain in prison , separated from their families. 
 The crowd was in that way dispersed. 
 
 The succeeding night the military were 
 ordered out, the firemen were out, clothed 
 with authority as a police band. About 
 eighty citizens enrolled themselves as assist- 
 
764 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 ants of the marshal. A troop of horse and 
 several companies of volunteer infantry con- 
 tinued on duty until near midnight. Some 
 were then permitted to sleep upon their arms, 
 others remained on duty until morning guard- 
 ing the jail, etc. 
 
 As was anticipated, the mob,^ efficiently 
 organized, early commenced operations, divid- 
 ing their force and making their attacks at 
 different points, thus distracting the attention 
 of the police. The first successful onset was 
 made upon the printing office of the Philan- 
 thropist. They succeeded in entering the 
 establishment, breaking up the press, and 
 running with it amid savage yells, down 
 through Main street to the river, into which 
 it was thrown. The military appeared in the 
 alley near the office, interrupting the mob for 
 a short time. They escaped through the bye- 
 ways, and when the military retired, returned 
 to their work of destruction in the office, 
 which they completed. Several houses were 
 broken open in different parts of the city, 
 occupied by negroes, and the windows, doors 
 and furniture completely destroyed. Among 
 these was the negro church on Sixth street. 
 One of the last efforts was to fire or other- 
 wise destroy the book establishment of 
 Messrs. Truman & Smith, on Main street. 
 From this they were driven by the police, and 
 soon after, before daylight, dispersed from 
 mere exhaustion. 
 
 It is impossible to learn either the number 
 of killed and wounded on either side ; prob- 
 ably several were killed and twenty or thirty 
 variously wounded, though but few danger- 
 ously. Several of the citizen-police were hurt 
 with stones, etc. ; the authorities succeeded 
 in arresting about forty of the mob, who are 
 now in prison. The mob was in many cases 
 encouraged and led on by persons from 
 Kentucky. About 11 o’clock on Saturday 
 night a bonfire was lighted on that side of the 
 river, and loud shouts sent up as if a great 
 triumph had been achieved. In some cases 
 the motions of the mob were directed and 
 managed by mere boys, who suggested the 
 points of attack, put the vote, declared the 
 result and led the way ! After all the negro 
 men had been disarmed and committed to 
 prison for safe-keeping, under a solemn 
 ledge that their wives and children should 
 e protected, a band of white men were per- 
 mitted to renew their brutal attacks upon 
 these females and children. The excitement 
 continiied yesterday. The governor, who 
 had arrived in town, issued his proclamation. 
 The citizens rallied with spirit to aid the city 
 authorities. Strong patrols of military and 
 citizens last night prevented any further out- 
 break. 
 
 Bank Mol), Jan. 11, 1842. — Monday even- 
 ing, the Miami Exporting Company Bank 
 assigned its effects, and on Tuesday morning 
 (January 11) the Bank of Cincinnati closed 
 doors. Early in the morning, the crowd, in 
 consequence of their failure, began to collect 
 around the doors of these institutions, and by 
 11 o’clock had broken into them, destroying 
 all the movable property and whatever of 
 
 books or papers could be laid hold of About 
 this time ten of the city guards, headed by 
 their brave captain, Mitchell, appeared, drove 
 the rioters away, and, for a time, gallantly 
 maintained their position ; but they were 
 called off. On retiring, they were assailed — 
 they fired, and wounded some one or two 
 persons. The mob had, with this exception, 
 undisputed possession of the city, and com- 
 menced, first an attack upon Babes’ Ex- 
 change Bank, and after that, upon Lougee’s 
 exchange office, both of which they destroyed, 
 making havoc of everything which was at 
 all destructible. 
 
 Distressing Fire, Feb. 28, 1843. — On Satur- 
 day morning, about 5 o’clock, a fire broke 
 out in the smoke-house of Messrs. Pugh & 
 Alvord, at the corner of Walnut street and 
 the canal, which, in its consequences, has 
 been one of the most distressing that ever 
 occurred in this city. The smoke-house was 
 in the rear, and somewhat detached from the 
 main building, being connected with it only 
 by a wooden door and narrow passage-way, 
 through which the meat was usually wheeled 
 It was thought the fire could be confined to 
 the former, and for that purpose the pork- 
 house was closed as tight as possible, by 
 shutting all the doors and windows, to ex- 
 clude a rush of air to feed the flames. 
 
 In the course of half an hour, the main 
 building was filled with smoke, rarefied air 
 and inflammable gas from the smoke-house ; 
 and when the flames burst through the 
 wooden door connecting the two buildings, 
 an instantaneous roar of flame was perceived, 
 and in the twinkling of an eye, the whole 
 of this spacious, substantial building was a 
 mass of ruins. The whole roof was lifted in 
 the air and thrown into the streets in large 
 fragments — the second story walls, on the 
 north and south sides, were thrown down, 
 and the whole eastern end of both stories 
 fronting on Walnut street blown into the 
 streets from its foundation up. The appear- 
 ance of the explosion was awfully terrific, and 
 its consequences fatal to several of our most 
 estimable citizens. We annex the names of 
 the killed and severely wounded, as far as we 
 can now ascertain them. Killed — Joseph 
 Bonsall, Caleb W. Taylor, H. S. Edmands, 
 J. S. Chamberlain, H. 0. Merrill, John 
 Ohe, a German laborer, with two or three 
 other German laborers. Wounded severely — 
 George Shillito, H. Thorpe, T. S. Shaeffer, 
 Mr. Alvord (of the firm of Pugh & Alvord), 
 Samuel Schooley, Warren G. Finch, John 
 Blakemore, Lewis Wisby, John M. Vansickle, 
 Joseph Trefts, A. Oppenhermer, Jas. Tryatt, 
 Bobt. Rice, William II. Goodloe. 
 
 A few minutes before the explosion, the 
 smoke settled to the ground around the 
 corner of the building, on the canal and 
 Walnut street fronts, which caused the 
 removal of the masses of people which filled 
 those spaces, unconscious of danger. _ But 
 for this, the force of the explosion being in 
 that direction, the destruction of life would 
 have been frightfully extensive. 
 
 On Sunday morning, a special meeting of 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 7^5 
 
 the city council was called, and in obedience 
 to one of the resolutions passed, the mayor 
 issued a proclamation, requesting the citizens 
 to suspend their business on Monday, the 
 27th inst., and attend the funerals of the 
 deceased. On Monday, the court of common 
 
 pleas adjourned for this purpose, shops were 
 closed, and the business of the day was set 
 aside. The bells were tolled, and little was 
 done save to aid in performing the last sad 
 rites of the dead. 
 
 Keminiscences of Cincinnati in the War Time. 
 
 Cincinnati up to the outbreak of the rebellion largely sympathized with the 
 slave-holders so far as to deprecate any restrictions upon what was termed ^Hheir 
 rights under the laws.^^ Many of the leading families by blood and kindred were 
 connected with the South : indeed largely came from there. Through trade with 
 the South its citizens had been greatly sustained. ‘^^The establishment of an 
 anti-slavery newspaper had resulted in its destruction by a mob, in which were 
 some of the most prominent citizens, and the driving of its editor, Mr. Birney, to 
 a distant city. The quarters of the negro population at times were subject to 
 attacks from the scum of the city, aided by the rabble from the Kentucky side of 
 the Ohio. Free speech, if it took the form of public protests against the continu- 
 ance of slavery, was dangerous. Wendell Phillips was driven from the stage at 
 Pike’s Opera House, and waited for in the streets to be hung up by a howling pro- 
 slavery mob, the mayor refusing to allow the police to suppress it. At the same 
 era Mr. Yancey, of Alabama, was allowed therein to utter the most bitter disloyal 
 tirade, with threats against the North, without a whisper of dissent from an audi- 
 ence of three thousand. 
 
 With the firing upon Sumter, April 12, 1861, a spirit of vengeance for the 
 insult to the flag seemed at once to take possession of the entire population. All 
 thoughts of trade and money-getting were swept completely from the minds of 
 the people as in any Northern city. These incidents illustrate the conciliatory 
 temper of the public just prior to this event. On April 5th three cannon from 
 Baltimore were allowed to pass through the city en route, for Jackson, Mississippi, 
 marked for the “ Southern Confederacy ” and on the very day before a slave was 
 remanded into the custody of his master by a United States Commissioner in Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 The first authentic despatch of the bombardment reached Cincinnati Friday 
 evening, the 12th, and was posted on the bulletin boards. The fact was a sur- 
 prise to multitudes. Up to that very moment they had believed the South 
 was not in earnest. It was all bluster ; there would be no war. What is note- 
 worthy, the large German population of the city believed differently ; among 
 them were many old soldiers who had been engaged in the German revolution 
 of 1 848, and they felt war in the air.” And it was the same with the officers 
 of our army. We remember meeting on the street a valued acquaintance, in a 
 Captain of the Topographical Corps of Engineers, on the reception of the news 
 of the fall of Sumter. He greeted us with sadness and in tones of anguish 
 exclaimed : It is terrible — it is terrible ; there is great suffering in store for us 
 all ; it is to be a long and bloody struggle. God only knows how it will end.” 
 With that he drew in his breath between his closed teeth in his agony of emotion 
 and walked away. This officer was a member of the Cincinnati Literary Club, 
 In a |)aper read before the club in the preceding fall on the subject of Forti- 
 fications,” he criticised the policy of President Buchanan in unsparing terms ; for 
 this he was arrested to be tried by court-martial. His strong Union sentiments 
 and his boldness of denunciation early made for him implacable enemies. He 
 did excellent service in the war and is known in history as General John Pope. 
 He was a rather short man, then in his prime, very handsome too, with full chest, 
 sparkling black eyes, pearly teeth, dainty hands and feet, his figure just beginning 
 to round into that fulness which at a certain time of life often overtakes both 
 sexes, and when reached by some specimens of the gentler sex is sometimes 
 happily expressed by the agreeable sentence, fair, fat, and forty.” 
 
j66 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 At the Gazette office a man had a sentence in favor of the South squelched by 
 an egg striking him fairly in the open mouth, when amid the jeers of the crowd 
 this egg receiver disappeared. Before night the city was gay with the Stars and 
 Stripes. Never had the flag seemed so beautiful in the eyes of the American 
 people. Until that moment they had no conception of the strength of their 
 patriotism. Everywhere throughout the land it fluttered in its glory and was 
 such an insignia of love for the Union, that even the lukewarm as a defence 
 against the stigma of their more loyal neighbors felt compelled to display it. A 
 comical incident occurred on the outskirts of an Ohio city, where a family of 
 lukewarm proclivities were alarmed by a cry in the street, when the mother 
 called out to her son, John, they are calling out to us ^ Secesh, secesh ; ’ run quick 
 and put out our flag or we shall be mobbed.’’ John thereupon obeyed. It was 
 subsequently ascertained the cry had proceeded from a pedlar, who going by in a 
 wagon was proclaiming his wares, fresh fish.” 
 
 The week that opened with Monday, the 15th, with the news of the fall of 
 Sumter, and the call of Mr. Lincoln for 75,000 troops, was one of intense activ- 
 ity all over the State. The legislature appropriated $1,000,000 to arm and equip 
 the 10,000 men. These Gov. Dennison telegraphed the President were subject to 
 his orders ; Cincinnati also voted by its Council $2001,000 to aid in equipping the 
 troops. These sums were then thought to be sufficient in view of the prediction 
 of Mr. Seward that the “ war would be over in ninety days.” 
 
 Large and enthusiastic meetings were held in the city, participated in largely 
 by leading Democrats, and every voice rang clear in support of the Government. 
 The attitude of Kentucky at this time was alarming, and the citizens at one of these 
 meetings amid a whirlwind of applause adopted resolutions signifying that it was too 
 late to draw nice distinctions between armed neutrality and open rebellion — that both 
 were alike rebellion — that those who did not sustain the Government in the present 
 crisis were traitors. As Whitelaw Reid expresses it, “From the first day that 
 the war was open, the people of Cincinnati were as vehement in their determina- 
 tion that it should relentlessly be prosecuted to victory as the city of Boston.” 
 The attitude of Kentucky was indeed at this time peculiarly alarming. Her 
 Governor, Beriah Magoffin, in response to the call for troops had declared — “ I say 
 emphatically Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing 
 her sister Southern States.” Whereupon Governor Dennison telegraphed to Wash- 
 ington, “ If Kentucky will not fill her quota, Ohio will fill it for her.” He more 
 than kept his promise. Some of the first Kentucky regiments, so called, were 
 almost entirely composed of Ohio men and commanders. Sixteen days after the 
 President’s call, Ohio had volunteers offered enough to fill the full quota for the 
 nation, 75,000 men. 
 
 What made the position of Cincinnati at this trying era especially interesting 
 was that no large Northern city was so exposed, so inviting to attacks from its 
 location and great wealth. If Kentucky should secede the city would have to be 
 defended from her own hills instead of from those on the south side of the river. 
 By wise management Kentucky was saved, but multitudes of her young men from 
 her rich slave-holding centres enlisted under the banner of Secession. 
 
 General Henry M. Cist, in his article in the “ Magazine of American History ” 
 entitled “ Cincinnati with the War Fever,” says : 
 
 “ During the first week after the fall of Sumter, active work was done in 
 recruiting and drilling companies and in perfecting regimental organizations. On 
 Thursday, April 18th, the heartstrings of mothers, relatives, and dear friends 
 received the first strain of war. When the three companies of Rover Zouaves 
 and Lafayette Guards left the city under order to report at Columbus to take 
 their place in a regiment en route to the defence of Washington, these companies 
 were escorted to the depot by the Guthrie Grays and the Continentals, and there 
 amid the tears and farewells of friends the soldier boys started, all aglow with 
 martial ardor, for the fields of glory. During the week four regiments were 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 767 
 
 started in the city, and recruiting was so active that it became a question wlio was 
 not to go. The Germans turned out with a magnificent soldierly body of men, 
 over 1,000 strong, the regiment known as the famous 9th Ohio.’^ 
 
 This was called the Turner Regiment. It paraded the streets as we remernber 
 in the white garb of the Turner Society, of which its members were mostly com- 
 posed. It became one of the most effective of regiments and had the distinguished 
 honor of making at Mill Springs the first bayonet charge of the war. It proved 
 an unhappy punching to the enemy, who, not relishing that kind of tickling, 
 broke and ran. They were, however, composed of poor whites and armed 
 mainly with shot-guns. 
 
 This regiment was commanded by Col. Robert L. McCook. He was a large- 
 hearted man with a frank, open, laughing manner ; a lawyer and a partner with 
 the eminent German lawyer, J. B. Stallo. He so hated pretense and show of 
 any kind that he most unwillingly submitted to the requirement of wearing a 
 military dress. On the occasion of this parade he was mounted on horseback, 
 clad in citizen^s dress with stove-pipe hat, his only military insignia a sword 
 buckled to his side. We lately met a lady who, when a child, was a school-mate 
 with McCook and she tells us that he at one time got into a quarrel with another 
 boy and on being separated and reprimanded by the school-marm,^^ he answered, 
 It is all right — you are a woman — you donT know anything about war.’^ 
 
 McCook, who was idolized by his men, was murdered in the summer of 1862 
 while riding, sick and recumbent, in a spring-wagon, attended by a small 
 escort of cavalrymen, who all but one cowardly galloped off as the guerillas 
 appeared. 
 
 The Irish element in Cincinnati was not far behind the German in their 
 alacrity to spring to the cause of the Union, and, says Cist, The well-known 
 regiment, the Tenth Ohio, that did splendid work under Col. William H. Lytle, 
 the ^Soldier Poet,’ was ready for camp. The Fifth Ohio, Avith Col. J. H. 
 Patrick, Avith many of the most promising young men of the city as members, 
 formed during the week ; and the ranks of the Guthrie Grays — the Sixth Ohio — 
 were Avell filled, OA^er one thousand strong, Avith the most prominent young men 
 in all branches of society and business in the city, under W. K. Bosley. The latter 
 part of the week orders were received by General Lytle to establish a camp of 
 instruction, wRich AA^as done at the Cincinnati Trotting Park, some six miles north 
 of the city, and named Camp Harrison. To this camp these regiments marched 
 Avith the music of bands and the Avaving of flags and amid the applauding cheers 
 of vast crowds lining the streets and bidding them God-speed.” A little later 
 Camp Dennison was established sixteen miles out on the Little Miami Railroad 
 and became the great rendezvous for Ohio in the Avar. 
 
 None of those early city regiments at this time Avere in Federal uniforms. The 
 German regiment Avas in the white clothing of the Turner Society with short 
 Avhite roundabout jackets of linen ; the Sixth Ohio in the uniform of the Guthrie 
 Grays ; and the Fifth Ohio in red flannel shirts, making a gorgeous display as 
 they marched doAvn Sycamore street one thousand strong in platoons stretching 
 from curb to curb. 
 
 In a very feAv days more, just at the edge of evening, the First and Second 
 Indiana regiments disembarked at the Fifth street depot and marched through 
 the city, the whole length of Fourth street, m route for Western Virginia. Oliver 
 P. Morton, the Governor of Indiana, a man of extraordinary executive as Avell as 
 oratorical ability, had regiments mustered into service in a surprisingly short 
 space of time. A stigma of cowardice cast upon the conduct of Indiana troops at 
 Buena Vista by Mr. Jefferson Davis during the Mexican war had rankled in the 
 hearts of the Indiana people and they were eager for vengeance. These regiments, 
 on departing from Indianapolis for the seat of Avar, had kneeled before the State 
 Capitol and with bared heads had taken an oath to Remember Buena Vista.” 
 Later they doubtless sang with unwonted gusto, in the war-song of the time, 
 
Cincinnati in 1802. 
 
 Cincinnati in 1810. 
 
 Cincinnati in 1846. 
 
Fourth Street, C'inctnnati, Feb. 2 , 1858 . 
 
 The above view was drawn by J. W. Barber for “Historical Collections, U. S.,” by J. W. Barber 
 and Henry Howe. The building with Grecian front was occupied as Post-office and Custom House, 
 now the site of the Chamber of Commerce. Mitchell & Rammelsburg’s furniture and Shillito’s dry- 
 goods establishments and the tower of the Unitarian Church appear beyond. 
 
770 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 “We’ll hang Jeff Davis on a sour apple-tree, 
 
 Glory Hallelujah.” 
 
 These iDdiana regiments were the first regiments the Cincinnati people had 
 seen beside their own, and they greeted them with great enthusiasm. They were 
 two thousand strong, a line body of bright young men, and splendidly equipped, 
 with knapsacks slung and like all the early Indiana regiments attired in gray. 
 Regiment after regiment of Morton’s gray-attired men soon followed them. One 
 of these, the Seventh Indiana, was reviewed a few weeks later by Major Anderson 
 of Fort Sumter fame, from the residence of his brother, Larz Anderson, on Pike 
 street. The major was a' sedate-appearing gentleman and looked care-worn and 
 dejected, the result it was said of the excessive mental strain put upon him by 
 his experiences at Charleston. 
 
 The sudden change from the avocations of peace to those of war made the 
 city seem as another place and the people another people. Under the excitement 
 of a great overpowering emotion of patriotism all classes mingled with a surpris- 
 ing degree of friendliness and good feeling ; even strangers greeted each other and 
 neighbors that had been estranged for years forgot their petty jealousies. Their 
 fathers and sons touched elbows as they marched away under the old flag amid 
 their tears and prayers. The spirit of self-sacrifice and generosity largely dis- 
 played tended to increase one’s love of his kind : and it came, too, often from 
 those who had been reputed to be hard and selfish. The angel in their natures 
 came out smiling but blew no trumpet. One whom we knew, still know, and 
 never can get rid of, neither in this world nor in any other, said to his landlord, 
 “ These are strange times ; my business is dead and now I have this great house 
 of yours on my hands and no income to meet the rent : I shall have to move out 
 and find some humble shelter for my family.” “ That,” replied he, “ will do me 
 no good. Stay where you are and take care of my property ; no matter about 
 rent. These are 'the times spoken of in Scripture when the hand of the father is 
 against the son and brother against brother. We must help each other. If I get 
 out of bread and you have it, I will call upon you ; and if you get out and I have 
 it, come to me and I will divide the last crust.” The dough for that last crust 
 was never kneaded. 
 
 War was a matter about which the people were as ignorant as babes. The 
 spirit of humanity, and not of ferocity and blood-shedding, was their natural 
 characteristic. But for years blood-shedding was the great business of the city ; 
 its industries were shaped to that end and supported its population. In those be- 
 ginning days the public meetings were intensely exciting. Two or three of these 
 we distinctly remember. One, about the very first, was in Pike’s Opera House. 
 It was packed from pit to dome, tier above tier. The venerable Nathaniel 
 Wright attempted to read some spirit-spiriting resolutions and failing for want 
 of voice they were passed over to Mr. Rufus King, when every syllable went forth 
 in clear ringing tones to the ears and hearts of that packed, enthusiastic mass. 
 Mr. King to this day we are glad to say has that magnificent voice in sound work- 
 ing condition ; a voice that always goes out only for what is good. 
 
 It was in that very hall later on, on an October evening, 1864, that James E. 
 Murdock read for the first time “Sheridan’s Ride,” that fine descriptive poem of 
 Buchanan Read, a Cincinnati production, conceived and born on that very day 
 ■wherein genius in song illustrated genius in war and the hearts of the nation beat 
 in unison with the music. 
 
 A meeting of gentlemen and ladies was held at Smith and Nixon’s Hall to 
 learn from O. M. Mitchell what he knew about war. He was an object of pride 
 with the Cincinnatians. Through his exertions they had the honor of having 
 established the first observatory, built by the contributions of a ])eople, on the 
 globe. He was a small and ordinarily silent man, dark complexion, erect in 
 figure, his face strong, keen v>dth its expression of thought. The little man 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 771 
 
 seemed the concentration of nervous energy. He had often addressed them on 
 the subject of astronomy. His religious and poetical instincts were strong, he 
 was all alive with feeling ; he possessed great fluency and command of language 
 and electrifled his audiences with this sublime elevating topic as probably no man 
 had ever done before. When the war broke out he said he was ready to flght in 
 the ranks or out of the ranks ; and he only asked permission from his country to 
 have something to do. This sentence was the key-note of his character — patri- 
 otism and intense activity. On this occasion he spake with flery energy — the war 
 was to be no child’s play. “We read in the newspapers about steel netting for 
 our soldiers to protect the breasts against bullets. What nonsense ! And they 
 tell us of a famous cannon just invented that will carry seven miles — seven miles ! 
 What ? Expect to put down this rebellion and drive the rebels into the last ditch, 
 they talk so much about, and get no nearer than seven miles ! ” At this sally the 
 audience roared. 
 
 Judge Bellamy Storer was another of Cincinnati’s fiery, enthusiastic orators, 
 and like Mitchell was overflowing with patriotism united to the religious instinct. 
 The more sublime flights of oratory can never be reached without an infusion of 
 the latter. 
 
 At a meeting in Greenwood Hall Judge Storer gave one of his fervid appeals, 
 calling upon the young men to volunteer. As he closed, he drew his tall, impos- 
 ing form to its utmost height and spreading out his arms exclaimed, “ I’m an old 
 man, rising of sixty years,” then with a look as though about ready to spring into 
 a fight, added, “ and I now volunteer.” 
 
 A few days later our eyes were greeted with the sight of a company of old 
 substantial citizens called the “ Storer Rifles,” clad in handsome uniforms, marching 
 through the streets to the sound of drum and fife — old, mostly wealthy, gray- 
 headed men, some of them very obese, with aldermanic protuberances ; they were 
 splendidly equipped, each at his own expense, and were named the “ Storer Rifles.” 
 Among them was the Judge himself, bearing his shooting-piece and evidently as 
 proud of his trainer clothes as any school-boy. 
 
 This company was organized to act as Home Guards for the protection of the 
 city and to stimulate “ the boys ” to enlist for the war. 
 
 After a little it seemed as though the entire force of able-bodied men were 
 drilling, and, where not for the army, to act as Home Guards. Within a week 
 from the fall of Sumter at least ten thousand men were drilling in the city. The 
 vacant halls were used as drill-rooms and the measured tramp of the recruits and 
 the cries of the drill-sergeants, “ left, left,” arose from all over the city. The 
 town wag of the time was Platt Evans, a tailor who had his shop on Main street, 
 just below Fourth. Numberless were the stories told of his witticisms. He was 
 a rather short, red-faced man, advanced in life, with a coarse complexion but of 
 artistic tastes. Withal he stammered in speech, and this defect often gave a 
 peculiar pungency to his wit. On being solicited to act as a captain of a company 
 
 of Home Guards he blurted out, “ you foo-fools ; if-if I was m-m-marching 
 
 you down B-B-Broad-B-B-Broadway, you all would be in the r-r-river b-b-b-be- 
 fore I could ca-call ha-ha-halt ! ” 
 
 The famed Literary Club, converting their rooms into a drilling hall, formed 
 into a military company. They were largely young lawyers, their business for the 
 time crushed and they had no resource for occupation but to turn from laAV to 
 war, from courts to camps. Some sixty went into the service, almost all became 
 officers and some distinguished generals, as R. B. Hayes, M. F. Force, Ed. O. 
 Noyes, etc. Mr. R. W. Burnet volunteered to drill the club. He was a dignified, 
 quiet gentleman of about fifty years of age, a son of Judge Burnet, and had been 
 educated at West Point. On taking charge he made a short address, in which he 
 said his first military experience on graduating was as a young lieutenant in the 
 nullification times of 1832, when he was sent with his company by Jackson to 
 Charleston to throttle its rebellious citizens if they attempted to execute their 
 
772 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 treasonable threats. And now,” said he, “ I can but reflect that it is these same 
 pestilential people that have so wickedly plunged the country into a cruel, unnec- 
 essary war, and I am again in service against them.” 
 
 Finding himself, after the lapse of thirty years, somewhat rusty in his tactics, 
 Mr. Burnet resigned and his place was supplied by a drill sergeant from the Newport 
 Barracks. He was a coarse, rough, ignorant foreigner, and occasionally forgetting 
 
 himself at some exhibition of awkwardness, would let slip an oath, D n you 
 
 there, on the left, hold up your heads !” Then, remembering where he was, he 
 would bow himself and in tones of great humility say, I ask your pardon, gen- 
 tlemen.” Then, a minute later, again flying into a passion, he would let slip another 
 oath, to be in like manner followed with another I ask your pardon, gentlemen.” 
 And thus it was the Literary Club was initiated into the school of the soldier by 
 oaths alternated with expressions of humility. 
 
 Cincinnati was especially prominent for the large number of eminent characters 
 she supplied for the cabinet and the field — Hon. Salmon P. Chase, the great war 
 secretary, and two of Ohio’s war governors, Dennison and Brough, and many of 
 the distinguished Union generals, as Major-Generals Bosecrans, McClennan, 
 Mitchell and Godfrey Weitzell ; Brevet Major-Generals B. B. Hayes, August 
 Willich, Henry B. Banning, Manning F. Force, August V. Kautz and Kenner 
 Garrard ; Brigadier-Generals Bobert L. McCook, William H. Lytle, A. Sanders 
 Piatt, E. P. Scammon, Nathaniel McLean, M. S. Wade and John P. Slough; 
 and Brevet Brigadier-Generals Andrew Hickenlooper, Benjamin C. Ludlow, Israel 
 Garrard, William H. Baldwin, Henry V. N. Boynton, Charles E. Brown, Henry 
 L. Bennet, Henry M. Cist, Stephen J. McGroarty, Granville Moody, August 
 Moore, Beuben D. Mussey, George W. Neff, Edward F. Noyes, Augustus C. Parry, 
 Durbin Ward and Thomas L. Young ; also Joshua L. Bates of the Ohio militia. 
 A host of other Cincinnatians served in various civil and military capacities. 
 Especially useful were its medical men ; more than half the entire number of 
 United States volunteer surgeons” were from this city; they entered the service 
 independent of special commands. Among the medical men were William H. 
 Mussey, George Mendenhall, John Murphy, William Clendenin, Bobert Fletcher, 
 George H. Shumard, etc. After the bloody battles of Fort Donaldson and Shiloh 
 the Cincinnati surgeons went down to the fields in streams, attended to the wounded 
 and their transportation to hospitals in the city, a number of buildings being im- 
 provised for the purpose. A very efficient citizen of that era was Miles Green- 
 wood, an iron founder, who cast cannon, rifled muskets and plated steamboats with 
 iron for war purposes. 
 
 The Cincinnati branch of the United States Sanitary Commission was particu- 
 larly efficient ; an outline of their work is given on page 190. Alike efficient was 
 the local branch of the United States Christian Commission. It was under the 
 management of A. E. Chamberlain, H. Thane Miller, with Bev. J. F. Marlay 
 Secretary, and B. AV. Cliidlaw general agent. It distributed stores and money to 
 the amount of about $300,000, the contributions of Soldiers’ Aid Societies 
 and Ladies’ Christian Commission, mainly from the patriotic men and women of 
 Ohio. 
 
 The most marked events in the war history of the city were what has been 
 termed the Siege of Cincinnati” in 1862 and the raid of John Morgan in the 
 following year. 
 
 The Siege of Cincinnati. 
 
 After the unfortunate battle of Bichmond, on the 29th of August, Kirby 
 Smith, with his 15,000 rebel veterans, adv^ancing into the heart of Kentucky, took 
 possession of Lexington, Frankfort, and Maysville. Bragg with his large army 
 was then crossing the Kentucky line ; while Morgan, with his guerilla cavalry, 
 was already joined to Smith. Pondrous-proportioned Humphrey Marshall was 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 773 
 
 also busy swelling the rebel ranks with recruits from the fiery young Kentuckians. 
 Affairs looked threateningly on the border. 
 
 General Lewis Wallace was at once placed in command at Cincinnati, by order 
 of Major-General Wright. Soon as he arrived in the city, on Thursday, the 4th 
 of September, he put Cincinnati and the two cities on the Kentucky side of the 
 Ohio, Newport and Covington, under martial law, and, within an hour of his 
 arrival, he issued a proclamation suspending all business, stopping the ferry-Loats 
 from plying the river, and summoning all citizens to enrol themselves for defence. 
 It was most effective. It totally closed business, and sent every citizen, without 
 distinction, to the ranks or into the trenches. Nor was it needless, for the enemy, 
 within a few days thereafter, advanced to within five miles of the city, on the 
 Kentucky side, and skirmished with our outposts. Buchanan Read, the poet, 
 painter of the time, draws this picture of the events. Read was a volunteer aid 
 to General Wallace. 
 
 The ten days ensuing will be forever 
 memorable in the annals of the city of Cin- 
 cinnati. The cheerful alacrity with which 
 the people rose en masse to swell the ranks 
 and crowd into the trenches was a sight worth 
 seeing. Of course, there were a few timid 
 creatures who feared to obey the summons. 
 Sudden illness overtook some. Others were 
 hunted up by armed men with fixed bayonets ; 
 ferreted from back kitchens, garrets and 
 cellars, closets and even under beds where 
 they were hiding. One peacefully excited 
 individual was found in his wife’s clothes, 
 scrubbing at the wash-tub. He was put in 
 one of the Oerman working parties, who re- 
 ceived him with shouts of laughter. 
 
 The citizens thus collected were the repre- 
 sentatives of all classes and many nativities. 
 The man of money, the man of law, the mer- 
 chant, the artist, and the artisan swelled the 
 lines, hastening to the scene of action, armed 
 either with musket, pick, or spade. 
 
 But the pleasantest and most picturesque 
 sight of those remarkable days was the 
 almost endless stream of sturdy men who 
 rushed to the rescue from the rural districts 
 of Ohio and Indiana. These were known as 
 the squirrel-lminters. They came in files, 
 numbering thousands upon thousands, in all 
 kinds of costumes, and armed with all kinds 
 of firearms, but chiefly the deadly rifle, 
 which they knew so well how to use. 
 
 Old men, middle-aged men, and often mere 
 boys, like the “minute men” of the old 
 Revolution, they dropped all their peculiar 
 avocations, and with their leathern pouches 
 full of bullets, and their ox-horns full of 
 powder, by every railroad and by-way, in 
 such numbers that it seemed as if the whole 
 State of Ohio were peopled only with hunters, 
 and that the spirit of Daniel Boone stood 
 
 upon the hills opposite the town beckoning 
 them into Kentucky. 
 
 The pontoon bridge over the Ohio, which 
 had been begun and completed between sun- 
 down and sundown, groaned day and night 
 with the perpetual stream of life, all setting 
 southward. In three days there were ten 
 miles of intrenchments lining the Kentucky 
 hills, making a semicircle from the river 
 above the city to the banks of the river 
 below ; and these were thickly manned, from 
 end to end, and made terrible to the astonished 
 enemy by black and frowning cannon. 
 
 General Heath, with his 12,000 veterans, 
 flushed with their late success at Richmond, 
 drew up before these formidable preparations 
 and deemed it prudent to take the matter 
 into serious consideration, before making the 
 attack. 
 
 Our men were eagerly awaiting their 
 approach, thousands in rifle pits, and tens of 
 thousands along the whole line of fortifica- 
 tions, while our scouts and pickets were 
 skirmishing with their outposts in the plains 
 in front. Should the foe make a sudden 
 dash and carry any point of our lines, it was 
 thought by some that nothing would prevent 
 them from entering Cincinnati. 
 
 ^ But for this provision was also made. The 
 city above and below was well protected by a 
 flotilla of gunboats, improvised from the 
 swarm of steamers which lay at the wharves. 
 The shrewd leaders of the rebel army were 
 probably kept well posted by traitors within 
 our own lines, in regard to the reception pre- 
 pared for them, and taking advantage of the 
 darkness of night and the violence of a 
 thunder storm made a hasty and ruinous 
 retreat. Wallace was anxious to follow, and 
 was confident of success, but was overruled 
 by those higher in authority. 
 
 To the above general view of the siege we contribute our individual experience. 
 Such an experience of the entire war in a diary, by a citizen of the genius of 
 Defoe, would outlive a hundred common histories ; centuries hence be preserved 
 among the choice collections of American historic literature. It would illustrate 
 as nothing else could, the inner life of our people in this momentous period, their 
 varying emotions and sentiments ; their surprise and indignation at the treason to 
 the beautiful country of their love ; their never-equalled patriotism and generosity ; 
 
774 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 their unquenchable hope ; the almost despair that at times settled upon them, 
 when all seemed but lost, through the timidity and irresolution of weak generals 
 in the field ; the intrigues and intended treachery of demagogues at home. Then 
 the groping forward, like children in the dark, of millions of loyal hearts for some 
 mighty arm to guide ; some mighty intellect to reveal and thus relieve the awful 
 suspense as to the future ; as though any mere man had an attribute that alone is 
 of God. Finally, through the agony of sore adversities, came the looking upward 
 to the only power that could help. Thus the religious instincts became deepened. 
 Visions of the higher life dwarfed the large things of this : and through faith 
 came greater blessings than the wisest among the good had hoped. 
 
 On the morning the city was put under 
 martial law, I found the streets full of armed 
 police in army blue, and all, without respect 
 to age, compelled to report at the head- 
 quarters of their respective districts for enrol- 
 ment. An unwilling citizen, seeing the 
 bayonet levelled at him, could but yield to 
 the inexorable logic of military despotism. 
 It was perilous to walk the streets without a 
 pass. At every corner stood a sentinel. 
 
 The colored men were roughly handled by 
 the Irish police. From hotels and barber 
 shops, in the midst of their labors, these 
 helpless people were pounced upon and often 
 bareheaded and in shirtsleeves, just as seized, 
 driven in squads, at the point of the bayonet, 
 and gathered in vacant yards and guarded. 
 What rendered this act more than ordinarily 
 atrocious was, that they, through their head 
 men, had, at the first alarm, been the earliest 
 to volunteer their services to our mayor, for 
 the defence of our common homes. It was a 
 sad sight to see human beings treated like 
 reptiles. 
 
 Enrolled in companies we were daily 
 drilled. One of these in our ward was com- 
 posed of old men, termed ‘‘Silver Grays.” 
 Among its^ members were the venerable 
 Judge Leavitt, of the United States Supreme 
 Court, and other eminent citizens. Grand- 
 fathers were seen practicing the manual, and 
 lifting alternate feet to the cadence of mark- 
 time. 
 
 At this stage of afiairs the idea that our 
 colored citizens possessed war-like qualities 
 was a subject for scofiing ; the scoffers forget- 
 ting that the race in ancestral Africa, includ- 
 ing even the women, had been in war since 
 the days of Ham ; strangely oblivious also to 
 the fact that our foreign-born city police 
 could only by furious onslaughts, made with 
 Hibernian love of the thing, quell the frequent 
 pugnacious outbreaks of the crispy-haired 
 denisons of our own Bucktown. From this 
 view, or more probably a delicate sentiment 
 of tenderness, instead of being armed and 
 sent forth to the dangers of battle, they were 
 consolidated into a peaceful brigade of workers 
 in the trenches back of Newport, under the 
 philanthropic guidance of the Hon. William 
 M. Dickson. 
 
 The daily morning march of the corps 
 down Broadway to labor was a species of the 
 mottled picturesque. At their head was the 
 stalwart, manly form of the landlord of the 
 Dumas house, Colonel Harlan. Starting 
 
 back on the honest, substantial, coal-black 
 foundation, all shades of color were exhibited, 
 degenerating out through successive grada- 
 tions to an ashy white ; the index of Anglo ■ 
 Saxon fatherhood of the chivalrous American 
 type. Arrayed for dirt-work in their oldest 
 clothes ; apparently the fags of every con- 
 ceivable kind of cast-off, kicked-about, and 
 faded-out garments ; crownless and lop-eared 
 hats, diverse boots ; with shouldered pick, 
 shovel, and hoe ; this merry, chattering, pie- 
 bald, grotesque body, shuffled along amid 
 grins and jeers, reminding us of the ancient 
 nursery distich : 
 
 “ Hark ! hark ! hear the dogs bark. 
 
 The beggars are coming to town. 
 Some in rags, some in tags. 
 
 And some in velvet gowns.” 
 
 Tuesday night, September 9, 1862, was 
 starlight ; the air soft and balmy. With 
 others I was on guard at an improvised 
 armory, the old American Express buildings, 
 on Third street near Broadway. Three hours 
 past midnight from a signal tower three 
 blocks east of us a rocket suddenly shot high 
 in the air ; then the fire-bell pealed an alarm. 
 All was again quiet. Half an hour passed: 
 Hurrying footsteps neared us. They were 
 those of the indefatigable, public-spirited 
 John D. Caldwell. ‘ ; Kirby Smith,’ ’ said he 
 quickly, “is advancing on the city. The 
 military are to muster on the landing and 
 cross the river at sunrise. ’ ’ 
 
 Six o’clock struck as I entered my own 
 door to make preparations for my departure. 
 The good woman was up. The four little in- 
 nocents — two of a kind — were asleep in the 
 bliss of ignorance, happy in quiet slumber. 
 A few moments of hurried preparation and I 
 was ready for the campaign. The provisions 
 were these : a heavy blanket-shawl, a few good 
 cigars, a haversack loaded with eatables, and 
 a black bottle of medicinal liquid — cherry 
 bounce — very choice. 
 
 As I stepped out on the pavement my 
 neighbor did the same. He, too, was off for 
 the war. At each of our adjoining chamber- 
 windows stood a solitary female. Neither 
 could see the other though not ten feet apart, 
 a house dividing wall intervening. Sadness 
 and merriment were personified. Tears be- 
 dewed and apprehension elongated the face 
 of the one. Laughter dimpled and shortened 
 the face of the other. The one thought of 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 775 
 
 her protector as going forth to encounter the 
 terrors of battle ; visions of wounds and 
 death were before her. The other thought 
 of hers with only a prospect of a little season 
 of rural refreshment on the Kentucky hills, 
 to return in safety with an appetite ravenous 
 as a wolf’s for freshly dug pink-eyes and 
 Beresford’s choice cuts. 
 
 We joined our regiment at the landing. 
 This expanse of acres was crowded with 
 armed citizens in companies and regiments. 
 Two or three of our frail, egg-shell river 
 steamers, converted into gun-boats, were re- 
 ceiving from drays bales of hay for bulwarks. 
 The pontoon was a moving panorama of 
 newly made warriors, and wagons of muni- 
 tions hastening southward. Back of the 
 plain of Covington and Newport rose the 
 softly rounded hills ; beyond these were our 
 bloodthirsty foe. Our ofi&cers tried to 
 manoeuvre our regiment. They were too 
 ignorant to manoeuvre themselves ; it was 
 like handling a rope of sand. But in my 
 absence they had somehow managed to get 
 that long line of men arranged into platoons. 
 Then as I took my place the drums beat, fifes 
 squeaked, and we crossed the pontoon. The 
 people of Covington filled their doorways and 
 windows to gaze at the passing pageant. To 
 my fancy they looked scowlingly. No cheers, 
 no smiles greeted us. It was a staring silence. 
 The rebel army had been largely recruited 
 from the town. 
 
 March ! march ! march ! We struck the 
 hills. The way up seemed interminable. 
 The boiling September sun poured upon us 
 like a furnace. The road was as an ash 
 heap. Clouds of limestone dust whitened us 
 like millers, filling our nostrils and throats 
 with impalpable powder. The cry went up. 
 Water ! water ! Little or none was to be 
 had. The unusual excitement and exertion 
 told upon me. Years before, I had, bearing 
 my knapsack, performed pedestrian tours of 
 thousands of miles. Had twice walked 
 across New York, once from the Hudson to 
 the lake; in the hottest of summer had 
 footed it from Bichmond to Lynchburg. No 
 forty or fifty miles a day had ever wilted me 
 like this march of only four. But my 
 muscles had been relaxed by years of con- 
 tinuous office labor. I had been on my feet 
 on guard-duty all night. 
 
 Near the top of the hills, some 500 feet 
 above the Ohio level, our regiment halted, 
 when our officers galloped ahead. We broke 
 ranks and lay down under the wayside fence. 
 Five minutes elapsed. Back cantered the 
 cortege. “Fall into line! fall into line! 
 Quidc., men ! ’ ’ was the cry. They rode 
 among us. ^ Our colonel exclaimed, “ You 
 are now going into battle ! The enemy are 
 advancing ! You will receive sixty rounds of 
 cartridges ! Bo your duty, men ! do your 
 duty ! ” I fancied it a ruse to test our 
 courage, and so experienced a sense of 
 shame. 
 
 I looked upon the men around me. Not 
 a word was spoken ; not one smiled. No 
 visible emotion of any kind appeared, only 
 
 weary faces, dirty, sweaty, and blowsy with 
 the burning heat. 
 
 I dropped my cartridges into my haver- 
 sack along with my food. Our captain, in 
 his musical, pleasant voice, gave us instruc- 
 tions, though he had never studied war. 
 '"'‘Gentlemen ! these cartridges are peculiar; 
 you put the ball in first and the powder on 
 top! ’ Some one whispered in his ear. 
 
 '" 'Gentlemen T he again exclaimed, with a 
 significant scowl and shake of his head, “I 
 was mistaken ; you must put the powder in 
 first and the ball on top ! ” We did so. We 
 had elected Billy captain, for he was genial 
 and of a good family. 
 
 We again shuffled upward. Suddenly as 
 the drawing of a curtain, a fine, open, rolling 
 country with undulating ravines burst upon 
 us. Two or three farm mansions with half 
 concealing foliage and corn-fields appeared in 
 the distance ; beyond, a mile away, the 
 fringed line of a forest; above, a cloudless 
 sky and a noon-day sun. The road we were 
 on penetrated these woods. In these were 
 concealed the unknown thousands of our war- 
 experienced foe. 
 
 On the summit of the hills we had so 
 laboriously gained, defending the approach 
 by the road, ran our line of earth-works. 
 On our right was Fort Mitchell ; to our left, 
 for hundreds of yards, rifle-pits. The fort 
 and pits were filled with armed citizens, and 
 a regiment or two of green soldiers in their 
 new suits. Vociferous cheers greeted our 
 appearing. “How are you, H. ?” struck 
 my attention. It was the cheerful voice of a 
 tall, slender gentleman in glasses, who did my 
 legal business, John W. Herron. 
 
 Turning off to the left into the fields in 
 front of these, and away beyond, we halted an 
 hour or so in line of battle, the nearest regi- 
 ment to the enemy. W e waited in expecta- 
 tion of an attack, too exhausted to fight, or, 
 perhaps, even to run. Thence we moved 
 back into an orchard, behind a rail-fence, on 
 rather low ground ; our left, and the extreme 
 left of all our forces, resting on a farm-house. 
 Our pioneers went to work strengthening our 
 permanent position, cutting down brush and 
 small trees, and piling them against the 
 fence. Here, we were in plain view, a mile 
 in front, of the ominous forest. When night 
 came on, in caution, our camp-fires were ex- 
 tinguished. We slept on hay in the open 
 air, with our loaded muskets by our sides, 
 and our guards and pickets doubled. 
 
 At 4 o’clock reveille sounded and we were 
 up in line. I then enjoyed what I had not 
 before seen in years — the first coming on of 
 morning in the country. Most of the day 
 we were in line of battle behind the fence. 
 Begiments to the right of us, and more in 
 the rifle-pits farther on, and beyond, it 
 seemed a mile to the right, the artillerists in 
 Fort Mitchell — all those on hills above us 
 also stood waiting for the enemy. Constant 
 picket firing was going on in front. The 
 rebels were feeling our lines. Pop ! pop ! 
 pop ! one — two — three, then half a dozen in 
 quick succession, followed by a lull with 
 
776 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 intervals of three or four minutes, broken 
 perhaps by a solitary pop. Again continuous 
 pops, like a feu-de-joie, with another lull, and 
 so on through the long hours. Some of our 
 men were wounded, and others, it was 
 reported, killed. With the naked eye we 
 caught occasional glimpses of the skirmishers 
 in a corn-field near the woods. With a glass 
 a man by my side said he saw the butter- 
 nut-colored garments of the foe. 
 
 Toward evening a furious thunder-storm 
 drove us to our tents of blankets and brush- 
 wood bowers. It wet us through and de- 
 stroyed the cartridges in our cotton haver- 
 sacks. Just as the storm was closing, a 
 tremendous fusilade on our right, and the 
 cries of our ofiicers, ‘ ‘ The enemy are upon 
 us; turnout! turnout!''' brought us to the 
 fence again. The rebels, we thought, had 
 surprised us and would be dashing down in a 
 moment with their cavalry through the 
 orchard in our rear. Several of our com- 
 panies fired off* their muskets in that direc- 
 tion, and to the manifest danger of a line of 
 our own sentinels. It w’^as a false alarm, and 
 arose in the 110th Ohio, camped on the hill 
 to our right. 
 
 You may ask what my sensations were as I 
 thus stood, back to the fence, with uplifted 
 musket in expectant attitude ? To be honest, 
 my teeth chattered uncontrollably. I never 
 boasted of courage. Drenched to the marrow 
 by the cold rain, I was shivering before the 
 alarm, and so I reasoned in this way — “ Our 
 men are all raw, our ofiicers in the same doughy 
 condition. We are armed with the old, con- 
 demned Belgian rifle. Not one in ten can be 
 discharged. All my reading in^ history has 
 ground the fact into me, that militia, situated 
 like us, are worthless when attacked by 
 veterans. An hundred experienced cavalry- 
 men dashing down with drawn sabres, revolv- 
 ers and secesh yells will scatter us in a 
 twinkling. When the others run, and I 
 know they will, I won’t. I’ll drop beside 
 this fence, simulate death, and open an eye 
 to the culminating circumstances.” I was 
 not aching for a fight. Ambitious youths 
 going in on their muscles, alas I are apt to 
 come out on their backs. 
 
 Unlike Norvel, I could not say : 
 
 “ I had heard of battles and longed 
 To follow to the field some warlike chap. ’ ’ 
 
 When at school I never fought excepting 
 when my pugnacity was aroused on seeing 
 large boys tyrannize over small ones. 1 never 
 slew anything larger than a cat, which had 
 scratched me, and at this, as soon as done, I 
 child-like, as child I was, repenting, sat down 
 and cried. I am soft-hearted as my uncle 
 Toby with the fly — “Go, poor devil! the 
 world is large enough for both you and me.” 
 To pit my valuable life against one of these 
 low Southern whites — half animals, fierce as 
 hyenas, degraded as serfs — appeared a mani- 
 fest incongruity. It never seemed so plain 
 before. It was tackling the beast in the only 
 point where he was strong. 
 
 Some things were revealed to me by this 
 soldier life. The alarming rumors current. 
 The restraints upon one’s liberty, imprisoned 
 within the lines of the regiment. The sensa- 
 tion of being ordered around by small men 
 in high places, and not admirable in any. 
 The waste of war, piles of bread, water- 
 soaked by rain into worthless pulp. The 
 vacuity of mind from the want of business 
 for continuous thought. The picturesque 
 attitudes of scores of men sleeping on heaps 
 of straw ; seen by the uncertain light of 
 night. The importance of an ofiicer’s horse 
 beyond that of a common soldier, shown by 
 the refusal of hay on which to sleep on the 
 night of our arrival, because the colonel’s 
 beast wanted it. Didn’t our good mother 
 earth furnish a bed ? 
 
 In our company were three of us — Wil- 
 liam J. Flagg, Samuel Davis and myself, not 
 relatives in any way — who, in a New England 
 city, distant nearly a thousand miles, had, over 
 thirty years before,^ been school-mates. ^ It 
 illustrated a peculiar phase of American 
 habits. We had some odd characters. Our 
 fifer, a short, spare-built, wan-faced man, 
 had been in the British army — had seen ser- 
 vice in Afghanistan, the other side of the 
 globe. Another, a German lieutenant, had 
 experience of war in our country — was at 
 Shiloh. He was imaginative. I talked with 
 him in the night. To my query of the prob- 
 ability of a night attack, he replied, “Yes, 
 the secesh always attack in that way. ’ ’ Past 
 midnight as he was going the rounds of the 
 pickets as officer of the guard, he said he 
 saw crouching in the shadow of a ravine a 
 large body of rebels. He ran to headquarters 
 and aroused our colonel and staff ; but when 
 they arrived at the seeing point, lo ! the foe 
 had vanished. A fat, gray-headed captain 
 with protuberant abdomen came to me soon 
 after our arrival and with an impressive 
 countenance discoursed of the perils of our 
 position. In this I quite agreed with him. 
 Then putting his hand to his stomach and 
 giving his head a turn to one side, after the 
 usual manner of invalids in detailing their 
 woes, he uttered in lugubrious tones — “ I am 
 very sick ; the march over has been too much 
 for me ; I feel a severe attack of my old com- 
 plaint, cholera morbus, coming on.” ^ After 
 this I missed him. He had got a permit from 
 the surgeon and returned home to be nui'sed. 
 Our medical man, Dr. Dandridge, was old 
 Virginia born ; and I had, notwithstanding 
 his generous qualities, suspected him of 
 secesh sympathies. I wish to be charitable, 
 but I must say this confirmed my suspicion ; 
 it was evident he wished to get the %hting 
 men out of the way ! 
 
 Saturday afternoon, the 1 3th, we began our 
 return march. The militia were no longer 
 needed, for the rebels had fallen back, and 
 thousands of regular soldiers had been pour- 
 ing into the city and spreading over the hills. 
 Our return was an ovation. The landing 
 was black with men, women and children. 
 AVe recrossed the pontoon amid cheers and 
 the boom of cannon. Here, on the safe side 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 777 
 
 of the river, the sick captain, now recovered, 
 joined his regiment. With freshly shaven 
 face, spotless collar and bright uniform, he 
 appeared like a bandbox soldier among dust- 
 covered warriors. Escaping our perils, he 
 shared our glories, as, with drawn sword, he 
 strutted through street after street amid 
 cheers of the multitude, smiles of admiring 
 women, and waving of ’kerchiefs. Weary 
 
 and dirt-begrimed, we were, in a tedious, 
 circuitous march, duly .shown off by our offi- 
 cers to all their lady acquaintances, until night 
 came to our relief, kindly covered us with her 
 mantle, and stopped the tomfoolery. The 
 lambs led forth to slaughter thus returned 
 safely to their folds, because the butcher 
 hadn’t come. 
 
 It is now known that Kirby Smith was never ordered to attack Cincinnati, but 
 only to demonstrate ; and about this very time the advance of Buell seemed to 
 Bragg so menacing that he made haste to order Smith back to his support. The 
 force that approached so near the city at no time comprised 12,000 men and were 
 under the immediate command of General Heath. In speaking of this event 
 after the war, Kirby Smith said that at one time he could have very easily 
 entered Cincinnati with his troops, but all h — 11 could not have got them out 
 again.’^ 
 
 MORGAN’S RAID. 
 
 Morgan’s raid in July of the next year was the next event to arouse an excite- 
 ment in the city. He came within a few miles and slipped around it in the night. 
 The details of the raid are given elsewhere. After the battle of Buffington 
 Island the prisoners, amounting to about 700 men, were brought to the city in 
 steamers. The privates were sent from here to Indianapolis. The officers, about 
 70 in number, were landed at the foot of Main street from the steamer Starlight, 
 and marched up the street under a strong guard to the city prison on Ninth street. 
 The people had regarded them in the light of horse-thieves, and greatly rejoicing 
 at their capture, as they passed along, in places expressed their contempt by howls 
 and cat-cries. No other bodies of prisoners brought to the city during the 
 war were otherwise than respectfully received. Indeed the only word of disre- 
 spect we heard towards any of them came from a little boy and of our own 
 family. It was early morning when in our residence on East Fifth street, near 
 Pike, we were attracted by sounds in the street. Rushing to the door our eyes 
 were greeted by the sight of a body of say 200 unarmed men dressed in gray, 
 with about a third of their number in blue on each side with muskets in hand, 
 and the whole mass were on a run in the middle of the street hurrying to the 
 depot of the Little Miami Railroad en route for Camp Chase. At this sight the little 
 one at my side called out, Rebel traitors — rebel traitors ! ” Curious to know the 
 effect of so much war time education he was receiving had upon the same young 
 mind we about then inquired ; Would you like to be a soldier?” ^^No, sir; 
 not one of the kind that go to war.” Why not ? ” Because, I should expect 
 to get killed.” 
 
 Morgan and a number of his officers were confined in the State Prison at 
 Columbus, from whence the great raider made his escape on the night of the 27th 
 of November. The following particulars of the flight were detailed in a Rich- 
 mond paper : 
 
 “It had been previously determined that, 
 on reaching the outer walls, the parties 
 should separate, Morgan and Hines together, 
 and the others to shape their course for them- 
 selves. Thus they parted. Hines and the 
 General proceeded at once to the depot to 
 purchase their tickets for Cincinnati. But, 
 lo ! where was the, money ? The inventive 
 Hines had only to touch the magical wand of 
 his ingenuity to be supplied. While in 
 prison he had taken the precaution, after 
 
 planning his escape, to write to a lady friend 
 in a peculiar cypher, which when handed to 
 the authorities, to read through openly, con- 
 tained nothing contraband, but which, on the 
 young lady receiving, she, according to in- 
 structions, sent him some books, in the back 
 of one of which she concealed some ‘ ‘ green- 
 backs,” and across the inside wrote her name 
 to indicate the place where the money was 
 deposited. The books came safe to hand, 
 and Hines was flush. Going boldly up to 
 
778 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 the ticket office, while Morgan modestly 
 stood back and adjusted a pair of green 
 goggles over his eyes, which one of the men, 
 having weak eyes, had worn in prison. 
 
 They took their seats in the cars without 
 suspicion. How their hearts beat until the 
 locomotive whistled to start! Slowly the 
 wheels turn, and they are off. The cars 
 were due in Cincinnati at 7 o’clock A. M. At 
 Xenia they were detained one hour. What 
 keen anguish of suspense did they not suf- 
 fer 1 They knew at 5 o’clock A. M. the con- 
 victs would be called, and that their escape 
 would then be discovered, when it would be 
 telegraphed in every direction ; consequently 
 the guards would be ready to greet them on 
 their arrival. They were rapidly nearing the 
 city of abolition hogdom. It was a cool, 
 rainy morning. Just as the train entered 
 
 the suburbs, about half a mile from the 
 depot, the escaped prisoners went out on the 
 platform and put on the brakes, checking 
 the cars sufficiently to let them jump off. 
 Hines jumped off first, and fell, considerably 
 stunned. Morgan followed, unhurt. They 
 immediately made for the river. Here they 
 found a boy with a skiff, who had just ferried 
 across some ladies from the Kentucky side. 
 They dared not turn their heads for fear of 
 seeing the guards coming. ‘"Hines,” whis- 
 pered the General, “look and see if any- 
 body is coming.” The boy was told they 
 wanted to cross, but he desired to wait for 
 more passengers. The General told him he 
 was in a hurry, and promised to pay double 
 fare. The skiff shot out into the stream — 
 they soon reached the Kentucky shore, and 
 breathed — free. ’ ’ 
 
 The Cincinnati Newspapers in the War Times. 
 
 The press of the city sprang into an importance never before experienced. 
 Extras were being continually issued, and the newsboys persistent everywhere 
 filled the air with their cries, ^^all about the battle.^’ Not only in the city, but 
 the carriers penetrated to the armies in front to sell their wares. Colonel Crafts 
 Wright, in writing a description for the Gazette of the battle of Fort Donaldson, 
 said : “ Sunday morning we were ordered to advance on the trenches of the enemy. 
 While standing there a new cry was heard — a carrier came along crying, ^ Cin- 
 cinnati Commercial^ Gazette and Times, ^ and as I sat upon my horse, bought them 
 and read the news from home, and this too within an hour after the fort had sur- 
 rendered.’^ 
 
 The colonel had been a room-mate and class-mate with Jefferson Davis, and 
 through life remained a personal friend, though not agreeing in politics ; this was 
 not to be expected from one of the proprietors of the Cincinnati Gazette. 
 
 The press had correspondents everywhere, and these were untiring in gathering 
 the news from the “ front.” In the early stages of the war every skirmish was 
 published and magnified, and little minor matters detailed that later on were not 
 noticed, as anecdotes of individual heroism, descriptions of the appearance of the 
 dead and wounded, illustrating the savagery of war. 
 
 The city being so close upon the border found its business in diverting its in- 
 dustries to prosecution of the war. After a short period of stagnation there were 
 but few idle people, and when it was seen that the war had come to stay, there 
 was no scarcity of money and the entire community were prospering. Among 
 the peculiar industries of the time was the putting up of stationery in large en- 
 velopes called paper packages.” The amount of letter-writing between the 
 soldiers and their friends at home was enormous. These packages were peddled 
 everywhere, alike in town, country and camps, at a cost of about a dime each, 
 and consisted of envelopes, paper, pencil, pens, holder and ink ; most of the station- 
 ery was miserable. Soldiers’ letters went postage free. 
 
 The city was often alive with troops through the war period. Regiments came 
 from every State. At first they were looked upon with interest and pride. Fa- 
 miliarity changed this. Then came sad scenes. One was the bringing in of the 
 wounded from the battle-fields. After Donaldson and Shiloh the physicians and 
 nurses, notably the Sisters of Charity, went down from the city and large numbers 
 were brought here by boat and taken to the hospitals in ambulances. Just at the 
 edge of a winter’s evening we saw a line of ambulances filled with the sufferers. 
 They had stopped before an improvised hospital, that had been a business building 
 on Fourth street, near Main, and were being carried in on stretchers or in the arms 
 of others. Among them were some wounded prisoners, who received equally good 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 779 
 
 treatment with the others. On the bloody field of Moskwa, Napoleon, as he 
 stooped over the Russian wounded and ordered relief, said, After battle we are 
 no longer enemies. 
 
 We asked one of the medical men, a personal friend. Dr. George Mendenhall, 
 President of the Sanitary Commission, who had come up the river with them from 
 Donaldson, if he had, while ministering to their wounds, talked with them. 
 
 No,’^ said that good man, I felt so indignant when I reflected what a miser- 
 able business they had been engaged in that I had no stomach for social inter- 
 course.’^ Personally, we think it instructive to get at the bottom thought of all 
 sorts of people in religion, business, politics and war — and even in wedlock, 
 which, alas, often results in the same. It often teaches charity for what is wrong- 
 doing. In a deserted rebel camp. Laurel Hill, Western Virginia, was found 
 love letter, ”in which was expressed the bottom thought of at least one poor seces- 
 sionist : sa agen, dear Melindy, weer fitin for our libertis to do gest as we pleas, 
 
 and we will fit for them so long as Goddlemity gives us breth.” 
 
 The hospitals were sacred places to the ladies of the city who were alive in 
 ministering to the wants of the soldier boys ; and to the latter they seemed 
 angelic. One very great occupation was writing letters at the dictation of the 
 sufi'ering and often dying soldiers to their loved ones at home. A melanchol yduty, 
 but purifying and ennobling, as they often found among the most humble of these 
 men the choicest of spirits, the most noble of natures, and coilld but feel as they 
 saw them sinking away into their last sleep, it would be to awake again in 
 ethereal brightness to be appreciated in the higher immortality. 
 
 A Soldier s Funeral awakens different 
 emotions from that of any other. If he be an 
 officer high in rank no pageant can be so 
 affecting as the funeral procession. Cincin- 
 nati had several such. One was that of 
 General Wm. H. Lytle, the poet soldier killed 
 at Chickamauga, and was most imposing. 
 The entire city seemed anxious to pay their 
 last tribute to the illustrious dead. The 
 houses were draped in mourning, the bells 
 tolled, and the flags hung at half-mast. The 
 procession passed through Fourth street, a 
 long line of military with reversed arms 
 moved slowly and solemnly along, the band 
 playing a dirge. The horse of the General, 
 according to military custom, was led by a 
 military servant, with a pair of cavalry boots 
 hanging from the empty saddle. On each 
 side of the sarcophagus marched a guard of 
 honor, officers high in rank and attired in 
 their full parade uniforms; tall, showy, 
 splendid-looking men. It was evening ere 
 they reached Spring Grove, the moon silver- 
 ing that repository of the dead as they en- 
 tered its imposing gateway. 
 
 Regiments Returning from service in the 
 field often looked war-worn and in ragged 
 condition. After the Union defeat at Kich 
 mond we saw two Indiana regiments which 
 had surrendered and the men then paroled, 
 marching through Third street, en route for 
 Indianapolis. They had left that city only a 
 few weeks before, newly formed troops, and 
 had passed through ours for Kentucky, in 
 high spirits and excellent condition. On their 
 return they were in a deplorable state, ragged, 
 lirty with the dust of the roads, and many 
 of them bare-footed. The enemy must have 
 largely robbed them of their clothing and 
 shoes. The city at the time was destitute 
 
 of troops ; but few persons were on the street 
 to look upon this sad, forlorn, woe-begone- 
 looking body of young men. Kirby Smith had 
 taken out their starch. W e felt they ought to 
 have been received with open arms, but no 
 one was around to help brighten their spirits. 
 The few who saw them gazed in staring 
 silence. Another dilapidated-looking body 
 we saw, and in 1864, was the Fifth Ohio. 
 After three years of bloody and heroic ser- 
 vice they had been reduced to little more 
 than a company and were drawn up in line 
 on Third street before the Quarter-master’s 
 department to draw new clothing. It was 
 quite a contrast to that same regiment as we 
 saw it just after the fall of Sumter marching 
 down Sycamore street 1 ,000 strong, attired 
 in red-flannel shirts and aglow with patriotic 
 ardor. Their brave Colonel, J. H. Patrick, 
 had been killed only a few weeks before 
 down in Dalton, Georgia, while gallantly lead- 
 ing a charge. The heroic band were home 
 on furlough. 
 
 The Sixth, or Guthrie Gray Regiment, 
 marched away in gray and came back in the 
 army blue after an absence of three years, 
 when they were mustered out of service, 
 about 500 strong. They were received in a 
 sort of ovation by the citizens as they marched 
 through the city. Their Colonel, N. L. 
 Anderson, brought back ‘The boys,” largely 
 from the elite of the city, in splendid 
 hysical condition. They had an entirely 
 ifferent appearance from the ordinary re- 
 turning regiments, being very neat and 
 cleanly in their appearance. Some thought- 
 ful friends had supplied them, as they neared 
 the city, with a due quantity of fresh paper 
 collars — as we were told — which were quite 
 striking in contrast with their bronzed war- 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 780 
 
 hardened countenances. It was a proud 
 moment for the young men to be welcomed 
 after their long absence by their lady friends 
 from the streets, doors, and windows, with 
 smiles and the waving of handkerchiefs. 
 Eleven of their number subsequently received 
 commissions in the regular army. 
 
 To have lived anywhere in our country 
 during the long four years of the rebellion 
 was to have had a variety of experience and 
 emotion ; especially was this true of Cincin- 
 nati. They were grand and awful times. 
 jWhat was to be the outcome no one could 
 divine. Our first men could not tell us any- 
 thing. They seemed insignificant in view of 
 the stupendous, appalling events. At the 
 beginning all dissenting voices were hushed 
 in one general outburst of indignation. 
 Later on, what were termed the ‘ ‘ copper- 
 heads” raised their hissing _ heads. One 
 mode of striking their fangs into the Union 
 cause was by trying to weaken respect for 
 those at the head of affairs. Mr. Lincoln 
 seemed an especial object for their abuse. 
 The most obscene anecdotes were coined and 
 circulated as coming from him, to arouse 
 disgust and destroy all respect and confidence 
 in him. One of their public prints described 
 him “ as an ape, a hyena, a grinning satyr, 
 and the White House at Washington but a 
 den where the baboon of Illinois and his 
 satellites held their disgusting' orgies. ’ ’ 
 Going through our lower market one morn- 
 ing during the war, our ears were greeted 
 with an expression that was new to us. W e 
 turned to see the speaker and there stood be- 
 fore us an immense, fat, blowsy-faced market 
 woman, evidently from the Kentucky side 
 of the Ohio half a mile distant. It was 
 she that had just belched forth in bit- 
 ter, contemptuous tones the epithet, “Old 
 Link.” 
 
 During the gloomy period when news of 
 defeat was received, the faces of some of 
 those around us would light up with exulta- 
 tion ; then they would say : “ 0, I told you 
 so : they are better fighters than our soldiers, 
 more warlike, and in earnest. We can 
 never conquer them. The old Union is dead. 
 We shall probably have three confederacies. 
 The New England States and the East ; 
 theW^sf; the South, its geographical 
 situation^ in connection with the Mississippi 
 making it a necessity.” Such was the talk 
 to which those who loved the Union were 
 compelled to listen in those times. It added 
 to their distresses, while it excited their in- 
 dignation and loathing. Not to record it 
 would be a rank injustice to those who sacri- 
 ficed for their country and a falsification of 
 the truth of history by its concealment. 
 
 In such a time as we had in Cincinnati 
 there are very many isolated scenes and in- 
 cidents that each in itself is jierhaps of no 
 especial consequence, but if itemized and 
 given in bulk are instructive, illustrating life 
 there in the time of the rebellion. We give 
 some within our personal experience. 
 
 The First Funeral . — When our volunteers 
 left for Western Virginia it was generally 
 
 thought the trouble would soon be over. 
 Never was there a greater hallucination. In 
 a few weeks came tidings of skirmishes and 
 deaths among those who had but just left us. 
 At this juncture one day I was brought to a 
 realizing sense of what war was. By chance 
 I saw on Broadway, just above Fifth street, 
 a group of servant-girls and children, with 
 others, standing before a small brick house, 
 evidently the home of humble people. A 
 hearse and a few carriages were in front. 
 The group looked on with sad, curious eyes. 
 On inquiry I learned it was the funeral of a 
 young^ man who had been killed in a skir- 
 mish in Western Virginia. In a little while 
 an old man with his wife leaning on his arm, 
 parents of the deceased, came out, bowed and 
 heart-broken, followed by sorrowing brothers 
 and sisters ; they got into the carriages, 
 which then slowlj’’ moved away. And this 
 was what war mer:ut. Tears and heart- breaks 
 and lives of sorrow and suffering to the inno- 
 cent and helpless. 
 
 The Gawky Officer . — There was, ordina- 
 rily, very little pride of military show among 
 those engaged in so serious a business as war. 
 The officers, when not on duty, generally ap- 
 peared in undress. Our streets at times were 
 thick with such. It was near the beginning 
 when there passed, walking on Fourth street, 
 by Pike’s Opera House, a very tall, gawky 
 officer, over six feet in stature. He was in 
 full parade dress, with spreading epaulettes, 
 and his stride was that which showed he had 
 passed his days in plowed fields straddling 
 from furrow to furrow. He evidently felt he 
 was creating a sensation in the big city — and 
 he was. Every one turned and looked at this 
 specimen of pomp, fuss and feathers, with 
 comical emotion. 
 
 Falling in^ Battle . — We asked a young 
 man, a captain who had come home on fur- 
 lough, by the name of Emerson, whom we 
 well knew, if he had ever seen any one fall 
 in battle. He laughed as though the thought 
 was new and replied, “ No, I don’t know that 
 lever did,” and then turning to a compan- 
 ion said, “Tom, did you?” The latter re- 
 plied the same. Being always in front they 
 had their eyes only to watch the enemy be- 
 fore them. Both had seen plenty after they 
 were down, but never one in the act of falling. 
 A few months passed. Emerson had gone 
 to the front. He had command of a small 
 fort down in Tennessee, built to protect a 
 railroad bridge. The enemy made an attack 
 and were repelled. One man only had they 
 killed. It was its commander, Emerson, his 
 head carried away by a cannon ball. He was 
 a handsome fellow, black eyes and rosy cheeks. 
 His character was of the best. His pastor, 
 Bev. Dr. Henry M. Storrs, said in speaking 
 of his sacrifice : “So pure and noble was he 
 that his very presence on our streets was a 
 continued fragrance. ” That laughing, pleas- 
 ant face is now before me, just as though it 
 wa^esterday that he said, “Tom, did you ? ” 
 
 Contraband Soldiers. — Ordinarily, men in 
 uniform are so transformed that it was rarely 
 that we could tell, on seeing a regiment 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 7 S 1 
 
 marching through the streets, whether it was 
 Irish, German or American. In regard to one 
 class of Union soldiers there could be no 
 mistake — the negro. On Fifth street, close to 
 Main, on the large space in. front of the pres- 
 ent Government Building, was reared a huge, 
 shed-like structure, one story high, for bar- 
 racks. Late in the war it was occupied briefly 
 by a regiment or more of plantation blacks, 
 clad in the Union uniform. They were a 
 very different-looking people from our North- 
 ern blacks, many of whom possess bright, in- 
 teresting faces. These were stolid-appearing, 
 their faces with but little more expression 
 than those of animals. When I saw them 
 they had finished their suppers and were en- 
 gaged in whiling away their time singing 
 plantation melodies in the gathering shadows 
 of the evening. The voices of this immense 
 multitude went up in a grand orchestra of 
 sound. The tunes were plaintive, weirdlike, 
 and the whole exhibition one that could not 
 but affect the thoughtful mind. It was singu- 
 larly appealing to one’s best instincts to look 
 upon these poor, simple children of nature. 
 
 who were acting their humble part in the 
 midst of events so momentous. 
 
 At times our city was alive with troops, 
 and then it was that the theatres and places 
 of amusement — and places of wickedness — as 
 in Paris during the Reign of Terror, were 
 extraordinarily prosperous. At other times 
 only a few people were seen on the streets, so 
 many of the men having gone to the war. 
 After the fall of Richmond it was felt that 
 the great bulk of the fighting was ovei • but 
 it was largely feared that the South would 
 for years continue a scene of guerilla warfare 
 and keep^ society in a state of chaos. The 
 assassination of Mr. Lincoln came — a terrible 
 blow in the midst of rejoicings at peace. 
 Strong men could only speak of it with swell- 
 ing throats and choked utterance. The na- 
 tion writhed in agony. Then came the return 
 of the regiments to their varied homes ; but 
 everywhere, amid the general rejoicings, were 
 the stricken families to be reminded only the 
 more vividly of the terrible loss of fathers, 
 sons and brothers, who had died that the na- 
 tion might live. 
 
 Cincinnati in 1877. 
 
 In 1877, after a residence in Cincinnati of thirty years, we returned to our 
 native city, Mew Haven, when we gave, in a publication there, the annexed de- 
 scription of Cincinnati as it then was. The article is now historical, and hence 
 proper here for permanent record ; beside, we wish to preserve it as a heartfelt 
 tribute to a city where, and a people among whom, our children were born, and 
 where we had so much enjoyment of life. The caption of the^article was Cin- 
 cinnati on the Hills.’^ 
 
 Recently an Eastern gentleman, a divine 
 of national reputation, at one time like the 
 writer a resident of Cincinnati — a gentleman 
 of broad experience of travel and association 
 in this and other lands — remarked to us : 
 “Cincinnati is the exceptional city of the 
 world, for the social character of its people 
 and the wise generosity and the public spirit 
 of its wealthy men and citizens generally.” 
 We had long felt this, and were pleased to 
 see it so emphasized by one with such oppor- 
 tunities for a correct opinion. 
 
 In April, 1832, Catherine Beecher first ar- 
 rived at Walnut Hills, then largely in the 
 rimeval forest, and before her sister Harriet 
 ad come to eventually marry Calvin Stowe, 
 and fill up forthe writing of “Uncle Tom.” 
 To her Catherine wrote : “I never saw a 
 lace so capable of being rendered a paradise 
 y the improvements of taste as the environs 
 of this city.” Thirty years later the improve- 
 ments were well started when out came The- 
 odore Woolsey, president of Yale College, to 
 Walnut Hills for a visit, and, alike enthused, 
 said ; “No other city on the globe has such 
 beautiful -suburbs. ’ ’ 
 
 Prevalence of Public Spirit — While other 
 of our great cities may each point to one or 
 two living citizens who have contributed in 
 single gifts tens of thousands to objects pro- 
 motive of the public welfare, Cincinnati can 
 
 point to five gentlemen of this class now walk- 
 ing her streets, pleasant to meet, as seeing 
 them recalls their beneficence. They are 
 Reuben Springer, who gave $175,000 toward 
 a music hall, and later regretted that he had 
 not given its full cost, $300,000 ; Joseph 
 Longworth, $50,000 for a Free Art School ; 
 Henry Probasco, $105,000 for a public foun- 
 tain David . Sinton, $33,000 for a Christian 
 association building, and also $100,000 for 
 the Bethel Sunday-School, where every Sab- 
 bath from 2,500 to 3,000 children of the poor 
 are gathered under one roof ; and William S. 
 Groesbeck, $50,000 for music in the parks. 
 Beside these are scores of others equally lib- 
 eral, according to their means, often dispensing 
 hundreds and sometimes thousands in their 
 gifts. 
 
 Cincinnati s Blessings. — The people are so 
 social, come together so much for social ob- 
 jects, that everybody worth knowing is gen- 
 erally known. Pride in themselves, in their 
 city and in their public spirit, is a manifest 
 and righteous characteristic. They stand on 
 tiptoe when their city is named, and feel a 
 foot taller. 
 
 The city is near the centre of population, 
 in the very heart of the Union. It is said to 
 be more familiarly known on the continent of 
 Europe, more noticed in the public prints, 
 especially in Germany, from its peculiar 
 
Returning from the War. 
 
 The War is ended, and now we are marching home, 
 
 Our noble girls rejoicing to see us soldiers come. 
 
 They love the drum-beat, the shrill notes of the fife ; 
 
 They love our dear old flag — are Union, too, for life. 
 
 — American Revolution Song Modernized. 
 
 Squirrel Hunters Crossing the Ohio at Cincinnati. 
 
 The Squirrel Hunters of Ohio and Indiana, many thousands strong, having poured into Cincinnati 
 to defend it from invasion, are crossing the Ohio on pontoons, Wednesday morning, Sei)tember 10, 
 1862, to meet the enemy, only five miles distant. 
 
Mt. Aubukn Inclined Plane. 
 
 Zoological Garden. 
 
 The Highland House. 
 
784 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 bright points, than any other of our large 
 cities. Among these is its zoological garden, 
 established by an association of gentlemen 
 simply as a matter of public beneficence. It 
 occupies a half-mile square of undulating, 
 
 icturesque ground on the summit of the 
 
 ills, and is the only one in the country with 
 a single exception. Within the inclosure are 
 numerous buildings containing a great variety 
 of animals, beside those in the park outside 
 the buildings, where is a town of prairie dogs 
 and dens with white and grizzly bears. 
 
 Within the city is a public fountain, a free 
 gift, the finest in the Union ; a free public 
 library of over 80,000 volumes, in a magnifi- 
 cent library building, where nearly a score .of 
 assistants stand ready to loan out the choicest 
 books to the humblest citizens without money 
 and without price ; a free art school, where 
 one can learn, without cost, to draw and 
 paint, carve and mould, and listen to attract- 
 ive lectures from Benn Pitman on art ; and a 
 music hall and organ, both the largest on the 
 continent, and costing unitedly nearly a third 
 of a million, also a free gift. ^ The steam fire 
 engine is a Cincinnati invention, and the city 
 the first to adopt it, which it did through a 
 severe conflict, largely through the indomita- 
 ble pluck and will-power of Miles Greenwood, 
 one of the city’s strongest citizens, literally 
 an iron man. 
 
 Musical Festivals. — A distinguishing feat- 
 ure of the city has been her musical festivals, 
 to be still greater, for she is to be the centre 
 of music in this country, especially so now 
 that she has secured as her guiding spirit the 
 graceful, manly maestro, Theodore Thomas, 
 whom simply to see while wielding the baton 
 is alone worth the price of admission. The 
 opening of these festivals is always a gala 
 day. The streets are gay with flags, the 
 hotels and public buildings resplendent with 
 artistic adornments, illustrative of music and 
 musical celebrities, and at night illuminated. 
 Multitudes come, some from hundreds of 
 miles away, to attend these festivals ; from 
 Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, and other West- 
 ern States ; and it is said that once there was 
 a man who came all the way from Boston ! 
 But we never believed it. At the seasons of 
 these festivals the streets are crowded with a 
 body of ladies and gentlemen, elegantly at- 
 tired, with refined and thoughtful expres- 
 sions, perhaps beyond anything seen there on 
 any other public occasions, thus attesting to 
 the elevating influence of music upon her 
 votaries, and the elevated class which the art 
 divine brings within the circle of her magic 
 wand. • 
 
 Industrial Expositions. — In the past years 
 Cincinnati has taken the lead in her indus- 
 trial expositions. Her experience was so 
 great that when Philadelphia gave her Cen- 
 tennial she wisely went there for her Director 
 General. This she found in Alfred C. Gos- 
 horn, the Cincinnati manager, a gentleman 
 of but few words, who, by silent energy and 
 brain power, could bring order from chaos 
 and master inharmonious and distracting 
 elements to unite and move together as in 
 
 the harmony and beauty of a grand sym- 
 phony. 
 
 Inclined Planes. — The city proper is on 
 two planes, one called the “ Bottom,” 60 feet 
 and the other 112 feet above low-watermark 
 in the river. This, with the exception of 
 New York and Boston, is the most densely 
 populated area in the Union. Owing to the 
 contracted dimensions of the plains, popula- 
 tion is rapidly extending on to the river hills. 
 These are nearly 400 feet above the city, and 
 take one on to the general level of the coun- 
 try. Besides roads leading to their summits, 
 there are in all four inclined railway planes — 
 on the north, east and west — where, by sta- 
 tionary engines at the top, people are taken 
 up, sometimes nearly a hundred in a car, 
 and in ninety seconds. They are hauled up 
 by a wire rope large as one’s wrist, which 
 winds around a drum with a monotonous 
 humming sound, quick resounding, as though 
 in a hurry to get you up. An extra rope is 
 attached to each car as a precaution in case 
 the one in use should break. 
 
 Bird's-eye Views. — The views from the hills 
 are unique. Seemingly within a stone’s throw 
 one looks down from a height of between 300 
 and 400 feet into a huge basin-like area filled 
 by a dense, compact city. Beyond this 
 wilderness of walls, roofs and steeples, is 
 seen the Ohio, with its magnificent bridges, 
 the Kentucky towns of Covington and New- 
 port opposite. Encircling hills everywhere 
 bound the view, through which the Ohio 
 pierces, turning its broad silvery surface to 
 that sun which shines equally for us all. 
 
 Beer Gardens and Music. — At the sum- 
 mit of these planes are immense beer gardens 
 with mammoth buildings, where on stifling 
 summer nights the city hive swarms out 
 thousands upon thousands of all classes and 
 nationalities, who thus come together and 
 alike yield to the potent influences of music 
 and lager. One, the Highland House, trav- 
 elers say, is not only the largest in the world 
 but is unequalled in splendor and appoint- 
 ments. It is on Mount Adams, east of the 
 city plain, where nearly 40 years ago John 
 Quincy Adams, “the old man eloquent,” 
 delivered his oration on the occasion of lay- 
 ing the corner stone of the Cincinnati Ob- 
 servatory, the flrst astronomical building 
 erected in human histor}^ by the joint con- 
 tributions of private citizens. Thus early 
 had this people initiated those habits of pub- 
 lic beneficence which bring down blessings 
 from the stars. In the summer of 1877 
 Theodore Thomas with his orchestra gave 
 there three continuous weeks of music, with 
 audiences on some nights of from 6,000 to 
 8,000 people, many of them around tables 
 and taking in music with their beer. 
 
 Viewed from the city the long lines of 
 hundred lights, in places rising tier above 
 tier, marking the spot, made tne place ap- 
 ])ear as an illuminated palace in the skies ; 
 while the lighted car in incessant motion up 
 and down the inclined plane looked like a 
 huge fire ball in transit. 
 
 The city itself, hundreds of feet below, 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 7^5 
 
 with its miles of street lamps vanishing in 
 the distance, and the broad Ohio with its 
 moving steamers lighted up, gave to those 
 on the hill top an equally picturesque view 
 as they sat there listening to the music, their 
 brows whilom fanned by the cool breezes 
 from the west. This was comfort, solid com- 
 fort up there as one might say at an alight- 
 ing place between the basin-placed city and 
 its overhanging stars. 
 
 The Germans . — The prevalence of music 
 and lager in the city is largely owing to the 
 Germans. Of the 300,000 inhabitants at 
 this centre nearly one-third are Germans or 
 of German stock. In these respects the 
 Americans have become largely Teutonized. 
 
 The Germans are notably frugal and thrifty. 
 The ambition of each family is to own its 
 dwelling — their great ambition a three-story 
 brick. They associate with and cultivate the 
 acquaintance of their own families more 
 thoroughly than our people do theirs. They 
 resort on Sunday afternoons, with their wives 
 and children, to the beer gardens on the hill 
 tops, where there is music, green arbors, 
 kindly skies and soft airs. The utmost de- 
 corum prevails. All classes of Germans 
 with their families to the toddling infant 
 thus mingle in calm, peaceful recreation. 
 They learn to know and sympathize with 
 each other, a matter seemingly impossible 
 with a certain class of our snobbish country- 
 men who ever seem dreadfully apprehensive 
 of soiling their gentility. 
 
 Love of Flowers . — A pleasing characteris- 
 tic of the Germans is their passion for flowers. 
 \Vhile an American woman of humble rank 
 will spend her money for an article of personal 
 adornment that perchance may destroy all 
 grace of movement and crucify all beauty, a 
 German woman will purchase a pot of flow- 
 ers. On passing even tenement houses occu- 
 pied by Germans, one will often see every 
 window, may be thirty or forty in all, story 
 upon story, filled with pots of flowers. These 
 please the thoughtful passer-by as he thinks 
 of a people who thus endeavor to make fra- 
 grant their hard work-day lives. 
 
 German Peculiarities. — The original Ger- 
 mans are largely of the working class. Like 
 old-country folk, generally, .they are clannish 
 and let their affections go back to the father- 
 land, while their children take especial pride 
 in being thought Americans ; indeed some 
 manifest shame at being overheard by Amer- 
 icans talking in the German tongue. 
 
 A very common sight in the German quar- 
 ters is to see old men, grandfathers, on their 
 last legs, acting as nurses for babies, pushing 
 them around in carriages or dangling them 
 on their knees, they meanwhile regaling them- 
 selves with their everlasting pipes. 
 
 The common class of Germans in the city 
 know next to nothing of the inner life of 
 Americans. Some of them stigmatize us as 
 “ Irish.” Their gross ignorance after a resi- 
 dence on our soil of often half a life-time im- 
 pressed us with the sheer folly of people 
 travelling in Europe, fancying they receive 
 anything more than a surface knowledge of 
 
 Europeans. Of the earnest spiritual life of 
 our orthodox Christian people they have not 
 the faintest conception. Nothing like it ex- 
 ists among them. As to Sunday, even the 
 Protestant Germans attach to it no especial 
 sanctity, while with the Catholics everywhere 
 every day is equally “ the Lord’s.” 
 
 The Crusaders Among the Germans . — 
 When the temperance crusade opened the 
 Germans were dumbfounded. Beer is with 
 them as water is with us, and is used from 
 infancy to old age. They received the cru- 
 sading bands with stolid silence, looking at 
 the ladies from out of their round blue eyes 
 with an expression that showed that their 
 sensations must have been queer, indescrib- 
 able. Not a saloon in the city was closed. 
 The ladies might as well have prayed and 
 sang before the Rock of Gibraltar. 
 
 One day the crusade among the Germans 
 came to a sudden end. An entire band of 
 ladies, wives and mothers of the very best 
 citizens, were arrested by the city police — re- 
 spectfully arrested and escorted to the police 
 station, and charged with violating the city 
 laws in obstructing the sidewalks. As is usual 
 with criminals, they were compelled to regis- 
 ter their names, residence and ages ! As they 
 were not put in “ the lock-up,” their pockets 
 were saved the usual emptying. 
 
 During these exciting times the temperance 
 meetings were crowded, and men and women 
 alike addressed the multitudes, the exercises 
 being varied with prayer and song. It was 
 noted that while the men always more or less 
 hesitated, the women never. Their words 
 always flowed as from an everlasting foun- 
 tain. Pathos, poetry and matter of fact were 
 the concomitants in varied measures of their 
 speech. 
 
 At some of these meetings the narratives 
 were so touching that hundreds were melted 
 in tears. We remember one we attended 
 when we were so affected by an involuntary 
 twitching of the facial muscles, that to con- 
 ceal anything that might happen we bowed 
 our head and looked into the bottom of our 
 hat to study and see if we could not improve 
 the lettering of the hatter’s advertisement. 
 And we believe we succeeded ! 
 
 And the speaker who so aroused our emo- 
 tions by the plaintive melody of her voice and 
 the heart-melting scenes of her narrative, was 
 a woman, and she with crispy hair and black 
 as the ace of spades ! The earthly tabernacle 
 is as nothing, but it is the divine spirit, wher- 
 ever it enters, that gives dignity to its pos- 
 sessor, lifts and unites with the Infinite. 
 
 In the interior of the State, among an 
 American orthodox population, the Crusaders 
 were for a time wonderfully successful. Peter 
 the Hermit had come again— ^his time in the 
 form of Dio Lewis. In some villages every 
 saloon was closed. It seemed for a time as 
 though another age of miracles had dawned 
 upon mankind. 
 
 Some ladies spent weeks in the open air, 
 often exposed in cold, inclement weafte*. 
 Two whom we knew of caught colds and died ; 
 another, from being lean, dyspeptic and com- 
 
Farny del. 
 
 The Transrhenane Waiter. 
 
 s 
 
 Farny del. 
 
 The Sausage Man. 
 
 Farny del. 
 
 The Wiener Worst MaNo 
 
 Farny del. 
 
 Over the Rhine Saloon. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 787 
 
 plaining, grew fat and cheerful and has looked 
 smiling from that day to this. She had been 
 to Palestine and got back. 
 
 This speaking of the Holy Land carries us 
 back by association to childhood years, to our 
 father’s house, to a pretty picture acted there, 
 wherein the maid of the broom, moving from 
 room to room, rosy, blithe and happy, doing the 
 useful things, as making the beds and spat- 
 ting the pillows, was wont, from the abun- 
 dance of her heart, to burst out, birdlike, in 
 song, her mind being upon love and the gay 
 cavaliers in the days of chivalry, as she ca- 
 roled forth : 
 
 “ It was Hunois, the young and brave. 
 Was bound for Palestine.” 
 
 The word “ Crusade,” which the good la- 
 dies used to designate their forays upon the 
 saloons, we verily believe, by the association 
 of ideas — the romantic word with the prosaic 
 fact — helped to lighten their disagreeable 
 labors. To them every saloon was as a Jeru- 
 salem to be taken, but without the holy places. 
 
 ^ The Original ^ German Immigrants to Cin- 
 cinnati are mainly of the humble classes. 
 But very few people of elegance are among 
 them. They are a highly valued body of cit- 
 izens, commanding respect for their industry 
 and general sobriety of deportment. 
 
 An excellent and very wealthy part of the 
 German element is the Hebrew. They, how- 
 ever, are German but little more than in lan- 
 guage. Everywhere they are the same pecu- 
 liar people. 
 
 The routine of their domestic daily lives, 
 the preparation of their food, etc., is regu- 
 lated by certain rules and ceremonies which 
 form an essential part of their religion, so 
 that they never can socially assimilate with 
 other people. There is but little visiting be- 
 tween the families of Jews and Gentiles. 
 
 Cincinnati is a sort of paradise for the He- 
 brews. They number about 10,000 souls. 
 Among them are some very learned men, as 
 the Kabbis Wise and Lilierithal. Finer spe- 
 cimens of mercantile honor and integrity do 
 not exist than are exemplified in some of their 
 leading merchants. 
 
 These people — we speak from knowledge 
 and neighborhood — carry out among them- 
 selves more closely perhaps than is common 
 even with Christians, the Christly injunction, 
 
 ‘ ‘ Love one another. ’ ’ This is not surprising, 
 as previous to the year A. D. 1, they had all 
 the Christianity there was anywhere. They 
 allow none among them to sink into pauper- 
 ism, but help each other with no stinted hand. 
 And when one returns from a journey his 
 friends run to embrace and kiss him. Music, 
 dancing, theatricals, gayety, bright colors and 
 a good time in this life are the cardinal objects 
 with them. Originally an Oriental people, 
 they naturally take to bright, sensuous things. 
 As many of them nowadays have serious 
 doubts of immortality, these act on the prin- 
 ciple of “eat, drink and be merry, for to- 
 morrow we die.” This is pitiful when we 
 reflect that the highest joy and the loftiest 
 
 virtue only can come to the soul when il feels 
 its inestimable value through its conviction 
 of immortality. 
 
 The Cause of Cincinnati s Pre-eminence.— 
 It may be asked, why has Cincinnati ob- 
 tained its pre-eminence in art, literature and 
 public spirit over other Western cities, for 
 instance Chicago? We answer, Cincinnati is 
 older than this century. More than forty 
 years ago, when Chicago was a mere fort and 
 Indian trading post, Cincinnati was a city of 
 25,000 people with a cultured society noted 
 even then for its fostership of literature and 
 art. In those days Cincinnati had such men 
 as Chief-Justice McLean, Salmon P. Chase, 
 Jacob Burnett, Hr. Daniel Drake, James C. 
 Hall, Nicholas Longworth, Nathaniel Wright, 
 Nat. G. Pendleton, Charles Hammond, Henry 
 Starr, Bellamy Storer, Larz Anderson, Bishop 
 Mcllvain, Lyman Beecher, D. K. Este, John 
 P. Foote, Nathan Guilford, General William 
 Lytle, General William H. Harrison, Colonel 
 Jared Mansfield, etc. The last named had 
 been Surveyor-General of the N. W. Terri- 
 tory and Professor of Mathematics at West 
 Point. 
 
 Brilliant Women. — Colonel Mansfield, with 
 Mrs. Mansfield,^ were natives of this city, and 
 she it was who introduced into Cincinnati so- 
 ciety the custom of New Year calls. Probably 
 there is scarcely a single individual, aside 
 from the writer, in this, the city of her birth 
 and childhood, who remembers this lady, now 
 long since deceased, but New Haven never 
 produced, nor Cincinnati never held, a more 
 queenly woman. Her son, the Hon. E. D. 
 Mansfield, the statistician of Ohio and well- 
 known writer of Cincinnati, who graduated 
 at the head of his class at Princeton, and 
 then second at West Point, is New Haven 
 born. Although about as old as the century, 
 his spirits are as buoyant, as youthful as those 
 of any school-boy who now carries a happy 
 morning face through the streets of his native 
 city. Among other ladies who have figured 
 in the old society of the city were Mrs. Trol- 
 lope, Fanny Wright Darusemont and Har- 
 riet Beecher Stowe. 
 
 Cincinnati s and Chicago's Characteristics. 
 — Cincinnati has ever been a great manufac- 
 turing and creating centre, instead of a great 
 trading, distributing, land speculating point 
 like Chicago. The latter in consequence has 
 drawn to itself from its first uprising out of 
 the bogs, hosts of wild speculators and ad- 
 venturers of all sorts, who came under the 
 infiuence of the elixir of an exhilarating 
 climate, with their imaginations excited to 
 money making by the sight of vast prairies 
 of wonderful fertility stretching away in easy 
 radations from its site, forming a greater 
 ody of rich land than lies around any other 
 city in all Christendom. 
 
 The growth of Cincinnati having been 
 comparatively slow, its best elements have 
 had time to take root, unite and strengthen 
 with the rolling years. Her population has 
 been stable and not changing. Hence there 
 is in this generation an aristocracy of “ town 
 born,” of culture united to wealth, as the 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 788 
 
 Longworths, Groesbecks, Dexters, Pendle- 
 tons, Andersons, Gosborns, etc., who take 
 immense pride in their native city, forming 
 a nucleus around which gather those forces 
 which are impelling it on its upward career. 
 
 Cincinnati a Literani Centre. — Cincinnati, 
 more than any other Western city, has been 
 a literary centre — a great book-publishing, 
 book-selling mart. The bookstore of Kobert 
 Clarke & Co. is the literary focus of the city 
 and adjoining States. There one meets with 
 the most eminent characters of society. Said 
 a prominent bookseller of Chicago to a mem- 
 ber of this firm “I don’t understand how 
 you in Cincinnati can sell such quantities of 
 the higher class of scientific works — the books 
 of the great thinkers and specialists ; we 
 have very little call for them here.” A 
 partial solution of this may be found in the 
 capacity of the Cincinnati bookseller! The 
 value of a bookseller, genial, book-loving and 
 book-knowing to any community that has his 
 services, are they not. Oh ! appreciative 
 reader, beyond your arithmetic ? 
 
 The Hills and Clifton. — Eventually the 
 city plain will be devoted entirely to business 
 and the homes of the people be “ Cincinnati 
 on the Hills.” Now the finest of the pala- 
 tial residences are there with the outlying 
 districts of Mount Auburn, Walnut Hills, 
 Price Hill and Clifton. 
 
 Clifton is a collection of magnificent cha- 
 teaux, four miles from the city, amid groves 
 and grassy lawns, which in architectural dis- 
 play, combined with landscape adornment 
 and picturesque outlooks, has not, says a 
 German author, its equal but in one spot in 
 Europe. Clifton has been the astonishment 
 of foreigners who have accepted the hospital- 
 ities of its prince-like dwellers, among whom 
 may be mentioned the Prince of Wales, 
 Charles Dickens, Thackeray, and those 
 Queens of Song, Jenny Lind and Christine 
 Nilsson. There in a palace resides Henry 
 Probasco, once a penniless youth, who gave 
 the Tyler-Davidson fountain to Cincinnati. 
 He alike proposes the same with his magnifi- 
 cent picture gallery valued at $200,000 soon 
 as the citizens erect a suitable building, 
 which they are certain to do some day. 
 Another resident is William S. Groesbeck, 
 who gave $50,000 for music in the parks. 
 He it was who told liis brother Democrats at 
 the close of the rebellion, that they must ac- 
 cept the issue of the question of State Rights 
 as ended. Said he, ” war legislates, the trial 
 of arms is the final Court of Appeals.” 
 George Pendleton, the famous Democratic 
 leader, is also there. He is sometimes called 
 “ Gentleman George,” from the suave man- 
 ners and good fellowship generally. He is 
 what is termed “a handsome man,” com- 
 pact, full rounded, with dark sparkling eyes. 
 Richard Smith, proprietor of the Cincinnati 
 Gazette, also dwells in Clifton. He is a plain, 
 unostentatious citizen, who will receive in his 
 ofiice with more attention a poor crone of a 
 woman who comes to crave charity than any 
 swelling individual who calls under circum- 
 stances of pomp and state. 
 
 Beauty of the Country. — The country on 
 the hills is surpassingly beautiful. The forma- 
 tion is the blue limestone, and geologists say 
 peculiar. Trilobites — petrified marine shells 
 — are found in abundance. The surface is 
 disposed in soft, exquisitely graceful swells 
 with no abrupt transitions. In places the 
 beech woods stretch away over hill and 
 through dale in billowy swells, the ground 
 one continuous green lawn with no under- 
 brush to mar the prospect under the lights 
 and shadows of the leafy canopies. For 
 height combined with massiveness and lux- 
 uriance of foliage, no tree within our knowl- 
 edge is equal to the beech of the Ohio valley, 
 as there is none in picturesque beauty and 
 graceful sweep of branches equal to the New 
 England elm. Where the beech grows the 
 soil is fat and luxuriant for the corn, the 
 wheat and the good things, that plumj) out 
 the ribs, rejoice and make laugh the inner 
 man. 
 
 On these hill sides, amid the lesser vales, 
 within easy rides from the city are many 
 charming suburban homes of the well-to-do 
 citizens, sweet surprises to the stranger as 
 they suddenly burst upon him from out a 
 wilderness of green things. These are often 
 reached by some sequestered by-road, wind- 
 ing through some lesser vale, where one 
 might easily fancy they were a hundred miles 
 away from any city. There are many such 
 places all unknown to the masses who delve 
 and sweat out their lives in the great hot, 
 sooty town. ^ At one of these, on a lofty em- 
 inence opposite Clifton, called “Makatewah ” 
 from the Indian name of the deep, broad 
 valley which they each overlook — the first 
 from the east and the last from the west and 
 near two miles apart — we had passed so many 
 happy days, escapes from the heat, dust and 
 brain worrying life of the hot city, that al- 
 though unused to versification, we could not 
 refrain from a tribute. 
 
 MAKATEWAH. 
 
 0, Makatewah ! peaceful spot. 
 
 Where Nature’s sweetest charms are spread. 
 
 My weary spirit finds repose. 
 
 To calmest thought is led. 
 
 Rright, sparkling morn, mild, tranquil eve, 
 Hope, retrospection there by turn inspire ; 
 
 Imagination, charming fancies weave. 
 
 As softly sighs the leafy lyre. 
 
 The mansion strong and massive stands 
 Where love and virtue cheer the guest ; 
 
 Where life’s best gifts with blessings fill 
 And earthly scenes bring heavenly rest. 
 
 There swelling slopes rise decked in green. 
 Mid summer suns lie cooling shades. 
 
 Flowers quaff the morning dews 
 And zephyrs stir the tender blades. 
 
 Ripe luscious fruits in red and gold. 
 
 Mid emerald settings blush and glow ; 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 789 
 
 While generous vines the nectar yields 
 That lifts sad hearts in genial flow. 
 
 Mid fragrance, insects happy hum, 
 
 The wood bird beats his rataplan. 
 
 The peacock* struts with speckled mates 
 And stately swings a glittering fan. 
 
 When evening’s shadows solemn steal 
 O’er Clifton’s leaf-crowned height. 
 
 There sweet to watch the fading day 
 Die in the arms of night. 
 
 The valley sounds rise on the air, 
 
 The tinkling bells, the rolling cars. 
 
 While o’er the deep’ning gloom below 
 Look down the sad, mysterious stars. 
 
 O, Makatewah ! peaceful spot. 
 
 Where Nature’s sweetest charms are spread ; 
 
 My weary spirit finds repose, 
 To calmest thought is led. 
 
 This region, like that of Athens of old, 
 has the prime requisite for a perfect climate, 
 being just in that latitude where one can re- 
 main out of doors in comfort the greatest 
 number of days in the year. The time is 
 not distant when this centre will number a 
 million of people. Then “ Cincinnati on the 
 Hills” will be one of the choice spots of 
 this earth. This from the extraordinary re- 
 sources and beauty of the country, combined 
 with the extraordinary public spirit of her 
 citizens : — the latter moving with an acceler- 
 ated increase from the habits already estab- 
 lished, all combining to render this a great art 
 centre and focus of all which broadens life 
 and renders it sweet and beneficent. 
 
 Cincinnati (Statistical) in 1888. 
 
 Cincinnati, county-seat of Hamilton, largest city in the State, is in a direct 
 line about 100 miles from Columbus. It is on the north bank of the Ohio, op- 
 posite the mouth of the Licking river, about midway between Pittsburg at the 
 source, and Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio river. It is within a few miles of 
 the centre of the population of the United States. Railroads entering the city are 
 the O. & N. W. ; C. H. & D. ; C. I., St. L. & C. ; C. L. & N. ; C. G. & P. ; C. C. 
 C. & I. ; C. S., B. & O. ; C. W. & B. ; N. Y. P. & O. ; O. & M. ; C. & M. V.; 
 P. C. & St. L. ; C. & W. ; C. H. ; K. C. ; N. N. & M. ; C. J. & M. ; L. & N. ; C. 
 & O., and C. M. O. & T. P. 
 
 County Officers in 1888. — Auditor, Frederick Raine ; Clerk, Daniel J. Dalton, 
 John B. Peaslee ; Commissioners, William Anthony, Luke A. Staley, Herman 
 H. Goesling ; Coroner, John H. Rendigs ; Infirmary Directors, Charles S. 
 Dunn, John H. Penny, Tilden R. French; Probate Judge, Herman P. Goebel; 
 Prosecuting Attorney, John C. Schwartz; Recorder, George Hobson; Sheriff, 
 Leo Schott ; Surveyor, Albert A. Brasher ; Treasurer, John Zumstein. 
 
 City Officers in 1888. — Amor Smith, Jr., Mayor; Edwin Henderson, Clerk; 
 E. O. Eshelby, Comptroller ; Albert F. Bohrer, Treasurer ; Theo. Horstman, 
 Solicitor ; John A. Caldwell, Judge of Police Court ; Emil Reuse, Clerk of 
 Police Court ; J ohn G. Sclnvartz, Prosecuting Attorney ; Philip Deitsch, Super- 
 tendent of Police. 
 
 • Newspapers. — The number of periodicals of all kinds is 133, of which there 
 are 14 dailies and 46 weeklies. The principal dailies are. Enquirer, Democratic, 
 John R. McLean, Editor and Publisher; Commercial Gazette, Republican, Murat 
 Halstead, Editor ; Times Star, Independent ; Evening Post ; Evening Telegram ; 
 Sun, Democratic. German: Abend Prmg, Independent ; Ereie Presse, Demo- 
 cratic ; Volksblatt, Democratic, Henry Haacke, Editor and Publisher ; Volksblatt, 
 Republican. Religious Weeklies: American Christian Review, DisAples] Ameri- 
 can Israelite; Catholic Telegraph; Christliche Apologete ; Christian Standard, 
 Christian ; Herald and Presbyter, Presbyterian ; Journal and Messenger, Baptist ; 
 
 •=5=-The peacock on the place in 1874 lost its mate. A respectable period of mourning having been 
 passed he suddenly disappeared. 
 
 After over two years of absence he as unexpectedly returned, leading in stately procession on to the 
 grounds two new-found wives. As there were none of his kind in that vicinity, the distance and direc- 
 tion of that matrimonial journey remain a mystery. That he should bring back two to replace the 
 one he had lost, in view of his long abstinence from the companionship of any, was probably justifiable 
 to the neacock iudgment and the peacock morals. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 790 
 
 Sabbath Visitor, Jewish; Wahrheits Freund, Catholic; Western Christian Advo- 
 cate, Methodist. 
 
 Churches. — Cincinnati has over 200 churches, among which are Roman Catholic, 
 51 ; Methodists, 37 ; Presbyterian, 24 : Congregational, 5 ; Protestant Episcopal, 
 19; Baptist, 18; German Evangelical, 15; Jewish Synagogue, 7; Disciples of 
 Christ, 6 ; United Brethren, 3 ; Friends, 2 ; also 1 each Hollandisclie Reformed ; 
 Church of the New Jerusalem, Universalist and Unitarian. 
 
 Charities. — There are five hospitals, viz. ; the Cincinnati, two Catholic, one 
 Jewish and one Homoeopathic ; and other charitable institutions are numerous, as 
 Children’s Home, Christian Association’s Home of the Friendless, Orphan 
 Asylums, the Widows’ and Old Men’s Home on Walnut Hills, the Relief Union, 
 Board of Associations, and the Bethel on the River, where destitute and homeless 
 people are temporarily fed and sheltered. With it is a church and Sunday-school 
 for the children of the poor, which for many years has had an attendance of 3,000 
 and attracts many visitors. 
 
 Banks. — Cincinnati National Bank, Joseph F. Larkin, president, Edgar Stark, 
 cashier; Citizen’s National Bank, B. S. Cunningham, president, George W. 
 Forbes, cashier ; Commercial Bank, Charles B. Foote, president, W. H. Camp- 
 bell, cashier ; Fidelity Safe Deposit and Trust Company, Briggs Swift, president, 
 J. G. Brotherton, superintendent ; First National Bank, L. B. Harrison, president, 
 T. Stan wood, cashier; Fourth National Bank, M. M. White, president, H. P. 
 Cooke, cashier; Franklin Bank, John -Kilgour, president, H. B. Olmstead, 
 cashier ; German National Bank, John Hauck, president. Geo. H. Bohrer, cashier ; 
 Merchants’ National Bank, D. J. Fallis, president, W. W. Brown, cashier ; 
 National Lafayette Bank, W. A. Goodman, president, J. V. Guthrie, cashier ; 
 Ohio Valley National Bank, James Espy, president, Theo. Baur, cashier; Queen 
 City National Bank, John Cochnower, president, Samuel W. Ramp, cashier; 
 Second National Bank, Charles Davis, president, Wm. S. Rowe, cashier; Third 
 National Bank, J. D. Hearne, president, Wm. A. Lemmon, cashier ; Union 
 National Bank, Edward Weil, president, L. Kleybolte, cashier; S. Kuhn & 
 Sons ; Seasongood, Sons & Co. ; A. Seinecke, Jr. ; Simon & Huseman ; A. C. 
 Conklin & Co., brokers ; Geo. lEustis & Co., brokers ; H. B. Morehead & Co., 
 brokers ; Albert Netter, broker ; Cincinnati Clearing House Association, James 
 Espy, president, W. D. Duble, manager. 
 
 Industries. — For the year 1887, the report of Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, 
 superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce, gives the number of industrial estab- 
 lishments in Cincinnati as amounting to 6,774, employing 103,325 hands, and pro- 
 ducing in value $203,459,396, viz. : Iron, $26,966,999, hands, 14,741 ; other 
 Metals, $7,674,160, hands, 5,056; Wood, $20,440,182, hands, 12,589; Leather, 
 $10,484,425, hands, 6,404; Food, $23,526,858, hands, 5,821; Soap, Candles 
 and Oils, $11,165,200, hands, 1,845; Clothing, $23,202,769, hands, 21,951; 
 Liquors, $29,012,711, hands, 2,242; Cotton, Wool, Hemp, etc., $2,258,983, 
 hands, 1,968 ; Drugs, Chemicals, etc., $4,913,150, hands, 874 ; Stone and 
 Earth, $4,972,730, hands, 3,384 ; Carriages, Cars, etc., $11,109,950, hands, 
 6,601 ; Paper, $6,670,986, hands, 2,976 ; Book Binding and Blank Books, 
 $598,724, hands, 860 ; Printing and Publishing, $4,456,876, hands, 4,138; 
 Tobacco, $3,784,868, hands, 3,305; Fine Arts, $1,046,250, hands, 756; Miscel- 
 laneous, $11,174,375, hands, 7,814. 
 
 In 1860 the annual value was $46,995,062; in 1880, $163,351,497; since 
 which last date as above shown there has been an increase of about one-quarter in 
 value. The First Ohio Revenue district, in which is Cincinnati, in 1881 paid a 
 larger revenue than any other in the Union, amounting to over $12,000,000, 
 having been mainly from distilled liquors, tobacco and beer. 
 
 Population in 1840, 46,338 ; 1850, 115,438; 1870, 216,239; 1880, 255,139; 
 1890, 296,908. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 79* 
 
 LITERARY SYMPOSIUM ON CINCINNATI. 
 
 In the New England Magazine for September, 1888, under the head of Illus- 
 trated Literary Symposium on Cincinnati/’ was a series of ten articles by nine 
 authors of the city. They were ^^Prehistoric Cincinnati,” by M. F. Force; 
 
 Cincinnati, Historical and Descriptive,” by W. H. Venable; Education,” by 
 the same ; Newspapers and Literature,” by George Mortimer Roe ; and The 
 Art Museum and the Art Academy,” by A. T. Goshorn ; Decorative Art,” by 
 Benn Pitman ; History of Cincinnati Expositions,” by W. H. Chamberlain ; 
 
 Clubs and Club Life,” by Chas. Theodore Greve, and Political Reminiscences 
 of Cincinnati,” by Job E. Stevenson. The object of these articles was to present 
 to the public in the centennial year of Ohio’s settlement a picture of the progress 
 of the great city from its beginning, with a view of its present characteristics. 
 Nothing can be so well adapted for our purpose to accomplish the same end as 
 their review, with extracts, abridgments, itemized facts. We begin with 
 
 Pkehistoric Cincinnati. 
 
 Before the advent of the white man the Mound Builders ” had possession 
 here. When the whites first came the plateau extending from near the present 
 line of Third street to the hills was literally covered with low lines of embank- 
 ments, and an almost endless variety and numbers of figures. Among them were 
 several mounds, one large mound on the bluff at the intersection of Third and 
 Main streets ; the great mound at the intersection of Fifth and Mound streets, 
 which, if mounds were really used for watch-towers and beacons, communicated 
 by means of a system of such, not only with the little valley of Duck creek, 
 lying behind the Walnut Hills, but also with the valleys of both the Miami 
 rivers. 
 
 Among the various articles found in these works were some very interesting, 
 especially that from the great mound at the intersection of Fifth and Mound 
 streets. That was the incised stone known to all archaeologists as the Cincinnati 
 tablet.” 
 
 There were, in the year 1794, stumps of oak trees at the corner of Third and 
 Main streets, showing that mound was over 400 years old. The site of Cincin- 
 nati was temporarily occupied by bands of the Miami Confederacy. 
 
 Cincinnati, Historical and Descriptive. 
 
 Dr. Daniel Drake, in his Picture of Cincinnati,” published in 1815, called it the 
 metropolis of the Miami country.” In 1824 its importance as a trade-centre 
 became such that merchants distinguished it as the ^^Tyre of the West.” The 
 unclassic name of Porkopolis ” clung to the place for many years until Chicago 
 surpassed it in the pork industry. The poetical appellation, Queen City,” was 
 proudly worn by this Ohio valley metropolis, and recognized gracefully in Long- 
 fellow’s praiseful song — 
 
 “To the Queen of the West 
 In her garlands dressed, 
 
 On the banks of the beautiful river.” 
 
 The latest designation, the Paris of America,” the city earned from its reputation 
 as a pleasure resort and a seat of the polite arts. 
 
 A majority of the early settlers came from New Jersey, Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland. Their religion was as austere as that of the Puritans, but not so 
 aggressive. The New England and Virginia forces came only a little later with 
 their powerful influences. The history of society presents no chapter more inter- 
 esting than that which describes the interaction of ideas in Cincinnati from the 
 close of the war of 1812-1815 to the end of the civil war. The three elements 
 of population, and we might say of civilization, northern, central and southern, 
 
HAMILTON county. 
 
 792 
 
 met together on the shores of the Ohio, and Cincinnati became a cauldron of 
 boiling opinions, a crucible of ignited ideas. There was a time when Southern 
 alkali seemed to prevail over the Northern oxide, and the aristocratic young city 
 was dominated by cavalier sentiment; but the irrepressible Yankee was ever 
 present with his propensity to speak out in town-meeting. One of the significant 
 factors of culture was the class that organized the New England Society,^^ to 
 which belonged Bellamy Storr, Lyman Beecher, Calvin Stowe, Salmon P. Chase 
 and others. 
 
 All sorts of questions, theological, political, social, came up for radical dis- 
 cussion in early Cincinnati. The foundations were taken up and examined. 
 
 ' Every sentiment and every ism had its chance to be heard. Several new sects 
 were differentiated. Scepticism, by the powerful voice of Robert Owen, chal- 
 lenged faith as held by Alexander Campbell ; Protestantism encountered Roman- 
 ism in hot debate. Religious controversies became involved with political (for if 
 we dig deep we shall find the roots of all thought entangled together), and theo- 
 retical differences became practical issues at the polls. 
 
 When the tide of emigration was swollen by a foreign flood then arose the 
 
 Know Nothing movement, directed by powerful newspapers in Cincinnati 
 and Louisville. The discussion of the status of foreigners was radical, and dealt 
 with the primary rights of man, and with the most essential functions of govern- 
 ment, education and society. The relations of Church and State were considered. 
 
 The German population form a most important element, enough to make a large 
 city — more than a hundred thousand. It is liberty-loving, and distinguished for 
 thrift and intelligence. The Germans are devoted patrons of education and the 
 arts, and especially music. German is taught in the public schools. The Irish 
 element is also large and powerful. 
 
 Cincinnati, by the accident of her geographical position, became the focus of 
 Abolitionism, and also of the opposite sentiment. In this city Birney was mobbed ; 
 Pliillips was egged ; colored men persecuted. In this city Uncle Tom’s Cabin ” 
 was planned, and here the Republican party was born. When the war came on 
 Cincinnati did not waver. All sects and all parties, foreign and native, followed 
 the Union flag. As soon as the war was over the citizens resumed their discus- 
 sions. The Queen City is the arena of wrestling thoughts. Therefore it has 
 become a city of practical toleration. Extreme radicalism lives side by side 
 with extreme conservatism. Jew and Gentile are at peace. Orthodoxy fights 
 heterodoxy, but each concedes to the other the right to exisk The people like to 
 read Ingersoll and Gladstone. The Prohibitionists have a strong party here, and 
 the drinkers of beer have a hundred gardens on the hills. In politics. Republi- 
 cans and Democrats are pretty equally divided, and there is a lively class of 
 
 scratchers ” in each party. All things considered, there seems to be good ground 
 for the opinion often expressed by enthusiastic Cincinnatians that their city is the 
 freest city on the globe. This is a bold claim, but it would be difficult to name a 
 city in which the rights of the private individual are less interfered with than 
 they are in the Queen City. This status of its people is the best for an ultimate 
 true result. It is only by agitation and experience that the race anywhere can 
 advance ; and nothing is a final settlement until it is settled right. 
 
 The tract known as the Miami Purchase, on the north shore of the Ohio, was 
 first settled at Cincinnati and Columbia (this last now in the city limits) in 1788. 
 Surrounded by a region of unsurpassed fertility, and located on a stream which 
 floated the principal commerce of the West, Cincinnati in a few decades naturally 
 took the leading rank. The farm products of Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, 
 whether in the form of grain or live-stock, poured into her markets. The steam- 
 boat interest was vast and far-reaching, and until after the middle of the century 
 Cincinnati profited greatly not only by river commerce but by boat-building. 
 The river landing was then a scene of bustle and business, with the loading and 
 unloading of goods and the movement of steamers ; its varying stages and phases 
 
The Tyler Davidson Fountain. 
 
 Music Hall and Exposition Building. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 were in everybody’s thoughts and talks. How’s the river to-day ? Good stage 
 of water, eh?” 
 
 In the period of its early life it was largely visited by foreign travellers, for it 
 was regarded as the brightest, most interesting place in the West — as Volney, Ashe, 
 Basil Hall, the Duke of Saxe- Weimar, Capt. Marryat, Harriet Martineau, Chas. 
 Dickens and Mrs. Trollope, The latter, with her four children, resided here two 
 years, from 1828 to 1830, and lost thousands in what she named ^^The Bazaar,” 
 which came to be known as Trollope’s Folly.” It stood on Third street, just 
 east of Broadway, Among its attractions was a splendid ball-room, long the 
 pride of the city. 
 
 The civil war wrought miracles in the development of Cincinnati. Its manu- 
 facturing enterprises have developed prodigiously, property values multiplied and 
 large individual fortunes accumulated. A population of fully half a million dwells 
 within a radius of ten miles, and the city proper has a third of a million. A wide 
 and rich field of traffic and investment has of late years opened in the South 
 by means of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, and also by that through the 
 Virginias by the Chesapeake and Ohio, 
 
 The Cincinnati Southern Railway was built at a total cost of $20,000,000, and 
 runs to Chattanooga, a distance of 336 miles, into the heart of the South. It was 
 leased in 1880 until the close of the century to the Erlanger Syndicate. It was 
 built by the city by an issue ot its bonds nearly to the entire amount, which being 
 regarded as an abuse of its corporate rights, the construction being even outside 
 of the State, met with strong opposition in the courts. The act was sustained, its 
 prospective immense importance to tlie well-being of the city overcoming all ad- 
 verse arguments of illegality. 
 
 Freight by it consists largely of live-stock, coal, iron, stone, lumber, bark, flour, 
 whisky, turpentine, grain, cotton, hemp, fruit, tobacco, salt provisions and beer. 
 In 1883 it carried six hundred thousand passengers and earned nearly two and a 
 half millions in freight. 
 
 The river trade is still very great, especially in coal ; its weekly consumption in 
 the city is about a million of bushels. Freight is largely conveyed up and down 
 the river by powerful steamboats with fleets of barges. About one-quarter of 
 the imports and exports of Cincinnati are moved by water. 
 
 Cincinnati is a composite city, an aggregation of towns once separate, which, 
 however, retain their old names, as Walnut Hills, Columbia, Pendleton, etc., and 
 just outside lie some charming villages which practically enjoy the benefits of the 
 city, yet control their own local affairs by a mayor and aldermen, as Clifton and 
 Avondale. Then, on the Kentucky side of the Ohio, are Covington and Newport, 
 with the Licking dividing them, and Bellevue, Dayton and Ludlow. Several 
 bridges connect Cincinnati with the Ohio, among them the beautiful suspension 
 bridge to Covington, completed in 1 866 by the engineer, Roebling, at a cost of 
 $1,800,000. It is 103 feet above low water, and is the largest single span of its 
 class in the world. The towers over which the gigantic cables pass are 1,057 feet 
 apart, are 230 feet in height, and thus are higher, and each contain more stone, 
 than the Bunker Hill Monument. The others are pier bridges, and built to ac- 
 commodate railroads, viz. : the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, the Louisville Short 
 Line Railroad, and the Chesapeake and Ohio. This last cost nearly $5,000,000, 
 and was opened January 1, 1889. 
 
 Cincinnati now extends along the Ohio ten or twelve miles, with an average 
 width of about three miles. Forty years ago its corporate limits were only about 
 four square miles, and with scarce an exception was the most densely populated 
 area of its size in the Union. Above the flood plain it is built on a terrace, and 
 then rise the hills about 400 feet higher. The canal roughly bounds a quarter 
 long known as ^^Over the Rhine,” because of its great German population. In 
 the Exposition of 1888 the canal was utilized to represent a Venetian street, and 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 795 
 
 was supplied with gondolas. The great Music Hall, Arbeiter Hall and Turner 
 Hall are in that quarter. 
 
 Access to the hill-tops is by steeply graded roads, cable-car and horse-car 
 roads, and by four inclined planes up which cars are drawn by powerful engines. 
 The principal lines converge at Fountain Square. 
 
 The pavements are excellent, consisting of granite, asphalt and Ohio river 
 boulders. The sewerage and underdrainage is perfect, and few cities are so 
 healthy. Within the city limits is Eden Park, which is on the hills above the 
 city plain, a pleasure-ground of 240 acres, on which is the reservoir which sup- 
 plies the city with water. Burnet Woods, a tract of beautiful forest of 170 
 acres, is also on the hills not far from the Zoological Gardens, which last 
 front on the Carthage pike. They are the largest and finest in America, and 
 the buildings are as costly and substantial as those of the Zoological Gardens in 
 Europe. The grounds, sixty acres in extent, are beautifully improved. There 
 are about 1,000 specimens of animals and birds from all parts of the world. 
 Frequently there are balls, picnics and special attractions, and on Thursday 
 evening there is a fete. The gardens were opened in 1875, and since then over 
 $300,000 has been expended. 
 
 Each of the four inclined planes leads to a famous resort. On the east is the 
 Highland House, on the north Lookout and Bellevue, and on the west Price 
 Hill, Thousands flock to these, especially summer evenings and on Sundays. 
 
 Spring Grove Cemetery is six miles from the river, in the valley of Mill 
 Creek, on Spring Grove avenue. It comprises 600 acres, and has had therein 
 about 35,000 interments. Its numerous springs and groves suggested the name. 
 It is probably the most picturesque, as it is the largest cemetery in the world. 
 It is on the plan of a park, to relieve the ground of the heavy, incumbered air 
 of a churchyard, and to present the appearance of a natural park. It is exqui- 
 sitely laid out, with far-stretching lawns, miniature lakes and shrubbery, and 
 ornamented with stately monuments, chapels, vaults and statues. There are 
 about 7,000 lot-holders. The more prominent objects are the Mortuary Chapel, 
 the Dexter Mausoleum and the Soldiers’ Monument. Many eminent historical 
 characters are interred here. The spot is so enchanting that it seems as an 
 earthly Paradise rather than a home of the dead. 
 
 The great beauty of the cemetery is largely due to the late Prof. Adolph 
 Strauch, landscape gardener and arborculturist, who died in 1 882, and who was 
 for many years its superintendent. ^^To him belongs the credit of giving to 
 Cincinnati her renown for beautiful suburbs, with landscapes lovely as a dream.” 
 He estimated, exclusive of funerals, that in a single year (1880) it had a quarter 
 of a million of visitors. 
 
 The Tyler Davidson Fountain is the grandest fountain on the continent. 
 It stands on the Esplanade in the centre of Fountain square, which is a raised 
 stone structure twenty-eight inches in height. This square is near the centre of 
 the city and from which distances are calculated and the car lines mostly start. 
 The fountain is a work in bronze consisting of fifteen large figures, of which the 
 most prominent represents a woman from whose outstretched prone hands Avater is 
 falling in fine spray. She is the Spirit of Bain. The head of this figure rises 
 forty-five feet above the street level. The fountain was designed and cast in 
 Munich, at a cost of $200,000. The work was presented to Cincinnati in 1871 
 by one of her public-spirited citizens, Henry Probasco, a patron of arts and 
 literature, Avhose magnificent residence is one of the palaces of the suburbs. 
 
 The Government Building is on the same street near it, and is a magnifi- 
 cent and convenient structure. Herein are the custom house, court rooms 
 and post-olfice. It is built of gray stone, and cost $5,000,000, the most ex- 
 pensive building in the city. Close by it also is the Emory Arcade, one of the 
 largest in the world ; extends between two streets, a passage Avay of 400 feet pro- 
 tected by a glass roof. It is lined with varied shops, and is decidedly Parisian 
 
The Art Academy. The Art Museum. 
 
 Art Buildings. Eden Park. 
 
 The Suspension Bridge, 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 797 
 
 in character. A few squares from the fountain, near the Lincoln Club House, is 
 the colossal statue of Garfield, by Niedhaus, a Cincinnati artist. 
 
 The Broadway of the city is Fourth street, the aristocratic East end — where 
 faces the once famous Longworth mansion and garden — to the railroad environed 
 West end. Several blocks on Fourth street are solid, lofty structures. Among 
 these is Pikers -Opera House and the new Chamber of Commerce, dedicated 
 January 30, 1889, ex-Gov. Edward F. Noyes being the orator of the occasion. 
 Jt is a most striking work of art in Roman Proven 9 al style, one of the best 
 designs of the celebrated Richardson — its cost was over |700,000. Two other 
 remarkably fine structures, both designed by Hannaford, are now in the course 
 of construction — the New City Hall and a City Armory. 
 
 Two admirable buildings of stone stand high upon a hill in Eden Park. They 
 are the Art Museum and the Art Academy, designed by McLaughlin. The 
 first of these cost nearly $400,000, and the other is eorrespondingly costly. These 
 buildings were bestowed upon the city by the munificence of several liberal indi- 
 viduals. Charles W. West gave $150,000, David Sinton $75,000, Joseph Long- 
 worth $37,100. Reuben Cpringer and Julius Dexter then subscribed largely. 
 Over a million of dollars have been given to the museum since 1880, and the 
 art school is the best endowed in the United States. 
 
 The Art Academy building, completed in October, 1887, was entirely the gift 
 of David Sinton. The Art Academy is an outgrowth of the old School of De- 
 sign,^^ a branch of the McMicken University. In 1887 it had 400 students and 
 twelve instructors, teaching and lecturing. Excepting an initiation fee of $10, 
 the institution is free. 
 
 The greatest pride of the city and its greatest ornament is the Music Hale 
 AND Exposition Building. It occupies most of a block and faces Washington 
 jPark. Its architect was McLaughlin. The building is brick and in the modern- 
 ized Gothic style. The whole front on Elm street is 402 feet ; 95 feet being 
 given to each of the exposition buildings, and 178 J feet to the music hall. The 
 widest part of the building is 316 feet. The buildings are so arranged that they 
 can be used r^'parately or together, and the upper stories so they can be connected 
 by bridges. In these buildings is the grand music hall. It will hold 8,728 per- 
 sons — seat 4,228, give standing room for 3,000, while the stage will accommodate 
 1,500. The GREAT ORGAN jo One of the largest in the world. It was built in 
 Boston, but the artistic screen of wild cherry w::s designed and carved by residents 
 of Cincinnati. It has 96 iegisters, 6,237 pipes, 32 bolls, 42 pedal movements, 
 and 4 keyboards of 61 notes each. Its cash cost was $32,000. 
 
 The College buildings, adjoining the magnificent Music Hall, contain forty class 
 and study rooms, libraries, waiting-rooms, offices and a large and beautiful concert 
 hall, The Odeon,’’ seating 1,200 persons, with a stage thoroughly equipped for 
 operatic and dramatic performances. The Cincinnati College of Music is open 
 throughout the year, Peter Rudolph Neff, president ; Professor Schradieck, mu- 
 sical director. 
 
 The amount of taxable property in Cincinnati is over one hundred and seventy- 
 two millions. Next to Chicago this is the chief pork-packing place in the world. 
 The brewing of lager beer is an industry that ranks next to the pork business. 
 Over twenty million gallons of beer are produced annually in its breweries ; distil- 
 ling ; heavy capital is engaged in the manufacture of iron, stone and wood ; other 
 important lines of manufacture are clothing, and in food products it is the largest 
 mart in the world. For over half a century Cincinnati has held a leading rani 
 as a printing, publishing and lithographing centre. It has the largest school-book 
 house in the world — that of Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., publishers of the eclec- 
 tic series of text-books. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 79S 
 
 Education in Cincinnati. 
 
 The public-school system embraces schools of every grade, from kindergarten to 
 university; the number of pupils enrolled in 1887 was 53,402. The schools are 
 celebrated for their general excellence and for several special features of reform. 
 They made a famous exhibit in the Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. They 
 set the example now so widely followed of celebrating Arbor Day and Author 
 Day. 
 
 I The Public Library is under the management of the Board of Education, and 
 free to the people. It is in a spacious and elegant building, has 164,000 volumes 
 and an annual circulation of about 400,000 volumes ; it is under the charge of 
 A. W. Whepley. Beside this is the Mercantile and other public libraries, and 
 some fine private libraries. The most noteworthy of the latter is that of A. T. 
 Goshorn, in consequence of its peculiarly honorable history. He had been director- 
 general of the National Exposition of 1876 at Philadelphia, and refusing pecu- 
 niary compensation for his services, the citizens presented him with $10,000 in 
 value in books of his choice, and sent on a committee to fit up a room in his resi- 
 dence for their reception ; this was done in exquisite taste. The library of Enoch 
 I. Carson, burned some years since, was extraordinary as the most complete Ma- 
 sonic collection in the world, beside a fine Shakespearian collection. 
 
 The University of Cincinnati is a municipal institution, forming part of the 
 system of public instruction. It was founded on a bequest of Charles McMicken ; 
 its endowment is over $750,000; its faculty numbers fifteen professors, Hon. J. 
 D. Cox, ex-governor of Ohio, being president. Both sexes are admitted and col- 
 lege degrees conferred. The Cincinnati Observatory, on Mount Lookout, four 
 miles in a direct line from the city, founded by Gen. O. M. Mitchell, belongs to 
 the university; there is also an organic connection between the university and the 
 medical colleges — the Miami and the Ohio — and also with the College of Dental 
 Surgery and that of Pharmacy. 
 
 The Medical College of Ohio was established in 1819, and has ten professors; 
 the Miami Medical College has twelve professors. The homceopathists have an 
 excellent institution, the Pulte College ; and there is an Eclectic College, a Physico- 
 Medical Institute and other schools. The city hospitals are large and admirably 
 conducted ; the Cincinnati Law School, founded in 1833, J. D. Cox, dean, is a 
 flourishing institution, with many pupils ; the Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, the Cin- 
 cinnati Technical School, the Society of Natural History with its museums and 
 lectures, the system of kindergartens and the kitchen garden are all of a high order 
 of efficiency. 
 
 As a centre of musical education the Queen City claims to be without a rival on 
 the continent. The College of Music, with splendid quarters in Music Hall and 
 the Odeon, draws students in all departments of the art, from all parts of the 
 United States. The famous opera festivals and May musical festivals of the city 
 are visited annually by thousands and thousands of people. Miss Clara Bauer’s 
 conservatory is also widely known ; there are other music schools, especially piano 
 schools. Beside the Art Academy, the arts of drawing and design are well taught 
 in the public schools, in the Technical School and in many private schools, and 
 by special teachers of art in their studios. 
 
 Lane Theological Seminary, on Walnut Hills, went into operation in 1832, under 
 the Presidency of Lyman Beecher, D. D., and has since graduated about 700 
 students. It is well endowed, and has a fine library. St. Xavier College, on 
 Sycamore street, is the great Roman Catholic institution of the Ohio valley. 
 The Catholics possess a powerful system of public schools in connection with their 
 many churches, and have a monastery near the city for the training of priests. 
 
 The Jews are numerous and influential in Cincinnati, possessing several syna- 
 gogues of striking architectural beauty. The American Israelite^ the organ of 
 liberal Judaism, is conducted by Dr. I. M. Wise, who is also President of the 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 799 
 
 Hebrew Union College, a flourishing institution for the education of rabbis. The 
 Wesleyan Female College was founded in 1842, and is oontrolled by the Method- 
 ist Episcopal Church. Many Cincinnati ladies, prominent in charitable and ed- 
 ucational works, are alumni of this college, among them the wife of President Hayes, 
 
 Business education is a prominent feature : commercial colleges are numerous, 
 and there are schools of type- writing, telegraphy and all the graphic arts; 
 among them the Cincinnati School of Phonography, which enjoys the hearty 
 recommendation of Mr. Benn Pitman, so favorably known for his discriminating 
 lectures on Art in the Art Academy. Cincinnati has been a centre for short-hand 
 since 1849. Benn Pitman came from England to America in 1853, and settled 
 here to advance his brother’s system of short-hand, invented in 1837. 
 
 Fry’s Carving School is one of the unique institutions of the city. It is con- 
 ducted by Henry L. and Wm. H. Fry, father and son, and granddaughter, Laura 
 H. Fry. Some of the most exquisite wood carving ever executed in the country 
 is by them. The Frys did a large part of the elaborate carving in Henry 
 Probasco’s residence, in Clifton, and of the casement of the great organ in Music 
 Hall. Art furniture of all kinds is made to order, and many specimens of their 
 handiwork are to be found in various parts of the Union. 
 
 Clays for the manufacture of tiles and the finer grades of pottery are plentiful 
 in the vicinity of Cincinnati. The artistic ceramic wares made here have a high 
 reputation. The Rookwood Pottery, founded by Mrs. Maria Longworth Storer, 
 daughter of Joseph Longworth, was designed to advance artistic culture in the 
 line of ceramics. The establishment is an admirable one, managed wholly by 
 ladies, and its products are chiefly sold at the East and in Europe. Its decorators 
 were mostly educated at the Cincinnati Art Academy. The wares are unique, 
 resembling Limoges. They display unusual richness and harmony of coloring. 
 In style of decoration they are peculiarly American, the native plants, flowers 
 and other objects having been much used in the designs. Carving in clay is a 
 feature in the ornamentation. A specialty of this establishment is that the color 
 of the body is utilized as a part of the decoration. 
 
 EXPOSITIONS. 
 
 The Industrial Expositions of the city had their origin in the annual fairs of 
 the Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, the first of which was held in Trollope’s Bazaar 
 building, in 1838. These fairs ceased owing to the civil war. In 1869 the 
 Wool Growers’ Association of the Northwest gave a Textile Fabric Association 
 which lasted four days, and was such a great success as to lead, through the exer- 
 tions of Mr. A. T. Goshorn and his associates, to uniting the three great organ- 
 izations — the Board of Trade, the Chamber of Commerce and the Ohio Mechanics’ 
 Institute, in a plan to give the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition of Manufactures, 
 Products and Arts in the year 1870.” 
 
 Each of these bodies was represented by a committee of five members chosen 
 for their zeal and peculiar capacity. They received no salary although their 
 services involved much labor and time. To be an exposition commissioner was 
 thought to be a distinguished honor. An exposition organized in this way could 
 only be a public trust. There were to be no profits, no dividends to anybody. 
 As a financial basis a guarantee fund was subscribed of $24,000. The form of 
 subscription was a note by the guarantor for the amount of his individual guaranty, 
 payable to the Exposition Commissioners only in case the receipts of the Expo- 
 sition failed to pay expenses, and then only in proportion to the amount of 
 deficit. The city banks advanced money on these notes. 
 
 The Exposition was held in a massive building erected for the National 
 Saengerfest of the same year. With additions the exhibiting space covered seven 
 acres. This entire space was filled with interesting exhibits, and the exposition 
 was open from September 21 till October 22. Admission 25 cents. When it 
 
8oo HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 ✓ 
 
 closed it was found that over 300,000 visitors had passed through its gates; 
 that the receipts had been about $54,000, leaving a small surplus over all ex- 
 penses. 
 
 Not only was the city delighted with the great success but a wide interest was 
 aroused throughout the country, whence visitors were drawn by the thousands to 
 the great exposition. For the four following years expositions were held, and so 
 far successful that no assessments were made on the guarantors. 
 
 ^^No exposition was held in the year 1876, on account of the great Centennial 
 Exhibition in Philadelphia ; but it was a high compliment to the Cincinnati plan 
 and management that, as early as the year 1872, the Philadelphia Commissioners 
 visited the great Cincinnati Exposition of that year, studied its details carefully, 
 and afterwards chose for the important office of director-general of their exhibition 
 A. T. Goshorn, then the President of the Cincinnati Board of Exposition Com- 
 missioners.’^ 
 
 Meantime Music Hall had been built as one of the outgrowths caused by the 
 exposition, all the people uniting to this end, even the school-children giving con- 
 certs with their massive child choruses in aid of the enterprise. 
 
 In 1888 was inaugurated ^^The Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley 
 and Central States,” for the support of which a guarantee fund of $1,050,000 was 
 subscribed by the people of Cincinnati. Honorary Commissioners were ap- 
 pointed from thirteen States, including their respective governors, thus giving 
 national significance to the event, which was intended also to celebrate the settle- 
 ment of the Northwest Territory. Buildings occupying a large part of Wash- 
 ington Park and spanning the canal were erected, which in connection with the 
 permanent Exposition Buildings furnished a floor area of about thirty-two acres. 
 
 In this was gathered a magnificent collection of manufactured articles, products 
 of the soil and' works of art, illustrating the mighty progress of a century. 
 Congress a])])ropriated $250,000 towards a national exhibit of some of their rarest 
 and most valuable archives, which were placed in charge of government officials. 
 
 The Exposition was opened July 4, 1888, by a great daylight procession, much 
 of it illustrative of the early history of the country and its wonderful progress. 
 The streets were thronged with hundreds of thousands of people, all bearing testi- 
 mony to the manner in which the popular heart was responding to the demands 
 of the celebration. 
 
 The Exposition continued over 100 days, and the entire enterprise was a 
 grand industrial and artistic success, reflecting great credit and honor upon the 
 citizens of Cincinnati, Exposition Commissioners and exhibitors. 
 
 Clubs and Club Life. 
 
 Cincinnati abounds in clubs, social, literary and scientific. It being largely a 
 collection of suburban towns, difficult of access one directly with the other, gathered 
 around a central town readily accessible from each, has tended to the establish- 
 ment of clubs. The Historical and Philosophical Society is located on Garfield 
 Place. It has a Museum of Natural Curiosities, a Historical Library of 7,000 
 volumes and over 40,000 pamphlets, many of them rare and containing a mine 
 of information on the early history of this region. A club of a similar character 
 is the Natural History Society, located on Broadway. This society has quite an 
 extensive museum, and it stimulates an interest in the natural characteristics of 
 the surrounding country. Connected with the club is a section devoted to photo- 
 graphic work which makes excursions to the various points of beauty and interest 
 about the neigliborhood. These have resulted in a collection of beautiful views, 
 whicli, supplemented by plates obtained by exchange with similar societies, furnish 
 che material for an annual exhibit of remarkable variety and excellent workman- 
 ship. Lectures are given of a popular character on scientific subjects which are 
 free to the public at large. The society has regular meetings at which papers are 
 read and discussed. Tlie Unity Club supplies a regular course of Sunday after- 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 8oi 
 
 noon lectures, open to the public at a nominal fee. These are usually given in the 
 Grand Opera House, where are heard during the winter some of the best lecturers 
 in the country. Through the efforts of Librarian A. W. Whelpley, they are 
 largely attended, and have become a permanent feature in the life of the city. 
 The Unity Club comprises both sexes and has varied objects. Its membership is 
 very large and far reaching. Throughout the Avinter on Wednesday evenings a 
 regular course of exercises is carried out. One night it is a lecture by some 
 member on some literary subject, the next night a debate, the folloAving an ama- 
 teur dramatic performance, or an opera, and so on throughout the year. These 
 lectures are so arranged that they form a connected whole on some subject, each 
 member being assigned a particular branch of the topic under study for treatment. 
 
 The Cuvier Club was organized in 1874, for the protection of game and fish 
 and for social purposes. It has a very fine collection of 3,000 specimens of birds 
 and fish. The building of the Club, on Longworth street, is excellently de- 
 signed, Avith a large room for a museum above, Avhere are trophies of the chase 
 and social rooms Avith a small library and periodicals. The club claims to make 
 the best laAvs, to catch the best fish and game in season, and to have in its mem- 
 bership the best whist-players of this section. The club has been of great ser- 
 vice in keeping before the public and various legislatures the great harm that 
 arose from the indiscriminate pursuit of game and fish ; and it has been indefa- 
 tigable in its efforts to procure the enactment and enforcement of suitable laAvs. 
 
 Then there are the Ladies’ Musical Club, a Press Club composed of journalists 
 and four large purely social clubs. Two of these, the Allemania and the Phoenix, 
 are limited entirely to those of Jewish extraction. The Queen City Club has 
 the handsomest building, and here are gathered the men of AA^ealth of the city. 
 It has attached a ladies’ apartment, Avhich is enjoyed by the Avi\^es and daughters 
 of its members. Billiard rooms and card rooms are plenty, and its table excel- 
 lent. Within the club is another chib, the Thirteen Club, Avith thirteen mem- 
 bers, Avhich seats itself and dines on the Thirteenth hour of the Thirteenth day 
 of each month. The Ananias Club, devotes itself entirely to dining. The 
 object of this club is good fellowship and the promotion of truth. It numbers 
 among its members neAvspaper men, lawyers, doctors, artists and musicians. It has 
 no Constitution and only one officer, whose business it is to attend only to his OAvn. 
 At its dinners, Avhich are only occasional, there rests in the centre of the table 
 the original hatchet used by G. Washington in his famous cherry tree difficulty, 
 surmounted by the skull of Ananias, Avhich is alike original — the identical skull 
 Avhich he used Avhen living. The annual meeting is ahvays held on Washington’s 
 birthday ; of course, his first and only one. 
 
 The Country Club has a very comfortable place near Carthage, Avith a con- 
 venient club-house and large grounds, where can be had tennis, shooting, or any 
 sports that suit the fancy. It is sufficiently far from the city for a pleasant drive 
 for the members and their friends. The University Club is composed entirely 
 of college graduates, and about all the principal colleges in the country are rep- 
 resented. As Avith the Queen City Club a large number of its members lunch 
 here regularly. 
 
 Tavo other characteristic clubs are the U. C. D. and the Literary Club. The 
 U. C. D. is a club organized of ladies and gentlemen in 1866 on Mount Auburn, 
 for the reading of essays, music and theatricals. 
 
 The Literary Club is the oldest of the kind in the country. At the first meet- 
 ing Avere Judge Stanley Matthews and A. II. Spofford, Lil)rarian of Congress. 
 The club was devoted to the discussion of various topics, social, literary, theolog- 
 ical and political, the reading of essays and a monthly newspaper ; also recita- 
 tions. Rutherford B. Hayes Avas elected a member iii 1859, and on March 9th 
 of that year, acting as chairman, he decided in the negative on the merits of the 
 question : Has the agitation in the North on the slavery question been an ad- 
 vantage ? ” On the merits of the question the club also voted in the negative. 
 
8o2 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 The same year the club discussed and decided in the negative, ^^Are there any 
 causes at present existing from which we have reason to fear a dissolution of 
 the Union ? Among its members have been many prominent men beside those 
 here mentioned. Buchanan Read, Salmon P. Chase, Fred. Hassaurek, O. P. 
 Morton, James Beard, Generals McClellan and Pope, John W. Herron, John M. 
 Newton, W. F. Poole, Ainsworth Spoiford, Moncure D. Conway, Henry Howe, 
 Chas. Reemelin, J. B. Stallo, Donn Piatt, E. F. Noyes, Alphonso Taft, etc. At 
 the outbreak of the war the club organized itself into the Burnet Rifles, about 
 60 in number; a larger part of the members became officers in the Union 
 army. The club is very flourishing, with an increased membership. 
 
 HISTORIC MISCELLANIES. 
 
 THE OHIO STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 
 
 When in 1881 the Von Steubens came to America to unite in the centennial 
 celebration of the Surrender at Yorktown, in which their ancestor. General Von 
 Steuben, had taken such an illustrious part, they visited Cincinnati. Among 
 them was Baron Richard Von Steuben, the Royal Chief Forester of the German 
 Empire. 
 
 In conversation with him some of the gentlemen of the city became so deeply 
 interested on the subject of forestry, that they met in conference in January, 
 1882, to take measures to interest the people in the subject. They were Col. 
 W. L. De Beck, Rev. Dr. Max Lilienthal, the Hebrew rabbi ; John B. Peaslee, 
 School Superintendent ; Hon. John Simpkinson, the first President of the Asso- 
 ciation ; Col. A. E. Jones and Hon. Emil Rothe. Through a committee then 
 organized, for the next three months the press of the country laid before the 
 people the subject of forestry in its various important aspects. The continuous 
 history of the subject we take from a pamphlet, Trees and Tree Planting,^^ with 
 exercises and directions for the celebration of Arbor Day, by John B. Peaslee, Supt. 
 Public Schools, issued by the Ohio State Forestry Association, Cincinnati, 1884. 
 
 The work of the committee culminated in a three days^ meeting at Music 
 Hall, April 25th, 26th and 27th, at which most of the distinguished foresters 
 of this country and Canada were present and read papers before the scientific 
 department. The excellent programme for this meeting was principally made 
 by Dr. John A. Warder and Prof. Adolph Leu6. Governor Foster made the 
 address of welcome. 
 
 The public schools were dismissed on the 26th and 27th, to enable the pupils 
 and teachers to take part in the celebration of tree planting in the public parks. 
 The 27th had been appointed as Arbor Day by proclamation of the Governor. 
 Extensive preparations had been made for its appropriate celebration in Eden 
 Park. 
 
 The city was in holiday attire. The soldiery and organized comjianies of 
 citizens formed an immense procession under command of Col. S. A. Whitfield, 
 and marched to the park, where the command was turned over to Col. A. E. Jones, 
 the officer in charge. The school-children Avere under the charge of Superin- 
 tendent Peaslee. Fifty thousand citizens covered the grassy slopes and croAvning 
 ridges, those assigned to the Avork of transplanting trees taking their respective 
 places. 
 
 At the firing of the signal gun Presidents’ Grove,” Pioneers’ Giwe,” 
 Battle GroA^e,” Citizens’ Memorial Grove ” and ^^Authors’ Grove ” Avere 
 planted and dedicated Avith loving hands and appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 Addresses AA^ere made by ex-Gov. Noyes, Dr. Loring, Cassius M, Clay and 
 Durbin Ward, and others. No sight more beautiful, no ceremonies more touch- 
 ing had ever been Avitnessed in Cincinnati. An important lesson in forestry had 
 indeed been brought home to the hearts of ^he people, and a croAvn of success 
 was aAvarded the American Forfstry Congress. This Avas the first Arbor 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 «o3 
 
 Day celebration in Ohio. And thus closed the first session of the American 
 Forestry Congress, which embraces in its scope the United States and Canada. 
 
 In 1883 the Ohio State Forestry Association, the outgrowth of the American 
 Forestry Congress, was organized. The organizers were Dr. John A. Warder, 
 Prof. Adolph Leu^, Col. A. E. Jones, Hon. John Simpkinson, Supt. John B. 
 Peaslee, Gen. Durbin Ward, Hon. Emil Rothe, Hon. Leopold Burckhardt, D. D. 
 Thompson, Prof. R. B. Warder, Prof. Adolph Strauch, Dr. A. D. Birchard, Hon. 
 Charles Reemelin, Prof. W. H. Venable, Dr. W. W. Dawson, John H. Mc- 
 Makin, Esq., and perhaps a few others. A convention was held in April. 
 
 By authority of a joint resolution adopted by both branches of our State Legis- 
 lature, Governor Foster issued his proclamation, appointing the fourth Friday in 
 April as Arbor Day, which was the last day of the convention. Accordingly, 
 the association had made extensive preparations for its celebration in Eden Park 
 by the citizens and by the public schools. 
 
 This second celebration of Arbor Day in Cincinnati was thus described at the 
 time. 
 
 The east ridge of the park was thronged with the associations planting tablets 
 to the memories of the Presidents of the United States, the heroes of Valley 
 Forge, and the pioneers of Cincinnati in their respective groves, while the northern 
 projecting slope of the ridge was occupied by fully seventeen thousand school- 
 children in honoring ‘Authors’ Grove.’ Viewed from the summit of the ridge 
 immediately west, the sight was one of the most animating ever brought before 
 the eyes of Cincinnatians. The entire ridge, nearly a third of a mile in length, 
 was occupied by those persons taking part in the first-named ceremonies, while 
 the slope designated was occupied by a dense mass of gayly dressed children in 
 active motion over a surface of about five acres, and whose voices, wafted across 
 the deep hollow to the western ridge, sounded like the chattering from a grove 
 full of happy birds. The eastern slope of the west ridge was occupied by three 
 thousand or four thousand spectators, who, reclining on the green spring sod of 
 the grassy slopes, quietly surveyed the scene from a distance. In all there were 
 over twenty thousand persons present. Over in the centre of the east ridge was 
 the speakers’ stand, with a tall staff bearing the national colors rising from the 
 centre, while smaller flags marked the trees dedicated to each author. The grove 
 to the honor of Cincinnati pioneers had been planted by the association, and 
 yesterday the tablet was laid to their memory. All the tablets were of uniform 
 size and construction, each being of sandstone, twenty-four by thirty-six inches 
 surface, and eleven inches depth. That for the Cincinnati pioneers contained at 
 the upper centre a figure of the primitive log-cabin, and the following inscription, 
 
 ‘ Planted and Dedicated to the Memory of the Pioneers of Cincinnati by the 
 Forestry Society.’ Below were cut the names of the pioneers. 
 
 “ ‘ Presidents’ Grove ’ bore a tablet with the following inscription ; ‘ Presidents’ 
 Grove, Planted and Dedicated to the Memory of the Presidents of the United 
 States, by the Forestry Society, 1882, Cincinnati, April 27th.’ Then followed 
 the names of all the twenty-one Presidents, down to President Arthur. 
 
 “‘Centennial Grove’ was planted in 1876 by Colonel A. E. Jones, from trees 
 brought from Valley Forge. The tablet he had laid yesterday was dedicated to 
 the heroes who served with Washington at Valley Forge. Following is the in- 
 scription : Eagle bearing the scroll ‘ Centennial Grove. Dedicated to the memory 
 of 1776, and the patriots who suffered with Washington at Valley Forge, brought 
 from that historic ground and planted by A. E. Jones, April 27, 1876.’ Then 
 followed the names Washington, Knox, Lafayette, Greene, Hamilton, Gates, 
 Wayne, Putnam, H. Lee, Steuben, Weldin, Muhlenburg, Sullivan, Stark, 
 Warren, McIntosh, Potter, Maxwell, Woodward, Patterson, Allen, De Kalb, 
 Kosciusko, Marion, C. Lee, Glover, Poor, Lamed, Scott, Pulaski, Sumter, 
 Lincoln, Morgan, Smallwood, Eberhardt. 
 
 “At eleven o’clock the school exercises commenced at ‘Authors’ Grove.’ The 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 trees having previously been planted, small granite tablets, about eight inches 
 square, bearing the name of the author honored and the date of the ceremony, 
 were sunk, in most cases uniformly with the surface of the sod, in the immediate 
 vicinity of the tree. Thus the exercises were dedicatory only.’^ 
 
 These were the first memorial groves ever planted in America ; the first public 
 planting of trees in honor of the memory of authors, statesmen, soldiers, pioneers, 
 and other distinguished citizens. 
 
 The credit for the inauguration of Arbor Day anywhere is given to Hon. J. 
 Sterling Morton, who suggested the propriety of the day and was instrumental in 
 effecting the first observance, while he was governor of Nebraska, in 1872. Since 
 that date it is stated that in Nebraska have been planted six hundred millions of 
 trees. ' . 
 
 The two following articles upon floods and riots were written for this work, by 
 Mr. Harry M. Millar, of the editorial corps of the Commeft'cial Gazette. 
 
 OHIO RIVER FLOOD. 
 
 By harry M. MILLAR. 
 
 The Ohio river, one of the greatest national 
 waterways. 950 miles in length, is formed at 
 Pittsburg by the confluence of the Allegheny 
 and Monogahela rivers, coming from opposite 
 directions. The Allegheny sources are 
 numerous creeks in the mountains of New 
 York, and is fed by hundreds of other tribu- 
 taries that traverse Western Pennsylvania 
 and parts of Ohio, draining an area of 13,000 
 square miles. The sources of the Mononga- 
 hela are not large streams but they are 
 numerous, especially in Maryland and West 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Cheat river, its largest tributary, drains 
 much mountainous country, and its sudden 
 fluctuations are a wonder to not only visitors 
 but the inhabitants along its banks. It is a 
 frequent thing in the early spring or during 
 the rainy season for this stream to rise over 
 thirty feet within twenty-four hours. The 
 Youghiogheny is also an important feeder of 
 the Manongahela. The estimated drainage of 
 the Youghiogheny and its tributaries is 2,100 
 square miles, the Monongahela and its tribu- 
 taries 4,900 square miles, making the total 
 watershed of the Monongahela 7,000 square 
 miles, which, added to that of the Allegheny, 
 ives a grand total area of 20,000 square miles 
 rained by the sources of the Ohio river. 
 From the forking of these rivers in Pennsyl- 
 vania to its mouth at Cairo there are tribu- 
 taries innumerable, many of which are naviga- 
 ble and at a good boating stage the greater 
 part of the year. 
 
 These geographical and topographical 
 situations are important causes which lead to 
 the frequency of floods in the Ohio river. 
 The month of February in the Ohio valley 
 along the course of the river in later years 
 has been looked for with dread. The highest 
 stages of the river, the greatest floods and 
 the most suffering, and great property losses 
 within the past decade have occurred at that 
 time of the year. The melting of snows in 
 the mountains, sudden thawing spells, added 
 to which are the early spring rainfalls alter- 
 nated with sleet, all combine to bring on 
 these freshets. The encroachments upon the 
 
 bed or channel of the river have in a great 
 measure caused a narrowing of the widA of 
 its bed. So many large cities, towns and 
 villages are strung out along its shores that 
 the debris from sawmills, cinders and other 
 material by being “ dumped ” over its banks 
 have confined the rush of the waters to a 
 fastly filling-up canal bed. In fact such has 
 the Ohio river become within the past few 
 years. Great stone pier bridges have been 
 erected in the river bed, dams have been 
 built, and these things combined have had a 
 tendency to yearly increase the danger to the 
 lowlands along the valley. 
 
 The greatest floods in the Ohio river were 
 on February 18, 1832 ; December 17, 1847 ; 
 February 15, 1883; February 14, 1884, and 
 March 26, 1890. In 1832 the highest stage 
 reached was 64 feet 3 inches; 1847, 63 feet 
 7 inches; 1883, 66 feet 4 inches; 1884, 71 
 feet and f inch, and in 1890, 59 feet 2 
 inches. These heights are measured from 
 low-water mark, which is 2 feet and 6 inches 
 above the bed of the channel. 
 
 The flood of 1884 exceeded all the others, 
 and at the present writing stands on record as 
 having attained the hi^rhest stage. Beginning 
 on the 14th day of December, 1883, it con- 
 tinued rising until noon of February 14th, a 
 space of two months, during which time 
 there was much suffering among the people, 
 loss of life and property. The meteorolog- 
 ical causes began at the date mentioned, when 
 the winter’s first snow fell throughout the 
 Ohio valley — a fall of a fraction less than an 
 inch, with the stage of water in the Ohio at 
 10 feet 7 inches at Cincinnati, a minimum to 
 which it did not again decline for a period of 
 over six months. 
 
 During the month of December the total 
 fall of snow, sleet and rain, reduced to rain- 
 fall, was 5.61 inches, while the highest stage 
 of the river during the month was 49J feet 
 on the 28th, after which it began to decline. 
 
 The first two weeks in January were cold, 
 with frequent light snows, with a heavy two 
 days’ fall on the 1 4th and 1 5th. Cold weather 
 then set in and the river alternately rose and 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 805 
 
 fell, varying from 15 feet 9 inches on the 29th 
 to 31 feet 3 inches on the 31st, when the 
 great flood of 1884 properly began. 
 
 At Cincinnati, at this time, the solidifled 
 snow previously fallen was from 18 inches to 
 4 feet deep, which was packed upon the hills, 
 mountains and valleys of the Ohio river and 
 its tributaries and the smaller streams trib- 
 utary to the latter. A depth of 10 inches of 
 snow fell in January, and the rainfall of the 
 month was 1.23 inches. From the 30th of 
 January to the 13th of February a general 
 thaw progressed with rain day after day, all 
 combining to affect the river accordingly. 
 
 The Ohio river continued rising steadily 
 and rapidly, and at Cincinnati on February 
 2d had reached a stage of 49 feet 11 J inches, 
 having entered the buildings at the foot of 
 Broadway, Main and Walnut streets. The 
 same afternoon there was a heavy fall of rain 
 that carried much of the solidified snow into 
 the river and local tributaries, and a rise 
 again set in that did not cease until noon of 
 the 14th, when it culminated in the highest 
 stage of water at the mouth of the Licking 
 river that had ever been seen at that point 
 by an enlightened people. The total amount 
 of the rainfall on the 4th was 1.35 inches ; a 
 dense fog came over the city and in the bot- 
 toms became so dense that artificial light was 
 necessary in all buildings south of Third 
 street. 
 
 The thermometer had crept up to 62° ; 
 there was a miasmatic feeling in the atmos- 
 phere that was stifling, and the general dark- 
 ness prevailing cast great gloom among the 
 populace. At all river points above there 
 was a heavy rainfall, while the Monongahela 
 and Licking rivers had started on a second 
 freshet and were rising several inches per 
 hour. 
 
 Daylight the next day found all the build- 
 ings fronting on the river between the Sus- 
 pension Bridge and Main street, and Ludlow 
 and Broadway, invaded by the water. The 
 Mill creek bottoms of Cincinnati, as well as 
 the lowlands in Pendleton and Columbia, 
 were submerged, and later in the day the 
 alarming news came that Lawrenceburg and 
 Aurora were partly submerged, the river 
 steadily rising, and grave apprehensions were 
 felt for the security of the levees in front of 
 those cities. 
 
 All day on the 5th a steady downpour of 
 rain fell, measuring 1.56 inches, and more 
 rain had fallen in eight hours on the days of 
 the 4th and 5th than fell in four days pre- 
 ceding the same stage of water on February 
 8, 1883. The river was 20 feet and i inch 
 higher than at the same time of the previous 
 year, and there had been but nine years in 
 which the stage of the water exceeded that 
 at midnis:ht of the 5th. 
 
 Tlie Kentucky river, when it pours into 
 the Ohio, prevents the water of the latter 
 from passing off freely, and is thus a factor 
 in producing high water at Cincinnati. At 
 1 o’clock of the morning of February 6th the 
 levee at Lawrenceburg gave way and her cit- 
 izens called upon the people of Cincinnati 
 
 to come to their relief. The Chamber of 
 Commerce immediately called a meeting, and 
 committees were appointed to adopt meas- 
 ures of relief. 
 
 At Cincinnati the water extended above 
 Second street on Sycamore and Broadway, 
 and was two feet deep at Third and Wood 
 streets, while communication with the Sus- 
 pension Bridge was cut off except by boats. 
 On the 8th the Cincinnati Gas Works became 
 submerged at noon, when the stage of the 
 river had reached 62 feet 6J inches. The 
 next day, at 9 o’clock A. M., the stage of wa- 
 ter was 63 feet 7 inches, the high-water mark 
 of December 17, 1847, and by midnight cov- 
 ered the high-water mark of February 18, 
 1832, 64 feet 3 inches. 
 
 Heavy rains again set in at headwaters on 
 the 10th, and all the streams again began 
 rising. Point Pleasant, Va., was entirely in- 
 undated, there being four feet of water in 
 parts of the town that had escaped the flood 
 of 1883, while the back-water from the Ohio 
 extended up the Kanawha fifty miles, inun- 
 dating farm houses and villages of the valley 
 and entirely wrecking the track of the Ohio 
 Central Railroad. The width of the Kan- 
 awha varied from three to five miles. Be- 
 tween Ripley and Cincinnati, all houses on 
 both banks of the river, that remained in 
 their places, were invaded or entirely cov- 
 ered by water, and some towns were nearly 
 washed out of existence. The Ohio back- 
 water extended up the Little Miami to Mil- 
 ford, with the Little Miamf also rising. 
 
 On the night of the 12th a windrStorm 
 from the south rocked from their foundations 
 many houses that had withstood the force 
 and buoyancy of the current. Dayton and 
 Bellevue, Ky. , were invaded and the greater 
 part of the northwest portion of Covington 
 was covered. There were 13,000 applicants 
 for relief at Newport — half of the city being 
 under water. 
 
 On the 13th a decided cold wave set in 
 throughout the Ohio valley, and this gave 
 assurance that its climax was near. The 
 temperature grew colder and colder at Cin- 
 cinnati, lowering to 20°, and the great flood 
 of 1884 reached its maximum at noon on the 
 14th of February, when the stage of water 
 was 71 feet and f of an inch. The situation 
 at Cincinnati at this time was that not a 
 street in Pendleton was free from water, and 
 the line extended up Deer creek valley to 
 the foot of the Highland House Inclined 
 Plane. Up the Mill creek valley it had spread 
 eastwardly until Lincoln Park was entirely 
 covered, and reached Baymiller street or 
 Clark. 
 
 The water first licked the streets north of 
 Pearl on Race, Vine, Walnut, Main and Syca- 
 more streets, and the first floors of buildings 
 at the north side of Lower Market were cov- 
 ered with water to Broadway. The water 
 from the Ohio river on the south, and from 
 the Mill creek bottoms on the west, met and 
 commingled at the southwest corner of Fourth 
 and Mill streets. It extended above Long- 
 worth street on Hoadley, and from the west 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 So6 
 
 on Sixth covered the railroad tracks that lead 
 out of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton 
 Railroad passenger depot. On Eighth sfreet 
 the water extended eastwardly to Harriet. 
 South of Third street and west of Rose, ex- 
 tending northwestwardly past Clark and Bay- 
 miller streets, all avenues were navigated by 
 skiffs and small boats. Mill creek bottom 
 was one bay of water so deep that the largest 
 steamboat that navigates the Ohio river could 
 have passed over. 
 
 The Licking and Ohio rivers met in New- 
 port at the corner of Columbia and Madison 
 streets ; half of the city of Newport was 
 under water, and part of the Newport and 
 Covington Suspension Bridge that spans the 
 Licking river was covered by water several 
 feet deep. 
 
 ^ The Ohio and Mississippi Railroad estab- 
 lished boat communications, carrying their 
 traffic to places between Cincinnati and 
 Aurora. ^ There was not a railroad track en- 
 tering Cincinnati which was npt submerged, 
 except that of the Cincinnati Northern or 
 Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad. 
 Merchants in the bottoms had at great labor 
 and expense removed their wares to places 
 of safety, the various stock-yards ceased doing 
 business, the river business for steamboats 
 was entirely suspended, and the boatmen 
 royally and heroically gave their time and 
 labor to the saving of property and the rescue 
 of people and live-stock. Boats were char- 
 tered by the Cincinnati Chamber of Com- 
 merce Relief Committee, and carried clothing 
 
 and provisions to the destitute and suffering 
 at points above and below Cincinnati. 
 
 Cincinnati contributed $96,680.12 for the 
 relief of flood sufferers, this amount being 
 realized from private subscription. The sum 
 of $97,751.22 was contributed by persons not 
 citizens of Cincinnati; all this money was 
 applied, with the exception of $5,260.74, 
 which was turned over to the Sinking Fund 
 Commission of Cincinnati. 
 
 The fall of 1889 and the flrst three months 
 of 1890 were remarkable for the steady and 
 heavy rainfall. This, of course, produced 
 much water, and during February, 1890, it was 
 feared that Cincinnati would experience an- 
 other flood. There had fallen but little snow 
 in the mountains, and that was favorable ; 
 yet there were two good-sized freshets, and 
 of such proportions as to cause much alarm 
 and apprehension throughout the Ohio val- 
 ley. The greatest damage, however, this 
 section of the country escaped ; but the Mis- 
 souri and Upper Mississippi rivers, rising to 
 an unprecedented stage at the same time 
 the Ohio and its tributaries were bank-full, 
 caused the Lower Mississippi to reach the 
 highest stage recorded in history, causing 
 great suffering, privation, loss of life and 
 damage to homes all along the Mississippi 
 valley from Cairo to New Orleans. The 
 highest stage reached by the Ohio river 
 during the spring freshet in 1890 was on 
 March 26th, when the marks at the city 
 water works at Cincinnati indicated 59 feet 2 
 inches. 
 
 The Court-House Riot of 1884 . 
 
 With the possible exception of the first 
 bank riot that occurred in 1820 upon the 
 suspension of the Miami Exporting Com- 
 pany, and on the occasion of the second sus- 
 pension on the 10th of January, 1842, of 
 the same organization, Cincinnati has never 
 witnessed such violations of law, defiance of 
 authorities, and so much bloodshed as 
 attended the great Hamilton County Court- 
 House riot on the night of March 28, 1 884, 
 and continued several days, there being open 
 confiict between the militia and police on one 
 side, and an excitable, yet determined, law- 
 less mob upon the other. 
 
 The circumstances that led to this most un- 
 fortunate affair was the trial for murder of 
 Wm. Berner, who killed his employer, Wm. 
 Kirk. 
 
 It was one of the most outrageous assaults 
 upon society, and a dastardly, cold-blooded 
 crime that unsteadied the nerves of the 
 populace, causing excitement to run high, 
 and incensed all law-abiding citizens when 
 the case came to trial by the methods pursued 
 by criminal lawyers, who sought to perjure 
 witnesses, bribe juries, and resorted to open- 
 handed means to have their client acquitted 
 against all principle of law or justice. 
 
 The newspajDers published the proceedings 
 of the trial in detail. The court-house 
 was, during the examination, crowded to its 
 capacity. The methods resorted to by the 
 
 lawyers was the subject of general conversa- 
 tion, and culminated in there being called at 
 the great Music Hall, on the evening of 
 March 28, 1884, of a mass-meeting of citizens. 
 At this meeting speeches were made by Dr. 
 Andrew C. Kemper, Judge A. Gr. W. Car- 
 ter (since deceased), and Greneral ^ Andrew 
 Hickenlooper, who each denounced in strong 
 terms the methods pursued in acquiring a 
 verdict. It was here asserted that the ver- 
 dict was acquired by the cunning and adroit- 
 ness of lawyers known for their legal talent. 
 Five hundred and four people had been called 
 to form a jury of twelve. It was a self-con- 
 fessed murder, a murder committed delib- 
 erately for the sake of robbing a man of $285, 
 the proceeds from the sale of a horse ; and 
 had been planned weeks beforehand and then 
 coolly consummated. The criminal lawyers 
 were denounced as equally culpable of viola- 
 tion of law and order as the murderer. The 
 jury had only returned a verdict of man- 
 slaughter after hearing Berner’s self-con- 
 fession, and it was openly alleged in the 
 speeches at the mass-meeting that the crim- 
 inal lawyers were instrumental in securing, 
 by bribery and other nefarious methods, such 
 a verdict. 
 
 Resolutions were adopted condemning the 
 verdict. Excitement ran high ; but while 
 the speeches were being made by three of 
 the most honored and respected citizens, there 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 807 
 
 was a death stillness. Every word uttered 
 was weighed. Every sentiment expressed 
 seemed to find endorsement froni every per- 
 son in that crowd of at least six thousand 
 souls. 
 
 Immediately after the meeting, as the 
 masses were surging out upon Elm street, 
 some one in the crowd shouted, “Fall in! 
 Let’s to the jail 1 ” and a great mob from the 
 meeting proceeded directly to the county 
 jail in the court-house on the Sycamore street 
 side, above Court street. 
 
 On the way the mob was increased by hun- 
 dreds of others. Upon reaching the- jail it 
 was surrounded by a howling, angry crowd. 
 A piece of joist was procured, and with it 
 the basement doors, at the foot of the stone 
 steps, were battered down. Bricks and 
 stones were hurled by men in the streetabove 
 at the windows. Clubs, huge pieces of tim- 
 ber, crow-bars, and other weapons were 
 quickly procured and passed down to the men 
 who were at work upon the heavy outside 
 entrance doors of the jail, and it at last 
 yielded, the work being done speedily. The 
 crowd then poured into the jail office, and 
 there found other obstructions in the matter 
 of stone walls and heavy iron grated doors. 
 
 Morton L. Hawkins, the county sheriff, 
 and his few deputies faced the mob upon 
 their entrance between the outer and inside 
 doors. They were powerless to stem the 
 fierce human tide, and besides the sheriff had 
 given orders to his officers not to use their 
 weapons on the mob, believing that such pro- 
 ceeding would only make bad worse. The 
 mob completely filled the interior of the jail, 
 yelling and searching for the murderer they 
 had come to hang. They filled the corridors, 
 and a force of men succeeded in so forcing 
 the iron grated door that it at last gave way, 
 and the mob ran up the winding stone stair- 
 way to the cell rooms, peering into each cell 
 and demanding of other prisoners the where- 
 abouts of the murderer whom they sought. 
 
 While this was going on within a squad of 
 fifteen policemen arrived on the scene and 
 began clearing the jail, meeting with but 
 little success, as they were set upon by the 
 mob and hurled to one side as though they 
 were not there. At 9.55 p.m. the fire-bells 
 sounded the riot alarm. This brought peo- 
 ple to the scene from all sections of the city, 
 and they turned in with the mob, the greater 
 majority being in sympathy. It called the 
 police from^ their posts of duty and the 
 various stations ; and through good manage- 
 ment they were formed above and below the 
 jail in two sections, and, headed by the patrol 
 wagons, advanced upon the crowds assembled 
 on Sycamore street, in proximity to the jail. 
 The crowd outside was estimated to be 
 between nine and ten thousand. The patrol 
 and police advancing in two solid columns 
 caused a ^ stampede, the rioters escaping 
 through side streets. Ringleaders and some 
 of those who^ had been active inside the jail 
 were taken in the patrol wagons to the 
 station houses. The patrols were permitted 
 to leave amid much jeering and denunciatory 
 
 language, and after their passage the gap was 
 closed up and another onslaught made upon 
 the jail ; the rioters in the meantime having 
 armed themselves with axes, stones and 
 bricks. 
 
 Two or three attacks were made upon the 
 jail, and about midnight a hand-to-hand con- 
 flict between the police and the rioting mob 
 occurred inside. The police had succeeded 
 in gaining an entrance to the jail through the 
 court-house, going in on Main street. By 
 the same means the militia had been admitted, 
 and were stationed on the platform at the 
 head of the cell-room stairs. Inside the mob 
 had reached the gates separating the prisoners’ 
 cells from the office. These were broken 
 down with sledge-hammers, and the mob had 
 entered. They were in hand-to-hand conflict 
 with the police, and overpowered them, mak- 
 ing a grand rush up the stone stairway. Just 
 then the militia stationed on the platform 
 fired into the crowd. Two of the militia and 
 four officers were shot. None of the mob 
 were injured, but the latter retreated, giving 
 the alarm to those on the outside. Fires 
 were then started in the jail-yard and around 
 the court-house. A barrel of petroleum was 
 rolled into a cellarway where burning fire- 
 brands had been cast. The mob again 
 assaulted the jail, gaining admittance in rein- 
 forced numbers, and armed with every con- 
 ceivable kind of weapon except firearms. 
 
 The militia again fired upon them, using 
 blank cartridges, although this was not known 
 to the mob, and, aided b^y a largely reinforced 
 police force, again drove the mob to the 
 street. From the Court Street armory the 
 militia were reinforced, gaining admittance 
 to the jail through the court-house, the mob 
 not up to this time making any attempt to 
 effect an entrance to the jail by way of the 
 court-house. 
 
 Upon their being repulsed, however, a 
 great crowd rushed over toward Main street 
 and down town. Simultaneous attacks were 
 made upon the entrances of several gun 
 stores, and the places completely gutted of 
 firearms, powder, cartridges and other ammu- 
 nition. In the meantime others of the mob 
 had fired the jail and the court-house, in a 
 score of places, coal oil and powder being 
 liberally used, and neighboring stores and 
 groceries being sacked for the purpose. 
 Affairs were assuming a serious and critical 
 aspect. The light of the fires illuminated the 
 whole city, causing hundreds of other citizens, 
 upon the hilltops and in the suburbs, to hasten 
 to the scene. 
 
 Immediately after the sentence had been 
 pronounced that afternoon the murderer 
 Berner had been hurried to Columbus, going 
 in a buggy to Linwood, where the train was 
 taken. He was in custody of Dominick Devots, 
 a watchman or deputy sheriff, and through the 
 latter’s negligence the prisoner managed to 
 escape from him while the train was at Love- 
 land. All these things the rioters of course 
 were ignorant of. They had been told by 
 Sheriff Hawkins that the prisoner was not in 
 jail upon the first attack, but this was looked 
 
8o8 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 upon as a subterfuge to cause them to cease 
 their violence. The fires around the jail and 
 court-house had been put out, and towards 
 early morning the mob, almost worn out with 
 their labors, thinned out, but hundreds re- 
 mained about the scene throughout the night, 
 and as the hours approached the working hour 
 their numbers were increased. 
 
 All day long Saturday the militia and po- 
 lice were on duty, and the court-house and 
 jail were surrounded by tired-out but deter- 
 mined men, and thousands of others drawn 
 there by the excitement of the occasion. 
 
 There were no attempts at attack made dur- 
 ing the day, but Saturday night for several 
 blocks abo ve and below to the east and the west 
 of the jail and court-house the streets were 
 choked by rioters who had greatly increased 
 their strength, and another attack on the jail 
 was made. 
 
 This proved to be the most serious attack 
 of all, and the most disastrous. Admission 
 was gained to the court-house. The militia in 
 the streets were held in a hollow square formed 
 under the masterful leadership of some of 
 their number. Once inside the court-house, 
 the work of demolition began. The whole 
 magnificent stone building seemed to become 
 ignited at once. The whole place was gutted 
 and the valuable records of three-quarters of 
 a century’s accumulation were destroyed. 
 
 The building burned to the ground. The 
 governor of the State had called out the 
 militia of the State, and they were arriving 
 by every train. Their appearance upon the 
 scene seemed to more aggravate and in- 
 cense the mob, and being fired upon a bloody 
 riot began in the streets, men being mowed 
 down like grass under the keen sweep of a 
 scythe. 
 
 Captain John J. Desmond, of the militia, 
 was shot and killed inside the burning court- 
 house, while leading an attack on the mob. 
 Many prominent citizens received wounds 
 from stray shots of the militia. Windows, 
 doors and even walls of houses in the vicinity 
 of the riot to this day bear evidence of that 
 time of terror and bloodshed. 
 
 United States Secretary of War Lincoln 
 ordered to the scene the United States troops, 
 and their appearance seemed to have the de- 
 sired efi'ect, as the rioters gradually dispersed. 
 The result was, however, that 45 persons 
 were killed and 125 wounded. 
 
 Berner, the cause of all this terrible loss 
 and destruction to life and property, was 
 recaptured late on Saturday afternoon in an 
 out-of-the-way house in the woods on a hill- 
 
 side near Loveland. When captured by 
 Cincinnati detectives, aided by the marshal 
 of Loveland, he was coolly enjoying a game 
 of cards, and was unaware of the riot and 
 the attack upon the jail. He was taken to 
 Columbus and lodged in the State peniten- 
 tiary under the sentence that had been passed 
 upon him on the 26th day of March of con- 
 finement for twenty years. 
 
 The Jail Riot of 1848. — The most dis- 
 astrous jail riot preceding that above related 
 by Mr. Millar, in the history of the city, 
 occurred in the summer of 1848, the details 
 of which are given in the Reminiscences of 
 Judge Carter, who is alluded to in the pre- 
 ceding article. Two returned volunteers 
 (Grermans) from the Mexican war, who were 
 boarding in a German family consisting of a 
 man and wife and daughter of eleven years 
 of age, were arrested by the parents on the 
 charge of having committed a horrible out- 
 rage upon their child. At the examination 
 at the old court-house, the bed-clothes and 
 under-garments of the little girl were shown 
 covered with blood, which, with her testimony 
 and that of the parents, so frenzied the spec- 
 tators that it was with difficulty that the 
 sheriff, Thomas J. Weaver, could lodge them 
 in the jail, and then had to call in the service 
 of the Cincinnati Grays and Citizens’ Guards 
 to protect it from the mob. 
 
 That night the mob made an attack upon 
 the jail. The sheriff first tried expostulation 
 but this was useless. Then he ordered the 
 military to fire with blank cartridges, which 
 only the more enraged them. Finally he 
 repeated the order to fire, with ball, when 
 eleven persons fell dead, some of them in- 
 nocent bystanders, and the mob dispersed. 
 
 “ But,” writes the judge, “ the sequel. I 
 was the prosecuting attorney at the time, and 
 know of what I speak. At the next term of 
 court a bill of ipdictment against these poor 
 volunteer soldiers was unanimously ignored 
 on the plain and simple ground of their 
 entire innocence. They had served their 
 adopted country, and were hard-working, in- 
 dustrious, honest men. They had been the 
 victims of these Germans, who, because they 
 could not induce them to give up their land 
 warrants entitling them each for honorable 
 service to 160 acres of land, had conspired 
 with their little daughter to get up and main- 
 tain this awful charge. After their discharge 
 there was a hunt after their guilty prosecutors 
 to lynch them, when it was found that father, 
 mother and daughter had disappeared and 
 were never heard of after. ’ ’ 
 
 The Pioneer Celebration at Columbia. 
 
 Columbia, included in the city limits, and in its first ward, since 1873, was, 
 on the 4th of July, 1889, the scene of an eventful celebration. This was the 
 celebration of the centennial of the 4th of July since the first boatload of pioneers 
 landed there in November, 1789. On this occasion a monument was dedi- 
 cated to their memory ; and the first monument that has been erected over the 
 graves of pioneers in the Northwest. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 809 
 
 It stands on the beautiful knoll 
 whereon stood the old Baptist 
 church, the first Protestant church 
 organized in the Northwest. 
 
 This knoll contains two acres of 
 ground, deeded in 1804, by Benj. 
 
 Stites, to the Baptists of Columbia 
 township. The gravestone slabs 
 of the pioneers whiten the spot, and 
 noble old elms bending over give 
 it a pensive charm. 
 
 The monument is just five miles 
 from Fountain Square, with a grand 
 outlook up and down the Ohio 
 valley, and up that of the Little 
 Miami ; just at that point where 
 the railroad trains, whisking around 
 a curve, bid farewell to the former 
 and go up the varied windings of 
 a stream, whose ever changing 
 vistas bring forth admiring exclama- 
 tions from hosts of travellers, who, 
 though they should keep on to the 
 uttermost parts of the earth, would 
 never find a valley more sweet. 
 
 The monument was erected by 
 the Columbia Monumental Association, George E. Stevens, President; con- 
 sisting of fifteen delegates from five Baptist churches now in the original 
 bounds of Columbia township. The present title of this body is the Mount 
 Lookout Duck Creek Baptist church. 
 
 ing “America,” firing of cannon, and speak- 
 ing under a huge tent. Lev. G-. W. Lasher, 
 presiding. Rev. Br. Galusha Anderson, 
 President of Dennison University, opened 
 with a history and eulogy of the Baptist 
 Church, wherein he proclaimed the Baptists 
 had ever been peculiar friends of religious 
 liberty. ^ But he did not allude to their early 
 persecutions ; did not speak of Roger Wil- 
 liams in Puritan New England, nor to their 
 treatment in Episcopal Virginia, where, 140 
 years ago, oyer thirty Baptist ministers 
 were thrown into dungeons, and outrageous 
 mobs broke up their meetings ; in one case 
 tossing a snake and a hornets’ nest into their 
 midst. 
 
 Gen. Sam’l F. Cary occupied an hour and 
 a half with a rousing good speech, consist- 
 ing of pioneer reminiscences, with humorous 
 allusions and anecdotes. 
 
 After him. Judge Joseph Cox spoke in- 
 structively upon the Mound Builders and 
 their works. 
 
 Henry Howe, who was supposed to know 
 something about Ohio, having been present 
 by invitation, was called upon to make a few 
 remarks. He did not speak of Ohio at all, 
 but alluded to a historical tour he made over 
 New Jersey 47 years before, and of the ex- 
 The celebration consisted of a procession cellent qualities of Jerseymen, which espe- 
 headed by the Newport Band, prayer, read- cially fitted them to make the best kind of 
 
 ing the Declaration of Independence, sing- pioneers : and it was well that Columbia got 
 
 On one side of the freestone pedestal is en- 
 graved, “ To the Pioneers Landing near this 
 spot November 18, 1788.” 
 
 On the obverse side — “ To the first boat-load of 
 pioneers landing near this spot — Major Benj. 
 Stites, Mrs. Benj. Stites, Ben. Stites, Jr., Rachel 
 Stites, Ann W. Stites, Greenbright Bailey, Mrs. 
 Greenbright Bailey, Jas. F. Bailey, Reasom 
 Bailey, Abel Cook, Jacob Mills, Jonathan 
 Stites, Ephraim Kibby, John S. Gano, Mrs. 
 Mary S. Gano, Thos. C. Wade, Hezekiah Stites, 
 Elijah Stites, Edmund Buxton, Daniel Shoe- 
 maker, Hempstead, Evan Shelby, Allen 
 
 Woodruff, Hampton Woodruff, Joseph Cox, 
 Benjamin Cox.” 
 
 On the third side is — “ The Baptists of Co- 
 lumbia Township in 1889 erected this pillar to 
 commemorate the heroism and piety of the 
 first Baptist pioneers of 1788-90. The first 
 church in the Northwest Territory was the Co- 
 lumbia Baptist Church, organized January 20, 
 1790. Constituent members, Benj. Davis, Mary 
 Davis, John Ferris, Elizabeth Ferris, Isaac 
 Ferris (deacon), Joseph Reynolds, Amy Rey- 
 nolds, John S. Gano, Thos. C. Wade.” 
 
 On the fourth side — “ The Columbia Baptist 
 Church erected its first house of worship on 
 this spot in 1792. The lot contains two acres of 
 ground purchased of Benj. Stites, was deeded 
 to the Baptists of Columbia Township.” 
 
 Old Baptist Church at Columbia. 
 
 This church was taken down in 1835. The Society 
 which worshipped in it was constituted in 1790, by Dr. 
 Stephen Gano. The engraving shows it as it appeared 
 in 1830, when it was in ruins. 
 
8io 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 such, and as was proved a superior quality of 
 Jersey men. 
 
 The thought of one of the speakers of the 
 occasion is a sad memory to all who knew 
 him. That is Surgeon-General A. F. Jones, 
 of Walnut Hills, whpa few months later was 
 murdpred by his negro servant. It was that 
 old historian of this region and patriotic man 
 who inaugurated the planting of trees in 
 Eden Park to the memory of the pioneers, 
 now known as “Pioneer Grove.'’ And to 
 him does this very monument owe its origin, 
 
 for years before he had suggested its build- 
 ing and made efforts in that direction. 
 
 The subject of “Progress” ended the ex- 
 ercises in the form of a carefully written 
 paper upon that topic read by Hr. M. C. 
 Lockwood. 
 
 The monument is a Corinthian pillar of 
 Ohio freestone, with pedestal and base of 
 granite ; it is 43 feet in height and eventually 
 is to be surmounted by the statue of a 
 pioneer. 
 
 \ Oliver M. Spencer, then a boy, was at Columbia as early as 1790. He was 
 In 1792 taken prisoner by the Indians. In his Reminiscences he has left this 
 description of the life of the first settlers : 
 
 It is, perhaps, unknown to many, that the 
 broad and extensive plain stretching along the 
 Ohio from the Crawfish to the mouth, and 
 for three miles up the Little Miami, and now 
 divided into farms, highly cultivated, was the 
 ancient site of Columbia, a town laid out by 
 Major Benjamin Stites, its original proprie- 
 tor ; and by him and others once expected to 
 become a large city, the great capital of the 
 West From Crawfish, the small creek form- 
 ing its northwestern boundary, more than 
 one mile up the Ohio, and extending back 
 about three-fourths of a mile, and half way 
 up the high hill which formed a part of its 
 eastern and northern limits, the ground was 
 laid off into blocks, containing each eight lots 
 of half an acre, bounded by streets inter- 
 sected at right angles. The residue of the 
 pkin was divided into lots of four and five 
 acres, for the accommodation of the town. 
 Over this plain, on our arrival, we found 
 scattered about fifty cabins, flanked by a small 
 stockade nearly half a mile below the mouth 
 of the Miami, together with a few block- 
 houses for the protection of the inhabitants, 
 at suitable distances along the bank of the 
 Ohio. 
 
 Fresh in my remembrance is the rude log- 
 house, the flrst humble sanctuary of the first 
 settlers of Columbia, standing amidst the tall 
 forest trees, on the beautiful knoll, where 
 now (1834) is a grave-yard, and the ruins of 
 a Baptist meeting-house of later years. 
 There, on the holy Sabbath, we were wont to 
 assemble to hear the word of life ; but our 
 fathers met with their muskets and rifles, 
 prepared for action, and ready to repel any 
 attack of the enemy. And while the watch- 
 man on the walls of Zion was uttering his 
 faithful and pathetic warning, the sentinels 
 without, at a few rods distance, with meas- 
 ured step, were now pacing their walks, and 
 now standing and with strained eyes endeav- 
 oring to pierce through the distance, care- 
 fully scanning every object that seemed to 
 have life or motion. 
 
 The first clergyman I there heard preach 
 was Mr. Gano, father of the late Gen. Gano, 
 of this city, then a captain, and one of the 
 earliest settlers of Columbia. Never shall I 
 forget that holy and venerable man, with 
 locks white with years, as with a voice trem- 
 
 ulous with age, he ably expounded the word 
 of truth. 
 
 I well recollect, that in 1791, so scarce and 
 dear was flour, that the little that could be 
 afforded in families was laid by to be used 
 only in sickness, or for the entertainment of 
 friends, and although corn was then abun- 
 dant, there was but one mill (Wickerham’s), 
 a floating mill, on the Little Miami, near 
 where Turpin’s now (1834) stands; it was 
 built in a small flat boat tied to the bank, its 
 wheel turning slowly with the natural current 
 running between the flat and a small pirogue 
 anchored in the stream, and on which one 
 end of its shaft rested ; and having only one 
 pair of small stones, it was at best barely 
 sufllcient to supply meal for the inhabitants 
 of Columbia and the neighboring families ; 
 and sometimes, from low water and other un- 
 favorable circumstances, it was of little use, 
 so that we were obliged to supply the defi- 
 ciency from hand-mills, a most laborious 
 mode of grinding. 
 
 Pleasant Rural Scenes . — The winter of 
 1791-2 was followed by an early and delight- 
 ful spring ; indeed, I have often thought that 
 our first western winters were much milder, 
 our springs earlier, and our autumns longer 
 than they now are. On the last of February 
 some of the trees were putting forth their 
 foliage ; in March the red bud, the hawthorn 
 and the dog-wood, in full bloom, checkered 
 the hills, displaying their beautiful colors of 
 rose and lily ; and in April the ground was 
 covered with May apple, bloodroot, ginseng, 
 violets, and a great variety of herbs and 
 flowers. Flocks of parroquets were seen, 
 decked in their rich plumage of green and 
 gold. Birds of various species, and of every 
 hue, were flitting from tree to tree, and the 
 beautiful redbird, and the untaught songster 
 of the west, made the woods vocal with their 
 melody. Now might be heard the plaintive 
 wail of the dove, and the rumbling drum of 
 the partridge, or the loud gobble of the 
 turkey. Here might be seen the clumsy 
 bear, doggedly moving off, or urged by pur- 
 suit into a laboring gallop, retreating to his 
 citadel in the top of some lofty tree ; or, ap- 
 proached suddenly, raising hirnself erect in 
 the attitude of defence, facing his enemy and 
 waiting his approach ; there the timid deer. 
 
william henry HARRISON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, 
 
 Ninth President of the United States. Twenty-third President of the United States. 
 
8i2 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 watchfully resting, or cautiously feeding, or, 
 aroused from his thicket, gracefully bounding 
 oiF, then stopping, erecting his stately head 
 and for a moment gazing around, or sniffing 
 the air to ascertain his enemy, instantly 
 springing off, clearing Ipgs and bushes at a 
 bound, and soon distancing his pursuers. It 
 seemed an earthly paradise ; and but for ap- 
 prehension of the wily copperhead, who lay 
 silently coiled among the leaves, or beneath 
 the plants, waiting to strike his victim ; the 
 horrid rattle-snake, who more chivalrous, 
 however, with head erect amidst its ample 
 folds, prepared to dart upon his foe, gener- 
 ously with the loud noise of his rattle, ap- 
 prised him of danger ; and the still more 
 fearful and insidious savage, who, crawling 
 upop the ground, or noiselessly approaching 
 behind trees and thickets, sped the deadly 
 shaft or fatal bullet, you might have fancied 
 ou were in the confines of Eden or the 
 orders of Eb^sium. 
 
 Turkey Bottom . — At this delightful season, 
 the inhabitants of our village went forth to 
 their labor, inclosing the fields, which the 
 spring flood had opened, tilling their ground, 
 and planting their corn for their next year’s 
 sustenance. I said, went forth, for their prin- 
 cipal corn-field was distant from Columbia 
 
 about one and_ a half miles east, and adjoin- 
 ing the extensive plain on which the town 
 stood. That large tract of alluvial ground, 
 still known by the name of Turkey Bottom, 
 and which, lying about fifteen feet below the 
 adjoining plain, and annually overflowed, is 
 yet very fertile, was laid off into lots of five 
 acres each, and owned by the inhabitants of 
 Columbia ; some possessing one, and otherc 
 two or more lots ; and to save labor, was en- 
 closed with one fence. Here the men gen 
 erally worked in companies exchanging labor, 
 or in adjoining fields, with their fire-arms 
 near them, that in case of an attack they 
 might be ready to unite for their common 
 defence. Here, their usual annual crop of 
 corn from ground very ordinarily cultivated 
 was eighty bushels per acre ; and some lots, 
 well tilled, produced a hundred, and in very 
 favorable seasons, a hundred and ten bushels 
 to the acre. An inhabitant of New England, 
 New Jersey, or some portions of Maryland, 
 would scarcely think it credible, that in hills 
 four feet apart, were four or five stalks, one 
 and a half inches in diameter, and fifteen feet 
 in height, bearing each two or three ears of 
 corn, of which some were so far from the 
 ground, that to pull them an ordinary man 
 was obliged to stand on tiptoe. 
 
 BIOGHAPHY. 
 
 Governors of Ohio from Cincinnati. 
 
 Thirteen of the Governors of the State have been at some time citizens of 
 Cincinnati, one of whom only, William Dennison, was born in the city. They 
 were Othniel Looker, 1814; Ethan Allen Brown, 1818-1822 ; Salmon P. Chase, 
 1856-1860 ; William Dennison, 1860-1862 ; John Brough, 1864, 1865 ; Charles 
 Anderson, 1865, 1866 ; Jacob D. Cox, 1866-1868 ; Hutherford B. Hayes, 1868- 
 1872; also 1876, 1877; Edward F. Noyes, 1872-1874; Thomas L. Young, 
 1887, 1888 ; Richard M. Bishop, 1878-1880; George M. Hoadley, 1884-1886 ; 
 Joseph B. Foraker, 1888-1890. 
 
 We annex slight sketches of those not elsewhere noted : 
 
 Othniel Looker was born in New York, in 1757 ; was a private in the war 
 of the revolution and a man of humble origin and calling, and of whose history 
 but little is known, but, being Speaker in the Ohio Senate, by virtue of that office 
 became acting Governor for eight months when General Meigs resigned to go into 
 Mr. Aladisoifs cabinet. He was later defeated as a candidate for Governor 
 against Thomas Worthington. 
 
 Ethan Allen Brown was born in Darien, Conn., July 4, 1766 ; studied 
 law with Alexander Hamilton ; settled in Cincinnati in 1804 ; from 1810 to 1818 
 was a Supreme Judge, when he was elected Governor and began agitating the 
 subject of constructing canals. In 1820 was re-elected over Jeremiah Morrow 
 and General Wm. Henry Harrison ; in 1822 was elected to the United States 
 Senate; from 1830 to 1834 U. S. Minister to Brazil; later Commissioner of 
 Public Lands; then retired to private life and died in 1852 in Indianapolis after 
 a long and useful career. 
 
 Thomas L. Young was born on the estate of Lord Dufferin, in North Ireland, 
 Dec. 14, 1832 ; came to this country at fifteen years of age; served ten years as 
 a private in the regular army, entering on tlie last year of the Mexican war ; in 
 1859 came to Cincinnati ; graduated at its law school. When the rebellion broke 
 out was assistant superintendent of the House of Refuge, Reform School, and on 
 the 18th of March wrote a letter to Gen. Winfield &ott, whom he personally 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 813 
 
 knew, offering his services for the coming war, thus becoming the first volunteer 
 from Hamilton count}i. He eventually entered the army, was commissioned 
 colonel and for extraordinary gallantry at Resaca was brevetted general. In 1866 
 he was elected to the legislature ; in 1872 served as a Senator, and in 1876 elected 
 Lieut.-Governor and succeeded R. B. Hayes when he became President. As 
 Governor of Ohio during the railroad riots he showed extraordinary pluck. 
 Being asked to call upon the general government for aid from the regular troops 
 he replied tersely : No, not until the last man in Ohio is whipped.’^ He 
 died July 19, 1888, singularly admired for his thorough manliness. 
 
 Richard M. Bishop was born in Fleming county, Kentucky, in 1812, and 
 at the age of thirty-six came to Cincinnati, where for many years he was at the 
 head of a wholesale grocery house ; in 1859 was elected Mayor of the city and in 
 1877 Governor of the State. He has ever been a public-spirited and highly 
 respected citizen and now, in advanced life, is erect as in youth and possesses a fine 
 patriarchal presence, wearing a long flowing beard, as grand we dare say as that 
 Moses had when on Pisgah. From early life he has been one of the most promi- 
 nent men of the Disciples or Campbellite Baptist Church, the same as that with 
 which President Garfield was identified. 
 
 JOHN CLEVES SYMMES— Father. 
 
 ANNA HARRISON— Daughter. 
 
 William Henry Harrison was born at Berkley, on James river, twenty-five 
 miles from Richmond, Virginia, in 1773. He 
 was the youngest of three sons of Benjamin Har- 
 rison, who represented Virginia in Congress in 
 1774-1776 and was chairman of the committee 
 of the whole house, when the declaration of independence was agreed to, and was 
 one of its signers. He was elected Governor of Virginia, and was one of the most 
 popular officers that ever filled the executive chair. He died in 1791. 
 
 Wm. Henry Harrison entered Hampden Sydney College, which he left at 
 seventeen years of age. He then began the study of medicine, but the death of 
 his father checked his professional aspirations ; and the note of preparation 
 
8i4 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 which was sounding through the country, for a campaign against the Indians of 
 the West, decided his destiny, and he resolved to enter into the service of his 
 government. 
 
 His guardian, the celebrated Robert Morris, 
 opposed his wishes ; but it was in vain that 
 he placed the enterprise before the enthu- 
 siastic youth in all its hardships and priva- 
 tions. General Washington yielded to the 
 importunities of the youth ; presented him 
 with an ensign’s commission. With charac- 
 teristic ardor he departed for Fort Washing- 
 ton, now Cincinnati ; where, however, he 
 arrived too late to participate in the unfortu- 
 nate campaign of St. Clair. The fatal 4th of 
 November had passed, and he was only in 
 time to learn the earliest intelligence of the 
 death of Butler, and of Oldham, and of the 
 unparalleled massacre of the army of St. 
 Clair. 
 
 The return of the broken troops had no 
 effect in damping the zeal of young Harrison. 
 He devoted himself ardently to the study of 
 the theory of the highe? tactics ; and when, 
 in the succeeding year, W ayne assumed the 
 command. Ensign Harrison was selected by 
 him for one of his aids, and distinguished 
 himself in Wayne’s victory. 
 
 After the treaty of Greenville, 1795, he 
 was given command of Fort Washington ; and 
 shortly after married the daughter of Judge 
 Symmes, the proprietor of the Miami pur- 
 chase. 
 
 The idleness and dissipation of a garrison 
 life comported neither with the taste nor 
 active temper of Captain Harrison. He re- 
 signed his commission, and commenced his 
 civil career, at the age of twenty-four years, 
 as secretary of the Northwestern Territory. 
 He was elected, in 1799, the first delegate in 
 Congress. The first and general object of 
 his attention as a representative was an 
 alteration of the land system of the Territory. 
 He was appointed chairman of the committee 
 on lands, and though meeting with much 
 opposition from speculators, secured the 
 passage of a law for the subdivision of public 
 lands into smaller tracts.^ To this measure is 
 to be imputed the rapid settlement of the 
 country northwest of the Ohio. 
 
 The reputation acquired by the young 
 delegate from his legislative success created 
 a party in his favor, who intimated a desire 
 that he should supersede the venerable 
 governor of the Territory. But Mr. Harrison 
 checked the development of this feeling as 
 soon as it was made known to him. He 
 cherished too high a veneration for the pure 
 and patriotic St. Clair to oppose him. 
 Shortly after, when Indiana was erected into 
 a separate Territory, he was appointed by Mr. 
 Adams the first governor. Previously, how- 
 ever, to quitting Congress, he was present at 
 the discussion of the bill for the settlement 
 of Judge Symmes’ purchase; and although 
 this gentleman was his father-in-law, he took 
 an active part in favor of those individuals 
 who had purchased from him before he had 
 obtained his patent. This was the impulse 
 
 of stern duty ; for at the moment he felt he 
 was jeoparding a large pecuniary interest of 
 his father-in-law. 
 
 In 1801 Governor Harrison entered upon 
 the duties of his new office, at the old military 
 post of Vincennes. The powers with which 
 he was vested by law have never, since the 
 organization of our government, been con- 
 ferred upon any other officer, civil or military ; 
 and the arduous character of the duties he 
 had to perform can only be appreciated by 
 those who were acquainted with the savage 
 and cunning temper of ^ the northwestern 
 Indians, with the genius of the early 
 pioneers, and the nature of a frontier settle- 
 ment. Among his duties was that of com- 
 missioner to treat with the Indians. In this 
 capacity he concluded fifteen treaties, and 
 purchased their title to upwards of seventy 
 million of acres of land. 
 
 The whole Territory consisted of three 
 settlements, so widely separated that it was 
 impossible for them to contribute to their 
 mutual defence. The first was Clarke’s grant 
 at the falls of Ohio ; the second, the old 
 French establishment at Vincennes ; and the 
 third extended from Kaskaskia to Kahokia, 
 on the Mississippi ; the whole comprising a 
 population of about five thousand souls. The 
 Territory, thus defenceless, presented a 
 frontier, assailable almost at ever}’^ point, on 
 the northeast, north, and northwest bounda- 
 ries. Numerous tribes of warlike Indians 
 were thickly scattered throughout the 
 northern portion of the Territory, whose 
 hostile feelings were constantly inflamed by 
 the intrigues of British agents and traders, if 
 not by the immediate influence of the English 
 government itself, and not unfrequently by 
 the uncontrollable outrages of the American 
 hunters themselves. Governor Harrison 
 applied himself with characteristic energy 
 and skill to his duties. Justice tempered by 
 mildness ; conciliation and firmness, accom- 
 panied by a never slumbering watchfulness ; 
 were the means he used. These enabled him 
 to surmount difficulties, under which an ordi- 
 nary capacity must have been prostrated. 
 
 During the year 1811, however, the 
 intrigues of British agents operating on the 
 passions of the Indians, brought affairs to a 
 crisis which rendered hostilities unavoidable. 
 Harrison called upon Colonel Boyd, of the 4th 
 United States regiment, then at Pittsburg 
 (who immediately joined him), and embodied 
 a militia force as strong as the emergency 
 would permit. To these were added a small 
 but gallant band of chivalrous volunteers from 
 Kentucky, consisting of about sixty-five 
 individuals. With these he commenced his 
 march towards the prophet’s town at Tippe- 
 canoe. On the 6th of November he arrived 
 in sight of the Indian village, and made 
 several fruitless attempts to negotiate with 
 the savages. Finding it impossible to bring 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 815 
 
 them to any discussion, he resolved to encamp 
 for the night, under a promise from the 
 chiefs to hold a conference next day. The 
 men reposed upon the spot which each, 
 individually, should occupy, in case of attack. 
 The event justified the anticipations of the 
 chief. On the morning of the 7th, before 
 daylight, the onset was made with the usual 
 yells and impetuosity. But the army was 
 ready ; Harrison had risen some time before, 
 and had roused the of&cers near him. The 
 Indians fought with their usual desperation, 
 and maintained their ground for some time 
 with extraordinary courage. Victory declared 
 in favor of discipline, at the expense, how- 
 ever, of some of the most gallant spirits of 
 the age. Among the slain were Colonels 
 Daveis and Owen, of Kentucky, and Captain 
 Spencer, of Indiana. Governor Harrison re- 
 ceived a bullet through his stock, without 
 touching his neck. The legislature of Ken- 
 tucky, at its next session, while in mourning 
 for her gallant dead, passed the following 
 resolution, viz. : 
 
 '''‘Resolved^ That Governor William H. 
 Harrison has behaved like a hero, a patriot 
 and general ; and that for his cool, deliberate, 
 skilful and gallant conduct, in the battle of 
 Tippecanoe, he well deserves the thanks of 
 the nation.” 
 
 From this period, until after the declara- 
 tion of war against England, Governor Har- 
 rison was unremittingly engaged in negotia- 
 ting with the Indians, and preparing to resist 
 a more extended attack from them. In 
 August, 1812, he received the brevet of major- 
 general in the Kentucky militia, to enable 
 him to command the forces marching to 
 relieve Detroit. The surrender of Hull 
 changed the face of affairs ; he was appointed 
 a major-general in the army of the United 
 States, and his duties embraced a larger 
 sphere. Everything was in confusion, and 
 everything was to be done ; money, arms and 
 men were to be raised. It is under circum- 
 stances like these that the talents of a great 
 general are developed more powerfully than in 
 conducting a battle. To do justice to this 
 part of the biography of Harrison requires a 
 volume of itself Becoming stronger from 
 reverses, collecting munitions of war, and 
 defending Fort Meigs, were the prominent 
 features of his operations, until we find him 
 in pursuit of Proctor, on the Canadian shore. 
 On the 5th of October, 1813, he brought the 
 British army and their Indian allies, under 
 Proctor and Tecum seh, to action, near the 
 river Thames. The victory achieved by 
 militia over the disciplined troops of England, 
 on this brilliant day, was decisive ; and like 
 the battle of the Cowpens, in the war of the 
 revolution,^ spread joy and animation over the 
 whole Union. For this important action, 
 Congress presented General Harrison with a 
 gold medal. The success of the day is mainly 
 attributable to the novel expedient of charging 
 through the British lines with mounted in- 
 fantry. The glory of originating this manoeu- 
 vre belongs exclusively to General Harrison. 
 
 The northwestern frontier being thus re- 
 
 lieved, Gen. Harrison left his troops at Sach- 
 et’s Harbor, under the command of Col. 
 Smith, and departed for Washington by the 
 way of New York, Philadelphia and Balti- 
 more, and on the whole route he was received 
 with enthusiasm. 
 
 Owing to a misunderstanding between Mr. 
 Secretary Armstrong and himself, Gen. Har- 
 rison resigned his commission in the spring 
 of 1814. Mr. Madison sincerely deplored 
 this step, and assured Governor Shelby, in a 
 letter written immediately after the resigna- 
 tion, “ that it would not have been accepted 
 had he been in Washington.” It was re- 
 ceived and accepted by Secretary Armstrong, 
 while the President was absent at the springs. 
 
 Gen. Harrison retired to his farm at North 
 Bend, in Ohio, from which he was success- 
 ively called by the people, to represent them 
 in the Congress of the United States, and in 
 the legislature of the State. In 1824-5 he 
 was elected to the Senate of the United 
 States ; and in 1828 he was appointed minis- 
 ter to Colombia, which station he held until 
 he was recalled by President Jackson, not for 
 any alleged fault, but in consequence of some 
 difference of views on the Panama question. 
 Gen. Harrison again returned to the pursuits 
 of agriculture at North Bend. In 1834, on 
 the almost unanimous petition of the citizens 
 of the county, he was appointed prothonotary 
 of the Court of Hamilton county. 
 
 In 1840 Gen. Harrison was called by the 
 people of the United States to preside over 
 the country as its chief magistrate. His 
 election was a triumphant one ; of 294 votes 
 for President he received 234. From the time 
 when he was first nominated for the office 
 until his death, he had been rising in public 
 esteem and confidence ; he entered upon the 
 duties of his office with an uncommon degree 
 of popularity, and a high expectation was 
 cherished that his administration would be 
 honorable to himself and advantageous to the 
 country. His death, which took place April 
 4th, 1841, just a month after his inaugura- 
 tion, caused a deep sensation throughout the 
 country. He was the first President of the 
 United States that had died in office. 
 
 President Harrison was distinguished by a 
 generosity and liberality of feeling which was 
 exercised beyond what strict justice to him- 
 self and family should have permitted. With 
 ample opportunity for amassing immense 
 wealth, he ever disdained to profit by his 
 public situation for private emolument His 
 theory was too rigidly honest to permit him 
 to engage in speculation, and his chivalry was 
 too sensitive to permit him to use the time 
 belonging to his country for private^ benefit. 
 After nearly fifty years devotion to his duties 
 in the highest stations, he left at his death 
 but little more to his family than the inherit- 
 ance of an unsullied reputation. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, son of Senator John 
 •Scott Harrison and grandson of Gen. Wm. 
 Henry Harrison, was born in North Bend, 
 Ohio, August 20, 1833 ; graduated at Miami 
 University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1852. While at 
 college he formed an attachment for Caroline 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Si6 
 
 L. Scotl, daughter of John W. Scott, presi- 
 dent of Oxford Female Seminary, and they 
 were married October 20, 1853. 
 
 He studied law in the office of Storer & 
 Gwynne, in Cincinnati, and in 1854 removed 
 to Indianapolis, Ind. He was elected re- 
 porter of the State Supreme Court in 1860, 
 and in 1862 entered the army as second lieu- 
 tenant of the 70th Indiana Volunteers — a 
 regiment which he assisted in raising, and of 
 which, when completed. Governor Morcon 
 appointed him colonel. 
 
 He was a valuable and efficient officer, 
 greatly beloved by his men, to whom his 
 many acts of kindness and consideration 
 greatly endeared him, and he was by them 
 called “Little Ben.” His actions at the 
 battle of Peach Tree Creek greatly pleased 
 Gen. Hooker, who said of him : “My atten- 
 tion was first attracted to this young officer 
 by the superior excellence of his brigade in 
 discipline and instruction — the result of his 
 labor, skill and devotion. With more fore- 
 sight than I have witnessed in any officer of 
 his experience, he seemed to act upon a prin- 
 ciple, that success depended upon the thor- 
 ough preparation in discipline and esprit of 
 his command for conflict more than on any 
 influence that could be exerted upon the field 
 itself ; and when collision came, his command 
 vindicated his wisdom as much as his valor. 
 In all of the achievements of the 20th Corps 
 in that campaign (from Chattanooga to At- 
 lanta), Col. Harrison bore a conspicuous part. 
 AtResaca and Peach Tree Creek the conduct 
 of himself and command was especially dis- 
 tinguished. ’ ’ 
 
 He served to the close of the war, and was 
 mustered out in the grand review in Wash- 
 ington, in June, 1865, with the rank of brevet 
 brigadier-general. 
 
 Gen. Harrison had been re-elected, in 1864, 
 while still in the army, to the office of State 
 Supreme Court reporter, and assumed the 
 duties of the office on his return to Indian- 
 apolis. In 1879 he was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Hayes a member of the Mississippi 
 River Commission. At the National Repul)- 
 lican Convention of 1880, held in Chicago, 
 he was chairman of the Indiana delegation, 
 and his name was placed in nomination, but 
 he withdrew it. In 1880 he was chosen U. 
 S. Senator, and held that seat until March 
 3, 1887. In 1884 he was a delegate at large 
 from Indiana to the National Republican 
 Convention; and his name was again men- 
 tioned in connection with the presidency. 
 
 In the National Republican Convention, 
 held in Chicago in June, 1888, he was nomi- 
 nated for the presidency on the eighth bal- 
 lot, receiving 544 votes. The Democratic 
 party renominated Grover Cleveland, and 
 the tarifiF issue became the main question of 
 the campaign. All through the campaign 
 (Jen. Harrison made almost daily speeches to 
 visiting delegations, giving free expression to 
 his views and opinions on almost every ques- 
 tion of the day ; and his remarkably sound 
 judgment and comprehension of all vital 
 questions was signally illustrated in language 
 of unusual simplicity and clearness. He re- 
 ceived 233 votes in the Electoral college 
 against 168 for Grover Cleveland. 
 
 Let us go in ; these ladies have 
 some conspiracy together.’^ Such was 
 a remark playfully made to us in a 
 garden, near sunset, on an August even- 
 ing in the summer of 1845. Two old 
 gentlemen and their wives, two old 
 ladies, were present, beside the writer ; 
 the ladies were a little one side, look- 
 ing at the flowers glinting in the de- 
 clining rays, and, true to their sex, busy 
 talking. The speaker was Henry Clay, 
 and this was his home, Ashland, near 
 Lexington, Ky. He had invited us 
 to tea, and directed through the house 
 but a few moments before, we had 
 found him in his garden. The other 
 was Jacob Burnet, to whom he had 
 introduced us. No man then living 
 had made such an impress as he upon 
 the history of Ohio and the Northwest. 
 He looked every inch the peer of Mr. 
 Clay, as indeed he was. They were 
 strong friends ; but in person and man- 
 ners antipodal. Mr. Clay was all ge; 
 musical. Judge Burnet was a trifle 
 
 JACOB BURNET. 
 
 liality, his voice deeply sonorous and 
 less in stature than Mr. Clay, but 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 817 
 
 broader. He was then seventy-six years of age ; Mr. Clay several years younger. 
 The Judge was a thorough gentleman of the old school, of Scotch descent, his 
 complexion very dark, swarthy ; eyes black, and general expression forbidding, 
 and manner reserved and dignified. He walked with a cane, his hair in a queue, 
 and we think he wore a ruffied shirt. His residence at this time was in a large 
 old-style mansion, square in shape, with a broad hall running through the centre, 
 on Seventh street, corner Elm, Cincinnati, of which city he was its first citizen. 
 
 This eminent man was the son of Dr. Wil- 
 liam Burnet, surgeon-general of the Revolu- 
 tionary army, and a member of the Conti- 
 nental Congress ; was born at Newark, N. J., 
 in 1770 ; was educated at Princeton, and in 
 1796, when twenty-six years of age, came 
 to Cincinnati to practise law, then a village 
 of a few log-cabins and 150 inhabitants. The 
 entire territory, now comprising five States 
 and ten millions of people, was mostly a wil- 
 derness, containing scarcely the semblance of 
 a road, bridge, or ferry. This territory was 
 divided into four counties — Washington, 
 Hamilton, St. Clair, and Knox. The seats 
 of justice were respectively at Marietta, Cin- 
 cinnati, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes, in each 
 of which Courts of Common Pleas and Gen- 
 eral Quarter Sessions of the Peace were es- 
 tablished. From 1796 to 1803 the Bar of 
 Hamilton county occasionally attended the 
 General Court at Marietta and Detroit, and 
 during the whole of that time Mr. St. Clair 
 (son of the General), Judge Symmes, and 
 Judge Burnet never missed a term in either 
 of those counties. These journeys were made 
 with five or six in company and with pack- 
 horses. They were sometimes eight or ten 
 days in the wilderness, “and at all seasons 
 of the year were compelled to swim every 
 water-course in their way which was too deep 
 to be forded.” They had some hair-breadth 
 escapes. One night their horses refused to 
 go any farther, and they were obliged to 
 camp ; the next morning they found they 
 had halted on the verge of a precipice. 
 
 In 1799 Judge Burnet was selected by the 
 President of the United States as a member 
 of the Legislative Council of the Territorial 
 Government, of which he was the leading 
 mind. 
 
 “Thus,” said the late Judge Este, “in less 
 than four years he was at the head of the bar 
 of the W est, the popular, intelligent and of- 
 ficial leader of the Legislature. Almost an 
 entirely new system of laws was undertaken, 
 and the labor devolved on him. He cheer- 
 fully engaged in it and was so clearly convinced 
 of the necessity of giving himself up to the 
 business of legislating for the Territory that 
 he would not listen to the friends who urged 
 him to be a delegate to Congress. Thus early 
 and permanently did his mind make its im- 
 press upon the legislative history of the 
 country. ’ ’ 
 
 Judge Burnet was the author of the first 
 constitution of Ohio. From 1812 to 1816 was 
 a member of the State Legislature. In 1821 
 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of Ohio, serving until 1828, when he 
 resigned to accept the position of United 
 
 States Senator, to fill the vacancy created by 
 the resignation of General Harrison. As a 
 senator he was the intimate personal and po- 
 litical friend of Webster. From the notes 
 taken by Senator Burnet in the celebrated 
 discussion between Hayne and Webster the 
 latter in part framed the reply which stamped 
 Webster as the matchless orator of our 
 country. 
 
 He was the life-long friend of General Har- 
 rison, and as a delegate to the Harrisburg 
 Convention secured his nomination for Pres- 
 ident. He influenced Congress to relieve the 
 settlers of the West and Southwest from 
 much of the indebtedness for their lands, 
 which otherwise would have involved the 
 great mass in irretrievable ruin. Mr. Burnet 
 possessed great public spirit and was eminent 
 for solid integrity and acuteness of intellect. 
 Mansfield says such was the construction of 
 his mind that “it was impossible for Burnet 
 not to have been a partisan. ’ ’ His likes and 
 dislikes were held with great tenacity. When 
 Aaron Burr was in Cincinnati he was peremp- 
 torily refused an interview by Judge Burnet, 
 who sent him word that he would never shake 
 hands with the murderer of his own and his 
 father’s friend. 
 
 Originally a Federalist, he became a strong 
 Whig, and in the United States Senate came 
 up to the level of its great leaders, Webster 
 and Clay. He died in 1853, a firm believer 
 in the inspiration of the Bible, a Presbyte- 
 rian in faith, but was far removed from sec- 
 tarian bigotry 
 
 Nicholas Longworth was born in New- 
 ark, N. J., in 1782, was for a time a clerk 
 in his brother’s store in South Carolina, came 
 to Cincinnati in 1803 and died in 1863, leav- 
 ing an estate of many millions from early in- 
 vestments in Cincinnati land. He studied 
 law and practised for a while, and in 1828 
 began the cultivation of the Catawba grape, 
 and from it manufactured wine of a high 
 marketable value. He had 200 acres of 
 vineyards, a large wine-house, and was favor- 
 ably known by his experiments on the straw- 
 berry. The Catawba grape was cultivated 
 with great success for a number of years, 
 producing about 500 gallons of wine per an- 
 num ; then it gradually failed. It is thought 
 that the clearing of the forest has changed 
 the climate of Southern Ohio, which is now 
 afflicted with what is regarded as destructive 
 to the grape culture, that is — heavy fogs, wet 
 atmosphere, changes from warm to cold with- 
 out wind — a condition from which the islands 
 and shore of Lake Erie are free, and where 
 the grape culture is so successful. 
 
 Mr. Longworth lived in a huge stone cot- 
 
8i8 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 tage mansion, in the centre of a three or four- 
 acre lot, at the east end of Fourth street, 
 originally built by Martin Baum, now the resi- 
 dence of David Sinton. Forty years ago the 
 spot was known as Longworth’s Garden, and 
 was one of the chief attractions of the city 
 from its display of flowers and fruits, notably 
 grapes. ‘ ‘ He was very shrewd, quick witted ; 
 with great common sense and acquisitiveness. 
 He had little dignity or learning, but had a 
 quiet good humor and a readiness at repartee 
 which made him very popular. ” He was a 
 friend to artists and kindly to the poor, and 
 very eccentric. He was short in person and 
 careless in his dress. As was often his wont, 
 he had shown a stranger through his grounds, 
 when the latter, mistaking this man of mil- 
 lions for a serving man, on leaving him at 
 the gate dropped a dime in his hand, which 
 
 will help the devil’s poor, the miserable 
 drunken dog that nobody else will do any- 
 thing for but despise and kick.” And he 
 did. He used to talk of himself in the sec- 
 ond person, as once we heard him say, 
 “There’s Lon g worth ; it takes $30,000 to 
 pay his taxes, and it keeps him poor to raise 
 the money. ” This was true ; he owned much 
 earth, but had little cash. His son Joseph 
 and grandson Nicholas were noted as patrons 
 of art, as is his granddaughter, Mrs. Maria 
 Longworth Storer. The entire family is un- 
 usually popular from its beneficence and 
 public spirit, especially in the fostering the 
 things of beauty that give to life its efflores- 
 cence and fragrance. 
 
 The first banker west of the Alleghenies, 
 a successful merchant and most enterprising 
 citizen, was J ohn H. Piatt. He did so much 
 
 NICHOLAS LONGWORTH. 
 
 Mr. Longworth accepted with thanks and 
 put in his pocket. Every Monday for a term 
 of years he had at his house a free gift dis- 
 tribution to the poor. At the appointed hour 
 strings of old ladies, German and Irish, would 
 be seen, flocking there with baskets to re- 
 ceive at their option a loaf of bread or a peck 
 of corn meal or a dime. When he started 
 out in the morning to make calls upon his 
 numerous tenants or otherwise, he would 
 have the business of each call written on a 
 separate slip of paper and pinned on his coat- 
 sleeve. These would be pinned on in the 
 order of his calls and torn off in rotation. 
 
 He had continuous appeals for charity, and 
 he was wont to say in certain cases, “ Ha ! a 
 poor widow, is she ? Got a struggling family 
 of little ones? I won’t give her a cent. She 
 is the Lord’s poor — plenty to help such, I 
 
 JOHN H. PIATT. 
 
 for Cincinnati in developing its resources that 
 President William H. Harrison, in his last 
 speech at home before going to his inaugura- 
 tion, gave most of it to an eulogy of Mr. 
 Piatt, saying among other things that a statue 
 should be erected on the river landing to the 
 memory of the man who had done so much 
 for the city. That he has no monument and 
 now scarcely a memory, that the one street 
 named for him had its name changed, does 
 not speak well for Cincinnati. 
 
 From Mr. Henry B. Teetor’s “Past and 
 Present of Mill Creek Valley,” we quote; 
 “Mr. Piatt entered with ^reat energy and 
 intrepidity indeed upon business enterprises. 
 He was among the foremost in starting insti- 
 tutions, foundries, banks, launching steam- 
 boats, building houses and imparting a spirit 
 of progress to the young city. He founded in 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 819 
 
 1817 the first bank west of the mountains. 
 One of the bills of this bank is in the hands 
 of Mr. George H. Schoenberger, and greatly 
 prized by him. His prosperity and success 
 were un equaled — evidenced by the possession 
 of a large estate and a commanding position 
 as a banker and a merchant. His name had 
 gone out over the Northwest Territory, He 
 knew its leading men and was familiar with 
 its resources when the war of 1812 came on. 
 
 “In an evil hour for Mr. Piatt he con- 
 tracted with the government to furnish pro- 
 visions to the Northwest army, then under 
 Harrison. Congress adjourned without mak- 
 ing appropriations for a continuance of the 
 war. The consequences to the country at 
 large were disastrous, to John H. Piatt fatal. 
 Rations that he agreed to furnish at twenty 
 cents rose through a depreciated currency to 
 forty-five cents. After six months he had 
 drawn on the government for $210,000, the 
 drafts for which had gone to protest for non- 
 payment. 
 
 “ During this time about $46,000 had come 
 into Mr. Piatt’s hands as a commissariat fund, 
 resulting from the SJ^ies as commissary of the 
 army. He applied this sum to the payment 
 of debts incurred for supplies. This was 
 treated by the department as a violation of 
 law. This was the state of his offending. 
 This condition obtained on the 26th of De- 
 cember, 1814, when Gen. McArthur made a 
 requisition on him for 800,000 rations to be 
 delivered in thirty days which at existing 
 rates would have cost $360,000 more. 
 
 “Unable to meet this requisition and un- 
 willing that the public should, suffer Piatt 
 immediately repaired to Washington to lay 
 the matter before the Department, accom- 
 panied by the Hon. Justice McLean, then his 
 representative in Congress. They found the 
 war minister of the United States sitting in 
 the ashes of the burned capital, in an agony 
 of despair over a bleeding country and an 
 empty treasury. 
 
 “The Secretary appealed to Mr. Piatt’s pa- 
 triotism for help, and gave him verbal assur- 
 ances, that if he could furnish the supplies 
 called for he should be remunerated and 
 allowed the market price for the rations re- 
 f <rdless of the original contract. 
 
 “ Upon these assurances John H. Piatt re- 
 urned home, and put his entire fortune and 
 .redit in the service of his country. 
 
 “When the final settlement came the gov- 
 ernment refused to allow him the difference 
 between the first contract price of rations 
 and the market value of supplies purchased 
 under the assurances of Secretary Monroe. 
 
 “We have not the space to follow in detail 
 the heart-breaking struggle of this great 
 patriot for justice at the hands of a govern- 
 ment he had so nobly served. For years he 
 haunted in vain the ante-chamber of a de- 
 partment that had onee only been too glad to 
 welcome him. Once thrown into prison by 
 the department for his technical violation of 
 law, he was released only to have his creditors 
 imprison him again. 
 
 “At last, heart-broken and bankrupt, he 
 
 died a prisoner, without enough money to give 
 him a decent burial. 
 
 “ Sixty years after the Supreme Court of 
 the United States adjudicated the claim and 
 allowed the principal. But to this day the 
 government has not paid the interest. ’ ’ 
 
 The PiATTS are all descended from John 
 Piatt, a French Huguenot, who settled in 
 New Jersey about 1740. Four of his five 
 sons were soldiers of the American revolu- 
 tion. One, Captain William Piatt, was killed 
 at St. Clair’s defeat; two others emigrated 
 with Judge Symmes to North Bend. The 
 family were numerous and of high intellectual 
 reputation. 
 
 Jacob Wykoff Piatt. — This noted citi- 
 zen of Cincinnati was born in Kentucky in 
 1801. Brought to Cincinnati when quite 
 young, he grew to man’s estate in the home 
 
 JACOB WYKOFF PIATT. 
 
 of his father, Benjamin M. Piatt, elder 
 brother of the more famous John H. Piatt. 
 
 Jacob Wykoff became a successful lawyer, 
 and accumulated quite a fortune in his prac- 
 tice, and successful operations in real estate. 
 
 The one event in his life was his success in 
 establishing a paid fire department, that is 
 now known in every city of the civilized 
 world. The old volunteer fire system, once 
 the pride of the citizens, had fallen into dis- 
 repute. 
 
 The better class had either neglected the 
 companies to which they belonged, or had 
 been shouldered out by the worse elements 
 of a prosperous town. This evil was not 
 confined to Cincinnati. Every city in the 
 Union suffered from the same cause. The 
 Mose of New York, the brazen-cheeked, 
 red-shirted ruffian was duplicated in every 
 
820 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 municipality that possessed a fire department. 
 Mr. Piatt returned to the city council at a 
 lime when the most reputable citizens con- 
 sidered it an honor to be a councilman, opened 
 war on the volunteers, by introducing an or- 
 dinance providing for the selection of, and 
 paying the firemen for their services. 
 
 There was scarcely a member of council 
 that did not privately admit the necessity for 
 such a reform, and yet when the vote was 
 taken, in a chamber crowded by roughs, 
 whose noisy demonstrations left no doubt as 
 to their opposition, but one man was found 
 brave enough to vote with Mr. Piatt in favor 
 of this measure. This gentleman was Judge 
 Timothy Walker, the well-known author and 
 jurist. 
 
 Nothing daunted Mr. Piatt continued his 
 elForts. At every assembly of a new council, 
 his ordinance was offered to be again voted 
 down. But the minority grew slowly in spite 
 of the brutal opposition. Mr. Piatt was wont 
 to defy the crowd in the debate that pre- 
 ceded defeat, and the feeling got so intense, 
 that it was dangerous for the bold reformer 
 to go to and from the chamber. As it was a 
 volunteer guard of Irish constituents accom- 
 panied their representative. One night after a 
 heated debate a mob assembled in front of 
 Mr. Piatt’s residence and amid groans, hisses, 
 howls and yells, he was burned in efiigy. 
 
 This contest continued for years. A happy 
 event, however, came to end it. This was 
 the invention and building of the Latta fire- 
 engine. After being tested by a commission 
 of experts, the engine was accepted. What 
 to do with it was the question. ' turn it 
 over to the volunteers was to insure its imme- 
 diate destruction. It was resolved, at length, 
 to organize a paid company to use and pro- 
 tect the machine. A committee was appointed 
 having on it Messrs. Piatt, Walker, Kessler 
 and Loder to organize a company. To the 
 amusement of his associates Mr. Piatt nom- 
 inated Miles Greenwood as the captain of the 
 new company. J udge Walker remonstrated. 
 It was, he said, putting the new engine in the 
 hands of the enemy, for Miles Greenwood was 
 the pet of the volunteers, and had been loud 
 in his denunciation of what he called the 
 degradation of the paid system. Mr. Piatt 
 persisted and asserted that Greenwood was 
 the only man in the city who would make 
 the new machine a success. 
 
 “Well, try him,” was the response, “he 
 wont accept. ’ ’ 
 
 Greenwood was sent for. He was startled 
 at the offer but immediately accepted, pro- 
 vided that he could select the men. 
 
 “The machine will be attacked at the first 
 fire, and I want to know whom I am to rely on.” 
 
 The first alarm of fire that brought out the 
 new engine proved the correctness of Green- 
 wood’s prophecy. The fire was a serious one 
 on Sycamore street above Fourth. The gen- 
 eral alarm brought all the engines to the fire 
 and among the rest the new steam machine. 
 Drawn by huge horses at a gallop, driven by 
 Miles himself, a noble figure in his brass hel- 
 met, red shirt and speaking trumpet swung 
 
 to his side, the impression made on the 
 swiftly gathering crowds was impressive. 
 Miles had about him the newly made firemen 
 in their splendid uniforms. He had in ad- 
 dition all the men of his great foundry and 
 workshops ; and hurrying to the front of his 
 first and only fight came Jacob Wykoff Piatt, 
 followed by two hundred and fifty bold Irish- 
 men from the old Thirteenth. 
 
 The volunteers were prompt to a redemp- 
 tion of their word. They attacked the new 
 fire company. The fight was fierce, bloody 
 and brief Miles Greenwood led the van. 
 His tall figure, bright helmet and trumpet- 
 toned voice, made him a leader to follow and 
 a man to fear. The engagement lasted about 
 thirty minutes. A few bloody heads, and 
 damaged countenances, and the tumult ended 
 in the volunteer companies striving to put the 
 steam “squirt,” as they called the new en- 
 gine, out of public favor, through their own 
 superior management and work. 
 
 It was all in vain. The new device won, 
 and in less than a month all the fire com- 
 panies were clamoring for the new invention, 
 organization and pay. 
 
 We write with unusual gratification the 
 name of Miles Greenwood, who died in 
 1885. He was one of the strongest, most 
 useful, public-spirited men in the annals of 
 Ohio. He was of a large, strong physique, 
 a great worker, labored incessantly in his own 
 business and in many public enterprises. He 
 was of Massachusetts stock, but was born in 
 Jersey City, March 19, 1807 ; mingling in his 
 veins were English, Huguenot French and 
 German blood. In 1831 with ten hands he 
 started iron founding in this^ city and event- 
 ually had an immense establishment. 
 
 In 1861 he turned it into a United States 
 Arsenal for the manufacture of implements 
 of war. Upward of 700 hands were employed, 
 and among the goods turned out were over 
 200 bronze cannon, the first ever made in Che 
 West, hundreds of caissons and gun carriages, 
 also a sea-going monitor ; and forty thousand 
 Springfield muskets were turned into rifies 
 and supplied with percussion locks — a very 
 effective weapon with tremendous “kicking 
 qualities, ’ ’ so the soldiers who used it laugh- 
 ingly said. 
 
 To Mr. Greenwood the Cincinnati Fire De- 
 partment was greatly indebted for its efficient 
 organization. 
 
 Having been a leading spirit in the old 
 volunteer fire department, he was induced by 
 Jacob Wykoff Piatt to assume the leadership 
 of the paid steam fire department. Once 
 enlisted in behalf of the paid system, he 
 quickly perceived the possibilities of vastly 
 increase(i efficiency, and with iron will and 
 never shrinking bravery determinedly fought 
 and overcame all opposition. At one time 
 the City Council failed to appropriate money 
 to pay the men, and during this time Mr. 
 Greenwood advanced for this purpose $15,- 
 000, to keep the men together by paying them 
 regularily. 
 
 Night and day he was constantly engaged 
 in fighting the opposition to the organization. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 821 
 
 He had no time to attend to his own business, 
 but paid a man $1,500^ to attend to it for 
 him. Of this sum the city subsequently re- 
 imbursed him $1,000, which he at once paid 
 into the funds of the Mechanics’ Institute. 
 Eventually every difficulty was overcome, and 
 to-day such a thing as a volunteer fire depart- 
 ment is unknown in any city of the first class 
 in Europe or America. 
 
 The first steam fire-engine ever built that 
 
 MILES GREENWOOD. 
 
 was used at a fire was constructed at Green- 
 wood’s establishment by Messrs. Shawk & 
 Latta, and was first used on a Sunday morn- 
 ing in May, 1852. It was named the Uncle 
 Joe RosSo It initiated a moral reform, as 
 under the old system the engine houses had 
 been the nurseries where the youth of the 
 city were trained in vice, vulgarity and de- 
 bauchery. 
 
 Dr. Daniel Drak] : was born in Plainfield, 
 N. J., in 1785, and died in Cincinnati in 1852. 
 He was a men of genius and did more to ad- 
 vance the intellectual life of Cincinnati than 
 any one who had lived there.. His family 
 first emigrated to Mayslick, Ky., where they 
 dwelt in a log-cabin. When a lad of 16 he 
 came to Cincinnati to study medicine, and 
 then finished his course at the University of 
 Pennsylvania. He was at one time a medical 
 Professor in the Transylvania University of 
 Kentucky, and at another in that of the Uni- 
 versity of Louisville. In 1835 he organized 
 the medical department of the Cincinnati 
 College. In this city was past most of his 
 life. An eloquent summary of the qualities 
 of this distinguished man was given by Dr. 
 Comegys before a medical convention in Cin- 
 cinnati, wherein he said in conclusion : 
 
 “Nothing seemed to escape him for the 
 adornment of the city and the comfort of the 
 people. The^ line of elm trees on the south 
 side of Washington Park were planted under 
 his own direction over sixty years ago. 
 
 “He was a voluminous writer on profes- 
 sional and general topics, but the work witli 
 which he crowned his life’s labor was his 
 ‘ Systematic Treatise on the Diseases of the 
 Interior Valley of North America,’ to which 
 he devoted more than twenty years of travel 
 throughout the vast Mississippi Valley. It 
 was, CD to speak, ‘dug out of the very ele- 
 ments of the continent and society of Amer- 
 ica.’ It is a great work of absolutely orig- 
 inal research in^ medical topography, and 
 will always remain a monument to his fame 
 that hr.3 no parallel in the science and liter- 
 ature of medicine. 
 
 DR. DANIEL DRAKE. 
 
 “Though Drake has long been dead, yet 
 all of his great undertakings remain and are 
 flourishing. The Cincinnati College is the large 
 Law School of the Ohio Valley ; the Medical 
 College of Ohio, now a Medical Department 
 of the University of Cincinnati, was never so 
 prosperous ; the Clinical and Pathological 
 School of the Hospital is attended by four 
 hundred students. It has a large and grow- 
 ing library and museum, and is now under- 
 taking to establish a pathological laboratory 
 for original research. The beautiful elm trees 
 are now as verdant as ever. 
 
 ‘‘The wonderful activity of Drake’s mind, 
 which led him to undertake the most severe 
 professional labors and throw himself besides 
 into every struggle for the advancement of 
 the interest of society, is readily explained 
 when we consider the philosophic spirit which 
 
822 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 animated his mind ; for he was possessed of 
 that gift of genius which sees beyond all the 
 apparent disparity of phenomena ; that 
 severe unity, after which all true philosophy 
 is continually aspiring. 
 
 “To him the universe was not a summa- 
 tion of material phenomena conveying sen- 
 suous impressions merely, but a revelation. 
 His was a reverent and devout soul. He felt 
 like Von Barden, who declares that ‘he who 
 seeks in nature nature only and not reason ; 
 he who seeks in reason reason only and not 
 God ; he who seeks God out of and apart 
 from reason, or reason out of and apart from 
 God, will find neither nature nor reason nor 
 God, but will assuredly lose them all.’ 
 
 “All the institutions he planted exhibit his 
 
 great powers of mma and will always pro 
 serve his memory fresh and venerated in the 
 great Western Valley. In the medical firma- 
 ment bending over the world, reaching from 
 the past and stretching indefinitely away, 
 amidst all the glittering galaxy and burning 
 orbs that represent the immortal dead, the 
 orb of Drake will shine as a star of light for- 
 evermore. ’ ’ 
 
 Benjamin Drake, a brother of the above, 
 who died in 1841, was the author of several 
 works of value on Cincinnati, Lives of Te* 
 cumseh, Gen. Harrison, etc. Another brother, 
 Charles, born in Cincinnati in 1811, repre- 
 sented Missouri in 1867 in the U. S. Senate, 
 and later became Chief Justice of the Court 
 of Claims in Washington.” 
 
 Early Intellectual Life in Clncinnati. 
 
 As mentioned, no one so stimulated the intellectual life of Cincinnati as Dr. 
 Drake. A great factor was his social and literary reunions. And what 
 a galaxy of characters he brought together under his roof ! Mr. Mansfield, in 
 his Personal Memories,^^ has described them, and also The College of 
 Teachers, from which we quote in an abridged form : 
 
 In 1833 my friend and relative. Dr. Daniel 
 Drake, instituted a social and literary reunion 
 at his house, which possessed all the charms 
 of information, wit, and kindness. They 
 were really formed for his daughters, then 
 just growing into womanhood. They were 
 small enough to meet in his parlor and con- 
 versational, thus avoiding the rigidity of a 
 mere literary party. We met at half-past 
 seven, when the Doctor called attention by 
 ringing a little bell, which brought them to 
 the topic of the evening, which might be one 
 appointed beforehand and sometimes then 
 selected. Some evenings essays were read ; 
 on others nothing. Occasionally a piece of 
 poetry or a story came in to relieve the con- 
 versation. These, however, were interludes 
 rather than parts of the general plan, whose 
 main object was the discussion of interesting 
 questions belonging to society, literature, and 
 religion. 
 
 The subjects discussed were always of a 
 suggestive and problematical kind ; so that 
 the ideas were fresh, the debates animated, 
 and the utterance of opinion frank and spon- 
 taneous. There, in that little circle of ladies, 
 I have heard many of the questions which 
 have since occupied the public mind, talked 
 over with an ability and fulness of informa- 
 tion which is seldom possessed by larger and 
 more authoritative bodies. ^ These were per- 
 sons of such minds whose infiuence spreads 
 over a whole country. They were of such 
 character and talent as seldom meet in one 
 lace, and who, going out into the world, 
 ave signalized their names in the annals of 
 letters, science, and benevolence. 
 
 Dr. Daniel Drake was himself the head 
 of the circle and a man of great genius, 
 whose suggestive mind furnished topics for 
 others, and was ever ready to revive a flag- 
 ging conversation. He studied medicine with 
 
 Dr. Goforth, the pioneer physician of Cin- 
 cinnati, and for thirty years a leader in medi- 
 cal science and education. 
 
 Gen. Edward King, another member, 
 was, in spirit, planners, and education, a su- 
 perior man. He was a son of the eminent 
 statesman and senator from Massachusetts, 
 Bufus King, and father of Bufus King, to- 
 day eminent lawyer of Cincinnati, and author 
 of “ Ohio,” in the American Commonwealth 
 series of State Histories. Gen. King mar- 
 ried Sarah, a daughter of Gov. Worthington, 
 at Chillicothe, practised law, became speaker 
 of the Ohio legislature and, in 1831, removed 
 to_ Cincinnati. He was both witty and enter- 
 taining. He died in 1836. His wife, later 
 known as Mrs. Sarah Peter (having eight 
 years later married Mr. Peter, the British 
 Consul at Philadelphia), was a most instruc- 
 tive member of the circle. Mr. Peter died 
 in 1853, and then again, until her decease, 
 Cincinnati was her home. 
 
 Her life has recently been published by 
 Bobert Clarke & Co., and illustrates the 
 truth of the statement made by Mr. Mans- 
 field, viz., that “The activity, energy, and 
 benevolence of her mind accomplished in the 
 next forty years probably more of real work 
 for the benefit of society than any one person, 
 and that work has made her widely known 
 at home and abroad.” Not any Ohio-born 
 woman has probably done so much. 
 
 She was one of the founders of the Cincin- 
 nati Orphan Asylum, which has cared for 
 thousands of orphan children the last fifty 
 years. She was also active in church and 
 Sunday-School work, in improving church 
 music, and relieving the poor. In Philadel- 
 phia she was prominent in founding “The 
 Bosina Home for Magdalens,” which still 
 continues its noble work. She devoted a 
 room in her house to a school of design for 
 
flAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 823 
 
 women, and engaged a teacner to conduct it. 
 From this germ sprang the Philadelphia 
 School of Design, which now has over 200 
 pupils, and an institution of great utility. 
 She also founded an institution there for the 
 protection of poor sewing women. 
 
 Her accounts of her several journeys to 
 Europe and the Holy Land are among the 
 best books of travel. When in Europe, Mrs. 
 Peter urged the art-loving people of Cincin- 
 nati to secure good copies of painting and 
 sculpture. In this and other regards she 
 made a broad mark upon its art-history. 
 
 “ It was in 1852, while visiting Jerusalem, 
 that Mrs. Peter found herself tending toward 
 
 MRS. SARAH PETER. 
 
 the Roman Catholic Church, and she was 
 soon in full communion with it. She was one 
 of the most active and powerful members it 
 has ever had in America. Her devotion to 
 the sisterhoods and the hospitals was untiring 
 and most generous. She was one of the good 
 angels of the sick and wounded soldiers dur- 
 ing the civil war. Her passion for charity 
 was so great that she lived herself a simple 
 convent life. She went to the battle-field of 
 Shiloh with a relief-boat, and her ministra- 
 tions continued until the war ended. 
 
 “This good woman, of so many noble 
 achievements and of such commanding in- 
 fluence, passed to her rest February 6, 1877.” 
 
 Another member of our circle was Judge 
 James Hall, then editor of the Western 
 Monthly Magazine, whose^ name is known 
 both in Europe and America. He also, in 
 the long time that elapsed before his death, 
 accomplished much and good work as a 
 writer, citizen and man of business. The 
 Western Monthly Magazine, which he then 
 
 edited, was an excellent periodical, to which 
 many of the literary young men of Cincinnati 
 contributed. Judge Hall left the magazine 
 to become cashier and president of the Coin- 
 mercial Bank, a much more profitable busi- 
 ness. In the meanwhile he published 
 several stories, novels, and essays on the 
 West, which made him widely known, and 
 deserves the success they receive, by their 
 very pleasant style and pictures of Western 
 life. 
 
 Professor Calvin E. Stowe, then a compara- 
 tively young man, was also present, and con- 
 tributed his share to the conversation. He is 
 the best Biblical scholar I ever knew. His^ 
 first wife, a New England lady, quite hand- 
 some and interesting, also attended the re- 
 unions. His present wife, then Miss Harriet 
 Beecher, was just beginning to be known for 
 her literary abilities. Two or three years 
 after this time, I published in the Cincinnati 
 Chronicle what I believe washer first printed 
 story. I had heard her read at Miss Pierce’s 
 school, in Litchfield, Conn., her first public 
 composition. It surprised every one so much 
 that it was attributed to her father, but in 
 fact was only the first exhibition of her 
 remarkable talents. In the reunion I speak 
 of she was not distinguished for conversation, 
 but when she did speak, showed something 
 of the peculiar strength and humor of her 
 mind. 
 
 Her first little story, published in the 
 Chronicle, immediately attracted attention, 
 and her writings have always been popular. 
 Notwithstanding the world-wide renown of 
 “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” her real genius and 
 characteristics were as much exhibited in her 
 short stories as in her larger books. Her 
 sister, Miss Catharine Beecher, was a far 
 more easy and fluent conversationalist. In- 
 deed, few people had more talent to entertain 
 a company, or keep the ball of conversation 
 going than Miss Beecher, and she was as 
 willing as able for the task. 
 
 Conspicuous in our circle, both in person 
 and manners, was Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz, 
 whom none saw without admiring. She was 
 what the world called charming ; and though 
 since better known as an authoress was person- 
 ally quite remarkable. 
 
 I have thus mentioned, out of a small circle 
 gathered in a parlor, names which have been 
 renowned both in Europe and America, and 
 whose public reputation has contributed to 
 the fame of our country. I have dwelt more 
 particularly on these meetingst to illustrate 
 what I think I’ve seen in other cases, and to 
 which people in general seldom give due 
 weight. I mean the influence of social sym- 
 pathy in forming and developing individual 
 minds. 
 
 About the year 1833 was founded what 
 was called “The College of Teachers,” which 
 continued ten years, and was an institution of 
 great utility and wide influence. Its object 
 was both professional and popular ; to unite 
 and improve teachers, and, at the same time, 
 to commend the cause of education to the 
 public mind. 
 
824 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 At that time public education was just be- 
 ginning, and almost all in the Ohio educa- 
 tional system was created and developed 
 after that period. To do this was the object 
 in view, and, accordingly, a large array of 
 distinguished persons took part in these pro- 
 ceedings. I doubt whether in any one asso- 
 ciation to promote the cause of education 
 there was ever in an equal space of time con- 
 centrated in this country a larger measure of 
 talent, information, and zeal. 
 
 Among those who either spoke or wrote for 
 it were Albert Pickett, the president, and for 
 half a century an able teacher ; Dr. Daniel 
 Drake, the Hon. Thos. Smith Grimke, the 
 Rev. Joshua L. Wilson, Alexander Kinmont, 
 and J ames H. Perkins, Professor Stowe, Dr. 
 Beecher, Dr. Alexander Campbell, Bishop 
 Purcell, President McGuifey, Dr. Aydelotte, 
 E. D. Mansfield, Mrs. Lydia Sigourney, and 
 Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz. 
 
 LYMAN BEECHER. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. 
 
 The Beechers lived in Cincinnati (Walnut Hills), from 1832 to 1852, twenty 
 years, and were so closely connected with the anti-slavery and educational history 
 of this region as to require a further notice than that given by Mr. Mansfield. 
 Dr. Lyman Beecher, the head of this remarkable family, was born in New 
 Haven, Conn., in 1775, the son of a blacksmith and the direct descendant of the 
 Widow Beecher, who followed the profession of midwife to the first settlers there 
 about 1638. Lyman was educated at Yale, but as we heard in our youth could 
 not speak his piece on graduating day from the inability of his father to 
 supply him with a suit of new clothes in which to appear. He studied theology 
 under the famous Timothy Dwight, and was settled as an Orthodox Congrega- 
 tional minister successively over churches at East Hampton, Long Island ; Litch- 
 field, Conn. ; and Hanover Street Church, Boston. To fight evil in whatever 
 form he saw it and help on the good was the love of his life. Old men who 
 remember him in his prime pronounce him the most eloquent, powerful 
 preacher they ever heard, surpassing in his greatest flights of oratory his highly 
 gifted son Henry Ward. 
 
 In 1814, in New England, the vice of in- gross excesses, that Dr. Beecher arose in his 
 temperance had become so demoralizing, even might and wrote his wonderfully eloquent six 
 the clergy at their meetings often indulging in sermons against it, which were translated into 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 825 
 
 many languages and had a large sale even 
 after the lapse of fifty years. The rapid and 
 extensive defection of the Congregational 
 Churches under the lead of Dr. Channing 
 was the occasion of his being called to Boston 
 to uphold the doctrines of Puritanism ; which 
 he did with such great power as to soon be 
 regarded as ‘ ‘ unequalled among living divines 
 for dialectic keenness, eloquence of appeal, 
 sparkling wit, vigor of thought and concen- 
 trated power of expression. His personal 
 magnetism was intense and his will uncon- 
 querable. ’ ’ 
 
 Mansfield in his Personal Memories writes 
 that “ Dr. Beecher’s spells of eloquence seem 
 to come on by fits.” One hot day in sum- 
 mer and in the afternoon, says he, I was in 
 church and he was going on in a sensible but 
 rather prosy half sermon way, when all at 
 once he began to recollect that we had just 
 heard of the death of Lord Byron. He was 
 an admirer of Byron’s poetry, as all who 
 admire genius must be. He raised his 
 spectacles and began with an account of 
 Byron, his genius, wonderful gifts, and then 
 went on to his want of virtue and want of 
 true religion and finally described a soul 
 and the spirit of Byron going off and wander- 
 ing in the blackness of darkness forever ! It 
 struck me as with an electric shock. 
 
 The Lane Theological Seminary having 
 been established at Walnut Hills and the 
 growing importance of the great West having 
 filled the thought of the religious public at 
 the East, a large sum of money was pledged 
 to its support, on the condition of Dr. Beecher 
 accepting tlie presidency, which he did in 
 1832. Then to eke out his salary for ten years 
 he ofiiciated as pastor of the Second Presby- 
 terian Church, in Cincinnati. One of his 
 first acts here was to startle the Eastern 
 orthodoxy by a tract upon the danger of 
 Boman Catholic supremacy at the West. 
 
 Soon after, in consequence of a tract issued 
 by the abolition convention, at Philadelphia, 
 the evils of slavery were discussed by the 
 students. “Many of them were from the 
 South ; an effort was made to stop the dis- 
 cussions and the meetings. Slave-holders 
 went over from Kentucky and incited mob 
 violence in Cincinnati, and at one time it 
 seemed as though the rabble might destroy 
 the seminary, and the houses of the pro- 
 fessors. In the absence of Dr. Beecher, a 
 little after, the board of trustees were 
 frightened into obeying the demands of the 
 mob by forbidding all discussion of slavery ; 
 whereupon the students withdrew en masse. 
 A few returned, while the seceders laid the 
 foundations of Oberlin College.” 
 
 Dr. Beecher in person was short and sub- 
 stantially built, his complexion was florid and 
 he had such a genial, fatherly expression and 
 withal was so very odd one could not but 
 smile on meeting him. He was proverbially 
 absent-minded, cared nothing for the little 
 conventionalities of life ; as likely as anything 
 else when out taking tea with a parishioner 
 to thrust his tea-spoon into the general pre- 
 serve dish and eat direct therefrom ; evidently 
 
 unconscious of his breach of manners. Like 
 many not so great, he never could remem- 
 ber where he put his hat. Topics of vital 
 welfare to humanity seemed to fill his mind 
 to the exclusion of thoughts of himself, or to 
 what people thought of him, or where he had 
 last put his hat. In 1846 we made his ac- 
 quaintance and walking with him on Fourth 
 street one day he described the situation at 
 the time of the mobbing of the Philanthropist. 
 The seminary was some three miles distant 
 and over a road most of the way up-hill, 
 ankle-deep in clayey, sticky mud, through 
 which the mob to get there must of necessity 
 flounder, even without being filled as they 
 would undoubtedly have been with Old 
 Bourbon. The mud was really what probably 
 saved the theologian. ‘ ‘ I told the boj^s, ’ ’ said 
 he, “ that they had the right of self-defence, 
 that they could arm themselves and if the 
 mob came they could shoot,” and then look- 
 ing in my face and whispering with an air 
 that was irresistibly comical, he added, “ but 
 I told them not to kill ’em, aim low, hit ’em 
 in the legs ! hit ’em in the legs ! ” 
 
 Those who knew the road to Walnut Hills 
 in those days will remember it was largely a 
 mere shelf cut out of the mud of the side hills 
 whereupon omnibuses and single vehicles 
 were often upset. The old divine coming 
 down one night after dark was crowded off by 
 some careless teamsters, and went rolling down 
 the precipice perhaps some thirty feet, and 
 so badly hurt he could not preach for three 
 weeks.^ The stupid teamsters, attracted by 
 his cries for help, came to the verge and 
 peering down in the darkness hollowed, 
 
 ‘ ‘ How can we get there ? ” “ Easy enough, ’ ’ 
 he answered, ‘ ‘ come down as I did ! ’ ’ 
 
 On one occasion a young minister was 
 lamenting the dreadful increasing wickedness 
 of mankind. “ I don’t know anything about 
 that, young man,” replied he in his whisper- 
 ing tones. “I’ve not had anything to do with 
 running the world the last twenty-five years. 
 God Almighty now has it in charge. ’ ’ 
 
 This good man was wont, after preaching 
 a powerful sermon, to relax his mind from 
 his highly wrought state of nervous excite- 
 ment, sometimes by going down into his cel- 
 lar and shovelling sand from one spot to an- 
 other; sometimes by taking his “fiddle,” 
 playing “Auld Lang Syne,” and dancing a 
 double shufile in his parlor. His very eccen- 
 tricities only the more endeared him to the 
 public. He was great every way. On a 
 platform of a hundred divines, his was the 
 intellect that all felt was their master. No 
 American, except Benjamin Franklin, has 
 given utterance to so many pungent, wise 
 sentences as Lyman Beecher. In the power 
 of concentrated expression he has been rarely 
 equalled, and in his more sublime solemn 
 outbursts he was like a thunderbolt. 
 
 Lyman Beecher was married thrice and 
 had thirteen children ; his seven grown sons 
 all became Congregational clergymen, and his 
 four daughters mostly gained literary and 
 philanthropic distinction. Henry Ward, his 
 most distinguished son, was educated at Lane 
 
826 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Seminary ; and it was on Walnut Hills that 
 his daughter, Harriet Beecher Stowe, met 
 the originals of the persons that figure in her 
 novel of “ Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” and got filled 
 up for that famous work, which was pub- 
 lished on her return East. 
 
 Her maiden sister Catharine’s entire life 
 was marred by a tragic event. She was be- 
 trothed to Prof. Fisher, of Yale College, who 
 lost his life in 1822, by the wreck of the 
 packet ship Albion off the coast of Ireland, 
 at the age of twenty-seven years. He was a 
 young man of extraordinary genius, thought 
 to be akin to that of Sir Isaac Newton, and 
 his loss was regarded as national. In the 
 Yale Library to-day is an exquisite bust of 
 him in marble. The face is very beautiful 
 and refined. Evidence of his masterly power 
 was shown by the opening article (an ab- 
 struse paper on the science of music) in the 
 first volume of Silliman’s Journal of Science,' 
 issued in 1818. 
 
 In conyersation Miss Beecher was humor- 
 ous, incisive and self-opinionated, but kindly. 
 While at the head of a female seminary she 
 became a convert to the Graham system of 
 diet, and practised it upon herself and pupils, 
 whereupon some of them invited her to par- 
 take of a good generous dinner at a restaur- 
 
 ant. It operated to a charm, converting her, 
 and she came to the conclusion that a rich, 
 juicy, tender, well-cooked beefsteak, with its 
 accompaniments, was no object for contempt 
 with a hungry soul. 
 
 An anecdote of her we heard in our youth 
 was that, on being introduced at a social 
 gathering in Hartford to the poet Percival, 
 she went at him in an exciting adulatory 
 strain upon his poetry, which had then just 
 appeared and was eliciting general admira- 
 tion. Percival, who was then a very young 
 man, and the most shrinking of mortals, was 
 completely overwhelmed ; he could not an- 
 swer a word, but as soon as possible escaped 
 from her, and then, in his low, whispering 
 tones, inquired of a bystander, ‘‘Is not that 
 the young lady who was engaged to Prof. 
 Fisher?” “Yes.” “ Ah i” rejoined he, “ it 
 is well he died. ’ ’ 
 
 No American family has so much influ- 
 enced American thought as the Beechers, 
 and none, through its genius and eccentrici- 
 ties, has been so interesting ; and it di^ Ohio 
 good that she had possession of them for 
 twenty years. It used to be a common ex- 
 ression forty years ago that the United 
 tates possessed two great things, viz., the 
 American flag and the Beechers. 
 
 LEVI COFFIN. CATHARINE COFFIN. 
 
 The reputed President of the Underground Railroad, Levi Coffin, philan- 
 thropist, was born October 28, 1798, near New Garden, North Carolina, and of 
 Quaker parentage. His ancestors were from Nantucket, and he was a farmer 
 and teacher. His sympathies were enlisted in favor of the slaves, and when a 
 a lad of but fifteen he began to aid in their escape. In 1826 he settled in Wayne 
 county, Indiana, kept a country store, cured pork and manufactured linseed oiL 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 827 
 
 Meanwhile his interest in the slaves continued, and he was active in the Under- 
 ground Railroad, by which thousands of escaping slaves were aided by him on 
 their way to Canada, including Eliza Harris, the heroine of Uncle Tom’s 
 Cabin.” In 1847 he removed to Cincinnati and opened and continued for years 
 a store where only were sold goods produced by free labor, at the same time con- 
 tinuing his efforts for the escape of slaves. In the war period he aided in the 
 establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau, visited England and held meetings in 
 the various cities and collected funds for the Freedmen’s Commission. On the 
 adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment he formally resigned his office of Presi- 
 sident of the Underground Railroad, which he had held for more than thirty 
 years. He died in 1877. His ^^Reminiscences,” published by Robert Clarke & 
 Co., is a highly interesting volume, from which the following narratives are de- 
 rived in an abridged form. 
 
 Eliza Harris’s Escape. 
 
 Eliza Harris, of ‘‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” 
 the slave woman who crossed the Ohio river 
 on the drifting ice, with her child in her 
 arms, was sheltered for several days and 
 aided to escape by Levi Coffin, he then re- 
 siding at Newport, Ind. 
 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s graphic descrip- 
 tion of this woman’s experiences is almost 
 identical with the real facts in the case. 
 
 The originals of Simeon and Rachael Hal- 
 liday, the Quaker couple alluded to in her 
 remarkable work, were Levi and Catharine 
 Coffin. 
 
 Eliza Harris’s master lived a few miles 
 back from the Ohio river, below Ripley, 
 Ohio. Her treatment from master and mis- 
 tress was kind ; but they having met with 
 financial reverses, it was decided to sell Eliza, 
 and she, learning of this and the probable 
 separation of herself and child, determined 
 to escape. That night, with her child in her 
 arms, she started on foot for the Ohio river. 
 She reached the river near daybreak, and in- 
 stead of finding it frozen over, it was filled 
 with large blocks of fioating ice. Thinking 
 it impossible to cross, she ventured to seek 
 shelter in a house near by, where she was 
 kindly received. 
 
 She hoped to find some way of crossing the 
 next night, but during the day the ice became 
 more broken and dangerous, making the river 
 seemingly impassable. Evening came on 
 when her pursuers were seen approaching 
 the house. Made desperate through fear, 
 she seized her infant in her arms, darted out 
 the back door and ran toward the river, fol- 
 lowed by her pursuers. 
 
 Fearing death less than separation from 
 her babe, she clasped it to her bosom and 
 sprang on the first cake of ice, and from that 
 to another, and then to another, and so on. 
 Sometimes the ice would sink beneath her ; 
 then she would slide her child on to the next 
 cake, and pull herself on with her hands. 
 Wet to the waist, her hands benumbed with 
 cold, she approached the Ohio shore nearly 
 exhausted. A man, who had been standing 
 on the bank watching her in amazement, as- 
 sisted her to the shore. After recovering 
 her strength, she was directed to a house on 
 
 a hill in the outskirts of Ripley, which is that 
 shown on page 336 of the “Ohio Historical 
 Collection,” this edition. Here she was 
 cared for, and after being provided with food 
 and dry clothing, was forwarded from station 
 to station on the Underground Railroad until 
 she reached the home of Levi Coffin. Here 
 she remained several days until she and her 
 child, with other fugitives, were forwarded 
 via the Greenville branch of the Under- 
 ground Railroad to Sandusky, and from 
 thence to Chatham, Canada West, where she 
 finally settled, and where years after Mr. 
 Coffin met her. 
 
 The Margaret Garner Case. 
 
 One of the most remarkable of the cases 
 that occurred under the Fugitive Slave law, 
 and one which aroused deep sympathy and 
 widespread interest during the latter part of 
 January, 1856, was that of Margaret Garner, 
 the slave mother who killed her child rather 
 than see it taken back to slavery. 
 
 She was one of a party of seventeen who, 
 though closely pursued, had escaped to Cin- 
 cinnati. The party had separated at this 
 point for greater safety, and Margaret with 
 her four children and husband Robert, to- 
 gether with Robert’s parents, Simon and 
 Mary, had sought shelter at a house below 
 Mill creek, the home of a free colored man 
 named Kite, who had formerly been a slave 
 in their neighborhood. 
 
 Kite did not consider his house a safe 
 place for the fugitives and had gone to con- 
 sult Levi Coffin as to measures for their re- 
 moval along the Underground Railroad and 
 was returning, when he found the house sur- 
 rounded by the masters of the slaves, with 
 officers and a posse of men. 
 
 The doors and windows were barred, but a 
 window was soon battered down, and, al- 
 though the slaves made a brave resistance, 
 several shots being fired and slaves and offi- 
 cers wounded, the fugitives were soon over- 
 come and dragged from the house. At this 
 moment Margaret, seeing that escape was 
 hopeless, seized a butcher-knife that lay on a 
 table and with one stroke cut the throat of 
 her little daughter, whom she probably loved 
 best. She then attempted to kill herself 
 
828 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 and the other children, but was overpowered. 
 The whole party was then arrested and lodged 
 in jail. 
 
 The trial lasted two weeks, during which 
 time the court-room was crowded. Colonel 
 Chambers, of Cincinnati, and Messrs. Wall 
 & Tinnell, of Covington, appeared for the 
 claimants ; Messrs. Joliffe & Getchell for the 
 slaves. The counsel for the defence proved 
 that Margaret had been brought to Cincinnati 
 by her owners, a number of years before, 
 and, according to the law which liberated 
 slaves who were brought into free States with 
 the consent of their masters, she had been 
 free from that time, and her children, all of 
 whom had been born since, were likewise 
 free. The Commissioner, however, decided 
 that a voluntary return from a free to a slave 
 State reattached the conditions of slavery. 
 
 A futile attempt was made to try Margaret 
 for murder and the others^ as accessories, and 
 State warrants were issued. Lawyer Jollilfe 
 pressed the motion to have them served, for 
 said he, “The fugitives have all assured me 
 that they will go singing to the gallows rather 
 than be returned to slavery. ’ ’ 
 
 They were finally indicted for murder, but 
 owing to the provisions of the law of 1850 
 they could not be tried on that charge while 
 in their owner’s custody. 
 
 Margaret was a bright-eyed, intelligent- 
 looking mulatto, about twenty-two years of 
 age. She had a high forehead, arched eye- 
 brows, but the thick lips and broad nose of 
 the African. On the left side of her face 
 were two scars. When asked what caused 
 them she said; “White man struck me.” 
 That was all, but it betrays a story of cruelty 
 and degradation and perhaps gives the key- 
 note of her resolve rather to die than go 
 back to slavery. 
 
 During the trial her bearing was one of 
 extreme sadness and despondency. “The 
 case seemed to stir every heart that was alive 
 to the emotions of humanity. The interest 
 manifested by all classes was not so much for 
 the legal principles involved as for the mute 
 instincts that mould every human heart — the 
 undying love of freedom that is planted in 
 every breast — the resolve to die rather than 
 to submit to a life of degradation and bond- 
 age.” 
 
 After the trial the slaves were returned to 
 Kentucky. 
 
 It was reported that Margaret while being 
 transported down the Ohio river had jumped 
 olf the boat with her babe in her arms, that 
 the deck hands rescued her, but the child was 
 drowned. _ Her subsequent fate is wrapped 
 in obscurity. 
 
 Hugh Peters was born in Hebron, Conn., in 1807, and being educated for 
 the law, came to Cincinnati to practice, and was drowned in the Ohio river at the 
 early age of twenty-four years, it was supposed by suicide. He was a young 
 man of high moral qualities, the finest promise as a writer of both prose and 
 verse, and was greatly lamented. One of his poems, My Native Land,^^ is one 
 of the best of its character. We annex a few of its patriotic verses. It was 
 written while sailing from the shore of his native State, Connecticut, at the mo- 
 ment when it had shrunk in his vision to one ^^blue line between the sky 
 and sea.’’ 
 
 MY NATIVE LAND. 
 
 The boat swings from the pebbled shore, 
 And proudly drives her prow ; 
 
 The crested waves roll up before : 
 
 Yon dark gray land, I see no more — 
 
 How sweet it seemeth now ! 
 
 Thou dark gray land, my native land, 
 Thou land of rock and pine, 
 
 I’m speeding from thy golden sand ; 
 
 But can I wave a farewell hand 
 To such a shore as thine ? 
 
 But now you’ve shrunk to yon blue line 
 Between the sky and sea, 
 
 I feel, sweet home, that thou art mine, 
 I feel my bosom cling to thee. 
 
 I see thee blended with the wave. 
 
 As children see the earth 
 Close up a sainted mother’s grave ; 
 They weep for her they cannot save. 
 And feel her holy worth. 
 
 And I have left thee, home, alone, 
 
 A pilgrim from thy shore ; 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 829 
 
 The wind goes by with hollow moan, 
 I hear it sigh a warning tone, 
 
 “ Ye see your home no more.” 
 I’m cast upon the world’s wide sea^. 
 
 Torn like an ocean weed ; 
 
 I’m cast away, far, far from thee, 
 
 I feel a thing I cannot be, 
 
 A bruised and broken reed. 
 
 Farewell, my native land, farewell ! 
 
 That wave has hid thee now — 
 
 My heart is bowed as with a spell. 
 
 This rending pang! — would I could tell 
 What ails my throbbing brow I 
 One look upon that fading streak 
 Which bounds yon eastern sky : 
 
 One tear to cool my burning cheek ; 
 And then a word I cannot speak — 
 
 ” My Native Land — Good-bye.” 
 
 On April 6, 1879, there died at the Good 
 Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, Professor 
 Daniel Vaughan. His friend, the late 
 William M. Corry, in his eulogy said : 
 ” He was the only man among the hundreds 
 of thousandsj)f our people whose name will 
 survive the n'ext century.” He was born of 
 wealthy parents near Cork, Ireland, came to 
 America at the age of sixteen, became a 
 teacher of boys in Bourbon county, Ken- 
 tucky, but soon moved to Cincinnati, where 
 he passed the remainder of his days. He 
 was drawn thither by his desire for its library 
 privileges — to study the grand topics of 
 science. 
 
 For his support he lectured on science and 
 gave private lessons in mathematics, as- 
 tronomy and the languages. He thus man- 
 aged to eke out a miserable existence and in 
 almost abject poverty. He lived in a room, 
 cheap, inaccessible and cheerless. A chair, 
 and a bedstead with a pile of rags, a worn- 
 ott stove, and an old coffee pot, with a few 
 musty shelves of books covered with soot, 
 were all his furniture. An autopsy revealed 
 
 the wreck of his vital system and proved that 
 the long and dreadful process of freezing and 
 starving the previous winter had dried up 
 the sources of life* 
 
 It was his intense absorption in science 
 that had thus made him a martyr. For that 
 he had overlooked the wants pf his body, and 
 suffered. The European scientists through 
 his contributions to scientific journals by cor- 
 respondence with him had learned of his 
 extraordinary attainments in the most pro- 
 found topics of human thought. And, when- 
 ever a stranger from Cincinnati appeared 
 among them, the first question would be in 
 regard to Professor Vaughan, and to not a 
 few that question was their first knowledge 
 of such an existence. He treated with great 
 originality such topics as “The Doctrine of 
 Gravitation,” “The Cause and Effects of 
 the Tides,” The Light and Heat of the 
 Sun,” “The Remote Planets,” “The Ge- 
 ography of Disease,” “Origin of Moun- 
 tains,” “The Theory of Probabilities in the 
 Detection of Crime,” etc. 
 
 It was a bleak, cold, cheerless day on January 13, 1808, in a neat frame 
 on the snow-clad banks of the Connecticut river, in the town of Cornish, New 
 Hampshire, that was born Salmon P. Chase. His father, Ithaman Chase, was 
 a farmer of English and his mother was of Scotch descent. His father died 
 when he was yet a boy, and the family left in straitened circumstances. 
 
 Salmon was a studious lad, so when his 
 uncle. Rev. Philander Chase, the earliest 
 Episcopal Bishop, came to Ohio, he sent for 
 him to come and live with him, and for a 
 couple of years he studied with his uncle at 
 Worthington, near Columbus, and then one 
 year with him at Cincinnati. Then his uncle 
 went to England on a visit and Salmon en- 
 tered Dartmouth College, where he graduated 
 in 1826, paying for his college expenses by 
 school-teaching. He then went to Washing- 
 ton, where he taught a classical school and 
 studied law with William Wirt. Having 
 been admitted to the bar in 1830, he settled 
 in Cincinnati to practise his profession, his 
 age 22 years. 
 
 Finding but little business he occupied 
 about two years of his leisure in compiling 
 the Statutes of Ohio, preceded by an outline 
 history of the State. The work, known as 
 “Chase’s Statutes,” which proved of great 
 service to the profession, was regarded of ex- 
 traordinary merit. From his Puritan train- 
 ing he had early learned to view all questions 
 in their moral aspects, and so from the very 
 beginning of his career he was the friend of 
 the slave, being when in Washington active 
 in procuring signatures to a petition to Con- 
 
 f ress for the abolition of slavery in the 
 )istrict of Columbia. 
 
 In politics he did not then identify himselt 
 with either of the parties. When in 1836 a mob 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 330 
 
 destroyed the PMlanthropist, the anti-slavery 
 newspaper, he was engaged by Mr. Birney, 
 the editor, to^ bring the offenders to justice. 
 About this time miscreants, in and about 
 Cincinnati, not only made it a business to 
 hunt and capture runaway slaves for the sake 
 of reward, but to kidnap free-blacks, carry 
 them across the Ohio and sell them into 
 slavery. In 1837, in what was known as the 
 Matilda case, where a master brought a slave 
 girl to the city and afterwards endeavored to 
 take her back into slavery, Mr. Chase ap- 
 peared in her behalf, as he frequently did in 
 similar cases without expectation of pecuniary 
 reward. After the case had been closed a 
 gentleman of note who was present said, 
 “There goes a promising young lawyer who 
 has ruined himself,” he feeling how un- 
 popular in those days was the defence of 
 the enslaved and defenceless. None but a 
 man of the highest moral courage and 
 humanity would have been willing to endure 
 the obloquy. Governor Hoadley said of 
 him : 
 
 “ What helped him — yes, what made him, 
 was this. He walked with God. The pre- 
 dominant element of his life, that which gave 
 tone and color to his thoughts and determined 
 the direction and color of all he did, was his 
 striving after righteousness. . . . Behind the 
 dusky face of every black man he saw his 
 Saviour, the divine man also scourged, also in 
 rison, at last crucified. This is what made 
 im what he was. To this habit of referring 
 to divine guidance every act of his life we 
 owe the closing words of the Proclamation 
 of Emancipation, which Mr. Lincoln added 
 from Mr. Chase’s pen as follows : ‘And upon 
 this act, sincerely believed to be an act of 
 justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon 
 military necessity, I invoke the favorable 
 judgment of all mankind, and the gracious 
 favor of Almighty God.’^ He had dainty 
 tastes, disliked the unclean in word or person ; 
 but he put his pleasure under his feet when 
 duty led him to the rescue of the lowly. 
 He had a large frame and mighty passions, 
 but they were under absolute control.’’ 
 
 When the Liberty party was organized in 
 Ohio, in 1841, Mr. Chase was foremost and 
 wrote the address which gave the issues 
 which were finally settled only by a bloody 
 war. In this he said the Constitution found 
 slavery and left it a State institution — the 
 creature and dependent of State law — wholly 
 local in its existence and character. It did 
 not make it a national institution. . . . 
 Why then, fellow-citizens, are we now appeal- 
 ing to you ? ... It is because slavery has 
 overleaped its prescribed limits and usurped 
 the control of the national government, . . . 
 and that the honor, the M’^elfare, the safety 
 of our country imperiously require the abso- 
 lute and unqualified divorce of the govern- 
 ment from slavery. 
 
 Mr. Chase defended so many blacks who 
 were claimed as fugitives from slavery that 
 the Kentuckians called him the “attorney- 
 general for negroes,” and the colored people 
 of Cincinnati presented him a silver pitcher 
 
 “ for his various public services in behalf of 
 the oppressed.” 
 
 Mr. Chase brought his great legal learning 
 and a powerful mind to the task of convincing 
 men that the Fugitive Slave law could and 
 should be resisted as unconstitutional, because 
 though the Constitution embraced a provision 
 for the return of fugitives, it added no grant 
 of legislative power to Congress over that 
 subject, and, therefore, left to the States 
 alone the power to devise proper legislation. 
 
 The original of John Van Trompe, in 
 “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” was John Van 
 Zandt, who was prosecuted for harboring 
 fugitive slaves, because overtaking a party of 
 fugitives on the road he gave them a ride 
 in his wagon, and his defence by Mr. Chase 
 was one of the most noted. In the final 
 hearing in 1846 he was associated with Mr. 
 Seward. 
 
 Mr. Chase almost singly wrote the plat- 
 form for the Liberty party, which in 1843 
 nominated James G. Birney for the Presi- 
 dency. In 1840 this party cast but 1 vote in 
 360, in 1844 1 vote in 40, which caused the 
 defeat of Henry Clay. In 1848 Mr. Chase 
 presided over the Buffalo Free Soil Conven- 
 tion, and the party cast 1 vote in 9. In 
 1849 by a coalition between the Free Soilers 
 and the Democrats in the Ohio Legislature 
 Mr. Chase was elected to the United States 
 Senate. The Democracy of Ohio had de- 
 clared in convention that slavery was an evil, 
 but when the party in the Baltimore Conven- 
 tion of 1852 approved of the compromise 
 acts of 1850, he dissolved his connection with 
 it. He opposed the repeal of the Missouri 
 compromise, and made such strong, persistent 
 attacks upon it as to thoroughly arouse the 
 North and greatly influence the subsequent 
 struggle. 
 
 In 1855 Mr. Chase was elected Governor 
 of Ohio by the newly formed Bepublican 
 party, formed solely to restrict the extension 
 of slavery and the domination of the pro- 
 slavery power, and by a majority of 15,651 
 over the Democratic candidate. Gov. Medill. 
 Ex-Governor Trimble, the candidate of the 
 Know Nothing or Native American party, 
 received 24,276 votes. In 1857 he was re- 
 elected governor by 1503 oyer Henry B. 
 Payne, the Democratic candidate. In the 
 Chicago Bepublican Convention of 1860, 
 which nominated Mr. Lincoln, the first 
 ballot stood, Seward, 1731; Lincoln, 102; 
 Cameron, 501 ; and Chase, 49. 
 
 When Mr. Lincoln was called to the presi- 
 dency, March 4, 1861, he made Mr. Chase 
 Secretary of the Treasury. His consummate 
 management of the finances of the nation 
 was such that a conspicuous leader of the 
 rebellion said, “They had been conquered by 
 our Treasury Department and not by our 
 generalship.” Whitelaw Beid said, “Ohio 
 may be indulged, even here in the pardonable 
 pride of an allusion to the part that in this 
 phase of the war as well as in the others 
 ‘she led throughout the war.’ To take a 
 bankrupt treasury, sustain the credit of the 
 government, feed, equip, arm and pay all 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 83 » 
 
 the expenses of a war of four years — this 
 was the work acconiplislied by Salmon P. 
 Chase.” 
 
 On June 30, 1864, Mr. Chase resigned his 
 position as Secretary of the Treasury, was 
 succeeded by Wm. P. Fessenden, of Maine, 
 and on the nomination of Mr. Lincoln, was 
 confirmed on the 5th of December, 1864, 
 Chief- Justice of the United States, an ofi5ce 
 he filled until his decease. He presided at 
 the impeachment trial of President Johnson 
 in 1868. In his politics he was a Democrat, 
 and his name being frequently mentioned 
 that year as the probable Democratic nominee 
 for the Presidency, he wrote, in answer to a 
 letter from the Chairman of the Democratic 
 National Committee : 
 
 “For. more than a quarter of a century I 
 have been in my political views and senti- 
 ments a Democrat, and still think that upon 
 questions of finance, commerce, and adminis- 
 tration generally the old Democratic principles 
 afford the best guidance. What separated 
 me in former times from both parties was the 
 depth and positiveness of my convictions 
 upon the slavery question. ... In 1849 I 
 was elected to the Senate by the united votes 
 of the old-line Democrats and independent 
 Democrats, and subsequently made earnest 
 efforts to bring about a union of all Demo- 
 crats on the ground of the limitation of 
 slavery to the States in which it then existed, 
 and non-intervention in those States by act 
 of Congress. Had that union been effected, 
 it is my firm belief that the country would 
 have escaped the late civil war and all its 
 evils. ’ ’ 
 
 As a public speaker Mr. Chase was not 
 eloquent. His speech was at times labored 
 and hard, but he was impressive from his 
 earnestness and the weight of his thought. 
 The listener felt that he was no common man. 
 
 and had the highest good of all only in view. 
 In every position he ever held he always dis- 
 played excellent executive capacity. On en- 
 tering upon the duties of his office of Secretary 
 of the Treasury he had by long and successful 
 professional labors accumulated about $100,- 
 000, and when he left it, after controlling for 
 years the vast pecuniary business of the na- 
 tion, he was poorer than when he went in. 
 
 In appearance he was the most imposing 
 public man in the countr}^ — over six feet high, 
 a blonde, with blue eyes and fresh complexion, 
 portly, with handsome features and a mas- 
 sive head. His manners were dignified, but 
 he had but little suavity, had none of the arts 
 of the demagogue, and his great reputation 
 was solely due to his great services and 
 capacity, for he had but little personal popu- 
 larity ; the multitude never shouted for him. 
 His great ambition arose from the patriotic 
 conviction that he could render great public 
 service. He was married thrice, and died a 
 widower, leaving, of six children, two accom- 
 plished daughters. 
 
 Mr. Chase died in New York, May 7, 
 1873, of paralysis. He was buried in Wash- 
 ington, and on Thursday, October 14, 1886, 
 his remains were removed to Spring Grove, 
 Cincinnati. On this occasion, ex-GoV; Hoad- 
 ley, his once partner, gave a masterly oration 
 upon his life and services, in Music Hall, and 
 addresses were made by Congressman Butter- 
 worth, Gov. Foraker, and Justice Matthews; 
 James K. Murdoch read a poetical tribute 
 from the pen of W. D. Gallagher. Conspic- 
 uous in the crowd who had assembled to pay 
 their last tribute to the distinguished dead 
 were some old colored men who had been 
 slaves, and who felt a debt of gratitude to 
 a man who had done so much for their 
 liberty. 
 
 Chaeles Cist was born in Philadelphia, in 1793; in 1827-28 came to Cin- 
 cinnati, and died there in 1868. He was the author of Cincinnati in 1841 
 ditto in 1851; ditto in 1859; and ^‘The Cincinnati Miscellany,’’ composed 
 largely of incidents in the early history of the West. He wrote the descriptive 
 article upon Cincinnati in 1847 in the first edition of this work; and here 
 reprinted. He conducted for a term of years OisVs Weekly Advertiser. His 
 editorial columns were largely personal, well s])rinkled with I’s ” — those I’s ” 
 meaning himself — which enhanced their interest. As one read, there appeared to 
 his vision Father Cist” looking in his eyes, smiling and talking. He was filled 
 with a love of Cincinnati, *and ministered to the extraordinary social fraternal 
 feeling that existed among its old people — its pioneers. He would often print 
 some gossipy item like that u])on Judge Burnet, who, having used tobacco for a 
 lifetime, had broken off in his old age, and was waxing in fiesli under the 
 deprivation. Another week, perhaps, it would be Nicholas Longworth, Judge 
 Este, Bellamy Storer, Nathaniel Wriglit, or possibly that eccentricity, finical, 
 poetical, and artistical Peyton Symmes, that would come in for an item. 
 
 Much he wrote was tinged with humor, 
 and some of his own experiences were comi- 
 cally told. One we remember was about in 
 this wise : “I got,” said he, “into the stage- 
 coach at the Dennison House, one day last 
 
 week, to go to Oxford, and was the only 
 passenger until we neared Hamilton, which 
 was after night, when half a dozen young 
 college^ boys came aboard, and, without ask- 
 ing if it was agreeable to me, filled the coach 
 
832 
 
 HAMILTON COrjNTY. 
 
 with tobacco-smoke. It made me deadly 
 sick, but I said nothing. While we changed 
 horses at Hamilton I made a little purchase 
 in an ai)othecary shop. The coach started 
 again ; the boys continued smoking. In a 
 few minutes one and then another exclaimed : 
 ‘ Whew ! what a horrid smell ! What is it? 
 Oh ! awful ! ’ I sat for a time in silence, 
 enjoying their expressions of disgust. Then 
 I said: ‘ Young gentlemen, we have all our 
 especial tastes. You are fond of tobacco- 
 smoking, to me it is excessively disagreeable ; 
 I have just made a purchase, which I am 
 rubbing in my hands as an antidote to your 
 smoke, and I must confess I rather enjoy it. 
 You will say it is a curious idiosyncrasy of 
 mine; it is a piece of assafoetida. ’ For a 
 moment the youths were dumbfounded ; next 
 they burst into a roar, and then out of the 
 window' went their cigars, and my lump of 
 assafoetida followed after. ’ ’ 
 
 Lewis J. Cist, his son, who died in 1885, 
 aged sixty-seven, had a local reputation as a 
 poet and writer of music. He published the 
 “Souvenir,” the first annual of the West. 
 He was an enthusiastic collector of auto- 
 graphs and old portraits, his collection num- 
 bering 11,000 of the former, and one of the 
 largest and most famous in the United States. 
 To him was ascribed the authorship of “The 
 Spotted Frog,” a parody on Gallagher’s pop- 
 ular ballad, “The Spotted Fawn,” spoken of 
 elsewhere in this work. 
 
 Henry M. Cist, a younger son, born in 
 1839, is now a lawyer in Cincinnati. He was 
 
 a general in the rebellion, and noted for his 
 contributions to war literature, as “Cincin- 
 nati with the War Fever,” “The Komance 
 of Shiloh,” and “Reports of the Society of 
 the Army of the Cumberland.” Mr. Cist’s 
 father opened and superintended the first 
 Sabbath-school in Cincinnati, and his grand- 
 father, also named Charles Cist, born in St. 
 Petersburg, Russia, and graduated at Halle, 
 was a printer and publisher in Philadelphia, 
 and was the first person to introduce anthra- 
 cite coal into general use in the United States. 
 He was also the original printer of Paine’s 
 ‘ ‘American Crisis. ’ ’ 
 
 Bellamy Si’ORER, jurist, was born in Port- 
 land, Maine, March 9, 1798, died in Cincin- 
 nati, June 1, 1875. He was educated at Bow- 
 doin, and, in 1817, began the practice of the 
 law in Cincinnati. He was in Congress from 
 1835-1837 ; in 1844 was a Presidential elector 
 on the Henry Clay ticket ; for nineteen years 
 was a judge of the Superior Court of the 
 city. He was popular as a speaker at both 
 political and religious meetings. At one time 
 in his early life Judge Storer was a leading 
 spirit in a religious band of young men, called 
 “Flying Artillery,” who went from town to 
 town to promote revivals. When the Supe- 
 rior Court of the city was organized in 1854, 
 the three judges were Spencer, Gholson, and 
 Storer, and they were thus characterized : 
 Spencer as excelling in perception of law 
 principles, Gholson for his knowledge of 
 precedents, and Storer for his great memory 
 and fervid eloquence. 
 
 Gen. Ormsby McKnight Mitcheb was born of Virginia stock, in Union 
 county, Kentucky. When a four-year-old boy he was taken to Lebanon, W^arren 
 county, Ohio, by his parents. He was naturally of a studious disposition, and 
 before he was nine years of age he was reading Virgil. At twelve years of age, 
 the family being poor in circumstances, he was placed out to service as a boy in a 
 store, and working mornings and evenings in the family of his employer. At a 
 little less than fifteen years of age he received a cadet-warrant, and, with knap- 
 sack on his back, footed it a large part of the way from Lebanon, Ohio, to West 
 Point, and arrived there in June, 1825, the youngest of his class, and with only 
 twenty-five cents in his pocket. 
 
 He resigned from the army after four years 
 of service, and began the practice of the law 
 in Cincinnati, in partnership with E. D. 
 Mansfield, who wrote of him in his “Me- 
 moirs : ” “ Mitchel was noted at West Point 
 for his quickness and ingenuity. My father, 
 who was professor of philosophy there, used to 
 say : ‘Little Mitchel is very ingenious.’ He 
 was more than that, for he was what j’ou sel- 
 dom .see, a man of real genius. A great 
 many people are spoken of as men of genius, 
 but I never saw more than half a dozen in 
 my life, and Ormsby Mitchel was one of 
 them. . . He was my partner in a profes- 
 sion for which I think neither of us was well 
 adapted ; we were really literary men. The 
 consequence was, Mitchel resorted to teaching 
 classes, and I became a public writer.” 
 
 Both the young men joined l/i. Beecher’s 
 
 church, where Mitchel became noted for his 
 fervid zeal at pra.yer meetings. In 1834 
 Mitchel was appointed professor of mathe- 
 matics, natural philosophy, and astronomy 
 in the “College of Cincinnati,” an office he 
 filled admirably. 
 
 When the project was entertained for build- 
 ing what is now known as the Little Miami 
 Railroad, he warmly encouraged it, examined 
 the route, and with Mr. Geo. Neff prevailed 
 upon the city to loan $200,000. Prof. IMitchel 
 became its engineer. Three or four years 
 of railroad engineering and attention to his 
 college duties kept him busy. 
 
 An enthusiast in astronomy he felt the lack 
 of the means for instructive observations for 
 himself and students, and conceived the pro- 
 ject of raising the funds for a complete ob- 
 servatory. Neither Boston nor New York 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 833 
 
 had an observatory. Was it likely that the 
 people of a raw Western town would build 
 one? Yes, for Mitchel could persuade them 
 to do that great thing. And he saw the way. 
 The only man in the world that could see it. 
 
 He began by stirring up an interest in 
 astronomy by delivering a series of popular 
 lectures in the College Hall. The first night 
 he had but sixteen to hear him. The next 
 night they brought more, and so it kept on in- 
 creasing until the whole city had been so 
 aroused by his fervid eloquence that his 
 closing lecture had to be repeated in a city 
 church to an audience of over 2,000. It 
 was a theme in which not one in a hundred 
 had before felt the slightest interest. He 
 spoke without notes. His religious instincts 
 were very strong ; he was all alive with feel- 
 ing ; he possessed great fluency and com- 
 mand of language, and he electrified his 
 audience with this most sulDlime, elevating 
 topic as probably no man living or dead had 
 ever done before. 
 
 GEN. O. M. MITCHEL. 
 
 At the close he stated his plan for building 
 an observatory. It was by the organization 
 of a joint stock company of 300 shares, the 
 shares to be $25 each, in all amounting to 
 $7,500, the shareholders to have certain 
 privileges of admission to look upon the 
 starry world. ^ A few then subscribed, and he 
 then called in person and besieged citizen 
 after citizen until the 300 shares were taken. 
 
 Then the ])rofessor visited Europe, to 
 secure the instruments ; his ambition swell- 
 ing with his successes, he now resolved to 
 make it the best observatory in the country. 
 Two resolutions he formed, he said, contrib- 
 uted to his success. ‘"First, to work fiiith- 
 fully for five years, during all his time from 
 regular duties, and second, never to become 
 angry under any provocation while engaged 
 in this enterprise.” These show the quality 
 of “little Mitchel,” who in person was only 
 about five and one-half feet in stature, erect, 
 slender, wiry, but symmetrical, of a dark 
 
 complexion, with a keen visage and regular 
 features. He looked the embodiment of 
 will power and nervous energy, and ordinarily 
 was silent and thoughtful. 
 
 He could find neither in London nor Paris 
 such an object glass as he wanted ; but at 
 Munich was one unfinished that would take 
 two years to complete, the price to be $10,- 
 000. He had but $7,500 to pay for building 
 an apparatus. The people of Cincinnati 
 must come further to his aid ; and after an 
 absence of only 100 days he was among 
 them. The shareholders indorsed his action, 
 he appealing to their local pride by his state- 
 ment that, if they did so, their telescope 
 would be excelled by only one other in the 
 world. He remitted $3,000 to Munich to 
 secure the contract. 
 
 Mitchel then worked vigorously to secure 
 the money to erect the building, to be put 
 on a four-acre lot given bj^ Mr. Nicholas 
 Longworth. Workmen were set to work 
 digging for foundations, and preparing the 
 material. On the 9th of November, 1843, 
 occurred the memorable event of laying the 
 corner-stone, by the venerable John Quincy 
 Adams, who was the orator of the occasion. 
 The observatory seemed likely for want of 
 funds to stop with its corner-stone, they be- 
 ing exhausted by the payment for the tele- 
 scope. Next spring work was resumed with 
 three workmen. But Mitchel kept up his 
 courage. It is the beginning that costs. 
 Will power, faith moves mountains. He 
 worked with his own hands ; induced some 
 of the laborers to take part pay in shares. 
 By March, 1845, the great telescope was 
 mounted, and a sidereal clock and a transit 
 instrument were given by Prof. Bache, of 
 the coast survey. 
 
 He had promised his services as astronomer 
 for ten years free of charge, calculating upon 
 his salary in the college for support. Soon 
 the college was burnt, and he was out of 
 business. Nothing daunted, he resolved to 
 give popular lectures as a means of liveli- 
 hood, and continue his labors at the observa- 
 tory. He began at Boston. The first night 
 the hall was but half full. “Never mind,” 
 said he to a friend, “ every one that was here 
 to-night will bring a friend the next night.” 
 Great success followed. The problem of 
 subsistence was solved. For years he devoted 
 himself to his astronomical studies, V'as an 
 admirable observer, and showed remarkable 
 inventive genius. By these inventions he 
 revolutionized the system of cataloguing the 
 stars. During 1854-9 he made nearly 50,- 
 000 observations of faint stai’s. He published 
 the Sidereal Mesf^engcr, an astronomical jour- 
 nal. His own books were the “ Planetary and 
 Stellar Worlds,” his lectures on the “As- 
 tronomy of the Bible,” and in 1860 his last, 
 “ Popular Astronomy.” In his “Astronomy 
 of the Bible ” he boldly adopted the “Nebular 
 Hypothesis” of La Ifiace ; but the theology 
 which he learned from the stars was Calvin- 
 istic. In his final lecture, after showing that 
 the universe was governed by immutable 
 law, he concluded with this eloquent passage : 
 
834 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 “No, my friends, the analogies of nature 
 applied to the moral government of God 
 would crush out all hope in the sinful soul. 
 There for millions of ages these stern laws 
 have reigned supreme. There is no devia- 
 tion, no modification, no yielding to the re- 
 fractory or disobedient. All is harmony 
 because all is obedient. Close forever if you 
 will this strange book claiming to be God’s 
 revelation ; blot out forever if you will its 
 lessons of God’s creative power, God’s super- 
 abounding providence, God’s fatherhood and 
 loving guardianship to man, his erring off- 
 spring, and then unseal the lids of that 
 mighty volume which the finger of God has 
 written in the stars of heaven, and in these 
 flashing letters of living light we read only 
 the dread sentence, ‘ The soul that sinneth it 
 shall surely die. ’ ’ ’ 
 
 in ^"'aking of the power 
 
 of the astronomer, ne said : 
 
 “By the power of an analysis created by 
 his own mind the astronomer rolls back the 
 tide of time and reveals the secrets hidden by 
 countless years, or, still more wonderful, he 
 predicts with prophetic accuracy'^ the future 
 history of the rolling spheres. Space withers 
 at his touch. Time past, present and future 
 become one mighty now.” 
 
 Up to the outbreak of the war the ob- 
 servatory remained the best equipped in the 
 
 One day, just before the war, standing 
 on our office steps in Cincinnati, there 
 passed by a young man about thirty 
 years of age. He was alone, and as he 
 approached we looked at him with un- 
 usual interest. He was rather short in 
 stature, thin in the flanks, but broad, 
 full-chested. His complexion was very 
 fair, and beard long, flowing and silky, 
 and his face frank and genial. He 
 walked erect and, as was his wont, very 
 leisurely, and with a side-to-side swing. 
 As his eye met ours a slight smile flit 
 over his face, not one of recognition for 
 there was no acquaintance. Probably 
 his mind was far away and he did not 
 see us, and it was the memory of a 
 happy incident that had lighted his 
 face with the momentary joy. Possibly 
 it was the earnestness of our gaze, if 
 perchance he noticed it, but that was 
 pardonable. His fellow-citizens were 
 proud of him and liked to gaze upon 
 him, being, as he was, to the manor 
 born and a man of poetic genius, AVm. 
 Haines Lytle, the author of ‘^Antony 
 down to posterity as the Soldier Poet.’^ 
 being highly social and possessed of w: 
 chivalrous spirit. One by our side who 
 regiment was marching as an escort 1 
 
 United States, and the reputation of Mitchel 
 as an astronomer was alike high in Europe 
 and America. Then came the rebellion, 
 when he threw himself unreservedly into the 
 conflict. At the fall of Sumter, at the great 
 Union meeting in New York, he was the most 
 effective speaker. When he closed the scene 
 that followed was indescribable. Men and 
 women were moved to tears, voices from all 
 parts of the vast hall re-echoed the sentiments 
 of the speaker. 
 
 In August Mitchel was appointed Brig- 
 adier-General of Volunteers, head-quarters 
 Cincinnati, where he at once plunged into 
 his new work with his old zeal, put the city 
 in a posture of defence, supervised the erec- 
 tion of earthworks and drilled the gathering 
 troops. 
 
 Mitchel was popularly known in the army 
 as “Old Stars. ” Whitelaw Reid says of him, 
 “Amid the stumblings of those early years 
 his was a clear and vigorous head. While 
 the struggling nation blindly sought for 
 leaders his was a brilliant promise. But he 
 never fought a battle, never confronted a 
 respectable antagonist and never commanded 
 a considerable army. Yet what he did so 
 won the confidence of the troops and the 
 admiration of the country that his death was 
 deplored as a public calamity and ha was 
 mourned as a great general. ’ 
 
 WM. H. LYTLE. 
 
 and Cleopatra,’^ whose name was to go 
 His reputation at the time was that of 
 inning politeness, a modest bearing and 
 was under him, as we write, says : My 
 ;o some baggage wagons when an aid 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 835 
 
 galloped up to me and said, ^ General Lytle sends his complimenU to Col. Beatty 
 with the request to send a company to the rear to guard against guerillas.^ ’’ To 
 be ever courteous seems to have been as a sort of intuition with him, and showed 
 the high refinement of the man. It is said that just before the fatal charge at 
 Chickamauga he drew on his gloves with the remark, If I must die I will die 
 as a gentleman.’^ Whether true or a myth it matters not : if a myth its in- 
 vention shows it was characteristic and, therefore, spiritually true. 
 
 Wm. Haines Lytle came from a Scotch- 
 Irish stock, and noted for warlike qualities 
 and experiences. He was born in the old 
 Lytle mansion on Lawrence street, November 
 2, 1826, graduated at Cincinnati College at 
 twenty years of age, following his naturally 
 military instincts became a Captain in Second 
 Ohio in the war with Mexico, studied and 
 
 P ractised the law, was a member of the Ohio 
 legislature, in 1857 was Major-General of 
 the State militia. When the rebellion broke 
 out he was commissioned Colonel of the 
 Tenth Ohio, the Cincinnati Irish regiment, 
 which he led into Western Virginia, and fell 
 wounded at Carnifex Ferry while leading a 
 desperate chpge ; was again badly wounded 
 and taken prisoner at Perrysville, where his 
 regiment suffered terrible loss. He was com- 
 missioned General and commanded the First 
 Brigade of Sheridan’s division on the fatal 
 field of Chickamauga, where he fell at the 
 head of his column while charging, pierced 
 by three bullets. “ Captain Howard Green, 
 a yolunteer aid, sprang from his horse, re- 
 ceived the^ General in his arms, and was 
 rewarded with a smile of grateful recognition. 
 Several officers and orderlies attempted to 
 bear him off the field. The peril of this 
 undertaking may be imagined since two of the 
 orderlies were killed, and Col. Wm. B. Mc- 
 Creary wounded and left for dead on the field. 
 
 “ General Lytle repeatedly opened his eyes 
 and motioned to his friends to leave him and 
 save themselves. Finally, upon coming to a 
 large tree upon a green knoll, they laid him 
 down. He then handed his sword to one of 
 the orderlies, and waving his hand toward the 
 rear, he thus tried to express with his last 
 breath that his well-tried blade should never 
 fall into the hands of the enemy. So closed 
 the life of the poet-soldier, Lytle. His 
 death found him, as he prophetically wrote 
 years before : 
 
 “On some lone spot, where, far from home 
 and friends. 
 
 The way-worn pilgrim on the turf reclining. 
 His life, and much of grief, together ends.” 
 
 Lytle had many friends in the Southern 
 army, and his remains were treated with every 
 mark of respect, his mourners being alike 
 his friends and foes- His body was tempo- 
 rarily buried in a coffin until they could be 
 sent home. Until the outbreak of the war 
 poetry was to him a frequent occupation and 
 amusement. That on which his fame will 
 permanently rest, “Antony and Cleopatra,” 
 was originally published, in 1857, in the 
 Cincinnati Enquirer. 
 
 ALICE. PHCEBE. 
 
 The Cary Sisters. 
 
 When preparing for our first tour over Ohio we passed a few days in the rooms 
 of Dr. Bandall, Secretary of the Cincinnati Historical and Philosophical Society. 
 The Doctor then mainly constituted the socn'ety. A few years later he was shot 
 while dodging somewhere in California behind a counter to avoid the ire of a 
 
836 
 
 HAMILTON* COUNTY. 
 
 pursuing ruffian : but the society still survives. He had as an office mate L. A. 
 Hine, then youthful, large and handsome, who was trying to reform a deceptive 
 and deceiving world by publishing a magazine called ‘^The Herald of Truth,’* 
 wherein was duly set forth a nice project for Land for the Landless : ” and 
 then later he established his permanent home with his family at a spot properly 
 named for domestic felicity; it being Love Land. 
 
 The rooms were on East Fifth street, opposite the old Dennison House, where 
 the well-fed, portly form of Landlord Dennison, father of a then-to-be war 
 Governor, was a daily object for pleasing contemplation. Alongside was the 
 honse market, where for decades were daily sales of horses, sold amid crowds of 
 coarse-grained men, unearthly, confusing yells and poundings of auctioneers, and 
 the seampering to and fro on bareback horses of stable boys through the street 
 to show their points. On looking upon the spot, its vulgarity and coarseness, its 
 yells and shouting, and often oaths, it seemed as though the gates of heaven must 
 be afar : at least there appeared no one in search of them in that vicinity. To 
 enhance the attractions it was at a time when the city was termed Porkopolis, its 
 citizens Porkopolitans, for swine had full liberty of the streets, living upon their 
 findings, or going in huge droves stretching from curb to curb to temporary 
 boarding plaees in the suburbs on Deer creek. 
 
 One day, while there in the rooms of the 
 society, in bounced two laughing, merry 
 country girls. Some jokes passed between 
 them and the Doctor and Hine, and then 
 they bounced out. They were from a rural 
 spot eight miles north of the city, and well 
 named Mount Healthy, their names Alice 
 and Phoebe Cary, girls then respectively 26 
 and 22 years of age, and just rising into 
 fame. 
 
 The portraits as published are not at all as 
 they were then. Phoebe had a round, chubby 
 face and seemed especially merry. Alice we 
 again saw and but once years later at a con- 
 cert by Jenny Lind in the old National Thea- 
 tre on Sycamore, near Third street. She 
 was then small and delicate with an oval face, 
 expression sedate and thoughtful. She was 
 attired in Quaker-like simplicity, her dark 
 hair parted in the middle and combed smooth 
 over the brow. No maiden could look more 
 pure and sweet than she on that evening. 
 Her appearance remains as “a living picture 
 on memory’s wall.” By her sat that most 
 superb-looking, rosy-cheeked old man. Bishop 
 M’llvaine, whose resemblance to Washington 
 was of almost universal remark. Robert 
 Cary, the father of the Cary sisters, came in 
 1803 to the “Wilderness of Ohio” from 
 New Hampshire, and in 1814 married Eliza- 
 beth Jessup and made a home upon the farm 
 afterwards known as the “ Clovernook ” of 
 Alice Cary’s charming stories. 
 
 Their mother, a sweet woman of literary 
 tastes, died in 1835, and two years later their 
 father married again. Alice was then 17 
 and Phoebe 13 years of age. Their step- 
 mother was unsympathetic with their literary 
 aspirations, which at this time were budding. 
 Work with her was the ultimatum of life, 
 and while they were willing and aided to the 
 full extent of their strength in household 
 labor, they persisted in studying and writing 
 when the day’s work was done, while she re- 
 fusing the use of candles to the extent of 
 
 their wishes, they had recourse to the device 
 of a saucer of lard with a bit of rag for a 
 wick after the rest of the family had retired. 
 Alice began to write verses at 18, and Phoebe 
 some years after her. For years the Cincin- 
 nati papers formed the principal medium by 
 which they became known, then followed the 
 Ladies’ Repository of Boston, Graham’s 
 Magazine, and the National Era of Wash- 
 ington. Recognition from high authorities 
 at the East then came to their Western home. 
 John G. Whittier and others wrote words of 
 encouragement, and Edgar Allan Poe pro- 
 nounced Alice’s “Pictures of Memory” one 
 of the most musically perfect lyrics in our 
 language. 
 
 In 1849 a great event occurred to the sisters 
 — a visit to their home from Horace Greele 3 \ 
 The philosopher had come to the city and 
 wanted the pleasure of an acquaintance with 
 these rural maidens whose simple, natural 
 verses of country life had touched a sympa- 
 thetic chord, and so went out to their home 
 and gladdened their hearts. We presume 
 after that visit the stepmother wished she 
 had been less close with her candles. 
 
 We remember that time well ; the philoso- 
 pher was an old acquaintance ; the weather 
 had turned intensely cold, and he said to us 
 he was unprovided with a sufficiently warm 
 clothing for a return by stage coach over 
 the mountains. 
 
 A winter fishion at that time in the Ohio 
 valley was a huge coarse blue blanket with a 
 black border of about six inches. These 
 shawls were extensively made into overcoats, 
 whereon their black zebra-like stripes had 
 full displa.v. A more uncouth appearing gar- 
 ment could not be well imagined either as a 
 shawl or overcoat. It was warm, but ab- 
 sorbed rain like a sponge. The shawls had 
 struck the philosophic eye, they were so pe- 
 culiarly what was then known as “ Western,” 
 and to an inquiry we replied we had one not 
 in use to which he was welcome He grate- 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 837 
 
 fully accepted the gift and wore it home as a 
 specimen of Cincinnati fashions, carrying, 
 too, in its meshes a generous quantity of the 
 city’s soot, for which the garment had an es- 
 pecial retaining adaptability. To have thus 
 ministered in that long ago to the comfort of 
 an old-time philosopher bent on reforming 
 mankind and inviting 5 'Oung men “ to go 
 West ” is another pleasing picture on “ Mem- 
 ory’s walls.” Nearly thirty years elapsed 
 ere we again saw the sage — he was on his 
 Presidential canvass, riding through Fourth 
 street in an open barouche. His vhite, 
 benevolent face had broadened, and he was 
 bowing and smiling to the people, looking 
 “for all the world” like some good old 
 grandmamma when bent on dispensing to the 
 youngsters some good warm gingerbread just 
 out of the oven. 
 
 Having obtained recognition from the East- 
 ern literati and some pecuniary success by a 
 volume of their poems, in 1852, the sisters, 
 first Alice and then Phoebe Cary, removed to 
 New York to devote themselves to literature. 
 They established themselves in a modest 
 home, and by their habits of industry and 
 frugality had success from the very start. 
 
 Occasionally they visited their old home 
 and resumed the habits of their girlhood 
 days. When they had obtained literary emi- 
 nence they established on Sunday evenings 
 weekly receptions, when for a term of fifteen 
 years were wont to gather the finest intellects, 
 the most cultured characters of the metropo- 
 lis and the East. Assemblies so comprehen- 
 sive in elements, so intellectually varied and 
 harmonious, were never before seen • in the 
 metropolis. They were quite informal and 
 
 not especially gratifying to the mere butter- 
 flies of fashion whom curiosity sometimes 
 prompted to attend. 
 
 Alice was frail, and in I'er last sickness, 
 rolonged for years, she was tenderly nursed 
 y her stronger sister, bearing her great suf- 
 ferings with wonderf ul patience and resigna- 
 tion. She died February 12, 1871, and five 
 months later Phoebe followed her. She was 
 naturally robust in health, but she had been 
 weakened by intense sorrow, and then becom- 
 ing exposed to malarial influences quickly fol- 
 lowed her sister. Both were buried in G reen- 
 wood cemetery. 
 
 It had been pitiful to see Phoebe’s efforts 
 to bear upr under her dreadful loneliness after 
 her sister’s death. “She opened the win- 
 dows to^ admit the sunlight, she filled her 
 room with flowers, she refused to put on 
 mourning and tried to interest herself in gen- 
 eral plans for the advancement of woman. 
 All in vain. Her writings were largely poems, 
 ])arodies and hymns.” 
 
 One of her poems, written when she was 
 only eighteen years of age, has a world-wide 
 reputation. Its title is “Nearer Home,” 
 and it has filled a page in nearly every book 
 of sacred song since its composition Its 
 opening verses are : 
 
 One sweetly solemn thought 
 Comes to me o’er and o’er : 
 
 I am nearer home to-day 
 Than I ever have been before. 
 
 Nearer my Father’s house 
 Where the mansions be ; 
 
 Nearer the great white throne, 
 
 Nearer the crystal sea. 
 
 The Cary Homestead, ^Ohe old gray farm-house/’ is still standing, in a thick 
 grove about 100 feet back from the road, on the Hamilton pike, just beyond the 
 beautiful suburb of College .Hill, eight miles north of Fountain Square. The 
 sisters were born in a humble house of logs and boards on a site about a hundred 
 yards north of it. It is of brick, was built by their father about 1832, when the 
 girls were respectively eight and twelve years of age. It is a substantial, roomy 
 old-fashioned mansion, and is just as the sisters left it when they went to New 
 York to seek their fortune. It has many visitors attracted by memories of the 
 famous sisters, a brother of whom, Warren, a farmer, still lives there. After 
 their decease Whittier, in writing of their original visit to him, thus alluded to it : 
 
 Years since (but names to me before) 
 
 Two sisters sought at eve my door. 
 
 Two song-birds wandering from their nest, 
 A gray old farm-house in the West. 
 
 Timid and young, the elder had 
 Even then a smile too sweetly sad ; 
 
 The crown of pain we all nmst wear 
 Too early pressed her midnight hair. 
 
 Yet, ere the summer eve grew long. 
 
 Her modest lips were sweet with song ; 
 
 A memory haunted all her words 
 Of clover-fields and singing birds. 
 
 One of the attractions of the region is the 
 old family graveyard. 
 
 The most interesting single object in this 
 region is what is known as “the Cary tree.” 
 It is the large and beautiful sycamore tree on 
 the road between College Hill and Mount 
 Pleasant. The history of this tree is very 
 interesting, as given by Dr. John B. Peaslee, 
 ex-superintendent Cincinnati public schools. 
 
 In 1832, when Alice was twelve years old 
 and Phoebe only eight, on returning home 
 from school one day they found a small tree, 
 which a farmer had grubbed up and thi-own 
 into the road. One of them picked it up 
 and said to the other: “Let us plant it.” 
 As soon as said these happy children ran to 
 the opposite side of the road and with sticks 
 —for they had no other implement — they 
 dug out the earth, and in the hole thus made 
 
838 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Dr. Arlliur Le Boutellier, Photo. 
 
 The “ Gray Old Farm-House.” 
 
 they placed the treelet ; around it, with their 
 tiny hands, they drew the loosened mold and 
 pressed it down with their little feet. With 
 what interest they hastened to it on their way 
 to and from school to see if it were growing ; 
 and how they clapped their little hands for 
 joy when they saw the buds start and the 
 leaves begin to form ! With what delight 
 did they watch it grow through the sunny 
 days of summer ! With what anxiety did 
 they await its fate through the storms of 
 winter, and when at last the long looked-for 
 spring came, with what feelings of mingled 
 hope and fear did they seek again their 
 favorite tree ! 
 
 When these two sisters had grown to wo- 
 manhood, and removed to New York city, 
 they never returned to their old home with- 
 out paying a visit to the tree that they had 
 planted, and that was scarcely less dear to 
 them than the friends of their childhood 
 days. They planted and cared for it in youth ; 
 they loved it in age. 
 
 Mr. Peaslee was the first person anywhere 
 to inaugurate the celebration of memorial 
 tree-planting by public schools, which he 
 did in the spring of 1882 by having the Cin- 
 cinnati schools plant and dedicate with mu- 
 sical, literary and other appropriate exercises 
 groups of trees in honor and memory of emi- 
 nent . American authors. The grove thus 
 planted is in Eden Park and is known as 
 ‘‘Authors’ Grove.” At that time the above 
 description was used as part of the exercises 
 around the Cary tree, planted by the Twelfth 
 district school of the city. 
 
 The school celebration of memorial tree- 
 planting was the outgrowth of the celebration 
 of authors’ birthdays, which had been in- 
 augurated by Mr.^ Peaslee in the Cincinnati 
 schools some years previously. He had 
 simply carried the main features of authors’ 
 birthday celebrations into Eden Park and 
 united them with tree-planting. 
 
 The planting of trees and dedicating them 
 to authors, statesmen, scientists and other 
 great men have from this Cincinnati example 
 been adopted by public schools in nineteen 
 States of the Union, the Dominion of Canada, 
 and the beautiful custom has crossed the ocean 
 to England, and as a consequence millions of 
 memorial trees have been planted by school- 
 children. 
 
 On our first coming to Ohio, in 1846, the 
 praises of a young Whig orator, then thirty- 
 two years old, Gen. Samuel F. Cary, were 
 in many mouths. He was born in Cincin- 
 nati, educated at Miami University and the 
 Cincinnati Law School, and then became a 
 firmer. He served one term in Congress, 
 1867-9, as an Independent Republican, and 
 was the onlv Republican that voted against 
 the impeachment of President Johnson. 
 In 1876 he was nominated by the Greenback 
 party for Vice-President on the ticket with 
 Peter Cooper for President. He has been 
 interested in the temperance and labor reform 
 movements, and there are few men living 
 who have made so many speeches. Hon. 
 Job E. Stevenson, in his paper on ‘‘ Political 
 Reminiscences of Cincinnati,” truly describes 
 him as “ a man of national reputation as a 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 839 
 
 temperance and political orator, endowed 
 with wonderful gifts of eloquence, highly de- 
 veloped by long and varied practice in elocu- 
 tion, of fine presence, and a voice of great 
 power and compass.” To this we may say, 
 one may live a long life and not hear a public 
 speaker so well adapted to please a multi- 
 tude. In his case the enjoyment is height- 
 ened by seeing how strongly he enjoys it 
 himself. In a speech which we heard him 
 deliver at the dedication of the Pioneer 
 Monument, at Columbia, July 4, 1889, we 
 saw that at the age of seventy-five his power 
 was not abated. We, however, missed the 
 massive shock of black hair that in the days 
 of yore he was wont to shake too and fro, as 
 he strode up and down the platform, pouring 
 forth, with tremendous volume of voice, tor- 
 rents of indignation upon some great public 
 wrong, real or imaginary, with a power that 
 reminded one of some huge lion on a ram- 
 
 E age, now and then relieving the tragic of 
 is speech by sly bits of humor. 
 
 On our original tour over Ohio we hap- 
 pened once in the office of the Cleveland 
 Herald^ when there came in a 3 ^outh of 
 scarcely twenty years. We were at once in- 
 terested in him, though we had never before 
 met, for our fathers had been friends, and he, 
 was a native of our native town. New Haven, 
 Conn., where he was born July 31, 1825. 
 The young man was pale, slender, with keen, 
 dark eyes, nimble in his movements, quick 
 
 GEORrxE HOADLY. 
 
 as a flash with an idea, and enthusiastic. 
 This was George Hoadly ; upon his high 
 history, blood and training have since asserted 
 their power. He is of the old Jonathan 
 Edwards stock ; his great-grandmother, Mary 
 
 Edwards, who married Major Timothy 
 Dwight, was a daughter of the great divine. 
 His father, George Hoadly, was a graduate 
 of Yale ; was for years mayor of New Haven ; 
 moved in 1830 with his family to Cleveland, 
 where he was elected five times ma 3 W, 1832- 
 1837, during which time he decided 20,000 
 suits ; mayor again in 1846-1847. He was a 
 horticulturist, arborist, botanist, and learned 
 in New England family history — ag'entleman 
 of unusual elegance and accomplishments. 
 His mother was a sister of the late President 
 Woolse 3 ’’, of Yale. 
 
 George Hoadly graduated at Western Re- 
 serve College and Harvard Law School, and 
 in 1849 became a partner in the law-firm of 
 Chase & Ball, Cincinnati. In 1851, at the 
 age of twenty-five, he was elected a judge of 
 the Superior Court of Cincinnati, and was 
 city solicitor in 1855. “ In 1858 he succeeded 
 Judge Gholson on the bench of the new 
 Superior Court. His friend and partner, 
 Gov. Salmon P. Chase, offered him a seat 
 upon the Supreme Court bench, which he 
 declined, as he did also, in 1862, a similar 
 offer made by Gov. Tod. In 1866 he re- 
 signed his place in the Superior Court and 
 resumed legal practice. He was an active 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1873-74, and in October, 1883, was elected 
 governor of Ohio, defeating Joseph B. For- 
 aker, by whom he was in turn defeated in 
 1885. During the civil war he became a Re- 
 publican, but in 1876 his opposition to a pro- 
 tective tariff led him again to affiliate with 
 the Democratic party. He was one of the 
 counsel that successfully opposed the project 
 of a compulsory reading of the Bible in the 
 public schools, and was 'leading counsel for 
 the assignee and creditors in the case of Arch- 
 bishop Purcell. He was a professor in the 
 Cincinnati Law School in 1864-1887, and for 
 many years a trustee in the University. In 
 March, 1887, he removed to New York and 
 became the head of a law-firm.” 
 
 George Ellis Pugh was born in Cincin- 
 nati, Nov. 28, 1822, and died July 19, 1876. 
 He was educated at Miami University ; be- 
 came a captain in the 4th Ohio in the Mexi- 
 can war; attorney-general of Ohio in 1851 ; 
 and from 1855 until 1861 served the Demo- 
 cratic party in the United States Senate. In 
 the National Democratic Convention, in 
 Charleston, S. C., in 1860, he made a most 
 memorable speech of indignation, in reply to 
 William L. Yancey, in the course of which, 
 alluding to the demands of the ultra pro- 
 slavery partisans upon the Northern Democ- 
 racy, he said (we write from memory) : You 
 would humiliate us to your behests to the 
 verge of degradation, with our hands on our 
 mouths, and our mouths in the dust.” His 
 plea in behalf of Clement L. Yallandigham 
 was regarded as one of his ablest efforts. 
 This was in the habeas corpus proceeding 
 before Judge Leavitt, involving the question 
 as to the power and the duty of the judge to 
 relieve Mr. Yallandigham from military con- 
 finement. Mr. Pugh was gifted with a very 
 strong voice, a power of vehement, earnest 
 
840 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 utterance, and with a marvellous memory 
 that was of great advantage over all oppo- 
 nents, enabling him, as it did, to cite author- 
 ity after authority, even to the very pages, so 
 that he could at any time, when prepared, go 
 into court without any yellow-arrayed breast- 
 works, in the form of piled-up law books. 
 His last years were greatly marred by exces- 
 sive deafness. 
 
 At the age of seventy-one, on July 14, 
 1883, on his beautiful place at North Bend, 
 there died Dr. John Aston Warder, a 
 
 DR. JOHN A. WARDER. 
 
 most beneficent character. He was born in 
 Philadelphia of Quaker parentage, and in 
 early life saw at his father’s house and asso- 
 ciated with those eminent naturalists, Audu- 
 bon, Michaux, Nuttal, Bartram, and Dar- 
 lington, from whom he acquired great fond- 
 ness for nature, and how to woo her sweet 
 delights. He studied medicine in Philadel- 
 phia, practised eighteen years in Cincinnati, 
 and then moved to North Bend to give his 
 entire attention to horticulture. Meanwhile 
 he did everything in his power to advance 
 education and science, and was a leader 
 through his capacity and love. The public 
 schools, the Astronomical Society, Western 
 Ackdemy of Natural Sciences, Horticultural 
 Society, Ohio Medical College, and Natural 
 History Society all felt his guiding power. 
 
 Warren Higley, President of Ohio State 
 Forestry Association, wrote of him: “ Plis 
 early surroundings and associations were 
 powerful allies in his education as a natural- 
 ist. He read and studied and mastered the 
 book of Nature in its varied teachings as but 
 few have mastered it. A seed, a bud, a leaf, 
 a plant, a branch, a tree, a shell, a rock, at- 
 
 tracted his notice and elicited investigation. 
 He was a veritable student of Nature, and 
 his love among men was as lovingly beautiful 
 as it was among his plants and trees. . . . 
 He is justly called the Father of American 
 Forestry.” 
 
 Associated for a time, about the year 1 854, 
 with Dr. Warder, in the publication of the 
 “ Botanical Magazine and Horticultural Re- 
 view,” was James W. Ward, a gentleman 
 highly accomplished by varied attainments in 
 science, literature, art, and both a poet and 
 the nephew of a poet. The best remembered 
 of his verses by the older citizens is a parody 
 of Henry W. Longfellow’s “Hiawatha,” en- 
 titled “Higher Water,” descriptive of a 
 freshet on the Ohio river • other of his pieces 
 were characterized by delicate fancy and re- 
 fined instincts. 
 
 Robert Clarke was born in Annam, 
 Dumfrieshire, Scotland, May 1, 1829. He 
 removed with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 in 1840, was educated at Woodward Col- 
 lege, and became a bookseller and publisher 
 in that city. He edited George Rogers 
 Clarke’s “Campaign in the ‘Illinois’ in 
 1778-9” (Cincinnati, 1869), James McBride’s 
 “Pioneer Biographies” (1869), Capt. James 
 Smith’s “Captivities with the Indians” 
 (1870), and is the author of a pamphlet 
 entitled “The Prehistoric Remains which 
 were Found on the Site of the City of Cin- 
 cinnati, with a Vindication of the Clincinnati 
 Tablet,” printed privately, 1876. — Appleton's 
 Cyclopedia of American Biography. 
 
 The mystery of the fate of Sir John 
 Franklin for a long term of years aroused 
 the sympathy of the civilized world. He 
 had sailed from England in May, 1845, in 
 two British ships, the Erebus and Terror, on 
 a voyage of discovery of the northwest pas- 
 sage across our continent, and never re- 
 turned. Several expeditions were sent in 
 search, two from our country, De Haven’s 
 and Griffith’s in 1850, and the last under Dr. 
 E. K. Kane in 1853. The last under Mc- 
 Clintock sailed from England in 1857 in the 
 little steam -yacht Fox, purchased by Lady 
 Franklin, and brought back from the Es- 
 kimos intelligence of the sad fate of the ex- 
 pedition, with many relics. 
 
 All further search for them in England 
 was then considered as ended. Not so in this 
 country. There was one individual — then a 
 citizen of Cincinnati, and personally known 
 to us as a singularly modest and worthy 
 man, doing business as a seal engraver at No. 
 1 2 West Fourth street — Charles Francis 
 Hall, a native of Rochester, New Hamp- 
 shire, born there in 1821, where he began 
 life as a blacksmith. For years he had been 
 an enthusiastic student of Arctic exploration, 
 and when the mystery over the fate of Sir 
 John Franklin had aroused universal sym- 
 pathy he was intensely excited. He pondered 
 over the subject by day and dreamed of it by 
 night, and felt as though there might be some 
 poor souls j’^et surviving of the lost mariners 
 among the Eskimos, whom to relieve from 
 their savage, dreary, deathlike existence he 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 84 
 
 was personally called upon to attempt by 
 every attribute of huinanit}^ 
 
 Some of his townsmen, when they finally 
 learned of his preparing to start off on a 
 self-constituted expedition in search of the 
 survivors of the Franklin Expedition, and, 
 moreover, heard that he designed making 
 scientific observations of natural phenomena, 
 replied, with supercilious smiles : ‘‘Pshaw ! 
 what in the way of Arctic explorations and 
 scientific investigations can this fellow do ? 
 Why he is nothing but a common seal en- 
 graver,” they said, “who has received but 
 the common schooling, and perhaps only from 
 a common Yankee school-marm at that, and 
 who in all his life has^ accomplished no 
 greater feat than engraving the initials of 
 sundry nobodies upon wedding-rings, ’ With 
 this do I thee wed !’ ” 
 
 Such commentators, with any amount of 
 
 scholarly drill, prove incapable of a fresh 
 thought, or else it would flash upon them, as 
 it would upon any bright, well-read lad of 
 fifteen, that the great names that come down 
 to us from Moses to Socrates, from Shakes- 
 peare to one Ben Franklin, and almost the 
 entire line of original inventors, Edison in- 
 clusive, are largely those of individuals who 
 were powerless to display parchments of 
 graduation. They seem dead to the fact that 
 upon the basis of a common school education, 
 with the abundant printed aids of our time — 
 advantages which “ Moses and the prophets,” 
 Socrates and the popes, had not — for the in- 
 vestigation of almost any single topic, that 
 the naturally clear brain when will and en- 
 thusiasm absorb its entire power is capable 
 of the most subtle fingerings, of giant grasps 
 and far-reaching conquests. His townsmen 
 little realized that in the person of this 
 
 modest, quiet seal engraver was to be demon- 
 strated from the days of the Norse 111 en to 
 our days no greater hero in all Arctic histoiy, 
 and moreover that he was to win the singular 
 distinction of penetrating nearer to the North 
 Pole than any human being before him, and 
 then filling the northernmost grave on the 
 globe. 
 
 When Hall returned from his first expedi- 
 tion he brought two natives, the Eskimos 
 Joe and Hannah, afterwards of the Polaris 
 Expedition, and came to Cincinnati with 
 them. About that time Lady Franklin, who 
 had come to this country to meet Hall, was 
 also in Cincinnati, and gave a reception to 
 such of the citizens as desired to call upon 
 her in the ladies’ parlor of the Burnet 
 House, when John D. Caldwell, Ohio’s 
 “Universal Secretary,” acted as cJmperon. 
 
 This was in the war time, the winter of 
 1863-4. One evening at that period we saw 
 Hall and Joe together in the Gazette office. 
 The Eskimo, or more properly Innuits, are a 
 small race, the men under five feet in stature. 
 Joe looked alongside of Hall as a pigmy be- 
 side a giant. Hall was a tall, fleshy man, 
 with rather a small head, the last man one 
 would pick out for a hero, possessing very 
 little self-assertion or fluency of speech. 
 What may seem strange, bis Eskimo com- 
 panions Joe and Hannali on their arrival in 
 this country, consequent upon the inhospital- 
 ity of our climate, had caught severe colds. 
 As we looked upon Joe that winter evening 
 in the Gazette office, we felt we would like to 
 know his emotions on a first introduction to 
 civilized life. Buskin said: “What a 
 thought that was when Grod first thought of 
 a tree.” We felt we would like to know 
 Joe’s emotions when he first saw a tree. He 
 was of a race of our fellow-creatures who 
 never see a tree nor a shrub their entire lives 
 through, but dwell in seeming utter desola- 
 tion and solitude, where the whole earth lies 
 dead under an eternal snowy shroud. 
 
 Edward Follensbee Noyes was born in 
 Haverhill, Mass., October 3, 1832, and be- 
 coming an orphan served five years appren- 
 ticeship in the office of the Mornmg Star, a 
 religious newspaper published at Dover, N, 
 H. He then prepared and “went through 
 Dartmouth College, graduating near the head 
 of his class, moved to Cincinnati and gradu- 
 ated in the Cincinnati Law School in 1858. 
 When the civil war broke out he was one of 
 the members of the Literary Club who en- 
 listed. He changed his law office into re- 
 cruiting headquarters and was commissioned 
 July 27, 1861, Major of the 39th Ohio In- 
 fantry, and later its Colonel. He was with 
 his regiment in every march and in every 
 battle and skirmish in which the command 
 was engaged, until he lost a leg in an assault 
 on the enemy’s works at Ruff’s Mills in the 
 Atlanta campaign. While yet on crutches 
 he reported for duty to Gen. Hooker, and 
 was assigned to the command of Camp Den- 
 nison, and later was commissioned Brigadier- 
 General. In 1871 he was chosen Governor 
 of Ohio ; at the next election was defeated ; 
 
842 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 in 1877 he was appointed by his old friend 
 and club mate, President Hayes, Minister to 
 France. During his service there he was 
 sent on an especial mission to the East, visit- 
 ing all the countries that border on the 
 Mediterranean. He resigned in 1881 and 
 resumed liis law practice in Cincinnati. He 
 possesses hue oratorical powers, and is re- 
 
 GEN. E. F. NOYES. 
 
 markable for his enthusiastic, cheery disposi- 
 tion and kindly manners. He was so beloved 
 by the soldiers that he induced a larger num- 
 ber of veterans to re-enlist in his regiment 
 than was secured to any other in the National 
 array from Ohio. He died Sept. 4, 1890. 
 
 In our boy days we often saw in our fa- 
 ther’s bookstore in New Haven, Alphonso 
 Taft, then a Yale student. He was tall, 
 broad — even as a youth — heavy and strong, 
 and then noted for his strong common sense 
 and masculine grasp of intellect. He was a 
 warm admirer of Daniel Webster, whom in 
 some important aspects he resembled, and 
 of the many eulogies pronounced upon that 
 great man his tribute to his life and services 
 is regarded by the family and friends of Mr. 
 Webster as the most truthful and masterly. 
 He once made a remark that is worth any 
 printer’s ink : “It is a pretty bad case that 
 has not to it two sides.” 
 
 Judge Taft was born in Townsend, Ver- 
 mont, November 5, 1810 ; graduated at Yale 
 in 1833 ; tutor there, 1835-1837 ; in 1838 ad- 
 mitted to the bar and after 1 840 practised 
 in Cincinnati, where he won high reputation. 
 In 1856 he was a delegate to the National 
 Republican Convention, and in the samej^ear 
 was defeated for Congress by George H. 
 Pendleton ; from 1866 to 1872 was Judge of 
 the Superior Court of Cincinnati, when he 
 resigned to associate himself in practice with 
 two of his sons. “In 1875 he was a candi- 
 
 date for the Republican nomination for the 
 governorship ; but a dissenting opinion that 
 he had delivered on the question of the Bible 
 in the public schools was the cause of much 
 opposition to him. The opinion that defeated 
 his nomination was unanimously affirmed by 
 the Supreme Court of Ohio, and is now the 
 law of the State. Pie became Secretary of 
 War M.ych 8, 1876, on the resignation of 
 Gen. William W. Belknap, and on 22d May 
 following was transferred to the attorney- 
 generalship, serving until the close of Gen. 
 Grant’s administration. Judge Taft was ap- 
 pointed United States minister to Austria 
 April 26, 1882, and in 1884 was transferred 
 to Russia, where he served till August 1, 
 1885. He has been a trustee of the Univer- 
 
 ALPHONSO TAFT. 
 
 sity of Cincinnati since its foundation, and 
 in 1872-82 served on the corporation of 
 Yale, which gave him the degree of LL.D. in 
 1867.” PYur of his sons have graduated at 
 that institution. He died May, 21 1891. 
 
 Aaron F. Perry, like Jud^e Taft, is 
 from the Green Mountain State, born at Lei- 
 cester, Vermont, January 1, 1815 — like him 
 was educated at Yale, and cast his fortunes 
 in Ohio, first settling in Columbus, where he 
 had as successive law partners Gov. Dennison 
 and Gen. Carrington. In 1854 he removed 
 to Cincinnati and became a law partner with 
 Judge Taft and Col. Thomas M. Ke 5 ^ As 
 a lawyer he has made enduring marks upon 
 the history of his country — notably in the 
 case of Vallandigham against Burnside, in- 
 volving the legal right to arrest a private cit- 
 izen for indulgence in the freedom of speech 
 in opposition to the measures of a govern- 
 ment struggling for its life against citizens in 
 armed rebellion. Mr. Perry in his politics 
 was originally a Whig, then a Republican, 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 S43 
 
 and in 1870 was elected to Congress by the 
 Republicans, where he took a leading part. 
 During the war era no man, in our judgment, 
 in the Cincinnati region, was so effective as 
 he in upholding the hands of government by 
 public addresses, irresistible from their grasp 
 and clearness of statement, beauty of diction 
 with keenness of wit, and delivered with a 
 grace and ease of manner and a power that 
 so captivated the multitudes that ever assem- 
 bled to hear him, that they were always sorry 
 when he closed. So important were his ser- 
 vices to Ohio at this period, that Gov. Den- 
 nison thanked him in his annual message. 
 Although suffering from a malady, deafness, 
 that warps the disposition of many sensitive 
 natures, Mr. Perry seems not at all affected 
 by it, but everywhere and to every one ap- 
 pears with an overflow of good feeling that 
 renders his_ presence, and after thoughts of 
 him, to a high degree pleasant. 
 
 REUBEN RUNYAN SPRINGER. 
 
 Reuben Runyan Springer, philanthro- 
 pist, was a descendant of the early Swedes 
 who settled in Delaware in the seventeenth 
 century. His father was a soldier under 
 Gen. Wayne in the Indian war, and later 
 became the postmaster in Frankfort, Ky., 
 where Reuben was born, November 16, 1800. 
 He in turn became postmaster, a clerk on a 
 river steamboat running between Cincinnati 
 and New Orleans, and then acquired an in- 
 terest. Later he became a partner in a 
 wholesale grocery house in Cincinnati, and 
 retired in 1840 from ill health, and never re- 
 sumed active business. 
 
 “ He went abroad repeatedly, buying many 
 works of fine art, which are now mostly the 
 property of the Art Museum. He gave to 
 the Music Hall, the Exposition Building, the 
 Odeon Theatre and the Art Museum, in all. 
 
 $420,000 ; to private charities of the Roman 
 Catholic church — of which he was a member 
 — more than $100,000, and at least $30,000 
 annually in the way of benevolence, beside 
 contributing liberally and regularly to various 
 charities and public enterprises. He died in 
 1884, left by will about $3,000,000 to nearest 
 of kin — having no children ; also annuities to 
 the College of JMusic, the Music Hall and 
 the Art Museum, and nearly $400,000 to 
 various Roman Catholic charitable institu- 
 tions, among these $40,000 to the Cathedral 
 School, $30,000 to St. Peter’s Benevolent 
 Society, and $100,000 for the education of 
 priests.” A fine statue to his memory ’s in 
 the Music Hall, the work of Clarence Powers. 
 Mr. Springer was in person tail and erect, 
 with dark eyes, and dignified and quiet in 
 manner, and impressed the casual observer 
 as one of the highest type of gentlemen. 
 
 Calvin Washburn Starbuck, printer, 
 born in Cincinnati in 1822; died there in 
 1870 ; was the fastest type-setter in Ohio ; 
 established the Times, the progenitor of the 
 Star- Times ; was remarkable for his phi- 
 lanthropy to various charitable institutions of 
 the city both by cash and personal labor. 
 During the civil war he strove by voice and 
 pen to establish the National credit. To the 
 families of his employes who enlisted he 
 continued their full wages while they were in 
 the service, and in 1864 volunteered and 
 bore his musket as one of the one hundred- 
 day men. 
 
 David Sinton, so widely known for his 
 benefactions, was born in County Armagh, 
 Ireland, early in the century, of mingled 
 Scotch and Anglo-Saxon blood ; the family 
 name was originally Swinton. His father’s 
 family came to this country and settled at 
 Pittsburg when he was three years of age. 
 His life business has mainly been the manu- 
 facture of iron, the location of his furnaces, 
 Lawrence _ county. His residence has been 
 mainly Cincinnati. He is entirely a self- 
 made man ; has a large, strong person with 
 strong common sense, and therefore moves 
 solely on the solid foundation of facts. His 
 residence is the old Longworth mansion on 
 Pike street, built by Martin Baum early in 
 the century. Mr. Sinton’s only living child 
 is the wife of Chas. P. Taft, editor ot the 
 Times- Star. 
 
 To be a public man of note renders such an 
 one an object of interest to the public, to say 
 nothing of the gratification in that fact to the 
 public man himself One such, a fellow-towns- 
 man in’ Cincinnati, we seldom failed to look 
 upon as we passed him on the street from his 
 personal attractions and general reputation as 
 a man. He was rather short in stature but a 
 full-chested, erect, plumply-built and very 
 handsome man, with dark smiling eyes, a 
 noble, massive head adorned with a wealth of 
 dark luxuriant hair : life seemed to go pleasant 
 with him. We never heard the sound of his 
 voice ; but once, just before the civil war, 
 we were simultaneously in each other’s eyes. 
 We had met and passed on a side street, 
 each of us alone ; then we turned to gaze upon 
 
544 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 him at the same moment he had turned to 
 gaze on us. The reader has had a like ex- 
 perience and appreciates the mutual morti- 
 fication of the moment. Which of us felt 
 the meanest is an unsolved problem. When 
 on our late tour over Ohio we were in the 
 Tom Corwin mansion^ at Lebanon, Judge 
 Sage, whose home it is and who was with 
 US, said with pride, as enhancing the attrac- 
 
 DAVID SINTON. 
 
 tions of the mansion, “In the room over us 
 George H. Pendleton passed several days 
 when he was an infant.” This was the full- 
 rounded man we met as above described. 
 His fellow-townsmen called him “ Gentleman 
 George ” from his suave manners and courtly 
 ways. Then he was “well fixed” for pleas- 
 ant contemplation, possessing, as reputed, 
 ample means, the best social relations, the 
 best Virginia blood of the revolutionary war 
 coursing through his veins, and as the mother 
 of his children one of the most beautiful, 
 sweetly-mannered of women, and of the 
 blonde order, a daughter of Francis Scott 
 Key, author of the never-to-be-forgotten ode, 
 “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Her tragic 
 death in Central Park a few years ago, 
 thrown from her carriage, is remembered 
 with a pang. 
 
 George Hunt Pendleton was born in 
 Cincinnati 25th July, 1825, and educated to 
 the law. He was elected as a Democrat to 
 Congress in 1856, serving till 1865, where he 
 was on the Committees on Military Affairs 
 and Ways and Means. 
 
 “In 1860, at the time of the division of 
 the Democratic party at the Charleston Con- 
 vention, Mr. Pendleton warmly supported 
 Mr. Douglas. On sectional questions he was 
 moderate and conservative. If dissolution 
 was inevitable, he preferred it should be a 
 
 peaceful one ; if war was to be waged, he 
 warned Congress to ‘ prepare to wage it to 
 the last extremity and accordingly voted for 
 all measures required to enable the govern- 
 ment to maintain its honor and dignity.” 
 
 He was on the ticket for the Vice-Presi- 
 dency, with George B. McClellan for Presi- 
 dent, in 1864; was unsuccessful on the 
 Democratic ticket for Governor of Ohio in 
 1869 against R. B. Hayes. In 1878 was 
 elected U. S. Senator, and became Chairman 
 of the Committee on Civil Service Reform. 
 In 1885 he was appointed by President Cleve- 
 land U. S. Minister to Germany. 
 
 He died of apoplexy in Brussels, Nov. 24, 
 1889. His remains lie buried in Spring 
 Grove. He was regarded as “the very pink 
 of honor ; performed many generous deeds ; 
 had antagonists, but no enemies.” 
 
 Col. George Ward Nichols, small in 
 person but great in will, was born in Fre- 
 mont, Mt. Desert, on the coast of Maine, in 
 1837. and died in Cincinnati in 1885. He 
 was a school-boy in Boston ; then travelled 
 in Europe, making his headquarters in Paris. 
 His tastes were for the fine arts, and he 
 learned to draw and paint. In the war pe- 
 riod he was aid both to Fremont and to 
 Sherman, on his march to the sea. Then he 
 
 GEORGE H. PENDLETON. 
 
 came to Cincinnati, where he was for a time 
 engaged in drawing and painting. His life 
 there is a part of the history of the city. His 
 father’s house had been a musical home, and 
 love of music was his master passion. He 
 became the originator and organizer of the 
 May Musical Festivals, the Opera Festivals, 
 and the College of Music, founded in 1879, 
 and “was its president, and placed the col- 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 845 
 
 lege where envy could not reach it.” The 
 important educational influences of such work 
 and the honorable reputation it has given the 
 city, is not to be lightly measured. He was 
 author of “The Story of the Great March to 
 the Sea;” “Art Education Applied to In- 
 dustry,” and “Pottery ; How it is Made.” 
 
 Charles W. W est, whose great benefac- 
 tion for an Art Museum in Cincinnati is a 
 lasting memorial of beauty and pleasure, was 
 born in Montgomery county. Pa. In 1810 
 worked on a farm, until ^ he was twenty-one 
 years of age, and at thirty-one established 
 himself in Cincinnati as a merchant and had 
 great success. 
 
 In September, 1880, he oflPered to contrib- 
 ute $150,000 toward the erection of an art 
 museum building, provided that an equal 
 amount was raised by subscription : on the 
 condition being fulfilled he gave twice as 
 much as he had promised. The building was 
 begun in 1882 and finished in 1885 ; but Mr. 
 West did not live to see it finished, he dying 
 the year before aged seventy- four years. His 
 portrait in the museum is in seeming that of 
 a genial gentleman, full of sociality and good 
 fellowship, which indeed were his character- 
 istics. His offer came as a grand surprise. 
 On the opening of the Exposition of 1880, 
 its President, Hon. Melville PI. Ingalls, the 
 famed railroad manager, read a letter, later 
 termed the “ famous letter,” from Mr. West, 
 making his magnificent offer. MGien the 
 Exposition closed “in glory,” having been a 
 great success financially and artistically, Mr. 
 Ingalls gave a public dinner to its friends, 
 whereupon fifty-three gentlemen obligated 
 themselves to increase the fund for the Art 
 Museum $1,000 each, in all $53,000. This 
 assured success. 
 
 After the death of Mr. Joseph Longworth, 
 the first President of the Museum, Mr. In- 
 galls was elected its president, and has since 
 held the ofiice by continuous elections, he 
 managing things with the same vim as he 
 has the “Big Four.” Like Col. George W. 
 Nichols, already sketched in these pages, Mr. 
 Ingalls is a native of Maine, born at Harri- 
 son, Sept. 6, 1842. As a matter of honoring 
 recor J we annex the names of the fifty-three 
 who each gave one thousand dollars for the 
 Art Museum ; and in this connection inquire 
 what other city can produce such a fifty- 
 three ? 
 
 F. Eckstein, M. M. White and wife, Richard B. 
 Hopple, Morehead & Norton, C. H. and D. R. R., 
 by John Carlisle, V. P., Peter Rudolph Neff, 
 Alex. McDonald & Co., J. M. Nash, T. T. Gaff, 
 for estate of J. W. Gaff, E. L. Harper & Co., 
 Charles Fleischniann, Windisch Muhlhauser 
 Bros. & Co., W. F. Thorne, Briggs Swift, Henry 
 Lewis, Cincinnati Gas Light & Coke Co., Mrs. 
 Larz Anderson, Cin. Street Ry. Co., by J. N. 
 Kinney, A. S. Winslow, G. Y. Roots and wife, 
 George Wilshire, Geo. Hoadly, Rev. Thomas H. 
 Skinner, A. Gunnison, (k 1. St. L. & C. R. R., by 
 M. E. Ingalls, George W. McAlpin, E. W. Cun- 
 ningham and wife, A. J. Mullane, Mrs. George 
 Carlisle, Robert Mitchell, Chatfield & Woods, S. 
 J. Broadwell, Wm. P. Hulbert, John Shillito, 
 Walsh & Kellogg, Elliott H. Pendleton, Oliver 
 
 Perin, B. S. Cunningham and wife, J. H. Rogers, 
 George Hofer, Joseph Kinsey, J. N. Kinney, B. 
 F. Evans, A. H. Hinkle, George H. Hill, Robert 
 Clarke & Co., C. W. Short, George H. Pendleton, 
 M. E. Ingalls. 
 
 Stanley Matthews was born in Cincin- 
 nati, July /21, 1824, the son of a college 
 professor. He graduated at Kenyon, where 
 he was a classmate of R. B. Hayes, and life- 
 long friend. He adopted the profession of 
 the law and at one time edited an anti-slavery 
 newspaper, the Cincinnati Herald. He be- 
 
 STANLEY MATTHEWS. 
 
 came judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 
 held other offices, entered the army as Lieut. 
 Col. of the 23d Ohio, W. S. Rosecrans being 
 its Colonel, and R. B. Hayes, Major ; re- 
 mained in the army until April, 1 863, when 
 he was elected by the Republicans judge of 
 the Superior Court of Cincinnati ; soon re- 
 signed and engaged in a large and lucrative 
 law practice. On the Electoral Commission 
 he rendered efficient service to the claims of 
 Mr. Hayes. In 1877 he succeeded John 
 Sherman in the Senate. In 1881 he was 
 appointed associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court. He died March 21 , 
 1889, leaving the reputation of being a great 
 lawyer and a most lovable man. In person 
 he was tall, manly and approachable to 
 everybody. “If he had lived,” said Senator 
 Payne, “he would have been the^ foremost 
 jurist in the land.” Another said, “Few 
 stronger men have been born: he embodied 
 extraordinary powers,” and with him “Re- 
 ligion was a worship and not a show.” 
 
 William S. Groesbeck was born July 
 24, 1815, in New York city ; wa,s educated 
 to the law and came to Cincinnati. In 1851 
 was a member of the State Constitutional 
 Convention; in 1852 one of the commission 
 
HAMILTON 
 
 to codify the State laws ; in Congress 1857- 
 1859, serving on the committee on foreign 
 affairs ; a member of the peace congress in 
 1861, and in 1862 of the Ohio Senate; a 
 delegate to the National Union Convention 
 in 1866 ; one of President Johnson’s counsel 
 on his impeachment trial, 1868; was in 1872 
 the Presidential candidate of the Liberal 
 Republicans in opposition to Horace Greeley 
 and received one electoral vote for Vice- 
 President, for which office he had not been 
 nominated. In 1878 was delegate to the 
 International Monetary Congress, held in 
 Paris. His reputation for capacity is of the 
 highest. And by his endowment of $50,000 
 for free open air concerts in Burnet Woods 
 Park, strains of sweet music are to soothe 
 the cares of multitudes long after he shall 
 have passed away. 
 
 Alfred Traber Goshorn was born in 
 Cincinnati, July 15, 1833 ; graduated at Mari- 
 etta, and also at the Cincinnati law school. 
 
 In the war period he was commissioned 
 Major of the 137th 0. V. I., and served until 
 its close. He passed four memorable years 
 in Philadelphia as Director General of the 
 first National exhibition observed by the peo- 
 ple of the United States, in commemoration 
 of the Declaration of American Independ- 
 ence, a position to which he had been called 
 by his extraordinary genius for organizing, 
 illustrated by his experience in the Cincinnati 
 expositions. He retired from that high place 
 covered with honors, thanks, titles and dec- 
 orations from the leading governments of 
 Europe in recognition of his services and 
 courtesies to their representatives while occu- 
 pied on this great occasion of peace and good 
 will. The citizens of Philadelphia also ex- 
 
 COUNTY. 847 
 
 pressed their gratitude by the present of an 
 elegant library, while his own citizens on his 
 return gave him a banquet. Naturally as a 
 Cincinnati production they felt proud of him. 
 
 ALFKED TRABER GOSHORN. 
 
 and now having become known of all men 
 and to many nations he is giving its Art 
 Museum the benefit of his great experience, 
 while snowing up for his patriarchal years. 
 
 The German Element in Cincinnati. 
 
 The German element comprises one-third of the population of Cincinnati. It has had a 
 surprising influence upon its art development-;-as music, painting and sculpture — also upon 
 its politics and business. It has given some highly prominent men to the community. 
 
 The first mayor of Cincinnati was Major David Ziegler, a German from Heidelburg, 
 elsewhere noticed. Another eminent man was Martin Baum. He was of high Dutch 
 parentage ; his father was from Strasburg, his mother of the Kershner family, but he was 
 born at Hagerstown, Md., June 14, 1765. In 1795, at the age of thirty, he came to Cincin- 
 nati, engaged in merchandising, and became its most wealthy and influential business citizen. 
 In 1804 he married Miss Anna Somerville Wallace. In 1803 he founded the first bank in 
 the West, the Miami Exporting Company. This company at the same time carried on a great 
 transportation business, and became one of the most important promoters and improvers of 
 the navigation of the West. He called into life the first sugar-refinery, the first iron-foundry, 
 the first steam flouring-mill, and started into the West the first stream of influential German 
 emigrants from the ships at Philadelphia — as Zachariah Ernest, the Stablers, Schnetz, Simon 
 Oehler, Schenebergers, Hoffner, etc. Moreover, had the first ornamental garden, the first 
 vineyard, and was active in founding the first public library (1802) ; of the Western Museum 
 (1817) ; of the literary society (1817) ; the first agricultural society (1818), etc., etc. ^ He was 
 a leader in establishing schools, markets and churches ; personally was one of the main pillars 
 of the first Presbyterian church. He eventually purchased that extensive tract from Pike 
 street to the top of Mount Adams and bounded by Congress and Fifth streets. ^ Here he 
 built the elegant residence, later occupied by Nicholas Longworth, and now by David Sinton. 
 His hospitable home was open to all intellectually great men who visited Cincinnati, and 
 German literary men were especially welcome. This great and useful man died December 
 14, 1831, of epidemic influenza, now known as ‘'La Grippe.” 
 
 Christian Burk halter, formerly secre- German Whig newspaper, the Westlicher 
 tary to Prince Blucher, in 1837 founded a Merkur. In 1836 he had joined James G. 
 
848 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Birney in the publication of the Philanthro- 
 pist., an Abolition newspaper, which was de- 
 stroyed by a mob. Albert Von Stein came 
 to Cincinnati in 1817, and gained eminence 
 as a civil engineer. He was builder of the 
 Cincinnati water-works, the first in the coun- 
 try to be worked by pumps ; made drawings 
 for “Wilson’s Ornithology;” built the Ap- 
 pomatox canal, and water-wmrks for Rich- 
 mond, Lynchburg, Petersburg, New Orleans, 
 Nashville and Mobile. He died in 1876, 
 aged 84 years. Dr. Friedrich Reese, a 
 very learned man (in 1825), was the first 
 Cerman Catholic priest in Cincinnati, later 
 was bishop of Detroit ; he was the founder 
 of the Scientific School and of the Athe- 
 naeum — the nucleus from which sprang St. 
 Xavier College. Dr, Wilhelm Nast, born 
 in 1807, studied theology and philosophy 
 with David Strauss in the celebrated Turbln- 
 gen Institute; emigrated in 1828; in 1831 
 and 1 832 went over to the Methodist church, 
 and is considered as the father of German 
 Methodism in America. He founded here 
 two German Methodist newspapers. His 
 theological works are very numerous, and he 
 “ has persuaded many to study in German 
 universities, although he must have been 
 aware that they would change their narrow 
 religious views for wider and riper ones.” In 
 1826 appeared the first German newspaper. 
 Die Ohio Chronik. In 1834 the Germans 
 formed a (German society, that they might 
 aid each other to assure a better future, and 
 to secure generally those charitable aims 
 which are “ impossible to the single individ- 
 ual.” Among those who formed this was 
 Heinrich Rodter, journalist and lawyer. 
 He was editor of the Volkshlatt, founded in 
 1836 as the organ of the Democrats. In 
 1847-48, as a member of the Ohio Legisla- 
 ture, he had passed the law which secures 
 workingmen a lien on houses built by them, 
 and also a law reducing the cost of natural- 
 ization to foreigners. Although a Democrat, 
 he voted against the black laws and -was anti- 
 slavery in his sentiments ; at one time was a 
 law partner with the eminent J. B. Stallo. He 
 died in 1 857. Karl Gustave Reemelin was 
 born in Wurtemburg in 1814, and at the age 
 of' 18 years arrived in this country. This 
 was on the eve of the election of Andrew 
 Jackson, when he became attached to the 
 Democratic party, to which he has alwaj^s 
 adhered. “His studies and experience at 
 home had already given him an enthusiasm 
 for free trade and a prejudice against paper 
 money and a banking system ; and he thought 
 he saw in the Whig party an inclination to- 
 ward Puritanism which was naturally repug- 
 nant to the genuine German nature. The 
 name Democracy had a certain charm for the 
 Germans ; and as the wealthy classes mostly 
 belonged to the Whig party they classed 
 them with the European aristocracy. Reem- 
 elin became one of the founders of the Volks- 
 hlatt, studied law but never practised, and 
 entered into politics. As a member of the 
 Ohio Legislature he criticised very sharply 
 the then defective method of taxation, and 
 
 evinced a thorough study of political econ- 
 omy,” He was a leading member of the 
 Constitutional Convention in 1850-51 ; the 
 article in the constitution is due to his exer- 
 tions which prevents the legislature from 
 making arbitrary divisions in the electoral 
 districts. ^ Through this great abuses had 
 arisen, minorities at times having gained a 
 majority in the legislature. He visited the 
 ret'orm schools in Europe, and guided by his 
 report the legislature established the Reform 
 School at Lancaster. Becoming tired of pol- 
 itics he eventually retired to his beautiful 
 farm and vineyard near Cincinnati, where he 
 has written much for agricultuial journals — 
 one upon “The Climate of Ohio.” He has 
 published “The Vine Dresser’s Manual,” 
 “ The Wine Maker’s Manual,” and “Politics 
 as a Science. ” 
 
 The fact that Cincinnati owns the finest 
 zoological garden in the country is due to 
 another German gentleman, Mr. Andrew 
 Erkenbrecher, lately deceased. It was his 
 original conception and was pushed to con- 
 summation with characteristic energy. He 
 was born in Bavaria in 1822, and came to 
 this country in his fourteenth year. 
 
 Emil Klauprecht, born at Mainz, in 
 1815, first carried on lithography in Cincin- 
 nati and then turned to journalism. In 1843 
 he published the first belles-lettres periodical, 
 the Fliegende Blatter, with lithographic 
 illustrations, the first German illustrated 
 paper in the United States. He was at one 
 time United States consul for Stuttgart. 
 He edited a Whig paper, the Repnhlicaner, 
 which for ten years was the principal organ 
 of his party in the Western States. He 
 wrote several novels and an historical work, 
 “Deutsche Chronik in der Geschichte des 
 Ohio Thales.” The Germans have supplied 
 to Cincinnati other literary men of marked 
 ability, as Heinrick Von Martels, Dr. Joseph 
 H. Pulte, founder of the Pulte Homoeopathic 
 College ; Heinrich A. Rattermann, founder 
 of the (xerman Mutual Insurance Company. 
 “ Mr. Rattermann has written poetry in both 
 the German and English ; has worked with 
 especial industry in the history of civilization, 
 and has taken upon himself to vindicate a 
 just estimate of German emigration, and 
 showing therein a sharp and critical judg- 
 ment.” The names of others connected 
 with editorship or education can be men- 
 tioned, but we have no room for details, as 
 Dr. Friedrich Roelker, August Renz, Joseph 
 Anton Hemann, Stephen Molitor, Nikolaus 
 Hofer, Rev. Geo. Walker, Ludwig Rehfuss, 
 founder of the Lafayette (xuard in 1836, the 
 first German military company. Pastor 
 August Kroll, etc. 
 
 In art the Germans have been especially 
 prominent, as the names of many Cincinnati 
 artists testify. As early as 1826 Gottfried 
 Schadow founded here an Academy of Fine 
 Arts, and had for a pupil Hiram Powers. 
 He died of cholera and with him perished 
 his academy. He made busts of Governor 
 JMorrow and President Harrison, the first of 
 which is now in the State library. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 849 
 
 Even away back to 1823 existed here a 
 G-erman musical society. ^ In 1849 the first 
 great German musical festival of the United 
 States was held in this city. Then was 
 founded the first German Saengerbund of 
 North America, whose musical festivals have 
 now gained a world-wide reputation, and 
 prepared the way for the foundation of the 
 Grand Music Hall and College of Music. 
 
 The great lithographic business of the 
 city is almost entirely the work of Germans, 
 and the largest furniture factory of the world 
 employing 1500 hands, that of Mitchell & 
 Rammelsburg, owes its foundation mainly to 
 Freidrich Rammelsburg, a Hanoverian, who 
 died in 1863. In 1831 Mathias Schwab 
 started here the first organ factory in the 
 west, if not in the Union. 
 
 The most remarkable man among the 
 German lawyers of Ohio, “a man of whom 
 all the Germans in the United States should 
 be especially proud is Johann Rernhard 
 Stallo. ” He came from a race of school- 
 masters, and was born in 1823, in the Grand 
 Dukedom of Oldenburg, and came to Cin- 
 cinnati in 1839, where he was first a teacher 
 in a private school when he compiled a 
 German A, R, C, spelling-book, a great want, 
 the superior merits of which led the directors 
 of the newly founded Catholic St. Xavier’s 
 College to appointed him a teacher in that 
 institut'on. The study of the higher math- 
 ematics led him to German philosophy, and 
 in 1848 appeared his “General Princijfies 
 of the Philosophy of Nature,” and in 1882 
 his “Concepts and Theories of Modern 
 Physics.” Mr. Stallo adopted the profession 
 of law, and from 1853 to 1855 was Judge 
 of the Court of Common Pleas. Returning 
 to practice he gained a most brilliant repu- 
 tation by an argument before the Superior 
 Court of Cincinnati against the retention of 
 Rible reading and religious instruction in 
 public schools- His argument lasted for 
 several hours. Although the Cincinnati 
 Court decided adversely, the Supreme Court 
 of Ohio reversed their decision and sustained 
 the views of Stallo and the liberals. It was on 
 the ground that religion is wholly a matter of 
 individual freedom, over which the State by its 
 Constitution has no power. This celebrated 
 speech was regarded as a wonderful illustra- 
 tion of striking logic, wealth of philosophical 
 truth and historical illustration. He was 
 appointed minister to Italy in 1885. Mr. 
 Stallo possesses a strikingly refined, scholarly 
 presence, and is of the light hair, blue- 
 eyed German type. 
 
 Samuel N. Pike, the builder of the 
 magnificent opera houses in Cincinnati and 
 New York, was of Jewish parentage. The 
 fiimily name was Hecht, the German for 
 Pike. He was born near Heidelberg, and in 
 1827, when five years of age, came to Amer- 
 ica, and in 1844 to Cincinnati. He gained 
 colossal wealth in the liquor business, and 
 having been a great admirer of Jenny Lind, 
 he built for the Muse of Song a temple which 
 he said should do honor to Cincinnati. On 
 February 22, 1859, the opera house, the largest 
 
 and most beautiful in America, was opened 
 with song. It was burnt in 1866, and later 
 rebuilt. He was a silent, calm man, and 
 while it was building none knew his object, 
 and when from the roof of the Burnet House 
 he saw the structure of his pride and am 
 bition vanishing in the flames, he quietly 
 smoked his cigar as unruffled as the most in- 
 different spectator, and while thus standing 
 gazing in this calm, contemplative attitude, 
 one of the light-fingered gentry as calmly re- 
 lieved him of his watch, of course, a first-class 
 time-keeper. 
 
 The Grand Opera House in New York was 
 begun at this time. He sold it to James 
 Fisk, Jr., for $850,000. A gigantic specu- 
 lation in land, reclaiming the Jersey marshes, 
 near New York, brought him immense 
 profits, so that at his death, in 1875, his 
 fortune was well up in the millions. He 
 used to say he “ could not see why he should 
 make money — he never fretted himself— he 
 couldn’t help it.” 
 
 In the war of the rebellion the Germans 
 took a very active part. Familiar with the 
 conflict of arms in the old country they saw 
 sooner than the native Americans that war 
 was inevitable, and were therefore very early 
 in the field. Three general officers of the 
 Union army were supplied by the Germans 
 of Cincinnati. Gen. August Moor, born 
 in Leipsic in 1814, who had been captain in 
 the Mexican war, started as Colonel of the 
 28th Ohio Volunteer or 2d German regiment ; 
 the 1st German regiment or 9th Ohio was 
 under Robert McCook. Moor gained a high 
 reputation. Gen. August V. Kautz, born 
 in Baden in 1828, was a private in the Mexi- 
 can war, later a lieutenant in the regular 
 army. He is the author of several small 
 military treatises. Gen. Gottfried Weit- 
 ZEL, born at Winzlen in 1835, came to this 
 country in early childhood, graduated high 
 in his class at West Point, and was assigned 
 to the engineer corps. While in command 
 of a division in the operations against Peters- 
 burg, he greatly distinguished himself, the 
 taking of which led to the fall of Richmond. 
 “He was the first one who, at the head of 
 his command, entered Richmond by the side 
 of President Lincoln. Strange coincidence ! 
 The German General Schimmelpfenning was 
 the first to lead a brigade into Charleston, 
 and another German general was the first to 
 carry the flag of the Union into Vicksburg.” 
 The first bayonet charge of the war was made 
 in the Union victory at Mill Spring by the 
 1st German regiment (9th Ohio), composed 
 mainly of the Cincinnati Turner Society, and 
 commanded by Col. Robert McCook, later 
 murdered by guerillas. A portrait and 
 sketch of him is in Vol. i., page 367. 
 
 Leopold Markbreit, a native of Vienna, 
 came to Cincinnati with his parents in 1848, 
 when six years of age. He studied law with 
 his half-brother, the talented Fred. Has- 
 saurek ; became a law partner with Ruther- 
 ford B. Ha 3 'es ; then went into the Union 
 army, where he eventually attained the rank 
 of colonel; from 1869 to 1873 was U. S. 
 
850 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Minister to Bolivia and now edits the Volks- 
 hlatt. 
 
 In the war period he was taken prisoner, 
 and sent to Libby Prison in Richmond. 
 Through the story of his sufferings there he 
 attained a sad celebrity. 
 
 “After five montlis of ordinary imprison- 
 ment, he and three other victims were select- 
 ed as hostages and placed in close confine- 
 ment, to prevent the execution of four rebels, 
 who were charged with recruiting within the 
 Union lines in Kentucky (which charge was 
 of a rather doubtful nature, as that part of 
 Kentucky would be considered as disputed 
 ground), and had been sentenced to death as 
 spies by a military court convened by Gren. 
 Burnside. The four hostages were placed 
 in a subterranean dungeon of the Libby, 
 where they had hardly room enough to lie 
 down at night. For months they were lying 
 buried in this hole; and received only one 
 meal a day. Even this meal was insufficient 
 to appease their hungor, for it consisted gen- 
 erally only of a handful of corn meal (into 
 which the cobs had been ground), a little 
 piece of rotten bacon and some rice or beans. 
 This food was not enough for life, and too 
 much for absolute starvation. The unfortu- 
 nate men were soon reduced to skeletons, and 
 would, doubtless, have died, if the negroes 
 employed in the Libby prison had not, from 
 time to time, smuggled in some food to them. 
 The rats, which the prisoners killed with 
 pieces of wood in their dungeon, were cooked 
 for them by the kind-hearted negroes, and 
 
 taken back to their cells. The sufferings the 
 poor prisoners had to endure were beyond all 
 comprehension ; and only when they were 
 transported to Salisbury, N. C. , a change for 
 the better took place. From Salisbury Col. 
 Markbreit was taken to Danville, Va., and 
 from there back to Libby, till at last, m 
 ‘February, 1865, his half-brother, F. Has- 
 saurek, succeeded in having him liberated. 
 He had been imprisoned for more than thir- 
 teen months. His health had been so in- 
 jured by these sufferings that he never fully 
 recovered.” Mr. Markbreit is tall in per- 
 son, and dignified and courteous in manner. 
 In his South American experience he was an 
 eye-witness to several bloody revolutions, and 
 at the risk of his own life often protected the 
 lives of the members of overthrown govern- 
 ments who sought refuge with the United 
 States legation. 
 
 Allusion has been made in the foregoing 
 to Mr. Hassaurek. Appleton’s “Cyclo- 
 pedia of American Biography” gives this 
 outline of his career ; ‘ ‘ Friedrich Hassau- 
 rek, journalist, was born in Vienna, Austria, 
 9th October, 1832 ; died in Paris, France, 1st 
 October, 1885. He served in the German 
 revolution of 1848, and was twice wounded. 
 He came to the United States in 1848, set- 
 tled in Cincinnati, Ohio, and engaged in jour- 
 nalism, politics, and the practice of law. He 
 was U. S. minister to Ecuador in 1861-5. 
 and during the latter year became editor of 
 the Volkshlatt He published “Four Years 
 among the Spanish Americans.” 
 
 John Cleves Sy^mmes was born on Long Island in 1742. Removed to New 
 Jersey, and was prominent during the Revolution as colonel of a militia regiment 
 in active field service. He was one year Lieutenant-Governor of New Jersey ; six 
 years a member of the Council ; two years a member of the Continental Congress, 
 and twelve years a judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. In August, 
 1787, Judge Symmes, encouraged by tlie success of the Ohio Company, obtained 
 from Congress a grant for a purchase of a tract of land fronting on the Ohio river 
 between the two Miarnis, and extending north to the tenth township. Having 
 been unable to pay for the whole, after much negotiation, he closed a contract, in 
 1792, for 1,000,000 acres. The continued rise in government securities made it 
 impossible to pay for this, and in 1794 a patent was granted him for between 
 300,000 and 400,000 acres, including the front on the Ohio river and extending 
 back to the third township. He was apjiointed one of the judges of the North- 
 west Territory, 1788. He died, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1814. Judge Symmes was 
 three times married. He left two daughters — one, jMaria, married Major Peyton 
 Short; one, Anna, became the wife of William Henry Harrison, afterward Pres- 
 ident of the United States. (See IMcBride’s Pioneer Biography.’^) 
 
 The name T Buchanan Read is identified witli the war period at Cincinnati. 
 He was born in Chester county. Pa., March 12, 1822. His mother, then a widow, 
 apprenticed him to a tailor, but he ran away to Philadelphia, learned to make 
 cigars, and at fifteen years of age came to Cincinnati, found here a home with the 
 sculptor Clevenger, jiainted signs, and at intervals went to school. Through the 
 liberality of Nicliolas Longwortli he was enabled to open a studio and painted 
 portraits. Not finding many sitters, after, a little he led a wandering life, by 
 turns painting ])ortraits, painting signs and making cigars. At nineteen he went 
 East to New York and Boston, and at the age of twenty-one published several 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 85 » 
 
 lyric poems. In 1843 he first visited Europe and again in 1853, where he ])assed 
 five years as a painter in Florence. He afterwards passed much time in Phila- 
 delphia and Cincinnati, but in the last years of his life made Rome his principal 
 residence ; but fie regarded Cincinnati as more especially his home, where he is 
 pleasantly remembered as a gentleman, 
 small in person, delicate and refined in 
 aspect. During the civil war he gave 
 public readings for the benefit of the 
 soldiers, and recited his war songs. 
 
 The most famous of these was Sheri- 
 dan’s Ride,” which was written in Cin- 
 cinnati : the details of its production are 
 given under the head of Perry county. 
 
 He died in New York city. May 11, 
 
 1872, aged fifty years. His Com- 
 plete Poetical Works” were published 
 in Boston in 1860. Later he wrote his 
 
 Wagoner of the Alleghenies,” and in 
 1865-1867 were issued at Philadelphia 
 a quite full edition of his poetical works 
 in three volumes. 
 
 ^^His paintings, most of which deal 
 with allegorical and mythological sub- 
 jects, are full of poetic and graceful fan- 
 cies, but the technical treatment betrays 
 his lack of early training. He possessed 
 a much more thorough mastery in the 
 art of poetry than in painting. His 
 poems express fervent patriotism and artistic power, with a delicate fancy for the 
 scenes of nature.” Nothing can be more pathetically sweet than these lines ; 
 
 THE WAYSIDE SPRINR. 
 
 Fair dweller by the dusty way, 
 
 Bright saint within a mossy shrine, 
 
 The tribute of a heart to-day, 
 
 Weary and worn, is thine. 
 
 The earliest blossoms of the year, 
 
 The sweetbrier and the violet. 
 
 The pious hand of spring has here 
 Upon thy altar set. 
 
 And not to thee alone is given 
 The homage of the pilgrim’s knee ; 
 
 But oft the sweetest birds of heaven 
 Glide down and sing to thee. 
 
 Here daily from his beechen cell 
 The hermit squirrel steals to drink ; 
 
 And flocks, which cluster to their bell, 
 Beeline along thy brink. 
 
 And here the wagoner blocks his wheels. 
 To quaff the cool and generous boon : 
 
 Here, from the sultry harvest fields, 
 
 The reapers rest at noon. 
 
 And oft the beggar masked with tan. 
 
 In rusty garments gray with dust. 
 
 Here sips and dips his little can. 
 
 And breaks his scanty crust. 
 
 And lulled beside thy whispering stream, 
 Oft drops to slumber unawares, 
 
 And sees the angels of his dream 
 Upon celestial stairs. 
 
 Dear dweller by the dusty way, 
 
 Thou saint within a mossy shrine, 
 
 The tribute of a heart to-day, 
 
 Weary and worn, is thine. 
 
 A prominent and most useful man to Cincinnati and the State in the war-period 
 was Col. Leonard A. Harris, who was born there in 1824 and died there in 
 July, 1890. He was a captain at the first battle of Bull Run, and later was 
 Colonel of the Second Ohio Infantry. At Perrysville he commanded a division, 
 and behaved with singular bravery and skill. Breaking down from disease he 
 was obliged to resign and returned to Cincinnati. The year 1863 had troublous 
 times, and the office of mayor required a firm and cool head ; the public eye was 
 
852 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 fixed upon Col. Harris as just the man ; and he was elected. In the fall came on 
 the Vallandigham campaign, and there were several outbreaks of the riotous ele- 
 ments in the city, which he squelched with an iron hand. 
 
 His great distinguishing work was in drafting the famous ^Muindred day-men’’ 
 law, Governor Brough having taken him into his counsel for that purpose. By 
 this law Ohio sent 43,000 men, National Guard, into the field as her quota ; and 
 these, uniting with the avalanche from other States under Lincoln’s call, led to the 
 overwhelming of the exhausted South. 
 
 In 1865 he was re-elected mayor by 8,000 majority, his personal popularity 
 having been great. He was the principal founder of the famed Cuvier Club, and 
 for years, by appointment from Congress, one of the managers of the Soldiers’ 
 Homes. His qualities were kindliness, generosity, modesty, courage, power of 
 intellect and executiv^e capacity. Barely has any public man in the city been so 
 personally popular. 
 
 Henry Van-Ness Boynton — soldier, journalist and author — was born in 
 West Stockbridge, Mass., 22d July, 1835. He removed with his father, a dis- 
 tinguished minister, to Ohio, when quite young, and graduated at the Woodward 
 High School, Cincinnati, in June, 1855. Wishing to become a civil engineer he 
 entered the Kentucky Military School, and received through its training and in- 
 struction all that could have been given him at West Point. When the late civil 
 war broke out he volunteered, and was elected and commissioned Major of the 
 Thirty-fifth Ohio Infantry, 27th July, 1861. He was promoted Lieut.-Colonel 
 19th July, 1863, and commanded the regiment during the Tennessee campaigns, 
 and was bre vetted Brigadier for gallant conduct at the battles of Chickamauga and 
 Missionary Bidge. At the last-named fight he fell, badly wounded, as he led his 
 regiment up that famous height. General Boynton was regarded by his men, 
 brother and superior officers, as the bravest of the brave. To this courage he 
 added a soldierly turn of mind that would have made liimMnvaluable in an indi- 
 pendent command where such quality is called for. As it is, his fine mind and 
 vast stores of information make him a great critic on war matters. His com- 
 ments on W. T. Slierman’s Memoirs” created a wide excitement and interest in 
 war circles. Of like sort is his valuable contribution to history in his famous 
 papers on the Chickamauga campaign and battle. 
 
 On leaving the army at the end of the war. General Boynton entered journalism, 
 and almost immediately became the Washington correspondent of the Cincinnati 
 Gazette. His keen, incisive efforts in that line gave his journal a national reputa- 
 tion. He was soon put at the head of the Washington Bureau, in which a syndi- 
 cate of several leading papers was formed, and to-day he is regarded as at the front 
 in his profession ; one of the most noted, loved, feared and respected of journalists. 
 General Boynton’s great quality in the army was his high courage, that was ani- 
 mated by the purest and deepest patriotism. 
 
 His distinguishing characteristic as a journalist is his sterling integrity, inspired 
 by a sense of justice, that can be appealed to at all times. He is feared by knaves 
 of all sorts, for his singularly incisive style, backed by his courage, makes him 
 terrible in his assaults on wrong. He has driven some of the worst lobbyists from 
 Washington, and is feared as no other man ever was by the entire lobby. General 
 Boynton’s latest acliievement was the selection and dedication of the Chickamauga 
 battle-field as a public ])ark. He was greatly assisted in this by General Henry 
 M. Cist, of Cincinnati ; but General Cist, with the frankness of a true soldier, 
 gives General Boynton full credit for this great work. The post-office nearest the 
 battle-field has been called Boynton, and ere long a bronze bust will mark the 
 place where he so gallantly fought, in token of the affectionate feelings and admi- 
 ration of his brother soldiers. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 S53 
 
 Major David Zeigler. 
 
 Originally an officer under Frederick the Great and then of the army of the American Revolution, 
 Commandant of Fort Washington and the first President or Mayor of Cincinnati. — Written for this 
 work by Mary D. Steele, Dayton. 
 
 the Indian border warfare, between 1788 and 1795/’ says Rosengarten, in 
 his ^ German Soldier in the Wars of the United States/ a leading figure was that 
 of David Zeigler, whose story is typical of that of many of our early German 
 soldiers.” He also won great praise ” for courage and military ability during 
 the Revolution, and took much pride in having the best drilled company in the 
 regiment. He began his military career as an officer in Frederick the Great’s 
 army, and also served in the Russian army in the reign of Catherine Second, dur- 
 ing the campaign against the Turks, which ended with the cession of the Crimea 
 
 to Russia. Major Denny states, in his 
 at one time in the Saxon service. 
 
 David Zeigler was born at Heidelberg 
 in 1748. He emigrated to America in 1775, 
 for the purpose of entering the Revolutionary 
 army. ^ In June, 1775, he was commissioned 
 third lieutenant in Captain Ross’s company, 
 which was recruited in Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, and immediately sent to escort 
 a supply of powder, of which Washington’s 
 army was desperately in need, to Cambridge. 
 On the 25th of June, 1775, Zeigler was pro- 
 moted first lieutenant and adjutant of Col. 
 William Thompson’s battalion of riflemen. 
 This regiment was more than half made up 
 of Germans, and was “the second in Penn- 
 sylvania to enlist for the war under Washing- 
 ton.’’ January 16, 1777, Zeigler was com- 
 missioned first lieutenant of a company in the 
 First Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, and 
 December 8, 1778, was promoted captain. 
 From his promotion till the end of the Revo- 
 lution he served as senior captain in this 
 famous regiment, which General Wayne said, 
 
 ‘ ‘ always stepped the first for glory. ’ ’ It dis- 
 tinguished itself in the battles of Long Island, 
 Brandywine, Monmouth and Bergen’s Point. 
 The same day that he was commissioned. 
 Captain Zeigler was ma.de Brigade Inspector 
 of the Pennsylvania Brigade Department of 
 the South. 
 
 Once during the Revolutionary war he was 
 taken prisoner. The following account of the 
 adventure is given by the American Pioneer : 
 General Samuel Findlay, Major Zeigler, late 
 of Cincinnati, the first marshal of Ohio, and 
 Major Thomas Martin, were captured by the 
 British and imprisoned in Philadelphia. 
 They made their escape, Martin killing the 
 British officer in pursuit with a club. Reach- 
 ing a Dutchman’s house. Major Martin passed 
 Zeigler — who was a Prussian — for a Dutch 
 doctor, who, by making pills of bread mixed 
 with a little spittle, cured the landlady and 
 escaped a bill of charges. A niece of the 
 major often related this story, but she said 
 that he cured the landlady with hair powder, 
 shaken from a powder-puff which he carried 
 in a box in his pocket. His powder-puff fig- 
 ured in many a joke at a later date. He was 
 very witty and fond of a good story, and nu- 
 merous humorous anecdotes about him used 
 to be in circulation among his old friends. 
 
 Military Journal/’ that Zeigler was also 
 
 In 1780, just before the mutiny of the 
 troops at Morristown, when an effort was at 
 last being made to satisfy their just demands, 
 Zeigler was appointed by Pennsylvania State 
 clothier and issuing commissary of State 
 stores, and was sent to President Reed with 
 an estimate of the clothing needed for the 
 troops by Wayne, who ended his letter with 
 the words ; “ Captain Zeigler will be able to 
 inform your excellency of matters I don’t 
 choose to commit to paper.” 
 
 After the mutiny the First Pennsylvania, 
 of which Harmar was now colonel, was sent 
 to Virginia, where it distinguished itself at 
 Yorktown. January 4, 1782, it joined Greene 
 in South Carolina, remaining a year and a 
 half, and being present at the investment and 
 surrender of Charleston. 
 
 In June, 1783, it returned by sea to Phila- 
 delphia. Major Zeigler was a member of the 
 Society of the Cincinnati ; an honor which he 
 valued highly. In a beautiful miniature in 
 our possession, painted on ivory by Pine, at 
 Philadelphia in 1799, he wears the Conti- 
 nental uniform, and tlie gold eagle badge of 
 the Society, fastened by its blue ribbon to the 
 breast of his coat. 
 
 After the disbandment of the Continental 
 army Congress raised a new regiment, of 
 which Harmar was made colonel and Zeigler 
 was commissioned captain of one of the four 
 Pennsylvania companies, August 12, 1784. 
 In September the four companies marched 
 for Fort McIntosh, twenty-nine miles below 
 Pittsburg, where they remained till the fall 
 of 1785, when the regiment was reorganized 
 and Zeigler went to Pennsylvania to recruit. 
 He returned in November with his company 
 to McIntosh, leaving there in the spring for 
 Fort Finney, at the mouth of the Great 
 Miami. A high flood led to the abandon- 
 ment of this fort, and another of the same 
 name was built at the Rapids of the Ohio in 
 July, where Zeigler remained till winter. In 
 January, 1787. his company and two others 
 were at Fort Harmar — “officers and men in 
 close quarters.” 
 
 In the summer of 1787 Zeigler accompa- 
 nied Harmar on his Western expedition, for 
 the purpose of treating with Indians and de- 
 ciding difficulties among settlers about public 
 
854 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 and private property.^ They went by water 
 from what is now Louisville to Port St. Vin- 
 cent or Vincennes, Indiana. Zeigler’s com- 
 pany returned on foot through the woods to 
 Fort Finney near Louisville. Here, October 
 28, Harujar received his commission as brig- 
 adier-general, and the troops left at once by 
 water for Fort Harmar, where they spent the 
 winter. The regiment was only enlisted for 
 a year, and in the spring Zeigler went East 
 to recruit. He returned to Harmar Septem- 
 ber 9, escorting from Fort Pitt Gen. Butler, 
 Capt. O’Hara, and the friendly chief. Corn- 
 planter, with about fifty Seneca Indians, who 
 came to negotiate a treaty with the United 
 States Government. Major Benny says that 
 “Zeigler and his party were received with a 
 salute of three rounds of cannon and the 
 music; ” and Buel says, “We saluted them 
 with our field-pieces, which they returned 
 with a running fire from their rifies.” 
 
 “Soon after we left the Point,” Br. Cut- 
 ter writes in his ‘Journal,’ “saw the soldiers 
 and a number of Indians, expected from Fort 
 Pitt, coming down on the other side of Kerr’s 
 Island. We crossed the river and met them. 
 Captain Zeigler commanded the company of 
 new levies of fifty-five men. There were 
 about fifty Indians in canoes lashed together. 
 The soldiers were paraded in a very large 
 boat, stood up on a platform, and were prop- 
 erly paraded, with the American flag in the 
 stern. Just as we got up to them they be- 
 gan to fire by platoons. After they had fired, 
 the Indians fired from their canoes singly or 
 rather confusedly. The Indians had two 
 small flags of thirteen stripes. They were 
 answered from the garrison by train, who 
 fired three field-pieces ; flag hoisted. ’ ’ 
 
 Zeigler was noted as a drill-master and dis- 
 ciplinarian, as well as for personal bravery. 
 Major Benny says in his “ Military Journal 
 “Zeigler is a German, and has been in the 
 Saxon service previous to our late war with 
 England. Takes pride in having the hand- 
 somest company in the regiment ; to do him 
 justice, his company has been always con- 
 sidered the first in point of discipline and ap- 
 pearance. Four-fifths of the company have 
 been Germans. Majority of the present are 
 men who served in Germany.” In fierce 
 and cruel engagements with Indians, in which 
 half the army was killed, he exhibited the 
 coolness and courage which were character- 
 istic of him. ^ On one occasion, duty obliging 
 him to remain for some time stationary on a 
 spot exposed from every direction to the bul- 
 lets and tomahawks of the savages, he seated 
 himself on the stump of a tree, took out his 
 pipe, filled and tranquilly smoked it, appar- 
 ently utterly fearless of danger and obhvious 
 of the harrowing sights around liim. 
 
 In Becember, 1789, General Harmar left 
 IMarietta for Fort Washington with three 
 hundred men, leaving Captain Zeigler at Fort 
 Harmar with twenty soldiers. Those who 
 remained received their pay the day before 
 Christmas, as is shown by Captain Bavid 
 Zeigler’s receipt, dated Becember 24, for the 
 $859.45 paid oimsell aud his company, which 
 
 is still preserved. In September, 1790, Har* 
 mar undertook the expedition against the 
 Indian villages, near the present city of Fort 
 Wayne, which ended in a retreat to Fort 
 Washington. The real object of the cam- 
 paign was however accomplished by a party 
 of 600 militia, under Col. Harden, including 
 fifty regulars commanded by Captain Zeigler. 
 They burned the deserted villages, destroyed 
 corn, fruit trees, provisions, and all the prop- 
 erty of the Indians. After disbanding his 
 army, Harmar resigned his commission and 
 demanded a court of inquiry, which met at 
 Fort Washington, September 15, 1791. Capt. 
 Zeigler was one of the principal witnesses. 
 He attributed the defeat to the insubordina- 
 tion of the militia. Harmar and Zeigler 
 were warm friends through life. 
 
 At the close of this campaign Zeigler was 
 ordered back to Harmar, where he remained 
 in command till St. Clair’s expedition was 
 organized. After his disastrous defeat St. 
 Clair went to Philadelphia, leaving Major 
 Zeigler, promoted Becember 29, 1791, at Fort 
 Washington, where he continued in com- 
 mand of the United States army for about 
 six weeks. In January, 1792, a Congres- 
 sional Committee was appointed to inquire 
 into the causes of St. Clair’s defeat. Major 
 Zeigler was summoned as a witness, and in 
 his testimony shifted the blame of the disas- 
 ter from St. Clair’s to the inefficient quarter- 
 master’s shoulders. In 1792, probably while 
 in Philadelphia as a witness for St. Clair, 
 Zeigler resigned his commission in the army. 
 
 He settled at Cincinnati, opening a store, 
 where, according to a bill that has been pre- 
 served, he sold “muslin, hardware, groceries, 
 etc.” He was a successful merchant, and 
 made what at that day was considered a for- 
 tune. He owned two shares in the funds of 
 the Ohio Company and many acres of mili- 
 tary bounty land ; but these wild lands were 
 of little value, and his income was principally 
 derived from his Cincinnati speculations. 
 The territorial legislature incorporated the 
 town of Cincinnati, January 2, 1802, and 
 IMajor Zeigler was appointed president of the 
 village. In 1804 he was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Jefferson the first marshal of the Ohio 
 district. From 1809-1811 he was surveyor 
 of the port of Cincinnati. In politics he was 
 a Bemocrat. Judge Burnet says in his 
 “ Notes :” “Only four individuals in Cincin- 
 nati are now remembered who then (1800) 
 advocated the election of Mr. Jefferson 
 against Mr. Adams. These were Major 
 Bavid Zeigler, William Henry Harrison, 
 William McMillan and John Smith.” 
 
 In the spring of 1 789 Captain Zeigler, then 
 stationed at Fort Harmar, married, at Mari- 
 etta, Lucy, youngest child of Benjamin and 
 Hannah (joggeshall Sheffield. She was a 
 native of Jamestown, R. I., and came to 
 IMarietta, Bee. 17, 1788, with her mother, 
 then a widow. Mrs. Sheffield owned four 
 shares in the funds of the Ohio Company. 
 J udging from tradition and the printed testi- 
 mony of friends, few pioneer women were 
 more highly esteemed and influential than 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 855 
 
 Mrs. Zeigler. Mrs. Ludlow writes from Cin- 
 cinnati : ‘‘Major Zeigler said to me, on his 
 first visit (April, 1797): ‘Our ladies are not 
 gay, but they are extremely affectionate one 
 to the other.’ I believe he spoke the truth. 
 Perfect harmony and good-will appear to 
 exist in all their intercourse. ’ ’ Certainly this 
 could have been truly said of Mrs. Zeigler. 
 
 Visitors to Cincinnati, when it was a mere 
 village, were surprised by the luxurious man- 
 ner of living, and the generous hospitality of 
 the merchants and retired army officers who 
 lived there. Major Zeigler shared the pre- 
 vailing tastes and habits, and loved to enter- 
 tain both friends and guests from abroad. 
 A letter, written from Cincinnati in the fall 
 of 1806, says, “The girls had a variety of 
 amusements — plays, balls and tea-parties.” 
 A curious old ball ticket, addressed to one of 
 these girls, dated Cincinnati, Feb. 17, 1809, 
 and printed, as was then the fashion, on the 
 
 back of a playing card (the queen of hearts) 
 is still preserved. The ball was given “in 
 commemoration of Washington’s birthday, at 
 the Columbian Inn, on Wednesday evening, 
 the twenty-second, at six o’clock. William 
 Ruffin, E. H. Stall, J. Baymillar, J. W. 
 Sloan, managers.” Mrs. Ludlow, describing 
 Cincinnati in 1797, saj^s “that it was then a 
 village of wooden buildings, with a garrison 
 of soldiers. The society consisted of a small 
 number of ladies, united by the most perfect 
 good-will and desire for mutual happiness. 
 The gentlemen were social and intelligent.” 
 For several of the gentlemen, among whom 
 she mentions Major Zeigler, she felt “an al- 
 most fraternal regard;” a regard which 
 others whom the kindly major, at that or a 
 later day, welcomed with cordial and genial 
 hospitality, shared with her. 
 
 Major Zeigler died at Cincinnati, Decern 
 ber, 1811, aged sixty-three years. 
 
 PIONEER ART IN CINCINNATI. 
 
 BY CHAS. T. WEBBER. 
 
 The beginning of art in Cincinnati is to be accredited to Frederick Eckstein, 
 although possibly John Wesley Jarvis may have made a halt, so to speak, here at 
 an earlier date ; but as Lexington, Louisville and later Columbus were his par- 
 ticular haunts, he is hardly to be considered an habitu4 of the Queen City of the 
 West. Eckstein founded his academy here in 1826. 
 
 Frederick Eckstein, a man of high education and culture, man of business and 
 affairs, made art something more than a pastime, than an adjunct to the means of 
 getting along,^^ as his pursuits therein were governed by the high and unselfish 
 purpose of improving the taste and refinement of his neighbors, the early pioneers 
 of the West, and of planting the civilization of his own native Germany in his 
 chosen American home, although facilities for the practice of that branch of art, 
 sculpture, in which Mr. Eckstein chiefly exhibited his superior skill, were exceed- 
 ingly meagre, those productions which have been preserved will compare favorably 
 with most of that which has followed. 
 
 To Mr. Eckstein Hiram Powers owed his first lessons, as well probably his first 
 impulse, in the direction of art. Clevenger afterwards opened a studio in this 
 place, and the three, Eckstein, Clevenger and Powers, were in constant contact 
 and sympathy. Corwin, Minor Kellogg and Charles Soule, in painting, came 
 later. The latter was a disciple and imitator of Jarvis, and executed many beau- 
 tiful and strongly characteristic portraits. Like Jarvis, he used the camera lucida 
 to make his drawings; hence he never beeame the master in drawing that he was 
 in color, merely from the want of practice. He painted in Cincinnati and after- 
 wards in Dayton. Waldo and Jewett, painting in partnership, were not of Cin- 
 cinnati, but rather, in their Western experience, of Lexington ; but as many 
 interesting portraits of pioneer heroes came from their hands, less eommercial than 
 their association would seem to indicate, and as their work exerted a decided in- 
 fluence upon the rising art, they should be mentioned here. Many of their heads, 
 and some by their unknown compeers, are worthy, in their simple and untram- 
 melled truth, of a place by the side of Holbein. 
 
 Jewett, of a Kentucky family, painted portraits of such remarkable truth, 
 beauty of color and refinement, at the same time naturalness of composition, that 
 their influence was felt in the formation of a taste here as well as elsewhere in the 
 West. James H. Beard, still living, came to Cincinnati about 1830 or 1832 ; 
 .studied his art, portrait painting, here in nature’s school and at the National 
 Academy in New York. He made frequent visits to New Orleans and the South, 
 
856 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 painting portraits for the wealthy planters, entertaining them the while with in- 
 imitable stories. He afterwards went to the dogs ; but his dogs lacking, perhaps, 
 the refinement and dignity of those of Landseer, are so powerful in expression and 
 consummate wit, sometimes almost human, that we are inclined to forgive him for 
 the transfer of his artistic affections. His portraits were very fine ; not^ly that 
 of Mr. Gibson and also one of Durbin Ward. 
 
 Henry AVorrall although, perhaps, more practically devoted to music than to 
 the art of design, carried, with his intense and genuine love for the latter, such a 
 I genuine helpfulness, giving them his ever-ready tact and the strength of his manly 
 arm over the rough ways, especially when their representative happened to be a 
 talented and attractive girl, as most girls are to whom the muse of art is revealed, 
 that the history of our art cannot be truthfully outlined without his honored name 
 gracing the page. He was born in England and came to America when a mere 
 boy and soon to Cincinnati. He came with almost the first canvass upon which 
 some unknown artist might record his conceptions of the beautiful. Every 
 scheme, looking to the better condition of art and the happier relation of its prac- 
 titioners, was sure to find Worrall at the helm or trimming the sails for the pro- 
 pitious breeze. To him, among many other enterprises for a similar purpose, we 
 owe the first institution of the Cincinnati Sketch Club, out of which proceeded 
 very many advantages to art. It had its influence in the evolution of nearly all 
 the Cincinnati artists who have, in the last quarter of a century or more, exhibited 
 particular excellence. The Sketch Club so formed numbered among its members 
 Beard, Frankenstein, McLaughlin, Mosler, Farny, Read, Quick, Lindsay and 
 many others, who gave at each meeting a sketch in illustration of a subject pre- 
 viously named, the sketches belonging to the member who on that occasion hap- 
 pened to be the hv>st. This club continued in excellent harmony until some 
 preachers and wealthy merchants were introduced as honorary members, who, by 
 an excess of goodfellowship and conviviality proved the unsuspecting cluFs un- 
 doing. Previously its habits had been simple, as befitted a pioneer association of 
 the West. Worrall carries the spontaneous germ of Sketch Club with him wher- 
 ever he goes. He now lives in Topeka, Kansas, and there, at his word, a sketch 
 club comes into being, with the additional grace of a membership composed of 
 most beautiful and talented ladies. 
 
 The brothers Frankenstein, John and Godfrey, from 1832 to 1875 and 1881, 
 are only to be spoken of in terms of the highest praise — Godfrey in landscape and 
 John in all branches of art. They were both born in Germany, but came to Cin- 
 cinnati with their parents when small children. Godfrey was the younger and 
 painted many beautiful landscapes, closely and carefully studied from nature, find- 
 ing his themes all the way from the White Mountains to the Knobs of Indiana, 
 including Niagara, of which latter place he painted hundreds of views, uniting 
 most of them in a famous and very eflective panorama. He was an affable and 
 honorable gentleman ; qualities which, together with his acknowledged talent, 
 secured for him many warm friends. 
 
 John, the elder brother, equally honorable and equally a friend of his fellow 
 man, was not, unfortunately, of so equable a temper, but more nervous and some- 
 what moody, was not always understood at his real personal worth ; no one know- 
 ing him, however, could fail to appreciate his just impartiality towards other 
 artists, or the fearless integrity with which, regardless of self-interest, he stood for 
 the rights of man. 
 
 In his art his works show him to be pre-eminent, particularly in sculpture, his 
 landscape studies and his painting of the human head in his happiest experiments 
 (for experiment he often did), and in his drawing and painting of the human 
 figure, he is beyond and above criticism. A consummate anatomist, an acute ob- 
 server, there is nothing to be found in his works that has been carelessly con- 
 sidered. His portrait of his brother Godfrey im])i esses me, as I remember it, as 
 the grandest work of art I ever saw ; and his sculptures, particularly the head of 
 
The Dexter Mausoleum, Spring Grove. 
 
 Long worth’s Vineyard. 
 
 This drawing was made about 1856 of one of Longworth’s vineyards on the Ohio hill^ 
 four miles above the city. The cultivation of the grape for wine has ceased, being found 
 by change of climate unprofitable. 
 
858 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 McLean and also that of Dr. Mussey, have not been surpassed, if they have been 
 equalled, in the last two thousand years. His painting led all that the later pil- 
 grims to Munich have essayed, and his sculpture may stand, unbelittled, by the 
 side of that of the Greeks in their best period. 
 
 There were several artists, now dead, who came upon the Cincinnati stage later 
 than the Frankensteins. Thomas Buchanan Read, more celebrated as a poet than 
 as a painter, exhibited, according to John Frankenstein, extraordinary genius in 
 the commencement of his artistic career (about 1840), and attained very consider”^ 
 -able power, considering that his direct preparatory studies were curtailed by his 
 more intimate and assiduous attention to his poetic miise. He wrote the war- 
 ballad, Sheridan’s Ride,” and afterwards painted a noble and spirited picture of ' 
 the subject. His portrait heads are characterized by a peculiar grace and refine- 
 ment rather than by the exact rendering of the ordinary physical facts. His 
 studies in painting never enabled him to embody in pictures the sublime, the 
 pathetic, or even the beautiful, with that perfection or fullness of power which he 
 has shown in his verse, and which, in many instances, enables him to abide in 
 memory with the greatest bards that have ever lived. 
 
 J. O. Eaton, born Feb. 8, 1829, in Licking county, Ohio, came to Cincinnati 
 about 1845, and attained prominence in portrait painting. Many of his best 
 heads have not, in several respects, been surpassed. With good drawing, so far 
 as the head and bust are concerned, and superb color, he had naturally, from the 
 very first almost, a certain dexterity of handling that should set the neophytes of 
 the present day who* affect technique crazy with despair. His female heads are 
 particularly lovely in pose, light and shade, color, and, more than all, expression. 
 Lily Martin Spencer, a native of Ohio, worked in Cincinnati until about 1855, 
 and her works, mostly genre subjects, attracted much deserved attention and 
 praise. Her later life has been passed mostly in New York, where she has been 
 highly appreciated. Miss Gengembre, born in France of a talented family, her 
 fattier having been a designer in the employ of the French government, distin- 
 guished herself here by the beauty of her works, showing the way to more truth- 
 ful process of study. She afterwards married Mr. Anderson, a talented engraver, 
 and now resides in London, where her works are highly prized. 
 
 These great artists, and others possibly that escape my mind at this moment, 
 have rendered a boon to mankind that will be more appreciated as time rolls on, 
 and comparison is drawn between their works and those of artists working close 
 by the protecting walls of the established schools of Europe. 
 
 Duncanson’s landscapes were, on account of their peculiar poetical conception, 
 much prized, not only in this country but in England and Scotland... Among the 
 friends of the colored Americans (for Duncanson, a most genial gentleman as well 
 as accomplished artist, was a light quadroon) they were in especial demand, find- 
 ing favor with such cultured critics and outspoken believers that negroes have 
 souls as Charles Sumner and his illustrious compeers in Europe. 
 
 All of the present generation will remember the versatile Wm. P. Noble, the 
 talented but erratic Theodore Jones, the poetic painter and writer, Wm. P. Bran- 
 nan, who painted splendid portraits of Lyman Beecher and Eather Collins, anc 
 was the author of the extravaganza known as The Hai’p of a Thousand Strings 
 also T. D. Jones, the sculptor, who executed the portrait busts of Gen. Taylor, of 
 Ewing, of Abraham Lincoln, and several other prominent statesmen and soldiers, 
 all from life ; while somewhat mechanical and having but little of the plastic 
 qualities of fine sculpture, they are, nevertheless, good and expressive likenesses. 
 A sculptor of great promise as well as (for one so young, he having died at about 
 twenty-four or twenty-five years of age) of great achievements was Frank Den- 
 glcr. His works were masterly busts and ideal groups. He studied in Munich, 
 worked in Cincinnati, and during the last year or so of his life, through the 
 friendly ap})reciation of Prof. IVIorse, became a teacher in the Boston Art School. 
 
 In painting, latterly, we had the works of Dennis and Mulvaney, the former 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY, 
 
 859 
 
 born in Kentucky^ tho latter’ in Ireland, or at least of Irish parentage — both 
 studied in Munich, the former finding' his themes in the primitive pioneer life, the 
 latter choosing, principally, the wild* frontier, camp-life, and scenes among the 
 mines of Colorado, the Custer battle, etc. Both of these artists* have left some 
 magnificent specimens of their skill There are several living artists who are 
 doing splendid work, but of them I hardly deem it proper to speak in this limited 
 paper, making exception in the case of James K. Beard and others who were 
 pioneers ; for to do them justice., and treat all with equal candor and delicacy, 
 would be likely to consume more space than is allotted to my use 
 
 An important factor in the growth of art in our section, indeed throughout the 
 country, has been the addition of a distinct department of art to the. popular Expo- 
 sitions that, following the lead of the first one here, have become a feature in all 
 of our principal Western cities. The first Exposition held in Cincinnati, under 
 the auspices jointly of the Board of Trade, the Chamber of Commerce and the 
 Mechanics’ Institute, in 1870 (the Mechanics’ Institute had held previously, up 
 to the commencement of the war, a purely mechanical exhibition), had not intended 
 an art display, and it was at the intercession of the writer of this sketch that one 
 was agreed upon, and the artists of the city assented to the proposal, on the ground 
 that no prize should be awarded, their works sent for display only. A prize was, 
 however, surreptitiously awarded ; still the gathering of the works of our artists 
 (the time was too short to communicate with others) had the good effect of initiat- 
 ing the Exposition Art Gallery at the West, which continues, although unwisely 
 conducted in many respects, an influence in art education, both among the people 
 and the artists, inferior to no other in existence. Wealthy citizens have loaned 
 the rare gems of art which they have brought from abroad, and artists generally 
 ha>ve contributed liberally from their studios. St. Louis, Louisville, Chicago, 
 Denver, Milwaukee, and many other cities of the South and West, have in this 
 way been enabled to place before their citizens works of art than which the world 
 has seen little better. The last Exposition of this kind in Cincinnati was that in 
 celebration of the Centennial Anniversary, in 1888, of the settlement of Hamilton 
 county and the State of Ohio. At that Exposition there should have been a col- 
 lection of paintings and sculpture showing the condition and progress of art during 
 our first century, but. by some oversight, it was neglected. 
 
 Fort Finney. 
 
 With the exception of the transient block houses built by the war parties of 
 Kentuckians on the site of Cincinnati, the first work for human habitation built 
 by whites between the Miamis was Fort Finney. It stood in the peninsula formed 
 by the junction of the Great Miami with the Ohio, about three-quarters of a mile 
 above the mouth, and near the southeast corner of the once farm of the late John 
 Scott Harrison. As late as the winter of 1866, it is said, some remains of the fort 
 were still to be seen. 
 
 This fort was built in the late fall and early winter of 1785, when General 
 Richard Butler, with a company comprising Parsons, Zane, Finney, Lewis and 
 others, who voyaged down from Fort Pitt, built it, dwelt for some months therein, 
 and concluded a treaty with the Indians. General Butler and his fellow-commis- 
 sioners left the fort February 8, 1786, in three large boats, with their messengers 
 and attendants, up the Ohio on their return to civilization. The soldiers, how- 
 ever, remained with Major Finney, Ca})t. Zeigler — the Major Zeigler later com- 
 mandant at Fort Washington — Lieut. Denny and others in command. 
 
 The place was evacuated prior to Jan. 1, 1789, the troops going to the Indiana 
 side of the Ohio opposite Louisville, where a small work was also erected and 
 likewise called Fort Finney. The first was long referred to by Judge Symmes as 
 the ^^Old Fort,” but there is no record that it was ever garrisoned again. There 
 is a somewhat famous ancient work called ^M^oi't Hill,” with walls now about 
 three feet high and enclosing some fifteen acres. It stands north of the old J. 
 
86o 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Scott Harrison place, and was described by Gen. Harrison in 1838, in an address 
 before the Historical Society of Ohio. ' 
 
 North Bend in 1846. 
 
 North Bend is situated sixteen miles below Cincinnati and four from the In- 
 diana line, at the northernmost point of a bend in the Ohio river. This place, 
 which was of note in the early settlement of the country, has in later years derived 
 its interest from having been the residence of Gen. Wm. H. Harrison, and the 
 spot where rest his mortal remains. The family mansion stands on a level plat, 
 about 300 yards back from the Ohio, amid scenery of a pleasing and retired char- 
 acter. The eastern half of the mansion, that is, all that part on the reader’s right, 
 from the door in the main building, is built of logs ; but the whole of the build- 
 ing being clapboarded and painted white has the same external appearance. The 
 wings were alike : a part of the southern one was destroyed by fire since the 
 decease of its illustrious occupant, a memento of which disaster is shown by the 
 naked chimney that rises like a monument over the ruins. The dwelling is re- 
 spectably though plainly furnished, and is at present occupied by the widow of 
 the lamented Harrison, long distinguished for the virtues which adorn the female 
 character. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile south of the family mansion, and perhaps half that 
 distance from the river, is the tomb of Harrison. It stands upon the summit of 
 a small oval-shaped hill, rising about 100 feet from the plain, ornamented by a 
 few scattering trees, and commanding a view of great beauty. The tomb is of 
 brick, and is entered by a plain unpainted door on its western end. There is no 
 inscription upon it, nor is any required to mark the resting-place of Harrison. 
 
 About thirty rods, in a westerly direction from the tomb of Harrison, on an 
 adjacent hill, in a family cemetery, is the grave of Judge Symmes. It is covered 
 by a tablet, laid horizontally upon brick work, slightly raised from the ground. 
 On it is the following inscription : 
 
 Here rest the remains of 
 
 JOHN CLEVES SYMMES, 
 
 who, at the foot of these hills, made the 
 first settlement between the 
 Miami rivers. 
 
 Born on Long Island, State of New York, 
 July 21, A.D. 1742. 
 
 Died at Cincinnati, Feb. 26, A.D. 1814. 
 
 Mr. Symmes was born at Riverhead, on Long Island, and early in life was 
 employed in land surveying and in teaching school. He served in the war of the 
 Revolution, and was in the battle of Saratoga. Having removed to New Jersey, 
 he became chief justice of the State, and at one time represented it in Congress. 
 As early as 1787, and at the same time with the agents of the Ohio Company, he 
 made application to Congress, in the name of himself and associates, for the pur- 
 cliase of a large tract of land lying between the two IMiamis. The price was 
 sixty-six cents per acre, to be paid in United States military land warrants, and 
 certificates of debt due from the United States to individuals. The payments 
 were divided into six annual instalments. His associates were principally com- 
 posed of the officers of the New Jersey line who had served in the war of the 
 Revolution. Among them were General Dayton and Elias Boudinot, LL.D. His 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 86i 
 
 first contract was for one million of acres, made in October, 1788, but owing to 
 the difficulty of making the payments, and the embarrassments growing out of the 
 Indian war, the first contract was noc fulfilled, and a new one was made for two 
 hundred and forty-eight thousand acres, in May, 1794, and a patent issued to him 
 and his associates in September following/’ Meanwhile, in the spring of 1789, 
 Judge Sy mines had located himself at North Bend, where he laid out “Symmes’ 
 city,” the fate of which has already been stated. The residence of Judge Syrnmes 
 stood about a mile northwest of his grave. It was destroyed by fire in March, 
 1811, and all his valuable papers consumed. It was supposed to have been the 
 act of an individual, out of revenge for his refusal to vote for him as a justice of 
 tlie peace. At the treaty of Greenville, the Indians told him and others that iii' 
 the war they had frequently brought up their rifles to shoot him, and tlien recog- 
 nizing him, refrained from pulling the trigger. This was in consequence of his 
 previous kindness to them, and speaks volumes in praise of his benevolence. 
 
 On the farm of the late Wm. Henry Harrison, Jr., three miles below North 
 Bend, and two from the Indiana line, was a settlement made at the same time with 
 North Bend. It was called the Sugar Camp settlement, and was composed of 
 about thirty houses. The settlers there erected a block-house, near the Ohio river, 
 as a protection against the Indians. It is now standing, though in a more dilapi- 
 dated condition than represented in the engraving. It is built of logs, in the ordi- 
 nary manner of block-houses, the distinguishing feature of which is, that from the 
 height of a man’s shoulder, the building, the rest of the way up, projects a foot or 
 two from the lower part, leaving, at the point of junction between the two parts, 
 a cavity through which to thrust rifles on the approach of enemies . — Old Edition. 
 
 Keminiscences. 
 
 In my original visit to North Bend, in 1846, I passed a day or two with the 
 Harrison family, and was there the guest of Col. W. H. H. Taylor, whose wife 
 was daughter of Gen. W. H. Harrison. While preparing these pages for the ^ 
 press, I unexpectedly got a letter from him ; he learning I was living only a few 
 days before its date — June 25, 1889. As I had saved no memoranda of my old- 
 time visit, I thereupon wrote a request for his reminiscences of that visit, together 
 with a ground plan of the Harrison mansion so famed in history. His reply, 
 
 ! 
 
 Parlor 
 
 I 
 
 L__ 
 
 OiningRoom 
 WHERE THEY DRAMK 
 THE HAROClOER. 
 
 Ground Plan of the Old Harrison Mansion at North Bend as it was in 184G. 
 Sketched from Memory in 1889 by Col. W. H. H. Iaylor. 
 
 together with an engraving from his plan, is annexed. ^ This gentleman is a Vir- 
 ginian by birth ; was in the civil war Colonel of the Fifth Ohio Cav^alry, and his 
 two eldest suns in the Union army — one in the Eighteenth U. S. Infantry and the 
 other on the staff of Gen. AV. T. Sherman. Col. Iaylor is now State Libraiian 
 for Minnesota, residence St. Paul. When he wrote me, he stated that he was in 
 liis seventy-ninth year, and was able to attend to business, although much troubled 
 with rheumatism contracted in the army. 
 
Drawn by Henry Hoive in 1846. 
 
 Residence of the Late President Harrison, North Bend. 
 
 Drau-n by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Tomb of President Harrison. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Block House, near North Bend. 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 863 
 
 ) 
 
 Henry Howe at North Bend in 1846. — 
 When you visited us at North Bend in 1846, 
 Mrs. Gen. W. H. Harrison was living there, 
 and you saw her at meal times. I was man- 
 aging the farm for her. My first wife, her 
 youngest daughter, and seven children were 
 there. You remained two nights with us. 
 The day after your arrival, you and I walked 
 down the Ohio river bank to an old block- 
 house four miles below the Bend, of which 
 you made a sketch ; then we went a mile 
 farther, and took dinner with the Hon. John 
 Scott Harrison, the father of the present 
 President, then a lad of thirteen years of age. 
 
 After dinner, in company with Mr. Harri- 
 son, we visited Fort Hill, which was on his 
 farm, overlooking the three States of Ohio, 
 Indiana and Kentucky. You examined the 
 fort thoroughly, and I think made a drawing 
 
 of it, and we then walked back to North 
 Bend. The next day you viewed the ruins 
 of the house of Judge John Cleves Symmes 
 on the Miami, the first settler in the Miami 
 valley, and the father of Mrs. Harrison. 
 You then left us and, I think, returned to 
 Cincinnati. [Yes ; was carried thither by a 
 canal boat.] 
 
 I send you a ground-plan of the noted log 
 cabin of 1840, which 1 occupied when you 
 visited us, and in which I was living on the 
 25th ofJuly, 1858, when it was set on fire by 
 a she-devil of an Irish woman and burned to 
 the ground ; myself and family getting out 
 with our night robes only, leaving everything 
 in the way of clothing, furniture, library and 
 all the relics of 1 840, of which we had a great 
 many, and many that had been in the family 
 for two hundred years. 
 
 The widow of General Harrison is distinct in my memory. She was of rather 
 slender, delicate figure, with dark eyes and modest, quiet manners; then seventy 
 years of age. She was born at Morristown, New Jersey, in the year of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence, and soon after her mother died. Her father. Judge 
 Symmes, then a colonel in the Continental army, was so anxious to place her with 
 her grandmother, then residing at Southold, Long Island, that, when she was near 
 four years of age, he assumed the disguise of a British officer’s uniform, to enable 
 him to pass through their lines with her on his way thither, a perilous undertak- 
 ing. Incidents of that journey she remembered to her last years. 
 
 Mrs. Harrison lived to the advanced age of eighty-nine years, dying in 1864, 
 and leaving the sweetest of memories. Rev. Horace Bushnell, the blind preacher 
 of Cincinnati, long her pastor and friend, preached her funeral sermon from a text 
 she had selected for him years before — Be still, and know that I am God.” She 
 lies buried beside her husband at North Bend. 
 
 VILLAGES AND LOCALITIES. 
 
 Avondale is on the hills, three miles north of Fountain Square, and was in- 
 corporated as a municipality in 1854. It is one of the most important and beau- 
 tiful of the suburbs ; practically is but a continuation of the city. It adjoins 
 the city north of Walnut Hills, while the latter, formerly a village with a 
 slight population, is now a part of the city, with about 40,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The Hills come up close to the Ohio valley in places quite abrupt and about 
 400 feet above it. In calm summer nights, standing on the hill verge, the voices 
 of the people below, on the narrow marge between the foot of the hill and river, 
 often rise to the hearing. The views up the river are here very grand, and from 
 its most elevated points one can see highlands south in Kentucky, twenty-five 
 miles away, and alike far north in Ohio. 
 
 The long-noted Lane Seminary is on Walnut Hills, with some fine new build- 
 ings, with their backs turned to the old, which yet stand humbly behind them. 
 Walnut Hills, for grandeur of scenery, united with beauty of its homes, with 
 lawns and gardens more or less in undulating dimpling spots, has scarcely an equal 
 within our knowledge. It has such a surprising variety of domestic architecture, 
 palatial and especially cottage odd and ornate, apparently the creations of archi- 
 tects on a strife to outdo each other in novel blending of materials, in contrast of 
 colors, in proportions, pinnacles and points, that one might define it as a locality 
 where domestic architecture was out on a frolic. From these the inhabitants daily 
 rapidly go whisking down in cable and electric cars to their business in the basin 
 below, to provide the means to continue to dwell in their beautiful homes above. 
 One of these lines — a horse-car line it is — goes through Eden Park to the spot, 
 
864 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Mouut Adams, where, forty years ago, astronomer Mitchel had his observatory, 
 and looked through his big telescope at Jupiter and his family of moons. Then 
 the car, with its occupants, horses and all go down the inclined plane in about 
 one minute, when the horses draw the car from the platform, and pursue their 
 journey into the house-lined streets. 
 
 Mount Auburn, also now a part of the city, lies west of Walnut Hills, being 
 separated from the last by the valley of Deer creek. It also abounds in elegant 
 residences. 
 
 Clifton lies west of Avondale and north of Burnet Woods Park, and was in- 
 corporated as a town in 1849. It derives its name from the Clifton Farm, com- 
 prises about 1,200 acres, is beautifully diversified with hill and dale, and has 
 about 1,200 inhabitants. In its precincts it has neither shop, factory, saloon nor 
 division fences. It has seventeen miles of avenues, lined with fine shade trees, of 
 which thousands have been planted ; also some magnificent residences. The town 
 hall contains the school-room, and its main hall is elegantly frescoed. The ladies 
 of the Sacred Heart have alsU a school for girls, with spacious and beautiful 
 grounds. 
 
 Pricers Hill is west of the city plain, some 400 feet above it, and is in the 
 city limits. It is reached by an inclined plane and the Warsaw Pike. It com- 
 mands extensive views of river, city and country, and has elegant residences, con- 
 vents and colleges. 
 
 CuMMiNSViLLE, a part of Cincinnati by annexation, is five miles north of the 
 business centre of the city. The place was named after David Cummins, owner 
 of a tannery, whose extensive property and that of another family named Hutchi- 
 son, comprised nearly the entire site of the present town. The early settlement 
 was known as Ludlow Station, established, in 1790, by Israel Ludlow, Daniel 
 Bates, Thomas Goudy (said to have been the first Cincinnati lawyer), John N. 
 Cummins, Uriah Hardesty and others. This station is noted as being the place 
 where Gen. St. Clair organized his army in 1791. It was deserted and reoccu- 
 pied by turns until peace was established with the Indians in 1795. Newspaper: 
 Transcript, Independent, A. E. Weatherby, editor. Churches : 1 Protestant 
 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Christian, 2 Catholic, and 1 
 Colored Methodist Episcopal. 
 
 Harrison, on the Indiana State line, is twenty-five miles northwest of Cincin- 
 nati, on the C. I., St. L. & C. R. R. Newspaper : News, Independent, Walter 
 Hartpence, editor and proprietor. Churches : 1 Christian, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Methodist, 1 German Lutheran, 1 Catholic, and 1 German Protestant. Indus- 
 tries : Furniture factories, 2 distilleries, 3 flouring mills, etc. Banks: Citizens’ 
 (Frank Bowles), Frank Bowles, cashier; J. A. Graft, James A. Graft, cashier. 
 Population in 1880, 1,850. School census in 1886, 588. R. Maxwell Boggs, 
 superintendent. 
 
 This village is noted as the point where John Morgan on his raid entered Ohio. 
 It was a thorough surprise. About one o’clock, in the afternoon of July 13, 1863, 
 the advance of the command was seen streaming down the hill, on the west side 
 of the valley, and the alarm was at once given. Citizens hurried to secrete valu- 
 ables and run off horses ; but in a very few minutes the enemy were swarming all 
 over the town. The raiders generally behaved well ; no woman nor other person 
 was harmed, and no house robbed. They entered the stores, and in the aggregate 
 a large amount of goods was taken. They were eccentric in their robbing. A 
 druggist was despoiled of nothing but his soap and perfumery. They stayed a 
 few hours, carried ofl* some horses, and that night, going east, were abreast of 
 Cincinnati, and the next day out of the county, after a tremendous midsummer 
 march of thirty liours. 
 
 Mt. Washington is five miles east of Cincinnati, on the C. G. & P. R. R. 
 Newspaper: Cincmnati Public SchoolJou?iial, Educational. Churches: 1 Meth- 
 odist Episcopal, 1 Methodist Protestant and 1 Baptist. Industries : Colter Pack- 
 
HAMILTON COUNTY. 865 
 
 ing Co., fruit canning, 100 employees. Population in 1880, 393. School census 
 in 1886, 160. D. G. Drake, superintendent. 
 
 Dockland is twelve miles north of Cincinnati, on the C. C. C. & I. and C. H. 
 & D. P. R., and on the Miami and Erie Canal. It has four churches and, in 
 1880, 1,884 inhabitants. Water-power is supplied to the establishments here by 
 four locks in the canal, which have unitedly forty-eight feet fall and give name to 
 the place. 
 
 Industries and Employees. — The Stearns & Foster Co., cotton batting, etc., 98 
 hands ; The Dockland Dumber Co., builders^ wood-work, etc., 85 ; The Friend & 
 Fox Paper Co., 75; George H. Friend Paper Co., 25; J. H. Tangeman, paper- 
 making, 15 ; The Holdeman Paper Co., 34 ; The Holdeman Paper Co., 30 ; The 
 George Fox Starch Co., starch, 107. — State Repoi't, 1888. 
 
 Reading lies just east of Dockland and had, in 1880, a population of 2,680. 
 Diehl’s long-noted fireworks are here manufactured ; 60 hands are employed. 
 Wyoming lies west of Dockland, on the other side of the C. H. & D. R. R. ; it 
 had, in 1880, 840 inhabitants. 
 
 Madison viLLE is seven and a half miles from Cincinnati, on the C. W. & B. 
 R. R., has churches. Baptist, Methodist, Christian, Presbyterian, Dutheran, Epis- 
 copal and Catholic. Population in 1880, 1,247. Norwood is on the same rail- 
 road, six miles from Cincinnati, and has about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Carthage is on the C. H. & D. and C. C. C. & I. R. R. and Miami Canal, 
 ten miles from Cincinnati. It has four churches, the County Infirmary and Dong- 
 view Insane Asylum. Population in 1880, 1,007. The Erkenbecker Starch 
 Factory is here, which employs 120 hands; the clothing-making industry is also 
 carried on here. Hartwei.l lies a little northeast of Carthage, on the opposite 
 side of Mill creek, and on the C. H. & D. and Short Dine Railroads. Popula- 
 tion in 1880, 892. Elmwood adjoins Carthage on the south. 
 
 While others of these treesy-named villages, as Maplewood and Woodlawn, are 
 not afar ; also Park Place and Arlington. Then there is Addyston, which, in- 
 creasing the number to be mentioned, has a suggestion in its name of the arith- 
 metical. Outside of the city limits, on the line of Mill creek, which is threaded 
 by the C. H. and Bee Dine Railroads for sixteen miles north, there are nineteen 
 flourishing towns, many of them running into each other. 
 
 St. Bernard is an extensive suburb, just south of the Marietta and Cincinnati 
 Railroad, seven miles north of the city, and is largely inhabited by Germans, who 
 have here the St. Clement’s Catholic church. Population in 1880, 1,073. Bond 
 Hill is near it, on the line of the M. & C. R. R. 
 
 Glendale is on the C. H. & D. Railroad, fifteen miles north of Cincinnati, 
 :md is one of the most beautiful of the suburban villages. The Glendale Female 
 College is located here. It has three parks, and a pretty lake of four acres from 
 natural springs. It was laid out in 1852 for suburban homes by wealthy Cincin- 
 natians, and has beeirhoted as the residence of some eminent characters, as Stan- 
 ley Matthews, Robert Clarke, R. M. Shoemaker, Crafts J. Wright, etc. ; also for 
 the literary tastes of its population, which has been noted for its quality rather 
 than its numbers. Population in 1880, 1,403. 
 
 College Hill is about eight miles from the city and is reached by a narrow 
 
 f auge railway. It is especially noted as the seat of Farmer’s College and of a 
 ^emale College. Two miles north of it is Mount Pleasant, post-office name 
 Mount Healthy, which many years ago was noted for holding conventions of the 
 Anti-Slavery or Diberty Party. 
 
 IvoRYDALE lies seveii miles north of Cincinnati, on the C. H. & D., C. W. & 
 B. and C. C, C. & I. Railroads. Here Proctor & Gamble have about 500 em- 
 ployees in the manufacture of their famed ivory soap,” who labor on the co- 
 operative plan, sharing profits with the owners. The Emery Dard and Candle 
 Manufacturing Company is also here, post-office Dudlow Grove. 
 
 The following are the names of villages and localities in the county, with their 
 
866 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 populations in 1880 : Home City, 422 ; Kiverside, 1,268 (now in the Cincinnati 
 limits, post-office Sedamsvlle), where, in 1887, the Cincinnati Cooperage Company 
 employed 565 hands; Westwood, 852; Cleves, 836; North Bend, 412; Lin- 
 wood, 723 ; and Springdale, 284. 
 
 In the northwestern corner of the county is the village of Whitewater, where, 
 since 1824, there has been a small settlement of Shakers. The grave of Adam 
 Poe, the renowned Indian fighter, who had the noted fight with Big Foot, is in 
 the Shaker burying-ground. 
 
 Census of 1890 of Villages. 
 
 Madison, 2,242 ; Norwood, 1,390 ; Oakley, 1,266 ; Pleasant Eidge, 1,027 ; 
 Home City, 797 ; Riverside, part of, 1,171 ; Delhi, 531 ; Harrison, part of in 
 Ohio, 1,090 ; Avondale, 4,473 ; Bond Hill, 1,000 ; Carthage, 2,059 ; Clifton, 1,575 ; 
 College Hill, 1,346; Elmwood, 1,980; Saint Bernard, 2,158; West Norwood, 
 612; Linwood, 1,276; Glendale, 1,444; Hartwell, 1,507 ; Dockland, 2,474; 
 Wyoming, 1,454; Mount Healthy, 1,295; Hazelwood, 502; Montgomery, 797; 
 Reading, 3,103; Sharon, 730; Camp Dennison 584. 
 
HANCOCK COUNTY, 
 
 867 
 
 HANCOCK 
 
 Hancock County was formed April 1st, 1820, named from John Hancock, 
 first President of the Revolutionary Congress. The surface is level ; soil is black 
 loam, mixed with sand, and based on limestone and very fertile. Its settlers were 
 generally of Pennsylvania origin. Area, about 540 square miles. In 1887 the 
 acres cultivated were 169,013; in pasture, 44,809; woodland, 77,310; lying 
 waste, 1,569 ; produced in wheat, 567,704 bushels ; rye, 38,264 ; buckwheat, 764 ; 
 oats, 491,677 ; barley, 1,376 ; corn, 1,667,873 ; broom-corn, 2,000 pounds brush; 
 meadow hay, 26,271 tons ; clover, 10,351 bushels seed ; flax, 2,839 pounds fibre ; 
 potatoes, 74,601 bushels ; butter, 686,107 pounds ; sorghum, 3,544 gallons ; maple 
 syrup, 16,598 ; honey, 14,803 pounds ; eggs, 647,165 dozen ; grapes, 11,445 pounds ; 
 sweet potatoes, 363 bushels ; apples, 10,435 bushels ; peaches, 486 bushels ; pears, 
 652 bushels; wool, 206,987 pounds; milch cows owned, 8,316. School census, 
 1888, 11,316; teachers, 274. Miles of railroad track, 129. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 Allen, 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1,025 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 Madison, 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1,232 
 
 Amanda, 
 
 490 
 
 1,474 
 
 Marion, 
 
 707 
 
 987 
 
 Big Lick, 
 
 431 
 
 1,261 
 
 Orange, 
 
 314 
 
 1,451 
 
 Blanchard, 
 
 629 
 
 1,286 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 252 
 
 1,866 
 
 Cass, 
 
 588 
 
 829 
 
 Portage, 
 
 675 
 
 914 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 532 
 
 1,455 
 
 Richland, 
 
 332 
 
 
 Eagle, 
 
 524 
 
 1,284 
 
 Ridge, 
 
 479 
 
 
 Findlay, 
 
 r,024 
 
 5,553 
 
 Union, 
 
 637 
 
 1,876 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 631 
 
 1,338 
 
 Van Buren, 
 
 432 
 
 907 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 592 
 
 1,101 
 
 AVashington, 
 
 830 
 
 1,945 
 
 Population of Hancock in 1830,813; 1840, 10,099; 1860, 22,886; 1880, 
 27,784, of whom 23,102 were born in Ohio, 2,209 Pennsylvania, 270 New 
 York, 252 Virginia, 143 Indiana, 35 Kentucky, 882 German Empire, 89 Ire- 
 land, 76 France, 64 England and Wales, 47 British America, and 11 Scotland. 
 
 The central and southern part of this county is watered by Blanchard’s fork of 
 the Auglaize and its branches. The Shawnee name of this stream was Sho-po- 
 qua-te-sepe, or TailoTs river. We state on the authority of Col. John Johnston 
 that Blanchard, from whom this stream was named, was a tailor, or one that 
 sewed garments. He was a native of France, and a man of intelligence ; but no 
 part of his history could be obtained from him. He doubtless fled Ids country 
 for some offence against its laws, intermarried with a Shawnee woman, and after 
 living here thirty years, died in 1802, at or near the site of Fort Findlay. When 
 the Shawnees emigrated to the West, seven of his children were living, one of 
 whom was a chief. In the war of 1812 a road was cut through this county, over 
 which the troops for the Northwest passed. Among these was the army of Hull, 
 which \vas j)iloted by Isaac Zane, M’Pherson and Robert Armstrong. 
 
 Findlay in 18^6. — Findlay, the county-seat, is on Blanchard’s fork, ninety 
 miles northeast of Columbus. It contains one Presbyterian and one Methodist 
 church, one academy, two newspaper printing offices, thirteen mercantile stores, 
 one foundry, one clothing, one flouring and one grist mill, and 112 families. A 
 branch railroad has been surveyed from Cary, on the Mad river railroad, to this 
 place, a distance of sixteen miles, which will prol)ably ere long be constructed. 
 Findlay derives its name from Fort Findlay, built in the late war by James 
 Findlay, who was a citizen of Cincinnati, a colonel in the late war, and afterwards 
 a member of Congress. This fort stood on the south bank of Blanchard’s fork, 
 )ust west of the present bridge. It was a stockade of about fifty yards square, 
 
868 
 
 HANCOCK COUNTY. 
 
 with block-houses at its corners and a ditch in front. It was used as a depot for 
 military stores and provisions. 
 
 About 9 o’clock one dark and windy night 
 in the late war, Capt. William Oliver (now 
 of Cincinnati), in company with a Kentuck- 
 ian, left Fort Meigs for Fort Findlay, on an 
 errand of importance, the distance being 
 about thirty-three miles. They had scarcely 
 started on their dreary and perilous journey, 
 when they unexpectedly came upon an In- 
 dian camp, around the fires of which the 
 Indians were busy cooking their suppers. 
 Disturbed by the noise of their approach, 
 the savages sprang up and ran towards them. 
 At this they reined their horses into the 
 branches of a fallen tree. Fortunately the 
 
 horses, as if conscious of the danger, stood 
 perfectly still, and the Indians passed around 
 the tree without making any discovery in the 
 thick darkness. At this juncture Oliver and 
 his companion put spurs to their horses and 
 dashed forward into the woods, through 
 which they passed all the way to their point 
 of destination. The}^ arrived safely, but 
 with their clothes completely torn off by the 
 brambles and bushes, and their bodies bruised 
 all over by contusions against the trees. They 
 had scarcely arrived in the fort when the In- 
 dians in pui-suit made their appearance, but 
 too late, for their prey had escaped. 
 
 The town of F'indlay was first laid out by ex-Gov. Joseph Vanee and Elnathan 
 Corry, in 1821, and in 1829 relaid out, lots sold, and a settlement systematically 
 commenced. In the fall of 1821, however, Wilson Vance (brother of the above) 
 moved into Findlay with his family. There were then some ten or fifteen Wyan- 
 dot families in the place, who had made improvements. They were a temperate, 
 fine-looking people, and friendly to the first settlers. There were at this time but 
 six other white families in the county besides that of Mr. Vance. Mr. V. is now 
 the oldest settler in the county. For the first two or three years all the grain 
 which he used he brought in teams from his brothers’ mills in Champaign county, 
 about forty miles distant. To this should be excepted some little corn which he 
 bought of the Indians, for which he occasionally paid as high as $1 per bushel, 
 and ground it in a hand-mill. 
 
 There are some curiosities in the town and county worthy of note. At the 
 south end of Findlay are two gas- wells. From one of them the gas has been 
 conducted by a pipe into a neighboring dwelling and used for light. A short dis- 
 tance west of the bridge, on the north bank of Blanchard’s fork, at F"indlay, is a 
 chalybeate spring of excellent medicinal qualities, and from which issues inflam- 
 mable gas. In the eastern part of the town is a mineral spring possessing similar 
 qualities. Three miles south of Findlay is a sycamore of great height, and thirty- 
 four feet in circumference at its base. Ten miles below Findlay, on the west bank 
 of Blanchard’s fork, on the road to Defiance, are two sugar-maple trees, thirty 
 feet distant at their base, which, about sixty feet up, unite and form one trunk, 
 and thus continue from thence up, the body of one aetually growing into the other, 
 so that each lose their identity and form one entire tree. — Old Edition. 
 
 Findlay, county-seat of Hancock, about 85 miles northwest of Columbus, 
 about 45 miles south of Toledo, is on the L. F. & W. ; T. C. & S. ; and I. B. & 
 W. railroads. The largest natural-gas wells in the world supply manufacturers 
 here with fuel at a nominal'cost ; private consumers pay fifteen cents a month pei' 
 stove while in use, and for illuminating purposes five cents per month' per burner. 
 Oil is also abundant, is piped elsewhere, and some refined here. 
 
 County Officers in 1888. — Auditor, William T. Platt; Clerk, Presley F. Hay; 
 Commissioner.‘^, Isaac M. Watkins, George W. Krout, Calvin W. Brooks; 
 Coroner, Jesse A. Flowell ; Infirmary Directors, James M. Cusac, Alexander R. 
 Morrison, ATm. R. McKee; Probate Judge, George AY. Myers; Prosecuting 
 Attorney, James A. Bope; Recorder, John B. Foltz; Sheriff, George L. Cusac: 
 Surveyor, Ulys.ses K. Stringfellow ; ThTasurer, Andrew J. Moore. 
 
 City Officers in 1888. — AA4n. L. Carlin, Mayor; Jacob H. Boger, Clerk; Jacob 
 Huber, Treasurer; J. AY. Bly, Marshal; Jas. A. Bo])e, Solicitor; Godfrey Nus- 
 ser. Street Commissioner. 
 
 Newspapers . — Courier, Democratic, FTed. H. Glessner, editor and publisher; 
 Jeffersonian, Independent Republican, A. H. Balsley, editor and publisher; Gas- 
 
GEN. JAMES FINDLAY. 
 
 Brawn b?j Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Findlay, 1846. 
 
 This shows the central part, including tlie Court-House, which occupied the site 
 of the present structure. 
 
870 
 
 HANCOCK COUNTY. 
 
 light, E. D. Ludwig, editor ; Republican, Republican, E. G. DeWolf, editor ; Stavy 
 Independent, Hammaker & Beech, editors and publishers ; Wochenblatt, German 
 Democratic, Weixelbaum & Heyn, editors and publishers. 
 
 Churches. — 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Lutheran, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Disci- 
 ples, 1 Evangelical, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Reformed, 1 Congregational, 1 United 
 Brethren, 1 English Lutheran, and 1 Church of God, sometimes termed tlie 
 Winebrennarian Church. The Church of God College is located here. 
 
 Banks. — Farmers’ National, Peter Hosier, president, J. G. Hull, cashier; First 
 National, E. P. Jones, president, Charles E. Niles, cashier. 
 
 3Ianufactures and Employees. — The Union Brass Co., brass goods, 13 hands; 
 Findlay Woollen Mills, woollen goods, 25 ; Bushon & Crawford, sasli, doors, etc., 
 9; Palmer & Arnold, flour, etc., 6; Findlay Lumber and Wood-working Co., 
 sash, doors, etc., 12; W. H. Campfield & Son, sash, doors, etc., 12 ; Tlie Eagle 
 Machine Works, general machine works, 4 ; A. Boehmer, Excelsior, 5 ; E. B. 
 Hartwell, handles, 8; The Columbia Glass Co., table-ware, 177; The Western 
 Rapid Type- Writer Co., type- writing max)hines, 12 ; Geo. E. Gobrccht & Sons, 
 architectural iron work, 4; Findlay Rolling Mill Co., bar-iron, etc., 113; The 
 Findlay Window Glass Co., window glass, 113 ; C. D. Hayward & Co., planing 
 mill, 15 ; Buckeye Window Glass Co., window glass, 50; The Findlay Iron and 
 Steel Co., bar-iron, 126 ; W. P. Dukes, sash, doors, etc., 7 ; The Beliaire Goblet 
 Co., goblets, etc., 312; Dalzell, Gilmore & Leighton Co., table glassware, 270; 
 Model Flint Glass Co., crystal and colored glass, 192; Findlay Clay Pot Co., 
 glass-house pots, 12; Findlay Hydraulic Pressed Brick Co., pressed brick, 115 ; 
 Findlay Stave & Handle Co., handles and heading, 25 ; Findlay Church Furni- 
 ture Co., church furniture, 9 ; Findlay Table Manufacturing Co., dining-room 
 tables, 63; Vance & Bigelow, sash, doors, etc., 12; Ohio Lantern Co., lanterns, 
 etc., 43 ; Vinton, Jones & Werner, castings, 6 ; J. J. Bradner, bee-keepers’ sup- 
 plies, 3 ; David Round & Son, chains, 31 ; Shull & Parker, sash, doors, etc., 32 ; 
 Funk & Latshaw, tanks, etc., 5; Adams Brothers, general machine work, 35; 
 American Mask Manufacturing Co., masks, 45 ; Findlay Iron and Boiler Works, 
 boilers, 22 ; Waltz, Barr & Co., grain elevator, 3 ; The Lippencott Glass Co., 
 lamp chimneys, 130; John Shull Novelty Works, ironing tables, etc., 8; Mc- 
 Manness & Seymour, rakes, 31 ; The Ohio Window Glass Co., window glass, 50 ; 
 McManness & Seymour, linseed oil, 4 ; The Findlay Bottle Co., bottles, etc., 102 ; 
 David Kirk, flour, etc., 12 ; The Wetherald Wire Nail Co., steel-wire nails, 136 ; 
 Ireland & McCoughroy, oil-well tools, etc., 8 ; The Hirsch-Ely Window Glass 
 Co., window glass, 52. — Ohio State Reports, 1888. 
 
 Population, 1880, 4,633. School census 1888, 3,404 ; J. W. Zeller, superin- 
 tendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $329,500. Value of 
 annual product, $741,000. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 18,674. 
 
 Gen. James Findlay, from whom Findlay was named, was born in Frank- 
 lin county. Pa., in 1770, of an eminent family. “About the year 1795 he re- 
 moved to Ohio, by way of Virginia and Kentucky, eventually settling in Cincin- 
 nati. There he for a number of years filled the position of receiver of public moneys 
 in the Land Office. In 1805-6 and in 1810-11 he served as IMayor of Cincinnati. 
 In the Avar of 1812 he served as colonel of a regiment, and was present at 
 Hull’s surrender of Detroit. For his meritorious conduct in the war he was 
 shortly afterwards promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of the Ohio State 
 militia, in which capacity he served for a considerable period. He erected Fort 
 Findlay, from which Findlay Avas named. Naturally resei’A'ed in manner, he j)re- 
 sented to strangers an air of austerity, but he Avas the soul of kindness and geni- 
 ality; had great decision of character and an unsullied reputation. He died in 
 Cincinnati in 1835. 
 
 There died at Findlay, May 12, 1856, at the age of 68 years, Andrew Cof- 
 FINBERRY. He Avas borii in Virginia ; came to Mansfield about 1808 ; after the 
 war he studied law there Avith John M. May, and then for nearly half a century 
 
HANCOCK COUNTY. 
 
 871 
 
 he practised in nearly all the counties of Northwestern Ohio, beginning with 
 their organization. He was, says Knapp, conspicuous among the old-time lawyers 
 of the Maumee valley, and beloved by his professional brethren and by all with 
 whom he came in contact. 
 
 He obtained the soubriquet of the good 
 Count Coffinberry by reason of his kindly 
 nature, genteel address and extraordinary 
 neatness of dress. When traversing the 
 circuit from county-seat to county-seat, the 
 journeys alwa 3 ^s being on horseback, he car- 
 ried a considerable apparel. From his re- 
 semblance to the German Count or Baron 
 PufFendorf, he was sometimes called Count 
 Putfendorf Many comical stories are told 
 of him. 
 
 In 1842 the count came before the public 
 in the role of a poet in a small volume printed 
 by Wright & Legg at Columbus. It was 
 entitled '‘"The Forest Rangers : a Poetic Tale 
 of the Western Wilderness in 1794, connected 
 with and comprising the march and battle of 
 General Wayne's army, and abounding with 
 interesting incidents of fact and fiction, in 
 seven cantos." 
 
 The scene of the book is of course the 
 “Black Swamp Begion,” the Maumee 
 country, wherein the words of the poem : 
 
 “ Mustered strong the Kas-Kas-Kies, 
 Wy an dots and the Miamies, 
 
 Also the Potawatamies, 
 
 The Delawares and Chippewas, 
 
 The Kickapoos and Ottawas, 
 
 The Shawanoes and many strays 
 From almost every Indian Nation, 
 Had joined the fearless congregation, 
 Who after St. Clair’s dread defeat 
 Returned to this secure retreat.” 
 
 The main subject is the story of the capture, 
 captivity and final rescue of the maiden 
 Julia Gray^ and the wedded Nancy Gibbs. 
 The poem gives personal narratives, dialogues, 
 Indian speeches, drinking-songs of Wajme’s 
 soldiers, death-songs of savages, etc. It also 
 describes natural scenery wherein Hog creek 
 for the purposes of euphony appears under 
 the name of “ Swinonia,” thus ; 
 
 “From Blanchard to Swinonia, he 
 Hied o’er to see, who there might be. 
 
 To make it true to nature the illiterate frontier 
 characters speak their own vernacular in 
 doggerel rhyme. For instance, Mrs. Nancy 
 Gibbs, who states her “maiding name was 
 Nancy Jarred,” in describing her courtship 
 by Gibbs, says : 
 
 “ His ways was all so dreffle nice, 
 
 What maiding could reject the splice ? ” 
 
 The book stretches out for 200 pages, and 
 is such a curious conglomeration of intensely 
 realistic jingle,_ and, as a whole, is such a 
 strange eccentric conception that any allusion 
 to it in the presence of those acquainted with 
 it seldom fliil to bring a twinkle in their eyes. 
 His old friends on the bench and at the bar, 
 and they were a host, at the time of its ap- 
 pearance, now nearly half a century gone, 
 enjoyed it hugely, for it brought the good 
 count and his oddities so vividly before 
 them. 
 
 The Gas Wells of Findlay. 
 
 In our first edition as among the curiosities of this region we said, ^^At the 
 south end of F^indlay are two gas wells. From one of them the gas has been 
 conducted by a pipe into a neighboring dwelling and used for light.’^ The public 
 did not imagine that the little obscure town stood over a great reservoir of natural 
 gas and petroleum, which, on discovery, was to render it one of the most famed 
 spots geologically considered on the globe. The following history of its discovery 
 and the development at Findlay up to May 20, 1887, is copied from carefully 
 prepared articles by Mr. Frank B. Loomis, published at the time: 
 
 The tendency of people to grasp with fran- 
 tic eagerness every business or social sensa- 
 tion that presents itself is powerfully illus- 
 trated by the widespread interest which the 
 recent discovery of natural gas in large 
 quantities has attracted. A few years ago no 
 geologist or practical driller would have 
 advised a friend or patron to put down a well 
 in Western Ohio. But conditions change 
 with dramatic celerity in this country, and to- 
 day Northwestern Ohio is the scene of an 
 intense and contagious excitement. 
 
 A few days ago the largest gas well in the 
 world was struck near Findlay. Its daily 
 
 output of gas is 20,000,000 cubic feet. There 
 are in the aggregate forty-five gas wells in 
 and about Findlay. Together they pour 
 forth 100,000,000 cubic feet of gas daily, 
 an equal amount in heating capacity to 3,000 
 tons of coal. 
 
 The Ohio natural gas is said to be richer 
 in heat producing properties than the Penn- 
 sylvania gas by fifteen per cent., according to 
 the tests and estimates of scientific men. 
 
 There is a very important and significant 
 geological fact in connection with the Ohio 
 gas and oil discoveries. Both fluids come 
 from the Trenton limestone, a widesprea(J 
 
Zay^ Photo., Findlay. 
 
 Findlay in 1890. 
 
HANCOCK COUNTY. 
 
 873 
 
 formation of the lower silurian age. In order 
 that gas or oil may be given forth in valuable 
 quantities there must always be some struc- 
 tural peculiarity in the Ti'entoii limestone 
 formation so that an arch will be formed to 
 serve as a storehouse for the fluids to accu- 
 mulate in. The town of Findlay, which is 
 the centre of the gas region, is built over 
 such a fold or arch in the limestone. The 
 western extremity of this arch is coincident 
 with the north and south line made by the 
 Main street of Findlay, so that a well may 
 be drilled anywhere east of that street, and 
 dry gas will be found in abundance at a depth 
 of about 1,150 feet. A person cannot dig a 
 cellar or well without setting some gas free, 
 and it is said, in jest, that difiiculty is found 
 in setting fence posts on account of the press- 
 ure of gas from beneath. 
 
 The people of Findlay saw indications of 
 gas for half a century without suspecting the 
 remarkable treasure underlying them. One 
 man in the town, a G-erman physician named 
 Charles Oesterlen, read the signs with an 
 intelligent and prophetic eye. Forty years 
 ago he became convinced that an enormous 
 reservoir of natural gas lay beneath the town 
 of Findlay. He told his belief and was 
 scoffed at — men called him the “gas fool,” 
 and until 1884 he was regarded as a vain 
 dreamer. But patience and perseverance at 
 last prevailed, and three years ago he suc- 
 ceeded in organizing a stock company to drill 
 for gas. The well was a successful one, and 
 when the gas gushed forth with a panting 
 roar and shot a column of flame sixty feet 
 into the air, people were alarmed for a time. 
 But the faith of Hr. Oesterlen was vindicated 
 and the truth of his theories established. 
 
 Findlay was a small and almost unknown 
 town when gas was struck. It took a year 
 for the news of the wonderful discoveries to 
 spread, and it was not till 1886, when the 
 great Karg well, with a capacity of 15,000,000 
 cubic feet daily, was struck, that the attention 
 of the public was arrested by the develop- 
 ments and possibilities at Findlay. 
 
 The great Karg well was discovered on J an- 
 uary 20, 1886, by a boring of 1,144 feet. The 
 gas was conducted forty-eight feet above the 
 ground through a six-inch pipe, and when 
 lighted the flame rose from twenty to thirty 
 feet above the pipe ; with a short pipe the 
 flames ascended to the height of sixty feet. 
 The gas leaves the well with a pressure of 
 400 pounds to the square inch, and with 
 so much force that it has raised a piece of 
 iron weighing three tons more than 100 feet 
 above the ground. 
 
 It is difficult to imagine the magnificent 
 effect of this burning well at night. The 
 noise of the escaping gas which, at the rate 
 of forty million cubic feet per day, is like the 
 roar of Niagara or like the thunder of a 
 dozen railroad trains, drowning all conversa- 
 tion. On the nights of the first winter it 
 was opened the ground was frozen and the 
 
 people not being used to it within the radius 
 of a half a mile were disturbed in their 
 slumbers, especially when there was a change 
 of wind. The sound under extraordinary 
 conditions of the atmosphere has been heard 
 fifteen miles away, and on a dark night the 
 light reflected on the clouds discerned for 
 fifty miles. 
 
 Prof. Gr. Frederick Wright, who visited 
 on an evening a month after it was opened, 
 wrote : “Although the snow had covered the 
 ground to a depth of several inches, in every 
 direction for a distance of 200 yards in cir- 
 cumference the heat of the flame had melted 
 the snow from the ground and the grass and 
 weeds had grown two or three inches in height. 
 The crickets also seemed to have mistaken 
 the season of the j^ear, for they were enliven- 
 ing the night with their cheerful song. The 
 neighborhood of the well seemed also a para- 
 dise for tramps. I noticed one who lay 
 soundly sleeping with his head in a barrel, 
 with the rest of his body lying outside on the 
 green turf, to receive the genial warmth from 
 the flame high up in the air.” Cold as it 
 was he slept in perfect comfort, with no dan- 
 ger of suffering so long as he was within the 
 charmed circle. 
 
 The daily amount of heat from this single 
 well is said to equal that from the burning 
 of one thousand tons of soft coal. 
 
 The cost of drilling a well is about $1,500, 
 but gas is supplied so cheaply to consumers 
 that no one thinks of drilling a well except 
 for a factory or mill. The city owns a number 
 of fine wells and has pipes under all the 
 streets. Gas is furnished to consumers for 
 fifteen cents a month for each grate or stove, 
 and the consumer is permitted to burn as 
 much or as little as he chooses. 
 
 The gas has a distinct and penetrating 
 sulphuric odor, so that it is safer for house- 
 hold use than manufactured gas, as it cannot 
 escape without being quickly detected. ^ G-as 
 is a great luxury as^ a fuel. There is no 
 smoke, dirt or expensive manipulation con- 
 nected with it. It is easily managed and 
 burns with a beautiful blue flame that emits 
 an intense heat which never varies in degree. 
 
 There was a great deal of speculation in 
 farms in the gas belt, and one agent told me 
 he had sold the same farm ten times. Hun- 
 dreds of farmers have been made rich, but I 
 cannot think they have gained as much in con- 
 tentment as they have in wealth. One odd 
 character sold his farm for $75,000 and came 
 to the town to live. He brought with him 
 three strapping daughters, and this strange 
 quartet, in garments cut in styles that were 
 popular a quarter of a century ago, wander 
 about the streets in a helpless and hopeless 
 sort of a way, wondering what to do with 
 their money now that they have got it. The 
 land which Senator Sherman paid $30,000 
 for has advanced in three months to $150,000 
 in value. The po{)ulation of Findlay has 
 grown from 5,000 to 15,000 in a year. 
 
874 
 
 HANCOCK COUNTY. 
 
 The Great Natural Gas Jubilee. 
 
 On the second week in June, 1887, three days — Wednesday, Thursday and 
 Friday — were given to celebrating the first anniversary of the practical applica- 
 tion of natural gas to the mechanical arts in Findlay. It was on the 9th of 
 June, 1885, that the Biggs Iron and Tool Company first welded iron and steel 
 together in Northern Ohio with natural gas. It was a novel occasion — the first 
 jubilee of its kind in history. 
 
 “Forty thousand visitors poured into the 
 town to participate in the natural gas jubilee. 
 
 The bustling city was ablaze with light and 
 decorations, radiant in all the glory of flags, 
 evergreens, bunting, and flowers. The main 
 street was spanned by fifty-eight arches, bear- 
 ing jubilant mottoes illuminated by the flame 
 of tliousands of gas jets. Thirty thousand 
 such jets were burning all over the city and 
 turning the night into day. The first day 
 (Wednesday) was devoted chiefly to the re- 
 ception of distinguished guests. On Thurs- 
 day morning the exercises consisted of the 
 laying of the corner-stones for four new manu- 
 facturing establishments, in addition to those 
 which had been laid the day before. Early 
 in the day Senator John Sherman and other 
 dignitaries arrived, and in the afternoon Grov. 
 
 Foraker, accompanied by Adjutant-G-eneral 
 Axline and staff, and the regular army offi- 
 cers who were to act as judges of the military 
 contest, reached the city, and were accorded 
 a most hearty reception. Other arrivals were 
 about 1,000 uniformed members of the 
 Knights of Pythias, from Springfield, To- 
 ledo, Dayton, Cleveland, Sandusky, Bluffton, 
 and other points, all accompanied by bands 
 of music. The $1,000 prize drill, later in 
 the day, attracted 5,000 spectators. 
 
 Mt. Blanchard is 10 miles southeast of Findlay. It is on the line of the 
 C. & W. Railroad. It is in a fine farming and wool-growing district, and oil 
 and gas are found in abundance. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Methodist 
 Protestant, and 1 Presbyterian. Population in 1880, 285. 
 
 McComb is 85 miles northwest of Columbus, 40 miles south of Toledo, and 
 116 miles west of Cleveland, on the line of the N. Y. C. & St. L. and McC. D. 
 & T. Railroads. It is surrounded by fine farming lands. Oil and natural gas 
 are found in abundance. Newspaper : JYera/d, S. B. Davis, editor and publisher. 
 Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Disciples, and 1 German 
 Lutheran. Principal Industries: Manufacturing handles of all kinds, planing 
 mills, etc. Population in 1880, 417. School census, 1886, 337 ; H. Walter 
 Doty, superintendent. 
 
 Arcadia, on the L. E. & W. and N. Y. C. & St. L. Railroads, is 9J miles 
 northeast of F'indlay. It has 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Lutheran 
 church. Population in 1880, 396. 
 
 Vanlue, on the I. B. & W. Railroad, 10 miles east of Findlay. Population 
 in 1880, 364. School census, 1888, 142. 
 
 Van Buren is on the T. C. & S. Railroad, 7 miles north of Findlay. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 130. 
 
 Benton Ridge is 8 miles southwest of Findlay. Population in 1880. 179. 
 School census, 1888, 96. 
 
 “All day long the burning gas on the 
 street arches flared in the light rains. It was 
 cheaper to let it burn than to employ men to 
 put it out and light it again. In the evening 
 there was a grand banquet, at which appro- 
 priate addresses were made by Senator Sher- 
 man, Gov. Foraker, Charles Foster, Murat 
 Halstead, Gen. Thomas Powell and others. 
 The evening’s illumination was a grand suc- 
 cess. Hundreds of sheets of flame leaped 
 from the arches, and the brilliancy of the 
 burning gas flooded the city in a blaze of 
 light. A continuous display of fireworks was 
 made from seven o’clock until midnight, 
 while 70,000 people packed roadway, walks, 
 windows and roofs, and manifested in repeat- 
 ed applause their admiration of the spectacle. 
 Friday, the last day, was occupied with pro- 
 cessions, military parades, prize drills, band 
 contests at the Wigwam, the laying of vaiious 
 corner-stones, and of the first rails of the belt 
 and electric railroads ; the festivities conclud- 
 ing in the evening with the awarding of prizes 
 and a display of fireworks. In the drill the 
 first prize of $1,000 was won by the Toledo 
 Cadets, while the State University Cadets 
 won the second prize of $500, and the Woos- 
 ter Guards the third prize of $250.” 
 
HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 «75 
 
 HAEDIlSr. 
 
 Hardin County was formed from old Indian territory, April 1, 1820. 
 Area about 440 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated \ e 132,898 ; in 
 pasture, 30,697 , woodland, 47,516 ; lying waste, 8,167 ; produced in wheat, 
 359,060 bushels ; rye, 12,526 ; buckwheat, 635 ; oats, 340,047 ; barley, 315 ; 
 corn, 1,187,035; meadow hay, 22,771 tons; clover hay, 5,243; flax, 2,012 
 lbs. fibre; potatoes, 114,506 bushels ; butter, 550,396 lbs. ; cheese, 574; sorghum, 
 1,488 gallons; maple syrup, 2,810; honey, 25,358 lbs.; eggs, 524,031 dozen; 
 grapes, 5,085 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 40 bushels; apples, 53,791 ; peaches, 255; 
 pears, 403 ; wool, 209,683 lbs. ; milch cows owned, 5,954. School census, 1888, 
 9,306 ; teachers, 264. Miles of railroad track, 91. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Blanchard, 
 
 241 
 
 2,423 
 
 Lynn, 
 
 
 922 
 
 Buck, 
 
 
 1,610 
 
 Marion, 
 
 177 
 
 982 
 
 Cessna, 
 
 259 
 
 966 
 
 McDonald, 
 
 285 
 
 1,449 
 
 Dudley, 
 
 349 
 
 1,418 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 569 
 
 5,492 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 549 
 
 1,030 
 
 Koundhead, 
 
 564 
 
 1,035 
 
 Hale, 
 
 267 
 
 1,740 
 
 Taylor Creek, 
 
 400 
 
 1,189 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 260 
 
 2,176 
 
 Washington, 
 
 203 
 
 1,291 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 170 
 
 3,295* 
 
 
 
 
 Population of Hardin, 1840, 4,583 ; 1860, 13,570 ; 1880, 27,023 ; of whom 
 22,328 were born in Ohio; 1,047 Pennsylvania; 480 Virginia; 320 New York; 
 187 Indiana; 85 Kentucky ; 738 German Empire ; 386 Ireland; 147 England 
 and Wales; 57 British America; 20 Scotland; and 18 France. 
 
 Although Hardin was formed from old Indian territory as early as 1820, it 
 was not organized until January 8, 1833, previous to which it formed for judicial 
 purposes a part of Logan county, and when Champaign was organized of that 
 county. About half of the county is level and the remainder undulating, and 
 all capable of thorough drainage. The soil is part gravelly loam and part clayey 
 and based on limestone and rich. Its original forests were very heavy in timber 
 and of the usual varieties. 
 
 Originally the deep woods of the county were singularly free from underbrush, 
 so that the pioneers could see a long distance between the trees. It is supposed 
 that this arose from a habit of the Indians of annually burning the underbrush 
 to facilitate the capture of game. Owing to the heavy timber the county slowly 
 settled, so that as late as 1840 it had but nine inhabitants to the square mile. 
 The county, like Marion, is on the great watershed of the State, the southern 
 part being in the Mississippi valley and the northern part in the Lake Erie basin. 
 Its principal streams are the Scioto and the Blanchard, the waters of the first 
 going into the Ohio and the other into Lake Erie. The Blanchard, Hog Creek 
 and the north branch of the Miami head in this county, while the Scioto heads 
 in Auglaize county, enters Hardin from the southwest, flows through the great 
 Scioto marsh, first goes northeast and then southeast by Kenton. 
 
 Col. John Hardin, from whom this 
 county was named, was an officer of dis- 
 tinction in the early settlement of the West. 
 He was born of humble parenta'ge, in Fau- 
 quier county, Virginia, in 1753. From his 
 very youth, he was initiated into the life of 
 a woodsman, and acquired uncommon skill 
 as a marksman and a hunter. In the spring 
 of 1774 young Hardin,^ then not twenty-one 
 years of age, was appointed an ensign in a 
 
 inilitia company, and shortly after, in an ac- 
 tion with the Indians, was wounded in the 
 knee. Before he had fully recovered^ from 
 his wound he joined the noted expedition of 
 Dunmore. In the war of the revolution, he 
 was a lieutenant in Morgan’s celebrated rifle 
 corps. He was high in the esteem of General 
 Morgan, and was often selected for enter- 
 prises of peril, requiring discretion and in- 
 trepidity. On one of these occasions, while 
 
876 
 
 HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 with the northern army, he was sent out on a 
 reconnoitring expedition, with orders to take 
 a prisoner, for the purpose of obtaining in- 
 formation. Marching silently in advance of 
 his party, he ascended to the top of an 
 abrupt hill, where he met two or three British 
 soldiers and a Mohawk Indian. The moment 
 was critical. Hardin felt no hesitation — his 
 rifle was instantly presented, and they ordered 
 to surrender. The soldiers immediately 
 threw down their arms — the Indian clubbed 
 his gun. They stood, while he continued to 
 advance on them : but none of his men hav- 
 ing come up, and thinking he might want 
 some assistance, he turned his head a little 
 and called to them to corne on ; at this mo- 
 ment, the Indian, observing his eye with- 
 drawn from him, reversed his gun with a 
 rapid motion, in order to shoot Hardin; 
 when he, catching in his vision the gleam of 
 light reflected from the polished barrel, with 
 equal rapidity apprehended its meaning, and 
 was prompt to prevent the dire efiect. He 
 brings his rifle to a level in his own hands, 
 and fires without raising it to his face — he 
 had not time, the attempt would have given 
 the Indian the first fire, on that depended 
 life and death — he gained it and gave the 
 Indian a mortal wound ; who, also, firing in 
 the succeeding moment, sent his ball through 
 Hardin’s hair. The rest of the party made 
 no resistance, but were marched to camp. 
 On this occasion Hardin received the thanks 
 of General Gates. In 1786 he settled in 
 Washington county, Kentucky, and there 
 was no expedition into the Indian country 
 after he settled in Kentucky, except that of 
 General^ St. Clair, which he was prevented 
 from joining by an accidental lameness, in 
 which he was not engaged. In these, he 
 
 generally distinguished himself by his gal- 
 lantry and success. In Harmar’s expedition, 
 however, he was unfortunate, being defeated 
 by the Indians when on detached command, 
 near Fort Wayne. Colonel Hardin was killed 
 in the 39th year of his age. He was — says 
 Marshall, in his history^ of Kentucky, from 
 which these facts are derived — a man of un- 
 assuming manners, and great gentleness of 
 deportment ; yet of singular firmness and in- 
 flexibility as to matters of truth and justice. 
 Prior to the news of his death, such was his 
 popularity in Kentucky, that he was ap- 
 pointed general of the first brigade. 
 
 Colonel Hardin was killed by the Indians 
 in 1792. He was sent by General Washing- 
 ton on a mission of peace to them — and was 
 on his way to the Shawnees’ town. He had 
 reached within a few miles of his point of 
 destination, and was within what is now 
 Shelby county, in this State, when he was 
 overtaken by a few Indians, who proposed 
 encamping with him, and to accompany him 
 the next day to the residence of their chiefs. 
 In the night, they basely murdered him, as 
 was alleged, for his horse and equipments, 
 which were attractive and valuable. His 
 companion, a white man, who spoke Indian, 
 and acted as_ interpreter, was uninjured. 
 When the chiefs heard of Hardin’s death, 
 they were sorry, for they desired to hear 
 what the messenger of peace had to com- 
 municate. A town was laid out on the spot 
 some years since, on the State road from 
 Piqua through Wapakonetta, and named, at 
 the suggestion of Col. John Johnson, Hardin, 
 to perpetuate the memory and sufferings of 
 this brave and patriotic man : it is about six 
 miles west of Sidney. 
 
 Fort M’ Arthur was a fortification built in the late war, on the Scioto river, 
 in this county, and on HulPs road. It was a low, flat place, in the far woods, 
 and with but little communication with the settlements, as no person could go 
 from one to the other but at the peril of his life, the woods being infested with 
 hostile Indians. 
 
 The fort was a stockade, enclosing about half an acre. There were two block- 
 houses ; one in the northwest and the other in the southeast angle. Seventy or 
 eighty feet of the enclosure was composed of a row of log corn-cribs, covered 
 with a shed roof, sloping inside. A part of the pickets were of split timber, and 
 lapped at the edges : others were round logs, set up endways, and touching each 
 other. The rows of huts for the garrison were a few feet from the walls. It was 
 a post of much danger, liable at any moment to be attacked. 
 
 The site of this fort is about three miles southwest of Kenton, and not a 
 vestige of it now remains. It must have been an exceedingly dreary spot and 
 largely fatal to the soldiers, as it is in the vicinity of the great Scioto marsh. 
 The graves of sixteen of the garrison are near by. The ]^rompt building of this 
 fort reflects great credit upon the foresight of Governor Meigs. On the 11th of 
 June, 1812, one week before the declaration of war, he despatched Duncan 
 McArthur with a regiment of soldiers from Urbanna, to open a road in advance 
 of Hull’s army and build a stockade at the crossing of the Scioto. On the 19th 
 Hull arrived with the residue of his army. His trace is still discernible, after 
 a lapse now of seventy-seven years, in various places through the northwestern 
 counties as he passed on his way to Detroit. Not a vestige of the fort now re- 
 
Dratvn hij Henry Howe in 1846, 
 
 Kenton. 
 
 I. N. Hays, Photo., 1890 . 
 
 CouET House Square, Kenton. 
 
HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 878 
 
 mains, but remnants of McArthur’s corduroy through the boggy forest are yet to 
 be found. 
 
 On page 705 is a sketch of Thomas Coke 
 Wright, who gave for our first edition this 
 interesting incident. It was at one time 
 commanded by Captain Robert M’Clelland, 
 who recently died in Greene county. He 
 was brave, and when roused, brave to rash- 
 ness. While he commanded at Fort M’Ar- 
 thur, one of his men had gone a short 
 distance from the walls for the purpose of 
 peeling bark. While he was engaged on a 
 tree, he was shot twice through the body, by 
 a couple of Indians in ambush, whose rifles 
 went off so near together that the reports 
 were barely distinguishable. He uttered one 
 piercing scream of agony, and ran with al- 
 most superhuman speed, but fell before he 
 reached the fort. An instant alarm was 
 spread through the garrison, as no doubt 
 was entertained but that this was the 
 commencement of a general attack, which 
 had been long expected. Instead of shutting 
 the gates to keep out danger, M’Clelland 
 seized his rifle, and calling on some of his 
 men to follow, of which but few obeyed, he 
 hastened to the place of ambush and made 
 diligent search for the enemy, who, by an 
 instant and rapid retreat, had effected their 
 escape ; nor did he return until he had 
 scoured the woods all around in the vicinity 
 of the fort. 
 
 The old M’ Arthur road, or “Hull’s trail,” 
 was for many years the principal highway 
 from Bellefontaine to Detroit, while Fort 
 
 M’ Arthur remained garrisoned for some time 
 after the close of the war. 
 
 According to tradition the first family to 
 locate in the county was that of Alfred Male, 
 who came to Fort M’Arthur in 1817, and in 
 1819 was born their son Jonas, their fourth 
 child. Hale was a hunter and squatter, and 
 remained but a short time. The first per- 
 manent settlement was made near the site of 
 Roundhead, in the spring of 1818, by Peter 
 C. M’Arthur and Daniel Campbell, where 
 they built cabins, and after planting corn went 
 back to Ross county to bring their families, 
 but from fear of a sudden outbreak of 
 Indians, did not return until 1822. The 
 nearest settlement was about Bellefontaine. 
 It is said that their fire at one time going 
 out, M’Arthur was compelled to walk to 
 that point to obtain a fresh supply. Upon 
 his return he met a squaw, who, laughing at 
 his ignorance, showed him how to make a fire 
 with a flint and a piece of punk. About 
 the next family in that vicinity was that of 
 Samuel Tidd, a blacksmith, who at one time 
 did much work for the Indians. He came in 
 February, 1822, and settled in the forests, 
 where was born, November 15 of the next 
 year, their daughter Jane, the first fe- 
 male child born in Hardin county. In the 
 county history appears her portrait, as Mrs. 
 Jane Tidd Rutledge, a good, strong, womanly 
 face. 
 
 The first court held in the county was held March 8, 1834, in a block-house, 
 the residence of Hon. William McCloud, at M’ Arthur, McCloud being one of 
 the associate judges. The first county officers were elected the next month. The 
 total vote was only sixty-three. Little or no business Avas done at the first term 
 of court. 
 
 The next year a trial jury was required. 
 The farmers were busy, the country sparsely 
 settled, and the sheriff found great difficulty 
 in impanelling a jury. On the morning of 
 the second day, the judge opened court and 
 asked the sheriff’ if the jury was full. The 
 sheriff is said to have replied “Not quite 
 full yet. I have eleven men in the jail and 
 my dogs and deputies are after the twelfth 
 
 man.” The jail at that time was a log-cabin 
 near the fort. The court-room was a shed 
 constructed from the side of the block-house, 
 with clapboards, with forked saplings for 
 uprights. The benches for jury and specta- 
 tors were split clapboards, with auger holes 
 for legs. The ‘ ‘ bench ’ ’ were provided with 
 a table and chairs. The jury retired to the 
 woods for their deliberation. 
 
 Kenton in 184-6, — Kenton, the county-seat, is on the Scioto river and Mad 
 river railroad, seventy-one miles northwest of Columbus, and seventy-eight from 
 Sandusky City. The view shown was taken southwest of the town. The rail- 
 road is shown in front, with the depot on the left : the Presbyterian church 
 appears near the centre of the view. In the centre of the town is a neat public 
 square. From the facilities furnished by the railroad, Kenton promises to be an 
 inland town of considerable business and population. It now contains eight dry- 
 goods and four grocery stores, one newspaper printing office, one foundry, one 
 grist and one saw mill, one Presbyterian and one Methodist church, and had, in 
 1840, 300 inhabitants, since Avhicli it is estimated to have more than doubled its 
 population. There is a house in this town, the rain flowing from its north ridge 
 
HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 879 
 
 fiiSids its way to Lake Erie, and that from its south ridge to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 — Old Edition. 
 
 The old view, excepting that of Xenia, is the only one that shows a railroad in 
 all the 180 engravings of our original edition. The hut in the centre stood 
 a little southwest of the site of Young Brothers’ present office. The church in 
 the centre was the old Presbyterian, now down ; and the taverns on the right were 
 those of the American House, kept by Judge David Goodin, and the 5lansion 
 House, built by William Furney. 
 
 The railroad shown was opened to Kenton, July 4, 1846, the very year the 
 view was taken, and amid great rejoicings, an excursion train having come from 
 Sandusky. Its name was the Mad River and Lake Erie, then running from 
 Sandusky to Dayton; later, changed to the Cleveland, Sandusky and Cincinnati. 
 The house which shed its rain for both Lake Erie and the Ohio was then the 
 residence of John W. Holmes. The site is the present residence of General 
 Robinson. About the highest point in the county is Silver Creek Summit, 
 1118 feet above tide. See page 60. 
 
 In the spring of 1833 the State committee appointed by the legislature 
 selected a site for the county-seat, on the north bank of the Scioto, on part 
 of sections 33 and 34 in Pleasant township, George Houser, Jacob Houser 
 and Lemuel Wilmoth giving forty acres of their land as an inducement. 
 The committee having decided upon the site were unable to agree upon the 
 name, but after its selection rode over three miles west with William McCloud 
 to Fort M’ Arthur, where he resided in a block-house, to get dinner. McCloud, 
 wlio was a great hunter, and his good lady, had provided an appetizing feast 
 of wild meat, for they were very hungry. The subject of the name being 
 discussed, they left it to the decision of Mrs. McCloud, who declared in favor 
 of Kenton, in honor of the friend of her husband, and nobody ever regretted 
 the choice. 
 
 A sketch of him will be found on page 376. Father Finley, in his own 
 memoirs, gives these interesting details of his conversion in his mature years 
 to the truths of Christianity. 
 
 Simon Kenton was the friend and bene- 
 factor of his race. In the latter part of his 
 life he embraced religion ; in the fall of 1819 
 General Kenton and my father met at a camp 
 meeting on the waters of Mad river, after a 
 separation of many years. Their early ac- 
 quaintance in Kentucky rendered this inter- 
 view interesting to both of them. The 
 meeting had been in progress for several 
 days without any great excitement until Sab- 
 bath evening, when it pleased God to pour 
 out his spirit in a remarkable manner. 
 Many were awakened, and among the num- 
 ber were several of the General’s relatives. 
 
 His heart was touched, and the tear was 
 seen to kindle the eye and start down the 
 furrow of his manly cheek. On Monday 
 morning he asked my fatlier to retire with 
 him to the woods. To this he readily as- 
 sented, and as they were passing along in 
 silence, and the song of the worshippers had 
 died upon their ears, addressing my father, 
 he said, “ Mr. Finley, I am going to commu- 
 nicate to you some things which I want 3 ^ou 
 to promise me you will never divulge.” My 
 father replied, “If it will not affect any but 
 ourselves, then I j)ronii.se to keep it forever.” 
 Sitting down on a log the General commenced 
 to tell the story of his heart, and disclose its 
 wretchedness; what a great sinner he had 
 
 been, and how merciful was God in preserving 
 him amid all the conflicts and dangers of the 
 wilderness. While he thus unburdened his 
 heart and told the anguish of his sin-wounded 
 spirit, his lip quivered and the tears of peni- 
 tence fell from his weeping ej^es. They both 
 fell to the earth and, prostrate, cried aloud 
 to God for mercy and salvation. The peni- 
 tent was pointed to Jesus, the Almighty- 
 Saviour ; and after a long and agonizing 
 struggle, the gate of eternal life was entered, 
 and 
 
 “Hymns of joy proclatuted through heaven 
 
 The triumphs of a soul .f3rgiven.” 
 
 Then from the old veteran, who imme- 
 diately sprang to his feet, there went up a 
 shout toward heaven which made the woods 
 resound with its gladness. Leaving my 
 father he started for the camp, like the man 
 healed at the beautiful gate, leaping and 
 raising God, so that the faster and larther 
 e went the louder did he shout glory to 
 God. His appearance startled the whole en- 
 campment ; and when my father arrived he 
 found an immense crowd gathered around 
 him, to whom he was declaring the goodness 
 of God, and his power to save. Approach- 
 ing him, my father said, “ General, I thought 
 
88o 
 
 HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 we were to keep this matter a secret. ” He 
 mstantly replied, “ Oh, it is too glorious for 
 that. If I had all the world here I would 
 tell of the goodness and mercy of God.” 
 
 At this time he joined the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, lived a consistent, happy 
 Christian, and died in the open sunshine of 
 a Saviour’s love. If there is any one of all 
 the pioneers of this valley to whom the 
 country owes the largest debt of gratitude, 
 that one is General Simon Kenton. His 
 
 body sleeps on the waters of Mad river, 
 about six miles north of Zanesville, and 
 
 “When that winding stream shall cease to 
 flow. 
 
 And those surrounding hills exist no more, 
 His sleeping dust reanimate shall rise. 
 Bursting to life at the last trumpet’s sound ; 
 
 Shall bear a part in nature’s grand assize. 
 When sun, and time, and stars no more are 
 found.” 
 
 Kenton, county-seat of Hardin, is forty-eight miles northwest of Columbus, 
 seventy south of Toledo, on the dividing ridge of the State, the water running 
 north and south. It is on the I. B. & W. and C. & A. H. R. County Officers, 1888 : 
 Auditor, George W. Rutledge ; Clerk, James C. Howe ; Commissioners, Wilber 
 F. Pierce, Andrew Dodds, John L. Clark; Coroner, John Watters; Infirmary 
 Directors, John Wilson, Samuel M. Andrews, Samuel Utz ; Probate Judge, James 
 J. AYood ; Prosecuting Attorney, Charles M. Melhorn ; Recorder, Dennis W. 
 Kennedy ; Sheriff, John S. Scott ; Surveyor, Sidney F. Moore ; Treasurer, Ed- 
 ward Sorgen. City Officers : Mayor, W. H. Ward ; Clerk, George W. Binckley ; 
 Treasurer, A. B. Charles ; Marshal, Michael Flanigan ; Solicitor, Frank C. 
 Daugherty ; Street Commissioner, W. H. Miller. Newspapers : Das Wochen- 
 hlatt, German, Louis Schloenbach, editor; Democrat^ Democratic, Daniel Flan- 
 agan & Co., editors and publishers ; News, Prohibition, Henry Price, editor and 
 publisher ; Republican, Republican, E. L. Miller, editor and publisher ; Herald, 
 Republican, L. I. Demarest, editor and publisher. Churches : one German 
 Lutheran, one Episcopalian, one Presbyterian, one African Methodist Episcopal, 
 one Methodist Episcopal, one Disciples, one Baptist, one Catholic. Banks : First 
 National, S. L. Hoge, president, H. W. Gramlich, cashier; Kenton National, 
 Asher Letson, president, Curtis Wilkin, cashier ; Kenton Savings, L. Merriman, 
 president, James Watt, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures ami Employees. — Champion Iron Fence Company, iron fencing, 
 etc., 125 hands; John Callam & Co., doors, sash, etc., 12; John Callam & Co., 
 building material, 6 ; G. H. Palmer & Co., chair stock, etc., 52 ; Scioto Straw 
 Board Company, straw boards, 33 ; Pool Bros., carriages, etc., 6 ; Smith & Smith, 
 wood and iron novelties, 10 ; Curl & Canaan, chair stock, etc., 24 ; J. C. Schwenck, 
 handles, etc., 9 ; Kenton Milling Company, flour, etc., 7 ; Kenton Milling Com- 
 pany, flour, etc., 6 ; Young & Bro., lumber, 19; William Campbell, staves and 
 headings, 33. — Ohio State Reports, 1888. Population in 1880, 3,940; school 
 census 1888, 1,403 ; E. P. Dean, School Superintendent. Capital invested in 
 industrial establishments, $583,130. Value of annual product, $566,000. — Ohio 
 Labor Statistics, 1887. 
 
 The location of Kenton is such that it can be seen on being approached in any 
 direction for five or six miles. Being in a fine agricultural region, it commands 
 a large trade in grain, cattle and pork, as well as lumber, staves, etc. All the 
 principal streets are graded and gravelled. Indeed, but few counties in this part 
 of Ohio have such a complete network of gravel pikes as Hardin. They were 
 begun in 1869, now cover about 230 miles, costing about $2,500 per mile, or a 
 total of over half a million of dollars. They radiate in every direction from 
 Kenton, and the work of building still goes on. The streams are spanned by 
 good bridges, and driving over smooth roads is a luxury to be enjoyed alike in 
 rain and sun. 
 
 . HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE MISCELLANIES. 
 
 The Great Marshes. — The marsh lands of these is the “Scioto Marsh,” having 
 of this county cover 25,000 acres, or an area about 16,000 acres inside of the timber line, 
 of about thirty-nine square miles. The largest It is in the southwest part, through which 
 
HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 88t 
 
 runs the Scioto river. Next is the “Hog 
 Creek Marsh” with about 8,000 acres in 
 the northern part, and then also a part of 
 Cranberry Marsh of Wyandotte county, 
 of which about 1,000 acres lie in this county. 
 These low prairies attracted large numbers of 
 deer and other wild animals that often found 
 a safe retreat in the high grass, which the 
 Indians would burn to drive them away. 
 Since their departure an annual crop of grass 
 often ten feet high has been added to the 
 other accumulations of these basins. ^ The 
 bottoms of marshes are drift clay, which is 
 covered from two to ten feet with the vege- 
 table accumulations of centuries and is very 
 rich. The margins, as with the banks of 
 rivers, are lined with willows. 
 
 The subject of draining these marshes has 
 long agitated the people. They have been a 
 constant source of malarial poison, and 
 retarded settlement. In 1859 a contract was 
 made by the county with Mr. John Mc- 
 GulFey to reclaim ^ the waste lands of the 
 Scioto Marsh by ditching the marsh and the 
 clearing out the drift of the Scioto for three 
 miles. The work failed it is said from the 
 lack of sufficient fall in the river below the 
 marsh. In 1883 the work under different 
 plans was again begun, and is now progressing 
 to a successful completion. The surface is 
 peaty, and beneath it are found shell, marl 
 and sandy deposits. The marsh is in the 
 shape of a ham, and it is supposed was once 
 a small lake. The main ditch we are told is 
 from 45 to 60 feet wide, 7 feet deep and some 
 ]2J miles long. In all, thus far, 150 miles 
 of ditching have been done therein, and 20 
 miles of the Scioto cleared and straightened. 
 The work on Cranberry Marsh was begun 
 in 1865 and finished in three years by a main 
 ditch 20 feet wide and 4 feet deep with 
 two lateral ditches. The water is carried into 
 Blanchard river, and the soil is of the finest, 
 deep, rich and inexhaustible. 
 
 Hog Creek Marsh, comprising twelve 
 and one-half square miles, is mainly in Wash- 
 ington township. ^ By ditching and also by 
 deepening, widening and straightening the 
 channel of Hog creek for a distance of four 
 miles, which took six years of labor, from 
 about 1868 to 1874, these marsh lands have 
 been reclaimed. Thirty years ago these lands 
 were almost worthless, a hot-bed of malaria, 
 the resort of all sorts of venomous reptiles. 
 The lands vill now average sixty dollars per 
 acre, and are among the most valuable in the 
 Scioto Vallei . The expense of draining was 
 about thirtee i dollars per acre. 
 
 The wide c itches are cut by huge dredges 
 worked by sfi am-power ; the small lateral 
 ditches are cut by spade. A picture of one 
 of the dredges is before us, an improved 
 dredge-boat, the invention of Colonel C. H. 
 Sage. It is a scow drawing two and a half 
 feet of water, twenty-six feet wide and seventy- 
 two feet long, at work in the Scioto marshes, 
 and the colonel himself is supposed to be on 
 board, as he has charge there. The view is 
 from the rear, and the scene around is wild 
 and picturesque. A clearing wide as a road 
 
 has been cut through the original forest, 
 through which is a wilderness vista for miles. 
 A large area of the ditch is in the foreground, 
 at the rear of the boat, where the water looks 
 as placid and pure as a mountain lake, and 
 reflects upon its surface, in pleasing vividness, 
 forest, sky and scow. 
 
 The dredge has a roof on posts some seven 
 feet high, but is open at the sides and rear, 
 into which we can gaze. In front are some 
 huge spars coming to a point about twenty 
 feet above the prow of the scow, with another 
 beam, the pioneer of the concern, from the 
 point of which hangs a huge bucket or dip- 
 per, which swings to alternate sides of the 
 ditch and deposits mud as it goes, fifty-four 
 feet froiu the centre of the turn-table. 
 Evidently it was notmade for ocean navigation ; 
 but it is a fact that some years ago in an 
 adjoining county, near the head-waters of the 
 St. Mary’s we believe it was, a scow-dredge 
 was built in a swamp and then dug its way 
 out until it floated into a river and got an ex- 
 perience of river navigation. 
 
 The Ditch Lmm of the State are admirable. 
 The system is very simple. Parties wishing 
 their land ditched petition the county com- 
 missioners, who first examine, by sending an 
 engineer to run the necessary levels, and, if 
 his report and plans are fiivorable, they grant 
 the request and assume the expense and su- 
 pervision of the work. To meet the expense 
 the county issues its bonds, running a term 
 of years. The interest on the bonds, and 
 finally the principal, are met by increase on 
 the tax value of the land. 
 
 It is by this system that the Black Swamp 
 and other low wet lands of the Northwest are 
 becoming the garden of Ohio. The people 
 no longer shake with the chills and fever, the 
 snakes have wriggled away, and big crops, 
 sunshine and gladness have come over the 
 land. 
 
 Great Trees. 
 
 This county had some noted trees. One 
 termed “Hardin’s Great Walnut ” has thus 
 been described by Mr. James Cable : It stood 
 22 miles east of Kenton, in the centre of 
 the Marion pike. Its roots — large spurs — 
 extended twenty feet from the body each way, 
 the body growing well to the ground. It 
 died in 1832, and w^as cut in 1837. The 
 diameter is not known, but its body measured 
 seventy-two feet to the forks, and large rail- 
 cuts were made from each fork. Large stiles 
 had to be cut in the body to notch it for the 
 saw. The tree was without a blemish. Mr. 
 Cable said it was the best tree he had ever 
 seen. 
 
 Walnut was abundant in the vicinity. On 
 section twelve, near by, Mr. Johnson, an old 
 Indian scout, reported that a walnut was cut 
 in 1789 which measured four feet and a half 
 in diameter. It was cut for bees by a white 
 man. The stump was standing late as 1879. 
 It was reported that a white man was killed 
 near it by an Indian. This was probably the 
 first tree cut in Hardin county. 
 
882 
 
 HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 Capture and Escape of Dr. John Knight. 
 
 The earliest known incident of striking interest occurring within the limits of 
 this county was the escape of Dr. John Knight in June, 1782. He was brother- 
 in-law of Col. Crawford, and had been captured with the Colonel and two others 
 near what is now Leesville, Crawford county. After the burning of Crawford, 
 Knight was painted black and next morning put in charge of an Indian named 
 Tnteln, a rough-looking fellow, to be taken to the Shawnee town of Wakatomika 
 for execution. 
 
 It is a well-received tradition that the pre- 
 cise spot where the Doctor outwitted, over- 
 powered and escaped from his Indian guard 
 was in Section 8, Dudley township, on the 
 north bank of the Scioto, near the residence 
 of the late Judge Portius Wheeler. The 
 spot is on the old Shawnee trail, from the 
 Wyandot and Delaware villages on the San- 
 dusky and Tymochtee to the Shawnee towns 
 on the Big Miami and Mad rivers, passing 
 through what is now known as the townships 
 of Groshen, Dudley, Buck Hall, and Taylor 
 Creek. The details, as told by Knight, are 
 these : 
 
 They started for the Shawnee towns, which 
 the Indian said were somewhat less than 
 forty miles away. Tutelu was on horseback 
 and drove Knight before him. The latter 
 pretended he was ignorant of the death he 
 was to die, though Simon Girty told him he 
 was to die ; affected as cheerful a countenance 
 as possible, and asked the savage if they were 
 not to live together as brothers in one house 
 when they should get to the town. Tutelu 
 seemed well pleased and said, “Yes.” He 
 then asked Knight if he could make a wig- 
 wam. Knight told him he could. He then 
 seemed more friendly. The route taken by 
 futelu and Knight was the Indian trace 
 leading from the Delaware town to Waka- 
 tomika, and ran some six or eight miles west 
 of what is now Upper Sandusky. Its direc- 
 tion was southwest from Pipetown to the Big 
 Tymochtee. They travelled, as near as 
 Knight could judge, the first day about 
 twenty-five miles. The Doctor was then in- 
 formed that they would reach Wakatomica 
 the next day a little before noon. 
 
 The Doctor often attempted to untie him- 
 self during the night, but the Indian was 
 very watchful and scarcely closed his eyes, so 
 that he did not succeed in loosening the tugs 
 with which he was bound.. At daybreak 
 Ikitelu got up and untied the Doctor. They 
 had built a fire near which they slept. Tu- 
 telu, as soon as he had untied the Doctor, 
 began to mend the fire, and as the gnats were 
 troublesome, the Doctor asked him if he 
 should make a smoke behind him. He said, 
 “Yes.” The Doctor took the end of a dog- 
 wood fork, which had been burnt down to 
 about eighteen inches in length. It was the 
 longest stick he could find, yet too small for 
 the purpose he had in view. He then took 
 up another small stick, and taking a coal of 
 fire between them, went behind the Indian, 
 
 when, turning suddenly about, he struck the 
 Indian on the head with all his force. This 
 so stunned him^ that he fell forward, with 
 both his hands in the fire. He soon recov- 
 ered, and springing to his feet ran howling 
 off into the -forest. Knight seized his gun, 
 and with much trepidation followed, trying 
 to shoot the Indian ; but using too much vio- 
 lence in pulling back the cock of the gun, 
 broke the main-spring. The Indian continued 
 his flight, the Doctor vainly endeavoring to 
 fire his gun. He finally returned to the camp 
 from the pursuit of Tutelu, and made prep- 
 arations for his homeward flight through the 
 wilderness. He took the blanket of the Del- 
 aware, a pair of new moccasins, his “hop- 
 pes,” powder-horn, bullet-bag, together with 
 the Indian’s gun, and started on his journey 
 in a direction a little north of east. 
 
 About half an hour before sunset he came 
 to Sandusky Plains, when he laid down in a 
 thicket until dark. He continued in a north- 
 easterly direction, passing through what is 
 now Marion, Morrow, Bichland, Ashland, 
 Wayne, and so on, until evening of the twen- 
 tieth day after his escape, he reached the 
 mouth of Beaver creek on the Ohio, in 
 Beaver county, Pa., and was then among 
 friends. During the whole journey he sub- 
 sisted on roots, a few young birds that were 
 unable to fly out of his reach, and wild ber- 
 ries that grew in abundance through the 
 forest. 
 
 The Tornado op 1887. 
 
 On the night of Friday, May 14, 1887, the 
 western part of Ohio was visited by one of 
 the most destructive storms known in the 
 history of the State. While great damage 
 was done to property throughout other coun- 
 ties, its effects in Hardin and Greene coun- 
 ties were particular^ disastrous. The de- 
 struction in Greene was largely caused by 
 flood, the damage in Hardin principally by 
 the great force of the wind ; it partook more 
 of the character of a tornado, the effects 
 being similar to those of the tornado which 
 had visited Fayette county the preceding 
 September, nearly destroying the entire town 
 of Washington C. H. 
 
 Commencing in the western part of Hardin 
 county the storm travelled in a northeasterly 
 direction over a course of about eight miles, 
 leaving destruction in its path. It passed 
 out of Hardin at the northeast corner, and 
 did great damage in Wyandot county. 
 
HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 883 
 
 \ 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 At Kenton on this tour we met Gen. James S. Robinson. We were glad to 
 meet him again, having made his acquaintaiiee 011 our original tour, but had not 
 seen him since. In the interim he had an unusual career, civil and military. He 
 was born of English parentage, near Mansfield, October 14, 1827. He was bred 
 a printer and editor, looks like the typical John Bull, but is every inch an 
 American. He is a tall, somewhat huge man, with clear, weighty voice, one 
 with strong convictions and frank in their expression. He was secretary of the 
 . first Republican State Convention ever held in Ohio, of which Salmon P. Chase 
 was })resident ; has held many other political and civil offices ; is the only person 
 ever elected to Congress from Hardin county, first in 1880 and then in 1882 ; 
 was Secretary of State from 1885 to 1889. 
 
 He enlisted in the civil war as a private, and ere its close had become a full 
 brigadier and brevet major-general. He was in the Virginia campaign under 
 Fremont; was in Sherman’s march to the sea, and had some interesting ex- 
 periences at Gettysburg, incidents of the first day’s fight and what he saw while 
 he lay wounded and a prisoner within the enemy’s lines. AVe abridge from a 
 published account. 
 
 issued assigning to Robinson the command 
 of the division, but ere it reached him he 
 was struck in the left breast by a minie-ball, 
 which passed clear through his body, making 
 a gaping wound. 
 
 This was just at the edge of Gettysburg, 
 and as he fell his troops were forced to give 
 way before the overwhelming forces of the 
 enemy, who swept on and over the field on 
 which he lay wounded. He was taken to the 
 residence of a couple of maiden ladies by the 
 nauie of McPherson, sisters of Hon. Edward 
 McPherson, late Clerk of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives, where he lay upon the kitchen 
 floor during the night. The following day 
 he was taken up-stairs and placed in a bed, 
 looking out upon the busy scenes being en- 
 acted in the town. In the meantime he had 
 had no treatment whatever. Some water 
 was brought him, which he poured through 
 his wound and which ran through his body 
 like through a sieve. To this the general at- 
 tributes his recovery from a wound whicli 
 would have killed almost any other man. 
 
 After an examination of his wound the 
 surgeon coolly told him that he could not 
 possibly recover and that he had better com- 
 plete at an early moment whatever arrange- 
 ments he wanted to make preparatory to a 
 voyage across the dark river. But the colo- 
 nel intimated that he had some faith in his 
 recovery and that he had no arrangements to 
 make just yet. Another surgeon came who 
 succeeded in finding a small dose of mor- 
 phine. This gave relief, and he was able to 
 sleep for a few hours. During both daj’S of 
 the battle he could hear the rattle of the 
 musketry and the roar of artillery on all 
 parts of the field. 
 
 On the afternoon of the third day, when 
 the signal-gun was fired and the artillery 
 opened from both lines, the shock was ter- 
 rific. It fairly shook the building which he 
 occupied. Then came a lull and after that 
 the rattle of musketry. Just as the sound 
 
 He entered the fight as commander of the 
 Eighty-second 0. V. I., two other colonels 
 ranking him. But in five minutes one was 
 wounded and the other (Colonel Musser, of 
 the Sevent 3 ^-fifth Pennsylvania) killed while 
 engaged in conversation with him, which de- 
 volved upon him the command of the brig- 
 
 GEN. JAMES S. IIOBINSON. 
 
 ade. The firing was from the right flank 
 and front and was very destructive of human 
 life. His regiment went into action on the 
 morning of the first day’s fight with 19 offi- 
 cers and 236 men. It lost all but 2 officers 
 and 89 men. After the death of General 
 Reyuol^® and other disasters an order was 
 
884 
 
 HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 of musketry died away an ofl&cer belonging 
 to General Lee’s staff came riding through 
 the town opposite the general’s window, evi- 
 dently carrying orders from General Lee to 
 General Johnson on the left. The rebel pro- 
 vost marshal, who was commanding in the 
 town, occupied the hotel office as his head- 
 quarters. He was heard asking Lee’s staff 
 officer for the news at the front. 
 
 The^ officer replied: “Glorious! Long- 
 street is driving the Yankees to h — 1.” The 
 general says that that was an anxious mo- 
 ment for him. Finally the roar of battle en- 
 tirely ceased and only an occasional shot was 
 heard along the line. Just then a captain 
 on Lee’s staff came riding down with orders 
 to Johnson, probably countermanding the 
 previous order. The rebel provost marshal 
 again asked the staff officer for the news at 
 the front. He said : “Bad enough. Long- 
 street has been repulsed, with terrible 
 slaughter, and everything is going to the 
 rear in utter confusion.” 
 
 Those were words of good cheer to the old 
 soldier. He called to a soldier who had re- 
 mained with him to come forth from his 
 hiding-place and requested him to open the 
 back shutters of the house and raise him 
 up and let him look over the battle-field. 
 He saw great confusion in Lee’s lines. Am- 
 bulances, caissons and ammunition wagons 
 were going to the rear in great confusion. 
 The retreat continued all night long. 
 
 As he lay there wounded, seeing the panic 
 and confusion that had seized Lee’s troops, 
 he longed to get word to Meade that he 
 might pursue. Meade had 16,000 fresh 
 troops, and had he done so he has always 
 felt that then and there the rebellion would 
 have ended. 
 
 About daybreak, on the morning of the 
 4th, he heard the welcome voices of his own 
 regiment, as they came marching through 
 the town, calling upon some rebel soldiers 
 who had taken refuge in a barn to surrender. 
 
 We again visited Kenton Wednesday, 
 September 11, 1889. This was Pioneer Day 
 on the County Fair grounds, a memorable 
 occasion, the dedication of the pioneer cabin, 
 which had just been completed, to comniQmo- 
 rate the virtues of the fathers and mothers 
 who had laid the foundations in the wilder- 
 ness of Hardin. Among the multitude who 
 poured in from the country were many who 
 had brought the old-time tools and imple- 
 ments and placed them in the cabin, as 
 spinning-wheels, flax-boards, Dutch ovens, 
 tables, chairs, reels, knives, forks, spoons, 
 pewter and wooden utensils, guns, cabin- 
 lamps, etc., that had done grand service in 
 the olden time, even as far back, perhaps, as 
 the days of Lexington, for there were some 
 old flint-lock guns that must have flashed 
 their light in or near that dim remote. In- 
 deed, even in the present sense, it was a dim 
 remote, as shown by the specimens of the 
 cabin-lamps, for the pioneers must have had 
 the vision of bats to have seen much by 
 them. They consisted simply as receptacles 
 for a lump of grease, with a rag laid in for 
 
 a wick. These were either shoved into 
 crevices between the logs of the cabin or, if 
 they were extra splendid, they were hung by 
 a wire. Our engraving is from one of this 
 
 A Log-Cabin Lamp. 
 
 splendid kind, brought on to the ground by 
 Mr. John P. Richards, a pioneer from Buck 
 township, which came from his father, who 
 used it in New Hampshire about a century 
 back. Its material is brass, and it is black 
 with age and use. To our vision, having 
 tried it, we discover that it has a decided ad- 
 vantage over a respectable-sized lightning- 
 bug — that is, the light is more steady. 
 
 The exercises consisted mainly of speeches 
 by Gen. Gibson, Col. Cessna, Henry Howe, 
 etc. ; singing by the Old Fogy singers, of 
 Logan county, winding up with grateful reso- 
 lutions by the committee of the whole to 
 Col. W. T. Cessna, president, and Dr. A. W. 
 Munson, secretary, of the Pioneer Associa- 
 tion, for their services in bringing the build- 
 ing of the cabin to such a happy conclusion, 
 wherein about every log was the gift of some 
 one family who had hauled it on to the 
 ground as their especial pet log, in some 
 cases miles away, from the “dim remote” 
 of their tree lands. The Old Fogy singers 
 were a most attractive feature, in the quaint 
 costumes of the olden time, with their hair 
 smoothly parted in the middle, with not 
 even a solitary “bang’’ to molest the dome 
 of thought. Then their old hymns and fugu- 
 ing tunes reminded of one especial fugue that 
 was sung in the ancient daj\s wherein the 
 treble and alto would start out and sing : 
 
 “ Oh 1 for a man ; Oh I for a man ; Oh I for 
 a mansion in the skies. ’ ’ 
 
HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 885 
 
 And then the tenors and basses reply 
 
 “ Brin^ down sal; — bring down sal; — bring 
 down salvation from above/’ 
 
 The Old Stage Driver . — Among the old 
 pioneers present at the dedication was Harvey 
 Buckminster, born in 1800, the last year of 
 the last century, whose unusual experience has 
 thus been often related, and should have this 
 permanent record. He was a Vermonter, 
 and came to Ohio in 1828, when 28 years old, 
 first settling on the Sandusky plains, where, 
 in the person of Miss Abigail Brown, he ob- 
 tained a good wife and made many friends 
 among the Indians. He borrowed money — 
 three dollars — to pay for his marriage license, 
 and mauled 1,200 rails at twenty-five cents a 
 hundred, to pay it back. During the summer 
 after he was married he engaged to mow the 
 meadow of a neighbor who lived five miles 
 away, and walked there and back daily, re- 
 ceiving as compensation for each day’s work 
 six pounds of pickled pork, then worth about 
 four cents a pound. He then engaged in 
 driving stage on the deep muddy roads 
 through dense forests between Bellefontaine 
 and Upper Sandusky, the home of the Wy- 
 andots, in the night season, when it was often 
 so dark that he could not see the wheel- 
 horses, when he would be compelled to carry 
 a lantern, and with a pole pry out the stage 
 coach from the deep holes or over stumps in 
 
 the road. He followed this occupation for 
 six years, and eventually bought a tract of 
 woodland and cleared it at a place called 
 Grassy Point, now in Hale. There he opened 
 a house of entertainment in a primitive style 
 for travellers on the road. The Shawnees 
 and Wyandots were quite numerous, and he 
 was often visited by them, and became on 
 friendly terms with their leading men. For 
 thirteen winters he bought furs for the North- 
 western Fur Company in northwestern Ohio 
 and Michigan, paying out some $5,000 annu- 
 ally to the Indians and white hunters, by 
 which he secured a competency. 
 
 He used to relate this incident, which oc- 
 curred under his observation, in one of his 
 tri})s to Sandusky. A young Indian having 
 been found guilty of killing another Indian 
 by a council of the Wyandots, w^as sentenced 
 to be shot. The culprit was taken to his 
 place of execution, pinioned, blindfolded and 
 made to kneel by his coffin, when five young 
 men — Wyandots — being supplied with rifles, 
 four of which only were loaded with balls, at 
 the word “fire” simultaneously discharged 
 their pieces, when four balls entered close to- 
 gether the breast of the unfortunate young 
 man. The wife of the doomed man was 
 present at the execution. She was at the 
 time with child, and when it was born there 
 were four distinct red marks of the bullet- 
 holes, and the appearance of blood trickling 
 down from them on the breast of the child. 
 
 Ohio Normal University. 
 
 Ada is fourteen miles northwest of Kenton, sixty south of Toledo, on the line 
 of the P. Ft. Wayne & C. Railroad. It derives its main interest from being an 
 educational point. It was laid out in 1853, and was called Johnstown until in- 
 corporated in 1861. It is the seat of the Ohio Normal University, the largest 
 institution of the kind in the State, and which has been recognized by the gov- 
 ernment by its sending an army officer and ordnance to give instruction in military 
 tactics. It has thirty instructors, male and female ; II. S. Lehr, jiresident. Its 
 enrolment of pupils for 1889 was 2,473, many for brief course.s. The town is 
 lighted by electricity and the fuel used is natural gas. Newspapers : Record, 
 neutral, Agnew Welsh, editor and proprietor ; University Herald, college. Herald 
 Company, publishers ; One Principle, religions, Rev. J. M. Atwater, publisher ; 
 
886 
 
 HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 Holiness Conservator, religious, Revs. Rowley and Rice, publishers. Churches ; 
 one Methodist Episcopal, one Wesleyan Methodist, one Presbyterian, one Evan- 
 gelical Lutheran, one Baptist, one Catholic, one United Brethren, one Reformed 
 and one Disciples. Bank : Citizen^s, P. Ahlefeld, proprietor. Population in 
 1880, 1,760. School census in 1886, 763; Alexander Comrie, superintendent. 
 
 Forest is twelve miles northeast of Kenton, at the crossing of the P. Ft. W. 
 & C. and I. B. & W. Railroads. It is surrounded by a fine grain and fruit pro- 
 ducing country. Its principal manufactures are lumber, tile, brick and handles. 
 City Officers, 1888 : Matthew Briggs, Mayor; Fred. Hune, Marshal; W. P. 
 Bowman, Clerk; J. F. Nye, Treasurer; J. L. "Woodward, Street Commissioner. 
 
 Newspapers : Revieio, Independent ; Harvey S. Horn, editor and jniblisher. 
 Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Protestant, 1 Methodist Episcopal. 
 
 Bank : Nye’s (John F. Nye), J. F. Nye, cashier. School census in 1886, 413; 
 C. F. Zimmerman, Superintendent. Population in 1880, 987. 
 
 Mt. Victory is in the southeastern part of the county, on the line of the 
 C. C. C. & I. Railroad. It is surrounded by a fine farming and grazing country. 
 It has one newspaper. Observer, Independent, E. E. Lynch, editor. Churches : 
 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 United Brethren, and 1 Wesleyan Methodist. Prin- 
 cipal industries are M. E. Burke & Co., flouring mill, and Boyd Bros.’ handle 
 factory. Population in 1880, 574. 
 
 Dunkirk is an incorporated town on the P. Ft.W. & C. R. R., twenty-six miles 
 east of Lima and ten miles north of Kenton. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 
 1 United Brethren, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Adventist, 1 African 
 Baptist. Newspaper : Standard, Independent, O. Owen, editor. Bank : Wood- 
 ruff’s, John Woodruff, president ; A. B. Woodruff, cashier. City Officers: D. 
 F. Fryer, Mayor; Calvin Gum, Marshal ; Gage Helms, Clerk ; J. M. Hutchin- 
 son, Treasurer ; Jacob Rinehart, Street Commissioner. The surrounding country 
 is very productive, and all kinds of grain are raised in abundance. Population 
 in 1880, 1,131. School census, 1888, 431. H. B. Williams, Superintendent of 
 Schools. 
 
 Patterson is ten miles northeast of Kenton, on the I. B. & W. R. R. School 
 census, 1888, 141. 
 
 Ridgeway is on the C. C. C. & I. R. R., ten miles south of Kenton. School 
 census, 1888, 83. 
 
 Roundhead, a hamlet in the southwest corner of the county, was named from 
 Roundhead, a Wyandot chief, who had a village there. Major Galloway, who 
 visited it about the year 1800, stated that there were then quite a number of apple 
 trees in the village, and that the Indians raised many swine. Roundhead, whose 
 Indian name was Stiahta, was a fine-looking man. He had a bro'ther named John 
 Battise, of great size and personal strength. His nose, which was enormous, re- 
 sembled in hue a blue potatoe, was full of indentations, and when he laughed it 
 shook like jelly. These Indians joined the British in the late war, and Battise 
 was killed at Fort Meigs. 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 38 ; 
 
 HARRISON. 
 
 Haerison County was formed January 1, 1814, from Jefferson and Tuscara- . 
 was, and named from Gen. Wm.' H. Harrison. It is generally very billy ; these 
 hills are usually beautifully curving and highly cultivated. The soil is clayey, 
 in which coal and limestone abound. It is one of the greatest wool-growing 
 counties in the Union, having in 1847, 102,971 sheep, and in 1887, 137,891. 
 
 Area about 320 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 53,153 ; in 
 pasture, 122,743 ; woodland, 34,105; lying waste, 489; produced in wheat, 
 198,991 bushels ; rye, 1,465 ; buckwheat, 346 ; oats, 196,930 ; barloy, 575 ; corn, 
 517,601 ; broom corn, 1,000 lbs. brush; meadow hay, 62,708 tons ; clover hay, 
 1,050; potatoes, 33,324 bushels; butter, 415,440 lbs.; cheese, 10,000; sorghum, 
 2,645 gallons ; maple syrup, 2,851 ; honey, 14,559 lbs.; eggs, 414,588 dozen; 
 grapes, 8,900 lbs. ; wine, 90 gallons ; sweet potatoes, 141 bushels; apples, 18,- 
 558 ; peaches, 8,199 ; pears, 1,305 ; wool, 826,386 lbs.; milch cows owned, 4,993. 
 School census, 1888, 6,529; teachers, 181. Miles of railroad track, 55. 
 
 •WNSHIPS AND Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Archer, 
 
 1,009 
 
 785 
 
 Moorefield, 
 
 1,344 
 
 1,075 
 
 Athens, 
 
 1,435 
 
 1,221 
 
 North, 
 
 1,090 
 
 1,368 
 
 1,410 
 
 Cadiz, 
 
 2,386 
 
 3,116 
 
 Nottingham, 
 
 964 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 941 
 
 1,216 
 
 Pumley, 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,261 
 
 Freeport, 
 
 1,294 
 
 1,319 
 
 Short Creek, 
 
 2,023 
 
 1,831 
 
 German, 
 
 1,349 
 
 1,311 
 
 Stock, 
 
 826 
 
 713 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 1,465 
 
 896 
 
 1,659 
 
 1,364 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,004 
 
 1,211 
 
 Population in Harrison in 1820 was 14,345; in 1830, 20,920; 1840, 20,099 ; 
 1860, 19,110; 1880, 20,456, of whom 18,272 were born in Ohio; 915 in Penn- 
 sylvania; 341 in Virginia; 54 in New York; 46 in Indiana; 17 in Kentucky; 
 230 in Ireland ; 104 in England and Wales ; 30 in German Empire ; 10 in Scob 
 land; 8 in British America, and 3 in France. 
 
 la April, 1799, Alex. Henderson and family, from Washington county, Pemiv- 
 sylvania, squatted on the southwest quarter of the section on which Cadiz stands ; 
 at this time Daniel Peterson resided at the forks of Short Creek, with his family, 
 the only one within the present limits of Harrison. In 1800, emigrants, prin- 
 cipally from Western Pennsylvania, began to cross the Ohio river; and in the 
 course of five or six years there had settled within the county the following-named 
 persons, with their families, viz. : 
 
 John Craig, John Taggart, John Jamison, John MTadden, John Kernahan, 
 John Huff, Jolni Maholm, John Wallace, John Lyons, Bev. John Pea, Daniel 
 Welch, William Moore, Jas. Black, Samuel Dunlap, James Arnold, Joseph and 
 Samuel M’Fadden, Samuel Gilmore, James Finney, Thos. and Pobt. Vincent, 
 Pobert Braden, Jas. Wilkin, Samuel and George Kernahan, Thos. Dickerson, 
 Joseph Holmes, James Hanna, Joseph, William and Eleazer Huff, Baldwin 
 Parsons, James Haverfield, Pobert Cochran, Samuel Maholm, Hu^i Teas, Jos. 
 Clark, Morris West, Jacob Sheplar, Martin Snider, Samuel Osborn, Samuel 
 Smith, and perhaps others, besides those in Cadiz and on Short Creek ; Thomas 
 Taylor, John Poss, Thomas Hitchcock, Arthur and Thomas Barrett, Pobert and 
 Thomas Maxwell, Absalom Kent, John Pugh, Michael Waxier, Wm. MUlary, 
 Joseph, Joel and William Johnson, George I^ayport, William Ingles, Thomas 
 Wilson, and perha])s others on Stillwater; John MUonnell, George Brown, John 
 Love, William and Pobert MUullough, Brokaw and others, on Wheeling creek. 
 
 Pobert Maxwell, William and Joseph Huff and Michael Maxler were great 
 
888 
 
 HARRISON COUNTY, 
 
 hunters, and the three former had been Indian spies, and had many perilous ad- 
 ventures with the Indians. On one occasion, after peace, an Indian boasted, in 
 the presence of Wm. Huff and others, that he had scalped so many whites. 
 Towards evening, the Indian left for his wigwam, but never reached it. Being, 
 shortly after, found killed, some inquiry was made as to the probable cause of 
 his death, when Huff observed, that he had seen him the last time, sitting on a 
 log, smoking his pipe ; that he was looking at him and reflecting what he had 
 said about scalping white people, when suddenly his pipe fell from his mouth, and 
 he. Huff, turned away, and had not again seen him until found dead. 
 
 Beside frequent trouble with the Indians, the first settlers were much annoyed 
 by wild animals. On one occasion, two sons of George Layport having trapped 
 a wolf, skinned it alive, turned it loose, and a few days after it was found dead. 
 
 One mile ’ west of the east boundary line of Harrison county, there was 
 founded, in 1805, a Presbyterian church, called Beach Spring,^^ of which Bev. 
 John Ilea was for more than forty years the stated pastor. Their beginning was 
 small ; a log-cabin, of not more than 20 feet square, was sufficient to contain all 
 the members and all that attended with them. Their log-cabin being burnt down 
 by accident, a large house, sufficient to contain a thousand worshippers, was raised 
 in its room, and from fifty communing members they increased in a short time 
 to nearly 400, and became at one period the largest Presbyterian church in the 
 State. — Old Edition, 
 
 Cadiz in 181^6. — Cadiz, the county-seat, is a remarkably well-built and city- 
 like town, 4 miles southeasterly from the centre of the county, 115 easterly from 
 Columbus, 24 westerly from Steubenville, and 24 northerly from Wheeling. It 
 contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Associate (Seceder), and I 
 Associate Reformed Church. It also contains 2 printing presses, 12 dry-goods, 7 
 grocery and 2 drug stores, and had, in 1840, 1,028 inhabitants. 
 
 Cadiz was laid out in 1803 or M, by Messrs. Biggs and Beatty. Its site was 
 then, like most of the surrounding'country, a forest, and its location was induced 
 by the junction there of the road from Pittsburg, by Steubenville, with the road 
 from Washington, Pa., by Wellsburg, Va., from where the two united, passed by 
 Cambridge to Zanesville ; and previous to the construction of the national road 
 through Ohio, was travelled more, perhaps, than any other road northwest of the 
 Ohio river. In April, 1807, it contained the following named persons, with their 
 families : Jacob Arnold, innkeeper ; Andrew M’Neeley, hatter and justice of the 
 peace; Joseph Harris, merchant ; John Jamison, tanner; John M^Crea, vvdieel- 
 wright ; Bobt. Wilkin, brickmaker ; Connell Abdill, shoemaker ; Jacob Myers, 
 carpenter ; John Pritchard, blacksmith ; Nathan Adams, tailor ; James Simpson, 
 reed-maker; Wm. Tingley, school-teacher, and old granny A^oung, midwife and 
 baker, who was subsequently elected (by the citizens of the township, in a fit of 
 hilarity) to the office of justice of the peace ; but females not being eligible to 
 office in Ohio, the old lady was obliged to forego the pleasure of serving her 
 constituents. 
 
 The first celebration of independence in Cadiz was on the 4th of July, 1806, 
 when the people generally, of the town and country for miles around,_attended 
 and partook of a fine repast of venison, wild turkey, bear meat, and such vege- 
 tables as the country afforded ; while for a drink, rye whiskey was used. There 
 was much lularity and good feeling, for at this time men were supported for 
 office from their fitness, rather than from political sentiments. 
 
 About one and a half miles west of Cadiz, on the northern peak of a high sandy 
 ridge, arc the remains of what is called the standing stone , from which a branch 
 of Stillwater deriv^ed its name. The owner of the land lias quarried off its top 
 some eight feet. It is sandstone, and was originally from sixteen to eighteen feet 
 high, about fifty feet around its base, and tapered from midway up to a cone-like 
 top, being only about twenty feet around near its summit. It is said to have been 
 a place of great resort by the Indians, and its origin has been a subject of specu- 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 889 
 
 lation with many people. It is, however, what geologists term a boulder ^ and was 
 brought to its present position from, perhaps, a thousand miles north, embedded 
 in a huge mass of ice, in some great convulsion of nature, ages since. — Old 
 Edition. 
 
 Cadiz, county-seat of Harrison, 125 miles northeast of Columbus, is on the 
 Cadiz branch of the P. C. & St. L. Railroad. County Officers in 1888 : Auditor, 
 George A. Crew ; Clerk, Martin J. McCoy ; Commissioners, M. B. Frebaugh, 
 Robert B. Moore, Andrew Smith ; Coroner, Charles McKean ; Infirmary Direc- 
 tors, John B. Beadle, John Barclay, John W. McDivitt; Probate Judge, Amon 
 Lemmon ; Prosecuting Attorney, Walter G. Shotwell ; Recorder, Albert B. 
 Hines ; Sheriff, Albert B. Quigley ; Surveyor, Jacob Jarvis ; Treasurer, Samuel 
 A. Moore. City Officers in 1888 i A. W. Scott, Mayor; W. H. Lucas, Clerk; 
 William McConnell, Treasurer ; Walter Whitmore, Marshal ; John C. Bayless, 
 Chief of Police. 
 
 Newspapers : Flambeau, Prohibitionist, C. B. Davis, editor and publisher ; 
 Republican, Republican, W. B. Hearn, editor and publisher ; Sentinel, Democratic, 
 W. H. Arnold, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal. Banks : Farmers’ and Mechanics’ National, Melford J. Bro^\ n, pres- 
 ident; C. O. F. Brown, cashier; First National, D. B. AYelch, president; I. C. 
 Moore, cashier ; Harrison National, D. Cunningham, president ; John M. Sharon, 
 cashier; Robert Lyons, Richard Lyons, cashier. Population, 1880, 1817. School 
 census, 1888, 592 ; O. C. Williams, school superintendent. Capital invested in 
 manufacturing establishments, ^20,000. Value* of annual product, $28,000. — 
 Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Came last evening (June 7) from Steuben- 
 ville bj^tlie P.^ C. & St. L. R. R., and thence 
 by a short line of railroad eight miles to 
 Cadiz, which I found much as I left it in the 
 last days of February, 1847. The old county 
 buildings looked as of yore. They were the 
 last things I had sketched in Ohio on my 
 tour of 1846-1847, and two days later I was 
 in a stage-coach going over the mountains on 
 my way home. I am told Cadiz has a large 
 proportion of colored people ; on the cars 
 were some finely dressed people of color. 
 The place it is claimed contains more wealth 
 than any other of its size in the State. The 
 banking capital is especially large. Here 
 reside families who having accumulated for- 
 tunes from prosperous farming, largely wool- 
 growing, and tired of the isolation of farm- 
 life make it their pe'’manent home. Among 
 its good things is a public library of 4,000 
 volumes, which speaks well for the character 
 of its population, and especially so for Mrs. 
 Chauncey Dewey, its founder. 
 
 Eminent Characters. — Cadiz is on a hill, 
 as it should be, for it has been the home of 
 some eminent characters. Bishop Simpson, 
 whom Abraham Lincoln said was the most 
 eloquent orator he ever heard, was born here. 
 Secretary Stanton began his law practice 
 in Cadiz, and it has been long the residence 
 of John A. Bingham, the silver-tongued 
 orator of national fame. Prof. David 
 Christie, author of “Pulpit Politics” and 
 “Cotton is King,” was born in this county, 
 edited a paper here, the Standard, and 
 afterwards was a professor at Oxford. He 
 and Simpson in their younger days were great 
 
 friends, and vied with each other in the writ- 
 ing of acrostics. I knew Christie in the anti- 
 bellum days — a somewhat tall, lar^e man. 
 He had shaved his beard and dyed his hair, 
 and he told me, because, in the eyes of the 
 public, a man had about outlived his useful- 
 ness if he showed signs of getting “snowed 
 up.” Judge John Welch (see p. 275) is 
 also a native of this county. 
 
 Mr. Bingham has recently returned from 
 Japan, where he has been twelve years our 
 ambassador. I called upon him at his resi- 
 dence early this morning, a plain, square 
 brick house with a hall running through the 
 centre. He personally answered my ring, and 
 I made an appointment to meet him again in 
 the afternoon. But we stood on the porch 
 and talked some time. He is seventy-one 
 years of age, a rather large gentleman, a 
 blonde, with mild, blue eye and kindly face — 
 an elegant, easy talker, scattering unpremed- 
 itated poetical similes through his speech. 
 To illustrate, I had passed some compliments 
 upon the beauty of the country around, 
 whereupon he replied : * 
 
 “Mr. Howe : if you can sketch for your 
 hook the hills which girdle this village and the 
 fields of green and primeval forests, all seen 
 under your eye from my door, you ivill hare 
 a picture of quiet beauty scarcely surpassed 
 anywhere, certainly not in any part of this 
 great country of ours, so far as 1 have seen, 
 and 1 have seen much the greater part, nor in 
 that foreign land, Japan, the '‘Land of thi 
 Morn ing, ’ famed for its landscapes. ’ ’ 
 
<■. ->7 
 
 BISHOP SIMPSON. JOHN A. BINGHAM. 
 
 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 County Buildings, CadiI 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 891 
 
 Thinking that this speech of beauty about 
 Cadiz from this eminent man should be pre- 
 served for the gratification of its people after 
 he had passed away, I wrote it from memory 
 and presented it for his inspection on my 
 second call, when he went on to thus com- 
 ment : “ The Japanese had called Japan the 
 ‘Land of the Kising Sun,’ but the expression 
 ‘ Land of the Morning ’ I believe is original 
 with me. We cannot tell from whence 
 thoughts come. They drop from the brain 
 like rain from heaven. I used the expression 
 in a speech I made at Yokohama in the fall 
 of 1873, which was reported by an English 
 gentleman. Mr. Dixon, and printed both in 
 Japanese and English. Five years later Mr. 
 Dixon published a work uoon Japan and 
 entitled it ' The Land of the Morning.’ The 
 expression pleased the Japanese, and now it 
 stands for all time. ” 
 
 He thought he could improve his little 
 speech to me, and at my request, after some 
 reflection, thus wrote in my note-book : 
 
 “Dear Mr. Howe ; 
 
 “ The hills and primeval forest and green 
 fields which girdle this village make a picture 
 of quiet beauty which., I think, is scarcely sur- 
 passed in any part of our country which 1 
 have seen, or in Japan, the Land of the 
 Morning. 
 
 * “ Jno. A. Bingham. 
 “Cadiz, Ohio, June 8, 1886.” 
 
 I give both for the benefit of the jmung, 
 to illustrate the respective qualities of ampli- 
 fication and terseness in composition. 
 
 Animal Intelligence. — I now return to an 
 incident in my morning call. As we stood at 
 the door, in the mild rays of the early sun, 
 two house-dogs came up to welcome me. Jack 
 and Jake. Jack was a smart little black-and- 
 tan, and observing my evident pleasure in 
 their approach, Mr. Bingham said: “He 
 has made the half circuit of the globe. 1 
 brought him from Japan, but he is a native 
 of London ; his ancestry known way back to 
 the time of Queen Anne. The other dog, 
 Jake, is a Newfoundland, with a cross of the 
 St. Bernard. As for him,” and he said it 
 with evident {)ride at the thought, “he is a 
 native of this great State.” Then he con- 
 tinued : “It was a mystery to me how he got 
 into the yard when the gate was closed, it 
 swinging outward, and asking my little grand- 
 son, he replied, ‘ Why, grandi)apa, don’t you 
 know there is a knot-hole near the bottom ; 
 he puts his nose in that and backs with it.’ 
 ‘Then how does he get out?’ ‘Oh, he 
 ushes ! ’ ” I might have told him, if I could 
 ave foreseen the fact, that one day I was to 
 own a dog that would open a door with a 
 latch or one with a knob — the first by strik- 
 ing, the other by placing^ his paws on each 
 side of the knob and rubbing. And he is yet 
 living, answering to the natne of Black Ear, 
 but we do not consider him as extra intelli- 
 gent — that is, for a dog. 
 
 The intellects and passions of our animals, 
 as far as they go, I believe, are identical with 
 
 our own ; and it is certainly enlarging to us to 
 study their qualities and be pleased with their 
 joys. And as for the insect world, we are of 
 those who can stoop down and watch with 
 solid satisfaction a procession of ants, bring- 
 ing up huge stones from out their under- 
 ground habitations. 
 
 Furthermore, if one could not come into 
 this world as a human being but could as an 
 ant, he should be advised to embrace the op- 
 portunity, as thereby he could act as a teach- 
 er, illustrating, as an ant certainly does, the 
 good effects of systematic industry which, in 
 the case of the ant, seems cheering. For if 
 not, after “having deposited his stone, why 
 should he hurry back, fast as his little legs 
 can carry h-im, for another? 
 
 An Old Contributor . — I called to-day upon 
 Mr. W. H. Arnold, editor of the Sentinel, 
 who remembered my former visit ; his age at 
 the time six years. His father, Mr. William 
 Arnold, who died in 1874, aged seventy-six, 
 contributed about all the historical material 
 for iny article on Harrison county. He was 
 a native of Fayette county. Pa. ; came here 
 at the age of twelve ; was justice of the 
 peace thirty-three years, during which time 
 he married 300 couple. In the war of 1812 
 all^ his brothers were in the army, and lie, 
 being too young for service, made gunpowder 
 for the soldiers during every winter of the 
 war. Powder was then very scarce, and as 
 the government seized it wherever they could 
 find it, and he could get a higher price for it 
 in Steubenville, he took it there and sold it. 
 The hut where he made it was about half a 
 mile north of the town. He was a remark- 
 ably fine rifle-shot : one moonlight night he 
 shot eleven wiM turkeys near his powder-mill. 
 
 Bishop Simpson s Early Days . — On in- 
 quiry, I learn that the house in which Bishop 
 Simpson was born (June 20, 1811) stood on 
 the site of the National Bank. He derived 
 his name, Matthew, from his bachelor uncle, 
 Matthew Simpson. He was a State Senator 
 for many years, and by profession a school- 
 teacher and a man of superior acquirements ; 
 a walking encyclopaedia ; unprepossessing in 
 appearance ; small head and body. He lived 
 to a great age, dying somewhere in the nine- 
 ties. To eke out a living he manufactured 
 reeds for the old hand-loom for home-made 
 linen and jeans, and sold them to the coun- 
 try people, who wore homespun. The Bi- 
 shop’s father died when he was two years of 
 age, an-d his uncle became his foster-father 
 and took great interest in the lad. To his 
 care the Bishop got his intellectual bent. 
 
 An old citizen, Mr. H, S. McFadden, says 
 to me: “The Bishop was an awkward, 
 gawky, barefooted boy, and, when about 
 seventeen, so shy that he was afraid of so- 
 ciety, and so miserable in health that it was 
 supposed he would soon perish of consump- 
 tion ; tall of his age and round-shouldered. 
 He wrote acrostics for the Harrison Tele- 
 graph, and was fond of visiting the printing- 
 office. The people here were astonished at 
 his success in life.” 
 
 The Itinerant's Nest . — On a corner near the 
 
892 
 
 HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 border of the village I was pointed out a 
 long, low, old cottage, in which Bishop Simp- 
 son passed many of his boyhood days. It 
 was then the home of William Tingley, his 
 mother’s brother, a man of note in his day. 
 He was for forty years clerk of court, was 
 prosperous, had excellent sense, and some 
 sheep-raising man — it must have been — told 
 me he was in his day the “bellwether” of 
 the Methodist church here. 
 
 The sight of an old time weather-beaten 
 structure like this, brown as a rat too, is al- 
 ways picturesque. This was particularly so, 
 from its associations ; attached to it and 
 facing the street was another cottage of a 
 single room in front, overgrown with vines. 
 This the good man built solely for the accom- 
 modation of travelling Methodist ministers, 
 a nest for itinerants. As I entered it, I felt, 
 from its peculiar moral associations, I was 
 more blessed than to have entered a palace. 
 Here many a brother in Israel, in the olden 
 time, after ambling for many a weary mile 
 through the wilderness on his little nag, often 
 eating parched corn for his sustenance, and 
 preaching the same old sermon a thousand 
 times, has looked forward to this little nest 
 provided for him by Brother Tingley as one 
 of the choice havens, where he could rest 
 under the protecting wings of a brother’s 
 love, and smoke his pipe in peace. 
 
 Comic Anecdotes . — This advent of the 
 itinerants to the cabins of the pioneers, in 
 the lonely wilderness condition of the country, 
 was always a great blessing aside from their 
 especial mission as spiritual messengers. 
 They were eminently a social body of men. 
 
 and were welcomed with a hospitality that 
 knew ^ no bounds. Of ^ course they had 
 bouncing appetites. Their outdoor lives in- 
 sured that, especially with their occasional 
 fasts, when lost or belated in the wilderness. 
 To feed them well was the pride of the log- 
 cabin dwellers ; whenever they tarried forays 
 were invariably made upon the poultry. So 
 certain was this that the term “chicken- 
 eaters’ ’ was often applied to the circuit riders. 
 Many comical anecdotes were told in this re- 
 gard,^ and none enjoyed them better than the 
 circuit riders themselves. 
 
 One of them, whom one may call Brother 
 Brannen, as the story goes, who used to amble 
 on his nag through Eastern Ohio, early in the 
 century, was especially favored with gastro- 
 nomic powers. His voice and person were 
 huge as his appetite, and he seemed proud 
 of his eating capacity. He used to say that 
 “a turkey was an" unhandy bird — rather too 
 much for one person and not quite enough 
 for two.” pn an occasion he stopped at the 
 cabin of a widow, who was of course all aglee 
 to give him the best she had. After a little 
 the good brother, going out to attend to his 
 nag, was attracted by the sound of a child 
 crying, and tracing his way by it found the 
 widow’s son, and he perhaps her only son, 
 seated behind a corn-crib with a chicken 
 under his arm. “What’s the matter, sonny?” 
 said he, in tender tones. *“ I am crying,” he 
 replied, “because mother sent me out for 
 this chicken, and what between the hawks 
 and the circuit riders it is the last chicken 
 left on the place.” 
 
 A WALK AND A SHEEP-TALK. 
 
 Last evening, June 9, near sunset, I took a walk with Mr. Stewart B. Shot- 
 well, and ascended Boyle’s Hill, half a mile west of the town. As we neared 
 the summit a flock of sheep in their timidity descended the other side. We 
 could see over a large part of Harrison county. Cadiz loomed up pleasantly on 
 a companion hill. Under our eyes was the great dividing ridge, on one side of 
 which the flowing waters descended and made their way into the Tuscarawas, on 
 the other into the Ohio. The view was a succession of rolling grass-carpeted 
 hills interspersed with forests. A warm rain had clothed them in the richest 
 green, on which flocks of sheep were grazing. Down in a little modest valley a 
 train of cars was approaching Cadiz on the short junction railroad. Dwindled 
 by distance and our height, it seemed as a little toy affair, a child’s plaything, 
 playing bo-peep as it dodged in and out from behind the hillocks that at times 
 hid it from view. The sky was somewhat overcast and the setting sun was red- 
 dening a mass of striated clouds over a scene of pastoral beauty. 
 
 Bah ! — As we stood there on the very summit enjoying the scene to the full, 
 and talking largely about slieep, there was a pause in our conversation, and we 
 were about to leave, when I was astonished by a loud Bah ! I then saw what 
 had before escaped my eye. The sheep, which had fled at our approach and got out 
 of sight, had taken courage and again mustered to the number of hundreds in a 
 huge triangular mass on the grassy slope below us. At its very apex, and not 
 sixty feet away, was the bellwether of the flock, all of which had stood in silence 
 looking up at us, and apparently listening to our conversation; and I could not 
 help thinking that this startling bah ! from the bellwether was expressive of his 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 893 
 
 contempt ^t our conversation upon wool. By this time the shadows of evening 
 were settling upon Cadiz, but I could discover notliing Spanish in the air. 
 
 Sheep Statistics. — Harrison, by the statis- 
 tics of 1880, to the square mile leads all other 
 counties in Ohio in the number of sheep and 
 production of wool ; the number of sheep 
 was 209,856 and pounds of wool 1,090,393, 
 Licking county, Ohio, which has nearly 
 double its area, exceeded it about one-quarter 
 in sheep, having been 251,989. Venango 
 county. Pa., had 461,120 sheep and produced 
 2,416,866 pounds of wool. _ This we believe 
 is the largest sheep-producing county in the 
 Union, while Harrison ranks the third. Ohio 
 is the greatest sheep-producing State. Its 
 number in 1880 was 4,902,486, sheep clip 
 25,003,756 pounds; next was California, 
 4,152,349 sheep, clip 16,798,036 pounds; 
 Texas 2,411,633 sheep, clip 6,928,019 pounds ; 
 Michigan 2,189,389 sheep, clip 11,858,497 
 pounds; New Mexico 2,088,831 sheep, clip 
 4,019,188 pounds. Missouri and Wisconsin 
 next lead each with less than a million and one- 
 half of sheep. The entire number of sheep 
 in the United States exclusive of spring 
 lambs was, in 1880, 42,192,074, or a little less 
 than one sheep to one person. 
 
 “Wool,” said Mr. Bingham, “is the 
 prime clothing for man. As sheep increase 
 civilization advances.” Beside carrying a 
 blessing in the way of warmth and clothing, 
 there is a good moral thought in the fact 
 that wool is the natural outgrowth of an 
 animal divinely chosen as the type of inno- 
 cence and amiability. “Feed my lambs.” 
 And then the care of sheep seems to have a 
 reflex action upon the owners in the charac- 
 ter of their visitors and the things they see, 
 as is illustrated by the old hymn : 
 
 “While shepherds watched their flocks by 
 night, all seated on the ground, 
 
 The angel of the Lord came down, and 
 glory shone around. ’ ’ 
 
 J ob, I take it, is an especially interesting 
 character to this people, he owned so many 
 sheep : in the early part of his life 7,000, 
 and in the latter part 14,000, and they tell 
 me he ought to have lived in Harrison 
 county, for the climate is so healthy that he 
 would have escaped at least one of his evils 
 — boils. 
 
 Great as were Job’s possessions, there are 
 to-day in Australia sheep ranges, the prop- 
 erty of single owners, whereupon are raised 
 over 1 50,000 sheep ; 20,000 is but a moderate 
 sized range. Three acres there is generally 
 allowed for a single animal, sometimes ten 
 acres. Sheep are not seen there in flocks, 
 owing to the scant herbage ; there sheep con- 
 sequently are scattered over vast areas, a 
 range for a flock of 200 requiring as much 
 land as an Ohio township. What may seem 
 strange, one may travel over a station where- 
 upon are tens of thousand of sheep, and not 
 have over three or four of the animals in 
 one view in any place. 
 
 The great drawback to Australia has been 
 the terrible drouths by which in entire dis- 
 tricts the sheep all perish. Of late years 
 this evil has been lessened by the sinking of 
 artesian wells and extensive tree planting, by 
 which the annual rainfall has been increased. 
 The lives of the wool-growers there are des- 
 olate from the vast size of their ranges, their 
 nearest neighbor often being fil’teen or twenty 
 miles away._ In 1888 Australia had about 
 eighty millions of sheep, and the United 
 States about fifty millions, so the former is 
 now the greatest wool-producing country on 
 the globe, we ranking second, South America 
 third and Bussia the fourth. 
 
 Profits of Sheep-raising . — As our talk upon 
 the sheep industry in Harrison county be- 
 gan on Boyle’s Hill, it was finished in Mr. 
 Shotwell’s office in the evening, of which I 
 took notes, and here repeat verhathn. “I 
 do not know,” said he, “a single farmer who 
 has followed for life the growing of sheep, 
 without diversion to other crops, but what 
 has become wealthy. Land pastured by 
 sheep ^ improves year by year from their 
 droppings. The tendency of sheep in sum- 
 mer is to seek the highest point of a hill to 
 get the cool breezes. In winter they also get 
 near the summit, but on the leeward side if 
 there be any wind ; the coldest air, being the 
 heaviest, always sinks into the valleys. The 
 result is that the rain distributes their manure 
 from the top to all the lower parts of the 
 field. 
 
 “Some years ago the late Judge Brinker- 
 hoff, of Mansfield, was riding with me in this 
 region, and inquired, ' Why is it that your 
 hills are all so fertile? Our hill-tops are 
 generally poor soil ; our best lands are the 
 valleys.’ ‘Because,’ I replied, ‘we raise 
 sheep.’ The products of the hill soil — hay, 
 grass, corn, oats, etc. — are of a more nutri- 
 tive nature' than those of the rich bottom 
 lands of the Tuscarawas and Ohio valleys, 
 although the growth is not so rapid. Our 
 experienced farmers therefore pay five cents 
 more a bushel for our hill corn than for that 
 raised elsewhere. This hill land will produce 
 from twenty to forty bushels more to the 
 acre than the alluvial soil. I own valley lands 
 on the Tuscarawas and Stillwater, and I get 
 nearly twice the quantity per acre of corn, 
 grass, etc., from the hills, and the richest of 
 butter and cheese is made from hill grass. 
 
 “ As I have spoken of the profits of sheep- 
 raising, I will give 3^011 some statistics. On 
 a farm of a quarter of a section, 160 acres, 
 325 sheep can be conveniently pastured. 
 Such a farm would be valued at about $5,000. 
 The value of such a flock now would be about 
 $650. With proper care and feeding corn 
 and hay, all of which one man alone could 
 do, the annual clipping would be about seven 
 pounds per sheep ; total, 2,275. At 33^ 
 cents, the present price, this gives $758.33 
 for the wool. Then the increase of sheep is 
 
894 
 
 HARRISON COUNTY, 
 
 double at the end of the year, which, at $2 
 each, is $650. ^J’his added to the product of 
 the wool, gives $1,308 as the annual produc- 
 tion of the farm. There is still another item 
 of profit. With a view to avoid oyer-stock- 
 ing, the farmers select in the fall their largest, 
 strongest sheep of the older class, and fatten 
 them over winter, and in the spring, after 
 clipping, they are sold East for mutton pur- 
 poses. About 200, generally wethers., are 
 annually sold on such a farm, at $5 each, 
 thus enhancing the total profits to $2,308. 
 
 ‘‘The more you feed and care for a sheep in 
 the winter, the heavier and better in the staple 
 will be his fleece. Just after the war wool 
 brought as high as $1.10 per pound. The 
 very old ewes are sold in the fall at fair prices 
 — say $2 each — are shipped eastward to the 
 neighborhood of the cities, and then sold to 
 a class of farmers who manage to have them 
 drop their lambs early in February, feed the 
 ewes on milk-producing slops, which rapidly 
 fattens and increases the weight of the lambs. 
 These lambs are tender and delicious, and 
 
 often bring $5 each. The ewes are then 
 clipped and slaughtered, the carcass thrown 
 to the hogs, and the pelts turned over to the 
 leather men. The large bank deposits in our 
 town are mostly from the wool-growers of 
 Harrison county. 
 
 “ The sheep, as his coat shows, belongs to 
 a cold climate ; hence he flourishes in the 
 mountain countries of Europe north of the 
 40° latitude, or in Australia south of the 40° 
 latitude, where it is alike cold.” 
 
 Sheep-raising in Texas is comparatively a 
 failure. To find there the proper climate, 
 elevation is required, and then grass is scant. 
 On the warm lowlands his wool is not re- 
 quired, and nature allows him to grow hair. 
 
 The most certain productive crop in our 
 county is the corn, which averages seventy- 
 five bushels to the acre — have known 120 
 bushels. The average wheat is twenty-five 
 bushels — have known forty. Oats average 
 from sixty to 100 bushels; hay, one and a 
 half to two tons — often have the heaviest hay 
 on the summit of the hills.* 
 
 We append to the sheep statistics from Mr. Shotwell, some items from an article, 
 ^‘The American Wool Industry/’ by E. H. Ammidown, in the North American 
 RevietUy August, 1888. 
 
 The American wool-clip amounts to about 
 
 300.000. 000 pounds per annum, and varying 
 in value from $75,000,000 to $95,000,000. 
 
 It stands sixth in value as an American agri- 
 cultural product, being surpassed only by 
 corn, hay, wheat, cotton and oats. Our 
 
 50.000. 000 of sheep are worth over $2 each, 
 say in all $100,000,000. If the annual pro- 
 duct of mutton for food, and the increase of 
 the flocks, were added to this, it would total- 
 ize $125,000,000. Sheep husbandry is the 
 only great farm industry in which every sec- 
 tion of our country shares. The annual gain 
 
 Reminiscences of Edwin M. Stanton. 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton, the great war Secretary, had his beginning in Cadiz as a 
 lawyer. The great example of his life was Jntensity of purpose. Not another 
 member of Mr. Lincoln’s Cabinet, not even Mr. Lincoln himself, could perhaps 
 here compare with him. He was a giant in will, with mighty passions to enforce 
 it. To crush out the rebellion at all hazards absorbed his full powers. Governor 
 IMorton, in acknowledging on a eertain occasion receipt of money from Mr. Stan- 
 ton, wherein authority was assumed to meet a great patriotic end, wrote him : 
 ‘‘ If the cause fails, you and I will be covered with prosecutions, and probably 
 imprisoned or driven from the country.” To this Stanton replied : If the cause 
 fails, I do not wish to live.” Whatever he undertook he went in to the death. 
 If death was to come, it would be for him no more than for others ; he could die 
 but once. His care was in what he engaged, and, as a lawyer, never undertook 
 what he thought was a bad case. The cause succeeded, but his intense labors, 
 under the might of an intense patriotism, killed him as effectually as ever soldier 
 was killed by bullet. 
 
 It has been our privilege to make the acquaintance here of Mr. Stewart B. 
 Shotwell, attorney-at-law, who was a student two years in the office with Mr. 
 Stanton. To us, in conversation, he made the following statement : 
 
 from the fertilization of the soil by the drop- 
 pings of the sheep is estimated to be fully 
 $50,000,000. 
 
 If this industry was abandoned, the decline 
 in value of the sheep-farm lands, comprising 
 112,000,000 of acres — much of which would 
 be then unused and all deteriorate in fertility 
 — at $2.50 an acre, would be $280,000,000. 
 So the advantages of continuing the industry 
 seem imperative to the well-being of the 
 country. We now supply one-sixth part of 
 the wool produced in the world, so far as is 
 statistically known. 
 

 Drawn by Henry Howe in 1886. 
 
 Portrait and Birthplace of GENERAL G. A. CUSTER. 
 
896 
 
 HARR/SON COUNTY. 
 
 Stanton I knew intimately. He first 
 studied law in Steubenville with Daniel L. 
 Collier. He came to Cadiz in 1 836, and went 
 into partnership with Chauncey Dewey, and 
 remained here until 1840, but the partnership 
 existed until 1842. Dewey was an old law- 
 yer of the Whig persuasion, and shortly after 
 his coming, Stanton was elected prosecuting 
 attorney on the Democratic ticket — an ofiice 
 he held three years. 
 
 Dewey was a man of very decided ability, 
 had been educated at Schenectady, a pupil 
 of the celebrated Dr, Nott, was a thoroughly 
 read lawyer, and had especial ability with a 
 jury. Stanton was then but twenty-two 
 years of age, with broad shoulders, but light 
 in person, weighing about 125 pounds, and 
 height five feet eight inches. He was very 
 near-sighted. The people here at first called 
 him “ Little Stanton. ” 
 
 He appreciated the ability and skill of his 
 senior partner, at once placed himself under 
 his tutelage, and owed much of his early suc- 
 cess to him. He would often say to us, 
 “Well, we are all Dewey’s boys.” Often, 
 in coming into the ofl&ce in the morning, 
 Dewey would say, “Stanton, what do you 
 think about this case ?’ ’ After Stanton had 
 expressed his ideas, Dewey would take pen 
 and put the points as he thought they should 
 be presented, and hand the paper to Stanton, 
 and Stanton invariably followed his guidance : 
 he was his mentor. Mr. Dewey was then 
 forty years of age ; he died in 1880, aged 
 eighty-four 
 
 Stanton was very methodical, kept his pa- 
 pers and office in perfect order, and his in- 
 dustry was marvellous. He would read law 
 sixteen hours a day and keep it up ever. I 
 never saw a man with such capacity for work. 
 
 I have known him to work all day in court 
 and until nine o’clock at night, trying cases 
 and then filing them. Then he would get 
 into his buggy, ride to Steubenville for some 
 aper or authority bearing on the case, be 
 ack at court-time next morning, after riding 
 % distance of fifty miles, and work all day 
 fresh as ever. He was physically compact ; 
 put up exactly for the labor a lawyer has to 
 endure. 
 
 Ordinarily he cared nothing for society of 
 women, but he was exceedingly attached to 
 his first wife. When she died he shut him- 
 self in his room and spent days in grief. 
 Then seeing it was breaking him down, he 
 rallied and plunged into business. 
 
 He seemingly was of a cold nature ; never 
 any gush. He was thoroughly upright ; and 
 if he had an important case he would make 
 full preparation to win, even eating in refer- 
 ence to it, so as to have full possession of his 
 powers. He was temperate ; but sometimes, 
 if he had a tight place to go through, would 
 take a little stimulus. He spoke with ease, 
 voice on a high key, and monotonous in man- 
 ner, but strong and combative, hanging on 
 with a bull-dog like tenacity, brow-beating 
 and ridiculing witnesses. He did not care if 
 the whole public was against him. He 
 would face them all, and feel he was their 
 master. 
 
 I once heard this anecdote, which illus- 
 trates how everything had to bend to hia 
 main purpose. He had travelled into the 
 then wilderness of Illinois, in pursuit of evi- 
 dence in an important case, when, in a cabin 
 where he had put up for the night, he found 
 the farnily were originally from Steubenville 
 and neighbors, living within a square of him. 
 They had known him in his child days ; he 
 had been playmate with their son, but he had 
 outgrown their recollections. Any other 
 man, in the glow of feeling consequent upon . 
 such a disco verjq would have made himself 
 known, but he refrained, from the thought 
 that it might in some way militate against 
 his success in the main object of his jour- 
 ney, if it should be known he was in the 
 country, and so left as he came — an entire 
 stranger. 
 
 Ordinarily men would wilt under his de- 
 nunciations ; sometimes feel like retorting 
 with physical violence. He knew this, and 
 sometimes, when the court adjourned, asked 
 the sheriff* to take his arm and accompany 
 him to his office, as I believed for protection. 
 This was not from cowardice, but because he 
 felt it was wise to avoid a physical combat. 
 He stood in awe of no human being. Every 
 man was alike so far as that was concerned. 
 His rnoral courage was immense. His likes 
 and dislikes were very strong, and with his 
 especial friends he was exceeding social and 
 courteous. He was profound in legal prin- 
 ciples, a safe lawyer in a good case ; but if he 
 thought a case was desperate, would not go 
 into court. The stories of his rough lan- 
 guage to the people who came to the war- 
 office are true. Simon Cameron, his prede- 
 cessor, when he sent for Gi-en. McClellan, 
 would wait for hours ; when Stanton sum- 
 moned him there was no delay. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Visit to the Birthplace of a Hero. 
 
 After Cadiz, my next objective point was New Hiimley, a hamlet high on the 
 hills, three miles northeasterly from Scio, at which last I arrived by the cars 
 about noon. New Rumley is a spot of historic interest, for here was born, Dec. 
 5, 1839, Gen. Geo. A. Custer, the famed cavalry leader of the war. I wished to 
 sketch his birthplace and learn of his beginnings. I had scarcely got off the 
 cars at Scio, and was standing on a narrow platform running from the depot on a 
 line by the railroad track, when a young man at my side cried, Look out ! ” 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 897 
 
 It was the Pittsburg and St. Louis express coming at forty or fifty miles an hour, 
 and close on to us. In a twinkling I saw an object coming for me, end over end. 
 I gave a spring and as it came threw my entire weight on my right leg, and as it 
 passed it struck the other a stinging but glancing blow on the inner side. 
 Then I saw it was the Scio mail-bag. 
 
 I limped up to the village tavern, dined and then found a farmer who was going 
 within two miles of New Rumley, and would take me in his wagon there for 
 a consideration. I got in, we turned round a little hill, left Scio behind, and 
 went up the valley of Alder creek, Thursday, 1 p. m., June 11, 1886. My com- 
 panion was a little man with black hair and little black beads of eyes set back 
 far in his head, his face thin and shrivelled, and, what is rare for a farmer, he 
 wore glasses. He said his age was forty-three years, his name G. M. Toussaint 
 and that he and Gen. Pierre Gusiavus Toussaint Beauregard, of the Confederate 
 army, were second cousins, their grandfathers having been brothers. It enhanced 
 my interest in him to thus learn he was of French Huguenot stock, for I have a 
 sprinkling of the same blood in my veins. 
 
 A Ride with a Farmer. — The wagon we 
 were in was on springs, drawn by two mares, 
 each having a little colt trotting lithe and 
 pretty by its side, so we counted in all six, 
 two of a kind, two^ men, two mares and two 
 colts. He was anxious to know my business ; 
 thought I had something to sell. Upon 
 telling him, he said his wife went to school 
 with Custer. He was quite a dressy young 
 man, and when he came home on furlough 
 from West Point, brought home among other 
 things full twenty pair of cadet’s white panta- 
 loons for his folks to wash. My companion 
 was a horse-fancier, and bragged about his 
 horses ; they were of an honored ancestry, 
 and he went on to give their pedigree. On 
 naming over their ancestors, he was astonished 
 that I had never heard of them ; he doubt- 
 less would have been more astonished if I 
 had told him what was a fact, that in my 
 entire life I had never put a horse in a car- 
 riage, nor had buckled on a curry-comb. The 
 colts as I looked down upon their petite, 
 graceful-rounded forms, each trotting by the 
 side of its mother, looked very sweetly. ^ I 
 asked him about how much each would weigh. 
 He replied two hundred pounds. I could 
 scarcely believe this until he told me he had 
 failed only a few days before in an effort tc 
 carry one of them into his barn. 
 
 A Bit of Natural History. — The valley we 
 were passing up was perhaps a third of a 
 mile wide, with bounding hills of some two 
 hundred feet high. We passed some sheep 
 grazing. At one place they stood still and in 
 silence in a ring, perhaps fifty of them, 
 their heads down to the ground and noses 
 together ; their bodies ranged like the spokes 
 of a wheel from a centre. I inquired, “ What 
 is that for?” There had been a slight 
 shower, and the sun had come out warm. 
 “The flies bother them, stinging their noses,” 
 he said. In the fence-corners were other 
 sheep and their noses were also to the ground. 
 I subsequently learned it was an instinct of 
 nature. There is a peculiar fly, the Oestrus 
 ovis, which crawls into the nostrils of a sheep 
 and deposits an egg. This hatches a worm 
 
 which makes its way into the brain and in- 
 variably kills the sheep. From this doubtless 
 originated the expression as applied to a 
 human being, “ He has got a maggot in his 
 head. ’ ’ 
 
 Everything that has life, man, animal or 
 vegetable, appears to receive injury from some 
 other life. The innocent sheep are not the 
 only victims to the winged enemies. Late 
 in the summer there is a large fly, the Oestrus 
 hovis., large as a bumble-bee, which annoys 
 cattle, punctures the skin and deposits an 
 egg along the spine. Under the spring sun 
 that egg develops into a grub with an ugly 
 black head, and makes his way out of the hole 
 to the infinite annoyance of the animal. The 
 grub is thus occupied for weeks, while the 
 itching at times is so intolerable that the 
 animal runs around the field with tail out, 
 perfectly frantic. Then the common expres- 
 sion among the farmers is that it has “the 
 warbles. ’ ’ Often twenty or thirty grubs will at 
 once make their way out. When an animal 
 has largely been infected with the pests, it 
 injures the hide for the purpose of leather. 
 
 Having come out, the grub goes into the 
 ground and after a little he puts on wings— 
 they are not angel wings — and some day he 
 starts on his aerial flight, becomes the great- 
 ugly fly we have described, to follow the same 
 egg-hatching, egg-depositing business of his 
 illustrious ancestors. The fly from which the 
 horse gets into his greatest trouble is the 
 Oestrus equi. He often alights on the front of 
 the horse, where stinging him the animal nips 
 at, catches and swallows the fly. That is just 
 what the fly was after — to be swallowed. 
 Housed in the stomach of the horse, he then 
 proceeds about his business, to lay eggs. 
 These hatch grubs sometimes to the num- 
 ber of a hundred or more, which attach 
 themselves to the coats of his stomach and 
 feed thereon and often to the death of the 
 horse. This affliction is called “ the hots." 
 
 Friend Toussaint opened upon another topic 
 dear to his heart — religion. A neighbor of 
 his was far gone in consumption; notwith- 
 standing, seemed as worldly-minded as ever 
 
898 
 
 HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 “I told him,” said he, “ he ought not to be 
 thinking about driving sharp trades— that he 
 ought to go and get religion, for in a few 
 weeks probably, he would have to meet his 
 God. For ought he knew, it might be no 
 more than two weeks.” Then he dwelt upon 
 the influence of religion here on earth, illus- 
 trating it by the story of a travelling man he 
 once read of, who stopped at a strange house 
 in a wild, lonely spot, and he didn’t like the 
 looks of the people, was on a sort of tremble ; 
 was afraid he might be robbed and murdered 
 in his sleep. ^ But when bed-time came, his 
 ferocious-looking host opened a little cup- 
 board, took out a book and said, “Let us 
 pray, ’ ’ whereupon a load was lifted from the 
 heart of the travelling man, and he slept 
 that night “like a top,” Thus my friend 
 with interesting talk upon horses, sheep, 
 Custer and religion, beguiled the way. 
 
 New Rumley appears. — A mile or more be- 
 fore reaching New Rumley I saw in the far dis- 
 tance, on the top of a very high hill, a cluster 
 of trees, roof tops, and a church spire, and 
 that my companion pointed out as New 
 Rumley. I looked at it with intense interest, 
 the birthplace of a hero ; ached to be there. 
 When we had ascended nearly to the top 
 of the hill, the horses rested for a few mo- 
 ments, while the colts kneeled down each 
 beside its respective mother, and rested 
 also, while I made notes. Another short 
 pull up hill, then a sudden turn to the right, 
 and we were in New Rumley. The first ob- 
 jects at its entrance I found to be two 
 churches, just alike, facing each other as 
 sentinels, on opposite sides of the road. 
 They were freshly painted, and white as snow. 
 It was pleasant thus to have the gospel greet 
 one at the very threshold of the place. _ I 
 couldn’t help thinking so, but the huge white 
 forms, spread out to the right and left of me 
 so broodingly, somehow made me think of 
 angels’ wings, ready to bear people up to 
 heaven. On one side of the street it was 
 done after the manner of the Methodist 
 brethren, and on the other of what they 
 speak of abridgingly as the “You Bees,” — 
 and spell out “ United Brethren.” 
 
 New Rumley is little more than a name — 
 a hamlet set on a hill — a single street with a 
 single store, that of T. H. Cunningham, and 
 a few scattered dwellings, of which only three 
 or four can be seen at one view. The highest' 
 part is where they put the angels’ wings, and 
 the birthplace of him whom Sitting Bull 
 called the “Yellow Hair.” From thence 
 the street descended ; there was a sort of 
 hollow spot in the wavy ground and then it 
 ascended in a lesser wave, and where its 
 farther course was hidden by trees. Where 
 
 it went then I know not, only I was told the 
 followers of Martin Luther had a sanctuary 
 somewhere there. I went into the store, a 
 little room, and made the acquaintance of 
 Mr. Cunningham, an elderly person. Some 
 barefooted boys seeing me, a stranger, go in, 
 entered and stood in silence listening. Where 
 they came from I don’t know, but men and 
 women lived together around in little, half- 
 concealed cottages, and where that happens, 
 boys and girls will spring up fresh and 
 healthy as daisies in an old cow-pasture. I in- 
 quired if there was a General Custer growing 
 up among them ; got no reply. The boys 
 seemed to think with the poet 
 
 ‘ ‘ Das Scliweigen ist ilir hester Herald. ’ ’ 
 
 That is — “ Silence is golden.” 
 
 Custer s birthplace in the early part of 
 this century, 1 820, was a log tavern, kept by 
 one Andrew Thompson. It was clapboarded 
 fifty years ago. It is brown, going to decay, 
 some clapboards off, and others hanging by a 
 single nail. Locust trees stand before it ; 
 their fragile leaves tremble in the softest 
 zephyrs. I borrowed a backless chair and 
 drew the pretty scene shown, with the coni- 
 cal spire of the “You Bees” in the dis- 
 tance. 
 
 Having *made the sketch, I went to the 
 house. Some women were sitting in the front 
 room, sewing and chatting, passing away 
 their lives in simplicity and comfort appar- 
 ently, with little possessions and little cares. 
 They were simply clad. There was no bric-^- 
 brae about to dust, no card basket for calling 
 visitors. No splendid equipage with liveried 
 footman and gaily attired visitors had ever 
 called to inspire jealousy and create heart- 
 aches up to that door, but the air was pure, 
 and on June days it oft came in laden with 
 the fragrance of new-mown hay. 
 
 The place seemed as the top of the world, 
 and the eye possessions of its inhabitants 
 vast. From it to the west I could look down 
 the pretty valley through which I had come 
 with friend Toussaint of pious frame and 
 sprightly colts, and then all around met my 
 eye a leafy world of hills for miles and miles 
 away ; and in one spot far to the north, a 
 little village peeped forth in the vast out- 
 spread of living green. A Sabbath-like calm 
 rested upon all things. This was the high 
 spot of earth, where the “ Yellow Hair” 
 first opened his eyes ; where the wintry winds 
 have a high old time, and silvery toned bells 
 wake the echoes on Sabbath day mornings. 
 A Sabbath in the country. How beautiful it 
 is ! Rest, music, prayer and thoughts of the 
 heavenly choir. Glory Hallelujah ! 
 
 The high places of earth like this are the glory spots for the lifting the heart 
 of man. Earth and sky are there full spread before his vision to bring his spirit 
 into the very presence of the Infinite. At night the stars pass over him in their 
 grand procession athwart the mighty dome, and by day the bright sun moves 
 over the vast expanse, the sun, blessing mother of morning, noon and night, which 
 in its day’s journey typifies the life of man. 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 899 
 
 And cloud land is all above him, ever moving between earth and sky, and ever 
 changing in its forms, its lights and its shadows, which it runs over the whole 
 earth ; often throwing all around in gloom while the far distant peaks stand out 
 like hope, bright in the light of a heavenly effulgence. Clouds seem as if from 
 the hands of God while dispensing refreshing showers, and by their beauty oft 
 fill the sensitive heart with gratitude in its sense of possessing such an exquisite 
 source of joy ; and this sense will sometimes give expression as here in my verse. 
 
 Summer Clouds. 
 
 The gorgeous Alps of summer skies 
 In softest tints oft mass in view, 
 
 Where seraph forms in fancies’ dreams 
 Recline beneath the tender blue. 
 
 And floating on their beds of fleece, 
 
 Those spirits of the azure deep 
 
 Look down upon our earthly fields, 
 
 Where Time his generous harvests reap. 
 
 While we in Fate’s remorseless chains 
 May hapless seem in vales of woe ; 
 
 Still onward float the beauteous clouds, 
 Still cheer us with their genial glow. 
 
 O summer clouds ! our hearts like thee 
 But take their beauty from on high ; 
 
 The light that gives the charm to life, 
 
 The love that soothes us when we die. 
 
 Parting Bay. 
 
 By the patriarch’s dying couch 
 Some angel hand the curtain lifts ; 
 
 While parting day’s celestial tints 
 Enchanting spread beyond the rifts. 
 
 Then grandly glows the mighty dome, 
 While silence rests on earth below ; 
 
 Save where the distant tides of life 
 In dying murmurs faintly flow. 
 
 Then soft and sweet, bright isles of bliss 
 Seem floating in an ocean sky ; 
 
 A spirit realm of light and love — 
 
 The happy immortality. 
 
 In mantling night the vision melts. 
 
 While worlds afar their glories spread ; 
 
 And thus alike through mists and stars 
 The soul of man is upward led. 
 
 The wondrous orb, great source of light, 
 To other lands glad morning brings ; 
 
 Day never ceases with his work. 
 
 Nor Time to speed with aging wings. 
 
 Ride with a Doctor. — The next point was 
 to get back to Scio, so I took the ridge road ; 
 thought I could, notwithstanding the lame- 
 ing blow of the mail-bag, manage to walk 
 there. In a few minutes I was overtaken by 
 a gentleman in a buggy, with a little two- 
 year-old girl on his lap, and I accepted 
 his invitation to a seat beside him. It was 
 Dr. George Lyle, a country physician, edu- 
 cated in Cincinnati, and I found knew some 
 of my medical friends there. He told me he 
 had been a schoolmate of Custer. He de- 
 scribed him as an apt scholar, a leader among 
 the boys, mischievous and full of practical 
 jokes ; withal very plucky. 
 
 One evening, at some lecture where the 
 audience were on the ground floor, a ragamuf- 
 fin of a boy unable to get in flatted his nose 
 against the window pane and made wry faces 
 at George, whereupon the latter drove his 
 fist through the glass into his face. The 
 next day three boys accosted him, saying they 
 were going to thrash him. He replied by 
 drawing a pocket-knife, saying — “I will fight 
 all three of you with my fists if you will 
 come one at a time, but if you come all at 
 once you shall have this,” at the same open- 
 ing the blade. The boys pursued the topic 
 no farther. Das Schweigen ist ihr hester 
 HeroUr 
 
 Presently the road narrowed to a mere 
 lane, now in the woods and then in the open, 
 when some flies lit behind the horse’s ears, 
 when he stopped the vehicle, stood upright, 
 athered the lash and stock tightly in his 
 and, and with the tautened curve thus 
 made at the end of the whip, slowly, care- 
 fully slid it under the offending insects. 
 They respected the hint for the time, but 
 came again, when he stopped the carriage, 
 got out and gathering twigs of leaves from 
 the woods put them as a defence in the trap- 
 pings of the horse’s head. Then the little 
 one said something in its baby tones, making 
 a request, I did not hear what, when he 
 again went into the woods and returned with 
 flowers in his hands and love in his heart, 
 and taking her in his lap we soon descended 
 a hill, made a turn and then were in Scio. 
 
 A Tai.k with John Giles of Scio. 
 
 After supper in the tavern at Scio, I was enjoying a quiet smoke, when I heard 
 a voice at my side. It was that of an old man of about seventy years of age, 
 who had accosted me. He was in his shirt-sleeves, tall, jiatriarchal white beard 
 and hair, blue eyes, fresh complexion and expression of great amiability. It was 
 John Giles, of Scio. He wanted to tell me what he knew about the Custers, and 
 I let him. The original spelling was Kuster. Their first ancestor in this country 
 
900 
 
 HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 was from Hesse-Cassel, came over in the Revolutionary war time and fought 
 mit de Hessians.’^ 
 
 Emanuel Custer, the father of the General, 
 was a blacksmith and justice of the peace. 
 “My wife and Squire Custer are cousins,” 
 said he, “ and he married us.” I used to keep 
 school, and taught George his A, B, C *, his 
 father and myself were always great friends, 
 George was irrepressible as a boy. One thing 
 I recollect. His father and myself were 
 walking by a barn yard, when we heard a 
 child screaming ; a moment later little 
 George, then a boy in his frock, appeared 
 Wrsting through a line of currant bushes, 
 with a huge gander fastened by his talons to 
 his back. George had been attracted by the 
 sight of young goslings, and going for them 
 the gander had alighted on him and was 
 whipping him with his wings. ^ 
 
 “About this time we organized a military 
 company, ‘cornstalk militia,’ in New Rum - 
 ley, and the child followed us about all day. 
 From that moment his passion to become a 
 soldier originated and grew with his years. 
 His family tried in vain to dispel this am- 
 bition. He desired to go to West Point, but 
 his father told him as he was personally a 
 Democrat and Mr. Bingham, the member of 
 Congress in whose power it lay to obtain a 
 cadet warrant, a Whig, he would not give it 
 to him. How he obtained it Mr. Bingham 
 had told me only two days before this con- 
 versation with Mr. Giles. 
 
 “I received,” said Mr. Bingham, “a let- 
 ter from Custer, then at school at Hopedale, 
 in Greene township, asking for the appoint- 
 ment. This was about the year 1857. Its 
 honesty captivated me. It was written in 
 S(?hool-boy style. In it he said that he un- 
 derstood it made no difference with me 
 whether he was a Republican boy or a Demo- 
 crat boy — that he wanted me to understand 
 he was a Democrat hoy. I replied, if his 
 parents consented, I would procure it for 
 him. 
 
 “He was at West Point but three years. 
 Such was the want of officers at the begin- 
 ning of the war, that his class, before gradu- 
 ating, were commissioned ; he as Lieutenant 
 of Cavalry in a company commanded by 
 Captain Drummond, son of Rev. Dr. Drum- 
 mond, of this place (Cadiz). He was in the 
 first battle of Bull Run. The day after I 
 saw a young officer ride up to my door in 
 Washington and dismount. He had long, 
 yellow hair hanging like Absalom’s. He 
 came up to me and introduced himself as 
 Lieutenant Custer. Up to that moment I 
 had never seen him. In the December be- 
 fore he had passed his twenty-first birthday. 
 He said: “Mr. Bingham, I have been in 
 my first battle, and I’ve come to tell you I’ve 
 tried not to show the coward. ’ ’ 
 
 Mr. Giles told me he was a soldier in the 
 Potomac army, and at one time was in camp 
 near the command of Custer. “ One even- 
 ing,” said he, “ I heard footsteps approach- 
 ing my tent ; a moment later in came General 
 Custer to see me. He inquired why I had 
 not called upon him . I replied, I had so 
 desired, but I thought it would not do ; he 
 had now got to be a great man, a General, 
 and I was only a common soldier. ‘ ‘ Humph, ’ ’ 
 he rejoined, “I thought you knew me bet- 
 ter, that I was above all such nonsense as 
 that, especially with an old friend, and the 
 friend of my father.” And then he play- 
 fully added: “I expect the old man is 
 the same darned old Copperhead yet, aint 
 he ? ” I had to acknowledge I thought he 
 was. 
 
 Mr. Giles took me to his cottage, close 
 by, and showed me finely framed and colored 
 portraits of the General’s parents. In his 
 simplicity — stranger as I was — he wanted to 
 loan them to me. It seemed like sacrilege 
 to accept his offer — would not take such a 
 responsibility of their safe-keeping, even had 
 I wanted them. 
 
 Custer’s father had a large, strong-look^ 
 ing face, with a straight, firmly set mouth. 
 On seeing that expression one could easilj 
 imagine how, having been born a Democrat, 
 he had set that mouth of his grim and de- 
 fiant to die one. From him it was that his 
 son got his light golden hair, and the impulse 
 that belongs to that temperament. The 
 portrait of the mother was in profile. She 
 was a brunette. The whole air of the woman 
 showed a high degree of refinement, with a. 
 tinge of sadness resting upon her counje - 
 nance. “She never had,” said Giles, “any 
 especial social opportunities,^ but she was a 
 born lady, thoughtful, dignified and alwayf! 
 inspiring high respect. At the time of the 
 massacre, with Custer was killed his two 
 brothers, Thomas and Boston, both offi- 
 cers, Captain Calhoun, her brother-in-law — 
 that is, her sister’s husband — and Mr. Reed, 
 a civilian, on a visit to the General ; also 
 Louis Clem, younger brother of Johnnie 
 Clem, the drummer boy of Shiloh. The 
 mother never rallied from the terrible blow ; 
 it broke her heart, and she sank and died. 
 The father is still living in Michigan, and is 
 of a naturally cheerful temperament ; but 
 as long as I knew him, on any allusion to the 
 death of his sons, he would swell up and 
 leave the room. 
 
 As I pass these notes over to the printer, 
 I copy from a note-book: “Died July 13, 
 1889, John (riles, of Scio : ” that is, three 
 years after this talk with me. 
 
 We annex some items, mainly from Wliitelaw Reid’s ^^Sketeh of Custer,” 
 wherein are given some of the brilliant points of his brilliant military career. 
 At the battle of Williamsburg he accompanied the advance as aid-de-camp >'nder 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 901 
 
 Gen. Hancock, and captured the first battle-flag ever captured by the army of the 
 Potomac. . . . He was the first person to cross the Chickahomiiiy, which he did 
 by wading up to the armpits in the face of the enemy’s pickets. ... At Gettys- 
 burg he held the right of the Union line, and utterly routed Hampton’s cavalry. 
 In this battle he had two horses shot under him, and in the course of the war 
 eleven horses. . . . At the battle of Trevillian Station five brigades attacked his 
 one. Against such odds he fought for three hours. His color-bearer was shot, 
 when the flag was only saved by Custer tearing it from its standard and conceal- 
 ing it around his body. ... At Winchester he took nine battle-flags, and took 
 more prisoners than he had men engaged. . . . When Sheridan arrived at Cedar 
 creek, after his famous ride, he said, Go in, Custer.” Custer went in, drove 
 the enemy for miles, captured a major-general, many prisoners, and forty-five 
 pieces of artillery. For this he was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. It 
 would be beyond our limits to recapitulate his many successes ; but he w^as the 
 first to receive the white flag from Gen. Lee, and Sheridan presented Mrs. Custer 
 the table on which Lee signed the surrender. . . . He never lost a gun or a 
 color ; he captured more guns, flags, and prisoners on the battle-field than any 
 other general not an army commander, and his services throughout were most 
 
 brilliant. 
 
 Gen. Custer was nearly six feet in height, 
 of great strength and endurance, broad- 
 shouldered, lithe and active, with a weight 
 never above 170 pounds. His eyes were 
 blue, his hair long and golden. At the age 
 of twenty-three he was made a brigadier- 
 general ; at twenty-five a major-general, the 
 youngest man of his rank in the army. Reid 
 says : “ For quick dashes and vigorous spurts 
 of fighting he had no superiors and scarcely 
 an equal. His career was disastrously closed 
 in an attack, on the 25th of June, 1876, on 
 an Indian encampment, on Little Horn river, 
 in Montana, when his command of 277 cav- 
 alrymen were overwhelmed by about 1600 
 Sioux Indians, under Sitting Bull, and mas- 
 sacred to a man — not one spared to tell the 
 tale. The old chief, a year or two later, was 
 asked at a conference the particulars, where- 
 upon Sitting Bull replied, “I do not know 
 where the Yellow Hair died.” 
 
 Gen. Terry, who commanded the forces of 
 the expedition, in all amounting to about 
 1 ,400 infantry and cavalry, and against whose 
 implied orders the attack had been made, 
 arrived with the main body upon the scene a 
 day later. He ordered the burial of the 
 slain, and in 1879 it was made a national 
 cemetery. 
 
 Matthew Simpson, H.D., LL.D., was 
 born in Cadiz, 20th June, 1811, and died in 
 Philadelphia, Pa., 18th June, 1884. His 
 father died when he was two years of age. 
 His uncle, from whom he was named, was a 
 man of literary ability and gave his mind a 
 literary bent. He graduated at what is now 
 Allegheny College, and at eighteen became a 
 tutor. He first began the practice of med- 
 icine ; and then, at the age of twenty-two, 
 entered the ministry, the Pittsburg Confer- 
 ence. He preached first on the St. Clairs- 
 ville Circuit; in 1837 became Vice-President 
 and Professor of Natural Sciences of Alle- 
 gheny College, and in 1839 was chosen Pres- 
 ident of Indiana Asbury (now Be Pauw) 
 
 University, Greencastle, which position he 
 held for nine years and gained great popu- 
 larity. 
 
 Appleton’s “Cyclopaedia of American Bi- 
 ography” says: “His eloquence made him 
 in great demand on the pulpit and on the 
 platform. His personal qualities gave him 
 an extraordinary influence over students, and 
 made him efficient in raising money for the 
 endowment of the college. In 1844 he was 
 elected to the General Conference, and in 
 1848 he was re-elected. He appeared in 1852 
 in the conference as the leader of his delega- 
 tion, and at this conference he was made 
 bishop. ’ ’ 
 
 In 1857 he was sent abroad as a delegate 
 to the English and Irish Conference of the 
 Wesleyan connection, and was also a delegate 
 to the World’s Evangelical Alliance which 
 met in Berlin. 
 
 His preaching and addresses made upon 
 this tour attracted great attention, particu- 
 larly his sermon before the alliance, which 
 extended his fame as a pulpit orator through- 
 out the world. After its adjournment he 
 travelled through Turkey, Palestine, Egypt 
 and Greece. In 1859 he removed from Pitts- 
 burg to Evanston, 111., and became nom- 
 inally President of Garrett Biblical Institute. 
 Subsequently he removed to Philadelphia. 
 His powers as an orator were displayed dur- 
 ing the civil war in a manner that commanded 
 the admiration and gratitude of the people. 
 
 President Lincoln regarded him as the 
 greatest orator he ever heard, and at his 
 funeral in Springfield Bishop Simpson offi- 
 ciated. He made many addresses in behalf 
 of the Christian Commission, and delivered 
 a series of lectures that had much to do with 
 raising the spirit of the people. His official 
 duties took him abroad in 1870 and 1875. In 
 1874 he visited Mexico. At the (Ecumenical 
 Council of Methodists, in London, he was 
 selected by the representatives of all branches 
 to deliver the opening sermon. After the 
 
902 
 
 //ARRIS ON COUNTY. 
 
 news of the death of President Garfield he 
 delivered an address at Exeter Hall. He 
 was selected by the faculty of Y^ale to deliver 
 a series of addresses before the students of 
 the theological department, which were pub- 
 lished as “Lectures on Preaching” (New 
 York, 1879). 
 
 In later years his appearance was patri- 
 archal. His eloquence was simple and natural, 
 but increasing in power from the beginning 
 to the close. It was peculiar to himself and 
 equally attractive to the ignorant and the 
 learned. One of his natural advantages was 
 his remarkable voice. When he was at his 
 best few could resist his pathetic appeals. 
 Though his eloquence is the principal element 
 of his fame, he was a man of unusual sound- 
 ness of judgment, a parliamentarian of re- 
 markable accuracy and promptitude, and one 
 of the best presiding officers and safest of 
 counsellors. He was present in the General 
 Conference in Philadelphia in 1884. Though 
 broken in health, so as not to be able to sit 
 through the sessions, his mind was clear and 
 his farewell address made a profound impres- 
 sion. Bishop Simpson published “ Hundred 
 Years of Methodism” (New York, 1876), 
 and “ Cyclopaedia of Methodism ” (Philadel- 
 phia, 1878, 5th ed. revised 1882). After 
 his death a volume of his “Sermons” was 
 edited by Rev. Geo. R. Crooks, D.D. (1885). 
 A window in his memory is to be placed by 
 American admirers in City Road Chapel, 
 London, where John Wesley preached. 
 
 John A. Bingham, late United States 
 Minister to Japan, sometimes called “the 
 silver-tongued orator, ’ ’ and so long and highly 
 eminent and useful in the councils of the na- 
 tion, was born January 21, 1815, in Mercer, 
 
 Pa. In his childhood he resided four years 
 in Ohio ; then passed two years and a half 
 in learning printing in Mercer ; was then 
 educated in the Mercer Academy and Frank- 
 lin College, and in 1840 came to Ohio and 
 followed the practice of the law. In the 
 Harrison campaign he took an active part as 
 a Whig orator, and twice held public discus- 
 sions with Edwin M. Stanton, having been 
 challenged by him. 
 
 In the National Whig Convention of 1848 
 he proposed a resolution which it was thought 
 too dangerous to adopt, but which was the 
 key-note to his subsequent course, viz. : “ No 
 more slave States ; no more slave Territories ; 
 the maintenance of freedom where freedom 
 is, and the protection of American industry.” 
 He was first elected to Congress in 1854, and 
 served in all sixteen years ; in 1873 he was 
 appointed by Grant Minister to Japan, where 
 he resided until the advent of Mr. Cleveland’s 
 administration. 
 
 In the sixteen years of his service in Con- 
 gress he served on the most important com- 
 mittees. For four years he was chairman of 
 the Judiciary Committee. He was chairman 
 of the managers on behalf of the House on 
 the trial for the impeachment of President 
 Johnson. He was author of the first section 
 to the Fourteenth Amendment to the Con- 
 stitution, save the introductory clause thereof 
 He was appointed special judge-advocate for 
 the trial of the assassin of Abraham Lincoln. 
 He was given other important official trusts, 
 spending in all eighteen years in Washington, 
 giving unwearying labor to the nation in its 
 most eventful period. Besides his many 
 speeches in Congress, he has spoken in half 
 the States for “ the Union and Constitution.” 
 
 . Freeport is eighteen miles southwest of Cadiz, on the C. L. & W. Railroad, 
 and on a branch of the Tuscarawas river. Newspaper : PresSy independent, Mc- 
 Math & Williams, editors and publishers. Churches : one Methodist Episcopal, 
 one Presbyterian, one Friends. Population, 1880, 387. 
 
 Scio is on the P. C. & St. L. Railroad, nine miles north of Cadiz. It is the 
 seat of Scio College, E. J. Marsh, president. Newspapers : Herald, independent. 
 Herald Printing Company, editors and publishers ; Collegian, students of Scio 
 College, editors and publishers. Churches : one Presbyterian, one United Pres- 
 byterian, one Methodist. Bank : Scio (Hogue & Donaldson) ; R. S. Hogue, 
 cashier. Population, 1880, 509. 
 
 Bowerston is on the P. C. & St. L. Railroad, eighteen miles northwest of 
 Cadiz. Newspaper : Gazette, independent, Charles G. Addleman, editor and pub- 
 lisher. Churches : one Methodist, one United Brethren, one Lutheran. Popu- 
 lation about 500. 
 
 Jewett is on the P. C. & St. L. Railroad, seven miles north of Cadiz. First 
 house was built in 1803, by George Dowell. The village was laid out in 1851, 
 by John Stall, and called Fairview. Name was changed to Jewett in 1881. 
 Churches : one Presbyterian, one Methodist Episcopal, one Lutheran Evangelical. 
 Pojmlation about 600. 
 
 New Athens, on the St. Clairsville and Cadiz pike, seven miles south of Cadiz, 
 is the seat of Franklin College. Bank : John Dunlap, Jr. Churches : one 
 Presbyterian, one United Presbyterian, one Protestant Episcopal. School census, 
 1888, 156. 
 
 Deersvii.le is twelve miles west of Cadiz. School census, 1 888, 99. 
 
HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 903 
 
 Hoped ALE is six miles northeast of Cadiz. It is the seat of Hopedale Normal 
 College; president, W. G. Garvey. School census, 1888, 106. 
 
 Harkisville is ten miles soutlieast of Cadiz. Churches : one United Pres- 
 byterian, one Methodist Episcopal, one Methodist Protestant. School census, 
 1888, 143. 
 
 HENEY. 
 
 Henry County was formed April 1, 1820, from old Indian territory, and 
 named from Patrick Henry, the celebrated Virginia orator of the revolutionary 
 era. Area about 430 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 102,558 ; 
 in pasture, 5,377 ; woodland, 49,895 ; lying waste, 1,064 ; produced in wheat, 
 487,986 bushels ; rye, 80,539 ; buckwheat, 1,319 ; oats, 303,186 ; barley, 14,787 ; 
 corn, 938,584; broom corn, 275 lbs. brush ; meadow hay, 10,945 tons; clover 
 hay, 4,670; potatoes, 59,647 bushels ; butter, 435,113 lbs. ; sorghum, 6,338 gal- 
 lons; maple syrup, 1,037 ; honey, 9,131 lbs.; eggs, 598,334 dozen; grapes, 2,967 
 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 17 bushels; apples, 22,883; peaches, 706; pears, 456: 
 wool, 40,811 lbs.; milch cows owned, 5,480. School census, 1888, 8,337; 
 teachers, 225. Miles of railroad track, 80. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 188 
 
 
 Marion, 
 
 
 1,202 
 
 Bartlow, 
 
 
 1,064 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 
 1,148 
 
 Damascus, 
 
 489 
 
 1,415 
 
 Napoleon, 
 
 609 
 
 4,504 
 
 Flat Rock, 
 
 476 
 
 1,701 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 
 1,773 
 
 Freedom, 
 
 
 1,235 
 
 Richfield, 
 
 83 
 
 857 
 
 Eredonia, 
 
 105 
 
 
 Richland, 
 
 542 
 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 
 1,372 
 
 Ridgeville, 
 
 
 1,119 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 
 1,946 
 
 Washington, 
 
 
 1,249 
 
 Population in 1840 was 2,492; in 1860, 8,901; in 1880, 20,585; of whom 
 15,721 were born in Ohio; 712 in Pennsylvania; 457 in New York; 181 in 
 Indiana; 145 in Virginia; 17 in Kentucky; 2,106 in German Empire; 140 in 
 Ireland; 140 in British America ; 127 in England and Wales; 116 in France; 
 and 21 in Scotland. Census of 1890, 25,080. 
 
 A greater part of this county is covered by the famous Black Swamp.’^ This 
 tract reaches over an extent of country of one hundred and twenty miles in length, 
 with an average breadth of forty miles, about equalling in area the State of Con- 
 necticut. It is at present thinly settled, and has a population of about 50,000 ; 
 but, probably, in less than a centOry, when it shall be cleared and drained, it will 
 be the garden of Ohio, and support half a million of people. The surface is 
 generally high and level, and sustains a dense growth of forest trees, among 
 which beech, ash, elm, and oak, cotton wood and poplar, most abound. The 
 branches and foliage of this magnificent forest are almost impenetrable to the rays 
 of the sun, and its gloomy silence remained unbroken until disturbed by the rest- 
 less emigrants of the West.^’ It is an interesting country to travel through. The 
 perfect uniformity of the soil, the level surface of the ground, alike retaining and 
 
HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 904 
 
 alike absorbing water, has given to the forest a homogeneous character : the tree^s 
 are all generally of the same height, so that when viewed at a distance through 
 the haze the forest appears like an immense blue wall, stretched across the horizon. 
 It is yet the abode of wild animals, where flocks of deer are occasionally seen 
 bounding through its labyrinths. Throughout the swamp, a mile or two apart, 
 are slight ridges of limestone, from forty rods to a mile wide, running usually in 
 a westerly direction, and covered with black walnut, butternut, red elm, and 
 maple. The top soil of the swamp is about a foot thick, and composed of a 
 black, decayed vegetable matter, extremely fertile. Beneath this, and extending 
 several feet, is a rich yellow clay, having large quantities of the fertilizing sub- 
 stances of lime and silex. Lower still is a stratum of black clay of great depth. 
 The water of the swamp is unpleasant to the taste, from containing a large quan- 
 tity of sulphur ; it is, however, healthy and peculiarly beneficial to persons of a 
 costive habit, or having diseases of the blood. The soil is excellent for grain and 
 almost all productions — garden vegetables and fruit thrive wonderfully. We 
 were shown an orchard of apple trees, some of which had attained the height of 
 twenty feet, and measured at their base twenty inches, which, when first planted, 
 five years since, were mere twigs, but a few feet in height, and no larger than 
 one’s finger . — Old Edition. 
 
 The foregoing description is copied from our original edition, issued forty-three 
 years ago. In the meantime this entire region — the Maumee valley — has under- 
 gone extraordinary changes. Napoleon, the county-seat, was then so insignificant 
 that our entire description was contained in three lines : Napoleon, the county- 
 seat, is on the Maumee river and Wabash canal, 17 miles below Defiance, 40 
 above Toledo, and 154 northwest of Columbus. It is a small village, containing 
 about 300 inhabitants.” 
 
 Knapp, ill his history of the Maumee valley, published in 1872, has given 
 some valuable historical items, in regard to both town and county, which we here 
 copy : 
 
 ‘^Napoleon was platted in 1832, and the first dwelling, a log-cabin, erected 
 that year. By the census of 1830, two years previous, the entire county had but 
 262 inhabitants, and its tax valuation in 1823 was but $262. The following were 
 residents of Napoleon in 1837 : Judge Alexander Craig, James G. Haley, Gen. 
 Henry Leonard, James Magill, John Powell, Hazell Strong, George Stout, and 
 John Glass. There were three small frame houses, the others being made of logs. 
 The first house erected in the place was a log-cabin, twelve by fourteen feet, and 
 was offered to the public by Amos Andrews as a tavern. 
 
 On the usual road, on the north side of the river, between Maumee city and 
 Fort Wayne, thirty-five years ago [1836], after leaving the former place, the first 
 house the traveller would meet would be at Waterville, six miles above Maumee 
 city, where he would find five or six dwellings. Passing up seven or eight miles 
 farther, he would reach the tavern of Mr. Tiehean, a half-breed Indian. The 
 next house, eighteen miles above, would be in a group of three or four, standing 
 at Providence; thence he would reach the hospitable house of Samuel Vance, 
 occupying the site of a farm which was found by Wayne’s army in a high state 
 of cultivation, in 1794, and which was then known as Prairie du Masque, and 
 now as Damascus. This point would bring the traveller twenty-seven miles 
 above Maumee city. The next house, about two miles above Damascus, was a 
 tavern and trading-post owned by John Patrick. Three miles above this the 
 traveller would reach Napoleon, where he would discover the settlers above 
 enumerated. 
 
 ^Hn 1871 there were five church buildings in Napoleon: Presbyterian, Meth- 
 odist, Catholic, Episcopalian, and German Lutheran. The Sweden borgians have 
 also a church organization. There are two well-conducted newspapers: The 
 Northwest, by L. Orwig & Co., and the Napoleon Signal, by P. B. Ainger ; two 
 
HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 905 
 
 banks: the First National, organized February, 1872, and that of Sheffield & 
 Norton, a private institution, established in 1866.’^ — Knapp’s Maumee Valley. 
 
 Napoleon, the county-seat, about 105 miles northwest of Columbus, thirty- 
 six miles southwest of Toledo, is on the Maumee river, Miami and Erie canal, 
 and W. St. L. & P. R. R. County Officers for 1888 : Auditor, George Russell ; 
 Clerk, James Donovan ; Commissioners, William N. Zierolf, Andrew J. Saygers, 
 George Daum ; Coroner, Conrad Bitzer ; Infirmary Directors, Peter Schall, Ed- 
 ward Dittmer, Henry Bostleman ; Probate Judge, Michael Donnelly ; Prosecut- 
 ing Attorney, James B. Ragan ; Recorder, Thomas W. Durbin ; Sheriff, Elbert 
 T. Barnes ; Surveyor, Charles N. Schwab ; Treasurer, James C. Waltimire. City 
 Officers, 1888: Mayor, John Thiesen ; Clerk, E. C. Dodd; Treasurer, Oliver 
 Higgins ; Marshal, Oscar Rakestraw ; Street Commissioner, Daniel Hess. News- 
 papers : Democratic Northicest, Democratic, L. L. Orwig, editor and publisher ; 
 Henry County Democrat, German, C. F. Clement, editor and publisher ; Henry 
 County Signal, Republican, J. P. Belknap, editor and publisher ; Catholic Com- 
 panion, Catholic Juvenile, Schmil & Brennen, editors and publishers. Churches : 
 one Methodist, two Lutheran, one Presbyterian, one Catholic, one Evangelical. 
 Bank : Meekison’s, W. H. Brownell, cashier ; J. C. Sauer & Co. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — A. Bruner, hoops, 47 hands ; Thiessen & Hil- 
 dred, doors, sash, etc., 8 ; Joseph Shaff, carriages, etc., 4 ; John Miller, carriages, 
 etc., 4 ; T. Ludwig, potash, 3 ; A. J. Saggers, lumber, 4 ; M. Britton, boat oars, 
 etc., 12 ; Napoleon Woolen Mills, flannels, blankets, etc., 25 ; C. Vock, flour, etc., 
 4 ; F. Roessing, beer, 5 ; J. Koller & Co., flour, etc., 6 ; C. F. Beard, founder 
 and machinist, 5 ; Napoleon Foundry, castings, 5 ; Napoleon Elevator, grain ele- 
 vator, 2. — Ohio State Reports, 1887. 
 
 Population, 1880, 3,032. School census, 1888, 1,053 ; W. W. Weaver, school 
 superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $119,000; value 
 of annual product, $179,500. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. 
 
 In our original edition we stated, The notorious Simon Girty once resided five 
 miles above Napoleon, at a place still called ^ Girty’s Point.’ His cabin was on 
 the bank of the Maumee, a few rods west of the residence of Mr. Elijah Gunn. 
 All traces of his habitation have been destroyed by culture, and a fine farm now 
 surrounds the spot.” 
 
 Our authority for this statement, in the lapse of time, it is now impossible to 
 trace, but probably some old pioneer whom we interviewed. It is now known 
 that it was George Girty, the brother of Simon, that resided there. He was an 
 Indian trader, and alike infamous in character. Opposite the spot is a beautiful 
 island of about forty acres, called Girty’s Island, with an extremely dense growth 
 of vegetation. Girty’s cabin and trading-house were on the left bank of the 
 river, and it was said, When he was a])prehensive' of a surprise he would retire 
 to the island, as a tiger to his jungle, with a sense of almost absolute security from 
 his pursuers.” 
 
 After making our original statement, as above given, we followed with an article 
 upon the Girtys, wliich we repeat here verbatim : 
 
 Simon Girty was from Pennsylvania, to 
 which his father had emigrated from Ireland. 
 The old man was beastly intemperate, and 
 nothing ranked higher in his estimation than 
 a jug of whisk.y. “Grog was his song, and 
 grog would he have.” His sottishness turned 
 his wife’s affection. Ready for seduction, she 
 yielded her heart to a neighboring rustic, 
 who, to remove all obstacles to their wishes, 
 knocked Girty on the head and bore off the 
 trophy of his prowess. Four sons of this 
 interesting couple were left, Thomas, Simon, 
 George and James. The three latter were 
 
 taken prisoners, in Braddock’s war, by the 
 Indians. George was adopted by the Dela- 
 wares, became a ferocious savage, and died 
 in a drunken fit. James was adopted by the 
 Shawnese, and became as depraved as his 
 other brothers. It is said, he often visited 
 Kentucky, at the time of its first settlement, 
 and inflicted most barbarous tortures upon 
 all captive women who came within his reach. 
 Traders who were acquainted with him say, 
 so furious was he, that he would not have 
 turned on his heel to save a prisoner from 
 the flames. To this monster are to be at- 
 
Gardner & Son, Photo. 
 
 Girty’s Island. 
 
 Gardner dk Son, Photo., 1887. 
 
 Napoleon. 
 
HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 90^ 
 
 tributed many of tbe cruelties charged upon 
 his brother Simon ; yet he was caressefd by 
 Proctor and Elliott. 
 
 Simon was adopted by the Senecas, and 
 became an expert hunter. In Kentucky and 
 Ohio he sustained the character of an unre- 
 lenting barbarian. Sixty years ago, with his 
 name was associated everything cruel and 
 fiendlike. To the women and children, in 
 particular, nothing was more terrifying than 
 the name of Simon Grirty. At that time it 
 was believed by many that he had fled from 
 justice and sought refuge among the Indians, 
 determined to do his countrymen all the harm 
 in his power. This impression was an erro- 
 neous one. Being adopted by the Indians, 
 he joined them in their wars, and conformed 
 to their usages. This was the education he 
 had received, and their foes were his. Al- 
 though trained in all his pursuits as an In- 
 dian, it is said to be a fact susceptible of proof 
 
 that, through his importunities, many pris- 
 oners were saved from death. His influence 
 was great, and when he chose to be merciful, 
 it was generally in his power to protect the 
 imploring captive. His reputation was that 
 of an honest man, and he fulfilled his en- 
 gagements to the last cent. It is said, he 
 once sold his horse rather than to incur the 
 odium of violating his promise. He was in- 
 temperate, and, when intoxicated, ferocious 
 and abusive alike of friends and foes. Al- 
 though much disabled the last ten years of 
 his life, by rheumatism, he rode to his hunt- 
 ing grounds in pursuit of game. Suffering 
 the most excruciating pain, he often boasted 
 of his warlike spirit. It was his constant 
 wish, one that was gratified, that he might 
 die in battle. He was at Proctor’s defeat, 
 and was cut to pieces by Col. Johnson’s 
 mounted men. 
 
 The above we derive from CampbelFs sketches. We have, in addition, some 
 anecdotes and facts which throw doubt over the character of Simon Girty, as there 
 given. 
 
 In September, 1777, Girty led the attack on Fort Henry, on the site of Wheel- 
 ing, during which he appeared at tlie window of a cabin, with a white flag, and 
 demanded the surrender of the fort in the name of his Britannic Majesty. He 
 read the proclamation of Governor Hamilton, and promised the protection of the 
 crown if they would lay down their arms and swear allegiance to the king. He 
 warned them to submit peaceably, and admitted his inability to restrain his war- 
 riors, when excited in the strife of battle. Colonel Shepherd, the commandant, 
 promptly replied, that they would never surrender to /lim, and that he could only 
 obtain possession of the fort when there remained no longer an American soldier 
 to defend it. Girty renewed his proposition, but it was abruptly ended by a shot 
 from a thoughtless youth, and Girty retired and opened the siege, which proved 
 unsuccessful. Baker’s station, in that vicinity, was also attacked, not far from 
 this time, by Girty and his band, but without success. 
 
 In August, 1782, a powerful body of Indians, led by Girty, appeared before 
 Bryan’s station, in Kentucky, about five miles from Lexington. The Kentuck- 
 ians made such a gallant resistance that the Indians became disheartened, and were 
 about abandoning the siege ; upon this, Girty, thinking he might frighten the 
 garrison into a surrender, mounted a stump, within speaking distance, and com- 
 menced a parley. He told them who he was, that he looked hourly for reinforce- 
 ments with cannon, and that they had better surrender at once ; if they did so, no 
 one should be hurt ; but otherwise, he feared they would all fall victims. The 
 garrison were intimidated ; but one young man named Reynolds, seeing the effect 
 of this harangue, and believing his story, as it was, to be false, of his own accord 
 answered him in this wise : You need not be so particular to tell us your name; 
 we know your name and you too. I’ve had a villanous, untrustworthy cur dog 
 this long while, named Simon Girty, in compliment to you ; he’s so like you — 
 just as ugly and just as wicked. As to the cannon, let them come on ; the coun- 
 try’s roused, and the scalps of your red cut-throats, and your own too, will be 
 drying on our cabins in twenty-four hours ; and if, by chance, you or your allies 
 do get into the fort, we’ve a big store of rods laid in, on purpose to scourge you 
 out again.” This method of Reynolds was effectual ; the Indians withdrew, 
 and were pursued a few days after, the dcf(HKlers of the fort being reinforced, to 
 the Blue Licks, where the Indians lay in ambusli and defeated the Kentuckians 
 with great slaughter. Girty was also at St. Clair’s defeat and led the attack on 
 Colerain. 
 
HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 go8 
 
 Dr. Knight, in his narrative of his (3aptivitj, and burning of Colonel Crawford 
 (see Wyandot County), speaks of the cruelty of Simon Girty to the colonel and 
 himself. Colonel John Johnson corroborates the account of Dr. Knight. In a 
 communication before us he says : He was notorious for his cruelty to the whites 
 who fell into the hands of the Indians. His cruelty to the unfortunate Colonel 
 Crawford is well known to myself, and although I did not witness the tragedy, I 
 can vouch for the facts of the case, having had them from eye-witnesses. When 
 that brave and unfortunate commander was suffering at the stake by a slow fire, 
 in order to lengthen his misery to the longest possible time, he besought Girty to 
 have him shot, to end his torments, when the monster mocked him by firing pow- 
 der without ball at him. Crawford and Girty had been intimately acquainted in 
 the early settlement of Pennsylvania ; I knew a brother of the latter at Pittsburg 
 in 1793.^^ 
 
 When Simon Kenton was taken prisoner, his life was saved through the inter- 
 position of Girty. (See a sketch of Kenton in Champaign County.) 
 
 Mr. Daniel M. Workman, now living in 
 Logan county, gave us orally the following 
 respecting the last years of Girty. In 1813 
 (1816), said he, I went to Malden and put up 
 at a hotel kept by a Frenchman. I noticed 
 in the bar-room a gray-headed and blind old 
 man. The landlady, who was his daughter, 
 a woman of about thirty years of age, in- 
 quired of me, ‘ ‘ Do you know who that is ? ” 
 pointing to the old man. On my replying, 
 “ No ! ” she rejoined, ‘‘ It is Simon Girty 
 He had then been blind about four years. 
 
 In 1815 I returned to Malden and ascertained 
 that Girty had died a short time previous. 
 Simon Kenton informed me that dirty left 
 the whites, because he was not promoted to 
 the command of a company or a battalion. 
 I was also so informed by my father-in-law, 
 who was taken prisoner by the Indians. 
 Girty was a man of extraordinary strength, 
 power of endurance, courage and sagacity. 
 He was in height about 5 feet 10 inches and 
 strongly made. 
 
 Oliver M. Spencer, wdio was taken prisoner by the Indians while a youth in 
 1792, in his narrative of his captivity makes some mention of the Girtys. While 
 at Defiance, the old Indian priestess, Cooh-coo-Cheeli, with whom he lived, took 
 him to a Shawnee village, a short distance below, on a visit. There he saw the 
 celebrated chief, Blue Jacket, and Simon Girty, of whom he speaks as follows : 
 
 One of the visitors of Blue Jacket (the 
 Snake) was a plain, grave chief of sage ap- 
 pearance ; the other, Simon Girty, whether 
 it was from prejudice, associating with his 
 look the fact that he was a renegado, the 
 murderer of his own countrymen, racking 
 his diabolic invention to inflict new and 
 more excruciating tortures, or not, his dark, 
 shaggj’’ hair, his low forehead, his brows con- 
 tracted, and meeting above his short flat 
 nose ; his gray sunken eyes, averting the 
 ingenious gaze ; his lips thin and compressed, 
 and the dark and sinister expression of his 
 countenance, to me, seemed the very picture 
 of a villain. He wore the Indian costume, 
 but without any ornament ; and his silk 
 handkerchief, while it supplied the place of a 
 hat, hid an unsightly wound in his forehead. 
 On each side, in his belt, was stuck a silver- 
 mounted pistol, and at his left hung a short 
 broad dirk, serving occasionally the uses of 
 a knife. He made of me many inquiries; 
 some about my family, and the particulars 
 of my captivity ; but more of the strength 
 of the different garrisons ; the number of 
 
 American troops at Fort Washington, and 
 whether the President intended soon to send 
 another army against the Indians. He spoke 
 of the wrongs he had received at the hands 
 of his countrymen, and with fiendish exulta- 
 tion of the revenge he had taken. He boasted 
 of his exploits, of the number of his victories, 
 and of his personal prowess ; then raising 
 his handkerchief, and exhibiting the deep 
 wound in his forehead (which I was after- 
 wards told was inflicted by the tomahawk of 
 the celebrated Indian chief, Brandt, in a 
 drunken frolic) said it was a sabre cut, which 
 he received in battle at St. Clair’s defeat; 
 adding with an oath, that he had “sent the 
 
 d d Yankee officer” that gave it “to 
 
 h 1.” He ended by telling me that 1 
 
 would never see home : but if I should turn 
 out to be a good hunter and a brave warrior, 
 I might one day be a chief His presence 
 and conversation having rendered my situa- 
 tion painful, I was not a little relieved when, 
 a few hours after ending our visit, we 
 returned to our quiet lodge on the bank of 
 the Maumee. 
 
 Just before Sj^encer was liberated from captivity, he had an interview with 
 James Girty, and not a very pleasant one either, judging from his narration of it. 
 
HENRY COUNTY. . 
 
 Elliot ordered Joseph to take me over to 
 James Grirty’s, where he said our breakfast 
 would be provided. Girty’s wife soon fur- 
 nished us with some coffee, wheat bread, and 
 stewed pork and venison, of which (it being 
 so much better than the food to which I had 
 been lately accustomed) I ate with great gout ; 
 but I had not more than half breakfasted, 
 when Girty came in, and seating himself op- 
 posite me, said, “So, my young Yankee, 
 you’re about to start for home. ’ ’ I answered, 
 “Yes, sir, I hope so.” That, he said, would 
 depend on my master, in whose kitchen he 
 had no doubt I should first serve a few years’ 
 apprenticeship as a scullion. Then, taking 
 his knife, said (while sharpening it on a 
 
 We finished this notice of the Girtys 
 Jonathan Alder (then in my possession), 
 by no means wholly destitute of kind feel 
 
 909 
 
 whet-stone), “ I see your ears are whole yet( 
 but I’m d — n — y mistaken if you leave this 
 without the Indian ear mark, that we may 
 know you when we catch you again.” I did 
 not wait to prove whether he was in jest, or in 
 downright earnest ; but leaving my breakfast 
 half finished, I instantly sprang from the 
 table, leaped out of the door, and in a few 
 seconds took refuge in Mr. Ironside’s house. 
 On learning the cause of my flight, Elliot 
 uttered a sardonic laugh, deriding my un- 
 founded childish fears, as he was pleased to 
 term them ; but Ironside looked serious, 
 shaking his head, as if he had no doubt that 
 if I had remained, Girty would have executed 
 his threat. 
 
 by a brief extract from the MSS. of 
 who knew Simon — showing that he was 
 ings. 
 
 I knew Simon Girty to purchase at his educated. He was certainly a friend to many 
 own expense several boys who were prisoners, prisoners, 
 
 take them to the British and have them 
 
 This finishes our original account of the three Girtys, viz., Simon, James and 
 George. Simon was dhe leading one of these renegades. It was his name 
 especially that during the Revolution struck terror in every backwoods cabin in 
 Pennsylvania and Virginia. The annals of that period were so full of conflict- 
 ing statements in regard to them, while their lives from boyhood to old age were 
 to a large extent so tragically romantic, as to lead the historian, Consul Willshire 
 Butterfield, to devote his leisure moments to obtain a full and correct history of 
 them so far as it was possible to obtain it at this late day. The result is the 
 publication of a large octavo volume of over 400 pages, History of the Girtys : 
 A Life Record of the Three Renegades of the Revolution,’’ Cincinnati, Robert 
 Clarke & Co., 1890. The book will greatly enhance his reputation ^^as a most 
 industrious gatherer of information and as a forcible writer of history.” From 
 his work these statements are gathered and are reliable. 
 
 Simon Girty, Sr., was an Irishman who settled on the borders of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and became an Indian trader. About 1737 he married Mary Newton, an 
 English girl, by whom he had four children, all sons, viz. : Thomas, born in 
 1739; Simon, in 1741; James, in 1743; and George, 1745. In 1751 Simon, 
 Sr., was killed in a drunken frolic in his own house, by an Indian named ^^The 
 Fish.” John Turner, who lived with Girty, avenged his murder by killing 
 ^^The Fish.” 
 
 Two years later Turner married Mrs. Girty, who was a reputable woman. In 
 August, 1756, the year after Braddock’s defeat. Turner with his family were in 
 Fort Granville, a stockade, on the Juniata, which was taken by the French and 
 Indians, and Turner, wife and children were carried into captivity. Turner, 
 according to tradition, was recognized as the slayer of ^‘The Fish,” and his fate 
 was sealed, and on their arrival at Kittaning he was doomed to death. They 
 tied him to a black post ; danced around him ; made a great fire ; and having 
 heated gun barrels red hot, ran them through his body ! Having tormented him 
 for three hours they scalped him alive, and at last held up a boy with a hatchet 
 to give him the finishing stroke.” Mrs. Turner and her four children were com- 
 pelled to witness the horrid scene. 
 
 The family were soon separated. Mrs. Turner and an infant son by John 
 Turner were claimed by the Delawares, and first taken to Fort Duquesne, the 
 infant baptized there by a Recollect priest, Denys Baron, and later carried into 
 the wilderness. Thomas Girty, the oldest son, soon after escaped, and ever lived 
 
. HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 a useful life. He raised a family and died on Girty’s Hun, near Pittsburg, in 
 1820. 
 
 The three remaining boys were adopted by the savages — Simon, then fifteen 
 years old, going with the Senecas ; James, then thirteen years, by the Shawanese 5 
 and George, then eleven years, by the Delawares. They with their mother and 
 her infant John Turner remained with the Indians three years, until 1759, when 
 as a result of a treaty with the Indians all their prisoners were brought to Pitts- 
 burg and surrendered. 
 
 Simon was at this time eighteen years of age, and became to a certain extent a 
 man of influence. He was illiterate, never having learned to read or write. 
 For about thirteen years after his return his employment to a great extent was 
 that of Indian interpreter. James worked as a common laborer and sometimes 
 as an interpreter for the traders. George for a time traded with the Indians on his 
 own account. While living with the Indians the Girtys were kindly treated. 
 Having been taken at a tender age it was natural for them to have become 
 attached to those simple children of nature, who had many virtues. 
 
 In the Dunmore expedition, in the fall of 1776, Simon Girty acted as seout, 
 and accompanied John Gibson in his celebrated interview with the Mingo chief, 
 Logan. (See Pickaway County.) Girty from recollection translated LogaiVs 
 speech to Gibson, and ^^ the latter put it into excellent English, as he was 
 abundantly capable of doing.’^ 
 
 In the war of the Hevolution, up to February, 1778, Simon Girty had sided with 
 the Whigs. On the night of March 28 seven persons secretly absconded from 
 Fort Pitt for the Indian country, on their way to Detroit, to join there Lieut.- 
 Governor Hamilton, the British commandant. Three of these eventually became 
 notorious allies of the enemy. They were Simon Girty, Matthew Elliot, an 
 Indian trader, Irish by birth, and Captain Alexander McKee, also Indian trader, 
 a native of Pennsylvania. On their way they stopped first among the Dela- 
 wares at Coshocton, then at the Shawnee towns on the Scioto, near the site of 
 Circleville. They met there James Girty, who was engaged in trade with the 
 Indians, and easily persuaded him to espouse the British cause, to remain with 
 the Shawanese, and to help those of the tribe who were yet wavering from all 
 thoughts of peace with the United States. James then appropriated presents 
 that had been intrusted to him by government for the Indians. On their arrival 
 all three, Simon Girty, McKee and Elliot, entered the British Indian Department 
 under regular pay, Simon Girty as interpreter for the Six Nations, at two dollars 
 per day. His brother James joined him a few months later, and both from that 
 time forth were devoted to the British interest. They were sent by Hamilton to 
 live with the savages in the Ohio wilderness, Simon to the Mingoes, and James 
 to the Shawanese, to do the best possible service in interpreting or fighting. 
 
 George Girty was at this time a Lieutenant in the Continental army ; a year 
 later. May 4, 1779, he deserted* to the British, and made his way to Detroit, where 
 he entered the Indian Department as interpreter, and was sent to the Shawanese, 
 with headquarters at Wapatomica. There is reason to believe that the Girtys 
 when joining Hamilton at Detroit had no idea of going upon the war path with 
 the Indians; but Hamilton eventually required this of them, and they most 
 ferociously performed that duty. 
 
 Simon, a poor, ignorant young man, had been persuaded to desert the American 
 cause by McKee and Elliot, men of education and influence. That his brothers 
 should have joined him was natural, considering the attachment they had formed 
 to the Indians, and for a wild, free life, united to the influence in general of an 
 older brother. 
 
 The statement that has gone into history, that in September, 1777, Girty led the 
 attack on Fort Henry, on the site of AVheeling, and demanded the surrender of 
 the fort in the name of his British Majesty, is a fiction, for the Girtys did not 
 enter the British service until 1778. In 1782 there was a second and incon- 
 
HENRY COUNTY, 
 
 911 
 
 sequential attack on Fort Henry. James Girty was present, but he had no com- 
 mand of the savages. 
 
 The incidents of the attack on Bryan’s Station, in Kentucky, in August, 1782, 
 are given as originally published about 1835, in McClung’s Sketches of Western 
 Adventure,” but it was under the command of Captain Caldwell, not of Simon 
 Girty, although Girty was with him. There is strong evidence adduced by 
 Butterfield to show that there was no cessation of the attack when begun, and 
 that the bantering scene between young Reynolds and Girty was purely fiction. 
 
 The remainder of my account of the Girty s must be correct, including the tes- 
 timony of Col. Johnson, Oliver M. Spencer, and my interview with Daniel Me 
 Workman, and the extract from the MSS. of Jonathan Alder, which last I had 
 in my personal possession and copied from just forty-four years ago. Butterfield 
 states that it must have been in 1816 and not 1813 that Workman saw Simon 
 Girty at Malden, as he was not there at that date, although there before and after. 
 In 1784 Simon married Catherine Malott, a white girl, who had been captured on 
 the Ohio in 1780. He eventually took up his residence just below Malden, where 
 he died, in February, 1818, and was buried on his farm, on land given him by 
 the British government for his loyalty. British soldiers from Malden fired a 
 salute over his grave. Simon was about five feet nine inches in stature, eyes black 
 and piercing, and in his prime very agile. 
 
 George Girty married a Delaware Indian woman, and in his latter days was an 
 habitual drunkard. He died at a trading-post on the Maumee, belonging to his 
 brother James, about two miles below Fort Wayne, just before the war of 1812. 
 James married Betsy, an Indian woman of the Shawnees. Before the war he 
 gave up his business and retired to his land at Gosfield, Canada. He was tall in 
 person, temperate in his habits, and had acquired by trading considerable prop- 
 erty, beside receiving large donations in land from the British. His general rep- 
 utation for cruelty was on a par with that of his brothers. 
 
 Deshler is situated at the crossing of the B. & O., D. & M. and McC. D. & 
 T. Railroads, 37 miles south of Toledo and 18 miles southeast of Napoleon. It 
 has 1 newspaper : Flag,, neutral, W. H. Mitchell, editor and proprietor. Three 
 churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Catholic, and 1 Free Methodist. Factories 
 and employees : A. W. Lee, heading and staves, 90 ; J, P. Gates, potash, 2 ; Ball 
 & Smith, lumber and pickets, 16 ; A. A. Luber, machinery and molding, 6 ; 
 Mitchell & Widner, lumber, tile and feed, 10 ; Heidelbach & Bros., tobacco boxes, 
 etc., 8. — State Report, 1888, Population in 1880, 752. School census, 1888, 
 389 ; H. G. Gardner, superintendent. 
 
 Liberty Centre is 7 miles northeast of Napoleon and 29 miles southwest of 
 Toledo via W. St. L. & P. Railroad, It has 1 newspaper : Press, Independent, 
 J. H. Smith and D. S. Mires, proprietors. Four churches : 1 Methodist Episco- 
 pal, 1 German Reformed, 1 Adventist, and 1 United Brethren. Population in 
 1880, 504. 
 
 Holgate is 10 miles south of Napoleon and 42 miles southwest of Toledo, at 
 the crossing of the T. C. & St. L. and B. & O. Railroads, It has 1 newspaper : 
 Times, Independent, W. E. Decker, editor and publisher. Four churches : 1 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Lutheran, and 1 Catholic. Factories and 
 employees: Chris. E. Whitlock, lumber, 10; Shelly & Bros., hoops and staves, 
 60 ; Bray Bros., staves and heading, 40 ; G. Laubenthal, lumber, etc., 1C. — State 
 Report, 1888. Population in 1880, 595. School census, 1886, 353 ; W. E< 
 Decker, superintendent. 
 
912 
 
 HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 HIGHLAOT). 
 
 Highland County was formed in May, 1805, from Ross, Adams and Cler- 
 mont, and so named because on the highlands between the Scioto and the Little 
 Miami. The surface is part rolling and part level, and the soil various. As a 
 whole it is a wealtliy and productive county. Area about 470 square miles. In 
 1887 the acres cultivated were 119,588 ; in pasture, 128,380; woodland, 54,430; 
 lying waste, 4,728 ; produced in wheat, 323,884 bushels; rye, 3,434; buckwheat, 
 47 ; oats, 134,249 ; barley, 796 ; corn, 1,192,567 ; broom corn, 10,095 lbs. brush ; 
 meadow hay, 19,965 tons ; clover hay, 1,952; potatoes, 24,083 bushels; tobacco, 
 25,940 lbs.; butter, 560,802 lbs.; cheese, 150; sorghum, 4,044 gallons; maple 
 syrup, 6,486; honey, 2,748 lbs.; eggs, 598,205 dozen; grapes, 5,100 lbs.; 
 wine, 16 gallons; sweet potatoes, 2,464 bushels; apples, 2,132; peaches, 760; 
 pears, 327 ; wool, 88,442 lbs.; milch cows owned, 6,536. School census, 1888, 
 9,189; teachers, 256. Miles of railroad track, 50. 
 
 Townships and Census. 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Brush Creek, 
 
 1,502 
 
 1,651 
 
 Marshall, 
 
 
 811 
 
 Clay, 
 
 783 
 
 1,449 
 
 New Market, 
 
 1,302 
 
 1,080 
 
 Concord, 
 
 1,014 
 
 1,235 
 
 Paint, 
 
 2,560 
 
 2,476 
 
 Dodson, 
 
 795 
 
 1,871 
 
 Penn, 
 
 
 1,507 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 3,544 
 
 2,470 
 
 Salem, 
 
 1,004 
 
 1,144 
 
 Hamer, 
 
 1,051 
 
 Union, 
 
 1,089 
 
 1,453 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 2,352 
 
 942 
 
 Washington, 
 
 
 944 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 3,521 
 
 1,916 
 
 5,381 
 
 3,568 
 
 White Oak, 
 
 887 
 
 1,248 
 
 Population in 
 
 Highland in 
 
 1820 was 12,308 ; in 1830, 16,347 
 
 ; 1840, 
 
 22,269 ; 
 
 1860, 27,773 ; 1880, 30,281, of whom 26,373 were born in Ohio ; 1,120 in Vir- 
 ginia ; 527 in Pennsylvania; 367 in Kentucky; 134 in Indiana; 123 in New 
 York ; 382 in Ireland ; 214 in German Empire ; 156 in France ; 64 in England 
 and Wales; 51 in Scotland, and 21 in British America. Census, 1890, 29,048. 
 
 This county was first settled about the year 1801 ; the principal part of the 
 early settlers were from Virginia and North Carolina, many of whom were 
 Friends. The first settlement was made in the vicinity of New Market, by 
 Oliver Ross, Robert Huston, Geo. W. Barrere and others. Among the settlers 
 of the county was Bernard Weyer, the discoverer of the noted cave in Virginia, 
 known as Weyer’s cave,^’ who is yet living on the rocky fork of Paint creek. 
 Tlie celebrated pioneer and hunter, Simon Kenton, made a trace through this 
 county, which passed through or near the site of Hillsboro' : it is designated in 
 various land titles as Kenton's Trace." The fight between Simon Kenton with 
 a party of whites and another of Indians under Tecumseh took place in what is 
 now Dodson township, south of Lynchburg, as described in full in Vol. I., page 
 328, of this work. 
 
 Hillsborough in 184-6. — Hillsborough, the county-seat, is on the dividing ridge 
 between the Miami and Scioto, in a remarkably healthy situation, sixty-two miles 
 south from Columbus, and thirty-six westerly from Chillicothe. It was laid out 
 as the seat of justice in 1807, on land of Benjamin Ellicott, of Baltimore, the 
 site being selected by David Hays, the commissioner appointed for that purpose. 
 Prior to this, the seat of justice was at New Market, although the greater part of 
 the population of Highland was north and east of Hillsborough. The original 
 town plat comprised 200 acres, 100 of which Mr. Ellicott gave to the county, 
 and sold the remainder at $2 per acre. It contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, 
 and 1 Baptist ehurch, 2 newspaper printing offices, 14 stores, and had m 1840, 
 
HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 9^3 
 
 868 inhabitants. It is a neat village, the tone of society elevated, and its in- 
 habitants disposed to foster the literary institutions situated here. 
 
 The Hillsborough academy was founded in 1827 ; its first teacher was the Rev. 
 J. McD. Mathews. A charter was obtained shortly after, and the funds of the 
 institution augmented by two valuable tracts, comprising 2,000 acres, given by 
 Maj. Adam Hoops and the late Hon. John Brown, of Kentucky. A handsome 
 brick building has been purchased by its trustees, on a beautiful eminence near 
 the town, which is devoted to the purposes of the institution. It has the nucleus 
 for a fine library, and ere long will possess an excellent philosophical and chemical 
 apparatus. It isbiow very flourishing, and has a large number of pupils ; the 
 classical and mathematical courses are as thorough and extensive, as any college 
 in the West;’^ instruction is also given in other branches usually taught in col- 
 leges. Especial attention is given to training young men as teachers. It is under 
 the charge of Isaac Sams, Esq. The Oakland female seminary, a chartered in- 
 stitution, was commenced in 1839, by the Rev. J. McD. Mathews, who has still 
 charge of it. It now has over 100 pupils, and is in exeel lent repute. Diplomas 
 are conferred upon its graduates. The academy is beautifully located in the out- 
 skirts of the village, and is well furnished with maps, apparatus, etc., and has a 
 small library. — Old Edition. 
 
 Hillsborough, county-seat of Highland, about 60 miles southwest of Colum- 
 bus, 61 miles east of Cincinnati, is at the terminus of the Hillsborough branch of 
 the C. W. & B. Railroad, and on the O. & N. W. Railroad. 
 
 County Officers, 1888 : Auditor, George W. Lefevre; Clerk, John H. Keech; 
 Commissioners, John M. Foust, Isaac Larkin, George W. Miller; Coroner, R. 
 A. Brown ; Infirmary Directors, E. V. Grim, Richard Crosen, George W. Smith ; 
 Probate Judge, Le Roy Kelly; Prosecuting Attorney, J. B. Worley; Recorder, 
 Samuel N. Patton ; Sheriff, M. S. Mackerly ; Surveyor, Nathaniel Massie ; 
 Treasurer, E. O. Hetherington. City Officers, 1888: A. Harman, Mayor; W. 
 H. Ayres, Clerk ; G. W. Rhoades, Marshal ; James Reece, Treasurer ; D. Q. 
 Morrow, Solicitor ; Patrick McCabe, Superintendent of Public Works. 
 
 Newspapers : Gazette, Democratic, A. E. Hough, editor. Hough & Dittey, pub- 
 lishers ; News-Herald, Republican, Neivs-Herald Publishing Company, editors 
 and publishers. Churches : 1 Protestant Episcopal, 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Catholic, 1 Wesleyan Methodist (colored), 1 Baptist 
 (colored). Banks : Citizens’ National, C. M. Overman, president ; O. S. Price, 
 cashier. First National, John A. Smith, president ; L. S. Smith, cashier. Mer- 
 chants’ National, Henry Strain, president ; E. L. Ferris, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees : Carroll & Downham, carriages, etc., 20 ; J. S. 
 Ellifritz & Co., blankets, etc., 13 ; J. W. Pence, building material, 5 ; Enterprise 
 Planing Mill, doors, sash, etc., 8 ; Evans & McGuire, flour, etc., 5 ; C. S. Bell & 
 Co., bells, etc., 60 ; Richards & Ay re, flour, etc., 3 ; J. M. Boyd & Co., flour, 
 etc., 21 ; C. A. Roush & Co., lumber, 7. — State Report, 1888. 
 
 Population, 1880, 3,234. School census, 1888, 1080; Samuel Major, school 
 superintendent. Capital invested in manufacturing establishments, $85,500. 
 Value of annual product, $90,350. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Census, 
 1890, 3,645. 
 
 The site of Hillsborough is commanding. It stands like Rome ^^on seven 
 hills,” 753 feet above the Ohio, and with beautiful surroundings. It has an ex- 
 cellent public library of 6,000 volumes, supported by town taxation. Its people 
 possess a high reputation for culture ; a natural consequence of its long-enjoyed 
 advantages as an educational centre. Here are located the Highland Institute,” 
 the ‘‘ Hillsborough Conservatory of Music,” Rev. G. R. Beecher, president, with 
 nineteen teachers in music, art, and elocution, and one hundred and eighty-one 
 pupils; also the Hillsborough College, which admits pupils of both sexes. It 
 has a faculty of sixteen members, J. 14. McKenzie, president ; its entire course 
 occupying four years. It has a gymnasium and a military department, under 
 
914 
 
 HIGHLAND COUNTY, 
 
 Major Wm. E. Arnold, by which ^‘stooping forms become erect, narrow chests 
 expanded, and the whole bearing more manly.” 
 
 As is natural on such a spot some of its citizens have ventured into the realms 
 of authorship, viz. : Henry S. Doggett, by a biography of Prof. Isaac Sams ; 
 Samuel P. Scott, by Travels in Spain, elegant in illustrations, accurate and 
 full in its facts Ohas. H. Collins, of the Hillsborough bar, by a book of poetry, 
 Echoes from the Highland Hills also by Highland Hills to an Emperor’s 
 Tomb,” combining travels with poetry ; Henry A. Shepherd, a lawyer also, in a 
 History of Ohio,” which was only partially printed when he suddenly died 
 broken-hearted. His history in connection with that work is sad ; his materials, 
 after years of industry, having been twice destroyed by fire. Another author of 
 great promise was Hugh S. McNicol, who died young of consumption. Otway 
 Curry, journalist and poet, was born in Greenfield, this county, in 1804 ; and Pev. 
 Jas. B. Finley, who wrote books, was one of the first settlers, married here, and 
 began life as a liunter. 
 
 The Women’s Temperance Crusade. 
 
 In 1873 there was inaugurated at Hillsborough, Ohio, the most remarkable 
 movement against intemperance in the history of the world. Unique in its 
 methods, widespread in its results ; and although a failure, as regards its direct 
 purpose, nevertheless it accomplished much good, and advanced public sentiment 
 toward the reformation of the great evils of the vice of intemperance. 
 
 It had its origin in an address delivered in Hillsborough, on December 23, 
 1873, at Music Hall, by Dr. Dio Lewis, before a large audience. The lecture was 
 an eloquent and effective appeal. Dr. Lewis graphically portrayed the misery of 
 his childhood home, caused by an intemperate father. In the New York village 
 in which his parents resided, many of the fathers were intemperate and neglected 
 their families, which were supported by the wives and children, who worked in 
 mills and factories. He told how his mother, driven to desperation, started and 
 led a movement in which most of the women of the village participated. 
 
 These women met in the village church, 
 appealed to God to aid them and crown their 
 efforts with success ; and, kneeling before the 
 altar, solemnly pledged themselves to perse- 
 vere until victory was won. Their plan of 
 operations was to go in a body to the liquor- 
 sellers, appeal to their better nature to cease 
 a traffic that was carrying sorrow, degrada; 
 tion, and poverty to so many of their homes. 
 The movement was successful, and the sale 
 of liquor stopped in that village. 
 
 I)r. Lewis appealed to the women of Hills- 
 borough to do likewise. He then asked if 
 they were in favor of trying the experiment 
 there, and received a unanimous affirmative 
 response. All who were willing to act as a 
 committee to visit the liquor-dealers were re- 
 quested to rise, and more than fifty promptly 
 rose. 
 
 A committee of fifty leading citizens was 
 formed to aid the women by moral and finan- 
 cial support. More than $1 2,000 was pledged. 
 
 Next morning a meeting was held at the 
 Presbyterian church. Addresses were made 
 by all the pastors present, and Col. W. H. 
 Trimble, Hon. S. E. Hibben, and Judge 
 Matthews. The ladies all signed a solemn 
 compact, as follows ; “ \yith God’s help, we 
 will stand by each other in this work, and 
 persevere therein until it is accomplished ; 
 
 and see to it, as far as our influence goes, that 
 the traffic shall never be revived.’’ 
 
 On Christmas morning, at nine o’clock, 
 having completed the organization, one hun- 
 dred and fifteen women filed out of the 
 church, formed a procession, and marched to 
 the drug stores. These were the first to re- 
 ceive their attentions, and on this first morn- 
 ing two proprietors of the four drug stores — 
 J. J. Brown and Seybert & Isamenn — signed 
 the pledge ; the third offered to sell only on 
 his own prescription, but the fourth, Mr. W. 
 H. H. Dunn, refused any dictation. 
 
 On Friday, December 26, the saloons were 
 visited ; and Mrs. J. H. Thompson, daugh- 
 ter of the late Gov. Trimble, made the first 
 prayer in a liquor saloon. There were eleven 
 of these in the town, and they presented a 
 defiant front ; so that no signatures were se- 
 cured as a result of this first day’s work. 
 
 The next morning they received a com mu 
 nication from Mr. Dunn, the druggist, in re 
 ply to the appeal of the Committee of Visita 
 ti'U]. It was as follows : 
 
 “Ladies: In compliance with my agree- 
 ment, I give you this promise : That I will 
 carry on my business in the future as I have 
 in the past ; that is to say, that in the sale of 
 intoxicating liquors I will comply with the 
 
Draivn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Court-House, Hillsboro. 
 
 MRS. RUNYAN. 
 
 DIO LEWIS. 
 
 MOTHER STEWART. 
 
 Singing Before a Saloon, 
 
916 
 
 HIGhtAND COUNTY. 
 
 law ; nor will I sell to any person whose fa- 
 ther, mother, wife or daughter sends me a 
 written request not to make such sale.” 
 
 Dunn was represented as a man of frank, 
 open disposition, and with a high sense of 
 honor, which rendered the people unpre- 
 pared for the strong opposition which he 
 manifested. He was moved by no prayers, 
 and would listen to no entreaties. For a 
 while he made no objection to the ladies 
 coming into his store and carrying on their 
 devotions ; but at length, one Friday morn- 
 ing, they found the door locked upon them, 
 and were thereafter inexorably excluded. 
 This picture of the scenes there was thus de- 
 scribed : ^ 
 
 “However bitter the cold or piercing the 
 wind, these women could be seen, at almost 
 any hour of the day, kneeling on the cold 
 flag-stones before this store. In the midst, 
 with voice raised in earnest prayer, is the 
 daughter of a former governor of Ohio. 
 
 ‘ ‘ Surrounding her are the wives and daugh- 
 ters of statesmen, lawyers, bankers, physi- 
 cians, and business men — representatives 
 from nearly all the households of the place. 
 The pra 3 "er ended, the women rise from their 
 knees, and begin, in a low voice, some sweet 
 and familiar hymn, that brings back to the 
 heart of the looker-on the long-forgotten in- 
 fluences of childhood. Tears may b^e seen in 
 the eyes of red-nosed and hard-hearted men, 
 supposed to be long since past feeling. Pass- 
 ers by lift their hats and pass softly. Con- 
 versation is in subdued tones, and a sympa- 
 thetic interest is depicted on every face. 
 Then follows another subdued prayer and a 
 song, at the close of which a fresh relay of 
 women come up, and the first ones retire to 
 the residence of an honored citizen, close at 
 hand, where a lunch is spread for their re- 
 freshment. Soon it is their turn to resume 
 their praying and singing ; and so the siege 
 is kept up from morning till night, and day 
 after day, with little variation in method or 
 incidents.” 
 
 Meanwhile the saloons were not neglected. 
 The war upon them made slow but certain 
 progress. 
 
 By January 30th, five saloons and three 
 drug-stores had yielded, and about the same 
 number of saloons and one drug-store re- 
 mained. 
 
 The following amusing “inside view” of 
 one of these saloon visits appeared in a Cin- 
 cinnati paper. It was given by a young blood 
 who was there. He and a half dozen others, 
 who had been out of town and did not know 
 what was going on, had ranged themselves 
 in the familiar semicircle before the bar, and 
 had their drinks ready and cigars prepared 
 for the match, when the rustle of women’s 
 wear attracted their attention, and looking 
 up they saw what they thought a crowd of a 
 thousand women entering. One youth saw 
 among them his mother and sister ; another 
 had two cousins in the invading host, and a 
 still more unfortunate recognized his intended 
 mother-in-law. Had the invisible prince of 
 
 the pantomime touched them with his magic 
 wand, converting all to statues, the tableau 
 could not have been more impressive. For 
 full one minute they stood as if turned to 
 stone ; then a slight motion was evident, and 
 lager-beer and brandy-smash descended slowly 
 to the counter, while segars dropped un- 
 lighted from nerveless fingers. Happily, at 
 this juncture the ladies struck up : 
 
 “ Oh, do not be discouraged. 
 
 For Jesus is your friend.” 
 
 It made a diversion, and the party escaped 
 to the street, “ scared out of a year’s growth.” 
 
 On the morning of January 31st Mr. Dunn 
 had printed and distributed about the town 
 a “Notice to the Ladies of Hillsborough,” 
 which addressed some thirty ladies and nearly 
 the same number of men by name, and 
 warned them that further interference with 
 his business would be followed by suit at law 
 for damages anc* trespass. 
 
 Notwithstanding this notice it was resolved 
 to go on with the work. The mayor’s con- 
 sent was given for the erection of a tempo- 
 rary structure on the street in front of the 
 store. This was called the “Tabernacle.” 
 It was constructed of canvas and plank, and 
 the ladies at once took possession. Dunn 
 applied to* the Court, and Judge Salford 
 issued an injunction, and the “Tabernacle” 
 was quietly taken down that night. Then 
 came the trial of the case. High legal talent 
 was employed on both sides. It was a long 
 and weary contest, and the verdict was not 
 reached until May, 1875, when a decision in 
 favor of Mr. Dunn awarded him five ($5) 
 dollars damages. From this judgment an 
 appeal was made to the Supreme Court, but 
 the case was finally compromised and never 
 came to trial. 
 
 The day after inaugurating the “ Crusade ” 
 at Hillsborough, Dr. Lewis started the move- 
 ment at Washington Court-House, the plan 
 being the same as that adopted at Hillsbo- 
 rough, and it met with such success that in 
 eleven days eleven saloons and three drug- 
 stores had capitulated. Not a drop of liquor 
 could be bought within the corporate limits of 
 Washington Court-House ; but there were two 
 obdurate saloon-keepers just outside the cor- 
 porate limits. One of these, named Slater, 
 resorted to several plans for freezing the ladies 
 out of his establishment. He allowed his 
 fire to go out, opened all the windows, and 
 wet the floor down with water until it stood 
 in pools. It was bitter January weather and. 
 the cold was very severe on the ladies. But 
 one morning Mr. Slater was surprised to find 
 before his door a small portable building, 
 hastily constructed of boards, supplied with 
 seats and a stove. The side facing him was 
 open. Comfortably seated in this, the first 
 “Tabernacle” of the Crusade, the besieging 
 party continued praying and singing, but the 
 Desieged held out against “moral suasion” 
 until about the middle of January, when he 
 was brought to terms by a criminal prosecu- 
 tion under the Adair law. 
 
HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 From Washington Court-House the move- 
 ment extended to Wilmington and other 
 towns and villages, until finally alnaost every 
 town and village in Southern Ohio had its 
 band of ‘ ‘ Crusaders. ’ ’ The outside world 
 began to grow interested. The public press 
 said it was destined to be the sensation of 
 the day, and special correspondents were de- 
 tailed to chronicle its history and incidents. 
 
 A number of women under the stimulus 
 of the movement developed into powerful 
 public speakers, with a wonderful power of 
 expression and fervor. These were called 
 from their native places to do missionary 
 work in other localities. Prominent among 
 these were Mother Stewart, of Springfield ; 
 Mrs. Runyan, wife of a Methodist minister 
 
 of Wilmington, and Mrs. Hadley, a soft- 
 spoken Quakeress of Wilmington. 
 
 The most refractory individual with whom 
 the ladies had to deal during this “Crusade ” 
 was John Van Pelt. An account of this case 
 is given in the Clinton county chapter of this 
 work. 
 
 About the 1st of February, 1874, the Cin- 
 cinnati Gazette published statistics showing 
 that, in twenty-five towns, 109 saloons had 
 been closed and ^ twenty -two drug-stores 
 pledged not to sell intoxicating liquors. An 
 effort was made to start the movement in 
 larger cities, such as Columbus and Cincin- 
 nati, but without success, and a few months 
 later the whole movement had gradually sub- 
 sided and died out. 
 
 Allen Trimble was born in Augusta county, Va., November 24, 1783. 
 His parents were of Scotch-Irish stock. His father. Captain James, removed to 
 Lexington, Ky., and shortly after his death, which occurred in 1804, Allen 
 settled in Highland county, where he was clerk of the courts and recorder in 
 1809-16. In the war of 1812 he commanded a mounted regiment under Gen. 
 Wm. Henry Harrison, and rendered efficient service. He was sent to the Ohio 
 House of Representatives in 1816; was elected State Senator in 1817; was made 
 Speaker of that body, and held the position until January 7, 1822, when he 
 became acting Governor and served to the end of that year. In 1826 he was 
 elected Governor, and re-elected in 1828. In 1846-48 was President of the first 
 State Board of Agriculture. 
 
 As governor he did much to extend and 
 improve the . common school system, en- 
 courage manufactures and promote peniten- 
 tiary reform. He was a man of strong 
 religious feeling, of strict integrity, shrewd 
 and with much of what is commonly called 
 “good common sense.” These qualities 
 made his career of greater service to the 
 people of Ohio than if he had possessed 
 more brilliant parts without balance. He 
 died at the age of eighty-seven, at Hillsboro, 
 Ohio, February 3, 1870. 
 
 The Hon. Wm. A. Trimble was born 
 in Woodford,^ Ky., April 4, 1786. His 
 father. Captain James Trimble, had emi- 
 grated with his family from Augusta, Va., to 
 Kentucky. In the year 1804, being deeply 
 impressed with the evils of slavery, he was 
 about to remove into Highland, when he was 
 taken unwell and died. His son William 
 graduated at Transylvania University, after 
 which he returned to Ohio, spent some time 
 in the office of his brother Allen, since Gov. 
 Trimble, later studied law at Litchfield, 
 Conn., and returned to Highland and com- 
 menced the practice of his profession. 
 
 At the breaking out of the war of 1812, 
 he was chosen major in the Ohio volunteers, 
 was at Hull’s surrender and was liberated on 
 his parole. Some time in the following 
 winter he was regularly exchanged, and in 
 March was commissioned major in the 26th 
 regiment. In the defence of and sortie from 
 Fort Erie, he acted with signal bravery, and 
 received a severe wound, which was the 
 prominent cause of his death, years after. 
 
 He continued in the army until 1819, with 
 the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, at 
 which time he was elected to the National 
 senate, to succeed Mr. Morrow, whose time 
 of service had expired. In December, 1819, 
 he took his seat, and soon gave promise of 
 much future usefulness. He progressed for 
 two sessions of Congress in advancing the 
 public interest, and storing his mind with 
 useful knowledge, when nature yielded to the 
 recurring shocks of disease, and he died, 
 December 13, 1821, aged 35 years. 
 
 Joseph Benson Foraker was born July 
 5, 1846, in a log-cabin, about one mile north 
 of Rainsboro. His ancestors came to Ohio 
 from Virginia and Delaware on account of 
 distaste of slavery. Bred on his father’s 
 farm he assisted him on the farm and in the 
 grist and saw mill thereon. One day when a 
 small boy he tore his only pair of pants. 
 There was no suitable cloth at hand to make 
 a new pair and time was too precious to send 
 any one to town ; in this dilemma his mother 
 made him a pair out of a coffee sack. He 
 protested against wearing these to school, 
 saying, “All the boys will laugh at me.” 
 “Never heed what the boys say,” replied 
 his mother. “If you become a useful man 
 nobody will ask what kind of pantaloons you 
 wore when a child.” 
 
 At the age of sixteen he enlisted in the 
 89th Ohio infantry, and distinguished him 
 self wherever duty called him. He was 
 made sergeant in August, 1862; first lieu- 
 tenant in March, 1865 ; was brevetted captain 
 “for efficient services. ” He was at the bat- 
 

 
 
 Kratzer, Photo. 
 
 Resident Street, Hillsboro, 1890 . 
 
 Kratzer, Photo. 
 
 Business Street, Hillsboro, 1890 . 
 
HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 919 
 
 ties of Missionary Ridge, Ken nesaw Mountain, 
 Lookout Mountain, and was with Sherman 
 in his march to the sea. Ryan’s History of 
 Ohio says of him : “He was mustered out 
 
 JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER. 
 
 of the army, after a brave and brilliant ser- 
 vice, when but nineteen years of age. After 
 the war he spent two years at the Ohio Wes- 
 leyan University, Delaware, Ohio, and thence 
 went to Cornell University. He graduated 
 there July 1, 1869. 
 
 In 1879 he was elected Judge of the Su- 
 erior Court of Cincinnati, which position he 
 eld for three years. In 1883 he was nom- 
 inated for governor, but was defeated by 
 Judge Hoadly, the Democratic candidate. 
 In 1885 he was again nominated and elected. 
 He was renominated and re-elected in 1887. 
 [In 1889 he was again renominated, but was 
 defeated by the Democratic candidate, James 
 E. Campbell, of Butler county.] 
 
 His administrations have been marked by 
 a brave and conscientious execution of all 
 duties that are made his under the law. As 
 an orator, for fearless and passionate elo- 
 quence, he has no superior in the State. He 
 is aggressive, yet attractive in his public 
 declarations, and is recognized by men of all 
 parties as honest and courageous.” 
 
 In his person Gov. Foraker is remarkably 
 symmetrical, with a well-poised head, and his 
 carriage graceful. In his social intercourse 
 he is winning and attractive to an extraor- 
 dinary degree. 
 
 The family are Methodists, and he was 
 named Joseph Benson, the name of the 
 author of the Methodist Commentary on the 
 Bible. That he should when a lad of six- 
 teen be enabled to recruit for the war more 
 \nen for his company than any other person 
 evinced extraordinary natural persuasive pow- 
 
 ers. When in service he kept a daily journal, 
 from which we make brief extracts to illus- 
 trate the savagery of war. 
 
 January 4, 1864. — Would like to be in Hills- 
 boro’ to-day to go to eburcb. Many a poor soldier 
 to-day hovers over bis smoky fire, while the cold, 
 heartless winds come tearing through his thin 
 tent, almost freezing him to death, and yet you 
 hear no word of complaint. 4'liey are the bravest 
 men that ever composed an army ; and while my 
 suffering is equal to theirs, I feel proud of my 
 condition — a clear conscience that I am doing my 
 duty: and this affords me more comfort than all 
 the enjoyments of liome. I feel a pride rising in 
 my bosom in realizing that I am a member of the 
 old Fourteenth corps of the Army of the Cumber- 
 land 
 
 Chattanooga, December 4, 1863.— Reached 
 the regiment just in time to go into a fight. Don’t 
 like fighting well enough to make a profession of 
 it. War is cruel, and when this conflict is over 
 I shall retire from })ublic life 
 
 New Year’s Day. — Cold as Greenland. Noth- 
 ing to eat, scarcely any wood to burn, and enough 
 work for ten men 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn., December 1, 1863. . . . 
 Arrived just in time to engage in the fight. I 
 found the regiment under arms. The army charged 
 Missionary Ridge. Our brigade charged on 
 double quick over two miles and up an awfully 
 steep mountain. I commanded two companies, 
 A and B — brave boys. I threw myself in front 
 
 THE OLD MILL. 
 
 and told them to follow. They kept as pretty a 
 line as 1 ever saw them make on drill. The rebs 
 had two cross fires and a front one. They knocked 
 us around. I reached the top of a hill without a 
 scratch, but just as I leaped over their breast- 
 works a large shell burst just before me. A small 
 fragment put a hole in my cap, knocking it off 
 my head. As soon as I got into the breastworks 
 and the rebs began to fall back, I commenced 
 rallying my men. I had the company about 
 formed when Capt. Curtis, Gen. Turchin’s adju- 
 tant-general, galloped up and com{)limented me. 
 .... I never wish to see another fight. It is au 
 
HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 920 
 
 awful sight to see men shot down all around you 
 as you would shoot a beef. .... 
 
 December 2. — There is a hospital in the rear of 
 our camp. You can hear the wounded screaming 
 all through the day. Legs, arms and hands lie 
 before the door . . . They are cutting off more or 
 
 less every day .... War sickens me .... I 
 have about thirty men left out of the one hundred 
 and one we started with over a year ago. The 
 regiment does not look the same .... Come 
 what will, I shall stick to the comj)any, if I die 
 with it. 
 
 Ohio’s Wondeeland. 
 
 About thirteen miles east of Hillsborough, near the county line and road to 
 Chillicothe, the Rocky Fork of Paint creek passes for about two miles, previous 
 to its junction with the main stream, through a deep gorge, in some places more 
 than a hundred feet in depth, and forming a series of wild, picturesque views, one 
 of which, at a place called the narrows,” is here represented. In the ravine are 
 numerous caves, which are much visited. One or two of them have been ex- 
 plored for a distance of several hundred yards. 
 
 The above paragraph is all that is given in our original edition of what is now 
 the most attractive scenic spot in all this region of country. 
 
 A writer in the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, under the title of Ohio’s 
 Wonderland,” gives an interesting description, from which we abridge the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 The lover of the wild, the rugged and the 
 romantic can in this locality find something 
 new at every step he takes. There are no 
 high mountains to climb, but there are caves 
 to explore, and chasms, cascades, terraces, 
 waterfalls, grottos, etc., without number. 
 As the crow flies it is about seventy-five miles 
 east from Cincinnati, and fourteen east of 
 Hillsboro’ ; a pleasant way to get there from 
 Hillsboro’ is by carriage. There is a well- 
 kept hotel conveniently located, with all the 
 outfits necessary for boating, fishing and ex- 
 ploring. 
 
 Prof. Orton, in his geological report for 
 1870, says ; This stream — the Rocky Fork 
 — is an important element in the geography 
 of the county, and it also exhibits its geology 
 most satisfactorily. It is bedded in rock from 
 its source to its mouth, and in its banks and 
 bordering cliffs it discloses every foot of the 
 great Niagara^ formation of the county . . . 
 At its mouth it has reached the very summit 
 of the system, and the structure of these 
 upper beds it reveals in a gorge whose ver- 
 tical walls are ninety feet high, and the width 
 of which is scarcely more than two hundred 
 feet. Certain portions of this limestone 
 weather and rain dissolve more easily than 
 the rest, and have been carried away in con- 
 siderable quantities, leaving overhanging 
 cliffs and receding caves along the lines of its 
 outcrop, and the scenery is the most striking 
 and beautiful of its kind in southeastern 
 Ohio .... The limestone abounds in very 
 interesting fossils. The great bivalve shell 
 Megalomus Canadensis is especially abun- 
 dant, as are also large univalve shells, all of 
 which can be obtained to good advantage 
 near Ogle’s distillery. 
 
 The custom is to enter the gorge at the 
 “Point” near the hotel, and go up through 
 and along it. Weird wonders are revealed at 
 
 every step ; one moment in the shadow of an 
 overhanging cliff bedecked with trailing vines, 
 and ferns and bright-hued wild flowers nod- 
 ding and waving in all their beauty, nature’s 
 own grand conservatory ; then a placid sheet 
 of water comes to view, and cascades dancing 
 in the sunlight ; there are overhanging rocks 
 under which a score of people could find 
 shelter, and numerous caverns, aside from 
 the four large caves. 
 
 The ‘ ‘ Dry cave ’ ’ is the first of these. It 
 is not so extensive as the others, having a 
 length only of about 300 feet, but some of 
 the chambers are so beautifully set with sta- 
 lagmite and stalactite forinations that it weh 
 repays a visit. The cave is perfectly dry and 
 the air bracing. 
 
 The “Wet cave,” so called from a spring 
 of cold water some 600 feet from its mouth, 
 is a series of chambers in which are found 
 large quantities of white, ' soapy clay. The 
 arches of this cave are of varied and peculiar 
 shapes and formations, the water that con- 
 stantly percolates through the rocks an< 
 crevices having produced many queer shapes. 
 These drops reflecting the light from the ex- 
 plorers’ torches give a weird effect, looking, 
 like diamonds in the uncertain light above. 
 
 The “ Dancing cave ” takes its name from 
 the use it is put to by parties visiting the 
 locality. The large dancing chamber is light 
 and nature has kindly provided stalagmite 
 seats around it for the convenience of her 
 guests. Near this cave are two stone ‘ ‘ cairns, 
 but their origin and use are buried in the 
 mysteries of the past. 
 
 Two hundred yards farther up is a glen, the 
 entrance to “Marble cave,” one of the most 
 beautiful of the group, being especially rich 
 in variety and formation. There are quite a 
 number of chambers in the Marble cave, all 
 of good size. And here across the glen is 
 
Eocky Gorge of Paint Creek. Port Hill Environs 
 
922 
 
 HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 “Profile Rock.” Following a narrow path 
 you pass through “Gypsy Glen,” then gaze 
 with awe at ‘ ‘ Bracket Rock, ’ ’ with an alti- 
 tude of nearly 100 feet. And then there is a 
 halt and expressions of delight as ‘ ‘ Mussett 
 Hole ’ ’ breaks upon the view. A deep little 
 body of water at the base of towering rocks, 
 and on its margin stands a huge monarch of 
 the forest, named the “Boone Tree.” Tra- 
 dition has it that this was a favorite camping 
 ground of the Indians when on their way to 
 Sandusky from Kentucky, and that they al- 
 ways stopped here to rest and fish and hunt. 
 
 There is a remarkable little gorge near the 
 “ Mussett Hole. ” But there are scores of 
 surprises awaiting the visitor at every turn. 
 
 The Creator has evidently had it all his 
 own way in preparing these caves and chasms, 
 and wise (?) men have not attempted to im- 
 prove upon his plans with artificial arrange- 
 ments. One of these days, perhaps, there 
 will be some modern improvements attempted, 
 but for the present this wonderland can be 
 viewed in all its original majesty and mag- 
 nificence. 
 
 Fort Hill. 
 
 One of the most interesting of the numerous ancient earthworks in this part of 
 Ohio is Fort Hill ; it is especially interesting, because it presents more of the 
 characteristics of a defensive work than any other in the State. It is situated in 
 Brush Creek township, seventeen miles southeast of Hillsborough, and three miles 
 north of Sinking Springs. The work occupies the top of an isolated hill, which 
 has an elevation of five hundred feet above the bed of the East Fork of Brush 
 creek, which skirts the base of the hill on the north and west. The top of the 
 hill is a nearly level plateau of thirty-five acres, enclosed by an artificial wall of 
 stone and earth, excavated around the brink of the hill, interior to the fort. The 
 ditch formed by the excavation is nearly fifty feet wide. The wall or embank- 
 ment is 8,582 feet long, contains about 50,000 cubic yards of material, has a base 
 
 averaging twenty-five feet, and an avera^ 
 are thirty-three gateways or entrances i 
 intervals, and ranging in width from ten 
 ings the interior ditch is filled up. 
 
 The space enclosed is almost entirely cov- 
 ered with forest, which extends in all direc- 
 tions to the base of the hill. Within the 
 fort are two small ponds, which could be 
 made to retain in rainy weather large quanti- 
 ties of water. The hill near the top is very 
 precipitous, and the fort, as a place of mili- 
 tary defence, would be almost impregnable. 
 It overlooks a wide extent of country. A 
 short distance south are remains of earth- 
 works, which indicate the site of an ancient 
 village, the inhabitants of which probably re- 
 lied upon the fort as a place of defence and 
 protection against an invading enemy. 
 
 Negotiations were entered into for the pur- 
 chase and preservation of this work by the 
 Peabody Institute, of Cambridge, Mass., but 
 the purchase has not been made as yet. This 
 institution purchased, explored, restored, and 
 turned into a public park the Serpent Mound, 
 in Adams county, and the State has recently 
 purchased Fort Ancient, with a view to its 
 preservation, and we trust that some means 
 may be consummated for the preservation of 
 this important work. 
 
 Mr. H. W. Overman has recently made a 
 survey of the fort ; the results of which are 
 given in the “Ohio Archaeological and His- 
 torical Quarterly.” He writes ; 
 
 “The vicinity of Fort Hill is by no means 
 void of natural scenery. The channel of 
 Ib’ush creek has cut its way through an im- 
 mense gorge of Niagara limestone for a dis- 
 tance of two or three miles, forming numer- 
 
 height of from six to ten feet. There 
 n the embankment, arranged at irregular 
 to fifteen feet. At eleven of these o})en- 
 
 ous cliffs and caverns. On the west side of 
 this gorge, at the foot of Fisher’s Hill, is a 
 cave, once occupied by David Davis, an in- 
 genious and eccentric hermit, who made the 
 cavern his home for a number of years from 
 about 1847. He discovered a vein of ore 
 near his abode, from which he manufactured 
 in limited quantities a valuable and durable 
 metallic paint, of a color approaching a rose- 
 tint, and of metallic lustre, which gained 
 considerable local reputation. ^ The ore, how- 
 ever, so far as yet discovered, is not in paying 
 quantities. His cave and surrounding scen- 
 ery, situated as it is in one of the most ro- 
 mantic regions of Southern Ohio, is well 
 worthy of inspection.” 
 
 The Hard Year. 
 
 The year 1807 was called the hard year by 
 the early settlers of Highland county. We 
 abridge from an interesting and valuable 
 series of papers on the “History of the Early 
 Settlement of Highland County,” published 
 by the Hillsborough Gazette. In the spring 
 of this year hordes of squirrels overran the 
 southern part of the State. They swam the 
 Ohio river in myriads, and the crop just 
 planted was almost entirely taken up. Re- 
 l)lanting was resorted to, for corn must be 
 raised ; but with like results. Bread was, of 
 course, the first great necessary, and could 
 only be procured by clearing off and cultivat- 
 ing the soil. Wheat, rye, barley, and oats 
 
HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 had not yet become articles of common culti- 
 vation, the great dependence being Indian 
 corn. Some farmers had commenced grow- 
 ing wheat in the older settlements, and by 
 this time had become somewhat dependent 
 upon it, in part, for bread. But this year 
 the entire crop was sick and could not be 
 eaten by man or beast ; and as if to enforce 
 the terrors of famine in prospective, all the 
 new ground corn that escaped the ravages of 
 the squirrels in the spring was literally cooked 
 by severe frosts early in September. 
 
 I have known, says one who witnessed it, 
 cases where whole families subsisted entirely 
 on potatoes, cabbage, turnips, etc. Added to 
 this was the almost disgusting and nauseating 
 bread and mush, made of meal ground from 
 the frost-bitten corn, as black as a hat. 
 
 The sweeping depredations of the squirrels 
 that year resulted in the passage of an act by 
 the legislature, on the first Monday of De- 
 cember, 1807, entitled “An act to encourage 
 the killing of squirrels. ” This act made it a 
 
 ositive obligation on all persons within the 
 
 tate, subject to the payment of county tax, 
 to furnish, in addition thereto, a certain num- 
 ber of squirrel scalps, to be determined by 
 the township trustees. This was imperative, 
 and it was made the duty of the lister to no- 
 tify each person of the number of scalps he 
 was required to furnish ; and if any one re- 
 fused or failed to furnish the specified quan- 
 tity, he was subject to the same penalties and 
 forfeitures as delinquent tax- payers ; and any 
 person producing a greater number than was 
 demanded was to receive two cents per scalp 
 out of the county treasury. This law, how- 
 ever, was rendered inoperative almost imme- 
 diately afterwards by the interposition of a 
 higher power, for the severe winter of 1807-8 
 almost totally annihilated the squirrel race, 
 the law was not enforced, and finally, in the 
 winter of 1809, was repealed. 
 
 Remarkable Fortitude of a Boy. 
 
 In the excellent “History of Highland 
 County” by Daniel Scott is related a re- 
 markable instance of courage and fortitude 
 of a boy. We give herewith an abridged 
 account of it. 
 
 James Carlisle came from Virginia to 
 Highland county in 1805. He settled on a 
 farm and became a celebrated tobacco planter 
 and manufacturer. He was probably the 
 first one to make a regular business of it ; 
 which he commenced in 1805, and continued 
 until his death in 1832. His manufacture of 
 tobacco was about the only kind in use 
 throughout Southern Ohio. It was put up 
 in large twists of two or more pounds in 
 weight and was exceedingly strong. 
 
 On day during the summer, when the 
 family were away from home, his two sons, 
 John and James, lads of eight and six years, 
 were at work in the tobacco field. They 
 were engaged in “suckering” the plants, 
 beginning at the top and running their hands 
 to the lower leaves, detecting the suckers by 
 their touch, when James cried out that he 
 
 was bitten by a rattlesnake. The snake had 
 been coiled up under the lower leaves of the 
 plant. This was a most alarming condition 
 for the boys. They were well aware of the 
 fatal effects of the bite, but did not know 
 what to do and there were none near to ad- 
 vise them. 
 
 But James, with the courage of a true 
 backwoods boy, rapidly settled in his own 
 mind the course to be pursued. They had 
 taken an old dull tomahawk out with them 
 for some purpose and James peremptorily 
 ordered his brother John to take it and cut 
 his hand off, at the same time laying it on a 
 stump and pointing to the place where it was 
 to be cut at the wrist. This John positively re- 
 fused to do, giving as his reason that the 
 tomahawk was too dull. There was no time 
 to discuss the matter, and James could not 
 cut it himself, so they compromised on the 
 wounded finger, which John consented to cut 
 off. It had already turned black and swollen 
 very much. John made several ineffectual 
 attempts to cut off the finger, which was the 
 first finger of the right hand, but only hacked 
 and bruised it. J ames, however, held it 
 steady and encouraged his brother to pro- 
 ceed, saying it must come off or he should 
 soon die. John finally got it off, but in 
 doing so badly mutilated the hand. This 
 heroic treatment, however, saved the boy's 
 life. He grew to_ manhood, and finally re- 
 moved to Missouri. 
 
 The Women’s Raid at Greenfield. 
 
 On September 3, 1864, a young man of 
 good character named William Blackburn 
 was shot and killed while passing by on the 
 sidewalk in front of Newbeck’s saloon. At 
 the time a general fight was going on within 
 the saloon, during which a pistol-shot was 
 fired. 
 
 The public indignation was very intense, 
 all the more so that the guilty person could 
 not be discovered. The excitement, how- 
 ever, gradually died away, but some ten 
 months later it was again aroused by several 
 occurrences of an evil nature, scenes of 
 distress and violence, fights and wife-beatings, 
 which resulted in the women of Greenfield 
 holding a meeting to determine some method 
 of suppressing the liquor traflfc. The meet- 
 ing was held July 10, 1865, in the' African 
 M. E. Church, then used as a school-house 
 and place for public gatherings. The follow- 
 ing resolution to be presented to the liquor 
 sellers was passed ; 
 
 “That the ladies of Greenfield are deter- 
 mined to suppress the liquor traffic in their 
 midst. We demand your liquors, and give 
 you fifteen minutes to comply with our re- 
 quest, or abide the consequences.” 
 
 Then forming by twos in procession, the 
 ladies marched to the drug store of William 
 S. Linn. Here compliance with their request 
 was refused. They then crossed the street to 
 Hern & Newbeck’s saloon and again pre- 
 sented their demand and were again refused 
 compliance therewith, when ]^^rs. Drusilla 
 
924 
 
 HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Blackburn, becoming greatly excited, cried 
 out, “Here’s where the whiskey was sold 
 that killed my son.” Upon this, a passionate 
 attack was begun upon the saloon. Mrs. 
 Blackburn followed by her daughter and a 
 score of other ladies crowded through the 
 door ; hatchets, axes, mallets and other im- 
 plements were drawn from places of hiding, 
 and the work of demolition begun did not 
 end until everything in the place had been 
 destroyed and the liquor spilled and running 
 in the gutters of the street. A crowd of 
 men and boys that had gathered aided and 
 abetted the work. One thirsty individual 
 tried to save some liquor in a broken crock, 
 but one of the women discovered his attempt, 
 and pursued him hatchet in hand, so that he 
 was glad to escape unscathed without crock 
 or liquor. The ladies then returned to Linn’s 
 drug store, but finding_ it locked, forced the 
 door and spilled the liquors. ^ Other places 
 were then visited and the liquor spilled; 
 three saloons and three drug stores. There 
 was no stopping the work of destruction 
 until the passion of the women was ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 On July 14, following, William S. Linn 
 applied for a warrant, and a large number of 
 the ladies and those responsible for their ac- 
 tions arrested. The grand-jury, however, 
 refused to find a bill against them and 
 criminal action failed. A civil suit for dam- 
 ages was resorted to. Eminent legal talent 
 was engaged on both sides. The attorneys 
 for the plaintiff were Judge Sloane and 
 Messrs. Briggs, Dickey and Steele ; for the 
 defendants, Hon. Mills Gardner, Judge 
 Stanley Matthews and W. H. Irwin. 
 
 A verdict was returned awarding $625 
 damages. A motion was then made for a 
 new trial, but the case was finally compro- 
 mised. 
 
 Ten years later the women of Greenfield 
 were early in the field as “ Crusaders,” that 
 being the third town in the State to try 
 moral suasion, where violence had failed. 
 
 The following are the names of the ladies 
 published in The Highland County News, in 
 January, A. p. 1874, who constituted the 
 band at that time ; and among the names are 
 the seventy who first marched on the 24th of 
 December, A. d. 1873 : 
 
 Mrs. S. Anderson, R. R. Allen, Jas. Anderson, 
 Samuel Amen, C. Ayers, N. P. Ayers. Mrs. A. 
 Bennett, J. M. Boyd, J. Brown, J. J. Brown, C. 
 Brown, J. Bowles, Lizzie Brown, Wm. Barry, C. 
 S. Bell, J. L. Boardman, C. Buckner, Theodore 
 Brown, J. S. Black, W. P. Bernard; Thos. Barry, 
 G. B. Beecher, F. I. Bumgarner, Benj. Barrere, 
 Mary Brown, Julia Bentley, M. Bruce, J. Barrere, 
 Mary E. Bowers. Mrs. F. E. Chaney, Benj. Co- 
 nard, Ella Conard, T. S. Cowden, S. *D. Clayton, 
 S. W. Creed, Allen Cooper, C. H. Collins, W. O. 
 Collins, Col. Cook, Dr. Callahan. Mrs. L. Det- 
 wiler, W. Doggett, H. S. Doggett, Jas. W. Dog- 
 gett, J. Doggett, E. Dill, Lavinia Dill. Mrs. 
 Evans, R. F. Evans, J. H. Ely, Ella Fritz, Mrs. 
 Dr. Ellis, S. A. Eckly. B. Foraker [mother of 
 Gov. Foraker], Mrs. E. L. Ferris, M. Frost, Wm. 
 Ferguson, D. K. Fenner, N. Foraker. E. L. 
 Grand Girard, Geo. Glascock, J. Glascock, Henry 
 Glascock, R. Griffith, N. B. Gardner, Mrs. Gray- 
 ham, Mrs. Col. Glenn, J. C. Gregg. Mrs. Dr. 
 Holmes, James Hogshead, John Hogshead, Asa 
 Haynes, T. G. Hoggard, Paul Harsha, Wm. Hoyt, 
 A. S. Hinton. Mrs. J. Jones, L. Jones, Dr. John- 
 son, F. B. Jeans, J. W. Jolly, O. Jones. Mrs, 
 Kirkpatrick, Dr. Kirby, Frank Kibber. S. Lyle, 
 R. A. Linn, J. Langley. Mrs. Thos. Miller, J. 
 Manning, Mrs. Mather, Mrs. Dr. Matthews, Judge 
 Meek, C. B. Miller, C. Miller, R. McFadden, 
 Lewis McKibben, W. J. McSurely, J. McClure. 
 Mrs. J. C. Norton, M. T. Nelson, J. F. Nelson. 
 Chas. O’Harra. Mrs. J. W. Patterson, S. S. Pang- 
 burn, C. T. Pope, J. K. Pickering, T. H. Parker, 
 M. Perkins. Geo. Richards, Dr. Russ, J. C. Rit- 
 tenhouse, Joseph Richards, Jas. Reece, Thomas 
 Rodgers. Mrs. Eli Stafford, Dr. Smith, Dr. Sams, 
 Hugh Swearingen, Dr. W. W. Shepherd, John A. 
 Smith, Mary Simpson, Mrs. Strain, H. A. Stout, 
 Miss Maria Stewart, Mrs. Dr. Speese, J. B. Shinn, 
 E. G. Smith, Wm. Scott, Mrs. Shipp, Jacob Say- 
 ler, F. Shepherd. Mrs. Col. Wm. H. Trimble, 
 Eliza J. Thompson, Sarah Tucker, Anna Tucker. 
 Mrs. Vanwinkle. Mrs. Chas. Wilson, John L. 
 West. Mrs. George Zink. 
 
 Greenfield, at the intersection of the C. W. & B. and O. & S. Railroads, is 
 17 miles northeast of Hillsborough. It is beautifully situated on the west bank 
 of Paint creek. It was laid out by Duncan McArthur, while still a part of Ross 
 county, in 1800 ; and the public square, on which stands the city hall, contain- 
 ing the post-office, mayor’s office, etc., was by him dedicated to the public use. 
 The town was incorporated in 1841, and its first mayor was Hon. Hugh Smart. 
 
 City Officers, 1888 : W. H. Irwin, Mayor; J. C. Strain, Clerk; Scott Powell, 
 Marshal ; E. H. Miller, Treasurer ; W. H. Logan, Street Commissioner ; W. G. 
 Moler, Civil Engineer ; J. P. Lowe, Chief Fire Department. Newspapers : 
 Enterprise^ Independent, R. R. Sprung, editor and })ublisher ; Success, Indepen- 
 dent, J. M. Miller, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Presbyterian, 2 Methodist 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist. Banks: Commercial, John Fullerton, president; C. AV. 
 Price, cashier ; Highland County, E. H. Miller, president ; Fay Baldwin, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Greenfield Enterprise, printing, etc., 6 ; J. P. 
 Lowe & Co., carriages, etc., 10 ; Greenfield Woollen Mills, blankets, etc., 8 ; D. 
 Welshimer & Son, flour, etc., 4; Greenfield Planing Mill, doors, sash, etc., 5; E. 
 L. McClain, sweat collars, etc., 168 ; John M. Waddel Manufacturing Company, 
 coffee mills, 38 ; The Gig Saddle Company, gig saddles, etc., 22. — State Report, 
 
HIGHLAND CO UNTV, 
 
 925 
 
 1888. Population, 1880, 2,104. School census, 1888, 745 ; W. G. Moler, super- 
 intendent of schools. Capital invested in manufacturing establishments, |65,000. 
 Value of annual product, $80,000. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. 
 
 Leesburgh is 10 miles north of Hillsborough, on the C. W. & B. Bailroad. 
 News])aper : Buckeye, Neutral, James H. Depoy, editor and publisher. Churches : 
 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 African Methodist Episcopal, 1 Christian, 1 Advent. 
 Bank : Leesburgh, J. H. Guthrie, president ; M. Redkey, cashier. Population, 
 1880, 513. School census, 1888, 168 ; D. S. Ferguson, superintendent of schools. 
 Capitel invested in manufacturing establishments, $15,000. Value of annual 
 product, $18,000. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. The Leesburgh Shoe Manufac- 
 turing Company is the greatest industry here, employing 30 hands. 
 
 Lynchburgh is 11 miles northwest of Hillsborough, on the C. W. & B. Rail- 
 road. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 Christian. Bank : Lynchburgh, 
 Isma Troth, president ; H. L. Glenn, cashier. Manufactui'es an i Hmployees : 
 Freiburg & Workum, whiskies, 60 ; E. B. Prythero, flour, etc., 2. — State Report, 
 1887. Population in 1880, 664. School census, 1888, 236 ; J. M. Holiday, 
 superintendent of schools. 
 
 Sinking Springs is 14 miles southeast of Hillsborough. It has 1 Methodist 
 Episcopal church. Population, 197. 
 
 New Petersburgh is 10 miles northeast of Hillsborough. It has 1 Presby- 
 terian and 1 Methodist Episcopal church. Population, 227. 
 
 HOCKING. 
 
 Hocking County was formed March 1, 1818, from Ross, Athens and Fair- 
 field. The land is generally hilly and broken, but along the main streams level 
 and fertile. 
 
 Area about 400 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 49,087 pin 
 pasture, 88,976; woodland, 49,726; lying waste, 2,316; produced in wheat, 
 323,884 bushels; rye, 2,667 ; buckwheat, 669; oats, 47,195; barley, 792; corn, 
 303,707 ; meadow hay, 11,504 tons; clover hay, 848; potatoes, 24,083 bushels; 
 tobacco, 110 pounds; butter, 293,822; cheese, 150; sorghum, 4,244 gallons; 
 maple syrup, 928 ; honey, 2,550 pounds ; eggs, 267,750 dozen ; grapes, 6,865 
 pounds; wine, 55 gallons; sweet potatoes, 1,729 bushels; apples, 12,027; 
 peaches, 2,971 ; pears, 202 ; wool, 199,072 pounds; milch cows owned, 3,487. 
 Tons of coal mined, 853,063, being exceeded only by Perry, Jackson and Athens 
 counties. School census, 1888, 7,982 ; teachers, 152. Miles of railroad track, 
 80. 
 
 WNSHIPS AND Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Benton, 
 
 448 
 
 1,628 
 
 Falls, 
 
 1,625 
 
 5,195 
 
 Good Hope, 
 
 469 
 
 1,083 
 
 Greene, 
 
 1,189 
 
 2,070 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 472 
 
 
 Laurel, 
 
 836 
 
 1,292 
 
 Marion, 
 
 1,370 
 
 1,426 
 
 WNSHIPS AND Census. 
 
 184a. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Perry, 
 
 
 1,995 
 
 Salt Creek, 
 
 821 
 
 1,486 
 
 Starr, 
 
 622 
 
 1,411 
 
 Swan, 
 
 759 
 
 
 Ward, 
 
 
 2,272 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,124 
 
 1,268 
 
uraivii by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Main Street, Logan. 
 
 Marlin Bros., Photo.,, January, 1891. 
 
 Main Street, Logan. 
 
HOCKING COUNTY. 
 
 927 
 
 Population of Hocking in 1820,2,080; 1830, 4,008; 1840, 9,735; I860, 
 17,057 ; 1880, 21,126, of whom 18,459 were born in Ohio, 631 in Pennsyl- 
 vania, 430 Virginia, 114 Kentucky, 96 Kew York, 59 Indiana, 423 German 
 Empire, 198 Ireland, 129 England and Wales, 37 Scotland, 18 France and 
 13 British America. Census of 1890, 22,658. 
 
 The name of this county is a contraction of that of the river Hockhocking, 
 which flows through it. Hoeh-hock-ing, in the language of the Delaware Indians, 
 signifies a bottle : the Shawnees have it, Wea-tha-kagh-qua sepe, i. e., bottle river. 
 John White, in the American Pioneer, says : ^^About six or seven miles northwest 
 of Lancaster there is a fall in the Hockhocking, of about twenty feet : above the 
 fall, for a short distance, the creek is very narrow and straight, forming a neck, 
 while at the falls it suddenly widens on each side and swells into the appearance 
 of the body of a bottle. The whole, when seen from above, appears exactly in 
 the shape of a bottle, and from this fact the Indians called the creek Hock- 
 hocking.’’ 
 
 This tract of country once belonged to the Wyandots, and a considerable town 
 of that tribe, situated at the confluence of a small stream with the river, one mile 
 below Logan, gives the name Oldtown to the creek. The abundance of bears, 
 deer, elks, and occasionally buffaloes, with which the hills and valleys were stored, 
 together with the river fishing, must have made this a desirable residence. About 
 five miles southeast of Logan are two mounds, of the usual conical form, about 
 sixty feet in diameter at the base, erected entirely from stones, evidently brought 
 from a great distance to their present location. 
 
 For the annexed historical sketch of the county we are indebted to a resident. 
 
 Early in the spring of 1798 several fami- 
 lies from different places, passing through 
 the territory of the Ohio Company, settled at 
 various points on the river, some of whom 
 remained, while others again started in pur- 
 suit of “the far west.” The first actual 
 settler in the county was Christian Westen- 
 haver, from near Hagerstown, Md., of Oer- 
 man extraction, a good, practical farmer and 
 an honest man, who died in 1829, full of 
 years, and les’'^’’^e a numerous race of de- 
 scendants. In the octme spring came the 
 Brians, the Pences and the Franciscos, from 
 Western Virginia, men renowned for feats of 
 daring prowess in hunting the bear, an ani- 
 mal at that time extremely numerous. As 
 an example of the privations of pioneer life, 
 when Mr. Westen haver ascended the river 
 with his family, a sack of corn-meal consti- 
 tuted no mean part of his treasures. By the 
 accidental upsetting of his canoe, this un- 
 fortunately became wet, and consequently 
 blue and mouldy. Nevertheless it was kept, 
 and. only on special occasions served out with 
 their bountiful supply of bears’ meat, venison 
 and turkeys, until the approaching autumn 
 yielded them potatoes and roasting ears^ 
 which they enjoyed with a gusto that epi- 
 cures might well envy. And when fall gave 
 the settlers a ridh harvest of Indian corn, in 
 order to reduce it to meal they had to choose 
 between the hominy mortar, or a toilsome 
 'ourney of nearly thirty miles over an Indian 
 
 trace to the mill. Notwithstanding these 
 drawbacks, there is -but little doubt that for 
 many years there was more enjoyment of real 
 life than ordinarily falls to a more artificial 
 state of ^ society. True, though generally 
 united, disputes would sometimes arise, and 
 when other modes of settlement were un- 
 availing, the last resort, a duel, decided all. 
 But in this no “ Colt’s revolver ” was put in 
 requisition, but the pugilistic ring was effect- 
 ual. Here the victor’s wounded honor was 
 fully satisfied, and a treat of “old Mononga- 
 hela” (rye whiskey) by the vanquished re- 
 stored perfect good feelings among all parties. 
 As to deciding disputes by law, it was almost 
 unthought of. It is true, there were some 
 few men ycleped justices of the peace, gen- 
 erally selected for strong natural sense, who 
 admirably answered all the purposes of 
 their election. One, a very worthy old gen- 
 tleman, being present at what he considered 
 an unlawful demonstration, commanded the 
 peace, which command not being heeded, he 
 immediately threw off his rolled 
 
 up his sleeves, and shouted, “Boys! I’ll be 
 
 if you shan’t keep the peace,” which 
 
 awful display of magisterial power instantly 
 dispersed the terror-stricken multitude. This 
 state of things continued with slow but al- 
 most imperceptible alterations until 1818, 
 when the number of inhabitants, and their 
 advance in civilization, obtained the organi- 
 zation of the county. 
 
 The warmus above spoken of was a working garment, similar in appearance to 
 a “ roundabout,” and having been made of red flannel was elastic and easy to the 
 wearer. It was not known, we think, to any extent outside of Pennsylvania and 
 
928 
 
 HOCKING COUNTY. 
 
 her emigrants, and we think originated with the Germans. In oiir original tour 
 over the State, in 1846, when we saw a large number of lobster-back people on 
 the farms or about the village taverns, we always knew that region had been set- 
 tled by Pennsylvania Germans. 
 
 Logan in 184-6. — Logan, the county-seat, is on the Hockhocking river and 
 canal, one mile below the great fall of the Hockhocking river, 47 miles southeast 
 of Columbus, 18 below Lancaster, and 38 miles east of Chillicothe. It was laid 
 out about the year 1816, and contains 4 stores, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Methodist 
 church, and about 600 inhabitants. The view, taken near the American hotel, 
 shows in the centre the court-house, an expensive and substantial structure, and 
 on the extreme right the printing-office. — Old Edition. 
 
 Logan was platted by Gov. Worthington. The water-power of the Hocking 
 at the falls was utilized by him, to the extent of a saw-mill and a couple of corn- 
 burrs. In 1825 Logan claimed a population of 250. The place did not get a 
 start until about 1840, from the opening of the Hocking canal in 1838, which 
 furnished an outlet for the produce of the valley. In 1839 the town was incor- 
 porated : C. W. James was the first mayor. 
 
 Logan, the county-seat of Hocking, is on the C. H. V. & T. Railroad, and on 
 the Hocking river and canal (a branch of the Ohio canal), 50 miles southeast of 
 Columbus. It is located on the edge of the Hocking coal and iron region on the 
 east and south, and close to a rich agricultural region on the west and north. 
 
 County Officers, 1888 : Auditor, William M. Bowen; Clerk, D. H. Lappen ; 
 Commissioners, Henry Trimmer, John T. Nutter, George Marks; Coroner, Geo. 
 G. Gage ; Infirmary Directors, Philip Hansel, Andrew Wright, Isaac Mathias ; 
 Probate Judge, William T. Acker; Prosecuting Attorney, Virgil C. Lowry; 
 Recorder, David M. O’Hare; Sheriff, John Gallagher; Surveyor, James W. 
 Davis; Treasurers, John Notestone, Benjamin H. Allen. City Officers: A. 
 Steiman, Mayor ; George G. Gage, Clerk ; W. P. Price, Solicitor ; Andrew Hall, 
 Jr., Treasurer ; Edward Juergensmeier, Commissioner; Geo. Deishley, Marshal. 
 Newspapers : Hocking Sentinel, Democratic, Lewis Green, editor and publisher ; 
 Republican Gazette, Republican, E. S. Pursell, editor; Ohio Democrat, Demo- 
 cratic, A. H. Wilson, editor ; G. W. Brehm, proprietor. Churches : 1 Catholic, 
 2 Lutheran, 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian. Banks : First Bank of Logan, John 
 Walker, president ; Chas. E. Bowen, cashier ; People’s, L. A. Culver, president ; 
 R. D. Culver, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Frank Kessler, doors, sash, etc., 6 ; Reynes A 
 Wellman, flour, etc., 9 ; The Logan Woollen Mills, blankets, etc., 10 ; The Logan 
 Manufacturing Co., furniture, etc., 54 ; C. H. V. & T. Railroad Shops, railroad 
 repairs, 45 ; Motherwell Iron and Steel Co., bridges, etc., 83. — State Report, 1888. 
 Population in 1880, 2,666. School census, 1888, 1,125. Capital invested in in- 
 dustrial establishments, $187,500. Value of annual product, $323,000. — Labor 
 Statistics, 1887. U. S. Census, 1890,3,119. 
 
 The wild scenery in the western part of the county was first brought to general 
 notice, in ^^Silliman’s Journal of Science,” by Dr. S. P. Hildreth, who was on the 
 first geological survey of Ohio in 1837. His account, as given in our first edition, 
 is here repeated : 
 
 One of the favorite descents of the Indians 
 was down the waters of Queer creek, a tribu- 
 tary of Sait creek, and opened a direct course 
 to their town of old Chillicothe. It is a wild, 
 romantic ravine, in which the stream has cut 
 a passage, for several miles in extent, through 
 the solid rock, forming mural cliffs, now more 
 than one hundred and twenty feet in height. 
 They are also full of caverns and grottos, 
 clothed with dark evergreens of the hemlock 
 and cedar. Near the outlet of this rocky and 
 
 narrow valley there stood, a few years since, 
 a large beech tree, on which was engraven, in 
 legible characters, “ This vi the road to hell, 
 1782.” These words were probably traced 
 by some unfortunate prisoner then on his way 
 to the old Indian town of Chillicothe. 
 
 This whole region is full of interesting 
 scenery, and affords some of the most wild 
 and picturesque views of any other of equal 
 extent in the State of Ohio. 
 
 It was one of the best hunting grounds for 
 
HOCKING COUNTY. 
 
 the bear ; as its numerous grottos and cav- 
 erns afforded them the finest retreats for 
 their winter quarters. These caverns were 
 also valuable on another account, as furnish- 
 ing vast beds of nitrous earth, from which 
 the old hunters, in time of peace, extracted 
 large quantities of saltpetre for the manufac- 
 ture of gunpowder, at which art some of 
 them were great proficients. One of these 
 grottos, well known to the inhabitants of the 
 vicinity by the name of the ‘‘Ash Cave,” 
 contains a large heap of ashes piled up by the 
 side of the rock which forms one of its boun- 
 daries. It has been estimated, by different 
 persons, to contain several thousand bushels. 
 The writer visited this grotto in 1837, and 
 should say there was at that time not less 
 than three or four hundred bushels of clean 
 ashes, as dry and free from moisture as they 
 were on the day they were burned. Whether 
 they are the refuse of the old saltpetre- 
 makers, or were piled up there in the course 
 of ages, by some of the aborigines who made 
 these caverns their dwelling-places, remains 
 as yet a subject for conjecture. 
 
 These ravines and grottos have all been 
 formed in the out-cropping edges of the sand- 
 stone and conglomerate rocks which underlie 
 the coal fields of Ohio, by the wasting action 
 of the weather, and attrition of running 
 water. The process is yet going on in several 
 streams on the southwest side of Hocking 
 
 929 
 
 county, where the water has a descent of 
 thirty, forty or even fifty feet at a single 
 pitch, and a fall of eighty or a hundred in a 
 few rods. The falls of the Cuyahoga and 
 the Hockhocking are cut in the same geologi- 
 cal formation. The water, in some of these 
 branches, is of sufiicient volume to turn the 
 machinery of a grist or saw-mill, and being 
 lined and overhung with the graceful foliage 
 of the evergreen hemlock, furnishes some of 
 the wildest and most beautiful scenery. This 
 is especially so at the “Cedar Falls,” and 
 “ the Falls of Black Jack.” The country is 
 at present but partially settled, but when 
 good roads are opened and convenient inns 
 established, no portion of Ohio can afford a 
 richer treat for the lovers of wild and pictu- 
 resque views. 
 
 There is a tradition among the credulous 
 settlers of this retired spot, that lead ore was 
 found here and worked by the Indians ; and 
 many a weary day has been spent in its fruit- 
 less search among the cliffs and grottos 
 which line ail the streams of this region. 
 They often find ashes and heaps of cinders ; 
 and the “ pot holes ” in a bench of the sand- 
 rock in the “Ash Cave,” evidently worn by 
 the water at a remote period, when the 
 stream ran here, although it is now eighty or 
 one hundred feet lower, and ten or twelve 
 rods farther north, they imagine, were in 
 some way used for smelting the lead. 
 
 As the great natural curiosities of the county are becoming more known and 
 appreciated, we think it best to describe them fully, and this we are enabled to do 
 by a communication from the pen of one perfectly familiar with them. Dr. O. C. 
 Farquhar, of Zanesville. 
 
 Rock House. 
 
 Hocking county possesses more points of 
 interest to the lovers of nature than can be 
 found in any other portion of the State. 
 Among the many prominent local places of 
 notoriety and resort that are to be found in 
 this county, nestled away behind the hills, 
 or in the valleys of this seeming wilderness, 
 are the Ash Cave, Rock House, Dead 
 Man’s Cave, Cedar Falls, Rock Bridge, 
 and Saltpetre Cave, all stand out in the 
 foreground, although it is impossible for 
 one to go amiss here, who is in search of 
 nature’s most grand and beautiful. The 
 Rock House is located about twelve miles 
 southwest of Logan, the county-seat, and six 
 miles in an air line from Adelphi station, 
 Ross county, on a farm of 300 acres, owned 
 by Col. F. F. Rempel, of Logan, who is 
 public-spirited and entertaining, and has re- 
 cently erected a very simple and comfortable 
 hotel on the Rock House grounds, for the 
 perfect accommodation of the throngs of 
 visitors who come here during the summer 
 months, from all parts of the country. 
 
 The Rock House is a house within a wall 
 of massive sandstone formation, which rises to 
 the height of 166 feet, and is covered here 
 and there with ferns and lichens. From out 
 
 this solid wall of rock, nature’s means of 
 time and the elements have perhaps hewn 
 out this vast Grothic hall and its attendant 
 chambers, giving it windows and portals, and 
 great sandstone columns to bear its massive 
 roof This cave is wonderful for its peculiar 
 formation. It is about 350 feet in length, 
 25 feet high, and fully 25 feet in breadth. 
 Instead of its leading into the bosom of the 
 cliff or rocky wall, through a small aperture, 
 as is common with most subterranean pas- 
 sages, the rocks have been rifted lengthwise, 
 forming two Gothic doorways at about half 
 the height of the precipice, affording the 
 means of entrance ; while along its front are 
 arranged five massive sandstone pillars ; the 
 openings between them give the appearance 
 of Gothic windows. 
 
 Here again it appears marvellous how 
 much of human art and skill has been dis- 
 played by nature ; and yet all is devoid of 
 the handiwork of man. Near the southern 
 end of the cavern is a shelf or ledge jutting 
 out beyond the doorway, and above this over' 
 hangs the frowning brow of the great preci' 
 pice, over which there trickles a little stream 
 of water at both the east and west ends of 
 this lofty precipice of rocks. 
 
 In taking a position in the valley or ravine 
 at the base of this rocky wall and its cliffs. 
 
930 
 
 HOCKING COUNTY. 
 
 facing the main entrance which leads to the 
 wild, weird-like, mysterious chambers within, 
 and then cast the eyes well up towards the 
 top of the cliff-rocks, permitting the vision 
 to range along the whole frontage for a dis- 
 tance of 500 yards, the view thus afforded is 
 sublime and grand in the extreme. 
 
 The whole face of this wall is so evenly 
 and beautifully carved by nature’s eroding 
 rocesses, that the even regularity and 
 eauty of the designs appear to show beyond 
 a doubt that some experienced workman and 
 carver of stone could alone have shaped these 
 grotesque, artistic and fancy forms. “Within 
 this house not made with hands ’ ’ there are 
 doors, dormitories, windows, rocky porches, 
 rooms, halls, stair-ways and chambers, large 
 
 enough to contain more than a thousand peo- 
 ple. At the door of this cavern can be seen 
 the form of a book cut in the rock, and on 
 the pages the following letters appear ; I. T. 
 F. B. B. B. A. B I. T. F. F. A. W. M. T. 
 A. W., which translated means, “In the fall 
 Buck Bun bananas are ripe. In the frosty 
 fall a wise man takes a wife.” Buck Bun 
 bananas is the neighborhood vernacular for 
 paw-paws. There are countless unique in- 
 scriptions on the rocks hereabouts. One can 
 very pleasantly, and with profit too, spend a 
 month here delving around among nature’s 
 wonders, as only found in the howling wilder- 
 ness of the Hocking hills, whose citizens are 
 always proud of their barefooted Jay -bird 
 orator. 
 
 From another source we learn the cave has six openings, including entrances 
 and windows. These openings are bounded by stone columns, as expressed to us 
 in various colors, red, yellow and green. The dimensions are also thus given : 
 Front of precipice in which it is situated, 133 feet; length of cavern, 200 feet; 
 width 25 to 40, and roof from 30 to 50 feet. In the Ohio Geological Report for 
 1870 is a biief description and a picture. We now give our correspondent’s de- 
 scription of the other curiosities. 
 
 Ash Cave. 
 
 One of the most striking and beautiful 
 scenes in Hocking county is so named from 
 the vast quantity of ashes it contains. It 
 has been variously estimated by different per- 
 sons to contain several thousand bushels. 
 Even as late as this year (1 886) there are evi- 
 dences of many bushels of wood ashes, nearly 
 as pure, dry and free from moisture as on the 
 day when they were burned. The source of 
 this unnatural ashy •m 3 ^stery remains unex- 
 plained. It has, been conjectured that they 
 are the refuse of old saltpetre or nitrate of 
 potash makers, or whether Ihey were piled 
 up in this cave during the course of ages by 
 some of the aborigines who made these cav- 
 erns their places of abode, are at best only 
 visionary and speculative. 
 
 The cave is formed by a projecting cliff at 
 the source of a little stream, whose deep 
 valley or gulch parts the bold, rock-ribbed 
 hills whose summits look down upon the tops 
 of the loftiest pines, which grow at their 
 base. At this point, which is the highest 
 rock-exposure in Hocking county, the ledge is 
 not less than 125 feet high, and reaches or 
 projects over from the base not less than 
 100 feet, forming a semicircular cavern nearly 
 700 feet in length, ninety feet deep, and about 
 the same in height. At one side of this 
 semicircle, near the rock, lies the great pile 
 of ashes which gives this enchanting and 
 mysterious cavern the name of Ash Cave. 
 
 From the centre of the overhanging roof a 
 streamlet leaps into a pool below, lending ad- 
 ditional grandeur, beauty and charms to the 
 before sublime picture. For more than a 
 quarter of a mile distance down this valley, 
 on either side, rises to a height of from eighty 
 to 100 feet, a rocky ledge, which for diversity 
 and elegant naturalness forms a scenic view 
 
 seldom if ever surpassed. It simply opens 
 out to the view of the awe-impressed be- 
 holder a magnificent amphitheatre, where 
 every step and every glance unfolds new and 
 beautiful wonders. Large masses of sand- 
 rock are seemingly thrown together with an 
 intention of pure chaotic confusion, many of 
 them beautifully lichened with variegated 
 mosses, rivalling with their gorgeous beauty 
 the finest hues of the most luxuriant Brussels 
 carpets. 
 
 From some points or positions of observa- 
 tion, the eye takes in the entire length and 
 breadth of this rocky ledge, from base to 
 summit. At other points are presented the 
 furrowed erosions of the rocky faces, partly 
 hidden by vines that clamber up their sides, 
 and the topmost branches of the scraggy 
 pines that grow up from below. This pecu- 
 liar, beautiful, weird and extensive cavern,' 
 and the scenery in its vicinity, is located in 
 Benton township, about twenty-one miles 
 southwest of Logan, the county-seat. Thou- 
 sands of people visit the place each summer, 
 generally making one journey take them to 
 both the Bock House, only six miles distant 
 from the cave. Ohio can furnish no more 
 beautiful scenery than is to be found in this 
 county. 
 
 Bock Bridge. 
 
 This natural rocky wonder is situated in 
 Good-Hope township. Hocking county, on the 
 Hocking river, and the line of the Colum- 
 bus, Hocking Valley and Toledo Bailway, 
 about midway between Lancaster and Logan. 
 This curiosity is a sandstone formation, the 
 under side forming an arch of about thirty 
 degrees curvature. The bridge is level on 
 the top, ranges from ten to twenty feet wide, 
 and is entirely detached from all adjoining 
 rock for a distance of nearly 100 feet. The 
 
Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1889, 
 
 Rock Bridge. 
 
 Rock House Cave, 
 
932 
 
 HOCKING COUNTY. 
 
 span, measured from the under side, is about 
 1 50 feet, and is at an elevation of about fifty 
 feet from the bottom of the gulch it spans. 
 The location and easy accessibility, together 
 with the romantic, wild-like place, its fine 
 
 shade and picturesque surroundings, have 
 made it a favorite site for picnic excursions 
 from all points along the line of the Colum- 
 bus, Hocking Valley and Toledo Railway. 
 
 Colonel Whittlesey’s Reminiscences. 
 
 In the Slimmer of 1886, a few weeks before the decease of Colonel Charles 
 Whittlesey (see page 523), he gave us orally some interesting items, gathered when 
 on geological surveys of Ohio, about forty-five years before. Early in this cen- 
 tury,” said he, before the establishment of courts to try culprits, there was a rude 
 system of justice established by the people. The wilderness region — the hill- 
 country of Sontheastern Ohio — at times suffered from the crimes of scoundrels 
 who stole horses from the poor settlers and sometimes committed murder. When- 
 ever they were caught, and evidence certain, the people hung or shot them with 
 but little formality. A considerable number of desperadoes were thus disposed 
 of ; but the facts did not go out to the public, as it was before the days of news- 
 papers. 
 
 In the north part of Hocking county (the 
 name of the township I don’t recollect, only 
 that it was on the south side of S. W. } of 
 section 24) is a cave called Thieves Cave^ 
 where the horse-thieves gathered their horses 
 — more properly a rock shelter, shelving to- 
 wards the rear. It was in the form of an 
 ellipse, about 130 feet long and thirty feet to 
 the rear. In the beginning of the century 
 horses were brought here. Here the horse- 
 thieves lived and hunted. As late as 1872 
 horse-manure was found by me while explor- 
 ing it geologically. 
 
 At New Straitsville, in the adjoining county 
 of Perry, is a rock shelter on the south side 
 of Sugar Run, about 100 feet long and forty 
 broad, where religious meetings and meetings 
 of miners have been held. 
 
 AncicTitly there was a hunters’ trail on the 
 height of land between Lost Run and the 
 West Fork of Snow Fork. This was only a 
 
 short distance from the cave. Shortly after 
 the war yf 1812, say about 1816, a man with 
 his family, moving West, was overtaken by 
 winter and out of money, about a mile and a 
 half northeast from Thieves’ Cave, on the 
 West Fork of Snow Fork, near where it is 
 crossed by the county line of Hocking and 
 Perry. He found there a sand-stone block, 
 which, separated from the main cliff, fell and 
 stood upright, thus forming with the main 
 cliff, two vertical walls. He closed up the 
 rear end and made a door at the other. His 
 only light was from the open door. He had 
 plenty of wood and water. He made shoes 
 all winter for the sparse settlers, and in 
 spring had money enough to pursue his 
 journey. 
 
 Lost Run derived its name from a hunter 
 lost. Years after his skeleton was found with 
 gun by his side. He had evidently been sit- 
 ting by a tree and had frozen to death. 
 
 One of ^^the Old Guard” an Ohio Pioneer. 
 
 There died in Logan county, in June, 1885, Christopher Stahley, aged 104 
 years and 10 months. He was a last survivor” of the grand army of Napoleon ; 
 a native of Alsace ; a typical veteran of the v^ars, scarred and crippled. He was 
 a man of culture, and grew eloquent when describing his campaigns; and, like 
 all of Napoleon’s soldiers, adored his leader and worshipped his memory. We 
 give herewith extracts from Stahley’s story, as related to the correspondent of the 
 Cincinnati Enquirer .* 
 
 “I became a soldier at fifteen, and was one 
 of the thirty thousand men who went with 
 Napoleon to Egypt, and was one of the first 
 to enter the city of Malta. I was with my 
 command at the Pyramids, and participated 
 in the terrible conflict with the ^Iamelukes. 
 Thence across the desert and through the 
 Isthmus of Suez to Gaza and Jaffa, and saw 
 the 1,500 ])ut to death for breaking their pa- 
 role, and helped to annihilate the allied army 
 of 18,000 at Aboukir. 
 
 “It was in 1804 that we helped to pro- 
 claim him Emperor, and saw the prepara- 
 tions made to invade England. But England 
 was spared and Austria punished instead. 
 
 “Three years of preparation and we were 
 on the road to the Capital of Russia in that 
 memorable campaign of 1812. There were 
 480,000 of us who went forth to gloiy. Less 
 than half that number returne<l, and the 
 most of them after being detained as prison- 
 ers. I saw them fall by battalions at Smo- 
 
HOCKING COUNTY. 
 
 933 
 
 lensk and Borodino, and perish by grand 
 divisions on the retreat from Moscow to 
 Smorgoni. I personally attended the Em- 
 peror to France, when he bade adieu to his 
 soldiers at the latter city. 
 
 “ I was one of the Old Guard. There is a 
 blank in my memory, and I do not know how 
 I got back to Paris ; but I found myself 
 there, and learned that my old commander 
 was a prisoner at St. Helena. Then came 
 the news of his death. I had taken part in 
 fifty engagements, great and small, and had 
 seen men die by the thousand ; but that death 
 alfected me more than all the rest put to- 
 gether. 
 
 ‘‘In 1822, in company with my wife, I 
 emigrated to America. We reached Pitts- 
 burg by stage. From there we floated down 
 the Ohio on a flat-boat to the mouth of the 
 
 Muskingum, and ascended that river to 
 Zanesville in a canoe. From Zanesville I 
 trundled all 'my earthly possessions in a 
 wheelbarrow to St. Joseph’s, near Somerset, 
 where I bought a farm and settled down. 
 Then began my disasters. ^ My oldest son was 
 with me in the forest hewing logs for a barn, 
 and by a false stroke of the broad axe cut off 
 my thumb and finger. A few years later a 
 vicious horse kicked me in the forehead and 
 left this scar that looks like a sabre cut. The 
 next year I fell from a tobacco-house I was 
 helping to raise, and broke four ribs and my 
 collar-bone. Ten j^ears later I slipped and 
 fell into a threshing-machine, and I had my 
 foot torn off. A few years ago I was on my 
 way to church, and my horse ran away, threw 
 me out of the carriage, shattered my elbow, 
 and left me with a stiff arm. I am in con- 
 stant dread of meeting a fatal accident. Had 
 I remained in the grand army of the Em- 
 peror 1 would feel perfectly safe. ’ ’ 
 
 Trip to the Hocking Valley Coal Mines. 
 
 The coal mining interests of the Hocking valley have developed enormously 
 within the past ten years. Immense quantities of this coal are cai’ried by rail to 
 Lake Erie, and thence transported by water to points on the lakes, while large 
 quantities of it are reshipped by rail at Duluth and other points, for consumption 
 in the Northwestern States. 
 
 The operators of the Hocking valley have ever been ready to take advantage 
 of new improvements in mining machinery and labor-saving devices to increase 
 the output of their mines. An account of a recent visit of the members of the 
 Ohio Institute of Mining Engineers, for purposes of inspection, was published in 
 the Ohio State Journal. We make extracts therefrom : 
 
 The first stop was made near Straitsville, 
 where No. 1 1 mine, owned by the Columbus 
 and Hocking Coal and Iron Company, was 
 visited and the thickness of the great vein 
 was noted. The next stop was made at Sand 
 Run, where the box-car loading machine was 
 in operation. This machine is truly wonder- 
 ful in its mechanism. The coal runs from a 
 chute into the box-car door, where the coal 
 is received on a portable platform run in 
 through the opposite door. There is a steam- 
 shovel attached to this platform, which works 
 from right to left, throwing the coal to each 
 end of the car. The machine is worked by 
 steam and is under the control of an operator, 
 who regulates the speed of the engine. This 
 labor-saving device takes the place of four 
 men, and with it a box-car can be loaded as 
 quickly as an open car. 
 
 Another interesting machine at these works 
 is the endle.ss-rope haulage sj^stem. The en- 
 gine is made on the same plan as a railroad 
 locomotive, and the large drums over which 
 the wire rope runs can be run backward or 
 forward at the will of the engineer. Ten 
 bank-cars are brought out of the mine at a 
 time, making about fifteen tons of coal, or 
 about the average amount loaded on each 
 railroad coal-car. There is a large dial, with 
 a hand attached to the fly-wheel. This en- 
 
 ables the engineer to know at all times where 
 the train is. 
 
 Leaving Sand Run at 9.10 A. m., the next 
 stop was made at the mines of the Consoli- 
 dated Coal and Mining Co., at Brashears, 
 where the air-compressor and the Harrison 
 mining machines are in operation. The 
 Lechner air-drills and wire-rope haulage were 
 also in use. 
 
 After dinner the party visited the mines 
 of the Ellsworth and Morris Coal Company 
 at Brush Fork, which are the Jargeat mines in 
 the United States. At these mines there is 
 an entry on each side of the valley, tracks 
 leading in a “ Y” on the same hoppers, and 
 the coal is dumped over the same tipple. 
 The capacity of the mines at this i)lace is two 
 thousand tons per day. One cannot imagine 
 the magnitude of this great work without 
 seeing it. Seven bank-cars are dumped per 
 minute, or ten and a half tons. The wire- 
 rope haulage system is used here also, but on 
 a larger scale. The two last mines visited 
 are fitted out with the latest machinery. 
 
 Leaving Brush Fork at two o’clock the 
 next stop was made at Buchtel, where some 
 left the train to visit the large l>lnst furnace, 
 while others went to Happy Hollow to see 
 the coke-ovens of the Nelsonville Coal and 
 Coke Company. 
 
934 
 
 HOCKING COUNTY. 
 
 Mr. Thomas E. Knauss, of Columbus, was the wire-rope haulage system in the Hocking 
 with the party. Mr. Knauss was formerly valley, 
 located at Nelson ville, and is the pioneer of 
 
 The Haydenville Mining and Manufacturing Company, of which Peter Hayden, 
 of Columbus, was president and principal owner, is a large concern; owning 
 3,000 acres of valuable mineral land, underlaid by rich deposits of coal and fire- 
 clay ; large and substantial building and factories, employing a large force of 
 men, the company turns out immense quantities of sewer-pipe, fire-proofing, terra 
 cotta, and paving-blocks. The industry is a valuable one. 
 
 Its development is due to the enterprise of 
 Peter Hayden, he being one of the pioneer 
 coal operators of the Hocking valley, and one 
 who has done as much as any one man for 
 the development of the vast mineral wealth 
 of this region. 
 
 Mr. Hayden’s death, which occurred April 
 6, 1888, brought sorrow and grief to many 
 hearts in this valley, as he was renowned for 
 his patriarchal care, his consideration for the 
 comfort and interests, and benevolence to 
 
 those in his employ. Men of all classes 
 deemed it an honor to work for him. He 
 employed none but sober, industrious, and 
 intelligent men, and never permitted a good 
 rnan to leave his service, if money and con- 
 siderate treatment were an inducement to re- 
 main. As a result, his enterprises were sin- 
 gularly free from all labor complications ; and 
 his career affords an example to be emulated 
 by all those employing large numbers of 
 men. 
 
 Haydenville is six miles southeast of Logan, on the Hocking Canal and C. 
 H. V. & T. Railroad. Population about 600. 
 
 Gore is eight miles northeast of Logan, on the Straitsville branch of the C. H. 
 V. & T. Railroad. Population about 600. School census, 1888, 200. 
 
 Carbon Hill is eight miles southeast of Logan, on the H. V. division of the 
 C. H. V. & T. Railroad. Population about 500. 
 
 Laurelville is twenty-two miles southwest of Logan. It has one Cumber- 
 land Presbyterian and one Baptist Church. Population about 300. School cen- 
 sus, 1888, 111. 
 
 Millville is eight miles northwest of Logan, on the C. H. V. & T. Railroad. 
 Population about 250. School census, 1888, 115. 
 
 Murray City is twelve miles east of Logan, on the C. H. V. & T. Railroad. 
 Population about 500. 
 
 South Bloomingville is seventeen miles southwest of Logan. Popula- 
 tion, 350. 
 
 HOLMES. 
 
 Holmes County was formed January 20, 1824, and organized the next year. 
 It was named from Major Holmes, a gallant young officer of the war of 1812, 
 who was killed in the unsuccessful attack upon Mackinac, under Col. Croghan, 
 August 4, 1814. Fort Holmes at Mackinac was also named from him. 
 
 Area about 420 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 99,862 ; in 
 pasture, 111,913; woodland, 50,474; lying waste, 2,919; produced in wheat, 
 462,252 bushels ; rye, 6,145 ; buckwheat, 1,096 ; oats, 553,489 ; barley, 898 ; 
 corn, 554,491 ; broom corn, 1,200 lbs. brush ; meadow hay, 23,882 tons; clover 
 hay, 11,440; potatoes, 56,161 bushels; tobacco, 955 Ihs. ; butter, 499,561; 
 cheese, 197,623 ; sorghum, 870 gallons; maple syru]), 5,017 ; honey, 5,505 lbs. ; 
 eggs, 550,828 dozen ; grapes, 19,550 lbs. ; wine, 317 gallojis ; apples, 24, 153 bush. ; 
 
HOLMES COUNTY. 
 
 935 
 
 peaches, 24,153; pears, 1,110; wool, 211,529 lbs.; milch cows owned, 6,868. 
 School census, 1888, 7,029 ; teachers, 171. Miles of railroad track, 47. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 1,151 
 
 1,378 
 
 Paint, 
 
 1,361 
 
 1,381 
 
 German, 
 
 1,281 
 
 1,517 
 
 Prairie, 
 
 1,347 
 
 1,462 
 
 Hardy, 
 
 1,985 
 
 3,230 
 
 Richland, 
 
 1,088 
 
 1,463 
 
 Killbuck, 
 
 906 
 
 1,375 
 
 Ripley, 
 
 1,279 
 
 1,359 
 
 Knox, 
 
 1,178 
 
 1,005 
 
 Salt Creek, 
 
 1,730 
 
 1,494 
 
 Mechanic, 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,271 
 
 Walnut Creek, 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,371 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 898 
 
 1,054 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1,457 
 
 1,416 
 
 Population of Holmes in 1830 was 9,123; 1840, 18,061; 1860, 20,589; 
 1880, 20,776 ; of whom 17,436 were born in Ohio, 1,345 in Pennsylvania, 
 105 in Indiana, 96 in Virginia, 74 in New York, 2 in Kentucky, 782 in Ger- 
 man Empire, 177 in France, 71 in Ireland, 45 in England and Wales, 9 in 
 Scotland, 5 in British America, and 18 in Sweden and Norway. Census, 1890, 
 21,139. 
 
 The following historical and descriptive sketch of Holmes county and of 
 Millersburg, the county-seat, was carefully prepared by one of its venerable 
 citizens, Mr. G. F. Newton, of Millersburg. It being more full than that in our 
 first edition we substitute it. 
 
 The territory included within the county of Holmes was taken from the 
 counties of Wayne, Coshocton and Tuscarawas : from Wayne, 87,440 acres, 
 from Coshocton, 162,200 acres, and from Tuscarawas, 16,200 acres; total area, 
 267,840. A line running diagonally through the county from east-northeast to 
 west-southwest, commonly known as the Indian Boundary line, separates the 
 United States military district and the Indian reservation (new purchase). 
 
 The territory north of this line was surveyed into townships of six miles 
 square, and again into sections of 640 acres. That south of said line is surveyed 
 into townships of five miles square, and again into quarter townships of 4,000 
 acres. Some of these quarter townships were again divided into 100 acre lots for 
 the private soldiers of 1776. Within this county 480 of these 100 acre lots were 
 given to the soldiers of the Revolutionary war. Six of the 4,000 acre tracts of 
 land were set apart as schools-land for the Connecticut Western Reserve and sub- 
 sequently sold at public sale. . The remainder of this territory was surveyed into 
 sections of 640 acres and sold at private entry at Zanesville. 
 
 The valley of Killbuck river passes from north to south through the centre of 
 the county ; the valley is deep and adjoining hills high and steep. On each side 
 of the river, seven to nine miles distant, is a high ridge of land, separating its 
 waters from those of the Mohican and Tuscarawas. From the valley to the hill- 
 tops are innumerable springs of pure water, many of them very strong, which in 
 their rapid descent to the river furnish good water-power. 
 
 In the northwest corner of the county is OdeWs Lake, a beautiful body of pure 
 water, in places thirty feet deep. It is half a mile broad, two miles long, and 
 abounds in fish. It furnishes water-power sufficient to run a large flouring mill. 
 The P. Ft.W. & C. R. R. has constructed a station on the north side of this lake. 
 Since then it has become a popular place of resort for pleasure and fishing 
 jiarties. 
 
 All the valleys of this county are very productive when properly cultivated, 
 and those of Paint, Martin’s and Doughty’s creeks are wide and beautiful. The 
 chief productions are wheat, corn, oats, hay, sheep, cattle and horses. Taking 
 into consideration its size. Holmes is hardly surpassed by any county in the State 
 for its productions of wheat and fine horses. 
 
 The southwest part of the county is quite broken and hilly ; yet its immense 
 quarrk ^ of brown, white and blue limestone, coal and other minerals, make it 
 
93 ^ 
 
 HOLMES COUNTY. 
 
 equally valuable with other parts. Coal has been successfully mined in every 
 township of the county and in some of them extensively. 
 
 First Settlement. 
 
 In July, 1809, Jonathan Grant, of Beaver county, Pa., and his son, then a boy, 
 built the first cabin in the county. They came on foot through the woods, carry- 
 ing a gun, ammunition and tools for doing their work. Their cabin was on Salt 
 creek, in Prairie township, about one mile east of the Kill buck. They made a 
 clearing and sowed a large patch for turnips. Grant then fell sick, and for 
 twenty-eight days lay on a bed of bark and leaves, and subsisted chiefly on roots, 
 attended only by his son. He became reduced to a skeleton, and the boy was but 
 little better. 
 
 An Indian passing along the valley discovered the cabin and stopped. He told 
 Grant that ‘^Pale Face’^ and his family were encamped in the Killbuck valley, 
 at a big spring, and pointed the direction. The boy went and in a short time 
 returned with Jonathan Butler, who had, with his father-in-law, James Morgan, 
 reached the valley the day previous. 
 
 Through the timely assistance of Butler, Grant soon recovered and became of 
 much service to his new acquaintances. Grant could speak the Indian language, 
 and was with the surveyors as their ^Gookout’^ ’while surveying the ^Giew 
 purchase,’^ and knew all about the country, as well as being a great hunter. His 
 patch of turnips turned out abundantly and of excellent quality, and proved of 
 much service that fall and next spring. Grant did not return home to his family 
 in Pennsylvania until cold weather. 
 
 In April, 1810, Edwin Martin, then John L. Dawson, David and Robert Kn ^. 
 settled on Martin’s creek, about one mile south of GranPs^abiiL Afew*^^s 
 later a dozen or more families settled in that neighborhood. Grant’s among them. 
 Settlements were commenced on the east end of this county — then Tuscai-awas — 
 along the valleys of Walnut and Sugar creeks, in 1809-10, by the Troyers, Hoch- 
 tellers. Weavers, Millers, Domers, Bergers and others : also on Doughty, the 
 Carpenters and Morrisons. In 1810-11 Peter Casey and others settled on the 
 Killbuck, near Millersburg ; and Abraham Shrimlin farther south on Shrimlin 
 creek. Peter Shimer, Jacob Korn, Thomas Edgar and others, near Berlin ; and 
 the Finneys, Mackey, Hevelands and others, in what is now Monroe township, 
 then in Coshocton county. In 1810-11 the Priests, Bonnets, Newkirks, Drakes 
 and Quicks settled in the valley of Mohican, then Wayne county. 
 
 In 1812 the settlers fearing the Indians built a block-house on the Dawson 
 land, half a mile east of Holmesville ; but the Indians not becoming troublesome 
 it was used but a short time. Col. Crawford on his unfortunate campaign crossed 
 the Killbuck north of Holmes, and camped at night near the big spring,” May 
 30, 1781 ; there one of his men died that night, and his burial-place was marked 
 on a beech-tree near by. At this spring Jonathan Butler settled, and February 
 4, 1810, his daughter Hannah was born. The spring is known as the first burial 
 and first birth-place of white persons in the county. 
 
 On the organization of the county the associate judges of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas appointed were : Peter Casey, William Hutchinson and George Luke. 
 They met at Millersburg, February 18, 1825, and organized the court. They 
 appointed James S. Irvine clerk of court and county recorder, and Samuel 
 *Robinson county surveyor. They also issued a proclamation for an election to 
 ensue April 4th, for the necessary township and county officers, whereby Daniel 
 Hutchinson was elected sheriff; Anson Wheaton, coroner ; Seth Hunt, auditor ; 
 for county comtnissioners, David I. Finney, Griffith Johnson and Frederick Hall. 
 The commissioners at their June term organized the county into townships, which 
 remain unchanged. 
 
 Millernhurg in 1846. — Millersburg, the county-seat, is situated on elevated 
 
HOLMES COUNTY. 
 
 937 
 
 ground, surrounded by lofty hills, on Killbuck creek, eighty-seven miles north- 
 east of Columbus, and about seventy south of Cleveland. It was laid out in 
 1824, by Charles Miller and Adam Johnson, and public lots sold on the 4th of 
 June of that year. There had been previously, a quarter of a mile north, a town 
 of the same name, laid out about the year 1816. The names recollected of the 
 first settlers in the village are Seth Hunt, Colonel William Painter, Samuel S. 
 Henry, George Stout, Samuel C. M’Howell, P. K. Enos, Jonathan Korn, John 
 Smurr, John Glasgow, Thomas Hoskins, James Withrow, James M’Kennan — 
 the first lawyer in Holmes, and James S. Irvine, the first physician in the same. 
 A short time previous to the sale three houses were erected. The first was a 
 frame, on the northeast corner of Jackson and Washington streets; the second, a 
 frame, on the northeast corner of Washington and Adams streets ; and the last., 
 a log, on the site of S. C. Bever’s residence. The Seceder church, the first built, 
 was erected in 1830, and the Methodist Episcopal in 1833. The village was laid 
 out in the forest, and in 1830 the population reached to 320. About fourteen 
 years since, on a Sunday afternoon, a fire broke out in the frame house on the 
 corner of Washington and Adams streets, and destroyed a large part of the vil- 
 lage. Among the buildings burned were the court-house and jail, which were of 
 log, the first standing on the northeast corner of the public square, and the other 
 a few rods south of it. Millersburg contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal Meth- 
 odist, 1 Lutheran and 1 Seceder church, 2 newspaper j)rinting-offices, 10 dry- 
 goods and 3 grocery stores, 1 foundry, 1 grist-mill, and had, in 1846, 673 inhab- 
 itants. — Old Edition. 
 
 Millersburg is eighty -three miles northeast of Columbus and eighty-four 
 miles south of Cleveland, on the C. A. & C. Railroad. Newspapers : Holmes 
 County Farmer, Democratic, Newton & Barton, editors and proprietors ; Holmes 
 County Republican, Republican, White & Cunningham, proprietors. Churches : 
 1 Catholic, 1 Disciples, 1 United Presbyterian, 1 Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, 
 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 Presbyterian. Banks : Commercial, Robert Long, 
 president, John E. Koch, Jr., cashier; L. Mayer^s Exchange, C. R. Mayer, cash- 
 ier; J. & G. Adams, A. C. Adams, cashier. County Officers, 1888: Auditor, 
 Edwin A. Uhl; Clerk, Jacob J. Strome; Commissioners, Jacob Schmidt, Philip 
 Petry, Henry Shafer; Coroner, John A. Gonser; Infirmary Directors, Edward 
 E. Olmstead, Joseph Geisinger, John McClelland; Probate Judge, Richard W. 
 Taneyhill ; Prosecuting Attorney, Samuel N. Schwartz ; Recorders, Theodore H. 
 Thome, Jacob B. Lepley ; Sheriff, William S. Troyer ; Surveyor, William S. 
 Hanna ; Treasurers, A. B. Rudy, Samuel Anderson. City Officers, 1888 : Mayor, 
 John P. Larimer ; Clerk, J. G. Walkup ; Treasurer, Allen G. Sprankle ; Marshal, 
 John E. Albertson. 
 
 Manufacture7's and. Employees. — Gray & Adams, planing mill, 4 hands ; Henry 
 Snyder, tiles, etc., 12; Maxwell, Hecker & Pomerene, flour, etc., 10. — State Re- 
 port, 1888. Population in 1880, 1,814. School census, 1888, 590; John A. 
 McDowell, superintendent. Census, 1890, 1,923. 
 
 The county has had three court-houses and three jails. The first of these were 
 constructed of wood and burned in 1 834 ; these were replaced by brick struc- 
 tures, since taken down to give j)lace to the present buildings. The present court- 
 house, completed in 1886, is all of stone, in three colors — white, blue and gray- 
 taken from quarries within the county. Eor beauty and durability they are un- 
 surjiassed by any in the State. In the county are ten thriving villages, all having 
 good schools, churches, stores and various mechanical shops. 
 
 The county has fifteen school districts, 106 well-built school-houses, many of 
 them having large grounds with trees, vines and flowers ; eleven of them with 
 two or more departments, and sixty-one comfortable frame, brick or stone churches, 
 and about as many more worshipping congregations meet in soliool-houses, which, 
 if the entire population of the county were at once to assemble, would give an 
 average of 120 attendants at each place. 
 
Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Millersbukg. 
 
 Eossi Hall, Millersbury, Photo., 1886. 
 
 ;Millersburo. 
 
 Each of the views is taken from the same point, forty years apart in time. 
 
HOLMES COUNTY. 
 
 939 
 
 The first newspaper published in the county, the Millershurg Gazette, was printed 
 June 9, 1828. It Avas Democratic in politics, and as such had a continuous pub- 
 lication as the official paper of the county. In 1840 its name was changed to 
 Holmes County Farmer, which name it still bears. It is now published by D. G. 
 Newton and L. G. Barton ; the former has been connected with its publication 
 thirty-three years. In 1835 an opposition paper, the Holmes County Whig, was 
 started. It had many suspensions, revivals and changes of name. In 1870 
 Messrs. White & Cunningham became proprietors of the Holmes County Repub- 
 lican. Under their management it has been more prosperous, and has had a con- 
 tinuous publication. 
 
 The foregoing includes all of Mr. NeAvton’s article. M^e here remark that the 
 tAvo vieAvs of Millersburg Avere taken from the same point. 
 
 The neAV court-houses, through Central Ohio more especially, are elegant struc- 
 tures, in Avhich the people of their respective counties have a just affection and 
 pride, for Avith them cluster the associations connected Avith the protection of society 
 through the administration of laA\", the preservation of titles to the savings of 
 honest industry in the form of real estate and its proper distribution to the widow 
 and the fatherless. The church, the court-house and the school-house are the 
 three prime factors of our civilization. 
 
 For our original account of the historical facts connected with this place and its 
 vicinity Ave Avere indebted to Dr. Robert K. Enos, Avhose acquaintance we made 
 on our first visit. Wq substituted the article of Mr. NeAvton (excepting the old 
 description of Millersburg), because it embodied the same facts Avith important 
 additions. Dr. Enos died here September 13, 1884, after living a long and highly 
 useful life. He Avas born in HanoA^er, Washington county, Pennsylvania, Jan- 
 uary 7, 1806, and came to this county April 24, 1824. He Avas one of the leading 
 men in the organization of the county and toAvn ; Avas the oldest inhabitant of 
 Millersburg ; cut doAvn the first trees Avithin its limits, preparatory to laying it 
 out ; planted the first ornamental sliade-trees ; practised medicine with the first 
 physician of Millersburg, Dr. James S. Irvine, until his death — thirty-one years ; 
 started Avith him the first bank, and Avas its cashier ; Avas the first mayor of Mil- 
 lersburg ; Avas tAA^enty-one years clerk of court, and was the chief instrument in 
 bringing the first railroad to the toAvn. 
 
 In politics he was an ardent Republican, and, in Avhat his friends took especial 
 pride, as a delegate to the Chicago Convention of 1860, he AA^as one of the memo- 
 rable Ohio four Avho in that Coin^ention brought about the nomination of Abraham 
 Lincoln. The circumstances connected Avith the change of votes which gave this 
 result were published the next morning in the Chicago Tribune, under the caption of 
 
 The Four Votes . — “During the progress of 
 the third ballot for President, the steady in- 
 crease of Lincoln’s vote raised the expecta- 
 tions of his friends to fever-heat that he was 
 about to receive the nomination. When the 
 roll-call was completed a hasty footing dis- 
 covered that Lincoln lacked but 2? votes of 
 election, the ballot standing, for Lincoln, 
 33H ; Seward, 180; scattering, 341; neces- 
 sary to a choice 334. 
 
 Before the vote was announced, Mr. R. M. 
 Corwine, of the Ohio delegation, who had 
 voted for Governor Chase up to that time, 
 and three other delegates, viz., R. K. Enos, 
 John A. Gurley and Isaac Steese, changed 
 their votes to Lincoln, giving him a majority 
 of the whole convention and nominating him. 
 D. H. Carrter, chairman of the Ohio dele- 
 
 gation, announced the change of votes, and 
 before the secretaries had time to foot up and 
 announce the result, whereupon a deafening 
 roar of applause arose from the immense 
 multitude, such as had never been equalled 
 on the American continent, nor since the day 
 that the walls of Jericho were blown down.” 
 
 Mr. Enos, being a quick accountant, had 
 kept a tally of the vote, and discovered be- 
 fore any one else that Mr. Lincoln lacked but 
 21 votes ; whereupon he disclosed his knowl- 
 edge to the three others, and at his request 
 they joined him in the vote for Mr. Lincoln. 
 
 Dr. Enos left a wife, three sons and two 
 daughters. One son in California died in 
 1 889 ; another, Henry, is of the prominent 
 Wall street banking firm ofH. K. Enos & 
 Co. 
 
 The original settlers of this county Avefe mainly from Pennsylvania, Maryland 
 and Virginia j also among them were some Swiss Germans. 
 
940 
 
 HOLMES COUNTY. 
 
 In the eastern part is an extensive settlement of Dunkards, who originated 
 from eastern Pennsylvania, and speak the German language. They are excellent 
 farmers, and live in a good, substantial style. The men wear long beards and shad- 
 bellied coats, and use hooks and eyes instead of buttons. The females are attired 
 in petticoats and short gowns, caps without frills, and when doing out-door labor, 
 instead of bonnets, wear broad-brimmed hats .’^ — Old Edition. 
 
 The Pennsylvania emigration to Ohio was the greatest from any State ; and 
 this particularly applies to Holmes and all the central part, the great wheat belt, 
 of the State. And we think Washington county. Pa., more than from any other 
 single county, anywhere, helped to populate Ohio. As late as 1846-47 about 
 one-quarter of the members of the Ohio Legislature were natives of Pennsylvania, 
 exceeding the members born in any other State, or all the New England States 
 combined, or were born in Ohio itself. Pennsylvania strongly gave its impress 
 upon the judicial history of Ohio. 
 
 On Tuesday, August 31, 1880, was held at 
 “Ingles Sugar Grove,” near Millersburg, 
 what was termed the Pennsylvania Pic- 
 nic. It consisted of all persons horn in 
 Pennsylvania then residents of the town and 
 vicinity ; these, with their families, attended 
 to the number of about 200. The counties 
 strongest represented were Washington, 
 
 Cumberland, Allegheny and Somerset ; then 
 Beaver, Lancaster and Lebanon . In all six- 
 teen counties were represented. The day 
 was given up to social pleasure and enjoy- 
 ment. The Normal School String Band sup- 
 plied the music. At noon all partook of a 
 sumptuous basket-dinner in “regular old- 
 fashioned Pennsylvania style.” We annex 
 a list of the Keystone State representatives, 
 mostly heads of families : 
 
 Elias Klopp and wife, Lucinda H. Bobin- 
 son, Mary G. Barton, Mrs. Frances Long, 
 
 Bobert Long, John Brown, James Hebron, 
 
 Mrs. E. A. Hebron, John Patterson, Bobert 
 Justice, Catherine Justice, B. K. Enos, Mrs. 
 
 T. B. Cunningham, Mrs. H. M. Cunningham, 
 
 Miss Caddie Shattuck, Fred. Shattuck, Mrs. 
 W. K. Huer, Mrs. E. J. Duer, Aaron tlhler, 
 Mrs. Mary Bowman, J. M. Bowman, Mrs. 
 B. C. Shoup, Wm. C. McDowell, Hosack 
 Beed, Mrs. Susan B. Ingles, Mrs. Leah 
 Hites, Andrew Ingles, Aaron Devore, E. H. 
 Hull, Mrs. Elizabeth Ackamire, A. B. Budy, 
 John Coffee, James Haines, Thomas J. Ar- 
 nold, James Hull, Mrs. Thomas P. Uhl, 
 Bobert Parkinson, John I. Spencer, Bichard 
 Hultz, A. J. Kerr, James Tidball, James T- 
 Forgey, Mrs. C. E. Voorhees, John F. Hud- 
 son, Mrs. Harvey Taylor, Mrs. Martha Doug- 
 las, Mrs. David McDonald, Mrs. A. B. Mc- 
 Donald, Mrs. Ann Maria Nedrow, Harry 
 Davis, Mrs. Eliza Hanna, Mrs. Jane McMur- 
 ray, Mrs. Margaret Hultz, John Hanna, 
 George Hanna, Mrs. Frank Martin, Mrs. De- 
 lila Haines, Mrs. Elizabeth Uhl, Mrs. Har- 
 riet Parkinson, Mrs. Malvina Wolgamot, 
 IMrs. E. Lemmon, Mrs. Jane Kirby, Mrs. 
 William Walkup, Mrs. Mary Donald, Mrs. 
 Maria E. Crump, Mrs. Bachel Spencer, Mrs. 
 B. K. Enos. 
 
 This county has a good military record, and in front of the court-house is a 
 handsome soldiers’ monument, shown in our engraving. Among her early settlers 
 were soldiers of the Revolution and the war of 1812, and in the civil war she 
 supplied her full quota. The good name of the county has suffered by an occur- 
 rence called The Holmes County Rebellion,” the theatre of which was in Rich- 
 land, the southwest corner township, a region of hills. It arose in June, 1863, 
 from difficulties met with by the enrolling officer preparatory to a draft for the 
 army. It was reported to Governor Tod that the malcontents were in large 
 force, were in a regular fortified camp, with pickets, entrenchments and cannon. 
 He accordingly issued a proclamation for them to disperse, and sent 420 soldiers, 
 mainly from Camp Chase, with a section of a battery, under Colonel Wallace. On 
 June 17th they landed at Lake Station, in the western part of the county, remained a 
 few days and then returned. A few arrests were made .and a few persons in- 
 dicted for resisting the United States authorities; but with a single exception 
 the indictments were all nolled. It was a time of intense excitement, just at the 
 opening of the Yallandigham campaign. The air was full of rumors and it 
 w’as nearly impossible even at .that time to obtain correct details ; what we possess 
 is so contradictory that we conclude that any further investigation would yield no 
 satisfaction. 
 
 Killbuck is six miles southwest of Millersburg, on the C. A. & C. R. R. It 
 has 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Disciples’ church. School census, 1888, 142. 
 
HOLMES COUNTY. 
 
 941 
 
 WiNESBURGH is fourteen miles northeast of Millersburg. It has 1 German 
 Lutheran Reformed church. School census, 1888, 163. 
 
 Holmes viLLE, six miles north of Millersburg, on C. & A. E,. R. 
 
 Berlin, seven miles east of Millersburg, has 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 
 Presbyterian church. Population about 250. 
 
 Black Creek, on C. A. & C. R. R., twelve miles west of Millersburg. 
 Population about 250. 
 
 Nashville is eleven miles northwest of Millersburg. Population about 300. 
 Lakeville Station, P. O. Plimpton, Farmerstown, New Carlisle P. O., 
 Walnut Creek, are small villages. 
 
 HURON. 
 
 Huron County was formed February 7, 1809, and organized 1815. It 
 originally constituted the whole of ^Hhe fire-lands.^’ The name, Huron, was 
 given by the French to the Wyandot tribe : its signification is probably unknown. 
 The surface is mostly level, some parts slightly undulating ; soil mostly sandy 
 mixed with clay, forming a loam. In the northwest part are some prairies, and 
 in the northern part are the sand ridges which run on the southern side of Lake 
 Erie, and vary in width from a few rods to more than a mile. Huron was much 
 reduced in 1838, in population and area, by the formation of Erie county. 
 Area about 450 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 139,956 ; in 
 pasture, 79,944; woodland, 36,032; lying waste, 2,697; produced in wheat, 
 495,057 bushels; rye, 5,123; buckwheat, 929; oats, 1,035,918; barley, 5,167; 
 corn, 698,536 ; broom corn, 200 lbs. brush ; meadow hay, 34,880 tons ; clover 
 hay, 6,837; flax, 20,300 lbs. fibre; potatoes, 108,166 bushels; butter, 982,978 
 lbs. ; cheese, 347,037 ; sorghum, 2,218 gallons; maple sugar, 23,087 lbs. ; honey, 
 11,672; eggs, 493,179 dozen ; grapes, 3,579 lbs. ; sweet potatoes, 89 bushels; 
 apples, 35,552 ; peaches, 4,052 ; pears, 923 ; wool, 539,534 lbs. ; milch cows 
 owned, 7,756. School census, 1888, 9,929; teachers, 353. Miles of railroad 
 track, 138. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Bronson, 
 
 1,291 
 
 1,092 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 676 
 
 1,157 
 
 Clarksfield, 
 
 1,473 
 
 1,042 
 
 Norwalk, 
 
 2,613 
 
 7,078 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 1,067 
 
 1,359 
 
 Peru, 
 
 1,998 
 
 1,194 
 
 1,014 
 
 Fitch ville. 
 
 1,294 
 
 822 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 306 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 1,460 
 
 900 
 
 Ridgefield, 
 
 1,599 
 
 2,359 
 
 1,038 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 Hartland, 
 
 1,067 
 
 925 
 
 1,376 
 
 954 
 
 Ripley, 
 
 Ruggles, 
 
 804 
 
 1,244 
 
 Lyme, 
 
 1,318 
 
 2,575 
 
 Sherman, 
 
 692 
 
 1,223 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 1,270 
 
 1,807 
 
 Townsend, 
 
 868 
 
 1,405 
 
 New London, 
 
 1,218 
 
 1,764 
 
 Wakeman, 
 
 702 
 
 1,450 
 
 Population of Huron in 1820 was 6,677 ; in 1830, 13,340; in 1840, 23,934; 
 1860, 29,616; 1880, 31,608, of whom 21,728 were born in Ohio; 3,142 New 
 York; 963 Pennsylvania; 124 Indiana; 76 Virginia; 54 Kentucky; 1,783 
 German Empire; 800 England and Wales; 684 Ireland; 201 British America; 
 
942 
 
 HURON COUNTY, 
 
 103 France ; 69 Scotland, and 3 Sweden and Norway. Census of 1890 was 
 31,949. 
 
 Norwalk ik 1846. — Norwalk, the county-seat, named from Norwalk, Ct., is 
 110 miles north of Columbus and 16 from Sandusky City. It lies principally 
 on a single street, extending nearly 2 miles and beautifully shaded by maple 
 trees. Much taste is evinced in the private dwellings and churches, and in 
 adorning the grounds around them with shrubbery. As a whole, the town is one 
 of the most neat and pleasant in Ohio. The view given represents a small 
 portion of the principal street; on the right is shown the court-house and jail, 
 with a part of the public square, and in the distance is seen the tower of the 
 Norwalk institute. Norwalk contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 
 Methodist and 1 Catholic Church, 9 dry goods, 1 book and 4 grocery stores, 1 
 bank, 2 newspaper printing offices, 1 flouring mill, 2 foundries, and about 1,800 
 inhabitants. The Norwalk institute is an incorporated academy, under the 
 patronage of the Baptists : a large and substantial brick building, three stories in 
 height, is devoted to its purposes ; the institution is flourishing, and numbers over 
 100 pupils, including both sexes. A female seminary has recently been com- 
 menced under auspicious circumstances, and a handsome building erected in the 
 form of a Grecian temple. About a mile west of the village are some ancient 
 fortifications. 
 
 The site of Norwalk was first visited with a view to the founding of a town, 
 by the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, Platt Benedict, and one or two others, in October, 
 1815. The place was then in the wilderness, and there were but a few settlers in 
 tlie county. The examination being satisfactory, the town plat was laid out in 
 the spring following, by Almon Buggies [see page 583], and lots offered for 
 sale at from $60 to $100 each. In the fall of 1817 Platt Benedict built a log- 
 house with the intention of removing his family, but in his absence it vas 
 destroyed by fire. He reconstructed his dwelling shortly after, and thus com- 
 menced the foundation of the village. In the May after, Norwalk was made the 
 county-seat, and the public buildings subsequently erected. The year after, a 
 census was taken, and the population had reached 109. In the first few years of 
 the settlement, the different denominations appearing to have forgotten theiir 
 peculiar doctrines, were accustomed to meet at the old court-house for sacred 
 worship, at the second blowing of the horn. In 1820 the Methodists organized a 
 class, and in 1821 the Episcopal society was constituted. From that time to the 
 present the village has grown with the progressive increase of the county. 
 
 In 1819 two Indians were tried and executed at Norwalk for murder. ‘ Their 
 names were Ne-go-sheck and Ne-gon-a-ba, the last of which is said to signify 
 one who walks favT The circumstances of their crime and execution we take 
 from the MSS. history of the fire-lands,’’ by the late C. B. Squier, Esq. 
 
 In the spring of 1816 John Wood, of 
 Venice, and George Bishop, of Banbury, 
 were trapping for muskrats on the west side 
 of Banbury, in the vicinity of the “two 
 harbors, ’ ’ so called ; and having collected a 
 few skins had lain down for the night in their 
 temporary hut.^ Three straggling Ottawa 
 Indians came, in the course of the night, 
 upon their camp and discovered them sleep- 
 ing. To obtain_ their little pittance of furs, 
 etc., they were induced to plan their destruc- 
 tion. After com pleting their arrangements the 
 two eldest armed themselves with clubs, singled 
 out their victims, and each, with a well-directed 
 blow upon their heads, despatched them in 
 an instant. They then forced their youngest 
 companion, Negasow, who had been until 
 then merely a spectator, to beat the bodies 
 with a club, that he might be made to feel 
 
 that he was a participator in the murder and 
 so refrain from exposing their crime. After 
 securing whatever was then in the camp that 
 they desired, they took up^ their line of 
 march for the Maumee, avoiding, as far as 
 possible, the Indian settlements on their 
 course. 
 
 Wood left a wife to mourn his untimely 
 fate, but Bishop was a single man. Their 
 bodies were found in a day or two by the 
 whites under such circumstances that evinced 
 that they had been murdered by Indians, and 
 a pursuit was forthwith commenced. The 
 Indians living about the mouth of Portage 
 river had seen these straggling Indians pass- 
 ing eastward, now suspected them of the 
 crime, and joined the whites in the pursuit. 
 They were overtaken in the neighborhood 
 of the Maumee river, brought back and 
 
Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 View in Main Street, Norwalk. 
 
 In front is shown the Court-House, and in the far distance the tower of the Academy, 
 
 Geo. W. Edmondson, Photo., Norwalk, 1886. 
 
 Main Street, Norwalk. 
 
 The view is in the resident part of the street. 
 
944 
 
 HURON COUNTY. 
 
 examined before a magistrate. They con- 
 fessed their crime and were committed to 
 jail. At the trial the two principals were 
 sentenced to be hung in June, 1819 : the 
 younger one was discharged. The county of 
 Huron had at this time no secure jail, and 
 the^ were closely watched by an armed guard. 
 They nevertheless escaped one dark night. 
 The guard fired and wounded one of them 
 severely in the body, but he continued to run 
 
 In this transaction the various Indiai 
 ness that the laws of the whites should 
 the execution, and only requested that tl 
 disturbed in their graves . — Old Edition. 
 
 for several miles, till, tired and faint with the 
 loss of blood, he laid down, telling his com- 
 panion he should die, and urging him to 
 continue on. The wounded man was found 
 after the lapse of two or^ three days, some- 
 where in Penn township, in a dangerous con- 
 dition, but he soon recovered. The other 
 was recaptured near the Maumee by the 
 Indians, and brought to Norwalk, where they 
 were both hanged according to sentence. 
 
 \ tribes evinced a commendable willing- 
 be carried out. Many of them attended 
 e bodies of their comrades should not be 
 
 The larger part of the Indians that settled 
 on the Firelands were tribes of the powerful 
 Iroquois nation. Some of them, considering 
 their environment, were noble characters, 
 and years after, when all hostilities had 
 ceased, and as the country began to fill up, 
 were even disposed to hold not only peaceable 
 but friendly relations with the whites. 
 
 The Senecas, who were in the habit of 
 passing through the southern part of Huron 
 county, on their way to eastern hunting- 
 grounds, were particularly fierce in appear- 
 ance, bedecked in their barbaric garb of 
 feathers and skins, but nevertheless were 
 specially friendly. 
 
 On these hunting trips they would trade 
 baskets, trinkets and game with the settlers 
 in exchange for bread, meal or flour. Strong 
 and disinterested friendships sprung up be- 
 tween some of them and the whites. Their 
 appearance was so frequent, and their actions 
 
 so decorous and kindly, that even the chil- 
 dren became attached to them, and in some 
 instances strong affections were formed. 
 Seneca John, the famous chief, used to carry 
 the children of Caleb Palmer, the pioneer 
 settler of New Haven, upon his shoulders. 
 So strong was their affection for him, that 
 when they saw a band of Indians coming 
 they would rush forward with cries of delight, 
 and when the tall, stalwart form of Seneca 
 John greeted their eyes, they would run to 
 him, climb to his shoulders and ride thereon 
 to and from school. The children of the 
 whites and Indians intermingled in their 
 games, and each were on as friendly terms 
 with the others as they were with their own 
 kind. Mrs. Platt Benedict, in her last years, 
 said: “We gained the friendship of those 
 denizens of the forest, and they brought us 
 many, many presents in their own rude 
 way.'” 
 
 Norwalk, the county-seat of Huron, is a beautiful city of the second class, 
 fifty-six miles west of Cleveland, about ninety-five miles north of Columbus, and 
 fifty-seven miles east of Toledo ; is on the L. S. & M. S., W. & L. E., and S. 
 M. & N. Railroads. It is on what are known as the Firelands,” in the Western 
 Reserve. On account of its fine streets being well shaded by beautiful trees of 
 that species, it is called the Maple City.” It is surrounded by a rich farming 
 country, has a fine commercial trade, and considerable manufacturing interests. 
 County Officers : Auditor, Jonathan S. White ; Clerk, Albert M. Beattie ; Com- 
 missioners, Commodore O. H. Perry, James A. Fancher, George Bargus ; Coroner, 
 Frank E. Weeks; Infirmary Directors, James D. Easton, Uriah S. Laylin, Jon- 
 athan W. Huestis ; Probate Judge, Henry L. Kennan ; Prosecuting Attorney, 
 Theron H. Kellogg ; Recorder, Robert A. Bloomer ; Sheriff, Alfred Noecker ; 
 Surveyor, Luther B. Mesnard; Treasurers, Orin S. Griffin, Amos O. Jump. 
 Newspapers : Chronicle, Republican, F. R. Loomis, editor ; Germania, German, 
 George J. Lenz, editor and publisher ; Journal, Couch & Beckwith, editors and 
 publishers ; Reflector, Republican, C. Wickham and James C. Gibbs, editors ; 
 Experiment and Neivs, Democratic, H. L. Stewart, editor. Churches : one Epis- 
 copalian, three Catholic, one Congregational, two ^lethodist Episcopal, one Bap- 
 tist, one Universalist, one Presbyterian, one Lutheran. Banks : First National, 
 Theodore Williams, president, George M. Cleveland, cashier; Huron County 
 Banking Company, D. H. Fox, })resident, Pitt Curtiss, cashier; Norwalk Na- 
 tional Bank, John Gardiner, president, Charles \V. Millen, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — G. IVI. Cleveland & Co., flour, etc., 6 hands ; 
 W. B. Lyke, general machinery, 5; B. C. Cartwright, fanning mills, idle ; E. S. 
 
HURON COUNTY. 
 
 945 
 
 Tuttle, grain elevator, 2 ; C. H. Gove & Co., iron foundry, 3 ; Stewart Dowel 
 Pin Works, Dowel pins, 17 ; The A. B. Chase Company, pianos and organs, 160; 
 L. S. & M. S. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 80 ; W. & L. E. R. R. Shops, rail- 
 road repairs, 99 ; Norwalk Machine Works, general machinery, 9 ; C. H. Fuller, 
 carriages, 9 ; N. H. Pebbles, carriages, 5 ; The Laning Printing -Company, print- 
 ing, 26 ; Norwalk Electric Light and Power Company, electric light, 3 ; S. E. 
 Crawford, pumps, 3 ; Theodore Williams & Son, flour, etc., 10 ; D. E. More- 
 house, planing mill, 5 ; C. W. Smith, planing mill, 10 ; Smith & Himberger, 
 doors, sash, etc., 8; F. B. Case, tobaccos, 23; Sprague & French, advertising 
 novelties, 225 ; The Hexagon Postal Box Manufacturing Company, post-office 
 furniture, 20 ; William Schubert, planing mill, 6 ; Bostwick & Burgess Manu- 
 facturing Company, carpet sweepers, etc., 53. — State Reports, 1888. Population 
 in 1880, 5,704. School census, 1888, 2,338 ; W. R. Comings, school superin- 
 tendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $354,250. Value of 
 annual product, $575,000. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. U. S. census, 1890, 
 7,195. 
 
 Up to 1852, the era of railroads, Norwalk was an academy town. It was the 
 seat of the famous Norwalk Academy, having been the largest and most famous 
 institution of the kind in all the West, and almost as well known to the pioneers 
 as Yale or Harvard. The society of the town comprised mostly the teachers and 
 their families, together with the few families who moved here while educating 
 their children. Charles H. Stewart, Esq., in an address delivered March 27, 
 1883, at the farewell reunion of the High School alumni, said : 
 
 “ Everybody kept boarders; in fact, that 
 was the main occupation of about nine-tenths 
 of our able-bodied citizens during that period. 
 Board was very reasonable in those days, too. 
 A young man could get the best room and 
 nicest board in town for from $1 to $1.50 per 
 week. Mutton sold for two cents a pound, 
 and as everybody kept cows and pigs and 
 hens, which all ran free in the streets, milk 
 and eggs and pork were almost given away. 
 These rooms were divided up into a large 
 number of smaller ones, where many young 
 men roomed. 
 
 “Our late President, R. B. Hayes, and 
 present Governor, Charles Foster, and several 
 of our Congressmen, were dormitory boys, as 
 they used to call them, who cooked and ate 
 and devised mischief there. The boys had 
 their bread baked, did the rest of their cook- 
 
 ing, and used to live here nicely for forty 
 cents a week, including room rent, which was 
 $1 a term. In the fall of the year (as can be 
 guessed), the boys used to live on the fat of 
 the land. On almost any night, along to- 
 ward midnight’s witching hour, mysterious 
 figures could be seen, surreptitiously gliding 
 into the old school-building, with large, mys- 
 terious bags on their shoulders. If j^ou would 
 glide up behind one of them, you would see 
 the contents of those bags disgorged in the 
 ruddy glow of the firelight which lit up the 
 laughing faces of half a score of future sena- 
 tors, congressmen, governors, judges, or — 
 must we say it ? — preachers. There were big 
 watermelons and roasting-ears, and sweet po- 
 tatoes, apples, now and then a plump pullet 
 from some neighboring roost, and there was 
 a banquet for the gods. ’ ’ 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Platt Benedict, the founder of the town, was born in Danbury, Conn., in 
 1775, and was a four-year-old boy when the British red-coats came to his native 
 town to do mischief, having burned 'Norwalk, Conn., on their way. Perhaps it 
 was this incident that indirectly paved the way to his founding an Ohio Norwalk. 
 When he came out here in 1817, he was seven weeks on the journey coming out, 
 with his family and household goods, the latter stowed away in a wagon drawn 
 by oxen. He was one of the most sturdy of that strong body of men — the 
 Western pioneers ; a man of many virtues. He lived to the grand old age of 
 91 years, 7 months and 7 days, which he reached October 25, 1866. 
 
 George Kennan, the Siberian traveller, was born in Norwalk, February 16, 
 1845. His father, now 87 years of age, is probably the oldest living telegrapher 
 in the United States, and taught his son the profession. He was educated in the 
 public schools of Norwalk, and at the Columbus High School while working as 
 
946 
 
 HURON COUNTY, 
 
 
 PLATT BENEDICT— An Ohio Pioneer, GEO. KENNAN— The Siberian Traveller. 
 
 night operator in that city. In 1864, while working as assistant chief operator 
 in the Western Union office at Cincinnati, he made application for an appointment 
 on the projected overland line from America to Europe, via Alaska, Behring’s 
 Straits and Siberia. One night a message came over the wires from General 
 Stager, as follows : Can you get ready to start for Alaska in two weeks ? ” 
 
 Yes, I can get ready to start in two hours,” was the reply. You may go,” 
 replied General Stager. 
 
 As a leader of one of the Russo- American 
 Telegraph Company’s exploring parties, he 
 spent nearly three years in constant travel in 
 the interior of northeastern Siberia. The 
 manner in which, in the summer of 1867, he 
 received the first notice of the abandonment 
 of the enterprise in which he_ was engaged, 
 illustrates the complete isolation from civil- 
 ization of his party. 
 
 One day he with some others boarded a 
 vessel in the Okhotsk Sea and approached 
 the captain with the remark: “Good day, 
 sir. What is the name of your vessel ? ” 
 
 The astonished captain of the bark Sea 
 Breeze, from New Bedford, Mass., replied : 
 “Good Lord ! Has the universal Yankee got 
 up here? Where did you come from ? How 
 did you get here ? ^yhat are you doing ? ’ ’ 
 Having silenced his interrogation battery, 
 the captain gave them a lot of old San Fran- 
 cisco newspapers, in which they learned that 
 the enterprise upon which they were engaged 
 had been abandoned, on account of the suc- 
 cessful laying of the second Atlantic cable ; 
 but it was not until the following September 
 that they received official notification and or- 
 ders to return to America. 
 
 In 1870 Mr. Kennan again went to Russia 
 to explore the mountains of the Eastern Cau- 
 casus, returning to this country in 1871. 
 
 In 1885 he was engaged by the publishers 
 of the ‘ ‘ Century Magazine ’ ’ to visit Russia for 
 the purpose of investigating the Russian 
 exile system. He in company with Mr. 
 Frost, the artist, spent sixteen months on 
 this work, during which they suffered many 
 hardships. Extreme cold, fatigue and sick- 
 ness were but small trials when compared 
 with the constant fear of discovery of their 
 mission by the Russian government, and 
 the heart sickness caused by sympathy for 
 the horrible misery of the exiles. It required 
 wonderful tact and skill to evade the watch- 
 fulness of the Russian emissaries. 
 
 They travelled 1,500 ^ miles through 
 northern Russia and Siberia, visited all the 
 convict prisons and mines between the Ural 
 mountains and the head-waters of the Amur 
 river, and explored the wildest part of the Rus- 
 sian Altai. The publication in the “ Century 
 Magazirke” of the results of these investi- 
 gations filled the whole civilized world with 
 horror and indignation at the inhumanity of 
 the Russian government in its treatment of 
 political and other offenders. 
 
 Mr. Kennan is the author of “Tent Life 
 in Siberia, and Adventures among the Koraks 
 and other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern 
 Asia.’’ (New York, 1870.) 
 
 Among the present citizens of Norwalk is 
 
HURON COUNTY. 
 
 947 
 
 John Gardiner, who has the distinction of 
 being the oldest banker in Northwest Ohio. 
 He was born in New London county, Conn., 
 September 15, 1816. In 1834 he entered as 
 a clerk in the Bank of Norwalk, which was 
 then the only bank in Northwestern Ohio, 
 and its business embraced what is now all of 
 twenty counties, extending as far south as 
 Mount Vernon and Bucyrus. He has largely 
 been identified with the railroads of this 
 region, and other great public interests of a 
 developing nature ; has lately erected a beauti- 
 
 ful business block in Norwalk. Gideon T. 
 Stewart, a lawyer here, born in Fulton 
 county, N. Y., in 1824, has long been identi- 
 fied with journalism and the temperance re- 
 form ; has been thrice the Prohibition candi- 
 date for Governor of Ohio. Throughout the 
 war period he owned and edited the Dubuque 
 Daily Times., then the only union daily in the 
 north half of Wisconsin ; later was half owner 
 of the Daily Blade and Daily Commercial 
 of Toledo. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 Mr. C. E. Newman, the librarian of the Firelands Historical Society, an old 
 gentleman, showed me in Norwalk, among the society’s possessions, a tin horn 
 which was used, he told me, to summon the people up to church and court ; and 
 as he stated by Mr. Ammi Keeler. He was sexton of the Episcopal church, the 
 first church organized, and which was in the old white court-house, and being also 
 deputy-sheriff he brought it into the service of the law as well as religion. The 
 old white court-house was removed about 1 835, and now forms part of the Maple 
 City hotel. 
 
 Edmonson, Photo. 
 
 A Historic Horn. 
 
 A few months after Mr. Newman had shown me this horn, which I had photo- 
 graphed, I was in Mansfield, and called in one evening upon Rev. Hr. Sherlock A. 
 Bronson, at one time President of Gambier. He was then about eighty years 
 old, the venerable rector of the Episcopal church, who had come from Waterbury, 
 Conn., in 1807 ; age then six months, of course recollections of the journey not 
 vivid. 
 
 AVhile showing him my various pictures taken for this work, I brought out 
 this one, saying, This is a photograph of a tin horn used sixty years ago, in the 
 town of Norwalk, to blow the people up to church and to court.” Yes,” he 
 rejoined, and to my great surprise added, I know it, for I am the man that 
 bought and first blew that horn.” He then gave me its history. In 1827,” he 
 said, attended an Episcopal Convention at Mt. Vernon, and on my way to 
 Norwalk passed through this town, Mansfield, and here bought this horn. 
 From 1827 to 1829 I was assistant teacher to my cousin in the famous Norwalk 
 Academy. The Episcopal society met in the court-house, where I sometimes 
 read service, and it was my wont to go out upon the court-house steps and blow 
 the horn.” I had supposed we were alone in our interview, but as he concluded 
 I was again surprised — surprised to hear from a dark part of the double-room 
 a female voice utter, I want to see that horn.” Thereupon he left me, taking 
 the photograph, but I never saw or knew who it was that had wanted to see that 
 horn. And with so much, I close my story of a horn that was not attached to a 
 dilemma. 
 
 The next day I saw in Mansfield another venerable gentleman, Mr. Hiram R. 
 Smith, who sixty years ago was a resident of Sandusky, and he gave me 
 another item to add to this blast. ^^At the starting of Sandusky,” said he, the 
 Sanduskyans were called to church by a horn. It was on a Sunday morning of 
 those times that Bishop Philander Chase, the founder of Kenyon, landed at San- 
 dusky with two Chinese youths he had brought from. the East to Ohio for educa- 
 
HURON COUNTY. 
 
 948 
 
 tion. As the trio stepped ashore the horn rang out on the clear morning air, 
 whereupon one of the lads inquired its meaning. That,’^ replied the bishop, 
 ^^is to summon the people to church.^^ ^^Hoo,^^ rejoined the lad: ^^New York, 
 Sunday, ring bell for church — Buffalo, Sunday, ring bell for church — Sandusky, 
 Sunday, blow horn.^’ 
 
 The people of Norwalk have a natural pride in the fact that General MTher- 
 son was once a student at their old academy. Mr. Newman told me he boarded 
 with him, and he was a very studious, gentlemanly youth, with the highest repu- 
 tation for capacity. He narrowly escaped failing to get into the Military Acad- 
 emy. He had applied for and was expecting the appointment when Eudolphus 
 Dickerson, the member of Congress through whom it was to come, suddenly 
 sickened and died. M’Pherson was then in an agony of suspense. No one could 
 give him any information whether the cadet warrant for admission into the 
 academy had* been granted. He was already twenty years of age; if delayed a 
 year he would be twenty-one, and too old for admission. At the last moment by 
 bare accident the warrant was found among Dickerson’s papers. ^ As it was, he 
 had to hurry and narrowly escaped getting there in time for examination. 
 
 Norwalk owes its chief attraction to Main street, its principal avenue. It is 
 built upon for about two miles. The centre being the business part, with the 
 court-house, school buildings and churches ; the ends for residences, and these 
 
 lined with maples, planted at the sug- 
 gestion of Elisha Whittlesey, one of the 
 original proprietors. But few streets I 
 know of in the centre of any Ohio town 
 is so dense with foliage as the part of 
 Main street shown in our view. 
 
 At Edmondson’s photograph gallery 
 I saw a picture here copied that exhibited 
 a singular affection between a horse and 
 a dog. They belonged to the firm of 
 Eastman & Read, grocers. The horse 
 was used for the delivery wagon, and it 
 was tlie habit of the dog, on the return 
 of the horse from a round of serving 
 customers, to run and give and receive a 
 caress. 
 
 The thoughtful Miss Martineau, 
 wrote that although human beings had 
 been living for thousands of years in 
 the companionship of animals, there 
 was between the two an inseparable 
 gulf, preventing the mind of the one. 
 from closely communicating with the 
 mind of the other. Wliether it be sc 
 between animals of different kinds or 
 of the same kind is a question. 
 
 Bellevue is peculiarly located. It is in Huron and Sandusky counties, part 
 on and part off* tlie Western Reserve, and has a corner also of Erie and Seneca 
 counties. The town is in tlie midst of a fine agricultural district, which produces 
 large quantities of cereals and fruits, enriching the people of the surrounding 
 country and making the town a jirosperous and wealthy centre. It is sixty-five 
 miles west of Cleveland, about ninety-five miles north of Columbus and forty- 
 five miles east of Toledo, and about midway between Buffalo and Chicago on the 
 “Nickel-plate” Railroad, being the terminus of two grand divisions of that line, 
 whose company has here established round-houses and repair-shops. It has three 
 
 Edmondson, Photo. 
 
 Loving Dog and Horse. 
 
HURON COUNTY. 
 
 949 
 
 lines of railways, the L. S. & M. S., W. & L. E. and N. Y. C. & St. L. (or 
 Nickel-plate.) Newspapers : Gazette, neutral, Stoner & Callahan, publishers ; 
 Local News, neutral. Geo. E. Wood, editor and publisher. Churches : 2 Con- 
 gregational, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Reformed, 1 Catholic, 1 Evangelical, 1 
 Lutheran and 1 Episcopal. Banks : Bellevue, Bourdett Wood, president, E. J. 
 Sheffield, cashier. City Officers, 1888 : Mayor, John U. Mayne; Clerk, W. H. 
 Dimick ; Marshal, J. P. Kroner ; Treasurer, Abishai Woodward. Population 
 in 1880, 2,169. School census, 1888, 854; E. F. Warner, school super- 
 intendent. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Joseph Erdrich, cooperage, 25 hands; Fremont 
 Cultivator Co., agricultural implements, 61 ; McLaughlin & Co., flour, etc., 13 ; 
 Gross and Weber, planing mill, 6. — Ohio State Report, 1888. Capital invested 
 in industrial establishments, $156,000. Value of annual product, $538,000. 
 — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. United States census, 1890, 3,052. 
 
 Geeenwich is eighteen miles southeast of Norwalk, on the C. C. C. & I. R. R. 
 Newspaper : Enterprise, local, Speek & McKee, publishers. Churches : 1 Con- 
 gregational, 1 Methodist and 2 Friends. Bank : Greenwich Banking Co., Wm. 
 A. Knapp, president, W. A. Hossler, cashier. Population in 1880, 647. 
 School census, 1888, 276. 
 
 Monroeville is an incorporated town about ninety-five miles north from 
 Columbus, fifty-nine miles west of Cleveland and five miles west of Norwalk. 
 Three railroads have a junction here, viz. : L. S. & M. S., W. & L. E. and B. 
 & O., and the ‘^Nickel-plate’’ crosses the B. & O. four miles north of the town. 
 It is surrounded by rich farming lands, cereals and fruits being the principal 
 products. Its educational facilities are superior, and it has considerable manu- 
 facturing interests. Newspaper : Spectator, neutral, Simmons Bros., publishers. 
 Churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Lutheran, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Catholic 
 and 1 Presbyterian. Banks : First National, S. D. Fish, president, H. P. 
 Stentz, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Boehm & Yanquell, flour, etc., 3 hands ; Hey- 
 mon & Co., flour, etc., 9 ; S. E. Smith, agricultural implements, 6 ; John 
 Hosford, fanning mills, 2. — State Report, 1888. Population in 1880, 1,221. 
 School census, 1888, 476 ; W. H. Mitchell, school superintendent. Capital in- 
 vested in industrial establishments, $30,000. Value of annual product, $60,000. 
 — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. 
 
 New London is ninety miles north of Columbus and forty-seven miles south- 
 west of Cleveland via C. C. C. & I. R. R. Its early settlers were from New 
 York and New England. It has one newspaper : Record, independent. Geo. W. 
 Runyan, editor and proprietor. City Officers, 1888, D. R. Sackett, mayor ; J. 
 L. Young, clerk ; C. Starbird, treasurer ; H. K. Day, marshal. Three churches : 
 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Congregational. Principal industries 
 are dairying, manufacture of flour, tile, churn and butter boxes, tables, carriages 
 and wagons. Bank : First National, Alfred S. Johnson, president ; John M. 
 Sherman, cashier. Population in 1880, 1,011. School census, 1886, 295; 
 Jas. L. Young, superintendent. 
 
 Chicago is seventy-five miles north of Columbus and fifteen southwest of 
 Norwalk. The first building was erected in 1874, and occupied by Samuel L. 
 Boweby as a grocery and hotel. Chicago is an evidence of the rapid growth of a 
 town through the influence of railroads, three divisions of the B. & O. R. R. 
 terminating here and causing the establishment of the town, which has grown to 
 its present proportions notwithstanding serious drawbacks by fire and epidemic. 
 It has one newspaper Times, independent, S. O. Riggs, editor and publisher. 
 Four churches : 1 United Brethren, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Free Methodist and 
 1 Catholic. The B. & O. R. R. has machine and repair shops located here. 
 Population in 1880, 662. 
 
950 
 
 HURON COUNTY. 
 
 Wakeman is ten miles east of Norwalk, on the L. S. & M. S. R. R. News- 
 paper : Independeyit Press, Independent, G. H. Mains, editor and publisher. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — J. J. McMann, wagon felloes, etc., 5 hands ; Geo. 
 Humphrey, wagon felloes, etc., 6 ; S. T. Gibson, flour, etc., 2 ; J. R. Griffin, 
 cooperage, 4. — Ohio State Report, 1887. Capital invested in industrial estab- 
 lishments, $13,300. Value of annual product, $15,200. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 
 1887. 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 Jackson County was organized in March, 1816. Area about 410 square 
 miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 43,961 ; in pasture, 101,544 ; wood- 
 land, 42,499 ; lying waste, 5,226 ; produced in wheat, 96,726 bushels ; rye, 2,890 ; 
 buckwheat, 137 ; oats, 66,488; corn, 214,006 ; meadow hay, 12,918 tons; pota- 
 toes, 15,759 bushels; butter, 262,410 lbs.; cheese, 100; sorghum, 4,197 gallons; 
 maple syrup, 194; honey, 2,833 lbs.; eggs, 307,191 dozen; grapes, 1,400 lbs.; 
 sweet potatoes, 293 bushels; apples, 13,571; peaches, 9,094; pears, 76; wool, 
 47,491 lbs. ; milch cows owned, 4,125. School census, 1888, 10,201 ; teachers, 
 167. Miles of railroad track, 125. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Bloomfield, 
 
 721 
 
 1,557 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 474 
 
 1,784 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 824 
 
 
 Lick, 
 
 822 
 
 5,213 
 
 F ranklin. 
 
 1.055 
 
 1,502 
 
 Madison, 
 
 724 
 
 2,113 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 415 
 
 819 
 
 Milton, 
 
 912 
 
 3,404 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 378 
 
 
 Richland, 
 
 548 
 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 410 
 
 1,869 
 
 Scioto, 
 
 931 
 
 1,579 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 752 
 
 2,443 
 
 Washington, 
 
 481 
 
 1,403 
 
 Also Coal township, formed in 1881. Population of Jackson in 1820 was 
 3,842; 1830,5,941; 1840, 9,744; 1860, 17,941; 1880, 23,686, of whom 19,598 
 were born in Ohio; 1,003 Virginia, 814 Pennsylvania, 277 Kentucky, 71 In- 
 diana, 55 New York, 770 England and Wales, 319 German Empire, 245 Ire- 
 land, 14 British America, 9 Scotland, and 7 France. U. S. Census, 1890, 28,408. 
 
 In our original edition we said : The early settlers were many of them West- 
 ern V irginians ; and a considerable portion of its present inhabitants are from 
 Wales and Pennsylvania, who are developing its agricultural resources. The sur- 
 face is hilly, but in many parts produces excellent wheat. Tlie exports are cattle, 
 horses, wool, swine, millstones, lumber, tobacco, and iron. Tlie county is rich in 
 minerals, and abounds in coal and iron ore ; and mining will be extensively pros- 
 ecuted whenever communication is had with navigable waters by railroads.^^ 
 
JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 Well, that prediction is now fact. Jackson is one of the great mining counties 
 of Ohio ; in coal it stands second only to Perry. The “ Ohio Mining Statistics 
 for 1888’^ gave these items: ^^Coal, 1,088,761 tons mined, employing 2,228 
 miners, and 332 outside employees; iron ore, 42,206 tons; fire clay, 9,720 tons; 
 limestone, 21,125 tons burned for fluxing; 1,036 cubic feet of dimension stone.^^ 
 
 Prof. Orton, in his Geological Report for 1884,^^ states : Four seams of coal 
 are mined in shipping banks in Jackson county. They are as follows : the Shaft 
 seam, the Wellston coal, the Cannel coal, the Limestone coal. 
 
 The Shaft seam supports two shipping banks at Jackson, in addition to the 
 several furnace mines. There are also several small shipping mines along the 
 railroad, west of Jackson. 
 
 The Wellston coal is the mainspring of the coal-mining industry of the coun- 
 try. The development of this field has advanced with great rapidity. In 1878 
 not more than 10,000 tons of coal were shipped from Jackson county. During 
 that year two new lines of railway, built with the special object of reaching this 
 coal, entered the field. The roads are the Ohio Southern (I. B. & W.) and the 
 Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railway (narrow gauge). In 1880 the ship- 
 ments reached nearly 300,000 tons, and in 1883 nearly 400,000 tons.’’ Now, as 
 above stated, it exceeds a million of tons. 
 
 The Old Scioto Salt-works. 
 
 The old history of Jackson county is very interesting. The famous ^^old 
 Scioto Salt-works ” are in this region, on the banks of Salt creek, a tributary of 
 the Scioto. The wells were sunk to the depth of about thirty feet, but the water 
 was very weak, requiring ten or fifteen gallons to make a pound of salt. It was 
 first made by the whites about the year 1798, and transferred from the kettles to 
 pack-horses of the salt purchasers, who carried it to the various settlements, and 
 sold it to the inhabitants’ for three or four dollars per bushel, as late as 1808. 
 This saline was thought to be so important to the country that, when Ohio was 
 formed into a State, a tract of six miles square was set apart by Congress, for the 
 use of the State, embracing this saline. In 1804 an act was passed by the legis- 
 lature regulating its management, and appointing an agent to rent out small lots 
 on the borders of the creek, where the salt water was most abundant to the manu- 
 facturers. As better and more accessible saline springs have been discovered, 
 these were now abandoned. 
 
 The expression, verj^ common in this region, 
 
 '‘'"shooting one with a pack-saddleC is said 
 to have originated, in early days, in this 
 way. A person, who had come on horseback, 
 from some distance, to the salt-works to pur- 
 chase salt, had his pack-saddle stolen by the 
 boilers, who were a rough, coarse set, thrown 
 into the salt furnace, and destroyed. He 
 made little or no complaint, but determined 
 
 These old salt-works were among the first worked by the whites in Ohio. 
 They had long been known, and have been indicated on maps published as early 
 as 1755. 
 
 The Indians, prior to the settlement of the country, used to come from long 
 distances to make salt at this place ; and it was not uncommon for them to be 
 accompanied by whites, whom they had taken captive and adopted. Daniel 
 Boone, when a prisoner, spent some time at these works. Jonathan Alder, a 
 sketch of whom is under the head of Madison county, Avas taken a prisoner, when 
 a boy, by the Indians, in 1782, in Virginia, and adopted into one of their families, 
 near the head-waters of Mad river. He had been with them about a year, when 
 they took him with them to the salt-Avorks, where he met a Mrs. Martin, likewise 
 
 to have revenge lor the tricx played upon 
 him. On the next errand of this nature, he 
 partly filled his pack-saddle with gunpowder, 
 and gave the boilers another opportunity to 
 steal and burn it, which they embraced — 
 when, lo ! much to their consternation, a ter- 
 rific explosion ensued, and they narrowly es- 
 caped serious injury. 
 
MiUer & Williams, Photo., Jackson, 1886. 
 
 Jackson, 
 
JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 953 
 
 The meeting between them was affecting. We give the particulars 
 
 a prisoner, 
 in his own simple and artless language : 
 
 Mrs. Martin s Story . — It was now better 
 than a year after I was taken prisoner, when 
 the Indians started off to the Scioto salt- 
 springs, near Chillicothe, to make salt, and 
 took me along with them. Here I got to see 
 Mrs. Martin, that was taken prisoner at the 
 same time I was, and this was the first time 
 that I had seen her since we were separated 
 at the council-house. When she saw me, she 
 came smiling, and asked me if it was me. I 
 told her it was. She asked me how I had 
 been. I told her I had been very unwelf for 
 I had had the fever and ague for a long time. 
 So she took me off to a log, and there we sat 
 down ; and she combed my head, and asked 
 me a great many questions about how I lived. 
 
 and if I didn’t want to see my mother and 
 little brothers. I told her that I should be 
 glad to see them, but never expected to again. 
 She then pulled out some pieces of her 
 daughter’s scalp that she said were some 
 trimmings they had trimmed off the night 
 after she was killed, and that she meant to 
 keep them as long as she lived. She then 
 talked and cried about her family, that was 
 all destroyed and gone, except the remaining 
 bits of her daughter’s scalp. W e stayed here 
 a considerable time, and, meanwhile, took 
 many a cry together; and when we parted 
 again, took our last and final farewell, for I 
 never saw her again. 
 
 Captivity and Escape of Samuel Davis. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Davis, who is now (1846) residing in Franklin county, near 
 Columbus, was taken prisoner by the Indians, and made his escape while within 
 the present limits of this county. He was born in New England, moved to the 
 West, and was employed by the governor of Kentucky as a spy against the 
 Indians on the Ohio. The circumstances of his captivity and escape are from his 
 biography, by Col. John McDonald : 
 
 In the fall of 1792, when the spies were 
 discharged, Davis concluded he would make 
 a winter’s hunt up the Big Sandy river. He 
 and a Mr. William Camphell prepared them- 
 selves with a light canoe, with traps and am- 
 munition, for a fall hunt. They set off from 
 Massie’s station (Manchester), up the Ohio ; 
 thence up Big Sandy some distance, hunting 
 and trapping as they went along. Their suc- 
 cess in hunting and trapping was equal to 
 their expectation. Beaver and otter were 
 plenty. Although they saw no Indian sign, 
 they were very circumspect in concealing 
 their canoe, either by sinking it in deep 
 water, or concealing it in thick willow brush. 
 They generally slept out in the hills, without 
 fire. This constant vigilance and care was 
 habitual to the frontier men of that day. 
 They hunted and trapped till the winter 
 began to set in. They now began to think 
 of returning, oefore the rivers would freeze 
 up. They accordingly commenced a retro- 
 grade move down the river, trapping as they 
 leisurely went down. They had been several 
 days going down the river ; they landed on a 
 small island covered with willows. Here 
 they observed signs of beaver. They set 
 their traps, dragged their canoe among the 
 willows, and remained quiet till late in the 
 night. They now concluded that any per- 
 sons, white, red, or black, that might happen 
 to be in the neighborhood, would be in their 
 camp. They then made a small fire among 
 the willows, cooked and eat their supper, and 
 lay down to sleep without i)utting out their 
 fire. They concluded that the light of their 
 small fire could not penetrate through the 
 thick willows. They therefore lay down in 
 
 perfect self-security. Some time before day, 
 as they lay fast asleep, they were awakened 
 by some fellows calling in broken English : 
 “Come, come; get up, get up.” Davis 
 awoke from sleep, looked up, and, to his 
 astonishment found himself and companion 
 surrounded ,y a number of Indians, and two 
 standing over him with uplifted tomahawks. 
 To resist in such a case would be to throw 
 away their lives in hopeless struggle. They 
 surrendered themselves prisoners. 
 
 The party^ of Indians, consisting of up- 
 wards of thirty warriors, had crossed the 
 Ohio about the mouth of Guyandotte river, 
 and passed through Virginia to a station near 
 the head of Big Sandy. They attacked the 
 station and were repulsed, after continuing 
 their attack two days and nights. Several 
 Indians were killed during the siege and sev- 
 eral wounded. They had taken one white 
 man prisoner from the station, by the name 
 of Daniels, and taken all the horses belonging 
 to the station. The Indians had taken, or 
 made, some canoes, in which they placed 
 their wounded and baggage, and were de- 
 scending the river in their canoes. As they 
 were moving down in the night they discov- 
 ered a glimpse of Davis’ fire through the 
 willows. They cautiously landed on the 
 island, found Davis and Campbell fast asleep, 
 and awakened them in the manner above 
 related. 
 
 Davis and Campbell were securely fastened 
 with tutrs, and placed in their own canoe. 
 Their rifles, traps, and the proceeds of their 
 successful hunt, all fell into the hands of the 
 Indians. The Indians made no delay, but 
 immediately set off down the river in their 
 
954 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 canoes with their prisoners, while their main 
 force went by land, keeping along the river 
 bottoms with the horses they had taken from 
 the station — keeping near the canoes, so as 
 to be able to support each other in case of 
 pursuit or attack. Early the next day they 
 reached the Ohio. The wounded and pris- 
 oners were first taken across the Ohio, and 
 placed under a guard. They returned with 
 the canoes (leaving their arms stacked against 
 a tree), to assist in getting the horses across 
 the river. It was very cold, and as soon as 
 the horses would find themselves swimming 
 they would turn round and land on the same 
 shore. The Indians had a great deal of 
 trouble before they got the horses across the 
 Ohio. The guard who watched Davis and 
 his companions were anxious, impatient spec- 
 tators of the restive disposition of the horses 
 to take the water. Upon one occasion the 
 guard left the prisoners twenty or thirty yards, 
 to have a better view of the difficulty with 
 the horses. Davis and his fellow-prisoners 
 were as near to where the arms were stacked 
 as were the Indian guard. Davis, who pos- 
 sessed courage and presence of mind in an 
 eminent degree, urged his fellow-prisoners to 
 embrace the auspicious moment, seize the 
 arms, and kill the guard. His companions 
 faltered ; they thought the attempt too peril- 
 ous. Should they fail of success, nothing 
 but instant death would be the consequence. 
 \\niile the prisoners were hesitating to adopt 
 the bold plan of Davis, their guard returned 
 to their arms, to the chagrin of Davis. This 
 opportunity of escape was permitted to pass 
 by without being used. Davis ever after 
 affirmed that if the opportunity which then 
 resented itself for their escape had been 
 oldly seized their escape was certain. 
 
 He frequently averred to the writer of this 
 narrative, that if Duncan M’ Arthur, Nat 
 Beasly, or Sam M’Dowel, had been with him 
 upon this occasion, similarly situated, that he 
 had no doubt they would not only have made 
 their escape, but killed the guard and the 
 wounded Indians, and carried off or destroyed, 
 the Indians’ arms. He said, if it had not 
 been for the pusillanimity of his fellow- 
 risoners they might have promptly and 
 oldly snatched themselves from captivity, 
 and done something worth talking about. 
 The opportunity, once let slip, could not 
 again be recalled. The Indians, after a great 
 deal of exertion, at length got the horses 
 across the Ohio, and hastily fixed litters to 
 carry their wounded. They destroyed their 
 canoes, and went ahead for their own country. 
 
 This body of Indians was commanded by a 
 Shawnee chief, who called himself Captain 
 Charles Wilkey. After Wayne’s treaty, in 
 1795, when peace blessed our frontiers, the 
 writer of this sketch became well acquainted 
 with this Captain Wilkey. He was a short, 
 thick, strong, active man, with a very agree- 
 able and intelligent countenance. He was 
 communicative and social in his manners. 
 The first three or four years after Chillicothe 
 was settled, this Indian mixed freely with 
 the whites, and upon no occasion did he show 
 
 a disposition to be troublesome. He was 
 admitted by the other Indians who spoke of 
 him to be a warrior of the first order — fertile 
 in expedients, and bold to carry his plans into 
 execution. Davis always spoke of him as 
 being kind and humane to him. 
 
 The Indians left the Ohio and pushed across 
 the country in the direction of Sandusky ; and 
 as they were encumbered with several 
 wounded and a good deal of baggage, with- 
 out road or path, they travelled very slow, 
 not more than ten or twelve miles a day. As 
 many of the prisoners, taken by the Indians, 
 were burned with slow fires, or otherwise 
 tortured to death, Davis brooded over his 
 captivity in sullen silence, and determined to 
 effect his escape the first opportunity that 
 would offer, that would not look like madness 
 to embrace. At all events, he determined to 
 effect his escape or die fighting. 
 
 The Indians moved on till they came to 
 Salt creek, in what is now Jackson county, 
 O., and there camped for the night. Their 
 manner of securing their prisoners for the 
 night was as follows : They took a strong tug 
 made from the raw hide of the buffalo or elk. 
 This tug they tied tight around the prisoner’s 
 waist. Each end of the tug was fastened 
 around an Indian’s waist. Thus, with the 
 same tug fastened to two Indians, he could 
 not turn to the one side or the other with- 
 out drawing an Indian with him. In this 
 uncomfortable manner the prisoner had to lie 
 on his back till the Indians thought proper to 
 rise. If the Indians discovered the prisoner 
 making the least stir they would quiet him 
 with a few blows. In this painful situation 
 the prisoners must lie till light in the morn- 
 ing, when they would be unconfined. As the 
 company of Indians was ^ numerous, the 
 prisoners were unconfined in daylight, but 
 were told that instant death would be the 
 consequence of any movement to leave the 
 line of march, upon any occasion whatever, 
 unless accompanied by an Indian. 
 
 One morning, just before day began to ap- 
 pear, as Davis lay in his uncomfortable situa- 
 tion, he hunched one of the Indians to whom 
 he was fastened, and requested to be untied. 
 The Indian raised up his head and looked 
 round, and found it was still dark, and no 
 Indians up abqut the fires. He gave Davis a 
 severe dig with his fist and bid him lie still. 
 Davis’s mind was now in a state of desperation. 
 Fire and faggot, sleeping or awake, were con- 
 stantly floating before his mind’s eye. This 
 torturing suspense would chill his soul with 
 horror. After some time a number of Indians 
 rose up and made their fires, it was growing 
 light, but not light enough to draw a bead. 
 Davis again jogged one of the Indians to 
 whom he was fastened, and said the tug hurt 
 his middle, and again requested the Indian 
 to untie him. The Indian raised up his head 
 and looked round, and saw it was getting 
 light, and a number of Indians about the 
 fires; he untied him. Davis rose to his feet, 
 and was determined, as soon as he could look 
 around and see the most probable direction 
 of making his escape, to make the attempt, at 
 
JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 955 
 
 all hazards. He “ screwed his courage to the 
 sticking point.” It was a most desperate 
 undertaking. Should he fail to effect his 
 escape, death, instant, cruel death, was his 
 certain doom. 
 
 As he rose up to his feet, with this deter- 
 mined intention, his heart fluttered with 
 tremors — his sight grew dim at the thought 
 of the perilous plunge he was about to make. 
 He rose up to his feet — stood a minute be- 
 tween the two Indians to whom he had been 
 fastened, and took a quick glance^ at the 
 Indians who were standing around him. In 
 the evening the Indians had cut two forks, 
 which were stuck into the ground ; a pole was 
 laid across these forks, and all their rifles were 
 leaned against the pole. If he made his start 
 back from the Indian camp, the rifles of the 
 Indians, who were standing round the fires, 
 and who, he knew, would pursue him, would 
 be before them ; and as they started after 
 him they would have nothing to do but pick 
 up a rifle as they ran. On the contrary, if he 
 made his plunge through the midst of them, 
 they would have to run back for their guns, 
 and by that time, as it was only twilight in 
 the morning, he could be so far from them 
 that their aim would be very uncertain. All 
 this passed through his mind in a moment. 
 As he determined to make his dash through 
 the midst of the Indians who were standing 
 around the fires, he prepared his mind and 
 body for the dreadful attempt. 
 
 The success of his daring enterprise de- 
 pended on the swiftness of his heels. He 
 knew his bottom was good. A large, active 
 Indian was standing between Davis and the 
 fire. He drew back his fist and struck that 
 Indian with all his force, and dropped him 
 into the fire ; and with the agility of a buck, 
 he sprang over his body, and took to the 
 woods with all the speed that was in his 
 power. The Indians pursued, yelling and 
 screaming like demons ; but as Davis 
 anticipated, not a gun was fired at him. 
 Several Indians pursued him for some dis- 
 tance, and for some time it was a doubtful 
 race. The foremost Indian was so close to 
 him, that he sometimes fancied that he felt 
 his clutch. However, at length Davis began 
 to gain ground upon his pursuers — the break- 
 ing and rustling of brush was still farther and 
 farther off. He took up a long, sloping 
 ridge ; when he reached the top, he, for the 
 first time, looked back, and, to his infinite 
 pleasure, saw no person in pursuit. 
 
 He now slackened his pace, and went a 
 mile or two farther, when he began to find 
 his feet gashed and bruised by the sharp 
 stones over which he had run, without pick- 
 ing his way, in his rapid flight. He now 
 stopped, pulled off his waistcoat, tore it into 
 pieces, and wrapped them around his feet 
 instead of moccasons. He now pushed his 
 
 way for the Ohio. He crossed the Scioto 
 river, not fat from where Piketon, in Pike 
 county, now stands. He then marched over 
 the rugged hills of Sunfish, Camp creek, 
 Scioto Brush creek and Turkey creek, 
 and struck the Ohio river eight or ten 
 miles below the mouth of Scioto. It was 
 about the first of January. He was nearly 
 three days and two nights without food, 
 fire, or covering, exposed to the winter storms. 
 Hardy as he undoubtedly was, these exposures 
 and privations were almost too severe for 
 human nature to sustain. ^ But as Davis was 
 an unwavering believer in that All-seeing 
 eye, whose providence prepares means to 
 guard and protect those who put their trust 
 in him, his confidence and courage never for- 
 sook him for a moment during this trying and 
 fatiguing march. 
 
 When he arrived at the Ohio he began to 
 look about for some dry logs to make a kind 
 of raft on which to float down the stream. 
 Before he began to make his raft he looked 
 up the Ohio, and to his infinite gratification 
 he saw a Kentucky boat come floating down 
 the stream. He now thought his deliverance 
 sure. Our ^ fondest hopes are frequently 
 blasted in disappointment. As soon as the 
 boat floated opposite to him he called to the 
 people in the boat — told them of his lament- 
 able captivity and fortunate escape. The 
 boatmen heard his tale of distress with sus- 
 picion. Many boats about this time had been 
 decoyed to shore by similar tales of woe, and 
 as soon as landed their inmates cruelly mas- 
 sacred. The boatmen heard his story, but 
 refused to land. They said they had heard 
 too much about such prisoners and escapes to 
 be deceived in his case. As the Ohio was low 
 he kept pace with the boat as it slowly glided 
 along. 
 
 The more pitiably he described nis forlorn 
 situation the more determined were the boat 
 crew not to land for him. He at length 
 requested them to row the boat a little nearer 
 the shore and he would swim to them To 
 this proposition the boatmen consented. 
 They commenced rowing the boat towards 
 the shore, when Davis plunged into the 
 freezing water and swam for the boat. The 
 boatmen seeing him swimming towards 
 them, their suspicion gave way, and they 
 rowed the boat with all their force to meet 
 him. He was at length lifted into the boat 
 almost exhausted. (Our old boatmen, though 
 they had rough exteriors, had Samaritan 
 hearts.) The boatmen were not to blame for 
 their suspicion. They now administered to his 
 relief and comfort everything that was in their 
 power. That night, or the next morning, he 
 was landed at Massie's station (Manchester), 
 among his Ibrmer friends and associates, 
 where he soon recovered his usual health and 
 activity. 
 
 Jackson in 1846. — Jackson, the coiinty-seat, was laid out in 1817, and is 
 seventy-three miles southeast of Columbus, and twenty-eight from Chillicothe. 
 It contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 Protestant 
 Methodist church, 6 or 8 stores, 1 newspaper printing office, and. in 1840, had 
 
956 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 297 inhabitants ; since which the town has rapidly improved, and is now judged 
 to contain a population of 500. In this vicinity are several valuable mineral 
 springs, and also remains of ancient fortifications ; and in this county, about ten 
 years since, was found the remains of a mastodon, described in the public prints 
 of the time. — Old. Edition. 
 
 Jackson, county-seat of Jackson, is seventy-five miles south of Columbus, on 
 the Portsmouth branch of the C. W. & B. Railroad ; on the O. S., and on the 
 D. & I. Railroads. The surrounding country is rich in iron ore, and a superior 
 quality of coal for smelting purposes is found in unlimited quantities. 
 
 County Officers. — Auditor, George J. Reiniger ; Clerk, T. J. Williams ; Com- 
 missioners, Stephen M. Tripp, David D. Edwards, John E. Jones ; Coroner, J. 
 F. Morgan ; Infirmary Directors, Joseph Hale, Jr., J. H. Harshbarger, Patrick 
 H. Garrett; Probate Judge, Jesse W. Laird; Prosecuting Attorney, Ambrose 
 Leuch ; Recorder, James J. Bennett ; Sheriff, Isaac C. Long ; Surveyor, Evan C. 
 Jones ; Treasurer, Lot Davies. 
 
 City Officers. — T. A. Jones, Mayor ; J. S. Johnson, Clerk ; W. J. Jones, 
 Treasurer; Jared Martin, Marshal; Henry Shuter, Street Commissioner; David 
 Griffith, Weighmaster. 
 
 Neicspapers. — Jachson iiZeraM, Democratic, Johnson & Hinkle, publishers; 
 Jackson Journal, Republican, Gerken & Tripp, publishers. 
 
 Churches. — 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Colored Methodist Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Colored Baptist, 1 Catholic, 1 German Lutheran, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Welsh 
 Presbyterian. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Tropic Iron Co., pig-iron, 30 hands ; May 
 Brothers, cigars, 3 ; Ruf Leather Co., oak harness-leather, 14 ; Peters & Hunt- 
 singer, flour, meal, and feed, 2; John Dauber, furniture, etc., 4 ; Franklin Mill 
 Co., flour, etc., 6 ; Globe Iron Co., pig-iron, 30 ; Jackson Electric Light Co., 
 electric light, 3 ; Star Furnace Co., pig-iron, 30; Jackson Mill and Lumber Co., 
 dodrs, sash, etc., 8 ; Buckeye Mill and Lumber Co., doors, sash, etc., 8 ; Franklin 
 Mill Co., blankets, flannels, etc., 17. — State Reports, 1888. 
 
 Banks. — First National, T. S. Matthews, president, D. Armstrong, cashier; 
 Iron, Isaac Brown, president, T. P. Sutherland, cashier. 
 
 Population in 1880, 3,021. School census, 1888, 1,476 ; J. E. Kinnison, 
 Bchooi superintendent. Census, 1890, 4,275. Capital invested in industrial estab- 
 lishments, $47,700; value of annual product, $57,500. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 
 1887. 
 
 TRAVELLING NOTES. 
 
 On my original tour I visited every county in the State but Jackson and three 
 of the Black Swamp counties, viz., Ottawa, Paulding, and Williams, where there 
 was little or no history and mostly all a wilderness, with few inhabitants other than 
 wild animals. When near the close of that tour, the last of February, 1847, 1 ar- 
 rived at Clfillicothe, I designed to ride over to Jackson Court-House, as they then 
 called it; but the roads were breaking up with the oncoming of spring, and ^‘Old 
 Pomp had acquired such a habit of stumbling to his knees, that I felt to attempt 
 the journey over the rough road then intervening between the places would be at 
 too serious a peril to life and limb. Since that day Jackson has been a desire for 
 my eyes, and now, on a March day, 1886, 1 breathe more free, for I have reached 
 Jackson. 
 
 When this county was formed Gen. Jackson was in the height of his military 
 glory, and so it was named in his honor. And thus the name is a key to the date 
 of its formation, as it is with other counties around, as Perry, Lawrence, etc. 
 
 Jackson is one of the best of sites for a village. It lies upon the summit or 
 backbone of a gentle rolling ridge, about fifty feet above Salt creek. The streets 
 are of great width. Main street, the principal one, on which are the county build- 
 ings and most of the business places, crowns the ridge. From it the land falls 
 
yACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 957 
 
 away gently in all directions, until the scene is closed by a circumference of 1 on\^ 
 hills a mile or two away. Thus a free circulation of air, perfect drainage, health, 
 and free prospects are supplied to its inhabitants. No gas nor water-works are 
 established here with bills to send out, and no tall, ambitious structures to require 
 a laborious getting up-stairs. At night several furnaces send up from the out- 
 skirts their lurid light. The basis for these smelting establishments is ^^the 
 excellent Jackson block coal,^’ or “ the shaft coal.’’ 
 
 The town has a large proportion of Welsh people, who are given to mining. 
 The whole country, north and east of Jackson, teems with veins of coal, while 
 iron is found everywhere in vast quantities. 
 
 There is not enough of wheat, oats and hay raised in this county for home 
 consumption. Cattle, horses and sheep are raised largely. It is fair for grass 
 and excellent for fruit, and for the production of a healthy, strong people. In 
 this vicinity were the old Scioto Salt Works, and near here once lived a very val- 
 uable man to Ohio, a sketch of whom follows : 
 
 William Williams Mather, LL.D. , was 
 born May 4, 1804, in Brooklyn, Conn., a 
 descendant from the family of Cotton and 
 Increase Mather. At an early age he showed 
 great aptitude for chemical analysis and the 
 study of mineralogy. When he entered West 
 Point Academy, in June, 1 823, he was already 
 proficient in chemical analysis, and soon went 
 to the head of his classes in chemistry and 
 mineralogy. 
 
 On graduating, he remained in the United 
 States service about eight years. In 1829 he 
 was detailed as acting professor of chemistry 
 and mineralogy at West Point. In August, 
 1836, he resigned from the army to take part 
 in the geological survey of New York, and 
 in 1837 came to Ohio to superintend the first 
 geological survey of this State. After the 
 suspension of the Ohio survey he purchased 
 a tract of several hundred acres, including 
 the Pigeon Roost, north of the court-house 
 in Jackson county, on which he built a house, 
 cleared a farm, and became a citizen of Ohio. 
 Professor Mather was large and dignified in 
 person and an indefatigable worker. He 
 held professorships in the Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity, at Middletown, Conn. ; Marietta Col- 
 lege and the Ohio University, at Athens, of 
 
 which he was vice-president from 1850 to 
 1854, during which time he was also chemist 
 and secretary of the Ohio State Board of 
 Agriculture. He died February 26, 1859, of 
 paralysis of the heart while rising from his 
 bed. His first wife, Emily M. Baker, died 
 in November, 1850. In August, 1851, he 
 married Mrs. Mary Curtis, of Columbus, 
 Ohio. 
 
 A_ West Point classmate, Col. Charles 
 Whittlesey, has given the following synopsis 
 of his character : 
 
 “ Not possessing the genius which dazzles, 
 he had an intellect which continually im- 
 proved by exercise, achieving valuable results 
 by patient and conscientious industry. . . . 
 Not indifferent to fame, he never sought it by 
 doubtful or devious courses. His object was 
 to enhance his reputation, but faithfully to 
 do the work before him. ... In his extensive 
 knowledge of the physical world, in all his 
 scientific investigations, he found nothing to 
 foster the barren spirit of scepticism or a 
 cold and cheerless infidelity. . . . The deep 
 recesses of the earth which he explored taught 
 him lessons of the infinite wisdom, force and 
 goodness of the Deity. ’ ’ 
 
 Wellston is eighty-five miles southeast of Columbus, 126 miles east of Cin- 
 cinnati, and ten miles northeast of Jackson, on the Portsmouth branch of the C. 
 W. & B. Railroad, at the terminus of the O. S. Railroad, and on the D. Ft. W. 
 & C. Railroad. Located in the centre of large and valuable fields of iron ore, 
 coal and limestone, practically inexhaustible, it is more than likely to become a 
 great manufacturing and mining centre. 
 
 Newspapers : Argm^ Republican, W. E. Bundy, editor ; Ohio Mining Journal, 
 Hon. Andrew Roy and W. E. Bundy, editors ; Central Free Will Baptist, reli- 
 gious, Rev. T. E. Peden, editor. Churches : one Methodist Episcopal, one Cath- 
 olic, one Presbyterian, one United Brethren, one Baptist, one Welsh. Bank : First 
 National, H. S. Willard, president, J. H. Sellers, Jr., cashier. City Officers : 
 Mayor, Adam Scott ; Clerk, J. M. Baker ; Marshal, J. B. Hutchison ; Treasurer, 
 George W. Andrews; Solicitor, Thomas Moore; Street Commissioner, Henry 
 Hadker. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Hahn, Kruskamp & Murphy, flour, etc., 7 
 hands, A. B. Leach, doors, sash, etc., 10; Wellston Aigus, printing, etc., 4; 
 
95 ^ 
 
 yACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 Milton Furnace, pig-iron, 32; Wellston Foundry and Machine Works, foundry 
 and machine work, 45 . — &taie Report, 1888. Population in 1880, 952. School 
 census, 1888, 1,395 ; T. S. Hogan, school superintendent. Capital invested in 
 industrial establishments, |318,000. Value of annual product, $485,000. — Ohio 
 Labor Statistics, 1887. U. S. census, 1890, 4,694. 
 
 Mineral AFealth. 
 
 The development of Wellston and surroundings, showing, as it does, the vast 
 stores of undeveloped mineral wealth in Southern Ohio, only awaiting the master 
 mind to make it productive, requires that something more than a brief description 
 should be given of a town which, in little more than a decade, developed from a 
 farm to a place of more than 5,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In 1869 the discovery of inexhaustible beds, of coal of a superior quality 
 attracted the attention of capitalists to this region, and in November, 1873, the 
 town of Wellston (named in honor of its founder, Harvey Wells) was laid out 
 on a farm purchased of Hon. H. S. Bundy. The new town was well planned, 
 no street being less than seventy-four feet and some of them more than 100 feet 
 in width. February 2, 1874, contracts were made for the construction of the first 
 iron furnace, double blast, for the AYellston Coal and Iron Company. Other 
 furnaces followed, and notwithstanding the panic and hard times prevalent through- 
 out the country, the young town grew and prospered, railroads were projected and 
 built, and new enterprises were entered into. In February, 1876, the village was 
 incorporated ; in 1880 the United States Census Reports gave it a population of 
 952, but in 1887 a conservative estimate placed its population at 5,000, or more, 
 and its sure, rapid and steady growth is destined to make it a large mining and 
 manufacturing centre. In 1885 an important experiment in co-operation was 
 started here by Mr. Harvey AVells, viz.. The Wellston Steel and Nail Company. 
 It is the only concern of its kind in the country ; its prospects are bright, and its 
 progress as a factor in solving the all-important labor problem will be watched 
 with interest. 
 
 We make some quotations as to the resources of this region from an article by 
 Hon. Andrew Roy, which was published in the Wellston Argus, April 30, 1887: 
 
 No mineral region in Ohio or in the United States can bear comparison with 
 Wellston and its surroundings, whether we consider the extent and quality of the 
 mineral treasures or the unparalleled development of the coal and iron industries. 
 There are twelve shafts for mining coal in active operation within a radius of two 
 miles of the town, besides four blast furnaces and one rolling or steel and nail 
 mill. These industries give direct employment to 2,000 men. The capacity of 
 the mines is equal to half a million tons annually, while the capacity of the blast 
 furnaces is fully 300,000 tons of pig-iron. 
 
 The quality of the coal has become so fully established in market that there 
 is no longer cavil or dispute in regard to its rank. It stands at the head of the 
 bituminous coals of the United States. 
 
 The quality of the limestone ore of this region need hardly be alluded to now, 
 after forty years of successful effort. The Wellston coal does not more surely 
 surpass all other coals in Southern Ohio, than that the limestone iron ore sur- 
 passes all other ores. 
 
 The Hanging Rock iron is known all over the United States for its superior 
 quality and its adaptability for the finest purposes of trade — for the manufacture 
 of car-wheels, ordnance, and other castings which require to be made out of un- 
 usually tough and strong iron. 
 
 The supply of siderate iron ore is practically inexhaustible in Jackson county. 
 
 Oak Hill is ten miles southeast of Jackson, on the C. AV. & B. Railroad. 
 Population in 1880, 646. School census, 1888, 283. 
 
JACKSON COUNTY. 959 
 
 CoALTON, five miles north of Jackson, at the point where the O. S. & T. and 
 C. & St. L. Railroads meet, is a great mining centre ; another is Glen Roy, a 
 few miles east of it. 
 
 JEFFERSON. 
 
 Jefferson County, named from President Jefferson, was the fifth county es- 
 tablished in Ohio. It was created by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, July 
 29, 1797 ; its original limits included the country west of Pennsylvania and Ohio; 
 and east and north of a line from the mouth of the Cuyahoga ; southwardly to 
 the Muskingum, and east to the Ohio. Within those boundaries are Cleveland, 
 Canton, Steubenville, Warren, and many other large towns and populous counties. 
 The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. It is one of the greatest manufacturing 
 counties in the State, and abounds in excellent coal. Area about 440 square miles. 
 In 1887 the acres cultivated were 76,976 ; in pasture, 86,680; woodland, 39,543 ; 
 lying waste, 3,474; produced in wheat, 219,812 bushels; rye, 1,320; buckwheat, 
 168 ; oats, 309,089 ; barley, 2,511 ; corn, 517,398 ; broom-corn, 3,800 lbs. brush ; 
 meadow hay, 36,157 tons ; clover hay, 4,201 ; flaxseed, 39 bushels; potatoes, 74,- 
 795; butter, 472,913 lbs.; cheese, 600; sorghum, 1,740 gallons; maple syrup, 
 5,146; honey, 4,938 lbs.; eggs, 443,652 dozen; grapes, 9,820 lbs.; wine, 540 
 gallons ; sweet potatoes, 10 bushels; apples, 29,121 ; peaches, 785 ; pears, 1,644 ; 
 wool, 566,680 lbs.; milch cows owned, 5,284, School census, 1888, 11,905; 
 teachers, 250. Miles of railroad track, 83. Coal mined, 243,178 tons, employ- 
 ing 347 miners and 80 outside employees; fire-clay, 144,090 tons . — Ohio Mining 
 
 Statistics, 1888. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Brush Creek, 
 
 757 
 
 623 
 
 Saline, 
 
 963 
 
 1,480 
 
 Cross Creek, 
 
 1,702 
 
 1,711 
 
 Smithfield, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 2,095 
 
 1,887 
 
 Island Creek, 
 
 1,867 
 
 2,029 
 
 2,011 
 
 1,077 
 
 817 
 
 Knox, 
 
 1,529 
 
 Steubenville, 
 
 5,203 
 
 13,150 
 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 
 1,676 
 
 1,582 
 
 Warren, 
 
 1,945 
 
 1,923 
 
 Ross, 
 
 927 
 
 741 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 1,746 
 
 1,751 
 
 Salem, 
 
 2,044 
 
 1,907 
 
 Wells, 
 
 1,492 
 
 1,406 
 
 Population in Jefferson in 1820 was 18,531 ; in 1830, 22,489 ; 1840, 25,031 ; 
 1860, 26,115 ; 1880, 33,018, of whom 24,761 were born in Ohio ; 2,578 in Penn- 
 sylvania; 930 in Virginia ; 158 in New York; 61 in Kentucky; 40 in Indiana; 
 1,179 in Ireland; 739 in England and Wales; 592 in German Empire; 188 in 
 Scotland; 60 in British America; 9 in France, and 29 in Sweden and Norway. 
 Census, 1890, 39,415. 
 
 Early History. 
 
 The old Mingo town, three miles below Steubenville, now (1846) the site of 
 the farms of Jeremiah H. Hallock, Esq., and Mr. Daniel Potter, was a place of 
 note prior to the settlement of the country. It was the point where the troops of 
 Colonel Williamson rendezvoused in the infamous Moravian campaign, and tliose 
 of Colonel Crawford, in his unfortunate expedition against the Sandusky Indians. 
 It was also at one time the residence of Logan, the celebrated Mingo chief, whose 
 form was striking and manly and whose magnanimity and eloquence have seldom 
 
960 
 
 yEFFERSON COUNTY, 
 
 been equalled. He was a son of the Cayuga chief Skikellimus, who dwelt at 
 Shamokin, Pa., in 1742, and was converted to Christianity under the preaching 
 of the Moravian missionaries. Skikellimus highly esteemed James Logan, the 
 secretary of the province, named his son from him, and probably had him bap- 
 tized by the missionaries. 
 
 In early life, Logan for a while dwelt in Pennsylvania, and in Day’s Historical 
 Collections of that State is a view in Mifflin county of Logan’s Spring, which 
 which will long remain a memorial of this distinguished chief. The letter below 
 gives an incident which occurred there that speaks in praise of Logan. It was 
 written by the Hon. R. P. Maclay, a member of the State Senate, and son of the 
 gentleman alluded to in the anecdote, and published in the Pittsburg Daily Amer- 
 ican : 
 
 Senate Chamber, March 21, 1842. 
 
 To GtEORGE Darsie, Esq., of the Senate of Pennsylvania: 
 
 Dear Sir — Allow me to correct a few inaccuracies as to place and names, in the anecdote 
 of Logan, the celebrated Mingo chief, as published in the Pittsburg Daily American of JMarch 
 17, 1842, to which you called my attention. The person surprised at the spring, now called 
 the Big Spring, and about six (four) miles west of Logan’s Spring, was William Brown — the 
 first actual settler in Kishacoquillas valley, and one of the associate judges in Mifflin county, 
 from its organization till his death, at the age of ninety-one or two — and not Samuel Maclay, 
 as stated by Dr. Hildreth. I will give you the anecdote as I heard it related by Judge Brown 
 himself, while on a visit to my brother, who then owned and occupied the Big Spring farm, 
 four miles west of Beedville : 
 
 “The first time I ever saw that spring,” said the old gentleman, “ my brother, James 
 Reed and myself, had wandered out of the valley in search of land, and finding it very good, 
 we were looking about for springs. About a mile from this we started a bear, and separated 
 to get a shot at him. I was travelling along, looking about on the rising ground for the bear, 
 when I came suddenly upon the spring ; and being dry, and more rejoiced to find so fine a 
 spring than to have killed a dozen bears, I set my rifle against a bush and rushed down to 
 the bank and laid down to drink. Upon putting my head down, I saw reflected in the water, 
 on the opposite side, the shadow of a tall Indian. I sprang to my rifle, when the Indian 
 gave a yell, whether for peace or war I was not just then sufficiently master of my faculties 
 to determine ; but upon my seizing my rifle, and facing him, he knocked up the pan of his 
 gun, threw out the priming, and extended his open palm toward me in token of friendship. 
 After putting down our guns, we again met at the spring, and shook hands. This was Logan 
 — the best specimen of humanity I ever met with, either white or red. He could speak a 
 little English, and told me there was another white hunter a little way down the stream, and 
 offered to guide me to his camp. There I first met your father. We remained together in 
 the valley a week, looking for springs and selecting lands, and laid the foundation of a friend- 
 ship which never has had the slightest interruption. 
 
 “We visited Logan at his camp, at Logan’s Spring, and your father and he shot at a mark 
 for a dollar a shot. Logan lost four or five rounds, and acknowledged himself beaten. \Yhen 
 we were about to leave him, he went into his hut, and brought out as many deer-skins as he 
 had lost dollars, and handed them to Mr. Maclay — who refused to take them, alleging that 
 we had been his guests, and did not come to rob him — that the shooting had been only a trial 
 of skill, and the bet merely nominal. Logan drew himself up with great dignity, and said : 
 ‘ Me bet to make you shoot j^our best — me gentleman, and me take your dollar if me beat.’ 
 So he was obliged to take the skins, or affront our friend, whose nice sense of honor would 
 not permit him to receive even a horn of powder in return. 
 
 “The next year,” said the old gentleman, “I brought my wife up and camped under a 
 big walnut tree, on the bank of Tea creek, until I had built a cabin near where the mill now 
 stands, and have lived in the valley ever since. Poor Logan ’ ’ (and the big tears coursed 
 each other down his cheeks) “soon after went into the Allegheny, and I never saw him again. 
 
 “Yours, R. P. Maclay.” 
 
 Mrs. Norria^ who lives near the site of Logan’s spring, is a daughter of Judge 
 Brown ; she confirmed the above, and gave Mr. Day the following additional in- 
 cidents, highly characteristic of the benevolent chief, which we take from that 
 gentleman’s work : 
 
 Logan supported his family by killing deer, 
 dressing the skins, and selling them to the 
 whites. He had sold quite a parcel to one 
 De Yong, a tailor, who lived in Ferguson’s 
 valley, below the gap. Tailors in those days 
 
 dealt extensively in buckskin breeches. Logan 
 received his pay, according to stipulation, in 
 wheat. The wheat, on being taken to the 
 mill, was found so worthless that the miller 
 refused to grind it. Logan was much cha- 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 961 
 
 grined, and attempted in vain to obtain re- 
 dress from the tailor. He then took the 
 matter before his friend Brown, then a magis- 
 trate ; and on the judge’s questioning him as 
 to the character of the wheat, and what was 
 in it, Logan sought in vain to find words to 
 express the precise nature of the article with 
 which the wheat was adulterated, but said 
 that it resembled in appearance the wheat it- 
 self. “It must have been cheatR said the 
 judge. “Yoh!” said Logan, “that very 
 good name for him. ’ ’ A decision was awarded 
 in Logan’s favor, and a writ given to Logan 
 to hand to the constable, which, he was told, 
 would bring him the money for his skins. 
 But the untutored Indian — too uncivilized to 
 be dishonest — could not comprehend by what 
 magic this little paper would force the tailor, 
 against his will, to pay for the skins. The 
 judge took down his own commission, with 
 the pms of the king upon it, and explained 
 to him the first principles and operations of 
 civil law. “ Law good,” said Logan ; “make 
 rogues pay.” But how much more simple 
 and efficient was the law which the Great 
 
 Spirit had impressed upon his heart — to do 
 as he would he done by ! 
 
 When a sister of Mrs. Norris (afterwards 
 Mrs. Gen. Potter) was just beginning to learn 
 to walk, her mother happened to express her 
 regret that she could not get a pair of shoes 
 to give more firmness to her little step. 
 Bogan stood by, but said nothing. He soon 
 after asked Mrs. Brown to let the little girl 
 go up and spend the day at his cabin. The 
 cautious heart of the mother was alarmed at 
 such a proposition ; but she knew the delicacy 
 of an Indian’s feelings — and she knew Logan, 
 too — and with secret reluctance, but apparent 
 cheerfulness, she complied with his request. 
 The hours of the day wore very slowly away, 
 and it was nearly night, when her little one 
 had not returned. But just as the sun was 
 going down, the trusty chief was seen coming 
 down the path with his charge ; and in a 
 moment more the little one trotted into her 
 mother’s arms, proudly exhibiting a beautiful 
 pair of moccasons on her little feet — the pro- 
 duct of Logan’s skill. 
 
 Logan took no part in the old French war, which ended in 1760, except that 
 of a peace-maker, and was always the friend of the white people until the base 
 murder of his family, to which has been attributed the origin of Dunmore’s war. 
 This event took place near the mouth of Yellow creek, in this county, about 
 seventeen miles above Steubenville. The circumstances have been variously re- 
 lated. AYe annex them as given by Henry Jolly, Esq., who was for a number 
 of years an associate judge on the bench of AYashington county, in this State. 
 The facts are very valuable, as coming from the pen of one who saw the party 
 the day after the murder ; was personally acquainted with some of the individuals, 
 and familiar with that spot and the surrounding region.* He says : 
 
 I was about sixteen years of age, but I very 
 well recollect what I then saw, and the infor- 
 mation that I have since obtained was derived 
 from (I believe) good authority. In the 
 spring of the year 1774, a party of Indians 
 encamped on the northwest of the Ohio near 
 the mouth of the Yellow creek. A party of 
 whites, called “Greathouse’s party,” lay on 
 the opposite side of the river. The Indians 
 came over to the white part 3 % consisting, I 
 think, of five men and one woman, with an 
 infant. The whites gave them rum, which 
 three of them drank, and in a short time 
 they became very drunk. The other two 
 men and the woman refused to drink. The 
 sober Indians were challenged to shoot at a 
 mark, to which they agreed ; and as soon as 
 they had emptied their guns, the whites shot 
 them down. The woman attempted to escape 
 by flight, but was also shot down ; she lived 
 long eno^h, however, to beg mercy for hcx 
 babe, telling theni that it was akin to them- 
 selves. 'The whites had a man in the cabin, 
 prepared with a tomahawk, for the purpose 
 
 of killing the three drunken Indians, which 
 was immediately done. ^ The party of men 
 then moved off for the interior settlements, 
 and came to “Catfish Camp” on the evening 
 of the next day, where they tarried until the 
 day following. I very well recollect my 
 mother feeding and dressing the babe ; chir- 
 ruping to the little innocent, and it smiling. 
 However, they took it away, and talked of 
 sending it to its supposed father. Col. George 
 Gibson, of Carlisle, Pa., “who was then, 
 and had been for many years, a trader among 
 the Indians.” The remainder of the party 
 at the mouth of Yellow creek, finding that 
 their friends on the opposite side of the river 
 were massacred, attempted to escape by de- 
 scending the Ohio ; and in order to prevent 
 being discovered by the whites, passed on the 
 west side of Wheeling island, and landed at 
 Pipe creek, a small stream that empties into 
 the Ohio a few miles below Grave creek, 
 where they were overtaken by Cresap, with a 
 party of men from Wheeling.! They took 
 one Indian scalp, and had one white man 
 
 ^ This statement was written for Dr. S. P. Hildreth, by Mr. Jolly, and published m Silhman’s 
 Journal, for 1836. 
 
 t Cresap did not live at Wheeling, but happened to be there at that time with a party of men, who 
 had, with himself, just returned from an exploring expedition down the Ohio, for the purpose of select- 
 ing and appropriating lands (called in the West, locating lands) along the river in choice situations; 
 a practice at that early day very common, when Virginia claimed both sides of the stream, including 
 what IS now the State of Ohio.— >6'. P. Hildreth, 
 
962 
 
 yEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 (Big Tarrener) badly wounded. They, I be- 
 lieve, carried him in a litter from 
 to Redstone. I saw the party on their return 
 from their victorious campaign. The Indians 
 had, for some time before these events, 
 thought themselves intruded upon by the 
 “Long Knife,” as they at that time called 
 the Virginians, and many of them were for 
 war. However, they called a council, in 
 which Logan acted a conspicuous part. He 
 admitted their grounds of complaint, but at 
 the same time reminded them of some ag- 
 ressions on the part of the Indians, and that 
 y a war they could but harass and distress 
 the frontier settlements for a short time ; 
 that ‘ ‘ the Long Knife ’ ’ would come like the 
 trees in the woods, and that ultimately they 
 should be driven from the good lands which 
 they now possessed. He therefore strongly 
 recommended peace. To him they all agreed ; 
 grounded the hatchet, and everything wore 
 a tranquil appearance ; when behold, the fu- 
 gitives arrived from Yellow creek, and re- 
 ported that Logan’s father, brother, and sis- 
 ter were murdered ! Three of the nearest 
 and dearest relations of Logan had been mas- 
 sacred by white men. The consequence was, 
 that this same Logan, who a few days before 
 was so pacific, raised the hatchet, with a dec- 
 laration that he would not ground it until he 
 had taken ten for one; which I believe he 
 completely fulfilled, by taking thirty scalps 
 and prisoners in the summer of 1774. The 
 above has often been related to me by several 
 
 persons who were at the Indian towns at the 
 time of the council alluded to, and also when 
 the remains of the party came in from Yel- 
 low creek. Thomas Nicholson, in particular, 
 has told me the above and much more. An- 
 other person (whose name I cannot recollect) 
 informed me that he was at the towns when 
 the Yellow creek Indians came in, and that 
 there was great lamentation by all the Indians 
 of that place. Some friendly Indian advised 
 him to leave the Indian settlements, which 
 he did. Could any rational person believe 
 for a moment that the Indians came to Yel- 
 low creek with hostile intentions, or that they 
 had any suspicion of similar intentions, on 
 the part of the whites, against them ? W ould 
 five men have crossed the river, three of 
 them become in a short time dead drunk, 
 while the other two discharged their guns, 
 and thus put themselves entirely at the mercy 
 of the whites ; or would they have brought 
 over a squaw with an infant pappoose, if they 
 had not reposed the utmost confidence in the 
 friendship of the whites ? Every person who 
 is at all acquainted with Indians knows bet- 
 ter ; and it was the belief of the inhabitants 
 who were capable of reasoning on the sub- 
 ject, that all the depredations committed on 
 the frontiers, by Logan and his party, in 
 1774, were as a retaliation for the murder of 
 Logan’s friends at Yellow creek. It was well 
 known that Michael Oresap had no hand in 
 the massacre at Yellow creek. 
 
 During the war which followed, Logan frequently showed his magnanimity 
 towards prisoners who fell into his hands. Among them was Maj. Wm. Robin- 
 son, of Clarksburg, Va., from whose declaration, given in ^^Jefferson’s Notes,” 
 and information orally communicated by his son. Col. James Robinson, now 
 living near Coshocton, these facts are derived. 
 
 On the 12th of July, 1774, Major Robinson, then a resident on the west fork 
 of the Monongahela river, was in the field with Mr. Colburn Brown and Mr. 
 Helen, pulling flax, when they were surprised and fired upon by a party of eight 
 Indians, led by Logan. Mr. Brown was killed and the other two made prisoners. 
 On the first alarm Mr. Robinson started and ran. When he had got about fifty 
 yards Logan called out in English : Stop, I won’t hurt you ! ” Yes, you 
 will,” replied Robinson, in tones of fear. No, I won’t,” rejoined Logan, but 
 if you don’t stop, by — I’ll shoot you.” Robinson still continued his race, but, 
 stumbling over a log, fell and was made captive by a fleet savage in pursuit. 
 Logan immediately made himself known to Mr. Robinson and manifested a 
 friendly disposition to him, told him that he must be of good heart and go with 
 him to his town, where he would probably be adopted in some of their families. 
 When near the Indian village, on the site of Dresden, Muskingum county, Logan 
 informed him that he must run the gc. mtlet, and gave him such directions that 
 he reached the council-house without the slightest harm. He was then tied to a 
 stake for the purpose of being burnt, when Logan arose and addressed the as- 
 sembled council of chiefs in his behalf. He spoke long and with great energy, 
 
 * A brother of Capt. Daniel Greathouse, said to have been present at the massacre, was killed by the 
 Indians the 24th March, 1791, between the mouth of the Scioto and Limestone, while emigrating to 
 Kentucky in a flat-boat, with his family. He seems to have made little or no resistance to the Indians, 
 who attacked him in canoes. They probably knew who he was, and remembered the slaughter of 
 Logan’s family, as be was taken on shore, tied to a tree, and whipped to death with rods. — S. P- 
 HUdreth. 
 
yRFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 963 
 
 until the saliva foamed from the sides of his mouth. This was followed by other 
 diiefs in opposition and rejoinders from Logan. Three separate times was he 
 tied to the stake to be burnt, the counsels of the hostile chiefs prevailing, and as 
 often untied by Logan and a belt of wampum placed around him as a mark of 
 adoption. His life appeared to be hanging on a balance ; but the eloquence of 
 Logan prevailed, and when the belt of wampum was at last put on him by Logan 
 he introduced a young Indian to him, saying : This is your cousin ; you are to 
 go home with him, and he will take care of you.’’ 
 
 From this place Mr. Robinson accompanied the Indians up the Muskingum, 
 through two or three Indian villages, until they arrived at one of their towns on 
 the site of New Comerstown, in Tuscarawas county. About the 21st of July 
 Logan came to Robinson and brought a piece of paper, saying that he must write 
 a letter for him, which he meant to carry and leave in some house, which he 
 should attack. Mr. Robinson wrote a note with ink which he manufactured from 
 gunpowder. He made three separate attempts before he could get the language, 
 which Logan dictated, sufficiently strong to satisfy that chief. This note was ad- 
 dressed to Col. Cresap, whom Logan supposed was the murderer of his family. 
 It was afterwards found, tied to a war club, in the cabin of a settler who lived 
 on or near the north fork of Holston river. It was doubtless left by Logan after 
 murdering the family. A copy of it is given below, which, on comparison with 
 his celebrated speech, shows a striking similarity of style. 
 
 Captain Cresap: 
 
 What did you kill my people on Yellow creek for? The white people killed my kin, at 
 Conestoga, a great while ago, and I thought nothing of that. But you killed my kin again 
 on Yellow creek and took my cousin prisoner. Then I thought I must kill, too. I have 
 been three times to war since then ; but the Indians are not angry ; only myself 
 
 July 21, 1774. Captain John Logan. 
 
 Major Robinson after remaining with the Indians about four months returned 
 to his home in Virginia. In 1801 he removed to Coshocton county and settled 
 on a section of military land, on the Muskingum, a few miles below Coshocton, 
 where he died in 1815, aged seventy-two years. His son resides on the same 
 farm. 
 
 Dunmore’s war was of short duration. It was terminated in November of the 
 same year, within the present limits of Pickaway county, in this State, under 
 which head will be found a copy of the speech which has rendered immortal the 
 name of Logan. 
 
 The heroic adventure of the two Johnson boys, who killed two Indians in this 
 county, has often and erroneously been published. One of these, Henry, the 
 youngest, is yet living in Monroe county, in this State, where we made his ac- 
 quaintance in the spring of 1846. He is a fine specimen of the fast vanishing 
 race of Indian hunters, tall and erect, with the bearing of a genuine backwoods- 
 man. His narrative will be found in Monroe county. 
 
 The last blood shed in battle between the whites and Indians in this part of 
 the Ohio country was in Jefferson county, in August, 1793. This action, known 
 as Buskirk’s battle,” took place on the farm of Mr. J ohn Adams, on what was 
 then known as Indian Cross creek, now‘as Battle-Ground run. The incidents 
 given below were published in a Steubenville pa})er a few years since. 
 
 A party of twenty-eight Indians having 
 committed depredations on this side of the 
 river, a force of thirty-eight Virginians, all 
 of them veteran Indian fighters, under Capt. 
 Buskirk, crossed the river to give them battle. 
 And, although they knew they were in the 
 vicinity of the enemy, they marched into an 
 ambuscade, and' but for a most singular cir- 
 cumstance would have been mowed down 
 
 like pigeons. The whites marched in Indian 
 file with their captain, Buskirk, at their 
 head. The ambush quartered on their flank, 
 and they w-^re totally unsuspicious of it. The 
 plan of the Indians was to permit the whites 
 to advance in numbers along the line before 
 firing upon them. This was done, but in- 
 stead of each selecting his man every gun 
 was directed at the captain, who fell with 
 
964 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY, 
 
 thirteen bullet holes in his body. The whites the Muskingum with the loss of several 
 
 and Indians instantly treed, and the contest killed, while the VirgiTiians, with the excep- 
 
 lasted more than an hour. The Indians, tion of their captain, had none killed and 
 
 however, were defeated and retreated towards but three wounded. 
 
 Steubenville in 1846. — Steubenville is on the Ohio river, 22 miles above 
 Wheeling, 36 below Pittsburg and 147 east by north from Columbus. It de- 
 rives its name from a fort, called Fort Steuben, erected on its site as early as 
 1789. It stood on High street, near the site of the female seminary. It was 
 built of block houses connected by palisade fences, and was dismantled at the 
 time of Wayne^s victory, previous to which it had been garrisoned by United 
 States infantry, under the command of Col. Beatty, father of the Bev. Dr. 
 Beatty, of Steubenville. On the opposite side of the river then stood a block- 
 house. 
 
 The town was laid out in 1798, by Bezaleel Wells and the Hon. James Boss, 
 of Pennsylvania, from whom Boss county, in this State, derived its name. Mr. 
 Boss, who has attained high honor, is yet living ; but Mr. Wells died poor, after 
 having been at one time considered the most wealthy person in Eastern Ohio. On 
 the 14th of February, 1805, the town was incorporated and the following officers 
 appointed: David Hull, president; John Ward, recorder; David Hog, Zacheus 
 A. Beatty, Benj. Hough, Thos. Vincents, John England, Martin Andrews and 
 Abm. Cazier, trustees ; Samuel Hunter, treasurer ; Matthew Adams, assessor ; 
 Charles Maxwell, collector, and Anthony Beck, town marshal. 
 
 Steubenville is situated upon a handsome and elevated plain, in the midst of 
 beautiful scenery. The country adjacent is rich and highly cultivated, affording 
 the finest soil for wheat and sheep. Messrs. Bezaleel Wells and Dickerson intro- 
 duced the merino sheep at an early day, and established in the town, in 1814, a 
 woollen manufactory, which laid the foundation for the extensive manufactures of 
 the place. Steubenville contains about 30 mercantile stores, 2 printing offices (1 
 daily newspaper), 1 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist, 1 Catholic, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Associate Beformed, 1 New Jerusalem and 1 church for persons of color, 1 
 bank, 5 woollen, 1 paper, 1 cotton and 2 glass manufactories, 1 iron foundry and 
 numerous other manufacturing and mechanical establishments. In the vicinity 
 are 7 copperas manufactories. From 800 to 1^000 hands are employed in these 
 various establishments, and over a million bushels of coal annually consumed 
 •which is obtained from inexhaustible coal-beds in the vicinity at 3 cents per 
 bushel. The town is very thriving and rapidly increasing. Its population in 
 1810 was 800; in 1820, 2,479; in 1830, 2,964; in 1840, 4,247, and in 1847 
 about 7,000. 
 
 Much attention is given to the cause of education in Steubenville. There are 
 five public and four select schools, a male academy and a female seminary. The male 
 institution, called Grove academy,’^ is flourishing. It is under the charge of 
 the Bev. John W. Scott, has three teachers and eighty scholars. The female 
 seminary is pleasantly situated on the bank of the Ohio, commanding an exten- 
 sive view of the river and the surrounding hills. It is under the charge of the Bev. 
 Charles C. Beatty, D. D., superintendent, and Mrs. Hetty E. Beatty, principal. 
 It was first established in the spring of 1829, and now receives only scholars 
 over twelve years of age. It is in a very high degree flourishing, having a 
 widely extended reputation. The establishment cost nearly $40,000, employs 
 from ten to twelve teachers and usually has 150 pupils, the full number 
 which it can accommodate . — Old Edition. 
 
 The Steubenville Seminary, which the year of its foundation had but seven 
 pupils, and at the time of the issue of our first edition 150, had gone on increas- 
 ing its educational facilities, so that it has since had 250 pupils in one year, has 
 graduated over 4,500, and at a reunion, held in 1873, more than 700 alumni 
 were j)resent. 
 
 In 1856 Dr. and Mrs. A, M. Beid succeeded Dr. and Mrs. Beatty, and in 
 
Drawn by Henry Howe in "[MQ. 
 
 Market Street, Steubenville. 
 
 Davifon Filhon, Photo., Steubenville, 1886. 
 
 Steubenville from West Virginia Shore. 
 
966 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 1863 they in turn were succeeded by Dr. and Mrs. J. W. Wightman, the present 
 principals. 
 
 This school is remarkable for its age, its widespread educational, moral and 
 religious influence. It has sent missionaries to all quarters of the globe, many 
 of whom are still engaged in the good work. 
 
 The coal mines at Steubenville are among the deepest in the State, Rush Run 
 Shaft being 261 feet ; Mingo Shaft 250 feet, and the Market street shaft 225 
 feet. 
 
 The Rerih of the Coal Miner, who works down deep in the bowels of the earth, 
 Are such that those engaged in coal-mining become imbued with a spirit of 
 heroism and self-sacrifice that finds strong expression in times of danger. The 
 greatest peril of the miner is that caused by the explosion of fire-damp, a highly 
 combustible and explosive gas generated by the coal. Notwithstanding the pre- 
 cautions taken to avoid them, these explosions are constantly occurring in mining 
 regions, with more or less loss of life, under the most horrifying conditions. 
 
 Thus it was at the rolling mill shaft at 
 Steubenville, about 7 o’clock on the morning 
 of June 5, 1865, when the surrounding 
 neighborhood was startled by a loud rumbling 
 noise, the rattling of windows and the visible 
 shaking of the ground. 
 
 The miners were on a strike at the time, 
 and but nine men were in the mine ; of these 
 Thomas Sweeny and Patrick Burke escaped 
 with but slight injury ; Frederick Hazeler was 
 seriously injured but recovered. Wm. Cowan 
 was fatally burned and a few days later died 
 of his injuries ; John Douglas, James Riley, 
 James Cowan, Wm. Millhizer' and Lynch 
 were killed. 
 
 On the morning of the 23d of February, 
 1868, the large building known as Wallace 
 factory, located near the shaft of the “ High 
 Shaft ’ ’ mine at Steubenville, was discovered 
 on fire. It became a question of great 
 moment if it were possible to save the build- 
 ing over the coal-mine from destruction. 
 There were at this time about one hundred 
 men and boys in the mine who must be got 
 out ere the building burned or be lost. 
 Some of them were not only 225 feet under- 
 ground, but three-quarters of a mile away 
 from the bottom of the shaft. Under the 
 direction of Superintendent James H. Blinn, 
 volunteers fought heroically to save the 
 building, while others entered the mine to 
 warn the miners of the danger. Wm, Dixon 
 and Hugh Sudierin, track layers in the mine, 
 did noble service at imminent risk of losing 
 their lives. The hoisting cages were kept 
 running at their highest speed until all the 
 miners were at last safe above ground. An 
 instance of filial devotion displayed on this 
 occasion is related by Mr. Wm. Smith waite, 
 from whose writings this article is abridged. 
 
 A miner, John Stewart, who was crip- 
 pled by an accident in a mine in Scotland 
 many years before, was working with his son 
 William in one of the farthest workings of 
 the mine, when they received notice of the 
 danger. They immediately started for the 
 shaft, but their progress was so slow, that 
 prospect of their arriving there in time was 
 very discouraging. The son assisted the 
 father’s feeble steps, being passed on the way 
 by men and boys hurrying to escape, who 
 urged them to hasten, telling them again and 
 again of their danger. This increased their 
 excitement, hindering rather than assisting 
 them ; the poor old crippled father, losing all 
 courage, sank down by the way, giving up all 
 hope and resigning himself to his fate urged 
 his son to leave him and seek his own safety. 
 “I am auld an crippled, Willie, and of nae 
 account in the warl ; nae wo th ony sacrifice ; 
 gang awa an save yoursel or we’ll baith 
 perish. You are young and strang an may 
 have mony years tae live ; gang awa, Willie, 
 an save yoursel ; I canna coom.” “ I wanna 
 le you, fayther. Coom, I’ll help 3 mu alang, 
 and we’ll baith get out,” was the reply. 
 
 After repeated efforts the old man was in- 
 duced to try again, but again sank down in 
 despair, and in most piteous accents in his 
 broad Scotch dialect urged his son to leave 
 him and seek his own safety. Paying no 
 attention to the old man’s importunities, 
 William would again with encouraging words 
 and earnest pleadings get the old man up 
 and make a little more progress towards the 
 shaft. 
 
 Finally, after much toil and persistence, 
 they both reached the shaft and were hoisted 
 out in safety. 
 
 Reminiscences of Early Manufactures of Southeastern Ohio. 
 
 The following very valuable article was written for this work by the venerable 
 William C. Howells, father of Wm. Dean Howells, the author. It was writ- 
 ten and sent under the date of Jefterson, Ohio, December, 1887, when he was 
 eighty years of age. In an accompanying letter, he wrote us : I have endeav- 
 ored to say enough to give the proper information, and to avoid saying anything 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 967 
 
 of which I did not feel reasonably certain ; yet it is hardly to be expected that, 
 after a lapse of seventy years, many errors will not have occurred : 
 
 Quaker Enterpiise. — My father emigrated 
 from Brecknockshire in South Wales, in 
 1808, landing at Boston. I was then just 
 one year old. He had acquired a thorough 
 knowledge of the manufacture of woollen 
 goods. In 1812 he was at Waterford, Lou- 
 don county, Va. , having made his way to 
 that point from Boston, when he made the 
 acquaintance of a Quaker, Joseph Steer, who 
 had a large flouring-mill and water-power on 
 Short creek, about eighteen miles from Steu- 
 benville and four from Mount Pleasant. This 
 was a Quaker settlement of considerable im- 
 portance, and the wealth and influence of that 
 locality were chiefly in their hands ; and they 
 were not excelled by any in all useful enter- 
 prises that tended to improve the then new 
 and growing country. Along the little river 
 of Short creek they had built flouring- mills, 
 salt-works, and a paper-mill of no mean 
 capacit}?-. 
 
 Joseph Steer sought to supply a needed 
 woollen manufactory, and he engaged my 
 father to put it in operation. 
 
 Passengers Transported by the Pound. — In 
 the spring of 1813, as soon as the roads were 
 in proper condition, my father engaged with 
 one of the ‘‘ Waggoners of the Alleghenies,” 
 for our passage from Waterford to Browns- 
 ville, Pa., which was the usual place ^ of 
 changing shmmcnts from wagons to boats* on 
 the way to Ohio. The wagons used in the 
 transportation of goods on that route were 
 large and heavy, drawn by teams of four, 
 five, or six horses. They would hold and 
 carry 5,000 to 9,000 pounds, and movers took 
 passage in them as they would in boats for 
 themselves and household effects. The wagon 
 in which we travelled was one of the five- 
 horse class, owned and driven by one Thomas, 
 not Mr. Birchard, who did not drink whisky 
 or swear at his horses, which my mother re- 
 garded as virtues of high esteem. At this 
 time he had loaded nearly full at Alexandria, 
 and took us on to complete the cargo. I 
 very well remember that mother, my sister, 
 brother, and myself, were weighed at the 
 time our goods were loaded on, and all 
 charged for at so much per pound, though I 
 forget at what price, if I ever knew. My 
 father had a pony, which he rode in company 
 with the two wagons that travelled together, 
 for mutual help over bad places and steep 
 hills, when they joined teams. The trip was 
 necessarily a slow one, as twenty miles was a 
 long day’s drive. 
 
 Keel Boat Travel. — Arriving at Browns- 
 ville, we gladly stopped to rest and wait for a 
 boat. We happened upon a new flat boat, 
 which was being floated to Pittsburg, in 
 which we found unbounded room, after the 
 cramped journey in the wagon. At Pitts- 
 burg we changed to what was then called a 
 keel boat ; a kind of barge about the size of 
 a canal boat. In it we soon floated the eighty 
 miles to Warrenton, at the mouth of Short 
 
 creek, then a thriving village, and an impor- 
 tant point for building flat boats, and loading 
 them with flour and other produce for the 
 New Orleans market. Three miles up the 
 creek brought us to our destination, and we 
 took our position as Ohioans seventy-five 
 years ago. 
 
 Difficulties of Neiv Manufacturing Enter- 
 priser. — The destruction of Mr. Steer’s flour- 
 ing-mill deranged his plans as to manufac- 
 turing ; and the woollen mill was limited to 
 machinery adapted, to country custom, card- 
 ing and spinning machine, fulling-mill, etc., 
 in a small way. Though a child, I very well 
 remember that this new business was started 
 under very great difficulties. Many of the 
 parts of the machines had to be made by 
 local mechanics. For the spinning “jenny,” 
 a blacksmith forged the spindles, and finished 
 them with grindstone and files ; while a tin- 
 smith, a cabinetmaker, a turner, and one or 
 two ingenious general workers made the other 
 parts. My father superintended the job ; 
 made the drawings, etc. ; and in due time, 
 before winter set in, the little factory was in 
 operation. 
 
 Early Manufactures of Southeastern Ohio. 
 — My^ father moved his family into Steuben- 
 ville in 1816, when I had just entered upon 
 my tenth year. I was a rather forward boy, 
 and especially interested in manufacturing 
 and mechanical work, of which I had a good 
 conception for one of my years, so that now 
 I have a good recollection of what I then saw. 
 When recurring to that time — say August, 
 1818, and onward for a few years — I am 
 rather surprised at the variety, as well as ex- 
 tent, of manufactures in which the people of 
 Southeastern Ohio and the adjacent parts of 
 Virginia and Pennsylvania were engaged. 
 The town of Steubenville, whose inhabitants 
 then numbered about 2,000, was a centre of 
 these operations that was typical in its way 
 of the whole. The chief manufacture of the 
 place was woollen cloths, carried on by a 
 company, formed about 1812, on a more ex- 
 tensive scale than any in the State, or 
 west of the Allegheny mountains, at that 
 time. 
 
 An Enterprising Pioneer. — The leading 
 man in this enterprise was Hon. Bezaleel 
 Wells, who was the original proprietor of the 
 town, which was laid out in 1797, and who 
 represented the county in the first Constitu- 
 tional Convention in 1802, and who really 
 spent his life and fortune in developing that 
 
 art of the State. Mr. Wells associated with 
 
 im in this undertaking several men of cap- 
 ital and enterprise, among whom were James 
 Ross, of Pittsburg ; William Dickinson, of 
 Steubenville ; and a Mr. Patterson, of whom 
 tradition said that, after great anxiety to see 
 this factory in operation, he died simulta- 
 neously with the starting of the engine. IMy 
 father having been engaged as wool-grader in 
 the concern till 1826, I had an opportunity 
 
g68 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 of observing, and was familiar with its gen- 
 eral work. 
 
 Losses Through Improvements in Machin- 
 ery . — About 1818 another firm was organ- 
 ized, of which the late Judge and Senator 
 Tappan was a member, that was known as B. 
 Wells & Co., which continued until about 
 1827, when the business passed into other 
 hands. It was for a time managed by Mr. 
 Wolcott, of Akron, the father of the late 
 Judge Wolcott, who changed the style of the 
 product to a less expensive kind, and made it 
 pay its way for a time. 
 
 It was successful in the manufacture of 
 great quantities of good cloth, and cheapen- 
 ing the cost to consumers, who were largely 
 the people of the State, and making a mar- 
 ket for good wool ; besides introducing greatly 
 improved brands of sheep. As a profit to 
 those who invested money, it must have been 
 one of the worst of failures. The original 
 cost was necessarily very great ; while the in- 
 troduction of new machinery and new styles 
 of working every year absorbed a great part 
 of the profits. I well remember, when very 
 young, being impressed with the terrible 
 losses that were evident to me, in the dis- 
 carded machinery that filled every vacant 
 spot of the ground and buildings — the result 
 of changes that came in constant succession 
 from year to year. This was not the result 
 of dishonesty or very bad management. It 
 seemed to have come of the crowding growth 
 of improvements, which often made it econ- 
 omy to cast aside a machine of real value. 
 To this may be added successive fires, panics, 
 and money depressions following the war of 
 1812. ^ This factory and its various buildings 
 occupied about ten acres, near the west end 
 of Main street, a little east of the two fac- 
 tories afterwards built by James and Eben- 
 ezer Wallace. 
 
 The establishment of Messrs. Wallace, 
 started under better auspices and in better 
 times, succeeded, and has done well. The 
 Wallaces, availing themselves of a valuable 
 vein of coal underlying the town, some 
 twenty-five years ago sunk a shaft to it, which 
 not only supplied them with fuel but became 
 a source of material profit. 
 
 Cotton Cloth Factories . — About the time 
 of the commencement of the old woollen fac- 
 tory, another company put in operation a 
 steam fiouring-mill and cotton factory in a 
 small way, both in adjoining buildings and 
 propelled by the same engine, on the bank 
 of the river at the foot of Main street. The 
 cotton department was confined to carding 
 and spinning only, producing yarns used in 
 home-made linse 3 ’^s, carpets, and satinette 
 warps, etc. It was discontinued about 1821. 
 Soon after this date two cotton mills, on quite 
 an extensive scale, were built ; both of which 
 prospered permanently in the manufacture 
 of 3 'arns and unbleached cotton cloths. 
 
 Early Paper 31ills . — At an early day the 
 manufacture of paper was commenced in 
 many places in the State, that seemed to do 
 well, and made a full suj)ply for the wants of 
 the country, with the various kinds then in 
 
 use. There were mills at or near Cincinnati, 
 Lebanon, Hamilton, Chillicothe, Columbus, 
 Zanesville, Mount Pleasant, and Steuben- 
 ville. Of course, they all made paper by the 
 old hand-process, that had been in use from 
 time immemorial, and was good enough for 
 the world until the Fourdrinier process was 
 introduced ; and these Western mills made a 
 great deal of superior, fine paper. In 1816 
 the Mount Pleasant mill made the paper for 
 the notes of the Bank of Mount Pleasant. 
 The Steubenville mill, as I remember, had 
 two rag-engines and three or four moulding- 
 vats, and employed forty or fifty men and 
 women — many more than are now employed 
 in the mill with its ten -times increased power 
 of production. This mill was propelled by a 
 large low-pressure engine, as were the fiour 
 and cotton mills and the woollen factory. 
 The business was carried on by Je/hn B. Bay- 
 less & Co., who sold their paper at prices 
 not much higher than it was sold thirty or forty 
 years ago. I judge from the price of fools- 
 cap, writing paper, that we used at school, 
 which cost twenty-five cents a quire for a 
 good article, not ruled. This mill was on the 
 river bank, near where the Pen Handle Bail- 
 road crosses. 
 
 On the river bank, a short distance below, 
 there was an iron foundry, operated by Mar- 
 tin Phillips. Connected with this, Adam 
 Wise had a machine shop, where much of 
 the rnachinery of the factory and mills of the 
 vicinity was made or repaired. Mr. Wise 
 also made the first plows of the country with 
 iron mould-boards. 
 
 Extinct Trades . — On Main street, near 
 Third, James Watt did a lively business as 
 wheelwright, which meant the making of 
 hand-spinning wheels for wool and flax, reels, 
 etc., which trade is now extinct, and the 
 wheels and reels that were to be found in 
 every farmer’s house in nearly constant use, 
 are now retired to garrets or collections of 
 bric-a-brac. 
 
 Another extinct trade was carried on by 
 Daniel Kilgour, at the corner of Main and 
 Fourth streets, which was the making of cut- 
 nails by hand, but gave way to nail-making 
 machines about 1825. 
 
 Next door to this was the watch and clock- 
 making shop of Alexander Paxton, where he 
 repaired watches and made brass eight-day 
 clocks to order. 
 
 Measured for a ‘‘'"RoaranU ' — At the time 
 I speak of, hats were made in shops as shoe- 
 making and tailoring were done. Then, if a 
 man or boy wanted a hat, it was bespoken, 
 always two weeks in advance. As old boys 
 well remember, the hatter measured his head 
 and fitted him accordingly. The hats were 
 made of wool or fur, or both mixed — the 
 body of wool with the nap of fur, called a 
 “ roaram,” a name well suited to the appear- 
 ance of the hat. Fine hats were made with 
 fur bodies and a nap of beaver or otter. 
 These were really nice hats, and were worth 
 the six to ten dollars they cost. Wool haU 
 cost about a dollar, and a “roaram” $2.50 
 or $3. In that day the stiffening of hats 
 
yEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 with gum-shellac was not in use, glue being 
 used instead of water-proof gum ; and when 
 overtaken with rain the hats would weaken 
 down and bring the wearer to a “due sense 
 of his unworthiness,” for they would become 
 flabby and the nap stick to them till they 
 shone like a junk bottle after they became 
 dry, besides “going to seed,” as it was called. 
 This made the hat an object of tender care, 
 and led the wearer to carry in reserve an oiled 
 silk or gingham covering, to be put on as re- 
 quired. There were three hatters in town — 
 Messrs. Hull, Odbert and Hoagland, each of 
 whom helped me to a crown, as needed. 
 
 Mr. McFetridge, whose trade is now also 
 obsolete, made weavers’ reeds, of reed-cane, 
 to supply the many looms that were to be 
 found in the farmers’ houses all through the 
 country. 
 
 Of general trades, there were the usual va- 
 riety. I remember one earthenware pottery, 
 three tanneries, carried on by Brice Viers, 
 Samuel Williams and Hans Wilson; six or 
 seven shoe-shops and a like number of tailors, 
 and one gunsmith, James Leaf. 
 
 An old paper that I have fixes the number 
 
 969 
 
 of merchants’ stores at twenty-seven, and of 
 taverns at sixteen. 
 
 Early Schools and Churches . — In the win- 
 ter of 1816-17 there were two schools of the 
 same order as our common schools, main 
 tained by private subscription, as all schools 
 then were, at $2.50 a scholar per quarter. 
 One of these schools, at which I was a pupil, 
 was taught by Bev. James B. Finley, and 
 continued until it was overshadowed by the 
 well-known school of Bev. Dr. Beatty. 
 
 At the beginning of 1817 there were three 
 places of religious worship, where services 
 were regularly held every Sunday : one Pres- 
 byterian, with Bev. Mr. Hoagland as pastor ; 
 one United Presbj^terian, Bev. Mr. Buchanan 
 as pastor, and a Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 forming a part of the Steubenville Circuit, 
 with Bev. James B. Finley as presiding elder 
 for the quarterly meeting district, the extent 
 of which would astonish many of his breth- 
 ren of this day. He lived in Steubenville, 
 whence he made his four journeys on horse- 
 back, each year visiting, as extreme points, 
 Zanesville, Norwalk, Cleveland and Warren, 
 Ohio ; Beaver and Erie, Pa. ; and Fredonia, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 TBAVELLINO NOTES. 
 
 Steubenville was named in a spirit of patriotism, from Baron von de Steuben, 
 the drill master of the soldiers of the Revolution. He taught them to bring 
 their muskets to the order by three motions in the slow style of the tactics of that 
 day. He lies buried alone in the depths of a forest in Oneida county. New Y^ork, 
 and in 1840 I walked twenty miles for the sole purpose of sketching his grave. 
 
 Steubenville is well situated, the best river town, steamboat men say, of any 
 town on the Ohio, and because on the second plateau, and thus above the highest 
 floods. The scenery around is impressive. In its rear high hills rise rounding 
 in majestic curves. Opposite, close up to the West Virginia shore, is a steep 
 wooded bluff, some 600 or more feet in height, its upper part an overhanging 
 precipitous cliff. Down the river the view is expansive with bounding hills and 
 never-returning waters. One may well term this as the gateway to the charm- 
 ing scenery of the Upper Ohio. 
 
 A Sort of Luhherland. — The city has an 
 old-time look — little or no ornate architecture 
 — but there is comfort everywhere. It is 
 similar in its social aspects and appearance 
 to Marietta and Chillicothe. The country 
 around laughs in its fatness — nobody starves. 
 Going into a restaurant for dinner, there was 
 placed before me on a side table some nine- 
 teen dishes — 1. Boast beef, very tender, 
 Ohio grown. 2. Excellent coffee. 3 and 4. 
 Cucumbers and onions. 5. Corn. 6. As- 
 aragus in milk. 7. String beans. 8. Cab- 
 age, boiled. 9. Tomatoes, stewed with toast. 
 10. Bhubarb. 11. Potatoes warmed in milk. 
 12. Cold bread, butter. 13. Warm biscuit. 
 14 and 15. Bhubarb and cherry pie. 16. Ice 
 cream. 17, 18 and 19. Vanilla and choco- 
 late, with strawberries — and for all this but 
 twenty-five cents charge. On my tour over 
 Ohio forty years ago no such variety was any- 
 where seen, and not once a napkin at a meal, 
 and eatable butter almost never — but no 
 
 charge for smelling. In no one thing has 
 there been a greater improvement than in 
 food. Lubberland seems to be heaving in 
 sight for this people, and yet they don’t all 
 seem happy. 
 
 The track of the Cincinnati & Pittsburg 
 Bailroad runs on the river bank in front of 
 Steubenville. The first person I met on my 
 arrival to welcome me was Mr. J. J. Bobin- 
 son, the station agent, at whose residence I 
 called on an errand. His house stands with 
 its rear to the rail track and river, near by the 
 station. His home lot is 120 feet broad and 
 180 deep. The house, on an elevation fifteen 
 feet above the lawn, occupies the farther end 
 and fronts on a street. A line of Lombardy 
 poplars, 120 feet in length and twelve feet 
 apart, stands as sentinels on the river front 
 of the lot. They were set out in 1878, being 
 then saplings but two inches in diameter and 
 ten feet high ; yet in 1884 they had attained 
 a height of sixty feet, which he cut off 
 
Davison Fillson, Photo. 
 
 Boyhood Home of Stanton. 
 
 Prom the old edition of 1846. 
 
 Female Seminary, Steubenville. 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 m 
 
 twenty f(^et from the top. ^ Now (1886) they 
 are forty-five feet in height, in luxurious 
 foliage. On V.I.P 321 I speak on the subject 
 of the poplar more fully. Around some of 
 the home lots in the upper part of the town 
 are very long lines of poplars hundreds of 
 feet in length, making a very imposing ap- 
 pearance. I know nothing of the kind 
 equalling it. The easy swaying of the top 
 of the poplars in the wind and the glinting 
 lights on their branches are pleasing. But it 
 is a solemn tree — does for graveyards and 
 melancholy blue states of the mind. 
 
 A Lesson in Ornithology. — Mr. Robinson’s 
 house has a veranda eighty feet in length 
 on the second story facing the river. As he 
 took me from the sentinel poplars across the 
 lawn, through the shrubbery, grape vines 
 and blooming roses to the veranda he said ; 
 “ Come ; I want you to see my birds.” At 
 that moment a peacock spread his tail at my 
 feet and gave an infernal screech — “Look! 
 admire my tail!” “That,” said he, “is 
 better than any watch-dog or policeman that 
 can be got. Nothing can enter my yard at 
 night but he sounds the alarm. He is ever 
 faithful. Unlike a watchman, he never falls 
 asleep on his post, and, unlike a dog, can 
 never be seduced from duty. ’ ’ 
 
 Taking me on to the veranda, there in 
 fifteen cages were nineteen birds chirping 
 their joy. Among them English black-birds, 
 golden oriole, canaries, mocking bird, Irish 
 lark, Irish thrush, cat-bird and red-bird — 
 nearly all foreign birds. The Irish lark has 
 a voice of a peculiar rollicking nature. 
 “Soars up in the air,” said Mrs. Robinson, 
 a black-eyed lady, with a merry laugh. 
 
 One canary was sitting on its nest. It was 
 her third brood. I got within a foot of the 
 little creature as she was sitting there so 
 happy and comfortable. She cocked up her 
 little eye, as much as to say : “Oh, you get 
 out. You are nothing but a man. You can 
 know nothing of a mother’s joy.” Mrs. R. 
 told me that the canary lays from four to five 
 eggs, and that fourteen days after the laying 
 of the first egg a bird is hatched, and then 
 after that one daily. If it is a male bird it is 
 surely a singer and will sing fourteen days 
 from its birth. Canaries are weaned in from 
 fifteen to twenty-one days. 
 
 Just at that moment a train went thunder- 
 ing by, when the peacock gave a screech. He 
 always does, and they pass every half hour ; 
 
 yells at every child’s laugh and spreads his 
 tail ad libitum. At night he perches on a 
 flat board nailed on top of a post, close by 
 the back door, and performs sentinel duty, at 
 every noise sending forth a screech. 
 
 Suffering Bennie Shaw. — While here I 
 sketched a cottage, the once home of the 
 long-suffering but happy Bennie Shaw, who 
 was deaf and dumb, very near-sighted and 
 paralyzed. It stands in a nook between two 
 other buildings on a business street in Steu- 
 benville. I called there and had an interview 
 with his mother, a sad-appearing woman, to 
 learn the history of her boy. When he was 
 eleven years of age he was taken sick, and, 
 becoming paralyzed, lay on his back until he 
 died, at the age of thirty-seven, November 2, 
 1884. During that entire period only his 
 head and chest grew, his body below remain- 
 ing as in childhood. The cottage in which 
 he lived and the room in which he was con- 
 fined were very small, the latter with only one 
 window which looked upon a little garden 
 wherein grew flowers. He was very near- 
 sighted, could use but one arm, could not 
 lift himself in bed nor turn his head, and yet 
 on the wall were numerous pictures in water- 
 colors of flowers, birds and other objects 
 which he painted mostly from copies and 
 quite handsomely. And how he was enabied 
 to do them at all seemed almost incredible. 
 His mother thus described it to me, first 
 showing me a board ten by twelve inches : 
 “We,” said she, “tacked the paper on this 
 board. He laid on his back in his cot by the 
 window, the board resting on his chest. He 
 held the top of the board with his two little 
 fingers. With the other three fingers he 
 painted. Owing to his near-sightedness he 
 was obliged to bring the board within four 
 inches of his face. He could not paint all 
 over the board except by turning it around, 
 so it was often wrong side up. As he could 
 not turn his head, he had a mirror, which 
 magnified and reflected the flowers in the 
 garden which he studied and painted. It 
 was always a wonder to me how he was able 
 to paint, and so beautifully, and when I 
 asked him how he did it his answer always 
 was, and with a smile, ‘ Grod helps me. He 
 loves me.’ ” His little room was a holy spot. 
 His presence made it an atmosphere of love, 
 and when any strangers came in he always 
 wanted to know if they loved God and en- 
 joyed him as he did. 
 
 Several days passed in Steubenville enabled me to gather from some old gentle- 
 men some amusing reminiscences upon its historical characters, as Edwin Stanton, 
 Senator Tappan, Thomas Cole, etc. One of these was Mr. James Gallagher, a 
 tall, wiry gentleman, with some hesitation in his speech but none in his brains, 
 who came here, in 1816, from Philadelphia, when a lad of ten years. He said i 
 Anecdotes of Ben Tappan . — I knew Ben Tappan well. He was very sharp. 
 He had a large house-dog, which one day strolled into the shop of one Peters, a 
 butcher, and seizing a nice roast of beef made off with it. Peters, on discovering 
 whose dog it was, called upon Tappan, and put the question to him : ^Hf a neigh- 
 bor’s dog enters my shop and steals meat, is he not legally held in payment ? ” 
 Certainly he is/’ rejoined Tappan. Your do^,” continued Peters,” has this very 
 
972 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 morning stolen seventy-five cents worth of meat from me, and I have come for the 
 money/^ ‘^Not so fast, Mr. Peters,^^ replied Tappan ; ^‘1 don’t give legal advice 
 without compensation. As you are a neighbor, I won’t be hard upon you. My 
 charge to you in this case is $2.00. You must therefore pay me the "difference, 
 $1.25, and we will call it square.” 
 
 Ben Tappan was a most audacious man, 
 and I have no doubt his example had much 
 to do with the formation of the character of 
 Edwin Stanton when he, a youth, became his 
 partner. In olden times our Common Pleas 
 court consisted of a president judge for each 
 judicial district, and three associate justices 
 for each county in which the court was held. 
 The presence of three constituted a quorum. 
 At a court held here a Mr. Anderson, a very 
 worthy man, was one of the judges. He 
 lived three miles out of town, and was wont 
 to come to court on horseback with his sad- 
 dle-bags, with his own dinner in one bag and 
 oats for his horse in the other. After a cer- 
 tain noon recess Anderson failed to appear in 
 time. Tappan, who was naturally impatient, 
 arose to address the court, when Judge Hal- 
 lock interrupted him: '‘Brother Tappan, 
 there is not a quorum ; you will have to wait 
 for J udge Anderson. ’ ’ ‘ ‘Are his saddle-bags 
 under the bench?” “Yes.” “Then,” re- 
 joined Tappan, “I’ll go on with my plea; 
 they will do just as well.” And he did. 
 Soon Anderson came in, and heard the bal- 
 ance of the plea. It is to be inferred its 
 opening was in due time communicated to 
 him by the saddle-bags. 
 
 The Stanton /amz‘5/ were from North Car- 
 olina, and^ originally Quakers. They fell 
 under the influence of the itinerating Meth- 
 odists, and their house became a favorite 
 stopping-place for itinerants. Edwin was of 
 an emotional nature, and, when a lad, was 
 converted and joined them ; eventually he 
 “backslid,” but always had a great respect 
 for religion. We went to school together, he 
 nine years younger. He was somewhat lax 
 in getting his lessons, especially in arith- 
 metic, which he disliked, and often came to 
 me for assistance. He was an enterprising 
 lad, and established a circulating library, a 
 nice collection, the only one in town, and it 
 was well patronized. I drew from his library 
 Plutarch’s “Lives,” Akenside’s “Pleasures 
 of the Imagination,” Campbell’s “Poems,” 
 and other old-style books of that day. 
 
 Edwin went as a clerk at about the age of 
 thirteen with Mr. James Turnbull, who kept 
 books for sale, and was with him for several 
 years. Mr. Turnbull is now living here at 
 the age of ninety-two, and is the only sur- 
 vivor of the war of 1812 in this region of 
 Ohio. Edwin was reading so constantly that 
 he somewhat neglected his duties as a sales- 
 man ; he was a great reader, and largely self- 
 taught. Turnbull thought highly of him as 
 a boy. ^ 
 
 In his early career as a lawyer the people, 
 more especially us old Whigs, regarded him 
 as unscrupulous. The family were Whigs, 
 and he was brought up in that faith, but he 
 
 joined the Democrats, they being especially 
 strong in this county. This was under the 
 influence, I believe, of old Ben Tappan. 
 This change we thought was not from polit- 
 ical ambition, but for the legal business the 
 association would bring him. He was a grand 
 talker; not as logical as some, but his forte 
 was his perfect self-poise and his indomitable 
 bulldog courage and tenacity. Though the 
 heavens fell, he would never let up ; it was 
 push through or die. His mind acted as a 
 flash, and he never lost his balance, never 
 flinched at a surprise ; but with a bound 
 would make a forward spring with a point for 
 the emergency sharp as a bayonet ; all his 
 knowledge was always at hand. 
 
 On looking at Stanton’s war record, the 
 gigantic strength of character he exhibited, 
 the value of his labors, and his absorbing de- 
 votion to his country, which Anally broke 
 him down and put him into his grave, I can- 
 not but feel a great respect for his memory. 
 He left the office poor and broken down. 
 When he died, as a reward for his herculean 
 labors and great services to his country. Con- 
 gress voted his widow a year’s salary as judge. 
 The friends of Stanton think, and justly 
 think, that Grrant in his INIemoirs failed to do 
 him justice. He was naturally of a kindly 
 nature, fond of children, and exceedingly 
 generous to his poor relations ; indeed, to all 
 who had any claim upon him. 
 
 I knew Thomas Cole, the celebrated land- 
 scape painter, well. He was born in Eng 
 land, and was regarded as a bright, intelligent 
 young man. There was quite a colony of 
 English and Germans, who came here to 
 work in the paper-mill and woollen factory, 
 which were established here in the war pe- 
 riod. Among the English were the Cole 
 family ; Dr. Ackerly, afterwards the noted 
 New York surgeon ; Wm. Watkins, a wool 
 stapler, who soon returned to England and 
 gained distinction as a miniature painter ; 
 painted a portrait of Queen Victoria on 
 ivor 5 ^ He had taken lessons from Cole. 
 Then there was old Joe Howells, grandfather 
 of Howells, the novelist. Cole’s father had 
 charge of the manufacture of the wall-paper, 
 and Tom worked at it, stamping the colors 
 with diagram blocks. Tom came here about 
 1 820 ; did not stay very long, but went to 
 Zanesville and elsewhere, iind engaged in 
 painting portraits. His skill displayed in 
 painting scenery for theatres first brought 
 Cole into notice in New York. The paper- 
 mill was established about 1812-1813. It 
 stood on the river-bank, on the site of the 
 present Hartje paper-mill. The paper was 
 all made by hand in the olden style. The 
 pulp was water-soaked in vats, dipped out 
 with sieves, and spread out on blocks on felt, 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY, 
 
 973 
 
 in alternate sheets of felt and pulp. The 
 sheets were generally foolscap size. The 
 sheets were then hung up dry in a large 
 drying-house, with open-air slats. It sold 
 for twenty-five cents a quire of twenty-four 
 sheets, but for a single sheet the price was 
 one cent. A bright boy one day went into 
 Mr. Turnbull’s store and said, “I want 
 twenty-four sheets of paper,” and he sup- 
 plied him at that rate, whereby the boy saved 
 a cent. 
 
 Copperas Works . — About the year 1820 
 copperas works were established here by 
 Bezaliel Wells, and was for a time a thriving 
 industry. The material was obtained from 
 the coal banks, and manufactured in a rude 
 way by a process of washing, boiling, and 
 crystallizing. The industry, at first lucrative, 
 became overdone, from the abundance of the 
 stock. Copperas is now manufactured dif- 
 ferently ; but for some purposes the old kind 
 is the best. The works were on top of the 
 hill, at the Red House farm, back of the 
 town. Wells’ chemist was a North Prus- 
 
 sian, by the name of Kolb. He rigged up a 
 huge grindstone for some purpose, but was a 
 better chemist than mechanic ; couldn’t make 
 things work ; got mad, and started the grind- 
 stone a rolling down hill ; and it didn’t stop 
 until he got it to the bottom. Then he had 
 to pay Christian Rougher a dollar to get it 
 back. 
 
 Thespian Society. — These Germans and 
 English working- people established a Thes- 
 pian Society, and gave theatrical entertain- 
 ments in an old brick stable for a theatre, 
 and Tom Cole painted the scenery. Kolb 
 was active, and so was another German, 
 Christian Orth, a blue-dyer in the factory. 
 One evening, in the midst of a play wherein 
 a thunder-storm was represented, a vivid 
 flash of lightning lit up the scene, where- 
 upon the audience were convulsed with laugh- 
 ter, by the voice of Kolb from behind the 
 scenes calling out, in his rough German ac- 
 cent, “Now, Orth, hurry up mit yer thun- 
 der!” which, by the way, was produced by 
 rolling cannon balls on the floor. 
 
 The photographer is one of our best modern acquisitions. He is generally poor 
 in his purse, but then he is, personally, a rich blessing. We should thank the 
 Lord for him. While our daily bread feeds our bodies, his labors feed the soul; 
 help preserve memories of the precious now dead or far away. His business got 
 a great start in the war era, when the soldier boys, in marching away, proudly clad 
 in the panoply of Uncle Sam’s warriors, largely left their portraits behind, and 
 carried away those of their loves to the camp and the battle-field. 
 
 Steubenville rejoices in the possession of one photographer, who has been tak- 
 ing the faces of the people here for thirty years, until he has grown gray in the 
 service. He has lived to picture babes in the arms of parents, whose pictures he 
 had made when they themselves began life’s march in the ranks of the light in- 
 fantry. This gentleman lives in rooms adjoining his gallery, and his son and 
 daughter work with him ; and there, for a pet, is Pearly, a French poodle, with 
 white curly hair, soft as lamb’s wool, who is ever ready to sneeze, by request.” 
 He has an honored pedigree. His name is Davison Filson, a descendant of the 
 Davison Filson whose son, John Filson, a surveyor, was the very man, an hun- 
 dred years ago, who laid out the city of Cincinnati and named it Losantiville. 
 
 This John was a pedagogue, and author of 
 a history of Kentucky. One day, shortly 
 after his survey, he set out alone to explore 
 the solitudes of the Miami woods, and that 
 was the last ever known of him. His fate is 
 yet a mystery. It is supposed he was killed 
 by the Indians. One verse of Venable’s 
 simple ballad, “John Filson,” tells all that 
 anybody knows ; 
 
 “Deep in the wild and solemn woods. 
 Unknown to white man’s track, 
 
 John Filson went one autumn day. 
 
 But never more came back.” 
 
 The Six Hundred Dead . — Upon the walls 
 of Mr. Filson ’s gallery, in a large frame, 36 
 X 30 inches, is a picture consisting of 600 
 photographs of prominent citizens of the 
 town, all of whom, with but few exceptions, 
 were taken by him, and all of* whom are now 
 dead. Tlie sight of* this vast concourse of 
 
 adults — men and women from early manhood 
 and womanhood to extreme old age, most of 
 them looking upon you as in life — affects one 
 with solemn sensations akin to those which 
 we could imagine if they should collectively 
 rise from their graves and appear as in life. 
 The faces are largely those of mature and 
 thoughtful people, upon whom the cares and 
 duties of human life, with its solemn respon- 
 sibilities, have left their weighty impress. 
 One can but feel awed in their presence, and 
 the mind goes instinctively beyond the por- 
 tals of the grave to the unknown world to 
 which each of that mighty concourse has 
 vanished from sight forever. 
 
 Among these are the faces of people whose 
 history is imperishable. The central head is 
 that of Edwin M. Stanton, the last por- 
 trait of him, taken but a few months before 
 his death. It is a massive head of great 
 power, and the expression of the face is one 
 of* sadness and suffering. It shows he was 
 
974 
 
 JEFFERSON COUN/TY. 
 
 / 
 
 worn out with labors and anxieties. In a 
 lower corner is the head of Bezaliel Wells, 
 founder of the town, and that of his wife. 
 They are from oil paintings, and are fine 
 faces of marked character. The head of 
 James Hunter, the first child born on the 
 soil, appears as a very old man with a strong 
 face and long gray locks, combed behind his 
 ears. Near the portrait of Stanton is the 
 beautiful face and head of Colonel George 
 McCook (see Vol. I., p. 365), as he was in 
 his prime ; also the heads of Major-General 
 Daniel McCook, killed at Peach Tree Or- 
 chard, and General Robert L. McCook, 
 murdered by guerillas. On the extreme right 
 is the head of Judge Humphrey Howe 
 Leavitt, once a citizen of this town, later a 
 citizen of Cincinnati, where, on the bench, 
 in his capacity of District Judge of the 
 United States Supreme Court, he sat on the 
 case of Clement L. Vallandigham. He was 
 long an honored citizen of Cincinnati, and an 
 old neighbor and a personal friend, and it did 
 me good to look upon his kindly, benignant 
 face among the six hundred. He was an 
 old-style gentleman, a Presbyterian in faith, 
 very modest and quiet, and simple in speech 
 and manner ; had but a few words ; was a 
 godly, dignified man. We had marked time 
 together m a company of the Home Guards, 
 called the “Silver Grays” — because all the 
 members were over forty-five years of age — 
 when Cincinnati was threatened by Kirby 
 Smith. I missed his presence when we 
 crossed the river to meet the foe. Like my- 
 self, I suppose, he did not ache to kill any- 
 body. 
 
 Here are the heads of Benjamin Tappan, 
 Thomas L. Jewett, Rev. C. C. Beatty, Rev. 
 George Buchanan — who here preached for 
 forty years in the United Presbyterian Church 
 — with numerous other local celebrities. 
 
 ^ Among these, on his couch of suffering, is 
 the recumbent form of little Bennie Shaw, 
 the only portrait where more than the head 
 and bust are shown. Heads of manly vigor 
 and womanly virtue look down upon you as 
 when among these earthly scenes, and they 
 all preach to you — these six hundred dead. 
 I felt it with inexpressible awe, for only a few 
 hours before, while in an abstracted state of 
 mind, a train of cars was slowly, silently 
 backing through a narrow alley upon me, 
 and I only escaped by the fraction of a sec- 
 ond from being crushed under the remorseless 
 wheels. 
 
 From the grave to the gay is the story of 
 life. The sun carries the morning on her 
 wings and night fiees at her coming. 
 
 An Easy Talker . — As I sat gazing upon 
 the faces of those six hundred dead, im- 
 pressed by their, as I felt, living presence, 
 an old gentleman, large, fieshy, with rotund 
 visage, rosy cheeks and smiling eyes, came in 
 by invitation of Mr. Filson to tell me of the 
 olden time ; and this he did with an ease and 
 deliberation of speech that was charming. 
 With him every sentence, as a printer would 
 say, was wide-spaced, as if with em -quadrats, 
 and every word the exact word for the place 
 
 it was put; and there were no “doublets’' 
 nor “outs” anywhere in his speech. This 
 was Francis Asbury Wells, son of Beza- 
 liel Wells, who laid out the town. As his 
 name indicates, his parents were Methodists, 
 and so named him after the renowned Bishop 
 Asbury. 
 
 “From an old book,” said he, “I find it 
 was August 25, 1797, that my father, after 
 laying out the town, sold the first lots. They 
 were 60 X 180 feet, and sold for from $60 to 
 $180 per lot. About the year 1819 the first 
 steamboat was built here, and named from 
 him ‘Bezaliel Wells’ — the boys called it 
 ‘ Beelzebub. ’ It had brick chimneys, and 
 they were built by Ambrose Shaw ; they were 
 not finished when she started on her first trip, 
 which was for Pittsburg. Mr. Shaw finished 
 them between here and Brown’s island, seven 
 miles north. 
 
 “My father, with others, in 1814 built the 
 first woollen factory, I believe, west of the 
 mountains. I have here [showing it to me] 
 a silver medal presented in 1824 to Wells 
 & Co. by the Franklin Institute of Phila- 
 delphia, as a ‘ reward of skill and ingenuity. ’ 
 This was in consequence of their having sent 
 a piece of broadcloth to them on exhibition. ’ ’ 
 
 Memento of the Harrison Campaign. — Mr. 
 Wells showed to me a memento of the Har- 
 rison campaign of 1840. It was a brass 
 button, with a plough in front, a log-cabin in 
 the centre, and a barrel of hard cider in one 
 corner. “During that campaign,” said he, 
 “I wore a Kentucky jeans suit buttoned 
 with these buttons, and with my brother and 
 others I manufactured a kind called Tippe- 
 canoe jeans — a sort of gray mixed. We sent 
 suits both to General Harrison and Henry 
 Clay.” 
 
 When Lafayette visited this country, in 
 1825, he came up the Ohio from Cincinnati, 
 and it was expected would stop here. My 
 father got his woollen factory in order, in- 
 tending to show it to him and give him a 
 big reception here. He was sadly disap- 
 pointed, for, owing to the low stage of water, 
 Lafayette could get no farther than Wheel- 
 ing, twenty-two miles below, and so went by 
 stage to Pittsburg, where father went to see 
 him. 
 
 On meeting Lafayette he conversed with him 
 upon the subject of raising wool in Jefferson 
 county, and the trouble they had of raising 
 sheep owing to the depredations of dogs. 
 Lafayette told him that in France they had a 
 breed of shepherd-dogs, very large, of great 
 sagacity, which were used in driving and pro- 
 tecting their flocks. “Old a country as 
 France is, and strange as you may think it,” 
 said Lafayette, “ our mountains are infested 
 with wolves which commit depredations upon 
 our sheep. I will send you a pair for breed- 
 ing.” In due time they came, and were 
 quite prolific. They were a noble species, 
 white with generally golden-hued spots ; re- 
 sembled the English mastiff, and were found 
 extremely useful, but in time run out by 
 mongrel associates. 
 
 One of them one day followed my brothei 
 
SALMON P. CHASE. EDWIN M. STANTON 
 
976 
 
 yEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 Alexander to market when a large, ferocious 
 bull-dog, encouraged by his master, attacked 
 him. The butchers formed a ring around 
 them expecting the bull- dog to conquer. He 
 had seized the shepherd-dog by the throat. 
 The skin there was tough, and so loose that 
 the other was enabled to twist his head 
 around and grasp the bull’s head, and soon 
 
 the bones were heard to crack. The master 
 of the bull then interfered. “ No,” said the 
 others, ” we formed a ring to see fair play ; 
 you set him on and now we will see it out.” 
 And they did. The shepherd-dog had got his 
 spunk up, and they heard the crunching of 
 the bones, and quickly the bull-dog yielded 
 up the ghost. 
 
 I conclude these notes with some more reminiscences of the early days of 
 Edwin Stanton, from Mr. John McCracken. Nothing is too small to narrate 
 that illustrates the characteristics of that great man. 
 
 I was a schoolmate with the Stanton boys, 
 Edwin and his 3 ^ounger brother, Darwin, and 
 lived opposite. The boys had for pets, which 
 they kept in their house, some black and 
 garter-snakes. ^ They would bring the snakes 
 out, sit on their doorstep and let them crawl 
 over them. I joined them and let them 
 crawl over me. 1 was then about thirteen, 
 Darwin the same and Edwin sixteen. 
 
 The Stanton homestead was on the west 
 side of Third street, between Market and 
 Washington streets. Opposite their house 
 was Isaac Jenkinson’s hotel, the principal 
 hotel of the town. In the rear was a 
 noble grove. There under the trees I have 
 seen General J ackson and Henry Clay take 
 dinner. 
 
 I was very intimate with Stanton. A most 
 famous case in which he was engaged was 
 
 wherein the firm of Gano, Thomas & Talbot, 
 pork dealers, was sued on a claim involving an 
 immense sum. Stanton travelled all over the 
 country, east and west, for evidence. He 
 argued the case from early morning until 
 evening ; looked fairly black in the face ; was 
 so tired. In the evening the case was given 
 to the jury. I was sitting on the steps when 
 Stanton came out and called to me. He 
 wanted me to walk with him : said his mind 
 was so excited he could not sleep, and I 
 walked the streets until about six in the 
 morning. When the jury came in the 
 verdict was for Stanton. Stanton studied 
 law with D. L. Collier. I remember on the 
 day he was admitted to the bar hearing 
 Collier say he was as capable of practising as 
 he or any other member of the bar. Stanton 
 was a very hard student and very muscular. 
 
 Steubenville, the county-seat of Jefferson, is situated ok the right bank 
 of the Ohio river, 68 miles below Pittsburg and 400 miles above Cincin- 
 nati. The average altitude of the city is a little over 700 feet above tide water, 
 surrounded by hills rising several hundred feet higher. The city lies well above 
 the river with a general slope toward it, giving a fine natural drainage. It is 
 43 J miles west of Pittsburg and 150 miles east of Columbus, on the P. C. & 
 St. L. H. K., which crosses the Ohio river at this point. It is also on the C. & 
 P. R. R. The surrounding country abounds in coal and natural gas, with which 
 the city is supplied for manufacturing and other purposes. County Officers : 
 Auditor, William F. Simeral ; Clerk, Andrew S. Buckingham ; Commissioners, 
 John Underwood, David Simpson, Jacob P. Markle ; Coroner, James M. Starr ; 
 Infirmary Directors, Eli Fetrow, Thomas Nixon, Charles Barrett; Probate 
 Judge, John A. Mansfield; Prosecuting Attorney, Henry Gregg; Recorder, 
 Jacob Hull ; Sheriff, John G. Burns ; Surveyor, Samuel Huston ; Treasurer, 
 Hugh S. Coble. City Officers : Henry Opperman, Mayor ; James Reynolds, 
 Clerk ; Wm. McD. Miller, Solicitor ; James Beans, Street Commissioner ; AVm. 
 M. Scott, Marshal. Newspapers : GazettCj Democrat, McFadden & Hunter, 
 editors and publishers ; Germania^ German Independent, Max Gescheider, editor 
 and publisher ; Herald, Republican, P. B. Coon, editor and publisher ; Sunday 
 Life, Independent, A. W. Beach, editor and publisher ; Ohio Press, Independent 
 Republican, W. R. Allison, editor; Saturday Nexos, Independent, Frank Stokes, 
 editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Congregational, 1 Methodist Protestant, I 
 Christian, 1 American Methodist Episcopal, 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Episcopal, 
 2 Catholic, 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian and 2 Lutheran. Banks : Commercial, 
 Sherrard, Mooney & Co. ; Miners & Meclianics, Jno. H. Hawkins, president, J. 
 W. Cookson, cashier ; Steubenville National, R. L. Brownlee, president, Charles 
 Gallagher, cashier; Union Deposit, Wm. A. AValden, president, Horatio G. 
 Garrett, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — Hartje Brothers, glazed wrapping paper, 25 
 
yEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 977 
 
 hands; Ohio Valley Clay Co., glass melting pots, 38; Jefferson Iron Works, 
 iron and nails, 540 ; Pearl Mills, flour and feed, 6 ; Simmer Glass Co., bottles, 
 140 ; Gill Brothers & Co., lamp chimneys, etc., 470 ; liiverside Iron Works, 
 pig-iron, 95 ; James Means & Co., foundry work, etc., 30 ; H. J. Betty & Sons, 
 table glassware, 670 ; Steubenville Steam Laundry, laundrying, 10 ; Electric 
 Light and Power Co., electric light, 4 ; Humphry Glass Co., glass novelties, 30; 
 Steubenville Pottery Co., decorated ware, etc., 175; Cyrus Massie, doors, sash, 
 etc., 9 ; Caswell & Pearce, furniture, 35 ; W. L. Sharp & Son, stoves, mantles, 
 etc., 55 ; Robinson, Irwin & Co., machinery, 5 ; Robert Hyde, doors, sash, etc., 
 6; L. Anderson & Sons, doors, sash, etc., 15 ; William McDowell, stairs and 
 stair railings, 4. — Ftoie Report^ 1888. Population in 1880, 12,092. School 
 census, 1888,4,382; Henry N. Mertz, school superintendent. Capital invested 
 in industrial establishments, $2,215,600. Value of annual product, $3,007,000. 
 Census, 1890, 13,363. 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Edwin McAIasters Stanton was born in Steubenville, December 19, 1814. 
 His boyhood home, of which we give a picture, is yet standing on Third street. 
 This was not his birthplace. By the records his father bought this house when 
 Edwin was three years old, and moved into it. Through Mrs. Wolcott, a sister 
 now living, we learn he was born on Market street, in a house of which only the 
 rear is now standing. It was in the house shown that when a boy he had a 
 museum of butterflies, bugs and other curiosities he had collected. 
 
 His father, a physician, died in Edwin’s boyhood. He entered Kenyon College 
 in 1831, but left two years later to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836, 
 beginning practice in Cadiz. He returned to Steubenville in 1 839, was Supreme 
 Court Reporter in 1842-5, preparing vols. XI., XII. and XIII. of the Ohio 
 Reports. Removed to Pittsburg in 1848, and in 1857 to Washington. He was 
 engaged by the government in many important land cases. December 20, 1860, 
 he was appointed Attorney-General by President Buchanan to fill the unexpired 
 term of Jeremiah S. Black, who had been appointed Secretary of State. He was 
 called to the head of the War Department by President Lincoln on the retire- 
 ment of Simon Cameron, January 15, 1862. 
 
 Mr. Stanton was originally a Democrat of the Jackson school, and until Van 
 Buren’s defeat in the Baltimore Convention in 1844 took an active part in political 
 affairs in his locality. He favored the Wilmot proviso to exclude slavery from 
 territory acquired by the war with Mexico, and sympathized with the Free Soil 
 movement headed by Martin Van Buren. He was an anti-slavery man, but his 
 opposition to that institution was qualified by his views of the qualifications 
 imposed by the Federal Constitution. 
 
 While a member of Mr. Buchanan’s Cab- 
 inet he took a firm stand for the Union, and 
 at a Cabinet meeting, when John B. Floyd, 
 then Secretary of War, demanded the with- 
 drawal of the United States from the forts in 
 Charleston harbor, he indignantly declared 
 that the surrender of Fort Sumter would, 
 in his opinion, be a crime equal in atrocity to 
 that of Arnold, and that all who participated 
 should be hung like Andre. 
 
 After the assassination of President Lin- 
 coln Secretary Stanton took sides against the 
 new President, Andrew .Johnson, in the con- 
 troversy between him and the Republican 
 party. Johnson demanded his resignation, 
 which he refused ; the President then sus- 
 pended him, but he was restored to ofiice by 
 the Senate. The President then informed the 
 Senate that he had removed Secretary Stan- 
 ton, but the Senate denied his authority to 
 
 do this, and Stanton refused to surrender 
 the ofl&ce. 
 
 After Mr. Stanton’s retirement from office 
 he resumed the practice of law. President 
 Grant appointed him a Justice of the Supreme 
 Court on December 20, 1869, and he was con- 
 firmed by the Senate, but died four da 5 ^s later, 
 worn out by his herculean labors for his coun- 
 try. Of Stanton it has been well said : He 
 was the giant of the great war, who more than 
 any other trampled out the rebellion — that 
 more and more as the ages run will history de- 
 velop this fact.” President Lincoln was a 
 politician, statesman and philanthropist, and 
 Gen. Grant was embodied military business, 
 but the mighty public will was concentrated 
 in Stanton, and he brushed aside the failures 
 and pretenders, and the speculators and senti- 
 mentalists, and not only gave Grant, Sher- 
 man and Sheridan, and those who came to 
 
978 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 the front when the deadly work was done, a 
 chance, but thrust into their hands the re- 
 sources of the country, and more than or- 
 ganized victory. 
 
 He cared nothing for men, everything for 
 the cause of the Union. That he should 
 have made swarms of enemies was of course 
 inevitable ; as inevitable as that his full 
 merits should be but slowly recognized. For 
 Stanton was a patriot of so firm and indomi- 
 table a character that his purity and single- 
 mindedness belittled and humiliated the 
 crowd of greedy egotists who pushed to the 
 doors of the treasury, and the same qualities 
 even obscured the greatness of all but the 
 greatest of his contemporaries. When the 
 
 names of Lincoln and Grant have been 
 written there is no other that deserves to be 
 linked witk that of Stanton. He was a 
 heaven-sent minister, if ever there was one. 
 Carnot,^ the organizer of battles, was less to 
 France in the crisis of the Revolution than 
 our War Secretary was to the salvation of 
 the Union. So Just, so pure, so incorrup- 
 tible, so patriotic was he that it seems almost 
 a work of supererogation to attempt the 
 defence of his ^ memory against the base 
 aspersions of his enemies who “with his 
 darkness durst alfront this light. ’ ’ His was 
 a soul which could afford to disregard the 
 spite of men, having taken for its standard 
 from the beginning the judgment of God.” 
 
 Benjamin Tappan was born in 
 Northampton, Mass., May 25, 1773, 
 and died in Steubenville, April 12, 
 1857. He was the son of Benjamin 
 Tappan, a Congregational pastor, and 
 Sarah Holmes, the great-niece of Ben- 
 jamin Franklin. The original family 
 name was Topham. The Tappans were 
 largely clergymen and educated men. 
 Benjamin Tappan received a public- 
 school education, and was apprenticed 
 to learn copper-plate engraving and 
 printing. Subsequently he studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar, and began 
 practice in 1799 at Steubenville; was 
 elected to the Legislature in 1803; 
 aide to Gen. William Wadsworth in 
 the war of 1812 ; after which he served 
 for seven years as President Judge of 
 the Fifth Ohio Circuit. President 
 Jackson appointed him Judge for the 
 District of Ohio in 1833. From De- 
 cember, 1839, to March, 1845, he served 
 in the United States Senate, as a Dem- 
 ocrat. He was an active leader of hi 
 Soil movement at its inception. 
 
 BENJAMIN TAPPAN. 
 
 party, but afterward joined in the Free- 
 Judge Tappan published “ Cases Decided in the 
 Court of Common Pleas,^^ with an appendix (Steubenville, 1831). 
 
 His brother, Arthur Tappan, was the distinguished Abolitionist and philan- 
 thropist, President of the American Anti-Slavery Society, founder of the American 
 Tract Society and Oberlin College. A son of Benjamin, Eli T. Tappan, 
 LL. D., was from 1868 to 1875 President of Gambier. Later he received the 
 appointment, under Gov. Foraker, of School Commissioner for Ohio, and died in 
 office 1889, much lamented ; he was a man of superior ability and usefulness. 
 
 Judge Tappan was widely known for his drollery and wit and anti-slavery 
 sentiments. 
 
 Humphrey Howe Leavitt was born in Suffield, Conn., June 18, 1796, and 
 died in Springfield, Ohio, in March, 1873. His father removed to Ohio in 1800. 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1816, and settled at Cadiz, but later removed to Steu- 
 benville, where he was prosecuting attorney, and successively representative and 
 senator in the Ohio Legislature in 1825-6-7. He was elected as a Jackson Dem- 
 ocrat to Congress in 1830, and resigned in 1834 to accept the appointment of 
 President Jackson as Judge of the United States Court for the District of Ohio, 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 979 
 
 which office he held for nearly forty years. Before the war, in 1858, in a charge 
 to a jury in a fugitive slave case, he said : Christian charity was not the meaning 
 or intent of the fugitive slave law, and it would not therefore answer as a defence 
 for violating the law.’^ He was an authority on patent laws, and during the civil 
 war decided the Vallandigham case, which Mr. Lincoln said was worth three 
 victories. He was a greatly influential member of the Presbyterian Church, and 
 sat as a delegate during eleven sessions of the General Assembly. 
 
 In his manners he was simple, unosten- 
 tatious and with that quiet dignity and mod- 
 esty that is ever weighty. We never heard 
 him laugh aloud, but his smile was a carrying 
 power. As our neighbor in Cincinnati, we 
 felt as though he was one of those characters 
 that adorned humanity, a much venerated 
 person. He once^ told us that it was one of 
 the enigmas of his life, how it was that he 
 was given for a middle name the name of 
 “Howe.” We were sorry we could not aid 
 him to its solution, but glad that such a man 
 had it to help give it respect. 
 
 James Collier was, we believe, a native 
 of Connecticut, born in 1789 ; an officer at 
 the battle of Queenstown in the war of 1812, 
 after which he settled in Steubenville ; be- 
 came eminent as a lawyer ; was, with Thomas 
 Ewing and John Brough, of the High Com- 
 mission on the part of Ohio that settled the 
 disputed boundary line between Ohio and 
 Virginia; in 1849 was appointed United 
 States Collector for California, and went 
 overland, escorted by a small company of 
 dragoons, fighting his way through hostile 
 Indians. On his arrival, being the only gov- 
 ernment officer there, he for some time acted 
 as Military Governor. He died at Steuben- 
 ville, February 2, 1873, aged 84 years. He 
 was a contributor of valuable facts for our 
 first edition. 
 
 Judge John C. Wright was, we think, 
 at one period a partner with Collier ; at any 
 rate, was contemporaneous with him in the 
 practice of law here. In about 1848 he ed- 
 ited the Cincinnati Gazette. 
 
 Col. John Miller, an eminent officer of 
 the war of 1812, was from Steubenville. He 
 commanded the gallant sortie from Fort 
 Meigs, May 5, 1813, driving the British 
 from their batteries. He edited the Western 
 Herald at Steubenville, both before and after 
 the war. He eventually removed to Missouri, 
 of which he was elected Governor. From 
 1837 to 1843 he represented it in Congress. 
 He died at Florissant, Mo., March 18, 1846. 
 (“Western Beserve Historical Society Tracts, ’ ' 
 No. 19.) 
 
 Thomas L. Jewett was born in Maryland 
 about 1810, and was a lawyer in Steubenville 
 — at one time a judge. When he became in- 
 terested in the construction of the Pan Handle 
 Railroad was elected its president, and even- 
 tually became a conspicuous railroad manager. 
 As Virginia was unwilling to grant a charter 
 for a connecting line across her territory for 
 the Penn. Central Railroad, Judge Jewett 
 sought the interposition of the General Gov- 
 ernment. He died in 1875. 
 
 Hugh J. Jewett, of Zanesville, the emi- 
 
 nent railroad president and politician, was a 
 younger brother. 
 
 Thomas Cole was born in England in 
 1801. His father emigrated to Steubenville, 
 where the son resided until 1825, when he 
 removed to New York city. He became 
 famous as one of the best American land- 
 scape painters, particularly of autumn scenes. 
 He was a warm friend of the poet Bryant, 
 who delivered a memorial address in New 
 York city after his death, which occurred at 
 Catskill, N. Y., February 11, 1848. (See 
 page 463.) 
 
 James Alexander Wilson McDonald 
 was born in Steubenville, August 25, 1824. 
 In 1844 he removed to St. Louis and while 
 employed in business during the day studied 
 art at night. His first production in marble 
 was a bust of John H. Benton in 1854. 
 Eleven years later he settled in New York city, 
 where several of his works adorn the public 
 parks. He also paints portraits and land- 
 scapes in oils, lectures on art and science and 
 writes criticisms on art and artists. 
 
 Stephen Mason Merrill was born in 
 Jelferson county, September 16, 1825. In 
 1864 he was a travelling preacher in the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, four years later 
 became editor of the Western Christian Ad- 
 vocate, and in 1872 was consecrated bishop. 
 He received the degrees of D. D. and LL. D. , 
 and has published a number of valuable 
 religious works. 
 
 William Pittenger was born in Knox- 
 ville, Jefferson county, January 31, 1840; is 
 the historian and one of the participants in 
 that daring enterprise of the civil war 
 known as Andrew’s raid. After the war he 
 became a clergyman in the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, and since 1878 he has been a 
 professor in the National School of Elocution 
 and Oratory in Philadelphia. He is also the 
 author of “Oratory, Sacred and Secular” 
 (Phila., 1881), and “Extempore Speech” 
 (1882). 
 
 A few miles north of the Jefferson county 
 line, near Hanoverton, in Columbiana county, 
 was born, October 4, 1841, the eminent scien- 
 tist, Prof. Thomas Corwin Mendenhall. 
 From childhood he showed a fondness for the 
 study of mathematics and natural philosophy 
 and acquired by himself a knowledge of those 
 branches of physics in which he has since ex- 
 celled. He has been twice a Professor in the 
 Ohio State University, resided a number of 
 years in Japan as professor of physics in the 
 University of Tokio ; in 1884 became Professor 
 in the United States Signal Service ; in 1886 
 President of Rose Polytechnic Institute, 
 Terre Haute, Ind. He gave the first public 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY, 
 
 980 
 
 lectures on science in Japan to popular 
 audiences. In 1889 was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Harrison Superintendent of the 
 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 
 Beside many scientific papers he has pub- 
 lished A Century of Electricity. 
 
 A Scientist's Witticism . — We once heard in 
 Pike’s Opera House, Cincinnati, Proctor, the 
 famous lecturer on astronomy, to illustrate the 
 distance of the sun from us, quote this wit- 
 
 ticism of Mendenhall’s, which naturally 
 brought down the house. 
 
 Professor Mendenhall, of the Ohio State 
 University, said he, has stated that if an 
 infant to-day, attracted by the brightness of 
 the sun, should attempt to reach it by thrust- 
 ing forth its hand and it should travel toward 
 it at the rate of a thousand miles an hour 
 and thus finally reach it and burn its fingers, 
 that young one would then have been dead 
 more than a hundred years ! 
 
 Toronto is on the Ohio river and the C. & P. R. R., eight miles north of Steu- 
 benville. It is located in the centre of the great fire-clay industry of Eastern 
 Ohio, there being in this section a half dozen large manufactories engaged in 
 making sewer-pipe, a total of nearly a thousand men being thus em])loyed. 
 Newspaper: Tribune, Independent Republican, Frank Stokes, editor and pub- 
 lisher. Churches : 1 Presbyterian, I United Presbyterian, 1 Methodist Epis- 
 copal, 1 Methodist Protestant, and I Catholic. 
 
 Manufactures and Emvployees', — P"raney’s Sons & Co., sewer pipe, etc., 55; 
 Great Western Fire Clay Co., sewer pipe, etc., 75 ; Pennsylvania Manufacturing, 
 Mining and Supply Co., sewer pipe, etc., 55 ; Bowers & Custer, flour and feed, 
 3 ; Myers & McFerren, doors, sash, etc., 8 ; Med(;alf, Cooper & Goodlin, doors, 
 sash, etc., 12. — Ohio State Report, 1888. Population about 2,000. Capital 
 invested in manufacturing establishments, $98,000. Value of annual product, 
 $110,000. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. 
 
 Richmond is 11 miles west of Steubenville, on the proposed line of the Lake 
 Erie, Alliance and Southern Railroad. It is surrounded by an agricultural region 
 and noted for fruits, especially fine plums. A skirmish, between United States 
 forces and John Morgan’s raiders took place near Two Ridge Church, three miles 
 east of here. This is the seat of Richmond College, Rev. S. C. Paris, president. 
 Newspaper : Radiator, Independent, J. B. Sprague, editor. Churches : 1 Meth- 
 odist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian and 1 United Presbyterian. Poj^ulation, 1880, 491. 
 
 Elliottsville (P. O. Calumet) is on the Ohio river and C. & P. R. R., 1 1 
 miles north of Steubenville, where are situated the extensive sewer-pipe works 
 of E. Connor and the Calumet Fire Clay Company. 
 
 Mt. Pleasant is 20 miles southwest of Steubenville. Churches : 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist Protestant, 1 Friends, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian. 
 Bank : First National, R. W. Chambers, president, I. K. Ratcliff, cashier. 
 Population, 1880, 693. School census, 1888, 281 ; Wm. M. W^hite, school 
 superintendent. 
 
 Irondale, 9 miles southwest of Steubenville, on the P. C. & St. L. R. R. 
 Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal and 1 Presbyterian. Population in 1880, 
 399. 
 
 Smithfield is 14 miles southwest of Steubenville. Newspaper : Times, In- 
 dependent, Herbert Harrison, editor and publisher. Bank : First National, C. 
 D. Kaminsky, president, Wm, Vermillion, cashier. Population, 1880, 559. 
 School census, 1888, 196. 
 
 Brilliant, P. O. La Grange, is 7 miles south of Steubenville, on the C. & P. 
 R. R. and Ohio river. Population about 1,000. 
 
 New Alexandria is 4 miles southwest of Steubenville. Population in 1880, 
 175. 
 
 Bloomfield, P. O. Bloomingdale, is 18 miles west of Steubenville, on the P. 
 C. & St. L. R. R. Population, 1880, 175. School census, 1888, 67. News- 
 paper : Bloomfield Correspondent, Independent^ C. T. Athearn, editor and pub- 
 lisher. 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 981 
 
 Mingo Junction is on the Ohio river, 3 miles below Steubenville, at the cross- 
 ing of the P. C. & St. L. and C. & P. R. R. It is a famed historical point. It 
 has some manufacturing establishments one Methodist church and a population 
 of about 700. 
 
 KNOX. 
 
 Knox County was named from Gen. Henry Knox, a native of Boston, Gen- 
 eral in the war of the Revolution, and Secretary of War in Washington’s admin- 
 istration. It was formed from Fairfield, March 1, 1808. The north and east 
 parts are hilly ; the central, west and south parts, undulating or level. The 
 bottom lands of the streams are very rich, particularly those of Vernon river, 
 which stream affords abundance of water-power. 
 
 Area about 540 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 1,141,915; in 
 pasture, 119,622; woodland, 55,262; lying waste, 714; produced in wheat, 
 452,889 bushels; rye, 3,736; buckwheat, 1,397; oats, 410,960; barley, 263; 
 corn, 1,038,560; broom-corn, 4,425 pounds brush; meadow hay, 33,228 tons; 
 clover-seed, 5,291 bushels; flax-seed, 5,321; potatoes, 59,562; tobacco, 475 
 pounds; butter, 503,720; cheese, 200; sorghum, 436 gallons; maple syrup, 
 14,832; honey, 3,463 pounds ; eggs, 550,061 dozen;, grapes, 19,620 pounds ; 
 wine, 57 gallons; sweet potatoes, 76 bushels; apples, 9,915 ; peaches, 13,479; 
 pears, 685 ; wool, 772,829 pounds; milch cows owned, 5,831. School census, 
 1888, 7,897 ; teachers, 283. Miles of railroad track, 73. 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840 . 
 
 ■ 1880 . 
 
 Townships and Census. 
 
 1840 . 
 
 1880 . 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 1,100 
 
 910 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 994 
 
 967 
 
 Bloomfield, 
 
 1,252 
 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 1,205 
 
 1,034 
 
 Brown, 
 
 1,204 
 
 1,152 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 1,002 
 
 911 
 
 Butler, 
 
 647 - 
 
 ’ 788 
 
 Milford, 
 
 1,157 
 
 876 
 
 Chester, 
 
 1,297 
 
 
 Miller, 
 
 977 
 
 826 
 
 Clay, 
 
 1,304 
 
 926 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 1,258 
 
 1,031 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 920 
 
 6,213 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 912 
 
 728 
 
 College, 
 
 
 895 
 
 Morris, 
 
 1,077 
 
 833 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 1,343 
 
 
 Pike, 
 
 1,216 
 
 1,307 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 833 
 
 723 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 888 
 
 1,032 
 
 Hilliar, 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,141 
 
 Union, 
 
 1,098 
 
 1,728 
 
 HoAvard, 
 
 999 
 
 983 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 
 1,621 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 994 
 
 806 
 
 
 
 
 Population of Knox in 1820 was 8,326 ; 1830, 17,125; 1840, 19,584; 
 1860, 27,735; 1880, 27,431 ; of whom 22,437 were born in Ohio, 1,581 in 
 Pennsylvania, 438 in Virginia, 404 in New York, 123 in Indiana, 32 in Ken- 
 tucky, 467 in England and Wales, 378 in Ireland, 182 in German Empire, 
 44 in British America, 24 in Scotland, and 19 in France. Census, 1890, 27,600. 
 
 The early settlers of the county were mainly from the Middle States, with 
 some of New England origin. In 1805 Mount Vernon was laid out, and named 
 by the ])roprietors of the soil, who were Joseph Walker, Thomas B. Paterson and 
 Benjamin Butler, from the seat of Washington. At this time the county was 
 
982 
 
 KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 thinly settled. Two years after, the principal settlers were, as far as their names 
 are recollected, the Rileys, Darlings, Shriplins, Butlers, Kritchfields, Walkers, 
 Dials, Lognes, and De Witts, on Vernon river. In other parts of the county, 
 the Hurds, Beams, Hunts and Dimick, Kerr, Ayres, Dalrymple, Houck, Hilliard, 
 the Youngs, Mitchells, Bryants, Knights and Walkers. In the spring of 1807 
 there were only three families living on the plat of Mount Vernon, viz. : Benja- 
 min Butler, tavern-keeper, from Pennsylvania, Peter Coyle and James Craig. 
 The early settlers of the village were, beside those named, Joseph and James 
 Walker, Michael Click, David and William Petigrue, Samuel Kratzer, Gilman 
 Bryant, and Rev. James Smith, who came in 1808, and was the first Methodist 
 clergyman. 
 
 When the settlers first came, there were two wells, only a few rods apart, on 
 the south bank of Vernon river, on the edge of the town, the origin of which 
 remains unknown. They were built of neatly hammered stone, laid in regular 
 masonry, and had the appearance of being overgrown with moss. Near by was 
 a salt lick, at which the Indians had been accustomed to encamp. Almost imme- 
 diately after the first settlement, all traces of the wells were obliterated, as was ^ 
 supposed, by the Indians. A similar well was later brought to light, a mile and 
 a half distant, by the plow of Philip Cosner, while plowing in a newly cleared 
 piece of forest land. It was covered with poles and earth, and was about thirty 
 feet deep. 
 
 In the spring of 1807 Gilman Bryant opened the first store in Mount Vernon, 
 in a small sycamore cabin, in the western part of the town. A hewed-log and 
 shingle-roofed building stood on the northeast corner of Wood and Main streets; 
 it was the first tavern, and was kept by Benjamin Butler. The first frame build- 
 ing was put up in 1809, and is now (1846) standing on lot 138 Main street. The 
 old court-house, erected about 1810, opposite the present court-house, on the 
 public square, was the first brick building ; it was two stories high and thirty-six 
 feet square. The first brick building was erected in the spring of 1815, by Gil- 
 man Bryant, now standing next to and south of his present residence. The first 
 church, the Old-School Presbyterian (now down), was built about 1817. It was 
 of brick, forty feet square, and one story high; the first pastor was the Rev. 
 James Scott. The first licensed preacher in the county was the Rev. William 
 Thrift, a Baptist, from Loudon county, Va., who came in 1807, and travelled 
 about from house to house. The first crops raised in the county were corn and 
 potatoes. They were grown on the bottom lands, which were the first cleared ; 
 those lands were too rich for wheat, making sick wheat, so termed, because when 
 made into bread, it had the effect of an emetic, and produced feelings similar to 
 sea-sickness. 
 
 At an early day the Indians, in great numbers, came to Mount Vernon to trade. 
 They encamped on the river bank and brought large quantities of furs and cran- 
 berries to dispose of for goods. The whites of the present day might take some 
 beneficial hints from their method of trading at the store in this place. They 
 walked in deliberately and seated themselves, upon which the merchant presented 
 each with a small piece of tobacco. Having lighted their pipes, they returned 
 the residue to their pouches. These were made of a whole mink-skin, dressed 
 with the hair on, with a slit cut in the throat as an opening. In it they kept, 
 also, some kinnickinnick bark, or sumach, which they always smoked with their 
 tobacco, in the proportion of about three of the former to one of the latter. After 
 smoking and talking a while together, one only at a time arose, went to the coun- 
 ter, and taking up a yardstick, pointed to the first article he desired, and inquired 
 the price. The questions were in this manner : How many buck -skins for a 
 shirt-pattern?’’ or ‘‘cloth for leggings?” etc.; according to their currency. 
 
 A muskrat skin was equal to a quarter of almighty dollar.” The Indian, learning the 
 a dollar, a raccoon-skin, a third of a dollar ; a price of an article, paid for it by picking 
 doe-skin, half a dollar, and a buck-skin, “the out and handing over the skins, before pro- 
 
KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 983 
 
 ceeding to purchase the second, when he 
 repeated the process, and so on through the 
 whole, pajdng for everything as he went on, 
 and never waiting for that purpose until he 
 had finished. While the first Indian was 
 trading, the others looked uninterrupted!}" on, 
 and when he was through, another took his 
 place, and so on, in rotation, until all had 
 traded. No one desired to trade before his 
 turn, and all observed a proper decorum, and 
 never attempted to ‘‘beat down,” but, if 
 dissatisfied with the price, passed on to the 
 next article. ^ They were cautious not to 
 trade while intoxicated ; but usually pre- 
 served some of their skins to buy liquor, and 
 end their visit with a frolic. 
 
 The early settlers in the town all felt as one 
 family. If one got a piece of fresh meat, he 
 shared it with his neighbors, and when a 
 person was sick, all sympathized. At night, 
 they met in each other’s cabins, to talk, 
 dance, and take a social glass. There was no 
 distinction of party, for it was a social 
 democracy. At their weddings, a puncheon 
 table, formed like a bench, without a cloth, 
 was covered with refreshments. These were 
 lain and simple : wild turkeys, that had 
 een gobbling about in the woods, were 
 stewed and eaten with a relish ; corn, that 
 had grown on the river flats, made into 
 pone'\ served as wedding cake; while 
 metheglin and whiskey, the only articles 
 probably not indigenous, were the beverages 
 that washed them down. Their plates were 
 either of wood or pewter, perhaps both, and 
 no two alike ; their knives frequently butcher 
 knives, and their forks often of wood. ^ A 
 dance was the finale of their festivities. 
 They made merry on the puncheon floor to 
 the music of the fiddle. Cotillions were 
 unknown, while jigs, four-handed reels, the 
 double shufile and break down “were all the 
 rage.” 
 
 After Mount Vernon was laid out, the 
 settlers from the region roundabout were 
 accustomed to come into town on Saturdays, 
 to clear the stumps out of the streets. Early 
 in the afternoon they quitted work, and grew 
 jolly over a large kettle of This 
 
 was made as follows: First, a huge' kettle, 
 of gallons’ capacity, was placed upon the 
 ground, resting upon three stones, and a fire 
 kindled under it. In it was put two or three 
 buckets of water, a few pounds of maple 
 sugar, a few ounces of allspice, which had 
 been pounded in a rag, a pound of butter, 
 and, finall}", two or three gallons of whiskey. 
 When boiled, the stew was taken olf, a circle 
 was formed around, and the men helped 
 themselves liberally, with tin cups, to the 
 liquor, told hunting stories, wrestled, ran, 
 hopped and jumped, engaged in foot races, 
 shot at mark for goods or tobacco purchased 
 at the store, and occasionally enlivened the 
 scene by a fight. 
 
 Upon the organization of the county, there 
 was a spirit of rivalry as to which should be 
 the county-seat. Mount Vernon or Clinton, a 
 
 Mount Vernon in 184^6 . — Mount V 
 
 town laid out a mile and a half north, by 
 Samuel Smith — then a place of the most 
 population, now among the “things that 
 were.” The commissioners appointed to 
 locate the seat of justice first entered Mount 
 Vernon, and were received with the best 
 cheer, at the log tavern of Mr. Butler. To 
 impress them with an idea of the public 
 spirit of the place, the people were very busy 
 at the moment of their entrance and during 
 their stay, at work, all with their coats off, 
 grubbing the streets. As they left for 
 Clinton, all quitted their labor, not “of love;” 
 and some rowdies, who dwelt in cabins 
 scattered round about in the woods, away 
 from the town, left “the crowd,” and steal- 
 ing ahead of the commissioners, arrived at 
 Clinton first. On the arrival of the others at 
 that place, these fellows pretended to be in a 
 state not conformable to temperance princi- 
 ples, ran against the commissioners, and by 
 their rude and boisterous conduct, so dis- 
 gusted the worthy officials as to the apparent 
 morals of the inhabitants of Clinton, that 
 they returned and made known their deter- 
 mination that Mount Vernon should be the 
 favorite spot. That night there were great 
 rejoicings in town. Bonfires were kindled, 
 stew made and drank, and live trees split 
 with gunpowder. 
 
 The first settler north of Mount Vernon was 
 Nathaniel M. Young, from Pennsylvania, who, 
 in 1803, built a cabin on the south fork of 
 Vernon river, three miles west of Frederick- 
 town. Mr. Young and his neighbors being 
 much troubled with wolves, got together and 
 made a written agreement to give nine bushels 
 of corn for every wolf’s scalp. In the winter 
 of 1805-6 Mr. Young, John Lewis and 
 James Bryant caught forty-one wolves, in 
 steel traps and pens. Wolf-pens were about 
 six feet long, four wide and three high, 
 formed like a huge square box, of small logs, 
 and floored with puncheons. The lid, also of 
 puncheons, was very heavy, and moved by 
 an axle at one end, made of a small, round 
 stick. The trap was set by a figure four, 
 with any kind of meat except that of wolf’s, 
 the animals being fonder of any other than 
 their own. On gnawing the meat, the lid 
 fell and enclosed the unamiable native. 
 Often to have sport for the dogs, they pulled 
 out the legs of a wolf through the crevices of 
 the logs, hamstrung, and then let him loose, 
 upon which the dogs sprang upon him, while 
 he, crippled by the operation, made l3ut an 
 ineffectual resistance. In the adjoining 
 county of Delaware, a man, somewhat ad- 
 vanced in years, went into a wolf-trap to 
 render the adjustment of the spring more 
 delicate, when the trap sprung upon him, 
 and, knocking him flat on his face, securely 
 caught him as was ever any of the wolf 
 species. He was unable to lift up the lid, 
 and several miles from any house. There 
 he lay all one day and night, and would have 
 perished had not a passing hunter heard his 
 groans and relieved him from his peril. 
 
 •non, the county-seat, is forty-five miles 
 
Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846. 
 
 Public Square, Mount Vernon. 
 
 F. S. Orowell, Photo., Mount Vernon, 1887. 
 
 Public Square, Mount Vernon. 
 
KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 985 
 
 northeast of Columbus. It is beautifully situated on ground slightly ascending 
 from Vernon river. The town is compactly and substantially built, and some of 
 the dwellings elegant. Main, the priiicii)al business street, is about a mile in 
 length, on which are many brick blocks, three stories in height. The view was 
 taken in this street, at the southern extremity of the public sq.uare, looking north. 
 On the left is shown the market and court-house ; on the right the Episcopal 
 church, an elegant stone edifice, and in the centre the tower of the Old-School 
 Presbyterian church and the jail. This flourishing town contains two Presbyte- 
 rian, two Methodist, one Baptist, one Lutheran, one Catholic and one Episcopal 
 church; twenty dry-goods, six grocery, two hardware, three apothecary and two 
 book-stores ; one fulling, four grist and five saw-mills ; three newspaper printing- 
 offices, and had, in 1840, 2,363 inhabitants, and has now over 3,000. The rail- 
 road, constructing from Sandusky City to Columbus, will connect this place with 
 those. — Old Edition. 
 
 Mount Vernon, county-seat of Knox, is forty miles northeast of Columbus, 
 on the Kokosing river, the C. A. & C. and S. M. & N. Railroads. The Magnetic 
 Springs, a noted health resort, is about two miles north of the city. County Offi- 
 cers : Auditor, Curtis W. McKee ; Clerk, Hugh Neal : Commissioners, Stephen 
 Craig, Samuel T. Vannatta, W. D. Foote ; Coroner, Samuel K. Stofer ; Infirmary 
 Directors, James O. McArtor, ATilliam H. Wright, John C. Hammond ; Probate 
 Judge, John M. Critchfield ; Prosecuting Attorney, William L. McElroy ; Re- 
 corder, Dwight E. Sapp ; Sheriff, John G. Stevenson ; Surveyor, John McCrory ; 
 Treasurer, William H. Ralston. City Officers : Mayor, W. B. Brown ; Clerk, 
 P. B. Chase; Solicitor, C. A. Merriman ; Engineer, D. C. Lewis; Treasurer, W. 
 B. Dunbar ; Street Commissioner, W. B. Henderson ; Marshal, Robert Blythe ; 
 Clerk Board of Health, M. M. Murphy. Newspapers : Tribune^ Republican, 
 John W. Critchfield, editor ; DemoeratiG Banner y Democratic, L. Harper, editor 
 and proprietor; JRepublican, Republican, C. F. and W. F. Baldwin, editors; 
 Knox County Democrat, Democratic, William A. Silcott, proprietor. Churches ; 
 one Congregational, one Methodist, one Methodist Protestant, one Presbyterian, 
 one Catholic, one Episcopalian, one Methodist Episcopal, one Colored Methodist 
 Episcopal, one Baptist and one Colored Baptist. Banks : First National, C. 
 Delano, president, Fred. D. Sturges, cashier; Knox County Savings, G. A. Jones, 
 president, Samuel H. Israel, cashier ; Knox National, Henry L. Curtis, president, 
 John M. Ewalt, cashier. 
 
 Manufactures and Employees. — C. A. & C. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 125 
 hands; E. L. Black, plows and castings, 4 ; the Cooper Manufacturing Co., engines 
 and saw-mills, 45; Mount Vernon Bridge Co., iron bridges, 100; Kokosing 
 Mills, flour, etc., 20 ; Eagle Mills, flour ; S. H. Jackson, carriages and buggies ; 
 Mount Vernon Linseed Oil Co. ; C. & G. Cooper, saw-mills, etc., 190; Mount 
 Vernon Steam Laundry, laundry ing, 10. — State Report, 1888. Population, 1880, 
 5,249. School census, 1888, 1,100 ; J. A. Shawan, school superintendent (and 
 from 1883 to 1889, when he was given the same position in Columbus). Capital 
 invested in industrial establishments, $1,009,150; value of annual product, 
 $1,326,700. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. Census, 1890, 6,027. 
 
 The first jury trial in Knox county was in May, 1808 ; it was that of the State 
 of Ohio vs. William Hedrick; William Wilson, of Licking county, presiding. 
 Judgment was rendered against the prisoner on four charges of theft. Besides 
 fines and imprisonment, it was ordered that the prisoner be whipped on his naked 
 back.’’ This was one of the few instances in the history of Ohio in which this 
 barbarous mode of punishment was legally inflicted. Its degrading and brutal- 
 izing effect, both on the victim and the public, is apparent in the following account 
 from Norton’s _spicy History of Knox County.” 
 
 The judgment of castigation was executed shortly after the adjournment of court, in 
 upon the public square of Mount Vernon, presence of all the people. Silas Brown was 
 
986 
 
 KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 the sheriff, and it fell to his lot as such to 
 serve the “legal process” upon the body of 
 William Hedrick. There was a small, lean- 
 ing, hickory tree upon the east side of the 
 public square, between the present Norton 
 building (now occupied by Hr. Israel Green, 
 druggist) and High street, and a little south 
 of where the jail was afterwards built, and 
 this tree bent in such a way that a man could 
 walk around under it. To this delectable spot 
 the culprit was taken, and his hands stretched 
 up over his head and tied to the tree, and 
 the stripes were applied by the sheriff to his 
 naked back. He was struck forty times with 
 a heavy, rawhide whip. 
 
 The first few blows with the rawhide were 
 across the kidneys. Mr. Bryant, one of the 
 bystanders, at once called out to the sheriff’ to 
 
 whip him elsewhere ; that was no place to 
 whip a man ; he should strike higher up ; 
 and the rest of the lashes were applied across 
 the shoulders. 
 
 The criminal sobbed and cried piteously, 
 and when released went off weeping and 
 groaning. In many places the skin was cut 
 and broken, and the blood oozed out, making 
 a pitiable spectacle. And yet, such was the 
 feeling against him, that few seemed to sym- 
 pathize with the scourged. As he started 
 off he said to the spectators : “You should 
 not blame me for this, for it was not my fault. ’ ’ 
 Bob Walker replied: “No, you wouldn’t 
 have stood up and been whipped that way, 
 ^y'you could have helped it.” At this prompt 
 retort to Hedrick’s explanation, or apology, 
 the crowd laughed uproariously. 
 
 Gambler in 184^6 . — Five miles east of Mount Vernon, on a beautiful, healthy, 
 and elevated ridge, encompassed on three sides by the Vernon river, is the village 
 of Gambier, so named from Lord Gambler, and widely known as the seat of 
 Kenyon College. This town, exclusive of the college, contains about 200 inhab- 
 itants. It was laid out under the auspices of the venerable Bishop Chase, in July, 
 1826, in the centre of a 4,000-acre tract, belonging to Kenyon College. This 
 institution was then founded, with funds obtained by Bishop Chase in England, 
 and named after Lord Kenyon, one of its princi})al benefactors. It was first 
 chartered as a theological seminary. It is richly endowed, having 8,000 acres of 
 land, and its property is valued at $100,000. The college proper has about fifty 
 students ; the tneological seminary about twenty ; the senior grammar school about 
 twenty, and Milnor Hall, an institute for boys, about twenty-five. In the various 
 libraries are near 10,000 volumes. 
 
 The main college building is romantically 
 situated. You enter a gate into a large area : 
 in the foreground is a large, grassy, cleared 
 plat of several acres, on the right of which 
 stands Bosse Chapel, an elegant Grecian 
 structure ; on the left and below, is the beau- 
 tiful Vernon valley, bounded by forest-clad 
 hills, over which the eye passes in the per- 
 spective for miles and miles, until the blue 
 of distant hills and sky meet and blend in 
 one. Through the centre of the grassy plat 
 passes a footpath, which, at a distance of 200 
 yards, continues its straight line in a narrow 
 opening through a forest, and terminates at 
 the college, about one-third of a mile distant, 
 the spire of which rises darkly above the 
 green foliage, like that of an ancient abbey, 
 while the main building is mostly concealed. 
 The whole scene, the graceful, cheerful ar- 
 chitecture of the chapel, on the right, the 
 valley on the left, the pleasant, grassy green 
 in front, the forest beyond, with the sombre, 
 half-concealed building in the distance, give 
 
 an ever-enduring impression. Standing at 
 the gate, with the back to the college, the 
 scene changes : a broad avenue terminates at 
 the distance of half a mile, at the head of 
 which, in a commanding position, faces Bex- 
 ley Hall, a building appropriated to the the- 
 ological seminary. It is a large, elegant, and 
 highly-ornamented Gothic structure, of a 
 light color, with battlements and turrets, 
 standing boldly relieved against the blue sky, 
 except its lower portion, where it is concealed 
 by the shrubbery of a spacious yard in front. 
 To the left, and near the hall, an imposing 
 residence, late occupied by Bishop Mcllvaine, 
 faces the avenue. Away off to the right, 
 among the trees, is Milnor Hall, and scat- 
 tered about in various directions, near and 
 far, private dwellings, offices and various struc- 
 tures, some plain and others adorned, some 
 in full view and others partly hidden by the 
 undulations of the ground, trees and shrub- 
 bery. — Old Edition. 
 
 The Career of Kenyon. 
 
 Since the foregoing was published, important changes have taken place at 
 Gambier. Now it has railroad facilities by the C. A. & G. Railroad ; new and 
 beautiful buildings have been erected, and now connected with it are Kenyon 
 Military Academy and ^^Harcourt Place Seminary for Young Ladies and Girls.^’ 
 Kenyon has many warm friends among her distinguished alumni. Ex-President 
 
Kenyon College. 
 
 1846. 
 
KNOX COUNTY, 
 
 988 
 
 Hayes wrote that, with the exception of the four years spent in the Union army, 
 no other period of his life, in cherished recollections, could be compared with it. 
 Edwin M. Stanton, the great War Secretary, was accustomed to say ; If I am 
 anything, I owe it to Gambier College.’’ 
 
 When Bishop Mcllvaine succeeded Bishop 
 Chase ip the presidency of Kenyon College, 
 the affairs of the institution were in a critical 
 condition, owing to the accumulation of debt, 
 and his timely aid and able government, in 
 which he was assisted by Dr. William Spar- 
 row, the first vice-president, were invaluable. 
 
 Bishop Mcllvaine’ s duties were divided 
 between the college and his diocese ; but Dr. 
 Sparrow gave to Kenyon his full and undi- 
 vided strength. Under these two strong men 
 the institution flourished and its educational 
 influence was widespread. 
 
 “The expenses of living in Gambier in 
 early days were very small. The annual 
 charges were : for instruction, |30 ; for board 
 at the college table, $40 ; room rent in a room 
 with a stove, $4 ; room rent in a room with 
 fire-place, $6. For theological students and 
 sons of clergymen the total charge was $50.” 
 
 The college formed a large landed estate, 
 and kept a hotel and shops, mills and stores. 
 One looks curiously to-day at its inventory 
 of goods— pots, _ pans, pails, tubs, saucers, 
 spoons, white dimity bed-curtains, mixed all 
 up with oxen, cows and vinegar. 
 
 An early college publication advertises, 
 “ Cash will be given at the seminary store for 
 hats and old shoes suitable for making coffee. ’ ’ 
 It also chronicles an “Awful Catastrophe. — 
 Died, very suddenly, on Wednesday last, 
 seventeen interesting hogs, of sore throat, 
 endeared to the students by their unassuming 
 manners, gentlemanly deportment, and a life 
 devoted to the public service. The funeral 
 of each of them will be attended every day 
 until the end, in the dining-hall.” 
 
 Those were the days when the boys were 
 required “to sweep their own rooms, make 
 their own beds and fires, bring their own 
 water, black their own boots — if they ever 
 were blacked — and take an occasional turn at 
 grubbing in the fields or working on the 
 roads.” The discipline was somewhat strict 
 and the toil perhaps severe, but the few 
 pleasures that were allowed were thoroughly 
 enjoyed. We read of a sophomore who was 
 commanded to the room of a professor, and 
 severely beaten with a rod. For the first 
 time in his life a Mississippi freshman re- 
 ceived bodily chastisement, and even Dr. 
 Sparrow, the vice-president, took care to see 
 that it was well laid on. 
 
 In 1840 Bishop Mcllvaine was succeeded 
 in the presidency of Kenyon by Major D. B. 
 Douglass, LL. D., but remained at the head 
 of the theological seminary. Succeeding 
 Major Douglass in the presidency came Rev. 
 Dr. 11. A. Bronson ; later came Lorin An- 
 drews, LL. D., the first Ohio volunteer to 
 the Union army (see vol. i., page 253). His 
 successors were Charles Short, LL. D. (1863- 
 67), James Kent Stone, A. M. (1867-68), 
 
 Eli T. Tappan, LL. D. (1868-75), William B. 
 Bodine, D. D. , the present incumbent. 
 
 Gambier is greatly indebted to Bishop G. 
 T. Bedell, ex-president of the theological 
 seminary, who, by his ardent and faithful 
 endeavors, secured contributions amounting 
 in all to nearly $200,000. 
 
 For her present measure of prosperity, if 
 not, indeed, for her very existence, the one 
 man to whom — after Bishop Chase — Kenyon 
 College is most indebted is the Rev. M. T. 
 C. Wing, D. D. For a third of a century, 
 in addition to the duties of his professorship, 
 he carried on his strong shoulders the finan- 
 cial burdeTis of the college. He struggled 
 through deep waters, but _ he bravely tri- 
 umphed. Bishop Mcllvaine testified “to 
 his eminent faithfulness, wisdom, self-devo- 
 tion, patience and constancy in most trying 
 circumstances.” 
 
 In all her requisites for admission, and in 
 the course of study, Kenyon does not mate- 
 rially differ from the leading colleges of the 
 Eastern States. She aims to give a thorough 
 liberal education, and believes in the value of 
 hard mental discipline. She also believes in 
 right religious influences, and labors to afford 
 them, pursuing steadily “the true, the beau- 
 tiful, the good. ’ ’ 
 
 Among the most eminent of the sons of 
 Kenyon are ex-President R. B. Hayes, Edwin 
 M. Stanton, David Davis, Henry Winter 
 Davis, Stanley Matthews, David Turpie, M. 
 M. Granger. Frank H. Hurd,,R. E. Trow- 
 bridge and Wm. G. LeDuc. 
 
 The “Church of the Holy Spirit,” the 
 college chapel at Kenyon, is said to be “ the 
 most beautiful church in this country.” The 
 funds for its erection were given by members 
 of the Church of the Ascension, New York, 
 as a tribute of appreciation for their former 
 rector. Bishop Bedell. 
 
 Mr. Geo. A. Benedict, editor of the Cleve- 
 land Herald, has written of it : “The crowning 
 glory of the Church of the Holy Spirit is its 
 teachings in every window, in all its carvings, 
 in its illuminated wall-texts, in its ceilings, and 
 in its everything. That church is a biblical 
 study. It is cheerful ; there is nothing the 
 least gloomy about it, and the most irreverent 
 intuitively would take off his hat when he 
 entered it, for it is the beauty of holiness.” 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Philander Chase was born in Cornish, 
 N. H., December 14, 1775 ; died at Jubilee 
 College, III, September 20, 1852. Graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1795. Ordained priest in 
 the Episcopal church, November 10, 1799. 
 Was occupied in missionary labor in Western 
 New York and later at New Orleans, being 
 
KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 989 
 
 the first Protestant minister in the State of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 In 1811 became rector of Christ Church, 
 Hartford, Conn., and in 1817 went to Ohio, 
 where “he began a work for the church in 
 Ohio, and in truth of the whole West, such 
 as no other man then living would have 
 attempted, or probably would have accom- 
 plished. ” 
 
 He took charge of the academy at Worth- 
 ington, organized several parishes, three of 
 which he assumed the rectorship of himself. 
 He was elected bishop and consecrated at 
 Philadelphia, February 11, 1819. It was 
 about this time that Salmon P. Chase, his 
 nephew, became a member of his family. 
 
 He began his work with rare earnestness. For 
 several years it was necessary for hiui to gain 
 his support as a tiller of the soil, as his minis- 
 trations did not yield pecuniary return suffi- 
 cient to pay his postage. The need of helpers 
 in his work, who should be Western men inured 
 to hardships, turned his mind toward the 
 founding of a college for the training of such 
 helpers. He went to England to raise the 
 funds to endow such an institution. Great 
 opposition and many obstacles were overcome 
 by him both in America and England. 
 
 An anecdote describes his first experience 
 in London: One day Dr. Dow, of New 
 Orleans, called on Mr. Butterworth, Wilber- 
 force’s particular friend, when in the course 
 of conversation the latter said : “So you are 
 from America. Dr. Dow? Were you ac- 
 quainted with Bishop Chase?” “Yes; he 
 was my pastor in New Orleans, and I his 
 physician and friend.” “Tell me about 
 him ; there must be something singular in 
 him or he would not be neglected as he is in 
 England. ” “Singular! I never knew any- 
 thing singular in him but his emancipating 
 his yellow slave, and that, I should suppose, 
 would not injure him here in England. ” 
 
 This story made Butterworth Bishop 
 Chase’s friend, and through him he became 
 the hero of the hour; subscriptions poured 
 in upon him until $30,000 were realized. 
 Lord Gambier, Lord Kenyon, Sir Thomas 
 Ackland, Lady Bosse., and Hannah More 
 helped him. 
 
 Keturning to Ohio, he purchased 8000 
 acres in Knox county and founded Kenyon 
 College and Gambier Theological Seminary. 
 He was determined that the school should be 
 located in the country. ‘ ‘ Put your seminary, ’ ’ 
 he said, “on your own domain; be owners 
 of the soil on which you dwell, and let the 
 tenure of every lease and deed depend on the 
 express condition that nothing detrimental 
 to the morals and studies of youth be allowed 
 on the premises. ” 
 
 Bishop Chase occupied the office of presi- 
 dent of the college, per'3orming a prodigious 
 amount of labor, making every obstacle give 
 way before his indomitable will and persistent 
 industry. In all his labors he was ably 
 seconded by his efficient wife and heli)mate. 
 “Mrs. Chase entered with her whole soul 
 into her husband’s plans. She was a lady 
 perfectly at home in all the arts and minutiae 
 
 of housewifery ; as happy in darning stock- 
 ings for the boys as in entertaining visitors in 
 the parlor, in making a bargain with a farmer 
 in his rough boots and hunting blouse as in 
 completing a purchase from an intelligent 
 and accomplished merchant, and as perfectly 
 at home doing business with the world about 
 her, and in keeping the multifarious accounts 
 of her increasing household as in presiding at 
 her dinner table, or dispensing courtesy in 
 her drawing-room. ” 
 
 September 9, 1831, Bishop Chase resigned 
 the presidency of the college and the episco- 
 ate of Ohio, on account of differences that 
 ad arisen between himself and his clergy. 
 He entered upon missionary work in Michigan, 
 and in 1835 was chosen Bishop of Illinois, 
 when he again visited England, raised $10,- 
 000, and in 1838 founded Jubilee College at 
 Robin’s Nest, 111. A friend described him 
 as follows : “In height he was six feet and 
 over ; the span of his chest was nearly, if 
 not quite, equal to his height, and with that 
 ■noble trunk his limbs were in full and admir- 
 able proportion. In a crowd his giant figure, 
 in front or back, excited, wherever he moved, 
 universal attention. Large and heavy in 
 stature as he was, he was remarkably light 
 and graceful in his movements, and, when not 
 ruffled with opposition or displeasure, exceed- 
 ingly agreeable, polished and finished in his 
 manner. Toward those who betrayed hauteur 
 in their deportment with him, or whom he 
 suspected as actuated by such a spirit, or who 
 positively differed with him as to his policy, 
 and especially toward those whom he looked 
 upon as his enemies, he was generally distant 
 and overbearing, and sometimes, when of- 
 fended, perhaps morose. In his bearing 
 toward them his noble countenance was al- 
 ways heavy and lowering, and his deport- 
 naent frigid and^ unmistakably repulsive ; but 
 in his general intercourse, and always with 
 his particular and intimate friends, his address 
 and social qualities were polished, delightful 
 and captivating ; his countenance was sun- 
 light, his manner warm and genial as balmy 
 May, and his deportment winning to a degree 
 rare among even remarkably commanding and 
 popular men. ” 
 
 His published works were, “A Plea for 
 the West” (1826) ; “The Star in the West, 
 or Kenyon College” (1828); “Defence of 
 Kenyon College” (1831); and “Reminis- 
 cences : an Autobiography, comprising a 
 History of the Principal Events in the 
 Author’s Life to 1847 ” (2 vols.. New York, 
 1848). 
 
 Charles Pettit McIlvaine, son of Joseph 
 Mcllvaine, U. S. Senator from New Jersey, 
 was born in Burlington, N. J., January 18, 
 1799; graduated at Princeton in 1816; was 
 made priest in the Episcopal church, March 
 20, 1821. He was five years rector of Christ 
 Church, Georgetown, D. C. In 1825 was 
 appointed chaplain and professor of ethics at 
 West Point. Settled over St. Ann’s Church, 
 Brooklyn, in 1827 ; four years later was chosen 
 professor in the University of the City of 
 New York. Was elected Bishop of Ohio 
 
990 
 
 KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 and consecrated in New York, October 31, 
 1832. Before settling in Ohio Bishop Mcll- 
 vaine raised among his friends in eastern 
 cities nearly $30,000 for Kenyon College and 
 the theological seminary at Gambier, of which 
 institutions he became president. 
 
 He received the degrees of D. D. from 
 
 CHARLES PETTIT McILVAINE. 
 
 Princeton and Brown in 1832, B. C. L. from 
 Oxford in 1853, and LL. I), from Cambridge 
 in 1858. 
 
 During the war he was a member of the 
 Sanitary Commission and on a visit to Eng- 
 land at this period he was of great service to 
 the United States government in creating 
 favorable sentiment for the Union. As Bishop 
 of Ohio and President of Kenyon College he 
 was a great power in the development of re- 
 ligion, morals and education. 
 
 “ Born in the same year in which George 
 Washington died, he bore a close resemblance 
 to the Father of his Country, both in appear- 
 ance and character. He looked a king among 
 men ; he was great, also, as a thinker and 
 orator. ” 
 
 The first by-law under his administration 
 at Kenyon is characteristic : “It shall be the 
 duty of every student of the college and 
 grammar-school on meeting or passing the 
 president or vice-president, any professor, or 
 other officer of the institution, to salute him 
 by touching the hat, or uncovering the head, 
 and it is equally required of each officer to 
 return the salutation.” 
 
 Bishop Mcllvaine died in Florence, Italy, 
 March 13, 1873, while abroad for his health. 
 He was the author of many valuable religious 
 works. His “Lectures on the Evidences of 
 Christianity” (New York, 1832) has had 
 very extensive circulation. 
 
 The Hon. Coltoibus Delano was born in 
 Shoreham, Vt. , June 5, 1809; removed to 
 Mount Vernon in 1817 ; was admitted to the 
 bar in 1831. He was eminently successful as 
 an advocate and criminal lawyer. In 1847 
 he lacked but two votes for nomination for 
 Governor ; was a delegate to the Convention 
 that nominated Lincoln and Hamlin in 1860 ; 
 also chairman of the Ohio delegation in the 
 Baltimore Convention that nominated Lin- 
 coln and Johnson in 1864. He was appointed 
 State Commissary-General of Ohio in 1861, 
 and filled the office with great acceptance. 
 He was a member of the Ohio House of 
 Representatives in 1863, and a member of 
 Congress in 1844, 1864 and 1866. In March, 
 1869, he was appointed by President Grant 
 Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and very 
 greatly improved the organization of that 
 bureau. In 1870 he succeeded Jacob D. Cox 
 as Secretary of the Interior, and resigned in 
 1875. The honorary degree of LL.D. was 
 conferred on him by Kenyon College, and he 
 was one of the trustees of that institution, 
 
 COLUMBUS DELANO. 
 
 in connection with which he endowed a 
 grammar school called Delano Hall. 
 
 He has been prominently identified with 
 the agricultural and wool interests of Ohio ; 
 is President of the National Wool-Growers^ 
 Association, and is an al3le and indefatigable 
 advocate for the protection of domestic wool 
 from foreign competition. 
 
 George Washington Morgan was born 
 in Washington county. Pa., September 20, 
 1820. In 1836 he left college to enlist in the 
 regular Texan army, from which he retired 
 with the rank of ca])tain, and in 1841 entered 
 the United States ^Military Academy. In 
 1843 he removed to Mount yernon, and be- 
 gan the practice of law there in 1845. 
 
KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 991 
 
 He was colonel in the Mexican war and 
 brevetted brigadier-general foi gallantry at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. While in Mex- 
 ico, several of his command were murdered 
 by guerillas, and in one case two young sol- 
 diers were killed, and their hearts and other 
 parts of their person hung upon bushes by 
 the roadside. Colonel Morgan thereupon 
 caused to be seized and heldf as hostages a 
 
 GEN. G. W. MORGAN. 
 
 number of wealthy Mexican citizens, and 
 gave notice that for every American soldier 
 killed, otherwise than in fair fight, he would 
 hang one of these Mexicans. No more mur- 
 ders occurred. 
 
 In 1856 Morgan was appointed United 
 States Consul to Marseilles, and in 1858 Min- 
 ister to Portugal ; returning to the United 
 States in 1861 to enter the army as brigadier- 
 general of volunteers, under Gen. Don Carlos 
 Buell. 
 
 In March, 1862, he was assigned command 
 of the Seventh Division of the Army of Ohio. 
 He was afterwards assigned to the Thirteenth 
 Army Corps, and commanded at the capture 
 of Fort Hindman, Ark. He resigned from 
 the army in 1863, owing to failing health. 
 
 In 1865 he was the defeated Democratic 
 candidate for Governor of Ohio ; was elected 
 to Congress in 1866, but supplanted in 1868 
 by Columbus Delano, who contested his seat. 
 
 He was the Democratic candidate for Speaker 
 when Blaine was first elected to that ofiSce. 
 He was again elected to Congress in 1869, 
 serving till 1873 ; was a delegate-at-large to 
 the National Democratic Convention at St. 
 Louis in 1876. 
 
 Lecky Harper was born in Ireland, 1815. 
 His parents emigrated to the United States 
 in 1820, and settled in Washington, D. C., 
 where his father shortly died, and the self- 
 sacrificing mother exerted all her faculties to 
 the rearing and education of her four chil- 
 dren, with whom she removed to Ohio in 
 1826. 
 
 Mr. Harper early entered into journalism, 
 £t Steubenville. In 1837 he edited the 
 American Union. Later he studied law and 
 was admitted to the Pittsburg bar while edit- 
 ing the Pittshurger. He removed to Cadiz, 
 0., and then returned to Pittsburg, where, 
 as editor of the Post, his vigorous support of 
 the ten-hour labor law brought him promi- 
 nently into notice as a supporter of the rights 
 of humanity. In 1853 he removed to Mount 
 Vernon and purchased the Democratic Ban- 
 ner, which he has since ably conducted and 
 edited. 
 
 Mr. Harper has served as President of the 
 Ohio Editorial Association, and was elected 
 as a Democrat to the State Senate in 1879. 
 He is one of the oldest editors in the State, 
 still in the harness, with force and vigor. 
 
 William Windom was born in Belmont 
 county, of Quaker parentage. His parents 
 removed to Middlebury township, and his 
 boyhood days were spent on a farm. Ap- 
 prenticed to a tailor, he was a failure in that 
 trade, and then made a success at law in the 
 office of Judge B. C. Hurd, of Mount Vernon. 
 While studying law, he sometimes lectured 
 on temperance, and on one occasion he was 
 threatened by a mob if he attempted to speak. 
 He went to the hall, laid a pistol on the 
 speaker’s stand, and delivered the lecture 
 without interference. In 1855 he removed 
 to Winona, Minn., and from there was sent 
 to the United States Senate. 
 
 Frank Hunt Hurd was born in Mount 
 Vernon, December 25, 1841 ; graduated at 
 Kenyon College in 1858. He studied law, 
 was elected Prosecuting Attorney in 1863, and 
 State Senator in 1866. In 1867 he removed 
 to Toledo, and was elected to Congress as a 
 Democrat in 1874 ; served one term and was 
 defeated for re-election in 1876 ; was re- 
 elected in 1878 and 1882, but defeated in 
 1880 and 1886. Mr. Hurd is widely known 
 as an earnest advocate of free-trade doctrines. 
 He is the author of ‘‘Ohio Criminal Code of 
 Procedure,” and other law works. 
 
 Fredericktown, laid out in 1807 by John Kerr, is seven miles northwest of 
 Mount Vernon, on the B. & O. Railroad. Kewspajier : Free Press, independent, 
 W. E. Edwards, M. D., editor. Churches : one Presbyterian, one Methodist, one 
 Baptist. Bank : Daniel Struble. Industries are creamery, bell-foundry, planing- 
 mill and sealing-wax factory of Gumming & Hosack, and carriage factory of 
 Stephens & Hagerty. Population in 1880, 850. School census, 1888, 266 ; C. W. 
 Durbin, school superintendent. Capital invested in industrial establishments, 
 
KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 992 
 
 $56,200; value of annual product, $67,600. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Ver- 
 non river, on which it is situated, furnishes considerable water-power. On the 
 middle branch of that stream, near the village, are some ancient fortifications and 
 mounds. 
 
 Centreburg is fourteen miles southwest of Mount Vernon, at the crossing of 
 the C. A. & C. and T. & O. C. Railroads. Newspaper : Gazette, independent, E. 
 N. Gunsaulus, editor. Churches : one Methodist Episcopal, one Cumberland 
 Presbyterian, one Christian, one Free-Will Baptist. Bank : Centreburg (Daniel 
 Paul). It is an important point for the shipment of grain, and here are the ex- 
 tensive tile- works of T. E. Landrum & Co. Population, 1880, 400. School 
 census, 1888, 185. Capital invested in industrial establishments, $69,100; value 
 of annual product, $70,800. — Ohio Labor Statistics, 1887. 
 
 Martinsburg is eleven miles southeast of Mount Vernon. Churches: one 
 Presbyterian, one Baptist, one Methodist, one Disciples. School census, 1888, 
 124. 
 
 Gambier, the seat of Kenyon College, is five miles east of Mount Vernon, on 
 the C. A. A C. Railroad. Population, 1880, 576. 
 
 Danville is fifteen miles northeast of Mount Vernon, on the C. A. & C. 
 Railroad. Newspaper : Knox County Independent, independent, W. M. Kinsley, 
 editor and publisher. Bank : Danville (Wolfe & Sons), Albert J. Wolfe, cashier. 
 School census, 1888, 210. 
 
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