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 OLIO 
 
 OF 
 
 Isms...01ogies 
 
 AND 
 
 KINDRED MATTER 
 
 DEFINED AND CLASSIFIED 
 
 Compiled by E. S. METCALF. 
 
 CHICAGO : 
 
 L'OraQuetaP. &J. Co. 
 
 1899
 
 Copyright 1899 
 By E. S. Metcalf.
 
 /7l S-<i S-a .^ 
 
 THAT the reader or student may be furnished 
 with a COMPACT and comprehensive view of 
 questions and conclusions around which the intel- 
 lectual lif^ of man ever has and ever will revolve, 
 this little volume of isms, ologies, and kindred matter, 
 gleaned from the most reliable authorities, is pub- 
 lished. It will be admitted that all ideas, whether 
 objective or subjective, are not of equal rank and im- 
 portance ; that the quality, extension, and pivotal 
 character of such are what give superiority or 
 princely rank and value to them, and the terms that 
 stand as their representatives. Mind is as superior 
 to matter as life is to death. That upon which all 
 else depends is readily admitted to be supreme ; 
 hence, subjects for consideration that involve such, 
 pre-eminently outrank all others. We find these 
 bearing the stately names of tsms or ologies. They 
 present themselves to us as gems, or nuggets of gold 
 separated from their alloy. They represent the head 
 — the heart— and the soul of the great dead past, the 
 mighty present, the inevitable and mysterious future. 
 While rushing on through time and space to the 
 great unknown, catching here and there a bit of sun- 
 shine and plenty of shadow, it is believed that the 
 reader will find it both pleasant and profitable to 
 turn, now and then, to this volume and read, reread, 
 and compare with easy reflection the ideas herein 
 defined and classified, and thereby keep easily in 
 touch with the past, and more readily understand and 
 place value on current truths and speculations. 
 
 The matter following the isms and ologies is sub- 
 mitted as aids or worthy associates, and will be found 
 generally as well as specifically useful. 
 
 E. S. Metcalf,
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page, 
 Introduction 3-10 
 
 Doctrinal and Sectarianisms 13-62 
 
 Theoretical and Scientific 63-77 
 
 Civic-isms 78-90 
 
 Miscellany 93-142 
 
 Divinations 143-149
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ORIENTAL, GREEK, AND ROMAN PHILO- 
 SOPHICAL SYSTEMS, B. C. 
 
 At the important era of Christ't appearance in the world, two 
 kinds of Philosophy prevailed among civilized nations. One was 
 the philosophy of the Greeks, adopted also by the Romans ; and 
 the other, that of the Orientals, which had a great number of 
 votaries in Persia, Syria, Chaldea, Egypt, and even among the 
 Jews. The former was distinguished by the simple title oi philos- 
 ophy. The latter was honored by the more pompous appellation 
 o{ science or knowledge ; since those who adhered to the latter sect 
 pretended to be restorers of the knowledge of God, which was lost 
 in the world. The followers of both these systems, in consequence 
 of vehement disputes and dissensions about several points, subdi- 
 vided themselves into a variety of sects. It is, however, to be 
 observed, that all the sects of the Oriental philosophy deduced 
 their various tenets from one fundamental principle, which they 
 held in common ; but the Greeks were much divided about the 
 first principles of science. 
 
 Amongst the Grecian sects there were some who declaimed 
 openly against religion, and denied the immortality of the soul ; 
 and others, who acknowledged a Deity, and a state of future re- 
 wards and punishments. Of the former kind were the Epicureans 
 and Academics ; of the latter, the Platonists and Stoics. The 
 Epicureans derived their name from Epicurus, who was born in 
 the hundred and ninth olympiad, 242 years before Christ. He 
 accounted for the formation of the world in the following manner : 
 A finite number of that infinite multitude of atoms, which, with 
 infinite space, constitutes the universe, falling fortuitously into 
 the region of the world, were, in consequence of their innate 
 motion, collected into one rude and indigested mass. All the 
 various parts of nature were formed by those atoms, which were 
 best fitted to produce them. The fiery particles formed them-
 
 4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 selves into air ; and from those which subsided, the earth was 
 produced. The mind or intellect was formed of particles most 
 subtle in their nature, and capable of the most rapid motion. 
 The world is preserved by the same mechanical causes by which 
 it was framed ; and from the same causes it will at last be dis- 
 solved. 
 
 Epicurus admitted that there were in the universe divine nat- 
 ures. But he asserted that these happy and divine beings did not 
 encumber themselves with the government of the world ; yet, on 
 account of their excellent nature, they are proper objects of rever- 
 ence and worship. 
 
 The science of physics was, in the judgment of Bpicurus, subor- 
 dinate to that of ethics ; and his whole doctrine concerning nature 
 was professedly adapted to rescue men from the dominion of 
 troublesome passions, and lay the foundation of a tranquil and 
 happy life. He taught, that man is to do everything for his own 
 sake ; that he is to make his own happiness his chief end, and do 
 all in his power to secure and preserve it. He considered pleasure 
 as the ultimate good of mankind ; but asserts that he does not 
 mean the pleasures of the luxurious, but principally the freedom 
 of the body from pain, and of the mind from anguish and pertur- 
 bation. The virtue he prescribes is resolved ultimately into our 
 private advantage without regard' to the excellence of its own 
 nature, or of its being commanded by the Supreme Being. 
 
 The followers of Aristotle were another famous Grecian sect. 
 That philosopher was born in the first year of the ninety-ninth 
 olympiad, about 384 years before the birth of Christ. 
 
 Aristotle supposed the universe to have existed from eternity. 
 He admitted, however, the existence of a deity, whom he styled 
 \^i^ first inover^ and whose nature, as explained by him, is some- 
 thing like the principle which gives motion to a machine. It is 
 a nature wholly separated from matter, immutable, and far supe- 
 rior to all other intelligent natures. The celestial sphere, which 
 is the region of his residence, is also immutable ; and residing in 
 his first sphere, he possesses neither immensity nor omnipresence. 
 Happy in the contemplation of himself, he is entirely regardless 
 of human affairs. In producing motion, the deity acts not volun- 
 tarily, but necessarily ; not for the sake of other beings, but for 
 his own pleasure.
 
 INTRODUCTION, 5 
 
 Nothing occurs in the writings of Aristotle which decisively 
 determines whether he supposed the soul of man mortal or im- 
 mortal. 
 
 Respecting ethics, he taught that happiness consisted in the 
 virtuous exercise of the mind, and that virtue consisted in pre- 
 serving that mean in all things which reason and prudence de- 
 scribe. It is the middle path between two extremes, one of which 
 is vicious through excess, the other through defect. 
 
 The Stoics were a sect of heathen philosophers, of which Zeno, 
 who flourished about 350 years before Christ, was the original 
 founder. They received their denomination from a place in 
 which Zeno delivered his lectures, which was a portico at 
 Athens. Their distinguishing tenets were as follows : That God 
 is underived, incorruptible, and eternal ; possessed of intelligence 
 and goodness ; the efficient cause of all the qualities and forms of 
 things ; and the constant preserver and governor of the world. 
 That matter is also underived and eternal, and by the powerful 
 energy of the Deity impressed with motion and form. That 
 though God and matter subsisted from eternity, the present reg- 
 ular frame of nature had a beginning, and will have an end. 
 That the element of fire will at last, by an universal conflagration, 
 reduce the world to its pristine state. That at this period all 
 material forms are lost in one chaotic mass, all animated nature 
 is reunited to the Deit}', and matter returns to its original form. 
 That from this chaotic state, however, it again emerges, by the 
 energy of the efficient principle ; and gods and men, and all 
 forms of regulated nature, are renewed, to be dissolved and re- 
 newed in endless succession. That at the restoration of all things, 
 the race of men will return to life. Some imagined that each in- 
 dividual would return to its former body ; while others supposed 
 that after the revolution of the great year, similar souls would be 
 placed in similar bodies. 
 
 Those among the Stoics who maintained the existence of the 
 soul after death, supposed it to be removed into the celestial 
 regions of the gods, where it remains, till, at the general confla- 
 gration, all souls, both human and divine, shall be absorbed in the 
 Deity. But many imagined, that before they were admitted 
 among the divinities, they must purge away their inherent vices 
 and imperfections by a temporary residence in the aerial regions
 
 6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 between the earth and the moon, or in the moon itself. It was 
 supposed that depraved and ignoble souls are agitated after death 
 in the lower regions of the air till the fiery parts are separated 
 from the grosser, and rise, by their natural levity, to the orbit of 
 the moon, where they are still further purified and refined. 
 
 According to the doctrine of the Stoics, all things are subject to 
 an irresistible and irreversible fatality ; and there is a necessary 
 chain of causes and effects, arising from the action of a power, 
 which is itself a part of the machine it regulates, and which, 
 equally with the machine, is subject to the immutable laws of 
 necessity. 
 
 The moral doctrine of the Stoics depends upon the preceding 
 principles. They make virtue to consist in an acquiescence in 
 the immutable laws of necessity, by which the world is governed. 
 The resignation they prescribe appears to be part of their scheme 
 to raise mankind to that liberty and self-sufi&ciency which it is 
 the great end /of their philosophy to procure. They assert that 
 virtue is its own proper reward, and vice its own punishment ; 
 that all eternal things are, indifferent ; and that a wise man may 
 be- happy in' the midst of tortures. The ultimate design of their 
 philosophy was to divest human nature of all passions and aflfec- 
 tions ; and they make the highest attainments and perfection of 
 virtue to consist in a total apathy and insensibility of human 
 evils. 
 
 The Platonic philosophy is denominated from Plato, who was 
 born in the eighty-seventh olympiad, 426 years before the nativity 
 of Christ. He founded the old academy on the opinions of 
 Heraclitus, Pythagoras, and Socrates ; and by adding the infor- 
 mation he had acquired to their discoveries, he established a sect 
 of' philosophers, who were esteemed more perfect than those who 
 had before appeared in the world. 
 
 The outlines of Plato's philosophical system were as follows : 
 That there is one God, an eternal, immutable, and immaterial 
 being, perfect in wisdom and goodness, omniscient and omnipres- 
 ent. That this all-wise and perfect Being formed the universe 
 out ofa mass of pre-existing matter, to which he gave form and 
 arrangement. That there is in matter a necessary but blind and 
 refractory force which refits the will of the Supreme Artificer, 
 so that he cannot perfectly execute his designs ; and this is the
 
 INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 cause of the mixture of good and evil which is found in the mate- 
 rial world. That the soul of man was derived by emanation from 
 God ; but that this emanation was not immediate, but through 
 the intervention of the soul of the world, which was itself debased 
 by some material admixture. That the relation which the human 
 soul, in its original constitution, bears to matter, is t,he source of 
 moral evil. That when God formed the universe He separated 
 from the soul of the world inferior souls, equal in number to the 
 stars, and assigned to each its proper celestial abode. That these 
 souls were sent down to earth to be imprisoned in mortal bodies ; 
 hence proceed the depravity and misery to which human nature 
 is liable. That the soul is immortal ; and by disengaging itself 
 from all animal passions, and rising above sensible objects to the 
 contemplation of the world of intelligence, it may be prepared to 
 return to its original habitation. That matter never suffered an- 
 nihilation, but that the world will remain forever ; but that by 
 the action of its animating principle accomplishes certain periods, 
 within which every thing returns to its ancient state and place. 
 This periodical revolution of nature is called the Platonic or great 
 year. 
 
 The Platonic system makes the perfection of morality to con- 
 sist in living in conformity to the will of God, the only author of 
 true felicity ; and teaches that our highest good consists in the 
 contemplation and knowledge of the Supreme Being, whom he 
 emphatically styles, the good. The end of this knowledge is to 
 make men resemble the Deity as much as is compatible with 
 human nature. This likeness consists in the possession and 
 Dractice of all the moral virtues. 
 
 A. 
 
 After the death of Plato many of his disciples deviated from his 
 doctrines. His school was then divided into the old, the middle, 
 and the new academy. The old academy strictly adhered to his 
 tenets. The middle academy receded from his system without 
 entirely deserting it. The new academy, founded by Carneades, 
 an Af. ican by birth, almost entirely relinquished the original doc- 
 trines of Plato, and verged toward the sentiments which were 
 taught by the Skeptic philosophy. 
 
 The Skeptic, or Pyrrhonic, sect of philosophers derive their 
 name from Pyrrho, a Grecian philosopher, who flourished at Pel- 
 oponnesus, in the hundred and ninth olympiad. This denomina-
 
 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tion was in little esteem till the time of the Roman emperors ; 
 then it began to increase, and made a considerable figure. 
 
 Every advance which Pyrrho made in the study of philosophy 
 involved him in fresh uncertainty. Hence he left the school of 
 the dogmatists, and established a school of his own on the prin- 
 ciple of universal skepticism. 
 
 On account of the similarity of the opinions of this sect and 
 those of the Platonic school in the middle and new academy, many 
 of the real followers of Pyrrho chose to screen themselves from 
 the reproach of universal skepticism by calling themselves 
 Academics. 
 
 Pyrrho and his followers rather endeavored to demolish every 
 other philosophical structure than to erect one of their own. 
 They asserted nothing, but proposed positions merely by way of 
 enunciation, without deciding on which side, in any disputed 
 question, the truth lay, or even presuming to assert that one 
 proposition was more probable than another. On the subject of 
 morals the Skeptics suspended their judgment concerning the 
 ground of the distinction admitted by the Stoics and others, be- 
 tween the things in their nature good, evil, or indifferent. 
 
 The chief points of difference between the Pyrrhonists and 
 Academics are these : The Academics laid it down as an axiom, 
 that nothing can be known with certainty ; the Pyrrhonists 
 maintained that even this ought not to be positively asserted. 
 The Academics admitted the real existence of good and evil ; the 
 Pyrrhonists suspended their judgment on this point. The Aca- 
 demics, especially the followers of Carneades, allowed different 
 degrees of probability of opinion ; but the Skeptics rejected all 
 speculative conclusions, drawn either from the testimony of the 
 senses or from reasoning ; and concluded that we can have no 
 good ground for affirming or denying any proposition, or embrac- 
 ing any one opinion rather than another. 
 
 The Eclectic philosophy was in a flourishing state at Alexandria 
 when our Saviour was upon earth. Its founders formed the de- 
 sign of selecting from the doctrines of all former philosophers 
 such opinions as seemed to approach nearest the truth, and of 
 combining them into one system. They held Plato in the highest 
 esteem ; but they did not scruple to join with his doctrines what- 
 ever they thought conformable to reason in the tenets of other
 
 INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 philosophers. Potamo, a Platonist, appears to have been the first 
 projector of this plan. The Eclectic system was brought to per- 
 fection by Ammonias Saccas, who blended Christianity with the 
 tenets of philosophy. 
 
 The moral doctrine of the Alexandrian school was as follows: 
 The mind of man, originally a portion of the Divine Being, hav- 
 ing fallen into a state of darkness and defilement by its union 
 with the body, is to be gradually emancipated from the chain of 
 matter, and rise, by contemplation, to the knowledge and vision 
 of God. The end of philosophy, therefore, is the liberation of the 
 soul from its corporeal imprisonment. For this purpose the 
 Eclectic philosophy recommends abstinence, with other voluntary 
 mortifications and religious exercises. 
 
 In the infancy of the Alexandrian school not a few of the pro- 
 fessors of Christianity were led by the pretensions of the Eclectic 
 sect to imagine that a coalition might, with great advantage, be 
 formed between its system and that of Christianity. This union 
 appeared more desirable, as several philosophers of this sect be- 
 came converts to the Christian faith. The consequence was that 
 Pagan ideas and opinions were, by degrees, mixed with pure and 
 simple doctrines of the gospel. 
 
 The Oriental philosophy was popular in several nations at the 
 time of Christ's appearance. Before the commencement of the 
 Christian era it was taught in the East, where it gradually spread 
 through the Alexandrian, Jewish, and Christian schools. 
 
 The Oriental philosophers endeavored to explain the nature 
 and origin of all things by the principle of emanation from an 
 eternal fountain of being. The forming of the leading doctrines 
 of this philosophy into a regular system has been attributed to 
 Zoroaster, an ancient Persian philosopher. He adopted the prin- 
 ciple generally held by the ancients, that from nothing, nothing 
 can be produced. He supposed spirit and matter, light and dark- 
 ness, to be emanations from one eternal source. The active and 
 passive principles he conceived to be perpetually at variance ; the 
 formertending to produce good ; the latter, evil : but that, through 
 the intervention of the Supreme Being, the contest would at last 
 terminate in favor of the good principle. According to Zoroaster, 
 various orders of spiritual beings, gods, or demons, have proceeded 
 from the Deity, which are more or less perfect, as they are at a
 
 10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 greater or less distance in the course of emanation from the eternal 
 fountain of intelligence, among which the human soul is a particle 
 of divine light, which will return to its source and partake of its 
 immortality ; and matter is the last or most distant emanation 
 from the first source of being, which, on account of its distance 
 from the fountain of light, becomes opaque and inert, and whilst 
 it remains in that state, is the cause of evil ; but, being gradually 
 refined, it will at length return to the fountain from whence it 
 flowed. 
 
 Those who professed to believe the Oriental philosophy were 
 divided into three leading sects, which were subdivided into vari- 
 ous factions. Some imagined two eternal principles, from whence 
 air things 'proceeded ; the one presiding over light, the other 
 over matter, and, by their perpetual conflict, explaining the mix- 
 ture of good and evil that appears in the universe. Others main- 
 tained that the being which presided over matter was not an eternal 
 principle, but a subordinate intelligence, one of those whom the 
 Supreme I God produced by himself. They supposed that this 
 being was moved by a sudden impulse to reduce to order the ruJe 
 mass 'of matter which lay excluded from the mansions of the 
 Deity, and also to create the human race. A third sect enter- 
 tained the idea of a triumvirate of beings, in which the Supreme 
 Deity vjdiS, distinguished both from the material evil principle, and 
 from the Creator of this sublunary world. That these divisions 
 did really subsist, is evident from the history of the Christian 
 sects which embraced this philosophy. 
 
 From blending the doctrines of the Oriental philosophy with 
 Christianity, the Gnostic sects, which were so numerous in the 
 first centuries, derive their origin. Other denominations arose, 
 which aimed to unite Judaism with Christianity. Many of the 
 Pagan philosophers, who were converted to the Christian religion, 
 exerted all their art and ingenuity to accommodate the doctrines 
 of the gospel to their own schemes of philosophy. In each age 
 of the church new systems were introduced, till, in process of 
 time, we find the Christian world divided Into a prodigious variety 
 of sentiment.* 
 
 *For the above introduction we are indebted to Miss Hannah Adams' " View 
 of Religions." — Ed.
 
 PART I.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 ISMS. 
 
 An Ism is a theory, or doctrine ; especially, a 
 
 WILD OR visionary THEORY. 
 
 " The world ^rew light-headed, and forth caine a spawn of 
 isms which fw man can number y — Goodrich. 
 
 DOCTRINAL AND SECTARIAN ISMS. 
 
 Agnosticism. 
 That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither 
 asserts nor denies. Specifically: (Theol). The doc- 
 trine that the existence of a personal Deity, an un- 
 seen world, etc., can be neither proved nor disproved, 
 because of the necessary limits of the human mind 
 (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton and Mansel), 
 or because of the insufficiency of the evidence fur- 
 nished by psychical and physical data, to warrant a 
 positive conclusion ( as taught by the school of 
 Herbert Spencer ) ; — opposed alike to dogmatic 
 skepticism — and to dogmatic theism.
 
 14 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Arminian. 
 One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch 
 divine, (b. 1560, d. 1609). 
 The Arminian doctrines are : 
 
 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in oppo- 
 sition to absolute predestination. 
 
 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement 
 was made by Christ for all mankind, though none 
 but believers can be partakers of the benefits. 
 
 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must 
 be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the 
 Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 
 
 4. That man may resist divine grace. 
 
 5. That man may relapse from the state of grace. 
 
 Autotheism. 
 
 1. The doctrine of God's self existence. 
 
 2. Deification of one's self ; self-worship. 
 
 Antinomianism. 
 The tenets or practice of Antinomians : 
 Antinomian : One who maintains that under the 
 Gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or 
 obligation, but that faith alone is necessary to salva- 
 tion. The sect of Antinomians originated with John 
 Agricola, in Germany, about the year 1535.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 15 
 
 Apostasy. 
 
 An abandonment of what one has voluntarily con- 
 fessed ; a total desertion or departure from one's 
 faith, principles, or party ; especially the renuncia- 
 tion of a religious faith ; as Julian's apostasy, from 
 
 Christianity. 
 
 Asceticism. 
 
 The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascet- 
 ics. 
 
 Ascetic : In the early church, one who devoted 
 himself to a solitary and contemplative life, charac- 
 terized by devotion, extreme self-denial, and self- 
 mortification ; a hermit ; a recluse ; hence, one who 
 practices extreme rigor and self-denial in religious 
 
 things. 
 
 Allotheism. 
 
 The worship of strange gods. 
 
 Anabaptism. 
 The doctrine of the Anabaptists. 
 
 In church history, the name Anabaptists, usually 
 designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed 
 the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the 
 Reformation period. 
 
 In modern times the name has been applied to 
 those who do not regard infant baptism as real 
 and valid baptism.
 
 16 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Anglicanism. 
 
 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of 
 the Church of England. 
 
 2. The principles of the Established Church of 
 England ; also, in a restricted sense, the doctrines 
 held by the high church party. 
 
 3. Attachment to England or English institutions. 
 
 Anthropopathism. 
 
 The ascription of human feelings or passions to 
 God, or to a polytheistic deity. 
 
 Augustinianism. 
 
 The doctrines held by Augustine or by the Au- 
 gustinians. 
 
 AuGUSTiNiAN : One of a class of divines, who fol- 
 lowed St. Augustine ; maintain that grace by its 
 nature is effectual absolutely and creatively, not 
 relatively and conditionally. 
 
 Arianism. 
 A denial of the Divinitv of Christ. 
 
 Anathematism. 
 
 A cursing. Anathema : A ban or curse pro- 
 nounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 17 
 
 authority and accompanied by excommunications. 
 Hence : Denunciation of anything as accursed. 
 
 Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by 
 ecclesiastical authority. 
 
 Babism. 
 
 [The title assumed by the founder, Mirza Ali 
 Mohammed.] 
 
 The doctrine of a modern religious sect, which 
 originated in Persia in 1843 5 being a mixture of 
 Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish and Parsee ele- 
 ments. 
 
 Benthamism. 
 
 That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught 
 by Jeremy Bentham ; the doctrine that the morality 
 of actions is estimated and determined by their util- 
 ity ; also, the theory that the sensibility to pleasure 
 and the recoil from pain are the only motives which 
 influence human desires and actions, and that these 
 are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural 
 
 conceptions. 
 
 Baalism. 
 
 Worship of Baal ; idolatry. Baal : The supreme 
 male divinity of the Phoenician and Canaanitish 
 nations.
 
 18 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Brahmanism. 
 The religion of the Brahman. 
 
 Boodh. 
 
 In Eastern Asia, a general name for Divinity. 
 
 Boodhism. 
 
 The religion of the people of Burmah. 
 
 Buddhism. 
 
 The religion based upon the doctrine originally 
 taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, sur- 
 name Buddha, " the awakened or enlightened," in 
 the sixth century, B. C, and adopted as a religion 
 by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and 
 Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. • Buddha's 
 teaching is believed to have been atheistic ; yet, it 
 was characterized by elevated humanity and moral- 
 ity. It presents release from existence [a beatific 
 enfranchisement, Nirvana\ as the greatest good. 
 Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through 
 all phases and forms of life. Their number was 
 estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 19 
 
 Bitheism. 
 
 Relief in the existence of two gods ; dualism. 
 
 Consubstantialism. 
 The doctrine of consubstantiation. 
 
 CONSUBSTANTIATION : 
 
 1. An identity or union of substance. 
 
 2. The actual, substantial presence of the body of 
 Christ with the bread and the wine of the sacrament 
 of the Lord's Supper ; impanation ; opposed to tran- 
 snbstantiatio7i. 
 
 This view, held by Luther himself, was called co7i~ 
 stibstantiation by non-Lutheran writers in contradis- 
 tinction to transubstantiation, the Catholic view. 
 
 Congregationalism. 
 
 1. The system of church organization which vests 
 all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brother- 
 hood of each local church. 
 
 2. The faith and polity of the Congregational 
 churches, taken collectively. 
 
 In this sense (which is its usual signification) Con- 
 gregationalism is the system of faith and practice 
 common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian 
 churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of 
 each church as independent of all dictation in
 
 20 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship 
 and joint action, as in councils for mutual advice, 
 and in consociations, conferences, missionary organi- 
 zations, etc., and to whose membership the designa- 
 tion " Congregationalists " is generally restricted ; 
 but Unitarian and other churches are Congrega- 
 tional in their polity. 
 
 Clericalism. 
 An excessive devotion to the interests of the 
 sacerdotal order ; undue influence of the clergy ; 
 
 sacerdotalism. 
 
 Cenobitism. 
 
 The state of being a cenobite ; a belief or practice 
 of a cenobite. 
 
 Cenobite : One of a religious order, dwelling in 
 a convent, or a community, in opposition to an 
 anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. 
 
 Ceremonialism. 
 Adherence to external rites ; fondness for cere- 
 mony. 
 
 Corporealism. 
 
 A doctrine identical with materialism. 
 
 Cosmotheism. 
 
 The doctrine that the universe is the Supreme 
 God ; a philosophical species of idolatry, leading to 
 Atheism.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 21 
 
 Chiliasm. 
 
 1. The millennium. 
 
 2. The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ 
 on earth during the millennium. 
 
 Chiljast : One who believes in the second com- 
 ing of Christ to reign on earth a thousand years ; 
 a millenarian. 
 
 Calvinism. 
 
 The theological tenets and doctrines of John Calvin 
 (a French theologian and reformer of the sixteenth 
 century) and his followers, or of the so-called Calvin- 
 istic churches. 
 
 The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually 
 termed the five poi?its of Calvinisfn, are, original sin 
 or total depravity, election or predestination, partic- 
 ular redemption, effectual calling, and the persever- 
 ance of the saints. 
 
 It has been subject to many variations and modi- 
 fications in different churches and at various times. 
 
 Druidism. 
 
 The system of religion, philosophy, and instruc- 
 tion, received and taught by the Druids ; the rites 
 and ceremonies of the Druids.
 
 22 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Druid. 
 
 A priest and poet of ancient Britons and of other 
 
 Celtic nations. 
 
 Demonianism. 
 
 The state of being possessed by a demon. 
 
 Demonolatry. 
 The worship of demons or evil spirits. ■ 
 
 Dogmatism. 
 Magisterial assertion. 
 
 Dualism. 
 
 The doctrine of two gods, a good and an evil 
 
 one. 
 
 Ditheism. 
 
 The doctrine of those who maintain the existence 
 
 of two gods or of two original principles ( as in 
 
 Manicheism), one good and one evil ; dualism. 
 
 Deism. 
 
 The doctrine or creed of a deist ; the belief or 
 system of those who acknowledge the existence of 
 one God, but deny revelation. 
 
 Deism is the belief in natural religion only, or 
 those truths, in doctrine and practice, which man is 
 to discover by the light of reason, independent of 
 any revelation from God. Hence, Deism implies
 
 /SAfS AND OLOGIES. 23 
 
 infidelity, or a disbelief in the divine origin of the 
 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Dollardism. 
 
 The doctrines or principles of the Bollards. 
 
 Dollard. 
 
 1. One of a sect of early reformers in Germany. 
 
 2. One of the followers of Wycliff, in England. 
 
 Donatism. 
 The tenets of the Donatists. 
 
 Donatist. 
 A follower of Donatus, the leader of a body of 
 North African schismatics and purists, who greatly 
 disturbed the church in the fourth century. They 
 claimed to be the true church. 
 
 Deinonism. 
 The belief in demons or false gods. 
 
 Denominationalism. 
 A denominational or class spirit or policy ; devo- 
 tion to the interests of a sect or denomination. 
 
 Eunomian. 
 A follower of Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicus (fourth 
 century, A. D.), who held that Christ was not God 
 but a created being, having a nature different from 
 that of the Father.
 
 24 ISMS AND OLOGIES. \ 
 
 Ethnicism. 
 Heathenism — Paganism - Idolatry. 
 
 Euhemerism. 
 
 The theory held by Euhemerus ( a philosopher, 
 about 300 B. C), that the gods of mythology were 
 but deified mortals, and their deeds only the ampli- 
 fication in imagination of human acts. 
 
 Evangelism. 
 Promulgation of the Gospel. 
 
 Exorcism. 
 
 The expulsion of evil spirits from persons or 
 places by certain adjurations and ceremonies. 
 
 Essenism. 
 
 The doctrine or the practices of the Essenes. 
 
 EssENE : One of a sect among the Jews in the 
 
 time of our Saviour, remarkable for their strictness 
 
 and abstinence. 
 
 Eutychianism. 
 
 The doctrine of Eutyches and his followers. 
 
 EuTYCHiAN : A follower of Eutyches (fifth cent- 
 ury), who held that the divine and the human in 
 the person of Christ were so blended together as to 
 constitute but one nature ; a monophysite.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 25 
 
 Establishmentarian. 
 
 One who regards the Church primarily as an es- 
 tablishment formed by the State, and overlooks its 
 intrinsic spiritual character. 
 
 Erastianism. 
 
 The principles of the Erastians. 
 
 Erastian : One of the followers of Thomas Eras- 
 tus, a German physician and theologian of the six- 
 teenth century. He held that the punishment of all 
 offences should be referred to the civil power, and 
 that holy communion was open to all. In the pres- 
 ent day, an Erastian is one who would see the 
 Church placed entirely under the control of the 
 State. 
 
 Esotericism. 
 
 Esoteric doctrine or principles. 
 
 Esoteric : Designed for, and understood by, the 
 specially initiated alone ; not communicated, or not 
 intelligible, to the general body of followers ; pri- 
 vate ; interior ; acroamatic ; said of the private and 
 more recondite instructions and doctrines of philoso- 
 phers. Opposed to exoteric.
 
 26 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Fetichism. 
 
 1. The doctrine or practice of belief in fetiches. 
 
 2. Excessive devotion to one object or one idea ; 
 abject superstition ; blind adoration. 
 
 Fetich : A material object supposed among cer- 
 tain African tribes to represent in such a way, or to 
 be so connected with, a supernatural being, that the . 
 possession of it gives to the possessor power to 
 control that being. 
 
 Formalism. 
 
 « 
 
 The practice or the doctrine of strict adherence 
 to, or dependence on, external forms, especially in 
 matters of religion. 
 
 Familism. 
 
 « 
 
 The tenets of the Familists. 
 
 Familist : One of a fanatical Antinomian sect 
 originating in Holland, and existing in England 
 about 1580, called the Family of Love, who held that 
 religion consists wholly in love. 
 
 Fanaticism. 
 
 Excessive enthusiasm, unreasoning zeal, or wild 
 and extravagant notions, on any subject, especially 
 religion ; religious frenzy.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 27 
 
 Fatalism. 
 The doctrine that all things are subject to fate, or 
 that they take place by inevitable necessity. 
 
 Gallicanism. 
 The principles, tendencies or action of those, 
 within the Roman Catholic Church in France, who 
 (especially in 1682) sought to restrict the papal 
 authority in that country and increase the power of 
 the national church. 
 
 Genevanism. 
 Strict Calvinism. 
 
 Gnosticism. 
 
 The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics. 
 
 Gnostic : One of the so-called philosophers in 
 the first ages of Christianity, who claimed a true 
 philosophical interpretation of the Christian religion. 
 Their system combined Oriental theology and Greek 
 philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. They 
 held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual and 
 material, are derived from the Deity by successive 
 emanations, which they call Eo?is. 
 
 Henotheism. 
 That form of primitive religion in which each of 
 several divinities is regarded as independent, and
 
 28 IS3IS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 is prayed to and worshiped without reference to the 
 
 rest. 
 
 Hierarchism. 
 
 The principles or authority of an hierarchy. 
 
 Hierarchy : 
 
 1. Dominion or authority in sacred things. 
 
 2. A body of officials disposed organically in 
 ranks and orders, each subordinate to the one above 
 it ; a bodv of ecclesiastical rulers. 
 
 3. A form of government administered in the 
 church by patriarchs, .metropolitans, archbishops, 
 bishops and, in an inferior degree, by priests. 
 
 Humanitarianism. 
 
 1. The distinctive tenet of the humanitarians in 
 denying the divinity of Christ ; also, the whole sys- 
 tem of doctrine based upon this view of Christ. 
 
 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that man's obligations 
 
 are limited to, and dependent alone upon, man and 
 
 the human relations. 
 
 Hylism. 
 
 A theory which regards matter as the original 
 
 principle of evil. 
 
 Hylopathism. 
 
 The doctrine that matter is sentient ; that it pos- 
 sesses a species of life and sensation, or that matter 
 and life are inseparable.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 20 
 
 Hylotheism. 
 
 The doctrine or belief that matter is God, or there 
 is no God except matter and the universe ; panthe- 
 ism. 
 
 Idealism. 
 
 The system or theory that denies the existence of 
 material bodies, and teaches that we have no rational 
 grounds to believe in the reality of anything but 
 ideas and their relations. 
 
 Ideal : Intellectual ; mental ; visionary ; fanciful ; 
 imaginary ; unreal ; impracticable ; Utopian. 
 
 Immaterialism. 
 
 1. The doctrine that immaterial substances or 
 spiritual beings exist, or are possible. 
 
 2. The doctrine that external bodies may be re- 
 duced to mind and ideas in a mind ; any doctrine 
 opposed to materialism or phenomenalism ; espe- 
 cially, a system that maintains the immateriality of 
 
 the soul. 
 
 Identism. 
 
 The doctrine taught by Schelling, that matter and 
 mind, and subject and object, are identical in the 
 Absolute ; — called also the System or doctrine of 
 identity.
 
 30 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Infralapsarianism. 
 
 The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Infralap- 
 sarians. 
 
 Infralapsarian : One of that class of Calvinists 
 who consider the decree of election as contem- 
 plating the apostasy as past and the elect as be- 
 ing at the time of election in a fallen and guilty 
 state ; opposed to Sitpralapsarian. The former con- 
 sidered the election of grace as a remedy for an ex- 
 isting evil ; the latter regarded the fall as a part of 
 God's original purpose in regard to men. (Eccl. 
 
 Hist.) 
 
 Anthropomorphism. 
 
 1. The representation of the Deity, or of a poly- 
 theistic Deity, under a human form, or with human 
 attributes and affections. 
 
 2. The ascription of human characteristics to 
 
 things not human. 
 
 Jesuitism. 
 
 1. The principles and practices of the Jesuits. 
 
 2. Designing; cunning; deceitful; crafty. 
 
 Jesuit : One of a religious order founded by Igna- 
 tius Loyola, and approved in 1540 under the title 
 of The Society of Jesus. The society was first 
 established in the United States in 1807. The so-
 
 /SMS AND O LOG IBS. 31 
 
 ciety is governed by a general, who holds office for 
 life. The Society is an adjunct of the Roman Cath- 
 olic Church, and subject to the orders of the Pope. 
 
 Jansenism. 
 
 The doctrine of Jansen regarding free-will and 
 divine grace. 
 
 Jansenist : A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a 
 Roman Catholic Bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in 
 the seventeenth century, who taught certain doc- 
 trines denying free-will and the possibility of resist- 
 ing divine grace. 
 
 Karaism. 
 
 The doctrines of the Karaites. 
 
 Karaites : A sect of Jews who adhere closely 
 to the letter of the Scriptures, rejecting the oral 
 law, and allowing the Talmud no binding authority ; 
 opposed to the Rabbinists. 
 
 Lutheranism. 
 
 The doctrines taught by Luther or held by the 
 
 Lutheran church ; opposed to evils in the Catholic 
 
 Church. 
 
 Latitudinarianism. 
 
 A latitudinarian system or condition ; freedom of 
 opinion in matters pertaining to religious belief.
 
 ?,2 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Labadist. 
 
 A follower of Jean de Labadie, a religious teacher 
 
 of the seventeenth century, who left the Roman 
 
 Catholic Church and taught a kind of mysticism, 
 
 and the obligation of community of property 
 
 among Christians. 
 
 Lamaism. 
 
 A modified form of Buddhism, which prevails in 
 
 Thibet, Mongolia, and some adjacent parts of Asia ; 
 
 so called from the name of its priests. 
 
 Magianism. 
 
 The doctrine of the Magi, who held to two prin- 
 ciples, one good, the other evil. 
 
 Magi : A sect of Persian philosophers. A caste 
 of priests, philosophers and magicians, among the 
 ancient Persians ; hence, any holy men or sages of 
 the East. An adherent of the Zoroastrian religion. 
 
 Manicheism. 
 
 A doctrine identical with that of the Magi, held 
 by the Manichees. 
 
 Materialism. 
 
 The doctrine held by Materialists. 
 
 Materialist : One who denies the existence of 
 spiritual substances, and maintains that the soul"
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 33 
 
 of man is the result of a particular organization of 
 matter in the body. 
 
 Metempsychosis. 
 
 The pretended passage of the soul into another 
 
 body. The pretended passage of the soul, as an 
 
 immortal essence, at the death of the animal body, 
 
 it had inhabited, into another living body, whether 
 
 of a brute or a human being ; transmigration of 
 
 souls. 
 
 Mohammedanism. 
 
 The religion or doctrine and precepts of Moham- 
 med, the Arabian impostor, contained in the Koran ; 
 
 Islamism. 
 
 Monasticism. 
 
 The monastic life, system, or condition, in a house 
 
 of religious retirement, or seclusion from ordinary 
 
 temporal concerns. 
 
 Monothelite. 
 
 One who holds that Christ had one will only. 
 
 Monotheism. 
 The doctrine or belief that there is but one God. 
 
 Montanist. 
 A follower of Montanus, a Phrygian enthusiast of 
 the second century, who claimed that the Holy
 
 34 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Spirit, the Paraclete, dwelt in him, and employed 
 him as an instrument for purifying and guiding men 
 in the Christian life. 
 
 Mysticism. 
 
 1. Obscurity of doctrine. 
 
 2. The Doctrine of the Mystics, who professed a 
 pure, sublime, and wholly disinterested devotion, and 
 maintained that they had direct intercourse with the 
 divine Spirit, and acquired a knowledge of God and 
 of spiritual things unattainable by the natural intel- 
 lect, and such as cannot be analyzed or explained. 
 
 3. (Philos.) The doctrine that the ultimate ele- 
 ments or principles of knowledge or belief are 
 gained by an act or process akin to feeling or faith- 
 
 A Mystic : A person who pretends to have inter- 
 course with the spirit of God. 
 
 Millennianism. 
 
 Belief in, or expectation of, the millennium. 
 
 Millennium : A thousand years ; especially, the 
 thousand years mentioned in the twentieth chapter 
 of Revelation, during which holiness is to be tri- 
 umphant throughout the world. Some believe that 
 during this period Christ will reign on earth in per- 
 son with his saints.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 35 
 
 Misotheism. 
 Hatred of God. 
 
 Medalist. 
 One who regards Father, Son, and Spirit as modes 
 of being, and not as persons, thus denying personal 
 distinction in the Trinity. 
 
 Molinism. 
 
 The doctrines of the Molinists, somewhat resem- 
 bling the tenets of the Arminians. 
 
 MoLiNiST : A follower of the opinions of Molina, 
 
 a Spanish Jesuit (in respect to grace) ; an opposer 
 
 of the Jansenists. 
 
 Monopsychism. 
 
 The doctrine that there is but one immortal soul 
 
 or intellect with which all men are endowed. 
 
 Macedonianism. 
 
 The doctrines of Macedonius. 
 
 Macedonian : One of a certain religious sect, fol- 
 lowers of Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, in 
 the fourth century, who held that the Holy Ghost 
 was a creature, like the angels, and a servant of the 
 Father and the Son. 
 
 Malebranchism. 
 
 The philosophical system of Malebranche, an emi- 
 nent French metaphysician. The fundamental doc-
 
 36 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 trine of his system is that the mind cannot have 
 knowledge of anything external to itself except in 
 its relation to God. 
 
 Manicheism. 
 
 The doctrines taught, or system of principles main- 
 tained, bv the Manicheans. 
 
 Manichean : A believer in the doctrines of 
 Manes, a Persian of the third century A. D., who 
 taught a dualism in which Light is regarded as the 
 source of Good, and Darkness as the source of Evil. 
 
 Nativism. 
 
 Conformity with the principles or tendencies of 
 nature ; opposed to empiricism. 
 
 Naturalism. 
 The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural 
 agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in 
 the Bible, and in spiritual influences ; also, any sys- 
 tem of philosophy which refers the phenomena of 
 nature to a blind force or forces acting necessarily 
 or accordingly to fixed laws, excluding origination 
 or direction by one intelligent will. 
 
 Nicene. 
 
 Pertaining to Nice, a town of Asia Minor, where 
 the Nicene Creed was formed in A. D. 325.
 
 /SMS AND OLOGIES, 37 
 
 • 
 
 Novatianism. 
 
 The doctrines or principles of the Novatians. 
 
 NovATiAN : One of the sect of Novatius, or Nova- 
 tians, who held that the lapsed might not be re- 
 ceived again into communion with the Church, and 
 that second marriages are unlawful. 
 
 Nazaritism. 
 
 The vow and practice of a Nazarite. 
 
 Nazarite : A Jew bound by a vow to leave the 
 
 hair uncut, to abstain from wine and strong drink, 
 
 and to practice extraordinary purity of life and 
 
 devotion, the obligation being for life or for a certain 
 
 time. 
 
 Neonomianism. 
 
 The doctrines or belief of the Neonomians. 
 
 Neonomian : One who advocates or adheres to new 
 laws ; especially, one who holds or believes that the 
 Gospel is a new law. 
 
 Neoplatonism. 
 A pantheistic, eclectic school of philosophy, of 
 which Plotonius was the chief (A. D. 205-270), and 
 who sought to reconcile the Platonic and Aristotelian 
 systems with Oriental theosophy. It tends ,to mys- 
 ticism and theurgy, and was the last product of 
 Greek philosophy.
 
 38 ISMS AND O LOG IBS, 
 
 ff 
 
 Origenism. 
 
 The opinions of Origen of Alexandria, who lived 
 in the third century ; one of the most learned of the 
 Greek Fathers. 
 
 Prominent in his teaching was the doctrine that 
 all created beings, including Satan, will ultimately 
 be saved. 
 
 Obscurantism. 
 
 The system or the principles of the Obscurants. 
 
 Obscurant : One who obscures ; one who pre- 
 vents enlightenment, or hinders the progress of 
 knowledge and wisdom. 
 
 Optimism. 
 
 The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature, 
 being the work of God, is ordered for the best, or 
 that the ordering of things in the universe is such as 
 to produce the highest good. 
 
 Occasionalism. 
 
 .The system of occasional causes ; a name given to 
 certain theories of the Cartesian School of philoso- 
 phers, as to the intervention of the First Cause, by 
 which they account for the apparent reciprocal ac- 
 tion of the soul and the body.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES, 39 
 
 Occultism. 
 
 A certain Oriental system of theosophy. 
 Occult : Hidden from the eye or the understand- 
 ing ; invisible ; secret ; concealed ; unknown. 
 
 Partialism. 
 
 The doctrine of the Partialists. 
 
 Partialist : One who holds that the atonement 
 was made only for a part of mankind ; that is, for 
 the elect. 
 
 Paganism. 
 
 The state of being a Pagan ; Pagan characteristics; 
 especially the worship of idols or false gods, or the 
 system of religious opinions and worship maintained 
 by Pagans ; heathenism. 
 
 Propagandism. 
 
 The act or practice of propagating tenets, carrying 
 from place to place, as the Christian religion. 
 
 Premonstratensian. 
 
 One of a religious order of regular canons founded 
 by St. Norbert at Premontre, in France, in 1119. 
 The members of the order are called also White 
 Canons, Norbcrtines, and Prcmonstrants.
 
 40 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Presbyterianism. 
 
 That form of church government which invests 
 presbyters with all spiritual power and admits no 
 prelates over them ; also, the faith and quality of 
 the Presbyterian church, taken collectively. 
 
 Plymouth Brethren. 
 
 The members of a religious sect which first ap- 
 peared at Plymouth, England, about 1830. They 
 protest against Sectarianism, and reject all official 
 ministry or clergy. 
 
 Polytheism. 
 The doctrine of, or belief in, a plurality of gods. 
 
 Positivism. 
 
 A system of philosophy originated by M. Auguste 
 Conte, which deals only with positives. It excludes 
 from philosophy everything but the natural phenom- 
 ena or properties of knowable things, together with 
 their invariable relations of co-existence and succes- 
 sion, as occurring in time and space. Such relations 
 are denominated laws, which are to be discovered 
 by observation, experiment, and comparison. This 
 philosophy holds all inquiry into causes, both effi- 
 cient and final, to be useless and unprofitable.
 
 JSMS AND OLOGIES. 41 
 
 Prelatism. 
 Pertaining to prelates or prelacy. 
 
 Patriarchism. 
 
 Government by patriarch, or the head of the 
 
 family. 
 
 Patripassian. 
 
 One of a body of believers in the early church 
 who denied the independent pre-existent personality 
 of Christ, and who, accordingly, held that the Fa- 
 ther suffered with the Son. 
 
 Paulician. 
 
 One of a sect of Christian dualists originating in 
 Armenia in the seventh century. They rejected the 
 Old Testament and a part of the New one. 
 
 Perfectionism. 
 
 The doctrine of the Perfectionists. 
 
 Perfectionist : One pretending to perfection ; 
 especially, one pretending to moral perfection ; one 
 who believes that persons may and do attain moral 
 perfection and stainlessness in this life. 
 
 Pantheism. 
 
 The doctrine that the universe taken or conceived 
 of as a whole is God ; the doctrine that there is no
 
 42 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 God, but the combined forces and laws which are 
 manifested in the existing universe ; cosmotheism. 
 
 Platonism. 
 
 1. The doctrines or philosophy of Plato or of "his 
 followers. 
 
 2. An elevated, rational, and ethical conception 
 of the laws and forces of the universe ; sometimes 
 imaginative or fantastic philosophical notions. Plato 
 held to two eternal causes, God and matter. 
 
 Plotinist. 
 A disciple of Plotinus, a celebrated Platonic phi- 
 losopher of the third century, who taught that the 
 human soul emanates from the divine Being, to 
 whom it is reunited at death. 
 
 Phalansterism. 
 
 A system of Phalansteries proposed by Fourier ; 
 Fourierism. 
 
 Phalanstery' : An association or community or- 
 ganized under the plan of Fourier. 
 
 Pharisaism. 
 I. The notions, doctrines, and conduct of the Phar- 
 isees, as a sect. Rigid observance of external forms 
 of religion without genuine piety ; hypocrisy in re-
 
 /SAfS AND OLOGIES. 43 
 
 ligion ; a censorious, self-righteous spirit in matters 
 of morals or manners. 
 
 Pharisee : One of a sect or party among the 
 Jews noted for a strict and formal observance of 
 rights and ceremonies and of the traditions of the 
 elders, and whose pretensions to superior sanctity led 
 them to separate themselves from the other Jews. 
 
 Pietism. 
 
 The principles or practice of the Pietists. 
 
 Pietist : One of a class of religious reformers in 
 Germany in the seventeenth century, who sought to 
 revive declining piety in the Protestant churches ; 
 often applied as a term of reproach to those who 
 make a display of religious feeling. 
 
 Psychism. 
 
 The doctrine of Ouesne, that there is a fluid uni- 
 versr.lly diffused, and equally animating all living 
 beings, the difference in their actions being due to 
 the difference of the individual organizations. 
 
 Pillarist. 
 One of an ancient sect of Christians who stood 
 continually on a pillar.
 
 44 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Patripassians. 
 A sect of religionists who held that God, the Fa- 
 ther, suffered with Christ. 
 
 Pedobaptism. 
 
 The doctrine of those who hold to infant baptism. 
 
 Psychopannychism. 
 
 The doctrine that the soul falls asleep at death 
 
 and does not wake until the resurrection of the 
 
 body. 
 
 Purgatory. 
 
 A state or place of purification after death ; ac- 
 cording to the Roman Catholic creed, a place or a 
 state believed to exist after death, in which the 
 souls of persons are purified by expiating such of- 
 fenses committed in this life as do not merit eternal 
 damnation, or in which they fully satisfy the justice 
 of God for sins that have been forgiven. After this 
 purgation from the impurities of sin, the souls are 
 believed to be received into heaven. 
 
 PuRGATORiAN : One who holds to the doctrine of 
 
 Purgatory. 
 
 Puritanism. 
 
 The doctrines, notions, or practice of Puritans. 
 
 Puseyism. 
 The principles of Dr. Pusey and others at Oxford, 
 England, as exhibited in various publications, espe-
 
 /SMS AND OLOGIES. 45 
 
 cially in a series which appeared from 1833 to 1841, 
 designated "Tracts for the Times"; tractarianism. 
 
 Protestantism. 
 The quality or state of being protestant, especially 
 against the Roman Catholic Church ; the principles 
 or religion of the Protestants. 
 
 Psilanthropism. 
 The doctrine that Christ was a mere man. 
 
 Predestinarianism. 
 
 The system or doctrine of the Predestinarians. 
 The purpose of God from eternity respecting all 
 events; especially, the preordination of men to ever- 
 lasting happiness or misery. 
 
 Prelatist. 
 One who supports or advocates prelacy, or the 
 government of the church by prelates ; hence, a 
 high- churchman. 
 
 Pyrrhonism. 
 
 From Pyrrho, the founder of a school of skeptics 
 in Greece (about 300 B. C.) Skepticism ; universal 
 doubt. 
 
 Pyrrhonist : A follower of Pyrrho, a skeptic.
 
 46 IS3fS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Pythagorism. 
 The doctrine of Pythagoras or the Pythagoreans. 
 
 Pythagoras made numbers the basis of his philo- 
 sophical system, as well physical as metaphysical. 
 The doctrine of the transmigration of souls (Metem- 
 psychosis) is associated closely with the name of 
 
 Phythagoras. 
 
 Quietism. 
 
 The system of the Quietists, who maintained that 
 religion consists in the withdrawal of the mind from 
 worldly interests and anxieties, and its constant em- 
 ployment in the passive contemplation of God and 
 
 his attributes. 
 
 QuiETiST : One of a sect of Mystics originated 
 
 in the seventeenth century by Molinos, a Spanish 
 
 priest, living in Rome. 
 
 Rationalism. 
 
 1. The doctrine or system of those who deduce 
 their religious opinions from reason or the under- 
 standing, as distinct from, or opposed to, revelation. 
 
 2. The system that makes rational power the 
 ultimate test of truth ; opposed to sensualism, or 
 sensationalism and empiricism. 
 
 Romanism. 
 
 The tenets of the church of Rome ; the Roman 
 Catholic religion.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 47 
 
 Recusant. 
 One who refuses to conform to the rights of the 
 Established Church of England. Refusing to ac- 
 knowledge the supremacy of the king. 
 
 Sabbatism. 
 
 Rest, intermission of labor. 
 
 Sabbatarian : One who regards and keeps the 
 seventh day of the week holy, agreeably to the let- 
 ter of the Fourth Commandment in the Decalogue. 
 
 Satanism. 
 
 A diabolical spirit ; the evil and malicious disposi- 
 tions of Satan. 
 
 Satan : The great adversary ; the devil ; the chief 
 of the fallen angels. 
 
 Sabianism. 
 Worship of the Sun, Moon and Stars 
 
 Shintoism. 
 
 One of the two great systems of religious belief 
 in Japan. Its essence is ancestor worship, and sacri- 
 fice to dead heroes. 
 
 Scholasticism. 
 
 The methods or subtleties of the schools of phi- 
 losophy ; scholastic formality ; scholastic doctrines or 
 philosophy.
 
 48 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Shamanism. 
 
 The type of religion which once prevailed among 
 all the Ural-Altaic peoples (Hungusic, Mongol and 
 Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of 
 Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals 
 with good as well as evil spirits, especially the good 
 spirits of ancestors. 
 
 Sectarianism. 
 
 The quality or character of a Sectarian ; devotion 
 to the interests of the party ; excess of partisan' or 
 devotional zeal ; adherence to a separate church or- 
 ganization. 
 
 Sectarian : One of a sect ; a member or adherent 
 of a special school, denomination, or religious or 
 philosophical party ; one of a party in religion which 
 has separated itself from an established church, or 
 which holds tenets different from those of the pre- 
 vailing denomination in a state. 
 
 Sect : Those following a particular leader or au- 
 thority, or attached to a certain opinion ; a company 
 or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct 
 from others; in religion, the believers in a particular 
 creed, or upholders of a particular practice ; espe- 
 cially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an
 
 ISMS AND O LOG IBS. 49 
 
 established church ; a denomination ; in philosophy, 
 the disciples of a particular master ; a school ; in 
 society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party. 
 
 Supralapsarians. 
 
 The Supralapsarians are persons who hold that 
 God, without any regard to the good or evil works 
 of men, has resolved, by an eternal decree, sitpra 
 lapsiim, antecedently to any knowledge of the fall of 
 Adam, and independently of it, to save some and 
 reject others ; or in other words, that God intended 
 to glorify his justice in the condemnation of some, 
 as well as his mercy in the salvation of others ; and 
 for that purpose, decreed that Adam should neces- 
 sarily fall. 
 
 Stoicism. 
 
 1. The opinions and maxims of the Stoics. 
 
 2. A real or pretended indifference to pleasure 
 or pain ; insensibility ; impassiveness, 
 
 ' Stoic: A disciple of the philosopher Zeno ; one 
 of a Greek sect which held that men should be free 
 from passion, unmoved by joy, or grief, and should 
 submit without complaint to unavoidable necessity, 
 by which things are governed.
 
 50 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Sufism. 
 
 A refined mysticism among certain classes of 
 Mohammedans, particularly in Persia, who hold to 
 a kind of pantheism, and practice extreme asceti- 
 cism in their lives. 
 
 Swedenborgianism. 
 
 The doctrine of the Swedenborgians. 
 
 SwEDENBORGiAN I One who holds the doctrine of 
 the New Jerusalem church, as taught by Emanuel 
 Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher and religious 
 writer, who was born A. D. 1688 and died 1772. 
 Swedenborg claimed to have direct intercourse with 
 the spiritual world through the opening of his spirit- 
 ual senses in 1745. He taught that the Lord Jesus 
 Christ, as comprehending in himself all the fullness 
 of the Godhead, is the one only God ; and that 
 there is a spiritual sense to the Scriptures which he 
 (Swedenborg) was able to reveal, because he saw 
 the correspondence between natural and spiritual 
 
 things. 
 
 Supernaturalism. 
 
 1. The quality or state of being supernatural. 
 
 2. (Theology.) The doctrine of a divine and 
 supernatural agency in the production of the miracles 
 and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in the
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 51 
 
 grace which renews and sanctifies men ; in opposition 
 to the doctrine which denies the agency of another 
 than physical or natural causes in the case. 
 
 Syncretism. 
 
 Attempted union of principles or parties irrecon- 
 cilably at variance with each other. 
 
 Syncretist: One who attempts to unite principles 
 or parties which are irreconcilably at variance ; es- 
 pecially an adherent of George Calixtus and other 
 Germans of the seventeenth century, who sought to 
 unite or reconcile the Protestant sects with each 
 other and with the Roman Catholics, and thus oc- 
 casioned a long and violent controversy in the Lu- 
 theran Church. 
 
 Spinozism. 
 
 The doctrines of Spinoza, consisting in Atheism 
 
 and Pantheism. 
 
 Spiritualism. 
 
 The doctrine that all that exists is spirit or soul 
 
 as distinct from materialism ; the doctrine of the 
 
 existence of spirits as distinct from matter ; the 
 
 state of being spiritual. 
 
 Sabbatarianism. 
 Of, or pertaining to, the Sabbath, or the tenets of 
 the Sabbatarians.
 
 52 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Sabbatarian : One who regards and keeps the 
 seventh day of the week as holy, agreeably to the 
 letter of the Fourth Commandment in the Decalogue. 
 
 There were Christians in the early church who 
 held this opinion, and certain Christians, especially 
 the Seventh Day Baptists, hold it now. 
 
 Sabellianism. 
 
 The doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. 
 
 Sabellian : A follower of the Sabellius, a pres- 
 byter of Ptolemais in the third century, who main- 
 tained that there is but one person in the God- 
 head, and that the Son and Holy Spirit are only 
 different powers, operations, and offices of the one 
 
 God the Father. 
 
 Sabianism. 
 
 The doctrine of the Sabians ; the Sabian religion ; 
 
 that species of idolatry which consists in worshiping 
 
 the sun, moon, and stars ; heliolatry. 
 
 Sentiment. 
 
 A thought prompted by passion or feeling ; a 
 state of mind in view of some subject ; feeling to- 
 ward or respecting some person or thing ; disposition 
 prompting to action or expression. 
 
 Syn. — Thought ; opinion ; notion ; sensibility ; feel- 
 ing ; sentiment.
 
 ISMS AND O LOG IBS. 5^ 
 
 Opinion, Feeling. An opi?iio?i is an rntellectual 
 judgment in respect to any and every kind of truth. 
 Feeling describes those affections of pleasure and 
 pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient 
 and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in 
 the plural) lies between them, denoting settled opitno?is 
 or principles in regard to subjects which interest 
 the feelings strongly, and are presented more or less 
 constantly in practical life. Hence, it is more ap- 
 propriate to speak of our religious sentiments than 
 opinions, unless we mean to exclude all reference to 
 our feelings. The word sentiment in the singular, 
 leans ordinarily more to the side of feeling, and de- 
 notes a refined sensibility on subjects affecting the 
 heart. " On questions of feeling, taste, observa- 
 tion, or report we define our se/itime?its. On ques- 
 tions of science, argument, or metaphysical abstrac- 
 tion we define our opifiions. The sentiments of the 
 heart. The opiniojis of the mind. There is more of 
 instinct in seiitiment, and more of definition in opinion. 
 The admiration of a work of art which results from 
 first impressions, is classed with our scjitiments ; and, 
 when we have accounted to ourselves for the appro- 
 bation, it is classed with our opinion^!'' — W. Taylor.
 
 54 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Sentimental. 
 
 Having, expressing, or containing a sentiment or 
 sentiments ; abounding with moral reflections ; con- 
 taining a moral reflection ; didactic. 
 
 Syn. — Romantic, Sentimental. Sentimental usu- 
 ally describes an error or excess of the sensibilities ; 
 Romantic, a vice of the imagination. The votary of 
 the former gives indulgence to his sensibilities for 
 the mere luxury of their excitement ; the votary of 
 the latter allows his imagination to rove for the 
 pleasure of creating scenes of ideal enjoyment. 
 "Perhaps there is no less danger in works called 
 sentime7ital. They attack the heart more successfully 
 because more cautiously." — V. K?iox. 
 
 "I can not but look on an indifference of mind 
 
 as to the good or evil things of this life as a mere 
 
 romantic fancy of such who would be thought to be 
 
 much wiser than they ever were or could be." — 
 
 Stillifigfleet. 
 
 Sacramentalism. 
 
 The doctrine and use of sacraments ; attachment 
 of excessive importance to sacraments. 
 
 Sacramentalist : One who holds the doctrine of 
 the real objective presence of Christ's body and 
 blood in the Holy Eucharist.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 55 
 
 Sacramentarian. 
 A name given in the sixteenth century to those 
 German reformers who rejected both the Roman 
 and Lutheran doctrine of the Holy Eucharist. 
 
 Socinianism. 
 
 The tenets or doctrines of Faustus Socinus, an 
 Italian theologian of the sixteenth century, who de- 
 nied the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality 
 of the devil, the native and total depravity of man, 
 the vicarious atonement, and the eternity of future 
 punishment. 
 
 His theory w^as. that Christ was a man divinely 
 commissioned, who had no existence before he was 
 conceived by the Virgin Mary ; that human sin was 
 the imitation of Adam's sin, and that human salva- 
 tion was the imitation and doctrine of Christ's 
 virtue ; that the Bible was to be interpreted by 
 human reason ; and that its language was metaphor- 
 ical, and not to be taken literally. 
 
 Skepticism. 
 
 1. An undecided, inquiring state of mind ; doubt, 
 uncertainty. 
 
 2. The doctrine that no fact or principle can be 
 eertainly known ; the tenet that all knowledge is
 
 56 ISMS AND OLOGIES, 
 
 uncertain, Pyrrhonism ; universal doubt ; the position 
 that no fact or truth, however worthy of confidence, 
 can be established on philosophical grounds ; critical 
 investigation or inquiry, as opposed to the positive 
 assumption or assertion of certain principles. 
 
 3. A doubting of the truth of revelation, or a 
 denial of the divine origin of the Christian religion, 
 or of the being, perfection, or truth of God. 
 
 Sentimentalism. 
 
 The quality of being sentimental ; the character or 
 behavior of a sentimentalist ; sentimentality. 
 
 Schwenkfeldian. 
 
 A religious sect founded by Kasper von Schwenk- 
 
 feld, a Silesian reformer, who disagreed with 
 
 Luther, especially on the deification of the body 
 
 of Christ. 
 
 Transcendentalism. 
 
 (Kantian Philosophy.) The transcending or going 
 beyond, empiricism, and ascertaining a priori; the 
 
 fundamental principles of human knowledge. 
 
 Transcendental. 
 
 I. Supereminent ; surpassing others ; as Transcen- 
 dental being or qualities.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 57 
 
 2. (Philos.) In the Kantian system, of or per- 
 taining to that which can be determined a priori in 
 regard to the fundamental principles of all human 
 knowledge, or become trajisccndeiit. It simply sig- 
 nifies a priori or necessary conditions of experience 
 which, though affording the condition of experience, 
 tra?isce?id the sphere of that contingent knowledge 
 which is acquired by experience. 
 
 3. Vaguely and ambitiously extravagant in specu- 
 lation, imagery, or diction. 
 
 Syn. — Transcendental, Empirical. These terms, 
 with the corresponding nouns, transcendeiitalism and 
 empirism, are of comparatively recent origin. Em- 
 pirical, refers to knowledge which is gained by the 
 experience of actual phenomena, without reference 
 to the principles or laws to which they are to be 
 referred, or by which they are to be explained. 
 Traiiscetidental has reference to those beliefs or 
 principles which are not derived from experience, 
 and yet are absolutely necessary to make experience 
 possible or useful. Such in the better sense of the 
 term, is the transcoideiital philosophy, or Traiiscen- 
 deiitalism. Each of these words is also used in a 
 bad sense. Empiricism applying to that one-sided 
 view of knowledge which neglects or loses sight of
 
 58 IS MS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 the truths or principles referred to above, and trusts 
 to experience alone ; Transcendentalism to the op- 
 posite extreme, which, in its deprecation of expe- 
 rience loses sight of the relations, which facts and 
 phenomena sustain to principles, and hence to a 
 kind of philosophy, or a use of language, which is 
 vague, obscure, fantastic, or extravagant. 
 
 Tavism. 
 
 One of the popular religions of China, sanctioned 
 
 by the state. 
 
 Theocrasy. 
 
 1. A mixture of the worship of different gods, 
 as of Jehovah and of idols. 
 
 2. (Philos.) An intimate union of the soul with 
 God in contemplation, an ideal of the Neoplatonists 
 and of some Oriental mystics. 
 
 Theodicy. 
 
 A vindication of the justice of God in ordaining 
 or permitting natural and moral evil 
 
 Tritheism. 
 
 A belief in three Gods. • 
 
 Tritiieist : One who believes that there are three 
 Gods in the Godhead,
 
 ISnrS AND OLOGIES. 50 
 
 Theosophy. 
 
 Much is said nowadays about theosophy, which is 
 really but another name for mysticism. It is not a 
 philosophy, for it will have nothing to do with 
 philosophical methods ; it might be called a religion, 
 though it has never had a following large enough to 
 make a very strong impression on the world's re- 
 ligious history. The name is from the Greek word 
 theosophia — divine wisdom-^and the object of theo- 
 sophical study is professedly to understand the nat- 
 ure of divine things. It differs, however, from both 
 philosophy and theology, even when these have the 
 same object of investigation. For, in seeking to 
 learn the divine nature and attributes, philosophy 
 employs the methods and principles of natural rea- 
 soning ; theology uses these, adding to them cer- 
 tain principles derived from revelation. Theosophy, 
 on the other hand, professes to exclude all reasoning 
 processes as imperfect, and to derive its knowledge 
 from direct communication with God himself. It 
 does not, therefore, accept the truths of recorded 
 revelation as immutable, but as subject to modifica- 
 tion by later direct and personal revelations. The 
 theosophical idea has had followers from the earliest 
 times. Since the Christian era we may class among
 
 60 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 theosophists such sects as Neoplatonists, the Hesy- 
 chasts of the Greek Church, the Mystics of medi- 
 aeval times, and, in later times, the disciples of Para- 
 celus, Thalhuser, Bohme, Swedenborg, and others. 
 Recently a small sect has arisen which has taken 
 the name of Theosophists. Its leader was an Eng- 
 lish gentleman who had become fascinated with the 
 doctrine of Buddhism. Taking a few of his follow- 
 ers to India, they have been prosecuting their stud- 
 ies there, certain individuals attracting considerable 
 attention by claim of miraculous powers. It need 
 hardly be said that the revelations they have 
 claimed to receive have been, thus far, without ele- 
 ment of benefit to the human race. 
 
 Theosophist : The theosophist is one who gives 
 a theory of God, or of the works of God, which 
 has not reason, but an inspiration of his own, for 
 its basis. — R. A. Vaugha?i. 
 
 Theogonism. 
 The generation or genealogy of the gods ; that 
 branch of heathen theology which deals with the 
 origin and descent of the deities. 
 
 Tritheism, 
 A belief in three Gods, in the Godhead.
 
 /SArS AND OLOCTES. 61 
 
 Theism. 
 Heliet ill the existence of God. 
 
 Theosophism. 
 Pretension to divine illuniination ; enthusiasm. 
 
 Ultramontanism. 
 
 The principles of those within the Roman Catholic 
 Church who maintain extreme views favoring the 
 Pope's supremacy ; so used by those living north of 
 the Alps in reference to the Italians ; rarely used in 
 an opposite 'sense, as referring to the views of those 
 living north of the Alps and opposed to the papal 
 claims. 
 
 Ultramontane : 
 
 1. One who resides beyond the mountains, espe- 
 cially beyond the Alps ; a foreigner. 
 
 2. One who maintains extreme views favoring the 
 Pope's supremacy. 
 
 Unitarianism. 
 
 The doctrine of Unitarians, which denies the 
 
 Trinity idea, and ascribes divinity to God the Father 
 
 only. 
 
 Universalism. 
 
 The belief that all men will be saved, or made 
 happy in a future life.
 
 62 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Utilitarianism. 
 
 1. The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the 
 greatest number should be the end and aim of all 
 social and political institutions. — BentJiam. 
 
 2. The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, 
 or that virtue is defined and enforced by its 
 tendency to promote the highest happiness of the 
 universe. — -/. 5. Mill. 
 
 3. The doctrine that utility is the sole standard 
 of morality, so that the rectitude of an action is 
 determined by its usefulness. 
 
 Utilitarian : One who holds the doctrine of 
 utilitarianism. The Utilitarians are for merging all 
 the particular virtues into one, and would substitute 
 in their place the greatest usefulness, as the alone 
 principle to which every question respecting the 
 morality of actions should be referred. — Chalmers.
 
 CIVIC ISMS. 
 
 Anarchism. 
 
 The doctrine or practice of ^Vnarchists. 
 
 Anarchy : Absence of government ; the state of 
 society where there is no law or supreme power ; a 
 state of lawlessness ; political confusion. 
 
 ' Anticivism. 
 
 Opposition to the body politic of citizens. 
 
 Boycottism. 
 
 Methods of boycotters. 
 
 Boycott : A process, fact, or pressure of boy- 
 cotting ; a combining to withhold or prevent deal- 
 ings or social intercourse with a tradesman, employer, 
 etc.; social and business interdiction for the purpose 
 of coercion. [Boycott, — from Captain Boycott, a 
 land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] 
 
 Bureaucracy. 
 I. A system of carrying on the business of gov- 
 ernment by means of departments or bureaus, each 
 under the control of a chief, in contradistinction 
 to a system in which the officers of government 
 
 63
 
 64 ISA/S AND OLOGIES. 
 
 have an associated authority and responsibility ; also, 
 government conducted on this system. 
 2. Government officials, collectively. 
 
 Bimetallism. 
 
 The legalized use of two metals (as gold and sil- 
 ver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed relative 
 value ; in opposition to 7nonometallism. 
 
 Collectivism. 
 
 The doctrine that land and capital should be 
 owned by society collectively or as a whole ; com- 
 munism. 
 
 Chartism. 
 
 In England the discontent of the laboring classes 
 of the people at the distinction in society. 
 
 Civism. 
 Patriotism, love or care of the public. 
 
 Caesarism. 
 
 A system of government in which unrestricted 
 power is exercised by a single person, to whom, as 
 Caesar or emperor, it has been committed by the 
 popular will ; imperialism ; also, advocacy or support 
 of such a system of government. This word came 
 into prominence in the time of Napoleon III., as an
 
 ISMS AXn O LOG FES, ^5 
 
 expression of the claims and political views of that 
 emperor, and of the politicians of his court. 
 
 Cyphonism. 
 
 A punishment sometimes used h}- the ancients, 
 consisting in the besmearin<^ of the criminal with 
 honey, and exposin<^ him to insects. It is still in 
 use among some Oriental nations. 
 
 Communalism. 
 
 A French theory of government which holds that 
 each commune should be a kind of independent 
 state, and the national government a confederation 
 of such states having only limited powers. 
 
 It is advocated by advanced French republicans ; 
 but it should not be confounded with communism. 
 
 Communism. 
 
 A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of 
 life ; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the 
 abolition of inequalities in the possession of prop- 
 erty, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or 
 by holding all wealth in common for the equal use 
 and advantage of all. 
 
 Carbonarism. 
 
 The principles, practices, or organization of the 
 Carbonari.
 
 64 /SMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 have an associated authority and responsibility ; also, 
 government conducted on this system. 
 2. Government officials, collectively. 
 
 Bimetallism. 
 
 The legalized use of two metals (as gold and sil- 
 ver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed relative 
 value ; in opposition to fnonometallism. 
 
 Collectivism. 
 
 The doctrine that land and capital should be 
 owned by society collectively or as a whole ; com- 
 munism. 
 
 Chartism. 
 
 In England the discontent of the laboring classes 
 of the people at the distinction in society. 
 
 Civism. 
 Patriotism, love or care of the public. 
 
 Caesarism. 
 
 A system of government in which unrestricted 
 power is exercised by a single person, to whom, as 
 Caesar or emperor, it has been committed by the 
 popular will ; imperialism ; also, advocacy or support 
 of such a system of government. This word came 
 into prominence in the time of Napoleon III., as an
 
 ISMS AND O LOG FES. 65 
 
 expression of the claims and political views of that 
 emperor, and of the politicians of his court. 
 
 Cyphonism. 
 
 A punishment sometimes used by the ancients, 
 consisting in the besmearing of the criminal with 
 honey, and exposing him to insects. It is still in 
 use among some Oriental nations. 
 
 Communalism. 
 
 A French theory of government which holds that 
 each commune should be a kind of independent 
 state, and the national government a confederation 
 of such states having only limited powers. 
 
 It is advocated by advanced French republicans; 
 but it should not be confounded with communism. 
 
 Communism. 
 
 A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of 
 life ; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the 
 abolition of inequalities in the possession of prop- 
 erty, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or 
 by holding all wealth in common for the equal use 
 and advantage of all. 
 
 Carbonarism. 
 
 The principles, practices, or organization of the 
 Carbonari.
 
 68 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 tained by the people, but is indirectly exercised 
 through a system of representation and delegated 
 authority periodically renewed ; a constitutional rep- 
 resentative government ; a republic. 
 
 Despotism. 
 
 Absolute power. 
 
 Demagogism. 
 
 The practices of demagogues ; leaders of the 
 populace by questionable methods. 
 
 Exclusionism. 
 
 The character, manner or principles of an Exclu- 
 sionist. 
 
 ExcLUSiONiST : One who would exclude another 
 from some right or privilege ; especially, one of the 
 anti-popish politicians of the time of Charles II. 
 
 Fenianism. 
 
 The principles, purposes and methods, of the Fe- 
 nians. 
 
 Fenian : A member of a secret organization, con- 
 sisting mainly of Irishmen, having for its aim the 
 overthrow of English rule in Ireland. 
 
 Feudalism. 
 
 The feudal system ; a system by which the hold- 
 ing of estates is made dependent upon an obliga-
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 69 
 
 tion to render military service to the kin^ or feudal 
 superior ; feudal principles and usages. 
 
 Filibusterism. 
 
 The characteristics or practices of a Filibuster. 
 
 Filibuster : A lawless military adventurer, espe- 
 cially one in quest of plunder ; a freebooter ; origi- 
 nally applied to buccaneers infesting the Spanish- 
 American coasts, but introduced into common Eng- 
 lish to designate the followers of Lopez in his 
 expedition to Cuba in 185 1, and those of Walker 
 in his expedition to Nicaragua in 1855. 
 
 Incivism. 
 Want of civism or patriotism. 
 
 Individualism. 
 
 The state of individual interest or attachment to 
 
 the interest of an individual in preference to the 
 
 common interests of society. ^ 
 
 Jacobinisin. 
 
 Unreasonable opposition to government. 
 
 Jacobin : 
 
 I. A Dominican Friar ; — so named because, before 
 the French Revolution, that order had a convent in 
 the Rue St. Jacques, Paris.
 
 70 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 2. One of a Society of violent agitators in France, 
 during the Revolution, 1789, who held secret meet- 
 ings to control the proceedings of the National As- 
 sembly. Hence : A plotter against an existing gov- 
 ernment ; a turbulent demagogue ; a partisan of 
 James II. of England. 
 
 Know-nothingism. 
 
 The doctrines, principles, or, practices, of the 
 Know-nothings. 
 
 Know-nothing : A member of a secret political or- 
 ganization in the United States, the chief objects of 
 which were the proscription of foreigners by the re- 
 peal of the naturalization laws, and the exclusive 
 choice of native Americans for office. 
 
 The party originated in 1853, and existed for 
 
 about three years. The members of it were called 
 
 Know-nothings, because they replied, " I don't know," 
 
 to any question asked them in reference to the 
 
 party. 
 
 Legitimism. 
 
 The principles or plans of Legitimists. 
 
 Legitimist : 
 
 I. One who supports legitimate authority ; espe- 
 cially one who believes in hereditary monarchy as a 
 divine right.
 
 /SJirS AND OLOGIES, 71 
 
 2. Specifically, a supporter of the^ claims of the 
 
 elder branch of the Bourbon dynasty to the crown 
 
 of France. 
 
 Liberalism. 
 
 Liberal principles ; the principles and methods of 
 
 the Liberals in politics or religion ; specifically the 
 
 principles of the Liberal party. 
 
 Machiavelianism. 
 
 The supposed principles of Machiavel ; or practice 
 in conformity to them ; political artifice, intended to 
 favor arbitrary power. 
 
 Militarism. 
 A military state or condition ; reliance on military 
 force in administering government. 
 
 Malthusianism. 
 
 The system of Malthusian doctrines relating to 
 
 population. 
 
 Nepotism. 
 
 Undue attachment to relations ; favoritism shown 
 
 to members of one's family ; bestowal of patronage 
 
 in consideration of relationship, rather than of merit 
 
 or of lejjal claim. 
 
 Nihilism. 
 
 I. The doctrine that nothing can be known ; 
 
 skepticism as to all knowledge and all reality.
 
 72 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 2. The theories and practices of the Nihilists. 
 Nihilist : 
 
 1. One who advocates the doctrines of Nihilism ; 
 one who believes or teaches that nothing can be 
 known, or asserted to exist. 
 
 2. A member of a secret association (especially 
 in Russia), which is devoted to the destruction of 
 the present political, religious, and social institu- 
 tions. 
 
 Nationalism. 
 
 1. The state of being national ; national attach- 
 ment ; nationality. 
 
 2. An idiom, trait or character peculiar to any 
 nation. 
 
 3. National independence ; the principles of *the 
 Nationalists. 
 
 Nationalist : One who advocates national unity 
 
 and independence : one of the party favoring Irish 
 
 independence. 
 
 Oligarchy. 
 
 A form of government in which the supreme 
 power is placed in the hands of a few persons , 
 also, those who form the ruling few 
 
 Optimacy. 
 Government by the nobility. 
 
 Optimate : A noble man or aristocrat ; a chief
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 73 
 
 man in a state or city. The nobility or aristocracy 
 of ancient Rome, as opposed to the Populares. 
 
 Patriotism. 
 
 "Love of one's country; devotion to the welfare of 
 
 one's country ; the virtues and actions of a patriot ; 
 
 the passion which inspires one to serve his country." 
 
 — Berkeley. 
 
 Phalansterianism. 
 
 The system of social organization recommended 
 
 by Charles Fourier. 
 
 Pan-hellenism. 
 A scheme to unite all of the Greeks in one polit- 
 ical body. 
 
 Pan-islamism. 
 
 A desire or plan for the union of all Moham- 
 medan nations for the conquest of the world. 
 
 Pan-slavism. 
 A scheme or desire to unite all the Slavic nations 
 into one confederacy. 
 
 Paternalism. 
 
 The theory or practice of paternal government ; 
 the assumption by the governing power of a quasi- 
 fatherly relation to the people, involving strict and 
 intimate supervision of their business and social con-
 
 74 ISMS AND OLOGIES, 
 
 cerns, upon the theory that they are incapable of 
 managing" their own affairs. 
 
 Protectionism. 
 
 The doctrine or policy of Protectionists. (Polit. 
 Econ.) A theory or policy of protecting the pro- 
 ducers in a country from foreign competition in the 
 home market by the imposition of such discrimi- 
 nating duties on goods of foreign production as will 
 restrict or prevent their importation ; — opposed to 
 
 free trade. 
 
 Radicalism. 
 
 The doctrine or principles of making reform in 
 government. 
 
 Radical: (Politics) One who advocates radical 
 changes in government or social institutions, espe- 
 cially such changes as are intended to level class 
 inequalities; — opposed to conservative. 
 
 Royalism. 
 
 Attachment to a kingly government. 
 
 Republicanism. 
 
 System of Republican government. 
 
 I. A republican form or system of government; 
 the principles or theory of republican government. 
 Republican Party. (United States Politics.) An
 
 ISMS AND OLOGTES. 75 
 
 earlier name of the Democratic party when it was 
 opposed to the Federal party. Thomas Jefferson 
 was its great leader. 
 
 2. One of the existing great parties. It was 
 organized in 1856 by a combination of voters from 
 other parties for the purpose of opposing the ex- 
 tension of slavery, and in i860, it elected Abraham 
 
 Lincoln president. 
 
 Sectionalism. 
 
 A disproportionate regard for the mterests peculiar 
 to a section of the country ; local patriotism, as dis- 
 tinguished from national. 
 
 Socialism. 
 
 A theory or system of social reform which con- 
 templates a complete reconstruction of society, with 
 a more just and equitable division of property and 
 labor. In popular usage, the term is often employed 
 to indicate any lawless, revolutionary social scheme. 
 See Communism, Fourierism, Saint-Simonianism, 
 forms of socialism. 
 
 Saint-Simonianism. 
 
 The principles, doctrines and practice of the Saint- 
 Simonians. 
 
 Saint-Simonian : A follower of the Count de St. 
 Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that
 
 76 TSMS AND O LOG IBS. 
 
 the principle of property held in common, and the 
 just division of the fruits of common labor among 
 the members of society, etc., are the true remedy 
 for the social evils which exist. 
 
 Toryism. 
 
 The principles of the Tories. 
 
 Tory : An advocate for royal power. 
 
 ** The word Tory first occurs in English history in 
 
 1679, during the struggle in Parliament, occasioned 
 
 by the introduction of the bill for the exclusion of 
 
 the Duke of York from the line of succession, and 
 
 was applied by the advocates of the bill to its 
 
 opponents as a title of obloquy or contempt. The 
 
 Tories subsequently took a broader ground, and 
 
 their leading principle became the maintenance of 
 
 things as they were. The political successors of the 
 
 Tories are now commonly known as Conservatives^ 
 
 — New Am. Cyc. 
 Theocracy. 
 
 Government of a state by the immediate direction 
 
 or administration of God ; hence, the exercise of 
 
 political authority by priests, as representing the 
 
 Deity. 
 
 Vandalism. 
 
 The spirit or conduct of the Vandals ; ferocious 
 cruelty ; hostility to the arts and literature, or
 
 ISMS AND OLOG/ES. 77 
 
 willful destruction or defacement of their -nionu- 
 ments. 
 
 Vandal : One of a Teutonic race, formerly dwell" 
 ing on the south shore of the Baltic, the most bar- 
 barous and fierce of the northern nations that plun- 
 dered Rome in the fifth century, notorious for 
 destroying the monuments of art and literature. 
 One whe willfully destroys or defaces any work of 
 art or literature. 
 
 Voluntaryism. 
 
 The principles of supporting a religious system 
 
 and its institutions by voluntary association and 
 
 effort, rather than by the aid or patronage of the 
 
 state. 
 
 Voodooism. 
 
 A degraded form of superstition and sorcery, said 
 
 to include human sacrifice and cannibalism in some 
 
 of its rites. It is prevalent among the negroes of 
 
 Hayti, and to some extent in the United States, and 
 
 is regarded as a relic of African barbarism.
 
 OIvOOIES. 
 
 LOGY IS A SUFFIX, AND DENOTES A THEORY ; OR DOC- 
 TRINE ; OR SCIENCE. 
 
 THEORETICAL AND SCIENTIFIC. 
 
 Aetiology. 
 
 The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes ; 
 the science of the origin and development of things. 
 
 Agnoiology. 
 The doctrme concernmg those things of which we 
 are necessarily ignorant. 
 
 Agriology. 
 
 A description or comparative study of savage or 
 
 uncivilized tribes. 
 
 Alethiology. 
 
 The science which treats of the nature of truth 
 
 and evidence. 
 
 Amphibology. 
 
 A phrase, discourse, or proposition, susceptible of 
 
 two interpretations; and hence, of uncertain meaning. 
 
 It differs from equivocation, which arises from the 
 
 twofold sense of a single term. 
 
 78
 
 IS/irS AND OLOGIES. 79 
 
 Angelology. 
 
 A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in 
 regard to angels. ** The same mythology commanded 
 the general consent ; the same angelology, demon- 
 ology.' ' — Milnuiii. 
 
 Anthropology. 
 
 I. The science of the structure and functions of 
 the human body. 
 
 ?.. The science of man ; sometimes used in a lim- 
 ited sense to mean the study of man as an object of 
 natural history, or as an animal. 
 
 3. That manner of expression by which the in- 
 spired writers attribute human parts and passions to 
 
 God. 
 
 Anemology. 
 
 The doctrine or science of the wind. 
 
 Angeology. 
 The doctrine of the vessels of the human body. 
 
 Anthropopathy. 
 
 The affections of man, or the application of human 
 passions to the Supreme Being. The ascription of 
 human feelings or passions to God, or to a polythe- 
 istic deity.
 
 80 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 " In its recoil from the gross anthropopathy of the 
 vulgar notions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute 
 apathy." — Hare. 
 
 " The daring anthropopathic imagery by which the 
 prophets often represent God as chiding, upbraid- 
 ing, threatening." — Rogers. 
 
 Archeology. 
 
 A discourse on antiquity ; learning pertaining to 
 
 antiquity. 
 
 Astrology. 
 
 The practice or science of predicting events by the 
 
 aspect or situation of the stars. 
 
 Augur. 
 
 (Rom. Antiq.) An official diviner who pretended 
 to foretell events by the singing, chattering, flight, 
 and feeding of birds, or by signs or omens derived 
 from celestial phenomena, certain appearances of 
 quadrupeds, or unusual occurrences. 
 
 "Augur or ill, whose tongue was never found 
 Without a priestly curse or boding sound." 
 
 — Dry den. 
 
 Astrotheology. 
 
 Divinity founded on the observation of the heav- 
 enly bodies.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 81 
 
 Asthenology. 
 Doctrine of diseases characterized by debility. 
 
 Battology. 
 A needless repetition of words in speaking. 
 
 Biology. 
 
 The science of life ; that branch of knowledge 
 which treats of living matter as distinct from matter 
 which is not living ; the study of living tissues. It 
 has to do with the origin, structure, development, 
 function and distribution of animals and plants^ 
 
 Cetology. 
 
 The natural history of the whale and its kindred 
 
 animals 
 
 Chirology. 
 
 The art of communicating thoughts by signs with 
 
 the fingers. 
 
 Chiromancy. 
 
 The practice of attemptmg to foretell events or to 
 discover the disposition of a person, by inspecting 
 the lines of the hands. 
 
 Chronology. 
 
 The science of computing time and ascertaining 
 the date of events.
 
 82 /S3/S AND OLOGTES. 
 
 Conchology. 
 
 The doctrine or science of shells. 
 
 Cosmology. 
 
 The science of the world ; description of the 
 world ; a treatise relating to the structure and parts 
 of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, 
 the modifications of material things, the laws of 
 motion, and the order and course of nature. 
 
 Craniology. 
 A discourse or treatise on the skull ; the science 
 that investigates the structure and use of the skull 
 in relation to intellectual power. 
 
 Demonology. 
 
 "A discourse or treatise on evil spirits ; a treatise 
 on demons ; a supposititious science which treats of 
 demons and their manifestations."— ^"/r r^; Scott. 
 
 " The established theology of the heathen world 
 . . . rested upon the basis of dcmofiismy — Farmer. 
 
 Ecclesiology. 
 The science of church building and decoration. 
 
 Estheticism. 
 The doctrine of esthetics ; esthetic principles ; de- 
 votion to the beautiful in nature and art.
 
 ISMS AND OLOCFFS, 83 
 
 Euchology. 
 A formulary of prayers ; the book of offices in the 
 Greek Church, containini^ the liturgy, sacraments, 
 and forms of prayers. 
 
 Ethnology. 
 The science which treats of the division of man- 
 kind into races, their origin, distribution and rela- 
 tions, and the peculiarities which characterize them. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 The science of the structure and materials, of the 
 
 earth. 
 
 Gigantology. 
 
 An account or description of giants. 
 
 Hierology. 
 
 The science that treats of the ancient writings and 
 inscriptions of Egyptians. 
 
 Horology. 
 
 Art of constructing machines for measuring time. 
 
 Hydrology. 
 The science of water, its properties, phenomena, 
 and distribution over the earth's surface. 
 
 Ichthyology. 
 The natural history of fishes ; that branch of 
 zoology which relates to fishes, including their 
 structure, classification, and habits.
 
 84 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Iconology. 
 
 The doctrine of images. 
 
 Meteorology. 
 
 The science which treats of the atmosphere and 
 its phenomena, particularly of its variations of heat 
 and moisture, of its winds, storms, etc. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 The science that treats of minerals, and teaches 
 
 how to describe, distinguish, and classify them. 
 
 Myology. 
 That part of anatomy which treats of muscles. 
 
 Mythology. 
 A system of fables. 
 
 1. The science which treats of myths ; a treatise 
 on myths. 
 
 2. A body of myths ; especially, the collective 
 myths which describe the gods of a heathen peo- 
 ple ; as, the Mythology of the Greeks. 
 
 " Imagination has always been, and still is, in a 
 narrow sense, the great mythologizery — Lowell. 
 
 Necrology. 
 A register of deaths ; an account of the dead. 
 
 Neology. 
 I. The introduction of new words into a language, 
 
 or a new system of terms.
 
 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 85 
 
 2. A new doctrine ; especially (Theol.), a doctrine 
 at variance with the received * interpretation of re 
 vealed truth ; a new method of theological interpre- 
 tation ; rationalism. 
 
 Neurology. 
 
 A description of the nerves, and their character. 
 
 Noso'ogy. 
 Classification of diseases with their names and 
 
 definitions. 
 
 Numismatology. 
 
 The science which treats of coins and medals. 
 
 Ontology. 
 The science of beings. That department of the 
 science of metaphysics which investigates and ex- 
 plains the nature and essential properties and rela- 
 tions of all beings, as such, or the principles and 
 
 causes of being. 
 
 Ophiology. 
 
 The history and description of serpents. 
 
 Ornithology. 
 A description of fowls, their forms and habits. 
 
 Orology. 
 The science or description of mountains. 
 
 Orthology. 
 The science that treats of the just description of 
 things.
 
 86 ISMS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Osteology. 
 
 The science or desGription of animal bones. 
 
 Paleology. 
 
 The study or knowledge of antiquities, especially, 
 of prehistoric antiquities ; archaeology. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 The science that treats of the ancient life of the 
 
 earth, or of fossils which are the remains of such 
 
 life: 
 
 Pantology. 
 
 A systematic view of all branches of human 
 
 knowledge ; a work of universal information. 
 
 Phrenology. 
 
 1. The science of the special functions of the 
 several parts of the brain, or of the supposed con- 
 nection between the various faculties of the mind 
 and particular organs in the brain. 
 
 2. In popular usage, the physiological hypothesis 
 of Gall, that the mental faculties and traits of char- 
 acter are shown on the surface of the head or skull; 
 
 craniology. 
 
 Philology. 
 
 The branch of learning that treats of language, its 
 origin, construction, etc. It sometimes includes rhet- 
 oric, poetry, history and antiquities.
 
 IS3TS AND OLOGIES. 87 
 
 Phytology. 
 A treatise on plants, doctrine of plants. 
 
 Physiology. 
 
 1. The science of the functions of all the differ- 
 ent parts or organs of animals or plants. 
 
 2. A science of the mind and its various phe- 
 nomena 
 
 Physicotheology. 
 
 Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by 
 physical or natural philosophy. 
 
 Pneumatology. 
 
 The science of elastic fluid, and of spiritual sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Psychology. 
 
 The doctrine of the soul, the mind. 
 
 " I defined psychology^ the science conversant about 
 the phenomena of the mind, or conscious subject, or 
 self, or Ego." — Sir W. Hamilton. 
 
 Pseudology. 
 Falsehood of speech. A liar is a Pseudo. 
 
 Pyrology. 
 
 That branch of physical science which treats of 
 the properties, phenomena, or effects of heat ; also, 
 a treatise on heat.
 
 88 I^MS AND OLOGIES. 
 
 Pyretology. 
 
 "The doctrine of fevers. A discourse or treatise 
 on fevers." — Hooper. 
 
 Pathognomy. 
 
 The science of the passions. The expression of 
 the passions ; the science of the siijns by which hu- 
 man passions are indicated. 
 
 Pharmacology. 
 
 The science or art of preparing medicines. 
 
 Photology. 
 
 The doctrine or science of liglit ; explaining its 
 nature and phenomena ; optics. 
 
 Phonology. 
 
 The science or doctrine of elementary sounds 
 formed by the human voice. 
 
 Pabdology. 
 
 A mathematical operation by little square rods. 
 
 Pathology. 
 
 The science of diseases, their causes, etc. 
 
 Pantheology. 
 A system of theology embracing all religions ; a 
 complete system of theology.
 
 /S3fS AND OLOG/FS. 89 
 
 Somatology. 
 
 The doctrine or the science of the g^eneral proper- 
 ties of material substances. 
 
 Terminology. 
 The doctrine or explanation of terms. 
 
 Toxicology. 
 
 A branch of medicine which treats of poisons,, 
 their effects, antidotes, and recognition. 
 
 Tropology. 
 A rhetorical mode of speech including tropes. 
 
 Uranology. 
 A discourse or treatise on the heavens and the 
 heavenly bodies ; a description of the heavens.
 
 PART 11.
 
 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Aryan. 
 
 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have 
 lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of 
 the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo Koosh 
 and Paropamisan Mountains ; and to have been the 
 stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, 
 Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races : 
 one of the ethnological divisions of mankind called 
 also Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. 
 
 2. The language of the original Aryans (written 
 
 also Arian). 
 
 Art. 
 
 1. The employment of means to accomplish some 
 desired end ; the adaptation of things in the natural 
 world to the uses of life ; the application of knowl 
 edge or power to practical purposes. 
 
 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the per- 
 formance of certain actions ; a system of principles 
 and rules for attaining a desired end ; method of 
 doing well some especial work; often contradistin- 
 guished from science or speculative principles ; as,
 
 94 MISCELLANY. 
 
 the art of building or engraving ; the art of war ; the 
 art of navigation. 
 
 " Science is systematized knowledge ; art is knowl- 
 edge made efficient by skill." — J. F. Ge?iu?ig. 
 
 3. The application of skill to the production of 
 the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupa- 
 tion in which skill is so employed, as in painting 
 and sculpture ; one of the fine arts ; as, he prefers 
 art to literature. 
 
 Analogy. 
 
 A resemblance of relations ; an agreement or like- 
 ness between things in some circumstances or effects 
 when the things are otherwise entirely different. 
 Thus, learning eiilightens the mind because it is to 
 the mind, what light is to the eye, enabling it to 
 discover things before hidden. 
 
 Analogy is very commonly used to denote simi- 
 larity or essential resemblance; but its specific mean- 
 ing is a similarity of relatio?is, and in this consists 
 the difference between the argument from example 
 and that from analogy. 
 
 " In the former, we argue from the mere similarity 
 of two things; in the latter. 4;-om the similarity of 
 their relations." — Karslake.
 
 MISCELLANY. 95 
 
 Analogism. 
 
 Course of reasoning ; to think over ; to calculate. 
 
 "An argument from the cause to the effect ; an 
 a priori argument." — JoJinson. 
 
 " Investigation of things by the analogy they bear 
 to each other." — Crabb. 
 
 Anatomism. 
 
 The application of the principles of anatomy, as 
 in art. 
 
 The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains 
 
 all the phenomena of the organism or of animal 
 
 life. 
 
 Anthroposcopy. 
 
 The art of discovering or judging of a man's 
 
 character, passions and inclinations from a study of 
 
 his visible features. 
 
 Alienism. 
 
 The state of being an alien. That is alien that 
 does not belong to the same country, land or gov- 
 ernment, or to the citizens or subjects thereof ; for- 
 eign ; as, alioL subjects, enemies, property, shores. 
 
 Anthropolatry. 
 The practice of man worship. 
 
 Astrolatry. 
 The worship of the stars ; idolatry.
 
 96 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Atavism. 
 
 The recurrence, or a tendency to a recurrence, of 
 the original type of a species in the progeny of its 
 varieties ; resemblance to remote rather than to near 
 ancestors ; reversion to the original form. 
 
 Androgynism. 
 Union of both sexes in one individual; hermaphro- 
 ditism. 
 
 Anglo-Saxonism. 
 
 A characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race ; espe- 
 cially a word or an idiom of the Anglo-Saxon 
 
 tongue. 
 
 Anti-Christ. 
 
 A denier or opponent of Christ. A great antago- 
 nist, person or power, expected to precede Christ's 
 
 second coming. 
 
 Apologetics. 
 
 That branch of theology which defends the Holy 
 
 Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their 
 
 divine authority. 
 
 Africanism. 
 
 A word, phrase, idiom, or custom peculiar to 
 
 Africa or Africans. 
 
 Altruism. 
 
 Regard for others, both natural and moral ; devo- 
 tion to the interests of others ; brotherly kindness, 
 opposed to egoism or selfishness.
 
 MISCELLANY. 07 
 
 Antichronism. 
 Deviation from the true order of time ; anachro- 
 nism. 
 
 Agonism. 
 
 Contention for a prize, — a contest. 
 
 Athanasian. 
 
 The Athanasian creed is an exposition of Christian 
 
 faith by Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria. 
 
 Atheism. 
 The disbelief or denial of the existence of a God 
 
 or supreme intelligent Being. 
 
 " Atheism is a ferocious system that leaves nothing 
 above us to excite awe, nor around us to awaken 
 tenderness." — R. Hall. 
 
 *^ Atheism and pantheism are often wrongly con- 
 founded." — Shipley. 
 
 Agrarianism. 
 
 An equal or equitable division of landed property, 
 the principles or acts of those who favor a redistri- 
 bution of land ; as the Agrarian Sons of Rome, 
 which distributed the conquered and other public 
 lands among the citizens. 
 
 Alcoholism. 
 A diseased condition of the system, brought about 
 by the continued use of alcoholic liquors.
 
 98 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Anachronism. 
 
 A misplacing or error in the order of time ; an 
 error in chronology by which events are misplaced 
 in regard to each other, especially one by which an 
 event is placed too early ; falsification of chronolog- 
 ical relation. 
 
 Absenteeism. 
 
 " The state or practice of an absentee ; especially 
 the practice of absenting one's self from the country 
 or district where his estate is situated ; as, an Irish 
 absejitee!' — Macaulay. 
 
 Absinthism. 
 
 The condition of being poisoned by the excessive 
 
 use of absinthe 
 
 Absolutism. 
 
 The state of being absolute ; the system or doc- 
 trine of the absolute ; the principles or practice of 
 absolute or arbitrary government ; despotism. 
 
 Acrobatism. 
 
 Feats of the acrobat ; daring gymnastic feats ; 
 
 high vaulting. 
 
 Animalism. 
 
 The state, activity or enjoyment of animals ; 
 mere animal life without intellectual or moral quali- 
 ties ; sensuality.
 
 MISCELLANY. 99 
 
 Animalculism. 
 
 The theory which seeks to explain certain phys- 
 iological ■ and pathological phenomena by means of 
 
 animalcules. 
 
 Atomism. 
 
 The doctrine of atoms. 
 
 The Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of Atoms, a 
 system which, assuming that atoms are endued with 
 gravity and motion, accounted thus for the origin 
 and formation of all things. This philosophy was 
 first broached by Leucippus, was developed by 
 Democritus, and afterwards improved by Epicurus, 
 and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean 
 philosophy. 
 
 Atomist : One who holds to the atomic philoso- 
 phy or theory 
 
 Averroism. 
 
 • The tenets of the Averroists. 
 
 AvERROiST : One- of a sect of peripatetic philoso- 
 phers who appeared in Italy before the restoration 
 of learning; so denominated from Averroes, or 
 Averrhoes, a celebrated Arabian philosopher. He 
 held the doctrine of monopsychism. 
 
 A Peripatetic is one who walks about ; a pedes- 
 trian ; an itinerant. The word peripatetic also sig-
 
 100 MISCELLANY. 
 
 nifies or pertains to the philosophy taught by Aris- 
 totle (who gave his instructions while walking in 
 the Lyceum at Athens) ; or to his followers. "The 
 true peripatetic school." — Howell. 
 
 Bacchanalianism. 
 The practice of Bacchanalians ; bacchanals ; 
 drunken revelry. 
 Bacchanal : 
 
 1. A devotee of Bacchus ; one who indulges 
 in drunken revels. 
 
 2. The festival of Bacchus ; the bacchanalia. 
 
 3. A song or a dance in honor of Bacchus. 
 
 Barbarism. 
 Savageness ; ignorance ; impropriety of speech ; an 
 
 uncivilized state. 
 
 Burkism. 
 
 Practice of killing persons for the purpose of 
 selling the bodies for dissection. 
 
 Baptist. 
 
 1. One who administers baptism; — specifically 
 applied to John the forerunner of Christ. 
 
 2. One of a denomination of Christians who 
 deny the validity of infant baptism, and of sprink- 
 ling, and maintain that baptism should be adminis- 
 tered to believers alone, and should be by immersion.
 
 MISCELLANY 101 
 
 Cynicism. 
 A morose contempt of the pleasures and acts of 
 life. 
 
 Cynic : One of a sect or school of philosophers 
 
 founded by Anthisthenes, and of whom Diogenes 
 
 was a disciple. The first C)'nics were noted for 
 
 austere lives and their scorn for social customs and 
 
 current philosophical opinions. Hence the term 
 
 Cynic symbolized, in the popular judgment, morose- 
 
 ness and contempt for the views of others. 
 
 Cardinal Virtues. 
 These are Prudence ; Justice ; Temperance ; and 
 
 Fortitude. 
 
 Certainties. 
 
 The immutable and undeviating laws of nature. 
 
 Moral Certainties are such as are supported by 
 the evidence of reason or probability. Its opposites 
 are physical and mathematical certainties. 
 
 The Senses : These are the five animal senses — 
 as seeing ; hearing ; feeling ; tasting ; smelling. To 
 these may be added the moral senses, that is, the 
 sense of right and wrong, common to all, and con- 
 science. 
 
 Casuistry. 
 
 I. The science or doctrine of dealing with cases 
 of conscience, of resolving questions of right or
 
 102 MISCELLANY. 
 
 wrong in conduct, or of determining the lawfulness 
 or unlawfulness of what a man may do, by rules 
 and principles drawn from the Scriptures, from the 
 laws of society or the church, or from equity and 
 natural reason ; the application of general moral 
 rules to particular cases. 
 
 "The consideration of these nice and puzzling 
 questions in the science of ethics has given rise, in 
 modern times, to a particular department of it, dis- 
 tinguished by the title of casuistry." — Stewart. 
 
 2. ^'Casuistry is the science of cases {i. e., oblique 
 deflections from the general rule)." — DeQui?icey. 
 
 Christian Science. 
 The doctrine that Faith and Prayer alone are all 
 sufficient to remove or cure any and all diseases 
 that torment or afflict the human body ; that where 
 Faith and Prayer cannot avail, materia medica and 
 a physician must fail. A misuse and abuse of the 
 words Christian and Science. 
 
 Charlatanism. 
 Undue pretensions to skill ; quackery ; wheedling ; 
 
 empiricism. 
 
 Cliquism. 
 
 A tendency to associate in cliques ; the spirit of 
 cliques.
 
 MISCELLANY. 103 
 
 Conceptualism. 
 A theory ; intermediate between realism and nom- 
 inalism, that the mind has the power of forming for 
 itself general conceptions of individual or single ob- 
 jects. 
 
 Criticism. 
 
 I. The rules and principles which regulate the 
 practice of the critic ; the art of judging with 
 knowledge and propriety of the beauties and faults 
 of a literary performance, or of a production in the 
 fine arts ; as, dramatic criticism. 
 
 Crusade, 
 
 1. Any one of the military expeditions undertaken 
 by Christian powers, in the eleventh, twelfth and 
 thirteenth centuries, for the recovery of the Holy 
 Land from the Mohammedans. 
 
 2. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and en- 
 thusiasm ; as, a crusade against intemperance. 
 
 "Azure-eyed and golden-haired, 
 
 Forth the young crusaders fared." 
 
 — Longfellow. 
 Death. 
 
 The cessation of life. The ceasing to exist. 
 
 An ingenious theory as to the cause of death 
 
 has been brought forward by Philip, in his work
 
 104 MISCELLANY. 
 
 on "Sleep and Death," in which he claims that to 
 the highest form of life three orders of functions 
 are necessary, viz.: the muscular, nervous, and senso- 
 rial ; that of these the two former are independent 
 of the latter, and continue in action for a while 
 after its cessation ; that they might thus continue 
 always, but for the fact that they are dependent on 
 the process of respiration ; that this process is a 
 voluntary act, depending upon the will, and that the 
 latter is embraced in the sensorial function. In this 
 view, death is the suspension or removal of the 
 sensorial function, and that leads to the suspension 
 of the others through the cessation of respiration. 
 — Philip. Sleep ajid DeatJi ; Dea?i, Med. Jur. 41 j et seq. 
 
 Doctrine. 
 
 1. Teaching"; instruction. 
 
 He taught them many things by parables, and said unto them 
 in his doctrine. Hearken. — Mark iv. 2. 
 
 2. That which is taught ; what is held, put forth 
 as true, and supported by a teacher, a school, or a 
 sect ; a principle or position, or the body of princi- 
 ples, in any branch of knowledge ; any tenet or 
 dogma ; a principle of faith ; as, the doctrine of
 
 MISCELLANY. 105 
 
 atoms ; the doctrine of chances ; the doctrine of 
 gravitation. 
 
 The Monroe Doctrine (Politics), a policy enunci- 
 ated by President Monroe ( Message, Dec. 2, 1823), 
 the essential feature of which is that the United 
 States will regard as an unfriendly act any attempt 
 on the part of European power,s to extend their 
 system on this continent, or any interference to op- 
 press, or in any manner control the destiny of gov- 
 ernments whose independence has been acknowl- 
 edged by the United States. 
 
 Syn. — Precept; tenet; principle; maxim; dogma. 
 Doctrine, Precept. Doctnnc denotes whatever is 
 recommended as a speculative truth to the belief of 
 others. Precept is a rule laid down to be obeyed. 
 Doctrine supposes a teacher ; Precept supposes a supe- 
 rior, with a right to command. The doctrines of the 
 Bible ; the precepts of our holy religion. 
 
 Dogma. 
 
 1. That which is held as an opinion; a tenet; a 
 doctrine. 
 
 2. A formally stated and authoritatively settled 
 doctrine ; a definite, established, and authoritative 
 tenet.
 
 106 MISCELLANY. 
 
 3. A doctrinal notion asserted without regard to 
 evidence or truth ; an arbitrary dictum. 
 
 Syn. — Tenet ; opinion ; proposition ; doctrine. 
 
 Dogma, Tenet. A tenet is that which is main- 
 tained as true with great firmness ; as the tenets of 
 our holy religion. 
 
 A DOGMA is that which is laid down with authority 
 
 as indubitably true, especially a religious doctrine ; 
 
 as, the dogmas of the church. A tenet rests on its 
 
 own intrinsic merits or demerits ; a dogma rests on 
 
 an authority regarded as competent to decide and 
 
 determine. 
 
 Demonolatry. 
 
 The worship of demons. 
 
 Darwinism. 
 
 The theory or doctrines put forth by Darwin. 
 
 Darwinian : Pertaining to Darwin ; as, the Dar- 
 winian theory. 
 
 This theory was put forth by Darwin in 1859 in a 
 work entitled, " The Origin of Species by Means of 
 Natural Selection." The author argues that, in the 
 struggle for existence, those creatures best fitted to 
 the requirements of the situation in which they are 
 placed are the ones that will live ; in other words, 
 that Nature selects those which are to survive. This
 
 MISCELLANY. 107 
 
 is the theory of natural selection or the sunnval of the 
 fittest. He also argues that natural selection is capa- 
 ble of modifying and producitig organisms fit for 
 their circumstances. 
 
 Dilettanteism. 
 
 The state or quality of being a dilettante ; the 
 desultory pursuit of art, science, or literature. 
 
 Dilettante : An admirer or lover of the fine arts ; 
 popularly, an amateur ; especially, one who follows 
 an art or a branch of knowledge desultorily, or for 
 amusement only. 
 
 Evolution Theory. 
 The evolution or development theory declares the 
 universe as it now exists to be the result of a long 
 series of changes, which were so far related to each 
 other as to form a series of growths analogous to 
 the evolving of the parts of a growing organism. 
 Herbert Spencer defines evolution as a progress from 
 the homogeneous to the heterogeneous, from gen- 
 eral to special, from the simple to the complex ele- 
 ments of life ; and it is believed that this process can 
 be traced to the formation of worlds in space, in the 
 multiplication of types and species among animals 
 and plants, in the origin and changes of languages
 
 108 MISCELLANY. 
 
 and literature and the arts, and also in all changes 
 of human institutions and society. Asserting the gen- 
 eral fact of progress in nature, the evolution theory 
 shows that the method of this progress has been 
 (i) by the multiplication of organs and functions ; 
 (2) according to a defined unity of plan, although 
 with (3) the intervention of transitional forms, and 
 (4) with modifications dependent upon surrounding 
 conditions. Ancient writers occasionally seemed to 
 have a glimmering knowledge of the fact of progress 
 in nature, but as a theory "evolution" belongs to the 
 enlightenment of the nineteenth century. Leibnitz, 
 in the latter part of the seventeenth century, first 
 uttered the opinion that the earth was once in a 
 fluid condition, and Kant, about the middle of the 
 eighteenth century, definitely propounded the nebu- 
 lar hypothesis, which was enlarged to a theory by 
 the Herschels. The first writer to suggest the trans- 
 mutation of species among animals was Buffon, 
 about 1750, and other writers followed out the idea. 
 The eccentric Lord Monboddo was the first to sug- 
 gest the possible descent of man from the ape about 
 1774. In 1813 Dr. W. C. Wells first proposed to 
 apply the principle of natural selection to the natu- 
 ral history of man, and in 1822 Professor Herbert
 
 MISCELLANY. 109 
 
 first asserted the probable transmutation of species 
 of plants. In 1844 a book appeared called "Ves- 
 tiges of Creation," which, though evidently not writ- 
 ten by a scientific student, yet attracted g'-eat atten- 
 tion by its bold and ingenious theories. The author- 
 ship of this book was never revealed until after the 
 death of Robert Chambiers, a few years since ; it 
 became known that this publisher, whom no one 
 would ever have suspected of holding such hetero- 
 dox theories, had actually written it. But the two 
 great apostles of the evolution theory were Charles 
 Darwin and Herbert Spencer. The latter began his 
 great work, the " First Principles of Philosophy," 
 showing the application of evolution in the facts of 
 life, in 1852. In 1859 appeared Darwin's " Origin of 
 Species." The hypothesis of the latter was that dif- 
 ferent species originated in spontaneous variation, 
 and the survival of the fittest through natural selec- 
 tion and the struggle for existence. This theory 
 was further elaborated and applied by Spencer, Dar- 
 win, Huxley, and other writers in Europe and 
 America, and though to-day by no means all of the 
 ideas upheld by these early advocates of the theory 
 are still accepted, evolution as a principle is now 
 acknowledged by nearly all scientists. It is taken
 
 110 MISCELLANY. 
 
 to be an established fact in nature, a valid induction 
 from man's knowledge of natural order. 
 
 Empiricism. 
 
 1. The method or practice of an empiric; pursuit 
 of knowledge by observation and experiment. 
 
 2. Specifically, a practice of medicine founded 
 on mere experience, without the aid of science or a 
 knowledge of principles ; ignorant and unscientific 
 practice ; charlatanry ; quackery. 
 
 3. (Metaph.) The philosophical theory which at- 
 tributes the origin of all our knowledge to expe- 
 rience 
 
 Eclecticism. 
 
 Theory or practice of an eclectic. 
 
 Eclectic : One who follows an eclectic method ; 
 selecting ; choosing (what is true or excellent in 
 doctrines, opinions, etc.), from various sources or 
 systems ; as, an eclectic philosopher ; an eclectic physi- 
 cian who selects his mode of practice and medicines 
 
 from all schools. 
 
 Egoism. 
 
 I. The doctrine of certain extreme adherents or 
 disciples of Descartes and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 
 which finds all the elements of knowledge in the
 
 MISCELLANY. HI 
 
 ego and the relations which it implies or provides 
 
 for. 
 
 Eleaticism. 
 
 The Eleatic doctrine. 
 
 Eleatic : Of or pertaining to a certain school of 
 Greek philosophers, who taught that the only cer- 
 tain science is that which owes nothing to the 
 senses, and all to the reason. 
 
 Externalism. 
 
 1. The quality of being manifest to the senses ; 
 external acts or appearances ; regard for externals. 
 
 2. That philosophy or doctrine which recognizes 
 or deals only with externals, or objects of sense — 
 perception ; positivism ; phenomenalism 
 
 Experientialism. 
 The doctrine that experience, either that of our- 
 selves or of others, is the test or criterion of general 
 knowledge ; opposed to intuitionalism. 
 
 Epicureanism. 
 Indulgence in luxury, voluptuousness. 
 
 Eudemonisin. 
 That system of ethics which defines and enforces 
 moral obligation by its relation to happiness or per- 
 sonal well-being.
 
 112 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Euhemerism. 
 The theory, held by Euhemerus, that the gods of 
 mythology were but deified mortals, and their deeds 
 only the amplification in imagination of human acts- 
 
 Etherealism. 
 
 The state of being ethereal ; etherealness. 
 
 Ether : (Physics) A medium of great elasticity 
 and extreme tenuity, supposed to pervade all space, 
 the interior of solid bodies not excepted, and to be 
 the medium of transmission of light and heat ; hence 
 often called liuniniferoiis ether, 
 
 2. Supposed matter above the air ; the air itself 
 
 3. A medium of communication. " Etherealizedi 
 moreover, by spiritual communications with the other 
 world." — HawtJwrne. 
 
 Fate of the Apostles. 
 
 The following brief history of the fate of the 
 Apostles may be new to those whose reading has 
 not been evangelical : 
 
 St. Matthew is supposed to have suffered martyr- 
 dom or was slain with the sword at the city of 
 Ethiopia. 
 
 St. Mark was dragged through the streets of 
 Alexandria, in Egypt, till he expired.
 
 MISCELLANY, 113 
 
 St. Luke was hanged upon an olive tree in 
 Greece. 
 
 St. John was put into a caldron of boiling oil at 
 Rome and escaped death. He afterward died a 
 natural death at Ephesus in Asia. 
 
 St. James the Great was beheaded at Jerusalem. 
 
 St. James the Less was thrown from a pinnacle or 
 wing of the Temple and then beaten to death with 
 a fuller's club. 
 
 St. Philip was hanged up against a pillar at 
 Hieropolis, a city of Phrygia. 
 
 St. Bartholomew was flayed alive by the command 
 of a barbarous king. 
 
 St. Andrew was bound to a cross, whence he 
 preached unto the people till he expired. 
 
 St. Thomas was run through the body with a 
 lance at Caromandel, in the East Indies. 
 
 St. Jude was shot to death with arrows. 
 
 St. Simon Zelotes was crucified in Persia. 
 
 St. Matthias was first stoned and then beheaded. 
 
 St. Barnabas was stoned to death by Jews at 
 Salania. 
 
 St. Paul was beheaded at Rome by the tyrant 
 Nero.
 
 114 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Faith. 
 
 1. Belief ; the assent of the mind to the truth of 
 what is declared by another, resting on his authority 
 and veracity. 
 
 2. The assent of the mind to the truth of a prop- 
 osition advanced by another. 
 
 3. hi theology^ the assent of the mind to the truth 
 of what God has revealed. 
 
 4. The object of belief ; the doctrines or system 
 of doctrines believed. 
 
 5. Fidelity ; sincerity ; faithfulness ; honor. 
 
 Fabian. 
 
 Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman 
 general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucous ; cau- 
 tious ; dilatory ; avoiding a decisive contest. 
 
 Fabian Policy : A policy like that of Fabius 
 Maximus, who, by carefully avoiding decisive con- 
 tests, foiled Hannibal, harassing his army by 
 marches, countermarches, and ambuscades ; a policy 
 of delays and cautions. 
 
 Gyneolatry. 
 The worship of women. 
 
 "The sentimental gyneolatry of chivalry, which 
 was at best but skin-deep." — Lowell.
 
 MISCELLANY. 115 
 
 Helot. 
 
 A slave in ancient Sparta. 
 Helotism : The slavery of the Helots. 
 '* Those unfortunates, the Helots of mankind, more 
 or less numerous in every community." — -/. Taylor. 
 
 Hagiolatry. 
 The invocation or worship of the saints. 
 
 Heliolatry. 
 
 That species of idolatry which consists in wor- 
 shiping the sun, moon and stars. 
 
 Humanism. 
 
 The study of the humanities ; polite learning. 
 
 Humanist : One of the scholars who in the field 
 of literature proper represented the movement of the 
 Renaissance, and early in the sixteenth century 
 adopted the name Humanist as their distinctive title. 
 
 " She looked almost like a being who had re- 
 jected with indifference the attitude of sex for the 
 loftier quality of abstract lm?nafiis/n.'' — Hardy. 
 
 Iconoclasm. 
 
 The doctrine or practice of the Iconoclasts ; imag^e 
 breaking.
 
 116 MISCELLANY, 
 
 Iconoclast. 
 
 1. A breaker or destroyer of idols or images ; a 
 determined enemy of idol worship. 
 
 2. One who exposes or destroys impositions or 
 shams ; one who attacks cherished beliefs ; a radical. 
 
 Iconolatry. 
 The worship of images as symbols. 
 
 Ignis fatuus. 
 
 A meteor that appears in the night over marshy 
 grounds, supposed to be occasioned by phosphoric 
 matter, extracted from putrefying animal or vege- 
 table substances, called Will with the wisp, or 
 Jack with a lantern. 
 
 Judaism. 
 
 The tenets and rights of the Jews. 
 
 Sentiments of the Jews: — i. That God is the 
 creator of all things ; that he guides and supports 
 all creatures ; that he has done everything ; and that 
 he still acts, and shall act during the whole of eter- 
 nity. 2. That God is one ; there is no unity like 
 his. He alone hath been, is, and shall be eternally 
 one God. 3. That God is incorporeal, and cannot 
 have any material properties ; and no corporeal es-
 
 MISCELLANY. 117 
 
 sence can be compared with him. 4. That God is 
 the beginning and end of all things, and shall eter- 
 nally subsist. 5. That God alone ought to be wor- 
 shiped, and none beside him is to be adored. 6. 
 That whatever has been taught by the prophets is 
 true. 7. That Moses is the head and father of all 
 temporary doctors (teachers), of those who lived be- 
 fore, or shall live after him. 8. That the law was 
 given by Moses. 9. That the law shall never be 
 altered, and that God will give no other. 10. That 
 God knows all the thoughts and actions of men. 11, 
 That God will regard the works of all those who 
 have performed what he commands, and punish those 
 who have transgressed his law. 12. That the Mes- 
 siah is to come, though he tarry a long time. 13. 
 That there shall be a resurrection of the dead when 
 
 God shall see fit. 
 
 Life. 
 
 "Life is the substance of the forces by which 
 death is resisted." — BicJiat. 
 
 A state in which energy and function is ever re- 
 sisting decay and dissolution. 
 
 Legend. 
 
 Any wonderful story coming down from the past, 
 but not verifiable by historical record ; a myth ; a 
 fable.
 
 118 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Method. 
 
 1. "An orderly procedure or process; regular 
 manner of doing anything ; hence, manner ; way ; 
 mode ; as, a method of teaching languages ; a method 
 of improving the mind." — Addiso?i. 
 
 2. Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, 
 or classification ; clear and lucid exhibition ; system- 
 atic arrangement peculiar to an individual. 
 
 "Though this be madness, yet there's method in it." 
 
 — Shakespeare. 
 
 "All method is a rational process, a progress toward 
 an end." — Sir W. Hamilton. 
 
 Syn. — Order; system; rule; regularity ; way ; man- 
 ner; mode; course; process; means. 
 
 Method, Mode. Manner. Method implies arrange- 
 ment ; ?node, mere action or existence. Method is a 
 way of reaching a given end by a series of acts 
 which tend to secure it ; mode relates to a single 
 action, or to the form which a series of acts, viewed 
 as a whole, exhibits. Ma?i?ier is literally the handling 
 of a thing, and has a wider sense, embracing both 
 metliod and mode. An instructor may adopt a good 
 method of teaching to write ; the scholar may acquire 
 a bad ?node of holding his pen ; the manner in which
 
 MISCELLANY. 119 
 
 he is corrected will greatly affect his success or 
 
 failure. 
 
 Magic. 
 
 A comprehensiv^e name for all of the pretended 
 
 arts which claim to produce effects by the assistance 
 
 of supernatural beings, or departed spirits, or by a 
 
 mastery of secret forces in nature attained by a study 
 
 of occult science, including enchantment, conjuration, 
 
 witchcraft, sorcery, necromancy, incantation, etc. 
 
 "An appearance made by some magic." — Chaucer. 
 
 Celestial Magic, a supposed supernatural power 
 which gave to spirits a kind of dominion over the 
 planets, and to the planets an influence over men. 
 Natural magic, the art of employing the powers of 
 nature to produce effects apparently supernatural. 
 
 Superstitions, or Geotic, magic, the invocation of 
 
 devils or demons, involving the supposition of some 
 
 tacit or express agreement between them and human 
 
 beings. 
 
 Monism. 
 
 That doctrine which refers all phenomena to a 
 single ultimate constituent or agent ; the opposite of 
 dnalis7n. 
 
 The doctrine has been held in three generic forms; 
 matter and its phenomena have been explained as a
 
 120 MISCELLANY. 
 
 modification of mind, involving an idealistic monism^ 
 or mind has been explained by and resolved into 
 matter, giving a materialistic inonism; or, thirdly, 
 matter, mind, and their phenomena have been held 
 to be manifestations or modifications of some one 
 substance, like a substance of Spinoza, or a supposed 
 unknown something of some evolutionists, which is 
 capable of an objective and subjective aspect. 
 
 Mariolatry. 
 
 The worship of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Moravianism. 
 The religious system of the Moravians. 
 
 Mesmerism. 
 
 The art of communicating a species of sleep 
 which is supposed to affect the body while the 
 mind or intellectual power is active and intelligent. 
 
 Mountebank. 
 A stage doctor, a false pretender. 
 
 Memnon. 
 
 An Egyptian statue, supposed to emit musical 
 
 sounds at sunrise. 
 
 Memento mori. 
 
 > 
 
 Be mindful of death.
 
 MISCELLANY. 121 
 
 Memorabilia. 
 Things worthy to be remembered. 
 
 Miracle. 
 
 An act or event beyond the ordinary laws of na- 
 ture ; a wonder. In theology, an event contrary to 
 the established course of things, or a deviation from 
 the known laws of nature ; a supernatural event. 
 
 Mirage. 
 
 An optical effect, sometimes seen on the ocean, 
 but more frequently in deserts, due to total reflec- 
 tion of light at the surface common to two strata of 
 air differently heated. The reflected image is seen, 
 commonly in an inverted position, while the real 
 object may or may not be in sight. When the sur- 
 face is horizontal, and below the eye, the appear- 
 ance is that of a sheet of water in which the object 
 is seen reflected ; when the reflecting surface is 
 above the eye, the image is seen projected against 
 the sky. The fata morga?ia and loomi?ig are species 
 of 7nirage. 
 
 " By the mirage uplifted the land floats vague in the ether, 
 Ships and the shadows of ships hang in motionless air." 
 
 — Longfellow.
 
 122 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Nominalism. 
 
 Words, not things, are the object of dialectics. 
 The principles or philosophy of the Nominalists. 
 
 Nominalist : One of a sect of philosophers in the 
 
 Middle Ages, who adopted the opinion of Roscelin, 
 
 that general conceptions, or universals, exist in name 
 
 only. 
 
 Nick. 
 
 In northern mythology an evil spirit of the waters. 
 
 Necrolatry. 
 
 The worship of the dead ; manes worship. 
 
 Optimism. 
 
 The doctrine that everything is for the best, or 
 that the order of things in the universe is adapted 
 to produce the most good. 
 
 Ostracism. 
 
 Banishment by votes on shells ; banishment by the 
 voice of the populace. 
 
 Pythian. 
 
 Pertaining to Pythia, the priestess of Apollo 
 
 Pythoness. 
 
 A priestess who gave oracular answers at Delphi 
 in Greece.
 
 MISCELLANY. 123 
 
 « 
 
 Physiolatry. 
 
 The worship of the powers or agencies ot nature's 
 materialism in religion • nature worship. 
 
 Pauperism. 
 State of indigence requiring maintenance for the 
 poor ; state of being poor. 
 
 Petalism. 
 Banishment by writing a vote on a leaf. 
 
 Pessimism. 
 The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature 
 is ordered for or tends to the worst ; or that the 
 world is wholly evil ; opposed to optimism. 
 
 Parseeism. 
 The religion of the Parsees ; followers of Zoroas- 
 ter. 
 
 Parasitism 
 
 The manners of a parasite, a hanger-on, a fawning 
 flatterer of the rich. 
 
 Pharisaism. 
 
 1. The notions, doctrines and conduct of the 
 Pharisees, as a sect. 
 
 2. Rigid observance of external forms of religion, 
 without genuine piety ; hypocrisy in religion ; a
 
 124 MISCELLANY. 
 
 censorious, self-righteous spirit in matters of morals 
 
 or manners. 
 
 Pharisee : One of a sect or party among the 
 
 Jews, noted for a strict and formal observance of 
 
 rites and ceremonies and of the traditions of the 
 
 elders, and whose pretensions to superior sanctity 
 
 led them to separate themselves from the other 
 
 Jews. 
 
 Phenomenon. 
 
 1. An appearance ; anything visible ; whatever, in 
 matter or spirit, is apparent to, or is apprehended 
 by, observation ; as, the plienomcna of heat, light, or 
 electricity ; phe7iome?ia of imagination or memory. 
 
 2. That which strikes one as strange, unusual, or 
 unaccountable ; an extraordinary or very remarkable 
 person, thing, or occurrence ; as, a musical phenom- 
 ena. 
 
 Psychical. 
 
 Of or pertaining to the human soul, or to the 
 living principle in man. 
 
 "This term was formerly used to express the same 
 idea as psychological. Recent metaphysicians, how- 
 ever, have employed it to mark the difference be- 
 tween the living principle in man and the rational or 
 spiritual part of his nature. In this use the word 
 describes the human soul in its relation to sense,
 
 MISCELLANY. ll>o 
 
 appetite and the outer visible world, as distinguished 
 from spiritual or rational faculties, which have to do 
 with the supersensible world." — Hcyse. 
 
 Psyche: The soul; the vital principle; the mind. 
 
 Parthenon. 
 A celebrated Grecian temple of Minerva. 
 
 Proselytism. 
 The making of converts. 
 
 Provincialism. 
 Peculiarity of speech in a province or district re- 
 mote from the metropolis. 
 
 Purism. 
 Immaculate morals and conduct. 
 
 Putanism. 
 Customary lewdness. 
 
 Pantheon. 
 The temple in Rome dedicated to all the deities. 
 
 Pandemonium. 
 The council hall of fallen angels. 
 
 Pythonism. 
 The art of predicting events after the manner of 
 the priestess of Apollo at Delphi ; equivocal proph- 
 esying.
 
 12G MISCELLANY. 
 
 Quidnunc. 
 One curious to know everything. 
 
 Quixotism. 
 Romantic and absurd notions. That form of de- 
 lusion that leads to extravagant and absurd under- 
 takings or sacrifices in obedience to a morbidly 
 romantic ideal of duty or honor, as illustrated by 
 the exploits of Don Quixote in knight-errantry. 
 
 Rhapsody. 
 
 Unconnected writing or discourse 
 
 Rabbi. 
 
 A Jewish doctor. This title is not conferred by 
 authority but allowed by courtesy to learned men. 
 Rabbinic : The language of the Rabbins. 
 
 Rabbinism. 
 
 A rabbinic expression. 
 
 Rabbinist : One who adhered to the Talmud. 
 The body of the Jewish civil and canonical law not 
 comprised in the Pentateuch. 
 
 Realism. 
 I. As opposed to Nominalism, the doctrine that 
 genera and species are real things or entities, exist- 
 ing independently of our conceptions. According to
 
 MISCELLANY. 127 
 
 Realism the universal exists ante rem ( Plato ), or 
 in re (Aristotle). 
 
 2. As opposed to idealism, the doctrine that in 
 sense perception, there is an immediate cognition of 
 the external object and our knowledge of it is not 
 mediate and representative. 
 
 3. The doctrine of the Realists, who maintain 
 that things, not words, are the objects of dialectics, 
 the opposite of Nominalism. 
 
 Religion. 
 
 A system of faith and worship. 
 
 Rosicrucians. 
 
 A sect of philosophers who in the fourteenth cen- 
 tury made great pretensions to science. 
 
 Science. 
 
 1. Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; 
 ascertained truth or facts. 
 
 2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which 
 has been systematized and formulated with reference 
 to the discovery of general truths or the operation 
 of general laws ; knowledge classified and made 
 available in work, life, or the search for truth ; com- 
 prehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge.
 
 128 MISCELLANY, 
 
 3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to 
 the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, 
 constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and 
 functions of living tissues, etc., called also natural 
 scie?ice, and pJiysical science. 
 
 Syn. — Literature ; art ; knowledge. 
 
 Science. Literature, Art. Sciefice is literally 
 knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic 
 and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more 
 distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of 
 knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ulti- 
 mate principles, or facts as explained by principles 
 or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term 
 literature sometimes denotes all compositions not em- 
 braced under science but is usually confined to the 
 belles-lettres. Art is that which depends on practice 
 and skill in performance. "In science, scimus ut scia- 
 mus; in art, scimns ut prodiicamus. And, therefore, 
 science and art may be said to be investigation of 
 truth ; but one, science, inquires for the sake of 
 knowledge ; the other, art, for the sake of produc- 
 tion ; and hence science is more concerned with the 
 higher truths, art with the lower ; and science never 
 is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And
 
 MISCELLANY. 129 
 
 the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be 
 
 the most high and accurate inquiry ; the perfection 
 
 of art will be the most apt and efficient system of 
 
 rules ; art always throwing itself into the form of 
 
 rules." — Kar slake. 
 
 Syllogism. 
 
 An argument of three propositions, of which the 
 
 two first are called the premises, and the last the 
 
 conclusion. 
 
 Syncretism. 
 
 A mixture in philosophy or religion. 
 
 System. 
 
 Connection of parts or things ; a whole connected 
 
 scheme. 
 
 Savagism. 
 
 State of man in native rudeness. 
 
 Scampism. 
 Among the Persians, a mode of punishment by 
 confining a criminal in a hollow tree till he dies. 
 
 Scholasticism. 
 The method or subtleties of the schools of philos- 
 ophy ; scholastic formality ; scholastic doctrines or 
 
 philosophy 
 
 Scoundrelism. 
 
 Baseness, turpitude, rascality.
 
 130 MISCELLANY, 
 
 Sensationalism. 
 
 1. The doctrine held by Condillac, and by some 
 ascribed to Locke, that our ideas originate solely in 
 sensation, and consist of sensations transformed ; 
 sensualism ; opposed to rationalism, and intuitional- 
 ism. 
 
 2. The practice or methods of sensational writing 
 or speaking ; as, the sensationalism of a novel. 
 
 Sciolism. 
 
 Superficial knowledge. 
 
 Sciolist : One who knows little, or who knows 
 many things superficially. 
 
 Sensualism. 
 
 The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations 
 of the understanding, not only originate in sensa- 
 tion, but are transformed. 
 
 Schism. 
 
 In a general sense, division, or separation; but 
 appropriately, a division or separation in the church. 
 
 Somatist. 
 
 One who denies the existence of spiritual sub- 
 stances.
 
 MISCELLANY. 131 
 
 Stoical. 
 
 Those who affect insensibility to pain, mental or 
 
 bodily. 
 
 Superstition. 
 
 1. An excessive reverence for, or fear of, that 
 which is unknown or mysterious. 
 
 2. An ignorant or irrational worship of the Su- 
 preme Deity; excessive exactness or rigon in relig- 
 ious opinions or practice ; extreme and unnecessary 
 scruples in the observance of religious rites not 
 commanded, or of points of minor importance ; also, 
 a rite or practice proceeding from excess of scru- 
 ples in religion. 
 
 3. The worship of a false god or gods ; false 
 religion ; religious veneration for unworthy objects. 
 
 4. Belief in the direct agency of superior powers 
 in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in 
 magic, omens, prognostics, or the like. 
 
 Syn. — Fanaticism. Superstition, Fanaticism. Su- 
 perstition springs from religious feeling, misdirected 
 or unenlightened. Fanaticism arises from this same 
 feeling in a state of high-wrought and self-confident 
 excitement. The former leads in some cases to ex- 
 cessive rigor in religious opinions or practice, in 
 others, to unfounded belief in extraordinary events
 
 132 MISCELLANY, 
 
 or in charms, omens, and prognostics, hence produc- 
 ing weak fears, or excessive scrupulosity as to out- 
 ward observances. The latter gives rise to an utter 
 disregard of reason under the false assumption of 
 enjoying a guidance directly inspired. Fa?iaticism 
 has a secondary sense as applied to Politics, etc., 
 which corresponds to the primary. 
 
 The Seven Bibles of the World 
 
 Are the Koran of the Mohammedans, the Eddas 
 of the Scandinavians, the Try Pitikes of the Bud- 
 dhists, the Five Kings of the Chinese, the Three 
 Vedas of the Hindoos, the Zendavesta, and the 
 Scriptures of the Christians. The Koran is the most 
 recent of these seven Bibles, and not older than the 
 seventh century of our era. It is a compound of quo- 
 tations from the Old and New Testament, the Tal- 
 mud, and the Gospel of St. Barnabas. The Eddas 
 of the Scandinavians were first published in the four- 
 teenth century. The Pitikes of the Buddhists con- 
 tain sublime morals and pure aspirations, and their 
 author lived and died in the sixth century before 
 Christ. There is nothing of excellence in these 
 sacred books not found in the Bible. The sacred 
 writings of the Chinese are called the Five Kings,
 
 MISCELLANY. 133 
 
 king meaning web of cloth, or the warp that keeps 
 the threads in place. They contain the best say- 
 ings of the best sages on the ethico-political duties 
 of life. These sayings cannot be traced to a period 
 higher than the eleventh century before Christ. The 
 Three Vedas are the most ancient books of the 
 Hindoos, and it is the opinion of Max MuUer, 
 Wilson, Johnson and Whitney that they are not 
 older than eleven centuries before Christ. The Zen- 
 davesta of the Persians is the grandest of all sacred 
 books next to our Bible. Zoroaster, whose sayings 
 it contains, was born in the twelfth century before 
 Christ. Moses lived and wrote his Pentateuch fif- 
 teen centuries before Christ, and, therefore, has a 
 clear margin of three hundred years older than the 
 most ancient of the sacred writings. — Little Giant Cyc. 
 
 Traditionalism. 
 
 A system of faith founded on tradition, especially 
 the doctrine that all religious faith is to be based 
 solely upon what is delivered from competent 
 authority, exclusive of rational processes. 
 
 Tradition : i. The unwritten or oral delivery of 
 information, opinions, doctrines, practices, rites, cus 
 toms, from father to son, or from ancestors to pos-
 
 134 MISCELLANY. 
 
 terity ; the transmission of any knowledge, opinions, 
 or practice, from forefathers to descendants by oral 
 communication, without written memorials. 
 
 2. (Theol.) An unwritten code of law repre- 
 sented to have been given by God to Moses on 
 Sinai. 
 
 3. That body of doctrine and discipline, or any 
 article thereof, supposed to have been put forth by 
 Christ or his apostles, and not committed to writ- 
 ing. 
 
 "Stand fast, and hold the traditiofts which ye have been 
 taught, whether by word, or our epistle." — // Thess. it. /j. 
 
 Theology. 
 
 The science of God or of religion ; the science 
 that treats of the existence, character and attributes 
 of God, his laws and government, the doctrines we 
 are to believe, and the duties we are to practice ; 
 divinity ; the knowledge derived from the Scriptures, 
 the systematic exhibition of revealed truth, the sci- 
 ence of Christian faith and life. 
 
 " Many speak of theology as a science of religion 
 (instead of science of God) because they disbelieve 
 that there is any knowledge of God to be attained." 
 —Prof. R. Flint {^Enc. Brit?)
 
 MFSCELLANY. 135 
 
 "Theology is ordered knowledge representing in 
 the region of the intellect what religion represents 
 in the heart and life of man." — Gladstone. 
 
 Ascetic Theology, the science which treats of 
 the practice of theological and moral virtue, and the 
 counsels of perfection. 
 
 Natural Theology, or Natural Religion, is that 
 part of theological science which treats of those evi- 
 dences of the existence and attributes of the Su- 
 preme Being which are exhibited in nature ; — dis- 
 tinguished from Revealed Religion. 
 
 " I call that Natural religion which men might know 
 by the mere principles of reason, improved by con- 
 sideration and experience, without the help of reve- 
 lation." — Bishop Wilkiiis. 
 
 Moral Theology, that phase of theology which is 
 concerned with moral character and conduct. 
 
 Revealed Theology : Theology which is to be 
 learned only from revelation. 
 
 Scholastic Theology : Theology as taught by 
 the scholastics, or as prosecuted after their prin- 
 ciples and methods. 
 
 Speculative Theology : Theology as founded 
 upon, or mfluenced by speculation or metaphysical 
 philosophy.
 
 136 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Systematic Theology : That branch of theology 
 of which the aim is to reduce all revealed truth to 
 a series of statements that together shall constitute 
 an organized whole. — Robinson {Johnso7is Cyc.) 
 
 The Mind Cure. 
 
 The mind cure, otherwise known in its various 
 subdivisions as metaphysics, Christian science, mental 
 science, etc., is a species of delusion quite popular 
 at the present time. Every era of the world has 
 cherished similar delusions, for the mass of the 
 human race, even in what are considered the edu- 
 cated classes, are so unfamiliar with the processes 
 of exact reasoning that they fall a ready prey to 
 quacks of all kinds. The fundamental idea of the 
 mind cure system is that there is no such thing as 
 sickness. Disease, says one of their apostles, is an 
 error of the mind, the result of fear. Fear is only 
 faith inverted and perverted. God, who is all good 
 himself, and who made everything good, cannot 
 have been the author of any disease. As disease, 
 therefore, is not a creation, it has no existence, and 
 when the healer has succeeded in impressing this 
 fact upon the mind of the patient, the cure is ef- 
 fected. It is curious to note into what utter absurd-
 
 MISCELLANY. 137 
 
 ities the need for consistency carries these apostles. 
 Poisons, they say, would be quite harmless if the 
 fear of them was removed, but we have yet to find 
 the "mental science" teacher who will undertake to 
 prove this by herself taking liberal doses of aconite 
 and strychnine. The illnesses of children are ex- 
 plained by the hypothesis of hereditary fear. The 
 majority of the teachers of this new faith are 
 women, many of whom, no doubt, are sincere in 
 their belief ; but it may be safely stated that the 
 men engaged as the so-called physicians of the new 
 practice are, with few exceptions, unprincipled 
 quacks, who have gone into the business for the 
 money they can make by duping the ignorant. As 
 far as there is any truth underlying the vagaries of 
 mind cures, and their boasts of remarkable cases of 
 healing, it may be admitted that the mind has much 
 influence over the body. This fact has been recog- 
 nized by intelligent physicians for centuries. And 
 that the peculiar modern type of nervous diseases, 
 which are so largely caused by excessive stimulus 
 of the nerves and imagination, should be amenable to 
 cure through the imagination, is not strange. It will 
 be noted that this mental cure has effected its mir- 
 acles mainly among women, where it has the emo-
 
 138 MISCELLANY. 
 
 tional temperament to work on, and almost wholly 
 in the ranks of the wealthy and well-to-do, where 
 there is little or no impoverishment of the system 
 by insufficient food and excessive toil to hinder its 
 effects. We have not heard, nor are we likely to 
 hear, of any epidemic disease checked by the mind 
 cure, or of the healing of acute affections or organic 
 troubles through its agency. Nor do we hear of its 
 seeking to carry its message of healing into the 
 houses of the suffering poor in large cities, where 
 hunger, exposure and foul airs open wide the door 
 to fevers and all deadly diseases, nor yet into hos- 
 pitals for contagious or incurable affections. In the 
 presence of such realities it would prove, as its 
 votaries probably understand, a too painful mockery. 
 Intelligently analyzed, therefore, this new revelation 
 amounts to nothing more than a quite striking proof 
 of the remarkable influence of the mind over the 
 nervous system. Beyond this, the craze, in attempt- 
 ing to disprove the existence of disease, and to show 
 that poisons do not kill, is simply running against 
 the plain and inevitable facts of life, and can safely 
 be left to perish through its own rashness.
 
 MISCELLANY. 139 
 
 The Bible. 
 There is no date from beginning to end in the 
 Bible. It comprises some sixty documents and is 
 supposed to have been written by about forty men. 
 Fifty-four miracles are recorded in the Old and 
 fifty-one in the New Testament. Total, one hundred 
 and five. — Little Giant Cyc. 
 
 Theory. 
 
 1. A doctrine, or scheme of things, which termi- 
 nates in speculation or contemplation, without a view 
 to practice ; hypothesis ; speculation. 
 
 " This word is employed by English writers in a very loose 
 and improper sense. It is with them usually convertible into 
 hypothesis, and hypothesis is commonly used as another term 
 for conjecture. The terms theory and theoretical are properly 
 used in opposition to the terms practice and practical. In this 
 sense, they were exclusively employed by the ancients ; and in 
 this sense, they are almost exclusively employed by the Conti- 
 nental philosophers." — Sir W. Hafnilton. 
 
 2. An exposition of the general or abstract prin- 
 ciples of any science ; as, the theory of music. 
 
 3. The science, as distinguished from the art ; as, 
 the theory and practice of medicine. 
 
 4. The philosophical explanation of phenomena, 
 either physical or moral ; as, Lavoisier's theory of
 
 140 MISCELLANY. 
 
 combustion; Adam Smith's theory of moral senti- 
 ments. 
 
 5. A theory is a scheme of the relations subsisting 
 between the parts of a systematic whole ; an hypoth 
 esis is a tentative conjecture respecting a cause or 
 phenomena. 
 
 Theurgy. 
 
 1. A divine work; a miracle; hence, magic; 
 sorcery. 
 
 2. "A kind of magical science or art developed in 
 Alexandria among the Neophatonists, and supposed 
 to enable man to influence the will of the gods by 
 means of purification and other sacramental rites." — 
 Schaff-Herzog Encyc. 
 
 3. In later or modern magic, that species of 
 
 magic in which effects are claimed to be produced 
 
 by supernatural agency, in distinction from natural 
 
 magic. 
 
 Tribalism. 
 
 The state of existing in tribes, also, tribal feeling ; 
 
 tribal prejudice or exclusiveness, tribal peculiarities 
 
 or characteristics. 
 
 Themis. 
 
 In the mythology of the Greeks — the Goddess of 
 Justice.
 
 MISCELLANY. 141 
 
 Tantalism. 
 
 "A punishment like that of Tantalus ; a teasing or 
 tormenting by the hope or near approach of good 
 which is not attainable." — Addison. 
 
 Talmud. 
 The book of Hebrew Traditions, laws, and expla- 
 nations. 
 
 Truism. 
 
 An undoubted or self-evident truth ; a statement 
 which is plainly true ; a proposition needing no proof 
 or argument ; opposed to falsism. 
 
 Ultraism. 
 
 The principles of men who advocate extreme 
 
 measures 
 
 Utopia. 
 
 A term invented by Sir Thomas More, from the 
 
 Greek word, meaning, no place, and applied to an 
 
 imaginary isle, which he represents as enjoying the 
 
 greatest perfection in politics, laws, etc., hence, ideal, 
 
 chimerical. 
 
 Vernacularism. 
 
 A vernacular idiom, belonging to the country of 
 one's birth ; belonging to the person by birth or na- 
 ture.
 
 142 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Ventriloquism. 
 The art or practice of speaking so that the voice 
 seems to come from a distance. 
 
 Vulgarism. 
 
 A vulgar expression. 
 
 W^orship. 
 
 Religious homage and service. To worship is to 
 perform acts of adoration ; to perform religious 
 service ; to pay divine honor. 
 
 Witticism. 
 A sentence or phrase affectedly witty. 
 
 Whigism. 
 The principles of Whigs ; a friend to free govern- 
 ment, one opposed to Tories. 
 
 Zymology. 
 
 The doctrine of fermentation of liquors. 
 
 Zoology. 
 That part of natural history which treats of the 
 structure, habits, classification, etc., of all animals.
 
 DIVINATION. 
 
 Divination is the art of divining ; a foreseeing or 
 foretelling of future events ; the pretended art of dis- 
 covering secret or future things by preternatural 
 means. 
 
 There shall not be found among you any one that .... 
 useth divinatio7i, or an observer of times, or an enchanter. — 
 Deut. xviii : lo. 
 
 Among the ancient heathen philosophers ?iatural 
 dix'ination was supposed to be effected by a divine 
 affilitus ; artificial divination by certain rites, omens, 
 or appearances, as the flight of birds, entrials of ani- 
 mals, etc. 
 
 Aeromancy. 
 
 Divination by means of the air and wind. 
 
 Anthracomancy. 
 Divination by inspecting a burning coal. 
 
 Anthropomancy, 
 Divination by the entrails of a human being. 
 
 Aruspicy. 
 Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of 
 victims slain in sacrifice. 
 
 143
 
 144 DIVINATION. 
 
 Astragalomancy. 
 Divination by means of small bones or dice. 
 
 Austromancy. 
 
 Soothsaying or prediction of events, from observa- 
 tion of the winds. 
 
 Axinomancy. 
 
 A species of divination by means of an ax or 
 
 hatchet. 
 
 Alectryomancy. 
 
 Divination by means of a cock and giains of corn 
 placed on the letters of the alphabet, the letters be- 
 ing put together in the order in which the grains 
 
 were eaten. 
 
 Aleuromancy. 
 
 Divination by means of flour. 
 
 Alomancy. 
 
 Divination bv means of salt. 
 
 . Alphitomancy. 
 Divination by means of barley meal. 
 
 Aeromancy. 
 
 Divination from the state of the air or from at- 
 mospheric substances ; also, forecasting changes in 
 the weather.
 
 DIVINATION. 145 
 
 Belomancy. 
 A kind of divination anciently practiced by means 
 of marked arrows drawn at random from a bag or 
 quiver, the marks on the arrows drawn being sup- 
 posed to foreshow the future. 
 
 Bibliomancy. 
 A kind of divination, performed by selecting pas- 
 sages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing from them 
 indications concerning future events. 
 
 Capnomancy. 
 
 Divination by means of the ascent or motion of 
 
 smoke. 
 
 Ceromancy. 
 
 Divination by dropping melted wax in water. 
 
 Chartomancy. 
 Divination by written paper or by cards. 
 
 Cleromancy. 
 A divination by throwing dice or casting lots. 
 
 Coscinomancy. 
 Divination by means of a suspended sieve. 
 
 Crystallomancy. 
 Divination by means of a crystal or other trans- 
 parent body, especially a beryl.
 
 146 DIVINA TION. 
 
 Dactyliomancy. 
 
 Divination by means of finger rings. 
 
 Daphnomancy. 
 Divination by means of a laurel. 
 
 Demonomagy. 
 Magic in which the name of demons is invoked; 
 black or infernal maeric. 
 
 "fc.' 
 
 Enoptomancy. 
 
 Divination by the use of a mirror. 
 
 Gastromancy. 
 
 1. A kind of divination by means of words seem- 
 ingly uttered from the stomach. 
 
 2. A species of divination by means of glasses or 
 other round, transparent vessels, in the center of 
 which figures are supposed to appear by magic art. 
 
 Geomancy. 
 A kind of divination by means of figures or lines, 
 formed by little dots or points, originally on the 
 earth, and latterly on paper. 
 
 Gyromancy. 
 A kind of divination performed by drawing a ring 
 or circle and walking in or around it.
 
 DIVINATION. 147 
 
 Hieromancy. 
 
 Divination by observing the objects offered in sac- 
 rifice. 
 
 Hydromancy. 
 
 Divination by means of water ; practiced by the 
 
 ancients. 
 
 Ichthyomancy. 
 
 Divination by the heads or the entrails of fishes. 
 
 Lecanomancy. 
 Divination practiced with water in a basin, by 
 throwing three stones into it, and invoking the 
 demon whose aid was sought. 
 
 Lithomancy. 
 The art of divination by means of stones. 
 
 Metopomancy. 
 The practice of fortune telling by physiognomy. 
 
 Nomancy. 
 
 The art or practice of divining the destiny of per- 
 sons by the letters which form their names. 
 
 Necromancy. 
 The art of revealing future events by means of a 
 pretended communication with the dead ; the black 
 art ; hence, magic in general.
 
 148 DIVINATION, 
 
 Omphalomancy. 
 
 Divination by means of a child's navel, to learn 
 how many children the mother may have. 
 
 Oneiromancy. 
 Divination by means of dreams. 
 
 Onomancy. 
 
 Divination by the letters of a name ; Nomancy. 
 
 Onychomancy. 
 
 Divination by the nails. 
 
 Ophiomancy. 
 Divination by serpents, as by their manner of eat- 
 ing, or by their coils. 
 
 Ornithomancy. 
 Divination by means of birds, their flight, etc. 
 
 Osteomanty. 
 Divination by means of bones. 
 
 Pedomancy. 
 
 Divination by examining the soles of the feet. 
 
 Pyromancy. 
 Fire, divination by fire. 
 
 Psychomancy. 
 Divination by consulting the souls of the dead.
 
 DIVINATION. 149 
 
 Rhapsodomancy. 
 Divination by means of verses. 
 
 Rhabdomancy. 
 Divination by rods. 
 
 Stichomancy. 
 
 Divination by lines or passages of books, taken at 
 
 hazard. 
 
 Stigonomancy. 
 
 Divination by writing on the bark of a tree. 
 
 Sciomancy. 
 Divination by means of shadows.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ISMS. 
 
 DOCTRINAL AND SECTARIAN ISMS. 
 
 Ag-nos ' ti-cism 13 
 
 Ar-min'i-an 14 
 
 Au'to-the-ism .14 
 
 An'ti-no'mi-an-ism ... 14 
 
 A-pos'ta-sy 15 
 
 As-cet'i-cism 15 
 
 Al'lo-the-ism 15 
 
 An'a-bap'tism 15 
 
 An'gli-can-ism 16 
 
 An ' thro-pop ' a-thism ... 16 
 
 Au'gus-tin'i an-ism ... 16 
 
 A'ri-an-ism 16 
 
 A-nath ' e-ma-tism .... 16 
 
 Bab 'ism I'j 
 
 Ben'tham-ism 17 
 
 Ba'al-ism 17 
 
 Brah' man-ism 18 
 
 Boodh 18 
 
 Boodh'ism 18 
 
 Bud'dhism .18 
 
 Bi'the-ism 19 
 
 Con ' sub-Stan ' tial-ism . 19 
 
 Con'gre-ga'tion-al-ism 19 
 
 Cler'ic-al-ism 20 
 
 Cen'o-bi-tism 20 
 
 Cer'e-mo'ni-al-ism .... 20 
 
 Cor-po're-al-ism 20 
 
 Cos'mo-the'ism 20 
 
 Chil'i-asm 21 
 
 Cal'vin-ism 21 
 
 Dru' id-ism 21 
 
 Dru'id. 22 
 
 De-mo 'ni-an-ism 22 
 
 De'mon-ol'a-try 22 
 
 Dog'ma-tism 22 
 
 Du'al-ism 22 
 
 Di'the-ism 22 
 
 De'ism 22 
 
 Dol' lard -ism 23 
 
 Bollard 23 
 
 Don'a-tism 23 
 
 Don'a-tist 23 
 
 De'mon-ism . ... 23 
 
 De-nom'i-na'tion-al-isra 23 
 
 Eu-no'mi-an 23 
 
 Eth'ni-cism 24 
 
 Eu-hem ' er-ism 24 
 
 E-van' gel-ism 24 
 
 Ex'or-cism 24 
 
 Es'se-nism 24 
 
 150
 
 INDEX. 
 
 151 
 
 Hu-tych'i-an-ism 24 
 
 Ks-tab'lish-men-ta'ri-an . 25 
 
 E-ras ' tian-ism 25 
 
 Es ' o-ter ' ic-ism 25 
 
 Fe ' tich-ism 26 
 
 Form ' al-ism 26 
 
 Fam'i-lism .26 
 
 Fa-nat'i-cism 26 
 
 Fa'tal-ism 27 
 
 Gal ' li-can-ism 27 
 
 Ge-ne' van-ism .... 27 
 Gnos'ti-cism 27 
 
 Hen ' o-the-ism 27 
 
 Hi'er-arch'ism 28 
 
 "Hu-man'i-ta'ri-an-ism . 28 
 
 Hy'lism 28 
 
 Hy-lop'a-thism 28 
 
 Hy'lo-the-ism, 29 
 
 I-de' al-ism 29 
 
 Im'ma-te'ri-al-ism . . .29 
 
 I-den'tism 29 
 
 Im-pe ' ri-al-ism 3° 
 
 In ' fra-lap-sa ' ri-an-ism . . 30 
 
 Jes'u-it-ism 3° 
 
 Jan 'sen-ism 3^ 
 
 Ka'ra-ism 3^ 
 
 Lu ' ther-an-ism 31 
 
 Lat'i-tu'di-na' ri-an-ism .31 
 
 Lab'a-dist 32 
 
 lya' ma-ism 32 
 
 Ma'gi-an-ism 32 
 
 Man'i-che-ism 32 
 
 Ma-te ' ri-al-ism 32 
 
 Me-temp'sy-cho'sis ... 33 
 Mo-ham 'med-an-ism . . 33 
 Mo-nas ' ti-cism .... 33 
 
 Mo-noth'e-lite 33 
 
 Mon ' o-the-ism 33 
 
 Mon'ta-nist ... . . • • 33 
 
 Mys' ti-cism 34 
 
 Mil-len'ni-an-ism ... 34 
 
 Mis ' o-the ' ism 35 
 
 Mo'dal-ist 35 
 
 Mo'lin-ism 35 
 
 Mon'o-psy'chism 35 
 
 Mac'e-do'ni-an-ism ... 35 
 
 Male-branch 'ism 35 
 
 Man'i-che-ism 3^ 
 
 Na'tiv-ism 3^ 
 
 Nat'u-ral-ism 3^ 
 
 Ni'cene 3^ 
 
 No-va ' tian-ism 37 
 
 Naz'a-ri-tism 37 
 
 Ne'o-no'mi-an-ism .... 37 
 
 Ne'o-pla'to-nism 37 
 
 Or'i-gen-ism 3^ 
 
 Ob-scur'an-tism 3^ 
 
 Op'ti-mism 3^ 
 
 Oc-ca'sion-al-ism 3^ 
 
 Oc-cult'ism 39 
 
 Par'tial-ism ... » • • 39 
 
 Pa'gan-ism 39 
 
 Prop ' a-gan ' dism 39 
 
 Pre-mon ' stra-ten ' sian . 39 
 
 Pres'by-te' ri-an-ism ... 40 
 
 Plym'outh Breth'ren ... 40 
 
 Pol ' y-the-ism .... 40 
 
 Pos ' i-tiv-ism 4°
 
 152 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Prel'a-tism 41 
 
 Pa'tri-arch-ism 41 
 
 Pa ' tri-pas ' sian 41 
 
 Pau'li-cian 41 
 
 Per-fec'tion-ism . . . . 41 
 
 Pan'the-ism 41 
 
 Pla' ton-ism . .... 42 
 
 Plo'ti-nist 42 
 
 Pha-lan'ster-ism 42 
 
 Phar'i-sa-ism 42 
 
 Pi'e-tism 43 
 
 Psy'chism . 43 
 
 Pil'lar-ist . . ... 43 
 
 Pa ' tri-pas ' sians 44 
 
 Pe' do-bap 'tism 44 
 
 Psy ' cho-pan ' ny-chism . . 44 
 
 Pur'ga-to-ry 44 
 
 Pur'i-tan-ism 44 
 
 Pu'sey-ism 44 
 
 Prot'est-ant'ism 45 
 
 Psi-lan'thro-pism 45 
 
 Pre-des'ti-na'ri-an-ism . . 45 
 
 Prel'a-tist 45 
 
 Pyr ' rho-nism 45 
 
 Py-thag'o-rism ...... 46 
 
 Qui'et-ism 46 
 
 Ra'tion-al-ism 46 
 
 Ro' man-ism 46 
 
 Re-cu ' sant -47 
 
 Sab'ba-tism 47 
 
 Sa' tan-ism .... . . 47 
 
 Sbin'to-isra 47 
 
 Scbo-las'ti-cism 47 
 
 Sba'min-ism 48 
 
 Sec-ta ' ri-an-ism 48 
 
 Su ' pra-lap-sa ' ri-ans .... 49 
 
 Sto'i-cism 49 
 
 Su'fism 50 
 
 Swe'den-bor'gi-an-ism . . 50 
 
 Su'per-nat'u-ral-ism . . 50 
 
 Syn'cre-tism 51 
 
 Spi'no-zism 51 
 
 Spir ' it-u-al-ism 51 
 
 Sab ' ba-ta ' ri-an-ism .... 51 
 
 Sa-bel'li-an-ism 52 
 
 Sa'bi-an-ism ...... 52 
 
 Sen'ti-ment 52 
 
 Sen'ti-ment'al 54 
 
 Sac'ra-ment'al-ism . . -54 
 Sac'ra-men-ta'ri-an .55 
 
 So-cin'i-an-ism 55 
 
 Skep'ti-cism 55 
 
 Sen'ti-meut'al-ism . . . 56 
 Schwenk ' feld-i-an . . .56 
 
 Tran ' scen-den ' tal-ism . . 56 
 
 Tran'scen-den'tal . . 56 
 
 Tav'ism .... ... 58 
 
 The-oc'ra-sy 58 
 
 The-od'i-cy 58 
 
 Tri'the-ism 58 
 
 The-os'o-phy -59 
 
 The-og'o-nism 60 
 
 The'ism 61 
 
 The-os'o-phism 61 
 
 Ul ' tra-mon ' ta-nism 
 U'ni-ta' ri-an-ism . 
 U ' ni-ver ' sal -ism 
 U-til ' i-ta ' ri-an-ism 
 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 62
 
 INDEX. 
 
 153 
 
 CIVIC ISMS. 
 
 An 'arch-ism 63 Le-git ' i-mistn 70 
 
 An ' ti-civ ' ism . . .... 63 Lib ' er-al-ism 71 
 
 Boy'cott-ism 63 
 
 Bu-reau'cra-cy 63 
 
 Bi-met'al-lism 64 
 
 . .64 
 
 .... 64 
 
 64 
 
 . . . . 64 
 
 Cyph'o-nism 65 
 
 Com ' mu-nal-ism .... 65 
 
 Com'mu-nism 65 
 
 Col-lect ' iv-ism 
 Chart 'ism . . 
 Civ 'ism . . 
 Cse ' sar-ism . . 
 
 Car'bo-na'rism . . , 
 Cen'tral-ism .... 
 Con-serv'a-tism . . . 
 Cou ' sti-tu ' tion-al-ism 
 Con-ven'tion-al-ism . 
 
 65 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 Con'victrism 67 
 
 Doc'tri-na'ri-an-ism ... 67 
 
 De-moc ' ra-tism 67 
 
 Des'po-tism 68 
 
 Dem ' a-gog-ism 68 
 
 Ex-clu ' sion-ism 68 
 
 Fe'ni-an-ism . . . 
 Feu'dal-ism . . . 
 Fil'i-bus'ter-ism . 
 
 In-civ'ism . . . 
 In ' di-vid ' u-al-ism 
 
 Jac'o-bin-ism . . 
 Know ' noth ' ing-ism 
 
 68 
 68 
 69 
 
 . 69 
 • 69 
 
 ■ 69 
 
 70 
 
 Mach ' i-a-vel ' ian-ism 
 Mil'i-tar-ism . . . . 
 Mal-thu'sian-ism . . 
 
 Nep'o-tism .... 
 
 Ni'hil-ism 
 
 Na' tion-al-ism . . . 
 
 01 ' i-gar ' chy 
 Op ' ti-ma-cy 
 
 Pa ' tri-ot-ism .... 
 Phal ' an-ste ' ri-au-ism 
 Pan-hel'len-ism . . 
 Pau-is' lam-ism . . 
 Pan'sla'vism . 
 Pa-ter'nal-ism . . 
 Pro-tec ' tion-ism . . 
 
 71 
 71 
 71 
 
 71 
 71 
 72 
 
 72 
 72 
 
 73 
 73 
 73 
 73 
 73 
 73 
 74 
 
 Rad'i-cal-ism 74 
 
 Roy'al-ism 74 
 
 Re-pub 'li-can-ism . . . . 74 
 
 Sec 'tion-al-ism 75 
 
 So'cial-ism 75 
 
 Saint' -Si-mo 'ni-an-ism . . 75 
 
 To'ry-ism , 
 The-oc ' racy 
 
 76 
 76 
 
 Van'dal-ism ....... 76 
 
 Vol'un-ta-ry-ism 77 
 
 Voo'doo-ism 77
 
 154 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 OLOGIKS. 
 
 Theoreticai. and scientific. 
 
 Ae'ti-ol'o-gy ..... 78 
 
 Ag'noi-ol'o-gy ..... 78 
 
 Ag'ri-ol'o-gy 78 
 
 A-le'thi-ol'o-gy ... .78 
 
 Am ' phi-bol ' o-gy 78 
 
 An ' gel-ol' o-gy 79 
 
 An ' thro-pol ' o-gy 79 
 
 An ' e-mol ' o-gy 79 
 
 An'ge-ol'o-gy . . .79 
 
 An' thro-pop 'a-thy . . -79 
 
 Ar ' che-ol' o-gy 80 
 
 As-trol'o-gy 80 
 
 Au'gur 80 
 
 As'tro-the-d'o-gy . . 84 
 
 As'the-nd'o-gy 81 
 
 Bat-tol'o-gy 81 
 
 Bi-ol'o-gy 81 
 
 Ce-tol'o-gy . 81 
 
 Chi-rol'o-gy 81 
 
 Chi'ro-man'cy ..... 81 
 
 Chro-nol'o-gy . . ... 81 
 
 Con-chol ' o-gy . . , ... 82 
 
 Cos-mol'o-gy 82 
 
 Cra'ni-ol'o-gy 82 
 
 Dem ' o-nol ' o-gy 82 
 
 Ec-cle ' si-ol ' o-gy 82 
 
 Es-thet'i-cism 82 
 
 Eu-chol'o-gy .... 83 
 
 Eth-nol'o-gy 83 
 
 Hi'er-ol'o-gy 
 Ho-rol ' o-gy . 
 Hy-drol ' o-gy 
 
 Ich ' thy-ol ' o-gy 
 I ' co-nol ' o-gy . 
 
 83 
 83 
 83 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 Me ' te-or-ol ' o-gy ... .84 
 
 Min'er-al'o-gy 84 
 
 My-ol'o-gy 84 
 
 My-thoro-gy -84 
 
 Ne-crd'o-gy . . . . 
 Ne-ol'o-gy .... 
 Neu-rol'o-gy . . . 
 No-sol 'o-gy . . . . 
 Nu-mis ' ma-tol ' o-gy 
 
 84 
 84 
 85 
 85 
 85 
 
 Ge-ol'o-gy . . 
 Gi ' gan-tol ' o-gy 
 
 83 
 83 
 
 On-tol'o-gy 85 
 
 O'phi-ol'o-gy 85 
 
 Or'ni-thol'o-gy 85 
 
 O-rol'o-gy 85 
 
 Or-thol'o-gy 85 
 
 Os'te-ol'o-gy 86 
 
 Pa'le-ol'o-gy .86 
 
 Pa'le-on-tol'o-gy 86 
 
 Pan-tol'o-gy 86 
 
 Phre-nol ' o-gy 86 
 
 Phi-lol o-gy ... .... 86 
 
 Phy-tol'o-gy ....... 87 
 
 Phys'i-ol'o-gy 87 
 
 Phys ' i-co-the-ol ' o-gy ... 87 
 
 Pneu' ma-tol 'o-gy 87 
 
 Psy-chol ' o-gy 87 
 
 Pseu-dol ' o-gy 87
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Py-rol'o-gy . . . 
 Py r ' e-tol ' o-gy . , 
 Pa-thog'no-my . 
 Phar ' ma-col ' o-gy 
 Pho-tol'o-gy . . 
 Pho-uol ' o-gy . . 
 Pab-dol ' o-gy . . 
 Pa-thol'o-gy . . , 
 Pan ' the-ol ' o-gy . 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 
 So'tna-td'o-gy . 
 
 Ter ' mi-uol ' o-gy 
 Tox ' i-col ' o-gy . 
 Tro-pol'o-gy . 
 
 U ' ra-nol ' o-gy . 
 
 155 
 ■ 89 
 
 • 89 
 
 • 89 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 MISCELLANY. 
 
 Ar'yan 93 
 
 Art 93 
 
 A-nal'o-gy 94 
 
 A-nal'o-gism 95 
 
 A-nat'o-mism 95 
 
 An ' thro-pos ' co-py . -95 
 
 Al'ien-ism 95 
 
 An-thro-pol'a-try 95 
 
 As-trol ' a-try 95 
 
 At'a-vism 96 
 
 An-drog'y-nism 96 
 
 An'glo-Sax'ou-ism ... 96 
 
 An'ti-Christ 96 
 
 A-pol' o-get ' ics 96 
 
 Af ' ri-can-ism 96 
 
 Al'tru-ism 96 
 
 An-tich'ro-nism . . . . 97 
 
 Ag'o-nism 97 
 
 Ath'a-na'sian 97 
 
 A'the-ism 97 
 
 A-gra'ri-an-ism 97 
 
 Al' co-hoi-ism 97 
 
 An-ach ' ro-nism 98 
 
 Ab ' sen-tee ' ism 98 
 
 Ab'sin-thism 98 
 
 Ab ' so-lu ' tism 98 
 
 Ac ' ro-bat-ism 98 
 
 An'i-mal-ism . . 
 An ' i-mal ' cu-lism 
 At'om-ism . . . 
 A-ver ' ro-ism . . 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 99 
 99 
 
 Bac'cha-na'li-au-ism . . . 100 
 
 Bar'ba-rism 100 
 
 Burk'ism 100 
 
 Bap'tist 100 
 
 Cyn'i-cism loi 
 
 Car'di-nal Vir'tues . . . . loj 
 
 Cer'taiu-ties loi 
 
 Cas'u-ist-ry loi 
 
 Chris 'tian Sci'ence .... 102 
 
 Char 'la-tan-ism 102 
 
 Cli'quism 102 
 
 Con-cep'tu-al-ism 103 
 
 Crit'i-cism . 103 
 
 Cru-sade' 103 
 
 Death .... 103 
 
 Doc 'trine . 104 
 
 Dog 'ma 105 
 
 De'mon-ol' a-try 106 
 
 Dar' win-ism .... . 106 
 Dil ' et-tan ' te-ism 107
 
 156 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Bv'o-lu'tion The'o-ry 
 Em-pir'i-cism . . . . 
 Ec-lec'ti-cism . . 
 
 E' go-ism 
 
 E'le-at'i-cism . . . . 
 Ex-ter'nal-ism . . . . 
 Ex-pe'ri-en'tial-ism . 
 Ep'i-cu-re'an-ism . 
 Eu-de'mon-ism . . . . 
 Eu-hem ' er-ism . . . 
 E-the ' re-al-ism . . . 
 
 Fate of the Apostles . 
 
 Faith 
 
 Fa'bi-an 
 
 Gyn'e-ol'a-try. . . . . 
 
 He'lot 
 
 Ha'gi-ol'a-try . . 
 
 He'li-ol'a-try . . . . 
 Hu' man-ism . . 
 
 I-cou'o-clasm . . 
 
 I-con'o-clast 
 
 I ' co-nol ' a-try . . . . 
 Ig'nis fat'u-us . . . . 
 
 Ju' da-ism 
 
 Life 
 
 Leg 'end 
 
 Meth'od 
 
 Mag'ic 
 
 Mon'ism 
 
 Ma 'ri-ol' a-try . . . . 
 Mo-ra'vi-an-ism . , . 
 Mes'mer-ism 
 
 07 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 Mount ' e-bank 120 
 
 Mem'non 120 
 
 Me-men'to mo'ri .... 120 
 
 Mem ' o-ra-bil ' i-a 121 
 
 Mir'a-cle 121 
 
 Mi-rage' 121 
 
 Nom'i-ual-ism 122 
 
 Nick 122 
 
 Ne-crol ' a-try 122 
 
 Op'ti-mism 122 
 
 Os'tra-cism 122 
 
 Pyth'i-an 122 
 
 Pyth'o-ness 122 
 
 Phys ' i-ol ' a-try 123 
 
 Pau'per-ism 123 
 
 Pet'al-ism 123 
 
 Pes'si-mism 123 
 
 Par 'see-ism . 123 
 
 Par ' a-si ' tism 123 
 
 Phar ' i-sa-ism 123 
 
 Phe-nom ' e-non 124 
 
 Psy'chi-cal 124 
 
 Par'the-non 125 
 
 Pros'e-ly-tism 125 
 
 Pro-vin ' cial-ism 125 
 
 Pur 'ism 125 
 
 Pu' tan-ism 125 
 
 Pan-the'on 125 
 
 Pan ' de-mo ' ni-um . . . . 125 
 Pyth'o-nism 125 
 
 Quid 'nunc 126 
 
 Quix'ot-ism ... . . 126 
 
 Rhap'so-dy 126 
 
 Rab'bi 126
 
 INDEX. 
 
 157 
 
 Rab' bin-ism 126 
 
 Re'al-ism ... . . . . 126 
 
 Re-lig'ion 127 
 
 Ros'i-cru'cians 127 
 
 Sci'ence 127 
 
 Syl'lo-gism 129 
 
 Syu'cre-tism 129 
 
 Sys'tem 129 
 
 Sav'a-gism 129 
 
 Scamp 'ism 129 
 
 Scho-las ' ti-cism 129 
 
 Scoun'drel-ism 129 
 
 Sen-sa'tion-al-ism .... 130 
 
 Sci'o-lism 130 
 
 Sen ' su-al-ism 130 
 
 Schism 130 
 
 So'ma-tist 130 
 
 Sto'ic-al 131 
 
 Su ' per-sti ' tion 131 
 
 The Seven Bibles of the 
 
 World 132 
 
 Tra-di ' tion-al-ism 133 
 
 The-ol'D-gy 134 
 
 The Mind Cure 136 
 
 The Bible 139 
 
 The'o-ry 139 
 
 The'ur-gy 140 
 
 Trib'al-ism . . 140 
 
 The 'mis 140 
 
 Tan'ta-lism . . . . . . 141 
 
 Tal'mud 141 
 
 Tru'ism 141 
 
 Ul'tra-ism 141 
 
 U-lo'pi-a 141 
 
 Ver-nac ' u-lar-ism 141 
 
 Ven-tril ' o-quism 142 
 
 Vul' gar-ism 142 
 
 Wor'ship 142 
 
 Wit 'ti-cism 142 
 
 Whig'ism 142 
 
 Zy-mol'o-gy 142 
 
 Zo-ol'D-gy 142 
 
 DIVINATION. 
 
 An'thra-co-man'cy . . . 
 
 143 
 
 An ' thro-po-man ' cy . . . 
 
 143 
 
 A-rus'pi-cy . . ... 
 
 143 
 
 As-trag ' al-o-man ' cy . . 
 
 144 
 
 Aus'tro-man'cy ... 
 
 144 
 
 Ax-in ' o-man ' cy . 
 
 144 
 
 A-lec'try-o-man'cy . 
 
 144 
 
 A-leu'ro-man'cy . . 
 
 144 
 
 Al' o-man 'cy 
 
 144 
 
 Al-phit ' o-man ' cy . . 
 
 144 
 
 A ' er-o-man ' cy 
 
 144 
 
 Bel' o-man 'cy ... . . 145 
 Bib'li-o-man'cy 145 
 
 Cap'no-man'cy 145 
 
 Cer' o-man 'cy 145 
 
 Char'to-man'cy 145 
 
 Cler' o-man 'cy 145 
 
 Cos-cin' o-man 'cy . . 145 
 
 Cry s'tal-1 o-man 'cy .... 145
 
 158 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Dac-tyl ' i-o-man ' cy . . . .146 
 Daph ' no-man ' cy . . . 146 
 De ' mon-om ' a-gy 146 
 
 Kn-op'to-man'cy . . . . 146 
 
 Gas'tro-man'cy 146 
 
 Ge'o-man'cy . . . . 146 
 Gyr'o-man'cy 146 
 
 Hi ' er-o-man ' cy 147 
 
 Hy ' dro-man ' cy ...... 147 
 
 Ich ' thy-o-man ' cy 147 
 
 Le-can ' o-man ' cy 147 
 
 Ivith'o-man'cy ..... 147 
 
 Met'o-po-man'cy 147 
 
 No'man-cy 147 
 
 Nee ' ro-man ' cy 147 
 
 Om'pha-lo-man'cy .... 148 
 
 O-nei ' ro-man ' cy 148 
 
 On' o-man 'cy 148 
 
 On ' y-cho-mau ' cy 148 
 
 O ' phi-o-man ' cy . . . . 148 
 
 Or-nith' o-man 'cy 148 
 
 Os'te-o-man'ty 148 
 
 Ped' o-man 'cy 148 
 
 Pyr' o-man 'cy 148 
 
 Psy ' cho-man ' cy 148 
 
 Rhap ' so-do-man ' cy .... 149 
 Rhab ' do-man ' cy 149 
 
 Stich' o-man 'cy . . , . . 149 
 Stig'o-no-mau'cy . . . . 149 
 Sci' o-man 'cy 149
 
 UNIVERSmr OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
 3 0112 066274694 
 
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