MAN UAL 
 
 * * OF « « 
 
 VETERINARY 
 
 MEDICINE 
 
 _ FOR THE = 
 
 USE OF FARMERS 
 
 BY 
 
 Prof. J. D. DUCHENE 
 
 % . 
 
 VETERINARY SURGEON 
 
 QUEBEC , 1901 — Press 0 / The Daily Telegraph 
 
REGISTERED in conformity with the Act of the Parliament of Canada 
 in the year 1901, by John D. Duchene, in the office of the Minister of 
 jC r Agriculture^at Ottawa. 
 
 9 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The cordiality of the reception bestowed upon the 
 last French edition of the 66 Manual of Veterinary 
 Medicine ” which [published in 19 00, tog ether with 
 the numerous flattering testimonials received from 
 persons who have had the opportunity of making a 
 successful use of its contents in the treatment of their 
 animals , have induced me to undertake the publica- 
 tion in English of my work . 
 
 As I have already had the opportunity of stating 
 in the French editions , I beg to reiterate here that 
 this work is not offered to the public as being a com- 
 plete treatise of the Veterinarian’s Art, but simply 
 a.j a compendium containing the most ordinary 
 {general rules of hygiene as applied to the farm 
 buildings 9 also, on feeding and of such medical help 
 and attendance, as can often be dispensed at home , 
 
— 4 — 
 
 without the help of the profes^mal pracMUm- 
 er, and this in numerous diseases. 
 
 in serious cases the intervention of the Veterina- 
 rian is always indispensable; but in the minor 
 disorders which frequently attack oyrfarm animals, 
 the timely use of the remedies and prescriptions 
 contained therein will obviate or cure the disease. 
 
 Though of limited scope, this work, I hope, will 
 cover the field that I had in my mind when I under- 
 took to produce it and thus to realize my > 
 
 which is, to be useful to the agricultural classes of 
 
 my province . 
 
 John D. Duchene, 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon. 
 
 Quebec, May, 1901. 
 
 r 
 
THE HORSE 
 
 PRELIMINARY CHAPTER 
 
 THE HORSE AT THE STABLE 
 
 Stabling , Hygiene , Harnessing 9 General Care 
 
 * 
 
 The question of stable architecture and stable mana- 
 gement is one of the highest importance, more espe- 
 cially is this the case in rigorous climates such as ours, 
 
— 6 
 
 where rapid changes of temperature are of such frequent 
 occurrence. 
 
 The stable walls should always be of double thick- 
 ness and of tongued and grooved lumber, the windows 
 of good size to allow ample light, the doors to fit tightly 
 into their sashes to avoid permanent draughts. How 
 many sound beasts are rendered incapable of furnishing 
 the quota of work that can be expected of them, by the 
 reason that they are not given the comforts indispen- 
 sable to the maintenance of good health. Often they 
 are quartered in low, damp and dark stables, without 
 ventilation and often over-crowded. 
 
 In view of these facts, I have thought it opportune 
 to draw the attention of my readers to this subject 
 without, however, going into a mass of details which 
 would be out of place in a work like this. 
 
 The stable floor should be strictly horizontal. Just 
 now, it has become universal to give a fall of from 3 
 to 5 inches to the floor of a stable of about 9 or 10 feet. 
 This custom is vicious and is far from accomplishing the 
 proposed result, which is, of draining the floor of the 
 urine, and this is explained by the fact that the animal, 
 in attempting to restore his equilibrium on the inclined 
 plane, is constantly stamping and moving about. This 
 soon wears the flooring and the depression thus caused 
 facilitates the imbibition of the urine and the soaking 
 
of the litter. At the same time the horse acquires a 
 tendency to stand under , the ultimate consequences of 
 which are sprung-knees. Besides, could the horse talk, 
 he would, I am sure, most emphatically deprecate the 
 use of a floor which compels him to ever stand on a 
 false equilibrium, certainly most prejudicial to both his 
 comfort and conformation. I may add, that in the 
 course of my professional career, I have often had occa- 
 sion to treat and cure cases of lameness by simply 
 altering the defectiveness of the floor. 
 
 Interior Arrangements . 
 
 The width of the stalls should always be propor- 
 tionate to the height of the horses, so as to allow them 
 to lie with their legs fully extended. Thus, if the 
 height of a horse is 5 feet 3 inches the width of his 
 stall should also be 5 feet 3 inches. 
 
 The stable door should be wide and if possible should 
 consist of two halves. The height of the stable, inside, 
 should be from 8 to 9 feet. 
 
 It is advisable that a box-stall be provided in every 
 stable ; it will be found most useful in cases of sick- 
 ness or of prolonged inaction ; these boxes allow the 
 horses more freedom and comfort. 
 
— 8 — 
 
 Temperature and Ventilation . 
 
 The normal temperature of a stable should be 60° F. 
 
 Ventilators should be located behind and not in front 
 of the horses. The simplest and most economical 
 ventilators are square wooden pipes, one end of which 
 starts from the stable ceiling, then goes up through the 
 loft and out of the roof, just like an ordinary chimney; 
 the upper extremity is to be covered by a cap. 
 
 Many agricultural economists recommend the use of 
 more complicated and possibly more effective systems 
 of ventilation, but, remembering that as a rule when 
 asking too much one runs the risk of obtaining nothing 
 at all, 1 have deemed it advisable to mention only the 
 simplest mode, which, if generally adopted, would cer- 
 tainly prove a considerable improvement to our rural 
 constructions. 
 
 Hints Concerning Stable Management 
 
 The halters should be of a double thickness of 
 leather, well sewn together and provided with ordinary 
 buckles. The use of chains to tie with is recommended. 
 The use of ropes is not to be encouraged, for whilst 
 the advantage of being noiseless is claimed for them, 
 this advantage is more than counterbalanced by the 
 fact that they soon rot and are easily broken. 
 

 The method of fixing a weight at the end of the 
 chain, which weight keeps it taught, is recommended 
 and will obviate the danger of the animal becoming 
 entangled in his chain. 
 
 In summer, the coverings should be of linen and in 
 winter, of wool. 
 
 To bed down the litters, the use of wooden instead of 
 steel pitch forks is recommended and will tend to 
 diminish the possibility of accidents. 
 
 With regard to the hay lofts, which are generally 
 found over the stables, they should be kept in order as 
 far as is possible with such places, one half of the 
 space being reserved for the hay and the other half for 
 straw. To avoid dampness, . forage should not be in 
 contact with the walls. 
 
 Oats and bran are preferably kept in a shed, in boxes 
 of known capacity, and every time these are emptied, 
 they should be thoroughly cleaned of all chaff, gravel, 
 dust, etc., etc., which might have accumulated. 
 
 Every stable should be provided with an automatic 
 measure which would measure the exact ration of each 
 animal. 
 
 Another important detail, which is, however, seldom 
 appreciated, is that of the cleanliness necessary to the 
 welfare of the horse. This constitutes the elementary 
 rules of hygiene and stable economy. All that which 
 
10 — 
 
 relates to the feeding of the horses must also be the 
 object of the most scrupulous cleanliness. 
 
 The Harness Hoom 
 
 The harness-room should be kept in perfect order 
 and placed under the charge of a person who takes 
 interest in that sort of work. 
 
 The walls of the harness-room should be provided 
 with harness racks and supports placed sufficiently high 
 to avoid any portion of the harness touching the floor. 
 
 Wooden or cast iron bridle and saddle rack can be 
 secured at low cost. Two supports are required for 
 each harness, one of which to accommodate the bridle 
 and collar, and the other the saddle and accessories. 
 
 When dealing with double harness, they are to be 
 placed one beside the other. The cross reins are to be 
 put through their rings, but not buckled. 
 
 When not in use the saddle should be covered with 
 a piece of linen. The bits, curb chains, and check bits 
 should be thoroughly dried after having been used. 
 
 The reins should be carefully coiled and kept in draw- 
 ers as well as all wraps. 
 
 The whips should not be allowed to lean against the 
 walls, which would soon bend them, but they should be 
 hung by their tips. 
 
 Every harness-room should be provided with a stove, 
 
which should, however, be placed at a certain distance 
 from where the harnesses hang, so as to avoid drying the 
 leather. 
 
 If to these few rules we add the necessary work- 
 ing materials such as a harness-horse, a steel-cleaning 
 board, a few hooks on which to hang bridles, etc., etc., 
 curry-combs, hoof-picks, sponges, brushes, polish, clean- 
 ing paste, a burnisher, chamois skins, old cloths and 
 rags, the harness-room will then have the necessary 
 accessories to allow it being kept in good shape. 
 
 The Coach-House 
 
 The coach-house should be separate from the stable, 
 and this for the reason that the ammonia gases 
 emanating from the stable would soon ruin the paint 
 and varnish on the vehicles. All vehicles should be 
 kept covered with large cotton sheets. In the case of 
 two- wheeled vehicles the shafts should rest on racks 
 provided for the purpose, in order to keep them in a 
 horizontal position. 
 
 Care of the Horse 
 
 Upon his arrival at the stable, in the morning, the 
 groom should, first of all, look to his horses and note 
 if any departure from the normal condition of things 
 has taken place during his absence. He must see to 
 the blankets, the mangers, note if the feed of the pre- 
 
vious meal has all been eaten, then attend to the com- 
 plete change of air in the stable without, however, 
 allowing any draughts. Should he notice any horse 
 appearing dull, with a standing coat or assuming an 
 abnormal position, he must at once inform his master 
 of the facts. 
 
 The groom should then attend to the watering of the 
 horses and this before allowing any food. The watering 
 is followed by the allowance of hay and this by the 
 ration of oats. Once a week, it is well to give a warm 
 mash of bran or ground oats ; this mash should always 
 be given at night. 
 
 The litter being removed, > it should be placed (unless 
 too much soiled by urine) in a place where it can dry. 
 Useless to add that each day the stable must be care- 
 fully swept. 
 
 Grooming 
 
 Horses stained by contact with urine or mnnure are 
 to be washed with soap and water. 
 
 To thoroughly groom a horse is not without difficul- 
 ties, unless one is quite familiar with the handling of 
 the brush. The curry-comb is mostly used to clean 
 the brush, although it may be used in certain circum- 
 stances on some of the most muscular portions of the 
 body, such as the neck and the upper portion of 
 the legs. 
 
13 — 
 
 The corn brush is useful to clean certain portions of 
 the head such as the ears, the forelock, etc., etc. 
 
 The rubber brush gives an excellent finish to the 
 grooming of a horse ; it makes the coat shine, and is an 
 excellent substitute to the hay wisp, which is also used 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 Shoeing 
 
 It is evident that until recently, the question of 
 shoeing has been sorely neglected. Most unhappily 
 the capital importance, results and benefits that radical 
 reforms which might be worked in the shoeing indus- 
 try would bring about, are not yet clearly understood. 
 
 In fact, the majority of our shoeing smiths do not 
 realize the grave consequences that may result from 
 defective shoeing, more especially so in young horses, 
 and seem to forget the old aphorism “ No feet, no 
 horse.” 
 
 In order that a shoeing smith may be in a position 
 to pursue his trade with intelligence, it is necessary 
 that he should possess at least an elementary knowledge 
 of the anatomy of the horse’s foot. 
 
 We will enumerate a few of the anatomical notions. 
 
 Descriptive Anatomy of the Horse’s Foot 
 
 The wall : This portion is the most extensive of 
 the whole foot and forms the circumference of the hoof. 
 
— 14 _ 
 
 It includes all that portion of the horny case which is 
 visible when the foot rests on the soil. The wall is 
 divided into several important regions bearing various 
 names, viz : , 
 
 A. The Toe. — This is the anterior fifth of the cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 B. The Mammae. — Includes the fifth on each side 
 of the toe. 
 
 G. The Quarter. — Also double, constitutes the pos- 
 terior fifth of the lateral surface, immediately behind 
 the preceding. 
 
 D. The Heel. — S ituated immediately behind, corres- 
 ponds to the point where the wall becomes inflected 
 inward to constitute the bars. 
 
 E y The Bar or Stay. — Visible only on the raised 
 foot, is the reflected portion representing the extremities 
 of the wall, placed between the frog and the sole. 
 
 The internal quarter is more upright, shorter and 
 thinner than the external. 
 
 The Sole — The Sole is a large horny plate filling 
 the internal which exists between the inferior border of 
 the wall, the bars, and the point of the frog. The horny 
 substance forming it is softer than that of the wall and 
 the horny fibres or tubes have an oblique direction 
 downwards and outwards. 
 
 The sole offers for study the following sub-divisions, 
 
15 — 
 
 viz : An external and internal branch, a superior and 
 inferior face* an external and internal border. 
 
 The branches are triangular in form and fill the 
 space between the bars, the quarters and the heels. 
 
 The Fkog : — The frog is a wedge or pyramid of soft 
 horn, which covers the plantar cushion, whose form it 
 reproduces. Lodged in the angle formed by the bars 
 and the posterior border of the sole, it is seen to be sin- 
 gle in front and bifid behind : two faces and two extremi- 
 ties are thus assigned to it. 
 
 The color of the hoof is due to the presence of 
 pigment in the horny matter, and varies greatly. 
 
 The hoof protects the soft tissues which it contains 
 from all external influences, more especially against 
 undue pressure during normal locomotion and against 
 concussion during fast or long journeys over hard roads. 
 Should the hoof be removed, we would then have the 
 different portions forming the soft part of the foot ex- 
 posed, thus we would find the coronary, navicular and 
 pedal bones, the plantar cushion, the coronary band or 
 cutidure, the podophyllous or laminated tissue and 
 finally the villous or velvety tissue. 
 
 A great deal more information could be added to 
 these few anatomical rules, but the limited scope of 
 this work will not permit our doing so. 
 
 The shoeing-smith having once acquired a sufficient 
 
16 
 
 knowledge of the anatomy of the foot, he should next 
 devote his attention to the study of equilibrium and 
 ascertain if the horse to be shod, interferes, forges or 
 stumbles. He should also examine carefully the 
 
 sole, the heels, and the frog, ascertain the condition of 
 the horse, and should also be able to detect any 
 abnormal length of the hoof. An examination of the 
 old shoes will, as a rule, help the shoeing smith to 
 detect any irregularities of equilibrium. If the shoe is 
 worn evenly, then the equilibrium is normal, it being 
 remembered, however, that the wear is always greater 
 at the toe. If the outer branch of the shoe is worn the 
 most, then the horse is pigeon-toed. If on the contrary 
 the inner branch is most worn, you have an outbow- 
 footed horse or else, defective shoeing. 
 
 Care of the Feet 
 
 The hoofs should be oiled occasionally, say once or 
 twice a week. 
 
 The following prescription is recommended : 
 
 Pine tar. 1 part 
 
 Turpentine .1 part 
 
 Beeswax 2 parts 
 
 Lard 5 parts 
 
 Melt over a slow fire until the whole is well mixed, 
 
then stir until cold. The hoofs should be washed before 
 each application. 
 
 After a journey or a day’s work, when taking the 
 horse to the stable, he should be allowed but very little 
 water, but should be rubbed dry with either cloths or 
 wisps of straw. After which, the horse may be watered 
 and fed. 
 
 THE COLT 
 
 How to feed it 
 
 The future qualities and worth of a horse depend to 
 a great extent on the care received during the first years 
 of its life. 
 
 In order to produce a good horse, it is essential that 
 the colt should possess a good bony frame and solid 
 joints. Like any other animal tissue, the bones grow 
 and develop as a result of the assimilation of good food, 
 and should the food taken not contain certain elements 
 essential to the formation and growth of bone tissue, it 
 is evident that that portion of the animal’s organism will 
 remain deficient. 
 
 The mother’s milk contains a large proportion of these 
 substances, such as phosphates and carbonate of lime, 
 
— 18 — 
 
 which are the most necessary to the development of 
 bone. As the colt grows older, the amount of these 
 substances needed is increased and the animal, in order 
 to obtain the necessary amount, is often seen to lick 
 and sometimes to actually eat the soil. 
 
 The farmers have within their reach all that is neces- 
 , sary to the production of bone, and these substances are 
 oats and bran. Let it be remembered that colts should 
 not be under fed of these substances. As soon as a colt 
 •can eat and properly masticate oats, there can be no 
 danger in giving him daily a pint of oats mixed with 
 an equal quantity of bran. ISTaturally this ration is to 
 be increased in proportion to the growth of the colt. 
 If added to this ration of oats, the colt is given an ade- 
 quate quantity of good hay (which is a food containing 
 a large amount of proteine, which is a substance essential 
 to the formation of bone tissue, muscles, ligaments and 
 tendons), we have all the necessary ingredients to help 
 the production of a good colt. Nature will attend to 
 the remainder. 
 
 THE MULE 
 
 It seems very strange that here, in Canada, no steps 
 Lave been taken towards the rearing of mules, for 
 
— 19 — 
 
 whilst it is contended that mules are vicious animals, 
 it has been demonstrated beyond doubt that they are 
 devoted and very much attached to the master who 
 gives them due care and comfort. 
 
 At two years of age, mules are already able to render 
 valuable services,, and at three and a half years, they 
 can perform the hardest of labor. Furthermore, they are 
 more easily fed than horses and can in proportion to 
 weight, draw heavier loads than horses. Mules remain 
 sound and strong longer and attain older age than horses. 
 No doubt but that the breeding of mules in this country 
 would bring satisfactory results and returns, in proof of 
 which we mention the demand England has created 
 for. these animals, which are now being purchased in 
 foreign countries for military service in Africa. 
 
THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES 
 
 INTERNAL DISEASES 
 
 DISTEMPER OR STRANGLES 
 
 This is a contagious disease of the horse, seen most 
 frequently in young animals, though adults are not 
 altogether exempt from it. 
 
 Symptoms : The nasal discharge is at first watery, 
 then it becomes thicker, somewhat grayish or white and 
 sticky. This discharge does not adhere to the nostrils. 
 In most cases, a swelling takes place under the jaw, or 
 in the intermaxillary space. This swelling is somewhat 
 hot and tender, and finally becomes distinctly so, and 
 an abscess is felt, or having broken itself, the discharge 
 is seen dripping from a small opening, and occasionally 
 there are skin eruptions. 
 
I 
 
 — 21 — 
 
 Such are the symptoms of the mild form of distemper. 
 We will not attempt here to speak of the malignant 
 form of distemper with its train of complications, such 
 as pneumonia, etc., etc., it being intended to take up 
 separately each of these diseases, in another portion of 
 this work. 
 
 Treatment : Careful attention to the hygienic condi- 
 tion of the surroundings is one of the most important 
 factors in the treatment of strangles. The first care is 
 that of isolating the affected animal or animals, the 
 stable to be kept moderately warm, but also thoroughly 
 ventilated and free from draughts, the use of warm 
 coverings such as woolen blankets, the throat and neck 
 to be covered with flannel, an ample supply of fresh 
 cold water to be kept at all times within reach of the 
 patient. If there are abscesses, they should be opened 
 as soon as they mature. 
 
 The following should be given in the shape of a mash : 
 Boil a handful of linseed in water during three hours, 
 add sufficiently of bran to thicken to proper consistency, 
 add a quart of oats, a teaspoonful of table salt and a 
 little molasses, or 
 
 Boil an ounce of saffron leaves in a pint of water and 
 use as a gargle. 
 
 Should the disease spread to and involve the throat, 
 use the following prescription : — 
 
 V *• 
 
R. — Chlorate of Potash 1 ounce 
 Water 1 pint 
 
 Dose : — One wine glassful 3 times a day before meals. 
 
 ANGINA {Sore throat) 
 
 This is an inflammatory condition of the mucous 
 membrane lining both the pharynx and the larynx. 
 
 Symptoms : The nasal discharge is white, very thick, 
 none adhering to the nostrils. The cough is at first dry 
 and harsh, but soon softens. 
 
 If the breathing becomes labored or rapid or is accom- 
 panied by a whistling sound, it is an indication that the 
 disease is progressing unfavorably. 
 
 Treatment : Thorough ventilation combined with 
 protection from draughts. The use of warm coverings; 
 the throat to be covered with flannel, or, still better, 
 with a sheepskin with the wool inwards, or else, make 
 use of mustard blisters. 
 
 Give powdered licorice mixed with honey, hay tea, 
 and compel the animal to inhale the steam from boiling 
 water. 
 
 In the case of abscesses, open them at once. 
 
 The following prescription is also recommended : 
 
 E. — Muriate of Ammonia 1 ounce. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash 1 ounce. 
 
 Spirits of Nitrous Ether 1 ounce. 
 
Tincture of Aconite 40 drops. 
 
 Water : — A sufficient quantity to make one pint. 
 
 Dose : — One wine glassful every three hours. 
 
 COLD IN THE HEAD.— (Catarrh) 
 
 This disease is at first a congestion followed by 
 inflammatim of the mucous membrane of the nasal 
 chambers. 
 
 Symptoms : General uneasiness, dullness, sneezing; 
 the nasal discharge is profuse, at first watery, then 
 changes to that of a mucilaginous state, of a yellowish 
 white color and adherent to the nostrils. 
 
 Treatment : The treatment is that of the preceding 
 disease (Sore throat), but it is recommended to make 
 especially frequent use of inhalations of steam from 
 boiling water, to which may be added a little camphor. 
 
 R. Iodide of Potash, 1 ounce. 
 
 Divide into twelve powders and give one night and 
 morning in warm bran mash. 
 
 BBONCHITIS. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. 
 
 Of the many diseases affecting the horse, this is 
 one of those to be most dreaded, and this, because it is 
 nearly impossible to discriminate between it and other 
 diseases of the respiratory organs. And as a conse- 
 
— 24 — 
 
 quence of this error of diagnosis, the disease is per- 
 mitted to assume a chronic form and leave the horse 
 broken-winded . It is often mistaken for* pneumonia, 
 the symptoms being frequently quite similar and 
 the treatment is almost identical. 
 
 Frequently, bronchitis makes its appearance without 
 any apparent cause. It is, however, generally the 
 result of exposure to cold, or to sudden changes of 
 temperature. 
 
 Symptoms : During the initial period, of fever and 
 chills, the cough is harsh, painful, and the animal appears 
 to resist the necessity of coughing. The nasal discharge 
 is identical with that of Angina. The second period is * 
 recognized by the change in the nasal discharge which 
 is sometimes tinged with blood and is of a brownish or 
 rusty color, the cough is increased and rattling. This 
 transition from the first to the second place generally 
 takes place between the sixth and the eighth days. 
 
 Treatment : At the beginning, place the patient in 
 a well- ventilated and comfortably temperate stall or 
 box-stall. Allow a liberal supply of fresh cold water 
 to which is added some oatmeal or bran, give boiled 
 barley. Inhalations of Juniper are beneficial. Ad- 
 minister 10 drops of tincture of aconite every six 
 hours. But should the symptoms indicate an aggrava- 
 
25 — 
 
 tion of the disease, the sides of the chest, opposite the 
 lungs, should be blistered with mustard, this mustard to 
 be mixted with warm water and rubbed well in with 
 the hand for about ten minutes. These mustard blisters 
 should be left on three hours. 
 
 Never bleed and, contrary to an old established 
 custom, allow the animal any quantity of cold drink- 
 ing water that he may desire. 
 
 R. — Arsenic : From 5 to 10 grains twice a day or 
 Iodide of Potash half a drachm to a drachm and a half, 
 twice a day (night and morning). The use of Iodide 
 of Potash is to be discontinued as soon as an increase 
 in the flow of saliva is noticed. 
 
 PNEUMONIA 
 
 This is an inflammation of the lung tissue. 
 
 Symptoms : Pneumonia is usualy ushered in by a 
 chill. The coat has a rough appearance, the breath- 
 ing is quickened, at times labored, the horse hangs its 
 head, the legs are cold, locomotion is difficult, there is 
 no attempt at feeding, the animal does not lie down 
 but persists in standing from the beginning of the 
 attacks. The nasal discharge, when present, is of a 
 rusty color. The cough is weak and painful, the pulse 
 is very rapid, beating to 70 or more a minute and the 
 temperature rises at times to 107° F. 
 
— 26 — 
 
 It is usually during the first 10 days that the cure 
 of this disease can he effected ; after that length of 
 time, the disease assumes a chronic form and the pro- 
 fessional veterinarian alone can cope with it with any 
 chance of success. 
 
 Treatment : This is very nearly that indicated for 
 bronchitis. In cases where the patients are very fat, 
 light bleeding may prove beneficial. 
 
 R. — Chlorhydrate Ammonia, 3 ounces. 
 
 Water : Sufficient to make one pint and give one 
 wine glassful of this mixture every two hours, or 
 
 R. Tartar Emetic, 1 drachm. 
 
 Mix with syrup and deposit on the tongue, 3 times 
 a day, but this treatment must not be continued beyond 
 two consecutive days. 
 
 During convalescence, give the 
 twice a day : 
 
 Liquor Ammonia Acetatis, 
 
 Powdered Gentian Root, 
 
 Whiskey, 
 
 Linseed tea, 
 
 PLEURISY 
 
 This is an inflammation of the serous membrane that 
 covers the internal walls of the chest. 
 
 Symptoms : The symptoms and treatment of pleurisy 
 
 following mixture 
 
 1 ounce. 
 
 2 drachms. 
 
 1 tablespoonful. 
 
 1 gill. 
 
— 27 — 
 
 are so closely similar to those of pneumonia that we 
 think it unnecessary to enter into the mass of detail 
 that it would be necessary to master in order to enable 
 the stock owners to differentiate them. However, it 
 may be helpful to mention that in pleurisy, one of the 
 most characteristic symptoms is the disinclination of 
 the animal to move or turn round. When made to do 
 so, he grunts or groans with pain. 
 
 COLIC 
 
 Pain caused by spasm or cramp of the bowels. 
 
 It is caused either by the accumulation of gas in the 
 intestines, or by indigestible food, the presence of 
 foreign bodies such as stones, etc., obstructing the in- 
 testinal canal, and also by worms. 
 
 Symptoms : The general symptoms of colic are easily 
 detected, as the animal suffering from colic evinces the 
 most intense pain, he throws himself down, rolls over 
 and over, jumps up, whirls about, drops down again, 
 paws, or strikes, rather with the front feet, the upper 
 lip is upturned, and the animal looks backward towards 
 his flanks. 
 
 Treatment : If the case is one of wind colic the 
 belly enlarges, and the most characteristic symptom of 
 this form of colic is the distention of the bowels with 
 gas, easily detected by the bloated appearance and 
 resonance of the abdomen on percussion. 
 
In such cases allow the animal to roll and to assume 
 the most comfortable position, do not compel him to 
 remain standing nor keep him walking. 
 
 Give injections composed of warm water and soap, 
 to which may be added some oil ; if constipation con- 
 tinues, add a little turpentine to the injections. 
 
 Administer a tablespoonful of baking soda in a pint 
 of water every hour. If it be possible to procure 
 diluted water ammonia, a half ounce of it in a pint of 
 water will generally produce satisfactory results. 
 
 In cases where among the usual symptoms no bloating 
 is noticed, then give stimulating remedies such as whiskey 
 mixed with an equal quantity of water and administered 
 in 4 tablespoonful doses, or again, powdered ginger in 
 half ounce doses. 
 
 When it is thought that the colic is due to the 
 presence of worms in the bowels administer seven 
 drachms of powdered aloes, dissolve in a pint of raw 
 linseed oil. During the purgation, which must last 
 from 24 to 36 hours, give nothing but warm bran 
 mashes and tepid water. 
 
 The following prescription may be used : 
 
 R. — Tincture aconite 10 drops 
 
 Spirits turpentine 1 ounce / 
 
 Laudanum 1 ounce 
 
29 — 
 
 The whole mixed in a pint of raw linseed oil and 
 administered as one dose. Repeat every 3 hours until 
 animal is relieved. 
 
 Note ; — In cases of colic no food is to be allowed the 
 patient, and only small quantities of luke warm water 
 permitted. A rigorous diet is to be continued for 3 or 
 4 days after the cure is accomplished. 
 
 How to distinguish dangerous from mild forms of 
 colic : 
 
 Dangerous 
 
 They appear gradually 
 with slight fever, the pulse 
 is rapid and hard to find. 
 
 The ears and legs are 
 cold. 
 
 The belly is very sensi- 
 tive to pressure. 
 
 Any movement executed 
 seems to increase the pains. 
 
 The pains seem to be 
 continuous without any in- 
 tervals of relief and the ani- 
 mal is continually agitated. 
 
 The patient weakens ra- 
 pidly. 
 
 Mild 
 
 They begin suddenly. 
 
 The pulse is nearly nor- 
 mal and always full and 
 strong. 
 
 The ears and legs are 
 warm. 
 
 The belly does not appear 
 painful when touched. 
 
 Locomotion or any other 
 movements do not increase 
 the spasms. 
 
 The animal has intervals 
 of relief. 
 
 The animal does not ap- 
 pear to weaken. 
 
RETENTION OF URINE 
 
 Retention of urine does not of itself constitute a 
 disease. It is generally a symptom or the consequence of 
 numerous disorders which it would be superfluous to 
 indicate here, as these diseases generally require the 
 presence of a veterinarian. We will, however, indicate 
 a few preliminary precautions to be taken when the 
 animal evinces the first symptoms of retention of urine. 
 
 1. The first care is that of thoroughly cleansing the 
 sheath, because filth is frequently the sole cause of the 
 uneasiness affecting the horse. 
 
 2. Administer a liberal amount of linseed tea : and 
 teaspoonful doses of powdered rosin or use the follow- 
 ing prescription : 
 
 R.— Spirits of Nitrous Ether 2 ounces 
 Water 1 gill 
 
 The whole in one dose, repeated 2 or 3 times a day. 
 
 BLIND STAGGERS 
 
 Caused by an effusion of blood to the brain 
 
 It is generally induced by over-feeding, the use of 
 too nutritive food, more especially in extremely fat 
 horses with short thick necks. 
 
 Symptoms. — The horse may stop very suddenly and 
 shake his head or throw himself down without any pre- 
 liminary manifestations of sickness. 
 
31 — 
 
 Quite often, after a few moments the dizziness seems 
 to pass away, the animal rises, resumes apparently his 
 normal condition and can generally continue its occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 Horses subject to staggers usually appear more slug- 
 gish, dull and sleepy than others. 
 
 Treatment. — Profuse bleeding at the neck, (Ju- 
 gular vein.) The application of ice or cold water to the 
 head. 
 
 Give reduced rations of less nutritive food and regular 
 daily exercise. However, violent exertions immediately 
 after the meals are to be avoided. 
 
 R. — Barbadoes aloes 1 ounce 
 Powdered ginger 1 drachm 
 
 Make into a pill or ball by mixing with molasses and 
 administer in the morning on empty stomach, and dur- 
 ing the action of this physic feed on bran mashes ex- 
 clusively and tepid water as beverage. This physic is 
 to be followed by the use of Bromide of Potash in 2 
 drachm doses twice a day during 15 or 20 days. 
 
 TETANUS (Lock-Jaw) 
 
 This disease is characterized by spasms affecting the 
 muscles of the face, the neck, body and limbs. The 
 spasms or muscular contractions are rigid and persis- 
 tent, yet mixed with occasional more intense contrac- 
 
tions of convulsive violence. Lock-jaw is usually the 
 result of an injury such as a nail in the foot. 
 
 Symptoms. — The rigidity, of the spinal column 
 renders locomotion difficult, the tail is usually elevated 
 and held immovable, there is a protrusion of the haw 
 over the inner part of the eye, there is inability to open 
 the jaws to their full extent, the flow of saliva is in- 
 creased, feeding is difficult on account of rigidity of 
 the muscles of the jaw and soon all food is refused. 
 The animal does not lie down. 
 
 Treatment : The first care is to place the patient in 
 a quiet and dark place, where he is to be disturbed as 
 little as possible. 
 
 R. — Prussic acid. 1 drachm 
 
 Once a day. 
 
 HE A VESBli OKEN- WIN D ED- ASTHMA 
 
 This disease is characterized by a peculiar movement 
 of the flanks and abdomen. 
 
 Symptoms ; The fllanks are seen to contract, then 
 pause for a moment, then complete the act of contract- 
 ing, thus making double bellows-like movement at each 
 expiration, a sort of jerky motion with every breath. 
 
 The nostrils are wide open, there is a short, dry cough, 
 the horse loses flesh and eventually becomes unable 
 to perform any work. 
 
— 33 — 
 
 . Treatment : This disease is incurable, but can be 
 palliated. 
 
 Feed with nutritive food-stuffs, small ration of hay r 
 but increase ration of oats. Keep the animal in a 
 comfortably warm but also well ventilated stable, and 
 blanket him. 
 
 Give molasses, oil of pine-tar, or, still better, the 
 following prescription which is effective : — 
 
 K. — Arsenic 10 grains. 
 
 Twice a day during 10 days, then discontinue the 
 administration during 5 days, and begin again, this 
 treatment to be continued during 5 or 6 weeks. 
 
 PARASITES OF THE HORSE 
 Worms 
 
 The principal: species of worms found on the horse 
 are the Ascarides, the Oxyures and the Sclerostoma. 
 
 The Ascarides. —This is the kind most commonly 
 found on horses. As a rule they are not troublesome 
 nor do they produce any grave disorders. They, how- 
 ever, have a tendency to cause a chronic looseness of 
 the bowels. In rare cases, these worms may produce 
 the following symptoms : Vertigo, epileptic convul- 
 
 sions, epilepsy, tetanus, and paraplegia. 
 
 Treatment. — An adequate treatment should be re- 
 sorted to at once. The use of tartar emetic is recom- 
 
34 — 
 
 200 grammes 
 8 
 30 
 500 
 
 mended in daily doses of from 15 to 20 grammes, this 
 amount to be divided into and administered in four 
 equal portions mixed with syrup and deposited on the 
 tongue. 
 
 The following prescription is, however, to be pre- 
 ferred. 
 
 Male feru 
 Calomel 
 
 Phosphate Strontium 
 Sulphate of Soda 
 
 The whole in one dose. 
 
 The Oxyvres . — These parasites are sometimes seen 
 protruding from the anus and occasion violent pruritus. 
 
 Treatment. Make use of anthelmintic enemas pre- 
 pared as follows : 
 
 Decoction male feru 
 Soap 
 
 Ordinary coarse salt 
 Water 
 
 The Sclerostoma . — After the ascarides, these are the 
 worms most frequently found in equines. 
 
 Treatment. — Two ounces of turpentine in a pint of 
 raw linseed oil ; this dose to be repeated two or three 
 successive mornings on empty stomach. A' diet of 
 warm bran mashes for two or three days is recom- 
 mended. 
 
 100 grammes 
 50 
 200 
 
 2 quarts 
 
— 35 — 
 
 EXTERNAL DISEASES 
 
 LAMENESS 
 
 Lameness is not a disease, but rather the symptom 
 of one or several diseases localized to some portion of 
 the limbs and causing irregularities in locomotion. 
 
 We will state briefly how the seat of the trouble can 
 be detected, and enumerate the ordinary causes of 
 lameness. 
 
 Before proceeding further, it is well to say that when 
 it is contemplated to attempt the diagnosis of a case of 
 lameness, that it is indispensable to be provided with a 
 hammer, a pair of pincers and a shoeing knife. 
 
 There remains to be ascertained : 
 
 1. In which leg is the lameness ? 
 
 2. Where is the seat of the lameness in the limb ? 
 
 3. What is the nature and gravity of the cause of 
 lameness ? 
 
 The examination of a lame horse can be made dur- 
 ing rest, at the walk, but more especially at the trot. 
 
 The animal must be watched from before, from 
 behind and from each side. It is also helpful to make 
 the horse go up or down hill, or to, move him alter- 
 nately on soft and on hard ground. 
 
 At rest, a painful limb is detected when the horse 
 “ points, ” that is, rests the weight of the limb on the 
 
 
— 36 — 
 
 toe ; but the trot is the best gait for the ascertaining of 
 the lame limb. Thus, if the horse is lame in a fore 
 limb, the head is raised as the lame limb touches the 
 ground, if a hind limb is affected, the croup and the 
 head are raised simultaneously. Again, during loco- 
 motion, the weight of the body is supported a much 
 longer space of time by the sound limb. 
 
 A multitude of signs by which lameness can be deter- 
 mined could be given, but as they are generally known, 
 it would be superfluous to enter into any more details. 
 
 The dame limb once positively known, how shall 
 we discover the exafct seat of the trouble ? There lies 
 the difficulty. It must be ascertained if the animal 
 has ever shown symptoms of lameness previously, if 
 be has performed work to which he is not accustomed, 
 or again, if he has had a fall. 
 
 Then the limb must be carefully examined, every 
 portion of which must be felt in order to discover the 
 presence of heat, pain, or swelling. A most charac- 
 teristic means of diagnosis is the following : If a horse 
 “ points ” but with the whole surface of his foot resting 
 on the ground, it can be taken for granted that the seat 
 of the ailment is not in the foot but in the shoulder, 
 whereas, if the foot rests on its toe, with the heels off the 
 ground, the cause of the lameness will generally be 
 found in the foot. 
 
— 37 — 
 
 In the hind legs, when the lameness is due to some 
 trouble in the foot, this latter is frequently raised ; 
 whereas, if due to pain in the hock the limb is held 
 bent, the foot resting on its toe. 
 
 The foregoing indications will permit, in a general 
 way, to locate the seat of lameness ; especially charac- 
 teristic symtoms and special methods of discovering 
 the cause of lameness will be given with each particular 
 disease. 
 
 FO TmVEF-LAMINITIS 
 
 This is an inflammation of the sensitive tissues of the 
 foot. 
 
 It is either acute or chronic. 
 
 Causes : Drinking large quantities of water while 
 in an overheated condition ; overfeeding with oats or 
 other grains ; concussion from long drives on hard 
 pavements or roads. 
 
 Symptoms : The first symptom is usually the inter- 
 ference with locomotion ; the fore feet are well extended 
 forward, so that the weight is thrown upon the heels, 
 whilst the hind feet are brought forward beneath the 
 body to receive as much weight as possible, thereby 
 relieving the diseased ones. The feet are hot and dry 
 to the touch and extremely sensitive to percussion. 
 
 Treatment : The shoes must be carefully removed, 
 the animal placed in a box-stall if there is one avail- 
 
38 
 
 able, with an abundant litter. For this purpose tan-bark 
 is recommended. Apply warm linseed poultices, which 
 are to be renewed twice daily. Hot foot baths are also 
 most beneficial. Internally, administer in one dose, 
 6 drachms of powdered aloes in a half pint of raw lin- 
 seed oil. After the action of this physic has passed > 
 give a tablespoonful of baking soda in a pint of water 
 once a day during 6 or 8 days. 
 
 If the cure of founder is not effected within the first 
 8 or 10 days, it then becomes chronic : in which case 
 the hoofs are deformed. This form of the disease is 
 most difficult to cope with and usually its treatment is 
 not followed by satisfactory results- 
 
 TBBUSH 
 
 This disease is characterized by an excessive secre- 
 tion of unhealthy matter from the cleft of the frog. 
 
 Causes : The ordinary cause of thrush is the filthy 
 condition of the stables in which the animals are kept. 
 Colts are especially liable to this disease. There are 
 also other causes such as hard work on rough and stony 
 roads and defective shoeing. Thrush does not neces- 
 sarily lame the horse. 
 
 Treatment : The first measures of treatment must 
 be the removal of the causes and the prevention of 
 their return ; the treatment is simple ; with a shoeing- 
 
knife remove all loose or diseased portions of the frog, 
 great care being taken against wounding the sensitive 
 tissues underlying them, then dress with chimney soot 
 mixed with vinegar, or else bathe the feet in brine. 
 
 The following prescription is also recommended : — 
 
 E. — Sulphate of Iron 3 ounces 
 
 Dissolve a teaspoonful in a quart of water and use 
 as a bath. 
 
 CONTRACTED HEELS 
 
 This is a shrinking of the tissues of the foot, whereby 
 the lateral diameter of the heels in particular, is 
 diminished. 
 
 Causes : Faulty shoeing and thrush. Animals raised 
 in wet or marshy districts, when taken to towns and 
 kept on dry floors, are liable to have contracted heels. 
 
 Symptoms : * Lameness, generally accompanied by 
 intense suffering, the shrinking and narrowing of the 
 heels being most evident. Pain is induced by percus- 
 sion with a hammer. The patients generally “ point. ” 
 
 Treatment : When shoeing, care must be taken that 
 in filing the shoe, the shoeing smith does not bring the 
 hot shoes in contact with the feet as the shoes should be 
 cooled first. The best adopted method of shoeing is ' 
 the one which allows the frog to rest on the ground, the 
 heels being allowed to extend beyond the branches of 
 the shoes. 
 
Give cold foot-baths 2 or 3 times a week, and make 
 use of the following hoof-ointment : 
 
 E. — Pine tar 1 part 
 Turpentine 1 part 
 Lard 5 parts 
 
 Beeswax 2 parts 
 
 Melt over a slow fire, stir until cold and apply to the 
 hoofs 2 or 3 times a week. 
 
 COHNS 
 
 This is an injury to the living horn of the foot, in- 
 volving at the same time the soft tissue beneath : they 
 appear in that part of the sole included m the angle 
 between the bar and the outside wall of the hoof. 
 
 Causes : Faulty shoeing ; shoeing at too long inter- 
 vals, long journeys over hard or stony roads, the col- 
 lection of small stones or dry earth or other objects 
 between the sole and the shoe, finally, the rocking 
 motion of the coffin bone within the hoof may also pro- 
 duce corns, more especially in low flat feet. 
 
 Symptoms : Corns generally induce sufficient pain 
 to cause lameness, this lameness being more intensified 
 when the animal is travelling on a hard road than on 
 wet soft ground. The foot is so brought forward that 
 it is relieved of all weight and the fetlock is flexed 
 until all pressure by the contents of the hoof is removed 
 
41 
 
 from the heels. The heels are very sensitive to per- 
 cussion with a hammer and the use of the shoeing 
 knife will reveal that not only the sole in the angle is 
 found discolored, but, often, the bar and wall adjacent 
 are also stained with the escaped blood. 
 
 In suppurating corns, the pus collects at the point of 
 injury and finally escapes by working a passage way to 
 the top of the hoof, where an opening is made by sepa- 
 ration of the wall from the coronary band at or near the 
 heels : Wide feet with low heels are especially predis- 
 posed to corns. 
 
 Treatment : The cause must be found and removed. 
 If due to the shoe it must be carefully removed ; if due 
 to some foreign body inserted between shoe and foot, 
 remove it at once. Apply warm linseed or bran poul- 
 tices during a couple of days and pare the sole at the 
 seat of the trouble. As soon as the lameness has dis- 
 appeared apply a strong shoe, fitted in such a way that 
 the pressure is relieved from the sore heel. 
 
 SAND-CRACKS 
 
 This is a solution of continuity or fissure in the hors6 
 of the wall of the foot ; sand-cracks are usually found 
 directly in front or near the heels. 
 
 Causes : Faulty shoeing, the contact of hot shoes to 
 the feet whilst shoeing. This has a tendency to drive the 
 natural moisture out of the horn and occasion fissures. 
 
Another and more frequent cause is the unnecessary 
 use of the rasp, by the shoeing smith, on the outer sur- 
 face of the hoofs. 
 
 When sand-cracks are superficial, there is no lameness, 
 but when the cracks are deep, they are generally accom- 
 panied by lameness. 
 
 > 
 
 Treatment : Apply 2 or 3 linseed poultices to soften 
 the horn, then, with a shoeing knife, thin the wall on 
 either side of the fissure, and apply a bar-shoe. After 
 this has been done, remove the hair immediately above 
 the crack and make 2 or 3 good frictions with turpen- 
 tine, or, still better, use the following prescription : 
 
 E. — Powdered Cantharides 1 part 
 Lard 4 parts 
 
 Mix thoroughly aud rub well in with the hand. 
 
 PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF THE FOOT 
 
 These are injuries caused by the penetration of foreign 
 bodies into the sole or the frog. 
 
 Nails are usually the most common instrument by 
 which these injuries are inflicted. 
 
 The wounds are more or less serious according to the 
 depth of penetration and the importance of the tissues 
 involved. 
 
 Treatment : Eemove the shoe and poultice with 
 linseed during 24 hours. Then, with a sharp shoeing 
 
— 43 
 
 knife thin out the sole in the vicinity of the puncture, 
 great care being taken not to draw blood, which might 
 cause the growth of proud-flesh. 
 
 After these preliminaries, bathe in decoctions of red 
 spruce bark or roots and after 3 or 4 days treatment if 
 the animal still appears to suffer and puts no weight on 
 the wounded foot, and more especially if there is a dis- 
 charge from the wound, no time must be lost in con- 
 sulting a veterinarian. 
 
 RING-BONE 
 
 This is the growth of a bony tumor on the ankle. 
 They are often quite apparent (o the eye, but their pre- 
 sence is more easily detected by means of the hand. 
 They usually cause lameness. 
 
 Ring-bones are always grievous and more particu- 
 larly so when they involve the joints. 
 
 Causes : The most frequent is hereditary. In this 
 country, unfortunately, so little intelligent care is taken 
 in the selection of breeding-stock, that the spread of this 
 disease, through hereditary, is allowed to continue. 
 
 Ring-bones can also be the result of injuries, such as 
 blows or slipping on pavements or of many other exter- 
 nal causes. 
 
 Treatment : Absolute rest, the use of the firing 
 iron followed by application of the following blister : 
 
— 44 — 
 
 R. — Biniodine of Mercury 1 part 
 
 Powdered Cantharides 2 parts 
 
 Lard 16 parts 
 
 Take enough of the above ingredients to make two 
 
 ounces, mix thoroughly and rub well in after the use 
 of the firing iron. 
 
 Care must be taken that after the operation and the 
 blistering, that the animal be tied sufficiently short to 
 prevent his biting the seat of pain, nor should he be 
 allowed to lie down for 2 or 3 days. 
 
 At the end of 5 or 6 days apply a good coating of 
 lard over the whole surface. 
 
 SPLINTS 
 
 They are bony enlargements which are developed 
 generally on the inside of the canon-bone, between the 
 knee and the fetlock joints. 
 
 Splints which are close to the knee or the fetlock, are 
 to be feared, as they frequently interfere with the utility 
 of the horse. 
 
 The presence of splints is readily detected by the 
 hand", if they have attained sufficient development, and 
 also by the fact that lameness is apparent when the 
 animal trots and absent at the walk. 
 
 Treatment : The treatment is identical with that of 
 ring-bones. But no treatment should be attempted 
 on splints which do not cause lameness. 
 
— 45 — 
 
 SPRAINS 
 
 A sprain is a more or less complete laceration or 
 yielding of the fibres of muscles, tendons, or of the 
 sheaths surrounding and supporting them. 
 
 The sprain of the fetlock being the most frequently 
 met with and the treatment of sprains in general being 
 identical, we will especially mention only this one. 
 
 Causes : Injuries, blows, falls, violent exertions of 
 strength. 1 
 
 Symptoms : Lameness, more or less intense according 
 to degree of gravity of lesions ; evidence of soreness in 
 the vicinity of the joints ; there is frequently swelling 
 and heat in serious sprains, but little weight rests on the 
 injured limb, as a rule, the fetlock is flexed and when 
 the patient is walking, when the injured leg is sup- 
 porting the weight of the body, it appears to be vacil- 
 lating. 
 
 Treatment : At the beginning, the long continued 
 use of cold water bandages generally produces satis- 
 factory results. But after two or three days, if it be 
 impossible to have a plaster of paris bandage applied, 
 it is advised to prepare one with starch and which must 
 be kept in place for from 15 to 20 days and sometimes 
 more. After that lapse of time, if there is no improve- 
 ment, make use of the following prescription : — 
 
E.— Powdered Cantharides 1 part 
 Lard 4 parts 
 
 Sufficient of each to make 2 ounces. 
 
 Eemove all the hair and rub well in with the hand 
 during 5 minutes. 
 
 For hip, shoulder, loins and pastern lameness, make 
 use of the same ointment. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE TENDONS 
 
 SPRAINS OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS 
 AND FLEXOR TENDONS 
 
 This is characterized by a more or less extensive 
 swelling, reaching from a small spot of the middle of 
 the back of the tendon to a tumefaction reaching from 
 the knee down to and even involving the fetlock itself. 
 
 Symptoms : It is characterized by heat and various 
 degrees of sensitiveness and swelling. At first, the 
 lameness is slight and when at rest the animal does- not 
 appear to suffer any pain, but there is an increase of 
 pain the moment the animal attempts to walk. 
 
 Treatment : Hot water fomentations ; frictions with 
 camphorated alcohol, followed by the application of 
 moderately^tight bandages. 
 
 The most successful treatment is the use of running 
 
— 47 — 
 
 water baths, that is, to stand the animal in a brook 'or 
 small water course for a half hour twice a day. 
 
 If at the end of 12 or 15 days, a complete cure is not 
 effected, make use of the following prescription : — 
 
 R. — Turpentine 1 part 
 
 Olive Oil 4 parts 
 
 Give two good rubbings with this preparation, with 
 an interval of 24 hours between applications. 
 
 The fourth or fifth day apply a good coating of lard. 
 If this treatment is not efficacious, recourse must be had 
 to firing, which operation, however, can only be properly 
 done by a veterinarian. 
 
 WIND-GALLS 
 
 This is the inflammation of the small membranous 
 pockets called synovial bursae found at the joints and 
 tendon sheaths. 
 
 Symptoms : Their most characteristic name indicates 
 their predominating symptom, which is a soft tumor of 
 varying size, according to the amount of secretion that 
 they contain. 
 
 Causes : Long continued and arduous labor over 
 macadamized roads by horses unused to such work. 
 Blows, falls, slipping. 
 
 Treatment : This must be very energetic from the 
 
— 48 — 
 
 very beginning, the application of two or three suc- 
 cessive blisters being recommended. 
 
 Then place the animal in a loose box, having pre- 
 viously had him shod with high calks. 
 
 Internally, administer 2 ounces of sulphate of soda 
 twice daily during 8 or 10 days. 
 
 SPAVINS 
 
 Bone-spavin, to which we will confine our remarks, 
 is a bone tumor growing on the lower portion of the 
 inner s’de of the hock joint. 
 
 This is one of the most serious evils afflicting our 
 equine friends. The majority of our horses are suffering 
 from it, and, however limited the scope of this modest 
 work, we cannot allow this opportunity to pass without 
 emphasizing this point; because this state of affairs has 
 been brought about by the negligence and ignorance of 
 the farming class in general and of the stock-breeders 
 more particularly. In fact, horses suffering from spa- 
 vins, which are hereditary, are daily used for breeding 
 purposes, regardless of the fact that the offspring of 
 such parents must necessarily be inferior and valueless 
 animals. And such things take place not only among 
 our farmers, but also in our public institutions, whose 
 intended purpose it is to ameliorate the quality and 
 standard of the native horse. ' ‘ _ 
 
WOUNDS AND THEIR TREATMENT: 
 
 Wounds are divided into incised or clean cut- 
 wounds ; lacerated or torn wounds ; contused, bruised 
 and punctured wounds. 
 
 Incised wounds are the simplest, and the sharper 
 the instrument and the cleaner the cut the greater the 
 chance of speedy healing. A clean cut wound which 
 has not been exposed to the air and which lodges no 
 foreign body and no septic or infecting germ, will heal 
 readily by simple adhesion, whereas those that have 
 been exposed and contain matter foregin to the tissues, 
 will have healing delayed or prevented by the disturb- 
 ing action of such bodies 
 
 The healing of wounds takes place by the following 
 modes, viz : 
 
 1. By primary adhesion : — Union by this means 
 may be affected within 24 hours after the wound has 
 been inflicted. Of all domestic animals, however, the 
 horse is the least prone to such union, being more dis- 
 posed to the formation of pus. 
 
 2. By granulation : — This is the common form of 
 healing in raw, exposed sores, in those containing 
 foreign bodies and septic and infecting ferments, also 
 in torn and contused wounds. In this form, the new 
 tissue, as formed, undergoes a steady contraction, draw- 
 ing in the adjacent skin over the wound, and this ex- 
 
plains why in the case of large wounds healed in this 
 way, the skin is more or less puckered around them. 
 
 3. By Scabbing : — In which the discharge on the 
 surface of the wound dries up into a firm scab, under 
 which the process of repair goes on by the develop- 
 ment of tissue from the deeper cells, as in adhesion. 
 
 In treating clean, incised wounds, attempts should be 
 made to secure healing by primary adhesion, even in 
 the horse. Bleeding should first be arrested, or nearly 
 so, by applying a cold or hot sponge, or by tying bleeding 
 vessels, and the lips of the wound should then be 
 closed accurately, without any twisting or overlapping. 
 In small wounds, pieces of sticking plaster may be 
 used, the lips of the wound having first been smoothly 
 shaved, so that they may adhere finally. In larger 
 wounds the wound may be sewed with a curved surgi- 
 cal needle and a silk thread dipped in a solution of 
 carbolic acid. The stitches may be continued from 
 end to end of the wound, and the thread prevented 
 from slipping and loosening by a knot at each end ; or 
 the stitches may be independent, the two ends being 
 tied together across the wound. In such cases they 
 may be from one-quarter to one third of an inch apart ; 
 or the lips of the wound may be pinned together, the 
 pins in a simple skin wound being inserted one-eight 
 of an inch from the edge and when both lips have been 
 
— 51 — 
 
 transfixed in this way, a thread, or horse hair, carried 
 successively around the two ends of the pin and made 
 to describe a figure 8 will hold the wound closed. 
 
 O 
 
 When efforts at primary union have failed and pus 
 has formed, and the lips gape more or less, some anti- 
 septic dressing will be required, as in the case of lacer- 
 ated and contused wounds. 
 
 In cases where an incised wound has had foreign 
 bodies or septic ferments introduced into it, these should 
 first be removed. A current of water that has been 
 boiled and cooled is one of the best methods of cleans- 
 ing a wound, and there is no objection to the addition 
 of one-twentieth of its amount of carbolic acid, as this 
 will tend to destroy any germ life that might otherwise 
 prove fatal to the healing process. Then the wound 
 may be stitched up as if it had been clean, and a daily 
 dressing of carbolic acid 1 part and sweet oil 10 parts 
 may be applied. 
 
 For a wound on the convex surface of a joint, where 
 stitches are not sufficient to keep the lips applied to 
 each other, the movement of the joint may be tempo- 
 rarily abolished by the application of a splint and ban- 
 dage, and in any such case the bandage should be 
 applied uniformly from the hoof upward, as otherwise 
 the limb below the bandage is liable to swell or even 
 die. The treatment of contused, punctured, and lacer- 
 
— 52 — 
 
 ated wounds demands cleansing and antiseptic applica- 
 tions as for an incised wound, but as primary adhesion 
 is next to impossible, the same accurate apposition of 
 the lips by stitching is not so essential. If portions of 
 skin or other tissue are so detached or crushed that they 
 cannot possibly live, they may be cut off, but if there 
 is any doubt on this matter, the injured portion should 
 be left and every attempt should be made to preserve 
 it. Such portions of the wound as are free from such 
 fatally injured parts may be disinfected by the carbolic 
 lotions referred to above, and stitched up like a clean 
 wound. The severely injured parts may be left open 
 to discharge and the whole may be dressed daily with 
 the carbolized oil, or with a solution of one part of mer- 
 curic chloride in one thousand parts of water. 
 
 Granulating wounds may be irrigated with the mer- 
 curic chlor’1 3 solution and if the granulations become 
 inflamed and rising above the edges of the" wound, they 
 may be touched lightly with a stick of lunar caustic so 
 as to have them covered with a white film. 
 
 In all wounds that fail to heal by primary union an 
 elaborate antiseptic treatment is desirable, but the 
 difficulty of applying this successfully to the horse in 
 an ordinary stable would seem to forbid a lengthy 
 description in a book of this kind. 
 
AGE OF THE HORSE 
 
 The following plates will give a general insight into 
 how to -determine the age of horses : — 
 
 The horse has 12 incisors, 6 in the upper and 6 in 
 the lower jaws. They are subdivided into “ pincers,” 
 “ intermediates ” and “corners.” 
 
 On colts the pincers make their]appearance|before or 
 a few days after birth ; the intermediates 4 to 6 weeks 
 after birth; the corners 6 to 9 months after birth. 
 
— 54 — 
 
 Replacement of the Incisors. 
 
 The pincers 
 
 at years 
 
 The intermediates 
 
 at 3J lc 
 
 The corners 
 
 at 4i “ 
 
 The pincers are levelled at 6 years ; the interme- 
 diates at 7 years ; the corners at 8 years. 
 
 After this age has been attained, the veterinarian is 
 the only competent authority who can determine the 
 age. 
 
56 
 
_rr~ - \ 
 
 — 57 — 
 
THE COW 
 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS 
 
 CATARRH 
 
 This is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
 the nasal chambers. 
 
 Exposure to cold is the most frequent cause ; if 
 catarrh is neglected, the inflammation can readily spread 
 to the lungs and cause bronchitis and pneumonia. 
 
 This disease can also be caused by draughts, damp- 
 ness, and defective stable drainage. 
 
— 59 — 
 
 Symptoms : There is generally fever, the mouth is 
 hot, the muzzle dry, the horns are warm, the ears cold. 
 The animal sneezes and sometimes coughs. The nasal 
 discharge is watery. 
 
 Treatment : Place the animal in a well ventilated 
 and. comfortable stable. If there is constipation, ad- 
 minister a half pint of castor oil or of melted lard. If 
 there is diarrhoea, give large quantities of lime water. 
 
 Compel the animal to inhale steam from boiling 
 water. You may use also the following prescription ; 
 
 E. — Nitrate of Potash, 3 ounces 
 
 Muriate of Ammonia, 3 ounces 
 
 Tincture aconite, 3 drachms 
 
 Sufficient water to make one quart. Give a table- 
 spoonful of this mixture every 4 hours until cured. 
 
 Mustard .blisters may also be applied to the throat. 
 
 Allow the animal all the cold water it may want. 
 
 LARYNGITIS 
 
 This is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
 the larynx. 
 
 This disease is easily complicated with pneumonia. 
 
 Causes : Similar to those of catarrh ; in addition to 
 these, it may be due to the introduction of irritating 
 bodies in the throat. 
 
 Symptoms : General uneasiness and dullness, the 
 head is extended, the throat swollen and sensitive, the 
 
— 60 — 
 
 mouth hot. There is always more or less cough and 
 an increased flow of saliva. 
 
 There is loss of appetite and the animal does not 
 lie down. 
 
 Treatment : The application of mustard blisters to 
 the throat once a day during 2 days. 
 
 After these, if the inflammation still persists, then 
 apply warm linseed poultices. 
 
 Give about 2 tablespoonfuls of saltpetre in the drink- 
 ing water twice a day. Feed on grass or roots if 
 practicable. 
 
 This is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
 the bronchial tubes. 
 
 Causes : The exposure to cold is the principal cause, 
 but it can also be a sequel to catarrh or sore throat. 
 
 Symptoms : The disease appears suddenly ; the 
 
 breathing is rapid, the cough is loud, deep and appar- 
 ently painful. 
 
 After a few hours, the pulse, which remains full, 
 may beat up to 80 pulsations per minute. The tem- 
 perature rises as high as 106 3 F. The muzzle and 
 
 E. — Chlorate of Potash 
 Water, 
 
 Gargle 4 or 5 times a day. 
 
 4 ounces 
 1 quart 
 
 BEOJSrCHLTIS 
 
61 — 
 
 the horns near the head are warm, whilst the ears and 
 the legs are cold. The animal does not lie down. 
 
 Treatment : Apply mustard blisters to the sides, 
 immediately back of the fore-legs, these blisters to 
 cover a space of about a foot square. 
 
 R. — Mineral Kermes, 3 ounces 
 
 Spirits of Nitrous Ether, 5 ounces 
 Tincture Aconite, 5 drachms 
 
 Sufficient water to make one quart. 
 
 Dose : Two tablespoonfuls every 4 hours. 
 
 PNEUMONIA 
 
 Is 
 
 Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung tissue. 
 
 Causes : Exposures to sudden changes of temperature* 
 
 It is also a frequent complication, or rather sequel 
 of catarrh, laryngitis and bronchitis. 
 
 Either only one or both lungs may be affected. 
 
 Symptoms : At the beginning, there are generally 
 chills, which, however, as a rule, pass unobserved. 
 
 Breathing is rapid and the animal appears to be out 
 of breath, the coat is rough, there is cessation of the 
 chewing of the cud, the appetite is capricious and finally 
 the animals refuse food, accompanied by the loss of milk 
 with the cows. The pulse is full, rapid, soft. It may 
 beat to 90 pulsations per minute. 
 
 The temperature may vary from 104° to 107° F. 
 
— 62 — 
 
 Where there is congestion, death may take place 
 during the first few days. And when there is nor appar- 
 ent improvement on the fourth or fifth day, the case may 
 be considered a serious one. 
 
 Treatment: Mustard blisters on the sides and use 
 the following prescription : 
 
 B. — Spirits of Nitrous Ether, 4 ounces 
 
 Tincture Aconite, 2 drachms 
 
 Fluid Extract Belladonna, 4 drachms 
 
 Nitrate of Potash, 2 ounces 
 
 Ammonia Muriate, 2 ounces 
 
 Water. — A sufficient quantity to make one quart. 
 
 Dose. — Two tablespoonfuls, in a little water, every 3 
 or 4 hours until recovery of animal. 
 
 PLEURISY 
 
 This is the inflammation of the serous membrane 
 lining the thoracic cavity and the lungs. 
 
 Causes : Dampness of the stable, wet and marshy 
 pastures and all the divers causes enumerated when 
 speaking of pneumonia. 
 
 Bovines are especially predisposed to contracting this 
 disease. 
 
 Symptoms : More or less fever, breathing is not only 
 rapid but also very painful, and the animal shows signs 
 of actual suffering. 
 
 
— 63 
 
 The back is*roached, the pulse quick, small and hard. 
 The sides are extremely sensitive to* the touch. The 
 muzzle is dry ; the cough painful ; the animal does 
 not lie down and moves about with the greatest diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 Treatment : Give two teaspoonfuls of saltpetre every 
 3 hours : to this add a tablespoonful of baking soda 3 
 times a day. Apply mustard blisters to the sides. 
 
 When this treatment has been continued 3 days, 
 follow witli 
 
 R. — Infusion of Gentian, 
 
 1 pint 
 
 Powdered Ginger, 
 
 1 drachm 
 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, 
 
 1 drachm 
 
 Molasses, 
 
 2 ounces 
 
 Water, 
 
 1 pint 
 
 Mix the whole and administer in 
 repeated 3 times a day. 
 
 one dose, 
 
— 64 — 
 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE DKGANS 
 
 TYMPANITIS : {Accumulation of gases in the 
 
 stomach) 
 
 Causes : Indigestion due to food of inferior quality 
 or too dry. It may be brought about by the presence 
 of foreign bodies in the oesophagus, or it may be caused 
 by over feeding with green food, such as clover or 
 alfalfa. 
 
 The most characteristic symptom is the swelling out 
 of the left flank ; by striking it with the hand in front 
 of the haunch a drum-like sound is elicited. 
 
 Breathing becomes more and more labored as the 
 accumulation of gases increases. The nostrils are dil- 
 ated, the animal appears.uneasy, agitated, lies down, only 
 to rise again after a moment, and unless prompt help is 
 forthcoming, the animal soon dies by asphyxia. 
 
 Treatment : The treatment must be both prompt 
 and energetic. If a trocar is not available, (instrument 
 with which to puncture) use an ordinary penknife 
 which must be driven into the left flank, at an equal 
 .distance from the hip bone, the last rib and the trans- 
 versal processes of the lumbar vertebra (back bone.) 
 
 After the gases have been made to escape by punc- 
 turing, administer a light physic such as : 
 
 
— 65 — 
 
 R. — Sulphate of Magnesia, 1| pounds. 
 Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 ounce. 
 
 Dissolve in a pint of warm water and a gill of syrup. 
 Administer the whole in one dose. 
 
 Rigorous diet during the following 2 or 3 days. 
 
 CONS TIP A TION 
 
 There is a delay in the expulsion of the defecation. 
 
 It is frequently the symptom of some other disease, 
 and is often followed by, or rather, complicated by colics 
 and inflammation of the bowels. 
 
 Treatment : Give large quantities of salt water, and 
 as a laxative, give a pint of raw linseed oil. 
 
 Warm water and soap injections are beneficial. 
 
 R. — Powdered Nux Vomica, 1 ounce. 
 Bicarbonate of Soda, 3 ounces. 
 Divide into 12 powders and give one powder night 
 and morning in warm bran mashes. 
 
 DIAPBHCEA 
 
 It is especially frequent in young calves and ordi- 
 narily makes its appearance between the tenth ^and 
 fifteenth day after birth. 
 
 R. — Powdered Opium, 1 drachm. 
 
 Prepared Chalk, 6 ounces. 
 
 Divide into 12 powders and’ give one powder night 
 and morning. 
 
— 66 — 
 
 To the above can be added 2 tablespoonfuls of lime 
 water twice a day administered in boiled milk. 
 
 DYSENTERY 
 
 This is an aggravated form of diarrhoea, attended 
 with fever and occasional abdominal pain ; the large 
 intestines are generally the seat of this trouble. 
 
 Symptoms : There is general uneasiness, loss of appe- 
 tite, dullness, occasional colics with frequent straining 
 to satisfy the desire of emptying the bowels; the dis- 
 charges are offensive and for the most part liquid. 
 
 The discharges are coffee-coloured or bloody ; diges- 
 tion is impaired ; the eyes are congested ; the back is 
 roached. This disease may last from 2 to 8 days. 
 
 Treatment : Absolute diet ; large quantities of rice 
 water ; mustard blister to the abdomen ; injection of 
 gruel. 
 
 R. — Medicinal Salt, .6 ounces. 
 
 Powdered Gentian, \ ounce. 
 
 Powdered Opium, 1 drachm. 
 
 Give the whole in one dose, to be repeated every day 
 for b or 4 days. 
 
 PERITONITIS 
 
 This is the inflammation of the serous membrane 
 lining the cavity of and covering the organs contained 
 within the abdomen. 
 
— 67 — 
 
 Causes : The most usual are : Blows, sudden changes 
 of temperature, or it may be the sequel to surgical 
 operations. 
 
 Symptoms : The animal remains standing and looks 
 backward toward its flanks, and the flanks are drawn up. 
 Pressure on the belly produces acute pain ; the animal 
 moves with a. stiff or sore gait. Breathing is rapid, the 
 pulse quick and the temperature high. 
 
 Treatment : Give 1J pounds of medicinal salt to 
 which may be added one ounce of ginger and adminis- 
 ter in one dose, the whole being dissolved in a quart of 
 water. 
 
 R. — Camphor, 2 drachms. 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, \ ounce. 
 
 Ammonia Acetate, 4 ounces. 
 
 Dissolve the camphor in the sulphuric ether, then 
 
 add the ammonia and administer the whole in one dose 
 in gruel. 
 
 H (EM A T (Jill A 
 
 Hoematuria is often the symptom of the nephritis 
 and the cystitis. When there is no symptoms of inflam- 
 mation in the kidneys or -in the bladder, hoematuria 
 seems to be then an essential disease, result of an 
 alteration of the blood. .Causes may derive from dry 
 forages, bad alimentation, alterated constitution due to 
 
an abundant secretion of milk and ingestion of pimples 
 of oak or beech-tree. 
 
 Treatment : An alimentation of good quality but 
 given at small rations, which may be gradually increas- 
 ed, use of kitchen common salt in the forages, as con- 
 diment, but not every day. The tincture of iron in a 
 tablespoonful dose in a mashed bran, twice a day, is 
 also recommended. 
 
 ANTHRAX {Black Leg) 
 
 This is a severe and usually contagious disease, 
 caused by the admission of bacteria into the animal's 
 body, which produces a profound alteration of the blood, 
 characterized by the destruction of the red blood cor- 
 puscles. 
 
 It affects all animals exposed to its contagion, but it 
 has been especially observed that animals pasturing in 
 low or ma -shy countries are more frequently affected. 
 This is explained by the fact that marshy lands dry out 
 during the heat of summer and are then covered with 
 light rains. 
 
 Symptoms : Death is sometimes so sudden that it 
 takes place before the observation of any symptoms of 
 illness. At other times, the disease may run for a 
 couple of days. In such cases, the disease is generally 
 ushered in by violent chills. The underside' of the 
 
69 — 
 
 eye-lids are congested, breathing is rapid and finally 
 the case terminates fatally. 
 
 It is needless to say that the flesh of such animals 
 is unfit for human consumption. 
 
 Again, the disease may run for 5 or 6 days, in such 
 cases, there is a faint hope of an ultimate recovery. 
 
 Note: In France and in the other countries where 
 preventative inoculations have been employed, the dis- 
 ease has nearly disappeared. 
 
 There is practically no treatment to be indicated or 
 recommended against anthrax, although consultation 
 with a veterinarian may be conclusive to the adoption 
 of efficacious preventative measures. 
 
 One important matter to the stock owners is that of 
 deeply burying the carcasses of animals who have died 
 of black leg. 
 
 ACTINOMYCES ( Lumpy Jaw) 
 
 Infectious disease of cattle caused by a ray fungus 
 (actinomyces). The last few years have seen the 
 spreading of this disease in Canada. 
 
 Symptoms : The evolution of this disease is extremely 
 slow. An animal may be affected with it during several 
 months and still retain a healthy appearance. 
 
 The first apparent symptom, and this after the animal 
 has become emaciated, is the inflammation of the throat, 
 which may assume such proportions as to cause death. 
 
— 70 — 
 
 The most noticeable symptoms are tumors which 
 appear at the throat or on the lower jaw-bone. These 
 are often accompanied by a discharge. 
 
 The disease may also spread to the internal organs. 
 In certain cases, hard blows may produce swellings 
 somewhat analogous to those of actinomyces, and one 
 must be guarded against mistaking the one for the 
 other. An easy way to facilitate the diagnosis is to 
 remember that when the tumor is the result of a blow 
 or an accident, that the general condition of the animal 
 remains unimpaired. 
 
 Treatment : Give \ drachm doses of lodidb of Po- 
 tash twice a day and externally make use of 
 
 R. — Powdered Iodide of Potash, 1 ounce. 
 
 Lard, 4 ounces. 
 
 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE OESOPHAGUS 
 
 This accident is of frequent occurrence' in cattle whose 
 food, consisting often of potatoes or turnips, are not 
 always sufficiently masticated to allow' them to pass 
 down easily into the stomach. 
 
 In cases of this kind, the animal attempts to vomit 
 alternately wdth efforts to swallow; There is cough 
 and the discharge by the mouth of frothy matter : there 
 is distension of the belly caused by an accumulation of 
 gases, and unless immediate help is forthcoming the 
 animal soon dies by asphyxia. 
 
— 71 — 
 
 Treatment : When the above symptoms have been 
 observed, it will be well to feel the throat so as^to 
 ascertain the exact location of the obstruction, then to 
 press gently upwards so as to push up whatever is 
 causing the trouble Another way is to introduce the 
 hand through the mouth into the throat, to seize the 
 foreign body and pull it out. This can be done without 
 danger. 
 
 If injury to the hand is feared, place a small board 
 in which a hole sufficiently large to allow the hand and 
 arm to pass has been made, transversely in the animal's 
 mouth. 
 
 If it be found to be impossible to remove the foreign 
 body, then try to push it down into the stomach^with 
 any suitable instrument. 
 
 The once popular method of crushing the foreign body 
 by means of pincers or betweeli two mallets is not to 
 be recommended. 
 
 FRACTURE OF THE HORNS 
 
 If the fracture is only partial, it may be remedied 
 by splinting the horns and immobilizing them by means 
 of a yoke. 
 
 If the fracture is complete, amputate and dress" with 
 oakum or flax saturated with alcohol. 
 
LICE 
 
 How can these be prevented ? Farmers should, at 
 least once a year, whitewash the interior of all their 
 buildings. 
 
 ; Enforce the most scrupulous cleanliness in the care 
 of the animals. 
 
 Treatment : Boil half a pound of black tobacco in 
 two gallons of water and sponge the animal with this 
 infusion, from head to tail. 
 
 The following prescription is also recommended : — 
 B. — Benzine, 1 part. 
 
 Olive Oil, 1 part. 
 
 Mix well and use as fc preceding preparation. 
 
 COW-FOX 
 
 This disease is an eruptive affection of the teats and 
 udder, accompanied by more or less fever. 
 
 ' c It may be transmitted to human beings by inocula- 
 tion. This disease is the source from which is obtained 
 the vaccine used in human medicine as a preventative 
 against small-pox. 
 
 Treatment : The only treatment to be recommended 
 is a strict adherence to the rule of the most rigorous 
 hygiene. Use may also be made of a decoction of 
 walnut leaves. 
 
 Cows affected with this disease should not be milked 
 
— 73 — 
 
 by hand, but rather, with a milking syphon, and this 
 for the reason that there is danger of inoculation to the 
 milker which may then contaminate the whole herd. 
 
 DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF 
 REPRODUCTION 
 
 GESTATION 
 
 Gestation begins immediately after the intercourse of 
 the male with the female, that is to say, immediately 
 after the fecundation following an effective copulation. 
 Gestation is thus that period of time extending from 
 the fecundation to the parturition or birth of the foetus. 
 This period is of varying length, according to different 
 breeds and individuals. 
 
 The extreme limit of time is from 300 to 340 days, 
 but the average duration of gestation is usually 280 
 days. 
 
 As soon as a cow is pregnant, material changes can 
 be observed in her ordinary habits and behavior. It is 
 generally more tractable, kindlier, and seems slower 
 and mofe careful in its movements. 
 
 At pasture she has a tendency to isolate herself and 
 o especially shun the bull. If this latter is in the 
 
74 — 
 
 herd it is well to, remove him as soon as the period of 
 heat is passed. Otherwise, without this wise precau- 
 tion he might worry the cows and cause them to mis- 
 carry, which accidents are always annoying and often 
 accompanied with danger. 
 
 The pregnant cows should be treated with care. They 
 must never be hurried into or out of the stable, more 
 especially so where stable doors are narrow. 
 
 As gestation advances, blows and knocks on the belly 
 may prove fatal. 
 
 During the winter especially, the mode of feeding 
 must be modified. Thus it is recommended to give as 
 little as possible of those food-stuffs which, whilst bulky, 
 afford but little nutrition, such as straw for instance. On 
 the other hand, it will be well to increase the rations of 
 nutritive food, such as the oats. 
 
 It will also be well to ascertain positively the preg- 
 nancy of the cows. But this can be easily done only 
 about the fifth month. For this purpose, apply the 
 flat of the hand on the right flank, then give a sharp 
 push inwards. After a moment or two the sensation of 
 a hard body coining against the palm of the hanl will 
 be felt, thus showing the presence of a foetus within 
 the womb. 
 
 Or again, give the cow a few mouthfuls of cold water, 
 after which, by carefully examining the right flank, a 
 
 
— 75 — 
 
 rounded body will be noticed moving backward and 
 forward within the abdomen. 
 
 If a first examination fails to reveal the presence of a 
 foetus the same means may be employed a few days 
 later. There are cows on which it is impossible to 
 ascertain pregnancy before the sixth or the seventh 
 month. 
 
 PARTURITION 
 
 As the termination of pregnancy approaches, there 
 is an increase in the volume of the mamma which fills 
 with milk. The croup looks hollow as do the flanks : 
 there is tumefaction of the vulva ; increase of space be- 
 tween the labial, which becomes soft and flabby, allowing 
 the escape of a viscid, glairy mucus, then as parturition 
 is at hand the “ water bag” appears. As the calving 
 begins, the cow generally lies down; the pains become 
 more severe and increase in violence until the final 
 expulsion of the foetus. This may be termed normal 
 parturition. 
 
 The cow then gets up and following the details of 
 her maternal instinct, at once begins to lick and attend 
 her progeny. 
 
 It is very important that the calf be given the very 
 first milk from the mother, as this milk acts as a laxative, 
 which soon clears the intestinal canal of the new born. 
 
 If the calf is not sufficiently strong to do so himself, 
 
— 76 — 
 
 he must be brought to his mother, or else the cow 
 should be milked and this first milk given to the calf. 
 
 However, parturition is sometimes accompanied by 
 difficulties and complications. 
 
 Thus, if at the end of the first half hour’s labor, the 
 expulsion of the foetus has not taken place, it will, 
 then be necessary to assist the cow. To accomplish 
 this purpose, it is well to select a person known to the 
 cow, one who feeds or milks her for instance. The 
 less noise and the smaller the number of persons around 
 the patient the better. As soon as the legs appear in 
 the passage it will be well to exercise a slow continuous 
 traction on them, avoiding sudden jerks. This traction 
 is especially helpful during the expulsion efforts. 
 
 Should half an hour of this work lead to no result 
 then the internal conditions must be ascertained. For 
 this purpose, a sufficient amount of warm water must 
 be available, then after oiling the arm and hand with 
 olive oil, introduce them into the passage to ascertain 
 the exact position of the foetus. 
 
 If the hind legs are presenting themselves, try to 
 turn the calf so* as to bring the fore legs and head into 
 the passage, after which, proceed as indicated above. 
 
 When it is found to be impossible to change the 
 position of the foetus, and if no skilled help is available, 
 then endeavor to bring the calf out, hind parts foremost. 
 
— 77 — 
 
 ABORTION 
 
 This is the expulsion of the foetus before the full 
 period of gestation. 
 
 Causes : Blows, crowding through narrow doors. The 
 ingestion of poisonous weeds may also cause abortion. 
 These are the ordinary causes, but it happens at times 
 that not only one cow but whole herds abort, in which 
 case we have what is termed “ epizootic 99 abortion to 
 deal with and the help and advice of the veterinarian 
 must be sought at once, he alone being able to deter- 
 mine and detect the causes of the outbreak of abortion, 
 which may be due to a microbe or to the fact 'that the 
 herd is affected with tuberculosis. 
 
 RETENTION OF THE ENVELOPE {Placenta) 
 
 If, on the day following the calving, the cow has not 
 dropped the envelope, make injections of warm water 
 or else tie a 4 or 5 pound weight to the protruding 
 portion of the envelope. Internally, give one ounce 
 of anise seed boiled in a pint of water and cooled or 
 R. — Rye ergot, 8 drachms. 
 
 Administer in sweetened water. 
 
 If these means fail to bring about the desired result, 
 then recourse to the mechanical removal of the placenta 
 must be resorted to. This requires the presence of ♦a 
 veterinarian. 
 
— 78 — 
 
 INVERSION OF THE UTERUS 
 Falling down of the calf -bed 
 
 This is usually a sequel to parturition and generally 
 takes place immediately after calving. 
 
 ; A clean bed-sheet must be secured and disposed in 
 su.ch a manner as to receive the womb and prevent its 
 contact with the floor or bedding. If it is soiled, it 
 must be thoroughly cleansed with tepid water. 
 
 Then, assisted by one or two persons, endeavor to 
 push in the womb, but- this must be done with the 
 greatest of care, so as to avoid wounding those globular 
 growths found on the surface of the womb. 
 
 This operation ended, it is advisable to place the 
 animal on ground elevated behind, so that the hind 
 quarters may be higher than the fore. 
 
 It is also recommended to make use of a suitable 
 bandage or truss, so as to remove any recurrence of 
 the accident. 
 
 A few days of strict diet are recommended. 
 
 MILK FEVER 
 
 This disease, with which most cattle-owners are un- 
 fortunately familiar, is a disease peculiar to cows and 
 generally appears after parturition, but may in excep- 
 tional cases appear before the birth of the calf. 
 
79 — 
 
 Symptoms : The attack usually takes place suddenly 
 from one to three days after calving. Strange to say 
 it has been obs( rved that this disease more especially 
 follows normal and easy parturition. 
 
 There is loss of appetite ; cessation of the chewing of 
 the cud, loss of power or partial paralysis of the hind 
 quarters. At last the animal sinks down, the head is 
 thrown back to her side, the muzzle resting on the litter. 
 
 The skin is al ernately warm and cold, the coat is 
 staring, the muzzle is dry and hot, the eyes closed, the 
 pulse is accelerated and small. There is persistent 
 constipation and retention of urine. At times the 
 animal moans. 
 
 Tkeatment : Administer one and a half pounds of 
 medicinal salts, to which add one ounce of powdered 
 ginger and a gill of syrup, the whole to be dissolved 
 in a pint of warm water and administered in one dose. 
 
 Hot water and soap injections are beneficial. 
 
 Medical perscription : 
 
 R. — Spirits of Nitrous Ether, 3 ounces. 
 
 Tincture Aconite, 20 drops. 
 
 Linseed tea, 1 pint. 
 
 Give the whole in one dose, to be repeated every 4 
 hours. 
 
PARAL TSIS OF CO WS AFTER PARTURITION 
 
 This disease appears suddenly immediately after 
 calving. There is cessation of the appetite and of the 
 chewing of the cud, weakness, the animal seems to 
 totter or remains lying on its litter. This weakness, 
 however, seems to be localized to the hind parts. The 
 cow becomes almost insensible to the touch or to pin 
 thrusts. In some cases, convulsions have been observed, 
 the abdomen is distended, the patient moans, etc., etc. 
 
 Treatment : Eub the vertebral eolumn with a lini- 
 ment composed of 
 
 Turpentine, 3 parts* 
 
 • Linseed or Olive Oil, 1 part. 
 
 Apply ice to the head and administer internally one 
 pint of raw linseed oil. But the most efficacious treat- 
 ment is a copious blood-letting at the tail. 
 
 MAM MI TIS 
 
 Inflammation of the udder. 
 
 Causes : Exposure to cold, blows, falls or the bruising 
 resulting from the butting of the calf whilst sucking. 
 
 Treatment: At the beginning, a rigorous diet. Milk 
 the cow three or four times a day and this with much 
 care and gentleness. 
 
 Administer internally. 
 
— 81 — 
 
 R. — Sulphate of Soda, 8 ounces. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash, 2 drachms. 
 
 Twice a day during two days. 
 
 Externally, apply warm linseed poultices to the 
 udder, these poultices to be renewed 3 or 4 times a day, 
 With these, use the following prescription. 
 
 R. — Gum Camphor, 2 ounces. 
 
 Olive Oil, 16 ounces. 
 
 Mix thoroughly and rub well into the udder twice a 
 day. . 
 
 HORN-FLIES '"'51 
 
 These are small black flies, about one third the size 
 of the ordinary house flies. It would be superfluous 
 to describe them more exhaustively, as they are "well 
 known to all farmers. 
 
 They usually confine their attacks to the horns 
 though they are sometimes observed on the other por- 
 tions of the body. 
 
 Treatment : — Oil and tallow are the ordinary ingre- 
 dients used. The following prescription may also be, 
 used : — 
 
 Coal Oil, 2 parts. 
 
 Soap Suds, 1 part. 
 
 To this add 9 times the same quantity of water, the 
 whole to be mixed well together by means of a syringe 
 and applied with a sponge or, still better, with an atomizer. 
 
— 82 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 It has been demonstrated beyond doubt, and it is now 
 generally admitted by the medical profession that tuber- 
 culosis of man and cattle is identical. This theory 
 being established and the contagiousness of the disease 
 from cattle to man being also admitted, the question 
 naturally presents itself : Is the public fully acquainted 
 with the nature of tuberculosis, its mode of propaga- 
 tion, and its devastating propensities ? I say no, and 
 I think it a pity that, so far, but very little has been • 
 said or done to warn or guard our population against 
 this dread enemy. 
 
 In order to successfully combat an adversary, it is of 
 the utmost importance that we be thoroughly acquaint- 
 ed with its character, its resources, its force of resistance 
 and attack. With this end in view, permit me to en- 
 deavor briefly to outline the nature of this disease 
 among our lower animals, or rather more particularly 
 our bovine friends. And it being constantly carried in 
 mind what I have already stated, that tuberculosis, or 
 consumption, of man and cattle is identical, the close re- 
 lationship is easily and readily perceived. 
 
 While looking around me for material with which to 
 work/I came across a pamphlet written on this subject, 
 published in 1895 by the Iowa Agricultural College. 
 
83 — 
 
 1 found the work in this publication so well done and 
 so infinitely superior in all respects to everything I 
 have yet seen on the subject, that I have eagerly avail- 
 ed myself of the opportunity of embodying a good por- 
 tion of it in my work ; to this I have added here and 
 there a few comments. 
 
 Origin of the Disease in Canada 
 
 It is quite impossible to trace accurately the appear- 
 ance of this disease in Canada. We have known of its 
 existence among onr cattle for many years, and un- 
 doubtedly it traces back to a very early period in the 
 history of our cattle industry. We first became acquaint- 
 ed with it in herds of well-bred cattle ; especially those 
 that were represented by imported individuals. Com- 
 paratively little was known at the time of the history of 
 and the real danger from the disease and nothing of the 
 modern methods of detection. Thus it may safely be 
 presumed that the introduction of imported animals was 
 doubtless an important factor in the introduction of the 
 disease. 
 
 How the Infection is Extended 
 
 A living organism, the bacillus tuberculosis is the 
 reproductive agent which gives rise to the disease. When 
 this germ finds lodgment in suitable tissues, and is un- 
 interrupted by any antiseptic agent or opposing force, 
 
jt tends to multiply with a certain degree of rapidity, 
 and the result, in the affected tissue, is the deposit of 
 tubercle. Any organ of the body may be assailed, 
 though lymphatic and other glandular tissues, the lungs, 
 liver and spleen are parts particularly prone to be the 
 ^eat of the disease. Any affected animal becomes a 
 centre of infection from which the disease may spread. 
 Its distribution is never rapid, but a single case in a 
 herd is certain to be followed by others in the course of 
 time if unrestricted co-habitation is allowed. The 
 bacilli are coughed up or expelled from the body through 
 other channels. These may be at once conveyed to the 
 body of a susceptible animal, or they may lie in a dried 
 and dormant condition for months and be revived into 
 activity when implanted in a suitable soil. Every 
 individual going out from an affected herd becomes a 
 menace to the animals with which it is brought in con- 
 tact. .Doubtless the sale of breeding stock has had 
 more to do with the general distribution of the disease 
 than any other one agency. A general indictment 
 cannot be entered against the breeding stock of the 
 country, but many of our breeders can testify to the 
 trouble they have experienced in their endeavor to free 
 their herds from the scourge. 
 
Influence of management on extending infection 
 
 The fact is admitted by investigators generally, that 
 the character of the buildings exerts a certain influence 
 either for or against the dissemination of the disease. 
 It is an universally admitted fact that cattle kept in ill- 
 ventilat'ed underground barns, with inadequate air 
 space, furnish favorable conditions for increased con- 
 tamination. This fact has been emphasized to the 
 extent that some have come to the conclusion that this 
 cause alone furnishes practically all the explanation 
 that is necessary to account for the disease in our herds. 
 Such is not the case. Bad sanitary conditions can no 
 more originate the specific poison or tuberculosis .than 
 the virus of small-pox can be developed by the same 
 methods. Both diseases may be aggravated and the 
 cases multiplied by such exposure, but neither disease 
 can be so generated. It is by no means true that 
 extensive invasion of any given herd is to be found 
 only when the animals are kept under such conditions. 
 Some of the very worst outbreaks investigated were 
 confined to animals that had never been kept in barns. 
 If an infected individual is brought ‘into a herd of per- 
 fectly healthy animals, it becomes a menace to the 
 health of that herd, no matter what the conditions are, 
 under which the cattle are kept, so long as they co- 
 habit in an unrestricted way. In support of the theory, 
 
— 86 
 
 that sanitary conditions alone, cannot stay or produce 
 tuberculosis, let me mention in a casual manner the 
 outbreak of tuberculosis recently reported at the experi- 
 mental farm of Ottawa. Surely, the beat of hygiene 
 and sanitation are supposed to reign supreme in this 
 place, nevertheless, behold the report. 
 
 Let no man flatter himself that his herd is safe in 
 the presence of a single case of tuberculosis, no matter 
 what the extent of acres over which they may range. 
 True, these favorable conditions will lessen the chances 
 of infection, but they cannot remove them. 
 
 What are the symptoms of the disease? 
 
 It is a difficult question to answer, because of the 
 extent of detail involved in making a full statement of 
 the case. From what has been previously said on the 
 question, it will be understood that almost any organ of 
 the body may be the seat of the disease. The symp- 
 toms will be correspondingly various. The pulmonary 
 type, or that form of the disease in which the lungs 
 are extensively affected, may be said to be the typical 
 form. In nearly all the cases, where the disease is 
 allowed to run its course, the evidence of lung affection 
 will become apparent before death xelieves the animal. 
 This form of the disease is attended with difficult res- 
 piration, high temperature, frequent and feeble pulse, 
 painful cough, failure of milk, emaciation, diarrhoea. 
 
— 87 — 
 
 and finally, death. Occasionally, the first symptoms 
 may be severe lameness from tuberculous deposit in 
 the articulations. Swelling an l abeesses about the 
 throat and udler of cows, are not infrequent manifes- 
 tations. When non-vital organs are the first seat of 
 the disease, the animal may coutinue in a fair state of 
 general health for months and even years. Doubtless 
 there are occasional cases of final and permanent reco- 
 very. The disease, in nearly all cases, assumes a 
 chronic type, which is misleading to the owner. But 
 it must be accepted at once and for all, that it is impos- 
 sible to detect any considerable - proportion of the cases 
 at any given tim.3, by the most searching physical 
 examination of the expert. If it is the fixed purpose 
 of the owner to find the real extent of the infection in 
 a diseased herd, he must hav3 recourse to slaugter, or 
 apply the tuberculin test. 
 
 Relation of meat and milk supply to public health 
 
 That the mortality in the human family, from tuber- 
 culosis, exceeds the death roll from all other infectious 
 diseases put together, is a generally admitted fact. It 
 being kept in mind that the disease is common to man 
 and the lower animals, and that its existence in the 
 animals that maintain the food supply of man is a 
 menace to public health ; and when we consider that 
 the veterinarian must be the guardian of the public 
 
— 88 — 
 
 health in this respect, I think I can be readily forgiven 
 for having attempted this task. 
 
 Statistics place the death rate from this cause as 
 high as fourteen per cent. At some of the Indian 
 Agencies, in the United States, where the habit of eat- 
 ing uncooked meat still prevails, the mortality statis- 
 tics show that fifty per cent, of the deaths is due to 
 tuberculosis. It is a very difficult matter to' determine 
 approximatively how much of the mortality from 
 human consumption is to be attributed directly to in- 
 fection from the lower animals. The causes in moist 
 of the cases are so hidden in obscurity that a definite 
 explanation is impossible. But there is abundance of 
 positive proof and still more collateral evidence to show 
 that the food supply derived from the animal kingdom 
 is no small factor in the distribution of the disease. A 
 more frequent source of infection, in the human sub- 
 ject, is the milk supply, and it is surprising how little 
 the general public are enlightened upon this subject. 
 They recognize that the disease exists in the beef- 
 supply, and they consider a rigid inspection of meat a 
 matter of necessity, but they seldom think of the 
 dangers lurking in one of the most universal articles 
 of diet. Even in intelligent families, too little attention , 
 is paid to the source of the milk-supply for children. 
 It may be that my fear of infection by milk is exaggera- 
 
 ■ ■ -4 
 
ted, but one can hardly think so, when we hear of the 
 frequency of tuberculosis of the mesenteric glands in 
 the young. It is obvious then, that a great responsi- 
 bility rests upon those who have the supervision of the 
 health of children. 
 
 How can healthy herds be secured , and how can 
 they be teept free from disease ? 
 
 This is the practical question towards which all the 
 others tend. It is of little consequence to know that 
 disease exists, unless that knowledge can be made to 
 aid us in averting the evils we have found. The means 
 by which the total extermination of the disease can be 
 accomplished, do not seem to be in sight. So long as 
 there remains a case of consumption in the human 
 family, there remains the possibility of re-infection of 
 bo vines. But the probabilities of infection from this 
 source are remote, and should not be taken as argu- 
 ments against any restrictive measures that might be 
 adopted. 
 
 While absolute extermination of the disease at once 
 may not be practicable, I believe it to be entirely 
 possible to so far restrict its dangers, as to render them 
 of slight consequence. In the first place, the country 
 should, and could, at comparatively small expense, 
 eradicate the disease in the dairy herds, and the prac- 
 tice of applying the tuberculin test to all dairy cows, 
 
— 90 — 
 
 should be made a compulsory measure. Once the herd 
 *s free from disease, it can readily be kept in this con- 
 dition by exercising due precaution in the introduction 
 of fresh stock. Those dairymen who had unfortunate 
 experience with the disease, would soon adopt the prac- 
 tice of admitting none but tested cows to their purified 
 herds This practise, if uniformly adopted, would very 
 soon render the dairy herds of Canada free from tuber- 
 culosis. If, in addition to these precautions, similar 
 vigilance was exercised over the introduction of breed- 
 ing stock to the herds, the chief sources of infection 
 could thus be shut off. If restrictive measures of this 
 kind were applied to these two classes of cattle, prac- 
 tically all the cases of tuberculosis in the country 
 would soon be found, and its ravages reduced to a 
 minimum. The measures adopted in a few herds in 
 the Dominion, if applied to the remainder, would go 
 very far towards eradication. It is quite possible to 
 reach most important practical results without the ex^ 
 penditure of very large sums of money or the sacrifice 
 of important interests. 
 
 All animals suffering from the disease in any of its 
 stages should be at once removed from contact with 
 other cattle. It is the opinion of those who know that 
 any plan which .contemplates keeping tuberculous 
 animals on the farm, and attempting to avert danger 
 
— 91 — 
 
 by segregation and other like precautionary methods, 
 will defeat its own ends. The less the number of pos- 
 sible source of infection in the country, the more suc- 
 cessful will be the efforts at eradication. Buildings, 
 where tuberculous animals have been confined, are to 
 be regarded as infected, and no healthy animal should 
 be assigned quarters in such enclosure till they have 
 been thoroughly disinfected. 
 
 It is true that a single tuberculin test may not in 
 in every instance free the entire herd ; after infection 
 may take place. It would be wise, in those cases 
 where a number of badly affected animals have existed, 
 to take the precaution of applying additional tests some 
 months after the first. 
 
 All this involves care, the expenditure of a certain 
 sum of money, and the occasional loss of an animal. 
 Bat the animal already suffering from an infectious 
 and highly fatal disease, cannot be considered to pos- 
 sess any high value. The inconvenience and expense 
 attending such precautions are small in comparison 
 with the loss and risk involved in allowing the disease 
 to run its natural course in the herd, and the sale of 
 dangerous products for human consumption. 
 
92 — 
 
 THE TUBERCULIN TEST 
 
 (Extract from bulletin No. 1 published by Department of 
 Agriculture, 1897.) 
 
 Until the discovery by Professor Koch, in his experi- 
 ments to discover a cure for consumption in human 
 beings, that the injection of tuberculin invariably caused 
 a rise in temperature when the person or animal was 
 tuberculous ; while it produced no effect whatever when 
 free from it, the detection of the disease in early stages 
 or when slightly affected was considered impossible in 
 most cases. This test is most delicate and reliable 
 (about 98 per cent.) where it is properly applied. 
 
 Tuberculin is a soluble product of cultures of tubercule 
 bacilli, of which a glycerine extract is made which is 
 sterilized by heat and filtered through porcelain, so 
 that it contains no living germs, and therefore cannot 
 produce tuberculosis in animals injected with it. It 
 has, therefore, no effect on healthy animals. In some 
 cases the diseases is aggravated by it when it exists, 
 but it cannot be produced by it. The lymph must not 
 be exposed to sunlight. It must not be frozen ; must 
 be kept well corked to exclude air. 
 
 Tuberculin injection has no bad effects on the secre- 
 tion of milk . — The consensus of opinion of those most 
 experienced is that it does not lessen the secretion of 
 
milk in dairy cattle, consequently they may be tested 
 even when in full milk without disturbing its secretion. 
 
 Dose . — The dose varies with the size and age. As 
 issued by this department it is ready for use, with doses 
 marked on the bottle, viz : 20 drops for calves, 40 for 
 small or medium sized animals, 60 larger, and 80 drops 
 for very large ones. 
 
 When second tests are considered necessary, at least 
 thirty days should elapse and the doses be slightly 
 increased. 
 
 Preparations for the test 
 
 It being decided to test a herd, the following sug- 
 gestions should be considered : If the weather is ex- 
 tremely hot or very cold, wait till it moderates. If 
 the animal is suffering from an inflammatory disease, 
 when the temperature is over 102° from any cause, a 
 cow being bulling, a bull being sexually excited, 
 scarcity of water, impure air, irritation from flies, pre- 
 gnancy in advanced stages, are all unfavourable for 
 reliable testing. 
 
 Instruments necessary . — The following instruments 
 are required. One or more Fahrenheit (clinical) ther- 
 mometers, a hypodermic syringe with three strong 
 hypodermic needles and a fine trocar and canula, a fine 
 brad-awl, and a pair of clippers or curved scissors, and 
 several glass droppers. 
 
The Thermometers in use for this purpose cost about 
 $1, are self-registering, and can be bought at any drug 
 store. 
 
 Syringes . — Metallic syringes, strong and easily taken 
 apart to be cleaned and disinfected, costing $3, can also 
 be obtained at drug stores, or instrument makers. 
 
 The Scissors and Brad-awl are easily and cheaply 
 procured at any hardware store. 
 
 Charts for recording tests which should be numbered 
 and the name or number of the animal, the colour and 
 markings, sex, age, breed, hours at which the temper- 
 atures were taken before and after injection, and a 
 column for the decision should be arranged. 
 
 Disinfectants . — Professional men generally prefer a 
 solution of corrosive sublimate, 1 part, to 1,000 of 
 water, but equal results will be obtained by using a 
 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid or creolin, and they 
 have the advantage of being less poisonous. Such a 
 solution is required to wash the hands and instruments 
 in, and when used to disinfect the skin, it has the 
 advantage of being anesthetic locally. 
 
 The cattle should be stabled . — If the cattle are at 
 pasture, they should be stabled, tied up in their 
 accustomed stalls, numbered as they stand, and handled 
 quietly by those accustomed to feed and milk them. 
 
 They should be allowed to remain undisturbed for 
 
some hours, being careful not to disturb the temper- 
 ature by large draughts of cold water or over abundant 
 feeding. 
 
 Taking the Temperature Before Injection . — Two 
 men to whom the cattle are accustomed should assist 
 the person taking the temperature. One takes the 
 nostril .with finger and thumb with one hand and the 
 horn with the other. The second stands at the hip to 
 prevent her from moving from side to side. The thermo- 
 meter with the mercury forced down by a few sudden 
 jerks, as if shaking ink off a pen, till it marks below 
 100°, is inserted into the rectum, where it should re- 
 main for three minutes. Enter the temperature in a 
 book or chart every three hours, commencing at 8 a.m., 
 11 a.m., 2 p.m., 5 p.m., and 8 p.m. 
 
 The hands and thermometer should be dipped in the 
 disinfectant solution before inserting it into another 
 animal. When there is a large number to be tested, 
 three thermometers may be in use simultaneously, so 
 as to save time. 
 
 The best place to inject the test is in the loose skin 
 on the side of the chest above and behind the elbow. 
 The hair should be closely clipped off in a circle about 
 three inches in diameter, and the skin well washed with 
 a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid. 
 
 Injecting the Test . — The dose of diluted tuberculin 
 
— 96 
 
 is now taken into the syringe, all air being forced out. 
 The operator, if he is a fairly , tall man, and the animal 
 not very large, should stand on the opposite side, and 
 reaching across the shoulder, he takes up the disinfected 
 l(5ose skin with the fingers, and if the needle is strong 
 and sharp enough, he penetrates it and pushes the 
 needle its full length into the loose cellular tissue be- 
 neath the skin ; if not he should with the brad-awl 
 pierce the skin and insert the needle into the puncture, 
 then slowly inject the fluid, withdrawing the needle 
 gradually. The advantage of this position is that the 
 animal, when pricked with the needle, cringes from it, 
 and needles are often broken, whereas in this position 
 it cringes towards instead of from 'the operator. 
 
 The Best Time to Inject the Test. — The injection 
 may be commenced after finishing taking the normal 
 temperature, say, nine o’clock in the evening. 
 
 Temperature After Injection. — Commence to take 
 the temperatures at 6 o’clock next morning, take them 
 every three hours till it falls to normal again. If tubercle 
 is present there will be a rise of temperature, which 
 attains its highest point usually about mid-day, some- 
 times later and generally it falls gradually till in about 
 twenty-four hours from the hour of injection it is nor- 
 mal again. 
 
 The rise in temperature is no indication of the ex- 
 
— 97 — 
 
 tent of the disease. Often the reaction is a high tem- 
 perature, and a post mortem examination shows but 
 slight affection. 
 
 A rise in temperature of two or more degrees will 
 indicate tuberculosis. In tuberculous herds, one and 
 a half degree would indicate the disease also.; but that 
 temperature in a single animal in a herd would indicate 
 suspicion only, and suggest retesting after thirty days. 
 
SAMPLE OF CHART. 
 
 •uoi^o-Boy; 
 
 
 p 
 
 © 
 
 a 
 
 £ 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 4J 
 
 c3 
 
 co 
 
 © 
 
 H 
 
 S3 
 
 O 
 
 Si 
 
 © 
 
 S3 
 
 Eh 
 
 *< 
 
 ;os S 
 fc 
 
 CO S 
 
 Ph* 
 
 •X8 S 
 
 •sj'eax— 
 
 ^ok 
 
 ,d 
 
 co 
 
 © 
 
 U 
 
 12 
 
 A.M. 
 
 100 
 
 107 
 
 9 
 
 ! A.M. 
 
 101 4-5 
 106 
 
 6 
 
 A.M, 
 
 101 2-5 
 103 3-5 
 
 8 
 
 P.M. 
 
 101 2-5 
 101 2-5 
 
 5 
 
 P.M. 
 
 101 2-5 
 101 3-5 
 
 2 
 
 P.M. 
 
 102 
 
 101 3-5 
 
 11 
 
 A.M. 
 
 101 3-5 
 101 2-5 
 
 8 
 
 A.M. 
 
 101 
 
 101 1-5 
 
 Decision — * Healthy, f Tuberculous. 
 
— 99 — 
 
 Often no reaction in advanced cases 
 
 It is usually found that in an’mals in advanced 
 stages of the disease, owing to there being superabun- 
 dance of tuberculin in the system already there is little 
 or no reaction. 
 
 Fortunately in such cases the symptoms are so ap- 
 parent, such as coughing, wasting, enlarged glands, etc., 
 tint the owner has little difficulty in recognizing the 
 disease. 
 
 Disposal of Tuberculous Carcasses 
 
 All animals slaughtered should be buried or burned. 
 It is allowed in densely populated European centres by 
 Government regulation that when the disease is limited 
 and local the flesh may be sold for food, all others are 
 confiscated and destroyed. 
 
 In Canada no provision is made in the Animal Con- 
 tagious Diseases Act for such disposal, on the contrary 
 it is strictly forbiden under section 7, 48-49 V., c. 70 
 which is as follows : 
 
 “ Every person who sells or disposes of, or puts off, 
 or offers or exposes for sale, or attempts to dispose of 
 or put off any animal known by him to be infected 
 with or labouring under any infectious or contagious 
 disease, or the meat, skin, hide, horns, hoofs or other 
 parts of an animal known by him to be infected with 
 
— 100 — 
 
 or labouring under any infectious or contagious disease 
 at the time of its death, whether such person is the 
 owner of' such animal, or of such meat, skin, [hide, 
 horns, hoofs or other parts of such an animal, or not, 
 ;shall, for every such offence, incur a penalty not exceed- 
 ing two hundred dollars. 48-49 V., c. 70, s, 7. 
 
 A few structural points by the help of which a good 
 milher can be recognized 
 
 The farmer, having once solved the problem of 
 vegetal production should, and more especially so in 
 this Province, turn his attention towards animal pro- 
 duction, and this because during the last few years our 
 farming class has maintained its financial equilibrium 
 and nursi d bright prospocts for a prosperous future, only 
 by the noans of the dairy industry. In view of the 
 facts as stated above, we have thought it important to 
 impart a few rules concerning dairy cows. 
 
 The good milk cow has only a medium plumpness, it 
 being kept in mind that the production of milk and of 
 fat are antagonistic to each other. The skeleton is light, 
 the muscle well extended, but not voluminous, the 
 brisket deep and projecting. 
 
 The chest generally appears as of small capacity in 
 comparison to the abdomen, which is generally enor- 
 mous. This disproportion between the abdomen and 
 
— 101 — 
 
 the thorax has been the foundation of the old established 
 fallacy that a good milker must necessarily be narrow 
 chested. 
 
 The shoulder to be short and upright but fairly mus- 
 cular. The croup well develooed, broad and long ; this 
 is an indication of a large pelvis furnishing ample room 
 between the thighs to easily lodge the udder. 
 
 The tail to be small, slender, flat and broad at the 
 root. The head small, lean, and bony, tapering to the 
 muzzle. The horns light in substance, waxy in color : 
 the ears large and thin and with considerable action ; 
 the skin should have a soft, flexible and substantial 
 feel, and when beneath the outspread hand, it should 
 more easily give with it and under it as though resting 
 on a soft elastic substance. In cattle raised in mount- 
 ainous districts the skin is generally thicker and the coat 
 rougher. 
 
 The physiognomy is placid, the eye bright and clear, 
 the disposition is to gentleness. 
 
 Nervous and irritable cows are to be avoided, how- 
 ever excellent may be their other qualities. They, as 
 a rule, will be found troublesome at milking time. 
 Nymphomaniacs are the worst of all and are to be 
 positively rejected, as but very little can be derived 
 from them and they are a constant source of trouble 
 and uneasiness to the herd. 
 
— 102 — 
 
 It is of the utmost importance that the milk cow be 
 in perfect health. This state of health is known by the 
 coolness and dampness of the muzzle, whose surface is 
 covered by drops of a transparent liquid which assumes 
 the color of the mucous membrane over which they are 
 dissiminated. The coat is smooth, shining and waxy 
 to the touch. The vertebral column yields moderately 
 to the pinch. 
 
 Breathing is slow and regular, 15 to 18 respiratory 
 movements per minute ; total absence of any nasal dis- 
 charge. The walk is elastic and easy. The mammal 
 is homogenous in all its portions. 
 
 How to know if a cow is a good producer of 
 
 butter-fat 
 
 If the papillae found on the inner side of the cheeks 
 are large, wide and flat, the animal will give much 
 butter-fat. If the papillae are round, the butter pro- 
 ducing qualities of the cow are only medium, whereas, 
 in case's were the papillae are small and sharp the cow 
 may safely be set aside as a poor producer of butter- 
 fat. 
 
THE SWIXE 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF SWINE 
 
 CONTAGIOUS CATARRH 
 
 The poison in this disease is introduced into [the 
 system through the intermediary of the mucous mem- 
 branes. 
 
 The sudden changes of temperature are a predisposing 
 cause of this disease. 
 
 Symptoms : Intense fever, occasional nasal discharge, 
 the neck is extended and the animal has a tendency to 
 rub his nose ; the breathing is laborious, the move- 
 ments of the flanks are jerky ; the cough is short and 
 whining. Constipation is observed in some cases, but, 
 as a rule, diarrhoea sets in, often followed by death. 
 
— 104 — 
 
 The post-mortem examination reveals a pronounced 
 inflammation of the tissues connecting the throat and ’ 
 nose, and from the throat to the lungs compact, cheesy 
 deposits are frequently found. 
 
 The same disease may also manifest itself by alto- 
 gether different symptoms, such as very slight cough, 
 breathing fairly easy ; in these cases there is always, at 
 the outset, a stubborn constipation followed by a diar- 
 rhoea, the discharge being black and intensely foetid* 
 There is a partial or total loss of vision. Paralysis 
 usually accompanies and follows these symptoms. The 
 duration of this disease is from 10 to 15 days. 
 
 Treatment : If the disease is positively known, by 
 means of the symptoms, to be contagious or epizootic 
 catarrh, the animals suffering from it must be slaugh- 
 tered and buried deeply. 
 
 Quarantine all suspicious cases and administer 2 or 
 3 grains of tartar emetic If there is constipation, ‘use 
 the following pres* ription : — 
 
 E. — Castor Oil, 1J ounces. 
 
 Spirits of Turpentine, 1J drachms. 
 
 Mix well and administer the whole in one dose ; 
 then follow with 
 
 E.- — Sulphate of Iron, 1 ounce 
 
 Divide into 24 doses and give one, night and morn- 
 ing, in mash or in milk- 
 
 « 
 
CONTAGIOUS FEVER OF SWINE 
 
 This disease is also called hog-cholera. 
 
 It is so very contagious that its germ can be carried 
 to great distances and spread the disease over immense 
 areas of country. 
 
 A couple of weeks, sometimes 3 or 4 days, are suffi- 
 cient for the pullulation of the bacilli and the develop- 
 ment of the disease ; the following symptoms' are then 
 observed : 
 
 Loss of appetite, the animal is feverish, dull, slug- 
 gish and prefers to remain lying on his litter. The 
 nose is dry, the skin is hot and covered with red and 
 black patches or ecchymosis, which disappear under 
 the pressure of the finger, to reappear as soon as the 
 finger is removed. 
 
 The temperature may rise as high as 105° F. The 
 pulse is small and accelerated. The cough is dry and 
 loud. The abdomen is very sensitive to pressure. As 
 the disease progresses, at the end of 3 or 4 days, there 
 is diarrhoea with black, foetid and often bloody dis- 
 charges ; these symptoms indicate an approaching fatal 
 termination 
 
 Treatment : If it is positively ascertained that you 
 have hog-cholera to deal with, the best thing to do is 
 to kill the animal and to deeply bury the carcass ; to 
 thoroughly disinfect the quarters by burning sulphur or 
 
— 106 — 
 
 jleaning the pig pens with a solution of carbolic acid 
 in the proportion of one pound of the acid to each five 
 gallons of water,. 
 
 As it may be feared that other members of the herd 
 iqay also have been contaminated, it will be weiPto 
 use the following prescription on all the animals : 
 
 R. — Powdered Sulphur, * 1 pound. 
 
 Sulphate of Iron, 1 pound. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash, \ pound. 
 
 Powdered black Antimony, \ pound. 
 
 Mix the whole into 6 gallons of thin mash and you 
 will have a sufficient dose for a herd of 50 pigs. If 
 the herd should exceed or be less than the above num- 
 ber, then regulate the proportions accordingly. Repeat 
 this dose every day. 
 
 ANTHRAX 
 
 This contagious disease is frequently met with in 
 swine. It is often mistaken with the malignant con- 
 tagious fever and pneumo-enteritis. 
 
 Symptoms : The most apparent symptom is the 
 inflammation of the throat, which soon spreads to the 
 respiratory channels, the pig breathes with difficulty, 
 and can barely swallow. This is followed by convul- 
 sions, which generally terminate fatally. 
 
 The progress of this disease is very rapid. 
 
— 107 
 
 There is no treatment. After death, see that the 
 carcasses are buried deeply ; it will be well to cover 
 the carcasses with quick-lime, otherwise, worms by 
 working through the ground may carry the bacilli to the 
 surface and contaminate other animals. 
 
 Disinfect the pig-pens, as already indicated. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS 
 
 This is an inflammation of the lungs and intestines 
 caused by a bacilli. 
 
 Symptoms : The general symptoms are similar to 
 those of the preceding disease : Cough, fever, consti- 
 pation, etc., etc., but a characteristic symptom is that 
 of the appearance of patches varying from red to dark 
 blue, which are observed on the ears, the throat, the 
 stomach and the inside of the thighs. There is, some- 
 times, a black nasal discharge, the disease generally 
 ending with a foetid diarrhoea. The disease may also 
 terminate fatally in less than an hour when the throat 
 is badly involved In such cases death by asphyxia is 
 caused by the inflammation and swelling of the tongue 
 and throat. The animal remains lying on his litter with 
 a tendency to burrowing his head into the straw and 
 never moves unless compelled to do so. 
 
— 108 — 
 
 NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES: 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 The inflammation of the lungs is recognized by a loss 
 of appetite, a more or less pronounced cough, by chills 
 and by fever. Breathing is accelerated; the animal 
 does not remain lying down very long and appears 
 easier when standing. This is explained by the fact that 
 the standing position allows more freedom to the play 
 of the lungs. 
 
 Treatment : The pig-pens must be thoroughly ven- 
 tilated, be free from dampness and, if possible, have the 
 sun to shine into the very pens. Allow an ample 
 litter. Apply, strong mustard blisters to the sides, 
 just in rear of the fore legs and internally use the 
 following prescription : 
 
 R. — Ammonia Muriate, J ounce. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash, \ ounce. 
 
 Tincture of Aconite, 10 drops. 
 
 The whole mixed with one pint of water, then of 
 this mixture give a tablespoonful 3 times a day in 
 gruel. 
 
 TONS ILI TIS 
 
 The inflammation of the glands of the throat often 
 terminates fatally unless adequately treated from the 
 outset. 
 
109 — 
 
 Symptoms : If it be noticed that the pigs have 
 a difficulty in swallowing, and the throat is hard, sen- 
 sitive to the touch, tumefaction is observed if the 
 tongue is protruding, then you can safely make use of 
 the treatment prescribed for tonsilitis. 
 
 Treatment : Take a penknife and scarify the throat 
 until you have a flow of blood; then apply linseed 
 poultices. Feed on milk diet for a day or two. 
 
 TRICHINOSIS 
 
 This disease of the swine is characterized by the 
 presence in the muscular tissue of nematoid worms 
 called “ Trichina Spiralis 
 
 This disease may, the same as tuberculosis, be com- 
 municated to human beings. It is introduced into the 
 system through the medium of the digestive organs and 
 is exceedingly dangerous. In order that a hog may 
 become infested by trichinae it is necessary that he 
 should eat meat containing these parasites. Every 
 one knows that hogs are not loath to eat rats, mice, 
 cats, etc., etc., all of which are frequently affected with 
 this disease. 
 
 Symptoms : There is inflammation of the diseased 
 muscles, sensitiveness to touch and diminution of 
 volume. The loins are rigid. In order to positively 
 ascertain the presence of trichinae, it is necessary to have 
 
— 110 - 
 
 re course to microscopy. The best preventive measure 
 is to have all pork meat intended for human consump- 
 tion thoroughly cooked. 
 
 DIARRHOEA 
 
 Diarrhoea is more frequently met with in young 
 animals, which are often fed on too nutritive food, or 
 else with food of inferior quality, such as sour milk for 
 instance. 
 
 Treatment : Feed with fresh milk to which is added 
 an equal quantity of lime-water, and order the follow- 
 ing"prescription, viz. : 
 
 R. — Powdered Gentian, 1 ounce. 
 
 Powdered Opium, 1 drachm. 
 
 Divide - into 12 powders and give t\fo daily in the 
 feed. 
 
SHEEP 
 
 EPIZOOTIC CATARRH 
 
 The ordinary seat of this disease is the nasal mucous 
 membranes, but it may spread to the stomach and the 
 intestines. 
 
 Symptoms : There is a watery discharge from both 
 the eyes and the nose, the appetite is diminished, the 
 animal is dull and sluggish, the pulse is weak, there is 
 no cough. At the end of a few days the discharge 
 thickens and is sometimes tinged with blood. The 
 eyes are half closed. At this period of the disease the 
 animal is emaciated and very weak. The pulse is 
 
— 112 
 
 almost imperceptible, there is a total loss of appetite and 
 the breathing is laborious. 
 
 Treatment : 
 
 R. — Rhubarb, 1 ounce. 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia, 6 ounces. 
 
 Water, 1 pint. 
 
 Give two tablespoonfuls 4 times a day until the lax- 
 
 ative effects of the drugs are observed. 
 
 APOPLEXY 
 
 Very fat and sanguineous sheep are especially pre- 
 disposed to this disease. The animal is stricken down 
 without a moment’s warning, as though struck by 
 lightning, and unless help is at hand death soon fol- 
 lows. 
 
 'The only possible treatment is a copious blood-let- 
 ting at the jugular (neck). 
 
 'All very fat sheep showing signs of sluggishness, 
 whose pupils are dilated, whose nose is red or purple, 
 should be bled at once. This can be followed by the 
 administration of a couple of ounces of medicinal salts, 
 the first full dose of which is to be followed by daily 
 half doses continued for 2 or 3 days. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE BP AIN 
 
 The causes of this disease are identical with those of 
 apoplexy and the general treatment is also similar. 
 
TETANUS (Lock-Jaw) 
 
 This disease is usually the sequel of wounds caused 
 by the horns of some other animal or by barbed wire 
 fences, or through any other accidents. 
 
 Symptoms : The symptoms are of the easiest to re- 
 cognize : the animal becomes rigid, locomotion is very 
 difficult, the jaws are tightly closed, the animal is 
 nervous and irritable. 
 
 Treatment : This consists in placing the animal in 
 a dark and quiet place, where he is not to be dis- 
 turbed except at feeding times or to administer medi- 
 cine. 
 
 E. — -The size of a pea of solid' extract of belladonna 
 3 or 4 times a day. 
 
 MANGE 
 
 This disease, caused by a microscopic parasite lod- 
 ging itself in the skin, produces itchiness and the for- 
 mation of scabs. 
 
 The presence of this parasite is ascertained by a 
 liquid secretion, which in drying, forms into scabs, fol- 
 lowed by the fall of the fleece. 
 
 It cannot be impressed too emphatically that this 
 disease is very contagious. Consequently as soon as 
 an animal is observed being affected with mange, it 
 will be well to isolate it and remove it to a distance of 
 
— 114 — 
 
 not less than 300 yards, nor should such an animal 
 ever be allowed in public places. 
 
 Carefully disinfect the quarters in which the animal 
 has been. 
 
 Treatment : — Carbolic Acid, 4 pounds. 
 
 Quick Lime, 3 pounds. 
 
 Carbonate of Soda, 8 pounds. 
 
 Soft Soap, 8 pounds. 
 
 Mix the whole into a mass of the consistency of 
 dough and use in the proportion of one pound of the 
 mixture to 8 gallons of water. Take 2 gallons of this 
 preparation to each animal, which should be thoroughly 
 washed with it. 
 
 FOOT HOT 
 
 Eoot rot is detected by a redness appearing on the 
 skin above the hoof. At first the hairs are straight, 
 then ulcers, accompanied by a discharge, make their ap- 
 pearance. Later on the whole foot seems to be decay- 
 ing, naturally there is lameness, -and the whole system 
 is involved in the disorder. 
 
 Treatment : With the help of a knife, remove all 
 mortified tissues and wash the wounds with a solution 
 of carbolic acid in the proportion of 5 parts of the acid 
 to 100 parts of water. 
 
 Keep the animal in a dry place and examine the feet 
 every day ; give nutritive food. Bathe twice daily in a 
 
115 — 
 
 solution of sulphate of iron. Internally give a tonic 
 such as : 
 
 R. -^■Common Salt, 2 drachms. 
 
 Sulphate of Iron, | drachm. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash. § drachm. 
 
 Repeat every day until recovery. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET 
 
 To compel sheep to make long journeys over stony 
 roads may occasion inflammation of the feet. As a rule 
 rest and cold water foot baths are sufficient to bring 
 the feet back to their normal condition. 
 
 Should any foreign bodies such as stones, etc., find 
 their way into the hoof, they must, of course, be re- 
 moved and then dress with oakum impregnated with 
 pine tar. 
 
 WORMS IN THE LUNGS 
 
 * ■ .■ 
 
 These worms are generally found in the wind-pipe, 
 the bronchial tubes or the lungs. -Their presence is de- 
 tected by an intensely hard cough, which often upsets 
 the whole animal. 
 
 The animal has a tendency to rub his nose on the 
 ground. 
 
 When these symptoms are observed, examine the 
 mouth and throat for traces of worms : there are also 
 worms in the foeces. 
 
116 
 
 Treatment : Fumigate the animal with turpentine 
 and internally adminster 2 ounces of sulphate of 
 magnesia dissolved in a little water. 
 
 BEFORE AN B AFTER RARTTJRITION 
 ( Lambing ) 
 
 The duration of gestation is of about 21 weeks. 
 During that period, the animals require more careful 
 attention ; they must be well fed, without, however, 
 fattening them. They should be kept in well ventilated, 
 dry and temperate places, as exposure to cold may 
 prove detrimental to the lambs. 
 
 During parturition, heat the building in which the 
 animal is, all persons except the attendant being kept 
 away from the place. 
 
 If the foetus presents itself abnormally, efforts must 
 be made to alter its position by introducing the hand 
 and arm, well oiled, into the passage, great care 
 being taken not to wound either the mother or the 
 lamb. 
 
 Parturition over, give the lamb some warm milk, 
 and if it be observed that the lamb is cold, give him a 
 warm bath, care being taken to dry him thoroughly 
 afterw r ards. - 
 
 During the following few days the mother should 
 be kept apart from the remainder of the .herd and be 
 carefully and nutritively - fed. 
 
POULTRY 
 
 CATARRH 
 
 This disease is caused by exposure to cold winds or 
 dampness. 
 
 In catarrh, a swelling of the eyes and sides of the 
 head and a watery discharge from the nose are observed. 
 
 Tiiea.tment : Place the animal in a suitable place, 
 feed with warmrfood, on which a little pepper or pow- 
 dered ginger has been sprinkled. 
 
 BRONCHITIS 
 
 This disease is a frequent complication of catarrh. 
 It is also caused by exposure to dampness and cold. 
 
 There is cough, the neck is extended to facilitate the 
 introduction of the air to the lungs, sometimes the 
 breath is quite offensive. 
 
— 118 — 
 
 If the disease assumes a grave aspect, give : 
 
 R. — Calomel, l grain. 
 
 Tartar Emetic, J grain. 
 
 To be followed with this second prescription : — 
 
 R. — Chlorate of Potas'h, 2 drachms in 2 quarts of 
 ^drinking water. This water is to be left so that the 
 chickens may drink it at will. 
 
 Gargling with borax dissolved in water is also bene- 
 ficial. Good ventilation and scrupulous cleanliness are 
 especially recommended. 
 
 ROUP ( Diphtheria ) 
 
 As soon as this disease is observed, there must be 
 no hesitation in at once killing and burning the affect- 
 ed fowls, care being taken that not even the smallest 
 portion of any carcass be left in the vicinity of the 
 poultry yard or the coops. 
 
 The earliest symptoms of this disease are somewhat 
 similar to those of catarrh, but with this difference, that 
 in roup the nasal discharge is thick, opaque, and very 
 offensive. 
 
 A white or yellowish and foamy secretion is found 
 in the corners of the eyes, the eyelids are distended 
 and often the eyes are closed, the sides of the face 
 are swollen, the fowls weaken rapidly and death takes 
 place. 
 
— 119 — 
 
 Tkeatment : Place the fowl in a dry and warm 
 place. Feed on soft but nutritive and stimulating 
 foods. 
 
 To young fowl, administer a teaspoonful and to 
 adults a tablespoonful of castor oil. 
 
 Syringe out the nostrils with borax, dissolved in 
 water and 4 or 5 hours afterwards follow with : 
 
 R. — Balm Capaiba, 1 ounce. 
 
 Powdered Licorice, | ounce. 
 
 Peperin, \ drachm. 
 
 . 
 
 This is sufficient for 30 doses. Give one dose once 
 a day. 
 
 VERTIGO 
 
 Fowl that are kept penned up and have no exercise 
 or are fed on too nutritive a diet, are predisposed to 
 this disease. 
 
 The affected fowls are observed to be turning around 
 as though on pivots and then to fall dead. As soon as 
 fowl are noticed to be weak on their legs and to turn 
 around, it is well to throw cold water on their heads 
 and as soon as there is. apparent recovery administer to 
 each one grain of “ Jalap.” 
 
 INDIGESTION 
 
 When fowl have, for one reason or another, been 
 deprived of food for some time, and are allowed to eat 
 
copiously and to fill their crops to their utmost capacity, 
 it happens that indigestion ensues. 
 
 Treatment : With a knife open the upper part of 
 the crop and remove with care the mass of food found 
 therein, then if the incision is too extensive, close up 
 with a few stitches. 
 
 Feed on soft food for the following few days. 
 
 JDIABBHCEA 
 
 Treatment : E. — Powdered Opium, 1 grain. 
 
 Powdered Ipecac, 1 grain. 
 
 Give in one dose, to be repeated every 5 hours until 
 the diarrhoea is checked. 
 
 pip 
 
 This disease consists in the formatign of scabs on the 
 tongue and is generally the sequel of some other disease. 
 
 Eemove the scabs by means of a solution of borax.' 
 If the nostrils are obstructed syringe them out with 
 tepid water. 
 
 The administration of a teaspoonfull of castor oil is 
 recommended. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE EGG PASSAGE . 
 
 The inflammation of the passage through which the 
 eggs pass is easily detected by the fact that the eggs are 
 generally imperfect in shape. To cure give : 
 
— 121 — 
 
 E. — Calomel, 1 grain. 
 
 Tartar Emetic, X V grain. 
 
 Powdered Gentian, 6 \ grains. 
 
 The whole in one dose, not to be repeated. 
 
 Avoid stimulating ingredients in the food. 
 
 WEAKNESS OF THE LEGS 
 
 As soon as it is observed that fowl are weak and 
 seem unable to stand on their legs, it will be well to 
 feed them on crushed oats and wheat. 
 
 As a tonic administer daily 6 grains of citrate of 
 iron. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Pages. 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 THE HORSE AT THE STABLE 
 
 Stable 5 
 
 Hygiene 5 
 
 Harnessing 5 
 
 General Care 5 
 
 Interior arrangements 7 
 
 Temperature and ventilation 8 
 
 Notions concerning stable management 8 
 
 Harness- room . 10 
 
 Coach-house 11 
 
 Care of the horse 11 
 
 Grooming 12 
 
 Shoeing 13 
 
 Anatomy of the foot 13 
 
 Care of the foot 16 
 
 Colt, how to feed ... 17 
 
 Mules 18 
 
 THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES 
 
 Distemper or Strangles 20 
 
 Angina (Sore throat) 22 
 
 Catarrh ^Cold in the head) 23 
 
— 124 — 
 
 Pages. 
 
 Bronchitis 23 
 
 Pneumonia ... 25 
 
 Pleurisy ...... 26 
 
 Colics 27 
 
 How to distinguish dangerous from mild forms of colics 29 
 
 Betention of urine 30 
 
 Blind-staggers 30 
 
 Tetanus (Lock Jaw) '. 31 
 
 Heaves, Broken-wind, Asthma 32 
 
 Parisites of the horse 33 
 
 Lameness 35 
 
 Founder-Laminitis 37 
 
 Thrush 38 
 
 Contracted heels 39 
 
 Corns 40 
 
 Sand-cracks 41 
 
 Punctured wounds of the foot 42 
 
 Ring-bone. 43 
 
 Splints 44 
 
 Sprains 45 
 
 Sprains of the suspensory ligaments and flexor tendons 46 
 
 Winds- galls 47 
 
 Spavins 48 
 
 Wounds and their treatment 49 
 
 Age of the horse 53 
 
 THE COW ' 
 
 Catarrh 58 
 
 Laryngitis 59 
 
 Bronchitis 60 
 
 Pneumonia v. 61 
 
 Pleurisy 62 
 
 Tympanitis ( Accumulation of gases in the stomach) 64 
 
125 — 
 
 Pages. 
 
 Constipation 65 
 
 Diarrhoea 65 
 
 Dysentery 66 
 
 Peritonitis . . : 66 
 
 Hoematuria 6 
 
 Anthrax (Black-leg) 68 
 
 Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw). . , 69 
 
 Foreign bodies in the oesophagus . 70 
 
 Fracture of the horns 71 
 
 Lice 72 
 
 Cow-pox „ : 72 
 
 Gestation 73 
 
 Parturition 75 
 
 Abortion 77 
 
 Retention of the envelopes . 77 
 
 Inversion of the Uterus (Falling down of the calf-bed). 78 
 
 Milk- fever v 78 
 
 Paralysis of cows after parturition : . .: 80 
 
 Mammitis 80 
 
 Horn flies 81 
 
 Tuberculosis , . . 82 
 
 Tuberculin test , . 92 
 
 Preparations for the test 93 
 
 Disposal of tuberculous carcasses 99 
 
 Structural points to help the selection of a good milker 100 
 
 butter-fat produces, . 102 
 
 SWINE 
 
 Contagious catarrh 103 
 
 Contagious fever, — Hog-cholera 105 
 
 Anthrax — Charbon 106 
 
 Contagious pneumo- enteritis 107 
 
 Non contagious diseases of swine 108 
 
126 — 
 
 Inflammation of the lungs 
 
 Tonsilitis 
 
 Trichinosis- 
 
 Diarrhoea 
 
 SHEEP 
 
 Epizootic catarrh 
 
 Apoplexy 
 
 Inflammation of the brain 
 
 Tetanus (Lock-Jaw) 
 
 Mange i . * ........ . 
 
 Foot-rot 
 
 Inflammation of the feet 
 
 Worms in the lungs 
 
 Lambing 
 
 POULTRY 
 
 Catarrh 
 
 Bronchitis 
 
 Roup— Diphtheria 
 
 Yertigo , . . 
 
 Indigestion 
 
 Diarrhoea 
 
 Pip 
 
 Inflammation of the egg passage 
 
 Weakness of the legs 
 
 Pages. 
 
 . .. 108 
 ... 108 
 . .. 109 
 .. 110 
 
 111 
 
 112 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 
 113 
 
 114 
 
 115 
 
 115 
 
 116 
 
 117 
 
 117 
 
 118 
 119 
 
 119 
 
 120 
 120 
 120 
 121