CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 American Palaeontology, 
 
 •VOL. Z. 
 
 Published by E. O. Ulrich. 
 
 Aldine Printing Works, Cincinnati, 1886. 
 
\ ) I 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 TO 
 
 American Palseoiitology. 
 
 VoL. I CINCINNATI, O., MAY I, 1886. No. 1. 
 
 PLAN AND OBJECT OF PUBLICATION, 
 
 During the last few years the study of palaeontology in America 
 has advanced with such vast strides, that the ordinary and estab- 
 lished channels of publication have become entirely inadequate to 
 the present needs. This fact must be obvious to every active palae- 
 ontologist, who, after each season’s work, is obliged to delay, per- 
 haps indefinitely, the publication of the new material gathered. It is 
 true, we have a number of learned societies that publish their pro- 
 ceedings, while several also publish a “ Journal.” But in most cases, 
 when the use of their pages is not denied to non-members, they are 
 not available to the palaeontologist who desires to give a permanent 
 value to his work, and is unwilling to encumber scientific literature 
 with ‘defective descriptions of his new species, and other discoveries. 
 They are unavailable to the conscientious naturalist, mainly because 
 of the inability or unwillingness of their publishers to furnish illus- 
 trations, without which it is practically impossible (at any rate in 
 most cases) to identify the species with certainty, and, as the time 
 has come when all descriptions of new species or genera, unaccom- 
 panied by suitable figures illustrating the characters upon which the 
 species or genus is based, should be ignored, he is forced either to 
 pay for the illustrations himself, or leave, the often valuable results 
 of bis labors and discoveries, to lie within the recesses of his own 
 consciousness, a prey to forgetfulness, and the tarnishing influence 
 of time. At all events, such has been the writer’s experience, and 
 to make himself independent, it is proposed to establish a series of 
 private publications, to appear under the title of “ Contributions to 
 American Palaeontology,” and at such times when sufficient mate- 
 rial has been arranged and studied to justify the outlay. Further, 
 it is intended that each of the “ Contributions” will be accompanied 
 by from two to four lithographic plates, upon which all the new 
 
 f 28t:>65 
 
2 
 
 Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 species described will receive proper illustration. An edition of 1,000 
 copies is printed, and,, to insure publication, 100 copies will be sent 
 immediately to the working palaeontologists of this country and Eu- 
 rope. The remaining copies will be placed on sale, at but little 
 above the cost of publication, with the principal booksellers making a 
 specialty of works on natural history. 
 
 In the publication of this, the first number, the writer has been very 
 generously aided, financially, by Mr. G. K. Greene, of New Albany, 
 Ind., to whose collection also the types ot all the species herein 
 described belong. Such devotion to natural history, as his unwonted 
 liberality proves him to possess, is rarely met with and highly cred- 
 itable to him. 
 
8 
 
 LU ' I M \ , 
 
 Contributions to American Palaeontology. 
 
 (’ 
 
 < 
 
 " Descriptions of New Silurian and Devonian Fossils. 
 
 E. o. izjXjiE^zcxa:. 
 
 / BRYOZOA. 
 
 FENESTELLiDiE, King, and Acanthocladiid^, Zittel. 
 
 More extended investigations of the large group of Palaeozoic 
 bryozoa comprised under the above families, have shown me that the 
 classification adopted in the first part of my ‘‘American Palaeozoic 
 Bryozoa” (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V., p. 150, 1882), is in 
 some respects faulty, and yet more incomplete. Had I paid less 
 attention to the arrangement given in Zittel’s ‘‘ Plandbuch der Palae- 
 ontologie,” the result might have been more satisfactory. Since the 
 publication of Part I., my studies have been carried on without inter- 
 ruption. A great quantity of material has been examined, most of it 
 in Hn excellent state of preservation. I have sought especially to 
 obtain examples of the typical species of all the genera related to 
 Fenestella and Acanthocladia, and not without success. Thus, I am 
 now enabled to treat these bryozoa with greater confidence than here- 
 Q tofore. However, as it is expected that my work on the bryozoa of 
 the State of Illinois (Geol. Surv. of 111., Vol. VIII.) will be ready for 
 ^ distribution in less than a year, the following synopsis of the classifi- 
 cation I intend to adhere to in that work must suffice for the present. 
 ^ From the classification proposed by me in the Am. Pal. Bry., the fol- 
 V lowing differs mainly in the removal of Septopora, Prout, and Syno- 
 ^ cladia, King, from the Fenestellidoe to the Acanthocladiidce. The 
 Q propriety of this step seems so obvious to me, that I am confident it 
 ^will become equally so to any one taking the trouble to make crit- 
 ^ leal comparisons. 
 
 Fenestellid^. King. 
 
 ? Zoaria reticulate, poriferous on one side only, with the branches 
 ' rigid, and united by regular non-poriferous dissepiments ; or sinuous, 
 
4 
 
 Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 and united by anastomosis; rarely the branches remain free. Zoo- 
 ecia subtubular; apertures constricted, rounded, and usually pro- 
 vided with a peristome. 
 
 1. Fenestella, Lonsdale. Zoaria flabellate to infundibuliform, 
 poriferous on the inside (always?) with branches nearly straight, and 
 connected with each other at rhythmical intervals by non-poriferous 
 dissepiments. Zooecia in two rows, separated by a more or less devel- 
 oped median keel. 
 
 2. Ptilopora, McCoy. Zoaria pinnate, the median branch 
 stronger than the oblique lateral branches. Otherwise like Fenestella, 
 
 8. Semicoscinium, Front. Zoaria funnel-shaped, poriferous on 
 the outside. Dissepiments wide, very short, and, on the non-porif- 
 erous side, not readily distinguished from the branches. Here also 
 the fenestrules are sub-rhomboidal or rounded. Zooecia as in Fenes- 
 tella. Median keel strongly developed ; without transverse bars. 
 
 Syn. Carinopora, Nicholson. 
 
 4. Unitrypa, Hall. Zoaria and zooecia as in Semicoscinium. 
 with the exception that the summits of the carinm are connected 
 transversely by continuous strong bars.* 
 
 5. Hemitrypa, Phillips. Zooecia the same as in Fenestella. The 
 median keel is thin, but high, slightly expanded at the summit, and 
 provided with slender lateral processes on each side, which extend to 
 the centre of the space between the carinm, where they join an 
 
 ‘-■'In his last report as State Geologist (1885), Hall publishes the donclusion of a paper “ On 
 the Mode of Growth and Relations of the Fenestellidse,” which is continued from page 14 of 
 his report for 1882. In the first part of the article he proves to his own satisfaction, that, with 
 the exception of Archimedes, all the genera previously separated from Fenestella have been 
 established upon iusufheient grounds, and are, consequently, not entitled to recognition as 
 distinct genera. Among the latter he places Retepora, but that genus was founded upon spe- 
 cies differing so widely from Fenestella, that it is clear he did not examine into the characters 
 of the original species. Had he done so, he would have learned that the two genera are very 
 different, and that Retepora is, almost universally, regarded as a member of the Cheilostomata, 
 with no paljeozoic representation. Besides, Retepora has priority over Fenestella. However, 
 during the preparation of the continuation of the paper, he seems to have changed his mind, 
 and with the apology that they are convenient for reference and “ an aid to the easy recogni- 
 tion and distinguishment of species,” he gives short definitions of seventeen groups “which 
 may be considered as of subgeneric importance.” Six of these are described for the first time. 
 It would be useless to enter into any controversy relating to the rank these divisions are 
 entitled to, as I have no sympathy for sub-genera, and believe them an entirely superfluous 
 encumbrance of nomenclature. Of the new divisions I accept Unitrypa, as above, because it 
 seems to mark a natural and easily recognized genus. Isotryjm, and possibly, Loculipora as 
 well, seems to differ only in the greater separation of the transverse bars which unite the 
 carinse. Such differences are scarcely of sufficient importance to justisy the separation, and 
 for the present, at least, I am not inclined to admit them. Not having met with any form 
 having the characters ascribed to Ptyloporina, I will not presume to question the validity of 
 the group, but I fail entirely to see the grounds upon which Piyloporclla is to be separated from 
 PWopora of McCoy. 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 5 
 
 equally slender longitudinal bar that divides the space into two series 
 of small angular openings, which may be alternate or opposite, and 
 usually correspond in number to the zooecial apertures. 
 
 6. Helicopora, Claypole. Zoaria spiral, the inner edge thick- 
 ened and non-poriferous, without, however, forming a solid central 
 axis. Other characters as in Fenestella. 
 
 7. Archimedes, Leseur. Zoaria like those of Helicopora^ but 
 differing in having a solid central axis. 
 
 8. Lyropora, Hall. Zoaria flabellate, the fenestrated portion 
 spread between two strong, non-poriferous, diverging supports. 
 Zooecia in from two to five rows. Median keel obsolete. 
 
 9. Fenestralia, Prout. Zoaria strong, with two rows of cells 
 on each side of the median keel. In other respects like Fenestella. 
 
 10. PoLYPORA, McCoy. Zoaria in most respects like Fenestella, 
 but differing in having from two to six rows of cells, and in wanting 
 the characteristic median keel. The latter is sometimes represented 
 by a row of strong tubercles. Such species approach Fenestralia, 
 Prout. 
 
 11. Thamniscus, King. Zoaria differing from those of Poly- 
 pora, in wanting the dissepiments entirely, or in having them recur 
 at very irregular and much longer intervals ; beside, the branches 
 bifurcate more freely. 
 
 12. nov. gen. Zoaria in general much like Polypora, 
 
 but the dissepiments are reduced to a minimum, and give the false im- 
 pression that the branches inosculate as in Phyllopora. 
 
 13. Phyllopora, King. Zoaria infundibuliform, consisting of 
 anastomosing branches, which form a regular, round-meshed net work. 
 Zooecia in two or more rows. 
 
 Syn. (?) Protoretepora, DeKoninck. 
 
 14. Silurian forms; nov. gen. Like Phyllopora, but meshes 
 irregular. Zooecia separated from each other by short, angular inter- 
 stitial cells, the apertures of which are closed. Diaphragms often 
 present. 
 
 15. Goniocladia, Ethridge, Jr. Branches anastomosing, keeled 
 on both sides. Zooecia in three or four rows on each side of the 
 median keel of the poriferous side. 
 
 16. nov. gen. Zoaria consisting of very slender, 
 
 straight stems, which throw off a few lateral branches of equal dimen- 
 sions. Cells in two rows. Median keel moderately developed. This 
 genus should, perhaps, be placed with the Acanthocladiidce. 
 
6 
 
 Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 (?) Cryptopora, Nicholson. This genus is unwillingly admitted 
 as the characters ascribed to it are entirely anomalous. At present I 
 am inclined to believe the author of the genus had before him some 
 peculiarly preserved fragments of a species of Semicoscinium, or, pos- 
 sibly, Unitrypa. 
 
 Acanthocladiid^. Zittel (Emend Ulrich). 
 
 Zoaria poriferous on one side only, dendroid, pinnate, or forming 
 fenestrated expansions, and consisting of strong, central stems, and 
 numerous smaller lateral branches which proceed from their opposite 
 margins. The lateral branches are free, or may unite (in the fenes- 
 trate genera) with those of the adjacent branches. Non-poriferous 
 dissepiments absent. 
 
 1. PiNNATOPORA, Vine. Zoaria small, thin. Lateral branches 
 short. Cells in two rows, one on each side of the moderately devel- 
 oped median keel, which is wanting on the lateral branches. 
 
 2. Septopora, Prout. Zoaria fenestrated, flabellate or leaf-like. 
 Primary branches numerous, increasing by bifurcation or interpola- 
 tion, and so arranged that the smaller lateral branches which proceed 
 from their opposite margins unite with those of the adjacent branches. 
 Reverse, or non-celluliferous side usually with fine striae, and a varia- 
 ble number of scattered dimorphic pores. Celluliferous side, with 
 two rows of zooecia arranged as in Pinnatopora. 
 
 3. Acanthocladia, King. Zoaria like those ot Pinnatopora, 
 but larger and with three or more rows of cells. Between these the 
 surface is elevated into small longitudinal ridges or series of tubercles. 
 
 4. Synocladia, King. This genus differs from AcantJioeladia 
 in the same manner as Septopora does from Pinnatopora, in having 
 the lateral branches of adjacent stems unite with each other, thereby 
 forming of the whole a fenestrated frond. 
 
 Judging from the figures and description of the types of letJiy- 
 orachis, McCoy, and Penniretepora, D’Orbigny, it seems probable 
 that they also belong to this family, but till authentic specimens can 
 be examined, their systematic position must remain doubtful. 
 
 Fenestella bifurca, n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 2, 2a.) 
 
 (Ety. bifurcus, forked.) 
 
 Zoarium small, at first depressed infundibuliform, then decum- 
 bent and more or less undulated. Diameter of entire expansion not 
 known to exceed 1.5 inches. 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 7 
 
 Poriferous side : Branches slender, bifurcating at intervals of 6 
 mm., more or less, .20 to .30 mm. in diameter, and from twelve to 
 fifteen in the space of 5 mm. Dissepiments about one half the width 
 of the branches, rarely carinate, usually rounded and slightly ex- 
 panded at each end so as to leave sub-elliptical fenestrules ; nine or 
 ten in 5 mm. Length of fenestrules always a little greater than the 
 width of the branches; width of same sometimes equalling that of 
 the branches, but in the depressed portions of the undulated expan- 
 sion, their transverse diameter is commonly reduced to only half their 
 length. Zooecia in two ranges, one on each side of the moderately 
 developed median ridge, the summit of which is rounded and often 
 carries an inconspicuous series of small nodes. Zooecial apertures 
 circular, when perfectly preserved with a faint peristome ; about 
 twenty-eight in the length of 5 mm. Diameter of aperture .07 mm. 
 Just in front of the point of bifurcation of the branches, a cell of 
 much greater dimensions than ordinary, is, apparently always, pres- 
 ent, and, not infrequently, the angle between the diverging median 
 ridges is occupied by two such cells. The diameter of their aper- 
 tures is quite constant, being in most cases about .13 mm. Tow ard 
 the margin of large examples, where the branches bifurcate less fre- 
 quently than near the centre of the zoarium, similar cells may be 
 detected occasionally on the side of a branch, taking the place of 
 one of the ordinary cells. 
 
 On the non-poriferons side, the branches are rounded and rather 
 unequal, the stronger ones being also more prominent. On most of 
 the examples the surface is quite smooth, but on others irregularly 
 distributed blunt spines may be detected. The fenestrules are larger 
 than on the poriferous side, and generally more nearly quadrangular. 
 Dissepiments faintly or not at all depressed below the level of the 
 branches. 
 
 In most respects F. bifurca is quite an ordinary species of the genus 
 and presents points of resemblance to a number of Silurian and Devo- 
 nian species. It is distinguished, however, from all the species known 
 to me, by the large cells occupying the angle of bifurcation of the 
 branches. They enable the practiced observer to identify even worn 
 fragments of the species. If these large cells and the peculiar dish- 
 shaped appendages characterizing F, pattelifera n. sp., really represent 
 ovicells, and I see no reason to doubt it, then these species furnish 
 an important and very interesting addition to our knowledge of the 
 Fenestellidce. 
 
8 
 
 Contrihutiom to American Palaeontology. 
 
 Formation and locality : Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Fenestella patellifera, n. sp. (PI. 1. fig. 1, 1 a.) 
 
 (Ety; patella, a small dish; fero, to bear.) 
 
 Zoarium of medium size, fiahellate and somewhat undulating. 
 Width of entire expansion prohahly not exceeding two inches. 
 
 Poriferous side : Branches rigid, .20 to .25 mm. in diameter, four- 
 teen or fifteen in the space of 5 mm.; bifurcations remote. Dissepiments 
 short, rounded, about half the width of the branches, and more or less 
 expanded at each end, leaving rather narrow, sometimes subquadrate, 
 but more commonly ellipitical fenestrules, the length of which is always 
 greater than the width of the branches, being in most cases nearly 
 twice as great. Width of fenestrules generally equalling about two-thirds 
 that of the branches, often a little less, rarely more, while their length 
 equals, apparently always, at least twice their width. Measuring longi- 
 tudinally ten or eleven occur in the length of 5 mm. Sides of fenes- 
 trules often a little indented by the projecting apertures of the zooecia. 
 Zooecia in two ranges, one on each side of a moderately developed 
 median ridge, the summit of which, in the perfect state, is sharp and 
 carries a series of small conical nodes, the bases of which are nearly 
 in contact ; usually there are three of these nodes to each fenestrule, 
 one opposite the junction of the dissepiments with the branches, and 
 two in the space between. Zooecial apertures small, circular, and 
 surrounded by a faint peristome; about twenty-eight in the length of 
 5 mm.; diameter of apertures .07 mm. In a view at right angles with 
 the plane of expansion the appertures appear to be of slightly ellipti- 
 cal form, with their longer diameter directed obliquely upward and 
 outward. This appearance is most marked in perfectly preserved ex- 
 amples. Ovicells (?), consisting of a cell of larger size than the ordi- 
 nary zooecia, occupying the bottom of a saucer or cup-shaped expan- 
 sion, the inner margin of which is bounded by the median ridge of 
 the branch, while the outer margin may project entirely across the 
 fenestrule and combine with the next branch. But in most cases this 
 margin is semi-circular in outline, and projects into the fenestrule so as 
 to occupy only about half of it. These peculiar ovicells (?) or appen- 
 dages are very unequally distributed, being apparently absent over 
 considerable spaces on some examples. The figure on pi, I., fig. 1, 
 representing a small portion of the poriferous side of a specimen 
 having them more numerously developed than any other seen by me. 
 Ordinarily, about half as many occur in the same space. 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 9 
 
 On the non-poriferous side the branches are rounded, subequal, 
 and smooth. The fenestrules are wider than on the poriferous side, 
 and, consequently, the branches narrower, while the dissepiments are 
 thicker and often raised above the level of the branches, when they 
 form irregular, transverse or oblique ridges. The fenestrules may be 
 subquadrangular or nearly circular, but generally they are oval, 
 with a width equal to about two-thirds of their length. 
 
 The distinguishing feature of this species is found in the peculiar 
 cup-shaped appendages above described. Much more numerous, but 
 very similar expansions are shown in a figure of a species given by 
 Hall in his last report (1885). The species is noted as Fenestella 
 labiata in the explanations accompanying the plate, and the name is 
 followed by a very insufficient description. The geological horizon is 
 not given. Comparing F. patellifera with the figure of F. labiosa^ I 
 find, beside the numerically greater development of the cup-shaped 
 expansions, that the dissepiments in the latter are also much stronger. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Fenestella pulchella, n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 4, 4a).'' 
 
 (Ety., pulchellus, pretty.) 
 
 Zoarium flabellate and always more or less inclined to form a very 
 shallow funnel. Inner side poriferous. Outer portion of expansion 
 irregularly undulated. Diameter of entire zoarium not known to 
 exceed 6 cm. 
 
 Poriferous side: Branches rather stout, strongly carinate, fre- 
 quently bifurcated and somewhat flexuous, especially so near the point 
 of attachment; width varying from .38 to .40 mm.; seven or eight 
 occur in 5 mm. Dissepiments carinated, from one-half to nearly as 
 wide as the branches, expanded at their ends, and varying greatly in 
 length. On this account the fenestrules also vary in their width, 
 being in some cases quite as great as that of the branches, while that 
 of others of the same fragment may not exceed one-fourth of their 
 width. Their length is more uniform, though by no means constant ; 
 in the space of 5 mm., the average number is about three or four. 
 Zooecia, comparatively large, in two ranges, one on each side of the 
 strong and sharp median keel. Apertures circular, about .14 mm. in 
 diameter, with a distinct peristome ; about twenty-two in 5 mm. In- 
 tervals between apertures of slightly less width than their diameter. 
 
 On the non-poriferous side the branches are rounded or a little 
 
10 
 
 Contributions to American Palceontology, 
 
 flattened, and ornamented by extremely fine granular striae. The 
 general appearance of this side varies greatly in difierent fragments. 
 In some the width of the branches, and form and size of the fenes- 
 trules, is fairly constant, while in others they are very irregular, with 
 some of the branches thicker and more prominent than others, and 
 the fenestrules varying from broad oval to sub-linear. Dissepiments not 
 depressed, generally about two-thirds as wide as the branches. 
 
 This species is remarkably variable in the form and size of the fen- 
 estrules, and to a less degree in the width of the branches. On the 
 other hand, however, it is very constant in the size and arrangement 
 of the cells, and the granulo-striate ornamentation of the back of 
 the branches. These characters, as well as the large size of the 
 fenestrules and branches, distinguish the species from all others ot 
 the genus known to me from the Devonian. I have before me three 
 fragments of what may prove a variety, but more probably a distinct 
 species, in which the cells are a little smaller, the branches more deli- 
 cate and rigid, the dissepiments slenderer, and the fenestrules more 
 regular and quadrangular. These fragments, therefore, seem to be- 
 long to a species more delicate in every respect than those now 
 referred to F. pulchella. 
 
 Formation and locality : Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg? ). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Fenestella sculptilis, n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 3.) 
 
 (Ety., sculptilis, engraved). 
 
 Zoarium flabellate, strong, and somewhat undulated, with a diam- 
 eter of about two inches. 
 
 Poriferous side : Branches stout, remotely bifurcated, sub-equal, 
 eight or nine in the space of 5 mm., each having a width varying from 
 .33 to .50 mm. Dissepiments strong, about two-thirds as wide as the 
 branches. Fenestrules narrow, elliptical, about twice as long as wide, 
 and, generally, about half as wide as the branches ; seven or eight 
 may be counted in the length of 5 mm. Along the centre of both the 
 branches and dissepiments is an irregular channel or groove. The 
 one on the branches passes from side to side in a more or less dis- 
 tinctly zigzag manner between two irregularly alternating rows of 
 compressed nodes. The relative development of these nodes is very 
 unequal, and in the narrower branches the two series are so closely 
 approximated that they appear to form but a single row. At other 
 times they may be wanting locally on one or even on both sides. In 
 
Contributions to American Faloeontology. 
 
 11 
 
 all cases, however, the groove remains as a clearly defined feature, 
 and because of its irregularly zigzag direction, gives the celluliferous 
 surface a peculiar and very characteristic toughness. Zooecia in two 
 ranges, their apertures circular, largest in the young stages, varying 
 in diameter from .08 to .11 mm.; from twenty-three to twenty-five 
 occur in each series in the length of 5 mm. Width of intervals be- 
 tween the cells sometimes equal to their diameter ; usually it is not 
 more than two-thirds as wide. Many of the specimens show an occa- 
 sional cell that is appreciably larger than the average. These may 
 represent ovicells. 
 
 On the non-poriferous side the branches are narrowly rounded, 
 usually sub-equal, smooth, or with a few irregularly distributed nodes. 
 Fenestrules oval, rarely subcircular, wider than on the poriferous 
 side. Dissepiments of variable thickness, and usually smaller than 
 the branches. Not infrequently they are prominent, and form short 
 indistinct transverse or oblique ridges. Each zoarium seems to have 
 been provided with a few of those peculiar thorn-like appendages, 
 which are so characteristic of some of the Lower Carboniferous spe- 
 cies (e. g. F. hanyana, Prout). Some of them attained a length of at 
 least 3 cm., and gradually tapered from a diameter of 1.5 mm. to a point. 
 
 This species is remarkable in having a median groove instead 
 of a keel on the poriferous side of the branches. This character gives 
 the zoarium such a distinctive aspect that comparisons with other spe- 
 cies of the genus are rendered quite unnecessary. A somewhat simi- 
 lar channelling is usually present in an associated species of Polypora. 
 The latter is very common, and may be the P. shumardi of Prout. 
 
 Formation and locality : Middle Devonian ( Up. Helderberg ? ). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Fenestella bigeneris, n. sp. (PI II. fig. 1, la.) 
 
 (Ety., bigeneris, of two kinds.) 
 
 Zoarium flabellate, robust, slightly undulating, as much as three 
 inches in diameter. 
 
 Poriferous side : Branches equal, rigid, strong and high, but not 
 stout, about .33 mm. in width ; eleven or twelve occur in 5 mm. 
 Median ridge thin, high, and very frail. In the perfect state it is slightly 
 expanded at the top, and surmounted by small irregular transverse 
 ridges or nodes, which project on each side and give the margin of the 
 keel a distinctly crenulated or toothed character. These transversely 
 extended nodes correspond in number to the cells, and have a length 
 
12 
 
 Contributions to American Faloeontology. 
 
 about equal to the width of the branch. In the concave portions of 
 the zoarium they may be^brought into such close proximity that an 
 irregular union takes place between those of the adjoining branches. 
 This feature, however, is evidently accidental. Dissepiments as wide 
 as the branches, eight in the length of 5 mm., and surmounted by a 
 thin Carina, giving the fenestrules a quadrangular form in the outer 
 region ii. e., the portion bounded by the crests of the branches and 
 dissepiments). In passing downwards toward the non-poriferous side, 
 they assume, gradually, an elliptical form, with a length about equal 
 to twice their width, which is about .22 mm., or equal to two-thirds of 
 that of the branches. Zooecia in two ranges, usually with three to 
 each fenestrule, and from twenty-three to twenty-five in each row in 
 5 mm. Apertures circular, rather small, .08 mm. in diameter, and 
 separated by intervals, the width of which equals one and a half 
 times their diameter. 
 
 Non-poriferous side with the branches rounded, nearly equal 
 throughout, and covered with numerous granules, when not worn. 
 The dissepiments are often as wide as the branches, but usually a 
 little narrower, and in many cases more prominent than the branches. 
 The fenestrules, while in most cases of an elongate elliptical form, are 
 frequently inclined to become quadrangular. Their greatest width is 
 generally a little less than half their length. 
 
 This fine species resembles in some of its characters the F. proe- 
 cursor, Hall, from the Lower Helderberg group, but they are clearly 
 distinct, since the dissepiments in that species are much thinner, and 
 the carinse of different construction. In Hall’s species the crest is 
 terminated above by a straight, obtusely angular ridge, and the lateral 
 margins extended in slender processes, while in F. bigeneris\ the 
 Carina is terminated by a series of transversely extended nodes. The 
 summit of the carina is therefore quite different in the two species 
 since in the one it is smooth, and in the other crenulated. The char- 
 acters of F. bigeneris are so distinctive that specimens in a good state 
 of preservation can not be confounded with any associated species. 
 The propriet}" of referring species of this order to Fenestella might be 
 questioned, as they clearly approach the genus Hemitrypa. I con- 
 sider it very undesirable, however, that any but such species in which 
 tfie lateral processes of the carinae are united so as to leave regular 
 series of openings, should be placed under Hemitrypa. This course 
 admits of a better definition of the two genera, and to me seems pre- 
 ferable to any other. 
 
Contributions to American Falceontology. 
 
 13 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Semicoscinium obliquatum, n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 5, ba). 
 
 (Ety., obliquus , oblique). 
 
 Zoarium infundibular, celluliferous on the outside, attached to 
 foreign objects by a strong, expanded, ridged and irregularly porif- 
 erous or compact base. A short distance above the base the zoarium 
 expands more or less rapidly, and the outer portions are often some- 
 what wavy. Diameter of entire specimen not known to exceed 2^ 
 inches. In the majority of specimens it is inches or less. 
 
 Poriferous side: Branches stout, frequently a little sinuous, and 
 connected by slightly depressed, short but wide dissepiments, of which 
 six occur in the space of 5 mm. Width of branches varying from .33 
 to .50 mm. ; ten or eleven in 5 mm. Width of dissepiments about .50 
 mm. Fenestrules of variable shape and size, usually rather small, 
 and of an elliptical form. Carinm high, strongest near the base, from 
 which they gradually diminish in strength till at the outer margin of 
 the zoarium they are reduced to a simple thin ridge. When fully de- 
 veloped the summit is abruptly expanded into a flat or concave band, 
 about one-half as wide as the branch. Zooecia in two ranges, one on 
 each side of the median keel ; twenty-two to twenty-four in 5 mm. 
 Apertures often oblique, sub-circular, about .08 mm. in diameter, 
 with the outer margin prominent. Interspaces about equal to the 
 aperture diameter. When worn, the zooecia are angular and thin- 
 walled, the median plate thin and straight, or zigzag, according as the 
 cells are opposite or alternate in their arrangement. 
 
 On the non-poriferous side the branches are narrow, depressed, 
 and more or less zigzag in their direction, the dissepiments prominent, 
 with a strong node at the upper margin, giving them an oblique and 
 very characteristic appearance. The fenestrules are usually of an 
 obscurely rhomboidal form, but may be sub-triangular or elliptical. 
 Measuring diagonally, eight or nine occur in 5 mm. Beside the 
 large nodes already mentioned, numerous smaller ones may be 
 present. 
 
 Species of this genus are less readily recognized by the characters 
 of the poriferous surface than by those of the opposite side. This is 
 due, first, to the fact that the poriferous side is very nearly alike in 
 all, and, second, because this side, in the ordinary state of preserva- 
 tion, is almost invariably obscured by the adhering matrix, which it is 
 
14 
 
 Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 quite impossible to remove from between the carinae. Among the 
 silicified and exquisitely preserved bryozoa from the Ohio falls I find 
 no difficulty in separating at least six species, by the peculiarities of 
 the inner or non-poriferous side alone. The differences are found in 
 the form and size of the fenestrules, the thickness and characters of 
 the branches and dissepiments, some being fiat, and others simply 
 convex, while in two of them the branches are thinner than the dis- 
 sepiments, and, on account of the prominence of the anterior margin 
 of the latter, the fenestrules penetrate the frond in an oblique man- 
 ner. S. obliquaium resembles S. rJiomboideum, Prout, the type of the 
 genus, more nearly than any other known to me. ProuPs species, 
 however, is a much larger form, with stronger branches, and more 
 uniformly rhomboidal fenestrules on the non-poriferous side. The 
 branches on that side differ also in being faintly angular, and without 
 nodes or spines. Another difference may be observed on the porif- 
 erous side, where the expanded summit of the carinae is found to be 
 sub-angular above and crenulated on each side. 
 
 Formation and locality : Not uncommon. Middle Devonian 
 (Up. Helderberg ?). Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Semicoscinium infraporosa, n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 6, 6a, 6b.) 
 
 (Ety., i7ifra, underneath; porosa, full of pores.) 
 
 Zoarium small, infundibuliform, celluliferous and ridged on the 
 outer side, 3cm. or less in height, and not more than 3.5cm. in diame- 
 ter ; basal expansion comparatively small. 
 
 Poriferous side: Branches of moderate strength, often slightly 
 fiexuous, connected by rather short, wide and depressed dissepiments, 
 of which six occur in 5 mm., while nine to eleven branches occupy the 
 same space. Width of each branch varying from .30 to .50 mm. 
 Fenestrules of variable size, circular or ovate. Carinae strongest near 
 the base, gradually diminishing in strength and height toward the 
 upper margin of the zoarium. When fully developed, the summit is 
 expanded, and faintly angular or rounded above, while each of the 
 sides of the expanded portion presents a variable series of pits or cells 
 with sub-circular apertures, the diameter of which is greater than 
 that of the zooecia below them. Zooecia in two ranges, one on each 
 side of the median keel ; twenty to twenty-two in 5 mm. Apertures 
 sub-circular, about .09 mm. in diameter, with a faintly elevated 
 margin or peristome. Inter-spaces equal to nearly twice the aperture 
 diameter. 
 
Contributions to American Palocontology. 
 
 15 
 
 On the non-poriferous side the fenestrules are very irregular in 
 form and size, varying from elongate elliptical to sub-circular, and 
 from .25 to .50 mm. in diameter. The branches and dissepiments are 
 somewhat flattened, as wide as, or wider than the fenestrules, and, 
 unless critically examined, not distinguishable from each other. 
 Large pores of the same nature as those on the margin of the carinae, 
 with an average diameter of about .13 mm., are irregularly distributed 
 over the surface of the branches and dissepiments. Their number 
 varies considerably in different specimens, but, so far as observed, 
 never exceeds the number shown in fig. 6, while in some specimens 
 (locally, at least) they are scarcely half as numerous 
 
 This species must be closely related to the Fenestrapora hiperforata^ 
 Hall.* That species is illustrated by but one figure, representing a 
 portion of the non-celluliferous side of the zoarium, magnified, but to 
 what extent is not stated. The description was not intended, I sup- 
 pose, to be specific, as no measurements are given. If the figure is 
 correct, then S. infraporosa is a distinct species, since the pores on 
 the non-celluliferous side are more numerous, and the branches and 
 dissepiments much thinner than they are in my species. Until the 
 nature of the irregularly distributed pores on the reverse of the 
 branches is better understood, I am not inclined to recognize Fenes- 
 trapora as distinct from Semicoseinium, Pores apparently of the same 
 nature occur in other members of the Fenestellidce, and also in Sep- 
 topora, Prout. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg ?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Unitrypa retrorsa, n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 7, la, lb, Ic.) 
 
 (Ety., retrorsus, turned backwards.) 
 
 Zoarium large, strong, several inches in diameter ; at first funnel- 
 shaped, then decumbent and more or less undulating ; poriferous on 
 the outer side. 
 
 Poriferous or outer side of branches, when stripped of the trans- 
 versely connected carinae, (this is not often the case) somewhat sinu- 
 ous, about .29 mm. in diameter; with two rows of comparatively large 
 zooecia, the apertures of which are elevated, sub-circular, and sepa- 
 rated from each other by interspaces of a width about equal to their 
 diameter ; eleven or twelve branches in 5 mm.; twenty-two to twenty- 
 four cells in the same distance. Dissepiments short, wide, depressed. 
 
 "Generic illustration of Bryozoa. PI. II. fig. 17. Report State Geologist. 1885. 
 
 IJNr -e.VY C- I!* ’313 
 AT US0ANA-CHA!y1PA!G'» 
 
16 
 
 Contributions to American Palaeontology, 
 
 Fenestrules elliptical, nearly twice as long as wide, and one-half to 
 two-thirds as wide as the branches. Width of dissepiments and length 
 of fenestrules generally about equal to the width of the branches. 
 Six fenestrules in 5 mm. The outer layer, formed by the connected 
 carinae, is usually preserved. Its thickness is nearly equal to that of 
 the celluliferous branches. A cross section (pi. I. fig. 7c) shows that 
 just above the latter the carina is very thin. At a point about mid 
 way between the top of the branch and the outer surface of the 
 expansion, it begins to expand and unite with the adjacent carinae by 
 means of strong transverse bars. These bars have a width a little less 
 or about equal to that of the elliptical interspaces left. They are ver- 
 tically flattened, and at first are thin and directed obliquely forward, 
 then, bending backward at nearly a right angle, they assume a direc- 
 tion opposite to that originally maintained by them (pi. I., fig. 76.). 
 The apertures of the interstices are, therefore, also directed obliquely 
 backward. This peculiarity is regarded as one of the principal fea- 
 tures of the species, and suggested the name. Summit of carina 
 faintly angular and slightly elevated. Thirteen or fourteen of the 
 transverse bars occur in 5 mm. 
 
 The characters of the non-poriferous side vary greatly with age and 
 for other causes. In young examples the branches and dissepiments, 
 are much thinner than in fully matured specimens, while the latter are 
 generally also more prominent, and form transverse or diagonal 
 ridges In the arrangement of the fenestrules is found a prolific source 
 for variation. When they are alternate, as shown in fig 76., pi. I., 
 the branches and dissepiments are sub-angular, and form more or less 
 distinctly defined hexagonal areas ; but, when opposite, the branches 
 are thinner and less prominent than the dissepiments, both are nar- 
 rowly rounded or angular, while the fenestrules are quadrate. All 
 intermediate gradations between these extremes may occur on the 
 same fragment. The fenestrules are always longer than wide, and 
 usually of less width than the branches. 
 
 This fine species differs from all other species of the genus in the 
 retroflexion of the transverse bars and interspaces. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg ? ). 
 Common at the Falls of the Ohio. 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 1 
 
 Unitrypa conferta, n. sp. (PL I., fig. 8, 8a.) 
 
 (Ety., confertus, close together.) 
 
 Zoarium strong, two inches or more in diameter, attached to 
 foreign objects by a small, compact base, above which it assumes the 
 shape of a rapidly diverging funnel, with the outer margins of the 
 expansion slightly waved. Carinae high, thin at their origin on tlie 
 top of the branches, with the summit expanded, rounded,'about .16 
 mm. wide, and prominetly elevated above the level of the transverse 
 connecting bars. The latter are only about half as thick as the longi- 
 tudinal ridges, and separated by transversely elongated interspaces, 
 the width of which is about equal to that of the bars ; twenty-six or 
 twenty-seven occur in the length of 5 mm. Measuring transversely 
 across the frond, twelve branches and carinse occupy the same space. 
 The transverse bars are really thin plates, having a sort of imbricating 
 arrangement, as they are not vertical, but directed obliquely back- 
 ward. When stripped of this other layer, the celluliferous surface of 
 the branches is exposed. Here the branches are about .28 mm. wide, 
 somewhat rigid, with two rows of zooecia, twenty-three to twenty-five 
 in each range in 5 mm. When preserved, the apertures are circular, 
 .08 mm. in diameter, with a strongly elevated margin, and separated 
 by interspaces of greater width than the apertures. Dissepiments 
 very short and depressed, from one-half to nearly as wide as the 
 branches. Fenestrules narrow, twice as long as wide, and usually 
 about half the width of the branches ; nine in 5 mm. 
 
 Non-poriferous side of the branches often slightly flexuous, smooth, 
 rounded, and of less width than on the opposite side. Dissepi- 
 ments variable, being in some cases stronger and more prominent than 
 the branches, in others the height and width of the two are about 
 equal, while in a few cases the branches are widest, and the dissepi- 
 ments even a little depressed. The fenestrules are always somewhat 
 longer than wide, but vary from sub-quadrate to sub-circular in form. 
 The width is usually about equal to that of the branches. 
 
 Associated with the specimens now referred to this species, I find a 
 number of others which belong to a closely allied species or variety. 
 They differ from U. conferta, in having the summit of the carinae 
 much thinner, and less elevated above the level of the transverse bars. 
 On the non-poriferous side the branches are thinner and the fenes- 
 trules larger. These specimens may belong to the U, spatiosa, Hall, 
 the type of the genus, but till that species is fully described, I will not 
 attempt to identify them with it. From U. retrorsa the present spe- 
 
18 Contributions to American Falceontology. 
 
 cies differs so obviously in the greater number of the transverse bars 
 that detailed comparisons are rendered unnecessary. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg ?). 
 Not uncommon at the Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 POLYPORA TRANSVERSA, n. sp. (PI. II., fig. 2, 2a.) 
 
 (Ety., transverms, cross-wise.) 
 
 Zoarium of moderate size, flabellate, and somewhat undulated. 
 
 Poriferous side : Branches strong, straight, and regular, varying 
 in width from .35 mm. immediately after bifurcation, to .66 mm. 
 just before division takes place, seven or eight in 5 mm. Dissepi- 
 ments short, about as wide as the branches, and much depressed. 
 Fenestrules very narrow, five in the length of 5 mm. On account of 
 the depression of the dissepiments and the narrowness of the fenes- 
 trules, this side of the frond appears to be traversed longitudinajly by 
 narrow furrows. Zooecia in two ranges immediately after bifurca- 
 tion ; this number is soon increased to three, and before the branch 
 divides, to four ; twenty-two or twenty-three occur in 5 mm. The 
 apertures are small, sub-circular, .07 mm. in diameter, and occupy 
 the summits of papillose elevations, which are, in most cases, later- 
 ally confluent, and form transverse or oblique ridges, with narrow 
 furrows between them. 
 
 On the non-poriferous side the branches are narrowly rounded and 
 smooth, with the dissepiments somewhat thinner, slightly prominent, 
 even, or faintly depressed. The fenestrules are elliptical, much wider 
 than on the opposite side, and once and a half as long as wide. 
 
 This species resembles another new species from the Chester 
 group more closely than any other known to me. Both are related to 
 the P. biarmica, Keyserling, from the Carboniferous of Russia. P. 
 transversa differs from those species in having the cell apertures ar- 
 ranged transversely upon ridges, and in being smaller. The narrow 
 fenestrules and depressed dissepiments distinguish it from the asso- 
 ciated species of the genus. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 POLYPORA BLANDIDA, n. sp. (PL II., fig. 3, 3a.) 
 
 , (Ety., blandidus, pleasing.) 
 
 Zoarium delicate, infundibuliform, poriferous on the inner side ; 
 with a^small base near which the backs of the branches send down 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 19 
 
 thin supports or rootlets. Entire height, not exceeding 4 cm. so far 
 as observed. 
 
 Poriferous side: The branches have a delicate aspect, bifurcate 
 freel 3 ^, and vary in width from .40 to .70 mm.; about five in 5 mm. 
 Dissepiments sharply carinate, depressed, of variable length, about 
 four-fifths as wide as the branches. Fenestrules large, generally 
 about as wide as the branches, and two or three times longer than 
 wide ; five or six occur in 10 mm. Zooecia in three rows, but below 
 the bifurcation the number is increased to four or five. Apertures 
 small, .06 mm. in diameter, with strongly elevated margins, giving 
 them a papillose appearance ; often arranged in transverse or diago- 
 nally intersecting series. Measuring longitudinally, twenty occur in 5 
 mm. The interspaces are wide, and sometimes ornamented with ver- 
 micular striae. A series of small inconspicuous and widely separated 
 nodes is often present along the center of the branches. 
 
 On the non-poriferous side the branches are narrowly rounded, 
 smooth, and slightly thinner than on the opposite side. Dissepiments 
 as strong as the branches, and usually not prominent. Fenestrules 
 wider than on the poriferous side, and therefore of more nearly oval 
 form. 
 
 Species of this character approach Thamniscus, King. In fact, 
 they differ from the typical species of that genus only, in possessing a 
 much greater number of dissepiments. These structures are gener- 
 ally supposed to be entirely absent in Thamniscus, but that they are 
 developed occasionally is shown by one of my specimens of T. duhius, 
 Schlotheim (sp.), the type of the genus. A number of species pre- 
 senting characters intermediate between. Polypora hlandida, and 
 Thamniscus duhius, occur in the Lower Carboniferous and Coal 
 Measures, and it is not easy to say just where the dividing line should 
 he drawn. In accordance with the amended definition of Thamniscus 
 given on p. 5., I propose to extend the limits of the genus so that it 
 will include, besides the type species, such forms as differ from the 
 true species of Polypora, and agree with T, dubius, in having widely 
 separated zooecial apertures occupying the summits of elevated pap- 
 illae, frequently bifurcated branches, and remote, irregular dissepi- 
 ments. The facts here noted sufliciently explain the removal of 
 Thamniscus from the Acanthocladiidce to the Fenestellidce. 
 
 Specifically, P. blandida differs from the numerous Devonian 
 species of the genus known to me, by the infundibulate form of the 
 zoarium and the widely separated zooecial apertures. 
 
20 
 
 Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg? ). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Fistulipoka normalis, n. sp. (PL IL, fig. 4, 4n, 4^.) 
 
 (Ety., normalis, according to rule.) 
 
 Zoarium incrusting, or partially free, consisting of an irregularly 
 undulating, lamellate expansion, from one to four mm. thick, accord- 
 ing to the number of super-imposed layers ; under surface with a very 
 thin, more or less wrinkled, epithical membrane. Zooecia tubular, 
 with sub-circular or elliptical apertures, arranged in obscurely radiat- 
 ing series around the sub-stellate maculae, which are distributed over 
 the surface at intervals of about 4 mm. Central portion of maculae 
 smooth, concave, and of variable size. Apertures of zooecia in the 
 immediate vicinity of the maculae, about .28 mm. in diameter ; the 
 diameter of the apertures gradually decreases in all directions from 
 the maculae till it is no more than .20 mm., the ordinary size of those 
 in the inter-macular spaces; here fifteen or sixteen cells occur in a 
 row 5 mm. long. The anterior margin of the apertures is very thin 
 and faintly elevated, while the posterior side (i. e., the side nearest to 
 a macula) is thicker, more prominent, and of crescentic form, with 
 one or both extremities projecting slightly into the aperture. In well- 
 preserved examples the inter-apertural spaces are smooth, concave, 
 and rather narrow, being generally only about half as wide as the cell 
 apertures. When worn or otherwise injured, the vesicular intersti- 
 tial tissue is exposed. The vesicles form a single series around the 
 zooecia ; in vertical sections they constitute a closely woven tissue. 
 The zooecial tubes are provided with one or two diaphragms; some- 
 times they appear to be absent. 
 
 This species is in every respect a genuine Fistulipora, and for that 
 reason is here described and figured. It may have been named by 
 Hall, in his pamphlet on the Upper Helderberg bryozoa, where he 
 names a large number of Lichenalia species, but as I have found it 
 utterly impossible to identify any of the species from the brief and 
 sometimes vague descriptions, I have deemed it best to name the 
 species as above. From a recent paper on the genus Fistulipora^ by 
 Nicholson and Foord, it appears that now the only remaining excuse 
 for the always uncertain genus Lichenalia has been removed, by find- 
 ing that the type specimen of McCoy's Fistulipora^ possesses a structure 
 difiering in no essential feature from the Upper Silurian L. concentrica. 
 Lichenalia,, therefore, must be dropped from the list, and Fistulipora 
 used instead. 
 
Contributions to American Paloeontology. 
 
 21 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg? ). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Eridopora minima, n. sp. (PI. II., fig. 6, 6a.) 
 
 (Ety., minimus, the smallest.) 
 
 Zoarium encrusting, very thin, expanded, with slightly elevated 
 stellate maculae, arranged in curved series, about 3 mm. distant from 
 each other, measuring from centre to centre. Zooecia short, tubular, 
 very oblique, or nearly prostrate, gradually becoming less so and 
 smaller in all directions from the depressed and smooth central por- 
 tion of the maculae. Apertures small, directed away from the 
 maculae, usually of triangular form, but when perfect somewhat re. 
 sembling the figure 3 ; posterior margin strongly elevated, slightly 
 arched, acutely pointed above, and deeply notched in front; the 
 arrangement is very regular in intersecting and radiating series; in 
 the spaces between the maculae seventeen or eighteen occur in 5 mm. 
 The interstital spaces are concave, smooth, and wider than the zooe- 
 cia ; internally they are occupied by vesicular tissue. Zooecial tubes, 
 so far as observed, without diaphragms. 
 
 This beautiful species agrees in every important feature with the 
 typical species of Pridopora, proposed by me in the “ American Palae- 
 ozoic Bryozoa” (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v., p. 137). A 
 number of species of the same order are known to me from the De- 
 vonian and Lower carboniferous deposits, and, although some of them 
 ai\>])roach. Fistulipor a in a more or less decided manner ; the group, 
 nevertheless, deserves generic recognition, because of the unquestion- 
 able affinity with the Ceramoporidce. The difficulty of defining the 
 limits of genera always increases with the discover}^ of new species. 
 This is to be expected if the theory of evolution is founded upon facts. 
 In my opinion it is no longer a theory, but a law, that is being dem- 
 onstrated over and over again by the continual discovery of inter- 
 mediate species and varieties, all tending to make the lines sepa- 
 rating species, genera, and other divisions employed in nomenclature, 
 fainter and fainter, till, in some groups, the naturalist is confronted 
 with the extremely difficult task of classifying the links of an almost 
 uninterrupted chain. 
 
 The minuteness of the cells and the acute termination of the 
 strongly elevated posterior margin are peculiarities which distinguish 
 F. minima froni the associated Fistuliporidce. 
 
22 
 
 Contributiom to American Paloeontology. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg ?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Buscopora, n. gen. 
 
 Zoaria thin, lamellate, incrusting or free; under surface with a 
 concentrically wrinkled epitheca. Zooecia tubular, short, with sub- 
 circular apertures, and a faintly elevated border or peristome; poste- 
 rior margin more elevated than the anterior, with a strong tooth-like 
 process, which projects nearly half across the aperture, is bidenticu- 
 late at its termination, and constitutes a ridge on the inner side of the 
 zooecia. A variable number of smaller accessory cells, with elevated 
 sub-circular apertures, is present; besides, a few large tumid cells 
 (ovicells ? ), may also occur among the ordinary zooecia. Interstitial 
 spaces vesiculose. Zooecial tubes with diaphragms. 
 
 Type. B, dentata, n. sp. 
 
 The genus differs from Fistulipora, McCoy, in the tooth-like pro- 
 cess and accessory cells. The tooth or ridge is represented in all the 
 Fistuliporidce, but in none of the genera, so far proposed, does it form 
 a conspicuous external feature. In Fistulipora there is a small cres- 
 centic lip on the posterior margin of the apertures, the extremities of 
 which project more or less into the visceral cavity. The appearance 
 presented in transverse sections reminds one considerably of a circle, 
 inside of which a short and more narrowly curved line is drawn, so 
 that the enclosed line touches the circle on one side. In Buscopora 
 it is quite different, since the central portion of the “lip,” instead of 
 the extremities, is drawn out into a tooth-like process. 
 
 I have seen only two species having the above characters. Both 
 are from the Devonian at the Falls of the Ohio. B. dentata is re- 
 garded as the typical species. The other differs mainly in having 
 wider interstitial spaces. 
 
 It gives me pleasure to name the genus in honor of Mr. George 
 Busk, of England, to whom students of fossil bryozoa are indebted for 
 several very valuable works. 
 
 Buscopora dentata, n. sp. (PI. II., fig. 5, 5a.) 
 
 (Ety., dentatus, toothed.) 
 
 Zoarium incrusting or free ; consisting of one or more layers, 
 which form small, irregular, lamellate expansions, from .5 mm. to 1.5 
 mm. thick ; under surface with a very thin, concentrically wrinkled 
 epitheca. Zooecia tubular, with apertures always a little wider than 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 long, more or less oblique, and, according to the width of the inter- 
 stitial spaces, of sub-angular to sub-cirCular form. Posterior margin 
 faintly elevated, with a strong tooth-like process, which projects 
 nearly half across the aperture, and is split or bidenticulate at its ter- 
 mination. Interstitial spaces varying in width with age, being, com- 
 paratively, very thin in the younger stages, while the walls of adja- 
 cent zooecia appear to be in contact, and their apertures without the 
 posterior elevated border or ‘‘lip.” In the most fully matured exam- 
 ple observed, PL II., fig. 5a, the lip is a well-marked feature, the 
 zooecial apertures smaller and more nearly circular, and the intersti- 
 tial spaces somewhat depressed and wider, though still narrow, the 
 width in no case being greater than that of the cell apertures, and 
 usually much less. At intervals of about 5 mm., the surface presents 
 slightly elevated maculae, the centers of which are smooth, and sub- 
 stellate, but of variable size. The zooecia in the immediate vicinity 
 of these centers are only a little larger than those in the intermediate 
 spaces, where twelve or thirteen occur in 5 mm. The apertures are 
 arranged in very regular, diagonally intersecting series ; their direc- 
 tion is not materially disturbed by the maculae ; their diameter varies 
 from .24 to .33 mm. Insterspersed among the ordinary zooecia, a 
 variable number of much smaller accessory cells are to be observed ; 
 their apertures are sub-circular, about .13 mm. in diameter, and 
 without the tooth-like process ; they are provided with an elevated 
 thin border, and, usually, occupy a position just back of the posterior 
 margin of the true zooecia. These cells are much more numerous in 
 the matured condition of the zoarium than in the specimens with thin 
 interstitial spaces, representing earlier stages of development. A 
 small number of large cells, almost completely closed by a convex cov- 
 ering, also occur. From their large size and tumid appearance it 
 seems probable that they represent ovicells. One of them is shown 
 near the upper margin of fig. 5a. 
 
 Internally the interstitial spaces are occupied by closely-arranged 
 vesicular tissue. The zooecial tubes are crossed by diaphragms, but 
 their number in a given space was not determined. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg? ). 
 Rare at the Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Lichenotrypa, n. gen. 
 
 (Ety., Lichen, a tree moss; trypa, a perforation.) 
 
 Zoaria thin, incrusting, with two distinct stages of development. 
 In the first the colony resembles an ordinary species of Fistulipora, 
 
24 
 
 Contributions to American Paloeontology. 
 
 \ 
 
 with short, tubular zooecia, wide, concave interspaces, sub-circular 
 apertures, the posterior margin more strongly elevated than the ante- 
 rior. As growth proceeds the posterior portion of the peristomes of 
 adjacent cells are united by thin, irregular walls, which traverse the 
 interstitial spaces and gradually form an elevated and very irregular 
 network, with still greater elevations at numerous points in the shape 
 of strong spines. Many of the zooecia -keep pace with the develop- 
 ment of this elevated superficial layer, while others occupy the bot- 
 tom of large cavities. Numerous sub-angular interstitial cells or ves- 
 sicles are interspersed among the zooecia apertures. 
 
 Only known species, Lichenotrypa cavernosa^ n. sp. 
 
 This genus is quite distinct from Fistulipora, McCoy, but as the 
 only species known possesses a vesicular interstitial tissue, and pre- 
 sents other points of resemblance to that genus, I propose, provis- 
 ionally, to arrange Lichenotrypa with the Fistuliporidce. 
 
 Lichenotrypa cavernosa, n. sp. (PI. II., fig. 7.) 
 
 (Ety., cavernosus, full of cavities.) 
 
 Zoarium forming very thin, irregular crusts upon foreign bodies; 
 consisting in the immature stages, which may be observed near the 
 margin of the colonies, of a layer resembling an ordinary species of 
 Fistulipora, in having zooezia with sub-circular apertures, .13 mm. in 
 diameter, surrounded by a strong but unequal peristome, with the 
 interstitial spaces concave, and as wide or wider than a cell diameter; 
 the apertures are arranged in sub-regular series, ten to twelve in 5 
 mm. Depressed maculae of variable size and distribution are also 
 present. As growth proceeds, the posterior ‘" lip ” becomes more ele- 
 vated, and those of adjacent cells are united by thin, irregular con- 
 necting walls, which traverse the interstitial spaces and gradually 
 form an elevated and very irregular network, which at numerous 
 points is further elevated into strong spines. The apertures of some 
 of the zooecia occupy one side of the bottom of large depressions, while 
 others have kept pace with the elevated network, and are on a level 
 with numerous irregularly distributed, angular, and generally smaller 
 cells, probably representing the interstitial vesicular tissue of the im- 
 mature stage. 
 
 The superficial characters of this species are so very peculiar and 
 distinctive, that it cannot be confounded with any other bryozoan 
 known to me. 
 
Contributions to American Paloeontology. 25 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg ? ). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Discotrypa devonica, n. sp. (PL II., fig. 8, 8a.) 
 
 Zoarium consisting of large, thin,, parasitic expansions, irregular 
 in outline, 1 mm. or less in thickness, and as much as 7 cm. in diam- 
 eter. The upper surface presents at intervals of five or six mrn., 
 measuring from centre to centre, very slightly elevated monticules, 
 about 3 mm. in diameter, which are very conspicuous on account of 
 the large size of the zooecial apertures occupying them. Zooecia 
 short, tubular, with thin walls, and rhomboidal, hexagonal, or polyg- 
 onal apertures, arranged in very regular intersecting series ; in the 
 inter-monticular spaces the apertures have a diameter of about .22 
 mm., with fifteen or sixteen in 5 mm.; near the monticules they in- 
 crease in size, gradually, till at the summit of same they attain a 
 diameter of .55 mm., or even more. Interstitial cells and spiniform 
 tubuli wanting. 
 
 In vertical sections the tubes are short, thin-walled, nearly pros- 
 trate in the lower half, but almost vertical near the aperture; they 
 are traversed by several horizontal diaphragms, about one tube diam- 
 eter distant from each other. 
 
 The type species of Discotrypa is from the Cincinnati group, but as 
 I have collected an unquestionably congeneric species from the 
 Keokuk limestone, it is interesting to note the occurrence of the 
 genus in the intervening Devonian deposits. D. devonica differs from 
 both D. elegaiis and the Keokuk species, in its parasitic habit of 
 growth, and greater size of the cells on the monticules. The con- 
 spicuousness of the groups of large cells serves to distinguish the 
 species, at a glance, from the smaller expansions of an associated 
 species of Leptotrypa, nearly allied or identical with the Choetetes 
 quadrangular is of Nicholson. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian (Up. Helderberg?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 BRACHIOPODA. 
 
 SCHIZOBOLUS, n. gen. (PI. III., fig. 3, 3a, 35, 3c, M.) 
 
 Shell oval, depressed convex, slightly inequivalved; valves inar- 
 ticulate; structure calcareo-corneous. Cardinal margin somewhat 
 thickened. 
 
26 
 
 Contributions to American Paloeontology. 
 
 Ventral valve, with the apex at the terminous of a rather deep notch 
 in the posterior margin ; interior of valve with two pairs of adduc- 
 tores, separated by a faint median ridge or septum, which traverses 
 the valve from the posterior margin, where it is bifurcated, to a point 
 about two-thirds of the length of the valve from the anterior margin. 
 The posterior adductores are very faint. 
 
 Dorsal valve with the posterior margin straightened, the apex sub- 
 terminal, and but little elevated; interior of valve with a slender 
 median septum, which separates two pairs of faintly impressed muscu- 
 lar scars; the posterior pair large, oval, and situated just in front of 
 the cardinal margin ; the anterior pair are less distinct, smaller, of 
 triangular shape, narrowest in front, and situated near the anterior 
 extremity of the mesial septum. Very faint impressions of lateral 
 muscles were observed near the margin of both valves. 
 
 Surface with concentric striae, and, when exfoliated, also with 
 extremely fine radiating lines. 
 
 Type JDisaina truncata, Hall. Pal., N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 28, pi. L, 
 fig. 15a, 15^, and pi. II., fig. 36, 37. 
 
 The above description is based upon a large number of specimens, 
 most of them showing the interior. The species is very common near 
 the base of the Black slate at several localities in Madison Co., Ky., 
 and there is little reason to doubt its identity with the Piscina trun- 
 cata^ described by Hall from the Genesee slate of New York. 
 Usually no markings of any kind can be determined, and it was only 
 after a careful search that a few valves were obtained from which the 
 form and position of the muscular scars could be ascertained. In the 
 majority of specimens, however, the slender mesial septum is shown 
 more or less distinctly. 
 
 The affinites of this genus appear to lie between the Obolidoe on 
 the one side, and the Discinidoe on the other ; the dorsal valve is not 
 unlike that of Piscina, while the whole shell resembles Piseinisca^ 
 Dali. The notched cardinal margin of the ventral valve points more to 
 Trematis and Schizocrania^ while the muscular scars are not materially 
 different from those supposed to be characteristic of the Obolidoe. On 
 the whole, therefore, Schizobolus seems to be more nearly related to 
 that family than to the Piscinidoe. 
 
 Rhynchonella greeniana, n. sp. (PI. III., fig. 1,’ la, 15, lc2.) 
 
 Shell large, ventricose on the dorsal side, flattened or slightly con- 
 cave on the ventral, and deeply sinuate in the front; length and 
 
Contributions to American Paloeontology. 
 
 27 
 
 breadth comparing respectively as five to six ; convexity as great as 
 the length, or less. Cardinal view sub-trigonal ; in a latteral view the 
 lower side forms nearly a right angle with the ventral side, while the 
 dorsal side is gentle curved and, generally, a little flattened above the 
 middle. 
 
 Ventral valve gibbous at the umbo, slightly convex or flattened 
 toward the sides, and becoming gradually depressed in the middle, 
 and deeply sinuate at the front. Beak small, acute, closely incurved 
 over the umbo of the opposite valve. 
 
 Dorsal valve ventricose, sloping somewhat abruptly to the margin 
 of the ventral valve. Mesial region somewhat flattened, with the fold 
 scarcely distinguishable in the younger examples ; in older specimens 
 the fold is more defined and may be traced to about the middle of the 
 valve. 
 
 Surface marked by fine, concentric lines, and at intervals by faint 
 wrinkles indicating successive stages of growth. The fold is marked 
 by two, more or less distinct, narrow furrows, with a low, rounded, 
 and rather broad plication between them, which becomes obsolete at 
 a point near the middle of the valve. In the sinus there are two, 
 slightly convex, narrow plications, which correspond with the furrows 
 on the fold. 
 
 The specimens are casts of the interior, and show in the ventral 
 valve, a narrow, ovate-triangular, muscular scar on each side of the 
 rostral cavity. The upper half of the filling of the rostral cavity 
 shows two narrow, faint impressions, and along the centre of the lower 
 half, another, somewhat stronger than the others, which extends to the 
 base of the muscular impressions. In the dorsal valve there is a rather 
 short and not very well defined mesial septum. Muscular scars very 
 faintly impressed; they appear to be somewhat smaller than those in 
 the ventral valve. 
 
 This species is more nearly related to the R. reniformis, Sowerby, 
 from the Carboniferous of England and Ireland, than to any American 
 species known to me. However, a comparison shows several import- 
 ant differences. For instance, in comparing lateral views of the two 
 species, it is seen that the umbo of the ventral valve of R. reniformis 
 is much less tumid, and the beak smaller, the upper half of the dorsal 
 valve much heavier and more ventricose, and the lower portion of the 
 line of contact between the two valves much less deflected toward the 
 ventral side. Other differences are to be observed in the depth and 
 extent of the sinus, as well as in the plications of the surface. 
 
28 Contributions^ to American Paloeontology. 
 
 This species is named in honor of the discoverer, Mr. G. K. 
 Greene, New Albany, Indiana. 
 
 Formation and locality : Lower Carboniferous, Knobstone group ; 
 three miles west of New Albany, Indiana. 
 
 Gypidia unguiformis, n. sp. (PL III., fig. 2, 2a, 25.) 
 
 (Ety., U7igtds, a claw.) 
 
 Shell subovoid, gibbous, very inequivalve. 
 
 Ventral valve unguiform, convex, regularly arching from the beak 
 to the front, with the beak extremely elevated, very slightly incurved, 
 and much flattened. Fissure large, rather narrow, and bordered on 
 each side by a narrow, illy-defined area. A small, shallow sinus ex- 
 tends from the beak to the front margin. 
 
 Dorsal valve broadly ovate, wider than high, moderately convex, 
 regularly arching to the sides and front, with the beak strongly in- 
 curved and flattened. Mesial fold faintly elevated, but traceable from 
 the beak to the front margin. 
 
 Surface with strong, somewhat unequal, angular plications, the 
 greater number of which originate on the umbos, and remain simple 
 throughout their length, while a few are bifurcated in the lower half 
 ot the shell. Those in the mesial sinus and on the fold are smaller 
 than on the lateral slopes. The total number at the front margin is 
 about twenty-four on each valve. The cardinal slopes of the ventral 
 valve are convex and without radiating plications. Entire surface of 
 both valves marked by numerous, somewhat irregular, concentric 
 lines, which on the plicated portions are strongly zigzag and sub- 
 lamellar, and with a number of strong, irregular undulations marking 
 stages of growth. Many of the concentric lines cross the narrow car- 
 dinal area of the ventral valve and terminate at the sharply defined 
 margin of the fissure. 
 
 Interior of ventral valve, with the converging dental lamellae 
 strong, and, uniting with each other a short distance below the centre 
 of the valve, give origin to a strong mesial septum, which extends 
 nearly to the .front margin. The septum is very high and projects 
 far into the cavity of the valve. In the dorsal valve the dental 
 lamellae are less strong, and, though converging, do not unite, but at 
 the lower extremity are provided with long and very slender diverg- 
 ing crura. The lamellae are supported and joined to the bottom of the 
 valve by two, thin, nearly parallel septa, which terminate before they 
 reach the centre of the valve. 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 29 
 
 This remarkable species is almost unquestionably congeneric 
 with the Gypidia conchidium, of Dalman. Both differ from Fen- 
 tamerus, proper, in having the beak of the ventral valve much more 
 extended and but slightly arcuate, and the septa of the dorsal valve 
 separate. G. unguiformis differs from G. coneJiidium in the more ex- 
 tended beak of the ventral valve, different plication of the fold and 
 sinus, and somewhat in the form. I am not acquainted with any 
 Pentameroid shell from American deposits that could be confounded 
 or even compared with it. 
 
 Formation and locality: Niagara group, at Louisville, Kentucky. 
 GASTEROPODA. 
 
 Platyceras quinquesinuatum, n. sp. (PI. III., fig. 4, 4a, Ab.) 
 
 (Ety., quinque, five ; sinuatus, bent in.) 
 
 Shell obliquely sub-ovoid, arcuate from near the base. Apex 
 minute, appressed, strongly incurved, making about one volution ; 
 body-whorl expanding rather rapidly at first and then very gradually 
 to the aperture; dorsum narrowly rounded, spreading more on the 
 right side than on the left, and a little flattened on the left side. Shell 
 near the aperture with four rounded longitudinal plications. Aper- 
 ture oblique, sub-rhomboidal or sub-pentagonal, with the peristome 
 deeply sinuous, and strongly reflected on the posterior side under the 
 umbilicus. 
 
 Surface nearly smooth, except near the aperture, where a small 
 number of undulating striae of growth may be crowded together and 
 form faint concentric wrinkles. 
 
 Among the numerous species of Platyceras^ the P. symmetricum , 
 Hall, from the Hamilton group, appears to be more closely related to 
 the above species than any other. There are several marked differ- 
 ences, however, which readily distinguish the two species. In Hall’s 
 species the apex is less incurved, and the whole shell larger and much 
 less oblique, being incurved nearly in the same plane ; the plications 
 are not so strong, and the posterior side of the peristome is not re- 
 flected, nor is the aperture margin so deeply sinuate. The most of 
 these differences will apply when P. quinque sinuata is compared with 
 the P. thetis, Hall, also from the Hamilton. 
 
 Formation and locality : Middle Devonian (Dp. Helderberg ? ). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
30 
 
 Contributions to American Palcieontology. 
 
 Platyceras serratum, n. sp. (PL III., fig. 5, 5a, bb.) 
 
 (Ety., serratus, like a saw.) 
 
 Shell obliquely sub-ovate, consisting of about two compressed vo- 
 lutions ; apex minute. The outer whorl enlarges rapidly and becomes 
 free near the aperture; it is very oblique and flattened, narrowly 
 rounded below, with a slight shoulder near the suture line. Aperture 
 obliquely elongate-elliptical, two and one-half times longer than 
 wide, with the peristome serrated. 
 
 Surface with a few irregular concentric undulations, and without 
 longitudinal plications, excepting near the aperture, where the perfect 
 shell is provided with numerous short, sub-angular plications and fur- 
 rows, giving the margin the serrated character already noticed. These 
 plications were not observed on young specimens. 
 
 The distinguishing features of this species are found in the com- 
 pressed volutions and serrated aperture margin. 
 
 Formation and locality : Lower Devonian. (Corniferous lime- 
 stone). Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Platyceras (?) arctiostoma, n. sp. (PI. III., fig. 7, 7a, lb ,) 
 
 (Ety., arctvs, narrow; stoma, mouth.) 
 
 Shell semi-rhomboidal, obliquely enrolled, and consisting of about 
 two volutions ; apex minute, depressed ; outer volution compressed 
 laterally, rapidly increasing in height, but slowly in width, with the 
 sides, which diverge at an angle of 45 degrees, flat at the aperture, 
 and slightly convex near the nucleus whorl ; the upper side is longi- 
 tudinally concave, and narrowly rounded toward the depressed apex ; 
 the periphery is sub-angular, and the lower side rather flat and ab- 
 ruptly rounded into the large umbilicus. Aperture oblique, extremely 
 elongate, with the sides sub-parallel. 
 
 Surface marked by fine, well defined, and somewhat undulating 
 strim of growth. These are crossed by faint revolving lines. Where 
 the external layer of the shell is preserved the surface is polished. 
 
 Of this species I have seen only the specimen figured. It differs so 
 much from the ordinary forms of Platyceras that I am not only quite 
 certain it is new, but also believe it will ultimately have to be removed 
 to some other group. 
 
 Formation and locality: Lower Devonian. (Corniferous lime- 
 stone). Falls of the Ohio. 
 
Contributions to American Palaeontology. 31 
 
 Platyceras (Orthonychia) fluctuosum, n. sp. (PI. III., fig. 6, 6a, Qb.) 
 
 (Ety., fluctuosus, wavy.) 
 
 Shell obliquely conical, laterally compressed, gradually expanding; 
 dorsum straight or arcuate ; apex obtusely pointed, apparently not 
 incurved. Surface of apical half of shell with irregular undulations 
 or protuberances ; lower half plicated longitudinally, the plications 
 unequal, and crossed by irregular undulating lines of growth. Aper- 
 ture narrowly ovate, with the margin sinuate, or rather, irregularly 
 serrated. 
 
 This shell differs from all the species belonging to the genus or 
 sub-genus OrtJio7iychia, Hall, in the compressed form and irregular 
 surface undulations. It may be compared with P. (0.) perplexum, 
 Hall, from the Upper Helderberg group of New York. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian. (Up. Helderberg?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 ANTHOZOA. 
 
 Bucanophyllum, n. gen. 
 
 (Ety., Bukane, a trumpet; phyllon, a leaf.) 
 
 Corallum trumpet shaped, simple, consisting of a long, slender, 
 cylindrical stem, which is terminated above by an abruptly expanded, 
 deep cup ; inner side of calyx with fine radiating septal striae ; outer 
 side marked by successive lines of growth, and faint longitudinal 
 striae. Internal structure of cup vesicular as in Cystiphyllum. Struc- 
 ture of stem not determined. 
 
 Only known species B. gracile, n. sp. 
 
 While the affinities of this genus are clearly with Cystiphyllum, the 
 form and general aspect of the corrallum is so distinctive, that a 
 cursory examination would scarcely suggest the relation. A slight 
 resemblance is presented to species of Oladoehonus, McCoy, but I 
 have satisfied myself that Bucanophyllum has no real alliance with the 
 Auloporidae. 
 
 Bucanophyllum gracile, n. sp. (PI. III., fig. 9, 9a, 9b, 9c.) ’ 
 
 (Ety., gracilis, slender.) 
 
 Corallum simple, trumpet-shaped, consisting of a long, slender, 
 cylindrical stem, with the upper end abruptly dilated into a rather deep 
 cup, from 6 to 10 mm. in diameter. The plane of the cup margin of 
 young examples is nearly horizontal, while in older examples it be- 
 comes more or less oblique. Interior of cup with numerous fine 
 
32 
 
 Contributions to American Paloeontology. 
 
 radiating septal striae, six or seven in 2 mm., which become obsolete 
 near the bottom, and are strongest at the margin. Bottom of cup 
 smooth, or with vesicular prominences. Exterior of cup marked with 
 a number (varying with age) of irregular wrinkles of growth, and 
 faint longitudinal lines. Stem smooth, about 2 mm. in diameter, with 
 an observed length of 2.5 cm. As the stem is not entire on any of 
 the examples seen, it may have been considerably longer. 
 
 Among the rugose corals from the Falls of the Ohio, I find a small 
 Zaphrentis (probably the young of Z. herzeri or Z. ungulu), which 
 might be confounded with imperfect specimens of B. gracile. A com- 
 parison of the cups will immediately separate them. 
 
 Formation and locality: Lower Devonian. Not rare at the Falls 
 of the Ohio. 
 
 Strombodes separates, n. sp. 
 
 (Ety., separatus, separate.) 
 
 Fig. 1.— Lateral view of a .specimen consisting Fig. 2.— Oblique view of ano^er example, 
 of three individuals, two of them at- to show the calyces. The margin of 
 
 tached to a stromatoporoid. the central depression is too sharp. 
 
 Corallum consisting of one or more individuals, which, at their 
 origin, are separated from each other, but, by the lateral expansion 
 and union of their cup-margins, become confluent and form irregular, 
 but never discoid, masses. The base of each individual is obconical 
 and covered by a very thin epithecal crust. Both the calyces and 
 bases of the several polyparia, going to make up one of the confluent 
 coralla, occur at different heights, and the corallum is never “ com- 
 pound ” in the manner characteristic of S. pentagonus and other 
 
Contributions to American Falceontology. 
 
 33 
 
 species. Diameter of calyces varying from 1.5 cm. to 3.5 cm., with 
 the margins sub-circular in simple examples, and irregularly angular 
 in confluent coralla. Calyces shallow, slightly elevated toward the 
 margins, and abruptly depressed at the centre. Sides of central cup 
 with about forty septal ridges, which unite at the bottom and form 
 a well-defined elevation. Beyond the central depression the calyx is 
 marked by fine septal striae ; about twenty in 5 mm. 
 
 The distinctness of the polyparia is regarded as the principal 
 specific character. In other respects the species is very much like 
 the large variety of S. pentagonus. 
 
 Formation and locality : Niagara group, near Louisville, Ky. 
 
 HYDROIDA (?). 
 
 Labechia montifera, n. sp. (PI. II., fig. 9, 9a.) 
 
 (Ety., mon?, a mountain ; few, to bear.) 
 
 Portion of a large specimen of Labechia montifera which has grown over and completely 
 enveloped a species of Orthoceras. 
 
 This species forms large crusts, rarely more than 5 mm. in thick- 
 ness, upon foreign bodies. (Usually species of Orthoceras.) The sur- 
 face is undulating and elevated at intervals of 6 mm., more or less, 
 into large conical monticules, the slopes of which are marked by ir- 
 regularly intermittent, radiating ridges ; the intervening spaces be- 
 tween the monticules is covered quite uniformly by numerous unequal 
 small granular eminences, of which about ten occur in 5 mm.; sections 
 prove these to be the projecting ends of vertical pillars. In trans- 
 verse sections (pi. II., fig. 9) the pillars are of an irregularly stellate 
 form ; their size is variable, but those occupying the monticules are 
 always the largest. The intermediate spaces are crossed by a variable 
 number of faint, curved lines, representing the cut edges of lenticular 
 vesicles which occupy the space between the pillars. In vertical sec- 
 
34 
 
 Contributions to American P alceontologyx 
 
 tions (pi. II., fig. 9a) the pillars are seen to be rather unequal, and 
 separated from each other by a loosely-woven vesicular tissue. The 
 vesicles vary much in size, but are disposed to arrange themselves in 
 obscure layers. 
 
 It is possible that this species ought not to be considered as con- 
 generic with L. conferta, E. and H. (the type of the genus) as the dif- 
 ferences between them may be of greater importance than I now be- 
 lieve them to be. In transverse sections of L. eonferta, the vertical 
 pillars appear as simple, round columns, and look quite different from 
 the irregularly stellate section presented by the pillars of L. montifera. 
 Another, but less important difference is found in the different habits 
 of growth. Thus L. montifera is an incrusting form, while L. eonferta 
 grows into free laminar expansions, covered on the lower side by a 
 concentrically striated epitheca. Another species, forming masses as 
 much as one foot in length, is not uncommon in the upper part of the 
 Cincinnati group at Clarksville, 0., and other localities. Specimens 
 of L. montifera are rather rare in the same horizon. The specimen 
 figured was collected at Madison, Indiana. 
 
 FORAMmiFERA. 
 
 Moellerina, n. gen. 
 
 Shell consisting of two sub-orbicular, thin-walled chambers, an 
 outer one marked with strong spiral ridges, and an inner smooth one. 
 At both ends of the outer chamber there is a round opening, surrounded 
 by an elevated border, at which the spiral ridges terminate. The inner 
 chamber is drawn out at each end into short tubular prolongations, 
 which correspond with the openings in the outer chamber. Shell 
 structure not determined with certainty. 
 
 Only species known : M. greenei^ n. sp. 
 
 The affinities of this peculiar genus, though somewhat doubtful, 
 seem to lie not very far from t^accamina, Sars. This conclusion is 
 mainly based upon the resemblance existing between the inner cham- 
 ber of Moellerina, and the single, spindle-shaped chambers of that 
 genus. If they are really allied, then the shell of M. greenei ought to be 
 imperforate. Although my material is bountiful, and much of it in 
 an excellent state of preservation, I could not satisfy myself upon this 
 point. The only fragment showing anything like perforations, is fig- 
 ured on pi. III., fig. 8d. In this a portion of the wall of the outer 
 chamber is traversed by a number of indistinct transverse lines. 
 
Contributions to American Palceontology. 
 
 35 
 
 Should the shell prove to be perforated, then the genus may find nearer 
 relatives among the Lagenidae. 
 
 The name is given in honor of Prof. Valerian v. Moller, who has 
 done such excellent Tvork on the Foraminifera of the Russian Coal 
 Meas.ures. 
 
 Moellerina greenei, n. sp. (PI. III. fig. 8, 8a, 85, 8c, 8c.) 
 
 Shell consisting of two sub-orbicular, thin-walled chambers, one 
 enclosing the other. Outer chamber marked with eight or nine strong, 
 angular, spiral ridges, which make a complete revolution and termin- 
 ate at th^ opposite, or nearly opposite, ends of the chamber, where the 
 rather large and expanding apertures are situated. Apertures sur- 
 rounded by a more or less elevated thick border. Inner chamber 
 smooth, orbicular, separated from the wall of the outer chamber by 
 .10 mm. or less ; the more or less nearly opposite ends are drawn out 
 into short tubular prolongations of variable length, which traverse 
 the space intervening between the two chambers, and unite with the 
 wall of the outer chamber just below and around the aperture, so that 
 the apertures observed at the ends of the outer chamber, are really 
 the mouths of the tubular prolongations of the inner chamber. The 
 appearances presented by the specimen figured on plate III. fig. 8c, 
 seem to indicate that the outer chamber communicated with this tube 
 by means of numerous small pores. Diameter of inner chamber 
 .70 mm. ; diameter of outer chamber 1.00 mm. 
 
 The above describes the typical form of the species. Beside these, 
 I have before me a number of specimens on which the spiral ridges 
 are almost obsolete. It is possible that these may prove distinct, but 
 more probably, they represent the worn condition of M. greenei. 
 This explanation is rendered plausible by the fact that the numerous 
 fragments of other fossiles, which occur in the same piece of stone, are 
 all more or less changed by wearing. 
 
 The name is given in honor of Mr. G. K. Greene, of New Albany, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Formation and locality: Middle Devonian, (Up. Helderberg ?). 
 Falls of the Ohio. 
 
PJLATE I 
 
 Fig. 1. Fenestklla patellifera, n. sp. View of poriferous side, enlarged 12 diameters. 
 
 la. Non-poriferous side, X 12. 
 
 2a. Fenesteli.a bifuroa, n. sp. Poriferous side, X 12. * 
 
 2a. Nou-poriferous side, X 12. 
 
 ;l. Fenestei.la sruLPTiLis, n. sp. Poriferous side, X 12. 
 
 4. Fenestella pru'HELLA, n. sp. View of poriferous side, X 12. 
 
 4a. Two views of the nou-poriferous side, one smooth, and 
 
 the other Avith granular striae, X 12. 
 
 f). Semicoscinium obliquatum, n. sp. VieAV of portion of the poriferous side, near the 
 margin of the zoarium, X 12. On three of the branches the cariuae are broken 
 away. 
 
 oa. View of non-poriferous side, X 12. 
 
 (■>. Semk osc iNiu.M iNFR.\POROSA, u. sp. View of a portion of the inner surface of the 
 funnel shaped zoarinm, X 12. Shows the dimorphic pores, and usual appearance 
 of the branches. 
 
 ('.a. Poriferous side. X 12. Shows pores on each side of ex- 
 
 panded summits of carinae. 
 
 C<li. View of the broken edge of a frond of this species,^ 
 
 showing heighfof carinae and branches, and the roAV of large pores on the sides 
 of the expanded summit of carina. X 12. 
 
 7. UxiTRYPA RETRORSA, u. sp. View of the outer side of zoarium, showing summits of 
 cariiuc, and connecting bars. X 12. Some of the interstices are closed by a 
 .secondary deposit. 
 
 7a. View of inner or non-poriferous side, X 12. The 
 
 branches are more sharply angular than usual. 
 
 To. View of the broken edge of a frond, to show the rela- 
 
 tive height of branches, cells and carinae, and the retral bending of the connecting 
 bars. X 12. 
 
 7c. Transverse view of same. X 12. 
 
 s. Unitryfa conferta, n. sp. View of outer side of zoarium. X 12. Shows the promi- 
 nent, rounded summits of the carinae, and comparatively numerous connecting 
 bars. 
 
 8a. View of nou-poriferous side. X 12. Other specimens 
 
 often have the dissepiments more prominent. 
 
VOL-I. 
 
 [ Devonian BrYOzoa.j 
 
 PL.I. 
 
 5oo 
 
 i44? 
 
■vnyiKvrfii 
 
 ' ■ ’• 
 
 ■V 
 
 ‘ ;■'•* • V' '■'■■"‘i 
 
 ‘ ' .J' ,• • > 
 
 .'vH' 
 
 ».V.v^SVf,u,.ars 
 
PLATE II 
 
 Fig. 1. Fenestella. bigeneris, n. sp. View of periferous side. X 9. 
 
 la. Non-poriferous side. . X 9. The dissepiments are often 
 
 more prominent, and slightly thicker. 
 
 2. POLYPORA transversa, n. sp. Poriferous side of this species, magnitied nine times. 
 
 2a. Non-poriferous side. X 9. 
 
 3. PoLYPORA BLANDiDA, n. sp. Poriferous Side. X9. 
 
 3a. Non-poriferous side, X 9. 
 
 4. Fistulipora normalis, n. sp. View of a fragment of this species, natural size. 
 
 ■ib* Portion of same, enlarged nine times. 
 
 4a." Several zodecia, magnified 18 times.’! 
 
 5. Buscopora dentata, n. sp. View of a fragment of this species, nat. size. 
 
 5a. Celluliferous surface of same enlarged 9 times. 
 
 6. Eridopora minima, n. sp. Portion of a large expansion, which has grown upon a 
 
 species of Polypora. Nat. size. 
 
 6a. One of the macula?, and surrounding zooecia. X 9. 
 
 7. Lichenotrypa aspera, n. sp. Portion of the surface of a specimen of this species. 
 
 X 9. 
 
 8. Discotrypa DEVONicA, n. sp. A small portion of the type specimen, nat. size. It is 
 
 growing upon a species of Favosites. 
 
 8a. Surface of same, enlarged 9 diameters. 
 
 9. Labechia montifera, n. sp. Vertical section of a specimen from Waynesville, Ohio, 
 X 9. 
 
 9a. Transverse section of same. X 9. 
 
 * These figures are erroneously marked 2b, and 2a, on the plate. 
 
VOL I. 
 
 PL 2. 
 
JL3UKAKV ' 
 0 ? 
 
 !jNiV*:PSiTy OF 
 

 
PLATE III 
 
 Fig. 1. Rhynchonella greeniana, n. sp. Lateral view of a typical specimeu. 
 
 la. Dorsal view of same. 
 
 1&. Cardinal view of same. 
 
 l c. Ventral valve of same. 
 
 l d. Lateral view of another example, having the umho of 
 
 the dorsal valve more tumid, and the fold less prominent. 
 
 2. Gypidia unguiformis, n. sp. Dorsal view of type specimen. In this view the beak 
 
 of the ventral valve has been tilted forward so as to show the fissure to better 
 advantage. 
 
 2a. and ‘lb. Lateral and cardinal views of same. 
 
 3. ScHizoBOLUs trunoata, Hall sp. Dorsal valve of a specimen, larger and longer than 
 
 usual. X3J4- 
 
 3a. Small ventral valve. X 3J4. 
 
 3b. Interior of dorsal valve. X 3>^. 
 
 3c. Interior of ventral valve. X 3)^. 
 
 3ci. Profile view of both valves, X 3)^. 
 
 4, 4a, and 4b. Platyceras QUiNorE-.siNUATUM, n. sp. Three views of a perfect specimen. 
 
 5, 5a, and 5b. Platyceras serratum, n. sp. Tiiree views of a very perfect example. 
 
 6. and 6b. Platvceras (Orthonychia' flucti oscm, n. sp. Two views of the type speci- 
 
 men. 
 
 6a. View of another specimen, which is smaller and more 
 
 curved. 
 
 7, 7a, 7b. Playta'ceras (?) arctiostoma, n. sp. Three views of the only specimen seen. 
 
 8. Mcellerina greenei, n. sp. End view of a specimen. X 18. 
 
 8o. Side view of a specimen, with the apertures opposite. 
 
 X 18. • 
 
 8b. A specimen, with a portion of the outer chamber 
 
 broken away. X 18. 
 
 8c. Sectional view of the two chambers. X 20. 
 
 8d. A specimeu, with faint indications of pores in the wall 
 
 of the outer chamber. X 18. 
 
 8c. The inner chamber. X 18. This specimen preserves re- 
 
 mains of what appear to have been a series of pores, through which the outer 
 chamber communicated with the tubular prolongatien of the interior. 
 
 9, and 9a. Bccaxophyllum gracile, u. sp. Two views of a specimen. 
 
 9b. View of the largest specimen seen. The stem is broken 
 
 away. 
 
 9c. 
 
 A young example. 
 
VO L. I 
 
 PL. 3. 
 
T 
 
 
 GF 
 
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