United States
Department
of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212
Technical information: (202) 523-1821 USDL 86-328
523-1959
Media contact:
523-1913 FOR. RELEASE: IMMEDIATE
THURSDAY, AUGUST 7, 1986
BLS SURVEY REPORTS ON WORK PATTERNS AND PREFERENCES
OF AMERICAN WORKERS
About 5.7 million persons were working at more than one job in 1985,
according to findings from a special survey released today by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. The dual jobholding
rate—5.4 percent—was up from 4.9 percent in 1980 and was at its highest
level in over two decades.
As also reported in this survey on work patterns, about 9 million
persons worked at home for 8 or more hours a week as part of their regular
jobs; nearly 30 million usually worked on Saturday; and about 23 million
had jobs entailing either shift work or schedules outside the normal
daylight hours.
These data were obtained through special questions asked in
conjunction with the May 1985 Current Population Survey, the monthly survey
of about 59,500 households which provides the basic labor force and
unemployment data for the nation. Some other highlights and detailed
findings from the survey are:
About two thirds of all workers—and an even larger proportion of the
elderly ones—said they would not want to change the length of their
workweek. Of the remainder, most said that, if given a choice, they would
opt to work "more hours at the same rate of pay and make more money." A
preference for a shorter workweek (accompanied by a reduction in earnings)
was expressed by only 6 percent of the men and 9 percent of the women.
Even among workers 65 years and over, less than one in ten chose this
option. (See table 1.)
The 9 million persons who were reported as working at home for 8 or
more hours a week as part of their sole or principal job were mostly
full-time workers who did only a small part of their work at home. About
two-thirds reported less than 16 hours of home-based work per week. Nearly
one-half were in managerial and professional specialty occupations, and
another fourth were in technical, sales, and administrative support jobs.
Only about one-tenth were engaged in manufacturing activities, while over
three-fourths were in service-producing jobs. About two-fifths were either
- 2 -
self-employed, employees of corporations which they owned, or unpaid family
workers, (See table 2.)
About 70 percent of all workers were on 5-day schedules in May 1985,
with the rest about equally divided between those who worked more and those
who worked less than 5 days (table 3). Except for teenagers and persons 65
years and over (many of whom were working only part time), over one-half of
the workers reported a 40-hour schedule (table 4). However, one in four of
all workers reported their regular jobs entailed Saturday work, and one in
eight reported that they usually worked on Sunday. Weekend work was
particularly common among workers in agriculture and the retail trade
industry and those in the service occupations. (See table 5.)
There were over 5.7 million dual jobholders—persons working at two or
more jobs—in May 1985. The dual jobholding rate—5.4 percent—was
slightly higher than any of the levels recorded over the last two decades,
and the rate for women, at 4.7 percent, was up sharply. (It had been 3.8
percent when last measured in 1980.) About one-third of the dual jobholders
were self-employed in the second job. (See table 6.)
Nearly three-fifths of all workers reported they usually worked 8
hours per day in their sole or principal jobs. However, among teenagers
and persons 65 years and over, the majority worked less than 8 hours per
day. (See table 7.)
Of the workers in wage and salary jobs in May 1985, about 14 percent
were on flexitime or some other schedule which gave them the option to vary
the starting and ending times of their work day. Flexible working hours
were most common in finance, insurance, and real estate and in public
administration, where they were reported by about one-fifth of the workers.
(See table 8.)
About 22 percent of all workers reported schedules involving evening,
night, or rotating shifts. The construction industry had the highest
proportion of workers on regular daytime schedules (96 percent); the retail
trade industry had the lowest proportion (59 percent). In retail trade, 20
percent of the workers (not including moonlighters) reported they usually
worked in the evenings, while 10 percent were on rotating shifts. (See
table 9.)
About 10.5 million workers received overtime pay—generally at
time-and-a-half—for some of the hours worked in the reference week for the
May 1985 survey. Nearly two-thirds of these workers reported 8 or fewer
hours of overtime pay; ome-fifth reported 9 to 15 hours. About one-half of
the workers receiving overtime pay were in goods-producing industries, 3.9
million of them in manufacturing. (See table 10.)
Analysis of these and other data from the May 1985
survey will appear in a forthcoming issue of the
Monthly Labor Review .
Computer tapes and diskettes with microdata from
this survey will be available from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Division of Data Development and Users'
Services (202-523-1821).
uTjrTZIJ7 jjumsk , wy
- 3 -
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The estimates in this release were obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on labor force,
employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census using a
scientifically selected national sample of about 59,500 households, with
coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. The May 1985
survey was conducted during the week of May 19-25 and refers to the labor
force status of individuals during the preceding week (May 12-18). The
data from this survey are subject to both sampling and nonsampling errors.
See the Explanatory Notes in the monthly periodical Employment and Earnings
for further information on this subject.
Other information concerning this specific survey and the principal
definitions used in this release is presented below.
Employed . Employed persons are those who, during the reference week for
the survey: a) Did any work at all as paid civilians; (b) worked in their
own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or
more as an unpaid worker in a family operated enterprise. Also included
are those who were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness,
vacation, bad weather, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
Occupation, industry, and class of worker . The data on occupation,
industry, and class of worker may refer, as indicated, either to the
primary or secondary jobs held during the reference week. The primary job
of a person employed at two or more jobs is the job at which the greatest
number of hours were worked during the reference week.
For the purposes of this release, the wage and salary workers are
subdivided into the incorporated self-employed (the 2.8 million who worked
for corporations which they owned) and other wage and salary workers (the
94.3 million who constituted the vast majority of the group). On the other
hand, the small group of unpaid family workers were merged into the much
larger group of the self-employed (unincorporated), with the combined group
shown in the tables as "all other workers."
Wage and salary workers are persons working for wages, salary,
commission, tips, payment in kind, or at piece rates (even if they do so
for corporations which they own)• Self-employed workers are persons
working in their own unincorporated business, profession, or trade, or
operating a farm, for profit or fees. Unpaid family workers are persons
working without pay on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the
household to whom they are related by blood or marriage.
Workweek preferences . The question on workweek preferences was asked only
of workers who were interviewed in person. That is, this question was not
asked in cases where a person was supplying information for another
household member, as is often the case in this survey. This is the
- A -
principal reason why this information was obtained for only a little over
three-fourths of all workers (83.7 million out of 106.9 million). The
question reads as follows: "If you had a choice, would you prefer to work:
The same number of hours and earn the same money? Fewer hours at the same
rate of pay and earn less money? More hours at the same rate of pay and
earn more money?"
Home-based work . The data on home-based work were obtained in answer to
the following question: "As part of .... regularly scheduled work,
does.... do any of his/her work (for the specific employer or as
self-employed) at home?" This question related only to the work performed
at home as part of one's sole or primary job. These data, therefore, do
not include any home-based work performed by dual jobholders as part of
their second job.
Weekend work . It is important to note that the data relating to the number
and percent of persons working on Saturday or Sunday do not include those
who do so as part of a secondary job. These data relate only to the
workweek pattern on the sole or primary jobs of workers.
Multiple jobholders . For the purposes of this survey, a multiple jobholder
is an employed person who, during the reference week, (1) had a job as a
wage or salary worker with two or more employers, (2) was self-employed and
also held a wage or salary job, or (3) worked as an unpaid family worker
but also had a second wage or salary job. A person employed only in
private households (as a maid, laundress, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who
worked for two or more employers during the survey week was not counted as
a multiple jobholder. (Working for several employers is considered an
inherent characteristic of private household work rather than an indication
of multiple jobholding.) Also not counted as dual jobholders were those
self-employed persons with additional jobs as unpaid family workers.
Hour8 of work . In most cases, the statistics on hours reported in this
release refer to the "usual" pattern. In some cases, however, they relate
to the actual number of hours worked during the reference week. (This is
the case for the data on the hours paid at overtime rates and the hours of
home-base work.) For persons working in more than one job, separate
information was obtained as to the hours worked on the primary and on the
secondary job.
Shift work . While data were also collected on the specific time of the day
that workers began and ended work during the reference week, the summary
information on shift work presented here is not based on such data. This
information reflects merely the respondent's answers as to whether the
hour8 usually worked constituted, "A regular daytime schedule; a regular
evening shift; a regular night shift ..." and so forth. Also, these data
relate only to the sole or primary jobs of individuals, and thus do not
reflect those who may work in the evening or at night as part of a
secondary job.
Overtime pay . The data on overtime pay are based on answers to the
question: "Last week was ... paid overtime for any of the hours worked?"
The data, therefore, relate to any hours paid at overtime rates, even if
the worker in question worked less than AO hours during the reference week.
Table 1. Workweek preference of employed persona, assuming no change In the rate of pay, May 1985
Characteristic
Total
(in
thousands)
Total who
reported
workweek
preference
(in
thousands)
Percent distribution by workweek preference
Total who
did not
report
workweek
preference
(in
thousands)
Total
Preferred
more
hours
Preferred
fewer
hours
Preferred
current
hours
Total, 16 years and over.
106,878
83,699
100.0
27.5
7.6
64.9
23,180
Wage and salary workers .
97,110
76,195
100.0
27.7
7.5
64.8
20,915
Incorporated self-employed.
2,831
1,963
100.0
13.7
11.4
75.0
868
All other wage and salary workers .
94,280
74,232
100.0
28.1
1.3
64.6
20,048
Demographic characteristics:
16 to 19 years.
6,082
3,818
100.0
55.8
3.0
41.2
2,265
20 to 24 years .
13,343
9,962
100.0
42.0
5.0
53.0
3,381
25 to 54 years .
63,363
51,109
100.0
25.9
8.2
65.9
12,254
55 to 64 years .
9,536
7,734
100.0
14.4
7.1
78.4
1,801
65 years and over.
1,956
1,609
100.0
11.3
7.2
81.6
347
Men.
51,106
37,400
100.0
30.6
5.9
63.5
13,706
Women .
43,173
36,832
100.0
25.5
8.8
65.7
6,341
White.
81,699
64,419
100.0
26.8
7.7
65.5
17,280
Men.
44,808
32,806
100.0
29.3
6.2
64.5
12,002
Women .
36,891
31,613
100.0
24.2
9.4
66.5
5,278
Black.
9,991
7,744
100.0
39.0
4.4
56.6
2,247
Men.
4,934
3,537
100.0
42.2
3.8
54.0
1,398
Women .
5,057
4,207
100.0
36.3
4.9
58.8
850
Hispanic origin.
6,040
4,782
100.0
35.8
3.8
60.4
1,258
Men.
3,663
2,816
100.0
39.3
2.6
58.0
848
Women .
2,376
1,966
100.0
30.7
5.6
63.7
410
Industry:
Agriculture.
1,598
1,122
100.0
43.3
7.3
49.4
476
Nonagricultural industries.
92,682
73,110
100.0
27.8
7.3
64.8
19,572
Mining.
961
716
100.0
25.6
8.0
66.3
245
Construction.
5,353
3,818
100.0
36.1
5.3
58.6
1,535
Manufacturing .
20,271
15,820
100.0
25.8
7.5
66.7
4,451
Durable goods.
12,297
9,439
100.0
25.4
7.6
67.0
2,857
Nondurable goods.
7,975
6,381
100.0
26.4
7.3
66.3
1,593
Transportation and public utilities .
7,087
5,355
100.0
23.5
7.8
68.7
1,732
Wholesale trade.
3,701
2,887
100.0
26.3
7.4
66.3
814
Retail trade.
15,663
12,000
100.0
37.3
6.4
56.3
3,662
Finance, insurance, and real estate .
6,096
5,013
100.0
23.5
8.0
68.6
1,083
Services.
28,499
23,396
100.0
26.5
7.8
65.6
5,103
Public administration.
5,050
4,105
100.0
20.5
7.2
72.3
945
Occupation:
Managerial and professional specialty.
22,038
17,752
100.0
18.0
9.7
72.3
4,286
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
29,490
24,008
100.0
25.6
8.3
66.1
5,481
Service occupations.
13,081
10,368
100.0
38.9
4.5
56.6
2,713
Precision production, craft and repair.
11,527
8,482
100.0
30.1
6.4
63.5
3,046
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.
16,117
12,201
100.0
35.0
5.6
59.4
3,916
Farming, forestry, and fishing.
2,027
1,422
100.0
45.6
5.0
49.4
605
All other workers’.
9,768
7,504
100.0
25.0
8.9
66.1
2,264
1 Includes the self-employed (unincorporated) and unpaid family
workers.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races” group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
The question on workweek preferences was asked only of those workers
who were interviewed in person (rather than through proxy respondents).
This is the principal reason for- the large number (23.2 million) for whom
no information on work preference was obtained.
Table 2. Employed parsons with 8 or mors hours of homs-bassd work par wssk by class of worker and hours worked at
home, May 1985
Percent distribution by class of worker
Percent distribution by
hours worked at home
Total
(in
thou¬
sands)
Wage and salary workers
Characteristic
Total
Total
Incor¬
porated
self-
employed
All other
wage
and
salary
workers
All other
work¬
ers'
Total
8 to 15
hours
16
hours or
more
AGE. 8EX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
Total, 16 years and over .
8,978
100.0
67.4
7.7
59.7
32.6
100.0
67.2
32.8
16 to 19 years.
95
100.0
63.2
3.2
60.0
36.8
100.0
63.8
36.2
20 to 24 years.
421
100.0
81.5
3.1
78.4
18.5
100.0
73.5
26.5
25 to 54 years.
6,985
100.0
69.2
8.0
81.2
30.8
100.0
68.9
31.1
55 to 64 years.
1,106
100.0
81.5
7.4
54.0
38.5
100.0
62.6
37.4
65 years and over.
372
100.0
38.1
8.2
27.9
63.9
100.0
40.7
59.3
Men.
5,019
100.0
66.9
10.3
56.6
33.1
100.0
70.7
29.3
Women.
3,959
100.0
67.9
4.3
83.8
32.1
100.0
62.6
37.4
White.
6,395
100.0
67.1
7.7
59.4
32.9
100.0
66.9
33.1
Merr.
4,734
100.0
66.7
10.3
56.3
33.3
100.0
70.5
29.5
Women.
3,661
100.0
87.7
4.3
63.4
32.3
100.0
62.3
37.7
Black.
399
100.0
71.7
5.3
66.3
28.3
100.0
68.9
31.1
Men.
174
100.0
68.5
8.2
60.3
31.5
100.0
70.4
29.6
Women.
225
100.0
74.1
3.2
70.9
25.9
100.0
67.7
32.3
Hispanic origin.
279
100.0
72.2
6.0
66.2
27.8
100.0
69.0
31.0
Men.
144
100.0
69.5
9.4
60.1
30.5
100.0
76.3
23.7
Women .
135
100.0
75.0
2.3
72.6
25.0
100.0
61.3
38.7
INDUSTRY
Agriculture.
623
100.0
16.5
4.7
11.9
83.5
100.0
26.0
74.0
Nonagricultural industries.
8,355
100.0
71.2
7.9
63.3
28.8
100.0
70.2
29.8
Mining .
78
100.0
87.6
36.4
51.2
12.4
100.0
72.9
27.1
Construction.
484
100.0
48.6
20.2
28.5
51.4
100.0
73.3
26.7
Manufacturing .
934
100.0
84.6
6.2
78.4
15.4
100.0
79.0
21.0
Durable goods.
553
100.0
85.4
5.9
79.5
14.6
100.0
82.2
17.8
Nondurable goods.
382
100.0
83.5
6.5
77.0
16.5
100.0
74.4
25.6
Transportation and public utilities .
362
100.0
77.7
10.3
67.4
22.3
100.0
72.7
27.3
Wholesale trade .
503
100.0
77.8
15.3
62.5
22.2
100.0
75.6
24.4
Retail trade.
790
100,0
60.3
17.1
43.2
39.7
100.0
71.7
28.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
775
100.0
73.5
4.5
69.0
26.5
100.0
69.7
30.3
Services.
4,148
100.0
68.8
4.6
64.1
31.2
100.0
65.5
34.5
Public administration.
281
100.0
100.0
-
100.0
-
100.0
88.3
11.7
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty.
4,373
100.0
80.6
8.1
72.4
19.4
100.0
77.3
22.7
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
2,427
100.0
71.8
9.1
62.6
28.2
100.0
69.7
30.3
Service occupations.
715
100.0
41.3
2.1
39.2
58.7
100.0
29.7
70.3
Precision production, craft and repair.
578
100.0
46.4
9.7
36.7
53.6
100.0
70.5
29.5
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.
298
100.0
45.9
5.3
40.7
54.1
100.0
62.7
37.3
Farming, forestry, and fishing.
587
100.0
14.2
4.3
9.9
85.8
100.0
25.7
74.3
Includes the self-employed (unincorporated) and unpaid family sum to totals because data for the "other races” group are not presented
workers. and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
Tabto 3. Number of days par waak usually work ad by amployad parsons at thalr sola or principal Job,
May 1M5
Total
(in
thou¬
sands)
Percent distribution by days usually worked
Characteristic
Total
1 to 3
days
4 to 4
1 12 days
5 days
5 1/2
days
6 days
7 days
Total. 16 years and over.
106,878
100.0
8.3
6.1
69.9
3.1
9.2
3.4
Wage and salary workers.
97,110
100.0
8.2
6.0
72.9
2.8
7.7
2.4
Incorporated self-employed.
2,831
100.0
4.4
5.3
44.1
9.8
27.3
9.1
All other wage and salary workers.
94,280
100.0
8.3
6.1
73.8
2.6
7.1
2.2
Demographic characteristics:
16 to 19 years.
6,082
1000
28.1
13.7
43.0
1.6
9.4
4.3
20 to 24 years.
13,343
100.0
9.0
6.9
70.9
2.2
9.0
1.9
25 to 54 years.
63,363
100.0
5.8
5.2
77.6
2.8
6.8
1.9
55 to 64 years.
9,536
100.0
7.3
5.2
77.3
2.6
5.5
2.2
65 years and over .
1,956
100.0
27.4
10.4
51.0
1.5
4.8
4.8
Men.
51,106
100.0
5.7
4.8
74.1
3.6
9.2
2.6
Women.
43,173
100.0
11.4
7.5
73.5
1.4
4.6
1.6
White .
81,699
100.0
8.4
6.1
73.2
2.7
7.3
2.2
Men .
44,608
100.0
5.5
4.8
73.8
3.8
9.5
2.7
Women.
36,891
100.0
11.9
7.8
72.5
1.4
4.7
1.7
Black.
9,991
100.0
7.8
5.4
78.0
1.2
5.9
1.7
Men .
4,934
100.0
7.3
5.1
76.5
1.6
7.4
2.0
Women.
5,057
100.0
8.2
5.8
79.4
.9
4.4
1.3
Hispanic ongin.
6,040
100.0
5.4
5.1
77.3
2.0
8.2
2.1
Men .
3,663
100.0
4.0
4.5
76.1
2.7
10.2
2.5
Women.
2,376
100.0
7.6
6.0
79.2
.9
5.0
1.4
Industry:
Agriculture.
1,598
100.0
11.6
6.7
43.8
6.5
20.5
10.9
Nonagricultural industries .
92,682
100.0
8.2
6.1
74.3
2.5
6.9
2.0
Mining.
961
100.0
3.1
3.8
71.5
4.1
11.6
6.0
Construction.
5,353
100.0
5.5
6.0
78.7
1.8
6.4
1.5
Manufacturing.
20,271
100.0
2.7
3.5
84.4
2.6
5.5
1.3
Durable goods.
12,297
100.0
2.0
2.8
85.4
3.0
5.7
1.1
Nondurable goods.
7,975
100.0
3.7
4.6
82.8
2.0
5.2
1.6
Transportation and public utilities.
7,087
100.0
4.4
4.1
81.5
2.0
6.2
1.8
Wholesale trade.
3,701
100.0
5.0
3.7
78.0
5.5
6.8
1.0
Retail trade.
15,663
100.0
14.2
11.1
55.0
3.2
13.9
2.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
6,096
100.0
4.4
3.6
81.4
3.0
5.4
2.2
Services.
28,499
100.0
12.2
6.8
71.5
2.0
5.2
2.4
Public administration.
5,050
100.0
5.9
4.3
84.0
1.2
2.8
1.7
Occupation:
Managerial and professional specialty.
22,038
100.0
5.8
3.8
78.2
3.4
6.3
2.4
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
29,490
100.0
8.5
6.2
75.2
2.4
6.3
1.5
Service occupations.
13,081
100.0
18.2
10.9
58.4
1.4
8.2
2.9
Precision production, craft and repair.
11,527
100.0
3.6
4.2
79.8
3.0
7.8
1.6
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .
16,117
100.0
5.7
6.4
76.7
2.2
7.1
1.9
Farming, forestry, and fishing .
2,027
100.0
15.3
6.0
47.9
4.9
16.9
9.0
All other workers' .
9,768
100.0
9.4
7.2
40.1
6.3
23.5
13.3
' Includes the sell-employed (unincorporated) and unpaid family sum to totals because data for the "other races” group are not
workers. presented and Mispanics are included in both the white and black
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not population groups.
Table 4. Number of hours per week usually worked by employed persons at their sole or principal job. May 1985
Total
Percent distribution by hours usually worked
Mean
Characteristic
(in
thou¬
sands)
Total
Less
than 20
hours
20 to 34
hours
35 to 39
hours
40 hours
41 hours
or more
hours
usually
worked
Total, 16 years and over.
106,878
100.0
7.7
12.0
7.1
50.7
22.6
38.7
Wage and salary workers.
97,110
2,831
100.0
7.4
11.7
7.4
53.4
20.2
38.3
Incorporated self-employed.
100.0
3.7
7.9
3.8
21.6
63.0
48.4
All other wage and salary workers.
94,280
100.0
7.5
11.8
7.5
54.3
18.9
38.0
Demographic characteristics:
16 to 19 years.
6,082
100.0
35.0
32.9
5.6
21.3
5.2
25.0
20 to 24 years.
13,343
100.0
7.7
15.9
7.0
53.6
15.9
37.0
25 to 54 years.
63,363
100.0
4.3
8.5
7.5
58.1
21.8
39.8
55 to 64 years.
9,536
100.0
6.4
11.2
8.5
57.3
16.5
38.1
65 years and over.
1,956
100.0
28.9
28.4
9.3
25.1
8.4
27.9
Men.
51,106
100.0
4.7
6.7
4.3
57.7
26.6
40.6
Women.
43,173
100.0
10.7
17.9
11.2
50.3
9.9
34.9
White .
81,699
100.0
7.6
11.8
7.3
53.2
20.1
38.1
Men .
44,808
100.0
4.6
6.3
4.2
56.8
28.1
40.9
Women.
36,891
100.0
11.2
18.4
11.1
48.8
10.5
34.7
Black.
9,991
100.0
6.7
12.0
9.2
61.5
10.7
37.2
Men .
4,934
100.0
5.6
9.3
5.5
64.6
15.0
38.5
Women.
5,057
100.0
7.7
14.7
12.8
58.4
6.4
35.9
Hispanic origin.
6,040
100.0
5.7
10.1
6.7
63.4
14.1
38.3
Men .
3,663
100.0
3.4
6.2
4.6
66.6
19.2
40.2
Women.
2,376
100.0
9.3
16.1
9.9
58.4
6.3
35.3
Industry:
Agriculture.
1,598
100.0
11.3
14.5
5.3
30.2
38.7
40.7
Nonagricultural industries .
92,682
100.0
7.4
11.8
7.5
54.7
18.6
37.9
Mining.
961
100.0
2.2
1.1
2.6
56.8
37.3
44.4
Construction.
5,353
100.0
3.9
6.1
4.1
67.0
18.9
40.0
Manufacturing.
20,271
100.0
2.2
3.6
4.3
69.8
20.2
40.6
Durable goods.
12,297
100.0
1.7
2.5
1.7
73.1
21.0
41.0
Nondurable goods.
7,975
100.0
2.9
5.2
8.1
64.7
19.1
40.0
Transportation and public utilities.
7,087
100.0
3.1
5.5
4.9
65.0
21.5
40.8
Wholesale trade.
3,701
100.0
3.9
6.4
3.7
56.6
29.4
40.9
Retail trade.
15,663
100.0
13.4
25.8
8.4
33.5
18.8
34.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
6,096
100.0
4.3
8.3
15.1
54.1
18.2
39.0
Services.
28,499
100.0
11.6
15.5
9.7
47.8
15.3
35.8
Public administration.
5,050
100.0
3.1
4.6
7.0
70.6
14.6
39.9
Occupation:
Managerial and professional specialty.
22,038
100.0
4.4
6.6
7.3
52.5
29.2
40.9
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
29,490
100.0
8.0
14.8
10.1
52.8
14.2
36.6
Service occupations.
13,081
100.0
17.7
24.5
9.1
39.0
9.7
32.3
Precision production, craft and repair.
11,527
100.0
2.3
3.5
3.1
69.3
21.8
40.9
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.
16,117
100.0
4.9
8.8
5.0
63.5
17.8
39.2
Farming, forestry, and fishing .
2,027
100.0
15.8
12.9
5.3
36.0
30.0
38.0
All other workers' .
9,768
100.0
10.6
14.8
5.0
24.0
45.7
42.5
’ Includes the self-employed (unincorporated) and unpaid family sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not
workers. presented and Hlspanics are Included in both the white and black
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not population groups.
Table 5. Specific days of the week usually worked by employed persons at their sole or principal Job, May 1985
Characteristic
Total
(in
thou¬
sands)'
Percent distribution by specific days worked
Percent
who
worked on
Saturdays
Percent
who
worked
on
Sundays
Total
Monday
through
Friday
Monday
through
Saturday
All 7
days
Weekend
only
Other
schedules
Total, 16 years and over .
106,878
100.0
628
10.7
4.5
0.5
21.5
27.6
12.6
Wage and salary workers.
97,110
100.0
65.5
8.9
3.2
.5
21.9
25.0
11.8
Incorporated self-employed .
2,831
100.0
42.0
34.5
12.0
0
11.5
52.5
14.8
All other wage and salary workers.
94,280
100.0
66.2
8.2
2.9
.5
22.2
24.2
11.7
Demographic characteristics:
16 to 19 years.
6,082
100.0
31.3
8.3
4.9
4.5
51.0
54.6
31.0
20 to 24 years.
13,343
100.0
59.8
9.5
2.7
.7
27.3
30 8
15.2
25 to 54 years.
63,363
100.0
70.7
8.2
2.7
.2
18.3
20.8
9.6
55 to 64 years.
9,536
100.0
70.9
6.6
2.9
.2
19.4
18.8
8.7
65 years and over.
1,956
100.0
46.0
5.9
5.3
1.0
41.8
24.0
13.7
Men.
51,106
100.0
66.8
11.2
3.6
.5
17.8
26.0
12.0
Women.
43,173
100.0
65.4
4.5
2.1
.6
27.4
22.1
11.4
White.
81,699
100.0
65.9
8.5
3.0
.5
22.1
24.5
11.6
Men.
44,808
100.0
66.8
11.7
3.8
.5
17.3
26.3
11.8
Women.
36,891
100.0
64.8
4.6
2.1
.6
28.0
22.3
11.3
Black.
9,991
100.0
68.2
5.9
2.4
.4
23.1
21.9
12.1
Men.
4,934
100.0
67.2
7.7
2.2
.5
22.4
23.2
12.7
Women.
5,057
100.0
69.1
4.3
2.5
.4
23.8
20.6
11.5
Hispanic origin.
6,040
100.0
68.7
8.8
2.9
.4
19.3
24.0
11.9
Men.
3,663
100.0
67.4
10.9
3.7
.2
17.8
26.1
12.8
Women.
2,376
100.0
70.8
5.5
1.6
.6
21.5
208
10.5
Industry:
Agriculture.
1,598
100.0
40.2
268
14.2
.8
18.2
48.7
20.0
Nonaghcultural industries.
92,682
100.0
66.6
7.8
2.7
.5
22.3
23.8
11.6
Mining .
961
100.0
68.1
13.2
11.6
-
7.1
27.8
15.2
Construction.
5,353
100.0
79.8
9.5
1.5
0
9.3
12.3
2.0
Manufacturing .
20,271
100.0
81.7
7.7
1.9
.2
8.5
12.2
4.8
Durable goods .
12,297
100.0
84.1
8.4
1.2
.1
6.2
11.1
3.2
Nondurable goods.
7,975
100.0
78.1
6.7
3.0
.2
12.0
14.0
7.4
Transportation and public utilities.
7,087
100.0
71.2
8.2
3.2
.2
17.1
21.7
11.3
Wholesale trade .
3,701
100.0
75.9
11.8
.7
.1
11.5
164
3.2
Retail trade .
15,663
100.0
31.8
12.5
3.5
1.4
50.7
57.0
26.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
6,096
100.0
78.8
7.6
2.2
.1
11.3
14.9
4.6
Services.
28,499
100.0
65.1
5.2
3.1
.8
25.8
21.1
12.9
Public administration.
5,050
100.0
77.7
2.6
2.8
.1
16.8
14.4
10.6
Occupation:
Managerial and professional specialty.
22,038
100.0
75.5
7.4
2.9
.3
13.8
16.5
8.6
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
29,490
100.0
65.7
7.7
1.9
.4
24.3
24 5
9.4
Service occupations .
13,081
100.0
39.0
5.4
4.5
1.8
49.2
44.9
29.9
Precision production, craft and repair.
11,527
100.0
76.0
10.6
2.3
.1
10.9
17.8
5.7
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .
16,117
100.0
71.3
8.9
2.7
.4
16.8
19.9
9.2
Farming, forestry, and fishing.
2,027
100.0
43.7
21.4
12.6
1.3
21.0
44.5
19.4
All other workers 3 .
9,768
100.0
36.6
28.1
16.9
.3
18.1
53.4
20.9
’ Includes a small number of persons who did not report specific days
worked.
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
3 Includes the self-employed (unincorporated) and unpaid family
workers.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races” group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Table 6. Dual jobholders by claaa of worker and houra per week ueually worked on aecond job, May 1985
Percent distribution by class of worker on second Percent distribution by hours
job worked on second job
Characteristic
Total
(in
thou¬
sands)
Total
Wage and salary workers
All other
work¬
ers'
Total
1 to 8
hours
9 to 15
hours
16
hours
or more
Total
Incor¬
porated
self-
employed
All other
wage
and
salary
workers
Total, 16 years and over...
5,730
100.0
68.8
2.5
66.3
31.2
100.0
38.3
27.1
34.6
Wage and salary workers.
5,369
100.0
66.7
2.7
64.1
33.3
100.0
38.2
27.1
34.7
Incorporated self-employed.
58
100.0
ft
ft
ft
ft
100.0
ft
ft
ft
All other wage and salary workers.
5,311
100.0
66.4
2.7
63.7
33.6
100.0
38.1
27.3
34.6
Demographic characteristics:
16 to 19 years .
280
100.0
92.1
.1
92.0
7.9
100.0
49.3
25.1
25.6
20 to 24 years .
741
100.0
82.0
.3
81.7
18.0
100.0
33.4
28.0
38.6
25 to 54 years .
3,835
100.0
82.6
3.2
59.5
37.4
100.0
37.8
27.4
34.9
55 to 64 years .
384
100.0
53.8
3.9
49.9
46.2
100.0
40.1
28.3
31.6
65 years and over.
72
100.0
ft
ft
(*)
ft
100.0
ft
ft
ft
Men .
3,271
100.0
59.3
3.2
58.1
40.7
100.0
34.8
27.4
37.9
Women .
2,040
100.0
77.7
2.0
75.7
22.3
100.0
43.6
27.2
29.2
White .
4,883
100.0
64.8
2.7
62.1
35.2
100.0
39.2
27.4
33.4
Men .
3,036
100.0
57.9
3.2
54.7
42.1
100.0
35.6
27.8
36.8
Women.
1,846
100.0
78.3
2.0
74.2
23.7
100.0
45.3
27.0
27.7
Black .
328
100.0
84.8
2.1
82.7
15.2
100.0
24.7
27.3
48.0
Men .
180
100.0
76.9
2.5
74.4
23.1
100.0
22.4
21.9
55.7
Women.
147
100.0
94.4
1.7
92.7
5.6
100.0
27.4
33.8
38.8
Hispanic origin .
186
100.0
81.0
1.3
79.6
19.0
100.0
31.3
31.9
36.7
Men .
121
100.0
82.3
1.3
80.9
17.7
100.0
29.4
28.6
42.0
Women.
65
100.0
ft
ft
ft
ft
100.0
ft
ft
ft
Industry of principal job:
Agriculture .
95
100.0
61.5
.4
61.2
38.5
100.0
42.5
23.7
33.9
Nonagricultural industries .
5,217
100.0
66.5
2.8
63.7
33.5
100.0
38.1
27.4
34.6
Mining .
40
100.0
O
ft
O
ft
100.0
ft
ft
ft
Construction .
293
100.0
56.8
2.0
54.9
43.2
100.0
39.0
24.8
36.1
Manufacturing .
893
100.0
53.5
2.9
50.6
46.5
100.0
34.2
26.0
39.7
Durable goods .
562
100.0
49.6
2.0
47.6
50.4
100.0
33.5
25.1
41.3
Nondurable goods .
331
100.0
60.1
4.5
55.6
39.9
100.0
35.4
27.5
37.1
Transportation and public utilities.
339
100.0
64.0
2.6
61.4
36.0
100.0
32.7
30.8
36.5
Wholesale trade.
222
100.0
55.4
3.1
52.3
44.6
100.0
32.3
31.5
36.2
Retail trade.
758
100.0
78.2
1.2
77.0
21.8
100.0
34.7
25.9
39.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
329
100.0
69.8
3.4
66.4
30.2
100.0
38.9
30.0
31.1
Services .
1,928
100.0
71.2
2.5
68.7
28.8
100.0
44.7
27.6
27.7
Public administration .
415
100.0
66.9
6.0
60.8
33.1
100.0
28.8
28.6
42.6
Occupation of principal job:
Managerial and professional specialty .
1,535
100.0
63.1
4.3
58.9
36.9
100.0
46.3
26.8
26.9
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
1,584
100.0
72.4
2.8
69.6
27.6
100.0
38.0
30.0
32.0
Service occupations.
824
100.0
78.2
2.2
76.0
21.8
100.0
33.2
28.1
38.7
Precision production, craft and repair.
591
100.0
50.2
1.9
48.3
49.8
100.0
35.7
20.2
44.1
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.
642
100.0
59.3
.7
58.6
40.7
100.0
24.6
28.9
46.5
Farming, forestry, and fishing.
136
100.0
65.8
.3
65.5
34.2
100.0
52.4
20.4
27.2
All other workers’ .
361
100.0
100.0
-
100.0
-
100.0
39.8
26.5
33.7
' Includes the self-employed (unincorporated). Excludes unpaid family
workers, who, by definition, cannot be dual jobholders.
’ Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Tabl* 7. Numbar of hours par day usually work ad by amployad parsons at thalr sola or principal Job, May 1985
Characteristic
Total
Percent distribution by hours usually worked
Mean
hours per
day
(in
thou¬
sands)
Total
Less
than 6
hours
6 to 7
hours
8 hours
9 to 10
hours
11 hours
or more
Total, 16 years and over.
106,878
100.0
11.2
9.8
57.8
16.2
4.9
7.9
Wage and salary workers.
97,110
100.0
10.5
9.7
60.7
15.0
4.2
7.9
Incorporated self-employed.
2,831
100.0
7.3
6.4
29.1
38.7
18.6
9.1
All other wage and salary workers.
94,280
100.0
10.6
9.8
61.6
14.3
3.8
7.8
Demographic characteristics:
16 to 19 years.
6,082
100.0
48.9
16.2
28.5
4.5
1.8
5.9
20 to 24 years.
13,343
100.0
12.7
11.2
60.4
12.8
2.9
7.7
25 to 54 years.
63,363
100.0
6.0
8.5
65.0
16.2
4.3
8.1
55 to 64 years.
9,536
100.0
8.9
10.2
66.7
11.4
2.8
7.8
65 years and over .
1,956
100.0
33.8
19.6
37.7
6.9
1.9
6.5
Men.
51,106
100.0
6.7
5.6
62.7
19.5
5.5
8.2
Women.
43,173
100.0
15.2
14.7
60.3
8.1
1.7
7.4
White .
81,699
100.0
10.6
9.7
60.6
15.1
3.9
7.9
Men .
44,808
100.0
6.5
5.5
61.8
20.5
5.8
8.3
Women.
36,891
100.0
15.6
14.9
59.1
8.6
1.7
7.4
Black.
9,991
100.0
10.7
10.3
68.4
8.2
2.4
7.7
Men .
4,934
100.0
8.7
6.5
69.6
12.0
3.2
7.9
Women.
5,057
100.0
12.7
14.0
67.2
4.5
1.6
7.5
Hispanic origin.
6,040
100.0
9.4
9.1
68.4
10.1
3.0
7.8
Men .
3,663
100.0
6.4
5.5
70.5
13.6
4.0
8.1
Women.
2,376
100.0
14.1
14.7
65.1
4.6
1.5
7.4
Industry:
Agriculture.
1,598
100.0
17.5
6.9
37.2
29.2
9.2
8.0
Nonagricultural industries .
92,682
100.0
10.5
9.8
62.0
14.0
3.7
7.8
Mining.
961
100.0
2.1
2.6
62.5
22.3
10.4
8.7
Construction.
5,353
100.0
3.3
5.7
69.5
18.0
3.5
8.2
Manufacturing.
20,271
100.0
2.7
3.3
76.0
15.1
2.9
8.2
Durable goods .
12,297
100.0
2.1
1.6
77.7
16.5
2.1
8.2
Nondurable goods.
7,975
100.0
3.6
5.8
73.4
13.1
4.1
8.1
Transportation and public utilities.
7,087
100.0
4.7
5.0
69.0
15.8
5.4
8.3
Wholesale trade.
3,701
100.0
5.1
4.8
62.4
21.8
6.0
8.3
Retail trade .
15,663
100.0
23.1
18.3
42.0
13.2
3.4
7.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
6,096
100.0
7.3
12.5
63.5
14.0
2.7
7.9
Services.
28,499
100.0
14.5
12.9
57.3
11.9
3.4
7.6
Public administration.
5,050
100.0
5.0
5.2
75.1
9.5
5.2
8.4
Occupation:
Managerial and professional specialty.
22,038
100.0
5.1
7.9
59.2
22.4
5.4
8.3
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
29,490
100.0
12.7
12.4
61.8
10.9
2.2
7.6
Service occupations.
13,081
100.0
25.0
17.2
47.6
6.5
3.7
7.1
Precision production, craft and repair.
11,527
100.0
2.3
3.6
74.9
16.3
3.0
8.2
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.
16,117
100.0
7.3
6.1
68.8
13.1
4.6
8.0
Farming, forestry, and fishing .
2,027
100.0
19.9
7.8
42.4
22.5
7.4
7.7
All other workers’ .
9,768
100.0
17.9
11.2
29.8
28.8
12.3
8.1
' Includes the self-employed (unincorporated) and unpaid family sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not
workers. presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not population groups.
Table 8. Availability of flexitime on the aole or principal job held by wage and ealary workers, May 1985
Characteristic
Total
(in thousands)
Percent distribution by availability of flexitime
Total
Had flexitime
Did not have
flexitime
Didn’t know
AGE, SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
Total, 16 years and over.
94,280
100.0
13.6
85.6
0.8
16 to 19 years.
6,082
100.0
14.8
84.0
1.2
20 to 24 years.
13,343
100.0
12.7
86.2
1.1
25 to 54 years.
63,363
100.0
13.8
85.4
.8
55 to 64 years.
9,536
100.0
11.0
88.1
.9
65 years and over.
1,956
100.0
20.6
78.8
.6
Men.
51,106
100.0
13.9
85.2
.9
Women.
43,173
100.0
13.2
86.0
8
White .
81,699
100.0
14.0
85.2
.8
Men.
44,808
100.0
14.4
84.8
.8
Women.
36,891
100.0
13.6
85.7
.7
Black.
9,991
100.0
9.9
88.5
1.5
Men.
4,934
100.0
9.1
89.2
1.7
Women.
5,057
100.0
10.7
87.9
1.3
Hispanic origin.
6,040
100.0
10.4
88.1
1.5
Men.
3,663
100.0
10.4
88.3
1.4
Women.
2,376
100.0
10.5
87.9
1.6
INDUSTRY
Agriculture.
1,598
100.0
18.9
80.5
.6
Nonagricultural industries.
92,682
100.0
13.5
85.6
.9
Mining .
961
100.0
9.5
90.2
.4
Construction.
5,353
100.0
9.8
89.5
.6
Manufacturing .
20,271
100.0
10.3
88.7
1.0
Durable goods .
12,297
100.0
10.7
88.2
1.1
Nondurable goods.
7,975
100.0
9.8
89.4
.8
Transportation and public utilities.
7,087
100.0
12.8
86.2
1.1
Wholesale trade.
3,701
100.0
18.3
80.9
.8
Retail trade .
15,663
100.0
13.0
86.1
1.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
6,096
100.0
20.6
78.7
.7
Services.
28,499
100.0
13.9
85.3
.7
Public administration.
5,050
100.0
19.0
80.0
1.0
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty.
22,038
100.0
18.6
80.6
.8
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
29,490
100.0
16.5
82.6
.9
Service occupations .
13,081
100.0
10.6
88.6
.8
Precision production, craft and repair.
11.527
100.0
7.7
91.5
.7
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .
16,117
100.0
7.3
91.7
1.0
Farming, forestry, and fishing.
2,027
100.0
19.2
79.8
1.0
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not Wage and salary workers as shown in this table exclude incorporated self¬
sum to totals because data for the "other races” group are not presented employed,
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Table 9. Time of day ueually worked by employed peraons at their sole or principal job, May 1985
Characteristic
Total
(in
thou¬
sands)
Percent distribution by time of day usually worked
Total
Day
time
Evening
shift
Night
shift
Rotating
shift
Split shift
Other
shifts
Total, 16 years and over.
106,878
100.0
78.3
9.1
2.9
4.6
1.2
3.9
Wage and salary workers.
97,110
100.0
78.3
9.6
3.1
4.8
1.1
3.1
Incorporated self-employed.
2,831
100.0
88.2
2.0
.9
1.6
1.4
5.9
All other wage and salary workers.
94,280
100.0
78.0
9.8
3.1
4.9
1.0
3.1
Demographic characteristics:
16 to 19 years.
6,082
100.0
38.0
39.2
4.3
9.3
1.3
7.8
20 to 24 years.
13,343
100.0
72.8
12.7
3.7
6.4
1.1
3.3
25 to 54 years.
63,363
100.0
82.2
7.1
2.9
4.4
1.0
2.4
55 to 64 years.
9,536
100.0
83.0
6.3
2.8
3.7
1.2
2.9
65 years and over .
1,956
100.0
77.1
6.8
3.6
3.2
1.9
7.4
Men.
51,106
100.0
77.7
9.5
3.3
5.3
1.0
3.3
Women.
43,173
100.0
78.4
10.3
3.0
4.4
1.1
2.8
White .
81,699
100.0
78.3
9.5
3.0
5.0
1.0
3.1
Men .
44,808
100.0
78.2
9.0
3.1
5.3
1.0
3.3
Women.
36,891
100.0
78.4
10.2
2.9
4.5
1.1
2.9
Black.
9,991
100.0
75.7
12.2
3.7
4.7
1.0
2.7
Men .
4,934
100.0
73.0
13.2
4.0
5.5
1.0
3.3
Women.
5,057
100.0
78.3
11.3
3.4
3.9
1.0
2.1
Hispanic origin.
6,040
100.0
79.3
9.8
2.9
3.7
1.1
3.2
Men .
3,663
100.0
78.6
9.3
3.1
4.1
1.3
3.6
Women.
2,376
100.0
80.5
10.7
2.5
3.1
.8
2.4
Industry:
Agriculture.
1,598
100.0
79.8
6.7
2.4
1.2
4.7
5.2
Nonagricultural industries .
92,682
100.0
78.0
9.9
3.2
5.0
1.0
3.0
Mining .
961
100.0
77.8
6.5
1.5
11.6
.2
2.6
Construction.
5,353
100.0
95.7
1.8
.5
.7
.1
1.3
Manufacturing.
20,271
100.0
81.0
9.8
3.4
4.5
.1
1.1
Durable goods .
12,297
100.0
83.4
10.3
2.6
2.8
.1
.8
Nondurable goods.
7,975
100.0
77.4
9.0
4.6
7.1
.2
1.7
Transportation and public utilities.
7,087
100.0
76.8
7.4
4.2
6.1
1.9
3.6
Wholesale trade.
3,701
100.0
89.8
3.7
2.3
1.3
.4
2.4
Retail trade.
15,663
100.0
59.2
20.3
4.3
10.2
1.5
4.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
6,096
100.0
90.2
3.7
1.5
1.4
.5
2.7
Services.
28,499
100.0
78.7
9.4
3.4
3.5
1.4
3.7
Public administration.
5,050
100.0
79.6
5.6
2.0
7.4
1.1
4.3
Occupation:
Managerial and professional specialty.
22,038
100.0
88.3
3.4
1.6
3.0
.8
2.9
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
29,490
100.0
80.7
8.7
2.6
4.7
.6
2.7
Service occupations.
13,081
100.0
54.3
23.8
6.0
8.1
2.2
5.6
Precision production, craft and repair.
11,527
100.0
86.3
6.5
2.3
3.6
2
1.2
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.
16,117
100.0
72.3
12.3
4.7
6.5
1.4
2.8
Farming, forestry, and fishing .
2,027
100.0
79.0
7.0
2.0
1.5
3.9
6.5
All other workers' .
9,768
100.0
77.7
3.8
1.6
2.3
3.1
11.4
1 Includes the self-employed (unincorporated) and unpaid family sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not
workers. presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not population groups.
Table 10. Wage and aalary workers who received overtime pay, the number of houre worked, and the rate of pay received,
May 1985
Characteristic
Total who
received
overtime
pay
(in thou¬
sands)'
Percent distribution by overtime hours worked
Percent distribution by rate of pay
received
Total
1 to 8
hours
9 to 15
hours
18 hours
or more
Total
Time and
one half
Other rates
of pay
AGE, SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
Total, 16 years and over.
10,528
100.0
63.8
21.8
14.3
100.0
91.8
8.2
16 to 19 years .
366
100.0
67.9
20.2
11.8
100.0
95.1
4.9
20 to 24 years .
1,771
100.0
63.4
22.8
13.7 •
100.0
92.8
7.2
25 to 54 years .
7,542
100.0
63.5
21.8
14.7
100.0
91.4
8.6
55 to 64 years .
792
100.0
66.0
20.6
13.4
100.0
92.2
7.8
65 years and over...
58
100.0
(*)
(*)
(*)
100.0
O
(*)
Men .
7,420
100.0
58.7
24.3
17.0
100.0
91.6
8.4
Women.
3,107
100.0
76.0
16.1
7.9
100.0
92.4
7.6
White.
9,381
100.0
63.9
21.9
14.2
100.0
91.9
8.1
Men .
6,672
100.0
58.5
24.5
17.0
100.0
91.4
8.6
Women.
2,709
100.0
77.3
15.3
7.4
100.0
93.2
6.8
Black .
944
100.0
62.1
22.4
15.5
100.0
90.6
9.4
Men .
622
100.0
59.6
23.3
17.1
100.0
92.9
7.1
Women.
322
100.0
67.0
20.6
12.4
100.0
86.2
13.8
Hispanic origin .
628
100.0
63.1
24.7
12.2
100.0
94.8
5.2
Men .
473
100.0
60.7
25.0
14.4
100.0
95.6
4.4
Women.
155
100.0
70.4
23.7
5.9
100.0
92.7
7.3
INDUSTRY
Agriculture .
89
100.0
43.5
41.2
15.3
100.0
82.7
17.3
Nonagricultural industries.
10,439
100.0
64.0
21.7
14.3
100.0
91.9
8.1
Mining.
254
100.0
42.0
20.2
37.8
100.0
98.0
2.0
Construction .
790
100.0
53.8
25.7
20.5
100.0
94.1
5.9
Manufacturing.
3,907
100.0
60.6
23.7
15.7
100.0
93.2
6.8
Durable goods.
2,521
100.0
59.8
24.3
15.9
100.0
92.8
7.2
Nondurable goods .
1,386
100.0
62.2
22.5
15.4
100.0
94.1
5.9
Transportation and public utilities.
1,151
100.0
60.9
24.1
14.9
100.0
92.1
7.9
Wholesale trade.
478
100.0
62.3
22.4
15.3
100.0
95.5
4.5
Retail trade.
1,500
100.0
73.3
18.2
8.5
100.0
92.1
7.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
388
100.0
77.9
14.0
8.2
100.0
90.8
9.2
Services .
1,570
100.0
71.3
17.9
10.8
100.0
86.1
13.9
Public administration .
401
100.0
65.8
22.1
12.1
100.0
88.7
11.3
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty .
1,268
100.0
62.8
25.9
11.3
100.0
80.1
19.9
Technical, sales, and administrative support.
2,709
100.0
75.3
16.9
7.8
100.0
94.6
5.4
Service occupations.
785
100.0
71.2
15.3
13.5
100.0
87.9
12.1
Precision production, craft and repair.
2,441
100.0
57.8
22.9
19.5
100.0
94.2
5.8
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.
3,201
100.0
58.0
24.5
17.5
100.0
93.4
6.6
Farming, forestry, and fishing.
124
100.0
51.7
38.7
9.6
100.0
86.3
13.7
Includes a small number of persons who did not report the number of
overtime hours worked and/or the rate of pay received.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75.000.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are Included in both the white and black population groups.
Wage and salary workers as shown in this table exclude incorporated self-
employed.
* •
Diskettes are available by single copy ($35 per diskette) or by
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United States
Department
of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212
Technical Information: (202) 523-1371 USDL 87-452
523-1944
523-1959
Media contact: 523-1913 FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22, 1987
MOST OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES ARE VOLUNTARY
Ten percent of all workers changed occupations between January 1986 and
1987, over half of them in hopes of better pay or working conditions, the
U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
About one in eight of the workers switched occupations, however, because
they lost their previous jobs.
These findings are from a special supplement to the January 1987
Current Population Survey. The survey also showed that more than
one-fourth, of all American workers have been with the same employer for 10
years or more. Among those age 45 years and over, more than half have been
with their current employer for at least 10 years.
Occupational mobility
The proportion of workers who had changed occupations between January
1986 and January 1987—9.9 percent—was little changed from that found in a
similar survey conducted in January 1983. Younger workers were the most
mobile, as nearly one-fourth of those 16 to 24 years of age changed
occupations during 1986. In contrast, among those workers 25 years and
over, only 1 in 13 switched occupations. (See table 1.)
About 13 percent of the workers who had shifted occupations cited job
loss as the reason. Nearly three-fourths of the job losers had been
displaced due to plant closings or moves, abolishment of their positions or
shifts, or slack work. Older workers were more likely than younger ones to
cite involuntary rather than voluntary reasons for their shifts. (See
table 2.)
Relative to their previous jobs, about half of the occupationally
mobile adults age 25 years and over had higher pay in their new occupations
in January 1987, while 29 percent cited lower pay; 22 percent reported
their earnings were about the same. Of the workers who had changed
occupations after being displaced from their previous job, almost
two-thirds experienced an earnings drop; a greater proportion of men than
women had such a decrease. (See table 3.)
Length of service with current employer
About 30 percent of the men had been with their current employer for 10
years or more as of January 1987. For women, 21 percent had been with
2
their employer for this long. Among workers 45 years and over, nearly 60
percent of the men and 45 percent of the women had been with their current
employer for at least 10 years. (See table 4.)
Overall, the median length of job tenure with the current employer was
4.2 years in January 1987. (See table 5.) This was down slightly from 4.4
years in January 1983. The slight decline is probably a reflection of the
rapid employment build-up in the intervening years, when many new workers
entered the job market.
hen reported significantly longer periods of employment on a single job
than did women. The median job tenure for men was 5.0 years, compared with
3.6 years for women. Tenure differences between men and women are slight
at younger ages, but they become much more pronounced for workers nearing
retirement. By ages 55 to 64 years, men had a median tenure of about 16
years, compared with 10 years for women.
Table 1. Employed persons in January 1987 by employment status and occupation in January 1986, age, sex, race, and
Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Status in January 1986'
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor
force
Employed in
January 1987
Total
Different occupation
!
came ,
occupation Number
Occupational
mobility rate 2
Total, 16 years and over.
109,090
100,123
90,166
9,957
9.9
3,098
5,869
16 to 24 years.
19,090
14,637
11,212
3,425
23.4
1,093
3,360
25 years and over .
90,000
85,487
78,955
6,532
7.6
2,004
2,508
25 to 34 years.
32,160
29,958
26,499
3,460
11.5
991
1,210
35 to 44 years.
26,545
25,329
23,394
1,936
7.6
557
659
45 to 54 years.
17,044
16,461
15,675
786
4.8
288
294
55 to 64 years.
11,414
11,013
10,694
319
2.9
144
257
65 years and over.
2,837 i
2,725
2,693
32
1.2
24
88
Men.
60,242
56,413
51,023
5,391
9.6
1,740
2,089
Women.
48,848 |
43,710
39,144
4,566
10.4
1,358
3,780
White .
95,044 i
87,525
78,676
8,849
10.1
2,425
5,094
Black.
10,851
9,773
8,942 i
831
8.5
556
523
Hispanic origin.
7,198
1
6,437
5,802
635
9.9
302
459
’ Persons reporting continuous tenure of 1 year or more with their
current employers were not asked about their specific status in January
1986, and were classified as having been employed. Those with tenure
of less than 1 year were classified according to their reported status.
2 Number in a different occupation in January 1987 as a proportion
of the total employed both in January 1986 and January 1987.
Table 2, Distribution of employed persons who changed occupations between January 1986 and January 1987 by reason
for change, age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
Percent distribution by reason for change
Persons who
changed
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin occupations
(in
thousands)
Total, 16 years and over. 9,957
Men, 16 years and over. 5,391
16 to 24 years. 1,832
25 years and over . 3,559
25 to 34 years. 1,943
35 to 44 years. 1 984
45 to 54 years.j 436
55 years and over. 196
Women, 16 years and over . 4,566
16 to 24 years. 1,593
25 years and over . 2,973
25 to 34 years. 1,517 i
35 to 44 years. 951
45 to 54 years. 350
55 years and over. 155
White . 8,849
Black . 831
Hispanic origin . 635
Job losers Job leavers
Total
Displaced
from Other job
i previous losers 2
job'
Wanted
better pay
or working
conditions
Changed
from part-
time to full¬
time work
Changed
from full- |
time to
part-time |
work
l
Moved to |
different 1
residence ;
—
Other job
leavers
100.0
9.5
3.4
53.0
2.5
i
1.3 |
1
6.6
23.9
100.0
11.4
4.2
52.3
2.0
8
5.3
23.9
100.0
8.3
3.9
54.5
2.8 i
1.2 j
7.5
21.8
100.0
13.0
4.4
51.1
1.6
.6
4.2
25.0
100.0
11.0
4.8
56.4
2.2
.2
4.9
20.5
100.0
14.3
3.8
49.8
9
.1
3.3
27.7
100.0
17.7
5.9
' 37.9
1.1
.3
3,7
33.2
100.0
16.1
.7
33.8
1.0
7.8
2.5
38.0
100.0
7.2
2.4
53.8
3.0
1.8
8.0
23.8
100.0
5.4
2.7 I
54.2
3.9
1.4
9.7
22.7
100.0
8.2
2.2
53.6
2.6
2.0
7.1
24.3
100.0
6.7
1.9 1
57.6
2.7
1.6
8.1
21.4
100.0
10.2
2- 1 j
54.1
2.2
1.4
6.6
23.4
100.0
9.3
2.1
43.5
3.0
1.8
5.9
34.4
100.0
8.5
5.2
i
33.9
2.9
9.5
3.3
36.6
100.0
9.0
3.1
53.2
2.6
1.3
6.6
24.1
100.0
14.9
5.4
51.3
1.4
.6
6.5
20.0
100.0
14.1
5.7
44.5
3.7
1.0
8.0
22.9
Total, 25 years and over
6,532
100.0 10.8
3.4
52.2
2.1
1.2
5.5
24.7
’ includes persons who lost or were laid off from their previous job 2 Includes persons who lost or were laid off from their previous job
because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of because of the completion of seasonal work, failure of a self-operated
their positions or shifts. business, or other reasons.
Table 3. Comparison of usual weekly pay for persons employed in different occupations in January 1987 than in January
1986 by age, sex, and reason for occupational change
Persons who
Percent distribution
Age, sex, and reason for change
changed
occupations
(in
Total
Pay in current job
compared to previous pay was:
thousands)
Higher
Lower
About the same
Total, 16 years and over.
9,957
100.0
52.5
26.2
21.2
Men .
5,391
100.0
51.3
26.9
21.7
Women.
4,566
100.0
54.0
25.4
20.6
Total, 25 years and over.
6,532
100.0
49.0
29.2
21.8
Displaced from previous job' .
708
100.0
16.1
64.5
19.4
Other job losers 2 .
222
100.0
25.9
51.6
22.5
Better pay or working conditions .
3,411
100.0
69.8
12.2
17.9
All other reasons.
2,191
100.0
29.4
42.0
28.6
Men, 25 years and over.
3,559
100.0
47.0
30.2
22.8
Displaced from previous job’ .
464
100.0
14.3
67.6
18.2
Other job losers 2 .
157
100.0
25.8
49.8
24.4
Better pay or working conditions.
1,818
100.0
68.8
11.7
19.5
All other reasons .
1,120
100.0
28.1
42.1
29.8
Women, 25 years and over .
2,973
100.0
51.3
28.0
20.7
Displaced from previous job' .
245
100.0
19.5
58.7
21.8
Other job losers 2 .
65
100.0
0
( 3 )
( 3 )
Better pay or working conditions.
1,593
100.0
71.0
12.8
16.1
All other reasons .
1,071
100.0
30.8
41.9
27.3
' Includes persons who lost or were laid oft from their previous job
because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of
their positions or shifts.
2 Includes persons who lost or were laid oft from their previous job
because of the completion of seasonal work, failure of a self-operated
business, or other reasons.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Table 4. Distribution of workers by years of tenure with current employer, age, and sex, January 1987
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by years of tenure with current employer
Age and sex
Number
employed
Total
1 year or
less
2 to 5
years
6 to 9
years
10 to 14
years
15 to 19
years
20 years
or more
TOTAL
16 years and over.
i
.i 109,090
100.0
28.8
30.7
13.8
j * *
10.8
6.6
9.3
16 to 24 years .
.i 19,090
100.0
62.8
34.3
2.8
.2
-
-
25 years and over.
. 90,000
100.0
21.6
30.0
16.1
13.0
8.0
11.3
25 to 34 years .
. 32,160
100.0
30.9
40.0
18.5
9.3
1.3
(’)
35 to 44 years .
. 26,545
100.0
20.6
28.8
16.7
16.7
12.1
5.2
45 years and over .
. 31,295
100.0
12.8
20.7
13.1
13.8
11.5
28.1
45 to 54 years.
. 17,044
100.0
14.7
22.4
13.8
14.5
12.0
22.7
55 to 64 years.
.1 11,414
100.0
10.6
18.4
12.5
13.2
11.7
33.7
65 years and over.
. 2,837
100.0
10.0
20.0
11.6
12.1
8.2
38.1
Men
16 years and over.
.| 60,242 !
100.0
25.9
29.2
13.7
11.2
7.3
12.7
16 to 24 years .
. 9,820
100.0
61.2
35.3
3.3
.2
-
25 years and over.
. 50,422
100.0
19.1
28.1
15.7
13.3
8.7
15.2
25 to 34 years .
. 17,944
100.0
28.2
39.8
19.9
10.5
1.5 !
(’)
35 to 44 years .
. 14,572
100.0
17.4
25.7
16.0
18.9
14.8
7.2
45 years and over.
. 17,906
100.0
11.2
18.2
11.1
11.6
11.0 i
36.8
45 to 54 years.
.! 9,549
100.0
12.7
19.1
11.5
12.2
12.6
31.8
55 to 64 years.
. 6,679
100.0
9.6
16.8
10.4
11.1
9.9
42.2
65 years and over .
. 1,678
100.0
9.3
19.0
11.7
9.9
6.2
43.9
Women
16 years and over.
. 48,848
100.0
32.3
32.6
13.9
10.3
1
5.8 |
5.2
16 to 24 years .
. 9,270
100.0
64.5
33.3
2.2
i ,i
-
-
25 years and over.
. 39,578
100.0
24.7
32.4
16.6
12.7
7.2
6.4
25 to 34 years .
. 14,215
100.0
34.3
40.2
16.7
7.8
i.i !
0
35 to 44 years .
. 11,973
100.0
24.5
32.4
17.6
14.0
8.8
2,7
45 years and over.
. 13,389
100.0
14.9
24.1
15.7
16.7
12.2
16.4
45 to 54 years.
. 7,495
100.0
17.2
26.7
16.6
17.3
11.2
11.0
55 to 64 years.
. 4,736
100.0
12.1
20.6
15.3
16.2
14.1
21.7
65 years and over .
. 1,159
100.0
11.1
21.4
11.4
15.3
11.2
29.7
' Less than 0.05 percent.
Table 5. Median years of tenure with current employer by workers’ age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin,
January 1987
Age
Total, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years .
25 years and over.
25 to 34 years .
35 to 44 years .
45 to 54 years .
55 to 64 years .
65 years and over.
Total
White
Black Hispanic origin
Both
sexes
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
4.2
5.0
3.6
5.2
3.5
4.4
4.3
3.3
2.9
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
5.7
6.6
4.8
6.8
4.8
5.9
5.9
4.3
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.1
3.8
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.1
6.1
7.6
4.9
7.7
4.7
7.7
7.1
5.0
3.6
9.6
12.3
7.3
12.7
7.0
10.6
10.6
7.1
5.0
12.7
15.7
10.3
15.9
10.2
15.3
11.9
9.6
7.0
12.4
15.0
10.8
15.5
10.8
6.5
11.0
O
(’)
' Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
* U.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF ICCs1907-202-106180011
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S Dei
United States
Department
of Labor
Washington, D C. 202?2
TECHNICAL INFORMATION:
Rill Alterraan (202) 272-5020
MEDIA CONTACT:
Kathryn Hoyle (202) 523-1913
USOL—87-508
FOR RELEASE: 2:00 P.M. E.S.T.
Wednesday, November 18, 1987
BLS ANNOUNCES NEW PRICE DATA FOR WORTS AND EXPORTS
Foreign manufacturers appear to be absorbing a substantial part of
the decline in the trading value of the dollar and, on average, have
passed through only about one-half of the dollar's decline in higher
prices for their IJ.S.-bound exports, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of
the IJ.S. Department of Labor reported today. This observation is based
on a newly developed series of ll.S. export and import price indexes which
are measured in foreign currency terms. A specially designed series of
average exchange rate indexes, weighted by the relative importance of a
given country's trade with the IJ.S. in each product category, was used in
the construction of this new series. A description of the methodology
underlying the new series will appear in the December issue of the
Monthly Labor Review.
Since the dollar began falling from its peak trading value in March
1985, dollar prices of imports (excluding fuels) have risen 18.8 percent
on average. If foreign manufacturers had attempted to compensate
completely for the dollar's decline, nonfuel import prices would have
been raised by about 34 percent. Chart A shows the index for all
imports, excluding fuels, in both dollar and foreign currency terms. The
foreign currency price index measures the prices that foreign sellers
realize in terms of their own currencies from sales to the United
States. The decline in this index since March 1985 suggests that foreign
sellers have been willing to absorb a part of the drop in the trading
value of the dollar. (See tables 1 and 2.)
The new RLS data also show that changes in the exchange value of the
dollar, as well as the rate at which it is passed through or absorbed,
vary widely by product area. (See chart B for selected examples.) For
instance, in the category of motor vehicles and parts, the trading value
of the dollar has declined about 31 percent since March 1985 and about 55
percent of this decline has been passed through as higher dollar prices
for these imported products. In contrast, over the same period, the
dollar's trading value has declined only about 12 percent in the apparel
product category and foreign sellers have been able to pass through
roughly 90 percent of this decline. Estimates of the extent of exchange
rate pass-throughs by product area may be calculated from data provided
in the tables. (See note on page 2.) It is important to note that the
new foreign currency denominated indexes,. whi 1 e very useful in analyzing
the behavior of prices in U.S. foreign trade, cannot be used to assess
the profitability of foreign sellers. Any effort to assess profitability
would have to take into consideration additional information such as
changes in input costs.
On the export side, (See tables 3 and 4) the declines in the
exchange value of the dollar have had a downward impact on prices foreign
buyers pay, in their currencies, for II.S. goods. Chart C presents the
- 2 -
price index for all U.S. exports of goods in both dollar and foreign
currency terms. The evident stability of the dollar-price index—up only
2.8 percent since March 1985—combined with the sharp drops in the
dollar's trade value, translates into a foreign-currency price index for
U.S. exports which has declined sharply over the period since March
1985. U.S. exporters, in other words, have on average managed to keep
their dollar prices relatively stable and thereby take advantage of the
competitive improvement resulting from lower foreign currency prices for
their goods.
In general, the export exchange rate series show slightly less
variation from one product category to another than is observed for the
import categories. (See chart D.) In addition, U.S. exporters appear
uniformly to be passing through most of the recent decline in the dollar
into lower foreign currency selling prices.
The exchange rate data included in these new series represent data for 41
countries with inflation rates comparable to recent U.S. trends. In the
future these indexes vrll be included with the regular U.S. Import and
Export Price Indexes. In addition, the Bureau will also be producing a
separate series of foreign currency indexes which will include data from
64 countries and will be adjusted for inflation in foreign countries.
The latter series will be made available on a one quarter lag basis. For
further information on the foreign currency and exchange rate indexes
call Bill Alterman or Dave Johnson at (202) 272-5020.
NOTE: For a given category of U.S. exports, a pass-through figure can be
calculated by dividing the change in the average foreign currency price
index for that group (from table 3), by the average change in the dollar,
as measured by the appropriate exchange rate index (from table 4). For
example, for export SITC 71, from March 1985 to September 1987, the
foreign currency price declined, on average, 17.7 percent. During the
same period, the dollar declined 21.6 percent. Dividing 17.7 percent.by
21.6 percent (and multiplying by 100) gives a pass-through estimate of
81.9 percent.
For a given category of U.S. imports, the pass-through figure can be
calculated by dividing the change in the dollar price index for that
group (from table 1), by the average change of foreign currencies against
the dollar (from table 2), as measured by the reciprocal of the
appropriate exchange rate index. For example, for import SITC 78, from
March 1985 to September 1987 the dollar price index increased 25.2
percent. During the same period, the dollar declined 31.3 percent. The
reciprocal of the drop in the dollar produces a foreign currency
appreciation of 45.6 percent. Dividing 25.2 percent by 45.6 percent (and
multiplying by 100) gives a pass-through estimate of 55.3 percent.
TABLE 1
U.S. Import Dollar Prjct and Forai{j> Currency P-ica Indaxas
i Harch 1985*100 Lnlast otha xit« tpacifiad)
Nominal
- 3 -
1774
SITC
Category
itas
1766
1787
Mar.
Jyjrm
Sept.
Oac.
Mar.
J \n
Sect.
Oac.
Mar.
Jena
Sept.
100.0
77.5
99.4
100.7
94.7
69.0
87.7
72.0
96.0
101.7
105.6
100.0
94.1
71.5
88.6
77.2
71.1
71.1
74.1
75.2
74.7
77.2
100.0
100.1
100.7
101.0
106.4
107.8
110.7
111.7
114.4
117.3
118.6
100.0
94. a
74.2
69.9
87.7
84.8
65.4
84.8
84.1
84.3
84.4
100.0
90.4
72.5
100.4
74.1
70.7
77.1
103.1
101.3
104.2
107.4
100.0
07.7
66.4
71.8
64.4
81.6
86.7
71.3
84.7
84.2
70.3
100.0
77.4
100.8
102.2
106.5
107.0
111.3
113.4
118.8
121.7
121.0
100.0
71.0
SB.7
81.4
77.7
80.1
74.8
77.1
75.1
74.2
75.7
100.0
97.4
77.6
99.6
104.8
107.0
112.4
116.2
121.4
124.0
131.2
100.0
75.5
74.2
71.5
75.3
78.5
100.0
105.2
103.4
105.7
107.0
100.0
100.4
101.4
107.7
111.5
113.2
114.8
117.6
122.2
125.3
122.3
100.0
94.4
74.7
74.2
75.6
74.4
74.4
74.7
74.4
77.0
74.1
100.0
100.4
101.2
103.8
104.5
104.0
104.1
107.4
107.3
111.5
111.7
100.0
71.5
87.1
64.4
77.8
80.4
77.4
78.0
71.7
74.7
74.4
100.0
100.1
101.2
101.2
104.7
104.3
107.1
107.1
111.2
113.2
113.7
100.0
72.S
67.0
83.4
77.4
80.2
77.7
78.1
74.3
75.2
75.2
100.0
77.4
77.3
77.0
100.2
101.4
104.4
104.6
107.7
112.3
115.5
100.0
76.2
75.1
74.7
74.7
77.4
101.5
101.4
101.7
104.5
104.1
100.0
7B.5
66.6
74.1
101.5
77.3
77.1
101.2
101.7
106.7
115.2
100.0
77.1
87.0
70.7
77.0
73.2
103.4
111.4
107.5
114.4
122.7
100.0
104.2
100.7
70.7
103.4
105.4
106.4
104.5
114.2
111.2
118.4
100.0
104.7
77.7
99.4
104.6
104.0
107.0
104.1
107.1
107.7
112.7
100.0
75.7
71.4
70.2
87.2
75.1
102.4
110.5
117.4
124.5
125.7
100.0
74.5
70.3
70.5
87.4
74.6
101.8
107.2
113.0
117.3
118.4
100.0
100.0
74.7
77.6
77.0
7B.1
77.7
77.2
104.5
101.3
105.6
103.4
106.4
110.7
105.5
104.4
108.4
102.4
110.4
103.0
113.8
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.4
74.0
76.3
70.3
70.3
65.1
77.3
61.7
100.1
82.3
100.5
77.4
100.4
77.3
106.7
61.4
115.3
85.7
106.7
80.7
100.0
100.0
77.4
75.3
74.3
73.0
75.4
72.2
44.7
44.5
45.2
44.2
40.5
41.4
44.3
52.4
40.0
47.0
44.1
74.1
48.0
75.4
100.0
100.0
as.i
61.3
44.1
42.4
54.3
53.7
44.1
45.2
41.7
43.2
37.5
37.4
57.4
56.0
54.5
55.6
40.4
57.4
46.2
47.1
100.0
100.0
84.6
62.7
42.6
41.3
54.4
52.3
41.7
43.4
41.6
41.4
37.4
17.7
55.7
57.0
55.0
54.7
56.6
56.4
44.4
44.1
100.0
100.0
77.2
73.7
76.7
67.2
76.4
82.6
70.7
78.2
77.5
74.1
77.4
72.7
77.4
72.4
100.2
47.7
103.1
71.2
104.0
71.3
100.0
100.0
7B.6
74.2
75.2
67.4
75.4
63.3
73.5
77.7
73.6
78.0
74.2
75.6
73.2
74.3
67.7
47.5
67.4
47.1
87.8
44.7
100.0
100.0
103.6
74.3
104.0
71.3
105.4
64.6
112.3
64.4
114.5
64.5
120.1
84.7
120.2
85.0
124.7
83.4
131.3
65.1
127.7
83.6
100.0
100.0
103.4
74.7
104.7
72.5
103.5
83.7
105.4
77.4
107.7
82.3
113.0
80.7
111.2
77.0
125.5
83.4
123.4
81.2
124.4
81.4
100.0
100.0
67.0
65.2
65.6
63.2
as.s
60.6
84.1
80.7
64.4
80.7
82.2
77.4
64.4
77.2
64.6
77.3
86.7
77.6
104.7
72.7
EX
01
0E
01
04
11
23
24
25
20
27
42
52
55
ALL COPMOOITiES
Dollar Index.
Fni-eign Currancy Indax.
ALL C£>7001TIES. EX FUELS AND RELATED
PPOOUCTS 1
Dollar Indax.*..
Forai^t Currancy Indax.
KAT
Oollar Indax.
Foraicr* Currancy Indax.
OAIRY PROOUCTS ANO EGGS
Oollar Indax.
Foreiyi Currancy Indax.
FISH
Oollar Indax.
Forais^i Currancy Indax.
BAKERY GOODS. PASTA PROOUCTS. CHAIN AND
CRAIN PREPARATIONS
Oollar Indax.
Foreign Currancy Indax.
BEVERAGES ANO TOBACCO
Oollar Indax.
For* lyi Currancy Indax.
BEVERAGES
Oollar Indax.
Foreiyi Currency Indax.
CRUDE NATERIALS
Oollar Indax.
f ora i gn Currency Indax.
CRUDE RUBBER
Oollar Indax.
ForeCurrancy Index.
HOOD
Oollar Indax.
Foraign Currancy Indax.
PULP ANO HASTE PAPER
Oollar Indax.
Foraig. Currency Indax.
WTALLIFEROUS ORES ANO FCTAL SCRAP
Oollar Indax.
ForaCurrency Index.
CRUDE VEGETABLE AM) ANIMAL NATERIALS.
N.E.S.
Oollar Indax.
Fore 171 Currency Indax.
FUELS ANO RELATED PROOUCTS
Oollar Indax.
Foreiy. Currency Indax.
FATS ANO OILS
Oollar Indax.
Fora 171 Currency Indax.
VEGETABLE OILS
Oollar Indax.
Forei^i Currency Indax.
CHEMICALS ANO RELATED PROOUCTS
Oollar Indax.
Fora 1^1 Currancy Indax.
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Dollar Index.
Foreiyi'Currency Indax.
fCDICINAL ANO PHARMACEUTICAL PROOUCTS
Oollar Index.
Foreigi Currancy Indax.
ESSENTIAL OILS ANO PERFLPCS
Oollar Index.
Foreiyi Currancy Indax...
MANUFACTURED FERTILIZERS
Oollar Indax.
Foreign Currency Indax.
Sea footnote* at and of table.
U.S. I«wort Dollar Price and Foraigi Currency Price Ind- Nominal
I March 1*85* 100 unlast otherwise opacified) -4-
1*7*
SXTC
Category
1*85
1*88
1*87
Mar.
Jaw
Sept.
Owe.
Her.
Jvj •w
Sapt.
Owe.
Mar.
Sapt.
Dec.
56
ARTIFICIAL RESINS ANO PLASTIC MATERIALS
Oollar Index.
100.0
♦*.7
100.8
101.*
104.2
105.2
108.7
100.8
108.3
111.5
109.8
Foreiyi Currancy Indax.
100.0
*5.3
*2.7
04.4
83.1
82.0
7*.2
80.7
75.8
78.2
74.1
5*
CHEMICAL MATERIALS ANO PROOUCTS, N.E.S
Oollar Indax.
100.0
**.5
100.8
ioi. a
104.0
104.4
105.1
107.0
108. S
109.3
112.8
Foraigi Surrancy Indax.
100.0
*2.8
88.1
Bl.S
78.9
78.0
72.7
73.7
*9.8
88.9
70.7
*
INTERMEDIATE MANUFACTURED PROOUCTS
Oollar Indax...
100.0
♦*.5
100.8
100.2
100.7
101.9
104.3
104.7
108.8
110.7
118.9
Foreign Currancy Indax.
100.0
*5.*
*4.0
SO.3
88.0
83.8
82.3
83.0
80.0
81.5
83.7
*1
LEATHER ANO FURSKIW
Dollar Indax.
100.0
*O.S
101.3
104.4
104.7
105.7
108.9
105.9
110.3
115.7
118.0
Foraigi Currancy Indax.
100.0
*8.3
♦4.3
*2.5
88.7
89.2
89.0
84.7
88.0
88.0
89.0
*2
RUBBER MANUFACTURES
Dollar Indax.
100.0
**.8
*8.4
**.0
♦7.8
*8.7
♦9.0
*9.0
100.*
100.7
♦9.2
Foraigi Currancy Indax.
100.0
*8.1
*2.7
07.1
81.1
80.0
78.*
77.4
78.8
72.8
70.7
U
CORK ANO MOOO MANUFACTURES
Oollar Index. ....
100.0
**.*
101.7
102..
107.8
110.7
113.3
117.8
119.0
125.0
129.8
Foreign Currancy Index...
100.0
**.2
100.8
100.2
104.3
108.1
110.3
118.0
113.1
115.7
118.3
44
PARER ANO PAPERBOARD PROOUCTS
Dollar Indax.
100.0
♦*.7
100.1
*9.3
*9.7
**.7
**.*
108.8
108.8
104.7
111.0
Foreign Currancy Indax.
100.0
*7.3
*4.7
*8.0
*3.*
*3.2
*2.0
♦5.9
*1.5
*1.5
*8.0
M
TEXTILES
Dollar Indax..
100.0
*7.0
*7.0
*8.2
100.8
101. *
103.8
103.0
108.8
107.7
109.3
Foraisgi Currancy Indax.
100.0
*8.2
*0.*
84.0
83.0
82.*
00.9
81.8
79.S
7f.4
79.2
88
NON-METALLIC MINERAL MANUFACTURES
Oollar Index...
100.0
*0.8
102.2
108.2
108.3
110.0
115.8
118.9
118.7
123.4
128.5
Foreig* Currancy Indax...
100.0
*s.s
*5.1
88.7
08.0
85.8
85.8
88.7
83.0
84.7
88.8
*7
IRON ANO STEEL
Dollar Indax....
100.0
**.s
*8.4
*7.8
*8.*
*7.8
*0.3
♦7.*
101.1
105.0
109.2
100.0
.0
90J
•1.4
74.4
73.3
49.•
70.1
47. 4
4«.9
71.1
•
M
FON-FERROUS METALS
Dollar Indax...
100.0
100.s
10*. 2
*8.2
*8.9
*8.3
102.0
*9.8
100.8
111.0
119.0
108.0
tt.f
*8.3
•7.4
•3.2
•1.7
•4.4
•1.4
7#. 4
*•( •
n.5
**
METAL MANUFACTURES, N.E.S.
Cellar Index......
100.0
100.3
101.8
103.8
108.0
100.9
110.0
110.0
113.8
114.8
115.8
•
Forsigi Currancy Indax.
100.0
*7.8
*8.5
*2.0
08.7
09.1
08.0
08.3
88.8
02.3
82.2
•
7
MACMXMRY ANO TRANSPORT EOUIPFCNT
Dollar Index...
100.0
101.0
101.9
108.8
109.7
113.8
118.2
110.3
121.9
124.1
124.8
Fortigt Currency Indax.
100.0
*7.2
94.8
8*. ♦
07.2
87.8
88.1
07.*
85.3
04.7
84.1
7
MACHINERY < INC LUO DC) SITE 71 - 77> *
Oollar Indax..................
100.0
101.4
102.7
108.3
109.0
113.2
118.5
117.0
121.2
123.3
123.3
Foratpt Curranoy Zndai...
100.0
*7.S
*8.3
09.0
08.7
88.3
04.3
08.5
83.9
02.0
82.1
71
MACHINERY SPECIALIZED FOR PARTICULAR
INDUSTRIES
Oollar Index..
100.0
100.0
108.8
10*. 0
118.8
120.0
124.8
125.5
132.3
135.1
135.1
Foreigi Currency Index.
100.0
*8.0
*4.8
00.8
87.2
87.S
88.7
08.0
85.1
85.2
84.7
71
FCTALNORKINe MACHINERY
Bailor Indax...
loo. e
108.*
189.2
113.7
121.7
128.0
128.3
134.1
181.8
148.1
150.2
Foreign Currency Indax. ...
100.0
*0.8
*8.8
*1.8
89.2
80.2
84.8
09.0
88.7
88.5
*0.2
! 7 *
GENERAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY, PARTS N.E.S.
1
Oollar Indax...............
100.0
10E. 1
108.7
10*.*
118.8
122.2
128.5
127.7
135.1
137.*
137.0
•
Foraigi Currency Indax.
108.0
*7.8
*8.8
*2.1
*0.8
♦2.7
*0.*
*2.5
*1.5
*1.4
*0.1
75
OFFICE MACHINES AFC AUTOMATIC DATA
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
Oollar Sidn.
180.0
♦*.#
100.8
108.8
100.1
113.1
114.8
114.3
115.2
118.8
11*.2
Foraigi Curranoy Index.
100.8
*8.8
*4.1
00.3
08.8
88.S
51.7
83.3
7*. 3
79.0
78.5
78
TELECOMUaCATCONS, SOLRO RfCOROXNB AND
REPRODUCING EQUIPMENT
•
Oollar Index...
100.8
*0.7
*8.1
*0.8
*9.3
101.8
104.1
104.3
105.1
104.1
104.4
Foraigi Currency Index.
108.8
*8.1
*2.8
03.2
78.*
7S.S
72.8
74.0
71.3
88.7
80.2
77
ELECTRIC MACHINERY AFC EQUIP**NT
Oollar Indax..
188.0
10E. 2
*4.1
101.2
102.9
108.8
109.0
111.7
118.0
115.5
118.7
Foeei(yv Curranoy Indax.
108.0
**.0
*3.8
00.8
88.9
87.2
85.8
08.3
85.0
•4.4
03.2
78
ROAD VEHICLES AFC PARTS
Oollar Index.....
100.0
ioo. a
101.1
108.7
110.7
118.0
118.8
119.3
122.9
128.5
125.2
Foraigi Currency Indax.
100.0
♦7.0
*4.2
*0.0
00.0
88.8
58.1
•*'. 7
08.7
08.8
58.0
8
MI SC. MANUFACTURES ARTICLES
Dollar Index..
100.0
101.0
102.7
103.9
108.8
108.0
112.9
113.0
117.0
121.8
123.5
Foraigi Currancy Indax..
loo.e
*o.s
*0.4
*8.5
*2.8
♦2.8
*3.2
*3.2
*3.1
*3.0
*3.8
8
MI SC. MANUFACTURES ARTICLES EX, OOLO
AFC SILVER COINS *
Oollar Indax..... ...
100.0
100.1
101.0
103.3
108.8
107.1
110.1
110.8
118.9
118.3
120.1
Foraigi Curranoy Indax.
100.0
*7.*
*8.0
*8.8
*2.1
*2.2
*1.8
*1.7
*1.4
*1.1
*1.2
Saa footnote# at and of labia.
U.S. Ixport Dollar Price and Foreign Curraney Price Indauea • Noainel
I March IMS*IDO mleea otherxiae ipacifiadl
5
i»ta
sire
Ca tagary
IMS
1404
1447
Mar.
Jura
Sapt.
Dec.
Mar.
Sapt.
0ao.
Mar.
Jua
Sapt.
Dae.
•1
PLUWINQ, HEATING AM) LIGHTING FIXTURES
Dollar Index.
100.0
100.2
los.a
101.0
10S.4
100.4
110.2
110.2
110.2
114.7
115.1
Foreign Currency Indm...
100.0
W.f
100. A
44.S
44.5
44.4
45.5
42.5
•4.4
87.5
84.1
•i
FURNITURE AM) FASTS
Dollar IndtM. ....
100.0
101. t
10J. 7
104.2
107.7
110.2
112.2
112.4
114.7
117.5
118.4
Foraigi Currancy Indax..
100.0
44.0
W.l
fl.l
44.0
44.1
44.5
45.4
42.5
40.5
40.1
u
TSAVfL GOODS. HAMM AGS, AM) SXHXUUt
GOOOS l*/85«100)
Oollar Indax.
—
100.0
47.7
47.4
100.4
101.4
105.1
104.2
105.5
104.5
104.4
Foreign Currancy Indax.
—
100.0
47.4
4S.S
44.4
44.4
45.4
42.4
41.1
44.7
87.7
a*
CLOTHING
100.0
ft.O
ft.6
ft .4
97.6
99.0
100 . t
101.0
106.6
110.6
112.7
Foraign Currancy Indax.
100.0
47.5
47.4
4*.7
45.4
44.5
44.4
44.0
47.1
47.4
40.7
#5
F00TMEAR
Dollar Indax.
100.0
ff.l
los.a
10S.4
107.0
105.4
104.1
104.4
100.4
111.4
115.4
Foraign Currency Indax.
100.0
W.l
102.1
40.7
47.2
45.4
41.0
41.0
40.4
44.4
•4.7
• 7
PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AM) CONTROLLING
INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS
Dollar Indax.
100.0
10S.S
110 . s
114. a
114.5
124.1
152.4
152.5
140.4
144.2
142.4
Foreign Currency Indax.
100.0
47.4
44.4
44.2
40.0
45.4
45.2
44.0
45.4
44.1
41.4
M
PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS AM) SUPPLIES.
OPTICAL GOOOS, MATCHES AM) CLOCKS
*
Oollar Indax.
100.0
100.7
10E.S
104. 5
111.7
114.1
120.2
121.0
125.4
124.7
127.5
Fora 191 Currancy Indax.
100.0
H.l
44.2
84.3
•4.5
44.7
45.5
45.5
45.7
45.1
81.4
80
«SC. MANUFACTURED ARTICLES. N.E.S.
Dollar Indax..
100.0
104.0
10S.7
107.5
112.0
115.4
125.1
121.7
124.2
155.4
154.4
Foreign Currancy Indax.
100.0
100.*
44.2
44.S
45.2
42.7
44.4
44.4
44.5
44.4
47.4
If
HISC. MAM7FACTURED ARTICLES. N.E.S. EX.
GOLD AM) SILVER COIKS 1
Oollar Indax.
100.0
10E. *
10S.7
104.0
110.1
112.2
114.4
114.5
121.1
124.4
124.0
Foraigt Currency Indax.
100.0
ff.l
M. 4
4f.5
4S.0
4E.R
42.1
42.1
41.5
41.4
42.4
l
Fraducl calajariat included in ttlia SXTC
haw* ba a r nodi tied dun to oanoordanoa
or coverage liaitatiana.
n.a.a
Nat aval lab la
if iad
ABLE 2
Average £xc fc vange Rates
Imoorts
(March 1985=100 unless otherwise specified) -fj-
1974
SITC
Category
1985
1984
1987
Mar .
June
S«pt.
Oac.
Mar.
Jcne
S«pf
Oac.
Mar.
June
S«pt.
ALL COMMODITIES.
100.0
96.6
93.9
88.2
83.6
82.1
74.S
60.8
74. 7
75.3
74.5
EX
ALL COMMODITIES) EX FUELS AN0 RELATED
PROOUCTS 1 .
100.0
96.5
93.6
87.2
82.2
80.5
77.2
77.7
73.5
71.4
71.2
01
Heat ...
100.0
98.9
95.8
93.3
89.7
90.0
41.2
88.5
83.8
82.7
82.4
02
Dairy products and agg*.
100.0
93.3
68.0
79.8
73.4
73.5
44.0
48.1
43.2
62.6
62 .b
03
Fish.
100.0
98.1
94.5
93.4
91.0
90.4
88.8
89.0
85.2
83.9
83.1
04
Bakery goods* paste prcxkjcts, gre&n end
grain preparations...
100.0
96.0
93.5
89.4
85.9
85.2
82.5
82.1
77.5
77.4
77.0
i
BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO.
100.0
92.9
88.3
81.5
74.4
74.1
73.1
72.5
47.4
47.2
44.8
n
Beverages..
100.0
92.7
88.0
81.1
75.8
75.5
72.4
71.8
66.8
44.5
bb.l
z
CRUDE MATERIALS.
100.0
98.6
97.7
97.4
96.5
96.2
47.3
47.0
92.7
93.0
41.8
23
Crude rubber...
100.0
98. 7
98.0
94.1
95.5
45.8
104.3
110.3
107.4
107.0
104.7
24
Mood.
100.0
98.8
99.0
100.7
101.2
100.4
100.3
99.8
95.5
94.8
45.2
25
Pulp and waste paper.
100.0
98.7
98.8
100.2
100.5
99.7
99.4
98.9
44.5
95.8
44.2
28
Metalllferous ores and metal scrap.
100.0
100.9
99.1
99.4
96.9
98.0
102.1
99.0
44.5
93.1
91.8
24
Crude vegetabla and animal materials*
100.0
95.4
91.9
84.5
82.4
82.2
74.0
74.0
75.0
74.3
74.1
3
FUELS AND RELATED PPOOUCTS.
100.0
97. 7
96.6
96.6
94.7
97.7
102.7
113.4
111.7
112.1
110.8
4
FATS AMO OILS.
100.0
97. 7
97.3
95.4
98.2
98.9
99.8
101.0
98.8
98.3
98.4
42
Vegetaole oils .
100.0
97.7
97.4
95.6
98.8
99.6
100.7
102.0
99.9
99.4
99 6
5
CHEMICALS AN0 RELATED PROOUCTS .
100.0
94.5
90.4
84.1
79.1
78.1
74.7
74.4
69.8
49.1
68 . b
52
Inorganic chemicals .
100.0
95.4
91.7
87.3
83.3
85.1
80.5
74.8
75.1
74.9
74.2
54
Mcdicinai and phamaccutical products .
100.0
92.7
87.8
80.3
75.1
73.8
70.5
70.7
45.8
64.8
64.6
55
Essential oils and per*»n«s .
100.0
9J. 5
88.4
60.9
75.2
75.0
71.4
71.1
44.5
65.8
65.4
5e
Manufactured fertilizers .
100.0
97.9
97.1
97.0
96.0
95.4
44.2
43.4
89.0
89.9
86.6
58
Artificial resins and plastic materials .
100.0
95.*
92.1
85.2
79. 7
77.9
74.2
74.4
69.8
48.1
47.5
59
Chemical materials and products* n.e.s.
100.0
93.1
87.4
79.8
74.0
72.9
44.2
68.9
64.0
43.1
42.8
INTERMEDIATE MANUFACTURED PROOUCTS.
100.0
96.4
93.6
88 1
83.4
0 1
Leather and furskins. ..
100.0
95.7
93.1
88.6
84.8
84.4
81.7
81.9
77.9
74.1
75.5
62
Rubber manufactures .
100.0
96.8
94.1
88.0
82.9
81.1
77.7
78.2
73.9
72.1
71.2
100.0
99. J
99 1
9h 7
6 t
Paper and paperboard products ...
100.0
97.4
94.5
95.6
94.2
93.5
42.1
91.7
87.1
87.7
86 4
65
T«*. 0
63.4
79.9
61.2
77.8
79.0
78.5
0
F000
Dollar Index.
100.0
*8.1
84.2
87.T
84.5
83.4
SO. 4
84.8
63.3
87.1
83.0
Foreign Currency Index.
100.0
*5.0
6 fi.k
84.9
77.0
74.5
41.7
44.8
42.7
43.8
40.4
01
WAT
Dollar Index.
100.0
100.8
102.1
108.0
107.3
110.4
117.4
118.0
118.8
124.2
123.1
Foraigi Currency Index.
100.0
87.1
94.4
80.1
82.3
81.7
62.0
84.4
80.3
61.5
80.3
01
FISH
Dollar Index.
100.0
10Z. A
101.4
100.8
101.2
105.1
110.1
115.7
117.3
121.7
125.0
Foraigi Currency Index.
100.0
*8.7
85.4
82.5
75.3
74.7
71.4
78.6
75.8
75.6
77.3
OS
FRUITS AN0 VEGETABLES
Dollar Index.
100.0
100. A
104.2
88.5
♦4.5
105.3
110.0
110.4
108.5
108.5
103.0
100.0
97.0
99.5
87.4
fee, . 7
84.4
07.3
88.3
82.9
81.8
74.3
00
ANIMAL FEEDS, EX. CAROLLED CEREALS
Dollar Index.
100.0
84.7
104.0
114.4
121.4
117.4
123.8
120.1
117.7
128.7
124.8
Fore 191 Currency Indax.
100.0
88.a
8Z.8
83.1
81.3
84.7
85.4
82.3
75.4
61.5
80.0
Of
mSC. FOOT PRODUCTS
Dollar Indax.
100.0
88.7
87.7
87.4
85.8
84.7
84.4
87.8
88.2
88.5
96.9
Fore 19 ^ Currency Index.....
100.0
8*.8
84.3
90.9
87.4
05.9
84.5
68.4
67.1
87.3
84.1
1
BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
Dollar Indax.
100.0
100. Z
88.8
88.7
♦5.7
84.4
84.4
101.7
101.8
104.1
104.3
Fore 191 Currency Indax.
100.0
85.8
81.8
83.7
74.0
75.7
71.8
74.0
72.0
72.4
72.3
11
BEVERAGES
Dollar Indax.
100.0
101. 3
87.8
87.0
80.0
88.0
88. 3
80.8
100. 7
100.8
10C. 4
Fore 191 Currency Indax .
100.0
8B.1
82.3
87.5
84.6
84.8
82.4
83.0
80.0
7V.4
78.4
It
TOBACCO AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Dollar Index.
100.0
100.1
100.0
86.8
85.4
84.4
84.3
101.8
101.8
104.5
105.0
•
Fore 19, Curmy Indax.
100.0
85.0
81.8
63.4
75.5
75.2
71.3
75.4
71.4
72.2
72.1
z
CRUM MATERIALS
Dollar Indax. . ...
100.0
88.J
85.7
84.8
8B.3
84.1
84.7
8T.2
88.4
108.0
111.8
Foraigi Currency Index .
100.0
85.7
88.1
61.3
7B.4
74.5
70.3
72.6
70.4
•75.0
74.2
11
RAM HIDES AM) SKINS
Dollar Index.
100.0
10*. J
104.4
115.4
114.8
123.1
114.0
122.4
138.S
158.0
154.3
•
Foraigi Currency Index.
100.0
102.3
102.4
104.1
87.3
102.0
80.3
87.5
105.7
115.3
112.7
•
22
OILSEEDS
Dollar Indax .
100.0
100 . 3
90.4
80.0
84.2
82.7
80.8
80.4
85.1
84.4
80.4
Foraigi Currency Index .
100.0
98.4
82.4
74.1
71.0
44.2
42.7
41.4
55.5
41.1
54.7
zs
CRUM RUBBER FAS
Dollar Indax .
100.0
88.8
100.7
88.4
♦8.4
♦8.7
88.0
8B.1
♦8.8
101.0
102.4
Foraigi Currency Indax .
100.0
85.4
82.4
85.8
80.6
78.8
74.2
75.1
71.7
71.4
72.1
z *
MOOT
Dollar Index .
100.0
87.7
84.7
88.J
100.0
100.0
100.8
105.3
108.0
113.4
135.2
Foreign Cirreny Indax ...
100.0
84.7
80.5
04..
77.S
7-i.S
71.0
75.8
73.3
74.5
87.8
zs
FLLF AM) HASTE RARER
Dollar Indax .
100.0
85.4
83.3
*2.2
88.3
108.2
118.2
120.4
132.3
138.0
141.8 .
Foraigi Cirrowy Indat .
100.0
81. B
04.0
70.3
77.0
04.9
00.4
88.8
82.8
84.5
84.5
zs
TEXTILE FIBERS
Dollar Indax .
100.0
10J.I
101.2
85.4
♦8.2
84.3
72.8
80.0
87.4
112.3
114.4
Fora 191 Currency Index.
100.0
100.7
S4.4
as.3
04.0
80.2
58.0
73.5
75.8
85.0
67.3
Z7
CRM MINERALS
•
Dollar Inteii .
100.0
101.4
102.3
88.8
101.4
100.3
♦8.2
80.3
84.0
83.7
80.5
Forosgi Currency Indr.
100.0
98.0
85.7
B7.5
83.7
81.5
77.4
77.1
48.4
43.3
45.5
ZB
WTAL ORES AM) MEtAL SCRAP
Do lies* Index .
100.0
81.8
89.0
SB. 2
83.5
80.2
84.0
80.5
• 2.2
101.7
111.0
Fore 191 Currency Indao ...
100.0
00.4
83.5
75.8
75.3
71.0
71.1
4B.3
45 4
70.7
77.0
s
FUELS AND RELATED RROOUCTS
Dollar Index .
100.0
88.1
87.5
84.5
81.B
84.4
85.4
84.4
85.5
04.3
65.5
Forei 9 i Curronoy Indax .
100.0
85.1
80.8
83.4
74.7
48.3
45.5
45.0
42.1
40.3
40.5
s
CHEMICAL3 AM) RELATED RROOUCTS
Dollar Indax .
100.0
88.8
100.1
94.4
88.5
80.4
94.0
85.1
99.4
104.3
107.3
Fore 191 Currency Indai .
100.0
84.1
83.3
87.2
S3.0
61.2
74.4
74.2
78.7
79.4
79.7
SI
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
100.0
101.9
103.5
101.7
99. t
85.2
83.8
85 3
104.1
121.8
118.4
Fore 191 Currency Indax...
100.0
88.Z
84.5
88.7
SI. 8
77.0
72.8
74.0
77. 9
87.8
64.3
sa
FC0ICINAL AM) PHARMACEUTICAL RROOUCTS I1Z/R5*100I
Dollar Index.
—
—
--
100.0
99.4
101.0
100.4
100.2
100.4
100 A
101.2
Foroifpt Currency Index.
—
—
—
100 0
82.2
81.8
*7.2
87.1
67.1
80.8
60.8
ss
ESSENTIAL OILS. POLISH, A CLEANING PREPS
Dollar Index.
100.0
88.0
100.3
100.0
102.4
104.7
I 105 5
104 8
104.4
104.7
100.5
Fore 191 Currency tndo.
100.0
85.5
‘>4.0
68.5
M.5
81.5
1 S9.0
i
89. \
84.4
43.5
84.3
foolnotai at and of lab la
U.S. Export Dollar Price and Foraign Currency Prico Indexe* * Nominal
(March 1485*100 vrtlesa otherwise apecifiedl g
1474
SITC
Category
1485
1484
1487
Har.
Jurm
Sapt.
Dec.
Har.
Jirta
Sapt.
Dec.
Har.
Jina
Sapt.
54
FERTILIZERS, NAMJFACTURED
Dollar Index...
100.0
45.0
47.1
47.5
45.8
40.8
85.7
74.5
81.5
84.4
45.1
Fora 171 Currancy Index.
100.0
92.4
92.4
84.7-
85.4
81.8
74.4
44.4
70.9
74.7
81.4
H
ARTIFICIAL RESINS, PLASTICS, t CELLULOSE
100.0
44.8
100.0
44.8
101.7
44.8
48.5
44.8
105.0
111.4
114.0
100.0
94.0
93.1
87.4
85.5
81.4
74.5
81.0
80.7
85.4
84.4
M
CHEMICAL MATERIALS AW PROOUCTS, N.E.S.
Dollar Index........
100.0
99.7
44.7
44.8
100. t
101.1
46.4
48.7
48.8
44.1
48.5
Foreigi Currancy Index.
100.0
44.8
45.0
41.0
84.7
41.4
84.5
84.7
•5.5
81.1
81.1
*
INTERMEDIATE MANUFACTURED PROOUCTS
Dollar Index...
100.0
44.8
44.8
44.7
100.4
101.S
107.8
105.5
105.0
107.4
104.1
Foreign Currancy Index.
100.0
44.7
94.4
40.8
88.8
88.4
87.4
88.4
85.4
84.7
87.1
PI
LEATHER AND FURSKIN3
Dollar Index.
100.0
44.0
4Z. 0
45.t
44.5
100.0
101.1
104.7
114.7
111.5
110.8
Foreigi Currancy Indax.
100.0
44.1
84.0
88.5
84.5
88.4
87.4
41.1
45.8
48.4
44.5
it
RUBBER MANUFACTURES
Dollar Index....
100.0
->.t
48.7
44.0
100.5
44.4
100.1
100.7
101.5
101.5
105.5
Foralqr. Currancy Indax.
100.0
44.4
44.0
4t.O
41.1
40.0
88.4
84.5
85.4
84.1
84.1
*4
PAPER AW PAPERBOARD PROOUCTS
Dollar Indax.
100.0
47.8
44.5
45.4
48.t
101.4
104.4
108.5
111.5
114.4
117.7
Foreigi Currancy Indax.
100.0
45.1
41.4
87.0
84.2
88. 7
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
44.1
ii
NON-METALLIC MINERAL MANUFACTURES (4/ttal00)
Dollar Indax..
—
—
100.0
100. t
100.4
101.7
105.1
104.8
104.5
107.7
108.4
Foraign Currancy Indax.
—
—
100.0
44.7
44.1
45.8
41.7
9*. 0
40.7
45.5
41.4
47
IRON AW STEEL
Dollor Index....
100.0
44.8
100.4
10Z. 8
105.0
104.1
104.4
104.8
104.5
104.5
107.1
Foreign Currancy Indax.
100.0
44.4
45.8
44.0
44.1
44.5
44.0
45.0
41.8
41.7
41.4
44
NON-FERROUS METALS
Dollar Indax..........
100.0
F? 4
100.1
48.1
100.4
44.1
44.4
48.4
100.8
115.0
118.7
•
Foraigi Currancy Index...
100.0
4a.0
45.0
86.1
81.5
74.5
74.5
74.1
75.1
80.7
85.4
44
WTAL MANUFACTURES, N.E.S.
Dollar Indax.
100.0
44.8
100.0
44.1
44.4
100.1
100.1
100.5
100.5
100.1
100.8
Foreign Currancy Indax..
100.0
44. G
45.0
41.5
84.8
84.4
88.5
••■0
•4.4
84.5
84.1
7
MACMIMRV AW TRANSPORT EGUIPWW, EX.
MILITARY AW CONCRCIAL AIRCRAFT 1
Dollar Indax....
100.0
100.4
100.4
100.7
101.1
101.5
101.4
101.1
101.7
105.1
105.4
m
Foreign Currency Index.
100.0
47.1
44.4
41.4
84.4
84.0
87.7
88.1
84.1
85.4
85.5
7
MACHINERY I INC LUO IW SITC 71 - 77) *
Dollar Indax.....
100.0
100.4
100.4
100.1
100.4
100.4
108.7
101.1
101.8
101.8
101.1
Foraign Currency Indax..
100.0
44.5
45.5
88.4
45.5
04.4
81.4
U.S
74.4
78.4
78.1
n
PCWR OEM RATING MACH I WRY AND EGUI PHEW
Dollar Indax...............
100.0
101.5
101.1
101.5
101.5
101.4
101.5
105.7
104.7
105.4
104.4
Foraign Currancy Indax.
100.0
47.4
44.8
41.t
88.7
88.4
84.4
87.4
85.5
81.5
81.5
71
MACHINERY SPECIALIZED FOR PARTICULAR
INDUSTRIES
Dollar Index.
100.0
100.5
100.4
100.8
100.5
44.8
100.0
100. S
44.8
100.4
101.0
10® 0 6
97.1
94.7
91.2
87. 8
8*.9
88 9
84.8
82.0
81.8
81.9
75
WTALWRKIW MACHINERY
Dollar Indax.......
lee.e
101.1
101.4
105.5
105.7
105.4
104.4
105.5
107.4
108.1
■104.4
Foreign Currancy Index...
100.0
47.4
45.5
41.4
84.4
88.9
88.0
84.0
•4.0
85.4
U.S
74
SEWRAL INDUSTRIAL MACHIWS. PARTS N.E.S
*
Dollar Indax.
100.0
44.7
100.0
44.4
44.4
100.4
101.5
101.4
105.5
105.5
105.4
100.0
9*o 7
94.8
41.8
89.3
84.5
89.0
90.0
87.1
8*.*
88.8
7*
OFFICE MACHINES AW AUTOMATIC DATA
PROCESSZW EGUIPHEW
Dollar Indax.
100.0
44.1
44.0
48.5
99.0
48.5
48.0
47.1
45.1
45.1
44.4
Poraitpt Currancy Indax.
100.0
45.4
# 4.4
85.4
74.5
78.1
75.5
74.8
48.8
47.7
44.4
74
TELEC944XIC AfTONS, SCUM) RE CORD IW AW
REPRODUCING EQUIPWW
Dollar Indax.
100.0
100.0
100.4
100.4
101.4
101.8
105.4
104.8
104.0
105.4
105.4
Foraign Currancy Indax..
100.0
44.7
44 .a
90.9
84.0
88.4
87.4
88. 7
85.4
8*. 0
85.4
77
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AW EGUIPWW
Dollar Index. ....
100.0
101.0
100.5
44.0
100.1
99.*
44.4
100.0
101.8
101.1
101.5
Foraign Currancy Indax.
100.0
9*.9
45.5
87.4
85.5
85.4
81.8
St.l
74.1
78.5
78.0
7*
ROAD VEHICLES AW PARTS
Oollar Indax.
100.0
100.4
100.5
101.4
101.8
101.5
101.4
105.4
105.7
104.1
104.4
100.0
99.1
98. 7
100.5
100.3
100.3
99.9
100.*
95. 9
97.3
94.0
74
OTHER TRANSPORT EGUIPWW, EX. MILITARY
AW COWRRCIAL AIRCRAFT 1
Dollar Indax,.....
100.0
10 . .4
101.4
101.7
104.0
10 s. a
104.1
107.5
108.1
104.0
110.5
Foreig* Currancy Indax.
100.0
90.9
47.8
45.1
45.1
9*.9
44.8
44.8
45.8
45.4
41.7
•
HI SC MANUFACTURED ARTICLES
Oollar Indax...
100.0
100.9
100.8
100.8
105.1
105.4
104.4
104.8
105.8
107.8
108.1
Forai^pi Currancy Indax.
100.0
44.5
4t. 7
87.5
85.5
85.0
85.5
85.7
74.4
80.0
74.7
See tootnotee at and ol table.
U.S. E«or* Dollar Or too and Foroiyi Curroney Frica Indoxoa - Mooinol
inaceTi lt01*100 ^nlaaa othorwiao apooifiodl .9.
I
Product ootagoriao included in Viii SZTC
how* boon oodifiod duo to oonoordanoo
or no* ora ^ lioitatiano.
n.o.o. Not oioo^rrra epooifiod.
n.o. Not ovoilahla.
ABLE 4
Average exchange Rate*
export*
.March 1965*100 unless otherwise specified)
197 *♦
SITC
Category
1905
1*86
r
1887
Mar.
Jirte
Sept.
0»c.
Mar.
June
Sept.
f-
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sep t.
ALL COMMODITIES.
100.0
86.5
93 3
88.1
85.3
84.3
62.0
82.3
78.1
77.1
76.4
0
100.0
96.8
93.4
8b. 8
81.5
78.8
76.6
78 0
75.3
73.4
72.8
01
Meat.1..
100.0
96.4
82.7
83 <4
76.7
74.0
69. 9
71.7
6 7.6
65 7
65.2 !
03
Fish. .
100.0
»6.2
82.2
81.9
74.4
71.0
64.8
69.0
64.6
.2.3
41.8
05
Fruits and vagetabJe*..
100.0
96.4
°3.5
38.0
83.7
82.3
78.4
60.0
75.7
74.7
/4.1
100.0
94.2
89 Z
81.3
75 1
73.9
• 9.1
6A. 5
64.1
63 3
09
Mite, food product*.
100.0
98.0
86.5
95.4
81.1
* 0.7
69.6
81.6
66.7
87.7
87.1
i
6CVCRAGES AMO TOBACCO .
100.0
85.7
92.0
64.8
79.4
76.4
74.6
74.7
70.7
69.5
6».Z
100.0
76.9
94.3
90.2
86.6
85. 7
63.6
63.9
79.5
76 a
Tfl 1
12
Tobacco and tobacco products..
100.0
85.7
81.8
S-..5
78.0
78.0
74.1
74.2
70.2
69.0
65.7
z
CRUDE MATERIALS.
100.0
96.4
83.1
6r*. 7
79.8
76.0
74.3
74.9
70.7
06.6
66.1
21
Raw hides and sXins.
100.0
88.1
86.2
90.0
84.6
82.8
78.2
78.5
75.8
73.0
71.1
Z2
95.3
91.1
62.3
75.4
73.4
69.0
69.6
65.3
63 .2
25
Crude ruober fas.....
100.0
85.7
82.0
86.1
81.2
80.1
77.0
76.5
71.8
70.9
70.4
24
Hood.
100.0
87.0
83.6
86.5
77.5
74.5
70.4
72.0
67.9
65.6
64.9
IS
Pulp and waste paper.
100.0
85. 7
82.1
84.9
78.1
T 7.8
74.2
74.5
70.1
65.5
68.0
26
Textile fibers...
J.O
87.5
85.3
88.4
84.6
33.3
80.8
81.6
77. 8
75. b
75.0
17
Crude :...wrais.
100 0
46.7
83.5
87.5
82.5
81.3
78.2
78.4
74.1
73.0
72.4
28
Metal ores and metal scrap.
100.0
96.2
82.8
86.1
60.5
78.7
75.0
75.5
71.2
69.5
68 9
3
FUELS AND RELATED PROOUCTS.
100.0
8., 7
83.2
66.6
81.4
60.0
74.5
74.8
72.7
71.5
70.8
s
CHEMICALS AN0 RELATED PROOUCTS.
100.0
86.3
•3.2
87.6
83.5
82.5
78.8
80.1
76.0
74. 7
74.2
51
Orryanic chemicals.....
100.0
96.4
83.2
87.2
82.2
80.8
77.7
77. 7
73.5
71.8
71.1
54
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products <12/85*100)..
120.8
114.6
109.4
100.0
92.7
81.0
84.7
87.1
61.6
80.3
78.8
55
100.0
96.5
95.7
69.5
66.4
65.7
66.3
A5.1
61 Z
54
Fertilizers. eanuf.ctured.
100.0
87.2
85.2
82.2
a*.?
80.1
86.9
80.0
66.9
86.0
Sb.l
58
Artificial resins. plastics> A calluloaa.
100.0
86.2
83.1
88.1
84.0
83.0
80.8
81.2
76.8
75.9
75.3
58
Chcwicmi materials and products* n.e.s.
100.0
87.1
*5.3
81.2
88.5
88.4
87.5
87.8
84.2
82.8
82.4
6
INTERMEDIATE MANUFACTURED PROOUCTS...
100.0
94.9
94.6
81.1
66.0
87.0
85.2
85.5
81.3
80.7
78.8
41
Lea thar and furs*, ins ...
100.0
88.1
*6.7
85.0
69.6
88.4
85.8
85.5
82.1
80.5
7*. 7
52
Rubber manufactures ...
100.0
87.1
85.2
82.8
80.7
*0.1
88.8
88.7
84.3
84.2
83.3
44
Paper and paperboard products...
100.0
87.2
85.0
81.0
87.8
84.6
85.1
85.8
81.7
80.7
78.8
46
Non-ask.. 1 lie Mineral aenufaeturea 18/85.100).
105.8
102.5
100 . e
86.6
83.4
82.2
88.8
88.8
85.4
85.0
84.1
47
Iren end stasl.....
loo. a
*7.1
85.6
83.4
81.4
80.8
88.4
90.6
86.4
86.2
85.3
66
100.0
96.1
92.9
84.7
61.6
79.9
76.4
77.1
72 6
64
Metal mwiujfactures . n.e.s.
100.0
87.0
85.0
•2.3
69.9
88.3
88.1
88.8
54.7
84.3
83.4
7
MACHINERY AND TRANSPORT EOUIRtXNY i EX.
MILITARY AFC C0THERCIAL AIRCRAFT .
100.0
94.6
94.4
81.2
88.5
87.8
84.3
86.3
81.8
81.4
60.6
MACHINERY 1INCLUOIMS SITC 71 - TT ) *.
100.0
*5.8
83.0
80.5
85.0
84.3
82.4
32.5
78.1
77.2
74.5
71
;on o
94.4
83.8
90.0
66.7
66.3
as.s
84 . ?
79.5
78.2
76.4
72
Nachinary specialized for particular
industries...
100.0
86.7
84.1
80.5
87.5
87.1
85.8
84.5
82.2
81.3
80.6
73
MetalworKing aachinory.
100.0
86.3
83.7
#8.7
86.7
85.8
84.1
84.4
80.0
78.1
78.4
74
Canarat industrial —chinas, parts n.a.s.
100.0
87.0
84.8
81.8
88.4
*8.0
87.8
88.4
84.2
83.6
82.8
75
Office ssctiinas and automatic data
process ang equipment....... ...
100.0
84.7
80.8
84 8
00.1
78.4
77.0
74.8
72.2
71.2
70.7
74
Talac leiii.rneatiana . tajid recording and
reproducing equipment.. .
100.0
94.7
84.3
80.1
84.8
sa.5
84.5
84.7
80.8
78.5
79.0
77
Electrical Machinery and t»)ap s.n t ...
100.0
85.8
83.0
88.5
85.2
84.4
82.2
82.2
77.8
76.8
76.2
78
Road vehicle* and freets... .
100.0
86.5
88.2
98.9
88.4
87.8
87.4
86.9
82.5
83.5
82.0
78
Other transport oouipssnt . ax. Military
and commercial aircraft 1 .
100.0
87.8
85.8
82.7
88.6
88.7
88.4
80.3
84.8
85.1
84.0
8
MI SC. MANUFACTURED ARTICLES .....
100.0
85.5
82.0
84.8
82.8
81.8
78.7
78.8
75.2
74.2
73.7
82
Furniture and perts .
100.0
87.7
84.1
84.1
82.3
82.2
81.3
81.4
87.8
87.4
66.9
87
Professional» scientific end controlling
instruments and apparatus.
100.0
85.2
81.6
85.8
81.4
80.5
78.1
78.3
73.7
72.5
7J.0
66
Photographic apparatus and supplies*
optical good.. Matches and clocfc.*.....
100.0
84.7
80.6
84.5
80.0
78.8
74.7
76.8
72.1
71.0
70.5
88
Misc. Manufactured articles) n.a.s.
100.0
85.8
82.6
88.2
84.7
83.7
81.8
82.0
77.3
76.5
75.8
1 Product categories included in thie SITC
have bean modified due to concordance
or coverage limitations.
n.a.s
n.a
Mot elsewhere specified
Not available.
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L-2,120'. ^'J-SOS C -Uh no ^ - *)
Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
Department
of Labor
Washington,
D.C. 20212
Technical information: (202) 606-6373 USDL 93-153
606-6378
Media contact:
606-5902 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Tuesday, May 4, 1993
PROPORTION OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES ENROLLED IN COLLEGE CONTINUED TO
INCREASE IN 1992
The proportion of the most recent high school graduates who had enrolled in colleges or universities
was at an all-time high of 63 percent in the fall of 1992, according to data released by the U.S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1980, about half of the most recent high school
graduates had enrolled in college by the fall.
This information comes from the Current Population Survey, a monthly nationwide survey of about
60,000 households conducted for BLS by the Bureau of the Census. Each October, this survey includes
special questions on the school enrollment and high school graduation status of youth.
Recent High School Graduates and Dropouts
Young women continued to be more likely than young men to enter colleges or universities—65
versus 60 percent. There also continued to be wide gaps in the college enrollment rates by race and
ethnic groups. Whereas 64 percent of the white high school graduates entered college, the enrollment
rates for black and Hispanic youth were much lower—49 and 57 percent, respectively. (See table 1.)
The majority of the 1992 college freshmen (63 percent) were enrolled in 4-year institutions. Among
these students, about two-fifths were combining school with some labor force activity. Among the youth
enrolled in 2-year colleges, the proportion in the labor force was much higher—two-thirds.
The labor force participation rate was higher—78 percent—among the high school graduates who
had not enrolled in college. The unemployment rate for this group, at 19.4 percent, was well below the
jobless rate for 1991 graduates, which, at 25.3 percent, was the group’s highest in 8 years.
School dropouts have always experienced greater labor market difficulties than persons with higher
levels of education, and 1992 was no exception. Of the 400,000 youth who had dropped out of high
school between October 1991 and 1992, only about 60 percent were in the labor force. Their
unemployment rate of 39.1 percent was double the rate for the year’s high school graduates.
Table 1. Labor force status of 1992 high school graduates and 1991-92 school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by
school enrollment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, October 1992
(Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
n r
i
i i
1 Civilian 1
jnoninsti- j
1 tutional 1
1population 1
1 1
1 1
l_L
dumber
Partici-|
pation j
rate j
L
Civilian labor force
-j-
Employed | Unemployed
ni i r~
1 Percent | | Percent
dumber I of 1 Number 1 of
Ipopulationj I labor force
1_1_1
iNot in
1 labor
1 force
i
Total, 1992 high school graduates...
r
1
2,461 I
1,475
60.0 I
r
1,225 I
49.8
1
251 I
17.0
1 986
Men.
l
.i
1,240
785
63.3 I
656 I
52.9
129 |
16.5
1 455
Women.
. i
l
1,221 1
690
56.5
569 |
46.6
121 I
17.6
1 531
White.
. i
1,954
1,220
62.4 I
1,060 I
54.3
159 |
13.1
1 734
Black.
. i
359 I
172
47.8 1
104 |
28.9
68 I
39.6
1 188
Hispanic origin.
.i
i
21 0
133
63.6
97 |
1
46.1
37 I
1
27.4
76
Enrolled in college.
i
. i
1,542
761
49.3
1
649 |
42.1
1
112 1
1
14.7
781
Enrolled in 2-year college.
1
.i
571
384
67.2
333 I
58.3
51 1
13.2
1 188
Enrolled in 4-year college.
. i
1
971
377
38.8 |
315 |
32.5
61 1
16.3
1 594
Full-time students.
. i
1,429 |
665
46.6 I
567 I
39.7
98 I
14.8
1 763
Part-time students.
. i
1
113 I
95
84.1 1
82 |
j
71.9
14 |
14.5
18
Men.
1
. i
749 I
367
49.0
317 I
42.4
49 I
13.5
1 382
Women.
. i
1
793
394
49.7 I
331 |
41 .8
63 |
j
15.9
1 399
White.
1
. i
1,258
646
51 .4
573 I
45.6
73 I
11 .3
612
Black.
. i
175 I
58
32.8 I
35 I
20.1
22 I
(1 )
1 118
Hispanic origin.
. i
i
120
69
57.4 I
48 |
1
40.2
21 I
1
(1 )
51
Not enrolled in college.
i
. i
919 I
714
77.8
1
576 |
62.7
1
138 I
19.4
204
Men.
1
. i
491 I
418
85.2 I
339 |
69.0
80 I
19.1
73
Women.
. i
j
428
296
69.2
237 I
55.5
59 |
19.8
I 132
White.
. i
696 I
574
82.5 I
487 I
70.0
86 1
15.1
122
Black.
. i
184 1
114
62.0 |
69 I
37.2
46 I
40.0
70
Hispanic origin.
. i
i
90 |
64
71 .8
48 |
54.1
16 |
1
(1 )
25
1
Total, 1991-92 high school dropouts2/I
406
242
59.6
147 |
j
36.3
95 |
39.1
164
Men.
i
. i
189 I
130
69.1 |
85 I
45.2
45 |
34.7
58
Women.
. i
j
218 I
112
51 .4 |
62 1
28.6
50 |
1
44.3
1 106
White.
1
.i
319
190
59.7 I
128 I
40.3
62 I
32.5
1 129
Black.
. i
66 I
35
52.5 I
7 I
(1 )
28 |
(1 )
31
Hispanic oriqin.
.i
L
80 I
40
49.9 |
23 I
L
28.4
17 |
L
(1 )
1 40
1_/ Data not shown where base is less
2/ Data refer to persons who dropped
between October 1991 and October 1992.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and
Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
than 75,000.
out of school
totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are
included in both the white and black
population groups. Because of rounding,
sum of individual items may not equal totals.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
LAW LIB? *
JUL 2
1993
FEDERA.L DEPOSITORY
Table 2. Labor force status of parsons 16 to 24 yaars old by school enrollment, educational attainment, sax,
race, and Hispanic origin, October 1992
(Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Civilian
noninsti-
tutional
population
Civilian
labor force
1
1
1
1
iNot in
1 labor
I force
1
1
1
Number
s artici -
pation
rate
Employed
1 Percent
Number j of
1population
Unemployed
1
1 Percent
1 Number j of
1 labor force
Total, 16 to 24 years.
30,969
19,950
64.4
r
17,335 I
56.0
i r
i
1 2,615 I
13.1
1
1
111,018
Enrolled in school.
15,868
7,737
48.8
6,718 1
42.3
1,019 |
13.2
1 8,131
Enrolled in high school.
7,274
2,798
38.5
2,180 I
30.0
618 I
22.1
1 4,476
Men.
3,888
1,579
40.6
1,225 I
31 .5
354 I
22.4
1 2,308
Women.
3.386
1,218
36.0
955 |
28.2
264 |
21 .6
1 2,168
White.
5,668
2,389
42.2
1,949 I
34.4
441 1
18.4
1 3,279
Black.
1,275
325
25.5
169 |
13.3
1 156 |
47.9
1 950
Hispanic origin.
839
248
29.5
163 I
1
19.5
1 85 j
1 1
34.1
591
1
Enrolled in college.
8,594
4,939
57.5
1
4,539 I
52.8
1 1
1 401 |
8.1
1
1 3,655
Enrolled in 2-year college.
2,500
1,755
70.2
1,600 I
64.0
155 |
8.8
745
Enrolled in 4-year college.
6,094
3,184
52.3
2,938 |
48.2
1 246 |
7.7
1 2,909
Full-time students.
7,247
3,730
51 .5
3,415 I
47.1
315 I
8.5
1 3,517
Part-time students.
1,347
1,209
89.8
1,124 I
83.4
1 85 |
7.1
| 138
j
Men.
4,030
2,292
56.9
2,097 1
52.1
195 I
8.5
1 1,737
Women.
4,564
2,647
58.0
2,441 I
53.5
1 206 |
j
7.8
1 1,917
j
White.
7,109
4,242
59.7
3,952 1
55.6
290 I
6.8
I 2,867
Black.
924
426
46.1
352 I
38.1
73 I
17.3
1 498
Hispanic origin.
613
364
59.5
325 |
1
53.0
1 39 I
1 1
10.8
1 248
1
Not enrolled in school.
15,101
12,213
80.9
i
10,617 I
70.3
1 1
1 1,597 I
13.1
1
1 2,887
16 to 19 years.
2,930
2,111
72.0
1,665 I
56.8
446 I
21 .1
819
20 to 24 years.
12,171
10,103
83.0
8,952 |
73.6
1 1,151 1
11.4
I 2,068
j
Men.
7,468
6,730
90.1
5,874 I
78.7
856 I
12.7
738
Less than a high school diploma..
1 ,747
1,413
80.9
1,147 I
65.7
1 266 I
18.8
1 334
High school graduates, no college
3,456
3,155
91 .3
2,724 I
78.8
431 I
13.7
301
Less than a bachelor's degree....
1,659
1,569
94.5
1,461 I
88.1
1 1 07 I
6.9
1 91
College graduates.
607
594
97.9
542 1
89.4
1 52 |
8.7
13
Women.
7,633
5,483
71 .8
4,743 I
62.1
741 I
13.5
1 2,149
Less than a high school diploma..
1 ,673
741
44.3
485 |
29.0
257 I
34.6
1 932
High school graduates, no college
3,431
2,498
72.8
2,165 1
63.1
1 333 I
13.3
I 934
Less than a bachelor's degree....
1,741
1,495
85.9
1,381 I
79.3
1 114 1
7.6
1 246
College graduates.
787
749
95.1
711 1
j
90.4
1 37 1
j j
5.0
1 38
j
...
12,207
10,149
83.1
9,092 I
74.5
1 1,057 I
10.4
1 2,058
2,393
1 ,677
70.1
1,204 |
50.3
474 I
28.2
1 715
Hispanic origin.
2,029
1,478
72.9
1,240 I
1
61 .1
1 238 I
J_L
16.1
I 550
1
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin
groups Mill not sum to totals because data for the "other
races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the uhite and black population groups. Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
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U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Washington, DC 20212
FIRST CLASS MAIL
Postage and Fees Paid
U.S. Department of Labor
Permit No. G-738
Official Business
Penalty for Private use, $300
United States
. Department
of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212_
USDL: 94-311
Contact: Kathryn Hoyle For Release: Immediate
Telephone: 202-606-5902 • Thursday, June 30, 1994
REVIEW OF LABOR MARKET TRENDS IN RECENT RECESSIONS APPEARS IN
JUNE ISSUE OF THE MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The United States experienced nine periods of widespread economic decline over the
past 46 years. These periods-commonly referred to as recessions-were characterized by
decreasing employment and increasing unemployment. The June issue of the Monthly
Labor Review, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,
contains a series of articles analyzing the unemployment trends of the most recent
recession compared with other periods of economic weakness during the past 2 decades.
"The 1990-91 Recession: How Bad Was the Labor Market?", by Jennifer M. Gardner,
BLS economist in the Division of Labor Force Statistics, analyzes several factors
regarding the labor market unique to this recession and its aftermath that made its impact
on the U.S. work force quite severe. By most economic measures, the 1990-91 recession
was milder than earlier postwar contractions, but many labor market measures did not
improve until well after the official end of the downturn. Employment declines were more
widespread across the major occupation and industry groups than in past contractions.
And, a much smaller share of the unemployed who lost jobs in the recent recession
expected to be rehired when the economy improved than was the case for workers losing
jobs in other downturns.
"Long-Term Unemployment in Recent Recessions," by Randy E. Ilg, BLS economist in
the Division of Labor Force Statistics, focuses on the extent of long-term unemployment
associated with the 1990-91 recession and its aftermath and compares it with conditions
related to other major recessions of the past 2 decades. During the 1990-91 recession, the
long-term jobless rate was much lower than that associated with the 1981-82 contraction;
however, unemployment of more than 6 months has been very slow to recover from the
recent downturn. The article finds that the unusually long lag following the 1990-91
recession is consistent with changes in employment; this series continued to trend
downward for nearly a year after the official ending date and then increased at a slower
pace than in prior recoveries. In addition, the long-term jobless were more likely to be of
prime working age, and less likely to be young, than they were in past periods of high
unemployment
"Job Losses Among Hispanics in the Recent Recession," by Johanne Boisjoly,
professor of sociology at the University of Quebec, and Greg J. Duncan, research scientist
at the Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, investigates the reasons for the
higher rate of job losses incurred by Hispanics during the recent recession. On the basis of
a new data source, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the study found that lower levels
of education among Hispanic workers accounted for some of the difference.
The June issue of the Monthly Labor Review also contains "Married Mothers' Work
Patterns: The Job-Family Compromise," by Howard V. Hayghe, BLS economist in the
Division of Labor Force Statistics, and Suzanne M. Bianchi, assistant chief for Social and
Demographic Statistics, Bureau of the Census. The article examines the issue of time
spent in labor market work by looking at married mothers' work experiences during 1992.
The data show that today's married mothers are twice as likely to work full time all year
than their predecessors of 20 years ago, but, even so, year-round full-time work remains
far from the norm.
The Monthly Labor Review is sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402, for $25 a year; single copies are $7. Make checks payable to the
Superintendent of Documents.
NOTE TO EDITORS: Single copies of the articles are available from BLS, 202-606-
5888.
Informadon in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-606-5897, TDD Message Referral
phone: 1-800-326-2577.
News
Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
Department
of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20212
Technical Information: (202) 606-5700
USDL:95-485
Media Contact:
(202) 606-5902
For release: 10 A.M. EST
Friday, December 1, 1995
BLS RELEASES NEW 1994-2005 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
New projections for the American work force from 1994 to 2005 were
released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of
Labor, providing information on where future job growth is expected by
industry and occupation and what the demographic makeup of the work
force pursuing those jobs is likely to be.
These projections to 2005 of economic growth, the labor force, and
employment by industry and occupation are widely used for studying long-
range economic and employment trends, planning education and training
programs, and developing career information.
BLS develops three alternative sets of projections because of the
uncertainty inherent in the future. Changes in the structure of the
economy and in the demand for goods and services for a low, a moderate,
and a high growth pattern for Gross Domestic Product are included.
This release uses the moderate growth projection in which personal
consumption expenditures will continue to account for about two-thirds
of GDP and in which foreign trade is projected to continue to increase
faster than other demand components.
Labor force
The future supply of workers, the labor force, is projected to
increase by 16 million over the 1994-2005 period, from 131 million to
147 million. This represents an increase of 12 percent, less than the
16 percent increase over the previous 11-year period, 1982-93. (See
table 1 and its note concerning comparability of 1993 and 1994 labor
force data.)
• 39.3 million workers are expected to enter the labor force over
the 1994-2005 period, more than the 37 million that entered
over the 1982-93 period (table 2).
• 23.3 million of the entrants will replace workers who leave the
labor force because of death, retirement, and other reasons.
16.0 million will reflect net labor force growth.
- 2 -
The demographic composition of the labor force is expected to
change because the population itself will change and because work force
participation will change.
• White non-Hispanics, who accounted for 77 percent of the labor
force in 1994, are expected to account for two-thirds of the
entrants into the work force over the 1994-2005 period; thus,
their share of the labor force in 2005 will decrease modestly.
• By 2005, the black non-Hispanic and the Hispanic labor forces
will be nearly equal in size, as more Hispanics than blacks
will enter the labor force over the 1994-2005 period.
• The women's labor force will grow more rapidly than the men's;
the women's share of the labor force will increase from 46 to
48 percent. Despite this, men will supply slightly over half
of the labor force entrants over the 1994-2005 period.
• The labor force 55 years of age and older will grow faster than
the younger labor force as the baby-boom generation (born 1946-
64) continues to age. The labor force 25 to 34 years of age is
projected to decline by almost 4 million, reflecting the
decrease in births in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
• The labor force participation rates of women are projected to
increase, but at a more moderate rate than in the previous 11
years, particularly among younger women. Men's labor force
participation rates are projected to continue to decline across
all age groups.
Employment
Industry Employment
• Over the 1994-2005 period, total employment is projected to
increase by 14 percent or by 17.7 million, from 127.0 million
in 1994 to 144.7 million in 2005. This growth rate is much
slower than during the previous 11-year period 1983-1994 when
growth was 24 percent and the economy gained 24.6 million
additional jobs (table 3).
• Service-producing industries will account for virtually all of
the job growth. Only construction will add jobs in the
goods-producing sector.
• Manufacturing's share of tocal jobs is expected to decline, as
a decrease of 1.3 million manufacturing jobs is projected.
Manufacturing is expected to maintain its share of total
output, as productivity in this sector is projected to
increase. Accounting for one of every seven jobs in 1994,
-3-
manufacturing is expected to account for just less than one of
every eight jobs in 2005.
• Health services, business services, and social services are
expected to account for almost one of every two jobs added to
the economy during the 1994-2005 period. Of the 10 fastest
growing industries, nine belong to one of these three industry
groups (table 5a).
Occupational employment
• Professional specialty occupations are projected to increase
the fastest and to add the most jobs--over 5 million. This
group also had the fastest rate of increase and the largest job
growth in the 1983-94 period. Service workers are expected to
add 4.6 million jobs. These two groups--on opposite ends of
the educational attainment and earnings spectrum--are expected
to provide more than half of the total projected job growth in
1994-2005 (table 4).
• Other groups that are projected to grow faster than the average
are executive, administrative, and managerial occupations;
technicians and related support occupations; and marketing and
sales occupations.
• Administrative support occupations including clerical are
projected to grow much slower than the average and much slower
than they have in the past, reflecting the increasing impact of
office automation. The projected growth of 994,000 jobs for
this group is significantly less than the 4.3 million job
growth during 1983-94.
• Precision production, craft, and repair occupations and
operators, fabricators, and laborers are projected to grow much
more slowly than the average due to continuing advances in
technology, changes in production methods, and the overall
decline in manufacturing employment.
• The 10 fastest growing occupations include workers at all
levels of educational attainment; half are health-related
occupations (table 5b).
• The 10 occupations adding the most jobs will account for more
than one-fourth of total employment growth (table 5c).
Education and Training
Employment will increase in occupations requiring various amounts
of education and training. Growth rates over the 1994-2005 period will
range from 5 percent for occupations generally requiring moderate term
on-the-job training to 29 percent for occupations requiring a master's
cr
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degree. All categories that generally require an associate degree or
more education are projected to grow faster than the 14 percent average
of all occupations. In contrast, all other categories are expected to
grow less than 14 percent. Occupations that generally require moderate
term (1 to 12 months) on the job training for a worker to achieve
average job performance are projected to grow the slowest, reflecting
the concentration of many production occupations in declining
manufacturing industries (table 6).
More detailed information on the 1994-2005 projections appears in
five articles in the November 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review,
published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
A graphic presentation of the highlights of the projections will appear
in the forthcoming Fall 1995 Occupational Outlook Quarterly. Data on
education and training will be published in "Employment Outlook: 1994-
2005, Job Quality and Other Aspects of Projected Employment Growth," BLS
Bulletin 2472.
The Monthly Labor Review and Occupational Outlook Quarterly are
sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
The Review costs $25 a year, single copies are $7. The Quarterly costs
$8 a year; single copies are $2.75. Make checks payable to the
Superintendent of Documents.
Information from this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828,
Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) phone: 202-606-5897, TDD
Message Referral Phone Number: 1-800-326-2577.
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Table 2. Civilian labor force, 1982,1993, and 1994, and projected 2005, and entrants and leavers,
Labor
force
Entrants
Leavers
Labor force
Entrants
Leavers
Labor
force
Group
1982
1982-93
1982-93
1993
1994
1994-
2005
1994-
2005
2005
Numbers
[thousands]
Total
110,215
37,309
19,485
128,039
131,051
39,343
23,289
147,106
Men
62,460
19,275
12,104
69,632
70,814
19,720
13,691
76,842
Women
47,755
18,034
7,381
58,407
60,238
19,624
9,598
70,263
White, non-Hispanic
89,536
26,405
16,440
99,502
100,463
26,058
18,177
108,345
Men
51,086
13,447
10,288
54,246
54,306
12,937
10,814
56,429
Women
38,450
12,958
6,152
45,256
46,157
13,122
7,363
51,916
Black, non-Hispanic
11,230
4,952
1,905
14,277
14,304
4,871
2,783
16,392
Men
5,744
2,403
1,079
7,068
6,981
2,314
1,512
7,783
Women
5,486
2,549
826
7,209
7,323
2,557
1,271
8,609
Hispanic origin
6,734
4,437
794
10,377
11,974
6,085
1,729
16,330
Men
4,148
2,654
545
6,257
7,210
3,321
1,039
9,492
Women
2,586
1,784
250
4,120
4,764
2,765
690
6,838
Asian and other, non-
2,714
1,515
345
3,883
4,310
2,329
600
6,039
Hispanic 1
Men
1,481
772
192
2,061
2,317
1,148
326
3,139
Women
1,233
743
153
1,822
1,994
1,180
274
2,900
Share
[percent]
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
' 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Men
56.7
51.7
62.1
54.4
54.0
50.1
58.8
52.2
Women
43.3
48.3
37.9
45.6
46.0
49.9
41.2
47.8
White, non-Hispanic
81.2
70.8
84.4
77.7
76.7
66.2
78.0
73.7
Men
46.4
36.0
52.8
42.4
41.4
32.9
46.4
38.4
Women
34.9
34.7
31.6
35.3
35.2
33.4
31.6
35.3
Black, non-Hispanic
10.2
13.3
9.8
11.2
10.9
12.4
12.0
11.1
Men
5.2
6.4
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.9
6.5
5.3
Women
5.0
6.8
4.2
5.6
5.6
6.5
5.5
5.9
Hispanic origin
6.1
11.9
4.1
8.1
9.1
15.5
7.4
11.1
Men
3.8
7.1
2.8
4.9
5.5
8.4
4.5
6.5
Women
2.3
4.8
1.3
3.2
3.6
7.0
3.0
4.6
Asian and other, non-
2.5
4.1
1.8
3.0
3.3
5.9
2.6
4.1
Hispanic 1
Men
1.3
2.1
1.0
1.6
1.8
2.9
1.4
2.1
Women
1.1
2.0
0.8
1.4
1.5
3.0
1.2
2.0
Note: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and 1982 because of the introduction of a major redesign of
the Current Population Survey questionaire and collection methodology and the Introduction of 1990 census-based population
controls. Entrants and leavers are calculated by comparing cohort labor force size at two points In time. The components of
this table are mutually exclusive.
1 The ‘Asian and other” group Includes (1) Aslans and Pacific Islanders and (2) American Indians and Alaska Natives. _
in
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Table 3. Employment by major Industry division, 1
Industry
Nonfarm wage and salary /I
Goods producing
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable
Nondurable
Service producing
Transportation, communications, utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services/I
Government
Agriculture 12
Private household wage and salary
Nonagricultural self-employed and unpaid family
workers /3
Total/4
Nonfarm wage and salary /I
Goods producing
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable
Nondurable
Service producing
Transportation, communications, utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services !\
Government
Agriculture fl
Private households
Nonagricultural self-employed and unpaid family
workers /3
Total /4
tj
a
c
E
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UJ
8-
3
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O
TJ
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5
3
Cl
2
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£
©
a
k—
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£
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w
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©
x;
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CD
©
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ca cz
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*1
£ 2
JO c
£ 8
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w o
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= ®
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Q. £
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6
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"O
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©
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2
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o
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00
in
5 S
£ 5
>J ?3
Table 4. Employment by major occupational group, 1983, 1994, and projected 2005, moderate alternative projection
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment Change
1994-2005
Percent
change
O'oonr*qrih;00\^
— — r4 —
Occupation
Total, all occupations
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
Professional specialty occupations
Technicians and related support occupations
Marketing and sales occupations
Administrative support occupations, including clerical
Service occupations
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Table 5a. The 10 Industries with fastest projected job growth, 1994-2005, moderate alternative projection
Industry
Percent chanqe
Health services, n.e.c.
84.1
Residential care
82.7
Computer and data processing services
69.5
Individual and miscellaneous social services
68.8
Miscellaneous business services
68.4
Child day care services
59.4
Personnel supply services
58.1
Services to buildings
58.0
Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing
50.8
Management and public relations
46.5
Table 5b. The 10 fastest growing occupations, 1994-2005, moderate alternative projection
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment
1994-2005
Numerical
Percent
Occupation
1994
2005
change
chanqe
Personal and home care aides
179
391
212
119
Home health aides
420
848
428
102
Systems analysts
483
928
445
92
Computer engineers
195
372
177
90
Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides
78
142
64
83
Electronic pagination systems workers
18
33
15
83
Occupational therapy assistants and aides
16
29
13
82
Physical therapists
102
183
81
80
Residential counselors
165
290
126
76
Human services workers
168
293
125
75
Table 5c. The 10 occupations with the largest job growth, 1994-2005, moderate alternative projection
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment
1994-2005
Occupation
1994
2005
Numerical
chanqe
Percent
change
Cashiers
3,005
3,567
562
19
Janitors and cleaners, including maids
3,043
3,802
559
18
and housekeeping cleaners
Salespersons, retail
3,842
4,374
532
14
Waiters and waitresses
1,847
2,326
479
26
Registered nurses
1,906
2,379
473
25
General managers and top executives
3,046
3,512
466
15
Systems analysts
483
928
445
92
Home health aides
420
848
428
102
Guards
867
1,282
415
48
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants
1,265
1,652
387
31
Table 6. Projected change In employment by education and training category, 1994-2005, moderate alternative projection
[Numbers in thousands]
Education category
1994
2005
Change, 1994-2005
Job openings due to
growth and net
replacement, 1994-
2005
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
127,014
100.0
144,708
100.0
17,693
13.9
49,631
100.0
First professional degree
1,702
1.3
2,076
1.4
374
22.0
657
1.3
Doctor's degree
976
.8
1,156
.8
180
18.4
467
.9
Master's degree
1,500
1 2
1,927
1.3
427
28.5
658
1.3
Work experience, plus a bachelor's
or higher degree
8,191
6.5
9,494
6.6
1,303
15.9
3,062
6.2
Bachelor's degree
14,007
11.0
17,771
12.3
3,764
26.9
6,684
13.5
Associate degree
3,956
3.1
4,919
3.4
963
24.3
1,594
3.2
Post-secondary vocational training
7,102
5.6
7,845
5.4
743
10.5
2,378
4.8
Work experience
9,994
7.9
11,325
7.8
1,331
13.3
3,554
7.2
Long-term on-the-job training
13,672
10.8
14,901
10.3
1,229
9.0
4,754
9.6
Moderate-term on-the-job training
16,219
12.8
17,083
11.8
864
5.3
5,670
11.4
Short-term on-the-job training
49,695
39.1
56,208
38.8
6,513
13.1
20,152
40.6
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Washington, DC 20212
FIRST CLASS MAIL
Postage and Fees Paid
U.S. Department of Labor
Permit No. G-738
Official Business
Penalty for private use, $300
-fH'71* '
News
Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
Department
of Labor
Washington,
D.C. 20212
Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm
Technical information: (202) 606-6378 USDL 97-25
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 606-5902 Thursday, January 30, 1997
EMPLOYEE TENURE IN THE MID-1990S
Among men. median tenure with their current employer fell between 1983 and 1996 in nearly every
age group. The overall median for men remained flat at 4.0 years, however, as the age distribution of
employed men shifted to older age groups, where workers have longer tenure. Median tenure for women
had changed little from 1983 to 1991, but was up slightly in 1996 to 3.5 years, according to data released
today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor.
Information on tenure has been obtained periodically since the early 1950s from supplemental
questions in the Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about 50,000 households that
provides information on employment, unemployment, earnings, demographics, and other characteristics
of the civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. The questions on tenure that were asked prior
to 1983 differ from those asked in more recent surveys, As a result, this release focuses only on
comparable data from 1983 to 1996. (See the Explanatory Note.)
Demographic characteristics
Among men, median tenure (the point at which half the workers had more tenure and half had less)
was 4.0 years in February 1996, virtually identical to the figures obtained in January of 1983, 1987, and
1991. (See table 1.) Yet, since 1983, nearly every age group of men experienced a decline in median
tenure, with particularly sharp drops occurring among men ages 45 to 54 and 55 to 64. During this
Revisions to 1983-91 Data on Median Tenure
Estimates of median tenure shown in this release for January of 1983, 1987, and 1991
have been revised from estimates previously published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The method used to compute median tenure was improved for the February 1996 data.
To facilitate historical comparisons, previously published medians for 1983-91 were
recalculated using the new method. As a result, most estimates of median tenure for
1983-91 shown in this release are approximately a half year lower than those previously
published. For additional information on these revisions and the method used to calculate
median tenure, see the Explanatory Note.
period, the age of the workforce generally shifted upward to older workers, who have longer tenure with
their current employers. For example, median tenure for 25- to 34-year-old men was 3.0 years in
February 1996. compared with 6.1 years for 35- to 44-year-olds and 10.5 years for 55- to 64-year-olds.
The shift in the age distribution would, by itself, have raised median tenure; this age shift, however, was
counterbalanced by the decline in median tenure for men in most age groups, leaving the overall median
tenure for men essentially unchanged.
Among women, overall median tenure rose between 1983 and 1996, with nearly all of the gam taking
place from 1991 to 1996. This increase was partly due to substantial increases in median tenure among
35- to 44-year-olds and 45- to 54-year-olds. In addition, as with men. the proportion of employed
women in the older, longer-tenured age groups rose.
In addition to trends in median tenure, it is useful also to examine trends in the proportion of workers
with relatively long tenure of 10 years or more. The proportion of men who had worked for their current
employer 10 years or longer fell during the 1983-96 period, while the proportion of women with such
long tenure rose, as table 2 shows. (Workers ages 16 to 24 are excluded from table 2 because it is nearly
impossible for these young workers to have been with their current employer 10 years or longer.) The
decline in the proportion of men with such long tenure occurred in every age group, except among men
age 65 and over, for whom the proportion remained stable during the 1983-96 period. Among women,
the trend toward rising proportions with long tenure occurred mainly among 40- to 54-year-olds.
Table 3 provides more detailed information on the length of time workers had been with their current
employers in February 1996. Overall, about a quarter of wage and salary workers had worked for their
current employer 12 months or less. These include workers who had recently entered the workforce, as
well as workers who had changed employers in the previous year. More than three-quarters of 16- to 19-
year-olds had such short tenure, as did over half of workers ages 20 to 24. By comparison, among 55- to
64-year-olds, 11 percent had 12 months or less of tenure, while 29 percent had worked for their current
employer 20 years or more.
Among women and men in nearly every age group, workers who do not have a high school diploma
have lower median tenure than those with more education. (See table 4.) There appears to be little
relationship between tenure and educational attainment for workers who have a high school diploma or
higher level of education.
Industry
In February 1996, workers in mining had the highest median tenure, 6.1 years, of any major private-
sector industry. (See table 5.) The median for mining rose from 3.4 years in January 1983. Employment
levels in mining today are only half of their peak of the early 1980s. Little hiring has occurred in the
industry in recent years, and many lower-tenured workers have lost their jobs, resulting in a large increase
in median tenure.
In manufacturing, median tenure was 5.4 years in February 1996, the same as in January 1983.
Within manufacturing, however, some industries experienced sizable movements in median tenure. For
example, workers in motor vehicles and equipment had far less tenure with their employers in 1996 than
in 1983; median tenure fell from 13.0 years in January 1983 to 7.8 years in February 1996. In aircraft and
parts manufacturing, the median rose from 6.4 years in 1983 to 9.8 years in 1996.
The median length of time that workers in finance, insurance, and real estate had been with their
current employer rose from 3.2 years in 1983 to 4.1 years in 1996. The services industry also
experienced an increase in median tenure, from 2.5 years in 1983 to 3.0 years in 1996. Within sen ices,
private education, social services, hospitals, other health services, business services, and automobile and
repair services all showed substantial increases.
In transportation and public utilities, median tenure was 5.2 years in February 1996. about half a year
lower than the medians in 1983-91. Wholesale and retail trade workers showed little change in their
median tenure, with retail trade continuing to have the lowest median, 1.9 years, among the major
private-sector industry groups. The median length of time government employees had worked for their
current employer rose from 5.8 years in 1983 to 6.9 years in 1996.
Data on tenure often have been used as a gauge of employment security, with some observers
regarding increases in tenure as a sign of improving security and falling tenure as a sign of deteriorating
security. There are limitations to using the data in this way, however. For example, during recessions or
other periods of declining job security, median tenure and the proportion of workers with long tenure
could rise because less-senior workers are more likely to lose their jobs than are workers with longer
tenure. During periods of economic growth, median tenure and the proportion of workers with long
tenure could fall because more job opportunities are available for new entrants to the workforce and
experienced workers have more opportunities to change employers and take better jobs. Tenure also
could rise under improving economic conditions, however, as fewer layoffs occur and good job matches
develop between workers and employers.
Explanatory Note
The data presented in this report were col lected through a supplement
to the February 1996 Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly
survey of about 50.000 households that provides information on
employment, unemployment, earnings, demographics, and other
characteristics of the nation’s civilian nomnstitutional population age
16 and over The February 1996 CPS supplement obtained information
on worker displacement and on tenure. The data on worker displacement
appear in the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) news release L'SDL 96-
446. “Worker Displacement During the Mid-1990s (Based on Revised
Estimates),” issued on October 25. 1996.
In the February 1996 supplement, questions on tenure were asked
ot all employed persons. The first question was:
"Flow long have/has ... been working continuously for (fill in name
of present employer) 0 "
_Days
_Weeks
_Months
_Years
For responses of "1 year" or "2 years.” a follow-up question asked:
"Could you please give the exact number of months 0 ”
The purpose of the follow-up question was to obtain more precise
information on workers who had been with their current employer a
relatively short time The CPS supplements that obtained information
on tenure in January of 1983, 1987, and 1991 included the first
question but not the follow-up question. In those surveys, responses
of 1 year or more could be coded only as the nearest full year, and
responses of less than a year were coded as the nearest full month.
Pnor to January 1983. CPS supplements on tenure asked wage and
salary workers, “When did ... start working at your/his/her present
job 0 " Self-employed workers were asked, “When did ... start working
at your/his/her present business?” For wage and salary workers, the
meaning of the term “job” is ambiguous. For example, a worker who
had been employed at a particular company for 10 years and had been
promoted to a managerial position 1 year prior to the survey may have
been counted as having 10 years or 1 year of tenure, depending on
whether the respondent interpreted the question to mean tenure with
the current employer or tenure in the managerial position. To rectify
this ambiguity, the wording of the question was changed in January
1983 to specify the length of time a worker had been with his or her
current employer. This change resulted in a break in historical
comparability
Estimates of median tenure shown in this release for January oi
1983. 1987. ana 1991 have been revised from estimates previously
published by BLS The questionnaire for the February 1996 CPS
permitted more precise coding of responses on the length ot time
workers had been with their current employer than did previous
surveys For example, a response of "4 years and 10 months" in the
February 1996 survey could be coded as 58 months. By comparison,
in the January 1983. 1987. and 1991 surveys, such a response would
have required the CPS interviewer to round to the nearest full year.
5 years in this example, w'hen coding the response
The algorithm previously used by BLS to calculate median tenure
in the 1983. 1987. and 1991 surveys essentially ignored the effects ot
rounding and treated the whole-year responses as if they were the
minimum level of a 1 -year tenure interval. For example, a response ot
5 years was assumed to mean any value that was at least 5 years and
less than 6 years. In the calculation of medians for the February 1996
survey, whole-year responses were treated as the center, rather than
the minimum, of a 1-year tenure interval. Thus, a response of 5 years
was assumed to mean at least 4.5 years and less than 5.5 years. This
method takes advantage of the more precise coding that was possible
in the February 1996 survey. To facilitate historical comparisons, it
was necessary to recalculate previously published estimates of median
tenure for 1983. 1987, and 1991 using the same algorithm that was
used for the February 1996 data. The effect of the revised method is
that estimates of median tenure for 1983. 1987. and 1991 are now
approximately a half year lower than previously published estimates
In the data from the February 1996 CPS. there was a small number
of cases in which responses to the questions on tenure were impossible
or very unlikely, with respect to the reported ages for those workers
In tabulating the February 1996 data on tenure with current employer.
BLS has treated as a nonresponse any case in which age minus tenure
is less than 14 years. BLS used the same editing procedure when
tabulating tenure estimates shown in this release for January of 1983
and 1987; this also resulted in small revisions to some previously
published estimates for those years. This editing procedure was not
used for the January 1991 survey because there were no cases in which
a worker's age minus tenure was less than 15 years.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory-
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT:
TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone:
1-800-326-2577.
Table 1. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary
workers by age and sex, selected years, 1983-96
Age and sex
January
1983
January
1987
January
1991
February
1996
TOTAL
Total 16 years and over.
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.8
16 to 17 years.
7
.6
.7
.7
18 to 19 years.
.8
.7
.8
.7
20 to 24 years.
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
25 years and over.
5.0
5.0
4.8
5.0
25 to 34 years.
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
35 to 44 years.
5.2
5.5
5.4
5.3
45 to 54 years.
9.5
8.8
8.9
8.3
55 to 64 years.
12.2
11.6
11.1
10.2
65 years and over.
9.6
9.5
8.1
8.4
Men
Total 16 years and over.
4.1
4.0
4.1
4.0
16 to 17 years.
.7
.6
.7
.6
18 to 19 years.
.8
.7
.8
.7
20 to 24 years.
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.2
25 years and over.
5.9
5.7
5.4
5.3
25 to 34 years.
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
35 to 44 years.
7.3
7.0
6.5
6.1
45 to 54 years.
12.8
11.8
11.2
10.1
55 to 64 years.
15.3
14.5
13.4
10.5
65 years and over.
8.3
8.3
7.0
8.3
Women
Total 16 years and over.
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.5
16 to 17 years.
.7
.6
.7
.7
18 to 19 years.
.8
.7
.8
.7
20 to 24 years.
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
25 years and over.
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.7
25 to 34 years.
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.7
35 to 44 years.
4.1
4.4
4.5
4.8
45 to 54 years.
6.3
6.8
6.7
7.0
55 to 64 years.
9.8
9.7
9.9
10.0
65 years and over.
10.1
9.9
9.5
8.4
NOTE; Data for 1996 are not strictly comparable with
data for 1991 and earlier years because the 1996 data
incorporate population controls from the 1990 census,
adjusted for the estimated undercount. Figures for the
1983-91 period are based on population controls from the
1980 census. Also, the 1996 figures incorporate the effects
of the redesign of the Current Population Survey introduced
in January 1994. Data exclude the incorporated and
unincorporated self-employed.
Table 2. Percent of employed wage and salary workers 25 years and over who had 10 years
or more of tenure with their current employer by age and sex, selected years, 1983-96
Age and sex
January
1983
January
1987
January
1991
February
1996
TOTAL
Total. 25 years and over.
31.9
30.7
32.2
30.5
25 to 29 years.
3.3
4.1
5.1
2.8
30 to 34 years.
16.9
16.9
19.3
14.7
35 to 39 years.
29.9
29.6
31.1
26.9
40 to 44 years.
38.1
38.7
39.3
36.1
45 to 49 years.
46.5
45.2
46.5
44.5
50 to 54 years.
53.5
51.8
51.4
50.4
55 to 59 years.
59.3
57.6
56.7
54.0
60 to 64 years.
59.8
55.9
55.4
51.5
65 years and over.
50.9
50.1
46.3
47.4
Men
Total, 25 years and over.
37.7
35.0
35.9
33.1
25 to 29 years.
4.0
4.5
5.7
3.3
30 to 34 years.
18.7
18.7
21.1
15.6
35 to 39 years.
36.9
34.8
35.6
30.5
40 to 44 years.
51.1
48.5
46.3
41.7
45 to 49 years.
57.8
53.0
53.5
50.8
50 to 54 years.
62.3
59.4
58.5
54.9
55 to 59 years.
66.2
63.2
61.0
55.7
60 to 64 years.
65.6
58.7
57.5
50.4
65 years and over.
47.6
47.4
42.6
47.6
Women
Total, 25 years and over.
24.9
25.7
28.2
27.6
25 to 29 years.
2.5
3.6
4.4
2.2
30 to 34 years.
14.8
14.7
17.3
13.6
35 to 39 years.
21.6
23.8
26.1
22.9
40 to 44 years.
23.4
27.9
32.0
30.4
45 to 49 years.
33.0
36.4
39.3
38.1
50 to 54 years.
42.5
43.0
43.4
45.8
55 to 59 years.
51.0
50.8
51.4
52.1
60 to 64 years.
52.6
52.4
53.1
52.7
65 years and over.
54.5
53.1
49.9
47.2
NOTE: Data for 1996 are not strictly comparable with
data for 1991 and earlier years because the 1996 data
incorporate population controls from the 1990 census,
adjusted for the estimated undercount. Figures for the
1983-91 period are based on population controls from the
1980 census. Also, the 1996 figures incorporate the effects
of the redesign of the Current Population Survey introduced
in January 1994 Data exclude the incorporated and
unincorporated self-employed.
Table 3. Distribution of employed wage and salary workers by tenure with current employer, age. sex. race, and
Hispanic origin, February 1996
Age. sex. race, and Hispanic
origin
Number
employed
(in thousands)
Percent distribution by tenure with current employe
Total
12
months
or less
13 to 23
months
2 years
3 to 4
years
5 to 9
years
10 tO 1 4
years
15 to 19
years
20 years
or more
TOTAL
Total. 16 years and over.
110,281
100.0
26.0
8.5
4.8
15.2
19.8
10.0
6.8
9.0
16 to 19 years.
5,749
100.0
77.6
11.8
5.5
5.0
2
-
-
-
20 years and over.
104.531
100.0
23.1
8.3
4.8
15.8
20.8
10.5
7.1
9.5
20 to 24 years.
11.468
100.0
52.2
14.1
8.9
18.3
6.3
.1
-
-
25 to 34 years .
29.474
100.0
29.5
10.8
5.7
20.3
24 7
7.8
1.2
( 1 )
35 to 44 years .
30.316
100.0
17.9
7.4
4.3
14.9
24.2
14.3
11.3
5.8
45 to 54 years .
21,330
100.0
13.0
5.1
3.0
12.1
20.0
13.5
11.1
22.3
55 to 64 years.
9.398
100.0
10.6
4.6
2.7
11.0
18.0
12.2
12.0
28.9
65 years and over.
2.545
100.0
13.0
5.1
3.4
11.8
19.3
13 1
7.4
26.9
Men
Total. 16 years and over.
57.291
100.0
25.1
8.0
4.7
15.1
19.1
10.0
6.9
11.0
16 to 19 years.
2.932
100.0
77.3
9.9
6.8
5.8
.2
-
-
-
20 years and over.
54.359
100.0
22.3
7.9
4.6
15.6
20.2
10.6
7.3
11.6
20 to 24 years.
5,979
100.0
52.7
13.2
8.2
19.1
6.6
.2
-
-
25 to 34 years.
15.779
100.0
28.2
10.0
5.8
20.8
25.3
8.3
1.5
t 1 )
35 to 44 years.
15,756
100.0
16.3
7.0
3.8
14.0
23.1
15.7
13.0
7.1
45 to 54 years.
10.712
100.0
11.9
4.6
2.6
10.7
17.7
12.3
11.0
29.3
55 to 64 years.
4,846
100.0
10.3
5.3
3.0
10.6
17.0
10.0
9.4
34.4
65 years and over.
1,287
100.0
12.2
5.8
3.1
14.6
16.7
12.4
5.7
29.5
Women
Total. 16 years and over.
52.989
100.0
27.0
9.0
4.9
15.4
20.5
9.9
6.6
6.8
16 to 19 years.
2,817
100.0
77.9
13.7
4.0
4.2
.2
-
-
-
20 years and over.
50,172
100.0
24.1
8.7
5.0
16.0
21.6
10.4
7.0
7.2
20 to 24 years.
5,489
100.0
51.7
15.0
9.8
17.4
6.0
.1
-
-
25 to 34 years.
13,695
100.0
30.9
11.6
5.7
19.7
24.0
7.2
.9
-
35 to 44 years.
14.561
100.0
19.6
7.8
4.7
15.9
25.5
12.7
9.5
4.4
45 to 54 years.
10,617
100.0
14.1
5.5
3.3
13.5
22.3
14.8
11.3
15.2
55 to 64 years.
4.551
100.0
11.0
3.9
2.4
11.4
19.1
14.5
14.8
23.1
65 years and over.
1,258
100.0
13.9
4.3
3.8
8.9
22.0
13.8
9.2
24.2
White
16 years and over.
93,294
100.0
25.7
8.8
4.7
15.0
19.7
10.1
7.0
9.1
Men.
49.158
100.0
24.7
8.3
4.5
14.7
19.1
10.2
7.1
11.3
Women .
44,136
100.0
26.9
9.2
4.9
15.3
20.4
9.9
6.8
6.6
Black
•16 years and over.
12.460
100.0
26.7
6.2
4.9
15.8
20.2
10.3
6.1
9.7
Men.
5.785
100.0
27.4
5.3
5.2
16.5
19.4
9.6
6.3
10.3
Women .
6.675
100.0
26.2
6.9
4.6
15.2
21.0
11.0
5.9
9.2
Hispanic origin
16 years and over.
10.504
100.0
29.7
9.1
5.5
19.0
20.4
8.0
4.2
4.1
Men.
6.304
100.0
30.2
9.2
4.6
19.6
19.9
7.1
4.5
4.8
Women .
4.200
100.0
29.0
9 1
6 9
18.1
21.0
9.2
3.6
3.1
1 Less than 0 05 percent Hispamcs are included in both the white and black population groups Detail
NOTE Detail for the above race and Hispamc-origin groups will not sum may not sum to totals because of rounding Data exclude the incorporated
to totals because data for the "other races" groups are not presented and and unincorporated self-employed
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• Other groups that are projected to grow faster than the average
are executive, administrative, and managerial occupations;
technicians and related support occupations; and marketing and
sales occupations.
• Administrative support occupations including clerical are
projected to grow much slower than the average and slower than
they have in the past, reflecting the increasing impact of
office automation. The projected growth of 1.8 million jobs
for this group is significantly less than the 3.1 million job
growth over the 1986-96 period.
• Precision production, craft, and repair occupations and
operators, fabricators, and laborers are projected to grow much
more slowly than the average due to continuing advances in
technology, changes in production methods, and the overall
decline in manufacturing employment.
• The 10 fastest growing occupations include six health-related
and four computer-related occupations. (See table 4b.)
• The 10 occupations adding the most jobs will account for more
than one-fifth of total employment growth. (See table 4c.)
Education and training
Employment will increase in occupations requiring various amounts
of education and training. Growth rates over the 1996-2006 period will
range from 7 percent for occupations generally requiring postsecondary
vocational training to 25 percent for occupations requiring a bachelor's
degree. All categories that generally require an associate degree or
more education are projected to grow faster than the 14 percent average
of all occupations. In contrast, all other categories are expected to
grow less than 14 percent. (See table 5.)
Notes
More detailed information on the 1996-2006 projections appears in
five articles in the November 1997 issue of the Monthly Labor Review,
published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
-4 -
A graphic presentation of the highlights of the projections will appear
in the forthcoming Winter 1997-98 Occupational Outlook Quarterly.
The Monthly Labor Review and Occupational Outlook Quarterly are
sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
The Review costs $29 a year; single copies are $7.50. The Quarterly
costs $9.50 a year; single copies are $4.50. Make checks payable to the
Superintendent of Documents.
Information from this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828,
Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) phone: 202-606-5897, TDD
Message Referral Phone Number: 1-800-326-2577.
Changes from past procedures used to develop projections
Projection period. Over the past four decades, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed projections in
which the target year always ended in a zero or five and the projection period never was fewer than 10 years
or more than 15 years. Two or three projections were made to each target year, because a new set of
projections was developed every other year. This procedure caused some confusion with users about which
set of projections was the proper set to use. In addition, concerns were raised about the validity of
projections that were for a period longer than 10 years. To address these concerns, the BLS has changed its
procedure and will develop 10-year projections beginning with the 1996-2006 projections. The next set of
projections scheduled to be issued in November 1999 will cover the 1998-2008 period.
Alternatives. Since the early 1980s, three alternative scenarios, low-growth, moderate- or base case, and
high-growth, were developed for each major segment of the projections—labor force, aggregate economic
growth, industry employment, and occupational employment. In developing the three scenarios, most of the
analytical effort was devoted to the preparation of the moderate (base case) alternative. The low-growth
and high-growth scenarios were based on modest changes in labor force growth using different assumptions
about immigration and labor force participation rates and modest changes in gross domestic product growth
based on different assumptions for a few economic variables, such as defense expenditures, exports, or
imports. In translating these assumptions into industry employment and occupational employment
projections, no changes were made to significant factors that could affect industry and occupational
employment, such as input-output coefficients and projected occupational staffing patterns of industries.
In general, users of the projections only considered the moderate (base case) scenario projections of
industry employment and occupational employment. The BLS, itself, in using the occupational employment
projections to develop career guidance information in the widely used Occupational Outlook Handbook,
only used the moderate scenario. However, those who used the low-growth and high-growth projections
often assumed that the difference between those two scenarios represented a range within which the BLS
expected the employment projection to fall. That assumption was not true, as the procedures used to
develop those alternative scenarios were not intended for that purpose. To avoid such misinterpretations,
no alternative projections were developed for the 1996-2006 projections.
Table 1. Civilian labor force by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 1986, 1996, and projected 2006
Level
Change
Percent change
Percent distribution
Annual growth
rate (percent)
Group
1986
1996
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
1986
1996
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
Total, 16 years and older
117,834
133,943
148,847
16,109
14.904
13.7
11.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
1.1
16 to 19
7,926
7,806
8,924
-120
1.118
-1.5
14.3
6.7
5.8
6.0
-0.2
1.3
20 to 24
15,441
13.377
15,494
-2,064
2,117
-13.4
15.8
13.1
10.0
10.4
-1.4
1.5
25 to 34
34,591
33,833
30,842
-758
-2,992
-2.2
-8.8
29.4
25.3
20.7
-0.2
-0.9
35 to 44
27,232
36,556
35,455
9,324
-1,101
34.2
-3.0
23.1
27.3
23.8
3.0
-0.3
45 to 54
17,739
26,397
35,157
8.658
8,760
48.8
33.2
15.1
19.7
23.6
4.1
2.9
55 to 64
11,894
12,146
18,753
252
6,607
2.1
54.4
10.1
9.1
12.6
0.2
4.4
65 and older
3.010
3,828
4,221
818
393
27.2
10.3
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.4
1.0
Men, 16 years and older
65,422
72,087
78,226
6,665
6,139
10.2
8.5
55.5
53.8
52.6
1.0
0.8
Women, 16 years and older
52,413
61,857
70,620
9,444
8,764
18.0
14.2
44.5
46.2
47.4
1.7
1.3
White, 16 years and older
101,801
113,108
123,581
11,307
10,473
11.1
9.3
86.4
84.4
83.0
1.1
0.9
Black, 16 years and older
12,654
15,134
17,225
2,480
2,091
19.6
13.8
10.7
11.3
11.6
1.8
1.3
Asian and other, 16 years
and older
3,371
5,703
8,041
2,332
2,338
69.2
41.0
2.9
4.3
5.4
5.4
3.5
Hispanic origin, 16 years and
older
8,076
12,774
17,401
4,698
4,627
58.2
36.2
6.9
9.5
11.7
4.7
3.1
Other than Hispanic origin,
16 years and older
109,758
121,169
131,446
11,411
10,276
10.4
8.5
93.1
90.5
88.3
1.0
0.8
White non-Hispanic
94,026
100,915
108,166
6,890
7,251
7.3
7.2
79.8
75.3
72.7
0.7
0.7
1 The “Asian and other” group includes (1) Asians and Pacific Islanders and (2) American Indians and Alaska Natives. The
historical data are derived by subtracting “black” from the “black and other” group; projections are made directly, not by subtraction.
-4 -
A graphic presentation of the highlights of the projections will appear
in the forthcoming Winter 1997-98 Occupational Outlook Quarterly.
The Monthly Labor Review and Occupational Outlook Quarterly are
sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
The Review costs $29 a year; single copies are $7.50. The Quarterly
costs $9.50 a year; single copies are $4.50. Make checks payable to the
Superintendent of Documents.
Information from this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828,
Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) phone: 202-606-5897, TDD
Message Referral Phone Number: 1-800-326-2577.
Changes from past procedures used to develop projections
Projection period. Over the past four decades, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed projections in
which the target year always ended in a zero or five and the projection period never was fewer than 10 years
or more than 15 years. Two or three projections were made to each target year, because a new set of
projections was developed every other year. This procedure caused some confusion with users about which
set of projections was the proper set to use. In addition, concerns were raised about the validity of
projections that were for a period longer than 10 years. To address these concerns, the BLS has changed its
procedure and will develop 10-year projections beginning with the 1996-2006 projections. The next set of
projections scheduled to be issued in November 1999 will cover the 1998-2008 period.
Alternatives. Since the early 1980s, three alternative scenarios, low-growth, moderate- or base case, and
high-growth, were developed for each major segment of the projections—labor force, aggregate economic
growth, industry employment, and occupational employment. In developing the three scenarios, most of the
analytical effort was devoted to the preparation of the moderate (base case) alternative. The low-growth
and high-growth scenarios were based on modest changes in labor force growth using different assumptions
about immigration and labor force participation rates and modest changes in gross domestic product growth
based on different assumptions for a few economic variables, such as defense expenditures, exports, or
imports. In translating these assumptions into industry employment and occupational employment
projections, no changes were made to significant factors that could affect industry and occupational
employment, such as input-output coefficients and projected occupational staffing patterns of industries.
In general, users of the projections only considered the moderate (base case) scenario projections of
industry employment and occupational employment. The BLS, itself, in using the occupational employment
projections to develop career guidance information in the widely used Occupational Outlook Handbook,
only used the moderate scenario. However, those who used the low-growth and high-growth projections
often assumed that the difference between those two scenarios represented a range within which the BLS
expected the employment projection to fall. That assumption was not true, as the procedures used to
develop those alternative scenarios were not intended for that purpose. To avoid such misinterpretations,
no alternative projections were developed for the 1996-2006 projections.
Table 1. Civilian labor force by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 1986,1996, and projected 2006
Level
Change
Percent change
Percent distribution
Annual growth
rate (percent)
Group
1986
1996
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
1986
1996
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
Total, 16 years and older
117,834
133,943
148,847
16,109
14.904
13.7
11.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
1.1
16 to 19
7,926
7,806
8,924
-120
1,118
-1.5
14.3
6.7
5.8
6.0
-0.2
1.3
20 to 24
15,441
13,377
15,494
-2,064
2,117
-13.4
15.8
13.1
10.0
10.4
-1.4
1.5
25 to 34
34,591
33,833
30,842
-758
-2,992
-2.2
-8.8
29.4
25.3
20.7
-0.2
-0.9
35 to 44
27,232
36,556
35,455
9,324
-1,101
34.2
-3.0
23.1
27.3
23.8
3.0
-0.3
45 to 54
17,739
26,397
35,157
8,658
8.760
48.8
33.2
15.1
19.7
23.6
4.1
2.9
55 to 64
11,894
12,146
18,753
252
6,607
2.1
54.4
10.1
9.1
12.6
0.2
4.4
65 and older
3.010
3,828
4,221
818
393
27.2
10.3
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.4
1.0
Men, 16 years and older
65,422
72,087
78,226
6,665
6,139
10.2
8.5
55.5
53.8
52.6
1.0
0.8
Women, 16 years and older
52,413
61,857
70,620
9,444
8,764
18.0
14.2
44.5
46.2
47.4
1.7
1.3
White, 16 years and older
101,801
113,108
123,581
11,307
10,473
11.1
9.3
86.4
84.4
83.0
1.1
0.9
Black, 16 years and older
12,654
15,134
17,225
2,480
2,091
19.6
13.8
10.7
11.3
11.6
1.8
1.3
Asian and other, 16 years
and older
3,371
5,703
8,041
2,332
2,338
69.2
41.0
2.9
4.3
5.4
5.4
3.5
Hispanic origin, 16 years and
older
8,076
12,774
17,401
4,698
4,627
58.2
36.2
6.9
9.5
11.7
4.7
3.1
Other than Hispanic origin,
16 years and older
109,758
121,169
131,446
11,411
10,276
10.4
8.5
93.1
90.5
88.3
1.0
0.8
White non-Hispanic
94,026
100,915
108,166
6,890
7,251
7.3
7.2
79.8
75.3
72.7
0.7
0.7
1 The “Asian and other” group includes (1) Asians and Pacific Islanders and (2) American Indians and Alaska Natives. The
historical data are derived by subtracting “black” from the “black and other” group; projections are made directly, not by subtraction.
Table 2. Employment by major industry division, 1986,1996, and projected 2006
Industry
Thousands of Jobs
Change
Percent distribution
Average annual
rate of change
1986
1996
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
1986
1996
2006
1986-96
1996-
2006
Total /I
111,374
132,352
150.927
20,978
18,575
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.7
1.3
Nonfarm wage and salary /2
98,727
118,731
136,318
20,004
17,587
88.6
89.7
90.3
1.9
1.4
Goods producing
24.538
24,431
24,451
-107
20
22.0
18.5
16.2
0.0
0.0
Mining
778
574
443
-204
-131
0.7
0.4
0.3
-3.0
-2.5
Construction
4,810
5,400
5,900
590
500
4.3
4.1
3.9
1.2
0.9
Manufacturing
18,951
18,457
18,108
-493
-350
17.0
13.9
12.0
-0.3
-0.2
Durable
11,200
10,766
10,514
-433
-252
10.1
8.1
7.0
-0.4
-0.2
Nondurable
7,751
7,691
7,593
-60
-98
7.0
5.8
5.0
-0.1
-0.1
Service producing
74,189
94,300
111,867
20,111
17,567
66.6
71.2
74.1
2.4
1.7
Transportation, communications, utilities
5,247
6,260
7,111
1,014
851
4.7
4.7
4.7
1.8
1.3
Wholesale trade
5,751
6,483
7,228
732
745
5.2
4.9
4.8
1.2
1.1
Retail trade
17,878
21,625
23,875
3,747
2,250
16.1
16.3
15.8
1.9
1.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate
6,275
6,899
7,651
625
752
05.6
5.2
5.1
1.0
1.0
Services /2
22,346
33,586
44,852
11,240
11,266
20.1
25.4
29.7
4.2
2.9
Federal government
2,899
2,757
2,670
-142
-87
2.6
2.1
1.8
-0.5
-0.3
State and local government
13,794
16,690
18,480
2,896
1,790
12.4
12.6
12.2
1.9
1.0
Agriculture /3
3,327
3,642
3,618
314
-24
3.0
2.8
2.4
0.9
-0.1
Private household wage and salary
1,235
928
775
-307
-153
1.1
0.7
0.5
-2.8
-1.8
Nonagricultural self-employed and
unpaid family workers /4
8,085
9,051
10,216
966
1,165
7.3
6.8
6.8
1.1
1.2
1/ Employment data for wage and salary workers are from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (payroll) survey, which counts jobs,
whereas self-employed, unpaid family worker, agricultural, and private household data are from the Current PopulationSurvey (household
survey), which counts workers.
2/ Excludes SIC 074,5,8 (agricultural services) and 99 (nonclassifiable establishments), and is therefore not directly comparable with data
published in Employment and Earnings.
3/ Excludes government wage and salary workers, and includes private sector SIC 08, 09 (forestry and fisheries).
4/ Excludes SIC 08, 09 (forestry and fisheries).
Table 3. Employment by major occupational group, 1986,1996, and projected 2006
(Numbers in thousands of jobs)
Occupational group
Employment
Change
Number
Percent distri
jution
Number
Percent
1986
1996
2006
1986
1996
2006
1986-96
1996-2006
1986-96
1996-2006
Total, all occupations
111,375
132,353
150,927
100.0
100.0
100.0
20,978
18,574
18.8
14.0
Executive, administrative, and managerial
10,568
13,542
15,866
9.5
10.2
10.5
2,974
2,324
28.1
17.2
Professional specialty
13,589
18,173
22,998
12.2
13.7
15.2
4,584
4,826
33.7
26.6
Technicians and related support
3,724
4,618
5,558
3.3
3.5
3.7
894
940
24.0
20.4
Marketing and sales
11,496
14,633
16,897
10.3
11.1
11.2
3,137
2,264
27.3
15.5
Administrative support, including clerical
20,871
24,019
25,825
18.7
18.1
17.1
3,147
1,806
15.1
7.5
Service
17,427
21,294
25,147
15.6
16.1
16.7
3,867
3,853
22.2
18.1
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
3,661
3,785
3,823
3.3
2.9
2.5
124
37
3.4
1.0
Precision production, craft, and repair
13,832
14,446
15,448
12.4
10.9
10.2
614
1,002
4.4
6.9
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
16,206
17,843
19,365
14.6
13.5
12.8
1,637
1,522
10.1
8.5
TABLE 4a. THE 10 INDUSTRIES WITH THE FASTEST EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, 1996-2006
(Numbers in thousands of jobs)
Industry description
Employment
Change, 1996-2006
1996
2006
Number
Percent
Computer and data processing services
1,208
2,509
1,301
108
Health services, nec.
1,172
1,968
796
68
Management and public relations
873
1,400
527
60
Miscellaneous transportation services
204
327
123
60
Residential care
672
1.070
398
59
Personnel supply services
2,646
4,039
1,393
53
Water and sanitation
231
349
118
51
Individual and miscellaneous social services
846
1,266
420
50
Offices of health practitioners
2,751
4,046
1,295
47
Amusement and recreation services, nec.
1,109
1,565
457
41
TABLE 4b. THE 10 OCCUPATIONS WITH THE FASTEST EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, 1996-2006
(Numbers in thousands of jobs)
Occupation
Employment
Change. 1996-2006
1996
2006
Number
Percent
Database administrators, computer support specialists, and all
other computer scientists
212
461
249
118
Computer engineers
216
451
235
109
Systems analysts
506
1,025
520
103
Personal and home care aides
202
374
171
85
Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides
84
151
66
79
Home health aides
495
873
378
76
Medical assistants
225
391
166
74
Desktop publishing specialists
30
53
22
74
Physical therapists
115
196
81
71
Occupational therapy assistants and aides
16
26
11
69
TABLE 4c. THE 10 OCCUPATIONS WITH THE LARGEST JOB GROWTH, 1996-2006
(Numbers in thousands of jobs)
Occupation
Employment
Change, 1996-2006
1996
2006
Number
Percent
Cashiers
3,146
3,677
530
17
Systems analysts
506
1,025
520
103
General managers and top executives
3,210
3,677
467
15
Registered nurses
1,971
2,382
411
21
Salespersons, retail
4,072
4,481
408
10
Truck drivers light and heavy
2,719
3,123
404
15
Home health aides
495
873
378
76
Teacher aides and educational assistants
981
1,352
370
38
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants
1,312
1,645
333
25
Receptionists and information clerks
1,074
1,392
318
30
Table 5. Employment and total job openings, 1996-2006, and 1996 median weekly earnings by education and training category
(Numbers in thousands of jobs)
Education and training category
Employment
Change
Total job openings
due to growth and
net replacements,
1996-2006'
1996
median
weekly
earnings,
full-time
workers
Number
Percent
distribution
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
distribution
1996
2006
1996
2006
Total, all occupations
132,353
150,927
100.0
100.0
18,574
14.0
50,563
100.0
$483
First professional degree
1,707
2,015
1.3
1.3
308
18.0
582
1.2
1,057
Doctoral degree
1,016
1,209
0.8
0.8
193
19.0
460
0.9
847
Master's degree
1,371
1,577
1.0
1.0
206
15.0
430
0.9
682
Work experience plus bachelor’s or higher degree
8,971
10,568
6.8
7.0
1,597
17.8
3,481
6.9
786
Bachelor's degree
15,821
19,838
12.0
13.1
4,017
25.4
7,343
14.5
686
Associate's degree
4,122
5,036
3.1
3.3
915
22.2
1,614
3.2
639
Postsecondary vocational training
8,091
8,689
6.1
5.8
598
7.4
2,329
4.6
444
Work experience in a related occupation
9,966
11,177
7.5
7.4
1,211
12.2
3,285
6.5
534
Long-term on-the-job training
11,011
11,890
8.3
7.9
879
8.0
3,466
6.9
487
Moderate-term on-the-job training
16,792
18,260
12.7
12.1
1,468
8.7
5,628
11.1
434
Short-term on-the-job training
53,487
60,670
40.4
40.2
7,183
13.4
21,944
43.4
342
Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings
due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
•-» / A
U.S, Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Washington, DC 20212
FIRST CLASS MAIL
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Penalty for private use, $300
Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Department
of Labor __
Washington, D.C. 20212
Technical information: (202) 691-7410 USDL 02-497
http://www.bls.gov/nls/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: 691 -5902 Tuesday, August 27,2002
NUMBER OF JOBS HELD, LABOR MARKET ACTIVITY, AND EARNINGS
GROWTH AMONG YOUNGER BABY BOOMERS: RESULTS FROM MORE
THAN TWO DECADES OF A LONGITUDINAL SURVEY
The average person bom in the later years of the baby boom held nearly 10 jobs from ages 18 to 36,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. More than two-thirds of
these jobs were held in the first half of the period, from ages 18 to 27.
These findings are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a survey of9,964 young men
and women who were ages 14 to 22 when first interviewed in 1979 and ages 35 to 43 when interviewed
most recently in 2000. These respondents were bom in the years 1957 to 1964, the later years of the
“baby boom” that occurred in the United States from 1946 to 1964. The survey spans over two decades
and provides information on work and non work experiences, training, schooling, income and assets, health
conditions, and other characteristics. The information provided by respondents,- who were interviewed
annually from 1979 to 1994 and biennially since 1994, can be considered representative of all men and
women bom in the late 1950s and early 1960s and living in the United States when the survey began in
1979.
This release focuses on the number of jobs held and job duration, labor force participation, earnings
growth, and promotions. Highlights from the survey include:
• Persons bom from 1957 to 1964 held an average of 9.6 jobs from ages 18 to 36. These baby
boomers held an average of 4.4 jobs while ages 18 to 22. The average fell to 3.2 jobs while ages
23 to 27, to 2.6 jobs while ages 28 to 32, and to 2.0 jobs from ages 33 to 36. Jobs that span more
than one age group were counted once in each age group, so the average number of jobs held from
age 18 to age 36 is less than the sum of the number of jobs across the individual age groups.
• The average individual was employed during nearly 76 percent of the weeks occurring from age
18 to age 36. Generally, men spent a larger percent of weeks employed than did women (83
percent versus 68 percent). Women spent much more time out of the labor force (27 percent of
weeks) than did men (11 percent of weeks).
• The annual percent growth in inflation-adjusted hourly earnings was fastest from ages 18 to 22.
Growth rates in earnings generally were higher for those who obtained more education.
2
• About 1 in 5 individuals ages 35 to 43 in 2000 reported that they had received a promotion from
their employer between 1997 and 1999.
Number of Jobs Held
Individuals held an average of 9.6 jobs from age 18 to age 36, with over two-thirds of the jobs being
held before age 28. In this report, a job is defined as an uninterrupted period of work with a particular
employer. (See the Explanatory Note for additional information on the definition of a job.) On average, men
held 9.9 jobs and women held 9.3 jobs from age 18 to age 36. Men held 4.5 jobs from age 18 to age 22,
but only 2.1 jobs from age 33 to age 36. The reduction in the number of jobs held in successive age groups
was similar for women. (See table 1.)
Differences in the number of jobs held also are apparent between race and ethnic groups. From age
18 to age 36, whites held more jobs than either blacks or Hispanics. The difference is most pronounced at
younger ages; whites held 4.6 jobs from ages 18 to 22, compared with 3.6 jobs for blacks and 4.0 jobs for
Hispanics. These racial differences nearly disappeared at older ages. From ages 33 to 36, whites, blacks,
and Hispanics all held an average of about 2.0 jobs.
Duration of Employment Relationships
The length of time a worker remains with the same employer increases with the age at which the worker
began the job. Of the jobs that workers began when they were ages 18 to 22, 72 percent of those jobs
ended in less than a year, and 94 percent ended in fewer than 5 years. Only about 2 percent of the jobs
that workers began when ages 18 to 22 were still held by those workers at the time of the 2000 survey,
when the survey participants were ages 35 to 43. Among jobs started by workers when they were ages 28
to 32, 52 percent ended in less than a year, and 85 percent ended in fewer than 5 years; 10 percent of those
jobs continued at the time of the 2000 survey. (See table 2.)
Although job duration tends to be longer the older a worker is when starting the job, these baby
boomers continued to have large numbers of short-duration jobs even as they approached middle age.
Among jobs started by workers when they were ages 33 to 36,43 percent ended in the first year, and
76 percent ended in fewer than 5 years.
Percent of Weeks Employed. Unemployed, and Not in the Labor Force
On average, the baby boomers represented by the survey were employed during 76 percent of all the
weeks occurring from age 18 to age 36. They were unemployed—that is, without jobs but actively seeking
work—5 percent of the weeks. They were not in the labor force—that is, neither working nor seeking
work—19 percent of the weeks. (See table 3.)
The amount of time spent employed differs substantially between educational-attainment groups, especially
among blacks and Hispanics. Blacks with less than a high school diploma (as of the 2000 survey) spent 48
percent of weeks employed, while black high school graduates spent 62 percent of weeks employed.
Hispanic high school dropouts spent 60 percent of weeks employed, compared with 71 percent of weeks for
Hispanic high school graduates. White high school dropouts spent 68 percent of weeks employed, and white
high school graduates spent 78 percent of weeks employed. Among college graduates, there was little
difference between racial and ethnic groups in labor market attachment. Black, Hispanic, and white college
graduates all spent about 80 percent of weeks employed.
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Explanatory Note
The estimates in this release were obtained using data from
the first 19 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
1979 (NLSY79). This survey is conducted by the Center for
Human Resource Research at The Ohio State University and the
National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago
under the direction and sponsorship of the U.S. Department of
Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Sample
The NLS Y79 is a nationally representative sample of 12,686
young men and women who were 14 to 22 years of age when
first surveyed in 1979. This survey sample was initially
composed of three subsamples:
• A cross-sectional sample of 6,111 youths that was
designed to represent the noninstitutionalized, civilian
population of young people living in the U.S. in 1979 and
bom between Jan. 1, 1957, and Dec. 31, 1964
• A supplemental sample of 5,295 youths designed to
oversample noninstitutionalized, civilian black, Hispanic,
and economically disadvantaged nonblack, non-
Hispanic youths living in the U.S. in 1979 and bom
between Jan. 1, 1957, and Dec. 31, 1964
• A military sample of 1,280 youths born between
Jan. 1, 1957, and Dec. 31, 1961, and enlisted in the
Army, Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps as of
September 30,1978
In 1985, the military sample was discontinued, and, in 1991,
the economically disadvantaged nonblack, non-Hispanic
youths were dropped from the supplemental sample. As a
result, the NLSY79 sample now includes 9,964 individuals from
the cross-sectional sample and the black and Hispanic
supplemental samples. (This sample size is not adjusted for
sample members who have died.)
Individuals were surveyed annually from 1979 to 1994 and
biennially since 1994. In 2000, 8,033 individuals responded to
the survey, for a retention rate of 81 percent. Only these
individuals are included in the estimates in this release. All
results are weighted using the 2000 survey weights that correct
for the oversampling, interview nonresponse, and permanent
attrition from the survey. When weighted, the estimates
represent all persons bom in the years 1957 to 1964 and living
in the U.S. when the survey began in 1979. Not represented by
the survey are U.S. immigrants who were bom from 1957 to 1964
and moved to the United States after 1979.
Work history data
The total number of jobs that people hold during their work
life is an easy concept to understand but a difficult one to
measure. Reliable estimates require a survey that interviews the
same people over the course of their entire work life and also
keeps track of all the jobs they ever held. The NLSY79 tracks
the number of jobs that people have held, but the respondents
in this survey are still relatively young, ages 35 to 43 in 2000,
and have many years of work life ahead of them. As the cohort
continues to age, however, more complete information will
become available.
A unique feature of the NLSY79 is that it collects the
beginning and ending dates of all jobs held by a respondent so
that a longitudinal history can be constructed of each
respondent’s work experiences. The NLSY79 work history
data provide a week-by-week work record of each respondent
from Jan. 1, 1978, through the most recerit survey date. These
data contain information on the respondent’s labor force
status each week, the usual hours worked per week at all jobs,
and earnings for all jobs. If a respondent worked at more than
one job in any week, hours and earnings are obtained for up to
four additional jobs. When a respondent who missed one or
more consecutive survey rounds is interviewed again, he is
asked to provide information about all time since the last
interview.
Interaction between time and age in a longitudinal
survey
Because the NLSY79 is a longitudinal survey, meaning the
same people are surveyed over time, the ages of the
respondents change with each survey Tounu. It is important to
keep in mind this inherent link between the calendar years and
the ages of the respondents. For example, table 5 reports
earnings growth from age 23 to age 27. The youngest
respondents in the sample (birth year 1964) were these ages
during 1987-92, whereas the oldest respondents (birth year
1957) were these ages during 1980-85.
Although participants in the NLSY79 were ages 35 to 43
during the 2000 interviews, tables 1-5 of this release cover only
the period while the respondents were ages 18 to 36. The reason
for not including older ages in these tables is that the sample
sizes were still too small to provide statistically reliable
estimates for age groups older than 36. As the NLSY79
continues to be administered and the respondents age,
subsequent rounds of the survey will enable analyses to be
conducted for older age groups.
As with age, the educational attainment of individuals may
change from year to year. In the tables and analysis presented
in this report, educational attainment is defined as of the 2000
survey. This definition is used even when data on age and
educational attainment are presented together. For example,
table 1 reports the number of jobs held during different age
categories. Suppose that a respondent had completed a
bachelor’s degree at age 28. That respondent would be included
in the “Bachelor’s degree or more” educational category in all
age categories shown on the table, even though he or she did
not have a bachelor’s degree at any point from age 18 to
age 27.
Definitions
Job. A job is defined as an uninterrupted period of work
with a particular employer. Jobs are therefore employer-based,
not position-based. If a respondent indicates that he or she
left a job but in a subsequent survey returned to the same
job, it is counted as a new job. For example, if an individ¬
ual worked in a retail establishment during the summer, quit at
the end of summer to return to school, and then resumed
working for the same employer the following spring, this
sequence would count as two jobs, rather than one. For self-
employed workers, each “new” job is defined by the individ¬
uals themselves.
Unemployment. If respondents indicate a gap between
employers, they are asked how many of those weeks they spent
searching for employment or on layoff. For that number of
weeks, they are considered unemployed. For the remaining
weeks, they are coded as not in the labor force. No probing for
intensity of job search is done.
Usual earnings. Respondents can report earnings over
any time frame (hour, day, week, month, year). For those who
do not report an hourly wage, one is constructed using usual
hours worked over that time frame. Wages greater than $100 per
hour and less than $1 per hour were not included in the analysis
of earnings growth because the reported earnings levels were
almost certainly in error. For the same reason, individuals who
had inflation-adjusted earnings growth greater than 100 percent
were not included in the analysis. These exclusions from the
analysis affected 358 respondents.
Promotions. Respondents are asked a series of questions
about promotions received from all employers. In particular,
respondents are asked if they had been promoted by an
employer since they began working for that employer or since
the date of the last interview, whichever is more recent. These
statistics are self-reported by the respondents.
Race and ethnic groups. In this release, the findings are
reported for non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and
Hispanics. These three groups are mutually exclusive but not
exhaustive. Other race groups, which are included in the overall
totals, are not shown separately because their representation in
the survey sample is not sufficiently large to provide statistically
reliable estimates. In other BLS publications, estimates usually
are published for whites, blacks, and Hispanics, but these
groups are not mutually exclusive. The term “Hispanic” is
considered to be an ethnic group, and Hispanics can be of any
race. Most other BLS publications include Hispanics in the
white and black race groups in addition to the Hispanic ethnic
group.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Number of jobs held by individuals from age 18 to age 36 in 1978-2000 by educational attainment, sex,
race, Hispanic ethnicity, and age
Average number of jobs for persons ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000
Characteristic
Total 1
Ages 18 to 22
Ages 23 to 27
Ages 28 to 32
Ages 33 to 36
Total.
9.6
4.4
3.2
2.6
2.0
Less than a high school diploma.
9.7
4.0
3.1
2.6
2.0
High school graduates, no college.
9.2
4.1
3.0
2.6
2.0
Less than a bachelor’s degree.
10.0
4.5
3.0
2.7
2.1
Bachelor's degree or more.
10.0
5.0
3.5
2.6
1.9
Men.
9.9
4.5
3.4
2.8
2.1
Less than a high school diploma.
11.1
4.7
3.7
3.0
2.1
High school graduates, no college.
9.6
4.4
3.4
2.8
2.0
Less than a bachelor's degree.
10.5
4.7
3.5
2.9
2:2
Bachelor's degree or more.
9.5
4.6
3.4
2.5
2.0
Women.
9.3
4.3
3.0
2.4
1.9
Less than a high school diploma.
7.8
3.0
2.3
2!l
1.7
High school graduates, no college.
8.7
3.9
3.0
2.4
2.0
Less than a bachelor's degree.
9.5
4.4
3.2
2.5
2.0
Bachelor's degree or more.
10.6
5.4
3.7
2.6
1.8
White non-Hispanic.
9.8
4.6
3.3
2.6
2.0
Less than a high school diploma.
10.3
4.3
3.3
2.7
2.1
High school graduates, no college.
9.2
4.3
3.1
2.6
2.0
Less than a bachelor's degree.
10.3
4.7
3.5
2.7
2.1
Bachelor's degree or more.
10.0
5.1
3.5
2.6
1.9
Black non-Hispanic.
9.1
3.6
3.1
2.7
2.0
Less than a high school diploma.
8.3
2.8
2.7
2.5
1.7
High school graduates, no college.
9.2
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.1
Less than a bachelor’s degree.
9.0
3.8
3.1
2.6
2.1
Bachelor's degree or more.
10.0
4.4
3.7
2.8
2.2
Hispanic.
8.9
4.0
3.0
2.5
1.9
Less than a high school diploma.
9.2
3.8
2.9
2.4
1.9
High school graduates, no college.
8.7
3.9
2.9
2.5
1.9
Less than a bachelor's degree.
8.8
4.1
3.0
2.4
1.8
Bachelor's degree or more.
9.4
4.3
3.2
2.7
2.0
1 Jobs that were held in more than one of the age categories were counted in each appropriate column, but only once in
the total column.
NOTE: The first two columns exclude individuals who turned age 18 before Jan. 1, 1978. The first and last columns
exclude individuals who had not yet turned age 37 when interviewed in 2000.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 consists of men and women who were born in the years 1957-64 and
were ages 14 to 22 when first interviewed in 1979. These individuals were ages 35 to 43 in 2000. Educational
attainment is defined as of the 2000 survey. Race and Hispanic ethnicity groups are mutually exclusive but not
exhaustive. Other race groups, which are included in the overall totals, are not shown separately because their
representation in the survey sample is not sufficiently large to provide statistically reliable estimates.
Table 2. Duration of employment relationships with a single employer for all jobs started from age 18 to age 36 by
persons born in the years 1957-64 and living in the United States in 1979, by age at start of job, sex, race, and
Hispanic ethnicity
Age at the start of job and
characteristic
Cumulative percent distribution of dura
relationshi
tion of completed employment
DS
Percent of
jobs ongoing
in 2000
Less than 1
year
Less than 2
years
Less than 5
years
Less than 10
years
Less than 15
years
Ages 18 to 22.
72.2
84.8
93.9
96.9
97.7
1.9
Men.
72.6
84.9
93.6
96.8
97.6
2.1
Women.
71.7
84.7
94.1
97.0
97.9
1.7
White non-Hispanic.
71.8
84.6
93.7
96.8
97.6
2.0
Black non-Hispanic.
75.2
87.0
3 r r:1
97.7
98.4
1.4
Hispanic.
71.0
83.4
93.0
97.0
97.8
1.9
Ages 23 to 27.
59.3
75.7
88.5
93.7
95.0
4.9
Men.
59.6
75.9
87.8
92.9
94.5
5.4
Women.
58.9
75.5
89.3
94.5
95.7
4.2
White non-Hispanic.
58.4
74.9
88.0
93.4
94.9
5.1
Black non-Hispanic.
63.3
79.2
90.9
95.0
94.9
4.0
Hispanic.
59.8
76.6
88.8
93.7
95.0
5.0
Ages 28 to 32.
51.8
68.6
84.7
89.6
89.9
10.0
Men.
52.1
68.5
84.2
88.7
89.1
10.9
Women.
51.5
68.7
85.2
90.6
90.9
9.1
White non-Hispanic.
50.4
67.2
83.8
89.0
89.3
10.7
Black non-Hispanic.
57.7
74.8
88.2
92.1
92.5
7.5
Hispanic.
53.1
69.5
85.2
90.4
90.8
9.2
Ages 33 to 36.
43.2
59.9
76.2
(’>
C)
21.8
Men.
41.9
59.6
75.4
<’)
22.6
Women.
44.6
60.2
76.9
C)
<’)
21.1
White non-Hispanic.
41.6
58.1
75.2
C)
C)
22.9
Black non-Hispanic.
49.4
66.7
80.3
C)
(')
17.8
Hispanic.
45.8
62.1
77.2
C)
C)
20.4
1 Estimates are not presented for these categories because most sample members were not yet old enough at the time
of the 2000 survey to have completed jobs of these durations.
NOTE: The age category of 18 to 22 excludes individuals who turned age 18 before Jan. 1, 1978.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 consists of men and women who were born in the years 1957-64 and
were ages 14 to 22 when first interviewed in 1979. These individuals were ages 35 to 43 in 2000. Race and Hispanic
ethnicity groups are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive. Other race groups, which are included in the overall totals, are
not shown separately because their representation in the *«. vey sample is not sufficiently large to provide statistically
reliable estimates.
Table 3. Percent of weeks individuals were employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force from age 18
to age 36 in 1978-2000 by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity
Percent of total weeks while ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000
Characteristic
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor force
Total, ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000 .
75.7
5.1
18.8
Less than a high school diploma.
62.9
8.5
28.2
High school graduates, no college.
75.3
5.8
18.4
Less than a bachelor's degree.
78.2
4.5
16.7
Bachelor's degree or more.
80.2
2.8
16.7
82.8
5.7
11.0
Less than a high school diploma.
75.3
10.2
14.0
High school graduates, no college.
83.6
6.2
9.4
Less than a bachelor's degree.
86.3
4.7
8.6
Bachelor's degree or more.
82.7
3.0
14.0
Women.
68.4
4.5
26.7
Less than a high school diploma.
45.6
6.3
47.8
High school graduates, no college.
66.5
5.2
27.9
Less than a bachelor's degree.
71.5
4.3
23.5
Bachelor's degree or more.
77.6
2.6
19.5
White non-Hispanic.
78.1
4.2
17.2
Less than a high school diploma.
67.9
7.8
23.9
High school graduates, no college.
78.4
4.7
16.4
Less than a bachelor's degree.
79.7
3.7
16.2
Bachelor's degree or more.
80.3
2.6
16.7
Black non-Hispanic.
65.4
9.8
24.5
Less than a high school diploma.
48.4
10.5
38.6
High school graduates, no college.
62.3
11.3
25.8
Less than a bachelor's degree.
73.0
8.2
18.2
Bachelor's degree or more.
79.4
4.5
15.7
Hispanic...
71.0
5.4
23.1
Less than a high school diploma.
60.1
7.9
31.5
High school graduates, no college.
70.6
5.5
23.3
Less than a bachelor's degree.
77.5
3.9
18.0
Bachelor's degree or more.
80.0
3.1
16.3
NOTE: This table excludes individuals who turned age 18 before Jan. 1, 1978, or who had not yet turned age 37 when
interviewed in 2000.
Totals do not add to 100 percent due to a small number of respondents whose employment status cannot be
determined for all weeks.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 consists of men and women who were bom in the years 1957-64 and
were ages 14 to 22 when first interviewed in 1979. These individuals were ages 35 to 43 in 2000. Educational
attainment is defined as of the 2000 survey. Race and Hispanic ethnicity groups are mutually exclusive but not
exhaustive. Other race groups, which are included in the overall totals, are not shown separately because their
representation in the survey sample is not sufficiently large to provide statistically reliable estimates.
Table 4. Percent of weeks individuals were employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force from age 18 to
age 36 in 1978-2000 by age, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity
Percent of total weeks
Age and characteristic
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor force
Total, ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000 1 .
75.7
5.1
18.8
Ages 18 to 22 in 1978-1987 2 .
64.4
8.8
26.4
Ages 23 to 27 in 1983-1992 .
77.1
5.5
17.0
Ages 28 to 32 in 1985-1997 .
79.2
3.8
16.4
Ages 33 to 36 in 1990-2000 3 .
81.2
3.1
15.3
Men, ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000 1 .
82.8
5.7
11.0
Ages 18 to 22 in 1978-1987 2 .
68.7
9.9
20.9
Ages 23 to 27 in 1983-1992 .
84 8
6.4
8.2
Ages 28 to 32 in 1985-1997 .
87.9
4.2
7.2
Ages 33 to 36 in 1990-2000 3 .
89.2
3.4
7.0
Women, ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000 1 .
68.4
4.5
26.7
Ages 18 to 22 in 1978-1987 2 .
59.9
7.6
32.1
Ages 23 to 27 in 1983-1992 .
69.0
4.5
26.1
Ages 28 to 32 in 1985-1997 .
70.2
3.4
25.9
Ages 33 to 36 in 1990-2000 3 .
73.0
2.8
23.8
White non-Hispanic, ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000 1 .
78.1
4.2
17.2
Ages 18 to 22 in 1978-1987 2 .
67.4
7.6
24.5
Ages 23 to 27 in 1983-1992 .
79.5
4.6
15.5
Ages 28 to 32 in 1985-1997 .
81 3
3.1
15.0
Ages 33 to 36 in 1990-2000 3 .
83.1
2.5
14.0
Black non-Hispanic, ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000 1 .
65.4
9.8
24.3
Ages 18 to 22 in 1978-1987 2 .
51.3
14.8
33.6
Ages 23 to 27 in 1983-1992 .
67.2
10.3
22.0
Ages 28 to 32 in 1985-1997 .
70.4
7.5
21.3
Ages 33 to 36 in 1990-2000 3 .
73.1
6.2
20.3
Hispanic, ages 18 to 36 in 1978-2000 1 .
71.0
5.4
23.1
Ages 18 to 22 in 1978-1987 2 .
60.4
9.2
30.0
Ages 23 to 27 in 1983-1992 .
71.3
6.0
22.0
Ages 28 to 32 in 1985-1997 .
74.3
4.3
20.5
Ages 33 to 36 in 1990-2000 3 .
76.9
3.7
18.4
1 This category excludes individuals who turned age 18 before Jan. 1, 1978, or who had not yet turned age 37 when
interviewed in 2000.
2 This category excludes individuals who turned age 18 before Jan. 1, 1978.
3 This category excludes individuals who had not yet turned age 37 when interviewed in 2000.
NOTE: Totals do not add to 100 percent due to a small number of respondents whose employment status cannot
be determined for all weeks.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 consists of men and women who were born in the years 1957-64
and were ages 14 to 22 when first interviewed in 1979. Thes^ '^Hjviduals were ages 35 to 43 in 2000. Race and
Hispanic ethnicity groups are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive. Other race groups, which are included in the
overall totals, are not shown separately because their representation in the survey sample is not sufficiently large to
provide statistically reliable estimates.
Table 5. Average annual percent growth in inflation-adjusted hourly earnings from 1978 to 2000 by educational
attainment, sex, race, Hispanic ethnicity, and age
Average annual percent growth in hourly earnings
Characteristic
Ages 18 to 22
Ages 23 to 27
Ages 28 to 32
Ages 33 to 36
Total.
6.7
4.9
2.7
3.8
Less than a high school diploma .
5.4
2.2
1.1
4.3
High school graduates, no college .
5.8
3.1
2.1
3.1
Less than a bachelor’s degree .
6.4
4.8
2.5
3.6
Bachelor’s degree or more.
9.0
9.2
4.6
4.9
Men.
6.7
5.5
2.8
3.8
Less than a high school diploma .
4.4
2.8
1.0
3.2
High school graduates, no college .
6.5
3.7
1.7
2.8
Less than a bachelor's degree .
7.1
5.6
2.8
3.6
Bachelor's degree or more.
8.2
10.3
5.6
5.9
Women.
6.8
4.2
2.7
3.7
Less than a high school diploma .
7.4
0.8
1.4
6.1
High school graduates, no college .
5.1
2.4
2.6
3.3
Less than a bachelor's degree .
5.9
4.1
2.3
3.6
Bachelor's degree or more.
9.8
8.0
3.5
3.7
White non-Hispanic.
7.1
5.1
2.8
3.9
Less than a high school diploma .
6.4
2.2
1.0
5.2
High school graduates, no college .
5.8
3.0
2.2
3.2
Less than a bachelor’s degree .
6.7
5.1
2.4
3.5
Bachelor's degree or more.
9.2
9.2
4.6
5.0
Black non-Hispanic.
5.1
4.1
2.4
3.7
Less than a high school diploma .
2.9
2.3
1.0
2.2
High school graduates, no college .
5.2
3.6
1.8
3.4
Less than a bachelor’s degree .
5.1
3.7
2.8
4.5
Bachelor's degree or more.
7.2
9.1
5.1
4.0
Hispanic.
6.5
3.4
2.3
2.7
Less than a high school diploma .
3.3
2.9
0.8
2.2
High school graduates, no college .
7.7
2.3
1.9
1.2
Less than a bachelor's degree .
6.5
3.3
3.2
3.2
Bachelor's degree or more.
8.3
8.1
3.8
6.8
NOTE: The first column excludes individuals who turned age 18 before 1978. The last column excludes individuals
who were not yet age 37 when interviewed in 2000.
The CPI-U-X1 (research index) was used to adjust hourly earnings to 2000 dollars, prior to calculating the growth
rates.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 consists of men and women who were born in the years 1957-64
and were ages 14 to 22 when first interviewed in 1979. These individuals were age 35 to 43 in 2000. Educational
attainment is defined as of the 2000 survey. Race and Hispanic ethnicity groups are mutually exclusive but not
exhaustive. Other race groups, which are included in the overall totals, are not shown separately because their
representation in the survey sample is not sufficiently large to provide statistically reliable estimates.
Table 6. Percent of employed individuals ages 35 to 43 in 2000 who were promoted by their employer from
1997 to 1999, by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity
Characteristic
Percent who were
promoted, 1997-1999
Total .
Less than a high school diploma .
High school graduates, no college.
Less than a bachelor's degree .
Bachelor's degree or more .
21.4
15.3
20.8
20.7
25.8
Men.
Less than a high school diploma .
High school graduates, no college.
Less than a bachelor's degree .
Bachelor's degree or more .
22.8
16.5
19.8
21.8
32.3
Women.
Less than a high school diploma .
High school graduates, no college.
Less than a bachelor's degree .
Bachelor's degree or more .
19.8
13.2
21.9
19.8
18.7
White non-Hispanic.
Less than a high school diploma .
High school graduates, no college.
Less than a bachelor's degree .
Bachelor's degree or more .
21.3
16.7
20.9
19.2
25.2
Black non-Hispanic .
Less than a high school diploma .
High school graduates, no college.
Less than a bachelor's degree .
Bachelor's degree or more .
21.5
10.2
20.6
24.6
29.9
Hispanic .
Less than a high school diploma .
High school graduates, no college.
Less than a bachelor's degree .
Bachelor's degree or more .
22.0
16.0
21.0
25.2
27.5
NOTE: Since 1994, respondents have been asked if they have been promoted by an employer since starting to
work for the employer or since the date of the last interview, whichever is more recent.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 consists of men and women who were born in the years 1957-64
and were ages 14 to 22 when first interviewed in 1979. These individuals were ages 35 to 43 in 2000. Educational
attainment is defined as of the 2000 survey. Race and Hispanic ethnicity groups are mutually exclusive but not
exhaustive. Other race groups, which are included in the overall totals, are not shown separately because their
representation in the survey sample is not sufficiently large to provide statistically reliable estimates.
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