Oak Street 
 UNCLASSIFIED 
 
E 
 
SKETCHES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 TOWER OF LONDON, 
 
 dFortrw, a prison* anB a palace. 
 
 AND 
 
 . A GUIDE TO THE ARMORIES. 
 
 SOLD AT THE ARMORY TICKET OFFICE.— PRICE SIXPENCE. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY J. WHEELER, 15, JAMAICA ROW, BERMONDSEY 
 
 1861. 
 

 I 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The deep interest connected with the Tower of London, 
 arises from its associations. An exhibition of flowers, 
 or a display of fireworks, may be attended merely to 
 please the eye; but this Royal Castle of ancient times 
 is an historical monument, suggestive of serious thought, 
 which we visit, that we may be in the actual presence of 
 the walls and of the antiquities which history has 
 rendered so familiar to imagination. 
 
 But instead of intellectual delight, there will be dis- 
 appointment and confusion, if the visitor fail to obtain 
 clear ideas of the Tower as it is. It is essential, too, 
 that the past circumstances should be before the mind, 
 which impart the peculiar interest to the Armouries and 
 the Buildings. It is hoped that the plan and the de- 
 scriptions of the first chapter will materially promote the 
 former end. The Historical Sketches of the Tower as 
 a Prison, a Palace, and a Fortress, may not be wholly 
 useless in contributing towards the latter object. 
 
 The facts mentioned are, perhaps, known to all ; but 
 it is desirable to be spared the trouble of searching in 
 the recesses of memory for dates and names, when there 
 is so much around to claim undivided attention. 
 
 Very slight sketches of the history of arms and 
 armour are added, as peculiarly needful to give the 
 general visitor an intelligent interest in the armouries. 
 
 - A complete list of all the articles in the armouries is 
 not attempted; the object in the description has been 
 
 rather to draw attention to the most valuable specimens, 
 V that the mind may rapidly grasp them as its own. 
 
 The descriptions and facts are taken from the best 
 authorities. This little book is largely indebted to 
 Mr. Bayley’s elaborate “ History of the Tower ” — to 
 Messrs. Britton and Brayley’s “ Memoirs of the Tower,” 
 and to Mr. Hewitt’s instructive and interesting work 
 ^ on “ the Armouries, and the History of Armour.” This 
 i latter may be obtained at the Armory Ticket Office. 
 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN. 
 
 In approaching the Tower of London, the keep or citadel 
 of the fortress is seen rising conspicuously above the rest 
 of the pile. This is the White Tower (A.) It occupies 
 the central part of the fortifications. It measures 116 feet 
 from north to south, 96 feet from east to west, and 92 feet 
 in height. It is surrounded by a double line of walls and 
 bulwarks which constitute severally the inner (B;, -aid the 
 outer (Cl ward or ballium The outer ballium rail en- 
 closes a superficies of 12 acres, 5 roods. This order ram- 
 part, again, is encompassed by a deep moat (D,) measuring 
 990 yard$, or half a mile in exterior circumference. The 
 moat is supplied with water from the river Thames, but 
 motives of salubrity have led to its being kept drained 
 since the year 1843. This moat is separated from the 
 liver on the south by a raised platform or wharf, (E), 
 which is from 40 to 50 yards in breadth. It is mounted 
 with cannon. Two temporary bridges connect the wharf 
 with the fortress 
 
 The principal entrance to the Tower is at the south-west 
 angle where a stone bridge crosses the moat This 
 bridge is defended at each extremity by the Middle 
 Tower (G) and the Byward Tower (H). Having thus 
 entered the Out$r Ward (C) a narrow 7 street (I) is seen on 
 the left hand. This street extends round the fortress, 
 the southern side excepted. Here were the buildings ap 
 propriated to the Mint, which is now reipoved to a hand- 
 some edifice on Tower Hill Passing on from the Byward 
 Tow'er (H) between the southern sides of the inner (B) and 
 the outer (C) Ballium w 7 alls, a strong tow^er and water gate 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN. V 
 
 are seen on the right hand They secure a channel which 
 runs under the wharf (E), connecting the river Thames 
 with the moat (D) These are St. Thomas’ Tower (K) and 
 the Traitor’s Gate (J). By this entrance state prisoners 
 were brought into the fortress. A few yards beyond are 
 the remains of the Cradle Tower (L) where a gateway 
 formerly crossed the avenue between the inner and outer 
 wards. It led to the palace : (0) marks the site of the 
 Well Tower, and (P) that of the “ Tower leading to the 
 iron gate” at the south-east angle of the outer ballium wall. 
 The iron gate was on the opposite side of the moat. Two 
 strong bastions, the Brass Mount (Q) and the Legge 
 Mount (B), defend the north-eastern and north-western 
 angles of the outer ballium wall. 
 
 Having made the circuit of the outer ward, and return- 
 ing to the Traitor’s Gate, (J) the inner ward (B) is en- 
 tered by a noble gateway, the Bloody Tower (1.) A stone 
 embattled wall surrounds the inner ward. Flights of steps 
 lead to the top of the wall which is in places 40 feet in 
 height and 12 feet thick. It is connected with and de- 
 fended by 12 strong towers, standing at unequal distances 
 from each other, and varying in form. These towers 
 remain, boldly conspicuous. They were most of them 
 used formerly as prison-lodgings. 
 
 The White Tower (A) occupies the centre of the inner 
 ward. Against its southern wall is the Horse Armoury (S) a 
 modern building, completed in 1826, in which are arranged 
 equestrian statues of our kings in ancient armour. Im 
 mediately opposite to the Horse Armoury is the Ordnance 
 Office (T) which partly occupies the site of the ancient 
 palace that was taken down in the reign of James II., 
 1683 — 88. This royal residence stood in the space between 
 the southern side of the White Tower (A) and the Salt 
 Tower (11) in the south-east angle of the inner ward. The 
 new barracks (U) are to the north of the White Tower. 
 The first stone of this building was laid by the late Duke 
 of Wellington, then (Constable of the Tower) in 1845. This 
 was the site of the Grand Storehouse destroyed by fire in 
 1841. In the north-east angle of the inner ward, is the 
 New Jewel House (Y) where the crow r n jewels have been 
 kept since 1842. It is close to the Martin or Jewel 
 Tower (8). In the opposite, the (south-west angle 6f the 
 inner ward,) is the Governor’s House, formerly called the 
 
VI 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN 
 
 Lieutenant’s Lodgings (W). In the north-west angle of 
 this ward, is the Chapel of St. Peter (X) erected in the 
 the reign of Edward I., 1272 — 1307. 
 
 NAMES OF THE TOWERS OF THE INNER WARD 
 
 1 . Bloody Tower. 
 
 2. Bell Tower. 
 
 3. Beauchamp Tower. 
 
 4. Devereux Tower 
 
 5. Flint Tower. 
 
 6. Bowyer Tower 
 
 7. Brick Tower 
 
 8. Jewel Tower. 
 
 9. Constable Tower 
 
 10. Broad Arrow Tower 
 
 11. Salt Tower. 
 
 12. Becord Tower. 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE WARDERS. 
 
 The warders were anciently the servants of the Constable 
 of the Tower, employed by him to guard the prisoners and 
 watch the gates ; but through the influence of the Good 
 Duke of Somerset, Protector during Edward VI. ’s minority, 
 as a reward for their attention to him whilst a prisoner in 
 the Tower, they were appointed extraordinary yeomen of 
 the guard ; and they have ever since worn the livery of 
 that body, which was instituted by Henry VII. The 
 fashion of the warder’s dress is that of Henry VIII’s time. 
 The honor of the appointment is generally bestowed on 
 veterans who have distinguished themselves in their 
 country’s service. 
 
 REGULATIONS. 
 
 [The Government having determined, that in future, persons desirous of 
 seeing the Armories at the Tower, should be admitted at a reduced fee ; 
 the following Regulations have been ordered by the Constable of the 
 Tower and the Board of Ordnance, to be attended to by all persons 
 concerned, to commence 1st May, 1838 ; viz. — 
 
 u The Armory Ticket Office at the Entrance-gate, has been opened for 
 the sale of Tickets of Admission to the Armories, at Sixpence each person. 
 
 “ The Ante-room to the Armories is for the reception of the Parties who 
 have obtained their Ticket at the Ticket-office, until conducted by the 
 Warders, who will be ordered to attend them from ten o’clock until four 
 o’clock, and will take round the Armories, every half hour, those who 
 have assembled there. 
 
 “ The Visitors on proceeding to the Armories, will please to deliver 
 their Tickets to the Warder, for him to hand over to the Armory-keeper ; 
 and they are requested not to touch any of the articles in the Armories. — 
 No Fees to be demanded.”] 
 
 The above Regulations regard the Armories only. The Crown Jewel 
 Office is not at all connected with the Ordnance department y and the Fee 
 of Admission to view the Regalia is Sixpence each person. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 No one in whose breast an interest in the annals of his 
 country has been awakened, can approach with indifference 
 this royal castle of our forefathers. As we descend Tower 
 Hill, the hoary walls of the ancient pile rise before us 
 amidst the surrounding mass of more modern buildings, 
 grim witnesses of a bygone age. They remain amongst 
 us symbols of the rugged times when, amidst the struggles 
 resulting from ill-defined rights and uncontrolled passions, 
 were laid the mighty foundations of our country’s present 
 prosperity and peace. Dark shadows of the past enshroud 
 the gloomy fabric; but they serve to throw into stronger 
 relief the justice and the liberty, the intelligence and the 
 refinement which illuminate our day. Whilst contempla- 
 ting the Tower of London, the mind spontaneously reverts 
 to the Norman conquest; an event which, although it burst 
 upon our island as a devastating storm, we look back upon 
 with interest, as contributing to the subsequent more 
 vigorous development of national character. The Nor- 
 mans or “Northmen” were a noble and a gifted, although 
 a fierce race of men ; and this last of the scions destined 
 to be ingrafted on the parent-stock from the surrounding 
 nations, to form the complete Britain of after-ages, intro 
 duced into it many an element of excellence. 
 
 Amidst the terrific conflict which sprung from the Nor- 
 man’s ruthless endeavour to quench that spirit of liberty 
 in the bosom of the Saxon which has ever proved indomit- 
 able, the Great or White Tower arose. The patriot citizens 
 of London so spumed the iron rule of him who sought to 
 crush them, that the policy of the Conquerer would lead 
 him to provide some strong hold adapted at once to shelter 
 himself and to awe the rebellious. The massive grandeur 
 of the structure erected by William, fitted it well to ac- 
 complish these ends. The site, too, was wisely chosen ; 
 just without the city, eastward ; on the northern banks of 
 
vui 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the river Thames, where the ground is gently elevated 
 above the neighbouring marshes of Essex and the low 
 ground of Surrey. Thus the Tower of London was the 
 offspring of our country’s tempestuous morning. As the 
 storms gradually subsided and constitutional freedom shone 
 forth with steadier and brighter ray, the frowning donjon 
 of* the Normans occupied a less prominent place in our 
 nation’s history. And now, in the zenith of Britain's 
 prosperity and peace, when the various races are perfectly 
 blended into one harmonious whole, and the Norman and 
 the Dane, the Boman and the Celt are best known 
 amongst us as having imparted grace and spirit to Saxon 
 vigor, the gloomy old pile is almost lost amidst the all- 
 pervading light. And the Tower is become to most of us 
 but a memento of past conflicts and of weathered storms 
 For some centuries, it was a favorite object with William’s 
 descendants to fortify with walls and towers the mighty 
 citadel. The first chapter in this little work contains a 
 sketch of these various structures, with slight notices of 
 those which have arisen near to our own time. The 
 second chapter considers the Tower as the chief fortress 
 of our monarchs, and as the depository, in times of peace, 
 of the national arms and accoutrements. The third chap- 
 ter records some of the most interesting captives of the 
 Tower. The fourth and last chapter presents to the 
 visitor a few fragments gathered up from our old chroni- 
 clers of the Annals of the Tower as a Koyal Palace 
 
 For Index — see end of the Book. 
 
 i 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 5T!)e fflTotom of tt)e ©nut 02BarSu 
 
 Having taken, by means of the Plan, a rapid survey of 
 the Tower of London, in order to obtain a clear general 
 idea of the whole, we will proceed to a nearer inspection 
 of the several structures, commencing with the Outer 
 Ward, the principal fortifications of which consist of a 
 chain of small towers on that side of the fortress next 
 the Thames, all of which were erected in the latter part 
 of the reign of Henry III. 1216-72. The approach 
 to the Tower used to be defended by considerable out- 
 works, but these have been removed. The visitor enters 
 the fortress by 
 
 1. The Middle Tower, formerly called the Martin 
 Tower. — This is a strong portal, flanked with bastions, 
 and defended by gates and a portcullis. The upper part 
 is of comparatively modern construction. This Tower 
 protects the entrance to the principal bridge. Each bastibn 
 contains a guard-room for the porters. 
 
 2. The Byward Tower. — This tower resembles the 
 Middle Tower in almost every particular. Standing at the 
 south-west angle of the fortress it forms the principal 
 entrance to the exterior line of fortifications. 
 
 3. The Traitors Gate, or St. Thomas’s Tower. — 
 This is a large square building built over the moat, the 
 outer line of which is protected by two circular towers. 
 These towers exhibit in the interior interesting specimens 
 of the early pointed architecture of Henry Ill’s reign. 
 This tower is now appropriated to the raising of water, 
 
 ' And contains a steam-engine. The passage underneath, 
 by which state-prisoners entered the Tower, is guarded 
 by two strong water gates. 
 
 4. The Cradle Tower. — Only the lower part of the 
 original structure remains. It forms a curious vaulted 
 
2 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWEB. 
 
 gateway, which led in former times to a drawbridge. The 
 upper portion of the tower seems, in early times, to have 
 been connected with the apartments of the palace. 
 
 5. The Well Tower. — The lower part is all that exists 
 of the original ; it consists of a vaulted chamber about 1 5 
 feet long by 1 0 wide. 
 
 6. The Develin or Iron Gate Tower. — Its situation 
 is now occupied by a stone building of modern date ; very 
 little of the original structure remains, which, in 1641, is 
 described in one of the Harleian manuscripts as an “ old 
 ruynous place.” 
 
 The space between the outer and the inner ballium walls 
 on the eastern, northern, and southern sides, used to be 
 occupied with brick buildings (now most of them removed'i 
 in which were regularly carried on the works of the Royal 
 Mint, from the early part of the reign of Edward III. 
 1327-77 till about 1810, when the Mint was removed to 
 the handsome building on Tower Hill. 
 
 The towers above-named, with the lofty ramparts of the 
 outer ballium wall, and the surrounding moat, completed 
 the fortifications of this outer ward. 
 
 THE WHITE TOWER. 
 
 Amongst the numerous Normans who possessed the rich 
 sees of our land in the days of the Conqueror, was Gun- 
 dulph, Bishop of Rochester. Notwithstanding his office, 
 he exercised his eminent abilities as a military architect. 
 William entrusted to him the erection of his New 
 Fortress, 1079-80, and the result was the magnificent 
 specimen of Norman architecture now before us. This 
 massive quadrangular structure occupies, as is seen in the 
 plan, the central part of the Inner Ward. It measures 116 
 feet from north to south, and 96 feet from east to west 
 The height is 92 feet. It is embattled, and has watch 
 towers or turrets at each angle. The roof is covered with 
 lead. It consists of three lofty stories, besides the spacious 
 vaults under the basement floor. The external walls 
 are 15 feet in thickness. Traces of a large archway on 
 the north side seem to point out the original grand en- 
 trance. In some ancient pictures a representation of this 
 doorway is to be seen. There are modem entrances of 
 smaller size, both on the north and south sides. 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 3 
 
 The communication between the stories is by a 
 spacious staircase in the north-east extremity of the 
 building. The newel , or circular column, around which 
 the stairs wind, is a curious specimen of ancient masonry 
 There are also staircases in the north-west and south-west 
 angles, commencing only on the first floor. A wall seven 
 feet thick extending north and south, divides the three 
 stories from the base to the summit of the building. 
 Another wall, extending east and west, subdivides the 
 southernmost of the former divisions into unequal parts ; 
 thus forming in each story one large apartment and two 
 smaller ones. The smallest division on the first floor is 
 now known as “ Queen Elizabeth’s Armoury.” This room 
 has a vaulted roof, exhibiting a highly interesting speci 
 men of early construction. On the north side of the room 
 is a doorway, communicating with a cell ten feet long and 
 eight wide, formed in the thickness of the wall, and re- 
 ceiving no light but from the entrance. Tradition states 
 that these apartments were the prison of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, and that here he wrote his History of the World. 
 The inscriptions near the entrance to the cell are those 
 of Rudston, Fane, and Culpeper; all implicated in Sir 
 Thomas Wyatts rebellion in 1553, which proved so 
 fatal to Lady Jane Grey. We have no further account of 
 these prisoners. Sir Thomas Wyatt was beheaded on 
 Tower Hill, 1553. 
 
 Immediately over this last apartment, occupying the 
 space from the first floor to the roof, is St. John’s Chapel, 
 “one of the finest and most perfect specimens of Norman 
 architecture ” *o be found in this country. It has a semi- 
 circular termination at the eastern end, (which will be 
 observed in the south-eastern view of the exterior of the 
 White Tower;) and the twelve massive pillars which 
 divide the nave from the aisles are also arranged in a 
 semicircle at the eastern end. The pillars are united by 
 arches, which admit the light into the nave from the win- 
 dows in the southern aisle. A gallery with arches corres- 
 ponding to those below, is above the pillars. The interior 
 of this interesting Chapel is entirely covered with a thick 
 coating of plaster! but on breaking part of this away, it 
 was discovered that the columns, archways, &c. are all 
 faced with well finished stones, retaining the marks of the 
 tool, and laid in courses with thick joints of mortar. The 
 
4 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 floor is composed of very hard polished grey cement, 
 which is marked with lines to resemble squares of 
 stone. This is boarded over! In the reign of Hemy III. 
 (1240.) that great patron of the arts, three windows of 
 stained glass were added to the Chapel. A Chaplain 
 constantly performed divine service here, for which lie 
 received fifty shillings yearly at the Exchequer. At what 
 period it was stripped of its ornaments and furniture, 
 and when it ceased to be used for religious purposes, 
 is unknown. 
 
 The largest room in the upper floor was used as a 
 Council-room when our kings held their Court at the 
 Tower. “ This almost unrivalled apartment bears every ap- 
 pearance of high antiquity, and its massive timber * roof 
 and supporters harmonize with the grand features of the 
 other parts of the building.” Here the Council is said to 
 have been assembled when the Protector Richard, Duke of 
 Gloucester, ordered Lord Hastings to instant execution in 
 front of St. Peter’s Chapel. Not the slightest vestige of a 
 fire-place, or of a well, has been discovered in any part of 
 this majestic edifice. 
 
 The Eolls of the Eecord Office and War Stores, occupy 
 every part of the White Tower, Queen Elizabeth’s Armoury 
 excepted. 
 
 The stone structure which forms a wing to the eastern 
 side of the White Tower, is occupied by the Ordnance 
 Office as a depository for Books and Papers. The lower 
 story was probably erected in the fourteenth century. The 
 upper was added at the commencement of this century. 
 
 THE TWELVE SMALLER TOWERS OF THE 
 INNER WARD. 
 
 1 The Bloody Tower. — This is the only rectangular 
 tower belonging to the inner ward. It adjoins the Record 
 Tower on the western side. The noble gateway under it 
 is judged to have been erected in the time of Edward III., 
 1327. This gateway forms the main entrance to the inner 
 ward ; it is 34 feet long and 1 5 feet wide. The massive 
 gates and portcullis at the southern end bear marks of 
 great age ; those that were at the north end have been re- 
 moved. This tower is the traditionary scene of the murder 
 of the royal children, the two sons of Edward IV., 1483 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 5 
 
 2. The Bell Tower — is so called from its being sur- 
 mounted by the alarm-bell of the garrison. It was anciently 
 a prison lodging. The venerable Fisher, Bishop of Ro- 
 chester, is said to have inhabited this tower when impri- 
 soned by Henry VIII. ; it is also asserted that this was 
 Queen Elizabeth’s prison-lodging when in the Tower 
 
 3. The Beauchamp Tower is so interesting as to de- 
 mand a section by itself. (See page 7.) 
 
 4. The Devereux Tower derives its name from Robert 
 Devereux, the chivalric Earl of Essex, the favorite of Queen 
 Elizabeth. His course was a brilliant one, as a soldier 
 and a courtier, but fortune forsook him in his government 
 of Ireland. Enemies at home prejudiced his sovereign 
 against him. Essex made imprudent attempts to remove 
 these enemies from their place of influence over the Queen, 
 which ended in his being arraigned in Westminster Hall, 
 charged with plotting against the life of Elizabeth. He 
 was pronounced guilty, and condemned to die. Elizabeth’s 
 long struggle between resentment and affection, before she 
 could sign his death-warrant, is well known ; she did sign 
 it, and Devereux was (at his own request, privately) be- 
 headed on the green within the tower in front of the chapel 
 Thus, at the early age of thirty-four, was cut off the 
 " bravest general, one of the most active statesmen, and 
 the brightest Maecenas of that accomplished era.” The 
 walls of this tower are 1 1 feet in thickness ; the interior 
 diameter 19 feet. Secret passages seem to have led from 
 fiiis tower to the vaults under St. Peter’s chapel, and to 
 the Beauchamp Tower. 
 
 5. The Flint Tower. — The narrow dungeons of this 
 tower gave it the name of Little Hell. The foundation 
 walls only remain ; for the Old Tower became 30 ruinous, 
 in 1796, that it was pulled down, and a plain brick edifice 
 was erected in its stead. 
 
 6. The Bowyer Tower was formerly the residence of 
 the Master Provider of the King’s Bows. In a gloomy 
 chamber in this tower, George, Duke of Clarence, brother 
 of Edward IV., is said to have been drowned in a butt of 
 malmsey wine, 1474. The fire of 1841 originated in an 
 ipper chamber of this tower, which was used as an armoury 
 vork-shop. 
 
 7. The Brick Tower.” — Tradition assigns this as the 
 uison-lodging of Lady Jane Grey. 
 
 u 3 
 
6 
 
 SKETOHV^ OF THfi TOWEft. 
 
 8. The Jewel, or Martin Tower. — A prison -lodging 
 The jewels of the crown were formerly kept here. The 
 name of Anna Boleyn is inscribed on the walls of this 
 tower. It has been suggested that the inscription was 
 made by one of the unhappy gentlemen imprisoned here, 
 who lost their lives on her account. 
 
 9. The Constable Tower. — A prison-lodging ; is very 
 similar in plan to the Beauchamp Tower. 
 
 10. The Broad Arrow Tower — Is so concealed by 
 official buildings that it almost escapes notice. It was a 
 prison-lodging, and there are inscriptions on the walls 
 It adjoined the ancient palace. 
 
 11. The Salt Tower is one of the most ancient build 
 ings in the fortress. It was a prison-lodging. A curious 
 astrological device remains on the walls ; the work of a 
 person imprisoned there in Elizabeth’s reign for using 
 enchantments to the hurt of “ Sir W. St. Lowe and my 
 Ladye.” The site of the Lantern Tower is between the 
 Sait and the Becord Towers ; it was removed to make way 
 for the ordnance office. The basement vault was used as 
 a cellar not many years since. 
 
 12. The Becord Tower. — Also called the Wakefield 
 Tower, from the imprisonment of the Yorkists there, after 
 Margaret’s victory at Wakefield, 1460 — and, anciently, the 
 Hall Tower, from its vicinity to the Great Hall of the 
 palace. Like the Salt Tower, it is very ancient ; they 
 were both probably built in the reign of William Bufus, 
 
 1 087. The basement story, especially, “ is formed of 
 regular courses of fine well-squared masonry,” and is evi 
 dently of the Norman age. This is the largest tower in 
 the fortress, except the White Tower. The apartments 
 are octagonal, and the lower one is 28 feet in diameter 
 The walls are 18 feet in thickness. There is every pro- 
 bability that the Becords of the Nation were kept in this 
 fortress in the earlest Norman times. The upper chamber 
 of the Becord Tower is known to have been their depo- 
 sitory since the reign of Henry VIII. The earliest records 
 now remaining in the Tower are forty-one rolls, named 
 “ Cartas Antiques,” being a collection of grants extend 
 mg from the reign of Edward the Confessor, in the 11th 
 century, to the beginning of the 18th. The grand series 
 of the Bolls of Chancery begins in the 1st year of King 
 John, and continues to the last of Edward IV., 1482 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 7 
 
 These rolls are generally perfect, and are ranged in presses 
 in chronological order. Their number is about *2200. 
 They contain negotiations and alliances with foreign 
 powers ; grants of liberties and privileges to corporations 
 and private individuals ; statements relative to the royal 
 prerogative, revenue, and courts of judicature ; mandates 
 touching the coin ; salaries of the royal household ; ac- 
 counts of proceedings at coronations ; letters to the pope 
 and cardinals, relative to the ecclesiastical affairs of the 
 kingdom ; records of the court of admiralty ; and a large 
 number of other important documents. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE BEAUCHAMP TOWER. 
 
 The style of architecture of this tower is that of the 
 reigns of John, 1199, and Henry III. 1216. This was the 
 period when most of the smaller towers of the fortress 
 were erected. The name is supposed to have been de- 
 rived from Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who 
 was immured here in Richard IPs. reign, 1397 It has 
 also been known as the Cobham Tower, some members of 
 the family of that name having been imprisoned here in 
 Mary’s reign, for taking part in the rebellion of Sir 
 Thomas Wyatt. This tower occupies the central part o t 
 the western side of the inner ward. It projects from the 
 ballium-wall in a half circle. It consists of two stories ; 
 to which access is obtained by a circular staircase ami 
 narrow passages, which last are formed within the sub- 
 stance of the wall, which is 15 feet thick in the eastern 
 part, and 8 feet thick in the circular part. The large 
 apartments are about 20 feet square ; the south- western 
 and north-western angles being cut off. The large apart- 
 ment on the first-floor is entered on the south side. (Op- 
 posite to this entrance, are two small cells, probably 
 intended for the better securing of prisoners by night,! 
 Near the entrance, westward, is the name of Marmaduke 
 Nevile. He is supposed to have been one of the family 
 of the Neviles, Earls of Westmoreland, who, in the reign 
 of Elizabeth, took so active a part in the rebellion in fa*or 
 of the claim to the English throne of Mary Queen of 
 Scots, for which offence Charles Nevile, the earl, and fifty 
 others, were attainted of high treason and outlawed. Near 
 to this is a large piece of sculpture containing three wheat 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 sheaves, the arms of the Peverels ; and, also, a crucifix ; 
 a bleeding heart, a skeleton, and the word “ Peverel”. This 
 is supposed to be one of the Peverels of Devonshire. 
 There is another sculpture by the same person in the 
 north-east recess, in the form of a horse-shoe. 
 
 The Southern Eecess. — On examining the southern 
 recess we find on the right side inscribed in old Italian^ 
 “ Dispoi che vole la fortvna chela mea speransa va al vento 
 pianger, ho volio el tempo perdvdo : e semper stel me tristo 
 e disconteto, Wilim : Tyrrel, 1541.” “ Since fortune 
 
 hath chosen that my hope should go to the wind to com- 
 plain, I wish the time were destroyed ; my planet being 
 ever sad and unpropitious.” It has been conjectured that 
 this was the William Tyrrel who addressed two letters 
 from Malta, in 1534, to the lord prior of St. John, at Je- 
 rusalem, who was then in England, respecting the war with 
 the Turks : Tyrrel may have been a Knight of the Order of 
 Malta, and acquired his knowledge of Italian during his ex- 
 peditions against the Turks. Over the Fire Place is the in- 
 teresting autograph of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, 
 eldest son of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, who was 
 beheaded in 1572, for aspiring to the hand of Mary, Queen of 
 Scots — Philip having forfeited the title of Duke of Norfolk 
 by the attainder of his father, took that of Earl of Arundel, 
 as owner of Arundel Castle, in Sussex, by descent from 
 his mother. His earnest devotedness to the Eomish reli 
 gion made him enemies in the court of Elizabeth ; and, 
 wearied out by the dangers and annoyances to which they 
 subjected him, he resolved to leave his friends, his country, 
 and his wife, and to become a voluntary exile He ad 
 dressed a pathetic letter to the Queen, stating his reasons 
 for the step, intending her to receive it after his departure : 
 but it fell into the hands of the ministry, who apprehended 
 the earl as he was on the point of setting sail from an ob 
 scure creek on the Sussex coast. He was then sent to the 
 "Tower, 1586-7. At this period, he wrote the inscription over 
 the fire place. “ Quanto plus afilictionis pro Christo in hoc 
 steculo, tanto plus glorise cum Christo in future. Arundell, 
 June 22, 1587.” “ The more suffering with Christ in this 
 world, the more glory with Christ in the next world.” The 
 next year, 1588, he manifested so much delight when the 
 Spanish Armada entered the channel, and so earnest a 
 desire for its success, that he incurred the heavy displea- 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 9 
 
 sure of the Queen. He was judged guilty of high treason, 
 and condemned to death : but, as he was convicted solely 
 on religious grounds, he was suffered to linger in prison. 
 On his condemnation he besought his judges to allow his 
 wife to visit him with their infant son whom he had not 
 yet seen ; but this favor was refused, though he earnestly 
 renewed his petition towards the end of his life. Worn 
 out with sorrow, and with the religious austerities he prac 
 tised, he expired in the Tower, 1595, aged 39. “ In person 
 he was very tall and rather of a swarthy complexion, but 
 with an agreeable mixture of sweetness and grandeur in 
 countenance, and a soul superior to all human considera 
 tions.” On the right hand side of the fire-place is a large 
 and well executed piece of sculpture, by John Dudley, Earl 
 of Warwick, eldest son of that ambitious Dudley, Duke 
 of Northumberland, who endeavoured to place the crown 
 of England on the head of Lady Jane Grey (who was 
 united in marriage to his younger son Lord Guildford 
 Dudley.) The device is 13 inches square, with a lion and 
 a bear grasping the ragged staff, the family badge. These 
 i are represented on a shield, surrounded by a border of 
 oak leaves, acorns, and roses. These words are inscribed — 
 
 YOW THAT THESE BEASTS DO WEL BEHOLD AND SE, 
 
 MAY DEME WITH EASE WHERFORE MADE HERE THEY BE, 
 
 WITH BORDERS EKE WHER1N 1 
 
 4 BROTHERS NAMES WHO LIST TO SERCHE THE GROUNDE 
 
 Ambrose, Robert, Guildford, and Henry, Dudley, with 
 their father and elder brother, were all imprisoned in the 
 Tower in July, 1553, in consequence of the rash attempt 
 to make Lady Jane, Queen. The Duke was beheaded, 
 but the Earl of Warwick died in Prison. 
 
 The Western Recess. — On the side next the fire-place, 
 are these words, “ Dolor patientia vincitvr. G. Gyfforii. 
 Avgvst. 8. 1586”. In another part of the room is a 
 sculpture by the same person, representing the arms of the 
 ) Gvffords, of Worcestershire Probably this was the 
 G. Gyfford, «one of Queen Elizabeth’s gentlemen pen- 
 sioners, accused of an attempt to poison her. Charles 
 Bailly was an emissary of Mary Queen of Scots. In the 
 spring of 1571, he was seized at Dover as he was on his 
 way to the Bp. of Ross, Mary Queen of Scots’ friend and 
 adviser, with a packet of letters from the Pope’s agent 
 
10 
 
 SKETCHES OF THB TOWEB. 
 
 He was put to the rack, and at length consented to answer 
 all Lord Burleigh’s questions ; he was probably soon dis- 
 missed. There are several inscriptions also made by this 
 man, in various parts of the room. Near to the western 
 recess on the right, is the autograph of Dr. John Store, 
 a learned lawyer who, in the reign of Edward VI., made 
 himself so conspicuous in favour of the old religion, that 
 he was obliged to retreat to Flanders, but he returned to 
 England on Mary’s accession. The chancellorship of 
 Oxford being bestowed upon him, he was very active in 
 prosecuting Protestants. When Elizabeth came to the 
 throne, Dr. Store was a member of the House of Com- 
 mons, and spoke warmly against the Deformation. He 
 refused to take the oath of supremacy after he had been 
 committed to the Tower, and he finally suffered a cruel 
 death at Tyburn, June 15, 1571. Near to this western 
 recess is also a long memorial by William Bame, 1559, 
 probably one of the many Bomish ecclesiastics who were 
 deprived of their benefices and committed to the Tower 
 at the commencement of Elizabeth’s reign. Near the 
 North-western Recess , is the name of Edmund Poole, and in 
 different parts of this Tower there are also several inter- 
 esting memorials of his elder brother. These gentlemen 
 were the great grandsons of the unhappy George, Duke of 
 Clarence, who is supposed to have been murdered in the 
 Bowyer Tower (the grandsons of the Countess of Salisbury, 
 of whose death and the fearful scene on the scaffold there 
 is a sketch in the Tower, as a prison.) Arthur and Edmund 
 Poole were accused of conspiring to place Mary Queen of 
 Scots on the English throne, of aspiring to her hand, and 
 similar charges. They were adjudged to be traitors. How- 
 ever, the Queen spared their lives. They both remained 
 in captivity, pining away the rest of their days within th.e 
 Tower ; where at length they died, and were buried in 
 St. Peters Chapel. The following inscriptions by Arthur 
 Poole, are on the North-side of the room, dated two years after 
 his imprisonment. “ Deo servire, penitentiam inire, fato 
 obedire, Begnare est. A. Poole, 1564. IHS.” The other con- 
 tains these words — “ IHS. A passage perillus make the a port 
 pleasant. A 0 1568. Arthur Poole. M sue 37. A. P.” Edmund 
 Poole has left several interesting memorials in this Tower ; 
 two in the apartment over head, which express the same 
 pious submission that so beautifully characterises those of 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 11 
 
 his brother. One is dated in 1568, at the age of 27. The 
 other contains these words — “ IHS. Dio semin. .in 
 lachrimisin exultation meter. M 21 E. Poole, 1562.” “ That 
 whichis sown by God m tears is reaped in joy.” Immediately 
 1 under the first autograph of Edmund Poole, near the 
 north-western recess, is the word IANE, which is believed 
 to be the royal title of Lady Jane Grey. It is obvious that 
 she was not imprisoned in this Tower ; as at the period of 
 her captivity it was occupied by the Dudleys. Severe as 
 was the treatment of state delinquents, women of distinc- 
 tion, when committed to the Tower, were generally sent to 
 the lieutenant’s or some other respectable officer's house. 
 We read of Lady Jane being at “ Master Partridge’s lod<* 
 ings;” — and Anna Boleyn occupied apartments in the- 
 palace, the few days previous to her execution. 
 
 It is highly probable, Mr. Bayley thinks, that it was the 
 husband of Lady Jane, Lord Guildford Dudley, who thus 
 traced the name so sacred to him. Fox, in his Book of 
 Martyrs, states that Lady Jane traced with a pin on the 
 wall of the room in which she was immured these words 
 ? in Latin : 
 
 “ To mortals’ common fate thy mind resign 
 My lot to-day, to-morrow may be thine.” 
 
 Diligent search has been made in every part of the 
 Tower of London, likely to bear an inscription from this 
 the most interesting of all the captives of the fortress ; 
 but the search has been fruitless. 
 
 Between the Northern recess and the entrance to the cells 
 is the autograph of Thomas Fitzgerald (son of the Earl 
 of Kildare). He lost his life at Tyburn in 1539, in 
 Henry VIII’s reign, for rebellion in Ireland. Near 
 this is the name of Adam Sedbar, or Sedburgh, the 18th 
 and last Abbot of Joreval, Yorkshire. He was committed 
 to the Tower with several other noblemen, prelates, and 
 gentlemen, for favouring Aske’s great rebellion in the 
 North against Henry VIII. and his secretary Thomas 
 ) Cromwell’s Beformatory proceedings in the North of 
 England. He was executed at Tyburn in 1537 
 
 On the Eastern side of the room the autograph possess- 
 ing most historical interest is that of “ Egremond 1Lu>- 
 clyffe, 1576. Pour Parvenir.” He was the only son of 
 tlie Earl of Sussex. Young, of a haughty spirit, and a 
 papist, he was engaged in the rebellion against Elizabeth 
 
 library 
 
 university of 
 
12 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 iu favour of Mary, Queen of Scots, in the northern 
 counties, 1576. After this he fled and wandered about in 
 voluntary exile, in Spain and Flanders, until reduced to 
 extreme wretchedness. He wrote to Lord Burleigh ear- 
 nestly intreating him to intercede for him with the Queen, 
 that she would allow him to return to England. How- 
 ever, upon his finding Elizabeth inexorable, he came 
 without her permission. He was then committed to the 
 Tower. Egremont was finally banished, when he entered 
 into the service of Don John of Austria, was suspected of 
 being a spy in England’s service, sent by Queen Elizabeth’s 
 Secretary Walsingham, to assassinate Don John, and 
 was ordered to be executed before Namur, by the Emperor 
 of Austria, 
 
 The upper chamber in this Tower has also been used as 
 a state prison. But there are not many interesting in 
 scriptions. On the right hand side of the window is the 
 Italian inscription of Edmund Poole, to which allusion 
 has been made ; and on the opposite side of the window 
 is another with the name, T. Salmon. Over the device 
 containing his arms and crest, three salmons, are the 
 words : — “ Close prisoner 8 monethes, 32 wekes, 224 
 dayes, 5376 hours.” No account can be found of this 
 prisoner. The tradition that this prison lodging was in- 
 habited by Anna Boleyn, is proved to be a mistake by 
 history. The letter addressed to the Secretary Cromwell 
 by the Governor of the Tower, Sir William Kyngston, 
 proves that this unhappy Lady’s last earthly abode was the 
 Koval Palace. 
 
 Besides these Towers, the following structures within 
 the precincts of the Inner Ward merit attention. 
 
 Chapel of St. Peter. — The Church or Chapel of 
 St. Peter ad Yincula, in the north-west angle of Inner 
 Ward, of which a notice is given at the close of 
 Chapter III. (The Tower as a Prison). 
 
 Lieutenant’s Lodgings. — The Lieutenant’s lodgings or 
 Governor’s house (in the south-west angle). This is an 
 inconvenient building, chiefly of timber, erected in 
 Henry YIII’s reign. In the early part of the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, Margaret, Countess of Lennox, the 
 mother of Lord Darnley, and grandmother of King James I 
 was imprisoned in this house on account of the marriage 
 if her son to Mary, Queen of Scots The persons impli 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 IS 
 
 cated in the Gunpowder Plot, 1605, were examined by the 
 Council in a room on the second floor 
 
 Ordnance Office — See “ Tower as Fortress” page 14 
 New Jewel House. — See “Regalia.” (In the north-east 
 angle.) 
 
 New Barracks. — The large new building to the north of 
 the White Tower is appropriated to the troops It occupies 
 the site of the “ Grand Storehouse” burnt down in 1843. 
 The first stone was laid by his Grace the late Duke of 
 Wellington, then Constable of the Tower, 1845, 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 m)t Cotoer m a dpoxtrew. 
 
 During the eight centuries which have elapsed since the 
 Tower of London first frowned upon the waters of the 
 Thames, it never has sustained an attack from a foreign 
 enemy. When the horrors of war have raged around and 
 within the fortress, they have been kindled by the rude 
 passions and domestic strife of England’s own sons. In 
 glancing back at the events of the past, we find that the 
 ancient pile has felt the shock of all the most violent 
 internal convulsions which have agitated the nation. 
 
 Whenever in earlier ages the reins of government were 
 guided by a weak or an unskilful hand, the immediate 
 effect was the breaking out into open strife of those fierce 
 spirits which characterized the age. Thus when Stephen 
 was upon his usurped throne ; during the reigns of King 
 John, of Edward II. and Richard II., the Tower was the 
 scene of sieges and tumults. During the wars also of 
 the houses of York and Lancaster, and those of Charles I 
 and his parliament and nation, the possession of this 
 fortress was an object of much importance. If as a 
 palace and a prison the Tower only has a place in history, 
 it still remains with us as an impregnable fortress. Britons 
 are quite willing to take this for granted ; long may it be 
 before the Tower has occasion to prove the mightiness of 
 its strength. Long may the echoes of the venerable 
 structure rest unaroused by the roar of cannon, save when 
 their rough rejoicings give expression lo i ts sympathy 
 with the nation in some auspicious or aumi&t event 1 
 
 c 
 
14 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 OBDNANCE OFFICE, 
 
 As the principal magazine of warlike stores in the 
 kingdom, we find continual reference to arms, armour, 
 and engines deposited in the Tower of London, from 
 the times of our earliest Norman kings. 
 
 In the time of Henry III., 1216-72, the principal 
 officer connected with these seems to have been “ the 
 Balistarius” or keeper and provider of the cross-bows. 
 Later we read of the “ Galeator who had the care of 
 the helmets ; of the king’s armourer, the bowyer, and the 
 fl etcher, who provided and kept the arrows. In the 15 th 
 century (Henry IY. — Henry VII.,) we find these different 
 branches under the direction of a principal officer, styled, 
 “ the Master of the King’s Ordnance.” 
 
 The business of the ordnance office was formerly carried 
 on in some small houses behind St. Peter’s Chapel, but on 
 the removal of part of the old palace in James II. ’s reign, 
 a new office was erected, 1683-85, which was burnt down in 
 1788, when the present building was raised on its site. A 
 large part besides of the interior of the fortress is occupied 
 by the storehouses, the armouries and residences of officers 
 belonging to the establishment. (The head quarters of 
 the Ordnance office are now in Pall Mall). 
 
 Ancient Cannon. — Outside the horse armoury will be 
 found a collection of ancient cannon. The origin of gun- 
 nery is lost in the obscurity of the middle ages. Spain, 
 Italy, the East, all have claims to the invention. Some 
 historians, Rapin amongst them, attribute it to the English, 
 and assert that they gained the victory at Crecy through 
 its instrumentality. Cannon were originally made of 
 iron — bars of iron welded together with iron hoops over 
 them. Stones were shot from these cannon. 
 
 In 1418 Henry Y ordered the clerk of the works of his 
 ordnance, to procure labourers for making 7000 stones for 
 guns in the quarries of Maidstone, Kent. The piece 
 No. 15, is a gun of this description. The earliest brass 
 gun in the Tower collection is No. 10, time of Henry VII , 
 1485 — 1509. No 18. is a large brass gun of the reign of 
 Henry VIII. Artillery were first cast in England in this 
 reign. The first foundries were set up in Houndsditch. 
 Here, too, will be found a brass and an iron gun recovered 
 from the wreck of the Royal George ; two brass guns taken 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 15 
 
 from the Spaniards at Vigo, in 1702 ; two brass guns cap- 
 tured from the French at Cherbourg. An iron gun, which, 
 after having lain three hundred years at the bottom of the 
 sea, was recovered from the wreck of Henry VIII.’s ship 
 the “ Mary Rose a Chinese gun captured in 1842, with 
 a long Chinese inscription on it — also several mortars are 
 ranged before the Horse Armoury. They are a kind oi 
 short cannon of large bore, to throw hollow shells filled 
 with powder, which, bursting on their fall, destroy every 
 thing within reach 
 
 THE HORSE ARMOURY. 
 
 This grand fortress of our monarchs has been the depo- 
 sitory of the national arms and accoutrements from the 
 time of its erection. The ancient records of the king- 
 dom contain many documents relating to the warlike 
 stores preserved in and issued from the Tower. The idea 
 of* exhibiting armour on equestrian statues of our kings, 
 seems to have originated in Charles II. ’s reign. Armour 
 having been superseded atf the close of the 17th century 
 by the general use of fire-arms, the stores were returned 
 to the Tower. Additions were made from various sources, 
 until the collection contained most interesting specimens 
 of armour and of weapons, of almost every age of English 
 History. But discrepancies and anachronisms prevailed 
 in the arrangement. William the Conqueror appeared in 
 plate armour, which was unknown for centuries after his 
 death ; and Henry V. w r as equipped partly in the armour 
 of Charles 1., and partly in that of Henry VII ! At length, 
 about 80 years since, Sir S. Meyrick’s “ Critical Inquiry 
 into Ancient Armour,” threw light upon the obscure sub- 
 ject, drew public attention to it, and finally induced govern- 
 ment to request Sir S. Meyrick to undertake the historical 
 arrangement of the Armouries. It was also decided to 
 erect the New Horse Armoury which was completed 1826 
 This structure is about 150 feet in length, and 34 in breadth 
 The windows are of stained glass, the centre compartments 
 of which are ancient, and contain coats of arms, and scrip- 
 tural subjects ; the latter exceedingly well painted. Several 
 military trophies and emblems adorn the walls and ceiling ; 
 the visitor’s attention to these will be amply rewarded. The 
 centre of the apartment is occupied by equestrian figures, 
 wearing suits of armour of various periods, between the 
 
16 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWEE. 
 
 reigns of Edward I., 1272, and James II., 1683. The 
 vestibules at the east and west ends of the building also 
 contain curious collections of arms. 
 
 Opposite to the equestrian figures, and beneath the 
 windows on the south side of the horse armoury, are 
 arranged several glass cases containing numerous interests 
 ing objects; which are noticed here that the visitor may 
 refer to them as he passes onward. 
 
 Etruscan helmet of bronze ; variety of Celts and 
 ancient British axes, swords, and spears, of bronze; leaden 
 pellets of Arcadian slingers, found within the ancient 
 Greek fortress of Samos, in the island of Cephalonia. 
 
 Swords, spears, daggers, and anelaces. An Irish 
 weapon called a Spaath, found near the Giant’s Causeway; 
 British battle axe, found in the river Thames in 1829 ; 
 Roman spear-head ; Saxon daggers and battle axes ; a 
 dagger of the time of John, and coutelace of the time of 
 Henry VI., 1422 — 61. Dagger and large knife, spear-head 
 and battle axe, found in an ancient tomb, at Manheim, 
 Germany; also Roman weapons excavated on the banks 
 ©f the Tiber. 
 
 Sword (broken) found at Newbury, Berks, with characters 
 incised on the blade and inlaid with iron ; an ancient 
 sword found near the Giant’s Causeway; a sword found 
 under the house occupied by Sir Christopher Wren, with 
 the remains of the building burnt at the Fire of London ; 
 and other ancient arms. 
 
 Suit of Greek armour, in fine preservation. It was 
 found in a tomb at Cumae, and consists of helmet ; breast- 
 plate, with embossed head of Medusa, and other ornaments ; 
 back-plate ; neck-piece, embossed with a comic mask ; belt; 
 knee-pieces; greaves; spear-head; and dagger in case. The 
 form of the helmet leads us to suppose that this suit ori- 
 ginally belonged to some distinguished ancient warrior. 
 
 Chased and engraved specimens of armour. In the 
 centre a solleret (or iron shoe), having a spur attached ; 
 two vam-plates for tilting lances ; helmets ; gauntlets ; 
 specimens of chain mail. 
 
 Variety of very curious daggers and swords ; with flint 
 »nd wheel locks, &c. 
 
 Powder-horns, flasks, &c. Among which, a warder’s 
 born with the arms of Henneberg, and a carved horn witfe 
 portrait of John Sobieski. 
 
 A curious collection of ancient spurs, &c. 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 17 
 
 Case. — Variety of maces. 
 
 The visitor to the Armories, if the subject be new to 
 him, will inquire — What are the kinds of armour dis- 
 tinctive of different periods ? To meet this, it will be well 
 to observe that at the time of the Norman conquest, body 
 armour was made of leather, cut into small pieces in the 
 form of fish-scales, or of flat rings of steel, both of which 
 used to be sown on to cloth or deer-skin. The leather 
 armour sometimes was painted of various colours. The 
 shield was kite-shaped ; the offensive arms were the long 
 cutting sword, and the lance, ornamented with its gonfanon 
 or streamer. 
 
 Chain mail was first introduced in the reign of Henry III., 
 1216 — 72 by the Crusaders, from Asia, where it is worn to 
 this day. It is constructed of a number of little rings 
 which interlace one another so as to form in themselves a 
 connected garment. 
 
 ' On entering the Horse Armoury, the warder proceeds to 
 introduce visitors to the equestrian figures. The first of 
 these bears the name and date of 
 
 Edward I., 1272. — The effigy of this monarch stands 
 apart from the centre line, on a raised platform in the 
 north-west comer of the room. The suit consists of a 
 Hauberk with sleeves and chaussees, (covering of the legs 
 and feet,) all of chain mail ; a hood with camail (the piece 
 of mail hanging over the shoulders.) The spurs are of 
 the ancient kind, called prick-spurs. The kite-shaped- 
 shield of the Normans had been superseded at this time 
 by the square-topped. The king is represented in the act 
 of drawing his sword. 
 
 It will lend an interest to this armour to remember that 
 this was the age of Bruce and of Wallace, and that in such 
 suits were won and lost the fields of Dunbar and of 
 Bannockburn. 
 
 Henry VI., 1422 — 61. Considerable alterations had 
 taken place in armour since the time of Edward the Eirst. 
 Suits of mixed chain and plate armour were introduced in 
 the reign of Edward the Second. (A specimen of such 
 armour is on the north side of this apartment.) The 
 plates were worn on the arms and legs. In Edward the 
 Thirds reign armour became very splendid, so that knights 
 who might otherwise have been taken prisoners were killed 
 for the sake of their spoil. The finest suits were from 
 
 c 3 
 
lb 
 
 SKETCHES Oi)' UiE TO WEJB 
 
 Milan. In the reign of Henry V., the hero cf Aginoourt, 
 complete armour of plate came into use. In the figure 
 before us, the back plate and breast plate, are formed of 
 plates of armour overlapping one another and moving on 
 pivots, so as to yield to the movements of the wearer. 
 This is called flexible armour.* 
 
 • In order to avoid confusion a list is here added of the various 
 parts composing a complete suit of armour. 
 
 1. The Helmet. — For the head. 
 
 2. The Gorget. — Covering the neck. 
 
 3. The Pauldrons. — Defending the shoulders. 
 
 4. The Bere-braces. — For the upper part of the arm. 
 
 5. The Yam-braces. — For the lower part of the arm. 
 
 6 The Elbow-pieces. — Uniting the two former pieces. 
 
 7. The Gauntlets. — For the hands. 
 
 8. The Breast Plate. 
 
 9. The Back Plate. 
 
 10. Taces and Tassets. — Flaps of steel hanging loosely from the 
 
 breast plate. 
 
 11. Garde-de-Reines. — A similar piece of armour depending 
 
 from the hack plate. 
 
 32. Tujlles. — Small tile-liice pieces of steel, hanging over the 
 hips and lying upon the armour, for the thigh. 
 
 13. Genoullieres. — Coverings for the knees. 
 
 34. Jambs. — Covering for the legs. 
 
 15. Sollerets. — A sort of shoes of steel. 
 
 The armour used in battle was neither so strong nor so com- 
 plete as that worn in the lists. The additional pieces foi the 
 tournament '*^re — 
 
 16. The Placcate. — A second breast plate worn over the first 
 37. The Volante- piece. — Worn over the lower part of the 
 
 helmet. 
 
 1 8. The Grande Garde. — Covering the breast and left shoukkr. 
 
 19. The Shoulder Shield. — Worn in front of left shoulder. 
 
 20. The Garde-Bras. — Covering the left arm. 
 
 21. The Tilting Gauntlett. — For the bridle arm. 
 
 22. The Ankle Guard. 
 
 In tilting, the combatants passed each other on the left side. 
 Hence the care taken to defend it. 
 
 The horse armour consisted of — 
 
 1 . Ch antron. — F or the horses’ head. 
 
 2. Poitrail. — For the breast. 
 
 3. Mankfere. — Worn over the neck. 
 
 4. Blanchard. — Over the flanks. 
 
 5 Groupi ere. — O v «r the haunches. 
 
8KETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 Edward IV., 1461 — 83. — Equipped for the tournament 
 Most of the pieces enumerated in the note will be found in 
 this suit. The figure is armed with a tilting lance which 
 is modern ; but its vamplate is ancient and very carious. 
 The saddle is a fine specimen of a war saddle, though of 
 a somewhat later date. A spiked chanfron defends the 
 horse’s head. His black housing is powdered with the 
 king’s badges — the white rose and sun. 
 
 Richard III., 1483 — 85, (knight of the time of.) Armour 
 at this time attained its perfection. The suit before us is 
 of the kind called ribbed armour. The fine proportions 
 of the body-armour are best seen from behind. The 
 helmet is a salade furnished with ear-guards, oreilUts. 
 
 Such armour as this was worn in the wars of York and 
 Lancaster, and at Bosworth -Field. 
 
 Henry VII., 1485 — 1509. This suit of armour is of 
 the fluted kind, which came into vogue in this reign, with 
 a globular breast-plate, passe-gardes on the shoulders, and 
 burgonet helmet. An ancient sword is in the right hand, 
 and a battle axe hangs from the bow of the saddle, which 
 is of the war kind, armed with the steel front and cantle 
 The armour of the horse also fluted, but of a different 
 pattern from the man’s, deserves particular attention, being 
 the first that has presented itself exhibiting a complete 
 suit of horse armoury (the flanchards excepted). 
 
 The warder wfill now probably point out the figure on a 
 pedestal near the south wall of “ a swordsman” of this 
 period : the latter part of Henry VII. ’s reign. This is a 
 suit of fluted globose armour. 
 
 Henry VIII., 1509 — 1546! — This is the first suit of th« 
 collection which is known to have belonged to the monarch 
 whose effigy it adorns. The armour is damasquined (inlaid 
 with gold ; an art invented at Damascus). It consists of 
 tilting-helmet, gorget, back and breastplates, with place ate, 
 garde-de-reins, pauldrons, with pa'sse-gardes , (an addition t# 
 the pauldrons made in Henry VII. ’s reign;) they were U> 
 turn away the thrust of a lance.) Here and vam~braces, 
 gauntlets, (the left a tilting one.) T assets, demi-cuisses, 
 genoullieres, jambs, and square-toed sollerets. 
 
 In the right hand is a martel-de-fer. A short sword is 
 worn at the saddle-bow, a long one at the waist. 
 
 Between this figure and the next, is a rare specimen of 
 nxi Italian splinted cuirass of the description worn by the 
 banditti at the close of the Ifrtb century 
 
20 
 
 SKETCHES OF TUB TOWER. 
 
 Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, 1520. ; 
 
 Edward Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, 1535. \ ese wo 
 suits resemble that of Henry VIII. 
 
 Opposite, against the wall, is a foot soldier of the time 
 of Henry VIII., 1540. The raised figures of polished 
 steel on a dark ground have an excellent effect. 
 
 Also, here is acap-a-pied suit of armour of Henry VIII’s. 
 It is described in the old inventories as “ rough from the 
 hammer.” It is formed throughout of moveable splints. 
 The hands rest on a sword. The next figure which claims 
 attention is in the middle recess in the southern wall. It 
 is another effigy of Henry VIII. on horseback. It is con- 
 sidered to be one of the most curious suits of armour in 
 the world. It was probably presented to Henry on his 
 marriage to Katherine of Arragon by the Emperor Maxi- 
 milian. 
 
 This union with Katherine forms the subject of many of 
 the ornaments engraved on the surface of the armour 
 The badges of the king and queen, the rose and pome- 
 granate, are seen in many places. The device adopted 
 by Ferdinand, King of Spam, (Katherine’s father,) on the 
 conquest of Granada, the sheaf of arrows , is seen on the 
 fans of the knee guards Various saintly legends are en- 
 graved on the suit. The figure of St. George on foot 
 encountering the dragon, is seen on the breastplate. This 
 armour is doubtless of German manufacture. Skirts 
 such as are seen in this figure, in imitation of folds of 
 cloth, were called lamboys , and begun at this period to 
 supersede the taces and tassets. Under glass cases in this 
 recess are two helmets ; one of them, especially, having 
 designs and chasings of the most exquisite workmanship, 
 The visitor will find attention to the different kinds of 
 helmets interesting. We have already had the salade 
 helmet on the figure of Henry VI., the burgonet helmet 
 on that of Henry VII. Doubtless it has been observed 
 tli at the wall, between the entrance and the recess, is 
 adorned with a variety of helmets, spears, and other arms, 
 but they are not of a kind to demand especial notice here. 
 
 To return to the centre line. 
 
 Edward VI., 1552. — This is russet-armour. The metal 
 being oxidised, and the surface afterwards smoothed, it is 
 then inlaid with gold. Rich arabesque work covers the 
 suit. The helmet is a burgonet. The horse armour is 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 21 
 
 very curious ; and those capable of judging, pronounce 
 that it probably belonged to the young Duke of Burgundy, 
 afterwards King of Spain, and the father of the Emperor 
 Charles V. Philip of Burgundy had married Isabella, 
 Queen Katherine’s sister. On their passage from Flanders 
 into Spain, they were obliged by a storm to take shelter 
 in England, where they remained for a time ; and it has 
 been suggested that this armour was presented to 
 Henry VIII. by Philip on his leaving the island. 
 
 Francis Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, 1555, reign of 
 Queen Mary. The weight of armour at this time became 
 very great. Knights used to faint under the weight of 
 their panoply, and when unhorsed could not rise. 
 
 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1560. — There is not 
 the slightest doubt that this suit was worn by the earl ; 
 it is a tilting suit His initials R. D. are engraved on the 
 knee-guards and the family badge of the Dudleys, the 
 bear and ragged staff, appears on the chanfron of the 
 horse. The ragged staff is repeated in every part of the 
 suit. 
 
 Sir Henry Lee, 1570. — Master of the Armories to the 
 Queen 
 
 Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, 1581 This suit of 
 
 armour is richly engraved and gilt. The horse bridle is 
 curious from the great length of the checks of the bit. 
 
 James I., 1605. — A plain suit of tilting armour. The 
 burdon, or lance for running at the ring, being made 
 hollow, has an appearance of greater weight than it 
 possesses. 
 
 Sir Horace Vere, Captain- General, 1606. 
 
 n 
 
 Nothing 
 of these 
 
 Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, 1608. 
 new is presented in the fashion or workmanship 
 suits. Both figures are armed with a mace 
 
 On pedestals under the wall, are figures of a knight of 
 the time of Elizabeth; and a cavalier (a term imported 
 from Spain), of the time of Charles I., in russet armour 
 studded with brass. 
 
 Henry, Prince of Wales, 1612, the son of James I 
 This rich suit of engraved and gilt armour was made for 
 this prince ; it is adorned with representations of sieges 
 and battles. In the right hand is a rapier. 
 
 Between this last horse and the next are the figures oa 
 
!2 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TO WEE 
 
 foot of Prince Charles, afterwards King Charles I. and his 
 page. The armour of the prince was made for him, and is 
 richly chased and gilt. The page bears the chanfron of a 
 war-horse. 
 
 George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, 1618 — Reign 
 of James I., a full suit of plate. In his hand he holds a 
 wheel-lock petronel, and in the right the “ spanner” or 
 instrument to wind up the spring. 
 
 Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1640.— The 
 armour in this suit is continued no lower than the knees. 
 Buff boots supply the place of the jambs and sollerets. 
 
 George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 1660. The helmet 
 is a burgonet. 
 
 James II., 1685.— In his own armour: suits of half 
 armour were adopted in Charles I.’s reign. In the reign 
 of Charles II., only the helmet and cuirass were retained. 
 In the reign of William III,, 1688, defensive armour was 
 altogether abandoned, and the old suits were returned to 
 tide Tower. 
 
 The only figures remaining to be noticed under the wall 
 are a suit of bright armour studded with brass, and a 
 pikeman of 1635. A variety of arms and pieces of armour 
 adorn the wall between the recess and the eastern vestibule , 
 which contains, besides a trophy of arms and armour, 
 some curious Chinese military dresses taken with a 
 number of weapons in the capture of Chusan. The 
 dresses were presented to the collection by J. Gillman, Esq., 
 of Tower-street. Some Chinese arms will be seen up 
 stairs: leaving the vestibule, the Military Trophy at the 
 east end of the horse armoury, will arrest attention. 
 
 On the floor beneath the trophy are ten small cannon 
 presented by the brass founders of London to Charles II 
 when a boy, to assist him in his military studies. One of 
 these has sustained considerable damage from the fire 
 of 1841. 
 
 In the north-east angle, by the stairs, is a group of 
 highly ornamented spears. 
 
 Visitors will next be conducted to a room recently added 
 to that called Queen Elizabeth’s Armoury. On the stairs 
 will be seen two figures on pedestals, in demi-suits of 
 bright armour, various arms, and part of the keel -of “the 
 Royal George,” sunk by an accident while at anchor at 
 Spitkead, August, 1782. This memorial and a 24-pounder 
 
SKETCHES O* THE TOWER. 
 
 33 
 
 brass gun which is outside the Horse Armoury at the 
 western end, were recovered by means of the ingenious 
 diving apparatus first used by Mr. George Anthony Deane. 
 
 On entering this apartment it will be observed that 
 three arches, supported by pillars, divide it into two com- 
 partments, the inner or western one is almost exclusively 
 devoted to Oriental arms and armour. The principal ob- 
 ject of attraction in the eastern compartment is the mili- 
 tary trophy which faces the visitor at the north end of the 
 apartment. This trophy consists of cannon captured at 
 Waterloo, 1815; two kettle drums taken at Blenheim, 
 1704; and a collection of spears and other arms ; com- 
 prising one specimen, ancient or modern, of every descrip- 
 tion of warlike weapons now in the Tower. A similar 
 trophy was destroyed by the great fire, 1841. The present 
 contains the same cannon and drums which were recovered 
 from the ruins of the fire. 
 
 1. On turning towards the south, the visitor will see, 
 upon brackets, over the staircase, the effigy of a knight, 
 1520, and of a cavalier, 1621, a group of ancient spears in 
 the centre, and four pilasters formed by spears, eighteen 
 feet long, used by pikemen, 1604 (time of James the First.) 
 Eight and left are trophies of Scotch targets and broad 
 swords. 
 
 2. On the east side of the Boom — a group of tilting 
 lances for practice. 
 
 3. On a pedestal, a knight of the time of Henry VII. 
 in fluted armour. 
 
 4. A group of spears of the 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th 
 centuries. 
 
 5. In a glass case, the sword and sash of the late Field 
 Marshal His Eoyal Highness the Duke of York. 
 
 6. Model of a wrought iron gun, one fourth the size of 
 the original, now at Edinburgh, but formerly deposited in 
 the Tower, called Mons Meg. 
 
 7. On a pedestal, effigy of a knight in a suit of German 
 black armour, of the time of Henry VIII., 1509-46 
 
 8. In a small glass case, in front of the iron gun, Mons 
 Meg, the Cloak upon which General Wolfe was laid when 
 mortally wounded, 12th September, 1759, and upon which 
 he died : deposited in the Tower by command of King 
 William IV. 
 
 9. In the centre of the Boom is a beautifully oraa- 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 24 
 
 mented gun of bronze, captured in the “ Sensible” French 
 frigate, by the “Sea Horse,” Captain Foot, 1798. The 
 barrel is covered with figures in alto-relievo of exquisite 
 workmanship. 
 
 10. Also, near the stairs, two small brass guns, (one 
 much damaged by the fire of 1841) presented by the Earl 
 of Leicester to the yomig Duke of Gloucester, son of the 
 princess (afterwards Queen Anne.) 
 
 1 1 . Two larger brass guns, taken at Quebec by General 
 Wolfe, 1759. 
 
 12. In front of the arches ; A stand of cross bows. 
 The stirrup, the latch, and the prodd. The cross-bow was 
 used in the chase in the reign of William the Conqueror, 
 but not in warfare mi til Bichard I.’s reign, 1189. The 
 missiles of the cross-bow were quarrels, arrows, and bullets. 
 
 18. On pedestals against the pillars, four figures in 
 armour : viz. 
 
 14. a. (Southward). A demi-suit of armour of the time 
 of Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — 1603. 
 
 15. b. A suit of armour of the time of Henry VIII. 
 It is fluted and engraved ; the skirts are formed of splints. 
 
 16. c. A man at arms time of Henry VIII. This 
 armour is said to have been made for a man 7 feet in 
 height. The figure is armed with a two-handed mace. 
 
 17. d. A complete suit of the early part of Queen 
 Elizabeth’s reign 
 
 18. Above the arches is a row of targets of the time of 
 Henry VIII., each having a small gun attached to the 
 centre, to be loaded at the breech. 
 
 Passing through the arches the visitor will find himself 
 in the compartment appropriated to Arms and Armour, 
 chiefly Oriental. 
 
 Under the arches and around the room are arranged, 
 seven horizontal glass cases on legs (formed with arms) 
 containing a collection of valuable specimens of Indian 
 and other arms 
 
 North Side of the Oriental compartment, commencing 
 at the eastern corner — 
 
 19. Upright glass-case containing a suit of chain mail, 
 said to have belonged to Bajazet, 1401. Also, a curious 
 iron boot, Asiatic. 
 
 20. Group of Saracenic armour, over which is a collec- 
 tion of arms from Kaffre-land, Africa. 
 
8KETCHKS OF THE TOWER. 
 
 25 
 
 21. Upright glass-case, containing a Mameluke saddle, 
 swords, and other memorials from the armoury of the cele- 
 brated Tippoo Saib, captured at Seringapatam ; also, two 
 ornamented Malay spears. 
 
 22. West-side. — Upright glass-case, containing a suit 
 of Indian armour. 
 
 23. Collection of Chinese armour; amongst them, a 
 combined sword and pistol, found in China, but of Indian 
 manufacture, presented by Sir Thomas Hastings. Sword 
 and scabbard, with other weapons, from Singhoo, Upper 
 Assam, India. Burmese sword, and sword used by the 
 infantry of Morocco. 
 
 24. Group of Indian spears and guns. 
 
 • 25. Upright glass-case, containing the effigy of Maha 
 Bundoola, a Burmese chief. 
 
 26. South-side. — Upright glass-case, containing three 
 varieties of Saracenic, and three varieties of Indian armour. 
 Also, five highly ornamented Eastern spears, composed 
 entirely of metal. 
 
 27. Upright glass-case, containing a variety of Indian 
 guns ; two fine shields ; a sacrificial axe ; and arms used 
 by the Mahratta cavalry. 
 
 28. Over this case, hempen armour from the South 
 Seas, of extraordinary strength and thickness. 
 
 29. Above, group of clubs, war spears, fishing spears, 
 and a chiefs robe, from New Zealand. 
 
 30. Upright glass-case, containing varieties of Turkish 
 or Saracenic, and Indian armour ; also, four Indian 
 shields, one of which is evidently of modern manufacture, 
 having four small percussion pistols attached to it 
 
 31. Upon pedestals, against the pillars, are two suits 
 of Japanese armour, one of these was presented to King 
 Charles II. 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH’S ARMOURY 
 
 The visitor is now about to enter the White Tower. 
 The space occupied by the stairs shews the thickness of 
 the wall. A farther notice of this very interesting apart- 
 ment will be found in the description of the White Tower. 
 It will suffice to remark now, that this room occupies the 
 south-east angle of the first story of that edifice — that it 
 was formerly used as a prison-lodging — and that it is im 
 
 D 
 
26 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TO WEE 
 
 mediately under St. John’s Chapel. At the further end of 
 the apartment is a figure representing Queen Elizabeth 
 mounted on a carved horse. Her dress is imitated from 
 an old painting. She is attended by her page. 
 
 On entering the room, groups of spears will be observed 
 on each side of the doorway. Here are arranged in chro- 
 nological order, all the weapons of this kind which were 
 in use before the introduction of fire-arms. 
 
 1. One of the most ancient of these is the glaive. It 
 was derived from the Celtic custom of placing a sword, 
 with a hollow handle, at the end of a pole It takes its 
 name from the Welsh Gleddyv. 
 
 2. The Guisarme was known on the 12th century ; but 
 it was used in Henry VIII’s time, at Flodden Field. 
 
 3. The bill, and the English black bill, are very ancient 
 arms, and were those principally used by the infantry be- 
 fore the introduction of the pike. 
 
 4. The “morning star,” and the “holy water sprinkle.” 
 A ball of wood armed with spikes of iron, and fixed at the 
 end of a long pole. It was in use from the time of the 
 Conquest to that of Henry VIII. 
 
 5. Another variety of this has a ball with iron spikes 
 and chain — weapons similar to these are found amongst 
 the ancient arms of Japan — we, no doubt, derived them 
 from the east. 
 
 6. The pole axe — the battle axe adapted to the infantry 
 by being fixed at the end of a long pole. 
 
 7. The catch-pole — a contrivance, by means of an iron 
 fork with springs, to pull a man from his horse by his head. 
 
 8. The military flail. 
 
 9. The military fork for cutting the horses’ bridle. This 
 last weapon was used in the fifteenth and sixteenth century 
 
 10. The pike, which is merely the lance of the cavalry 
 adapted to the infantry, was introduced into France in the 
 reign of Louis XI. From the time of Henry VIII., 1509, 
 to that of William III., 1688, pikemen composed the prin- 
 cipal part of the English army. 
 
 11. The 'halberd, first mentioned under Edward IV., 
 1461, was common in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII 
 The forms of its head are to be met with in an immense 
 variety ; some of beautiful design, and much ornamented. 
 The halberd was discontinued by our troops half a century 
 ago. It is still to be seen as an official weapon in our 
 courts of justice. The etymology is said to be derived 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 27 
 
 from the German — “ hallebard, hache des gardes du 
 palais; forme de halle, vestibule du palais, et bard hache.” 
 
 18. The partisan — came into use in Henry YIH’fj 
 time. This arm is pointed and sharp at both ends— 
 etymology, from pertundere. 
 
 19. The spear lin-stock. — The lin-stock was the instr^ 
 ment used by the cannonier to carry his match. The 
 spear was added, to enable the man to defend himself after 
 he had fired without delaying to resume his halberd. The 
 visitor will observe that a variety of specimens of all these 
 spears are to be found in different parts of the armories. 
 The more ancient, especially, will be found against tha 
 south wall of this room. 
 
 On the North Wall are a number of bucklers. — 1. A 
 gauntlet buckler of steel — the concentric hoops in front, 
 are for the purpose of entangling and breaking a sword or 
 lance. — 2. Iron bucklers of the time of Elizabeth. — 3. Spa- 
 nish buckler with sword breaker. — 4. A shield of brass, 
 embossed with the Labours of Hercules. — 5. Shield of the 
 1 6th century, richly embossed and damasquined : the sub 
 f ject of the centre compartment, Death of Charles the Bold, 
 of Burgundy 
 
 Above these shields are several ancient pavoises and 
 shields. The pavoise is a large kind of shield, which 
 used to be carried by the serf in front of his master, who 
 shot over his shoulder. The pavoise shielded both. 
 
 1. — In the Centre of the Boom, near the door; a target 
 restored, similar to those over the arches in the adjoining 
 room. A nearer view can now be obtained of the curious 
 gun in the centre, and of the grated aperture for taking 
 aim, date 1509—46. 
 
 2. Heading block, used at the decapitation of Lords 
 Balmerino, Kilmarnock, and Lovat, on Tower-hill, 1746. 
 
 3. Heading axe. 
 
 4 . Iron military chest, captured at the Havannah. 
 
 5. “ Holy water sprinkle” combined with three guns ; a 
 pole-axe and gun ; a two-handed battle-axe and gun. 
 There was much predilection with our forefathers for these 
 combined weapons. When fire-arms were discovered 
 there was still an unwillingness to part with the old friend, 
 thus the two were united 
 
 6. Specimens of ancient shot — chain, bar, link, star, 
 and saw shot 
 
28 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 7. Various ancient instruments of punishment. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth having been duly visited, the warder 
 will conduct the visitors down the 
 
 South side of the room. — West window. In the deep 
 embrasure of this window, will be seen a glass case con 
 taining two bows of yew, recovered in 1841, from the wreck 
 of the ship “ Mary Bose,” sunk off Spithead, in the year 
 1545, in the reign of Henry VIII. Though they have 
 lain nearly three hundred years at the bottom of the sea, 
 they look fresh and new. 
 
 In the same case is an ancient English arrow head found 
 at Norham Castle, Northumberland. In this part of the 
 room the visitor will find several of the ancient spears 
 referred to in the list— in this window, spear-linstocks. 
 
 Between the west and centre window. — C risarmes , 
 glaives , bills, long partizans , spetums , morning stars, and cresset , 
 which was the lamp carried at the end of a pole by the 
 watch of the city or camp ; sometimes, as here, combined 
 with a spear. A rope covered with pitch was wreathed 
 round a spike of iron fixed in the centre of the bowl. 
 
 Centre window. — Some rare specimens of early guntr 
 nery. Hand fire-arms were invented by the Italians in 
 the reign of our Henry VI., 1422 — 61. 1°. The first 
 
 form of hand fire-arms was the hand-gun . It was fired by 
 simply holding a match to the touch-hole. The cross bow 
 suggested the idea of an instrument to hold the match, 
 which might be brought down upon the priming by pulling 
 a trigger. The stock or handle also was suggested by the 
 cross-bow. Thus we 
 
 2. °. Have the match lock . (This new weapon was 
 
 called an arquebus). 
 
 3. °. The wheel lock was a contrivance for eliciting 
 *piwrks by the friction of a notched wheel against a piece 
 of pyrites, (sulphuret of iron). The wheel was wound up 
 by a “ spanner” put on the axle of the wheel. This in- 
 vention was introduced from Italy about Henry VIII. s 
 time. (A spanner and wheel lock are in the hands of the 
 equestrian figure of the Duke of Buckingham, in the 
 horse armoury.) 
 
 4. In the reign of Charles I., 1625—49, a new method 
 of discharging the piece was introduced, the invention of 
 the Spaniards. The cock armed with a flint, was struck 
 against an upright moveable piece of steel which stood 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 20 
 
 over the pan. The hammer was not at first attached to 
 the pan. That improvement soon followed. This was 
 the firelock. 
 
 5. The Percussion lock of the present day, completes 
 the list. 
 
 In this centre window, there is a mace cannon ; it was 
 carried at the saddle-bow ; and after the four barrels had 
 been exploded (by the hand with a match) it was used as 
 a mace ; the date is the 1 5th century. 
 
 Hand cannon with tuck, or long narrow thrusting sword 
 
 Curious matchlock, wall piece, time of James I. (The 
 shield in a glass case, is merely a cast of an original at 
 Woolwich, of the time of Francis I., King of France). 
 
 Between the centre window and the east window are 
 pikes, boar-spears, lances, partisans. 
 
 In the east window. — A halberd of the guard of 
 Louis XIV., and several other halberds and partizans ; 
 some pikes and military forks. Over the door are arranged 
 Scotch pistols in the form of an arch. 
 
 Quitting the Queen Elizabeth Armoury, the warder will 
 now re-conduct the visitors into the Horse Armoury, the 
 north side of which remains to be reviewed. 
 
 1. A lofty glass case, containing a variety of pieces of 
 armour, among which is the breastplate, back plate, and 
 helmet, finely engraved, once belonging to King Henry IV 
 of France ; and a silvered suit, made for King Charles I., 
 when a boy. Also several pieces of Venetian armour. It 
 is russet, chased, and picked out with gold and silver, 
 16th century. Also some pieces of the puffed armour 
 which came into vogue in Henry VIII. ’s time, in imitation 
 of the slashed dresses of the day. Some fine helmets. 
 
 2. A suit of magnificent Italian armour upon an effigy. 
 It was purchased by Messrs. Pratt of the Count Oddi of 
 Padua, by whose ancestor, Count Hector Oddi, it was 
 worn about 1 620, The ground is of russet, ornamented 
 over its entire surface with the imperial eagle, (the badge 
 of the house) engraved, and gilt. 
 
 3. In a recess, an effigy of King Charles I., 1627, in a 
 complete suit of gilt armour, presented to him by the city 
 of London. He is mounted on a dun horse. 
 
 4. A suit of richly chased armour, a knight of the time 
 of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 ^ the platform, suits of plate armour of every date 
 
 u 3 
 
30 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 from its first general adoption in the reign of Henry VL, 
 1422, until its discontinuance in the reign of James II., 
 1 688, are exhibited at one view. The arrangement is not yet 
 finished. At the western end of the platform, some pieces 
 of chain mail are added, and an equestrian figure in chain 
 mail mounted on a barbed horse, the armour of this 
 “ Crusader” is evidently very old. “ The man’s armour is 
 from the Mogul country,” says Dr. Meyrick, “ the armour 
 on the horse is Persian.” The suit is of mixed chain and 
 plate. The breast, back, and crown of the head are pro- 
 tected by small plates of steel, the hood falls over the 
 shoulders, after the manner of Asiatic armour of modem 
 times. 
 
 6. Beneath the platform, are several low glass cases 
 containing a valuable series of helmets from the time of 
 Edward II., 1820, to James II., 1685. Also some fine 
 breastplates. The most ancient helmets in the last case 
 in the series, are objects of deep antiquarian interest. 
 
 7. Opposite the platform is a model representing the 
 encounter of the Duke of Clarence, brother to Henry V., 
 and Gavin de Fontaine, a French knight, in which the 
 duke was slain. 
 
 8. East of the platform, is a knight of the time of 
 Henry III , in a suit of chain armour, covered with the 
 surcoat. In the right hand, a two-edged sword, and a 
 heater shield in the left. 
 
 9. Brigandine jackets on the wall, formed of flat pieces 
 of steel, quilted between two pieces of canvass, introduced 
 in Edward IV, s reign, 1460. 
 
 10. A very curious suit of mixed chain and plate 
 armour, about the time of Edward II., 1807. 
 
 11. A lofty glass case, containing a fine collection of 
 match-lock, wheel-lock, and other muskets and swords, 
 some of which are very highly ornamented. In passing, 
 visitors will have observed that the range of pillars behind 
 the horses, are furnished with a series of fire-arms, speci- 
 mens of those in use from the time of James II. to the 
 present reign, with numerous projects and inventions ; 
 also specimens of the arms now in use in various armies 
 
 the continent. 
 
 12. At the "west end of the north wall there are some 
 curious pieces of horse armour, among which is a specimen 
 of the kiud called “ penny plate.” ‘This brings the visitor 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 31 
 
 again to the equestrian figure of Edward I., completing 
 the circuit of the armories. 
 
 In passing out through the western vestibule, in the 
 cabinet on the right hand, will be observed an ancient 
 Gorman saddle, 1450, inlaid with ivory — a variety of spurs, 
 stirrups and bridle bits ; the grotesque burgonet of 
 Henry VIII, ’s jester. The cabinet on the left hand con 
 tains a variety of pieces of body armour; also various 
 battle axes, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 STfje grotoer a# & Hrarnt. 
 
 The annals of the Tower as a state prison are replete with 
 gloomy and fearful events. A detailed account of these 
 would fill volumes ; a list even of the renowned and the 
 notorious, who, during the past eight centuries have pined 
 within these walls in captivity, would far exceed the 
 limits of this sketch. All that can be attempted is to 
 recall to the recollection facts known to every one, but 
 which memory often refuses to furnish at the needed mo- 
 ment, and to point out the localities connected with these 
 facts by history or tradition. 
 
 Rumours reach us of secret passages, of torture rooms, 
 and of dungeons, abounding within and beneath the for- 
 tress ; and the assertion comports with the dark age in 
 which it was built, and with the dread scenes it has wit- 
 nessed. But history here, unaided by tradition, is sad 
 enough. Let us pause before that gloomy archway, the 
 Traitor’s Gate. How often have grandeur, and evert 
 royalty, passed beneath its ominous portals, to exchange 
 the dreams of honor and of glory, and the festive brilliancy 
 of courts, for the realities of the prison lodging, the tor 
 ture-room, and the fatal block and axe ! The frowning 
 gateway of the Bloody Tower, admits us to the Inner Ward. 
 We glance around at the towers, those £hill and lone 
 lodgings where illustrious captives have sighed out a life- 
 time ! The eye at last rests on the simple Chapel, within 
 which, the bodies of these prisoners moulder in the dust ; 
 and in front of- which, is the spot which marks with so in- 
 delible a stain the Tudor race — the spot where was erected 
 the scaffold, which taught Englishmen to look upon 
 
32 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 woman’s life blood, held sacred in the most ruthless 
 Norman age, ebbing beneath the headsman’s stroke ! 
 
 It will aid the memory, to consider the prisoners who 
 have been immured within the fortress under five periods 
 
 1. THE NORMAN AND EARLY PLANTAGENET AGE. 
 
 During this period, history has recorded the names of few cap 
 tives of note. One of the most remarkable was, the first state 
 prisoner known to have been incarcerated in the Tower of London; 
 Elambard, Bishop of Durham. His origin was humble, but his 
 talents made him so useful to William Bufus in carrying out his 
 oppressive system of taxation, that he raised him to the highest 
 offices in the state. Henry I. imprisoned him on his accession, 
 
 1 1 00, to please the people ; but the wily Flambard contrived to 
 escape, and fled to Normandy. Hugh de Burgh was another 
 captive statesman of this period, but of far different order. This 
 great man and faithful minister, was guardian of the king and 
 kingdom during Henry III.’s minority. Those who envied his 
 greatness prejudiced his sovereign against him, and he was cruelly 
 imprisoned within the Tower dungeons for some time, about 1240. 
 He was subsequently released. 
 
 2nd. period, the 14th. century. — At this time the Tower ap- 
 pears in the lustre of that martial glory which was shed upon our 
 country by the royal warriors, Edward I., Edward III. and Edward 
 the Black Prince. The national banners which floated over the 
 Tower were “ fann’d by conquest’s crimson wing, and the fortress 
 was filled with captive kings and heroes — trophies of England’s 
 valor.” We especially connect the crested pride of the first 
 Edward with the conquest of Wales, that interesting country 
 upon wdiicli we look with a feeling akin to reverence, as the retreat 
 of the early possessors of our beautiful England; the country 
 whose mountains were once “ vocal with high born Hoel’s harp 
 and soft Llewellyn’s lay.” A tragical instance of the irksomeness of 
 captivity to Cambria’s mountain chiefs, was given in the attempt 
 made by Griffin, the son of the Prince of North Wales, to escape 
 from the Tower. The treacherous rope by which he lowered 
 himself from his turret, broke! and the unhappy prince was found 
 next morning a mangled corpse beneath. His son, undaunted, 
 soon after did escape, and succeeded to the principality but only 
 to fall in battle before the victorious Edward, who sent hie rry- 
 arowned head to be fixed over the turret which nad proved so 
 fatal to his father. The names of many Welsh chiefs are chroni- 
 cled as having been captives in the Tower during this period. 
 Morgan David, Llewellyn Bren, Madoc Yaghan, and others, some 
 ©f whom died in captivity. Owen Glendower, proved in the reign 
 of Henry IY. (1399) how mighty a spirit still lingered amidst the 
 mountains of Wales. The expiring effort for independence ap- 
 pears to have been made by Owen’s son, and severad chiefs, who 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWKR. 
 
 33 
 
 were led captive to the Tower by Henry V., then Prince of Wales, 
 after the battle of Usk, 1410. 
 
 Many a mighty spirit from Scotland too, chafed within the 
 dismal dungeons of the royal fortress during the 14th century, 
 and just previous to its commencement. We must only notice 
 the names of King Baliol, 1297 — of the noble Wallace, flrho suf- 
 fered a cruel imprisonment and terrible death, 1305 — of the Earls 
 of Ross, of Athol and of Monteith — of King David Bruce, 1346 
 
 The imprisonment of John, King of France, of his son, and of 
 many French nobles ; and the generous treatment which they re- 
 ceived from the noble Edward, the Black Prince, is alluded to in 
 chapter iv. — The Tower as a Palace . The treaty of Bretigny re- 
 stored John to his throne in 1360. 
 
 Six hundred Jews were incarcerated in these dungeons during 
 Edward HI.’s reign for adulterating the coin of the realm. The 
 monarch, whose prejudice against them was strong, finally banished 
 all of that nation from England, compelling them to leave behind 
 them their immense wealth, and their libraries so rich in the 
 treasures of science, which were taken possession of by the mo- 
 nasteries. Roger Bacon owed much of his extraordinary know- 
 ledge to the Jews’ libraries, especially to the gigantic volumes of 
 the Babylonish Talmud. 
 
 3rd. period. — The splendour of the 14th century passed away, 
 and during the 15th. a gloomy shroud of darkest deeds enveloped 
 the Tower of London. Edward the Black Prince, the pride and 
 the delight of the nation, was arrested by the hand of death in the 
 glory of his manhood. He left his mourning country fatherless, 
 as sheep without a shepherd : it became the prey of the wolf-like 
 
 E assions of rival factions. When the prince’s son, the year after 
 is father’s death, succeeded to the crown, he was but a child in 
 age ; and, as if the moral energy of the stock had been exhausted 
 in his high-souled father and his brave grandfather, Richard the 
 Second remained always a child in character. His imbecility 
 allowed lawless ambition to rage unchecked: and the Tower 
 chronicles record how dismally it wrought in the sons, and son’s 
 eons of Edward III. They show us the royal cousins wresting 
 the crown from each other, and dooming one the other to dun- 
 geons and to assassination; and, even causing the valleys and 
 plains of England to flow with the blood of her bravest sons, and 
 this, to gratify the terrible lust of power. This dark period was 
 appropriately commenced with the erection on Tower Hill of the 
 fatal scaffold. The first victim whose blood was shed on that spot, 
 was Sir Simon Burley. u A noble knight I found him,” writes 
 Froissart, “sage and wise.” One of the most accomplished men of 
 his age, he had been selected by the Black Prince as the companion 
 of his son (Richard II). and his only crime was faithfulness to 
 his young sovereign ; an unpardonable one in the judgment of 
 the king’s uncles, the Dukes of York and Gloucester ; who, having 
 wrested the power from their royal nephew’s hands, wreaked 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWEIi. 
 
 ;u 
 
 vengeance on all who favored him. Richard’s good queen, Anne, 
 pleaded for Sir Simon on her knees with tears, but in vain — he 
 was beheaded in 1388. 
 
 The king’s weak government produced a general discontent ; of 
 which, Henry Bolingbrbke, son of the famous John of Gaunt, 
 availed himself to win golden opinions, and easily prevailed upon 
 the nation to accept him as their sovereign. The deserted Richard 
 soon after, in the presence of the chief men of the realm, who were 
 assembled in the great hall of the palace in the Tower, formally 
 delivered up the crown to Bolingbroke, with those words, u Fair 
 cousin, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, I give and deliver you this 
 crown, and therewith all the right thereto depending,” (Froissart)- 
 The unhappy king was then conducted to the cells of the Tower, 
 and afterwards to Pomfret Castle in Yorkshire. A mystery hangs 
 over his death. 
 
 The year 1406 brought a most interesting young captive to the 
 Tower; James, eldest son of Robert HI. King of Scotland. On 
 his way to the court of France to be educated, the royal child was 
 driven by a sea-storm to take refuge on English shores, and he 
 was detained by Henry, and doomed to a captivity which lasted 
 eighteen years. Henry, however, gave him a princely education 
 in his prison lodging in the Tower. Plis genius was brilliant — 
 his thirst for knowledge intense ; and when at length he was re- 
 stored to his country and his crown, he was distinguished for con- 
 summate wisdom and virtue. 
 
 The next royal prisoner in the fortress was our own amiable 
 and saintly though weak monarch, Henry VI. 
 
 The House of Lancaster did not wear their usurped crown in 
 peace. The House of York asserted their more just claims; and 
 the meek monarch would perhaps gladly have yielded to their 
 prior right. 
 
 “ Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade 
 To shepherds, looking on their silly sheep, 
 
 Than doth a rich embroider’d canopy 
 To kings, that fear their subjects’ treachery ?” 
 
 m PART HENRY VI. ACT II. SC. V. 
 
 But not so Henry’s warlike queen, Margaret of Anjou. In 
 1461, Henry was defeated by the Yorkists, and immured in the 
 Tower dungeons. The victory of Margaret at Wakefield, 1470, 
 again seated Henry on the throne and filled the Tower with his 
 enemies. Habited in a robe of purple his nobles led him to the 
 cathedral of St. Paul in triumph ; but he only regained his regal 
 splendours to be shorn of them again in the ensuing year. Edward 
 IV. finally defeated the House of Lancaster at Barnet and 
 Tewkesbury, 1471. Henry was sent back to his prison and was 
 not long after found dead. His queen pined in a miserable cap- 
 tivity for three years afterwards ; she was then released from the 
 Tower. Henry VI. ’s son was killed at Tewkesbury by the brothers 
 of Edward I V . the Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester. Clarence 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 35 
 
 himself was £ne next victim. Having aroused his brother, Edward 
 IY.’s jealousy, he was imprisoned in the Bowyer Tower — and 
 murdered — tradition says, drowned in malmsey wine. In 1483, the 
 gay Edward sickened and died. His youthful sons were com- 
 mitted to the care of their uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards 
 Richard III. The royal children were sent to the Tower, and 
 disappeared. Tradition says that they were murdered by Rich- 
 - ard’s order in the Bloody Tower, and buried at the foot of the 
 N. E. staircase in the White Tower. An impenetrable mystery 
 veils their fate. 
 
 Lord Hastings, who opposed the evil course of Richard’s mur- 
 derous ambition, was doomed by him to instant death, on pretence 
 of his approval of Jane Shore’s practice of magical arts to Richard’s 
 injury. The wicked sentence was executed in front of St. Peter’s 
 chapel. The unhappy Jane herself was immured in the Tower 
 dungeons, and was only released to die after years of suffering 
 in extreme poverty. The battle of Bosworth field at length, in 
 1485, terminated Richard’s dark career, and placed his rival Henry, 
 Earl of Richmond, on the throne. Amidst all this darkness we 
 discern glimmerings of a new dawm : in the previous century, the 
 pure fountains of life and truth had been unsealed through the 
 instrumentality of Wyckliffe. Truth ever shines as a light, and 
 some were attracted by its loveliness ; but many, alas ! found dark- 
 ness more congenial, and used their every energy to preserve it. 
 Thus, in the year 1401, a law was passed empowering the Bishops 
 to imprison any one suspected of heresy. From that time, the 
 cells of the Tower were constantly tenanted by those to whom 
 truth was dearer than this world’s liberty and life : and often were 
 its dismal recesses the scenes of their terrible tortures. Sir John 
 Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, a man no less renowned for his virtues 
 than for his valor, had the honor of being the first person of rank 
 in this country whojuffered in this most noble of causes. Henry Y. 
 himself had an interview* with him in the hope of prevailing upon 
 him to retract his opinions, but finding even royal rhetoric fail, 
 Henry left him to his clergy, who after imprisoning him in the 
 Tower, sent him to the stake. He was burnt at St. Giles’ in the 
 Fields, 1417. 
 
 4th. period. The Tudor Race. The hero of Agincourt, 
 Henry Y., left by his early death a young widow, Katherine, 
 daughter of Charles the Simple, King of France. She afterwards 
 married a Welsh gentleman, Owen Tudor. Henry, Earl of Rich- 
 mond, was the grandson of this pair ; hence his claim to be the 
 representative of the House of Lancaster. A claim which the 
 nation’s hatred of Richard III. made them the more ready to own. 
 His marriage to the fair Elizabeth of York, Edward IY.’s daughter, 
 thus uniting the rival roses, completed the general satisfaction. 
 A short calm ensued, but it was only a gathering of strength for 
 a mighty conflict of a new order that was about to commence. A 
 struggle between light and darkness, in which the confusion was 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 86 
 
 so chaos-like, that for a while, it was often difficult to separate the 
 two — to distinguish error from truth. 
 
 In Henry VH.'s reign the last male of the Plantagenets was a 
 captive in the Tower. The young Earl of Warwick was the son 
 of that Duke of Clarence who died in the Bowyer Tower. A 
 victim to Henry’s jealousy of the Plantagenets, after spending his 
 life in prison, he was beheaded on Tower Hill, charged with at- 
 tempting to escape from the fortress with “ Perkin Warbeck," 
 the name given to a young man who had presented himself before 
 the nation a few years after Henry’s accession. He bore a striking 
 resemblance to Edward IY. Highly accomplished and of princely 
 bearing, he announced himself to be Richard Duke of York, the 
 vounger of the royal princes supposed to have been murdered by 
 kichard III. His claims were favored by the Kings of Scotland 
 and France. Henry committed him to the Tower, and caused 
 him to be hung at Tyburn. His whole history is enveloped in 
 mystery. Henry VIXI.’s reign may be divided into three periods — 
 The 1st. includes the twenty years of his union with Katherine of 
 Arragon, and the ascendency over him of the Romish party. 
 Rome was then at the zenith of its persecuting spirit. Cardinal 
 Wolsey and Sir Thomas More who both drank into this deeply, 
 influenced Henry ; and the cells of the Tower were filled with 
 those convicted of heresy — the epithet which it is so easy for error 
 to apply to truth. 2. Henry’s passion for the Lady Anne Boleyn 
 changed the current of royal opinions ; and we see the monarch 
 espousing the cause of the Reformation during the ten succeeding 
 years of Thomas Cromwell’s power. The Tower dungeons were 
 again filled ; but principally with those who withstood Henry’s 
 claim to be head of the church. The most illustrious of these 
 was the gifted, the excellent, the beloved, and brilliant Sir Thomas 
 More, Lord Chancellor — and the venerable Fisher, Bishop of 
 Rochester, whose imprisonment at the advanced age of eighty 
 seems to have been very rigorous. He wrote to the secretary, 
 Lord Cromwell — “ I have neither shirt nor sute to wear but that 
 bee ragged and rent so shamefully ; my dyett also, God knoweth, 
 how slender it is at meny tymes.” The tragical fate of Queen 
 Anne Boleyn will be found at page 43. She died 1536. 
 
 3. The Romish party regained an influence over Henry’s mind 
 when the capricious monarch withdrew his favor from Cromwell. 
 The Lady Katherine Howard, a niece of the powerful Duke of 
 Norfolk had, inspired the monarch with an extreme passion. 
 This unfortunate young lady was brought up by her grandmother, 
 tne old Duchess of Norfolk. A young and lovely creature, left 
 in the princely old mansion without companions suited to her 
 exalted rank, Katherine was ruined in early youth by association 
 with the unworthy dependents of the family. When afterwards 
 introduced at court, Henry was fascinated by her maidenly and 
 winning manners. Her portrait by Holbein, at Windsor, represents 
 her as a fair girl with ruby lips and bright blue eyes. Marillac, 
 the French ambassador, writing to the King of France, describes 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TO WEE. 
 
 37 
 
 her as “ a young lady of moderate beauty, but of most sweet and 
 sprightly manners ” He mentions Henry’s devotion to her. She 
 wore round her arms the motto — “No other will but his.” But 
 no sooner was the unhappy Katherine exalted to be Queen, than 
 the accomplishes of her former ruin seemed to hover around her 
 like evil spirits. The opposite faction caught rumours of the 
 sad truth of the errors of her childhood (for she was but fourteen 
 when Derham boasted that she was his wife). Many terrible 
 accusations were made against Katherine since she had been Queen. 
 She was arraigned for high treason, and brought to the scaffold 
 in 1542. She died aged 20, acknowledging her early error, but 
 maintaining, till death, her innocence of the other charges. The 
 oidy proofs offered of her guilt, seem to be the confessions of 
 those under the influence of torture on the rack. 
 
 Two years before, the gifted Cromwell had perished on Tower 
 Hill. His father was a blacksmith. Spurning this humble em- 
 ployment, he travelled to Borne ; became Cardinal Wolsey’s 
 steward, then his secretary, and a member of parliament. Intro- 
 duced to Henry, whose discernment made him appreciate his 
 exalted talents, he was speedily raised to the highest offices in the 
 kingdom, lie was a zealous friend of the Reformation ; caprice 
 and the rising influence of an opposing party, made Cromwell’s 
 fall more rapid than his rise. He was seized in the council 
 1 chamber of Westminster on some frivolous charge of treason, 
 committed to the Tower, and beheaded on Tower Hill in the 
 summer of 1540. 
 
 After his death, no one remained who had power to stem the 
 torrent of persecution of the Reformers as Cromwell ever did. 
 The Tower dungeons were, during the remainder of Henry’s reign, 
 filled with learned divines holding reforming views. In 1546, 
 Anne Askew, a lady of cultivated mind and good family was tor- 
 tured in the Tower and burnt at Smithfieid, for having denied, in 
 conversation, the doctrine of transubstantiation. The last of 
 Henry’s victims who can be noticed, is Margaret, the Countess of 
 Salisbury, the sister of the Earl of Warwick, and daughter of 
 Edward IY.’s brother, the murdered Clarence. This now vener- 
 able lady was the mother of Cardinal Pole. Her crime seems to 
 have been her royal blood. When brought to the scaffold on the 
 green before the chapel, she refused to lay her head on the block. 
 “ So do traitors use to do, and I am no traitor.” A terrible scene 
 ensued, which ended by the headsman dragging the Countess by 
 her grey hair to the block. So perished the last of the Planta- 
 genets of whole blood ! 
 
 The reign of Edward VI. witnessed the death on the scaffold 
 of two of the young king’s maternal uncles, Lord Thomas and 
 Lord Edward Seymour, through the machinations of Dudley, 
 afterwards Duke of Northumberland. Lord Edward Seymour, 
 the Protector, gained the name of the “good Duke of Somerset/ 
 Somerset House was erected by him. 
 
 E 
 
38 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 Dudley was the son of Henry VH.’s unpopular minister, the 
 lawyer of that name. His insatiable ambition sought to place the 
 wife of his son, Lord Guildford Dudley on the throne, after the 
 death of Edward VI. 1553. The piety, the excellencies, and 
 beauty of Lady Jane Grey have made her the object of the vener- 
 ation of all parties. She was the great granddaughter of Henry 
 VII. through the Suffolk family, and her claim to the throne was 
 founded on a law which Northumberland had induced Edward VL 
 to make, which set aside .the rights of the Princesses Mary and 
 Elizabeth. Mary, on her accession, sentenced the youthful pair 
 to be beheaded ; Lady Jane on the Green — Lord Guildford on 
 Tower Hill. The proposed marriage of Queen Mary to Philip, 
 King of Spain, gave rise to the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt, 
 which brought many captives to the Tower (those who have left 
 autographs in Queen Elizabeth’s Armoury amongst them). The 
 Princess Elizabeth herself was suspected by Mary of being in 
 correspondence with Sir Thomas, and was committed to the Tower, 
 where she was treated with considerable rigor. Mary even forbade 
 the visits of some little children who delighted in bringing the 
 captive princess flowers. Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer were all 
 imprisoned in the Tower before their martyrdom at Oxford ; and 
 the dungeons were filled with those who suffered for the faith. 
 Elizabeth’s accession in 1558 was hailed by the nation with joy. 
 The most remarkable prisoners during her reign are mentioned 
 in the accounts of the Beauchamp and Devereux Towers. 
 
 The 5th. period. — The Stuarts. The Tudor race becoming 
 extinct at the close of Elizabeth’s brilliant career, the Stuart* 
 succeeded to the throne, but this line of kings was never in sym- 
 pathy with the genius of the nation. 
 
 The convulsions into which society was thrown by the country’s 
 efforts to free itself from a yoke to which it could not bend, 
 brought many captives to the Tower ; hut at length the ungenial 
 rule was rejected, and James II. left England’s throne to the 
 possession of his gifted son-in-law, William, Prince of Orange. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh claims our first notice in James I. reign. 
 He was committed to the Tower, on suspicion of his being impli- 
 cated in a plot to place on the throne of England the Lady Ara- 
 bella Stuart, the niece of Mary, Queen of Scots. This lady was 
 imprisoned for presuming to marry ; made her escape with her 
 husband, was re-captured in Calais roads, and died in 1616 in 
 the Tower, her reason having given way under the pressure ol 
 trial. Sir Walter Raleigh was released from a twelve years cap- 
 tivity the year of her death ; he was sent to Guiana, in South 
 America, to search for gold mines; but, failing in this, was on hia 
 return remanded to the Tower, and beheaded 1618 ; it is said, to 
 please his enemies the Spaniards, whose favor was sought by 
 James, his son Prince Charles being about to be united to- the 
 Infanta of Spain. Sir Walter’s prowess had too often defeated 
 the Spaniards for them not to rejoice in his ruin. His talents, as a 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 39 
 
 warrior, a statesman and an author, were great. Amongst the 
 victims brought to the Tower by the long struggle between Charles 
 and his parliament, we can only mention the eminent statesman 
 Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, who was sacrificed in the 
 endeavour to stem the torrent of popular opinion, which was 
 rushing towards revolution; and who was beheaded to the intense 
 grief of his sovereign, 1641: also Archbishop Laud, who was 
 charged with aiding Charles in his unconstitutional measures; 
 with preaching that the king’s prerogative was above all law ! arid 
 with seeking to introduce popery again into the established Church. 
 The aged prelate died on the scaffold in 1644. During the Pro- 
 tectorate of Cromwell, the Tower was crowded with persons sus- 
 pected of favoring the cause of Charles II ; and after his resto- 
 ration, many who had been concerned in the death of Charles I. 
 suffered imprisonment and death. In James II.’s reign, the Duke 
 of Monmouth was induced by the prevailing disaffection, to lay 
 a claim to the throne, which he founded on the plea of the validity 
 of his mother’s marriage to his father, Charles II. After being 
 defeated at the battle of Sedgemoor, 1685, he was captured and 
 brought to the Tower. One fortnight after, he was beheaded on 
 Tower Hill. Seven bishops were imprisoned during this reign in 
 the Tower, for opposing James II.’s attempt to restore popery in 
 England. The Judge Jefferies, the notorious abettor of that 
 king’s tyranny, on the abdication of his master, was brought to the 
 Tower, and ended his life there in captivity. 
 
 Two more convulsive efforts were made by the rejected race in 
 1715, and in 1745, when that unhappy family made their expiring 
 effort to recover the forfeited kingdom. This last struggle once 
 more stained Tower Hill with blood. As Sir Simon Burley’s was 
 the first, so let us trust that the names of Balmerino, of Kilmar- 
 nock, and of Lovat will he the last recorded as having perished 
 on that sad spot. These three Scotch lords were beheaded on 
 Tower Hill, in 1746, for favoring the pretensions of the Prince 
 Charles Edward, grandson of James II. 
 
 St. Peter’s Chapel. 
 
 The records of the prisoners will appropriately close 
 with a notice of the spot where the bodies of so many 
 of them, are even now mouldering in the dust. The 
 present chapel was erected in the reign of Edward 1, 1272, 
 on the site of a much handsomer church built by Henrv L, 
 1100. The present is a plain stone building, consisting 
 of a nave and one side aisle. It is devoid of ornament, 
 but the simple structure contains that which awakens 
 thoughts of deep and solemn interest. Here rests in 
 peace the revered and beloved Lady Jane; and with her, 
 many less exalted, but, perhaps, not less worthy martyrs. 
 
40 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER 
 
 Here the dust of a Northumberland and a Norfolk instruct, 
 us that grasping ambition often only raises itself on the 
 loftiest pinnacle to experience the deeper fall. Here, 
 Thomas Cromwell, the noble Earl of Surrey, the good 
 Duke of Somerset, the brilliant Devereux, Earl of Essex ; 
 the place where once lay the body of Sir Thomas More, 
 combine to teach that the loftiest talents, the most exalted 
 virtues are no security against the loss of fame, of liberty, 
 and life. And the once lovely queens who also moulder 
 within these vaults, repeat the same warning respecting 
 woman’s beauty and most attractive grace. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 Cfje Sfeta tt a 
 
 Since it is from the past that this venerable pile derives 
 its peculiar attraction, the slightest sketch would be de 
 fective if it failed to point out the spot where once stood 
 this royal residence of our kings, who all, up to the time 
 of Charles II., occasionally held their court in the Tower 
 The numerous halls, galleries, and gardens of the palace, 
 occupied the space (marked in the plan by a dotted line) 
 between the south-west corner of the White Tower, the 
 Hall or Record Tower, the Salt Tower, and the Broad 
 Arrow Tower. A grand suite of apartments, appropriated 
 to our queens, extended from the Lan thorn Tower to the 
 south-east angle of the White Tower ; and, in the vicinity 
 of the Record Tower, hence called the Hall Tower, was a 
 magnificent hall. Henry III. demanded forty fir-trees 
 to repair it, and it was the scene of magnificent wedding 
 festivities on the occasion of his marriage to Eleanor of 
 Provence. This monarch bestowed much care and expense 
 on this and other apartments in the palace ; indeed, the 
 whole fortress was indebted to him for much of the splen- 
 dour and importance it possessed in early ages. He caused 
 one of the palace halls to be painted with the story of 
 Antiochus. The Chapel Royal, also in the White Tower, 
 was the object of his attention, and was the scene of many 
 a pompous religious ceremonial in this reign. Edward III 
 often held his court in the Tower ; and that most noble of 
 knights* Edward the Black Prince, having captured John 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 41 
 
 King of France at Poitiers, 1356, the royal prisoner enter- 
 tained Edward III. and all his court in the great hall of 
 the Palace. A scene* worthy of that age of chivalry! 
 
 The ancient chronicles of the kingdom bear ample wit- 
 ness to *the gorgeous magnificence of the scenes which 
 occasionally gilded the Tower’s gloomy walls. But there 
 is a peculiar sadness in their glittering splendour, for each 
 has a background of coming woe ! 
 
 July 16th, 1377, saw the youthful Bichard II., in the 
 innocence of early age, issuing from these palace gates 
 splendidly apparelled in white robes, and surrounded by a 
 brilliant retinue of nobles. He was on his way to West- 
 minster Abbey, to receive a crown which, after twenty 
 troubled years, he was to acknowledge himself unable to 
 retain, and which he was to resign into the hands of an 
 usurping cousin in this very palace ; and then to await in 
 his dungeon a violent death ! 
 
 In the year 1390, Kichard invited the chivalry of Europe 
 to be present at a grand tournament, at which an old 
 author states “ there issued from the Tower sixty knights 
 on coursers apparelled for the jousts, and sixty ladies of 
 honor richly apparelled and mounted on fair palfreys, each 
 leading an esquire by a silver chain,” but the pageant 
 passed, and Bichard went onward towards his gloomy fate ! 
 
 Gay tournaments were given from time to time in the 
 Tower, and doubtless many of the suits of armour we 
 shall look upon this day in the Horse Armoury, have for- 
 merly shone in the lists, when the Tower has been filled 
 with the nobility, the chivalry, and the beauty of England. 
 Henry VII. held a magnificent tournament in the Tower 
 in 1501, on Prince Arthur’s marriage. 
 
 In 1487 the palace was graced with the presence of the 
 beautiful Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV., and 
 queen of Henry VII. On her coronation day she passed 
 from the Tower on her way to Westminster, arrayed in 
 white cloth of gold, her fair hair hanging down her back, 
 and her head adorned with a circlet of gold richly adorned 
 with gems. Sixteen years after, another procession passed 
 from the Tower in honor of Elizabeth — but her wedding 
 garments were exchanged for a shroud. The birth of hei’ 
 little daughter Catharine had proved fatal to her, and the 
 only honors she could now receive were funereal. Elizabeth 
 lay in state twelve days in the royal chapel within the 
 
 b 3 
 
42 
 
 SKETCHES OB' THE TOWER 
 
 White Tower, where the ladies of the court and the men-at- 
 arms kept mournful watch through those dreary November 
 nights. According to the custom of the age, that beautiful 
 structure was made what the French call a chapel “ardente” 
 — that is to say, the windows and arches were lined with 
 rows of lights, whilst in the choir stood an illuminated 
 hearse containing the royal corpse. 
 
 The unparallelled magnificence of the reception which 
 Henry VIII. gave to all his queens in these regal halls 
 previous to their nuptials, and the brilliancy of their coro- 
 nation processions, seem a cruel mockery when we remem- 
 ber their subsequent fate. 
 
 The river Thames was a scene of unprecedented pomp 
 on the 29th of May 1533, when Henry VIII. received the 
 beautiful Lady Anne Boleyn at the postern of the Tower. 
 The Lord Mayor and his civic train, arrayed in scarlet, 
 with large gold chains round their necks, had escorted 
 her in their gay barges from Greenwich ; and she landed 
 “ amidst the great melody of trumpets and divers instru- 
 ments and a mighty peal of guns.” Next day she pro- 
 ceeded from the Tower with ‘all the pomp of heraldry and 
 pride of power’ to Westminster, arrayed in silver tissue 
 and a mantle of the same lined with ermine : her dark 
 tresses flowing down her shoulders, and her head encircled 
 with precious rubies. “Queen Anne Boleyn was tall and 
 slender, her face was oval, her hair black, her complexion 
 rather pale, her features and figure symmetrical — beauty 
 and sprightliness sat on her lips, and in readiness of wit 
 she was unsurpassed.” 
 
 Thus all was bright to Queen Anne in 1533. How was 
 it with her in May, 1536 ? On the 1st day of that month 
 a splendid tournament was held at Greenwich, at which 
 the king and queen were present. Henry abruptly quitted 
 the gay scene, and the following day, whilst Anne was 
 dining, officers arrived with a warrant to commit her to 
 the Tower. The gates of the palace in the gloomy for- 
 tress once more opened to receive Queen Anne ; but, her 
 glory had departed — she came attended by her jailers ; 
 her fair fame foully aspersed, to. await in captivity the 
 fearful scene which in a few days was to cut her off from 
 all that she held most dear. She inhabited the same 
 royal apartments, the queen’s lodgings, which were the 
 seszi i her triumph before her coronation The bright 
 
SKETCHES OF THE TOWEK. 
 
 43 
 
 past must have thrown into fearful contrast the gloom of 
 die present. Anne was not allowed to see the king after 
 he quitted her at Greenwich. She was arraigned before 
 her Uncle the Duke of Norfolk in the great hall of the 
 Palace, charged with unfaithfulness to Henry. She mani- 
 fested much dignity and composure in the presence of her 
 judges. They pronounced her guilty ! She heard her 
 sentence with a serene countenance, and lifting up her 
 hands and eyes to Heaven she exclaimed, — “0 ! Father ! 
 O, Creator ! Thou who art the way, the truth, and the life ! 
 Thou knowest I have not deserved this death.” On the 
 19th of May, a mournful procession passed over the Tower 
 Green — Anne was on her way to the scaffold. She was 
 attended by two or three of her faithful maidens, and her 
 attire was black. Those who were eye witnesses of the 
 scene, record that her beauty on that day was mournfully 
 brilliant. After addressing a few calm words to those 
 around, she laid her head upon the fatal block, which the 
 executioner severed from her body with one stroke of his 
 sword. She was thrust into an old chest, and was imme- 
 diately placed in the vaults of the chapel, in front of which 
 the scaffold was erected. Thus closed the brilliant career 
 of Anne Bolevn ! 
 
 The royal residence in the Tower, is brought again into 
 equally mournful but less painful interest, in 1553, by the 
 ten days reign and subsequent martyrdom of the Lady 
 Jane Grey 
 
 Fuller affirms that she had “the innocence of childhood, 
 the beauty of youth, the solidity of middle, the gravity of 
 old age, the learning of a clerk, and the life of a saint, ah 
 at eighteen.” She was the great grandaughter of Henry 
 VII., and she fell a victim to the rapacious ambition of 
 her husband’s father, the Duke of Northumberland, the 
 son of the lawyer Dudley, who was a chief instrument 
 of the oppressions by which Henry VII. filled his coffers. 
 Queen Mary had resolved to spare her lovely cousin’s life ; 
 but the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt, in which they were 
 judged to have taken part, led Mary to doom the youthful 
 couple to a violent death. Lady Jane’s husband, Lord 
 Guildford Dudley, was executed on Tower Hill, and the 
 same day the saint-like Jane entered into rest. 
 
 Queen Mary, accompanied by the Princess Elizabeth, 
 made a grand entrance into the Tower after the defeat of 
 
u 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE TOWER. 
 
 the Dudleys, and held her court there, both before and 
 alter her coronation. Queen Elizabeth’s accession to the 
 throne was hailed by the nation with great delight, which 
 expressed itself in the magnificent display made in her 
 progress from the Tower to Westminster. The queen did 
 nat ever afterwards reside in the Tower. King James 1. 
 occasionally held his court there. At the coronation of 
 Charles II. the ancient custom of proceeding in state from 
 the Tower to Westminster was observed for the last time. 
 But at least it departed in splendour. The taste and 
 magnificence displayed, surpassing even the former gor 
 geous spectacles. A contemporary writes— 44 it is in vain 
 to attempt to describe the ceremony, so far from being 
 utter able, it was almost inconceivable .” From the time of 
 Charles II. may be dated the decay of the Tower as a 
 royal palace. Happily it was no longer needful for 
 Britain’s beloved sovereigns to retreat for safety within the 
 walls of a fortress ! 
 
 €fj£ Higalia. 
 
 The Crown Jewels, it appears from the ancient records, were first 
 kept in the Tower of London in the reign of Henry III., 1216 — 54. 
 After the restoration of Charles II. they were removed from a 
 building near the White Tower, to the Martin, thenceforth called 
 the Jewel Tower. In 1842, the new Jewel House, in which they 
 are now exhibited, was completed for their reception. 
 
 Jewels require the concomitants of royalty, of beauty, and of 
 grandeur, with which they are ever associated in our thoughts, to 
 be seen in all their lustre. Still the splendour of this magnificient 
 display of gems will strike the visitor, even in the simple apart- 
 ment in which they are preserved. 
 
 During the confusion which prevailed after the death of King 
 diaries I., all the royal ornaments and the portion of the Regalia 
 which were kept in Westminster Abbey, were scattered and sold. 
 Amongst these, were the ancient crown of St. Edward, an orb, and 
 some sceptres. It was decided after the restoration, to appoint a 
 committee to direct the re-making of these portions of the Regalia. 
 The old names and fashions were retained. 
 
 THE COLLECTION IS SURMOUNTED BY 
 
 1. The Crown of our own beloved Sovereign, Her Majesty, Queen 
 Victoria. The cap of purple velvet is enclosed in hoops of silver, 
 surmounted by a ball and cross, all of which are resplendent with 
 diamonds. In the centre of the cross is the “inestimable sapphire;” 
 and in front of the crown, is the heart-shaped ruby, said to have 
 been worn by the Black Prince. 
 
SKETCHES OK THE TOWER. 
 
 45 
 
 2. St. Edward’s Crown. The form is familiar to us as that 
 which is represented in the royal arms and on the coin of the 
 realm. This crown is made of gold, and is embellished with 
 diamonds, rubies, emeralds, pearls and sapphires. 
 
 3. The Prince of Wales’ Crown is formed of pure gold, un- 
 adorned with jewels. It is placed before the Seat in the House 
 of Lords which is occupied by the heir apparent. 
 
 4. The Ancient Queen’s Crown is used at coronations for the 
 Queen Consort. 
 
 5. The Queen’s Diadem. This was made for the consort of 
 James II., Marie D’Estc. It is richly adorned with large diamonds 
 and pearls. 
 
 1. St. Edward’s Staff. Is 6f beaten gold, 4 feet 7 inches in 
 length . It is surmounted by an orb, said to contain a portion of 
 the true cross. It is carried before the king or queen at the 
 coronation. 
 
 2. The Royal Sceptre, or Sceptre with the Cross, is placed in the 
 right hand of the sovereign at the coronation by the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury. Formed of gold, the pommel and cross are 
 adorned with jewels. 
 
 3. The Rod of Equity, or Sceptre with the Dove, is placed in 
 the left hand of the sovereign at the coronation. It is of gold, sur- 
 mounted by an orb, on which is the figure of a dove with expanded 
 wings. It is ornamented with diamonds. 
 
 4. The Queen’s Sceptre is smaller than the former, but of rich 
 workmanship, and adorned with precious stones. 
 
 5. The Ivory Sceptre was made for James H.’s queen, Marie 
 D’Este. The tradition that it was the sceptre of Anne Boleyn, is 
 without foundation. 
 
 6. Another richly wrought golden sceptre, supposed to have 
 been made for Mary, Queen of William III. 
 
 IN ADDITION TO THESE CROWNS AND SCEPTRES, ARE 
 
 1. The Curtana, or pointless Sword of Mercy. 
 
 2 & 3. The Swords of Justice, temporal and ecclesiastical. 
 
 These are borne before the sovereign at coronations. 
 
 The Coronation Bracelets and Spurs, the Anointing Vessel and 
 Spoon, all used at the coronation. This spoon is supposed to be 
 the sole relic of the ancient Regalia. The golden salt cellar is of 
 beautiful workmanship. It is called a model of the White Tower. 
 
 A Baptismal Font, used at the christening of the royal children ; 
 various dishes, spoons and other articles of gold, used at the coro- 
 nation ; and a beautiful service of Sacramental Plate used at the 
 same august ceremony 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Armour, Body, List of 
 
 Greek, very rare and ancient ... 
 
 Hempen, from South Seas 
 
 Indian ... 
 
 Japanese... 
 
 Piate, collection of all ages on Northern platform 
 
 Saracenic ... ... 
 
 Armoury, Horse, description of 
 
 Queen Elizabeth’s, description of ... 
 
 Arms, Celts and ancient British arms in glass cases ... 
 
 Oriental, collection of, in horizontal cases 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Arundel, T. Howard, Earl of, interesting autograph of 
 
 Askew, Anne, tortured and burnt 
 
 Baliol, King of Scotland, imprisoned ... 
 
 cution 
 
 Bows recovered after being 300 years in the ocean ... 
 
 Bruce, David, King of Scotland, imprisoned ... 
 
 Burley, Sir Simon, first victim that bled on Tower Hill 
 
 Charles H. Grand coronation procession 
 
 Cannon outside the Horse Armoury ... 
 
 Chain-Mail, curious ancient suit of, on equestrian figure 
 Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of Edward IV. 
 
 murder 
 
 Cloak on which General Wolfe died, preserved in Tower 
 Cross-bows,group.n£ when introduced into warfare... 
 Cromwell, Henry VTII.’s minister. His rise and fall 
 Crown of Queen Victoria 
 
 Devereux, Earl of Essex, brilliant career and death ... 
 
 Dudley, Henry VII.’s minister 
 
 His son, Duke of Northumberland. Ambition and 
 
 execution 
 
 Lord Guildford. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 18 
 
 ... 
 
 16 
 
 ... 
 
 2 d 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 ... 
 
 ib. 
 
 ... 
 
 29 
 
 .. 
 
 24 
 
 ... 
 
 15 
 
 ... 
 
 25 
 
 ... 
 
 16 
 
 
 24 
 
 ... 
 
 22 
 
 
 8 
 
 , 4 , 
 
 37 
 
 ... 
 
 33 
 
 pies 
 
 39 
 
 sxe- 
 
 ... 
 
 48 
 
 ... 
 
 28 
 
 ... 
 
 33 
 
 ... 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 44 
 
 ... 
 
 14 
 
 
 17 
 
 His 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 23 
 
 ... 
 
 24 
 
 07 
 
 
 0 / 
 
 44 
 
 ... 
 
 3 
 
 ... 
 
 38 
 
 Son of the above. The husband 
 
 of Lady Jane Grey 
 
 Earl of Warwick, brother to the above, Autograph 
 
 in Beauchamp’s Tower 
 Earl of Leicester. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ik 
 
 Another brother. 
 
 Elizabeth’s court 
 
 Favorite in 
 9,-21 
 
INDEX 
 
 47 
 
 Page. 
 
 Edward the Black Prince. Generous conduct to royal cap- 
 tives ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII.’s coronation and 
 
 funeral processions ... 41 
 
 Equestrian figures, description of ... ... ... ... 17 
 
 Fire-arms, five classes of, when invented and by whom ... 28 
 
 valuable old collection of, on North side of Plorse 
 
 Armoury ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 
 
 Fisher, Venerable Bishop, rigors of imprisonment and death 36 
 Grey, Lady Jane, her character, exaltation and execution ... 43 
 
 Halbard, form and etymology ... ... ... ... ... 27 
 
 Hall, great, in palace ... ... ... ... ... ... A) 
 
 Helmets, collection of, in Horse Armoury 30 
 
 Henry IV. Law passed in his reign which filled the Tower 
 
 with captives .. .. .. 3 5 
 
 Henry V. His interview with Lord Cobham ... .. ib. 
 
 Henry VI. His retiring character, imprisonment and mys- 
 terious death ... ... ... ... ... ... 34 
 
 Henry VH. His jealousy of the last of the Plantagenets ... 36 
 
 Henry VIII. Fills the Tower with Romish and Reforming 
 
 captives .. ... . . 37 
 
 Howard, Katharine. Henry’s devotion to her. Her execution ib. 
 James, youthful King of Scotland. Princely education in 
 Tower cells ... ... .-. ... ... ... ... 34* 
 
 Jeffries, James II.’s abettor in persecuting Protestants. A 
 
 captive in the Tower 39 
 
 Jews, Edward III.’s suspicions of them. Many imprisoned 33 
 
 John, King of France, captive in the Tower ... ib. 
 
 Jewels ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 44 
 
 Laud, Venerable Archbishop. His execution ... ... 39 
 
 More, Sir Thomas. His stedfast adhesion to Romish prin- 
 ciples — his execution 36 
 
 Monmouth, Duke of. His execution in reign of James II ... 39 
 
 Partisan, account of ... 27 
 
 Pavoise, how used ... ib. 
 
 Pike, introduction and use ... ... ... ... ... 26 
 
 Records, where preserved ... 6 
 
 Richard II. — Coronation ... 33 
 
 Abdication 34 
 
 Richard III. — His murderous course ... ... ... ... 35 
 
 Richard, Duke of York, 2nd son of Edward IV., supposed 
 
 reappearance ... ... .. 
 
 Scotch Lords. — Last victims who bled on Tower Hill 
 Spears in Queen Elizabeth’s Armory, names and use... 
 
 Indian, formed of metal 
 
 Shields, ancient, in Queen Elizabeth’s Armory t.. 
 
 — Indian . 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 27 
 
 2f> 
 
 27 
 
48 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Shields, with gun m centre, called targets, Henry VIII.’s 
 
 time 27 
 
 Strafford, Earl of, Thomas Wentworth, his execution ... 39 
 
 Tournaments held in Tower ... 41 
 
 Wyckliffe, his followers 35 
 
 Warwick, Earl of, Edward, son of George, Duke of Clarence, 
 a captive for life. His execution ... ... ... ... 36 
 
 Wallace, William, his captivity in Tower dungeons and death 33 
 Wales, its chiefs captives in Tower .. 32 
 
 Barracks, new 
 Beauchamp Tower 
 Bell Tower 
 Bloody Tower 
 
 Bowver Tower 
 
 Brick Tower 
 Broad Arrow Tower 
 By ward Tower ... 
 Constable Tower ... 
 
 Cradle Tower 
 Chapel of St. John 
 Chapel of St. Peter 
 De vereux Tower ... 
 
 Develin Tower 
 
 Flint Tower 
 
 Horse Armoury 
 
 Jewel House, (New) 
 Lieutenant’s Lodgings ... 
 Martin and Jewel Tower 
 Middle Tower 
 Ordnance Office ... 
 
 Becord Tower 
 
 Salt Tower 
 
 St. Thomas Tower 
 
 Traitor’s Gate 
 
 Well Tower ... ... 
 
 White Tower ... ... 
 
 
 ... 13 
 
 ...4—7 
 
 4 
 
 . . . ib. 
 
 5 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 ... 6 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 44 
 
 ib. 
 
 j . 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 G 
 1 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 2 
 
 
WILLIAM STEYENS, 
 
 SHIP AND BOAT MODELLER 
 AND RIGGED, 
 
 23, Trinity-sq. Tower-hill, London, E.C. 
 
 NEAR BARKING CHURCH YARD. 
 
 MODELS OF SHIPS OR BOATS MADE 
 TO SCALE OR ORDER. 
 
 BLOCKS, DEADEYES, STEERWHEELS, 
 FLAGS, FIGUREHEADS, ANCHORS, 
 CANNONS, &c. and every article used in fitting up 
 MODELS OF SHIPS. 
 
 SAILING! MODELS OF CUTTER AND 
 SCHOONER YACHTS. 
 
 WORKING MODELS 
 
 Of Screw and Paddle Scats with Clock 
 Work Motions. 
 
 Models of Ships Cleaned and Repaired. 
 
 Ensigns, Burgees, and Signal Flags, 
 Made to Order.