944.04 B388f I 'pjo|iuejg SO"! ■ >|JBMaN laisnoNi j UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN BOOKSTACKS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolutionOObeck I THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799 A SYLLABUS OF THIRTY-TWO ASSIGNMENTS PREPARED FOR CLASSES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS By CARL BECKER PRESS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1912 C BIBLIOGRAPHY A. The following books are of a suflBciently general nature to be useful throughout the course. — 1. — Acton, Lord. The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. ' mi. The French Revolution. London, 1904. — 2. — Anderson, F. M. The Constitutions and other select Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 1789- 1901. H. W. Wilson Co., Minneapolis, 1904. _ 3. — Aulard, F. A. Histoire politique de la Revolution frangaise: Origines et developpement de la Demo- cratie et de la Repuhlique. Paris. 1901. (English translation by Bernard Miall. 4 vols. New York, 1910.) 4. — Blanc, L. Histoire de la Revolution. 12 vols. Paris, 1847-62. 5. — Boursin, E., et Challamel, J. B. Dictionnaire de la Revolution frangaise. Paris, 1893. 6. — Cheruel, A. Dictionnaire historique des institutions moeurs et coutumes. de la France. 2 vols. Paris, 1880. 7. — Jaures, J. Histoire socialiste. 5 vols. Paris. (Vol- ume V is by Deville) . 8. — Kropotkin, Prince. The Great French Revolution. New York, 1909. * 9. — Lavisse, E., et Rambaud, A. Histoire generate. Tome VIII. Revolution frangaise. Paris. 10. — Madelin, L. La Revolution. Paris, 1911. 11. — Michelet, J. Histoire de la Rel)olution frangaise. 7 vols. Paris, 1847-53. 12. — Mignet, A. F. Histoire de la Revolution frangaise. 2 vols. Paris, 1824. (English Translation in 2 volumes. London, 1826.) 13. — Quinet, E. La Revolution. 2 vols. Paris, 1865. 14. — Rambaud, A. Histoire de la civilization contemporaine en France. Paris, 1909. 15. — Robinet, J. F. E. Dictionnaire de la Revolution et de VEmpire. Paris, 1899. 16. — Rose, J. H. The Revolution and Napoleonic Era. Cambridge, 1901. 17. — Sorel, A. UEurope et la Revolution frangaise. 5 vols. Paris, 1885-1903. 18. — Stephens, H. M. European History^ 1789-1815, London, 1893. 19. — Sybel, H. von. Geschichte der Revolutionzeit von 1789 his 1800, 5 vols. Stuttgart, 1853-79. (French translation in 6 vols., 1869-88; English translation in 4 vols., 1867-69.) 20. — Taine, H. La Revolution frangaise, 3 vols. Paris, 1878-1885. (English translation by Durand, in 3 yol., 1878-1885.) 21. — Thiers, L. A. Histoire de la -Revolution frangaise, 10 vols. Paris, 1823-27. (English translation in 5 vols., 1881.) B. The following books will be found useful for particular periods or subjects. 22. — Acton, Lord. Lectures on the French Revolution, London, 1910. 23. — Aulard, F. A. Le culte de la Raison et le culte de VEtre Supreme,^ Paris, 1892. 24. — Aulard, F. A. Etudes et legons sur la Revolutionfran- gaise, 6 vols. Paris, 1896-1910. 25. — Beesley, A. H. A Life of Danton. London, 1899. 26. — Belloc, H. Danloriy a Study. London, 1899. 27. — Belloc, H. Robus^rreL a Study. New York, 1901. 28. — Bourne, H. E. American Constitutional Precedents in the French National Assembly. Am. Hist, Rev. VIII, 466. 29. — Bourne, H. E. Municipal Politics in Paris in 1789. Am. Hist. Rev. X, 263. 30. — Bourne, H. E. Improvising a Government in Paris in July, 1789. Am. Hist. Rev. X, 280. 31. — Bournisien, Ch. La vente des biens nationaux. Revue Historiquey XCIX, 244; C, 15. 32. — Broesch, F. Commune du 10 Aout, 1792. Etude sur V histoire de Paris du 20 juin au 2 decembre, 1792. Paris, 1911. 33. — Champion, Edme. La separation de V Eglise et de VEtat en 1794. Paris, 1903. 5 34. — Champion, Edme. La France d'apres les Cahiers de 1789, Paris, 1897. 35. — Chenest, A. La chute de VAncien Regime. % vols. Paris, 1884-86. 36. — Chuquet, A. Les guerres de la Revolution. 10 vols. Paris, 1886-94. 37. — Claretie, J. Camille Desmoulins and his Wife. Trans- lated by Mrs. Cashel Hoey. London, 1876. 38. — Doniol, H. La Revolution frangaise et la feodalite. Paris, 1874. 39. — Erdmannsdorffer, B. Miraheau. Leipzig, 1900. 40. — Faguet, E, and others. UOeuvre sociale de la Revolution . Paris . 41. — Fling, F. M. Miraheau and the French Revolution. 3 vols. New York, 1908. (First volume only has been published.) * 42. — Forestie, L. E. La grand peur de 1789. Mon- tauban, 1911. 43. — Glagau, H. Reformversuche und Sturz des Abso- lutismus in Frankreichy 1774-1788. Berlin, 1908. 44. — Gomel, C. Les causes financieres de la Revolution frangaise. 2 vols. Paris, 1892-93. 45. — Gomel, C. UHistoire financiere de F Assembles Constituante. 2 vols. Paris, 1896-97. 46. — Gomel, C. L^Histoire financiere de la Legislative et de la Convention. Paris, 1902. 47. — Goncourt, E.,et J. de. Histoire de la sociHe frangaise pendant la Revolution. Paris, 1854. 48. — Goucourt E., et J. de. Histoire de la societe fran- gaise pendant le Directoire. Paris, 1855. 49. — Gorce, P. de la. Histoire religieuse de la Revolution frangaise. Paris, 1909. 50. — Hatin, L. E. Histoire politique et litteraire de la presse en France. 8 vols. Paris, 1859-61. 51. — Hazen, C. D. Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1897.) 52. — Janet, P. Philosophie de la Revolution. Paris, 1875. 53. — Lamartine, A. de. History of the GirondistSy or Per- sonal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution. Translated by H. T. Ryde. 3 vols. London, 1878. 6 54. — Lavisse, E. Histoire de France. Tome IX. Le regne de Louis XVI. (1774-1789.) Paris,- 1910. 55. — Legg, L. G. W. Select Documents Illustrative oj the History of the French Revolution. 2 vols. Oxford, 1905. 56. — Levasseur, E. The Assignats. Jour, of Pol. Econ. March, 1894. 57. — Lincoln, C. H. The Cahiers of 1789 as an Evidence of a Compromise Spirit. Am. Hist. Rev. II, 225. 58. — Lowell, E. J. Eve of the French Revolution. Boston, 1892. 59. — Mac Lehose, S. H. The Last Days of The French Monarchy. Glasgow. 1901. 60. — Mac Lehose, S. H. From Monarchy to Republic in France, 1788-1792. Glasgow, 1904. 61. — Mahan, A. T. The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution. 2 vols. London, 1893. 62. — Mallet, B. Mallet du Pan and the French Revolution. London, 1902. 63. — Marion, M. La vente des hiens nationaux pendant la Revolution. Paris, 1908. 64. — Masson, F. Le Departement des A ffaires Etrangeres pendant la Revolution, 1787-180^. Paris, 1877. 65. — Mathiez, A. La Theophilanthrope etla Culte decadaire. Paris, 1904. 66. — Mathiez, A. Les origines des Cultes revolutionnaire, 1789-92. Paris, 1904. 67. — Mathiez, A. Les clubs Cordeliers. Paris, 1910. 68. — Mathiez, A. Rome et la Clerge frangaise sous la Constituante. Paris, 1911. 69. — Miles, W. A. The Correspondence of William A. Miles on the French Revolution, 1789-1817 . 2 vols. London, 1890. 70. — Mirabeau, G. H. R. Comte de. Correspond ance eiitre le Comte de Mirabeau et la Comte de la March (1789- 1791) publiee par Ad. de Barcourt. Bruxelles, 1851. 71. — Morley, J. Voltaire. London, 1895. 72. — Morley, J. Rousseau. 2 vols. London, 1895. 73. — Morley, J. Diderot and the Encyclopaedists. 2 vols. London, 1895. 7 74. — Morley, J. Critical Miscellanies, 3 vols. London, ^1894-95. 75. =— ^Morris, G. Diary and Letters, 2 vols. New York, 1888. 76. — Perkins, J. B. France under Louis XV, 2 vols. Boston, 1897. 77. — Pickford, M. A. The Panic of 1789 in Touraine. Eng. Hist. Rev. XXVI, 703. 78. — Rambaud, A. Histoire de la civilization *frangaise. 2 vols. Paris, 1900-1901. 79. — Robinet, J. F. E. Danton, homme d'Etat. Paris, 1889. 80. — Rocheterie, M. The Life of Marie Antoinette. Trans- lated by Cora H. Bell. 2 vols. London, 1893. 81. — Rocquain, F. The Revolutionary Spirit Preceding the French Revolution. Condensed and translated by J. D. Hunting. London, 1891. 82. — Rose, J. H. Great Britain and the Dutch Question, 1787-88. Am. Hist. Rev. XIV, 262. 83. — Sagnac, P. H. La legislation civile de la Revolution, 1789-180^. Paris, 1898. 84. — Say, L. Turgot. Paris, 1887. 85. — Sloane, W. M. The French Revolution and Religious Reform, 1789-180^. New York, 1901. 86. — Stephens, H. M. The Principal Speeches of the Statesmen and Orators of the French Revolution, 1789- 95. 2. vols. Oxford, 1892. 87. — Stephens, H. M. The French Revolution. 2 vols. London, 1886-91. 88. — Stephens, W. W. The Life and Writings of Turgot. London, 1895. 89. — Stern, A. Das Leben Miraheaus. 2 vols. Berlin, 1889. 90. — Taine, H. A. Ancient Regime. New York, 1888. 91. — Talleyrand, C. M. de. Memoirs of the Prince de Talleyrand. Edited by the Due de Broglie. Trans- lated by R. L. de Beaufort. 5 vols. New York, 1891. 92. — Ten Brink, J. Robespierre and the Red Terror. Translated from the Dutch by J. Hedeman. Lon- don, 1899. 8 ^ 95. — Tocqueville, Comte C. A. de. L'Ancien Regime et la Revolution. Paris,- 1856. (Tanslated as The Old Regime and the Revolution. New York, 1856.) 94. ^ — Wadia, P. A. The Philosophers and the French Re- volution. London, 1904. 95. — Wahl, A. Robespierre, ein Vortrag. Tubingen, 1910. 96. — Willert P. F. Mirabeau. London, 1898. — • 97. — Young, A. Travels in France during the Years 1787, 1788 and 1789. 2 vols. Bury St. Edmunds, 1792- 94. (Many later editions.) C. Atlases. . 98. — Dow, E. W. Atlas of European History. New York, 1907. 99. — Schrader, F. Atlas de geographie historique. Paris. 1907. 100. — Shepherd, W. R. Historical Atlas. New York, 1911. 101. — Spruner-Menke. Hand- Atlas die Geschichte des Mit- telalters und der neueren Zeit. Gotha, 1880. f ^ " ,, , tt t OS', ~ [' I 0 7 .— J&wEESvv.’; ■ I 0 ^ , /’ CONTENTS A. — The Old Regime in France. 1. — Territorial divisions. 2. — Class divisions: clergy and nobility. 3. — Class divisions: bourgeoisie and peasantry. 4. — Organization of the monarchy. B. — Beginning of the Reform Movement. 5. — The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century. 6. — Enlightened despots and their reforms. 7. — Attempted reform under Louis XVI. C. — The Revolution of 1789-1791. 8. — Creation of the National Assemply. 9. — The popular revolutions of July, 1789. 10. — Constitutional legislation, 1789. 11. — Constitutional legislation, 1790-1791. 12. — The king and the emigres. 13. — The constitution of 1791. D. — The Fall of the Monarchy. 14. — The Revolution and foreign relations. 15. — Opening of the Legislative Assembly: party divisions. 16. — The war with Austria, April to June, 1792. 17. — The suspension of the king. 18. — The Republic established. 19. — The Convention and the propaganda. 20. — Execution of the king and the first Coalition. E. — The Reign of Terror. 21. — Beginning of Terror government under the Convention. 22. — The Constitution of the Year I. 23. — The levee-en-masse. 24. — The laws of September. 25. — The organization of the Terror: repulse of the Coalition. 26. — The fall of Hebert and Danton. 27. — Supremacy and fall of Robespierre. F. — Reaction: the Directory. 28. — Period of Thermidor: July, 1794 to October, 1795. 29. — The Constitution of the Year III. 30. — Royalist reaction: the 18 Fructidor. 31. — Rise of Bonaparte. 32. — The 18 Brumaire and the Constitution of the Year VIII. ■^U.' J ■ / f. •••-■■' ' . ■-/-. ' '•' ■ J \ \ -h \ ■i II A. The Old Regime in France. ^ /. — Territorial Divisions, 1. — Provinces: origin and number; pays d'etat and pays d'election. 2. — Governments: origin, number, purpose. 3. — Generalities and Intendancies. 4. — Customs divisions: the five great farms; provinces reputed foreign; provinces effectively foreign. 5. — Salt tax divisions. 6. — Legal divisions: country of the customary law, country of the written law. 12 A. The Old Regime in France. II, — Class Divisions: Clergy and Nobility, 1. — Clergy. a. — Secular clergy : different ranks ;liow appointed ; duties. b. — Regular clergy: principal orders; noble chapters; abbeys in commendation. c. — Privileges: financial — property, income; jw- dicial — ecclesiastical courts, organization, jurisdiction; educational, 2, — Nobility. a. — Kinds of nobility. b. — Careers open to nobles. c. — Wealth of nobility. 13 A. The Old Regime In France. Ill, — Class Divisions: Bourgeoisie and Peasantry, 1. — Meaning of term Third Estate. 2 . — Bourgeoisie . a. — Gild organization of industry. b. — Class divisions within the Bourgeoisie : high and low bourgeoisie; artisans. 3. — Peasants. a. — Tenures in land. b. — Peasant and the nobility: seigneurial rights. c. — Peasant and the king: taxes, regulation of agriculture. d. — Was the condition of the peasants improving in last part of the eighteenth century.^ 14 1 - A. The Old Regime In France. IV. — Organization of the Monarchy. 1. — Historical and theoretical basis of the monarchy. 2. — Organization of the central government. a. — Estates General. b . — Parlemen ts . c. — Administrative councils. 3. — Local government. a. — Provincial Estates. b . — Municipalities . c. — Intendants and their powers. 4. — Taxes: tailUy gabelle, aides and douanes, vingtieme, capitation. 5. — Judicial system: variety in systems of courts and law. 15 B. Beginning Of The Reform Movement. V. — The Intellectual Revolution of the Eighteenth Century. 1. — The “Philosophers” of the eighteenth century; meaning of the term. 2. — Influence of John Locke on French thought in the eighteenth century. 3. — Voltaire. a. — Extent of his influence and how it was exerted. b. — His criticism of the Church. c. — Ideas of Voltaire on governmental reform. 4. — Encyclopedie: character, significance. 5. — Rousseau. a. — Difference between Rousseau and the En- cyclopaedists. b. — Ideas on government. c. — Ideas on religion. d. — Ideas on education. i6 B. Beginning of the Reform Movement. VI , — Enlightened Despots and their Reforms, 1. — Influence of French thought on Europe. 2. — The Reforms of Joseph II of Austria. a. — Political reforms. b. — Social and economic reforms. c. — Reform of the Church — “ Josephism.’’ 3. — Revival of Spain under the Bourbons. a. — Ferdinand VI, 1746-1759. b. — Charles III, 1759-1788. (1) Political reorganization. (2) Reform of the Church. (3) Economic reform. 4. — Supression of the Jesuit Society. a. — Reason for hostility to the Jesuits. b. — The case of Pere Lavalette in France. c. — Suppression of the society in Spain, Portugal, and Naples. d. — Suppression of the society by Pope Clement XIV, 1773. V «> 17 B. Beginning of the Reform Movement. VII, — Attempted Reform under Louis XVI, 1. — Condition of finances at the accession of Louis XVI. %, — Ministry of Turgot. a. — Character and ideas of Turgot. b. — Principal reforms. c. — Opposition to Turgot. d. — Failure of his reforms. 3. — Ministry of Necker: increase of the debt; the compte renduy 1781. 4. — Calonne and the Assembly of Notables of 1787. 5. — Brienne’s ministry; promise of an Estates General; ^ recall of Necker. I, f, S%7f ^ i8 . C. The Revolution of 1789-1791. VIII, — Creation of the National Assembly, 1. — Decrees of December 1788 and January 1789 calling the Estates General. 2. — Election of the Estates General. a. — The pamphlets on the election. b. — Method of election. c. — The cahiers: how drawn up; demands made by the different orders; value of cahiers as evidence of the condition of France. 3. — Opening of the Estates General. a. — Number and character of deputies. b. — The king’s speech. • 4. — Estates General transformed into National Assemply. a. — Dispute over procedure. b. — Declaration of June 17. c. — Royal session, June 23. d. — Significance of the creation of a National Assembly, /, f//^, 2 . 0 , 3^^ /-jrT, ^ 7 , ^ 0 , 19 c. The Revolution of 1789-1791. IX. — The Popular Revolutions of July, 1789. 1. — The Paris revolution, a. — Taking of the Bastille: cause and importance. b. — Reorganization of the Paris government, July, 1789. 2. — Popular uprisings in the provinces, January to July, 1789. 3. — Effect of the Paris revolution upon the provinces. 4. — Revolutions of July in the municipalities. 5. — Revolutions of July in the country districts. 6. — Events of August 4, 1789, in the National Assembly. 7. — The Decrees of August 5-11, 1789. 8. — Modification of the decrees by legislation of February to June, 1790. i A ^ * 20 c. The Revolution of 1789-1791. X. — Constitutional Legislation, 1789. 1. — Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. 2. — Committee on the Constitution. a. — Composition of the committee. b. — Debate on the veto and the two chambers. c. — Reorganization of the committee. 3. — Events of October 5 and 6, 1789: causes and importance. 4. — Ecclesiastical legislation: tithes and Church property. 5. — Legislation on local government, December 14, 22, 1789. ^ 7y 33, TS- 21 c. The Revolution of 1789-1791. XI. — Constitutional Legislation, 1790-1791. 1. — The nobility: legislation on feudal rights, February to June, 1790; abolition of the nobility, 1790. 2. — Law on the judical system, August 16, 1790. 3. — Legislation on industrial organizations, 1791. 4. — Ecclesiastical legislation. a. — -Law on monastic vows, February 13, 1790. b. — *The Civil Constitution of the Clergy. c. — The law on the clerical oath, November 27, 1790. d. — Law on the Papacy, June, 1791. 22 c. The Revolution of 1789-1791. XII. — The King and the Emigres. 1. — The emigration: location, organization, influence of the emigres. 2. — The king and the revolution. a. — Attitude of the king up to October 5 and 6, 1789. b. — Accepts the Constitution, February, 1790. c. — The king and the Civil Constitution. d. — Flight to Varennes. e. — The king’s justification of his flight. 3. — Effect of the king’s flight. a. — Measures taken by the assembly, June 21 —July 16, 1791. b. — Growth of republicanism at Paris. (1) The affair of the Champ de MarSy July, 1791. (2) Attitude of the Paris clubs: Jacobins, Feuillants, Cordeliers. c. — Effect of the king’s flight upon France out- side of Paris. (Ai ^ 1^1 2 - - 2 -, S'5f7S'^S'l^ ^3 c. The Revolution of 1789-1791. XIII. — The Constitution of 1791. 1. — Revision of constitutional legislation, July- August, 1791. • 2. — Final draft of the constitution, and the king’s letter of acceptance, September, 1791. 3. ^ — Main provisions of the Constitution of 1791. a. — Sovereignty. b. — Powers of the king. c. — Citizenship. d. — Legislative power. e. — Local government. f. — Judicial system. g. — Army. h. — Method of amending. /, f, /«■?■ r 24 D. The Pall of The Monarchy. XIV. — The Revolution and Foreign Relations. 1. — Attitude of foreign governments in 1789 towards the Revolution. 2. — Important questions raised by the Revolution. a. — Annexation of Avignon. b. — Nootka Sound affair. c. — The question of the rights of foreign princes in Alsace. 3. — Louis XVI and foreign courts. a. — Correspondence with the emigres. b. — Correspondence with Austria. c. — Letter to King of Prussia, December, 1791. 4. — First steps towards European coalition. a. — Padua circular, July, 1791. b. — Declaration of Pilnitz, August, 1791. The Fall of The Monarchy. XV. — Opening of the Legislative Assembly: Party Divisions. 1. — Establishment of party divisions, 1789-1791. a. — Party divisions at opening of the Estates General. b. — Effect of flight to Varennes on party de- velopment. c. — Party divisions at the close of the Constitu- ent National Assembly. 2. — Party divisions in the Legislative Assembly. a. — Conditions under which the elections to the Legislative Assembly were held. b. — Party divisions at the opening of the Legis- lative Assembly. c. — The principal Paris clubs and their relation to the parties in the Legislative Assembly. 3. — General attitude of classes and parties towards further reform at the opening of the Legislative Assembly. 26 D. The Fall of The Monarchy. XVI, — The War with Austria, April to June, 1792. 1. — The “Rejected Decrees,” December, 1791. 2. — Question of War with Austria. a. — Attitude of the king and the court towards war. b. — Attitude of the different parties: Feuillants, Girondins, Jacobins. 3. — The Girondin ministry of Dumouriez, March, 1792. a. — Why Dumouriez was appointed. ^ b. — Policy of Dumouriez. c. — The declaration of war against Austria, April 20. 4. — Failure of French armies in Belgium, and the fall of Dumouriez. III l^