A 'A/, ^ % d' ^ / y Cbe Department of Domestic Economy^ Ohio State University Tts Aims and the Opportunities it affords ✓ Columbus, i$99. /x Pcrla 6. Bowman, Associate Prof, of Domestic Science, in Charge of the Department Cornelia P. Souther, Assistant Prof, of Domestic Art The Education of Women A New Idea The Old Idea Ohio State University established in 1896 a chair of Domestic Economy and a full four years’ course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Do¬ mestic Economy. This step was taken after a care¬ ful consideration of the needs of young women; and in the belief that something more than the usu¬ al scientific and literary courses is required, if women are to leave the University rounded and symmetrical in character, strong in body and well fitted for their special work in the world. It has been said by a scholarly man that it is possible for a young woman to enter a University, stand high in her classes, be without criticism as to her morals, and yet to live so isolated and so en¬ tirely within the realm of books as to come out with no practical knowledge of life and its duties and with few or none of the social amenities or graces. The great value of co-education has been settled for years. But college curricula were originally and fundamentally planned for men, and when women have chosen to enter university walls it has been to select from what was already provided. The result has been trained and broadened intel¬ lects, but intellects trained almost entirely from a man’s point of view. The woman graduate finds herself possessed of general culture, with a pos¬ sible foundation for the professional world; but with no special preparation for the position in which she most often places herself. 2 These and other conditions have led the authori¬ ties of Ohio State University to combine with courses already offered young women, something ol the highest forms of home training and home at¬ mosphere; hoping to bring before students in a practical and at the same time in a scientific way, matters which bear intimately upon family and communal life. The history of primitive woman is of an existence The woman of menial in the extreme. As the home developed, History her identity became more and more closely inter¬ woven with it; but through all the years there were hardships, overburdens and discouragements. Gradually arose the feeling with many women that man’s lot was the only desirable one. The senti¬ ment has had a powerful effect. Development made change possible, and the reaction swung the pendulum toward the extreme; the result being a tendency away from home life. Women have studied literature, art, science, his- Woman of tory, mathematics, with zest; almost unconscious To=day of the momentous life questions awaiting clear minds and warm hearts. The past ten years have seen the pendulum again seeking equlibrium. Women’s Clubs are discussing very different mat¬ ters than they would have considered a few years ago. It is not unusual to find a winter’s program made up of topics bearing upon household man¬ agement or matters pertaining to the health of the inmates. The lower grades in our public schools are training the children to better ideas of living. Some high schools and seminaries have in stroduced cooking and dressmaking. It remains for the University and the woman’s college, by bringing to this work deft fingers, trained scien¬ tific minds and a definite purpose, to change the sen¬ timent concerning the privileges and duties of American women in American homes. 3 The Aim of Education In establishing the course in Domestic Economy Ohio State University has an exceedingly broad aim. There is no effort to organize a “cooking school” as such, nor to teach dressmaking and millinery as trades. Such work, isolated, certainly has no place in the University. But if the science and art of homemaking is co-ordinated with other work of the university grade, then it may be safely and wisely considered. If it means anything, education means an all¬ round development; the perfection of body, mind and soul. The proper care of humanity is be¬ neath the notice of no one. A strong and attractive body and a. charming personality are among the greatest of gifts, and can be retained only by a knowledge of the laws of health and obedience to them. How largely the possibilities of mind and soul depend upon physical conditions, is not yet clearly recognized; but if Domestic Economy can train young women to more healthful, more eco¬ nomic, broader and more appreciative living, it certainly has its place, and a high place, among the sciences of this day. Cookery is scarcely to be considered seriously until there is some knowledge of botany, chemistry and physiology; and the more intimate the cook’s acquaintance with science, the more elevated and the better her art. The interest grows when the study of a plant has taught that in it are certain food-principles in definite proportions, which may make brain and muscle, give so many foot-tons of energy, or build so much bone—if conditions are favorable. The ingredients may not be in a condi¬ tion to be taken into the body with either profit or safety. Physiology has taught that certain foods must have certain preparation to become palata¬ ble and digestible. Chemistry has shown the reac¬ tion of the body fluids; and the college girl already 4 knows how food is broken down, changed and assimilated in the body. Is it not fitting that American women should be prepared to make the best use of the great wealth of material at hand, that they should be trained to the scientific selec¬ tion and preparation of what has been so lavishly placed at their disposal, and that they should know how to guard the health and thereby the morals of our people? The health of a people means the consideration of many economic problems. It means proper housing and proper clothing. Sanitation and hy¬ giene bear directly upon it, as do nursing in ill¬ ness and first aids to the injured. “Food Econom¬ ics’’ means selection and preparation of foods with a view to supplying demand with the least possible expenditure; it means the adaptability of food to age, occupation, bodily condition and climate; it means, therefore, a knowledge of the comparative nutritive and money-values of foods, of their pres¬ ervation and adulteration, of their constituent parts and their digestibility, and furthermore of their effect in disease. When food is thus intelli¬ gently prepared it means dainty serving, charming hospitality, and gracious acceptance. It is not possible to isolate this work from regu¬ lar studies. To be successful it must go hand in hand with the sciences, languages and arts. What could be more reasonable than that the study of art should lead one not only to the appreciation of master paintings, sculpture, carving, architecture; but also to the masterful creation of beautiful homes, gowns and other material surroundings. As has been said, there is no effort on the part of Domestic Economy to teach trades; but a young woman who completes a four years’ course ought to be well able to make a livelihood in any one of several directions. Art may open many avenues An Economic Factor o Domestic Econ= omy in the Home of design; French, German, chemistry, history, physiology must needs mean more as she realizes that they each and all lead to a higher and more absolute knowledge of the requirements of living; and that Domestic Science makes possible the prac¬ tical verification and application of many truths gleaned from these sources. It has been said that one of the difficulties of the present college education is the helpless attitude in which graduates face the world. They may have been excellent students under the inspiration of some fine intellect, but without this guiding in¬ fluence they are uncertain and insecure. There has been a failure to make the student original and independent, to mark clearly the bearing of study upon living. There can be no education too broad or too comprehensive for the preparation of home life: yet the connecting link between the school and the family seems to have been lost—or better, perhaps, is just being forged. It is this link that Domestic Economy seeks to put in place. It is believed that such a training for young wo¬ men will not only make all life fuller and more useful, but will help to bridge the time between college and the serious assumption of responsibil¬ ity. The return of a young woman from college ought not to be as is now so often the case, the entrance into a strange realm; but the new en¬ vironment ought to appeal to her at once, urging her to activity because she is already interested not alone in political economy, but in domestic science—not alone in the history of the past, but in making the home history of the present and future. In these new surroundings she will find problems as difficult of solution, and questions as vital, as any which have before this claimed her attention. It is a psychological fact that we be¬ come interested in and learn to love that which we 6 know most about: yet many young women of our generation are permitted, even expected, to know more of almost everything than of home and its duties and privileges. This may be so because many are sent away to school when very young; but those at home, in the stress of school life, with i music or art to occupy every moment not actually required for recreation, have little energy or oppor¬ tunity for home duties. To daughters of the wealthy such duties are often almost mythical; while to the poor these duties are so real as to be a terrible burden. In neither position is the young woman able to realize their true import. The small knowl¬ edge of the one is all theoretical, of the other all practical, and both breed dislike of home work— with the first because she has no conception of its importance or meaning, with the second because she has been wrongly worked and overworked. It is often said that the young woman in the mid¬ dle walks of life has the best opportunity; and certainly the history of women seems to prove this. Our brightest, most capable, most brainy and most hearty women are those who are educated both in books and in practical things; who have intellect to perceive what is good, and the technical skill to secure it. Domestic Economy claims more than that it can make deft fingers. It aims to cultivate mem¬ ory by awakening interest; to build up scientific minds, minds which will reason and plan; to de- velope artistic instincts which will appreciate, beautify and elevate; to care for and train the body that it may respond to the will; to awaken a feeling for humanity which shall be far-reaching and en¬ nobling. It may not accomplish all this at once; but questions have been raised which must be an¬ swered, a dissatisfaction is apparent which must be met, and out of these attempts some good shall come. When these first efforts have had time to Domestic Econ= omy not purely Techincal 7 A 5ocio = logical Factor. bring forth results it is hoped that it may mean much for the broadening of women’s lives in the home; that it may prove an inspiration to earnest and higher study outside of colleges—not for the sake of degrees or that one may boast of her text¬ book lore, but that she may understand life bet¬ ter, by so doing appreciate the living more thor¬ oughly, and be better able to bring beauty, health and happiness to those about her. One of the social problems of the times is the fact that wages are meager and positions scarce be¬ cause of the competition of young women with young men in the ordinary business avenues. For this the education of our girls is largely to blame. The training of our schools and the sentiment of our people are unconsciously averse to the prepara¬ tion of young women for home life. Our disease, Americanitus as it has been aptly called, has en¬ tered every department of existence; there is terri¬ ble unrest and dissatisfaction everywhere. The college graduate may not take her broadened in¬ tellect and rare knowledge to a home without feel¬ ing that she is wasting her time. She is unhappy until she can give back to the world exactly as she has gained, what she has conned from books. It is but a short time till we find her teaching. The high school graduate has possibly much to keep her at home; but she is unaccustomed to it all, it is irksome, and according to her training rather ignoble; so she too drifts into teaching or into the business college, ultimately to make a success or a failure, as the case may be, but nevertheless crowding by one more the ranks of wage-earners, living always at high tension, and in the weariness of a few business years knowing almost nothing of the charm of home life. If either young woman marry, her training is thoroughly inadequate; but with the boarding house at hand it little matters 8 for a time. When it becomes necessary to establish some sort of abode which may serve the purpose of a home, with consummate confidence she at¬ tempts to master in a few weeks what should have been the gradual and delightful acquisition of years. Too often the experience leaves an impres¬ sion upon the whole tenor of the home which all concerned would gladly obliterate. There are many young women who must go into the world of business, and who go bravely and suc¬ cessfully; but there are infinite numbers who en¬ ter stores, shops, factories, offices and school rooms not because it is necessary, or because they are fitted or suited for the work, but because all their friends are doing something and they must do like¬ wise. They know nothing of home life and conse¬ quently have no desire to learn. Until some agency outside of the home takes the matter into consid¬ eration and treats it not as a weak sentiment, but as a condition worthy of scientific economic study, there is little chance for a change for the better, or that the drift of our young women will be other than toward the business world. The wo¬ men’s colleges, seminaries and Universities, if they fulfill their mission, must offer training adequate for the responsibilities of life as most women ought to meet them and must meet them; a training which shall be broad, which shall supplement and not antagonize established principles, which shall send women to their work cultivated in soul, mind and body, and prepared to make life brighter and better for all with whom they come in contact. The Response bility of Educa tional Institu = tions 9 COURSE IN DOMESTIC ECONOMY FOR ADMISSION The following are the requirements: 1. Arithmetic , Descriptive and Physical Geography , English Grammar , and United States History. 2. English — (a) Composition and Rhetoric. Each ap¬ plicant will be tested as to her ability to write clear and correct English. The test will be the writing of two essays of about two hundred words each. (b) English Classics — Minute and critical study of specified texts, in class during at least one year. 3. Algebra — Venable’s Easy Algebra, complete. 4. Botany — Gray, or Kellerman’s Botany and Flora. 5. Latin —Elementary, and four books of Caesar ; or two years of French or German. 6. Plain Geometry — Venable, Wentworth, or Wells. 7. Physics — Gage, Cahart and Chute, Avery, or Ap¬ pleton . 8. Either of the following: Civil Government — Fiske or Thorpe preferred. History — Myers’ General History. FIRST YEAR. REQUIRED. First Term. 'S 3 Z o oS Second Term. -m m r G 3 £ o OS £ o Third Term. X Agr’lChem. (1) 5. Agr’l Chem. (8) 5. Agr’l Chem. (9) 5 Principles. Organic. Applications. Botany (6) 5. Botany (7) 5. Botany (8) 5 Physiological. Physiological Econom. Bot’ny and Econom. Veg’ble Pathof. Drawing (1) 2. Drawing (1) 2. Drawing (1) Rhetoric (5) 2^4 Rhetoric (5) 2]/ 2 Rhetoric (5) 2 y 2 Paragraph Writ'g. Theme Writ’g. Prose Analysis. Zoology (1) 3. Zoology (1) 3. Zoology (1) 3 Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate. Hygiene and Hygiene and Hygiene and Phys. Train. Phys. Train. Phys. Train. 10 SECOND YEAR. REQUIRED. First Term. 'C 3 ^ S % o % o oS Second Term. oS Third Term. Agr’l Chem. (4) 5. Agr’l Chem. (4) 5. Laboratory* Laboratory* Physiology (3) 3 Chem. Phy'gy* Dom. Econ. (1) 4. Dom. Econ. (2) 4. Dom. Econ. (3) 4 Drawing 2. Drawing 2. Drawing (15) 2 Mechanical. Architectural. House Designing. fFrench (1) Elementary ! or 4. fGerman (1) Elementary J French ^1) Elementary I or }■ 4. German (1) Elementary J French (1) Elementary or German (1) Elementary Physiology (l) 3. Hygiene and PhysicT Train. Physiology (1) 3. Hygiene and Physic’l Train. Physiology (1) 3 Hygiene and Physic’l Train. THIRD YEAR. required. Dom. Econ. (4) 4. Dom. Econ. (5) 4. Dom. Econ. (6) 4 French (2) 'l French (2) ) French (2) or [ 4. or > 4. or [ 4 German (4) J German (4) j German (2) J History (5) 4. History (5) f. Economics (2) 4 U. S. Political. U. S. Political. Political Econ. Education (1) 4. Economics (2) f. Eng. Liter. (2) 4 Political Econ. Education (1) f. Eng. Eiter. (2) f. Elective: Two hours a week, through the j^ear. *Specific laboratory work will be provided for students in this course, where necessary. fOne language through the year. 11 Credit Hours FOURTH YEAR. REQUIRED. T . y o m t- u in w 3 First Term. Second Term 'jS Third Term.j^ Dom. Econ. (7) 4. Dom. Econ. (8) 4. Dom. Econ. (9) 4 Horticulture (8) 2. Horticulture (9) 2. Horticulture (10) 2 Elements of Commercial Home Floriculture Floriculture Floriculture Physiologj 1, (6) 2. ELECTIVE Ten hours a week through the year chosen from any of the courses given in any College of the University upon which the student is qualified to enter; except in the College of Law. THESIS As a requisite for graduation, each candidate must present an acceptable thesis embodying the results of a special research. The subject must be announced to the President of the University (dependent upon the written approval of the head of the department in which it lies) not later than the beginning of the second term of the fourth year. The completed thesis must be submitted not later than the second Saturday before Commencement Day. 12 DOrtESTIC ECONOHY Associate Professor Bowman Assistant Professor Souther DOMESTIC SCIENCE (1) . Food Economics. The evolution of society as effected by food conditions. The study and classification of food principles. The prepara¬ tion and serving of typical foods of certain classes. One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. First term. (2) . Continuation of Course i. Comparative nutritive and money value of foods. Prepara¬ tion of weekly dieteries for an average family (Cost lim¬ ited by instructor. U. S. Bulletin standards used). Prepar¬ ation and serving of typical foods of certain classes. One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. Second term. (3) . Emergency Work and Home Nursing. Study of dietetic treatment of various diseases. Invalid Cookery. One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. Third term. (4) . Preservation of Foods. Four weeks. Hygienic Care of Clothing. Laundry work (demonstration). Eight weeks. One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. First term. (10). Home Economics. The ordering of house work Keeping of household ac¬ counts. Home sanitation and hygiene considered. One lecture (illustrated if necessary) a week. One hour credit. Third term. DOMESTIC ART (5) . Primitive and Ancient Industrial Life. Its effect upon the artistic and industrial e volution of society Sewing methods considered. Preparation by hat d of a ser¬ ies of models. 13 One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. Second term. (6) . Textiles. Study of fibres and their growth. The processes of manu¬ facture. The effect on industrial activity. Draughting and cutting of wash fabrics. Machine work on same. One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. Third term. (7) . Hygienic and Artistic Dress. Consideration of line, form and color. Choice and treat¬ ment of textiles. Principles of dress making and millinery. Designing. One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. First term. 8). Art Applied to Dress and to Home Decoration. Millinery, Dress Making and Art Needlework. One lecture and three laboratory periods a week. Four hours credit. Second term. (9). History of Domestic Art and Architecture. Woman’s Tailoring. House Decoration. One lecture and three laboratory' periods a week. Four hours credit. Third term. (11), 12), (13). The same work as under (5), (6), except that it is ex¬ panded, and made continuous through the entire year, as an elective to young women carrying other courses in this or other Colleges of this University. Credits are three hours first term, three hours the second term, and two hours the third term. 14 [From The Columbus Dispatch. Aug, 26.] “It is difficult to understand,” said President Can- field, “where the general public and especially the Columbus public has gotten hold of the idea that the University is to open a ‘cooking school’ this fall—or at any other time. Nothing of the kind has been thought of by the University authorities, nothing of the kind has ever appeared in any of the printed matter sent out by the University. The misunderstanding has doubtless arisen from the fact that last year the University opened a de¬ partment of Domestic Economy, and outlined a four years’ course under this head. With very many people, and with some very intelligent people, there is still the thought that Domestic Economy means cooking, and nothing else. “But the course referred to is one of the most liberal in general culture, as well as one of the most important, that the University has offered. I look to see it become one of the most popular courses in the institution. The requirements to en¬ ter are practically the results of a good high school training. The general University work covers Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Physiology, Floriculture, Economic Entomology and Hygiene and Physical Training—as to the sciences. There is thorough drill in Rhetoric, in French or German, in English literature, in Political Economy and in History. In the last year, two-thirds of the work is entirely elective, in any course or College in the University. There can be no more liberal training than this. “Running through this course, and taking a lit¬ tle less than one-third of the time of the student, is the work in Domestic Economy. This offers sound and advanced training, with University methods, and by first-class instructors, in Cookery; includ- 15 Not a Cooking School Liberal Culture Practical Work An Appeal Brains ing utility and cost of fuels, construction of stoves, comparative nutritive value of foods, the chemistry of the human body, the effect of cook¬ ing upon the digestibility of foods, general cook¬ ery (with constant laboratory practice), ana in¬ valid cookery: First Aid to the Injured and Gen¬ eral Nursing: Household Economics—that is, the situation of a house, the planning and construc¬ tion of a house, light, heat, ventilation, water sup¬ ply, plumbing, sewers, disinfection, the ordering of housework, simple domestic accounts and how r to keep them, and laundry work; Sewing, Dress¬ making and Millinery—the production and manu¬ facture of materials, the choice and treatment of materials; and the study of line, form, color and texture as applied to dressmaking and millinery; plain sewing and art needlework, and all forms of designing, cutting, drafting, etc., in dressmaking and millinery, w r ith constant laboratory practice under competent instruction: Art in the house¬ hold—^with studies and practice in color schemes, and all forms of decoration. “He who runs may easily read that this is very far from a ‘cooking school’ in every respect. There ought to be very few young women in the Univer¬ sity NOT taking this course. It is unique in its form and beyond estimate in its value.” [From The Congregationalist, Sept. 30.] The article by President Canfield in this depart¬ ment is likely to attract wide attention on account of the novelty of the experiment proposed, which shatters a cherished ideal of education without re¬ gard to sex. Taken in conjunction wfith the new school for both mistress and maid just opened by the Woman’s Educational and Industrial Union of Boston, and with the reconstruction at Lasell 16 Seminary, referred to elsewhere, the article indi¬ cates how strong is the trend toward engaging edu¬ cated women to start reforms in our kitchens. In this connection w’e recommend a perusal of Helen Watterson Moody’s paper in Scribner’s for Aug¬ ust, in w’hich she makes this frank confession: “I would gladly have exchanged my small birth¬ right of Latin and Greek for the ability to make one single respectable mess of anything half so good as pottage.” As things are now, it is useless to try and dissuade an American girl, bitten with a desire for self-support, from entering shop or fac¬ tory instead of domestic service. But if her col¬ lege-bred sister dignifies the calling, she may be induced to change her views. [From The Columbus Daily Press, Oct. 3.] The magazine reading world of America, and of Mrs. Helen W. England for that matter, has been talking for the Moody past sixty days of the unusually brilliant series of articles begun in Scribner’s for August from the pen of Mrs. Helen Watterson Moody. This series is entitled “The Unquiet Sex,” and discusses in an epigrammatic and philosophical way the present status of women in this country. The first num¬ ber took up the question of the woman at college, and immediately attracted widespread attention. Miss Perla G. Bowman, Professor of Domestic Science in the Ohio State University, has just re¬ ceived a letter from Mrs. Moody speaking in warm terms of the new course in Domestic Economy at the University. It will be read with interest by all friends of that institution and of the education of women. “I have received through Messrs. Charles Scrib¬ ner’s Sons, your paper on the education of women, with its accompanying course in Domestic Economy 17 WHICH IS QUITE THE MOST FASCINATING PLAN OF STUDY I EVER SAW LAID OUT FOR STUDENTS. I should like to come and give four # years to it myself. I congratulate President Can- field and yourself most heartily upon the estab¬ lishment of this course. It is the real need of col¬ lege women, as those of us who came of an earlier period learned to know in the sweat of our brows and the sweat of our brains later on. Be¬ sides, the principle of the thing is so right! GIRLS OUGHT TO BE TRAINED FOR THEIR WORK IN LIFE , JUST AS MEN ARE\ AND FROM A HIGHER POINT OF VIEW THAN HAS EVER BEEN TAKEN BEFORE. The pitiful part of it all is that those who would do it have to plead for the right to provide it, and to justify themselves for offering it, as you have done here—in your very able paper. And all this to women them¬ selves! “It is to such work as this you offer, and to such educators as your President and yourself, that the coming generation of women will owe such a debt of gratitude as women have never had the chance to owe before to anybody. I look to the educa¬ tion of women along this line to do away wuth nearly all of the errors and sex antagonism with which the minds both of men and women are mere or less touched today. Nothing will cure the morbid craving among women to be doing men’s work in the world like a proper appreciation of the dignity and value and intellectual possibilities of the work that has always been women’s. And nothing will bring them to a proper appreciation of this so surely and so quickly as a course of study like this of yours. “Pray accept my congratulations and all my good wishes for the success of your work. “Very sincerely yours, Helen Watterson Moody.” 18 A SUGGESTION Following- is a suggested outline for a year's Club work along the lines of this circular. The pro¬ gram is that of the Olla Podrida Club, of Colum¬ bus, for the year 1897-98: 1 Evolution of the home Eocation, plan and construction of the home 2 Eight, Heat and Ventilation Plumbing, Sewerage, Water and Ice supply Bacteria 3 Social afternoon 4 Furnishing and care of a model home The problem of Domestic service 5 Study and classification of food What constitutes a good menu 6 Great markets of the world. Marketing—Special study of meats Nutritive values of cheaper food. * 7 Foods; in relation to age, climate, occupation, health and disease Ordering of Housework—Simple household accounts Small economies 8 Personal hygiene Hygienic and artistic dress 9 Art in the household Use and abuse of decoration 10 Annual meeting 11 Recreations and social duties of women Effect of Club life upon the home 19 The Social Settlement The Kitchen Garden Women in Charity works 13 The Child in the home (a) The Responsibility of the Mother (b) The Responsibility of the Father 14 Interdependence of Nursery, Kindergarten and School Psychological Stud}' of Children 15 Emergency Notes Home nursing Books for Reference What- Can a Woman Do.Rayne Womankind. C. M. Young Menus, Meats, Etc.Longman, Green & Co. Food and Climate.Philip Harvey Food.Church Household Art.Mrs. Candace Wheeler Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses. .Robert Edir Domestic Service.Lucy Salmon Science of Nutrition.Atkinson Primitive Culture of Woman.Mason Human Body.Martin The Easiest Way.Helen Campbell The Home Comfortable.Agnes Ormsby Household Economics.Campbell Diet in Relation to Age and Activity.Thomson Food in Health and Disease.Yeo Common Sense in the Household... .Marion Harland Heme Topics..Brown All Around the House.Mrs. H. W. Beecher Emergencies.Butler Childhood.Sully Woman’s Rights and Duties.Wilson Notes on Nursing.Nightingale 20 y 6