UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY '.7 UR3ANA-CHAMPAIGN ENGINEERING NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Materials! The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. _ «*.*>.«. i - ft 1ADD The person charging this material isM-eSpoMible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161— O-1096 ENGINEERING LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS Center for Advanced Computation UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 CAC DOCUMENT No. 2lU NET ENERGY ANALYSIS; HANDBOOK FOR COMBINING PROCESS AND INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS By Clark W. Bullard Peter S. Penner David A, Pilati October 1976 SEP. 13J977, . ine person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN CAC DOCUMENT 2lU NET ENERGY ANALYSIS: HANDBOOK FOR COMBINING PROCESS AND INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS by Clark W. Bullard Peter S. Penner David A. Pilati October 1976 Energy Research Group Center for Advanced Computation University of Illinois at Urbana-Champai^n Urbana, Illinois 6l801 This work was supported by the Energy Research and Development Administration ABSTRACT Methods are presented for calculating the energy required, directly and indirectly, to produce all types of goods and services. Procedures for combining process analysis with input-output analysis are described. This enables the analyst to focus data acquisition effects cost-effectively, and to achieve a specified degree of accuracy in the results. The report presents sample calcula- tions and provides the tables and charts needed to assess total energy re- quirements of any technology, including those for producing or conserving energy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by the U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration. We wish to express our thanks to Donna Amado who was responsible for the computer programming and to Charles R. Mandelbaum of ERDA for helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/netenergyanalysiOObull Table of Contents Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definitions and Conventions 2 2. METHODOLOGY k 2.1 General k 2.2 Process Analysis h 2.3 Input-Output Analysis 10 2.k Combining Process and Input-Output 19 3. DISCUSSION 29 REFERENCES 31 APPENDIX A Tables for Computing Indirect Energy Requirements .... 33 Table A-l. Industry Classification of the 1967 Input-Output Tables 3^ Table A-2. Price Indices 38 Table A-3. Margins on Direct Energy Sold to Final Demand .... ho Table A-k. Margins on Goods and Services Sold to Final Demand . l+l Table A-5. Energy Cost of Goods and Services - 106T ^3 Table A- 6 . Major Products of Common BEA Sectors 55 Table A-7. Error Tolerances {% of Mean) for 90 Energy Intensities 65 APPENDIX B Bibliography 67 List of Figures Figure 1. Successive Stages In a Process Analysis 5 Figure 2. Production of Cars 7 Figure 3. Production of Energy & loods 8 Figure k. Hypothetical 3-Sector Process Analysis 9 Figure 5. Energy Balance for a Producing Sector 10 Figure 6. Systems Boundaries for Process and Input -Out-put Analyses . 21 List of Tables Table 1. Specification of Production Technologies 10 Table 2. Energy Cost of a Computer 17 Table 3. Limitations of Input-Output Analysis 18 Table h. Second Approximation Energy Cost 2k Table 5. Third Approximation Energy Cost 26 Table 6. Sample Hybrid Analysis * 25 1 . INTRODUCTION When we consume anything, we consume energy. It takes energy to manu- facture, deliver and sell all types of goods and services. It is possible to add up the energy required at each step of the production process to determine the total "energy cost" of particular goods and services. The concept also applies to facilities that produce or conserve energy. It takes energy to construct and operate oil wells and pipelines, and this must be compared to the energy output. Similarly, it takes energy to manu- facture insulation for homes and efficient capital equipment for industry; these energy costs must be compared to the energy savings. Consumers demand energy in two ways: directly and indirectly. Energy is consumed directly in the form of gasoline, electricity, natural gas, or fuel oil. It is consumed indirectly as energy used elsewhere in the economy to produce the other goods and services purchased by consumers. Indirect energy is by no means negligible ; the average consumer demands more energy indirectly than directly (Herendeen and Tanaka, 1975). To clarify the concept of energy cost, consider aluminum as an example. A certain amount of energy is consumed directly in the ore reduction process. But energy is also required to mine the bauxite and transport it to the smelter. Additional energy is needed to manufacture the mining and transpor- tation equipment, and to make the inputs to those industries. All these energies have to be summed to determine the total energy cost of aluminum. The purpose of this report is to provide a practical guide for calculat- ing the energy cost of any item. Two methods are described. One is tedious and involves adding all the energy inputs individually and is subject to error because some inputs are inevitably neglected. The other is a simpler one-step operation that has inaccuracies due to the level of aggregation at which goods and services are defined. We describe both methods, and then show how to combine them to minimize the effort required to obtain a predetermined degree of accuracy in the result . Appendix A gives most of the data needed for any application. Appendix B contains an extensive bibliography, organized by subject category, covering the theory and application of both process and input /output analysis. The range of possible applications is quite broad. Energy analyses have been used to determine the overall energy efficiency of systems as varied as beverage containers (Hannon, 1973) and nuclear power plants (Rotty, et al. , 1975). Published results of energy analyses (particularly net energy analyses) vary for a host of reasons, due to differences in computational techniques, system boundaries, types of fuels and energy, etc. (Bullard, 1976, Pilati, 1977) This report is limited to treating the computational issues involved in such analyses. The methods and results presented are consistent with a forthcoming set of ERDA guidelines for net energy analysis (Perry, 1977). 1.1 Definitions and Conventions The data and methodologies described in this report permit calcula- tion of five types of energy "embodied" in a particular goods or service. One calculation determines the coal required, directly and indirectly, to produce a unit of aluminum. Parallel calculations yield the total crude oil and gas, refined oil, electricity, and natural gas requirements. All these inputs are useful for certain purposes, but they are not directly additive to obtain a "total energy requirement." For example, due to the direct plus in- direct nature of the calculations, there would be some double counting of electricity and the coal used to produce electricity. To obtain a total energy figure, we adopt the convention employed historically by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to combine U.S. fuel and electricity consumption. This convention views coal, crude oil and crude gas as primary fossil energy resources, and expresses physical quantities (tons, bbl, cu. ft.) in terms of their total enthalpy. Similarly, hydro ani nuclear electricity are viewed as primary energy resources, whose enthalpies are evaluated in terms of their fossil fuel equivalents using the prevailing heat rate for fossil electric power plants. These enthalpies are then added to define a total primary energy requirement, and double- counting is avoided. Similarly, we define a total primary energy intensity as the energy required directly and indirectly to produce a unit of gDods or services for final comsumption. It is calculated by adding the (direct plus indirect) coal intensity, crude oil and gas intensity, and the fossil fuel equivalent of the hydro and nuclear electric intensity. It is useful to compare the total energy intensities of goods and services for broai-based analyses of conservation options, such as substituting fiberglass for steel in a manufactur- ing process. In specific instances where options for fuel substitution are limited (e.g. aluminum production), it is more useful to retain the individual fuel intensity detail. In particular, net energy analyses often require that the distinction between fuels be maintained, because the object of the analysis is often a a facility (e.g. a power plant) for converting one form of energy to another. "Viewing all Btu's as equal" obscures the economic purpose of the facility (Bullard, 1976). For the types of energy considered here, total enthalpy is approximately equal to Gibbs ' free energy. The latter is viewed by many as the "ultimate" measure of energy consumption because it is truly consumed and cannot be re- cycled. For practical purposes in these calculations, the two are equal. ** Energy intensity and energy cost are used interchangeably in this report. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 General The energy cost of any economic activity can "be measured "by either of two general methods: Process analysis or input-output (i-O) analysis. As will he shown, "both theoretically require the same data and would yield the same result if a fully disaggregated data base were available. In the real world, each technique is most useful for a particular type of problem. Ag- gregated, nationwide problems are well suited to 1-0 analysis because the data base for this analysis is a 363-sector model of the entire U.S. economy. Process analysis is more suited to specific processes, products, or manufac- turing chains for which physical flows of goods and services are easy to trace. 2.2 Process Analysis Process analysis "begins by identifying one particular product as the object of study. This target product may be either a good or a service. One then examines the industry which makes the product and asks , "What goods and services were required directly by this manufacturer to produce the target pro- duct?" When the list of such inputs is obtained, it will include some fuels (direct energy) and some non-energy goods and services from other industries. The direct energy use is tallied while each non-energy input is further examined to determine the energy and non-energy inputs required for its production. This process continues, tracing back from the target product through each stage of the production process, (fig. l). 3ach successive step in the analysis typical- ly identifies smaller and smaller energy inputs, and all these energy inputs are summed to obtain the total energy intensity of the target product. The first energy input is called the direct energy requirement, the remainder is INPUTS TO A o o INPUTS TO B o o INPUTS TO TARGET PRODUCT Production of Target Product STAGE 3 STAGE 2 STAGE 1 FIGURE 1. SUCCESSIVE STAGES IN A PROCESS ANALYSIS called the indirect energy requirement. It is often the case that certain items appear as both inputs and outputs several places in the production tree, reflecting feedback loops of economic activity. In stage 2 and beyond, the indirect energy inputs are identified and sum- med. Note that indirect energy inprts include the energy consumed in energy producing industries . In fig. 1, there are four inputs to the production of the target 'pro- duct. Suppose input A is energy ani B, C, and D are nonenergy goods and services. The direct energy requirement is simply input A. Indirect energy inputs to the target product are the sum of energy inputs to all the pro- duction processes in stages 2, 3, and beyond. In practice, a large number of terms is never computed, and the analysis is terminated at a point where the input is believed tc add a negligible amount to total energy use. At the' second stage only the most significant in- puts are considered, and of those, only a subset is further broken down into its components. Unfortunately, diminishing contributions from each stage pro- vide no guarantee that the truncated infinite number of terms actually sum to a negligible quantity. Performing a process analysis requires extensive data on the production of the target product and similar (but usually less detailed) data on any secondary, tertiary, and other inputs not truncated. For aggregated pro- duction sectors, data are obtained from government statistics on economic activity. For induvidual production process, information must often be col- lated directly from manufacturers, trade associations, and consultants. If all flows can be measured in physical units, there is usually no reason to introduce dollar values in the analysis, so the resulting energy intensity is expressed in physical terms (Btu/unit of target product). As an example, we shall calculate the energy intensity of cars in a simple 3-sector economy.* This hypothetical economy consists cnly of energy (mea- sured in Btu) , cars and another aggi-egate industry composed of all other goods and services. We shall simply label this aggregate industry "goods" and presume its output is measured in dollars due to the heterogeniety of its out- put. Assume that census data for all three sectors in this hypothetical eco- nomic-system identify the inputs for each industry's production precess. A typical production facility in the car industry uses .6 car, .01 Btu energy and $.25 worth of goods to produce one car. (in this entire example, the numbers are chosen arbitrarily). The final stage of production is shown in Figure 2. 01 Btu energy Car Production ♦ 1 car 25 $ worth of goods Figure 2: Production of Cars Similarly, typical energy and goods production facilities use inputs as shown in figures 3a and 3b. Energy extracted from the earth does not appear in fig. 3a, only purchased energy inputs are shown. (Battelle, 1975) and (Teasley, 197*0 provide excellent examples of practical process analyses . ,088l Btu energy 5 cars 2 $ goods Energy Production (a) Goods Production *► 1 Btu energy "► $ worth of goods (b) Figure 3: Production of Energy and Goods We now have most of the data necessary to calculate the energy intensity of cars using process analysis. The production "tree" is shown in fig. U, where dashed lines denote inputs that are ignored, and represent the truncation points for the analysis. Values for input flows exactly maoch figures 2 and 3 in the first production stage where the output is one unit. Outputs at all other stages are less than one unit and their inputs are scaled accordingly. For ex- ample, in the second stage, 0.6 cars are produced, so scaling the inputs in fig. 2 gives (.6)(.0l) Btu, (.6)(.6) cars, and (.6)(.25) $ goods. .00005 .00? ' .0012--'' production 0l'6 mm ei.crgy prou-ction 072.—-^ .06^ .015 .: goods production .00381 .05 .02-'"" ener^/- production .025 — -=f goods •Drod'j^tion Figure h. Hypothetical 3-Sector Frocess Analysis In fig. k, the direct energy input to car production is 0.010 Btu/car. There are an infinite number of indirect inputs, all but three of vhich are neglected. They sum to .006 + .100 + .036 = .lU2 Btu/car. Thus process analysis yields a total (direct plus indirect) energy intensity of 0.152 Btu/car. The truncation error is unknown. In this simple 3-sector example it is clear that we have sufficient data to carry the process analysis on for an indefinite number of steps. In a real problem, however, a process is truncated to reduce the data acqui- sition effort. For example, in an economic system with hundreds of sectors, a process analyst may follow only the largest branches on the tree to limit data acquisition efforts to those sectors most important to the particular target product . In Table 1, the inputs shown in figs. 2 and 3 are arranged in matrix form, normalized to one unit of output. This matrix is one way to represent the technologies for all goods and services in our hypothetical economy. Note 9 that it shows only interindustry flows , not resource flows from Earth to producing industries . input + to production of -> energy cars goods energy .0881 Btu/Btu .01 Btu/car .h Btu/$ cars .5 cars/Btu .6 cars/car .1 cars/$ goods .2 $/Btu .25 $/car $/$ Table 1. Specification of Production Technologies Entries on the diagonal show the amount of self-input required to pro- duce 1 unit of output. For example, each Btu of energy output requires .0S8l Btu of energy input. This representation of the data, as we shall see below, is useful for input-output analysis. 2.3 Input-Output Analysis Input-output analysis is a modeling technique used extensively in economic research since its introduction in 19^1 (Leontief, 19^1). It has been adapted to analyze energy and labor intensities (Bullard and Herendeen, 1975). The structure of the model, a large linear network, remains the same for any variable. Initially the economy must be disaggregated into N major sectors, each producing a unique good or service and each characterized by a node in the network equations. Examples of these sectors might be primary metals , retail trade or petroleum products . Figure 5 shows the energy flows entering and leaving each sector. N E e. T. - . , 1 in 1=1 ' n n Figure 5. Energy Balance for a Producing Sector L0 Energy embodied in inputs from other sectors enters at the left and can he expressed as e. T. , energy intensity of product i times the input of sector i to sector n. Energy embodied in the sector's output is shown exit- ing at the right and is expressed as the product of the energy per unit of sector n output (e ) and its output (X ). If in fig. 5, sector n n n denotes the energy sector, a nonzero amount E is extracted from the earth. The energy balance equation becomes : N I e. T. + E = e X (l) . .. 1 in n n n i=l or, in matrix notation ve have: e_T+E = £X. (2) The above set of N equations can be solved for the N ummowns , e_. X is the diagonal matrix whose elements represent the total output from each sector. For a typical product, n, the production technology is represented by a vector A where a typical element A. represents the amount of product i needed directly to produce a unit of product n. The N x N matrix A_ then pro- vides a linear representation of the technology of producing all goods and services. From this definition of A we have: T = A X (3) and eq. (2) becomes: £ = e (I-A)" 1 (U) where _e is a unit vector which identifies the energy sector row of (l_-A) as the energy intensities.* For a multi-fuel economy, this analysis can be repeated for each type of energy (coal, oil, etc.) and the total primary This unit vector appears algebraically because E = X for the energy sectors; their output defined to equal what they extract from the earth. LI energy intensities can "be calculated (Bullard and Herendeen, 1975). Though 1-0 is a simple and elegant technique, it would hardly he useful without large amounts of data. The U.S. Department of Commerce has reported economy - wide data separated into 368 sectors of economic activity for 19o3 and 1967. From these data, the A (technological coefficients) and X (total output) matrices are determined. Physical data for the E_ (energy) vector are available from a variety of sources (see Bibliography) and are equal to the output, X , of the primary energy-producing sectors. Thus, eq. (k) can be solved for an e_ (energy intensity) vector containing 368 values for the entire economy in the year studied. This pure 1-0 approach implicitly assumes that the target product is typical of a certain sector's output. (The same assumption was made for "cars" in the process-analysis example.) Treatment of atypical products is duscussed in section 2.3.4. 2.3.1 3-Sector Example In the following example, input-output analysis is used to compute the energy cost of goods in our hypothetical 3-sector economy. Both the data base and the result should be compared to the process analysis example given in the previous section. The technology of producing energy, cars, and goods, is given by the same matrix presented in Table 1. A For this matrix: (I- A) = (I-A) -1 .0881 .5 .2 .9119 -.5 -.2 1.^72 2.041 .805 .01 .6 .25 -.01 .h -.25 .1+32 3.265 .903 .1+ .1 -.h -.1 1.0 .632 1.1U3 1.42 To obtain energy coefficients, the above must be multiplied by e_, the unit energy vector. This vector is the energy extracted from the earth by each sector per unit output; in this example it is (l 0).* Finally the product of e_ and ( L-A) gives : e_ = [1.1*72 Btu/Btu .1+32 Btu/car .632 Btu/$ ] We now have the total energy required per unit output for each sector in the hypothetical 3-sector economy. In the previous section a truncated pro- cess analysis was used to calculate the energy cost of cars in this economy. The previous result of .152 Btu/car is about one-third of the result obtained from 1-0 analysis (.U32 Btu/car). We therefore find that in this example the truncation error was not negligible. 2.3.2 A Simple I-Q Example Now we consider a more practical application of input -output analysis. It makes use of a 357-sector description of the U.S. economic system in 1967. It includes detailed information on consumption of five forms of energy by each sector, and is based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). In this example we shall calculate the energy cost of a typical large computer. We assume that the price (to the ultimate consumer) was $1,000,000 in 1970. The first step is to determine which of the 368 BEA economic sectors produces computing machines. Refer to Table A-l in Appendix A and notice that sector 51.01 is denoted "computing and related machines." The table also lists the SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) industries included in BEA sector 51.01. Thus for a more detailed description of 51.01, one could check either the 1967 SIC manual or the 1967 Census of Manufactures (see Bibliography) to insure that the correct sector is used. * In reality, the energy sectors are not perfectly efficient and so require more than one Btu per Btu output because of indirect inputs. This is reflected in the value of e for the energy sector. 13 Having identified the appropriate sector, the corresponding energy intensity can be obtained from Table A-5 , and it is multiplied by the quantity of computers to obtain the total energy cost. The total primary energy intensity given in the table is hf ,116 Btu per 19^7 dollar's worth of computers. The Department of Commerce data used to construct the 1-0 tables in 1967 measured that sector's output in dollars because of the aggregation within the computer industry; that is why the energy intensity is given in those terms. This is true for all nonenergy sectors in the US input-output tables; only the five energy sector outputs are expressed in physical units (Btu). However, due to inflation between 19&7 anc ^ 1970, there is a difference be- tween one million 1967 dollars' worth of computers and one million 1970 dollars' worth, even though we're talking about exactly the same machine. If we con- vert the $1 million price tag in 1970 to 1967 prices, we can remove the effects of inflation, and the "1967 dollars" unit of measurement becomes a surrogate for a physical unit of measurement.* Using price indices (deflators) from Table A-2 we calculate the quantity of computers in units of 19&7 dollars: Value of a million dollar (1970) cc in 1967 dollars nr ho7n + tin 6 (1 967 price index for 51.01) fin 6* 1.0 ^L4 9 I?L'° mpUter = $1 ° 71970 price index for 51. Ol) " (l ° ) LM5 (10 ) .99 = $990,000 (1967) This figure is multiplied by the total primary energy intensity (e) for Sector 51.01, found in Table A-5 : •Energy cost of = $ ( g } ^ ^ 6 Btu/$196T = U6>6U Billion Btu computer Note that if we were to use purely physical units we could avoid the problems of dollar cost deflation. If physical quantities are known, these can often be energy-costed directly. The energy intensities in Table A-5 can be converted to (Btu/physical unit) using the 19^7 implied prices of many goods and services. For a few additional materials, energy costs/physical unit are given by Perry (19' lU This example demonstrates hew energy costs can be found quite simply- using 1-0. However, anyone employing this method should have a good under- standing of the limitations and uncertainties inherent in it. 2.3.3 Uncertainty Associated with I-Q Analysis One source of uncertainty which has "been mentioned already is the change in price levels over time. Due to inflation, price levels change while physical quantities (and energy cost) may not. Price level changes can "be approximately corrected using deflators as above, though deflators are some- times inaccurate and may not strictly conform to BEA sector definitions. Measuring quantities in terms of constant (1967) dollars is a surrogate for using physical units. For some products the correspondence between physical units and 1967 dollars is known. The average 1967 price data in Table A- 6 can be used to express many energy intensities directly in terms of Btu per physical unit. Another source of uncertainty is change in the structure of the economy, the technology of producing goods and services, as represented by the matrix A. Energy intensities are a function of A. alone, and as technological change occurs over time, the uncertainty in z_ will increase. Recent studies have identified the parameters in A which are most important for energy analysis and work is now underway to update them to reflect the latest technological advances (Bullard and Sebald, 1975). Some of the uncertainty in e is due to sector aggregation. Ideally, each product would be a unique output of a BEA sector, and therefore would have a unique energy coefficient. Because millions of different goods and services are produced by the U.S. economy, it would be infeasible to collect 2 data on N technological coefficients at that level of detail. In practice, 15 many similar products or services with a range of energy costs are grouped in a single sector. The question one wants to ask prior to calculation is: How much of BEA sector X is devoted to making the target product X ? To answer this question, it is possible to go back to the original Department of Commerce data base and examine the composition of each sector. We have done this and list in Table A-o some common BEA sectors and their major products. To the extent that the target product 'is typical of the sector's output, the sector energy intensity is a relatively accurate measure of its energy cost. This table provides a basis for estimating the certainty in an energy in- tensity, as applied to a particular product. If the target product were a very minor output of a large or diverse sector, there is little the user can do to correct the error using input-output analysis. There is a way to eliminate this problem, and it will be discussed in section 2.k. A number of economic and accounting conventions also cause problems. Since data are collected from firms rather than consumers, they are based on the firm's value of the product, or producer's price. However, consumers pay not only this price but also the wholesale and retail margins, transporta- tion costs, insurance, etc., required to market the product. In the previous example of the energy cost of the computer, these margins were ignored. Taking them into account, the calculation proceeds as follows: The total price (to the purchaser) of the computer is $1,000,000 in 1970. Of this, the margins can be obtained from Tables A-3 and A-U , and a more accurate energy cost can be determined as follows: Sectors listed are those producing major inputs to construction and opera- tion of facilities for energy production, processing, and transportation. 16 Energy Primary allocated deflator intensity ner sy % of purchase share of total ($196T/$19T0) Btu/$1967 ° Q Sector price (Table A-k) cost ($1970) (Table A-2) (Table A-5) (10 9 Btu) 65.01- 65.06 69.01 5 $50,000 .91 39,636 1.8 69.02 1 10,000 .8U 39,372 .3 51.01 9^ $9^0,000 .99 hi ,116 U3.8 TOTAL $1,000,000 ^5.9 Table 2. Energy Cost of a Computer. This result compares to U6.6U x 10' Btu in the previous example where the margins were not explicitly accounted for. The favorable comparison is fortuitous in this example because the energy intensity of computers happens to be approximately equal to that of trade. For a more energy-intensive com- modity (e.g. steel), the impact of including margins explicitly could be quite significant. Another economic convention is that purchases of capital goods are counted as net outputs of the economic system, rather than as inputs to production pro- cesses. This means that ordinary 1-0 energy intensities ( Bullard and Herendeen, 197*0 do not include the energy required to build the factories or machines used be each sector. A correction has been performed using capital require- ments data from Fisher (1971), so the energy intensities presented in Table This correction is described by Putnam, et al. (1975). Since capital data were only available at the 90-seetor level of detail, it was assumed that in- dividual processes within those categories are equally capital-intensive. 17 A-5 include the energy required to make capital equipment. Finally, there is uncertainty in the results due to errors in collecting and processing the basic data on the technology of producing goods and services. These errors include those due to, more specifically, incomplete census cover- age, reporting errors due to misunderstanding, false reports, sampling errors inherent in surveys of firms, transcription or key punching errors, the pos- sibility that forms are lost, classification errors, and the problems of separating, companies from establisliments in processing returns from surveys or census (Bullard, 1976). Considerable effort has been expended in trying to estimate these stochastic errors, and their effect on the resulting energy in- tensities (see Bibliography). Briefly, results indicate that the energy in- tensities are approximately normally distributed with more than a 99 % likeli- hood that the actual value falls within the error bounds shown in Table A-T- It is assumed that these values, computed at the aggregated 90-sector level, can be applied directly to the 357-sector intensities. However, these figures do not include uncertainty due to changes in the technology of producing goods and ser- vices since 1967. Where significant process changes have been made, the error bounds should be increased. Table 3 Limit at ions of Imout-Output Analysis Problem Treatment Use Tables A-2 and A-6 1. Price level changes 2. Technology changes (since base year) Updated energy intense not yet available 3. Aggregation: Typical and atypical products Vse Table A-6 ^ U. Producer's vs. purchaser's prices 5. Including energy cost of capital 6. Uncertainty in base year data 7. Physical flows assumed proportional to dollar values Use a more disaggregate. model 8. Errors due to secondary products and linearity as- None sumptions 13 Use Table A-5 Use Table A- 7 Table 3 summarizes the error treatment in energy input-output analysis and points to two errors that are urire solvable using this technique. The last two items in Table 3 result from the fact that the U.S. input- output tables are aggregated to such a level that it is not possible to ex- press each sector's output in terms of a single physical unit, and the data are collected on establishments not directly on processes. Methods for eliminating these problems are discussed by Bullard and Herendeen (1975). 2.k Combining Process and Input -Our, -put Analyses As shown above, the energy cost of any good and service can be deter- mined by either process analysis or input-output analysis. In theory, both methods require identical input data and provide identical results. For most applications, however, the complete set of input-output data (the N x N matrix A) are not available at the necessary level of detail. It exists only at a more aggregated level of about 368 sectors for the United States economic system, and is much smaller for most other nations. Because of this lack of data, input-output results give only the average energy intensity of a sector's output. Accuracy is limited by the level of aggregation: the energy intensity of aluminum castings would apply to both pressure cookers and aluminum tools because both are included in sector 38.11. Process analysis does provide a framework for determining the energy intensity of atypical products within a sector. The chain of inputs can be traced back to the point where all inputs are sufficiently "typical" or until the inputs are so small that the aggregation error is tolerable. The errors associated with truncating a process analysis can be minimized using the results of input-output analysis. The truncation error is replaced by a smaller aggregation error associated with energy-costing the higher indirect order inputs. The combination of these techniques is called "hybrid analysis" and 19 the procedures are described below. Theoretically, each step in a process analysis may "be viewed as an ex- pansion of the system boundary (arcund the item being analyzed) into the economic system, tabulating direct energy inputs at each step (see fig. k) . The results of input-output analysis may be used to estimate the energy em- bodied in flows crossing the system boundary at any level, by associating each good or service with one of the 368 sectors of the 1-0 model . These 1-0 results are indifferent to the location of the system boundary. Regardless of the number of process analysis steps taken s the boundary looks the same from the 1-0 side. Thus in theory, it does not matter at which stage of the process analysis you correct for the truncation error. In practice, by carefully choosing the number of stages, hybrid analysis can reduce the error in both techniques and produce the most accurate result possible. The truncation er- ror is eliminated from the process analysis and the aggregation error is mini- mized in the 1-0 analysis. 2.^.1 Procedure To perform a hybrid analysis, begin by doing the first one or two steps in a process analysis. Select the target product and carefully determine the energy and materials required for its production. Some of the input materials may be typical products of 1-0 sectors; 1-0 can be used to determine their tots energy costs with only a single additional calculation. Thus the only input materials requiring further process analysis are atypical products not easily classified in an 1-0 sector. The technology for producing these items must be * Obviously, if the target product is "typical" of an 1-0 sector's output, no hybrid analysis is needed. 20 to cu to >> < E cu +-> to >> o c o o LU 4- O £> -o rj o ^ W •H o >i W •H P-l S>1 y rH o -d aJ c O H 1 •H aj -p +-> -p 3 Jh w ft o >> c PL, CO H 4-> 13 O I -M O. c c to to CD U O S_ a. i. o to cu ♦r- i_ c ra o CQ E CU 4-» > CU J- en 21 examined to identify their inputs which must in turn be energy-costed with either 1-0 or further process analysis, depending on whether they are typical or not. Hybrid analysis is best suited for large atypical problems such as determining the energy cost of a power plant, since there is no 1-0 sector corresponding to power plant construction. 2.U.2 Example We will now calculate the energy cost of a large prototype coal-fired power plant (Pilati and Richard, 1975). Assume that information on this plant is available from either a line-item plant budget or an expert consult- ant on the project. Our objective is to calculate this energy cost in the easiest manner within an uncertainty of ±10$. A sequence of approximations will be used, starting with the simplest assumptions. The sequence can be terminated as soon as the error tolerance is less than 10$. As a first approximation, we could multiply the dollar cost of the power plant ($88 million at 1970 prices, ±15%) by the average intensity for all goods and services in 1970 (68,690 Btu/$) . This coefficient is simply the ratio of total U.S. energy use to gross national produce in 1970. When used to approximate the energy intensity of a particular item such as a power plant, this coefficient has an extremely large uncertainty (say a factor of two: +100$, -50$). The total energy cost and error terms are given by the formula: (a ± Aa)(e ± Ae) = ae ± aAe ± eAa ± AeAa This is the cost of all purchased inputs to power plant construction — materials, services, etc. Wages and taxes are excluded to be compatible with the system boundary of the 1-0 model which corresponds to GNP (See Bullard, (1976)). Using this convention, energy to produce items bought with wages are charged to the wage earner, not the employer. If the energy/GNP ratio for the appropriate year were not known, construction costs could be deflated to the year for which it is known . A construction cost index is given in Table A-2. where a is the budget figure and e the energy intensity, and Aa and Ae represent the uncertainties. Values for Aa and Ae are obtained by simply multiplying a and e by their respective percentage errors. This first 12 approximation yields an energy cost of 6.0U x 10 Btu, while the first-order errors are clearly far outside the desired tolerance interval: + (eAa) + (aAe) = +6.9 x 10 12 Btu (+llW - (eAa) - (aAe) = 3.9 x 10 12 Btu (-655?) For some applications, however, errors such as these may be acceptable, and the analysis could terminate here. The second approximation begins by identifying the major single expenses in the budget. Assume that an expert consultant provided a list of such pur- chases shown in column I of Table k. Care must be taken to identify each expense with its appropriate BEA sector, as defined in the S.I.C. Manual (U.S. Department of Commerce (197*0). The energy cost calculation for these purchases , including removal of transportation and trade margins and price deflation, is shown in columns II thru VII of Table U. Energy used directly (on-site for construction) should be included in every energy cost calculation, because it may be significant even if it is not a large dollar expense . The energy embodied in the remaining (miscellaneous) inputs to the plant is estimated using the energy/GNP ratio as an average energy intensity as was done in the first approximation. Column VIII contains the error due to budget uncertainty (eAa), which is assumed in this example to be 15% for all items. Column IX reflects the un- certainty in the energy intensity (aAe). The magnitude of the uncertainty in For convenience, a 90-sector level of aggregation is used in this example. Generally, more accuracy (less aggregation error) can be achieved with the 368-sector level of detail. Tables in the Appendix are 368-order, so the numbers in the example will differ slightly from the figures in those tables. 23 r0 a) e-' -p CO O O CD C w a o a) 6 •r-i X o J-l P. p. < ■d c o o CD to IX energy intensity uncertainty (aAe)(l0 9 Btu) NO On rH ON ro tr- r~\ 1 1 CM \0 CO O. -3- O LP CO rH + 1 1^ %% ro L"N CO + 1 ro cm CO LP LP O CO CM + 1 VIII budget uncertainty (eAa)(l0 9 Btu) NO O co ON -3- CM ip CM LP O 1 1 r-i -3 NO -J VII 'energy (10 9 Btu) rH CM CO _3 NO CM NO rH LP NO rH CO rH rH O V t— NO On O CO NO t— NO VI energy intensity (Btu/$) CM 00 ir\ LP O rH -3 rH rH rH CO -3- ro LTN CM CO r~i O -J- LP. NO P P P ON P -3- -P NO -P H E no pq cm pq MS. OS. rH S. • p • p ■ p H r -3- P rH -p pq m pq CM CO ro to t— 1 V price less margins ($io 3 1967) O l/N ON CO rH LP On On t— LTN ON rH NO rH LTN CM 1 1 1 CM ON r-\ CM On O NO CO CO CJ •H '— - U m > P." M r-i t— -«r> NO >_- ON rH O O LP CM CM O O NO CO O lp rH CM IP. NO c— CM 1 1 1 -3 On LP C— CO On O NO ro t— III $1970 to $1967 deflator ^ CO NO CO CM On 1 1 1 t— CO 1 II BEA Sector O O O -3- ro -3- O O LTN -3- O O ro LP H H CM OOO rH CO CO ro no no 1 1 CO •rH ■— ■ » U ro P. rH O -€r> f— _* C\ rH / O O O lp CM O O O O H O O LTN CM O O O ro rH rH NO CO OOO r-\ r-\ r~\ X P X P X P P -P P r— « cq on sq r— cm no LP t— On r-i O -3 CM 1 I inputs 3 -P rH O e 1 s u CO C in oJ >-, U CU P U CU c cu O in •rH e 3 H O H cu CO G CU p, X CU *r? CJ -T CO CM •H +1 6 O p O ■ n LTN a; -3 T) TJ C B) •H CU CU >H CO a) O sz CO p rH H-> P P) O CD V CO X cu rH — 1 3 01 CJ E •H Ph ti >> Vj p T) tJ CD OJ > 3 O E CO cu p •H 3 t» U, ^ C Ol ■H £ rH 0) rH jt: cd p 2U e is based on Table A-7.* An examination of Table A-6 can indicate whether an input is typical of a particular sector's output. Assume that, based on careful classification and data from the consultant, all inputs except cons-ruc- tion machinery (1*5.00), are believed to be typical sector outputs. Typical inputs can use the figure from Table A-7 for their As terms. To account for the atypical construction machinery, an additional 20^ is added to the con- struction machinery uncertainty from Table A-7. The result of calculating the second approximation is a total energy 1 ? an cost of 6.78 x 10 Btu with error bounds of +53$, -30/S. This is an improve- ment but it still does not fall within our desired ±10$ limits. In the next approximation fewer inputs are classified as miscellaneous in order to further reduce the error. Assume that we instructed the consult- ant to write down every significant budgeted expense classified in BEA sectors 36.00, 38.00, 1*0.00, 1*2.00, 1*3.00, 1*5.00, 1*6.00, 1+9.00, 53.00, 62.00, and 75.00. These sectors were chosen because they contain most of the materials commonly used for power plant construction; the amounts appear in column I of Table 5. As in Table 1*, computing the energy cost of these purchases is straightforward and the remaining expenses are costed with the average energy/GNP ratio as before. The error analysis proceeds as in the previous step, and this time the 12 error is +15, -13$ for an energy cost of 7.19 x 10 Btu. This still does net meet our accuracy requirements so the analysis must proceed another step. From Table 5 it appears that two of the largest errors are due to budget uncertainties for sectors 1*3.00 and 1+0.00. Assume that we have no way of *These uncertainties apply to the energy intensity of goods in 1967. If we assume the power plant will be built in 1980, the total energy cost will be higher or lower, defending on trends in energy-related technological change throughout the US economy during the 1967-80 period. This correction may be applied after the final result is obtained, and may be approximated by anticipated changes in the aggregate energy/ GNP ratio. ** Note that for each input, the first order budget and energy coefficient er- rors are tabulated. We assume errors on each input item are independent, and therefore the total error in any approximation is the square root of the sum of the squares of each input error. ia a o «> ■* r- « g 5 • -— _ >» 3 >» *> *> *» e m ;>» — -n o. 1. □ *> r-l tl v h — ■ C »> 41 >- 41 C O u »«»* s -i 3 CO p- o \D IA + ^ £ *> +> *A *A r-l c a ♦KHft 4> e o •eft £ 3 11 ^ c < S u CO •St ' * 1 • —>. >> 9 >.*» ♦» •>-> C CO >,-rl .rl OS to « «J o -a CM ^n E-i I. C* rH p- so o 1- t— o in jar p- m cn r-l 1 1 (Vl rH SB C V C> «-» 4> C c U OS PO SO CM CM t' rH + • ia in H r^ o CM CSI SO-» *> — « r-t >> 3 Ok OS g a « ♦ 1 •*» ■* os 41 « o •o i« — » en cn £ & CO co CO m a CM cn ^n O i-i In IA O 1 1 IA 3 v —• CO i-i r-l ft o m C 4 3 u ,^ s *> ♦H u « so o. VO OS CO r-l NO- ir\ OS iS- CO «n H .» P- IA I-I 41 0» en o CO (- 1-1 ITS CO H m cy o 1 CM IA co > c o t> r-i CM cvj ON (SI •-I (SI r-l CM (SI (SI CM p- CM en rS P- is so o m 1A .3 ^ Os •o 8 l/s IA jr «n 3 JX p- o co <»> iH m ITS SO .» CM Os JT VO CM t-l so ia o fH ITS OV J* .a IA IA r-l \s r-l m 00 M U C 3 CM r-l 1 > 41 41 if c ^ £ p- CO ITS trs H CM Os CM ITS .» JX en IA p- ia o o\ CO CO SO 1- VO l/\ P- H J- r-l p- -3 ai a — CI ■ -H en CI CO CO r-l Jf CM VO -tf JT 00 1 1 1 IA s sS h eo tom CM CO o en CM OS SO CM cvT R M a) h O i-i r-l CO rt ITS <-l (VI m i-t p- ftH O r-t (SI <-l cn B -2 t- t— « en ia r-l CO (M o> m (SI H 8 l/V IA CO *> p- o O \o en ■a- (SI «cr ^» o ITS VO* CO 1 1 1 os 1 o > SO -rl H CO JX m H rn u *» r-t r-l -3- (VI SO m r-t in 3 r-l rH H a ■— m H I*- p- vo ov r-l t- «* o M ♦J p- pg o OS p- so P- CO CM O vo P- M O a) CO CO Os CO 00 co co co OS ov CO 1 1 1 r-l hi O 4> t— -a o\ r-l r-l h o o o o o O s 8 o o o o 8 O O 8 8 ■-I O r-l o CM O u 8 HI u4 u «l 1 m 41 VO CO o CM en ITS so OS m CM IA CO » Os 10 m m _J -J j» ■* -3 J* ITS VO P- m SO A a vO 41 rl so CO U O o o i-l r-» r-l ■H r-l - en j SO OS CM CM on r- S CO O 0\ en 3S. ^ d o j ^T ?n «*> SO on Os ITS IA m X M 3 M 3 vO M r-i H t~ Os l/V CO _7 ifs in CO CSJ *» ** _ U CSI * tt O v> r_ cq O (Q co a ^ u 1— w , 0136, 013"), pt. 014, 0193, pt. 0729. 0112, pt. 014. 0113, pt. 0119, pt. 014. pt. 0114, pt. 014. 0122, pt. 014. 0123, pt. 0119, pt. 014. pt. 0113, pt. 0119, pt. 014. 0192, pt. 014. 074.081.082,084, 086,091. 071,0723.073. pt. 0729, 085, 098. 8 Crude petroleum and natural gas Crude petroleum and natural ga.>. 9 Stone and clay mining and quarrying Mono and clay mining and quarrying. 10 Chemicals and fertilizer mineral mining! Chemical and fertilizer mineral I mining. CONSTRUCTION 11.01 II New construction New construction, residential build- ings (nonfarm). 11.02 11.03 11.04 1 1. 0.*> 12.01 pt. 13, pt. 16, pt. it, pt. 6361. pt. 13, pt. 17. pt. 15, pt. 10, pt, 17. pt. Id, pt. 17. pt. 15, pt. 16, pt. 17, pt. 13S. 12 Maintenance and repair construction Maintenance ami repair construe- pt. 13, pt. 17. tion, residential buildings (nun- | farm). I New construction, nonrc-.deutial building-. New con.-truction, public utilities.. New construct ion, highways. . . . New construction, all other. 1011. 106. 102. 103, 104, 105, 108, 109. 11. 12. 1311, 1321. 141, 142. 144, 145, 148, 149. 147. Industry number and title Related Ccnsus- SIC codes (1967 edition) 15 01 15 02 I 1601 I 1 16 02 16. 0.3 16 04 17. 01 17 02 17 OS 17 04 17 05 1 I? 06 17. 07 i! 17. OS 1 17 0<> i 17 10 18. 01 18 02 IN 03 il IS. 04 12. 02 Maintenance and repair construc- tion, all other. MANUFACTURING 13 Ordnance and accessories 13.01 Complete guided missiles 13. 02 Ammunition, except for small arms, n.e.c. 13. 03 Tanks and tank components. 13. 04 Sighting and fire control equipment.. 13. 05 Small arms 13 00 Small arms ammunition 13. 07 Other ordnance arid accessories 14 Food and kindred products 14. 01 .Meat products 14.02 Creamery hutter 14 03 Cheese, natural and processed j 14. 04 Condensed and evaporated milk i 14. 05 Ice cream and frozen desserts j 14 00 Fluid milk 14 07 Canned and cured sea foods | 14. OS Canned specialties | 14 09 Canned fruits and vegetables 14. 10 Dehydrated food products 14. U Pickles, sautes, and salad dressings.. 14. 12 Fresh or frozen packaged fish 14. 13 Frozen fruits and vegetables 14. 14 Flour and cereal preparations 14 15 Prepared feeds for animal- and fowls. 14. 16 Rice milling 14.17 Wet corn milling 14 18 Bakery products 14 19 Sugar 14 20 Confectionery an'l related products. .i 14. 21 Alcoholic bcvcrac.es .' i 14.22 Bottled and canned --oft drinks i 14. 23 Flavoring extracts and sirups, n.c.c.i 14.24 Cottonseed oil mill.-, 14. 25 Soybean oil mills 14. 26 Vegetable oil mills, n.e.c 14 27 Animal and marine fat> and oils 14. 28 Roasted coffee | 14. 29 Shortening and cooking oils j 14. 30 Manufactured ic< 14. 31 Macaroni and spaghetti j 14. 32 Food preparations, n.e.c j 15 Tobacco manufactures Cigarettes, cigar* , etc. j Tobacco stemming and redrying.. . .] 16 Broad and narrow fabrics, yarn and! thread mills Broadwoven fabr.c mills and fabric j finishing plants. Narrow fabric mills | Yarn mills and finishing of textiles, j n.e.c. j Thread mills 17 Miscellaneous textile goods and floor j coverings j Floor covering*- ; Felt goods, n.e.c ! Lace good* i Padding- and uphuHtery fillings. Processed teitilr waste ; Coated fabrics, n>>t rubberized Tire cord and fabric Scouring and combing plants Cordage and twn e : . Textile good-, n.e.c 18 Apparel Hosiery Knit apparel nulU Knit fabric mills Apparel made from purchased materials. 19 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products. 19 01 Curtains and draperies pt. 15, pt. 16. pt. 17, pt. 138. 1923. 1929. 1931. 1941. 1951. 1961. 1911, 1999. 201. 2021. 2022. 2023. 2024. 2026. 2031. 2032. 2033. 2034. 2035. 2030. 2037. 2041.2043,2045. 2042. 2044. 2046. 205. 206. 207. 2082-5. 20S6. 20S7. 2091. 2092. 2093. 2094. 2095. 2096. 2097. 2098. 2099. 2111.2121.2131. 2141. 2211.2221. 2231. 2261, 2262. 224 1 . 2209,2281-3. 2284. 227. 2291. 2292 2203. 2294. 2295. 2296. 2297. 229S. 2299. 2251. 2252. 2253, 2254. 2259. 2256. 23 (cxd. 239), 39996. 2391. 3U Table A-l (continued) Industry Classification of the 1967 Input-Output Tables — Continued 19.02 19.03 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 21.00 22. 01 22. 02 22. 03 22. 04 23. 01 23. 02 23. 03 23. 04 23. 0.5 23. 00 23.07 24 01 24 02 24 03 24 04 24. 05 24. 06 Industry number and title Related Ccnsus- SIC codes (1967 edition) Housefurnishings, n.e.c Fabricated textile products, n.e.c. 20 Lumber and wood products, except containers Logging camps and logging contrac- tors. Sawmills and planing mills, general. Hardwood dimensions and flooring. Special product sawmills, n.e.c Millwork Veneer and plywood Prefabricated wood structures Wood preserving Wood products, n.e.c 21 Wooden containers Wooden containers. 22 Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture... Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings 2392. 2393-9. 2411. 2421. 2426. 2429. 2431. 2432. 2433. 2491. 2499. 23 Other furniture and fixtures Wood office furniture Metal office furniture Public building furniture Wood partitions and fixtures. Metal partitions and fixtures. Venetian blinds and shades. . Furniture and fixtures, n.e.c. 24.07 25.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 27.01 '27. 02 27.03 27.04 28.01 28.02 28. 03 28.04 29.01 29.02 29.03 30 00 24 Paper and allied products except con- tainers and boxes Pulp mills Paper mills, except building paper. Paperboard mills Envelopes Sanitary paper products Wallpaper and building paper and board mills. Converted paper, products, n.e.c, except containers and boxes. 25 Paperboard containers and boxes Paperboard containers and boxes.. 244. 2511,2519. 2512. 2514. 2515. 2521. 2522. 2.531. 2541. 2542. 2591. 2599. 2611. 2621. 2631. 2642. 2647. 2644, 2661. 2641,2643,264 5, 2646, 2649. 265. 26 Printing and publishing Newspapers 2711. Periodicals 2721. Book printing and publishing 273. Miscellaneous publishing 274 1 . Commercial printing i 2751, 2752. Manifold business forms, blank-i 2761, 2782. books, and binders. Greeting card publishing 2771. Miscellaneous printing services 27.53, 2789, 279. 27 Chemicals and selected chemical prod-! ucts Industrial inorganic and organic chemicals, Fertilizers Agricultural chemicals, n.e.c Miscellaneous chemical products 28 Plastics and synthetic materials Plastics materials and resins Synthetic rubber Cellulosic man-made fibers Organic fibers, noncellulosic 29 Drugs, cleaning and toilet preparations Drugs Cleaning preparations Toilet preparations 30 Paints and allied products Paints and allied products. 281 (excl. 2819.5.) 2871,2872. 2879. 2861, 289. 2821. 2822. 2823. 2824. 283. 284 (excl. 2844. 2844. 2851. 31.01 31. 02 31.03 32.01 32. 02 32. 03 32.04 33.00 34.01 34. 02 34.03 35.01 35.02 36.01 36. 02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36. 08 36.09 36. 10 36. 11 36. 12 36. 13 36. 3-V 3o. 36. 36. 18 36. 19 36.20 36. 21 36.22 37.01 37.02 37. 03 37.04 38.01 3S. 02 38.03 38. 04 3.8. 0.5 3S. 06 38. 07 38. 08 38. 09 38. 10 38. 11 38. 12 3K. 13 38. 14 39.01 30.02 40.01 40.02 Industry number and title Related Ceosus- SIC codes (1967 edition) 31 Petroleum refining and related indus- tries Petroleum refining and related products. Paving mixtures and blocks . Asphalt felts and coatings... 32 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber footwear Reclaimed rubb'-r and miscellaneous rubber products, n.e.c. Miscellaneous plastics products 33 Leather tanning and industrial leather products Leather tanning and industrial leather products. 34 Footwear and other leather products Footwear cut stock Footwear except rubber Other leather products 35 Glass and glass products Glass and glass products except con- tainers. Glass containers 36 Stone and clay products Cement, hydraulic Brick and structural clay tile Ceramic wall and floor tile Clay refractories Structural clay products, n.e.c Vitreous plumbing fixtures Food utensils pottery Porcelain electrical supplies Pottery products n.e.c Concrete block and brick Concrete products, n.e.c Ready-mixed concrete Lime Gypsum producs Cut stone and stone products Abrasive products Asbestos products. Gaskets and insulatious Minerals, ground or treated Mineral wool Nonclay ref ractories Nonmetallie mineral products, n.e.c. 37 Primary iron and steel manufacturing Blast furnaces and ba-sic steel prod- ucts. Iron and steel foundries Iron and steel fc rgings Primary metal products, n.e.c 38 Primary nonferrous metals manufac- turing Primary copper Primary lead Primary zinc Primary aluminum Primary nonferrous metals, n.e.c Secondary nonferrous metals Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum rolling and drawing Nonferrous rolling and drawing, n.e.c. Nonferrous wire drawing and insu- lating. Aluminum castings Bra>s, bronze, and copper castings.. Nonferrous castings, n.e.c Nonferrous forgings 39 Metal containers Metal cans Metal barrels, drums, and pails. 40 Heating, plumbing, and fabricated structural metal products Metal sanitary ware Plumbing fitting} and brass goods... 2911,299. 2951. 2952. 3011. 3021. 3031,3069. 3079. 3111,3121. 3131. 314. 3151,3161,317. 3199. 3211,3229,3231. 3221. 3241. 3251. 3253. 32.55. 3259. 3261. 3262. 3263. 3264. 3269. 3271. 3272. 3273. 3274. 3275. 3281. 3291. 3292. 3293. 3295. 3296. 3297. 3299. 331. 332. 3391. 3399. 3331. 3332. 3333. 3334.28195. 3339. 3341. 33.51. 3352. 3356. 3357. 3361. 3362. 3369. 3392. 3411. 3491. 3431. 3432. 35 Table A-l (continued) Industry Classification of the 1967 Input-Output Tables — Continued Industry number and title 40. 03 Heating equipment, except electric. 40. 04 Fabricated structural steel 40.05 Metal doors sash and trim 40. 06 Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) . 40.07 Sheet metal work 40. 08 Architectural metal work 40. 09 Miscellaneous metal work 41 Screw machine products, bolts, nuts, etc. and metal stampings 41. 01 Screw machine products and bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers. 41. 02 Metal stampings 42 Other fabricated metal products 4Z01 Cutlery 42. 02 Hand and edge tools including saws'. 42. 03 Hardware, n.e.c. -• 42. 04 Coating, engraving, and allied serv- ices. 42. 05 Miscellaneous fabricated wire prod- ucts. 42. 06 Safes and vaults : 42. 07 Steel springs 4Z 08 Pipe, valves, and pipe fittings 4Z 09 Collapsible tubes 4Z 10 Metal foil and leaf 4Z 11 Fabricated metal products, n.e.c 43 Engines and turbines 43. 01 Steam engines and turbines 43. 02 Internal combustion engines, n.e.c. 44 Farm machiney 44. 00 Farm machinery 45 Construction, mining, oil field ma- chinery equipment 45. 01 Construction machinery 45. 02 Mining machinery -. 45. 03 Oil field machinery 46 Materials handling machinery and equipment 46. 01 Elevators and moving stairways 46- 02 Conveyors and conveying equip- ment. 46. 03 Hoists, cranes, and monorails 46. 04 Industrial trucks and tractors 47 Metalworking machinery and equip- ment 47. 01 Machine tools, metal cutting types. 47. 02 Machine tools, metal forming types 47. 03 Special dies and tools and machine tool accessories. 47. 04 Metalworking machinery, n.e.c 48 Special industry machinery and equip- ment 48.01 Food products machinery 48. 02 Textile machinery 48. 03 Woodworking machinery 48. 04 Paper industries machinery 48. 05 Printing trades machinery 48. 06 Special industry machinery, n.e.c 49 General industrial machinery and equipment 49. 01 Pumps and compressors 49. 02 Bail and roller bearings 49. C3 Blowers and fans 49. 04 Industrial patterns 49. 05 Power transmission couipment 49. 06 Industrial furnaces and ovens 49. 07 General industrial machinery, n.e.c 50 Machine shop products 50. 00 Machine shop products 51 Office, computing, and accounting ma- chines 51. 01 Computing and related machines. . Related Census - SIC codes (1967 edition) 3433. 3441. 3442. 3443. 3444. 3446. 3449. 345. 3461. 3421. 3423, 3425. 3429. 3471, 3479. 3481. 3492. 3493. 3494, 3498. 3496. 3497. 3499. 3511. 3519. 3522. 3531. 3532. 3533. 3534. 3535. 3536. 3537. 3541. 3542. 3544^ 3545. 3548. 3551. 3552. 3553. 3554. 3555. 3559. 3561. 3562. 3564. 3565. 3566. 3.->67. 3569. 359. 3573, 3574. 51. 02 51.03 51. 04 52.01 52.02 52.03 52.04 52.05 53.01 53.02 53.03 53.04 53. 05 53. 06 53.07 53.08 54. 01 54. 02 54. 03 54.04 54.05 54. 06 54.07 55. 01 55 02 55. 03 56 01 56.02 56. 03 56.04 57.01 57 02 57.03 01 02 03 01 05 59.01 59 02 59. 03 60 01 60 02 60 03 60 04 61.01 61 02 61 03 61 04 61.05 61 06 61 07 62 01 Industry number and title Related Census- SIC codes (1967 edition) Typewriters Scales and balances.. Office machines, n.e.c. 52 Service industry machines Automatic merchandising machines. 3581. Commercial laundry equipment 3582. Refrigeration machinery 3585. Measuring and dispensing pumps i 3586 Service industry machines, n.e.c 3589 3572. 3576. 3579. 53 Electric transmission and distribution equipment and electrical industrial apparatus Electric measuring instruments Transformers Switchgear and switchboard appa- ratus. Motors and generators Industrial controls Welding apparatus Carbon and graphite products Electrical industrial apparatus, n^e.c. 3611. 3612. 3613. 3621. 3622. 3623. 3624. 3629. 54 Household appliances Household cooking equipment 3631. Household refrigerators and freezers.! 3632. Household laundry equipment i 3633. Electric housewares and fans. Household vacuum cleaners. Sewing machines Household appliances, n.e.c. 55 Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps . .... Lighting fixtures Wiring devices 56 Radio, television and communication equipment Radio and television receiving sets.. . Phonograph records Telephone and telegraph apparatus. Radio and television communication equipment. 57 Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors Electronic components, n.e.c. 58 Miscellaneous electrical machinery, equipment and supplies Storage batteries Primary batteries, wet and dry X-ray apparatus and tubes Engine electrical equipment Electrical equipment, n.e.c 59 Motor vehicles and equipment Truck and bus bi .dies Truck trailers Motor vehicles and parts 60 Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and parts. . . Aircraft propellers and parts. Aircraft equipment, n.e.c. . - 61 Other transportation equipment Shipbuilding and repairing Boatbuilding and repairing Locomotives and parts Railroad and street cars Motorcycles, bicycles and parts Trailer coaches Transportation equipment, n.e.c... 62 Professional, s, ientific and controlling instruments, and supplies Engineering .rid scientific instru- ments. 3634. 3635. 3636. 3639. 3641. 3642. 3643, 3644. 3651. 3652. 3661. 3662. 3671, 3672, 3673. 3674. 3679. 3691. 3692. 3693. 3694. 3699. 3713. 3715. 3711, 3714. 3721. 3722 37295. 3729 (excl. 37295). 3731. 3732. 3741. 3742. 3751. 3791. 3799. 3811 36 Table A-l (continued) Industry Classification of the 1967 Input-Output Tables-Continued Industry number and title Related Census - SIC codes (1%7 edition) 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 63.01 63.02 63.03 •Mechanical measuring devices Automatic temperature controls.. Surgical and medical instruments. Surgical appliances and supplies.. Dental equipment and supplies... Watches, clocks and parts 64.01 64.02 64.03 64.04 6405 64.06 64.07 64.08 64.09 64. 10 64. 11 64. 12 63 Optical, ophthalmic and photographic equipment and supplies Optical instruments and lenses Opththalmic goods Photographic equipment and sup- plies. 64 Miscellaneous manufacturing Jewelry, including costume, and silverware. Musical instruments and parts Games, toys, etc Sporting and athletic goods, n.e.c."' Pens, pencils, etc Artificial flowers Buttons, needles, pins and fasteners. Brooms and brushes ■ Hard surface floor covering Morticians goods Signs and advertising displays Miscellaneous manufactures, n.e.c... TRANSPORTATION. COMMUNICATION. ELECTRIC. GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES 65 Transportation and warehousing 65. 01 Railroads And related services 65.02 Local, suburban and interurban highway passenger transporta- tion. 65. 03 Motor freight transportation and warehousing. 65. 04 Water transportation 65. 05 Air transportation * ~ " 65. 06 Pipe line transportation 65. 07 Transportation services 66 Communications, except radio and television broadcasting 66. 00 Communications, except radio and television. 67 Radio and television broadcasting 67. 00 Radio and television broadcasting.. 68 Electric, gas. water and sanitary services 68. 01 Electric utilities 68. 02 Gas utilities 68. 03 Water and sanitary services.. * ... WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 69.01 Retail trade. 69 Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade 69.02 FINANCE. INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE »„ - 70 Finance and insurance 70.01 Banking 70. 02 Credit agencies In £? Security and commodity brokers" 7U. 04 Insurance curriers... ... 70. 05 Insurance agents and brokers .". * '. 71 Real estate and rental !! - 9i Owner-occupied dwellings.. 71.02 Real estate 3821. 3822. 3841. 3842. 3843. 387. 3831. 3851. 3861. 391, 3961. 3931. 3941, 3942, 3943. 3949. 395. 3962. 3963, 3964. 3991. 3996. 3994. 3993. 3999 (excl. 39990). 40, 474. 41. 42, 473. 44. 45. 46. 47, (excl. 473, 474.). 48, (excl. 483). 483. 491, pt. 493. 492, pt. 493. 494, 495, 496, 497, pt. 493. 50 (excl. manu- facturers' sales offices). 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 7396, pt. 8099. 60. 61, 67. 62. 63. 64. 65 (excl. pt. 6561), 66. Industry number and title Related Census- SIC codes (1967 edition) SERVICES 72.01 72.02 72.03 73.01 73.02 73.03 72 Hotels and lodging places, personal and repair services, except automobile repair Hotels and lodging places... Personal and repair services except auto repair and barber and beauty- shops. Barber and beauty shops.. 73 Business services Miscellaneous business services 75.00 76 01 76.02 77.01 77 02 77.03 77.04 77.05 Advertising Miscellaneous professional services . 74 Research and development Eliminated as a separate industry in the 1963 study. Research and devel- opment performed for sale is dis- tributed to the purchaser bv each of the industries performing the research and development. 75 Automobile repair and services Automobile repair and services 76 Amusements Motion pictures Amusement and services 77 Medical, educational services, and nonprofit organizations Doctors and dentists 70. 72 (excl. 723. 724) 76 (excl. 7692, 7694, and pt. 7699). 723, 724. 73 (excl. 731, 7396), 7692, 7694, pt. 7699. 731. 81. 89 (excl. 8921). Hospitals Other medical and health services. Educational services Nonprofit organizations. GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES 78 Federal Government enterprises Post Office Federal electric utilities Commodity Credit Corporation Other Federal Government en- terprises. 79 State and local government enterprises Local government passenger transit. State and local electric utilities Other state and local government enterprises. RTS 78 01 78 02 78. 03 78. 04 79 01 79 02 79 03 75. 78. 79. 801, 802, 803, 804. 8061. 0722, 807, 809. (excl. pt. 8099) 82. 84, 86, 8921. IMPO 80.01 80. 02 80 Gross imports of goods and services Directly allocated imports. Transferred imports DUMMY INDUSTRIES 81 81. 00 8'J. 00 82 83 83. 00 SPECIAL 84 84.00 85 8"). 00 86 8fi. 00 Business travel, entertainment and gifts Business travel, entertainment and gifts. Office supplies Office supplies Scrap, used and secondhand goods Scrap, used and secondhand goods. INDUSTRIES Government industry Government industry Rest of the world industry Rest of the world industry. Household industry Household industry Source. U.S. Departments Commerce. Bureau at Economic Analyst*. 37 Table A- -2 PRICE INDICES (1967 = 1 00) BEA Sectors 1970 1971 1972 1973 1971* (1.01). ..(1.03) (2.01) (2.03). ..(2.07) 1.111+ 1.127 1.337 2.031 2.059 (3.00)(l+.00) 1.206 1.280 1.371+ 1.1*67 1.670 (5.00)(6.01)(6.02) 1.685 1.1*31+ 1.532 2.388 2.31*7 (7.00) 1.1+21 1.1*60 1.590 1.81*6 2.579 (8.00) 1.017 1.007 1.101+ 1.192 1.685 (9.00> (10 ..00) 0.991+ 1.169 1.212 1.350 1.729 (11. 01). ..(11. 05) (12.01)(12.02) 1.31+9 1.1+73 1.603 1.779 1.931+ (13.01). ..(13.07) 1.132 1.175 1.209 1.252 1.391+ (ii*.oi). ..(lU. 32) 1.123 1.150 1.209 1.1*1*9 1.619 (15.01)(15.02) 1.130 1.157 1.191 1.238 1.368 (16.01)... (16. Ok) 1.0U0 1.01+2 1.10U 1.237 1.393 (17.01). ..(17-10) 1.015 1.017 1.055 1.151 1.299 (18.01).. ..-(18. Ok) 1.122 1.11+3 1.161 1.208 1.307 (19.01)(19.02)(19.03) 1.027 1.023 1.098 i.ii+3 1.302 (20. 01),.. (20. 09) 1.11+2 1.292 1.1*68 1.819 1.877 (21.00) 1.11k 1.212 1.300 1.575 1.71*1 (22.01). ..(22. Ok) 1.116 1.11+8 1.171 1.227 1.358 (23.01). ..(23.07) 1.138 1.161+ 1.196 1.305 1.51*2 {2k. 01). ..(2^.07) 1.078 1.087 1.115 1.188 1.1*86 (25.00) 1.079 1.113 1.156 1.21*6 - 1.1*66 (26.01). ..(26.08) 1.162 1.212 1.21+5 1.296 1.376 (27-01)... (27. Ok) 0.992 1.013 1.025 1.075 1.1*71 (28.01)... (28. Ok) O.969 0.962 0.963 0.983 1.210 (29.01)(29.02)(29.03) 1.037 1.06U 1.066 1.080 1.173 (30.00) 1.113 1.11*8 1.175 1.222 1.570 (31.01)(31.02)(31.03) 1.003 1.059 1.080 1.1*06 2.125 (32. 01)... (32. Ok) 1.059 1.081 1.101+ 1.152 1.393 (33.00) 1.089 1.117 1.1*07 1.591 1.512 (3**. 01) (3 1 *. 02) (3**. 03) 1.110 l.ll+O 1.221 1.299 1.390 (35.01)(35.02) 1.209 1.279 1.316 1.359 1.1*90 (36. 01)... (36. 22) 1.128 1.210 1.255 1.301* 1.1*91 (37.01)... (37. Oil) l.ll+O 1.225 1.292 1.337 1.695 (38.01)... ( 38. Ik) 1.223 1.158 1.161 1,270 1.683 (39.01) (39.02) 1.125 1.218 1.290 1.350 1.652 (1*0.01).. .(1+0.09) 1.117 1.175 1.211+ 1.261 1.586 (1+1.01) (1*1.02) 1.175 1.216 1.2^7 1.31+7 1.630 (1+2.01)... (1+2.11) 1.129 1,181* 1.226 1.261+ 1.1*81* (1+3.01) (1+3.02) 1.11+8 1.200 1.239 1.271 1.1*31 (1*1*. 00) 1.125 1.166 1.211 1.21*5 1.1*10 (U5.0l)(l+5.02)(l+5.03) 1.161+ 1.221 1.267 1.318 1.550 (1+6.01)... (1+6. 01+) 1.11+7 1.195 1.226 1.261+ 1.1*28 (l+7.0l)...(l+7.0l+) 1.125 1.157 1.177 1.21*5 1.1*39 (1+8.01). ..(1+8. 06) 1.158 1.206 1.236 1.303 1.516 (1+9. 01)... (1+9. 07) 1.139 1.185 1.215 1.260 1.1*71* (50.01). ..(50.05) 1.217 1.296 1.337 1.1*00 1.611 (51.01)... (51.01+) 1.015 1.030 1.038 1.01*7 1.067 (52.01). ..(52.05) 1.071 l.llU 1.12k 1.132 1.232 (53.01). ..(53.08) 1.085 l.llU 1.120 1.11+7 1.329 38 Table A-2 (continued) PRICE INDICES (continued) (1967 = 1.00) 1912 1971 1972 1973 197h (5U.01) ...(5U. 07) 1.057 1.071 1.075 1081. 1 n 55-01 (55.02X55.03) 1.106 1.163 1.182 I 213 J'S, 56.01)... (56. 0U) 1.06!. 1.106 1 120 1 170 Tnftn "•°J)(57 -02)(57.03) 0.983 0.989 Jj^ oloo !o6 S:feS U i:o 9 3 iail ill, 1 ilil iii° &£::: : • if 5 i i- 238 j-» ^ (61.. 01)... (61*. 12) 1.08)t 121 1.155 1.200 1.355 (fis'ool l ' 1 J? ~ 359 l - 38 9 l- 1 * 22 6s"o? 1 - 166 1 ' 356 1 " 555 i-SSS 2.101 ^5.03; 1.10P 1 1«0 T AA? , ,r-r. - <(k no ■ ' ,5 —" y L - ia ? l- u 22 I.517 (65 -° 2) i- 1 * 1-356 1.555 1.983 2.101 1.182 1.203 I.155 1.272 0.930 0.972 0.961 1.051 (65 OU) Af, 1 - 182 1 - 203 ^^ 1-272 f s '05 °- 967 °' 930 °-972 0.961 1.051 fis"o1 1 - 1 5" 1 - 203 X - 266 1-381* 1.W.3 ^•07 1.083 1.173 1.109 1.228 1.275 67 TO I" 020 1 -° 62 la ° T X - 136 1-lft : i- (68 - 03) ™ -- -" -S i:% So'oo i, ° 95 la2 ° i' 163 1-278 1502 7o'oi (70 «1 1 ' 197 X - 268 l ' 280 X - 327 1-^7 70'ni " l ' 33b 1 ' 297 i-S* 11 1-Wli I.6U7 S'Ss ^- 135 X ' 318 X - 381 1 ' 355 i- 1 * 20 n 01 (71 02) }' U * X - 221 X - 306 i- 28 ? 1-381 71.01 (71.02) !. 12L . la6o 1-201 g • L 2 „„ 1-138 1.228 1.200 1.271 1.1.13 73' 01 7, '02 1 ' 152 1>1T8 ^^ X - 2 75 1-358 ?HJ ( ," 139 X - 192 X ' 221 1 -339 1.371. 7,'oo '- 1 ! 7 ^^ 1 ' 353 i-^O 1-552 76"m 1 ' l f? X - 238 I- 28 ? 1-307 l.klk 7fino ^ la65 1 - 21Z l- 2 39 1.381 77'm (77 0PW77 ml la8:! 1,m 1 - 282 i- 336 l-*05 77.01 (77.02X77.03) 1. 229 1.286 1.31.1 1.395 1.520 77 ' X - 2 i5 1-277 1.397 1.529 I.698 (ll'oV) (78 om ^f 6 i- 307 l- 3 ^ 1-367 1.U51. 79'm ' ' 7q'o, X '^ 3 Ukl9 : - 623 1 '377 1.800 (8l.O0)(82.00)(83.0O) i:^ 3 J,*T 1319 138 l^oi Construction Cost Index 1.277 1.1*69 1.597 I.769 1.955 Source: Phillip R itz , US Dept. of Comrrerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis and Several Issues of Engineering Nevs Record 39 -1 «* H O ICON :» \£> t" IT) CO «N r- o <7> O O o © o o o H u ~ «: o 05 « © O O O O so • • • • • to t-» © © o o © ^^ t^ » JWN l> o t-t Q O fM ID «s «c » O O •*> © © H CC CT* • • • • • U hvO © © o © o « — » O M •-) -» -«* M «— lO Q © Id «S . o e-i vo 33 ** 3 oo co © o o © © o o o 00 H ■3 EH M O 3 CQ Q ►J ar. 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Includes sectors providing more than 1% of the capital costs or more than 5% of the non-energy operating costs for any of the six energy facilities in Just, et al New Energy Techno logy Coefficients and Dynamic Energy Models . See Code at end of table. t A major product is one accounting for >_ 5% of the control total for the se-tor considered unless noted. See code for explanation of control total. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified n.s.k. = not specified by kind *# *** 55 BEA Sector Source 36.01 36.10 36.12 36.17 36.19 36.20 36.21 Table A-6 (continued) Major Products 1967 Implied Price 2893- Printing Ink 9% 2895- Carbon Black 5% 28993 Essential Oils, Fireworks, and Pyrotechnics and Chemicals and Chemical Preparation 3H/o 32^10 11 Portland Cement 9h% 32710 13 Lightweight Aggregate Structural Block 5 3% 32710 16 Heavyweight Aggregate Structural Block 23$ 32710 00,02 Concrete Block and Brick n.s.k. 18% .5k 3/lb, .07 S/lb. .28 $/ib. ^ */376 8 i£ .20 $ /Block 32730 11 Ready-mix Concrete 100/1 32922 Asbestos Friction Materials 26% 32926 Vinyl Asbestos Floor Tile 27% 32927 Asbestos Textile and other Asbestos and Non-asbestos Cement Products . 38/» 32950 11 Lightweight Aggregate 9% 32950 20 Dead-burned Magnesia or Magnesite 10% 32950 31 Crushed Slag 1*$ 28% 32961 — Mineral Wool for Structural Insula- tion 32961 27 3.0 to k.k inches thick Building Batts , Blankets and Rolls ; 32961 33 2.0 to 2.9 inches thick Blankets (flexible including Fabricated pieces, rolls , and batts : 32962 31 Plain 32962 36 Faced and Metal Meshed 32962 51 Blocks and Boards 32962 6l Pipe Insulation 32962 71 Acoustical Pads and Boards 32962 98 Other Mineral Fibers for Industrial Equipment , and Appliance Insulation such as loose fiber (shipped as such) granulated fiber felts, insulating and finishing cements, etc. lU.UO 3/cu.yd. 1.07 $/sq.yd. 1.78 S/short ccf 32970 15 Magnesite and Magnesite-chrome Brick and Shapes 30 /» 32970 21 Chrome and Chrome-magnesite Brick and Shapes °'» 9% .OH $/sq.ft 5% s, .OH $/sq.ft 18% 1% n% .05 $/bd.ft 8% .31 S/ln.ft 8% .22 $/sq. ft 96 $/9" eqi' 85 $/9" eajv 56 BEA Sector Source Table A-6 (continued) Major Products 1967 Implied Price 32970 35 Carbon refractories; brick, blocks and shapes , excluding those contain- ing natural graphite lk% 32970 65 Basic plastic refractories and ram- ming mixes, wet and dry types 6$ 32970 92 Nonclay gumming mixes 7$ 1.62 3/9" equiv. 113 $/short ton 86.30 3/short ton 37.01 c 33121 pt. Coke Oven and Blast Furnace Products, except Ferroalloys 5$ 33122 Steel Ingot and Semi-finished Shapes 11$ 33123 Tin Mill Products , Hot-rolled Sheet & Strip 20$ 33121+ Hot-rolled Bars and Barshapes ; Plates 19$ 38.10 c 33571 Aluminum and Aluminum-base Alloy Wire ^ and Cable 7$ 33572 Copper and Copper-base Alloy wire, including Strand and Cable, Bare and Tinned for Dectrical Transmission 10$ Ilk $/short ton 1070 $/short ton 1+0.01+ c 3I+U1O Fabricated Structural Metal n.s.k. 9$ 3I+I+H Fabricated Structural Metal for Buildings 1+8$ 31+^12 Fabricated Structural Metal for Bridgesll$ 31+1+13 Other Fabricated Structural Metal 19$ 337 $/short ton 363 $/short ton 1+38 $/short ton 1+0.06 c 31+1+31 Heat Exchangers and Steam Condensers 13$ 31+1+32 Fabricated Steel Plate, including Stack and Weldments 20$ 31+1+33 Steel Power Boilers, Parts and At- tachments (over 15 p.s.i. steam working pressure) 20$ 31+1+37 Metal Tanks, Complete at Factory (standard line, non-pressure) 7$ 31+1+38 Metal Tanks and Vessels, Custom Fabricated at the Factory 18$ 31+1+39 Metal Tanks and Vessels, Custom Fabric- ated and Field Erected 7$ 1+5800 $/unit 231 $/unit 273 $/unit 1+1.01 c 31+51- Screw Machine Products 36$ 31+521 Bolts, Nuts, and Other Standard Industrial Fasteners 36$ 31+533 Special Industrial Fasteners 13$ 31+523 Headed Products Other than Industrial Fasteners 6$ 57 Table A-6 (continued) 1967 BEA Sector Source 1+1.02 1+2.08 1+3.01 1+3.02 1+5.01 1+5.02 Major Products 3l+6l2 Job Stampings, except Automotive 3l+6l3 Job Stamping, Automotive 3I+618 Other Stamped and Pressed Metal End Products 19% 58: Rot 6% 3I+9I+I Automatic Regulating and Control Values 3I+9I+2 Valves for Power Transfer (pneumatic an hydraulic) 3I+9I+3 Other Metal Valves for Piping Systems and Equipment (except plumbing and heating valves) 3I+9I+5 Metal Fittings, Flages, and Union for Piping Systems 3I+98O 13 Iron and Steel Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fittings 9% 7% 07* d. 1 /0 15% 12% 35111,2 Steam, Gas and Hydraulic Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units and Parts 80% 35191 Gasoline Engines under 11 h.p. except Aircraft, Auto, Truck, Bus and Tank 10% 35192 Gasoline Engines 11 h.p. and Over, except Aircraft, Automobile, Truck, Bus and Tank 35193 Diesel Engines (except for trucks and Buses) 35195,7 Outboard Motors and Tank and Con- verted Internal Combustion Engines 35199 Parts and Accessories for Internal Combustion Engines 6% 33% 11% 33% 35313 Parts and Attachments for Tracklaying- type Tractors, Contractors, Contractors Off -highway Wheel Tractors, and Tractor Shovel Leaders 35311+ Power Cranes, Draglines, Shovels, and Parts 35317 Tractor Shovel Loaders, Exceluding Part and Attachments 35318 Scrapers, Graders, Rollers, and Off- highway Trucks, Trailers and Wagons 35319 Other Construction Machinery and Equip- ment, including Parts 13% 15% s 16% 10% 12% 35321 Underground Mining and Mineral Bene- fication Machinery and Equipment 35322 Crushing, Pulverizing, and Screening Machinery 19% 15% Implied Price 308 $/unit 216 $/short 1 50 $/unit 2690 $/unit Table A-6 (continued) BEA 1967 Imoliei Sector Source Major Products Price 35323 All Other Mining Machinery and Equip- ment 3532U Parts and Attachments for Mining Machinery and Equipment 35320 Mining Machinery n.s.k. 1Q% 1% 1+5.03 C 35331 Rotary Oil and Gas Field Drilling Machinery and Equipment 35332 Other Oil and Gas Field Drilling Machinery and Equipment 35333 Oil and Gas Field Production Machinery and Equipment (except pumps) 3533^ Other Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Tools (except pumps) including Water Well 35330 Oil Field Machinery n.s.k. 31% 1% 39% 10% 1% H6.02 C 35351 Conveyors and Conveying Equipment (except hoists and farm elevators) 35352 Parts, Attachments, and Accessories for Conveyors and Conveying Systems 35350 Conveyors and Conveying Equipment n.s., 13% 1Q% k.9% U6.03 C 35361 Hoists 35362 Overhead Traveling Cranes and Monorail Systems 35360 Hoists, Cranes and Monorails n.s.k. 3&% 1% lk million$/uni U8.06 C 35591 Chemical Manufacturing Industries Machinery and Equipment and Parts 35592 Foundry Machinery, and Equipment, excluding patterns and molds 35593 Plastics-working Machinery and Equip- ment excluding patterns and molds 3559^ Rubber-working Machinery and Equipment excluding the molds 11% 9% 15% I/O 201*00 $/unit 35595 Other Special Industry Machinery and Equipment 35590 Special Industry Machinery n.s.k. M% 6% U9.OI C 35611 Industrial Pumps, except Hydraulic Fluid Power Pumps 35612 Hydraulic Fluid Power Pumps and Motors and Vacuum Pumps 35613 Domestic Water Systems and Pumps, In- cluding Pump Jackets and Cylinders 26% Q% 91000 $/unit 59 Table A-6 (continued) BEA Sector Source ^9-03 U9.05 i+9.06 ^9- 07 51.01 52.05 53.02 Major Products 1967 Implied Price 3561^ Air and Gas Compressors, except Refrigerator Compressor 35615 Pumps and Compressors n.e.c. except Refrigerator Compressor 35616 Parts and Attachments for Pumps and Compressors, n.s.k. 29?* 12% 22% 356U1 Industrial Fans and Blowers 356U2 Dust Collection, Air Purification Equipment and Air Washers 59% 31% 35661 Plain Bearing 9% 35662 Speed Changers , Industrial High Speed Drivers , and Gears 39/* 35663 Other Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment ^7/* 851000 $/unit 35671 Electric Industrial Furnaces and Ovens, Metal Processing 22% 35672 Fuel-fired Industrial Furnaces and Ovens, Metal Processing 37% 35673 High Frequency Induction and Dielectric Heating Equipment and Parts, Attachments and Components 36% No Subclassifications 35731 Electronic Computing Equipment, except Parts and Attachments 67/« 35733 Parts and Attachments for Electronic Computing Equipment 3571+1 Calculating and Accounting Machines, including cash registers, except parts and attachments 19 & 10% 35891 Commercial Cooking and Food Warming Equipment 29/* 35892 Service Industry Machinery and Parts 57% 35890 Service Industry Machines n.e.c, n.s.k 9% 36121 Natural-draft Type Transformers (specialty transformers) 36122 Power and Distribution Transformers, except Parts 36123 Power Regulators, Boosters, Reactors, Other Transformers, and Transformer Parts . 18% 70% 11% 22 $/unit 3.06 $/unit Ul+7 $/unit 60 Table A- 6 (continued) BEA Sector Source Major Products 1967 Implied Pr -1 * ce 53.03 c 36131 Switchgear, except Ducts and Relays 29$ 36132 Power Circuit Breakers, All Voltage 13$ 36133 Low Voltage Panelboards and Distribution Boards and Other Switching the Inter- rupting Devices, 750 Volts and Under 2k% 36135 Molded Circuit Breakers , 750 Volts and Under 11$ 36137 Relays, Control Circuit 12$ 53,01+ c 36211 Fractional Horsepower Motors 36$ 36212 Integral Horsepower Motors and Generators (except for land xpo equip- ment 25$ 36213 Land xpo Motors , Generators , and Control Equipment and Parts 6$ 3621^ Prime Mover Generator Sets , except Steam or Hydraulic Turbine 10$ 36215 Motor-Generator Sets and Other Rotating Equipment 15$ 36216 Parts and Supplies for Motors , Generator Generators, Motor Generator Sets except for Land Transportation Equipment 7$ 6600 $/unit 209 $/unit 1590 $/unit 3280 $/ur.it 53.05 No Subclassifications 100$ 53.06 c 36231 Arc Welding Machines Components , and Ac- cessories , except Electrodes 32$ 36232 Arc Welding Electrodes, Metal 38$ 36233 Resistance Welders, Components, Ac- cessories and Electrodes 20$ 36230 Welding Apparatus n.s.k. 9$ 338 $/unit .22 $/Ib. 55.03 c 36U30 Current Cariying Wiring Devices, In- cluding Lightning Rods 59$ 36HUl Pole Line and Transmission Hardware 10$ 36UU2 Electrical Conduit and Conduit Fitting 23$ 36UU3 Other Non Current Carrying Wiring Devices and Supplies 7$ .20 $/lt. 62.02 c 38211 Aircraft Engine Instruments Except Flight 9$ 38212 Integrating Meters, Nonelectric Type lh% 38213 Industrial Process Instruments 55$ 3821U Motor Vehicle Instruments except Electric 5$ 38216 Other Mechanical Measuring and Control- ling Instruments lU$ 55 $/unit 1600 $/unit ol BEA Sector Source Table A- 6 (continued) Major Products 1967 65.01 H Railway Express 3% Electric Railways .2% Pullman Companies .3% Class I Passenger Service 5% Other Class I Non- Freight Service (Baggage, Main, Switching, Express, etc, 5% Incidental Operating Revenue 2% (Dining, Hotel, Rents, Power, Storage, Misc) Freight Service 83% 68.03 No Subclassification 100$ 69.01 D Motor Vehicles , Automotive Equipment 7% Groceries and Related Products 20/5 Farm Products, Raw Materials 8% Electrical Goods 7% Machinery, Equipment, Supplies 12% Metals, Minerals (except petroleum products, scrap) 6% Beer, Wine Distilled Alchoholic Beverages 5% Lumber, Construction Materials 5% 69.02 E Groceries and Other Foods 20% Meals and Snacks 6% Cosmetics , Drugs , Cleaners h% Men's, Boy's Clothing Excluding Footware 3% Women's, Girl's Clothing Excluding Footware 6% Major Appliances, Radio, TV, Musical Instru- ment 3% Furniture, Sleep Equipment, Floor Coverings 3% Lumber, Building Material k% Automobiles and Trucks lk% Auto Fuels and Lubricants 6% ; Auto Tires, Batteries, and Accessories 3% All Other Merchandise k% 1 Nonmerchandise Receipts k% 70. 0U No Subclassification 100/5 71. 02 No Subclassification 100% 73.01 G 73^+- Services to Dwellings and Other Buildings (window cleaning, pest control, etc.) 10% 7391 Commercial R&D Laboratories 8% 7392 Business and Consulting Services 21% 739^- Leasing, Rental of Heavy Construction and all other equipment 10% 7399 Other Business Services n.e.c. lk% 62 Table A- 6 (continued) BEA 1967 ImDlied Sector Source Major Products Prices 73.02 G 7311 Advertising Agencies 93$ 73.03 No Subclassification 100$ 75-00 G 751 Car, Truck Rental Leasing, Without Drivers 752 Automobile Parking 7531 Top and Body Repair Shops 753^ Tire Retreading and Repair Shops 29% Ho 12% 6% 7539 Automobile Repair Shops, n.e.c. 75^ Automobile Services , except repair 10% 5% f3 Table A- 6 (continued) CODE A Census of Mineral Industries , reports for SIC sectors comprising 3EA sector. Table 5 or 6 depending on aggregation level. Control table is B Internal C.A.C. documentation. Control total is gross domestic output . C Census of Manufacturers, reports for SIC sectors comprising BEA sector, Table 5B or 6A depending on aggregation. Control total is value of shipments. D Census of Business, Vol. 3 Table D: Sales of Merchant Wholesalers, by kind of business. E Census of Business, Vol. 1, Table 1: Sales of specified Merchandise Lines. NOTE: Major products here are defined as any line representing j^ 3% of total sales. G Census of Business, Vol. 5, part 1. Table 2: Receipt of All Establishments is control total. F Total Insurance Written in 196? is control total from Best's Insurance Reports - Life /Health 1975 p. vii and "Best's Insurance News," Property- Liability Edition, Vol. 69, No. 6, p. 38. Percentage breakdowns are made directly for property-liability from the latter reference and are based on "sales" for life from "Best's Insurance News," Life Ed., Vol. 68, No. 2, p. 2. H Based on 1966 statistics from the Interstate Commerce Commission. Control total is total operating revenue for the entire railroad system ($11, 163, 1+22, 895 from Table 109, Transport Statistics 1966. ) Major Products listed is a subjective list of identifiable classes of real service from various tables in Transport Statistics , 1966, Part 1. 6U a. 3 o vi <_> O -* ce »- 13 to «— r- <\| «— ^n^^^no^.^.o^.^^^^^^^^^ «"" •— *~ K) (\t t\i s: o < < h- ce a aOlOM^jOfOnONO^tONWfO^. 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E u. co u O o oooooooaoooooooooci.oooocT-ru»o o Tcrooooooot-ooooo-jocjoc-oocroo O >»vy^^^>^«^^c^criLr>LALr>LO»/>trtLAu^-o-0OO>o-0 ^rcn-o^-oof^oooooooooooo OOOOOOOaoaOOOOOOCDCiO l/> /\ J> i/> /I l^ l/> Of^JC l >Or-'MrOi/> J JNuO><-r\J O O'O'O/JO'O-O'OvjNNN'^^NNSNXW 66 Appendix B BIBLIOGRAPHY Theory of Input-Output Analysis Leontief , Wassily, The Structure of American Economy , 1919-1939 , Oxford University Press, 19^+L , Studies in the Structure of the American Economy, 1953. , Input-Output Economics , Oxford University Press, 1966. 9 "Environmental Repercussions and the -Economic Structure: An Input- Output Approach." Review of Economics and Statistics, 52:3:262-71, 1970. "Input-Output Analysis," a collection of articles from Scientific American, 1970 Miernyk, W. H. , The Elements of Input-Output Economics, Random House, 1965. Input-Output Data Sources and Refersnce Works 1967 Census of Mineral Industries, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970. , 1967 Census of Manufacturers. -, 1967 Census of Construction Industries -, 1967 Census of Agriculture -, 1967 Census of Transportation -, 1967 Census of Business -, 1967 Census of Foreign Trade Edison Electric Institution, New York, NY, Statistical Yearbook of the Electric Utility Industry, (annual). "Fuel and Electric Energy Consumed in Manufacturing Industries, 1962," U.S. Bureau of Census, report NC63(l)-7- American Petroleum Institute, Petroleum Facts and Figures, New York "Consumption of Refined Petroleum Products in 1963 Input-Output Industries," JACKFAU-71-73(1) , October, 1971. Jack Faucett Association, Silver Springs, MD. This report is only disaggregated to 80 sectors, but 360 sector worksheets are available from Jack Faucett Associates. Office of Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. Definitions and Conventions of the 1967 Input-Output Study, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 197*+ • 67 Simpson, David and David Smith, "Direct Energy Use in the U.S. Economy, 196?," CAC Technical Memo. 39, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 6l801, January 1975* Bullard, C. W. , "Sector Outputs and Intralndustry Transactions: Definition of System Boundaries," CAC Technical Memo. UO, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 6l801, November 197*+. Input -Output Models U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Input-Output Struc- ture of the U.S. Economy: 1967 s Vol. 1-3, (also available on magnetic tape from BEA) (197*0. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office. BEA has several amplifying articles: "Input-Output Structure of the U.S. Economy: 1963," Survey of Current Business , November 1969; "Personal Consumption Expenditures in the 1963 Input-Output Study," SCB. January, 1971; "Interindustry Trans- actions in New Structures and Equipment, 1963, 5CB, August 1971. "Definitions and Conventions of the 1967 Input-Output Study," April 1972 (available on re- quest from BEA) W. Leontief, "Environmental Repercussions and the Economic Structure: An In- put-Output Approach," Review of Economics and Statistics 3 52, No. 3, 363-71 (1970). Herendeen, R. A., "An Energy Input-Output Matrix for the United States, 1963: User's Guide," CAC Document No. 69, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 6l801, March 1973. Bullard, C. W. and Robert Herendeen, "Energy Cost of Consumer Goods 1963/67," CAC Document No. lUo , Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 618OI, November 197*+. Energy Policy , 3:H, December 1975- Folk, Hugh and Bruce Hannon, "An Energy, Pollution and Employment Policy Model," CAC Document No. 68, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 618OI, February 1973. Energy: Demand, Conservation and Institutional Problems, MACKRAKIS, M.S., editor, M.I.T. Press 197*+, Chapter 13. Bullard, C.W. , "An Input-Output Model for Energy Demand Analysis, CAC Document No. lU6, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 6l301, December 197*+. Bullard, C. W. and Robert Herendeen, "Energy Impact of Consumption Decisions." Proc. IEEE 63:3: U8U-i+93, revised March 1973. Input-Output Models: Error Analysis Problems of Input-Output Tables and Analyses. Studies in methods series F, No. Ik. United Nations, New York. Kirkpatrick, Ken, "Independent Verification of Input-Output Results, CAC Technical Memo. 26, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 618OI, August 197*+. 68 ^'^f ^ Anthony Sebald, "Effects of Parametric Uncertainty and Te~h nological Change In Input-Output Models," CAC Document 1 5 6, Center tor Mva^ced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 6l801, March 1975. Advanced o? 1 ^^' J 1 ^ !* and An n h ° ny V ' Sebald > " A Model f or Analyzing Energy Impact £^^^^>:, r^ir of the l9T5 *- * w- ~- P^ rd ' C \ W ; and David A - Pllati > "Reducing Uncertainty in Energy Anal ysis " "blnt^^ ** "™ d °— ^iversity^f ZlSois , Bullard, C. W. , Donna L. Amado, Dan L. Putnam, Anthony V. Sebald "stochastic Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, September £_£. r™L' " Err f „ Tolerances ° n En ^sy Model Results ," CAC Technical Memo 75 Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, June 1976. 196?"*^ *_"•' "f« eCt °L InClUding Ca P" al Flows o" Energy Ceofficients , 1963, CAC Technical Memo. 32, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, August 197ft. ' ' G1 Putnam, Dan, Ralph Richard, and Clark Bullard, "Energy Labor and Canital [M.t- the Energy Employment Model," CAC Technical Memo. 36 Center for Advanced ^ + _° University of Illinois, Urbana, 618OI, January 1975. Advanced Computation, oc "^ s j WV-75, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1971. Empirical Tests of Input-Output Forecasts: Review and Critique, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 197*+. H * f ± T^k R ° Se ^ " Anal ^ S ° f Chan S es in U ' S - Input-Output Final Demand Coef- licients, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 1973. Applications of 1-0 Analysis and Process Analy sis ^he e stat P ;^ \ f ^ " A PP lica ^ ons °? Imput/Output Analysis." Also Carter, The State of the Arts in Projecting Input-Output Structures," Institute of Management Sciences, 1967. x of Mr' ^i° ny /» d + ROt ! r ? Herendee "> " The D °H*r, Energy and Employment Impacts nf i V Bal L d Autonotlle Passenger Transportation," CAC Document No. 06 MTU er ™_ f vance * Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, Se.tember in! rJ / 3 l C ° nsemat ™» *"P«». (Robert H. Williams, ed. , Ballinger 4lT-h- ing Company, Cambridge, MA, 1975, Chapter 3.) --udj.i_.i- Certafn 6 ^ R ' A " Tt A - V m Setald ' " The D ° llar '' Ener ^ and Employment Impacts of Sfv i Tnv P ™ S ' CAC D ? C r ent No - 97 - Center for Advanced Commutation University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, April 197,. " 69 "Energy Use Patterns in Metallurgical and Nonmetallic Mineral Processing," Report to U.S. Bureau of Mines, Battelle/Columbus Laboratories, 1975. Teasley, Larry I. , "Energy Implications of Polymer Production and Us-.," Washing- ton University, St. Louis, 197^. Pilati, David A. and Ralph Richard, "Total Energy Requirements for Nine Elec- tricity-Generating Systems," CAC Document No. 165, Center for Advanced Computa- tion, University of Illinois, Urbana, 618OI, August 1975. Energy , Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 1-7, 1977. Rotty, R. M. , A. M. Perry, D. B. Reister, "Net Energy From Nuclear Power," Report No. IEA-75-3, Institute for Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge, TN, 1975- Hannon, Bruce, "System Energy and Recycling: A Study of the Beverage Industry," CAC Document No. 23, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 618OI, March 1973. Bullard, Clark, "Energy Costs, Benefits, and Het Energy," Energy Systems and Policy , Vol. 1 No. k, p. 376-381, 1976. Herendeen, Robert and Jerry Tanaka, "Energy Cost of Living," CAC Document No. 171, Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 618OI, April 1975- Perry, A. M. , "The Energy Cost of Energy-Guidelines for Net Energy Analysis," Associated Universities Institute for Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge, TN, 1976. 70 Ml