UnlversJi Illinois ' atUrbana paign Jl/[ 2 2m UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAiGN The person charging this material is responsible for its renewal or return to the library on or before the due date. The minimum fee for a lost item is $1 25.00, $300.00 for bound journals. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. Please note: self-stick notes may result in torn pages and lift some inks. Renew via the Telephone Center at 217-333-8400, 846-262-1510 (toll-free) or circlib@uiuc.edu. Renew online by choosing the My Account option at: http://www.library.uiuc.edu/catalog/ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/cornmovementsinu793frui f\(^X orn Movemelts in the lliitecl States \G3on ;t i: ■! !f' Interregional BHow Patterns and Transpcpatidn Requirements in 1985 Jerry E. Fruin, Daniel W. Halbach, and Lx)well D North Central Regional Research Bulletin 326 Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 349 University of Illinois Bulletin 793 Agricultural Experiment Station College of Agriculture University of Illinois at Urbana^Champaign Corn Movements in the United States Interregional Flow Patterns and Transportation Requirements in 1985 Jerry E. Fruin, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Daniel W. Halbach, Research Fellow, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Lowell D. Hill, L. J. Norton Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. North Central Regional Research Bulletin 326 Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 349 University of Illinois Bulletin 793 Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Stations of Alabama. Arkansas, California, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. The participating agricultural experiment stations and government agencies provide equal opportunities in programs and employment. September, 1990 3.9M-75876-Softlink-9-90 Directors Participating agencies and state agricultural and Southern regions. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Ivouisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Texas Agricultural Experiment Station USDA-ERS Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station experiment stations of the North Central L.T. Frobish G.J. Musick D.F. Crossan C.W. Donoho. Jr. G.A. Lee D.A. Holt B.R. Baumgardt D.G. Topel W.R. Woods CO. Little K.W. Tipton R.G. Gast C.E. Allen V.G. Hurt R.L. Mitchell D.W. Nelson H.R. Lund K.M. Kerr R.A. Moore D.O. Richardson N.P. Clarke J.E. Lee, Jr. L.M. Walsh Auburn University 36849'" Fayetteville 72701 Newark 19717-1303 Athens 30602 Moscow 83843 Urbana 61801 West Lafayette 47907 Ames 50011 Manhattan 66506 Lexington 40506-0091 Baton Rouge 70893-0905 East Lansing 48824-1039 St. Paul 55208 Mississippi State 39762 Columbia 652 1 1 Lincoln 68583-0704 Fargo 58105 Wooster 44691 Brookings 57006 Knoxville 37901-1071 College Station 77843 Washington, D.C. 20250 Madison 53706 North Central and Southern regional agricultural experiment stations provide equal opportunities for programs and employment Technical Committee NC- 137 Administrative Advisor Donald E. Anderson North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station Morrill Hall 315, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 S- 1 76 Administrative Advisor Thomas H. Klindt University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Agriculture Experiment Station P.O. Box 1071, Knoxville, Tennessee 37901-1071 Committee Members of NC-137 Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Texas Agricultural Experiment Station USDA-Economic Research Service N.L. Meyer R.J. Hauser L.F. Schrader C.P. Baumel L.O. Sorenson S.R. Thompson J.E. Fruin D.G. Anderson W.K. Koo D.W. Larson C.E. Lamberton S.W. Fuller T.Q. Hutchinson L.D. Hill Committee Members of S-176 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station Economic Research Service, USDA Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station J.L. Stallings E.J. Wailes U.C. Toensmeyer T.Q. Hutchinson J.L. Jordan L.D. Hill M.R. Reed H.D. Traylor A.J. Allen E.D. Baldwin C.B. Sappington M.N. Leath S.L. Ott J.E. Vercimak W.L. Bateman Requests This bulletin is one in a series of North Central and Southern Cooperative bulletins. It represents a contribution to North Central Project NC-137, "Effect of Changes in Transportation on Performance of the U.S. Agricultural Transporation System," and to Southern Regional Project S-176, "Interregional Marketing Systems for Grains and Soybeans." The Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station is the publishing station. Requests for copies of this bulletin may be sent to Office of Agricultural Communications and Education, 67 Mumford Hall, 1301 West Gregory Street, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Abstract Information about the origin, destination, and mode of transport in marketing grain is often useful in making policy and investment decisions related to grain. The data and analyses presented in this publication were developed to aid in making these policy and investment decisions. This bulletin contains the results of a nationwide study to obtain the volumes of corn moved by truck, rail, and water among destinations in 42 states during 1985. The study was designed to update a similar survey conducted in 1977. This bulletin contains a description of the findings of the 1985 survey and an analysis of the changes that have occurred between the 1977 survey and 1985. Preface This bulletin contains the results of nationwide research to obtain the volumes of corn movec between U.S. origins and destinations using various transport modes in 1985. Other publica- tions in this series provide similar information for soybeans, sorghum, wheat, and oats. It up- ^^ dates a similar survey conducted in 1977. |P During 1986, members of two university research committees located in 21 states conducted surveys to gather data about the origin and destination of wheat, corn, soybeans, sorghum, and I oats in each of their states. In another 12 states, private consultants or university faculty at land grant institutions in the states administered the survey under contracts. Finally, data about grain and soybean movement in an additional nine states were gathered using a combi- nation of secondary data, neighboring state surveys, and interviews with managers of major firms and state agricultural officials. The resulting database contained information from 42 states for the year 1985. The industry surveys were coordinated in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. The data were summarized, verified, and recon- ciled under the supervision of Joseph Vercimak, University of Illinois, and Dr. Dean Baldwin, Ohio State University. The success of this research project is due to the cooperation of thou- sands of grain marketing firms and the efforts of researchers around the United States. The research was partially funded by the Federal Railroad Administration under contract No, DTFR 53-84-C-00036, the Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA; the Agricultural Cooperative Service, USDA; the Illinois Department of Agriculture and the Soo Line Railroad. Administration of the grant funds was coordinated by Joseph E. Vercimak. The research is a contribution to regional research projects S-176, "Effect of Changes in Marketing Systems for Grains and Soybeans" and NC-137, "Effect of Changes in Transportation on Performance of thee U.S. Agricultural Transportation System." i IV Contents Purpose of the Study 1 Methodology 1 Production and Utilization 3 Analysis of Shipments and Receipts 6 Comparisons with 1977 13 Conclusions 24 Bibliography 25 Appendix 27 Figures and Tables Figures 1 . United States Corn Production, Total Use, and Ending Stocks 4 2. Use of Corn for Livestock Feed, Exports, and Food, Seed & Alcohol 4 3. 1982 Corn Harvested for All Purposes 5 4. Percent of U.S. Exports by State, Corn - 1985 15 5. United States Corn Exports by Port Range 18 6. Corn Exports to the EC by Port Region 19 7. Corn Exports to the USSR and Eastern Europe by Port Region 19 8. Corn Exports to Pacific Rim Countries by Port Region 21 Tables 1. 1985 Production of Corn by State and Out-of-State Shipments by Mode of Transport 6 2. 1985 Interstate Shipments of Corn by State and Mode of Transport 7 3. 1985 Interstate Receipts of Corn for Each State by Mode of Transport 9 4. 1985 Shipments of Corn to Export Elevators by State 10 5. 1985 Receipts of Corn at Ports by Mode of Transport 11 6. 1985 Exports of U.S. Corn by Export Region and Destination 12 7. Production and Production Shares of Corn by State, 1977 vs. 1985 and Changes 14 8. Interstate Shipments of Corn for Each State and Mode of Transport, 1977 and 1985 16 9. Total Volume of Interstate Shipments by Mode of Transport, 1977 vs. 1985 17 10. Inspections for Export and Total Receipts of Corn at Port Areas, 1977 and 1985 17 11. Export Regions, Port Areas, and the Ports Included in Each Area 20 12. 1985 Shipments of Corn to Points of Export for Each Originating State by Mode of Transport 22 VI Appendix Tables Receipts and Shipments of Corn by State, 1985 13. Alabama 27 14. Arizona 27 15. Arkansas 28 16. California 28 17. Colorado 29 18. Delaware 29 19. Florida 30 20. Georgia 30 21. Idaho 31 22. Illinois 31 23. Indiana 32 24. Iowa 32 25. Kansas 33 26. Kentucky 33 27. Louisiana 34 28. Maryland 34 29. Michigan 35 30. Minnesota 35 > 31. Mississippi 36 32. Missouri 36 33. Montana 37 34. Nebraska 37 35. Nevada 38 36. New England 38 37. New Jersey 38- 38. New Mexico 38 39. New York 39 40. North Carolina 39 41. North Dakota 40 42. Ohio 40 43. Oklahoma 41 44. Oregon 41 45. Pennsylvania 42 46. South Carolina 42 47. South Dakota 43 48. Tennessee 43 49. Texas 44 50. Utah 44 51. Virginia 45 52. Washington 45 53. West Virginia 46 54. Wisconsin 46 55. Wyoming 47 56. Duluth-Superior 47 57. Chicago 47 58. Toledo 47 59. Saginaw 48 60. North Atlantic 48 61. South Atlantic 48 62. Eastern Gulf 48 63. Louisiana Gulf 4^ 64. North Texas Gulf 4^ 65. South Texas Gulf 4? 66. Columbia River 5( 67. Puget Sound 5( 68. California Ports 5( ;orn •iierregioriai fh nent Purpose of the Study Introduction Maintaining our competitive edge in world corn markets is an objective frequently ex- pressed by corn farmers, merchandisers, processors, exporters, association groups and government officials. Among the many different factors that contribute to our ability to maintain that competitive edge is having an efficient flow of corn from production re- gions to domestic destinations and export ports. This efficient flow of corn can be achieved with decisions based on informa- tion about corn shipping patterns that will enable corn industry participants to improve market performance. Such information may also improve decisions about investments in port facilities, rail, truck and barge services, elevator and processor facilities, and farm production. Although data on the quantities of corn shipped from each port and on inland water- ways are available, little data exists to match origins with destinations and to identify modes of transportation. The first compre- hensive national study of grain movements was completed for the 1977 calendar year {Leath, Hill and Fuller. 1981). This bulletin updates the earlier study by reporting corn shipping and receiving patterns for 1985. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study were: (1) Identify the quantity of corn shipped among various state, regional and export lo- cations. (2) Determine the extent to which various transportation modes were employed in the movement of corn in the United States. (3) Compare the 1977 and 1985 patterns of shipments and modes of transport. Methodology Grain flow data were collected for the 1985 calendar year primarily through personal in- terviews with representatives of grain han- dling, storage, and processing firms. These firms included country elevators, subterminal elevators, terminal elevators, feed manufac- turers, export elevators, commercial feedlots, poultry operations, processors, and millers. Representatives in each of the states surveyed were responsible for drawing a statewide sam- ple and conducting the interviews. All 33 major producing and consuming states were included in the survey. This was accom- plished by using members of two regional grain marketing and transportation commit- tees at land-grant institutions in the states and by contracting with individuals in those grain producing states that were not repre- sented on the regional committees. An addi- tional nine states considered to be significant grain producers were added using secondary data and selected interviews. In addition, information was obtained from the Interstate Commerce Commission about volumes shipped by rail and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) about volumes shipped by barge. Sampling Method In those categories where the firms were few in number (such as processors), all of the firms were included in the survey. In those categories where the number of firms was too large for complete enumeration with available resources, the researchers used a stratified sampling technique. The stratified sample data were then expanded using multipliers to yield estimates of totals for each state. For example, the stratified technique was used with inland grain elevators. The sampling of these elevators in each state was carried out by listing elevators in descending order of stor- age capacity. Then, starting with those having the largest capacity, firms with successively smaller capacities were added to the sample until the total storage capacity of firms in the sample equalled 25 percent of the elevator stor- age in the state. A random sample of the re- maining firms was then obtained, with not less than 10 percent of all firms in each category in- cluded. Additional stratification was used in states with large numbers of firms. Some states derived samples using plants rather than firms. The research methodology allowed sampling by plant or firm provided that elevator capacity was adequately repre- sented in the sample and the samples could be expanded to represent total grain trans- ported. Some states used a complete enumer- ation of all firms. River elevators were sampled at a rate of not less than 50 percent. Feed firms were surveyed from the largest downward untfi 10 percent of the total capacity was surveyed. A random sample was taken from the remaining firms. Integrated firms such as feedlots and poultry operations were sampled at the rate of not less than 50 percent. For processing firms, the sampfing rate was usually 100 per- cent since the number of firms in each state was relatively small. The data provided for 1985 were less com- plete than those provided for 1977 because some major processors and grain handlers re- fused to provide volume data by origin and destination. They gave a variety reasons for not providing the data. To compensate for the lack of usable data from small firms, volume statistics from a firm of similar size and geographic location selected at random were included when avail- able. For larger elevators or processors who did not supply data, volumes and flows were estimated from secondary sources or from the interviewers' prior knowledge of the firms. The estimates were then validated by the grain marketing specialist in each state based on his/her knowledge of grain movements and price relationships in the state. Procedure Each of the grain handlers and processors interviewed provided the same type of infor- mation: the volume, origin, and mode of transport for all grain received at and shipped from their facilities. Data were coded using a consistent format and sent to the University of lUinois for processing. Processing involved verifying the data and summarizing state to- tals that would be used in reconciUng flows. The data were then sent to Ohio State University where the estimates of quantities transported between each origin and destina- tion as reported by the shipping states were reconciled with the estimates reported by the receiving states. Responsibility for integrating these data and generating the data tables for the five commodities was distributed among four universities: corn at the University of Minnesota, soybeans and oats at Ohio State University, wheat at the University of Kentucky, and sorghum at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. f Transport information was also obtained from the Interstate Commerce Commission about rail shipments (the Waybill sample), and from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers about barge shipments (the COE sample). After the survey data were compiled and tabulated, representatives from the major re- ceiving and shipping states met to reconcile differences among the three sources of volume information: (1) the survey data from the re- ceiving states, (2) the survey data from the shipping states, and (3) secondary data in- cluding the Waybill sample from the Interstate Commerce Commission and the complete enumeration of all barge movements recorded on the data tapes by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE). The variable sampling rate for some types of shipments included in the Waybill sample gives rise to potential errors when the data are summarized on a state or sub-state basis. Records of total volume of barge shipments and receipts in the COE data tapes were quite accurate but the tapes did not always identify ultimate origins and destinations when barges were transhipped or destinations were changed in transit. Truck data were available only from the survey. Shipments from farms to elevators were identified only through records of eleva- tor receipts. Truck shipments across state lines were especially difficult to verify since neither truckers nor farmers were included in the survey. A final verification process was then under- taken using secondary data about movements into or out of each state, and the estimate of "exportable surplus" for each state. A grain marketing specialist from each state univer- sity in the regional committee calculated the surplus or deficit in his/her state in the fol- lowing way: the estimate of the total amount of corn used for seed and processing during calendar year 1985 was subtracted from the estimate of the amount of corn produced dur- ing 1985. The remainder was then adjusted by the amount of increase or decrease in in- ventory during the year. The resulting figure was accepted as an estimate of the surplus available for export or the deficit to be filled by imports from other states. Because volume processed in each state was based on esti- mates, the numbers were not expected to match reconciled flows exactly. However, these data provided additonal information from which to judge the reasonableness of re- ceipts and shipment data from the various sources (Wciiles and Vercimak, 1989). These comparisons among the various data sources increased the confidence in the accu- racy of estimates based on the less-than-com- plete samples we obtained from the popula- tion of all firms handling corn. Finally, the logic and consistency of each flow summary contained in these reports was checked by the representative who organized and conducted the survey in each state. production and Utilization Corn is the most important crop in the United States, both in volume and cash re- ceipts to farmers. Production in recent years has varied from a low of 4.2 billion bushels in 1983 to a high of 8.9 billion bushels in 1985. The average annual production from 1977 to 1986 was 7.4 billion bushels. The record 1985 crop increased United States ending stocks by almost 2.4 billion bushels, while the below average 1977 crop of 6.5 billion bushels increased the ending stocks by a negligible 200 million bushels (Figure 1). The lower ex- ports and domestic use in 1985 resulted in an increase in inventory, which influenced trans- portation requirements. Corn production has been increasing steadily since 1977, except for the drought years of 1980 and 1983. However, the total disappearance of 6.5 billion bushels of corn in 1985, including exports, was lower than for any year since 1977. Figure 2 shows live- stock feed use was about average in 1985. Food and industrial use has increased every year from 1977 to 1985. Usage in 1985, was 1.1 billion bushels, twice that of 1977. The decline in total usage of corn in the mid- 1980s resulted from the dramatic drop in exports. Although corn is produced in almost every state, production remains concen- trated in and near the traditional Corn Belt (Figure 3). In 1985 as in 1977, six states (Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Indiana, Min- nesota, and Ohio) produced about 70 per- cent of the United States corn crop. In 1985, these states accounted for almost 75 percent of the interstate grain shipments and over 79 percent of exports (Table 1). However, in 1977, the six states were even more important as corn shippers, account- ing for over 85 percent of interstate corn shipments and almost 86 percent of the shipments to export ports. Unlike 1985, in Figure 1. United States Corn Production, Total Use, and Ending Stocks. Million Bushels 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Production Q Total Use Ending Stocks Figure 2. Use of Corn for Livestock Feed, Exports, and Food, Seed and Alcohol. Million Bushels 8,000 6,000 4,000 — 2,000 EI iiii llllllllll I I 00 I N 05 00 0) o 00 00 I I 0) N 05 o 00 00 I i-H 00 0^ CO op X 05 00 in CO X X X X CO X 05 X 05 ifi X 05 CD X 05 X 05 Livestock Feed Q Exports Food, Seed & Alcohol 1977 corn usage volume was nearly the same as supply volume so that changes in ending stocks were negligible. Along with the decline in the proportion of corn shipped from the six states in total, there has been a change in volume shipped by Illinois and Iowa, apparently because of changes in international demand. In 1985, Illinois and Iowa alone accounted for over 36 percent of the corn production and interstate shipments and about 40 percent of exports. In 1977, Illinois and Iowa accounted for over 35. 1 percent of production, but over 54 per- cent of United States exports. gure 3. )82 Corn Harvested for All Purposes. Dot = 10,000 Acres nited States Total 77,883,325 Analysis of Shipments and Receipts Interstate Shipments During 1985, nearly 3.3 billion bushels of corn, 37 percent of the year's production, were moved across state lines. Over 1.55 bil- lion bushels were shipped across state lines to domestic end users and over 1.7 billion bushels were exported. Six states, Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, Indiana, Minnesota, and Ohio, accounted for 75 percent of the out-of- state shipments and 79.1 percent of ship- ments to export ports (Table 1). Trucks accounted for 693 million bushels of interstate movement in 1985, with 98 mil- lion bushels going to export ports and 595 million bushels consumed in domestic use. Rail accounted for 1.538 billion bushels of in- terstate shipments, with 668 million bushels going to export ports and 870 million bushels consumed in domestic use. Barges accounted for 1.052 billion bushels of interstate ship- ments, with 959 million bushels going to ex- port ports and 93 million bushels consumed in domestic use (Table 2). Interstate Receipts Receipts of corn from other states reflect movements to feed deficit areas, processing plants, or transshipment centers (Table 3). The largest receipts were in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Tennessee, and Texas. Except for Illinois, a major processing state, these states were generally feed deficit areas. Rail moved 55.8 percent of the inter- state corn receipts, trucks moved 38.2 per- cent, and barges moved only 6.0 percent. Alabama and Tennessee received the largest volumes of barge shipments, with 87.3 percent of all interstate (non-port) receipts by barge. Illinois received the largest truck volume of any state — 64.87 million bushels. This vol- Table 1. 1985 Production of Corn by State and Out-of-State Shipments by Mode of Transport. Total Mode of Transportation Total Total state Production Truck Rail Barge Shipped Exported thousands of bushels Iowa 1,707,300 64,699 183,607 121,530 369,836 170.888 Illinois 1,534,950 49,657 148,066 469,165 666,888 518.816 Nebraska 953,600 138.876 307,380 500 446,756 162.845 Indiana 756,450 64,587 243,895 84,562 393,044 192.182 Minnesota 724,500 38,984 154,028 113,584 306,596 158,534 Ohio 511,810 47,106 164,780 66,561 278.447 158,876 Total 6 states 6,188,610 403,909 1,201,756 855.902 2.461.567 1,362,141 U.S. total 8,876,706 693,227 1,537,686 1,051.671 3.282.584 1.723.091 Six states as a percentage of U.S. 69.7 58.3 78.2 81.4 75.0 79.1 Table 2. 1985 Interstate Shipments of Corn by State and Mode of Transport.^ Origin Production Mode of Transportation Total Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 24.375 4,130 3,291 2,885 10.306 California 46,400 1,402 1,402 Colorado 103,555 7,271 2,732 10.003 Delaware 19,075 8.560 3,526 12.086 Florida 12,350 2.066 514 24 2,604 Georgia 81,900 8.726 16.778 800 26,304 Illinois 1,534,950 49.657 148.066 469,165 666,888 Indiana 756,450 64.587 243.895 84,562 393.044 Iowa 1,707,300 64,699 183,607 121.530 369,836 Kansas 152.100 14,098 27,290 47 41,435 Kentucky 159,120 8,442 21,665 63,701 93.808 Louisiana 23,370 10,201 11,705 21.906 Maryland 70.400 27,548 4,673 32,221 Michigan 286.650 19,921 74.595 1,310 95,826 Minnesota 724,500 38,984 154.028 113,584 306,596 Mississippi 7,820 4,144 400 1,232 5,776 Missouri 272,800 34,448 36.387 73,484 144,319 Nebraska 953,600 138,876 307.380 500 446,756 New Jersey 12,540 807 1.541 2,348 New York 68,400 42 9.278 9,320 North Carolina 128,375 12,079 9.084 2,460 23,623 North Dakota 40,320 8,333 17,888 26,221 Ohio 511,810 47,106 164,780 66,561 278,447 Oklahoma 6,148 250 250 Oregon 6,600 880 1,182 2,062 Pennsylvania 151,800 20,578 4,783 50 25,411 South Carolina 45,760 8,242 5,931 14,173 South Dakota 252,000 25,542 57,294 82,836 Tennessee 79,380 5,707 5,991 7,344 19,042 Texas 156,450 7,540 14,980 99 22,619 Utah 1,840 256 141 397 Virginia 54,450 10,360 6,122 8,176 24.658 Washington 21,600 1,512 1,359 2,871 West Virginia 7,665 312 312 Wisconsin 358,450 38,875 8,654 19,349 66,878 All other 36,403 - - - - Total volume 8.876.706 693,227 1,537,686 1,051,671 3,282,584 Percent of total 21.12 46.84 32.04 a Includes shipment s to port areas. ume was primarily from the adjacent states of Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Wisconsin, shipped to processors and to river elevators for transshipment to Gulf ports. Illinois shipped the highest percentage by barge with over 70 percent. Kentucky moved 68 percent by barge and Missouri moved over 50 percent by barge. Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota all moved over 68 percent by rail. The origin of receipts and the mode of transport for each state are presented in the appendix (ta- bles 13 through 68). Intrastate Shipments The quantities of intrastate movements re- ported to the surveyors in each state are given on the next to the last line of each of the ta- bles 13 through 68. No attempt was made to analyze or compare these quantities because of the difficulty in determining quantities resold locally to be fed on farms and/or trans- shipped to nearby terminals. Several of the states did not report truck shipments. Shipments to Export Elevators Table 4 shows the amount of corn shipped to export elevators by each state, including shipments to export elevators located within the same state. For example, Lx)uisiana shipments of 15.39 million bushels to Gulf ports in Louisiana are included in the table. Direct rail shipments to Canada and Mexico are also included in Table 4. Barge trans- portation predominated, accounting for 55.7 percent of the movements to export loca- tions. Rail moved 38.8 percent and trucks moved 5.6 percent. The states shipping the most corn to export locations were Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Ohio. These states were the most important corn producing states, accounting for 69.7 percent of 1985 production and 79.1 percent of 1985 exports. Illinois generated 17.3 percent of U.S. produc- tion but originated 30. 1 percent of 1985 ex- ports. Indiana was in second place with 8.5 percent of production and 11. 2 percent of shipments to ports. Port Area Receipts In Table 5, data for individual export ports are summarized into 13 port areas for five export regions. Total volume received in port areas was 1.723 billion bushels. The individual ports included in the port re- gions are listed in Table 1 1 . The Gulf re- gion dominated receipts for export with 62.5 percent, of which 88 percent was re- ceived by barge, 10 percent by rail, and only 2 percent by truck. The Pacific region received 17. 1 percent of the corn for export and the Atlantic Region received 13.5 per- cent. The Pacific region received 97.6 per- cent by rail while the Atlantic region re- ceived 90 percent by rail. The Great Lakes Region ports received 82.4 million bushels, accounting for 4.8 percent of the export corn. Trucks shipped 70.5 percent of the receipts at Lakes ports. Exports by Country of Destination Four countries received 66.8 percent of the corn exported from the United States in 1985. The USSR, the largest importer, re- ceived 522.6 million bushels — 30.5 percent of the total (Table 6). Japan was second with 435.2 million bushels, then Taiwan with 1 16.4 million bushels and Spain with over 89 million. Most of the exports to the USSR moved through the Gulf ports. However, the USSR received more corn from Atlantic ports than any other country. Portugal and Spain are the other major custmers of Atlantic ports. The Gulf ports provided 68 percent of U.S, exports to Japan, with Pacific ports second in importance. Both Taiwan and Korea re- lied primarily on West coast ports which drew from the western edge of the cornbelt. 8 Table 3. 1985 Interstate Receipts of Corn for Each State by Mode of Transport.^ state Mode of Transportation Total Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 9,754 36,964 41,648 88,366 Arizona 1,930 5,246 7,176 Arkansas 29,824 55,925 2,731 88.480 California 74,898 74.898 Colorado 15,738 11,508 27,246 Delaware 15,636 2.401 18,037 Florida 14,019 21.573 35,592 Georgia 5,992 84.645 90,637 Idaho 224 224 Illinois 64,871 70.191 349 135,411 Indiana 16,883 10.886 204 27,973 Iowa 57,813 18.958 115 76,886 Kansas 63,196 20.854 84.050 Kentucky 21.544 4.685 150 26.379 LxDuisiana 1.644 3.945 381 5,970 Maryland 8.554 2.980 54 11,588 Michigan 44 44 Minnesota 16.172 4.796 57 21.025 Mississippi 4.136 41.489 1,807 47.432 Missouri 43.632 38,072 397 82.101 Montana 1,534 11.188 12.722 Nebraska 23.635 3.485 27,120 Nevada 438 1.270 1.708 New England 9,500 35,937 45.437 New Jersey 4,918 81 4,999 New Mexico 127 127 New York 3.116 19,701 22,817 North Carolina 2.907 36,752 39,659 North Dakota 17,361 4,500 21,861 Ohio 32,108 21,546 53,654 Oklahoma 24,248 13.645 37,893 Oregon 7.263 1,190 8,453 Pennsylvania 8,377 19.170 27,547 South Carolina 1,950 3.840 5,790 South Dakota 7,356 7,356 Tennessee 8,307 57.654 39.240 105,201 Texas 29,744 96.237 4.290 130.271 Utah 7,118 1.718 8,836 Virginia 9,241 10.758 19,999 Washington 2,514 2,514 West Virginia 1,890 1,890 Wisconsin 5,773 12,473 18,246 Wyoming 5,878 5,878 Total volume 597,005 869,875 92,613 1,559,493 Percent of total 38.21 55.84 5.95 a Does not include port area receipts. *. Table 4. 1 1985 Shipments of Corn to Export Elevators by State. Mode of Transportation - Percent of Origin Truck Rail 1 Barge Total U.S. Export thousands of bushels Alabama 1,330 2.785 4,115 0.24 California 962 962 0.06 Georgia 1,127 1,500 800 3,427 0.20 Illinois 1,594 66,795 450,427 518,816 30.11 Indiana 14,098 102,568 75,516 192,182 11.15 Iowa 76 59,125 111,687 170,888 9.92 Kansas 2,144 47 2,191 0.13 Kentucky 4,396 50,137 54,533 3.16 Louisiana 7,910 7,476 15,386 0.89 Michigan 8,930 41,841 1,310 52,081 3.02 Minnesota 458 63,460 94.616 158,534 9.20 Mississippi 2,483 1,183 3,666 0.21 ; Missouri 10,735 69,775 80,510 4.67 Nebraska 162,345 500 162,845 9.45 North Carolina 3,065 2,460 5,525 0.32 i 1 North Dakota 3,462 13,938 17,400 1.01 Ohio 28,473 73,450 56,953 158,876 9.22 Oklahoma 250 250 0.01 Oregon 1,182 1,182 0.07 Pennsylvania 50 50 0.00 South Carolina 3,941 3,941 0.23 South Dakota 1,342 46,049 47,391 2.75 Tennessee 6.050 6,050 0.35 Texas 6,748 8,000 99 14,847 0.86 Virginia 8.288 4,300 8,122 20,710 1.20 Washington 169 169 0.01 West Virginia 312 312 0.02 Wisconsin 5,000 4,100 17,152 26,252 1.52 Total volume 96,222 667,811 959,058 1,723,091 Percent of total 5.58 38.76 55.66 1 Includes direct shipments to Canada and Mexico 10 Table 5. 1985 Receipts of Corn at Ports by Mode of Transport. Origin Mode of Transportation Total Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Great Lakes Region Duluth-Superior 591 2,718 3.309 Chicago 16,088 3,701 19.789 Toledo 40,193 16,666 56.859 Saginaw Subtotal 1,233 1,247 2.480 58,105 24.332 82.437 Atlantic Region North Atlantic 525 21,148 21,673 South Atlantic Subtotal 12,285 188.533 10.582 211,400 12,810 209,681 10.582 233,073 Gulf Region East Gulf 2.457 32,576 9.164 44,197 Louisiana Gulf 10,393 65,599 937.840 1,013,832 Nori;h Texas Gulf 2,826 7,450 121 10,397 South Texas Gulf Subtotal 3,998 5,062 9,060 19,674 110,687 947.125 1,077,486 Pacific Region Columbia River 4,479 154,578 1.351 160,408 Puget Sound 192 114,954 115.146 California Ports Subtotal 962 18,726 19,688 5.633 288,258 1,351 295.242 Direct Export 34,853 34.853 Total volume 96,222 667,811 959,058 1.723.091 Percent of total 5.58 38.76 55.66 11 If I Table 6. 1985 Exports of U.S. Corn by Export Reg ion and Destination. 1 1 Destination Export region 1 - i 1 Total ! St. Lawrence Seaway Lakes Atlantic Gulf Pacific Interior thousands of bushels i Algeria 7,521 5,208 8,059 20,788 Belgium 1,638 11,010 18,791 31,439 Brazil 4,014 17,769 21,783 Bulgaria 4,557 5,104 9,661 China-Taiwan 20.063 96,337 116,400 Dominican Republic 7,140 7,140 Egypt 11,313 50,685 61,998 Germany, East 1,624 12,815 1,860 16,299 Israel 2,861 7,717 10,578 Italy 516 433 5,312 6,261 [ Jamaica 5,417 5,417 Japan 2,148 295,631 137,373 435,152 Jordan 8,337 8.337 Kenya 3,139 5,708 8,847 Korea Republic 14,755 54,538 69,293 Mexico 25,508 866 34,546 60,920 1 Netherlands 926 1,368 19,146 21,440 Peru 183 5,501 5,684 Portugal 3,688 1,612 36,555 15,698 57,553 Republic of South Africa 3,734 5,149 8,883 Saudi Arabia 620 12,880 13,500 Spain 21,582 712 35,672 31,450 89,416 Syria 3,716 2,655 6.371 Tunisia 1,260 613 2,974 1,916 6,763 United Kingdom 3,066 4,814 8,286 16,166 USSR 15,543 7,285 74,524 425,290 522,642 Venezuela 20,967 20,967 Other 1,547 3,754 10,904 34,716 1,520 307 52,748 Total 45,244 27,643 232,562 1,081,510 290,634 34,853 1,712,446 Source: Grain and Feed Market News, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A., Vol. 34, No (January 31, 1986), pp. 15-19. 5 12 Comparisons with 1977 Production and Utilization Corn production was 8.9 billion bushels in 1985, up from 6.5 billion bushels in 1977 (Figure 1). The total used increased from 6.2 billion bushels in 1977 to 6.5 billion bushels in 1985. The result was a significant in- crease in carryover at the end of the 1985 crop year. Although most corn-producing states in- creased production between 1977 and 1985, there were a few exceptions (Table 7). Kansas and Texas both experienced declines of more than 3 percent. Larger declines occurred in three states where corn was a minor crop — Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Within the cornbelt, changes in production altered the relative importance of several states be- tween 1977 and 1985. Iowa increased its vol- ume from 17 percent of U.S. production in 1977 to 20.7 percent in 1985. Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, and Ohio also recorded slight increases in their shares of national production. Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin all experienced a slight decrease. These changes had implications for the transportation industry as plentiful corn supplies in most locations meant shortened hauls to processors and/or export locations. Furthermore, exports declined from 31 per- cent of the 1977 crop usage to 19 percent of 1985 crop usage, while domestic food and industrial use increased from 9 percent in 1977 to 18 percent in 1985. Feed use was 60 percent in 1977 and 63 percent in 1985. This change in usage also had implications for transportation because corn processors tend to be located near production areas and require short hauls in contrast to the long distance hauls generally required for move- ment to export ports. Interstate Shipments Total interstate shipments of corn in- creased from 2.6 billion bushels in 1977 to 3.3 billion bushels in 1985. Approximately 1.6 billion bushels were shipped across state lines to processors and end users in 1985, compared with less than 1 billion bushels in 1977. Interstate shipments of corn by barge in- creased from Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, primarily as a result of the increased movement to ports from these states. Shipments by rail from all states increased between 1977 and 1985, but with major declines in Illinois and Indiana (Table 8). Nebraska showed a large increase in rail shipments (from 210.5 to 307.3 million bushels) with ports in the Pacific Northwest as the primary destination for the increases. All three transportation modes moved more corn across state lines in 1985 than in 1977, but there were no dramatic changes in shares held by the transportation modes during the period. Truck increased its share of toted in- terstate shipments from 16.3 percent in 1977 to 21.1 percent in 1985. Rail shipments de- clined from 49 percent to 46.8 percent, and barge from 34.7 percent to 32.0 percent (Table 9). Considering only export move- ments, truck's share declined from 12.9 per- cent to 5.7 percent while barge's share in- creased from 50.3 percent to 55.6 percent. Rail's share increased slightly from 36.7 per- cent to 38.7 percent. The shift from truck to barge for movement to export ports resulted from the decrease in exports via the Great Lakes /St. Lawrence route. The destinations of shipments by states and mode are pre- sented in the Appendix tables. Corn Exports by State The shaded states in Figure 4 accounted for about 98 percent of U. S. corn exports in 1985. Illinois accounted for 30. 1 percent of 13 Table 7. Production and Production Shares of Corn by State, 1977 'vs. 1985 and Clianges. 1977 1985 Percent Change Production Percent Share Production Percent Share (.000 bu.) (,000 bu.) Alabama 10,875 0.17 24.375 0.30 124.14 Arizona 5,000 0.08 2.205 0.03 -55.90 Arkansas 2.279 0.04 7.884 0.10 245.94 California 28.652 0.45 46.400 0.56 61.94 Colorado 80.620 1.26 103,555 1.26 Delaware 10.360 0.16 19.075 0.23 84.12 Florida 10.465 0.16 12,350 0.15 18.01 Georgia 24.000 0.37 81,900 0.99 241.75 Idaho 2.408 0.04 10,000 0.12 315.28 Illinois 1.163.400 18.11 1,534,950 18.60 31.94 Indiana 633.420 9.86 756,450 9.17 19.42 Iowa 1.092.200 17.00 1,707.300 20.69 56.32 Kansas 161,280 2.51 152.100 1.84 -5.69 Kentucky 132,300 2.06 159.120 1.93 20.27 Louisiana 3,380 0.05 23.370 0.28 591.42 Maryland 43.200 0.67 70.400 0.85 62.96 Michigan 197.200 3.07 286.650 3.47 45.36 Minnesota 600.000 9.34 724.500 8.78 20.75 Mississippi 5.760 0.09 7,820 0.10 35.76 Missouri 201.400 3.13 272,800 3.31 35.45 Montana 748 0.012 1.045 0.01 39.71 Nebraska 648.450 10.09 953.600 11.56 47.06 New Jersey 6.650 0.10 12.540 0.15 88.57 New Mexico 10.260 0.16 10.075 0.12 -1.80 New York 51.200 0.80 68.400 0.83 33.59 North Carolina 88,740 1.38 128.375 1.56 44.66 North Dakota 17,301 0.27 40,320 0.49 133.05 Ohio 380,100 5.92 511,810 6.20 34.65 Oklahoma 7,790 0.12 6,148 0.07 -21.08 Oregon 1,140 0.02 6,600 0.08 478.95 Pennsylvania 106.720 1.66 151.800 1.84 42.24 South Carolina 24.840 0.39 45.760 0.55 84.22 South Dakota 126.850 1.97 252.000 3.05 98.66 Tennessee 47.450 0.74 79.380 0.96 67.29 Texas 161.700 2.52 156.450 1.90 -3.25 Utah 1,157 0.02 1.840 0.02 Virginia 30,800 0.48 54.450 0.66 76.79 Washington 7,616 0.12 21.600 0.26 183.61 West Virginia 3,996 0.06 7.665 0.09 91.82 Wisconsin 291,200 4.53 358.450 4.34 23.09 Wyoming 2,550 0.04 5.194 0.06 103.69 Total 6,425,457 100.00 8.252.834 100.00 28.44 Source: Agricultural Statistics, U.S.D.A., 1986. 14 corn exports in 1985 — down from 37.5 percent in 1977. The other five largest producing states accounted for another 48.8 percent of 1985 exports. Substantial shifts in export shares oc- curred in those states between 1977 and 1985. Iowa exports declined from 16.7 per- cent to 9.9 percent; Indiana from 12.2 percent to 1 1.2 percent; and Ohio from 1 1.0 percent to 9.2 percent. Minnesota, which was severely impacted by drought in 1977, increased its share from 6. 1 percent of exports to 9. 1 percent in 1985. The increase was due to rail shipments to Pacific Northwest ports as exports from Minnesota via both the Gulf and Great Lakes declined. Nebraska's share of exports in- creased dramatically from 2. 1 percent to 9.4 percent due to rail shipments to Pacific ports. Of the remaining states, Michigan's share of exports remained about constant at 3.0 percent while Missouri's share increased from 1.8 percent to 4.7 percent in 1985. South Dakota's share of exports increased from a negligible 0.1 percent of exports in 1977 to 2.8 percent in 1985 as a result of rail ship- ments to the Pacific Coast. Corn Exports by Port Region Total U.S. exports of corn increased from 1.6 billion bushels in 1977 to 1.7 billion bushels in 1985. Receipts exceeded exports in 1977, but fell short in 1985, indicating a change in inventories (Table 10). Although the relative rankings of the port regions were similar in 1977 and 1985, there were several changes in port shares. The Great Lakes and Atlantic ports lost share while Louisiana Gulf ports gained. The greatest change was in the Pacific Northwest with an increase from 1 1.3 million bushels in 1977 to 275.6 million bushels in 1985. These changes were die- Figure 4. Percent of U.S. Exports by State, Corn - 1985. I I 0.5 to 3 n 3to8 ^1 8 to 12 ^1 Over 30 15 Table 8. Interstate Shipments of Corn for Each State and Mode of Transport, 1977 and 1985.^ Origin State 1977 Rail 1985 Truck 1977 1985 Barge 1977 1985 thousands of bushels Alabama 45 3,291 1,186 4,130 50 2,885 Arkansas 60 California 1.402 Colorado 7,269 2,732 2,053 7.271 Delaware 3,526 4,885 8.560 1,307 Florida 651 514 421 2.066 117 24 Georgia 5,715 16,778 3,710 8.726 800 Illinois 249,291 148,066 41,095 49.657 526,238 469,165 Indiana 285,824 243,895 76,865 64,587 25,214 84,362 Iowa 170,734 183,607 97,022 64.699 156,891 121,530 Kansas 27,777 27,290 7,443 14,098 47 Kentucky 27,602 21,665 7,626 8,442 46,330 63,701 Louisiana 624 118 10,201 50 11,705 Maryland 161 4,673 7,173 27,548 Michigan 35,095 74,595 31,653 19.921 1.310 Minnesota 33,062 154,028 16,894 38.984 76,573 113.584 Mississippi 400 1,788 4.144 1.232 Missouri 23,970 36,387 7,208 34.448 31,156 73,484 Nebraska 210,489 307,380 45,117 138.876 1,825 500 New Jersey 1,541 2,890 807 New Mexico 312 New York 2,223 9,278 1,511 42 North Carolina 2.617 9,084 17,755 12.079 2,348 2,460 North Dakota 6.777 17,888 124 833 Ohio 165.105 164,780 9,666 47.106 30,804 66,561 Oklahoma 92 785 250 Oregon 880 1,182 Pennsylvania 291 4,783 3,810 20,578 50 South Carolina 1,572 5,931 1,055 8,242 South Dakota 2,285 57,294 4,337 25,542 Tennessee 2,984 5,991 1,903 5,707 2,231 7,344 Texas 10,825 14,980 776 7,540 99 Utah 141 256 Virginia 1,423 6,122 1,542 10,360 118 8,176 Washington 1,512 1,359 West Virginia 312 Wisconsin 2,917 8,654 24.789 38,875 3,350 19,349 Total volume 1.277,480 1,537,686 423,512 693,227 904,602 1,051,671 3 Includes shipments to port areas. 16 Table 9. Total Volume of Interstate Shipments by Mode of Transport, 1977 vs. 1985.* 1977b 1985 Percent change Mode Volume Percent share Volume Percent share Truck Rail Barge (,000 bu.) 423,512 1,277,480 904,602 16.3 49.0 34.7 (,000 bu.) 693,227 1,537,686 1,051,671 21.1 46.8 32.1 63.6 20.4 16.3 Total 2,605,591 100.0 3,282,584 100.0 26.0 3 Shipments to port areas are included. b Derived from Corn Movements in the United States. Interregional Flow Patterns and Transportation Requirements in 1977. by Mack N. Leath, Lowell D. Hill, and Stephen W. Fuller, p. 9. Table 10. Inspections for Export and Total Receipts of Corn at Port Areas, 1977 and 1985. Export Region and Port Area 1977 1985 1977 1985 Inspections ) for Export^ Total Receipts Total Receipts (,000 bu.) (.000 bu.) (.000 bu.) Percent (.000 bu.) Percent Great Lakes Region Duluth/Chicago 53,929 22.997 125.037 7.19 23,098 1.34 Toledo 84,933 56,823 84.793 4.87 56,859 3.30 Saginaw 3,576 2.477 3,595 0.21 2,480 0.14 Subtotal 142,438 82,297 213,425 12.27 82,437 4.78 Atlantic Region North 58,836 27,803 53,450 3.07 21,673 1.26 South 299,087 204,759 329,350 18.93 211.400 12.27 Subtotal 357,923 232,562 382,800 22.00 233.073 13.53 Gulf Region Eastern Gulf 19.035 43,879 20,984 1.21 44,197 2.56 Louisiana Gulf 950,527 1,013,499 1,004,562 57.75 1,013,832 58.84 North Texas Gulf 91,766 10,355 89,595 5.15 10,397 0.60 South Texas Gulf 380 9,076 655 0.04 9,060 0.53 Subtotal 1,061,708 1,076,809 1,115,796 64.15 1,077,486 62.53 Pacific Region Pacific Northwest 270,946 11,360 0.65 275,554 15.99 California Ports 14,755 19,688 16.055 0.92 19,688 1.14 Subtotal 14,755 290,634 27,415 1.57 295.242 17.13 Total receipts 1,576,824 1,717,155 1,739,436 100.00 1,682,302 100.00 ^ Grain and Feed Market News, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A., Washington D.C., various issues. 17 tated primarily by changes in foreign demand and ocean rates. Figure 5 shows corn exports by port range for 1977, 1981, and 1985. At first glance, the changes may not look dramatic enough to have had a great influence on transportation flows. However, detailed analysis of the ex- port destinations proves otherwise. Figure 6, showing exports by port range to the 12 EEC countries for 1977, 1981, and 1985, demon- strates the loss of corn markets in the EEC as a result of the Common Agricultural Policy and other factors between 1977 and 1985. Exports declined from 774 million bushels in 1977 to 224 million bushels in 1985. All port ranges lost volume due to the decline in ex- ports to the EEC. Figure 7 shows exports to the USSR and Eastern Europe for the same three years. Unlike exports to the EEC, which had a clear downward trend during the period, exports to the Eastern Bloc were erratic. At the same time, exports to the Eastern Bloc countries from the Gulf ports, Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway and Atlantic Ports did not increase. The result of the de- cline in corn exports to the EEC and lack of increase in shipments to the Eastern Bloc was the decrease in Lake and Atlantic Range ship- ments between 1977 and 1985. All of the considerable increase in exports to the Pacific Rim countries from 1977 to 1985 (Figure 8) appears to have been from the Pacific Northwest ports. In fact, the volume shipped from Atlantic ports to Pacific Rim countries dropped from 36 million bushels in 1977 to 2 million bushels in 1985. Port Receipts The Gulf ports received 1.077 billion bushels in 1985 (Table 10). Illinois accounted for 512 million bushels of receipts at the Gulf and Iowa accounted for 127 million bushels. Figure 5. United States Corn Exports by Port Range. Million bushels 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 St. Law. Or. Lakes Atlantic B 1977 □ 1981 Gulf Pacific Total 1985 18 Figure 6. Corn Exports to the EC by Port Region. Million bushels 800 600 400 200 St. Law. Gr. Lakes Atlantic Gulf Total 1977 □ 1981 1985 Figure 7. Corn Exports to the USSR and Eastern Europe, by Port Region. Million bushels 800 600 400 200 St. Law. Gr. Lakes Atlantic ■ 1977 □ 1981 Gulf Total ■ 1985 19 Table 11. Export Regions, Port Areas, and the Ports Included in Each Area. Export Region Export Area Port City Great Lakes Region Duluth -Superior Duluth, MN Superior, WI Chicago Milwaukee, WI Manitowoc, WI Racine, WI Chicago, IL Toledo Toledo, OH Huron, OH Erie, PA Buffalo, NY 1 Saginaw Carrollton, MI Saginaw, MI Zilwaukee, MI Detroit, MI Atlantic Region North Atlantic Portland, ME Albany, NY Philadelphia, PA South Atlantic Baltimore, MD Norfolk, VA North Charleston, SC Gulf Region East Gulf Pascagoula, MS Mobile, AL Louisiana Gulf Mississippi River Lake Charles, LA 1 North Texas Gulf Beaumont, TX Port Arthur, TX Houston, TX Galveston, TX South Texas Gulf Brownsville, TX Corpus Christi, TX Pacific Region Columbia River Kalama, WA Longview, WA Vancouver, WA Portland, OR Astoria, OR Puget Sound Seattle, WA Tacoma, WA California Ports Sacramento, CA Stockton, CA Long Beach, CA San Francisco, CA San Diego, CA 20 Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio each shipped between 50 and 100 million bushels to Gulf ports for export in 1985. In 1977, Gulf export receipts were at about the same level as 1985 volume, 1.1 billion bushels. Of this total, 77.6 percent of the re- ceipts were by barge, 22 percent by rail and .4 percent by truck. In 1985, Gulf port receipts were nearly 88 percent by barge, 10.3 percent by rail, and less than 2 percent by truck. There was a substantial increase in barge share in 1985 compared with 1977, while rail lost both share and volume. In 1985, Atlantic ports received 233 million bushels of corn (Table 10). Shipments to Atlantic range ports by rail in 1985 amounted to 84 million bushels from Indiana and 74 million bushels from Ohio. Michigan shipped 36 million bushels by rail and Virginia shipped 21 million by truck, rail and barge. Of the total Atlantic port receipts, 90 percent were received by raiil, 5.5 percent by truck, and 4.5 percent by barge (Table 12). The per- centages by mode were similar to those of 1977. Pacific ports experienced a major increase in export volume between 1977 and 1985. The 1977 total exports of less than 15 million bushels grew to 295 million bushels in 1985 (Table 10). Nebraska dominated the ship- ments to Pacific ports, providing 145 million bushels, nearly 50 percent of the total bushels exported. Minnesota shipped 56 million bushels and South Dakota shipped 46 million bushels. Nearly 98 percent of West Coast port receipts were transported by rail. The only barge shipments were to port eleva- tors on the Columbia River (Appendix tables 66, 67. and 68). Table 12 shows that Lake and St. Lawrence Seaway ports exported only 82 million bushels of corn in 1985, down from 142 million in Figure 8. ^ Corn Exports to Pacific Rim Countries by Port Region. Million bushels 800 600 400 200 St. Law. Or. Lakes Atlantic Gulf I 1977 □ 1981 Pacific Total ■ 1985 21 Table 12. 1985 Shipments of Corn to Points of Export for Each Originating State by l\/lode of Transport. Originating State Export Region Mode of Transport Total Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama Gulf 1,330 2,785 4,115 California Pacific 962 962 Georgia Gulf 1,127 1.500 800 3.427 Illinois Great Lakes 1,594 266 1,860 Illinois Atlantic 5,045 5,045 Illinois Gulf 61,484 450,427 511,911 Indiana Great Lakes 14,098 10,305 24,403 Indiana Atlantic 84,241 84,241 Indiana Gulf 8,022 75,516 83,538 Iowa Great Lakes 4,776 4,776 Iowa Gulf 76 15,558 111,687 127,321 Iowa Pacific 29,951 29,951 Iowa Direct 8,840 8.840 Kansas Gulf 47 47 Kansas Direct 2,144 2,144 Kentucky Gulf 4,396 50,137 54,533 Louisiana Gulf 7,910 7,476 15,386 Michigan Great Lakes 8.405 6,361 14,766 Michigan Atlantic 525 35,480 36,005 Michigan Gulf 1,310 1,310 Minnesota Great Lakes 458 2,267 2,725 Minnesota Gulf 2,946 94,616 97,562 Minnesota Pacific 56,071 56,071 Minnesota Direct 2,176 2,176 Mississippi Gulf 2,483 1,183 3,666 Missouri Gulf 3,752 69,775 73,527 Missouri Direct 6,983 6,983 Nebraska Gulf 8,942 500 9,442 Nebraska Pacific 144,929 144,929 Nebraska Direct 8,474 (Continued 8.474 on page 23) 22 Table 12. — Continued 1985 Shipments of Corn to Points of Export for Transport. Each Originating State by IVIode of Originating State Export Region Mode of Transport Total Truck Rail Barge thousands oJbiLshels Noriih Carolina Atlantic 3.065 2.460 5.525 North Dakota Great Lakes 133 357 490 North Dakota Pacific 3,329 12.247 15.576 North Dakota Direct 1.334 1.334 Ohio Atlantic 56 73.450 73.506 Ohio Gulf 56.953 56,953 Ohio Great Lakes 28.417 28,417 Oklahoma Gulf 250 250 Oregon Pacific 1.182 1.182 Pennsylvania Gulf 50 50 South Carolina Atlantic 3.941 3.941 South Dakota Gulf 989 989 South Dakota Pacific 1,342 45.060 46,402 Tennessee Gulf 6.050 6,050 Texas Gulf 6,748 3,098 99 9,945 Texas Direct 4.902 4,902 Virginia Atlantic 8.288 4.300 8,122 20,710 Washington Pacific 169 169 West Virginia Gulf 312 312 Wisconsin Gulf 17.152 17,152 Wisconsin Atlantic 4,100 4.100 Wisconsin Great Lakes 5.000 5.000 Total volume 96.222 667,811 959.058 1.723.091 Percentage of total volume 5.58 38.76 55.66 100.00 23 1977. Ohio provided 28 million bushels while Indiana provided about 24 million bushels. Michigan shipped nearly 15 million bushels while Iowa and Wisconsin each provided about 5 million (Table 12). Great Lakes ports received 70 percent of their shipments by truck and 30 percent by rail. In 1977, 82 per- cent of their receipts were shipped by truck and 16 percent by rail. Conclusions The 1985 corn flow study indicates that significant changes have occurred since 1977. Corn production remained highly concen- trated in the traditional Corn Belt with 6 states — Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Indiana, Ohio, and Minnesota — accounting for nearly 70 percent of production in both years. However, in 1985, these six states originated 75 percent of interstate shipments and 79 percent of shipments to export ports, down from the 1977 volumes of 85 percent of inter- state shipments and 86 percent of exports. In particular, Illinois and Iowa's combined share of exports declined from 54 percent to 40 per- cent. The size of the 1985 corn crop and the re- sulting 2 billion bushel increase in carryout stocks may have reduced the required ship- ping distances (less grain had to be shipped into normally deficit areas and stock buildups may have been greatest in the areas most re- mote from markets). Both factors would re- duce corn "bushel miles" from the level ex- pected in years when supply and demand were more in balance. There was an increase in domestic inter- state movements between 1977 and 1985 of the same magnitude as the increase in do- mestic processing for food and alcohol use. Truck increased its share of this movement at the expense of rail. The increase in exports from Pacific Ports between 1977 and 1985 was a signficant change in corn flows . This was met by an in crease in rail shipments from Nebraska, Minnesota, South Dakota, and other states. The decline in EEC demand reduced corn movements to Great Lakes and Atlantic ports In 1985, barge was the dominant mode of movement to export ports with 87.9 percent ofi, the movement. However, rail dominated movements to Atlantic ports with 90 percent, and to Pacific ports with 97.6 percent. Truck was the dominant mode at Great Lakes ports with 70.5 percent. Rail dominated domestic interstate shipments with 55.8 percent. Truck had a 38.2 percent share and barge a 6.0 percent share. 24 Bibliography Hill, Lowell D., Mack N. Leath and Stephen W. Fuller, Corn Movements in the United States — Interregional Flow Patterns and Transportation Requirements in 1977, NCRR Bulletin 275, SCS 253, Illinois Bulletin 786, University of Illinois, Urbcina/Champaign, Illinois. January 1981. Federal Grain Inspection Service, U.S. Depcirtment of Agriculture, Washington, DC, July, 1987. Feed Yearbook: Situation and Outlook Report, U.S.D.A., ERS, FDS- 309, February 1989, p. 11. Grain and Feed Market News, U.S.D.A., Agricultural Marketing Service, February 19. 1982, pp. 12-14. Grain and Feed Market News, U.S.D.A., Agricultural Marketing Service, January 31, 1986, pp 15-19. Grain Market News, Agricultural Marketing Service. February 3. 1978. pp. 11-14. World Grain Situation and Outlook, Foreign Agriculture Service. January 1989. p. 25. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1986. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. 1982 Census oj Agriculture, Volume 2. Subject Series, Part 1, Graphic Summary, October 1985, pp. 140. Wailes, EHc J. and Joseph E. Vercimak, Grain Production and Utilization in the United States with Projections for 1990 and 2000, North Central Regional Publication 311 and Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 333, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, Arkansas, January, 1989. 25 26 Appendix Receipts and Shipments of Corn by State, 1985. fable 13. Alabama )orn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation (rigin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels thousands of bushels lorida 416 122 24 562 Indiana 257 257 tcorgia 1.738 1.250 2.988 Iowa 661 661 linois 4.256 12.049 4.383 20.688 Kansas 30 486 516 idiana 140 14.856 8.453 23.449 Missouri 1.078 1.078 )wa 5.526 5.526 Nebraska 1.900 2.340 4,240 .entucky 1.267 3.913 5.180 Texas 424 424 [innesota lissouri 2.946 6.897 2.459 9.843 2.459 Total interstate 1.930 5.246 7.176 ebraska 4.501 4.501 ihio ennessee 1.937 240 1.000 7.683 1.204 7.923 4.141 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Asconsin 1.106 1.106 Mode of transportation btal interstate 9.754 36.964 41.648 88.366 lorn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation lestination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels lorida 973 973 reorgia 1.220 2.178 3,398 lississippi 480 480 ennessee 1.100 140 100 1.340 astern Gulf 1.330 2.318 3.648 cuisiana Gulf 467 467 otal interstate 4.130 3.291 itrastate 13.253 935 2.885 10.306 2.311 16.499 otal 17.383 4.226 5.196 26.805 Table 14. Arizona Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Intrastate thousands of bushels 1.787 1.244 3.031 27 Table 15. Arkansas Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Total interstate 29.824 55,925 Total Illinois 2,911 11,465 890 15,266 Indiana 102 102 Iowa 7,883 9,830 467 18.180 Kansas 1,283 5.834 7,117 Kentucky 264 264 Minnesota 274 6,349 850 7.473 Mississippi 49 49 Missouri 12,836 4,330 109 17.275 Nebraska 3.845 15,313 19.158 South Dakota 2,248 2,248 Tennessee 140 140 Texas 792 280 1,072 Wisconsin 136 136 2,731 88,480 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Intrastate thousands oj bushels 3,610 3,610 Table 16. California Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Colorado Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska Texas Utah 85 14,358 2.324 3.693 967 48.854 4.534 83 85 14.358 2.324 3.693 967 48,854 4.534 83 Total interstate 74.898 74.898 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Nevada Utah California Ports thousands of bushels 412 412 28 28 962 962 Total interstate 1.402 Intrastate 17,209 Total 18,611 136 136 1.402 17,345 18,747 28 Table 17. Colorado Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Drigin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels 435 125 560 150 150 15.147 11.383 26.530 6 6 Kansas Missouri Nebraska Utah rotal interstate 1 5.738 1 1 .508 27.246 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels California 85 Kansas 446 'Nebraska 150 208 lexas 1.354 Utah 6.675 330 Washington 755 85 446 358 1.354 7.005 755 rotal interstate 7.271 Intrastate 9.042 rotal 16.313 2.732 2.732 10.003 9.024 19.045 Table 18. Delaware Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Maryland 15.148 1.175 16.323 New Jersey 407 210 617 Ohio 552 552 Pennsylvania 81 323 404 Virginia 141 141 Total interstate 15.636 2.401 18.037 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Maryland New England New Jersey Pennsylvania thousands of bushels 6.618 268 1.598 433 1.509 1.660 6.886 1.598 433 3.169 Total interstate Intrastate 8.560 13.713 3.526 12.086 13.713 Total 22.273 3.526 25,799 29 Table 19. Florida Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 973 Georgia 5.587 12,127 Illinois 487 Indiana 2.739 Kentucky 1,044 2.816 North Carolina 7.388 129 Ohio 633 South Carolina 1.281 Tennessee 247 Texas 141 Total interstate 14.019 2 1 .573 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations 973 17,714 487 2.739 3.860 7.517 633 1.281 247 141 35,592 Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 416 122 24 562 Georgia 1,450 264 1,714 Mississippi 200 128 328 Total interstate 2,066 514 Intrastate 2.000 620 24 2.604 2.620 Total 4.066 1.134 24 5,224 I Table 20. Georgia Corn Receipts from Various Origins irf Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 1,220 2.178 Florida 1,450 264 Illinois 11.798 Indiana 53.349 Kentucky 277 6,400 Michigan 45 Mississippi 120 North Carolina 622 Ohio 6.185 South Carolina 2,805 3.045 Tennessee 240 502 Texas 137 3.398 ah 1.714 - 11.798 |ta 53.349 6.677 45 > 120 622 6.185 y 5.850 742 137 Total interstate 5.992 84,645 90,637 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 1,738 1,250 2,988 Florida 5.587 12,127 17,714 Maryland 184 184 Mississippi 604 604 North Carolina 318 318 South Carolina 254 395 649 Tennessee 20 300 320 Virginia 100 100 Eastern Gulf 1.127 1,500 800 3,427 Total interstate 8,726 16,778 800 26,304 Intrastate 8,939 8,292 17,231 Total 17,665 25.070 800 43.535 30 ible21. Idaho )rn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation igin Truck Rail Barge Total ih thousands of bushels 224 224 :al interstate 224 224 )rn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation stination Truck Rail Barge Total rastate thousands of bushels 613 613 31 Table 22. Illinois Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Indiana 15.976 18.723 34.699 Iowa 16.150 38.211 105 54.466 Kentucky 25 25 Michigan 197 197 Minnesota 8.494 59 8.553 Mississippi 140 140 Missouri 10.561 1.000 95 11.656 Nebraska 752 752 Ohio 126 126 Tennessee 121 90 211 Wisconsin 21.962 2.624 24.586 Total interstate 64.87 1 70. 19 1 349 135.411 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 4.256 12.049 4.383 20.688 Arkansas 2.911 11.465 890 15.266 Florida 487 487 Georgia 11.798 11.798 Indiana 3.676 5.904 102 9.682 Iowa 20.275 20.275 Kentucky 91 418 509 Louisiana 381 381 Maryland 2.272 2.272 Mississippi 218 30.419 884 31.521 Missouri 14.133 462 108 14.703 New England 350 350 New York 420 420 Ohio 507 861 1.368 Pennsylvania 1.834 1.100 2.934 Tennessee 162 2.030 11.990 14.182 Texas 886 886 Wisconsin 350 350 Chicago 1.594 266 1.860 South Atlantic 5.045 5.045 Eastern Gulf 7.091 1.667 8.758 Louisiana Gulf 54.393 448.697 503.090 North Texas Gulf 63 63 Total interstate 49.657 148.066 469.165 666.888 Intrastate 459,165 75.519 486 535.170 Total 508.822 223.585 469.651 1.202.058 Table 23. Indiana Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 3.676 5.904 102 9.682 Iowa 345 345 Kentucky 43 126 49 218 Michigan 5.392 1.478 6.870 Minnesota 1,358 53 1.411 Ohio 7.772 644 8.416 Tennessee 131 131 Wisconsin 900 900 Total interstate 16,883 10.886 204 27.973 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 140 14.856 8,453 23.449 Arizona 257 257 Arkansas 102 102 Florida 2.739 2.739 Georgia 53.349 53.349 Illinois 15.976 18.723 34.699 Kentucky 10.877 3.755 50 14.682 Michigan 44 44 Mississippi 160 160 Missouri 243 53 296 New England 2.521 2.521 New York 638 638 North Carolina 2.436 2.436 Ohio 20.975 13.978 34.953 Pennsylvania 258 129 387 South Carolina 108 108 Tennessee 1.976 27.838 228 30.042 Chicago 9.494 9.494 Toledo 4.604 10.305 14.909 North Atlantic 7,544 7.544 South Atlantic 76,697 76.697 Eastern Gulf 5,483 5.483 Louisiana Gulf 2.539 75,516 78.055 Total interstate 64.587 243.895 84,562 393,044 Intrastate 196.590 291.645 488.235 Total 261.177 535.540 84.562 881.279 Table 24. Iowa 1 Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Illinois 20.275 20.275 Kentucky 60 60 Minnesota 15.734 16.882 32.616 Missouri 4.618 300 4,918 Nebraska 11 882 893 South Dakota 14.225 14,225 Wisconsin 2.950 894 55 3,899 Total interstate 57.813 18,958 115 76.886 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total ll thousands of bushels Alabama 5,526 5.526 Arizona 661 661 Arkansas 7.883 9,830 467 18.180 California 14,358 14.358 Illinois 16,150 38,211 105 54.466 Indiana 345 345 Kansas 884 1,019 1,903 Louisiana 3,664 3,664 Minnesota 3,882 288 4,170 Missouri 18,151 30,026 48,177 Nebraska 12.612 2,777 15,389 New York 700 700 Oklahoma 1,948 1.948 South Dakota 2.456 2.456 Tennessee 1,260 3.745 5.005 Texas 510 12,986 13.496 Utah 14 14 Wisconsin 2,095 6.395 8.490 Duluth-Superior 94 94 Chicago 3.435 3.435 Saginaw 1.247 1.247 Eastern Gulf 5.003 754 5,757 Louisiana Gulf 4.915 110,875 115,790 North Texas Gulf 76 4.400 58 4.534 South Texas Gulf 1.240 1.240 Columbia River 18.469 18.469 Puget Sound 7.382 7.382 California Ports 4,100 4.100 Direct Exports 8,840 8,840 Total interstate 64,699 183,607 121,530 369.836 Intrastate 311,049 108.329 58 419.436 Total 375.748 291.936 121.588 789.272 32 able 25. Kansas orn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation rigin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Dlorado 446 wa 884 1.019 issouri 128 1.584 ebraska 61.738 14.625 3uth Dakota 3.248 ixas 378 )tal interstate 63. 196 20.854 orn Shipments to Various Destinations 446 1.903 1.712 76.363 3.248 378 84.050 Mode of transportation esUnation Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels -izona 30 486 ■kansas 1.283 5.834 alifornia 2.324 Dlorado 435 125 issouri 5.000 214 sbraska 794 dahoma 1.962 2.033 seas 4.594 14.130 )uisiana Gulf Irect Export 2.144 516 7.117 2.324 560 5.214 794 3.995 18.724 47 47 2.144 )tal interstate 14.098 27.290 47 41.435 trastate 19.719 420 20.139 )tal 33.817 27.710 47 61.574 Table 26. Kentucky Corn Receipts from Various Origins Modeol ' transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 91 418 509 Indiana 10.877 3.755 50 14.682 Louisiana 46 46 Missouri 54 54 Ohio 7.576 424 8.000 Tennessee 3.000 88 3.088 Total interstate 21.544 4.685 150 26.379 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 1.267 3.913 5,180 Arkansas 264 264 Florida 1.044 2.816 3.860 Georgia 277 6.400 6.677 Illinois 25 25 Indiana 43 126 49 218 Iowa 60 60 Louisiana 141 141 Minnesota 57 57 Mississippi 866 1.429 268 2,563 North Carolina 489 489 Ohio 99 99 South Carolina 487 487 Tennessee 4.688 5.381 8.953 19.022 West Virginia 133 133 Eastern Gulf 4.396 4.396 Louisiana Gulf 50.137 50.137 Total interstate 8.442 21.665 63.701 93.808 Intrastate 7.555 7.555 Total 15.997 21.665 63.701 101.363 33 Table 27. Louisiana Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 381 381 Delaware 6.618 268 6.886 Iowa 3.664 3.664 Georgia 184 184 Kentucky 141 141 Illinois 2.272 2.272 Mississippi 1.644 140 1.784 New Jersey 128 128 Ohio Pennsylvania 140 1.796 128 140 1,924 Total interstate 1.644 3,945 381 5,970 Virginia 54 54 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Kentucky 46 46 Mississippi 2.187 2.187 Texas 104 4.183 4.287 Louisiana Gulf 7,910 7,476 15,386 Total interstate 10,201 Intrastate 2,693 11,705 21,906 852 7,476 11,021 Total 12.894 852 19.181 32.927 Table 28. Maryland Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Total interstate ' 8.554 2.980 54 11.588 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Delaware 15.148 1,175 16.323 New England 5.000 948 5.948 Pennsylvania 2.300 2,410 4.710 Virginia 5.100 140 5.240 Total interstate 27.548 4.673 32,221 Intrastate 12,977 103 13,080 Total 40,525 4.776 45,301 1 34 rable29. Michigan ^om Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation )rigin Truck Rail Barge Total idiana thousands of bushels 44 44 btal interstate 44 44 /orn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation )estination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels leorgia 45 45 linois 197 197 idiana 5.392 1.478 6.870 ew England 16.879 ^ 16.879 few York 2.134 2.134 )hio 5.402 5.707 11.109 ennsylvania 162 162 ennessee 6.349 6.349 oledo 7,172 6.361 13.533 aginaw 1.233 1.233 forth Atlantic 525 5.500 6.025 outh Atlantic 29.980 29.980 ouisiana Gulf 1.310 1.310 otal interstate 19.921 74.595 itrastate 4.987 409 1.310 95.826 5.396 otal 24,908 75.004 1.310 101.222 Table 30. Minnesota Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Iowa 3.882 288 4.170 Kentucky 57 57 North Dakota 2.243 3,677 5,920 South Dakota 1.084 831 1.915 Wisconsin 8.963 8,963 Total interstate 16.172 4,796 57 21.025 Corn Sliipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 2.946 6,897 9,843 Arkansas 274 6.349 850 7,473 California 3.693 3,693 Illinois 8.494 59 8,553 Indiana 1.358 53 1.411 Iowa 15.734 16.882 32.616 Mississippi 3.000 438 3,438 Missouri 109 109 Montana 9.000 9,000 North Dakota 14.961 4.500 19,461 Oregon 3.482 3,482 South Dakota 1.281 1,281 Tennessee 10,509 10,509 Texas 1,274 25.136 53 26,463 Wisconsin 3.678 5.728 9,406 Wyoming 1.324 1,324 Duluth-Superior 458 2.267 2,725 Eastern Gulf 2,946 3,208 6,154 Louisiana Gulf 91,408 91,408 Columbia River 18,013 18,013 Puget Sound 38,058 38,058 Direct Export 2,176 2,176 Total Interstate 38.984 154.028 Intrastate 109.911 35.974 113.584 306,596 145,885 Total 148,895 190,002 113,584 452,481 35 Table 31. Mississippi Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 480 480 Florida 200 128 328 Georgia 604 604 Illinois 218 30.419 884 31.521 Indiana 160 160 Kentucky 866 1.429 268 2.563 Louisiana 2,187 2.187 Minnesota 3.000 438 3.438 Missouri 155 155 Nebraska 779 779 North Carolina 688 688 Ohio 120 120 Tennessee 30 3.762 3,792 Texas 560 560 Wisconsin 57 57 Total interstate 4.136 41.489 1.807 47.432 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Arkansas 49 49 Georgia 120 120 Illinois 140 140 Louisiana 1.644 140 1,784 Tennessee 17 17 Louisiana Gulf 2,483 1,183 3.666 Total interstate 4.144 Intrastate 2.424 400 1.232 5.776 847 3.271 Total 6,568 1,247 1,232 9.047 Table 32. Missouri Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 14.133 462 108 14.703 ^ Indiana 243 53 296 Iowa 18.151 30.026 48.177 Kansas 5.000 214 5.214 Minnesota 109 109 Nebraska 5.605 7.067 12.672 Ohio 127 127 South Dakota 303 303 Tennessee 500 500 Total interstate 43.632 38.072 397 82.101 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 2.459 Arizona 1,078 Arkansas 12,836 4,330 109 California 967 Colorado 150 Illinois 10,561 1,000 95 Iowa 4.618 300 Kansas 128 1,584 Kentucky 54 Mississippi 155 Nebraska 6.000 Oklahoma 669 Tennessee 992 Texas 14.983 Washington 741 Eastern Gulf 417 Louisiana Gulf 3.752 69.358 Direct Export 6.983 2.459 1.078 17.275 967 150 11,656 4.918 1,712 54 155 6,000 669 992 14,983 741 417 73.110 6.983 Total Interstate 34.448 36,387 Intrastate 13.365 1.756 73.484 144.319 69 15.190 Total 47.813 38.143 73.553 159.509 36 Table 33. Montana Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Vlinnesota 9.000 ^orth Dakota 273 South Dakota 1.534 1,915 9.000 273 3.449 rotal interstate 1 . 534 1 1 . 1 88 12.722 Table 34. Nebraska Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Colorado 150 208 Iowa 12.612 inn Kansas 794 Missouri 6.000 South Dakota 4.079 500 358 15.389 794 6.000 4.579 Total interstate 23.635 3.485 27.120 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 4.501 4.501 Arizona 1.900 2.340 4.240 Arkansas 3.845 15.313 19.158 California 48.854 48.854 Colorado 15.147 11.383 26.530 Illinois 752 752 Iowa 11 882 893 Kansas 61.738 14.625 76.363 Mississippi 779 779 Missouri 5.605 7.067 12.672 Nevada 1.212 1.212 New Mexico 127 127 Oklahoma 22.286 8.793 31.079 Oregon 1.521 1.521 South Dakota 991 991 Texas 23.256 25.512 48.768 Utah 415 1.374 1.789 Wyoming 3.682 3.682 Eastern Gulf 5.168 5.168 Louisiana Gulf 500 500 North Texas Gulf 1.300 1.300 South Texas Gulf 2.474 2.474 Columbia River 81.718 81.718 Puget Sound 48.585 48.585 California Ports 14.626 14.626 Direct Export 8.474 8.474 Total interstate 138.876 307.380 500 446.756 Intrastate ] [66.072 8.089 174.161 Total 304.948 315.469 500 620.917 37 Table 35. Nevada Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge California Nebraska Utah Total interstate 438 1.270 Table 36. New England Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total thousands of bushels 412 412 1.212 1.212 26 58 84 1.708 Origin Truck RRil Barge Total thousands of bushels Delaware 1.598 1.598 Illinois 350 350 Indiana 2.521 2.521 Maryland 5.000 948 5.948 Michigan 16.879 16.879 New York 9.194 9.194 Ohio 1.992 1.992 Pennsylvania 4.500 2.455 6.955 Total interstate 9.500 35.937 45.437 Table 37. New Jersey Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Delaware 433 433 Pennsylvania 4,485 81 4,566 Total interstate 4.918 81 4.999 Corn Shiipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Delaware Maryland New York North Carolina Pennsvlvania thousands of bushels 407 210 617 128 128 30 30 203 203 370 1.000 1.370 Total interstate 807 1.541 2,348 Table 38. New Mexico Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation i Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Nebraska thousands of bushels 127 127 Total interstate 127 127 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations I Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Intrastate thousands of bushels 37 37 I 38 Table 39. New York Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 420 Indiana 638 Iowa 700 Michigan 2.134 New Jersey 30 Ohio 184 15.141 Pennsylvania 2.902 668 Total interstate 3.116 19,701 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations 420 638 700 2.134 30 15.325 3.570 22.817 Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total New England Pennsylvania thousands of bushels 9.194 9.194 42 84 126 Total interstate 42 9.278 Intrastate 7.504 4.794 9.320 12.298 Total 7.546 14.070 21.618 Table 40. North Carolina Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Georgia 318 Indiana 2.436 Kentucky 489 New Jersey 203 Ohio 33 29.877 Pennsylvania 1.128 South Carolina 1.459 1.232 Texas 388 Virginia 1.415 681 Totalinterstate 2.907 36.752 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations 318 2.436 489 203 29.910 1.128 2.691 388 2.096 39.659 Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Florida 7.388 129 7.517 Georgia 622 622 Mississippi 688 688 South Carolina 1.696 515 2.211 Virginia 2.995 4.065 7.060 South Atlantic 3.065 2,460 5.525 Total interstate 12.079 9.084 2.460 23.623 Intrastate 955 5.786 6.741 Total 13.034 14.870 2.460 30.364 39 Table 41 . North Dakota Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Minnesota 14.961 4,500 19,461 South Dakota 2.400 2,400 Total interstate 17,361 4,500 21,861 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Minnesota 2.243 3.677 Montana 273 South Dakota 2,628 Duluth-Superior 133 357 Columbia River 3.137 3,348 Puget Sound 192 8,899 Direct Export 1,334 Total interstate 8,333 17,888 5,920 273 2,628 490 6,485 9.091 1.334 26.221 Table 42. Ohio Corn Receipts from Various Origins ^ Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 507 861 1,368 Indiana 20.975 13.978 34.953 Kentucky 99 99 Michigan 5.402 5.707 11.109 Pennsylvania 5.094 5,094 Virginia 31 1.000 1,031 Total interstate 32,108 21,546 53.654 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 240 7.683 7.923 Delaware 552 552 Florida 633 633 Georgia 6.185 6.185 Illinois 126 126 Indiana 7.772 644 8.416 Kentucky 7.576 424 8.000 Maryland 140 140 Mississippi 120 120 Missouri 127 127 New England 1.992 1.992 New York 184 15.141 15.325 North Carolina 33 29,877 29.910 Pennsylvania 1.515 12,625 14,140 South Carolina 2,335 2.335 Tennessee 267 14,356 1,798 16.421 Virginia 1,146 6.080 7,226 Toledo 28,417 28.417 North Carolina 4.004 4.004 South Atlantic 56 69.446 69.502 Louisiana Gulf 56,953 56,953 Total interstate 47. 106 164.780 66,561 278,447 Intrastate 82.093 20.372 102,465 Total 129.199 185.152 66.561 380,912 40 Table 43. Oklahoma 3orn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Drigin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels owa 1.948 iCansas 1.962 2.033 Missouri 669 '"Nebraska 22.286 8.793 South Dakota 202 1.948 3.995 669 31.079 202 Total interstate 24.248 13.645 37.893 II Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Louisiana Gulf 250 250 Total interstate 250 250 Table 44. Oregon Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Minnesota 3.482 3.482 Nebraska 1.521 1.521 South Dakota 748 748 Washington 1.512 1.190 2,702 Total interstate 7.263 1.190 8.453 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Washington Columbia River thousands of bushels 880 1.182 880 1.182 Total interstate Intrastate 1.081 250 250 1.082 Total 1.962 1.182 3.144 41 Table 45. Pennsylvania Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Delaware 1.509 1.660 3.169 Illinois 1,834 1.100 2.934 Indiana 258 129 387 Maryland 2.300 2.410 4.710 Michigan 162 162 New Jersey 370 1,000 1.370 New York 42 84 126 Ohio 1.515 12.625 14.140 Virginia 549 549 Total interstate 8,377 19.170 27.547 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Delaware 81 323 Maryland 1.796 128 New England 4.500 2.455 New Jersey 4.485 81 New York 2.902 668 North Carolina 1.128 Ohio 5.094 West Virginia 1.720 Louisiana Gulf 404 1.924 6.955 4.566 3.570 1.128 5.094 1.720 »0 50 Total interstate 20.578 4,783 Intrastate 23.514 473 50 25,411 23.987 Total 44.092 5.256 50 49.398 Table 46. South Carolina Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Georgia 254 395 Indiana 108 Kentucky 487 North Carolina 1.696 515 Ohio 2.335 Total interstate 1.950 3.840 649 108 487 2.211 2.335 5.790 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Florida 1.281 Georgia 2.805 3.045 North Carolina 1.459 1.232 Virginia 373 West Virginia 37 South Atlantic 3.941 1.281 5.850 2.691 373 37 3.941 Total interstate 8.242 5.931 Intrastate 4.489 4.215 14,173 8.704 Total 12.731 10,146 22.877 42 Table 47. South Dakota ^orn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation )rigin Truck Rail Barge Total owa Minnesota Jebraska Jorth Dakota thousands of bushels 2.456 1.281 991 2.628 ^otal interstate 7.356 2.456 1.281 991 2.628 7.356 ^orn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation )estination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Arkansas 2.248 owa 14.225 Cansas 3.248 Minnesota 1.084 831 Missouri 303 Montana 1.534 1.915 iJebraska 4.079 500 >Iorth Dakota 2.400 Oklahoma 202 )regon 748 IPexas 6 1.250 Vyoming 872 Dastern Gulf 989 [Columbia River 1.342 33.030 'uget Sound 12.030 2.248 14.225 3.248 1.915 303 3.449 4.579 2.400 202 748 1.256 872 989 34.372 12.030 Total interstate 25.542 57.294 ntrastate 29.901 82.836 29.901 :^otaI 55.443 57.294 112.737 Table 48. Tennessee Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Ohio Virginia Wisconsin 1.100 20 162 1.976 4.688 17 267 77 140 300 2.030 27.838 1.260 5.381 6.349 14.356 100 11.990 228 3.745 8.953 10.509 992 1.798 925 1.340 320 14.182 30,042 5.005 19.022 6.349 10.509 17 992 16.421 77 925 Total interstate 8.307 57.654 39.240 105.201 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 1.937 1.000 1.204 4.141 Arkansas 140 140 Florida 247 247 Georgia 240 502 742 Illinois 121 90 211 Indiana 131 131 Kentucky 3.000 88 3.088 Mississippi 30 3.762 3.792 Missouri 500 500 Louisiana Gulf 6.050 6.050 Total interstate 5.707 5.991 7.344 19.042 Intrastate 6.332 1.488 7.820 Total 12.039 7.479 7.344 26.862 43 Table 49. Texas Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Colorado 1.354 1.354 Illinois 886 886 Iowa 510 12,986 13.496 Kansas 4.594 14.130 18.724 Louisiana 104 4.183 4.287 Minnesota 1.274 25.136 53 26.463 Missouri 14.983 14.983 Nebraska 23.256 25.512 48.768 South Dakota 6 1.250 1.256 Wisconsin 54 54 Total interstate 29.744 96.237 4.290 130.271 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Arizona 424 424 Arkansas 792 280 1.072 California 4.534 4,534 Florida 141 141 Georgia 137 137 Kansas 378 378 Mississippi 560 560 North Carolina 388 388 Washington 138 138 Louisiana Gulf 99 99 N. Texas Gulf 2.750 1.750 4.500 S. Texas Gulf 3.998 1.348 5,346 Direct Export 4.902 4,902 Total interstate 7,540 14.980 99 22.619 Intrastate 138,680 12.281 91 151.052 Total 146.220 27.261 190 173.671 Table 50. Utah Corn Receipts from Various Origins 4l Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels California 28 28 Colorado 6.675 330 7.005 Iowa 14 14 Nebraska 415 1.374 1.789 Total interstate 7.118 1,718 8,836 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total California Colorado Idaho Nevada thousands of bushels 83 83 6 6 224 224 26 58 84 Total interstate 256 141 397 44 Table 51. Virginia }orn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation )rigin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels }eorgia 100 100 /laryland 5.100 140 5.240 Jorth Carolina 2.995 4.065 7.060 )hio 1.146 6,080 7.226 south Carolina 373 373 Total interstate 9.241 10.758 19.999 :^orn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Delaware Vlaryland Vorth Carolina 1.415 Dhio 31 Pennsylvania 549 Tennessee 77 South Atlantic 8.288 Total interstate 10.360 ntrastate 10.371 141 141 54 54 681 2,096 1.000 1,031 549 77 4.300 8.122 20,710 6.122 8.176 24,658 1.618 2.210 14,199 Total 20,731 7,740 10.386 38,857 Table 52. Washington Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Colorado 755 755 Missouri 741 741 Oregon 880 880 Texas 138 138 Total interstate 2.514 2.514 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Oregon Columbia River thousands of bushels 1.512 1.190 169 2.702 169 Total Interstate Intrastate 1.512 11.885 1.359 274 2.871 12,159 Total 13.397 1,633 15.030 45 Table 53. West Virginia Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Kentucky 133 133 Pennsylvania 1.720 1.720 South Carolina 37 37 Total interstate 1.890 1.890 Corn Sliipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation DestinaUon Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Louisiana Gulf 312 312 Total interstate 312 312 Table 54. Wisconsin Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 350 350 Iowa 2.095 6.395 8.490 Minnesota 3.678 5.278 9.406 Total interstate 5.773 12.473 18,246 Corn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 1.106 1.106 Arkansas 136 136 Illinois 21.962 2.624 24.586 Indiana 900 900 Iowa 2.950 894 55 3.899 Minnesota 8.963 8.963 Mississippi 57 57 Tennessee 925 925 Texas 54 54 Chicago 5.000 5.000 North AdanUc 4.100 4.100 Louisiana Gulf 17.152 17.152 Total interstate 38,875 Intrastate 17.416 8.654 19,349 66,878 1,579 59 19,054 Total 56,291 10,233 19,408 85.932 46 Table 55. Wyoming 3orn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Drigin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels ^nnesota 1.324 1.324 Nebraska 3.682 3.682 south Dakota 872 872 Total interstate 5.878 5.878 :^orn Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total ntrastate thousands of bushels 391 fable 56. Duluth-Superior uorn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge owa Minnesota 'Jorth Dakota ^otal 591 2.718 391 Total thousands of bushels 94 94 458 2.267 2.725 133 357 490 3.309 Table 57. Chicago Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 1.594 266 Indiana 9.494 Iowa 3.435 Wisconsin 5.000 Total 16.088 3.701 1.861 9.494 3.435 5.000 19.790 Table 58. Toledo Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Indiana Michigan Ohio thousands of bushels 4.604 10.305 7.172 6.361 28.417 14.909 13.533 28.417 Total 40.193 16.666 56.859 47 Table 59. Saginaw Com Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Iowa Michigan thousands of bushels 1.247 1.233 1.247 1.233 Total 1,233 1.247 2.480 Table 60. North Atlantic Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Indiana Michigan 525 7.544 5.500 4.004 7.544 6.025 4.004 Origin Mode of transportation i Ohio Truck Rail Barge Total Wisconsin 4.100 4.100 thousands oj bushels Total 525 21.148 21.673 Alabama 1.330 2.318 3.648 Georgia 1.127 1.500 800 3.427 Illinois 7.091 1.667 8,758 Indiana 5.483 5.483 Iowa 5.003 754 5.757 Kentucky 4.396 4.396 Minnesota 2.946 3.208 6.154 Missouri 417 417 Nebraska 5.168 5.168 • South Dakota 671 671 Total 2.457 32.258 9.164 43.879 Table 61. South Atlantic I Corn Receipts from Various Origins i Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Illinois 5.045 5.045 Indiana 76.697 76.697 Michigan 29.980 29,980 North Carolina 3.065 2.560 5,625 Ohio 56 69.446 69,502 South Carolina 3,941 3,941 Virginia 8.288 4,300 8.122 20.710 Total 12,285 188.533 10,682 211.500 Table 62. Eastern Gulf Corn Receipts from Various Origins I 48 able 63. Louisiana Gulf lorn Receipts from Various Origins Table 64. North Texas Gulf Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Origin Mode of transportation irigin Truck Rail Barge Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels thousands of bushels labama 467 467 Illinois 63 63 linois 54.393 448.697 503.090 Iowa 76 4.400 58 4.534 idiana 2.539 75,516 78.055 Nebraska 1.300 1.300 )wa 4.915 110.875 115.790 Texas 2.750 1.750 4.500 47 47 Kentucky 50.137 50.137 Total 2.826 7.450 121 10.397 ouisiana 7.910 7.476 15.386 lichigan 1.310 1.310 linnesota 91.408 91.408 lississippi 2.483 1.183 3.666 lissouri febraska 3.752 69.358 500 73.110 500 Table 65. South Texas Gulf )hio )klahoma 56.953 250 56.953 250 Corn Receipts from Various Origins 'ennsylvania ennessee 50 6 050 50 6 050 Mode of transportation "exas 99 99 Origin Truck Rail Barge Total ^est Virginia 312 312 l^isconsin 17.152 17.152 Iowa Nebraska thousands of bushels 1.240 2.474 1.240 btal 10.393 65.599 937.840 1.013.832 2.474 Texas 3.998 1.348 5.346 Total 3.998 5.062 9.060 49 Table 66. Columbia River Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mcxle of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Iowa 18.469 18.469 Minnesota 18.013 18,013 Nebraska 81.718 81,718 North Dakota 3.137 3.348 6,485 Oregon 1.182 1.182 South Dakota 1.342 33.030 34,372 Washington 169 169 Total 4,479 154,578 1,351 160.408 Table 67. Puget Sound Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Iowa 7.382 7,382 Minnesota 38,058 38,058 Nebraska 48,585 48,585 North Dakota 192 8,899 9,091 South Dakota 12,030 12.030 Total 192 114,954 115.146 Table 68. California Ports Corn Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total California Iowa Nebraska thousands of bushels 962 962 4.100 4.100 14.626 14.626 Total 962 18.726 19.688 50 6/24/2009 T 170315 3 4 00 S T 9 s