^mm^ 
 
 ^ 
 ^
 
 
 OF THL 
 UN IVER^SITY 
 or ILLI NOIS

 
 HOW CAN THE CHURCH 
 
 EDUCATE 
 
 THE PEOPLE? 
 
 THE QUESTION CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE TO THE 
 
 INCORPORx\TION AND ENDOWMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 COLLEGES 
 
 FOR THE MIDDLE AND LOWER CLASSES OF SOCIETY. 
 
 IN 
 
 A LETTER 
 
 ADDRESSED TO THE 
 
 LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY 
 
 BY 
 
 A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 FRANCIS AND JOHN RIVINGTON, 
 
 ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD, AND WATERLOO PLACE. 
 
 1844.
 
 LONDON : 
 
 Printed by S. & J. Bentley, Wilson, and Fley, 
 
 Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The following pages have been addressed to the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, as being the person, of all others, 
 best qualified, from station and long personal experience, 
 to consider the subject treated of in all its bearings. 
 
 The Author's name is well known to all his friends, and 
 he willingly takes upon himself the entire responsibility of 
 this publication. If his suggestions should tend to direct 
 public attention from school buildings, which are but the 
 outward frame-work of education, to the living agency of 
 pastors and masters ; if the formation of character, rather 
 than the acquisition of knowledge, or, as Cobbett some- 
 where terms it, "book learning," should be made more 
 familiar to the public mind, as the great object of our 
 endeavours ; and if, instead of dealing with society en 
 masse, over which, as on a smooth level surface, our 
 weapons glance without penetrating it, we should be in- 
 duced, through Collegiate influence, to aim at the hearts 
 and consciences of individuals, each of whom would, in his 
 turn, act upon other minds, in whatever sphere he might be 
 
 A 2
 
 thrown ; if such should be the result, in any degree, how- 
 ever limited, of this publication, the Author's hopes will 
 not have been disappointed. 
 
 In regard to the specific enlargement or endowment 
 of St. Mark's, and other Training Colleges for teachers, 
 the friends of the Church may fairly differ in opinion as 
 to the time and mode of making the attempt. He would 
 venture, however, respectfully to intimate, that all great 
 movements, to be successful, must prove continuous, and 
 unless we evince some spirit of faith in our cause, and 
 generous confidence in its supporters, the feelings of sym- 
 pathy which now bind their hearts with our's, may here- 
 after be enlisted in new undertakings. 
 
 If restlessness be one great characteristic of modern 
 Churchmen, perseverance is a virtue for which they have 
 much occasion. That the friends of Training Colleges will 
 persevere in spite of every discouragement, is the Author's 
 firm conviction ; but if endow^ments be as essential as he 
 believes to their character as National Institutions, the 
 sooner we commence our arduous enterprise the less will 
 be our eventual share of personal responsibility. 
 
 The man who possessed a large park, in the centre 
 of some densely peopled manufacturing town, and de- 
 nied all access to his neighbours, would be more 
 open to observation, but not in reality more culpable 
 than those who, inheriting themselves all the Collegiate 
 advantages which belong to Royal and other ancestral 
 foundations, close the fountain of Church teaching to the 
 public at large, and render poverty an almost insuperable 
 bar to any more perfect measure of education than is 
 
 ^ 
 
 .^S. ' 
 
 uiuc*)
 
 Ill 
 
 afforded by common elementary day-schools for children 
 under 12 years of age. 
 
 Far, very far from the thoughts and wishes of the 
 rising generation in our various ancient seats of learn- 
 ing, is any such invidious monopoly. They will water 
 the grafts from the old University tree, which the 
 hands of elder brethren may have planted ; and as the 
 names of our Alfreds, our Henries, and our Edwards, 
 are now blessed by all whose characters their institu- 
 tions moulded ; so may Victoria and Albert in distant 
 times be associated in the mind's eye with Colleges, of 
 which the everlasting Church is guardian, and aid in 
 founding national improvement, not upon Acts of Par- 
 liament or official patronage, but on the spontaneous 
 workings of private benevolence, and the hallowed in- 
 fluence of Christian communion.
 
 My Lord Archbishop, 
 
 Six years have now elapsed since your Grace, the 
 Bishop of London, and other Bishops, communicated with 
 certain individuals on the subject of a general Church 
 movement in behalf of National Education. 
 
 The National School system had then attained a very 
 considerable degree of influence as a National institution, 
 and the evils incidental to an ignorant yet growing popula- 
 tion had become sufiiciently notorious to render it probable 
 that some Government measure would ere long be attempted. 
 In the mean time. Lord Brougham in the House of Lords, 
 Mr. Slaney in a Committee of the House of Commons, 
 and Mr. Wyse in the Central Society of Education, were 
 acting as pioneers, all intent on the diffusion of know- 
 ledge, but differing among themselves as to the principles 
 on which legislation ought to proceed, and neither of them 
 backed by any very important body of partizans. Lord 
 Brougham had indeed identified his name with that of 
 the schoolmaster; but high as were his aims, and un- 
 rivalled his powers, and sincere as I believe to have been 
 his efforts, he had continued during the whole of a long 
 and splendid career to terrify the world by his rod, rather 
 than to overcome its repugnance to his legislative inter- 
 ference, either by his writings or orations. 
 
 Without wishing to disparage the good intentions of her 
 Majesty's then advisers, it was obvious that, in any mea- 
 sure which they might bring forward, their political con- 
 nection with the Dissenting interest would be likely to 
 exercise a powerful influence over their councils. On the 
 other hand, the statesmen whose general policy indicated a
 
 greater reliance on Churchmen than on Romanists and 
 Dissenters for support, were understood to be more sen- 
 sible of the difficulties than of the advantages of any 
 decided recognition of Church principles as a badge of Par- 
 liamentary distinction. 
 
 Under these circumstances, as well with reference to the 
 aspect of political parties, as to the current of the times, 
 which had for many years taken what is called a Liberal 
 direction, and impaired the just influence of the Church 
 in the Legislature, there seemed more reason to depre- 
 cate than to desire the establishment of an educational 
 system by the State, strictly so called. If placed under 
 the direction of the clergy, it could not fail in a country 
 like ours to provoke religious discord and political con- 
 tention : if confined to secular subjects, its tendency 
 would be irreligious : and, if based upon any religious 
 principle short of full Church Communion, the public en- 
 couragement thereby aiforded to the propagators of error 
 would, it was thought, weaken the bonds of National 
 unity, and obstruct instead of advancing the ultimate 
 triumph of Christianity. 
 
 Looking, therefore, at schools and churches as condu- 
 cive to the same end, and believing that the Church once 
 planted in an ignorant district would sooner or later pro- 
 duce the school, — although a State school, if indepen- 
 dently worked, would impair rather then extend the 
 beneficial influence of the parochial Clergy, — it appeared 
 reasonable to conclude that the Voluntary School system, 
 with all its imperfections, was preferable to a Govern- 
 ment system. Whenever, if ever, a Ministry should 
 be sufficiently strong and high-principled to afford a 
 Church education to the people, the more obvious pre- 
 liminary step would be to endow churches, and multi-
 
 ply clergymen : till then no schools could prove a substi- 
 tute, taken 'per se, as State appendages. 
 
 Such at least were the impressions which operated 
 strongly on the minds of many, especially of those 
 who had lamented the workings of a nominally mixed 
 system in Ireland, of which the Romanists alone availed 
 themselves, and of an infidel system in Holland engendered 
 by the French Revolution, which the reviving piety of 
 Calvinists and Romanists alike reprobated. They believed 
 that neither of those systems could be adopted in Eng- 
 land, but they felt most anxious that the predominance 
 of Church influence should be sought for in the renewed 
 energies of her 3Iemhers, not hy legislative interference ; * 
 and they thought that, if the Heads of the Church would 
 originate a National movement before education became 
 a party question in Parliament, successful appeals might be 
 made to men of all parties, upon purely religious grounds, 
 without reference to political distinctions. The National 
 Society was instanced as a Chartered body whose consti- 
 tution involved the necessity of an adherence to fundamen- 
 tal principles, as exemplified in the use of the Church 
 Catechism and rule for attendance at Church ; and whose 
 Committee, comprising as it did the whole bench of Bishops, 
 was well qualified to direct the application of any resources 
 which might be placed at its command. The objects 
 specially alluded to were enumerated in a memorandum 
 which had been previously placed in your Grace's hands 
 
 * " For his own part, he believed that the best course the Le- 
 gislature could take was to express its opinions strongly, and to 
 assist by grants of money, and other encouragement, the views of 
 charitable individuals and societies; but he was of opinion that 
 the views which it had, would then be carried out in a manner far 
 better than they could be by any enactment." — Bishop of Lon- 
 don s speech in the House of Lords ^ Dec. 1, 1837. 
 
 A 5
 
 6 
 
 by Mr. Joshua Watson, treasurer of the society, a gentle- 
 man than whom no layman in the kingdom had done 
 more during a long life to promote Christian knowledge and 
 propagate the Gospel. 
 
 That memorandum your Grace read, and gave to the 
 contents of it your cordial concurrence ; intimating that if, 
 when the month of May came round, the list of new sub- 
 scribers to the National Society should be such as to create 
 confidence in the success of more extended operations, 
 your Grace would gladly come forward as President, 
 and appeal to the public in behalf of Church education 
 as contradistinguished from public instruction through all 
 the Society's ramifications. 
 
 The appointed season came, and, considering that all 
 intermediate communications were of a strictly private 
 character, I believe I may unhesitatingly assert, that the 
 degree of support tendered in behalf of the Society, if 
 not equal to the greatness of the occasion, was, neverthe- 
 less, sufficient to justify a sanguine hope that much per- 
 manent good would result from the contemplated move- 
 ment. The only material difference between the plan 
 first acquiesced in, and that eventually carried out, was in 
 the mode of originating subscriptions, and organizing the 
 Church for educational purposes. By the first plan, a Na- 
 tional fund originating in the Committee of the National 
 Society at Westminster would have been raised at one 
 and the same time throughout the kingdom ; and the mag- 
 nitude of the undertaking would, it was hoped, have en- 
 listed in its behalf the zeal and liberality of all classes. 
 Large subscriptions are always more acceptable than small 
 ones to the public mind. Numbers increase the interest of 
 every association, and the expectation of great results 
 stimulates individuals to greater exertion. The past expe-
 
 rience of the Church had ah-eady shown how well the 
 system of conditional grants is calculated to call forth 
 local resources. A fund of 100,000?. thus raised, as the 
 Mining and Factory Fund has since been, but applied 
 under the direction of Diocesan Boards, (whose mem- 
 bers are most cognizant of local wants,) with the concur- 
 rence of every Bishop, might have reared institutions like 
 those at Stanley Grove and Chester, each with from 50 
 to 100 or 200 students and day scholars, in all the prin- 
 cipal ecclesiastical divisions of the kingdom ; clergymen 
 selected for their acquaintance with school details and 
 , systems of teaching might have carried the tide of im- 
 provement by inspection into every locality ; and Church 
 commercial schools, with boarders and day-scholars, infe- 
 rior in degree, but corresponding in principle with Train- 
 ing Colleges, might, after the erection of suitable buildings, 
 have derived an independent existence from superior mas- 
 ters in most of our large towns, if not in ever^ populous 
 parish. 
 
 Work thus methodised, and carried on with system 
 from a common centre, would not have been less Diocesan in 
 management as to details, because it received life and du- 
 rability from a Society, whose official capacities for collect- 
 ing subscriptions were co-extensive with every parish, and 
 to which the Queen's letter had given permanent pecuniary 
 resources.* 
 
 The year 1838 passed away, however, without any 
 public appeal in the metropolis for support or subscrip- 
 tion to the National Society; but a Committee of Cor- 
 respondence was constituted in aid of its general designs, 
 and the zeal of all those who had first communicated 
 together on the subject was directed towards Diocesan 
 
 * If not necessarily renewable triennially, may we not say, 
 Mos pro lege — Esto perpetuus.
 
 8 
 
 and District Boards, which were either established for 
 the first time, or revived in different parts of the coun- 
 try. Exertion succeeded to apathy, and a spirit of 
 Church organization, partaking more or less of that ex- 
 alted tone of mind and feeling and reverential adherence 
 to ancient land-marks, which is commonly thought to 
 have characterized the early English Reformers more ad- 
 vantageously than those who drew their opinions from 
 foreign sources, prompted the most eager members of the 
 Church, both lay and clerical, to unite in the improve- 
 ment, extension, and development of her Educational sys- 
 tem. Of those who were thus associated together by cor- 
 respondence and personal conference, some, alas! — among 
 whom were Bishop Otter, Mr. Hugh Rose,* Mr. Southey,f 
 Mr. W. M. Praed, Mr. S. F. Wood, Mr. H. N. Coleridge, 
 and Mr. H. Goulburn — have been prematurely lost to their 
 friends, and to the cause of which in their respective 
 spheres they were the most zealous and efficient promoters ; 
 they who remain would shrink from eulogistic mention : 
 but as your Grace expressed at the outset a most anxious 
 desire that Churchmen of every political complexion should 
 be enlisted in one cause, it is right to state, as a fact, that 
 the event justified your benevolent desire. 
 
 * It is a sad and saddening thought to remember how many 
 the cold grave now holds of the kind hearts and warm hands, 
 which we once took to our own ; how few of those who hailed 
 our outset could be collected around us now ; how few are left to 
 rejoice at our success, or to comfort us in our failures. — Roses 
 University Sermo7is, p. 197. 
 
 -j- Among the latest pursuits of Mr. Southey was the prepara- 
 tion of the Life of Dr. Bell, by means of which his benevolent 
 mind contemplated the advancement of the educational cause. 
 The execution of this work has been entrusted to the Poet's son, 
 assisted by Dr. Bell's confidential secretary, and its appearance 
 may, we understand, be speedily expected.
 
 It may also operate as an encouragement hereafter, 
 to those who would form similar associations, to know, 
 that at a time when party spirit ran high in the political 
 world, the principle of Church Communion could still 
 unite in bonds of sympathy men of adverse political in- 
 terests, and that the definite rules of the National So- 
 ciety afforded, on the whole, an honest, practical, and 
 satisfactory basis of agreement among Churchmen. 
 
 I say honest, because the term '* Church Education " 
 might have been employed and accepted by two persons 
 of opposite sentiments with opposite intentions and ex- 
 pectations : whereas whoever agreed " to support the 
 National Society, with reference to fundamental princi- 
 ples rather than particular plans," agreed that the Ca- 
 techism, to which its charter refers, shall be the ex- 
 ponent of Scriptural truth ; that every teacher shall be 
 a member of the Church of England ; and that, so soon as 
 a child can go to school, he ought to attend church, — 
 not any place of worship indiscriminately, but the parish 
 church, attendance being the rule, absence the exception. 
 
 Thus, at a period when what are called liberal influences 
 were still predominant in the Legislature, a Ministerial 
 project of liberal character, so framed as to include many 
 varieties of religious belief, found no acceptance in Parlia- 
 ment or in the country ; while that very Catechism and 
 Liturgy, which have been so often during the last thirty 
 years objected to and made a stumbling-block of offence 
 among politicians, became without difficulty, in 1838 as 
 in 1812, the basis of a vigorous, comprehensive, and 
 successful Church movement.'"" 
 
 * That nothing might be wanting to explain what was meant 
 by a Church of England education, the Liturgy was expressly 
 mentioned in the same address, as affording the distinguishing
 
 10 
 
 Equally successftil in the following year was the protest 
 of the National Society against the attempt to render in- 
 spection a means of State influence and of secular in- 
 struction apart from the inculcation of Church doctrines, 
 through the medium of Privy Council functionaries ; and 
 when above four thousand collegiate and parochial clergy- 
 men, not to mention a far larger body of lay Churchmen, 
 chiefly persons of weight and influence in the country, sign- 
 ed a declaration so stringent and decided as the one I am 
 about to quote, the most zealous Liberals were obliged to 
 confess, as Lord Brougham to his honour did, that no Govern- 
 ment could take the education of the people out of the hands 
 of the clergy, without loosening all the bonds of society. 
 
 The declaration thus subscribed to was as follows : 
 
 " List of persons, who, because they disapprove of the 
 constitution of the Privy Council Committee of Educa- 
 tion, and object to any system of National Education 
 not founded on the Church Catechism and authorized 
 version of the Holy Scriptures, are willing to subscribe 
 to the funds of the Incorporated National Society, in order 
 that the President, Vice-Presidents, and Committee may 
 assist those conscientious managers of National Schools, 
 who, rather than submit to an inspection not derived from 
 nor connected with the Authorities of the National Church, 
 have been unexpectedly deprived of Government grants." 
 
 Painful, indeed, must it have been to those who had 
 long been the successful public advocates of every good 
 work, and equally painful was it to all who participated in 
 their sentiments, to think that, when for the first time in 
 the history of this country the Executive Government 
 
 mark of that education which the Society was established to main- 
 tain. We all want the Bible to make us Christians ; but we also 
 want the Liturgy to make us Churchmen. — Quar. Rev. July, 1 813.
 
 11 
 
 evinced a desire to promote educational improvement, the 
 Ministers of the Church should have heen neither consulted, 
 nor made use of as willing functionaries in this great work. 
 
 Can we wonder that a board of education where Dis- 
 senters and Romanists, if made Ministers of State, might 
 sit, should have startled the public ; and that even now, 
 when the Ministers who constitute it are those who re- 
 sisted its establishment, the good intentions of men so ac- 
 ceptable to the nation on personal and public grounds 
 should be insufficient to overcome the obstacles to perfect 
 confidence, and extended usefulness, which, as Lord Stan- 
 ley in his wisdom foresaw, have arisen out of the constitu- 
 tion of their office ? 
 
 We know that Governments may prove harsh step- 
 fathers, as well as nursing-mothers, to the Church ; that 
 power, beneficially exercised by politicians to-day, may 
 be a means of oppression to-morrow ; and that, so long 
 as educational energy proceeds from religious «eal, — not, 
 as in less favoured countries, from an administrative spirit 
 of poHce, — the essence of such a system is freedom, love, 
 confidence, and independence ; a spirit which, wher- 
 ever sincerity of belief exists, ill brooks the interference 
 of official functionaries, and scorns, in its aspirations for 
 the welfare of immortal beings, the trammels of particular 
 methods of school management. 
 
 Such was the spirit which animated the Church in 
 general against the recognition of principles involved 
 in the educational scheme of 1839 ; and, reluctant as 
 all friends of the cause must have felt to impede 
 the designs of men so benevolent as many who then 
 acted in behalf of Government, that reluctance was 
 much diminished by reflecting that, in opposing a 
 new untried system, (untried at least in this country,)
 
 12 
 
 they upheld an ecclesiastical system old as the monarchy ; 
 and that, in endeavouring to preserve the good of which 
 experience had tested the value, they were most anxious 
 to remedy every defect of which friends or foes could 
 apprize them. 
 
 By inviting Churchmen in every diocese to join an 
 educational movement before Government interfered, your 
 Grace and the Bishops at large intimated that you 
 were both conscious of your responsibility, and anxious 
 to take that lead in improving the social condition 
 of the working classes, for which your spiritual rela- 
 tionship operates as a special qualification. By en- 
 listing the influential landlords and men of property 
 in every county on the side of the Church, you 
 awoke long-dormant but hereditary feelings of per- 
 sonal devotion among Churchmen to their chief pastor, 
 and founded upon community of religious principle a 
 new claim to the co-operation of many, whom civil 
 faction had torn from their allegiance to ecclesiastical 
 superiors. 
 
 As our Church is constitutionally an estate of the 
 Realm, not a creature of the State, so her members 
 wished their children trained in her principles as sub- 
 jects of a constitutional Monarchy, not as helots of ar- 
 bitrary rulers, nor rulers of a Citizen King. As the 
 Queen and her subjects look alike to the national clergy 
 for ministry in holy things and for religious guidance, 
 so it was desired that all national teachers should do the 
 same, not arbitrarily dividing the duty from the motive, 
 things temporal from things eternal, but founding civil 
 subjection on divine allegiance, salvation on a definite 
 promise, and claiming for every species of knowledge its 
 place in the national mind, without allowing intellectual
 
 18 
 
 culture to replace the Christian scheme in all its integrity 
 as the fountain of moral amelioration.* 
 
 The highest and lowest classes had long owed their best 
 instruction to the Clergy : the National Society endeavour- 
 ed to extend the circle of their influence among farmers, 
 tradesmen, and mechanics. It sought to raise the position 
 of the schoolmaster by qualifying him through the me- 
 dium of a suitable education to assist the clergy, not 
 as a servitor, but as a confidential associate, and to re- 
 tain him in the service of the Church afterwards ; not 
 by mere mercenary motives, nor by the promptings of 
 worldly ambition, but by ties similar to those which actuate 
 all who believe and practise what they preach, — by love to 
 God, and love to man, and by habits of self-denial, founded 
 upon that true Church discipline which is the basis of 
 all sound education."|- Aware that in teaching children, 
 
 * I visited a Burgher Infant School in Holland, with a Men- 
 nonite minister, a learned Anglo-Saxon scholar, welF acquainted 
 with Mr. Southey and Mr. Sharon Turner. 
 
 The children met and parted without prayer, and used no 
 Scripture lessons ; they were all intent on geometry, — the black 
 board covered with angles and triangles. 
 
 I asked my conductor whether his children were there. He 
 shook his head. " This," he said, " is education for the head, not 
 for the heart. Those who begin with mathematics become infi- 
 dels. They can never learn the moral argument in favour of 
 the Christian scheme, and despise authority." 
 
 In returning I met my landlady, a Roman Catholic, who at- 
 tended chapel daily at 8 a.m., and whose child went with her. 
 She laughed heartily at the National system, and said, "that 
 learning Euclid, and neglecting prayers, would never make a 
 good housewife." 
 
 t As many persons, who lay great store by the mechanical 
 power of school management, and aptitude in exercising the un- 
 derstandings of little children, which a teacher may obtain during
 
 14 
 
 as in most other pursuits of life, the tranquilh'ty of 
 daily exercises is apt to degenerate into routine, and 
 that the form of sound words may lose the spirit which 
 dictated them, it sought also to extend to schools the 
 benefit of those periodical visitations which Bishops and 
 Archdeacons afford the clergy. In every diocese, where 
 under Episcopal authority School inspectors have con- 
 ducted their useful labours, they have given encourage- 
 ment both to masters and school-managers. 
 
 The reports of the Rev. John Field,* on the state of 
 education in the dioceses of Salisbury and Worcester, de- 
 serve the attention of all who wish to increase the efficiency 
 of our Church system ; and in Essex the benevolent labours 
 of Mr. Eden, in London those of Mr. Cook, have contributed 
 most successfully to that improvement, both in the form 
 and substance of tuition, of which the Bishop of London 
 has always been a practical advocate. 
 
 a few months' course in a model school, continue to regard all 
 higher moral training as superfluous, I will here quote at the 
 outset the opinion of a distinguished Statesman, who calls himself 
 a philosopher, but whose opinions on this subject accord with 
 those of the highest Churchmen. 
 
 " Without neglecting physical science and the knowledge ap- 
 plicable to the arts of life, we must make moral science, which is 
 of far higher importance, our main object. The mhid and charac- 
 ter are what a true master ought above all to fashion." " Either 
 you must lavish the treasures of the State, in order to give high 
 Salaries and even Pensions to that new order of tradesmen called 
 schoolmasters, or you must not imagine you can do without 
 Christian charity, and that spirit of poverty, humility, courageous 
 resignation, and modest dignity which Christianity, rightly under- 
 stood and wisely taught, can alone give to the teachers of the 
 People." — Report on Public Instruction in Prussia, Austins 
 Translation, pp. 288 and 291. 
 
 * Since elevated (to the general satisfaction of the Church) to 
 the Bishopric of Newfoundland.
 
 15 
 
 Having thus consiflered the spirit and intention of the 
 Church educational movement since 1838, 1 will pro- 
 ceed to detail the financial means by which it has been 
 effected. 
 
 By a return rendered to the National Society up to 
 1843, from which extracts have been published by Arch- 
 deacon Manning in his recent admirable charge, it appears 
 that the sum of 90,581?. has been raised for Diocesan 
 Boards, and 48,000?. for the Central Incorporated So- 
 ciety; of these amounts the distribution has been as 
 follows : 
 
 UNDER DIOCESAN BOARDS. 
 
 To building and fitting up Training Institutions at 
 
 Chester, &c £24,079 
 
 Supporting do 15,682 
 
 Exhibitions at do. . . . . 2,462 
 
 £42,223 
 
 To estabhshing Model Schools . . 1,760 
 
 Supporting do 1,400 
 
 To establishing Middle or Commercial 
 
 Schools 12,041 
 
 Supporting do 2,076 
 
 To building National Schools . . 9,172 
 
 Supporting do 2,596 
 
 To Inspection 1,289 
 
 Organizing Masters . . . 599 
 
 3,160 
 
 14,117 
 
 11,768 
 
 1,888 
 
 73A56 
 
 To unappropriated balances in the 
 hands of various Boards and So- 
 cieties 17,425 
 
 £90,581
 
 16 
 
 UNDER THE INCORPORATED NATIONAL SOCIETY. 
 
 To Building, Rent, Repairs, 8zc. of two Training Institutions 
 
 at Chelsea, two Boarding Houses for adult teachers, and 
 
 Office at Westminster . . . £27,846 
 
 To supporting do. ... 13,502 
 
 To Model Schools .... 4,797 
 
 To Inspection . . . . £998 
 
 Organizing Masters . . . . 1,120 
 
 2,118 
 
 £48,263 
 
 Thus the immediate and direct result of the move- 
 ment during five years has been to j^roduce a general 
 Church Educational fund of 138,844^. It should at 
 the same time be observed, that, when active exertions 
 are made for general objects, the impulse thus given to 
 the public mind is indirectly felt in all local objects of a 
 kindred character ; and as the tendency of our parochial 
 system is to limit rather than to extend the appli- 
 cation of our charitable resources, whereby particu- 
 lar localities with religious and wealthy residents are 
 benefited in a much greater degree than those less 
 happily circumstanced, it follows that much of what 
 has been given to the cause of education in our several 
 parishes belongs to the resources of the National Church, 
 although it may not have been carried to the credit of 
 any general fund. 
 
 What the number of private or parochial Church schools 
 not united with the National Society, but raised during 
 the last five years, may have been, I cannot state, 
 though I believe it to have been considerable. Unions 
 have been received from 909 places since 1839 ; and, as one 
 building generally comprises boys and girls, these are be-
 
 17 
 
 lieved to represent 1350 schools, the estimated number of 
 children being 78,174. Assuming that the average expense 
 of building these amounted to 2^. per head, and that Par- 
 liamentary grants contributed, as we know they generally 
 did, 105. per head, the remaining sum of 80s. per head, 
 or 117,26H., should be carried to the credit of the 
 National Church. The average charge for maintenance, at 
 lis. per head, during a single year, for 78,174 children, 
 or 42,995/., must moreover be added ; and we thus ob- 
 tain a further sum of 160,256?. in addition to the 
 138,844/. raised within the pale of the National Society 
 during the last five years, whereof about 5,000/. raised 
 for the Parent Society, 12,000/. for Boards, and 42,995/. 
 for School maintenance may be regarded as a permanent 
 and increasing annual addition to our Educational reve- 
 nues. The produce of two Queen's letters, which have 
 been issued during the above period, namely, 25,691/. 
 in 1839, and 29,911/. in 1841, is included in the sum of 
 117,261/. 
 
 The question to be asked after making this state- 
 ment, is, whether such a result can be deemed com- 
 mensurate with the means — I will not say with the 
 wants — of a nation like ours ; a nation whose annual in- 
 come, to judge by the Property Tax returns from per- 
 sons possessing 150/. per annum and upwards, exceeds 
 170,000,000/., and the annual value of whose real pro- 
 perty has increased from 52,000,000/. in 1815, to 
 62,000,000Z. in 1841. Ten milhons in twenty-five years ! 
 A nation whose legislators boast that they have saved 
 to the holders of property 16,962,070/. from 1834 to 
 1842, such being the diiference between the assessment 
 for the poor-rate in 1834, and that made in each sub- 
 sequent year; out of which amount 13,389,348/. consist 
 
 B
 
 18 
 
 of monies saved to the rich by an actual diminution of 
 expenditure for the rehef of the poor: — a nation whose 
 Church popuLition in England and Wales is acknowledg- 
 ed by Dissenters to exceed 13,000,000, and, from among 
 whose total population of 16,000,000, 723,328 persons, 
 chiefly domestics, mechanics, petty tradesmen, and farmers, 
 who might, if they were duly influenced by our clergy, 
 contribute their quota to the National Society, possessed 
 on the 20th November, 1842, a capital in Savings' Banks 
 alone of 20,792,602?. 
 
 Alas ! who can answer such a question in the afiir- 
 mative ? Who, that loves his country, feels otherwise 
 than humiliated, when he compares our worldly means 
 with our heavenly aims, and thinks how little is done 
 by English Churchmen to communicate to their brethren 
 those blessed privileges which they themselves enjoy ? 
 
 What statesman, what peer or member of parliament, 
 what wealthy commoner in private life, trusts his own 
 son*'s education to chance, or confides him to Dissenting 
 teachers, or stipulates that he shall read the Bible 
 without being catechised, and learn what is called 
 religion without theology? Least of all, who would 
 withdraw his son from any of our great Collegiate 
 foundations, because there the services of the Church 
 are intertwined with all the discipline of the institution ? 
 Because the clergy sway the youthful mind, and temper 
 the tender heart i because Church festivals are still held 
 sacred, and choral services enshrine the feelings, and 
 imagination, and whole inner soul, in communion with 
 saints and angelic beings? because the sanctuary where 
 they worship may still resemble that where their fathers 
 worshipped, and lead their aspirations upwards from earth 
 to heaven ; even as the black-letter scroll and the painted
 
 19 
 
 glass, the vaulted roof and the long-drawn aisle, and the time- 
 worn sepulchral stone, link time present with time past, and 
 both with time to come ?* 
 
 As hypocrisy is the homage which vice still pays to 
 virtue, so a Church education among the upper classes 
 may be regarded as the involuntary homage of this world 
 to the Church : some few may grumble, and some sneer ; 
 but the great majority are disposed, for their children's sake, 
 to respect, or acquiesce in, a system which they will not 
 altogether act upon. Why, then, not carry out the prin- 
 ciple of Church education, which every ancient endow- 
 ment, and every hereditary feeling, and every tradi- 
 tional usage has sanctioned ? If the sons of gentlemen 
 are generally acknowledged to have been benefited by 
 any degree of Church influence, however small, which 
 
 * The recent subscription of 2000/. among Eton scholars out of 
 their pocket-money, towards the adornment of their chapel by 
 a painted window, illustrates what is here advanced ; namely, 
 that the spirit which once blended Church privileges with social 
 sympathies, still lives among the young of gentle birth, and 
 devotes to the sanctuary which a Henry founded, the free- 
 will offerings of grateful hearts. 
 
 It has, to be sure, been said, that the boys en masse gave be- 
 cause it became a fashion to do so, and that their parents pro- 
 moted the work ; but, if so, the favour shown to such an under- 
 taking proves that it was congenial to the many, even though it 
 may have been duly appreciated only by a few ; and, the more the 
 parents may have joined in such a work, the more it evinces the 
 blessed influence of Church associations as a link between the 
 highest sympathies of parents and children. 
 
 Long may such men as Dr. Hawtrey and Dr. Words- 
 worth engraft the love of letters and of science upon such 
 foundations I but let us remember, that the same chord which 
 vibrated in the heart of our Sixth Henry, as it may in that of 
 our First Albert, reverberates in the breasts of their lowliest sub- 
 jects. 
 
 B %
 
 20 
 
 those founclatioiis perpetuated, why not extend it to our 
 fellow subjects, of every social grade ? If our principles 
 be not worth promulgating, why adopt them ; and if good 
 for one class, why not for all ? To train the Peer and the 
 Pauper in one direction, and leave the Ten Pound house- 
 holder to grope his way in another, without guide or com- 
 pass or juvenile bias of any kind, is surely at variance 
 with the ordinary laws of moral and social progression. 
 Why build we penitentiaries instead of Training Colleges, 
 and make assize-days almost our only country festivals?* 
 Why listen with reluctance when Lord Ashley portrays 
 the moral destitution of children in the mines, or potte- 
 ries, or manufacturing districts, and say such things must 
 be ; without considering that, so far as human frailty 
 will permit, we might, if we pleased, apply an effectual 
 remedy ? 
 
 Church Communion is the true and only basis of Na- 
 tional Eeformation. Let us open the doors of the Church 
 freely, and soon a congregation will enter in. Let the 
 Church provide pastors and masters, adequate for the 
 wants of emry order of men^ and the spirit of their 
 teaching, in proportion as it accords with her catechism 
 and formularies, will bring scholars whose parents are able 
 and willing to pay for their tuition, not as recipients of 
 mistaken charity. The masses of the people are not 
 less imaginative, and reverential, than the upper classes. 
 Even in places where the face of a clergyman is scarcely 
 
 * Since the above remarks were committed to print, I have 
 been informed that May-day, this year, has been kept as an occa- 
 sion of rural festivity, by Lord Campden (head of the Noel fa- 
 mily,) on a scale, and in a spirit, worthy of old times, and illus- 
 trative of that concern for the health and happiness of the working 
 classes, which all true Churchmen delight in manifesting.
 
 21 
 
 known except from hereditary recollection, — as was the 
 case in Bethnal-green and other parishes in the same 
 vicinity, until the Bishop of London, assisted by the ex- 
 ertions of Dr. Pusey * at Oxford, and Mr. Dodsworth and 
 Mr. Cotton in the metropolis, drew public attention to their 
 spiritual destitution, — I have been witness to the sense of 
 respect entertained for the clerical office. Those who never 
 attend Church still have pride in sending their children; 
 and many, who because they attend Dissenting chapels 
 are termed Dissenters, answer, if asked the question, 
 that they are members of the Church. Erring sheep 
 they are, too often without a shepherd ; but, when- 
 ever Churchmen supply schools, they gladly send their 
 lambs to the true fold. Why, then, do we who have 
 the means hold back I Why not come forward like one 
 people and one Church, with one heart and one mind, 
 in this great cause ? Why not answer, on a truly national 
 scale, your Grace's paternal appeal to us ? 
 
 The true cause, if I mistake not, is, that as in heathen 
 countries, even the most civilized, neither schools, nor 
 hospitals, nor any other establishments for benefiting the 
 destitute members of society were ever organized by the vo- 
 luntary efforts of individuals out of their own private re- 
 sources, so, in this professedly Christian country, the num- 
 
 * Vide the "British Magazine" for 1835-6, then under the 
 editorship of the much lamented Mr. Hugh Rose, where, in a se- 
 ries of admirable papers on religious destitution in large towns, 
 Dr. Pusey prepared the public mind for those charitable exer- 
 tions on the part of the Bishop of London which have ended in 
 the completion of 36 additional churches, by a fund of 133,000/., 
 towards which Dr. Pusey and his personal friends were among 
 the eai'liest and most munificent contributors. The above sum 
 is independent of 70,000/. raised by Mr. Cotton, and the Rev. 
 C. Mackenzie, for the single parish of Bethnal-green.
 
 22 
 
 ber of those who deny themselves in order to benefit others 
 always has been, and still is, a small fractional part of the 
 community. By appealing to secondary motives, and en- 
 listing worldly interests or passions in the service of hu- 
 manity, we appear to enlarge our circle of benefactors. 
 We give balls in aid of asylums, and fancy-fairs in ball- 
 rooms, and dress-concerts for schools in churches, and 
 turtle-dinners for City school societies at taverns, and 
 advertise subscription lists in every newspaper, till we 
 exhaust all the resources of puffing ingenuity ; and verily 
 we have our reward. We succeed, or think we succeed, 
 up to a certain point ; but beyond the circle of truly 
 devout and humble, yet charitable men, how little do we 
 penetrate into the heart of the community ! of how few 
 is the list of subscribers to Church charities generally com- 
 posed ! how small a book would comprise them all ! and, 
 if we exclude those who give for fashion or for vanity, 
 or for entreaty's sake, to please a friend, or get rid of 
 a collector, how much smaller would the last best list 
 appear ! 
 
 Thus, of the 141,780^. subscribed to the Special Fund 
 up to the 19th February, above 40,000/. have been con- 
 tributed by the clergy; and the total number of sub- 
 scribers does not exceed 9,041, whereof 870 only, have 
 contributed sums of 501. and upwards. 
 
 Such, then, is the condition of society ; such the yet im- 
 perfect state of our Church organization : but if herein, com- 
 paring our works with our wants, we find abundant cause for 
 humihty, and none for exaltation, still less room is there 
 for despondence, least of all for inactivity. The day of 
 small things comprises, in a great measure, the history of 
 Christianity ; and, if its full blessings be now denied to us, 
 it may, perchance, arise from causes within the Church
 
 23 
 
 rather than from the world without. Have we been as 
 cautious in the choice of means, as zealous in regard to 
 ends? Have we looked to God's blessing first, — as the 
 Alpha and Omega of every exertion ; or have we estimated 
 human exertion, human machinery, and apparent tempo- 
 rary success, with undue and idolatrous partiality ? Have 
 we not depended upon governments,* upon parliaments, 
 upon societies acting under irregular influences, rather than 
 upon fundamental principles ; and sought the arm of flesh, 
 instead of the finger of God, for guidance and support ? 
 Have we not, from habits of political prudence, so canonized 
 the phantom Popularity among the elements of all success- 
 ful action, as to carry it from St. Stephen"'s to Exeter Hall, 
 and there bowed the knee to another Baal ? Has not the 
 money-making principle — that plague-spot of commercial 
 nations — that worst because least curable element of abuse 
 in public aif^irs — so dovetailed itself with all religious 
 agency as to overcome those scruples which the delicate 
 mind applies to any admixture of truth and falsehood, sin 
 and holiness ? Have we never sought new and tortuous and 
 uncertain paths, when the old beaten track of the Church 
 was open to us I and taught or countenanced errors in mat- 
 ters of doctrine and discipline, whereby we are now dis- 
 tracted and discouraged ? f In discontinuing the observ- 
 
 * When Bishop Berkeley sought to establish a Missionary 
 College at Bermuda, he succeeded in obtaining a charter from 
 the Crown, but Sir R. Walpole failed in making the promised 
 Parliamentary grant of 20,000/. towards it, and so the scheme 
 failed altogether. 
 
 t The support given within the Church to '' the Religious 
 Tract Society," in whose well got-up and popular publications 
 the doctrine of the Church respecting the Sacraments is wholly 
 suppressed, if not denied, affords strong evidence that neutral 
 ground is dangerous ground for sincere and consistent believers.
 
 24 
 
 ance of fasts and festivals, have we not driven both rich and 
 poor further from the Church pale ; allowing the former to 
 forget that self-denial is a fundamental principle of Christian 
 charity, and forcing the latter to devote to almost unceas- 
 ing toil hours which the Church had once consecrated as a 
 source of comfort to the soul, and of relaxation both to 
 mind and body ? * 
 
 No one can have been alive to the progress of the poli- 
 tico-religious movements which have pervaded society du- 
 ring the last half-century, without being able to trace to 
 causes like these much of the failure which has attended 
 the most zealous efforts in behalf of religion and of hu- 
 manity. 
 
 To terminate the unchristian tendencies of slavery abroad, 
 
 If that doctrine, as explained in the Church Catechism^ accord- 
 ing to its literal and obvious grammatical sense, (the rule of 
 current application to the 39 Articles,) be tenable, it ought surely 
 to be made the basis of all Christian knowledge, especially among 
 the young, for whose use our Parochial and lending libraries 
 (now stocked with works of "the Tract Society") are most in 
 demand. 
 
 To reserve it, implies either that we ought to instil some other 
 belief into the public mind, which all Dissenters and some few 
 members of the Church honestly and openly avow ; or that reserve 
 in communicating religious knowledge, with which reserve our 
 minds had become habitually (perhaps unconsciously) familiar, 
 has long been a received and popular practice amongst us. To 
 propagate the truth, the whole truths and nothing but the truth, 
 Churchmen founded the Society for promoting Christian Know- 
 ledge, through whose co-operation the National Society is reliev- 
 ed from all responsibility on the subject of religious or general 
 school publications. 
 
 * " St. Monday is the only Saint in the Journeyman's Kalendar, 
 and there are many places where one of the working- days of the 
 week is regularly set apart for drunkenness, like a Sabbath of 
 jrreligion." — Qiiar. Rev. Dec. 1812.
 
 25 
 
 and factory labour at home, we libelled planters and mill- 
 owners, quite forgetting how essential to our moral if not 
 to our legislative success was their co-operation. In like 
 manner and with corresponding infelicity, to benefit Irish 
 tenants, we libelled Irish landlords ; to reform the Church, 
 we libelled the Clergy ; to pacify the Romish priesthood, 
 we tolerated without remonstrance,* and even now remem- 
 ber without remorse, the destruction often Irish bishoprics; 
 to advance the Protestant cause, we encouraged dissent- 
 ers from the Irish Church as teachers in Church schools ; 
 and, instead of tempering political excitement with Chris- 
 tian forbearance, we carried the worse than vulgar licence 
 of the hustings into our religious meetings. 
 
 The No-Popery cry was worn threadbare among Protest- 
 ants before we admitted Romanists into the Legislature. 
 Exaggeration led to re-action then, as it has since. Those 
 who denounced most loudly the Pope, in Ireland, became 
 unconscious promoters of his cause, as Romaiyzing ten- 
 dencies may even yet become more prevalent in propor- 
 tion as Church tendencies are anathematized. Oppo- 
 nents, who feel unjustly maligned, are provoked into 
 greater opposition ; and the public mind, once made aware 
 that it has been imposed upon by exaggerated statements, 
 falls into the opposite extreme of incredulity or apathy. 
 The advocates of schemes in themselves good erred as 
 egregiously by exaggerating their excellence. National 
 wealth became the smmnum honum in one quarter, public 
 economy in another, popular representation in a third. 
 The inquiry was, not how well we could be governed, or 
 represented, or instructed, but at how much less cost than 
 
 * Mr. Keble's University Sermon is an honourable exception to 
 this painful remembrance of a disastrous epoch in Church His- 
 tory.
 
 26 
 
 heretofore. When the battle had been won by our Nel- 
 sons and our Wellingtons, our Pitts and our Castlereaghs, 
 we calculated the price of victory ; and vain endeavours 
 to gratify our self-love by the easy attainment of invalu- 
 able privileges, called for a cheap Government, a cheap 
 Church, and cheap Schools. He was reputed to be the 
 best statesman who remitted most taxes, and the perfec- 
 tion of diplomacy was to save the expense of ambassadorial 
 snuiF-boxes. The most popular citizen was he who placed 
 least confidence in the patriotic devotion of any clergy- 
 man or any statesman. 
 
 Church reformers, upon the same principle, estimated by 
 a rule-of-three calculation the comparative excellence of 
 Collegiate and Parochial ministrations. The salvation of 
 souls was spoken of as if it were contingent on the number 
 of Church sittings, and the efificacy of Church prayers was 
 tested by the number of nominal worshippers. 
 
 If a school-room could be built of dimensions sufficiently 
 large to accommodate one thousand children, and be go- 
 verned like a frigate by one captain with 100 midship- 
 men instead of officers, its excellence was vaunted as self- 
 evident ; guinea subscribers to such an institution became, 
 at once, in current popular phraseology, the benefactors 
 of their species ; but if only a few old men and women 
 and children attended a daily service in God's house of 
 prayer, its utility was doubted, and the loss of time to 
 men of business, lay and clerical, or to students, actually 
 regretted. 
 
 Of all follies, the idea of a Royal road to learning be- 
 ing discovered in the nineteenth century was the greatest, 
 and yet it flattered our self-love. The Eeform Bill itself 
 was not lauded as a greater panacea for every social griev- 
 ance than the march of intellect : and, whatever good may
 
 27 
 
 have been done by the promulgation of the Bell and Lan- 
 casterian systems of mutual instruction, they have been 
 attended with one great crying evil — the production of 
 a belief that Bible texts learned by rote, with a little read- 
 ing and writing, and spelling for the milHon, when afforded 
 at the cheapest^ possible rate, and diffused among the 
 largest possible number of children by the aid of moni- 
 tors under twelve years of age in the shortest possible space 
 of time, will produce a sufficient measure of Christian educa- 
 tion. "f We multiplied schools, scholars, and teachers, by a 
 novel agency, in a mechanical manner, with extraordinary 
 rapidity. At first, and so long as their patrons were 
 vigorous and hearty in the cause, and the teachers care- 
 fully selected, the defects of such a system were less 
 obvious than they have since been ; but when the demand 
 for teachers diminished the chances of a good supply, and 
 the resources of zeal fell off so as to make cheapness 
 more and more a first object, schools and teacljers both 
 degenerated. 
 
 The master, who, when schools had been less numerous, 
 
 * Vide "Edinburgh Review" on Lancasterian Schools, where 
 this cheapness is eagerly insisted on. — Oct. 1807. 
 
 Each boy can spell 100 words in a morning; if 100 scholars 
 do this 200 mornings yearly, the following will be the total of 
 their efforts towards improvement : 
 100 words. 
 200 mornings. 
 
 20,000 words each boy per annum. 
 100 boys. 
 
 2,000,000 Total words spelt by 100 boys per ann. 
 Joseph Lancaster quoted in Quar. Rev. Oct. 1811. 
 t Mr. Burgess estimates the average duration of a child's at- 
 tendance in National Schools from 9 to 12, and from 2 to 4 
 daily, at one year.
 
 28 
 
 and smaller, and more respectable in every way, occupied 
 that position in a country town or village which Goldsmith 
 has so well described, — just under the clergyman, but above 
 the mere tradesman, — fell rapidly and fatally in public 
 estimation. To teach forty boys well, as Christians ought 
 to be taught, and train their minds and make good Church- 
 men of them, is an arduous task. To drill hundreds was 
 found comparatively easy ; and instead of raising to a 
 higher level the professional standard of teachers, in 
 proportion as we multiplied the number of their scholars, 
 we merely attempted to direct into Church channels the 
 torrent of cheap popular education. Hence the partial 
 failure of our endeavours after thirty years of toil ; at 
 the end of which the march of vice and ignorance still 
 outstrips the march of intellect, and the wider our efforts 
 by mechanical means to instruct the working classes, the 
 more their moral degeneracy eludes our physical grasp ; — 
 the more their physical wants cry loudly for a moral re- 
 medy, and the more clearly we perceive that in order to 
 leaven society the pressure of high example must bear 
 downwards — through landlords and farmers, through 
 merchants, mill-owners and tradesmen, through Bishops 
 and every subordinate grade of teachers, lay or clerical ; 
 but that Day-schools alone are no substitutes for domestic 
 and collegiate influences; BelFs system no remedy for 
 virus in the veins, when parents, employers, and teachers 
 themselves are the inoculators.* 
 
 The progress of the Central Expenditure of the Incor- 
 porated National Society affords no bad index to the 
 
 * *' The invention of printing did not come more opportunely for 
 the restoration of letters and the blessed work of reformation, than 
 Dr. Bell's discovery to vaccinate the next generation against 
 the pestilence which has infected this." — Qicar. Rev. Dec. 1812.
 
 do. 
 
 24,253 * 
 
 do. 
 
 16,003 
 
 do. 
 
 36,706 
 
 do. 
 
 34,966 
 
 do. 
 
 12,043 
 
 do. 
 
 101,741 
 
 29 
 
 state of the public mind on the subject of so-called National 
 Education at different periods. 
 
 I will therefore subjoin a tabular form, from which the 
 reader may see at a glance how the work began, and how 
 it has continued up to the present time. 
 
 From 1812 to 1816 inclusive <£27,646 
 
 „ 1817 to 1821 
 
 „ 1822 to 1826t 
 
 „ 1827 to 1831 
 
 „ 1832 to 1836 
 
 „ 1837 to 1838 
 
 „ 1839 to 1843 
 
 The resources of the Provincial Boards up to the year 
 1838 rose and fell in a proportionate ratio; and after 
 the excitement, which the rival systems of Bell and Lan- 
 caster occasioned, had given way to periods of compara- 
 tive apathy, the efforts of Churchmen slackened, instead 
 of being uniformly directed upon definite principles to 
 the completion of the work which had been under- 
 taken. 
 
 Our system was measured by the apparent pecuniary 
 resources of a Society, not by the necessities of a growing 
 population ; and as the Christian, in his course towards 
 perfection, carmot stand still without retrograding, so did 
 our supineness as a Church impede our progress as a nation 
 in true Christianity. We prophesied smooth things to 
 ourselves, when we ought to have cried shame on our 
 paltry endeavours; and boasted of educating our tens of 
 thousands, when hundreds of thousands were growing up 
 in Pagan darkness and infidelity. 
 
 Then also became apparent that grand defect in all 
 
 * This includes a legacy of 18,000/. 
 
 f Here, when the general subscription fell off, the Royal 
 Letter was first resorted to.
 
 30 
 
 schemes of modern date, — the action of the Church through 
 the medium of self-formed societies, and of self-formed 
 societies without any reference to principles of Church 
 unity or Collegiate discipline. 
 
 National School Societies were formed by private in- 
 dividuals in counties and in towns, whose usefulness was 
 contingent on the number of their subscribers, and whose 
 subscriptions depended on their popularity, and whose 
 popularity rested mainly with their original promoters 
 and benefactors. These, being few in number, died, or 
 grew old and infirm ; ncr did their mantle always descend 
 to their successors. 
 
 The schoolmasters and mistresses in model schools, ori- 
 ginally disciplined with care, became old and infirm in their 
 turn. No provision was made for their retirement by the 
 bodies to whose service their prime had been devoted. No 
 apprentices were bred up to assist them and supply their 
 place. Committees became disheartened by public apathy; 
 and responsibility, being diffused over a large body of per- 
 sons, ceased to be felt in any degree commensurate with 
 the spirit of the undertaking. The model school, originally 
 organized in all the districts with which a National School 
 Society was connected, lost its character, and failed to in- 
 terest its members. The name of the monitorial system 
 remained ; but, except in particular schools, such as those 
 which the original founders, like Lord Kenyon on his 
 own property, Mr. Norris at Hackney, and Mr. Davis 
 in Gower's Walk, Whitechapel, had lived to foster and 
 carry on with strict adherence to Dr. Bell's instructions, 
 the spirit of Dr. Bell had departed. The expense of paid 
 monitors, or of pupil teachers* and of assistant masters, 
 
 * Mr. Burgess, Incumbent of Upper Chelsea, (a valuable la- 
 bourer in the Educational cause,) is now endeavouring, in conjunc-
 
 81 
 
 was not considered as it ought to be, in all large schools, 
 as necessary a part of the National system as Clerical 
 superintendence^ and we wondered that neither tradesmen 
 and farmers, nor the parents of the poor, appreciated 
 education properly ; when, in fact, they had learnt from 
 experience to estimate at its current value an imperfect 
 resemblance for a sound system. 
 
 The influence of clergymen in committees and societies 
 thus constituted was a wholesome influence; but when 
 they acted merely as subscribers^ not as men personally 
 answerable for the souls of their young parishioners, the 
 religious character of each one of whom they were 
 enjoined to mould, the general tendency of such a state of 
 things was to impair the clergyman's just authority, and 
 supersede the old system of catechizing at Church,*" — a 
 system as earnestly enjoined and recommended as it has 
 been pertinaciously and disastrously neglected under suc- 
 cessive Sovereigns and Prelates, from the days of King 
 Edward the Sixth and Bishop Ridley up to our own times. 
 
 The Bishop in each diocese to which they belonged, 
 and the incumbent in each parish, or in each union of 
 parishes (as frequently happened, when one overgrown 
 cheap school of several hundred children took the place of 
 several effective schools), did not necessarily become the life 
 and soul of the system ex officio. When he did take the 
 lead, (and Bishops thirty years ago were quite as forward 
 
 tion with Lord Radstock, Mr. Campbell, and other members of 
 the London Diocesan Board, to remedy this capital defect in large 
 Metropolitan schools. 
 
 * The authorities in favour of catechizing at church, in lieu of 
 preaching, on Sunday afternoon, have been collected by the Rev. 
 J. Ley, and published in the Educational Magazine, as well as in 
 a separate form. They include almost every distinguished arch- 
 bishop, bishop, and divine since the Reformation.
 
 32 
 
 as those of the present day,) he acted himself as a 
 volunteer, through a society, not as one having authority 
 to direct Church education agreeably to Church principles 
 in his diocese. 
 
 No Churchman, or soi-disant Church School Society, 
 reverted to the Canon wherein the Bishop's licence is 
 made essential to the due exercise of the schoolmaster's 
 office. No means existed to test a candidate's fitness to 
 receive such licence. 
 
 Far different was it with the Parochial system, on which 
 every National School, when once ingrafted, became a part 
 of our National Church ; too often ill supported, it is true ; 
 but still established on right principles, and claiming from 
 every incumbent, under Diocesan direction, if not by Ca- 
 nonical licence, the benefit of his spiritual guidance. Na- 
 tional Schools, thus formed, in parish after parish, will 
 remain an everlasting legacy bequeathed in trust to 
 successive pastors of the Church ; and so far as the 
 National Society has, by a central pecuniary agency, con- 
 tributed to produce such schools, without presuming to 
 interfere with the duties and responsibilities of God's ap- 
 pointed ministers, to that extent, if on no other grounds, 
 its labours, and those of its late indefatigable treasurer, Mr. 
 Joshua Watson, will be long and gratefully remembered. 
 
 The character of Parochial Schools thus constituted 
 represents more or less the character of our Church. The 
 officiating Minister gives his tone to the teacher ; selects 
 school-books, and explains the Catechism or Bible, upon 
 the principles which direct his discourses in the pulpit. No 
 clergyman, who does his duty to the old, neglects it by 
 the young ; and much as the cares of a family may mingle 
 with those of a parish, or increase a clergyman's personal 
 expenditure, the assistance of the wife and daughter, and
 
 their associates in the village school, must be regarded 
 and prized as one of our greatest national blessings. 
 
 In Holland the State schoolmaster teaches boys and 
 girls together, and all the blessed influences are lost 
 which radiate from the Church; not the least of which 
 are those perpetuated by the softer sex, when the pastor^s 
 labours of love are shared by his own family, and the 
 village maiden is taught by example as well as precept 
 to be simple-minded, modest, and industrious. No Duchess 
 of Sutherland, no Lady Francis Egerton, no Mrs. Tuckfield 
 can there be found, animating teachers and children, and 
 lending aid to every project of school improvement which 
 the clergyman^s zeal suggests for the benefit of his pa- 
 rishioners. The sympathies of womanhood can never 
 there be enlisted in the scholar's behalf ; and lest, perad- 
 venture, the zeal of the pious-minded should show itself 
 in behalf of Him whose service we have entered, the 
 name of Jesus is never mentioned, except as & subject 
 of Historical allusion ; the New Testament is never read, 
 far less catechetically explained ; the voice of prayer is 
 scarcely ever heard, and never authoritatively enjoined, for 
 fear of proselytism. 
 
 Much as I have always prized the principles and ten- 
 dencies of our National School system, so far as if is paro- 
 chial, I never estimated it so highly as when, accompanied 
 by a professor of theology who was also a State school in- 
 spector, I visited a first-rate Dutch model school. A young 
 normal teacher, apt, eager, and intelligent, was lecturing on 
 the law of gravitation, and interesting his youthful auditors 
 with the story of Newton"'s apple, — drawn in chalk on a 
 black board was the apple ; and then, turning from New- 
 ton to homelier subjects, the culture and uses of the apple 
 were described, and the process of making cyder. Clever
 
 34 
 
 were those urchins, and well-versed in all that knowledge 
 which pufFeth up : so I asked the Government inspector 
 to probe their knowledge of Christianity, and of the fall 
 and redemption of man, by a reference to the apple in 
 the garden of Eden. Albeit a Regius Professor of Di- 
 vinity, the inspector instantly disclaimed any reference to 
 such subjects, as wholly out of rule. No doctrines could 
 be taught or deduced from historical facts in any Govern- 
 ment school. The facts themselves might be examined 
 into as matters of general history, but not as the sub- 
 jects of religious belief. The safest plan was not to 
 touch at all on such delicate ground. " Thank God," I 
 said, " we have not yet any such Government school in 
 England, and no inspectors commissioned by the civil 
 authority to give importance by their inquiries to every 
 subject except the doctrines of the Christian faith ! " I 
 made this observation in 1886, little thinking that in 
 1839 the Bishops and members of the Church of England 
 would feel called upon to protest against the introduction 
 of those Dutch or rather French revolutionary novelties 
 amongst us. God grant that we may never be induced 
 to sanction their re-introduction ! but hold fast to our 
 Ecclesiastical system in all its integrity, whether in vil- 
 lages, in towns, in mines, in potteries, or factories; and 
 let us hope that the Ecclesiastical Commission may re- 
 novate and restore it in overgrown parishes, rather than 
 extend district divisions.* At all events, let our school 
 system be more and more assimilated to the Church, so 
 
 * The substitution of twenty-one parishes and vicarages at 
 Leeds, for one parish and one vicarage, which Dr. Hook pro- 
 poses shortly to effect, with the concurrence of the Church 
 Commissioners, proves that this important subject is about to be 
 taken up in earnest ; and clergymen, who, by sacrifices like these.
 
 35 
 
 far as the National Society's influence extends, by adapting 
 to new wants and extended purposes all her available 
 machinery, whether Parochial, Decanal, Archidiaconal, 
 Diocesan, or Collegiate ; and if, in summing up the his- 
 tory of its proceedings, I may appear to regard them 
 with mixed feelings, its warmest advocates will allow that 
 the admitted imperfection of all human agencies renders 
 it doubly incumbent on us to avoid, if we can do 
 so by impartial discrimination, that liability, to which 
 we are exposed, of falling twice into the same errors. 
 Let us then inquire what ground there is for assuming, 
 that if School Societies, whether large or small, grew 
 torpid and fell into insignificance in times past, the 
 bodies formed in 1838 and 1839 may not share a similar 
 fate. Have we, profiting by experience, secured the good, 
 and avoided the weak points of the institutions formed 
 in 1813, 1814, and 1815? Have we rendered our system 
 an enduring one, by founding it on any basis mor^ perma- 
 nent than the favour of a subscribing public I Will Dio- 
 cesan Boards constructed on the voluntary principle re- 
 main an integral portion of our Church system, and last, 
 with increasing powers of usefulness, as long as there are 
 Bishops to preside over them, or until the Cathedral chap- 
 ters, with their chancellors and other functionaries, resume 
 the exercise of their ancient educational duties? Will 
 the system of Ecclesiastical visitation, which the funds 
 raised by the National Society in 1839 were intended by 
 many contributors to promote, be carried out, as a part of 
 our Church Educational system ? 
 
 head the cause of social improvement, may be well justified 
 in exclaiming with Dr. Hook, " We must never rest until we 
 have provided for every poor man a pastor, and for every poor 
 child a school." 
 
 c 2
 
 36 
 
 I confess that I am not without misgivings as to the 
 result, although here again is more room for encourage- 
 ment than despondency. 
 
 Out of twenty-four dioceses four only remain without 
 any board at all. 
 
 In some a territorial division, which had been adopted 
 previous to the movement of 1838, still prevails, and their 
 ecclesiastical arrangements are so far imperfect. 
 
 Those constituted in the best manner are Canterbury, 
 York, London, Durham, Winchester, Bath and Wells, 
 Chester, Chichester, Exeter, Gloucester, Lichfield, Lin- 
 coln, Ripon, Salisbury, Worcester, and Oxford. 
 
 One improvement in their constitution, compared with 
 that of the old County Societies, is, that they for the 
 most part adhere not only to the Episcopal, but to the 
 Archidiaconal and Decanal system. In proportion, there- 
 fore, as the Church authorities take a more active part 
 among their brethren, school superintendence will be more 
 efficient, and the funds now raised in each deanery be 
 more adequate. Rural Deans, generally, are not such 
 valuable educational auxiliaries as it is to be hoped they 
 one day will be ; but the Parochial School system leaves 
 us open to all the benefit, which, if they please, their 
 services can render to us. 
 
 Whether State inspection, conducted by persons 
 who receive their instructions from the Lay Committee 
 of Privy Council, be a source of inquisitorial power, or 
 of publ'c benefit, will depend very much upon those who 
 direct education in the different dioceses. If they be 
 vigilant, and train teachers qualified to give effect to 
 Church principles. State officers will have no legitimate 
 ground for interference ; but if Ecclesiastical visitation he
 
 S7 
 
 discontinued^ and State inspection become the only avail- 
 able means of public communication between the Bishops, 
 Archdeacons, and clergy, on that part of the pastor''s office 
 which concerns the young and uninstructed, it is obvious 
 that State influence will increase as Church influence 
 may decline. The interference, which is now disclaimed, 
 will then by degrees extend. Erastian school managers, 
 many of whom already overrule and even drive away the 
 clergy in large committees, will naturally lean more and 
 more on Government. The term amelioration will imply 
 much or little according to circumstances, and its definition 
 will rest with the State functionary. The omnipotence 
 of money grants will be again appealed to as a means of 
 purchasing concessions of principle, nay, even the threats 
 which are now most falsely said to have been held out 
 to the Irish clergy in regard to the Irish National Schools 
 may become subjects of newspaper discussion in England, 
 mutatis mutandis ; and as, by degrees, the characters and 
 habits of the clergy and school managers must become fa- 
 miliarly known to those who sway and promote their nu- 
 merous functionaries, (blended as these will be with itine- 
 rant Poor-law Commissioners and Factory or Mining In- 
 spectors,) the directors of this organized body of lay 
 Bishops in partihus will necessarily obtain a clue to and 
 control over the whole Educational system of the country. 
 
 In the hands of honourable, upright men, such as those 
 first selected, at a time when all desire improvement, and 
 when a friendly Government inspires respect, and when 
 the leading Bishops are generally confided in, this Inspect- 
 ing machinery can hardly appear otherwise than plau- 
 sible, especially as it saves expense to Churchmen ; but 
 it is clear that the Ecclesiastical visitation originally re-
 
 38 
 
 commended by the National Society, and the State inspec- 
 tion now partially in progress of adoption, are very distinct 
 systems of Educational improvement. 
 
 It rests with the clergy to determine whether the two 
 systems shall proceed, as they have commenced, pari passu ; 
 or whether State influence shall, step by step, absorb 
 every other. It is remarkable that the Committee of 
 the British and Foi-eign School Society were more cautious 
 in regard to their Normal school than the founders of 
 St. Mark''s and Chester have been. They stipulated that 
 the Parliamentary grant of 5000^. might be repaid when- 
 ever inspection became burdensome ; and considering that, 
 when the said 5000^. were voted by Lord Althorp, the 
 condition of inspection had not been mooted, it seems but 
 fair that a similar reservation should be allowed in other 
 training establishments. 
 
 So long as inspection be a public benefit, no managers 
 could wish to return the money. 
 
 Whenever inspection ceases to be beneficial, by becom- 
 ing inquisitorial, then surely it ought to terminate.* 
 
 In regard to funds, the Boards are still too dependent 
 upon irregular subscriptions; but the example of Pastoral 
 letters and parochial collections in Chester has already 
 been sufficiently successful to justify a hope that it will 
 be followed in everi/ parish of the land. The present 
 Bishop of Chichester has issued a similar Pastoral letter, 
 in aid of his Board, from which the best results may be 
 anticipated ; and in proportion as the proceeds of the Of- 
 fertory can be applied to the benefit of the poor, through 
 similar channels, the hearts both of rich and poor will 
 respond more and more freely to those who recommend 
 that mode of collection. 
 
 * Vid. Appendix, No. 6.
 
 S9 
 
 One apparent obstacle to the successful action of the 
 Boards has arisen in the Parent Society itself, whose 
 objects are so closely interwoven with those of the Dio- 
 cesan Societies, and whose appeals for pecuniary support are 
 so unremitting, that subscribers, unless they wisely support 
 both, find it difficult to draw distinctions between them. 
 
 A still more perplexing obstacle is to be found in the 
 habits, opinions, and, if I may so say, prejudices, of per- 
 sons who reside in large manufacturing and commercial 
 towns. They like to raise and dispense their own money 
 in their own way, and to see the fruit in their own vine- 
 yard, drawing at the same time, as largely as they can, 
 from funds common to all. If the Diocesan Board of 
 Chester had made Liverpool its seat of government, the 
 inhabitants of Manchester would, it was said, have been 
 dissatisfied. If Manchester had been selected, the same 
 result would have beeji apprehended at Liverpool ; and, by 
 stationing its Normal institutions at Chester, the Diocesan 
 Board has received only a lukewarm, or rather nominal, 
 support in both of those great cities. Where 2,000^. per 
 annum ought to be raised by the Bishop without diffi- 
 culty, he does not draw more than 200^., for purposes 
 vital to the welfare of their inhabitants, and which, ex- 
 cept through the Diocesan Board, they cannot, consis- 
 tently with the principles of union adopted by the National 
 Society, accomplish. 
 
 The Manchester National schools remain, therefore, the 
 reverse of all the Bishop and his Clergy wish them to be ; 
 and instead of aiding the operations of the Diocesan Board, 
 which are paralysed by want of funds, receiving in return 
 all the benefits of Diocesan inspection and training, to 
 afford which it was constituted, the advocates of Na- 
 improvement, with some few honourable excep-
 
 40 
 
 tions, bound their sympathies and their exertions within 
 the confines of a Town Society, which appeals to the same 
 supporters as the Deanery Board, established in 1838, 
 under the Diocesan Society. The same Dean and Chap- 
 ter preside over both, and yet the two bodies are distinct, 
 as regards funds and management. Happily for the poor 
 inhabitants of Manchester and the country at large, London 
 residents are less exclusive and more confiding than their 
 provincial fellow-citizens. 
 
 In other parts of England the divided state of opinion 
 among the clergy, and the long absence of Episcopal su- 
 perintendence, owing to the infirmities of their respective 
 Bishops, has presented similar obstacles. 
 
 The Wells Board has received little aid from the 
 wealthy residents and zealous clergy of Bath. Its Train- 
 ing and Inspecting systems owe whatever efficacy they 
 possess almost entirely to the liberal support of one indi- 
 vidual, who inherits the practical benevolence of his re- 
 vered but aged parent and diocesan. 
 
 The Lichfield Board is almost ignored in Derbyshire; 
 and the Worcester Board has not yet availed itself of the 
 Bishop''s intercession, to derive adequate support from 
 Birmingham. The Winchester Board is neither appre- 
 ciated nor benefited by the large congregations of Lambeth 
 and Southwark, notwithstanding all their reverence for 
 a prelate, who " lives sermons as well as preaches them,"*' 
 and whose clergy make collections among their flocks, 
 whether rich or poor, for almost every other object, mis- 
 sionary and domestic, with affectionate unanimity. 
 
 Whether the great and wealthy Dioceses of York and 
 Ripon will ultimately combine their pecuniary resources 
 on a proportionate scale of magnitude^ remains to be tested ;
 
 41 
 
 but the successful management of the Training institution 
 at York, in a temporary house, under its excellent Princi- 
 pal, affords every ground for encouragement and confidence 
 to those who now await the Episcopal summons to unite 
 their efforts in favour of the Collegiate building fund. 
 
 The obstacles, to which allusion is here made, are more 
 or less inseparable from the present condition of the Church. 
 Time and patient endeavours to overcome them, partly by 
 Episcopal co-operation and admonition, partly by clerical 
 influence in each parish, partly by those growing feelings of 
 Church-membership which interpose the ties of Christian 
 love between the inhabitants of different localities, so as to 
 destroy petty provincial rivalries and jealousies of a selfish 
 character, will, if we persevere, overcome them doubtless 
 in the end. 
 
 Much will depend upon the Bishops, Archdeacons, and 
 Rural Deans, — the latter of whom might hereafter be se- 
 lected with reference to their capacities for Sclipol super- 
 intendence ; much on the Parent National Society. Its 
 Committee invited the co-operation of Boards as auxiliary 
 to its designs, and is bound to extend by all practicable 
 means the measure of their influence ; but without the 
 pecuniary agency of a Central fund the past history of 
 Boards, formed thirty years ago, affords little ground for 
 supposing that they can effectually carry out their objects. 
 The double action of the National Society, through Cen- 
 tral and through Diocesan funds, has its inconvenience ; 
 but, as our Parochial system and provincial sympathies 
 must always operate most strongly in favour of Diocesan 
 and local claims, it surely is desirable that when those 
 claims are not adequately enforced by the Bishop and his 
 clergy, or when they are inadequately met, the cause of
 
 42 
 
 Church education should be unremittingly followed up by 
 the watchful and comprehensive energies of the Parent 
 Society.* 
 
 On the other hand, as the great object of Central funds 
 is to call forth, not to supersede, local exertion, the spirit 
 of centralization must have its limits, and remain the faith- 
 ful guardian, not the antagonist, of affiliated institutions. 
 It should always be borne in mind, that Societies at best 
 are but temporary expedients, which a more healthy sys- 
 tem of Church government and discipline, united with 
 Collegiate endowments^ will render in the end unneces- 
 sary; and, whatever confidence we may place in Com- 
 mittees and official functionaries, the spirit of the Bishops 
 and Clergy is far more faithfully represented by them- 
 selves in each Diocese, than by any one Central body. 
 Mutual vigilance and support are therefore indispensable ; 
 and, above all, it behoves us in every association, large 
 or small, to guard most scrupulously against that spirit 
 of pseudo-liberality, and worldly diplomacy, and compro- 
 mise, upon what are conveniently termed minor points, 
 
 * Since the above was written, I have found myself preceded 
 in these remarks by a writer who advocated the claims of the Na- 
 tional Society in 1816, and seems to have correctly estimated the 
 insufficiency of small affiliated bodies without Central funds. 
 
 " A number of detached bodies, though founded on the same 
 principle, and having the same object, can never produce the same 
 eflFect as if they acted in concert. It is the successful combina- 
 tion of forces under one head which leads to a successful issue. 
 The grand object of the Society is to co-operate with its affiliated 
 institutions ; — to promote uniformity both of principle and con- 
 duct, — to provide masters, and to furnish pecuniary assistance so 
 far as its means will permit ; i.e» to its affiliated institutions." — 
 Quar, Rev. July, 1813.
 
 43 
 
 or non-essentials, which the eager pursuit of popular favour, 
 and the desire for outward conformity rather than internal 
 unity, is apt to engender in public bodies. 
 
 At St. Mark's College, and Whiteland's House, Chel- 
 sea, the formation of character, with special reference to 
 the religious convictions and spiritual need of each indi- 
 vidual ; the inculcation of sound Church principles ; the 
 growth of devout affections, and the development of frugal, 
 simple, laborious habits, of which every teacher should 
 make his life an example, present the true model for 
 imitation in similar establishments. These are the funda- 
 mental objects of attainment which united Churchmen in 
 1838. 
 
 These were propounded in the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury's address of 1839, and accepted by the country as 
 essential to real education. These have been acted on by 
 several of the Boards to the extent of their powers, and 
 with a vigour on the part of some of their Secretaries, as, 
 for instance, of Mr. Powys at Chester, and Mr. Gresley at 
 Lichfield, which deserves universal acknowledgment. 
 
 The system at Battersea, which institution is about to 
 be specially devoted to the training of masters for schools 
 in manufacturing and mining districts, remains to be 
 determined by experience. The only point understood 
 to have been specifically settled, is, that it shall train 
 grown men, not youths under 20. The appointment, as 
 principal, of Mr. Jackson, Incumbent of a populous dis- 
 trict in Stepney, which he has, in a great measure, re- 
 claimed from semi-heathenism, gives assurance that the 
 formation of a self-denying Missionary character will be 
 aimed at, however difficult it may be found to adapt 
 modern practice to scriptural precept.
 
 44 
 
 In proportion, therefore, as men not only of high in- 
 tellectual attainments, but whose minds and personal con- 
 duct soar above the common standard of worldly usage, 
 and whose influence is calculated to provoke corresponding 
 efforts in every Diocese, are enlisted by the National So- 
 ciety in the service of the Church, so will the pledge ori- 
 ginally given to the public be fulfilled. To the personal 
 encouragement afforded by Bishops in inducing the best 
 men to come forward at the right moment, the National 
 Society itself must look for assistance ; and the more we 
 learn to value clerical functions, apart from official sti- 
 pends, the more surely will any patronage or influence, 
 which Bishops and Chapters may exercise in this direc- 
 tion, improve the workings of our Educational system 
 through all its ramifications. On the part of those who 
 have laboured most eagerly to increase the pecuniary re- 
 sources of the committee at Westminster, and of Dio- 
 cesan Boards, I may, without the fear of appearing 
 to underrate the value of money, state as my firm con- 
 viction, that whilst, on the one hand, no sum can be 
 deemed too great which shall secure to a great cause, 
 the best professional service, so on the other, that ser- 
 vice cannot be estimated by any pecuniary test, and any 
 distinction within the Church between teachers of the 
 poor and teachers of the rich, must operate to the dis- 
 advantage of all. 
 
 In the establishments of the Society, at Westmin- 
 ster, the preparation of adults for scholastic duties pre- 
 supposes that their characters are in a great measure 
 formed, and the mechanical parts of tuition are in conse- 
 quence most enforced. I am happy, however, to bear 
 testimony to the religious zeal and industry with which
 
 45 
 
 the late superintendent, Mr. Hill,* conducted that estab- 
 lishment, raising its numbers from 25 or 30 to 50, most 
 of whom are now communicants. 
 
 The period of probation varies from three years at 
 Stanley Grove, to one or two years at Battersea, and 
 six months at Westminster. Considering the great de- 
 mand for teachers, this last part of the Society's work 
 has been continued as a temporary substitute for the higher 
 and better Collegiate system to which the Diocesan 
 movement gave birth. If however it be supposed, that, 
 by adapting to Church purposes every available central 
 resource. Diocesan operations are the less necessary, a brief 
 comparison of the demand for teachers with their supply 
 will shew that all our united labours fall far short of the 
 work required. 
 
 In Prussia, where Normal tuition has made most pro- 
 gress, and where the State does what the Church of 
 England attempts, the received calculation is,^ that in 
 every hundred schools four annual vacancies will occur, 
 whether from death, change of career, or other causes. In 
 this country, where the insufficiency of existing masters 
 becomes daily more palpable in proportion as our work 
 advances, and where the establishment of new schools is 
 likely to continue to be much greater than in a country 
 already well supplied with schools, especially when the em- 
 ployment of female teachers (an order, in a great measure, 
 peculiar to England) will in all probability increase the 
 number of professional changes, the demand must certainly 
 exceed that of Prussia. Four per cent, will therefore be a 
 low average ; but if we make it the basis of a calculation, 
 
 * Now head-master and chaplain of the Greenwich Naval 
 School.
 
 46 
 
 and estimate the number of Parochial and National Day- 
 schools at 12,000,* which is likewise a low estimate, it 
 will appear that we already require 480 teachers annu- 
 ally, without allowing for endowed Grammar schools of a 
 low order, and for Commercial schools, whose systematic 
 improvement can never be effected by new buildings and 
 committees, without new men to work them, and of which, 
 as the organ of Church extension among the middle classes, 
 it is impossible to estimate too highly the national import- 
 ance. These and other independent schools were estimated 
 by Lord Brougham at 40,000 in 1838; and, although a 
 few hundred clergymen may direct the best among them 
 with zeal and piety. I fear his Lordship's description of 
 their teachers, corroborated as it has been by Mr. Field 
 in the diocese of Worcester, and by other inspectors, 
 may well assure us, that, unless we make adequate 
 provision for their benefit, our work will be incomplete. 
 If we did no more, however, than fill up their vacancies 
 with professional persons whom the Diocesan system, as 
 contradistinguished from that of National or primary Day- 
 schools, is expected to educate, we should employ 1,600 
 annually. To meet this increasing demand in behalf of a 
 proselyting Church and a growing population, exclusive 
 of Colonial requirements, to which your Grace's address as 
 President of the National Society in 1839 made special 
 allusion, our confederated societies estimate their actual 
 supply as follows : — 
 
 * Thus calculated : — 
 
 National Society's Return for 1838. 
 
 Daily Schools 10,581 
 
 United to National Society from 1838 to 1843 1350 
 
 Allowance for Schools not in union with the 
 Society 69 
 
 12,000
 
 47 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 (3 . 
 
 
 
 C! . 
 
 
 
 -2 a 
 
 
 
 .2 G 
 
 
 Training Institutions for 
 
 Oh « 
 
 7^ 
 
 Training Institutions for 
 
 3 -^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 Masters. 
 
 
 H 
 
 Mistresses. 
 
 
 e5 
 
 UNDER THE INCORPORATED NATIONAL SOCIETY. 
 
 St. Mark's College 
 Stanley Grove 
 Chelsea 
 
 Battersea* 
 
 Manchester Build 
 ings, and Centra 
 School, West 
 minster 
 
 Durham , 
 
 York and Ripon 
 
 Chester 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Lichfield 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Wells . 
 
 Exeter . 
 
 Winchester and Sa 
 
 lisbury 
 Chichester 
 Canterbury^ . 
 
 50 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 120 
 
 Whiteland's House, | 
 Chelsea J 
 
 Smith Square, and ) 
 Central School, V 
 Westminster j 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 UNDER DIOCESAN BOARDS. 
 
 12 
 
 York and Ripon 
 Chester 
 
 45 
 3 
 
 16 
 5 
 
 20 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 205 
 325 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Oxford and Reading 
 
 Exeter . 
 
 Salisbury and Win-1 
 
 Chester j 
 
 Chichester and ) 
 
 Brighton / 
 
 Canterbury % . 
 
 27 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 60 
 135 
 
 * The number in this establishment will be very largely aug- 
 mented when its new dormitories are completed; say, to 50 or 
 possibly to 70. 
 
 f A valuable establishment for educating the daughters of the 
 clergy is expected to be combined at Warrington with a female 
 Training institution during the present year, towards which and 
 
 X The fourth and last Report of the Canterbury Board states 
 that these are all adults, whose period of training varies from one
 
 48 
 
 The supply of Workhouse schools remains still to be 
 provided for ; which supply was intended to he met, in 
 the Battersea institution, by its benevolent founders, and 
 formed the ground of a Building grant of 2,200^. from the 
 Committee of Council. 
 
 As an evidence that the present Government will not 
 seek to influence directly or indirectly the education of 
 National teachers, otherwise than by making Building 
 Grants to the two existing Societies, this new arrange- 
 ment is very satisfactory : but considering the great power 
 of moulding the characters of orphans, which Workhouse 
 schools, if conducted as at Norwood and at the Mint es- 
 tablishment near Bristol, afford, and which far exceeds any 
 influence that can be obtained over the minds of day-scho- 
 lars in National schools, we have cause to regret upon this 
 ground the change of destination which has occurred ; 
 unless, as may perhaps still prove practicable, a portion 
 of the masters trained there may be reserved, as men spe- 
 cially devoted, like missionaries, to the improvement of 
 educational discipline among paupers. 
 
 The number of children for whom efficient teachers 
 are thus required, and for which the law that separates 
 parent from child makes us now doubly responsible, has 
 been stated at 50,000; the average capacities of whose ac- 
 
 other similar establishments, including Whiteland's, exhibitions 
 for poor candidates to the extent of 1000/. per annum for two 
 years, have been awarded out of the Factory Fund, for mistresses 
 employed in mining and manufacturing districts. 
 
 to six months ; so that Canterbury can hardly be said to possess a 
 real Training institution ! The same remark applies to several 
 other Dioceses, where the impatience of the public and the neces- 
 sities of the institution have combined to frustrate its original 
 design in part, if not altogether.
 
 49 
 
 tual teachers, considering that in the scholastic profession 
 a Workhouse ranks below National schools generally, must 
 be lamentably deficient. 
 
 Thus, exclusive of Colonial and Workhouse require- 
 ments, and of new Factory and Mining schools, which will 
 absorb all that Battersea can furnish during the next seven 
 years, we are likely to require 2,000 teachers annually; 
 and the number now in training under Church auspices 
 for various periods, from three months to three years, does 
 not exceed 450, of whom, if they remained from two to 
 three years under Collegiate discipline, (which the founders 
 of Battersea unite with the friends of St. Mark's in advo- 
 cating,* and which is deemed indispensable in France and 
 Prussia,) the available annual supply would be under 200. 
 
 The difference between this sketch of our exigencies 
 
 * "The tendency to limit the course of training has been 
 brought about rather in spite of the views and wishes of the 
 Directors than with their concurrence. 
 
 " The Directors have thus reluctantly yielded to the force of 
 circumstances, and the inadequacy of their private resources alone 
 has compelled them to abandon for the present their earnest de- 
 sire to prolong the period of training to two or three years'' — 
 Aliens Report on Battersea, Aug. 18, 1843, 
 
 "In 28 Prussian establishments, reported on by Mr. Cousin in 
 1838, 897 pupils remained two years, and 483 three years, but 
 for 120 the time is not fixed. There leave annually 161 of those 
 who stay three years, and in all 609, who are called Candidates." 
 — Cousin's Report^ {Austens Translation,) p. 163. 
 
 " The Normal school (at Versailles) contains 100 pupils, who 
 remain under instruction two years. At the end of these two 
 years' course, they undergo a very searching examination at the 
 Sorbonne in Paris. This examination lasts five or six days, and 
 takes place twice a year. 
 
 "The number of Normal schools in France in 1837 amounted 
 to 74, containing 2406 pupils." — Maurice's Educational Magazine, 
 vol. i. p. 27. 
 
 D
 
 50 
 
 and of our resources might appal the famt-hearted, 
 but it surely affords to Bishops and Clergy the highest 
 possible ground of appeal to public benevolence on behalf 
 of Training Colleges, without which the experience of 
 thirty years proves that no adequate supply of efficient 
 teachers can possibly be obtained. 
 
 Of the institutions named above, some may perhaps 
 fail altogether,'" unless the Parent Society intervene to 
 re-organize and support them, either by loans, as at 
 Chester in 1840 (since honourably repaid) ; or by tempo- 
 rary assistance until their success be secured, as in com- 
 mon Factory schools when local means are not available ; 
 or by grants founded upon a proportionate local subscrip- 
 tion, which latter course, except under very peculiar circum- 
 stances, appears to be the most desirable. Others, whose 
 Bishops and Cathedral Chapters feel for them parental 
 anxiety, and whose imperfect success has arisen from 
 external rather than internal causes, will advance, as 
 they have been founded upon principles of independent 
 action. 
 
 To encourage their respective Committees, by inquiry, 
 counsel, correspondence, and frequent personal communi- 
 
 * Since the above was written, the Wells Board has signified 
 its intention of abandoning its Training establishment, and of 
 sending its pupils to St. Mark's, Chelsea. Unless, therefore, the 
 latter institution be enlarged, the supply of masters will be pro- 
 portionately diminished throughout the country at large. If in 
 the absence of accommodation at St. Mark's, they should be 
 transferred to Battersea, there will then be an intermixture of 
 boys and men at the latter establishment, which was originally 
 undertaken for the training and supply of adults only. In either 
 case, the hopes held out to the country by the National Society 
 and its affiliated Boards will be disappointed, and we shall retro- 
 grade, when we ought to be advancing.
 
 51 
 
 cation, is the special duty and privilege of those who 
 constitute the Committee at Westminster. 
 
 When the next Annual Meeting of Secretaries takes 
 place, the subject of Training institutions, Commercial 
 schools, and Ecclesiastical inspection — undertakings re- 
 quiring to be completed in 1844, as much as they did to 
 be originated in 1838, — will, doubtless, lead to renewed 
 exertions, and be crowned with success proportioned to 
 that of the special Mining and Manufacturing fund. 
 
 Among the encouraging circumstances in our review 
 of Training institutions, we may adduce the connection 
 which has been established between them and Cathe- 
 drals : the subscriptions and support of Cathedral bodies 
 may hitherto have been inadequate ; but, when once 
 their fostering care has been extended for a season, the 
 stability of the ancient endowment ought to assist in giving 
 strength to the new institution. 
 
 The Committee of Correspondence in 1838 liad, I be- 
 lieve, imagined, when they recommended Cathedral towns 
 as the most appropriate location for such estabhshments, 
 that a Prebendal stall might have been set apart as a 
 permanent provision for the head of every Diocesan college 
 united with the National Society. The Cathedral bodies 
 themselves, in many cases, petitioned for some such prac- 
 tical reformation of their system, which was advocated by 
 Mr. Hope, in the House of Lords, with great power and 
 learning ; by Mr. Selwyn, of Ely, in a valuable work on 
 Cathedral Reform ; and by Archdeacon Manning, whose 
 suggestions are believed to have led to the preservation 
 of the unendowed stalls. 
 
 Upon this understanding it was at one time expected, 
 that the present Bishop of New Zealand would have 
 devoted his energies and talents at Westminster to the 
 
 D 2
 
 52 
 
 cause of National Education, as prebend and Principal 
 of the Training college. 
 
 Thus, although not made available for theological 
 seminaries, as Dr. Pusey projected in 1887, the Cathe- 
 drals would at least have linked with their worship the 
 teacher and the taught ; and endowments said to have been 
 originally made for the advancement of religious learning, a 
 purely spiritual end, rather than for the augmentation of 
 poor livings, which is, in some degree, a measure of tempo- 
 ral benefit to patrons and incumbents, would have been 
 reappropriated to collegiate objects. The people, especially 
 the poorer classes, whom the moneyed interest has in- 
 sensibly driven away from the service of the ministry by 
 the purchase of Church patronage, and all the ramifications 
 of social influence, would then have received direct spiri- 
 tual instruction through the instrumentality of Cathedral 
 institutions ; and munificent individuals in these days, 
 emulous of ancestral piety, might have been induced, not 
 merely to give a casual subscription to societies, but to 
 connect with ancient foundations new endowments for old 
 offices once more restored to life and efficiency. 
 
 The Choral schools, generally in a state of defective 
 discipline, and the Choral singers, whose lives too often 
 correspond but ill with their profession, or whose in- 
 attention disgusts the frequenters of Cathedral worship 
 as much now as when Wyclif complained that "they 
 despised God in his face, and letten other Christian men of 
 their devotion and compunction, and stirren them to worldly 
 vanity," would then have become a part of the National 
 Training system. The endowed choirs would have been 
 instrumental in extending a knowledge of choral music 
 beyond the limits of Cathedral towns ; and Hallelujahs 
 might have resounded through the long-drawn aisles of
 
 58 
 
 those hallowed edifices, not, as now, from the lips of a 
 few secular singers, but from hundreds, and in some cases, 
 as in the great cities of Westminster, Manchester, and 
 Bristol, for instance, from thousands of habitual wor- 
 shippers. 
 
 Was this a visionary project ? Alas ! it appears to 
 have been so, inasmuch as the Cathedrals have not been 
 devoted to any such pious, or charitable, or truly popular 
 and national uses. They remain a splendid monument of 
 ancestral munificence, to be gazed at, like the Pyramids, 
 from afar, — wonderful to behold, but apparently unfit for 
 modern use, and open alike to Protestant* and Popish 
 criticism. -|- 
 
 We even seem, as it were, ashamed of their destina- 
 tion ; and when those solemn, and, to my conceptions, 
 most devout, and, if anything earthly can so be term- 
 ed, heavenly sounds, which flow in the full tide of 
 
 * " The sum required of us is not indeed a very large one, but we 
 are to consider that it comes out of the people's pockets, and the 
 purposes for which it is granted can be of vety little, if ant/, benefit 
 to them." — Debate on the Bepair of Westminster Abbe?/, 1738. 
 
 f The exulting tone with which Roman Catholics augur, from 
 the indiiference of English and Irish Churchmen to the spirit and 
 intent of Cathedral institutions, that they will eventually ac- 
 quiesce in their restoration to Popish uses, is strikingly illustrated 
 in the following extract from the Directory and Almanac for 
 1844: 
 
 " The Abbey of Westminster is not too far from the open and 
 cheerful site on which the Convent (of our Lady of Mercy) 
 stands, but that the bells of that fine church come distinctly on 
 the ear at the early hour of morning ; so that, when the old 
 times shall return, and the old Benedictines come back to their 
 house at Westminster, the humble chime of our Lady of Mercy 
 at St. George's will respond to the tolling of the great Abbey, as 
 the holy sounds call the servants of God to prayer and praise."
 
 54 
 
 sono" from a congregation trained to use the choral service, 
 are heard in any modern church or chapel, we exclaim, 
 Can that be true spiritual devotion ? it is surely only fit 
 for Cathedral worshippers ! Not so think our Transat- 
 lantic brethren who come to visit us, and whose souls 
 yearn for what we despise ?* Not so think the assembled 
 thousands who at Leeds, without distinction of rank, 
 or sex, or age, flock to the parish church, and lift up 
 their voices in prayer and praise together, with true 
 harmony not of voice only, but of heart, soul, mind, and 
 feeling ! 
 
 Elsewhere Cathedral forms and ceremonies are left us, 
 but if the reformers of past and present ages have done 
 right in preserving those forms, how much more strongly 
 ought they to insist upon a revival of the spirit f upon 
 
 * " We shall never forget the blank, dumb horror of an Ameri- 
 can clergyman at the first Cathedral service which he attended in 
 England — the glorious dream of a life was dispelled in an instant. 
 He had crossed 2000 miles of sea to realize it, and he found it 
 little better than an empty delusion." — Note to Christian Remem- 
 brancer, on Church Developement, Nov. 1843. 
 
 -j- I " verily believe that for lack of this animation, without which 
 our services are dead, many an earnest spirit that craved for 
 warmth, and sympathy, and the sense of brotherhood, has sought 
 an involuntary refuge in Dissent. 
 
 " It is in vain that time-honored edifices stand daily with open 
 gates, and that enormous naves and quires that oppress the soul 
 with their dread immensity ring with their solitary anthems. 
 
 " The mass of our fellow Christians crave the sympathies, the 
 humanities which united prayer and praise, such as our Church 
 has so amply provided for, can always supply, which is breathed 
 forth from the living temple itself, and is inspired of God." — 
 Garbett, Universit?/ Sermon, 1844. 
 
 <* In Church music, curiosity and ostentation of art, wanton, 
 light, or unsuitable harmony, doth rather blemish and disgrace 
 that we do than add either beauty or furtherance unto it. On the
 
 55 
 
 which alone their existence can be advocated as a bless- 
 ing to the community, — the spirit of incessant prayer 
 and praise, "as it was in the beginning, is now, and 
 ever shall be." 
 
 Whether the Cathedral service as ordinarily conducted, 
 or as performed in St. Mark's Chapel, Chelsea, be most 
 conducive to spiritual worship, is a question of some 
 moment.* In my humble opinion, the simple fact, that all 
 the students and school children, 150 in number, join as 
 one congregation in every response and every psalm of 
 praise, tells more than the most skilful performance by 
 secular musicians, trained, it may be, in the art, but 
 strangers to the spirit of sacred song. How sublime 
 then might be our Cathedral worship, judging from the 
 effect produced in a small chapel, without any organ, 
 if it could be thus celebrated at York Minster, Christ 
 Church Oxford, Westminster Abbey, or St. Paul's, not on 
 one anniversary day of meeting for the sons of the clergy, 
 and for Charity-school children, but daily, from year's end 
 to year's end ! 
 
 other hand, the faults prevented^ the force and efficacy of the 
 thing itself, when it drowneth not utterly, but fitly suiteth with 
 matter altogether sounding to the praise of God, is more admir- 
 able, and doth much edify, if not the understanding, because it 
 teacheth not, yet surely the affection, because therein it worketh 
 much." — (^Hooker.) 
 
 " As often as the song liketh me more than doth the sentence 
 sang, so oft I confess that I sin grievously." — St, Austin, as 
 quoted hj Wyclif. Le Bass Life, p. 346. 
 
 Vid. An interesting article on English Cathedral Music in the 
 British and Foreign Review for April 1844. 
 
 * In the Appendix, No. 3, will be found an interesting state- 
 ment respecting St. Mark's College, and the impression which it 
 produced upon the mind of an intelligent North American tra- 
 veller.
 
 56 
 
 If perchance some think it bold to breathe an earnest 
 aspiration that the choir of St. Mark's may prove 
 the germ of a thousand congregational choirs, it is done 
 with a full conviction, that, whenever new Colleges 
 set a successful example, old Collegiate bodies must 
 sooner or later follow it ; and why should not the foun- 
 dation scholars of all our great public schools and colleges be 
 trained, as they already are beginning to be at the Charter 
 House, and King's College, London, to participate in the 
 service as voluntary choristers, instead of listening v/eek 
 after week for eight or ten years of chapel attendance to 
 professional persons?* 
 
 Why should the privilege which the National Society 
 now extends to the poor, and which Mr. Hullah is en- 
 deavouring with enthusiastic energy to extend more and 
 more widely among all classes, be excluded from those 
 ancient and royal foundations ? 
 
 Would the scholars, most of whom afterwards become 
 clergymen, be less pious and useful in their parishes, 
 when each could lead his choir, and train a congrega- 
 tion to join in songs of praise as well as prayer ? 
 
 Would our services appeal less powerfully to the hearts 
 and understandings of educated men, or influence the 
 minds of the masses, whom we wish to instruct, less be- 
 neficially, if the Liturgy were everywhere sung or said 
 in the solemn manner originally intended, and the re- 
 
 * That such was the original intention of William of Wyk- 
 ham may be inferred from the custom which, as I understand, 
 still prevails at Winchester, of asking scholars at entrance whether 
 they can sing, and making them I'ejyeat a verse of some metrical 
 psalm, in evidence of their readiness to do so. 
 
 Eton scholars, on the foundation, were also expected by the 
 Statutes to have acquired a certain proficiency in the first elements 
 of singing. — Vide Eton System Vindicated, p. 47.
 
 57 
 
 peater of solitary responses, ycleped a clerk, ceased out of 
 the land ? Would the mysteries of the Holy Commu- 
 nion be celebrated with less reverence, or less widely and 
 less gratefully appreciated, when the communicants in 
 every Collegiate Church or Chapel, as at St. Mark's, once 
 more raised from the altar, in thrilling tones, the angelic 
 strain, " Glory to God in the Highest,"" and the united 
 voices of rich and poor, one with another, re-echoed from 
 the furthest recesses of every aisle (no longer, as now, de- 
 serted) the blessed assurance of redeeming love, " On 
 earth peace, good will toward men " ? 
 
 Elsewhere I have alluded to Holland with feelings of 
 regret, which its wisest and best citizens are known to 
 share, at the absence of religious instruction in all its 
 public schools ; but if there be one devotional element 
 more than another, which, surviving the French Revolu- 
 tion, operates as a check to infidel influences, that ele- 
 ment is to be found in the congregational chaunts of Pres- 
 byterian Christianity. Every child is trained to sing ; j i 
 every Christian is exhorted to sing in God's house ; and j 
 nine out of ten do sing, not from ear only, but from 
 note.* 
 
 The effect at Rotterdam penetrated to my heart's 
 core ; and I sighed to think how by our supineness 
 and indifference we had thwarted the intentions of our 
 ancestors, instead of adapting to our own more perfect 
 form of worship all those powers of harmony, and sources 
 of spiritual sympathy, with which God in his goodness 
 has endowed us. 
 
 I have now taken a cursory survey of our National 
 
 * As the first step in a right direction, Psalm-books with the 
 notation annexed, have recently been published by Parker, under 
 Mr. Hullah's direction, in three different sizes.
 
 58 
 
 system up to 1838, and of our actual Diocesan system, as 
 regards financial resources and constitutional organization, 
 the first of which seem painfully inadequate, and the latter 
 still in some measure imperfect. I have explained in what 
 manner the absence of a Central Fund, for distribution by 
 grants to Diocesan Boards, impaired in my humble opinion 
 the efficacy of their labours : I have ventured to express 
 my regret that the course adopted in regard to Cathedrals, 
 should have forced the projectors of training colleges to 
 depend more upon scanty and casual subscriptions, less 
 upon old Ecclesiastical endowments, than was first contem- 
 plated : I have dwelt on the progressive inculcation and 
 extended reception of Church principles as essential to real 
 education ; pointing out how, if different classes of one com- 
 munity are to be moulded into harmonious co-operation, 
 and social advancement in a Heavenward direction, the 
 same tone and spirit should animate the parish teacher and 
 the parish priest, — the same harmonizing influence be ex- 
 tended over mill-owners as over landlords — over the pos- 
 sessors as over the producers of national wealth in towns 
 and villages : and I have glanced at the intrusion of a 
 worldly commercial spirit within the Church pale, as a 
 w^arning, that if our past successes should have been but 
 trifling, the tone and practice of the Christian teacher must 
 be so raised as to elevate the world, not lowered to the low, 
 and, if left to itself, declining level of worldly commodity.* 
 I have instanced the revival of Choral services, not as a 
 certain mark of true spiritual progression, but as an evi- 
 dence that the hearts and minds of some at least in this 
 generation are endeavouring to rise, beyond the conven- 
 
 * " That smooth-faced gentleman, tickling Commodity ; 
 Commodity, the bias of the world. " — Shakspeare.
 
 59 
 
 tional standard of the day, to a juster appreciation of 
 the Anglican service as it has come down to us from 
 ages of primitive devotion ; and in the belief that our 
 Diocesan system, of which Cathedral worship is a cha- 
 racteristic element, will tend to bring kindred spirits in 
 every station of life more and more closely into Christian 
 communion, I venture to express a respectful yet earnest 
 hope that Bishops, Clergy, and Laity will regard it, 
 not with reluctant acquiescence or cold indiiFerence, but 
 as essential to the success of our Parochial School System. 
 
 I proceed to consider, 1, how that system, of which, 
 the nearer we approximate to a perfect state of Ec- 
 clesiastical discipline the more effectual may become the 
 workings, can be carried out and perpetuated; 2, how 
 we can secure, through Church channels, a permanent 
 supply of licensed teachers. 
 
 Large funds are a necessary condition of success; but 
 past experience, if not a keen perception of Church feel- 
 ing, must assure us that public meetings and platform 
 speeches will not suffice to obtain these, nor even news- 
 paper advertisements, successful as they may appear on 
 some occasions, and justifiable so far as they may be used 
 to throw the broad shield of publicity over pecuniary 
 transactions. There must be some Church foundation, 
 independent of official popularity and activity, or even of 
 a Bishop's personal character; and the suggestion which 
 I now proceed to offer, in a spirit which your Grace 
 and other persons in authority will, I trust, not deem 
 presumptuous, is, that if no ancient collegiate institutions 
 he available for modern uses, the foundation of new ones 
 ought to he laid, in a form productive of endowments and 
 hequests. Thus have our University colleges, with their
 
 60 
 
 exhibitions, scliolarsliips, and fellowships, been perpe- 
 tuated ; and through them has * the spirit of Church 
 Education been kept alive in times when the civil authority 
 not only used the patronage of the Church for secular 
 purposes, but disturbed the channel through which pro- 
 ceeded the stream of episcopal succession. 
 
 In Holland, where the endowment system either did 
 not prevail originally, or where the course of events de- 
 stroyed it. University officers are all dependent on the 
 State ; so are the clergy generally; and hence they have 
 become, in a great measure, not merely Erastian, but 
 Neological : constant moral persecution, operating through 
 every official and legal channel, has moreover intimidated 
 those who adhere to the faith of their forefathers, to such 
 an extent, that in Switzerland, in the year 1838, I heard 
 prayers offered up by a Calvinistic minister, on the part 
 of his congregation, for the softening of the late King of 
 Holland's heart. All sects are paid, but zeal is quenched, 
 and the State schoolmaster has superseded the Christian 
 teacher. 
 
 How important is it then, that, in establishing the foun- 
 dations of an extended educational system for the hum- 
 bler classes of society, the same independence which stamps 
 our Universities with a permanent character should be 
 aimed at and secured. Neio corporate bodies ought to he 
 formed in exiery diocese; but, until that be practicable, 
 a collegiate character at least should invest every Train- 
 ing institution. Lord Adare and Mr. Sewell, deeply 
 aware of this paramount necessity, have proceeded upon a 
 similar plan, and carried out the principle contended for 
 
 * " A corporate form and character is one of the more essential 
 conditions of keeping up the spirit of education." — Q,uar. Rev. 
 1837.
 
 61 
 
 at the new college of St. Columba in Ireland ; the masters 
 being fellows, not stipendiary officers of a society, or board 
 of subscribers.* Why should not this be done for the 
 poorer, as it has been for the richer classes in this coun- 
 try?-(- and fellowships become a subject for competition and 
 reward among teachers, as training scholarships might be 
 among pupils in practising schools, and exhibitions already 
 are among national school boys. A normal school of mo- 
 dern invention and foreign growth may be subscribed to as 
 a novelty ; but, if it helonghond/ide to the Church, it should 
 be made entirely worthy of Church support in government, 
 principles, and tendencies, before it can take root in the 
 hearts of the community. Half-and-half objects conciliate 
 no enemy, satisfy no caviller, and secure no decided friend. 
 A really great object may look more formidable ; but 
 it contains within itself the germs of ultimate success, in 
 the cordial approval and zealous support of Churchmen. 
 To such objects, and to such only, men devote ^ves of 
 self-denial, and professional industry on a corresponding 
 scale of magnitude. These are the works which, like 
 charity, are twice blessed, blessing him that gives and him 
 that receives. 
 
 By endowing and perpetuating to God's honour and 
 service in every diocese such institutions as those at 
 Chelsea and Chester, each with a large number of ex- 
 
 * "We have laid the foundation of this plan in an organized cor- 
 porate body, such as our wisest ancestors, both in the Church and 
 the State, were in the habit of framing when they wished to give 
 vitality, and energy, and durability to any Christian operation." — 
 Sewell's Opening Address, 26 April, 1843. 
 
 \ When genius and industry have executed the greater task 
 with distinguished success, let not our pride or our insensibility 
 prevent us from attempting the less." — Dr. Parrs Works, vol. ii. 
 p. 193.
 
 62 
 
 hihitioners, scholars, fellows, and pensioners, resident and 
 non-resident, in which scheme institutions for females, 
 with corresponding advantages, might obtain an appropriate 
 place, the encouragement afforded not only to enlist pro- 
 mising pupils, but to retain deserving teachers, and provide 
 for the infirm and aged after a certain period of service, 
 would unite the middle and lower classes with the higher 
 orders of society by ties of mutual service and obligation ; 
 parents would regard the scholastic profession as a post 
 of honour for studious children ; and the rich of our times 
 would earn the gratitude of distant ages, when objects of 
 temporary duration, however excellent, shall have lost all 
 place in history. 
 
 If, however, that low standard of Christian warfare 
 which the habit of standing still as an army, and of 
 rushing on in guerilla detachments by impulse rather 
 than design ; always on the move, but never in concerted 
 order of battle, should render any such contemporaneous 
 act of personal devotion to the cause of the people in 
 ever^ diocese as idle a vision, however splendid, as the 
 application of prebendal stalls in every Cathedral to 
 the same object, why should not St. Mark's, at least, 
 be placed as an example to others upon a true Collegiate 
 foundation ? Heads and Graduates of the Universities of 
 Oxford and Cambridge could undertake no work more 
 conducive to the public weal than by affording some such 
 practical evidence that the most distinguished possessors of 
 religious learning are the most eager advocates for its dif- 
 fusion ; that their own deep sense of responsibility makes 
 them the more anxious to cast ever?/ teacher''s character in 
 the same Church mould ; * that their own professional suc- 
 
 * Of this an example on a small scale has come to my know-
 
 63 
 
 cess makes them sympathize the more keenly with all the 
 vicissitudes of a teacher's lot ; and that, whatever be its 
 modifications, social or intellectual, teaching is a ^jrofession^ 
 not a trade^ — a moral power, of slow growth, which we 
 may create and extend by moral means, but which we 
 cannot manufacture wholesale, whether we wish to educate 
 boors, or graft a Christian character on gentlemen. An 
 accumulating fund, originating in donations from every 
 college, on a liberal scale, for a given term of years, with 
 sums raised among members by instalments, and recom- 
 mended to the youthful zeal of the wealthy after passing 
 their degree, would quickly give life and progressive ex- 
 tension to this national undertaking. 
 
 There is, too, a claim on the richer section of the mid- 
 dle classes, and especially on those who reap the fruits of 
 University endowments, which the poorer section of those 
 classes, and the poorest class of all, may be fairly justified 
 in pressing home to the consciences of their n^ore pro- 
 sperous brethren. 
 
 The charitable intentions of our ancestors provided ac- 
 cess to holy orders, and the means of a suitable education, 
 through channels which have often been appropriated by the 
 rich. The ancient duties of servitors, which to pious 
 students of low origin were neither derogatory nor dis- 
 tasteful, are now humiliating to the sons of gentlemen ; 
 and the difference in caste kept up between gentlemen 
 who pay their college dues and gentlemen for whom 
 their ancestors have made provision, proves by its want 
 of sense our own want of adherence to the intentions 
 
 ledge since the above was written, in the attempt to found five 
 Studentships at St. John's, Cambridge, in connexion with Gram- 
 mar schools, for the express purpose of rearing Missionary cate- 
 chists, to join the Bishop of New Zealand.
 
 64 
 
 of founders.* These perversions of trust, or, to say the 
 least, changes of destination, are moreover still more in- 
 jurious to poor scholars, in consequence of the heavy inci- 
 dental expenses which modern usage has entailed upon 
 foundation scholars, and which excludes from any share of 
 patronage the very poor, however deserving. The opening 
 of collegiate situations to public competition has been at- 
 tended with a similar result ; for, as religious and moral tes- 
 timonials, with reference to the formation of a clerical 
 order, are taken 'pro formd^ not rigidly investigated or 
 contrasted together, and success depends on scholastic 
 attainments, the very poor have, comparatively speaking, 
 least chance of being well prepared, or, to use a vernacular 
 University phrase, crammed. Here and there extraor- 
 dinary genius may win the day, but those who have had 
 the benefit of the most expensive preliminary education are 
 generally most successful. In an academical point of view 
 this system has worked well, as the Dean of Ely"-f" justly 
 observes, and the mind of the higher classes may have been 
 beneficially stimulated, but our Day-schools have at the 
 same time widened the circle of our intellectual claimants, 
 
 * The following extracts shew that the early Reformers were 
 as sensible of this defect in our social institutions as we ourselves 
 are, and denounced it with greater freedom. 
 
 " There be none now but great men's sons in Colleges^, and 
 their fathers looked not to have them preachers. So every way 
 the office of preacher is pointed at. 
 
 " The Devil also hath caused all this monstrous kind of covet- 
 ousness — patrons to sell their benefices : yea, more, he gets 
 himself to the University, and causeth great men and esquires to 
 send their sons thither and put out poor scholars that should be 
 Divines ; for their parents intend not that they should be 
 preachers, but that they may have a show of learning." — Lati- 
 mer's Sermons. 
 
 t Vid. Peacock's Cambridge University Statutes.
 
 65 
 
 and Collegiate influences have heen most restricted at a 
 time when their diffusion became most needful^ with re- 
 ference to the formation of character. The consequences 
 of this unnatural restriction have been highly injurious 
 to the Church and to the nation. The democratic ele- 
 ments of mischief have overrun the country, and intimi- 
 dated the legislature, and alienated public bodies from 
 the Church ; while the popular elements of the Church 
 system, which the choice of fishermen for apostles iden- 
 tified with its Divine commission, and the course of his- 
 tory points out as preservatives against regal tyranny, and 
 aristocratic selfishness, and popular delusion, — those ele- 
 ments of good, I say, whereby " the poor have the Gos- 
 pel preached to them," — were too frequently overlooked. 
 When the body is sick, we send for the best physician, 
 without asking whether or not he be well-born ; but 
 in spiritual matters we are more nice, because we are 
 less afraid ; and as with individuals, so with the body 
 politic. We refrained from multiplying clergymen in 
 proportion to the wants of the community, until we 
 could find means to maintain gentlemen ; * and the poor 
 
 * Bishop Berkeley foresaw the consequences of this restrictive 
 system more than 100 years ago in Ireland, as well as in North 
 America, but his warnings were unheeded. 
 
 Among the queries which he proposed to the consideration of 
 the public are the following : 
 
 " Whether it be not right to breed up some of the better sort 
 of children in the charity schools, and quahfy them for missiona- 
 ries, catechists, and readers ? 
 
 " Whether it be not of great advantage to the Church of 
 Rome that she hath clergy suited to all ranks of men in gradual 
 subordination from cardinals to mendicants ? 
 
 " Whether her poor clergy are not very useful, and missiona- 
 ries of much influence with the people?" — Berkeley's Queries^ 
 1736.
 
 6G 
 
 scholars whom we did educate being few in number, and 
 for the most part distinguished by superior talent, natu- 
 rally rose into an expensive sphere of society. The pride 
 of wealth, which treats poverty almost as a sin rather than 
 a blessing, (which it is when religiously estimated,) took 
 possession of Churchmen ; and estimation among men, so 
 indispensable to clerical usefulness, was sought in wealth 
 and social rank, rather than in the Divine commission. 
 The requirements of modern usage, and an artificial 
 standard of social position are felt not only at home, but 
 abroad ; and, for one missionary that our system enables 
 ns to send out, Romanists at the same expense pro- 
 vide several.* Ours, perhaps, are more refined and gen- 
 tlemanly; but how small is the circle of our choice com- 
 pared with theirs, who enlist, as Loyola and John 
 Wesley did, the ardent and self-denying and humble- 
 minded in every rank of life ! How different would 
 be our Colonial system, and every ramification of Church 
 influence, abroad as well as at home, if every large ship 
 sailed with its chaplain, -f- as is still the case in Spanish 
 
 * Two instances in India exemplifying the truth of this remark 
 have recently come to my knowledge. One, of a pious English 
 resident, who, wishing for a missionary chaplain in an inland 
 station, offers 150/. per annum, without success. The other, of a 
 respectable Romish priest, whose accounts passed through my in- 
 formant's hands, and who draws on Europe for 30/. per annum. 
 
 + The charter of the East India Company contains an express 
 proviso, that no ship exceeding 500 tons' burden should sail with- 
 out a chaplain. At what period this regulation, if ever kept, was 
 abandoned, I cannot state ; but in 1822, when I visited Whampoa 
 and Canton, out of a large number of ships chiefly of 1500 tons' 
 burden, not one contained a chaplain, and the scenes of drunken 
 profligacy on Sundays were so notorious, that the Chinese sta- 
 tioned an extra police guard on the river side to keep order. I 
 happened to be present at a discussion between Dr. Morrison,
 
 67 
 
 and Portuguese Indiamen ; and Missionary Colleges, which 
 might perhaps be judiciously blended with Diocesan 
 Training Colleges, provided men of inexpensive habits, 
 to officiate, like primitive deacons, in spheres for which 
 our present University system affords a very unsuitable 
 preparation. 
 
 If, in contrasting our Protestant missions with those 
 of Rome, we include Dissenting labours, and then com- 
 pare them, we may with some fairness match zeal against 
 zeal ; but if, as Churchmen maintain, a visible and 
 rightly constituted Church be essential to ultimate success 
 in propagating Christianity, then, surely, to confine our 
 supply for the ministry to the few whom we can draw from 
 the upper classes of society, is utterly inconsistent wath 
 any effectual progress of Church Missions through English 
 instrumentality. It is true that in some of our Colo- 
 nies we have begun to found Theological seminaries ; 
 and at the very moment when English Cathedrals, as 
 abodes of Missionary teachers or learned Divines, are least 
 estimated, the Bishop of Calcutta is building a new Ca- 
 thedral, as the centre of Missionary enterprise, in his dio- 
 cese. For these indications of improvement we may well 
 be thankful ; but, as compared with the wants of emigrants, 
 to whose spiritual welfare our Legislature is even more in- 
 different than it was in Lord Liverpool's time, the supply 
 from such sources is insufficient for household claims, far too 
 small to afford effectual aid in promoting Missions among 
 
 a Dissenting missionary, and a Chinese, when the latter instanced 
 the total absence of all religious demonstrations in English ships 
 as a proof that the English nation generally could not take any 
 interest in the propagation of Christianity. The same inference 
 might be not unnaturally drawn from the deficiency of Chaplains 
 on board convict ships, where their services are quite as much 
 needed as in any prison. 
 
 E 2
 
 68 
 
 the Heathen. Bishop Selwyn, in New Zealand, may in- 
 deed carry our minds back to times as primitive as his own 
 character; but with him in his sphere, as with Bishop 
 Stewart twenty years ago in Canada, a man whose Hfe 
 was worthy of the best periods of Ecclesiastical history, 
 the burden of every appeal is men — men — men. 
 
 When at home the social evils of a redundant and 
 crowded population became intolerable, our politicians, 
 seeing the weak side of the Church and hating her Con- 
 servative influences, took up the schoolmaster, not as a 
 joint religious teacher, but as an antagonistic authority 
 — the Pedagogue versus the Priest. Church-and-State- 
 men, alarmed, sought to enlist in their own cause an 
 instrument of which they foresaw the importance ; but 
 the National schoolmaster, though placed nominally under 
 the clergyman, had neither his wealth and social rank, 
 nor his education and clerical station. The more those 
 characteristics elevated the one, the more their absence 
 lowered the other in public estimation ; and thriving 
 tradesmen, with whom his appointment too often rested, 
 first reduced his salary to a minimum and then despised 
 a poor teacher.* Progression and advancement, without 
 which the human mind stagnates, or preys on its own 
 vitality, were lost sight of by National schoolmasters : 
 they formed an isolated body ; and alone in a busy, 
 ambitious, money-seeking community, they could never 
 rise beyond one dark dead-level, without breaks or pros- 
 pect on this side of the grave. Theirs, moreover, was 
 
 * " When Trustees do or may elect a master only in considera- 
 tion of his misfortunes or infirmities, or when they give for his 
 salary a miserable pittance, less than the wages of a common 
 labourer, it can be no matter of surprise if the masters are infirm, 
 inefficient, or immoral.*' — Field's Report on Schools in Worcester- 
 shire.
 
 69 
 
 that close approximation to religious pursuits in Bible 
 lessons and Church forms, which, without the privileges 
 of Church discipline and a clear perception of Church 
 principles, is often prejudicial to sound religious influences. 
 
 So much for the past. Now let us contemplate our pre- 
 sent position. The politicians have tried and failed to unite 
 the nation, whether with or without the Church, under 
 State schoolmasters. The Church has undertaken to re- 
 medy the consequences of their failure ; and a higher 
 degree of responsibility than ever attaches to her position. 
 Large funds may continue to be raised for school build- 
 ing, and hundreds of the next, as of the past genera- 
 tion, well drilled and ill taught in schools of Brohdig- 
 nag dimensions ; but, as a Church undertaking to fill the 
 high office of instructress of the people, it is difficult to 
 point out any mode by which the duty can be adequately 
 discharged, until her members restore to the poor the 
 birthright of which the rich have deprived them. — until, 
 instead of equalizing Church revenues, so as to drive 
 away the highest orders from the sacred profession, the 
 meek and lowly and studious and energetic in every 
 rank of life may be trained to share in that blessed 
 work, from which poverty alone excludes vast multitudes, 
 whose hearts incline them, at the dawn of manhood, to 
 the service of the Sanctuary. It is from poor youths of 
 pious dispositions that the ranks of Romish priests and Dis- 
 senting ministers are chiefly filled, many being children of 
 Churchmen ; and when such persons, who, with the ardour 
 of youth, yearn for the sympathies of Church communion 
 and find it not, forsake the Temple as it were, to wor- 
 ship in Samaria, I trust it may betoken no want of re- 
 spect for what is sometimes termed our venerable esta- 
 blishment, if a desire be expressed that its restrictive
 
 70 
 
 system of modern growth could be expanded, in accord- 
 ance with ancient usage, so as to nip Popery and Dis- 
 sent in the bud by aftbrding such men a suitable education 
 through the medium of new Collegiate endowments, and by 
 providing a place for them in the ecclesiastical polity of the 
 country. 
 
 How that place can best be found, is a question well 
 worthy of consideration, but too much mixed up with our 
 system of clerical education, and ordination generally, to 
 be treated of otherwise than as part of a great whole. 
 
 Its solution, whenever the times are ripe for real improve- 
 ment, will rest with persons in authority. " Let a sound 
 training system be first established, and the men we want 
 provided,"*' was an eminent person's remark in 1838 ; " the 
 heads of the Church, once made conscious of their value, 
 will then be glad to license such men, and obtain some 
 definite hold on their professional services." At all events, 
 whether the clergy be or be not multiplied, the period has 
 arrived when, if we really intend to educate men as rea- 
 sonable beings, not to drill them into subjection, we must 
 grapple boldly with all that pertains to a teacher's profes- 
 sional career, so far as it depends on voluntary associa- 
 tions. 
 
 Private individuals cannot do all ; but they may do far 
 more than they yet have done, provided the Bishops and 
 Committee of the National Society, will continue to direct 
 the movement which they cannot check, and instead of 
 waiting to be impelled from without, throw themselves 
 in a spirit of faith, and fearless energy, upon the support of 
 the Church at large. In proportion to the progress and 
 stable character of their work will be its claim to per- 
 petuation through charters of incorporation from the Crown, 
 and through the gifts or bequests of individuals.
 
 71 
 
 The Training system, revived in 1888, but of which the 
 statutes of nearly all our ancient Colleges exemplify the spirit 
 and intent^ was at first little understood even by the clergy. 
 Its advocates were spoken of as well-meaning theorists, and 
 were ridiculed behind their backs by many who shook them 
 by the hand. Its adoption in ten dioceses, with more or 
 less success according to the ability of those who worked 
 it,* is now a fact, which no one can gainsay. 
 
 The report of Mr. Allen, on St. Mark's, Chelsea, an in- 
 spector appointed by the late Government, and unconnected 
 with the promoters of the system by any private ties or 
 party sympathies, is another gratifying fact ;f and not less 
 cheering is the testimony of the Head of St. Paul's College, 
 in North America, to that success on the part of the 
 National Society, which we can as yet hardly dare realize 
 to our own minds. 
 
 Those documents prove that the nearest approximation 
 to collegiate discipline, and cathedral worship of a congre- 
 gational character, in strict accordance with the rubric, 
 which a lax and self-sufficient age has yet produced, can 
 be appreciated by practical men of nice discernment and 
 independent judgement. 
 
 They prove that the friends of Collegiate training stand 
 on vantage ground, as compared with their position in 1838; 
 
 * " With the president, as with the chieftain who is to have 
 command over the others, and ought to send forth some to cull 
 flowers, and should, at will, compel others to lay the foundation 
 of works within doors, and is to rebuke the lazy, and fire the 
 brisk, we have thought good to begin ; for if he be watchful and 
 shrewd, adroit and apprehensive, the rest, when disheartened, will 
 the sooner imitate him, and obey with greater alacrity when in- 
 duced by reason and example." — Bishop Foxs Statutes ^ Corpus 
 Christi College, c. 3. 
 
 \ Vid, Appendix, No. 1 and 3.
 
 72 
 
 and almost force the bold, as I trust tliey will animate the 
 most timid, to enlarge and establish, by adequate endow- 
 ments, a system no longer theoretical, but one which Mr. 
 Coleridge, with hereditary genius, and professional skill, and 
 practical enthusiasm, has made a living reality. 
 
 One comprehensive and well-methodized plan might 
 embrace the establishment, upon a corresponding basis, 
 either of all our existing institutions, or of others in con- 
 nexion with one Diocesan system. This might still be 
 done by grants from one Central Fund, as first contem- 
 plated in 1838, and met by corresponding local endow- 
 ments, of which an example has been set in the Curates'* 
 Fund Society, and by the Grovernors of Queen Anne^s 
 bounty, whose judicious management has, I believe, 
 trebled ever}^ year its ordinary revenue from the First 
 Fruits, and led to the Parochial endowments so long 
 needed and so gratefully accepted from Sir R. PeeFs Ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 The same statutes might be made generally applicable, 
 the Bishop in each diocese being visitor ; and of all ex- 
 isting statutes, those of Eton and Winchester would, I 
 apprehend, prove most applicable to such institutions.* 
 
 * The following extract from an article on Eton, in the 
 Quarterly Review, shews how prophetically the wants of the 
 middle and lower classes of society were anticipated by the 
 Royal founder. 
 
 '' They, i. e. the scholars, were ordered to be poor and indigent 
 boys, who had acquired a certain proficiency in reading and the 
 first elements of singing. 
 
 " They were admitted from all parts of England, though a pre- 
 ference was to be shewn to the natives of certain districts. The 
 scholars and choristers were apparently of the same rank, and 
 both orders were equally bound to qualify themselves for the cle- 
 rical profession. The servitors, also, were to be prepared for
 
 73 
 
 Fellowships for residents and non-residents, poor brother- 
 hoods, as at Charter House, and sisterhoods, pensions as 
 at Repton, exhibitions and scholarships of various kinds and 
 degrees of value, — all these are attainable objects, whenever 
 a foundation has once heen laid of a definite Collegiate 
 character. 
 
 We should then possess, not the thirty-seven Normal 
 schools of Prussia, it is true, paid by State taxation, 
 and subject to uncertain pohtical influences ; but some- 
 thing better, in endowed Colleges of growing magni- 
 tude, founded upon the English Church, consonant with 
 English feelings, suited to English habits, and parallel with 
 English as contradistinguished from Scotch and foreign 
 universities. At each of these, national boarding-schools 
 admitting day-scholars, parallel with our Grammar schools, 
 the best of which were founded as clerical nurseries to Ox- 
 ford and Cambridge, would provide children to form a prac- 
 tising school, and pupil-teachers as candidates for tke higher 
 department of the college, up to the age of 17 or 18. All 
 of these might not afterwards become schoolmasters, but 
 
 taking holy orders at the age of 25, when they were dismissed 
 from the College. The three classes were educated together in 
 the public schools^ and instruction was afforded gratuitously to 
 them all, as well as to the students unattached to the founda- 
 tion." — Eton Si/steyn vindicated^ p. 47-54. 
 
 '* Different as the object of the founders was, it is singular, 
 though undeniably true, that it would be difficult to devise a more 
 complete and perfect machinery of education for the presentpe- 
 riod, than is furnished by the foundation of Eton. 
 
 " It contains within itself the means of educating its future 
 masters in the best discipline for an accurate acquaintance and 
 perfect familiarity with the details of its system, the school itself; 
 while it has the power of offering a liberal remuneration for its 
 retired servants, whose character and exertions may have deserved 
 well of the institution." — Quar. Rev.
 
 74 
 
 the great majority would, if well selected, just as the ma- 
 jority of old foundation scholars at Eton and Winchester 
 become clergymen, and the more so when the foundation 
 scholars acquired and transmitted a strict Collegiate spirit 
 among the remainder, instead of receiving an irreligious 
 worldly tone from oppidans, or day-boys. 
 
 This appears to me, as it does to Mr. Coleridge, of whose 
 views I do no more than sketch a feeble outline, to be a 
 natural and altogether English course of preparation for 
 daily life, and for professional usefulness. 
 
 A purely Normal process on the foreign plan, is more 
 like that of hatching eggs by steam, if I may be permitted 
 to use a homely illustration ; or like forcing fruit and vege- 
 tables in February, because we are too impatient to await 
 the growth of Nature's hand in June. 
 
 Our new Colleges should be nurseries and vineyards, 
 not hot-houses; watered by the gentle dews of heaven, 
 and highly cultivated, but planted for this world's use, 
 in this world's eye ; and our scholars healthy grafts on the 
 old university tree, not puny exotics : so manly and in- 
 genuous, and faithful to the principles of the English 
 Church, that our most distrustful associates within the 
 Church pale may claim their co-operation without misgiv- 
 ing, or apprehension of Romish tendencies ; and yet so godly 
 and discreet that the Bishops and clergy generally may 
 hail and employ them as a long-lost and long-desired order 
 of catechists. 
 
 The same foundation would support and direct the 
 junior and senior departments ; one Principal being over 
 all, and one form of discipline common to both. Pe- 
 riodical examinations of a formal character, correspond- 
 ing with University examinations and degrees, might take 
 place at St. Mark's College as a common centre, or at Ox-
 
 75 
 
 ford, Cambridge, St. David's Lampeter, and Durham, by 
 means of special endowments ; which latter University 
 already affords a successful illustration of the benefits 
 arising from Cathedral endowments, when applied, under 
 Episcopal direction, to the advancement of religious learn- 
 ing. 
 
 If in this manner a new order of licentiates could be 
 instituted, parallel with the order of pastors ; pastors them- 
 selves being not merely multiplied through the agency of 
 societies, (a wretched system, of dubious necessity and of 
 schismatical tendency,) but imbued, whether rich or poor, 
 in higher Diocesan or University seminaries with self-deny- 
 ing missionary principles : *" then, indeed, the Church, being 
 rendered as competent as she is willing, might assert her 
 claims with more satisfaction than she can at present, to 
 become the national instructress. 
 
 In the proposals for improving Education through the 
 National Society, which were sanctioned by your Grace and 
 other Bishops in 1838, and agreed to by old and new sup- 
 porters, improvement was defined to mean " the tuition of 
 masters themselves under a system of sound discipline, clas- 
 sification, and honorary encouragement, which shall ele- 
 vate their characters, enlarge their attainments, and sti- 
 mulate their ambition as a body by holding out to pro- 
 
 * Of our pure altars worthy ; ministers 
 
 Detached from pleasure ; to the love of gain 
 Superior, insusceptible of pride ; 
 And by ambitious longings undisturbed ; 
 Men whose delight is where their duty leads 
 Or fixes them ; whose least distinguished day 
 Shines with some portion of that heavenly lustre 
 Which makes the Sabbath lovely in the sight 
 Of blessed angels, pitying human cares. 
 
 WOKDSWORTH.
 
 7G 
 
 fessional excellence a certain hope of professional advance- 
 ment.'''' Here adequate training or tuition is specified as 
 the first element of improvement, but a definite 2^rofessional 
 si/stem is declared essential to its continuance. St. Mark'^s 
 and other training establishments have commenced the 
 desired tuition, with apprentices from 14 to 21 years 
 of age. Endowments may perpetuate it, through a 
 system of Collegiate discipline ; but to secure the per- 
 manent services of those teachers, or self-trained men, of 
 corresponding characters, some really professional tie, some 
 system of public classificatmi, appears to be even more 
 necessary in 1844 than it was in 1838. 
 
 The same arguments which apply to the learned profes- 
 sions apply to the teacher's office ; and, the more forcibly 
 the Church insists upon her claim to educate her children, 
 the more reasonably may the public expect some profes- 
 sional warrant for all who profess to act as teachers under 
 clerical superintendence. The Bishop's licence was once 
 that warrant ; but whether its revival by general consent 
 be, or be not practicable, at all events it requires to be 
 preceded by public or official examination. The College 
 of Physicians, whose licentiates belong to various places 
 of education, but whose fellows were formerly expected 
 to have taken a degree at Oxford or Cambridge, would 
 perhaps affiyrd a good model for adoption in its scheme of 
 graduation. 
 
 We might then have, 1, Apprentices; 2, Licentiates 
 of the first and second or third class ; 3, Fellows and Pen- 
 sioners. 
 
 Private certificates, whether given by public bodies or by 
 individuals, present a fallacious and indefinite standard of 
 judgement. 
 
 In a Societv embracing, as the National Society does,
 
 77 
 
 many ramifications of opinion among its members, and 
 many ecclesiastical subdivisions, the publicity both of Col- 
 legiate and Professional degrees seems indispensable as a 
 passport to confidence, still more as a source of just dis- 
 tinction, and ground of claim to the benefit of endow- 
 
 Archdeacon Hale, than whom no more practical or expe- 
 rienced authority could be quoted, has already laid the 
 basis of some plan of public examinations before your 
 Grace in a printed form ; and, if his suggestions could 
 be carried out in accordance with an endowed Colleoiate 
 system, (adequate funds being thereby j^rovided,) or under 
 the direct authority of each Bishop, the benefits of Diocesan 
 colleges would not be confined to their inmates, but extend 
 upwards among the whole professional body of private 
 ushers and teachers. 
 
 Examinations for degrees would produce the classification 
 of those we employ ; and wherever men of tried experience, 
 whose advantages have been less great than those enjoyed 
 by Collegiate students, present themselves for graduation, 
 their ability, once publicly acknowledged, will sever them 
 from the common herd, and hold out to others a legitimate 
 motive for similar exertions. The London Schoolmasters'* 
 Society under Mr. Moody, late Clerical Master of the Cen- 
 tral School, Westminster, has during the last three years 
 secured for its members the hearty approval of all who 
 sympathize with the teachers that are, as well as with 
 those that are to be ; and, however earnest may be our 
 desire to impress on the teacher's character a stamp which 
 College residence alone can ghe^ the advocates of the Dio- 
 cesan system will, I am sure, be the first to hail as licen- 
 tiates or as pensioners, where endowments render such 
 selections practicable, the men who, like those associated
 
 78 
 
 with Mr. Moody, have attested under clerical and orderly 
 superintendence, the reality of their Christian mission by 
 devoting every hour which they can spare from busy life to 
 personal and professional improvement. 
 
 Having thus explained the grounds upon which, as it 
 appears to me, our present Diocesan system ought to be 
 founded on Collegiate endowments^ in order that it may 
 become permanent; and a teacher's profession united, by 
 scholarships, fellowships, pensions, examinations, and de- 
 grees, with the Church, through Collegiate channels^ — not 
 by the irresponsible, irregular, and ineffective agency of socie- 
 ties and committees of subscribers, however zealous and 
 well-intentioned ; it may not be superfluous to notice briefly 
 some of the most obvious arguments for and against the 
 endowment system. First, as regards abuse : 
 
 Granting that Grammar schools have been, and are still, 
 frequently inoperative, may we not ask, in return, (and 
 with the greater force because the question has been so 
 often asked, and never answered,) where classical learn- 
 ing, and all that our ancestors generalized under the 
 term Humanities, would have been, if no such founda- 
 tions had existed?''^" It was said by Voltaire, that the 
 English were like their own beer, froth at the top, 
 dregs at the bottom, and sound in body, as a whole, — but 
 if the extremes of poverty and wealth, which now, as then, 
 abound amongst us, may have tainted the lowest and 
 highest classes with characteristic infirmities, we certainly 
 owe to our endowed schools and colleges whatever chivalry, 
 
 * For a description of the consequences of the liberal sys- 
 tem, in New England, set up by the Puritans in opposition to 
 Church Grammar Schools, and of which the introduction has been 
 attempted in this country, and effected in Australia, vide Appen- 
 dix, No. 4.
 
 79 
 
 and loyalty, and churchmanship, and true nobility of cha- 
 racter may still remain to justify his eulogy of the bond 
 fide heart of the nation. 
 
 They have outlived many political storms, and many 
 strange vicissitudes of party feeling ; but they remain a 
 beacon of light in the darkest atmosphere of ignorant 
 conceit, a standard of opinion amidst the many phases of 
 popular prejudice. 
 
 The minds of men have undergone a change in the 
 places where those monuments endure, and when modern 
 ten-pound householders cannot see the uses of a dead 
 language, or understand any higher philosophy than that 
 which is fostered by Mechanics' Institutes, their school- 
 rooms are frequently deserted ; but let the tide of popu- 
 lar favour be once more directed to the wisdom of our 
 Alfreds, our Edwards and our Cranmers, and the very 
 fact of the worldly bias which commerce has given to 
 the national mind will render us the more grateful for 
 some sheet-anchor of preservation against its selfish and 
 soul-absorbing vortex. 
 
 Because, then, we have been sometimes cheated, shall 
 we never trust ? and, because a depraved appetite scorns 
 wholesome spiritual food, shall we make no provision for 
 the healthful nurture and aliment of posterity ? 
 
 Can they who ask ' What has posterity done for us?' be- 
 lieve in the Communion of Saints* — in the immortality of 
 
 * We may and should, while we conscientiously and closely 
 attend to all the duties of this present life, never lose sight of 
 the fact surely most consolatory and delightful, that we are citi- 
 zens of an eternal polity, and are privileged to select examples 
 from among, and hold secret communion with, the wise and good of 
 all ages ; our cTroTrrai, and encouragers in the heavenly course, as 
 we trust they will through God's mercy become our everlasting 
 companions. — Bishop Jebb,
 
 80 
 
 Cliristian brotlierlioocl — in the everlasting sanctities of fa- 
 mily affection ? Monastic endowments, with the corrui)tions 
 of which we are more familiar than with their excellences, 
 did their appointed work in their own Providential cycle of 
 duration ; and if peradventure some Reformed endowments, 
 or Protestant foundations, may seem open to further refor- 
 mation, the fact of our desire to reclaim their full measure 
 of usefulness is the best evidence of their intrinsic value. 
 
 If they have helped to make us what we are as a nation, 
 in thought, in character, in all that pertains to the inner 
 man, — binding together in one communion of faith, hope, 
 and charity, some few at least of every social grade — what 
 might they not have done for us under better patronage 
 and management in connexion with an extended system of 
 Collegiate and Ecclesiastical discipline ? 
 
 Hereditary trusteeships and masterships, unconnected 
 with any system of Episcopal or other effectual visitation, 
 have been the bane of Grammar schools ; not the endow- 
 ments, by means of which alone their benefits have de- 
 scended to us. The want of publicity and of Collegiate 
 sympathy, which old Cathedrals, with their numerous 
 functionaries, ought to have extended, has rendered the 
 small endowments inefficacious, but the largest grow daily 
 in public favour. 
 
 If, owing in a great measure to this cause, some defects 
 may have crept into the greatest, and great abuses into the 
 smallest, of our public seminaries ; the admission, to what- 
 ever extent it may be carried, proves more strongly than 
 any other argument the want of endowed Colleges, with 
 public examinations, like those which are now projected for 
 every grade of National teachers connected with the middle 
 and lower classes of society. 
 
 " To realize our heau ideal of a good educational
 
 81 
 
 system,'*'* says Chalmers, " there must be the erection 
 of a right machine, and the appointment of right men 
 to work it."" 
 
 He proceeds to lay all the blame of perverted endow- 
 ments on corrupt patronage, and certainly it has had its 
 full share of responsibihty ; but when entrance into holy 
 orders became also abused, and our University system of 
 training lost in Collegiate discipline what it gained in 
 secular popularity, the appointment of clergymen to Gram- 
 mar schools, as well as that of nominal members of the 
 Church to National schools, ceased to fulfil the founders'* 
 intentions. The right machine had been bequeathed to us, 
 but without any provision to insure right men to work it : 
 and thus, in the absence of any effective training system, 
 although endowments could not vivify dead Churchmen, in 
 bad times, they left at least a landmark for future guidance ; 
 so that, w^ierever good masters did spring into being, the 
 school soon flourished, as it decayed when its workers were 
 inefficient. 
 
 If, however, experience can point out one species of en- 
 dowment, more than another, the want of which neutralized 
 the good done by the remainder, that endowment we ought 
 surely to supply, and thereby arrest from future genera- 
 tions the perpetuation of acknowledged abuses. 
 
 If, even among clergymen, a want of scholastic ability, 
 which comes not by intuition, renders what the Germans 
 call the science of psedagogik, and for which the establish- 
 ment of a University professorship has been suggested, a 
 desirable element of the highest branches of education, how 
 much more so when rude peasants and a demoralized 
 race of factory children are to be trained (not drilled) 
 between the intervals of daily toil ? 
 
 If the system of leaving the Grammar school master to
 
 82 
 
 make himself a teacher upon general self-educating prin- 
 ciples, even when he was a clergyman, has not always 
 worked in the best manner, — good clergymen being often 
 bad masters ; and if, owing to the want of any professional 
 training or classification, connected with Collegiate fel- 
 lowships, the very name of usher has become a by-word 
 among school-boys and novelists as indicating an unhappy, 
 homeless, hopeless being, — one who reaps the thorns and 
 thistles without the fruit of professional toil ; how much 
 less right have we to depend upon self-tuition, or mechanical 
 training in model schools for a still lower grade of teachers, 
 who, themselves altogether uneducated, seek to leaven the 
 minds of the community ? 
 
 A perpetual w^ant, therefore, demanding a perpetual 
 supply, can only be met adequately by endowments ; and if 
 a tithe of the money locked up in school-buildings, which 
 bad masters cleared of scholars, had been invested in Dio- 
 cesan colleges, the difficulties which now stare us daily in 
 the face would never have existed. 
 
 Ungrateful, indeed, should we be to ancestors whose 
 principles we claim as our best inheritance, if we quar- 
 relled with that system, viewed as a whole ; for which 
 modern ingenuity has devised no better substitute than 
 committees of subscribers, and proprietary shareholders, 
 and electors more numerous than the children to whom 
 their patronage, on almost every ground except a religious 
 one, is extended. 
 
 Supposing the principle of endowment to be admitted, 
 its practical application may yet be resisted on the ground 
 of our inability to afford so great an outlay for one ob- 
 ject. We want Curates, Missionaries, Churches at home 
 and abroad. Colonial Bishops, and District Visitors. If 
 Diocesan Boards, with small training establishments, can
 
 83 
 
 scarcely subsist, how should endowments for large Training 
 colleges be expected ? Church givers are few in number ; 
 the Bishops and Clergy are overwhelmed ; the same 
 persons are again and again appealed to : let us, at least, 
 have breathing-time. 
 
 The answer to these and similar remarks is, that, unless 
 school-building can stand still, school teachers must be 
 found ; and, some training system, either mechanical as 
 heretofore, or Collegiate, must be adopted and perpetuated. 
 
 Happily, the minds of men are disposed to embrace 
 many objects of present and prospective attainment. Mis- 
 sions and churches, therefore, promote each other, and 
 schools ordinarily follow. How much more should they 
 be preceded by Collegiate foundations for National 
 teachers — that class of whom we require so much, 
 and for whom we do so little ? The habit of giving 
 leads to a larger and larger measure of benevolence. 
 On general grounds, therefore, other claims appear no 
 argument against any one claim of acknowledged neces- 
 sity : but endowments open a new question. 
 
 Why cannot training institutions proceed, it may be 
 asked, as they have begun, by small subscriptions 1 Why 
 sink capital in large buildings and endowments? I an- 
 swer, that apart from important considerations affecting the 
 constitution of committees and of societies, whose fluc- 
 tuating character and dependence on uncertain influences 
 operate against their permanent usefulness, the expense of 
 Collegiate buildings is, in the end, less than that of hired 
 premises ; and endowments operate as a far more powerful 
 plea to lasting benevolence than any system of casual 
 subscription. 
 
 They are the nest-egg to an unceasing deposit of bene- 
 factions and bequests, — at one time, blessing a blind gene- 
 
 F 2
 
 84 
 
 ration In spite of its own waywardness ; at another, 
 diverting into tlie safest channels that floating mass of 
 charitable impulse, which, during periods of religious excite- 
 ment like the present, stands in need of judicious pilotage. 
 
 The statute of Mortmain is a lasting record of our na- 
 tural tendency to throw large resources into great under- 
 takings. If public bodies, which have ever been averse to 
 interfere with the rights of property, and the disposition of 
 capital, were nevertheless induced to restrain individuals 
 from endowing charitable institutions with their territorial 
 patrimony, how deeply rooted must have been the im- 
 pelling principle which worldly men deprecated ! how 
 closely intertwined with our religious and social sympa- 
 thies ! The faith which founded and endowed religious 
 houses, especially during the first two centuries after the 
 Norman invasion, may have been, as Blackstone and others 
 assert, the produce of death-bed fears and confessional power, 
 against which the public sought and obtained a safeguard, 
 — (or rather the great lords, who dreaded any equipoise to 
 their own order,) — but how strong an evidence is hereby 
 afforded (whether the allegation be, or be not, correct) that 
 even in the worst days of baronial lawlessness, men of all 
 ranks, in all places, and in great numbers, did acknowledge 
 that it was their duty to perpetuate the faith in which 
 they lived and died among their descendants ! 
 
 Fear, acting on weak nerves, may stimulate a corrupt 
 faith ; but with how much greater influence shall love, 
 casting out fear, animate a pure faith, and seek to propa- 
 gate its own bright image ! Hence the statute of Henry 
 the Eighth, which was at the time directed against super- 
 stitious uses, or masses in chauntries for souls in purgatory, 
 was extended to charitable uses in the reign of George 
 the Second ; and without wishing to prejudice any argu-
 
 85 
 
 ment in favour of revising that act, from which it is to be 
 hoped that other Colleges, besides those already specified, 
 will one day be exempted, the rigor of the English law so 
 far accords with somid Christian principles, inasmuch as it 
 indirectly counsels us not to postpone till death surprises 
 us, and *' our faculties languish," (to use the words of the 
 Statute,) those works which link our lives with futurity. 
 
 But the policy of restricting the alienation of landed 
 property to the public detriment was never meant to pre- 
 judice endowments for the public benefit. When Lord 
 Coke called Queen Elizabeth's establishment by law, of 
 every chartered University privilege and possession, " a 
 Blessed Act," he wisely foresaw the importance of giving 
 constitutional independence to the bodies through whom a 
 healthy national spirit was to be perpetuated ; and the 
 great men who counselled King William, after the Revolu- 
 tion, were foremost in encouraging, by their amendments 
 of the Mortmain Act, the incorporation of new Colle- 
 giate bodies, or the enlargement of those already estab- 
 lished. Nay, in summing up the arguments for the Act 
 of 9 George II., the promoters of it expressed at the same 
 time a belief that the Royal and University foundations 
 specially exempted would receive the larger augmentations, 
 and considering how slightly ine result has accorded with 
 that prediction, — considering, also, that the Bounty Board, 
 then an object of groundless jealousy, has now become a 
 means of Parochial amelioration, it may, I think, be fairly 
 inferred that new Collegiate channels of munificence will 
 prove acceptable in every quarter.* 
 
 The principle, therefore, of endowments is consecrated 
 
 * Since the above was written, Lord John Manners has suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining a Parliamentary Committee on the subject of 
 the Mortmain Acts, from which we may fairly anticipate the best 
 consequences.
 
 86 
 
 by Christian usage from time immemorial, and belongs 
 to our better natures* Modern societies, which subsist 
 upon an aggregate collection of mites, and whose represen- 
 tative character embodies the principle of distrust, afford 
 no permanent resting-place to our hopes or our affections. 
 We read or listen to reports of millions and billions of 
 perishing souls in heathen lands, and drop a guinea or a 
 shilling into the missionary box ; — children at home, starv- 
 ing by thousands for lack of knowledge, obtain the same 
 madequate sympathy. Sir Robert PeeFs donation of 1000^. 
 to the National Society's Special Factory and Mining 
 Fund was lauded by the papers as an extraordinary act 
 of superlative munificence. Far larger sums, applied to the 
 foundation of schools and churches by him and others, each 
 in his own territorial sphere, attracted little observation. 
 Why this difference ? One act seems natural, and usual, 
 and consonant with every-day sympathies ; the other is a 
 more vague recognition of interest in school extension gene- 
 rally, at which men wonder, and which has had few imi- 
 tators. The scheme of a third University or Collegef at 
 Ripon, designed on the accession of James I., shews how 
 prophetic a sense of our national requirements was enter- 
 tained by the then heads of the Church, and when we 
 
 * " Whatever is left in the hands of chance must be subject to 
 vicissitude ; and when any establishment is found to be useful, it 
 ought to be the next care to make it permanent." — Idlers No. 4. 
 
 " Surely a Christian will not leave that to a contingency which 
 the Providence of God enables him, and the grace of God inclines 
 him, to do in his own person. And, therefore, as soon as we 
 have a zealous Christian spirit existing, together with temporal 
 means, we come back at once to those very endowments which 
 are sometimes spoken of as injurious to true religion." — Appen- 
 dix to Bishop of Chester s Charge, 1832. 
 
 -f Vid. Appendix, No. 2.
 
 87 
 
 compare the thousands of Dissenting teachers who have 
 superseded, in those districts, the Churchmen that such 
 a foundation might have educated, it may appear difficult, 
 but it surely can never be too late, to avert from our coun- 
 try those increasing divisions which common day-schools 
 without Colleges are, on some accounts, more likely to 
 foster than to heal. 
 
 Let us, then, follow Nature where her dictates are so 
 reasonable, and gratify our love of learning and of science 
 by founding colleges for the middle and lower classes of 
 society^ through which successive generations may, in a 
 spirit of generous confidence, and wise forethought, and 
 deliberate zeal, attest the reality of their love to God and 
 man. Such endowments will embrace the national giver, 
 whose country is his home ; and the local benefactor, who 
 admits within his breast all the varieties of social and 
 territorial preference. Every building, every fellowship, 
 every scholarship, every pension may be complete in itself, 
 and its endowments form an object of attainment once for 
 all, or, as often with our ancestors, extend over a whole life, 
 nay, reach beyond the grave. 
 
 Whoever founds a school will then, if he be wise, connect 
 it, by means of special endowments, with the Training Col- 
 lege ; visitation will flow naturally, and be secured effec- 
 tually, from an Ecclesiastical provision. Thus our charit- 
 able aims may find a definite local habitation, a some- 
 thing of personal interest, and yet not selfish in any 
 unchristian sense. Our endowments will unite us with 
 our children's children, and survive when all our earthly 
 hopes decay; faithful men will perpetuate our faith, and 
 the enduring character of our work shadow forth the 
 principle of immortality. 
 
 Nor let it be said that these are visions of ancestral
 
 88 
 
 piety, and inconsistent with modern usage. The Colonial 
 Bishopric Endowment Funds, each distinct in itself, and 
 yet the fruit of one systematic movement of the last few 
 years, are a legacy for all times. They will produce Co- 
 lonial Colleges in their turn, and so the pure stream of 
 Christianity will be perpetuated, as it always has been 
 in the Church — through bodies corporate. 
 
 If there be any one undertaking, and there are many, 
 with which the names of Howley and Blomfield will be 
 associated in distant ages, those endowments will be hailed 
 as a special ground of grateful commemoration. Nor will 
 they be a solitary record of contemporary opinion. Dur- 
 ham University was mainly the creation of Bishop Van 
 Mildert ; Lampeter College, of Bishop Burgess, assisted, 
 I believe, by Mr. Harford of Blaize Castle ; St. Bee''s 
 College, of Bishop Law and of the late Lord Lonsdale ; 
 Bishop's College, Calcutta, of Bishop Middleton, as its 
 cathedral will be the monument of Bishop Daniel Wilson. 
 St. Andrew's College, in Scotland, received its largest en- 
 dowment from Dr. Bell ; whose mind, long balanced and 
 undecided, between that institution and the National So- 
 ciety,* gave its preference at last to a collegiate foundation 
 in the place of his nativity, and to Cambridge University, 
 where he invested 15,000^. for the endowment of scholar- 
 ships. Codrington College, Barbadoes, owes its origin to an 
 ancestor of the present distinguished admiral, who likewise 
 bequeathed a splendid library to All Souls' College, Ox- 
 ford. Downing College, Cambridge, was the bequest of a 
 private individual. The Cathedral Church at Malta, the 
 first public evidence of interest in the religion of our Re- 
 formed Church which has been shewn by British possessors, 
 is the work of one illustrious Lady, whose name is con- 
 
 * Dr. Bell's legacy to the National Society was only 900/.
 
 89 
 
 nected with almost every charitable enterprise ; and from 
 the known principles of Bishop Tomlinson, we may assume, 
 that he will gladly link with his Cathedral whatever en- 
 dowments may be made by the friends of learning in the 
 East, for Collegiate and Educational objects. 
 
 During the first half of the last century 1600 Parochial 
 Clothing Schools were founded and endowed in the Me- 
 tropolis and other large towns.* 
 
 Their benefits have been rendered independent in this 
 manner of popular fluctuations, and the first endowments 
 have drawn after them other endowments, with extended 
 subscriptions. 
 
 Heriot's Hospital, in Edinburgh, a most wealthy and 
 flourishing school, was an evidence of the direction which 
 Christian charity then took ; and the property left by two 
 brothers of the name of Watson, both writers to the 
 Signet, for an Educational Institution, in 1763, amounted, 
 I believe, to nearly 100,000^. 
 
 The Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy has accu- 
 mulated since its first establishment landed estates pro- 
 ducing 10,000^. per annum, besides which it has received 
 in gifts or bequests for special objects, stock amounting 
 to 6000^. per annum during the present century from 
 Bishop Barrington, and a few other individuals. This 
 income is distributed in small pensions, chiefly 10^. per 
 annum to the widows and children of necessitous clergymen. 
 
 Besides a legacy to two great schools in India, General 
 Martin left 100,000^. to found a Training Institution at 
 Lyons for the working classes. 
 
 In 1832, a French master at Edinburgh left his savings 
 to found an institution for the sons of teachers and farmers. 
 
 * Vid. Report of the Society for Promoting Christian Know- 
 ledge, 1812.
 
 90 
 
 Mr. Dick's legacy of 113,000?. for the benefit of Paro- 
 chial Schoolmasters in Scotland, furnishes by anticipation 
 an example of such pensions as might be connected with 
 English Colleges, for the encouragement of teachers of 
 either sex. 
 
 In 1810, one Henshaw, a hatter, in Oldham, left 
 50,000?. to found a Blue Coat School, which was opened 
 in 1834, with a revenue of 1800?. per annum, the expense 
 of the building having been defrayed by a separate sub- 
 scription, to which mechanics and operatives largely con- 
 tributed. 
 
 The revenue of Christ's Hospital amounts to between 
 40,000?. and 50,000?. per annum, chiefly from bequests 
 and benefactions, of which 4000?. from Alderman Thomp- 
 son for University scholarships, and 2000?. from Mr. 
 Rowed, are recent investments. 
 
 The Rev. W. Hetherington's Pension Fund to the Blind, 
 established in 1774, was originally founded for the relief of 
 50 claimants, and now from additions by deed of gift and 
 by will, 600 persons instead of 50 only, enjoy the pension 
 of 10?. per annum. 
 
 Thus let us hope, that similar Pension Funds may be 
 attached to every Collegiate Institution connected with the 
 National Society. 
 
 Sir C. Lemon's conditional ofler of 10,000?., or, if 
 necessary, 20,000?., to endow a college for miners in 
 Cornwall (an experimental establishment having first been 
 successfully supported by him), will be in the recollec- 
 tion of every reader. It indicates the generous desire of 
 an enlightened mind to benefit society, and proves that 
 Adam Smith's commercial and distrustful axioms were 
 not, in his mind, applicable to collegiate endowments. But 
 if without presumption, and with the siucercst feelings
 
 91 
 
 of public respect, I may be permitted to comment on what 
 is now an historical fact, I would observe, that, in all moral 
 undertakings, those who expect success must depend on 
 themselves, and on men of kindred views, not on the pub- 
 lic at large. Theirs, if they persevere^ will be a gradually 
 increasing circle ; but old communities requiring instruc- 
 tion will scarcely be induced to exchange old lamps for new, 
 at their own cost, by any thoughtful or reasoning process. 
 
 Self-interest alone will never regenerate the wicked, nor 
 reclaim the ignorant ; and hopes of philosophical improve- 
 ment, based upon the discoveries of a Davy or a Faraday, 
 or even upon the smelting economies of Mr. Pattison,* 
 were too vague and remote to act as a strong governing 
 impulse. If the few who felt and appreciated Sir 0. 
 Lemon's benevolence had united with him to found an 
 independent college, its supporters might ultimately have 
 been widely extended ; but the concurrence of ignorant 
 and conceited speculators, by a self-imposed tax on pre- 
 sent income for the sake of prospective profit, was a 
 far more arduous task, particularly where the absence 
 of any decided Church principle restrained whatever in- 
 fluence the clergy might, if specially appealed to, have 
 exerted, under a Diocesan so powerful and energetic as 
 the Bishop of Exeter. 
 
 In basing upon the Diocesan system a college for teachers 
 in Devonshire and Cornwall, no degree of science, theo- 
 retical or practical, which mining pursuits require in a 
 mining country, need be excluded : Boyle and Newton 
 were both learned Theologians : a Whewell, a Buckland, 
 
 * Mr. Pattison, by his scientific skill, has added more than 
 20,000/. per annum to the lead mines of England, and reduced 
 the expense of extracting silver by two-thirds. — Tremenhecres 
 Repo7't to Com. of Privy Council^ 1840, p. 224.
 
 92 
 
 and a Herschell belong to our Universities and to our 
 Church. 
 
 Collegiate foundations in a humbler sphere might equally 
 open the doors of science to future Davies, and not the 
 less because a Church foundation commended them to the 
 affections as well as the understandings of the community. 
 
 The Clergy Orphan Corporation was instituted in 1749, 
 to educate and apprentice the orphans of poor clergymen. 
 If, instead of being placed in trade, such young persons 
 could be provided for as teachers, a double advantage 
 would be gained, and the provision already made for pre- 
 paring some of them to become governesses in private 
 families, might be extended to those fitted for Training 
 Colleges. The application of a portion of the Cholmon- 
 deley Fund Charity in this manner appears both natural 
 and expedient ; for, of all classes, the orphans of clergymen, 
 who cannot aiford a University career, might be expected 
 to devote themselves to the teacher's profession with most 
 readiness and sympathy. 
 
 The endowments made to this institution by twenty-six 
 contributors exceed 90,000^., most of which belong to the 
 present century. Here, then, are specimens of endowments 
 for pensions, and education, and apprenticeships, up to a 
 limited age, for almost every grade of society, and the exhi- 
 bitions or scholarships connected with Christ's Hospital carry 
 the good work onwards in a few instances ; but it must be 
 confessed, that public attention hitherto has been less di- 
 rected than it ought to have been to the eventful period 
 of life from boyhood to manhood, when the apprentice 
 system alone does not suffice for minds of a thinking and 
 imaginative order. 
 
 The foundation called Raine's Charity, in St. George's, 
 Middlesex, affords one of the most memorable examples
 
 9S 
 
 of real education for the working classes. It carries out, 
 in fact, the principle contended for in these pages, but 
 adapts it to domestic service instead of scholastic employ- 
 ment. Thus 40 girls are instructed in the Parochial 
 School, by public election, from 8 to 12 years of age. 
 
 They are next drafted into the Servants' Training In- 
 stitution, which is conducted on a Collegiate plan, much as 
 at Whiteland's ; and during four years, from 12 to 16, 
 Collegiate influence succeeds to the routine of early school 
 instruction. 
 
 They then take situations as domestic servants ; but the 
 benevolent founder, not satisfied with this end to his labours, 
 has added a yearly premium of 100^. as the marriage por- 
 tion of those who shall have completed a given number of 
 years of service with credit, and made a prudent choice. 
 
 Thus childhood, girlhood, and womanhood were all ob- 
 jects of specific provision, not out of a rich man's abund- 
 ance, but by a tradesman in moderate circumstances, who 
 declares in his will that he had practised a life of self- 
 denial, and abstained from marriage himself, in order to 
 provide for his relations, and at the same time endow this 
 institution, which, during his life-time, he had established 
 and supported.* 
 
 Thus was an example set by an obscure tradesman of 
 that Collegiate training which can alone produce real 
 education, and without which day-schools, especially in 
 large towns, must end in disappointment. 
 
 Every clergyman complains, that Parochial scholars 
 " are taken from instruction before the mind is capable of 
 being permanently improved, and when advice and direc- 
 tion is most required."' f 
 
 * Vid. Appendix, No. 5. 
 t Bishop of Chester's Charge, 1832.
 
 94 
 
 To the ordinary class of persons so circumstanced Pa- 
 rochial ministrations, and domestic influences, united with 
 zealous pastoral superintendence, may perhaps suffice, 
 when they are attainable ; but the enthusiastic, the intel- 
 lectual, and the highly gifted individuals, who belong to 
 every order of men, demand special care and provision. 
 Their influence will be felt, for good or evil, far and wide, 
 through every ramification of society. To them any en- 
 dowments made in Training Colleges will prove a ser- 
 vice of lasting benefit, as they may soon be rendered 
 of universal concern. The example of such endowments 
 once set will be readily followed. Every parental heart 
 will yearn towards them ; every University scholar and 
 fellow, who thanks God that his career should have been 
 smoothed, and the struggle of his spirit lightened to him, 
 will rejoice in the new opening for humbler students. 
 
 The donation of 1000^. made by a private clergyman, 
 the Rev. E. W. Edgell, for the benefit of teachers educated 
 at Whiteland's, Chelsea, evinces his regard not merely for 
 the institution, but for the individuals trained there. It 
 likewise shews that in this, as in all great works, we may 
 expect far more from the self-denying benevolence of the 
 working clergy than from the abundance of the rich and self- 
 indulgent. The Pitt, the Eldon, the Van Mildert, and the 
 Times Testimonial scholarships are all indications of a po- 
 pular current setting in the same direction. Bishop Otter's 
 Testimonial, already appropriated to a Training institution 
 at Chichester, exemplifies the actual commencement of this 
 very work. The public mind, if rightly directed, will quickly 
 appreciate the advantage of a Collegiate system, definite 
 as that of the Universities ; as independent, in the best 
 sense of the term ; sheltered from abuse by every protec- 
 tion which past experience can suggest as most beneficial;
 
 95 
 
 expansive in its growth as the population for whose benefit 
 it is intended ; and, while its religious principles are fixed, 
 capable of being moulded to every new want, as it shall 
 catch the reflection of new times. Neither will such 
 endowments be what is vulgarly called " a charity" in 
 any but the highest sense, for wealth has its duties not less 
 than its privileges ; and some debt, at least, is due upon 
 moral and religious, if not upon utilitarian grounds, to 
 those classes of society which the Saviour of the world 
 most befriended, which ecclesiastical corporations once 
 cherished and protected, and for whose necessities, spiritual 
 and bodily, the rich and great, who duped them out of their 
 once national inheritance, have done no more than a tithe 
 of what might have been done if the counsels and inten- 
 tions of Cranmer had been acted on, through the almoners 
 and instructors of a Reformed Church. 
 
 To create and perpetuate those religious charities, and 
 social affinities, and domestic habits, which may make the 
 lowest poverty honourable, and every state of life respect- 
 able, is the National teacher"'s work ; and when it is un- 
 derstood that the heart of the people is to be sought 
 through little children, and their happiness promoted by 
 the cultivation of every child-like grace, the teachers 
 who undertake this holy mission will be welcome to every 
 English hearth; the attachment they deserve will cling 
 to them through life ; and the Collegiate foundation, which 
 may be destined to rear them, receive back in prayers 
 and blessings from all classes that support which no school- 
 mechanism, however cheap, can furnish, — which no poli- 
 tical school- craft, however dexterous, can purchase, — 
 which love, founded on faith, can alone bestow. 
 
 As the Societies for promoting Christian Knowledge, 
 and propagating the Gospel, have made similar foundations
 
 96 
 
 in distant lands, so the National Society will best fulfil 
 the intent of its incorporation by directing into these new 
 but lasting channels of usefulness all the influence of 
 its collective resources. Thus may we improve, extend, 
 and develop the National and Parochial School system, and 
 prove that the spirit which preserved learning when the 
 world despised it, and which carries our letters with our 
 religion to distant countries, still lives to raise in the social 
 scale the children of our soil, the producers of our wealth, 
 the sharers of our weal as of our woe. 
 
 That spirit exists not only within the pale of our Na- 
 tional Church communion, but among thousands whose 
 hearts incline them to God's service, and who have forsaken 
 a Church, of which until lately, in all densely populated 
 districts, they scarcely saw the outward and visible form, 
 nor had ever heard of its claims through a due adminis- 
 tration of the Sacraments to a sj^ecial inward and spiritual 
 grace. They, too, have recorded their protest against the 
 State schoolmaster, — against the severance of religious 
 from secular tuition, — against the undue importance at- 
 tached to this or that new method of teaching, rather than 
 to the principles taught, — against the influences of an 
 establishment, whose vitality might have been impaired, 
 while its nominal jurisdiction would have been enlarged by 
 aid from the civil power. They knew that an ambassador 
 of Christ could not be bound over by any Privy Council 
 rule, or Act of Parliament, not to proselyte. They knew 
 that he dared not reserve the truths which our Cate- 
 chism teaches from children, for whose souls he had be- 
 come answerable ; and that to read the letter of the Scrip- 
 ture without any explanation of its meaning was either a 
 solemn farce or hypocritical pretence. 
 
 They, that is, the sincere religionists, judged of Church-
 
 97 
 
 men by themselves ; and if the zeal of men like Dr. Hook 
 on one side, or Mr. Stowell on the other, alarmed them, as 
 well it might, they naturally felt that, where such zeal to 
 proselyte did not exist, the spirit of genuine primitive 
 Christianity would be lost in Erastian formalism. To this 
 end they believed that all Government interference, Go- 
 vernment patronage, Government inspection and organi- 
 zation. Government rates, Government trusts, and Govern- 
 ment grants, administered by Government functionaries, not 
 with a view to propagate truth, as entertained in the Church, 
 but in order to conciliate this or that sect, and this or that 
 party, or to prescribe books and subjects of study, would have 
 naturally tended. Religious zeal might have been quenched, 
 the love of souls lost sight of, and a principle of utilitarian 
 worldliness substituted for the unselfish spirit of Christianity. 
 I cannot, therefore, lament under these circumstances 
 that the intervention of the State, however fairly at- 
 tempted, and benevolently intended, should have been 
 frustrated by our opponents ; but leaving them the re- 
 sponsibility, right or wrong, of that opposition, which 
 Lord John Russell denounced in the House of Commons 
 as absolutely wicked before it broke out in the country, 
 I venture, nevertheless, to say, that when founded on re- 
 ligious zeal, and love of truth, and hatred of supposed 
 error, it merits the respect of all whose opposition to the 
 normal system of 1839 was founded on high Christian 
 principles, not on political and party feelings. The ex- 
 pressions of Mr. Dunn, the Secretary of the British and 
 Foreign School Society, in his pamphlet on the last year's 
 Factory Bill, must awaken sympathy in many bosoms; 
 and make us feel, that, if his hand be not with us, his 
 heart can hardly be against us in our crusade against 
 vice and infidelity. 
 
 G
 
 98 
 
 Now comes the question, Can the Church educate the 
 people ? Can it succeed, where the State has twice sig- 
 nally failed ? I answer unequivocally ; — it can. The 
 National School system has grown with our growth, and 
 strengthened with our strength : be it ours to deepen its 
 foundations, to lay well its bulwarks in the Collegiate 
 system of the Church ; and, like other voluntary associa- 
 tions to which the spirit of Christianity has given birth, it 
 will advance more naturally, and rule men's minds for good 
 more effectually, than any State system yet devised in 
 Holland, Prussia, Ireland, or Downing-street. 
 
 It is Parochial — it is Diocesan. It will in time lead 
 back the poor to the Church, instead of making them out- 
 casts from it in the workhouse ; and leave educational in- 
 fluences under the control of the clergy, whose faith we 
 share, and whose administration, if less worldly wise, is 
 certainly more stable than that of Parliamentary poli- 
 ticians. 
 
 In proportion, however, to its value should be our 
 estimation of it ; and, if difficulties occur, ours be it to 
 surmount them. If apathy abound, let those who have 
 zeal quicken it. If there be distrust of ecclesiastical 
 authority among the ignorant, let Churchmen confront the 
 tongue of obloquy, by standing forward manfully and 
 unitedly, and proving, at some sacrifice of worldly sub- 
 stance, that the souls of poor children, whose daily toil 
 is an element of national strength, are subjects of national 
 concern. 
 
 In former times the Church had no appointed chan- 
 nel of national confederation for educational purposes. 
 
 The Bishops now act with Boards or Councils in every 
 diocese, and the National Society can, if it please, give 
 life by its central funds to every new school undertaking.
 
 99 
 
 If the sum of 299,100^. has been obtamed for building- 
 schools, training teachers, and other fundamental improve- 
 ments, during the last five years, and from 140,000?. to 
 150,000?. during the last few months, for mining and fac- 
 tory districts only, why should not much larger sums be 
 ere long raised through Central and Diocesan and Paro- 
 chial agency for Collegiate as well as School purposes, so 
 that a vigorous and comprehensive and simultaneous attack 
 may be made during the next few years on every strong- 
 hold of manufacturing and mining and agricultural igno- 
 rance ? 
 
 It is natural that sanguine and enthusiastic men, 
 who enter warmly into every project for benefiting 
 humanity, and whose inquiries open widely the pene- 
 tralia of social misery, should feel some disappointment 
 when their exertions are not fully successful, and the 
 disease more obvious than the cure. We are, how- 
 ever, responsible for our principles rather than fcr their 
 results. Our agency, much as we may magnify it to 
 ourselves, is not needed by Almighty power; and often, 
 when the Church horizon seems most clouded, the day-star 
 from on high breaks forth on us. 
 
 When it was said in Parliament that the Voluntary 
 School system had been tried, and failed, I suppose the 
 speaker meant that it had not attained its full efficiency 
 so rapidly as we could desire ; but what system involving 
 human agency ever did ? The Church certainly has not ; 
 why then should her subsidiary and partial coadjutor — the 
 school ? Why is the world, in spite of Christianity, a 
 mass of imperfection, inconsistency, and wretchedness, in 
 every social ramification? What is the Bible itself but a re- 
 cord of human suffering, among individuals and nations, as 
 has been shewn by the most learned and pious of writers ? 
 
 G 2
 
 100 
 
 If the discouragements of this particular epoch, particu- 
 larly those arising from the divided opinions of Churchmen, 
 be (which they are not) as numerous as in every preceding 
 century, from the days when St. Helena founded, and when 
 St. Chrysostom* preached for new Churches, up to those 
 when English Bishops and Statesmen unite in commending 
 Churches, Schools, and Colleges for Teachers, to private 
 henevolence^ we find in every page of history the same 
 strong ground for patience, the same hopeful motives to 
 diligence. Li labor e qules ! 
 
 When controversy rages, a devout mind believes that 
 truth will prevail in God's own time, and he does not fear 
 the issue. If love wax cold for a season, he seeks to re- 
 novate it ; yet is content to labour for years, peradven- 
 ture for a whole life, without rekindling the faint embers. 
 
 To sow and to reap both, is a blessed privilege ; but to 
 few, alas, is it accorded, and in all great enterprises faith 
 must take the place of sight. 
 
 Instead of encouraging and multiplying private exertions 
 by extended grants^ which w^as all that Churchmen asked 
 for and expected under present circumstances, the State 
 attempted a new system ; and here again, in spite of every 
 legislative facility (the Whigs uniting with Government on 
 a common basis), the result, when all appearances seemed 
 most favourable to a State educational system, has dis- 
 appointed its projectors. All eyes reverted to the 
 Church ; and your Grace, in common with the whole 
 bench of Bishops, appealed, with the full weight of au- 
 thority, argument, and example, for pecuniary aid and 
 generous confidence. There were not wanting last year 
 those who feared lest any movement should prove a 
 
 * Vid, Wordsworth's Translation of St. Chrysostom's Sermon 
 on Church extension.
 
 101 
 
 failure, and some even doubted whether 100 persons 
 could be found to give as much as 100?. each. The 
 sum of 50,000?. was regarded as the extreme limit of 
 subscription, and now the Factory Fund alone is nearly 
 treble that amount. So with regard to the National 
 Training system. The cold and indifferent may make 
 it fail, but the Church at large, if rightly appealed to, 
 can and will render it successful. If the success of the 
 movement in 1839 were incommensurate with our expecta- 
 tions, and yet attended with most important results, raising 
 the income of the National Society within a short period 
 from 1,000?. to between 6,000?. and 7,000?. per annum, 
 and that of the Diocesan Boards to 12,000?. per annum, 
 why may not the present opportunity, when so many 
 special circumstances combine together to animate exertion, 
 enable the seeds of success then scattered over the country 
 to produce a still richer harvest ? 
 
 The Bishops and Committee of the National • Society 
 raised last year 7,640?. among forty -four members of 
 their central board of management for mniing and factory 
 schools only. Why should not the Committees of all the 
 18,250 Daily and Sunday Schools, which are known to 
 be under the direction of the clergy, in England and 
 Wales, follow so good an example, and send up to the 
 National Society in aid of St. Mark's and Diocesan Train- 
 ing Colleges generally, the produce of united contributions 1 
 Every Church school teacher in the kingdom ought to feel 
 that, directly or indirectly, this great National work is a 
 personal concern. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists already contemplate raising 700 
 new schools, at a cost of 800,000?. ; yet they maintain their 
 own ministers, and theological seminaries, and missionaries 
 in every quarter of the globe, and no ancestral endow-
 
 102 
 
 ments are theirs — no universities — no aristocratic influ- 
 ences — no tithes — no bounty boards — no rates — no Royal 
 letters to authorize collections in every church. In num- 
 bers, wealth, and in social position, they form, compared 
 with Churchmen, a small fraction of the community ; but 
 they have large hearts, and lofty aims, and, as compared 
 with English Churchmen for many ages past, united ener- 
 gies. The more we deprecate their zeal against Church 
 principles, the more we are bound to emulate and surpass 
 it, in furtherance of those principles, and to render their 
 labours superfluous. 
 
 The Church collections under the authority of the 
 Queen's letter might hereafter, if duly estimated and ad- 
 vocated, go far, not only to build new school-rooms, but to 
 build and endow a corresponding proportion of Training 
 Colleges. Bishop's College, Calcutta, owed its earliest 
 provision in 1819 to this source, having realized under 
 one Royal Letter above 45,000?. Our congregations, 
 however, have been too long accustomed to treat as 
 a formal empty ceremony the most blessed mode of col- 
 lecting alms which Christian charity ever yet devised. 
 Sad and sickening will it be, if, when newspapers teem 
 with thousands bestowed in the sight of man, the ofler- 
 ings, which God alone can see, in the precincts of His 
 sanctuary, should continue to give evidence of niggardly 
 hearts and unwilling minds, and produce on an Average 
 two or three pounds only per church throughout this 
 wealthy empire. 
 
 The managers of Church societies have long regretted 
 the inadequate result of these periodical appeals ; but, as the 
 necessity of united co-operation becomes daily more appa- 
 rent, a synopsis of Church collections has been drawn up, in 
 the hope that churchwardens and other laymen who assist
 
 103 
 
 the clergy in parochial concerns, and those clergymen who 
 have hitherto confined their zeal to their own schools, may 
 try how large an augmentation of our national resources 
 can be produced by liberal and simultaneous offerings in 
 every parish. 
 
 Amount received under the Propagation £. s. d, 
 
 of the Gospel Society's Royal Letter 
 
 for 
 
 ... 
 
 1836 .. 
 
 . 34,850 
 
 
 
 
 
 » » if 
 
 » 
 
 1839 .. 
 
 . 39,377 
 
 
 
 
 
 » » » 
 
 » 
 
 1841 .. 
 
 . '6b,^\b 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amount received under Ch 
 
 2^rc/^ Building 
 
 
 
 
 Societi/s Royal Letter for 
 
 ... 
 
 1828 .. 
 
 . 41,392 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 » j> » 
 
 » 
 
 1834 .. 
 
 . 30,212 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 » » a 
 
 )> 
 
 1836 .. 
 
 , 35,983 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 » » >j 
 
 5> 
 
 1839 .. 
 
 . 35,862 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 » » » 
 
 » 
 
 1842 .. 
 
 . 30,308 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Amount received under National 
 
 Society s 
 
 
 
 
 Royal Letter for 
 
 ... 
 
 1823 ., 
 
 .. 28,225 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 >» » » 
 
 5> 
 
 1832 ., 
 
 .. 23,534 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 » jj » 
 
 » 
 
 1837 . 
 
 .. 24,838 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 « )) » 
 
 JJ 
 
 1840 . 
 
 .. 30,001 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 Amount raised under the Royal Letter of 1842, 
 
 for the relief of distressed manufacturers ... 1^,^15 19 1 
 Amount raised under National Society's Royal Letter for 1840 
 
 in London and Westminster : 
 
 London ... 1,038 5) 
 Westminster Q>Q^(S 10 11 j 
 
 Parish of St. George, Hanover Square 
 
 „ Marylebone 
 
 „ St. Martin's in the Fields 
 
 „ St. James's 
 
 Population in 
 1841. 
 
 282,656 ... Liverpool 
 
 240,367 ... Manchester 
 
 £. 
 
 5. 
 
 d. 
 
 1,704 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 ire 301 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 437 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 b9 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 170 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 Church collections under 
 
 National Society's Ro}-al 
 
 Letter for 1840. 
 
 325 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 289 
 
 12 
 
 10
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 Church collections under 
 
 Population in 
 
 
 
 National Society's Royal 
 
 1841. 
 
 
 
 Letter for 1H40. 
 £. S. d. 
 
 181,116 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 ... 
 
 100 10 10 
 
 151,063 
 
 Leeds 
 
 ... 
 
 146 17 10 
 
 123,188 
 
 Bristol 
 
 ... 
 
 132 6 3 
 
 109,597 
 
 Sheffield 
 
 ... 
 
 82 1 
 
 92,943 
 
 Wolverhampt( 
 
 on 
 
 14 7 5 
 
 69,430 
 
 Newcastle-on- 
 
 Tyne 
 
 52 13 2 
 
 65,670 
 
 Hull ... 
 
 ... 
 
 32 9 9 
 
 66,508 
 
 Bradford 
 
 ... 
 
 32 11 1 
 
 60,982 
 
 Norwich 
 
 . . 
 
 56 ^ 3 
 
 ... 
 
 Aylesbury- 
 
 ... 
 
 Nil. 
 
 52,818 
 
 Sunderland 
 
 ... 
 
 10 8 6 
 
 51,441 
 
 Nottingham 
 
 ... 
 
 57 17 6 
 
 44,132 
 
 East Retford 
 
 ... 
 
 16 17 6 
 
 52,346 
 
 Bath ... 
 
 ... 
 
 140 13 4 
 
 *48,567 
 
 Brighton 
 
 ... 
 
 253 15 9 
 
 37,e6S 
 
 Stroud 
 
 ... 
 
 15 3 8 
 
 32,407 
 
 Derby 
 
 ... 
 
 61 13 10 
 
 31,207 
 
 Cheltenham 
 
 ... 
 
 178 4 
 
 30,152 
 
 York 
 
 ... 
 
 95 2 11 
 
 26,306 
 
 Worcester 
 
 ... 
 
 45 18 6 
 
 23,656 
 
 Oxford 
 
 ... 
 
 99 5 
 
 23A55 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 ... 
 
 123 11 9 
 
 35,040 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 ... 
 
 54 4 2 
 
 40,559 
 
 Devonport 
 
 ... 
 
 8 3 
 
 340,032 
 
 Lambeth and Southwark... 233 16 9 
 
 Total amount raised in the Diocese of London t ... 5,6d6 17 8 
 
 * Since the above list was in print, I find that Brighton, al- 
 ready a larger proportionate contributor than any other parish, 
 has remitted 560/. in answer to this year's Letter. 
 
 -j- The smallness of this amount is the more remarkable and de- 
 plorable, because, of all Boards, the Metropolitan Branch of the 
 London Diocesan Society is least well-supported, and, on the Sur- 
 rey side of the river, no metropolitan remittances whatever are 
 made to the Winchester Board and to the important Training 
 Institutions at Winchester and Salisbury.
 
 storal 
 
 f. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 6,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1823 
 
 102 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 1832 
 
 80 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1837 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1840 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 105 
 
 Produce of the Bishop of London's Pastoral 
 
 Letter for Chinese Missions 
 Amount contributed from Birmingham 
 
 under the National Society's Letter 
 
 in ... 
 
 » ft " 
 
 « >9 » 
 
 Number of Churches and Chapelries to which re- 
 turns are sent ... ... ... 13,081 
 
 Ditto do. do. which made no 
 
 return to the Letter of 1 840 ... 2,669 ! 1 1 
 
 No. of Cathedrals which made no returns 1 1 
 Total amount of Cathedral collections ... 115 4 6 
 
 It appears from these returns, that the great cities of 
 the empire, those possessing the largest churches and the 
 wealthiest congregations, contribute a bare pittance to the 
 National Society. 
 
 The Tower Hamlets contain above 400,000 inhabitants, 
 a large proportion of whom are poor weavers, often out of 
 employment ; and tens of thousands of poor children, whose 
 parents perhaps never entered a church-door, are claiming 
 Christian instruction at our hands. 
 
 The resident working clergy are poor and few in numberj 
 and overwhelmed with calls on their benevolence. 
 
 In one district of 16,000 souls there is no school.* 
 
 The petty grants of 5s. per head for each child accom- 
 modated with school-room, as doled out of the last Queen's 
 Letter Fund by the National Society, are inadequate to 
 meet such cases. 
 
 Yet the whole amount raised in the metropolis would 
 not suffice to satisfy the wants of this single district ; and 
 
 * Let the reader who wonders at this statement refer to the 
 Rev. Bryan King, or the Rev. W. Quicket, St. George's, East.
 
 106 
 
 any one London parish might, at a trifling sacrifice, if its 
 clergy and church-going population pleased, contribute 
 as much, or more than all the metropolitan parishes 
 together. 
 
 The provincial capitals have hitherto followed but too 
 closely the example thus set to them in London ; and 
 while they absorb the resources of the Society, of which 
 the main part flows from our rural districts, they give little 
 or no return. 
 
 Thus Birmingham, for instance, has yielded altogether 
 384^. 5s. Id., and received 1,685^. ; leaving a balance of 
 1,301?. 5s. Id. to its debit. 
 
 Yet Birmingham has the benefit of King Edward's 
 rich Grammar School foundation to assist its own inhabit- 
 ants. It remits nothing to its Diocesan Board ; little to the 
 Society for promoting Christian Knowledge ; * less to that 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel, -f* in aid of the hundred 
 thousand emigrants, whom, to the relief of our poor-rates, 
 we cast out yearly to the wilderness ; a bare trifle to the 
 Curates' Aid Fund Society ; J and if it does give more to 
 the better supported, but less well-constituted Pastoral Aid 
 Society, its extra contingent of cheap preachers is thereby 
 provided for at a fraction of the real expense. Neither 
 can it be supposed that differences of opinion on points 
 of discipline have here operated to the prejudice of 
 Church societies. No Rubrics, no Offertories, have 
 disturbed the religious world. The Camden Society 
 has provoked no controversy. Lord John Manners' 
 Plea for holy-days has not affected the labour 
 market. In psalmody the clerk and the school children 
 and organist (who devotes perhaps one hour per week to 
 
 * 111 1843, 162/. + In 1843, 71/. 45, 4(/. 
 
 X 111 1843, 6/. 16s. 6(/.
 
 107 
 
 their instruction at the cheapest possible rate) make 
 nasal melody as heretofore, substituting modern hymns 
 for the Psalms of David ; and the lovers of sacred music 
 must travel to Worcester and Lichfield, or, instead of 
 a devotional choir every day, await a recurrence of the 
 great annual Musical Festival. No one, therefore, can 
 say that at Birmingham a revival of Church forms or 
 observances has cooled the warm current of spiritual sym- 
 pathies; and yet, its congregations can divert 1,685^. from 
 a general fund, on which the most destitute districts are 
 the first claimants, and remit 384^. 55. Id. during eighteen 
 years, of which by far the largest part were years of com- 
 mercial prosperity. 
 
 It may certainly be said, that, in proportion to the re- 
 ceipt of grants, there must have been large local subscrip- 
 tions ; but if by common consent a National Fund be estab- 
 lished, no one city can with fairness receive the maxi- 
 mum, and give its minimum to the common purse. Be- 
 sides, if we assume that the local cost of schools thus aided 
 has been four times as great as the Society'*s grants, 6,740^. 
 will have been a trifling expenditure during eighteen years 
 of peace.*"' The fact is, that the larger a population 
 grows, the greater its wants, and the less its charitable 
 resources, where clergymen are not duly provided. When 
 Mr. Field visited Birmingham it had only twenty clerical 
 labourers for a population of nearly 200,000 ! 
 
 Neither is Birmingham a solitary instance of this one- 
 
 * Birmingham has nine schools for boys, and nine for girls, with 
 three for infants, connected with the Church. The total number 
 in attendance was, boys 1034; girls 570; infants 311. The 
 asylum schools are not reckoned. Of the girls, one-fourth were 
 " under six years of age." — Field's Report o?i Schools. Fid. Nat. 
 Society's Report, 184^.
 
 108 
 
 sided reciprocity. The same remarks apply to Liverpool, 
 Manchester, Bristol, and most other large towns, and not 
 least to the metropolis itself. 
 
 In 1841, the Bishop of London raised 6,000?. by means 
 of a Pastoral Letter, from Church collections in his diocese, 
 for Chinese missions. 
 
 The sum was small, considering that, whilst with one 
 hand we were doling out this scanty pittance for tracts, and 
 Bibles, and a solitary chaplain who might preach English 
 morality to three hundred millions of Pagans, our other 
 hand was busy with their Sycee silver, squeezing millions 
 out of their Hongs, in order that opium smoking and opium 
 smuggling and opium clippers equipped like men of war, to 
 bribe or resist all lawful authorities, might flourish for our 
 benefit among them. 
 
 As viewed in the light of a sin-offering, where repara- 
 tion was not less needful than to injured Africa^ if we 
 really wish to persuade Chinese idolaters that those who 
 seek their spiritual welfare in England represent the 
 Church in any collective or National sense, 6,000/. was 
 a small contribution on such an occasion ; and yet it ex- 
 ceeded by 303?. 2s. ^d. the sum raised in the entire diocese 
 in 1840, not for the conversion of distant Pagans, but for 
 the Christian schooling of our own children in our own 
 homesteads. 
 
 If, therefore, the world without be busy, intent on its 
 own, indifferent to great objects, and reckless of conse- 
 quences, the Church within must look more to God and 
 less to man for succour ; but, at the very moment when it 
 relies least on human aid, it should demand most at the 
 hands of its supporters, and not scruple to tell home truths, 
 however mortifying to our feelings. 
 
 To conceal our weakness or our poverty under an array 
 
 I
 
 109 
 
 of Boards, with Presidents and Vice-presidents and other 
 high-sounding names, and long lists of petty guinea sub- 
 scriptions, will not avail ns in His sight, who hates all 
 empty professions. 
 
 For the little we have done, up to a certain pointy let 
 us be thankful. To rectify all that remains undone, every 
 past effort must be redoubled. What the Church has un- 
 dertaken she can accomplish, by uncompromising adherence 
 to her own principles ; and no fear of failure should slacken 
 our resolution to succeed, but Vires acquirit eundo must be 
 her motto to all who advocate her cause. The sums now 
 wanted to found on a Collegiate basis our Diocesan training 
 system have already been spent on Model Prisons. The 
 amount is nothing ; the icill alone is wanting to obtain it : 
 and the parochial clergy, gathering new courage from your 
 Grace''s example, will, it is to be hoped, create that will, 
 under Providence, where it is deficient, animate lay zeal 
 where it is flagging, and make every new conquest over 
 selfishness an incentive to higher victories. From boy- 
 hood up to manhood, the teacher must be trained, 
 examined, classified, honoured, promoted ; and, when 
 age or sickness overtakes him, provided for in some 
 definite manner. A profession to which we invite, not the 
 halt, the blind, and the infirm, but the ablest and most 
 promising members of respectable families, ought to pos- 
 sess, like every other profession, its characteristic and 
 distinctive attributes. Let us then persevere, and let 
 the managers and supporters of Training Colleges per- 
 severe, until the hundreds now in training become 
 thousands. But School-huilding alone, be it over and 
 over again repeated, is the lowest step of the ladder — 
 the least of our Educational difficulties : the fittest por- 
 tion of our work for the State to assist in accom-
 
 110 
 
 plislilng ; the least in importance, because the least influ- 
 ential, so far as the Church is concerned. 
 
 The last observation with which I shall trespass on your 
 Grace's patience, will I know be in accordance with your 
 original wishes; it is, that every pohtical feeling which the 
 Church movement of 1838 was intended to restrain, and to 
 which subsequent proceedings unhappily gave rise, is now 
 altogether at an end. Whigs and Tories, alike conscious of 
 our social wretchedness, have agreed to throw aside every 
 ground of contention, and lend to the advancement of re- 
 ligious education all the talents of mind, wealth, and station 
 with which God has blessed them. 
 
 The Queen In her individual capacity, and Prince 
 Albert, have been foremost. Sir R. Peel and many 
 of his most distinguished predecessors in office, here act 
 together with unanimity. 
 
 For Dissenters, and those who regard Church attend- 
 ance, or Church catechetical instruction, as objections to the 
 National School system, other societies and other systems 
 are open. Let those who prefer them encourage them ; be 
 it ours to remember, when taunted with the difficulties 
 which schism engenders, that, in proportion as it now chas- 
 tens us with whips, it will ere long chastise us with scor- 
 pions. A house divided against itself can never stand; 
 and, if a Government so strong as that of Sir R. Peel has 
 been overruled in its legislative policy by the Dissenting 
 interest out of doors, what may we not expect from the 
 predominance of similar influences when another genera- 
 tion shall spring up, still more numerous, and still fur- 
 ther removed from the Church j^ale ? 
 
 Let Churchmen, therefore, proselyte among the igno- 
 rant, the misguided, and the wicked ; and, if Dissenters 
 emulate our zeal, let us respect it when sincere, but stand
 
 Ill 
 
 more than ever steadfast to our own principles. If states- 
 men seek to represent the national mind, let Collegiate 
 Institutions mould it, and senators will then discover that, 
 however independent in a spiritual sense the Church may 
 be of the civil power, the State is never so powerful, 
 so influential, and so prosperous, as when rich and poor 
 kneel at the same altar, partake of the same Church 
 privileges, and are bound together by the bond of peace 
 in the unity of the same spirit. 
 
 Thus we may see realized the intentions of our holiest 
 kings and wisest rulers, and most renowned martyrs; 
 men whose praises we do well to celebrate, but whose 
 example, as founders and benefactors of Colleges, it 
 were better still to follow. Thus, and thus only, may 
 what has been emphatically called the Poor man's Church 
 become in reality the National Instructress, and thereby 
 the everlasting benefactress of the people. 
 
 I have the honour to be, with great respect. 
 My Lord Archbishop, 
 Your Grace's faithful and obliged servant. 
 
 A Member of the National Society.
 
 I
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM MR. ALLEN'S REPORT 
 
 On St. Mark's College, Chelsea, made to the Lord President of 
 the Committee of Frivy Council 07i 'Education, 1 843. 
 
 Different estimates of the value of the several parts of Mr. 
 Coleridge's plan will, undoubtedly, be formed by different minds ; 
 but what I am concerned to testify is, that, according to my judge- 
 ment, he has nobly carried into execution his original theory. His 
 pupils will leave the college educated men ; their papers shew, as 
 the specimens printed in the Appendix will testify, a remarkable 
 power of apprehension, habits of reflection, skill in discrimination, 
 and judgement. It is not that a certain amount of knowledge has 
 been stored up, or that a mass of opinions lies ready for production : 
 the subjects appear to have been considered by each, and are view- 
 ed from different points, and in various lights. It has been already 
 hinted that there appears to be a deficiency in mathematical skill ; 
 but the vivd voce examination in public, with which my inspection 
 commenced, did not lead me to anticipate great attainments in that 
 respect : and in all ways the promise of excellence held out by 
 what was then witnessed (the precision and fulness of the answers 
 given to the questions in history, language, grammar, and especially 
 in Scriptural knowledge, and in the doctrines and articles of our 
 Church) proved, in my subsequent examination, to be amply ful- 
 filled. 
 
 No one, moreover, can, as I think, observe the appearance and 
 demeanour of the pupils, without perceiving some indications of 
 that refinement, that gentleness of spirit, and that propriety of 
 feeling and behaviour, which it is one main object of the college to 
 impart.
 
 114 APPENDIX. 
 
 Of the cost of the Institution I have made no inquiry of the 
 National Society ; but it should be observed, that the expense of 
 training each pupil would be lessened by an enlargement of the in- 
 stitution. A plan has been made for adding accommodation for 70 
 pupils; and as the training of 50 pupils cannot be of that private 
 and domestic character which marked the first opening of the in- 
 stitution, when the number of pupils was under 20, there seems 
 to be the less objection to the increase of the number at present 
 under tuition, to 120. 
 
 In drawing this Report to a close, several questions of consider- 
 able interest present themselves for examination. One, the dis- 
 cussion of which (even if I w^ere in any way fitted for the task) 
 would lead me too wide, namely, how far this seminary is in con- 
 formity with the old institutions of the country, our collegiate es- 
 tablishments of other days, and the principles from which our uni- 
 versities have risen, must be entirely passed by. Not that such an 
 inquiry would be merely of a speculative nature ; there is the more 
 hope of this institution being effective in moulding the English 
 character, as well as of its stability and permanence, if it be in 
 harmony with what is already in being, in some sort growing out 
 of, or at least grounded upon, the more ancient establishments of the 
 land. 
 
 II. 
 
 (extract from peck's desiderata curiosa. C. 7j No. 20.) 
 
 THE SCHEME OF A NEW COLLEGE, 
 
 (after the manner of an University,) designed at Rippon, ifi 
 Yorkshire, Uh July, 1604. 
 
 1. There being a fair collegiate church at Rippon, in Yorkshire, 
 the meanes whereof, at the dissolution of abbies, fell into the hands 
 of King Henry the Eighth, and continued in the Crown all the 
 time of Queen Elizabeth, so that a very small maintenance was then 
 left to the minister of that populous parish ; and although Edwin 
 Sandys, Lord Archbishop of York, Henry Hastings, Earl of Hun- 
 tingdon, Thomas Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Edward Sheffield, Lord 
 Sheffield, had recommended their case to Queen Elizabeth ; as they 
 never obtained anything but fair, unperformed promises from her :
 
 APPENDIX. 115 
 
 2. — Some of the burgesses now procured a scheme to be drawn 
 up by some learned person for a college, after the manner of an 
 University, to be settled at Rippon, and therewith humbly address- 
 ed themselves to Queen Anne ; who approved thereof, and gave 
 them her following letters for answer. 
 
 '^Anne R. 
 
 I. — '' Anne, by the grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, 
 France, and Ireland, &c. To all, to whom these presents shall 
 come, greeting. 
 
 2. — " Whereas there hath been lately exhibited and recommend- 
 ed unto us a frame and platforme of a college general, to be 
 planted and established at Rippon, in the county of York, for the 
 manifold benefit of both the borders of England and Scotland : upon 
 the due perusing of the plot aforesaid, hereunto annexed, and upon 
 signification given of the good liking and approbation of the chief 
 points contained therein, by sundry grave, learned, and religious 
 parties, and some other of honourable place and estate ; 
 
 3. — " We have thought good, for the ample and perpetual ad- 
 vancement of learning and religion in both the borders of our 
 aforesaid realms, to condescend to yield our favour and best fur- 
 therance thereunto. 
 
 4. — " And, for the better encouragement of other honourable and 
 worthy personages to join with us in yielding their bounty and be- 
 nevolence thereunto ; we have, and do signifie and assure^, and by 
 the word of a sacred princesse and queen, do expressly promise to 
 procure, with all convenient speed, to and for the yearly better 
 maintenance of the said college, all and every of the requests 
 specified and craved to that end, in a small schedule hereunto 
 annexed. 
 
 5. — " In confirmation whereof we have signed these presents by 
 our hand and name above-mentioned, and have caused our privy 
 signet to be set unto the same. Dated at our house of Greenwich, 
 July iv. An. Dom. mdciv. and of our reign," &c. 
 After the sealing, thus subscribed : 
 
 " Gulielmus Toulerius, secretarius de mandatis se- 
 renissimse Annse, reginse Angliae, Scotiae, 
 Franciae, et Hiberniae." 
 
 11. — The plan itself, entitled "An ecclesiastical seminarie and 
 
 H 2
 
 116 APPENDIX. 
 
 college general of learning and religion, planted and established at 
 Rippon, a very great and populous town and parish in Yorkshire, 
 by the authority and bountie of the Queen's majestie ; and annex- 
 ed to the collegiate church and minister of Rippon, in many points 
 restored to the antient use and dignity thereof. Proceeded in by 
 the advice and approbation of the Lords Archibishop of Canterbury 
 and York, of the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, of the Lord 
 High Treasurer, of the Lord President in the North, of the Lord 
 Chief Justice ; of Baron Saville, and Judge Yelverton, commission- 
 ers on this behalf; and much furthered by them and other honour- 
 able and worshipful persons, whose names are after specified." 
 
 From a large MS. sheet, bound up in the above-mentioned MS. 
 in the hands of Roger Gale, Esq., wherein, 
 1 . — The number of the colleagues ; their professions, and yearly 
 stipends, present and to come. 
 
 First, about thirty colleagues, perpetual readers of divinitie, of 
 the tongues, and of arts, viz. : 
 
 Marks. 
 The Chief of the College, moderator of divinity acts ... 80 160 
 Five chief colleagues and of the readers and professors 
 
 following ... ... ... ... 40 80 
 
 Professors of divinity, each of them. 
 
 Three of them readers and interpreters of the sacred text 
 
 Two ditto of divinitie controversies. 
 
 6 Divines, assistants to ditto, each ... ... 25 50 
 
 2 of them readers of the principles and chief common 
 
 places in divinitie. 
 2 Ditto, rehearsers of weekly divinitie lectures in En- 
 glish. 
 1 Ditto reader of Hebrew, Sirian or Chaldean, and 
 Arabique. 
 
 1 Ditto, reader of the Greek tongue. 
 
 2 junior divines, assistants to the readers of Hebrew 
 
 and Greek, each ... 
 1 Doctor, professor and reader of the law . . . 
 
 1 Doctor, professor and reader of physicke... 
 
 2 Readers of logique, 1 logique genesis, 1 logique analy- 
 
 sis, each ... ... .. ... 15 30 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 40
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 117 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 SO 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 2 Ditto rhetorique, 1 rhetorique genesis, 1 rhetorique Marks, 
 analysis, each 
 
 2 Ditto physique, 1 physiques genesis, 1 physiques 
 analysis, each 
 
 1 Ditto metaphysiques 
 
 1 Ditto histories 
 
 1 Ditto ethiques and politiques ... 
 
 1 Ditto geography 
 
 1 Ditto arithmetique ... 
 
 1 Ditto geometry elements 
 
 1 Ditto algebra 
 
 1 Ditto geometry solids 
 
 1 Ditto astronomy principles 
 
 1 Ditto spherical motions 
 
 1 Ditto plainest planetarie motions 
 
 1 Ditto planets harder motions . . . 
 
 1 Ditto optiques 
 
 1 Ditto and teacher of musique . . . 
 
 1 Ditto grammar, and his usher, in Latin, Greek, He- 
 brew, Sirian, and Arabique 
 
 6 Ditto in the vulgar tongues ; they and their six at 
 tendants being naturally skilful in the tongues' 
 which they profess. 
 
 1 Ditto Dutch and Flemish 
 
 1 Ditto Polonish 
 
 1 Ditto Hungarish 
 
 1 Ditto French 
 
 1 Ditto Italian 
 
 1 Ditto Spanish 
 
 The six linguists, or, in default of them, the junior fellows, to 
 
 read six lectures in the arts. To have each 10 marks yearly, be- 
 sides their usual stipend. Seventy junior fellows, assistants and 
 
 successors to the seniors. Thirty of them students in divinity, 
 
 wholly attending thereupon, each ... ... ... 5 10 
 
 Ten of them students in the arts, wholly attending there- 
 upon, each 
 
 Eight ditto in the tongues ditto 
 
 Six ditto in the laws ditto 
 
 Six ditto in physick ditto 
 
 30 60 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10
 
 118 APPENDIX. 
 
 Marks. 
 Eight clerks choral, teaching to sing and play on sundry 
 
 instruments, each ... ... ... ... 5 10 
 
 Eight choristers. They and the clerks to say and sing 
 
 service twice daily, each ... ... ... 2 4 
 
 Moreover, 
 
 One hundred and twenty probationers, having their learning, 
 lodging, and diet free. 
 
 Sixty of them chiefly busied in the studies of divinity ; therein 
 to be directed by the forty superior divines. All the said divines 
 to joyn their studies and labours in defence of religion, in writing, 
 disputing, preaching, and private conference, as need requires. 
 Besides them. 
 
 One hundred and twenty scholars attendants, having their diet 
 from the fellows' table. 
 
 Sixty grammar scholars, sub-attendants on the probationers, 
 having their diet by reversion of the probationers. 
 
 All the aforesaid students, besides their yearly stipends, to have 
 their common diet free ; the charge and manner whereof set down 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Lastly, 
 
 Always to be yearly chosen and preferred in the college (besides 
 thirty colleagues perpetual) one hundred fellowes, probationers and 
 scholars, viz. : 
 
 30 Sub-attendants, chosen yearly, to continue their places two years. 
 30 Scholars attendants, do. do. four years. 
 
 30 Probationers, do. do. do. 
 
 10 Junior fellows, do. do. six years. 
 
 The scholars attendants, after four years, to be always chosen 
 probationers for other four years. 
 
 And they, and the pensioners of the like standing with them, to 
 be eligible for fellowships, only the next year before or after they 
 proceed masters of art ; 
 
 Until the number of the collegiates be full by yearly election ; 
 the surplusage of the college yearly rents to go to the building or 
 enlarging of the house ; viz. 
 
 A chappel thirty yards long, ten broad. 
 
 The hall right over against it, of like length and breadth. 
 
 Over them two libraries. 
 
 Under them the kitchen, and other places of service.
 
 APPENDIX. 119 
 
 Between them the masters' lodgings. 
 
 On each side of them a several court,^ inclosed with three equal 
 sides. 
 
 In each side three chambers, of three heights; and one half 
 height, for galleries. 
 
 Each chamber eight yards long, six yards broad. 
 
 II. — Their publique and perpetual exercises in learning and re- 
 ligion ; morning, evening. 
 In the morning dayly. Betwixt 
 
 First, Publique prayer for half an hour, and lecture of chief 
 common places in divinity, another half hour in 
 Latin ... ... ... ... ... 5 6 
 
 2. — Genesis lecture of logique; analysis lecture of logi- 
 que; the lecture of Hebrew, Sirian, and Arabique; 
 with lecture of histories, and lecture of law or 
 physique ... ... ... ...6 7 
 
 3. — Genesis lecture of rhetorique; Genesis lecture 
 of physics ; lecture of algebra ; with lecture of 
 ethiques and politiques. The lecture of the 
 sacred text ... ... ... ... 7 8 
 
 4. — The lecture of arithmetique ; lecture of geometrjt 
 elements ; lecture of geometry solids ; with lecture 
 of astronomy principles ; lecture of spherical mo- 
 tions ; of geography and'chronography ; of Polonish 8 9 
 
 5. — Publique prayer for half an hour ; with divinitie lec- 
 ture in English for the other half hour, in Rippon 
 Minster ... ... ... ... 9 10 
 
 — The lecture of rhetorique analysis ; lecture of phy- 
 sique analysis ; lecture of metaphysiques ; with 
 lecture of first planetary motions ; lecture of se- 
 cond planetary motions ; lecture of Greek ; lecture 
 of Hungarish ... ... ... ... 10 11 
 
 7. — The lecture of optiques, and the lecture of divinitie 
 
 controversies ... ... ... ... 11 12 
 
 In the evening daily. 
 
 1. — The lecture of the Dutch or Flemish tongue ... 1 2 
 
 2.— Ditto French ditto ... 2 3 
 
 3 Ditto Italian ditto ... 3 4 
 
 4. — Ditto Spanish ditto ... 4 5
 
 120 APPENDIX. 
 
 Betwixt 
 5. — Disputation or declamation as followeth, viz. 
 On Monday, the logique disputation 
 
 Tuesday, disputation in natural philosophy .. 
 
 Wednesday, ditto law or physic 
 
 Thursday, ditto divinitie ... 
 
 Friday, an oration in Latin 
 
 Saturday, ditto Greek 
 
 Lastly, publique prayer in Latine for half an hour after 
 
 six of the clock ... ... ... 6 7 
 
 The order for performance of lectures, disputations, declamations, 
 examinations, and other exercises. 
 
 1. — The divinity lecture in English, to be kept dayly by all the 
 fellow-divines, on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and 
 Saturday, weekly. 
 
 2. — For Thursday lecture, a full sermon made at meeting of 
 town and country. 
 
 3. — Five of the divines to exercise herein weekly. All of them 
 once in eight weeks. 
 
 4. — The four chief professors of divinitie to read one week in 
 three, dayly. 
 
 5. — The six assistants, divines, one week in nine, to do the like ; 
 three of them to read the divinitie controversies, other three to 
 read the sacred text. 
 
 6. — The professors of law and physique to read every other day, 
 thrice weekly. 
 
 7. — The Hebrew reader to read weekly four lectures ; two in 
 Hebrew, one in Sirian, one in Arabique. 
 
 8. — All readers of the vulgar tongues, of Greek, and of arts, to 
 read daily. 
 
 9. — The assistants to the Hebrew and Greek readers to read 
 one week in three. 
 
 1 0. — The professors of divinitie, law, and physick, and the 
 readers of the arts, to bring their lectures, or the substance and 
 order thereof, ready written ; upon approbation to be published, as 
 occasion serveth. 
 
 11. — The readers of the chief common places of divinitie, one 
 of them to read daily, by yearly course. The vacant reader, for
 
 APPENDIX. 121 
 
 his year, to catechize in Enghsh in Rippon Minster, on the Sabbath 
 afternoons. 
 
 12. — The readers of divinitie controversies, and of the sacred 
 text, sometime, by yearly com'se, to change their kind of lectures ; 
 that they may be exercised in both kinds. 
 
 1 3. — In the divinity disputation, all the divines, by course, to 
 answer once, and oppose twice, in the year ; two opponents and 
 one answerer therein. 
 
 14. — The disputation of law or physickto be kept weekly by in- 
 terchangeable course. The professors thereof to moderate the dis- 
 putation. The proper students thereof to answer and oppose 
 therein by course, about six times yearly. 
 
 15. — The disputers in logique to be of the second and third 
 year's standing. 
 
 IG. — The disputers in natural philosophy to be of the third, 
 fourth, fifth, and sixth j'^ear's standing ; one answering and two 
 opposing therein, by course. 
 
 1 7. — The disputation in logique and natural philosophy to be 
 moderated by the several readers thereof, by weekly or monthly 
 turns. 
 
 18. — The declaimers in Latine and Greek to be of the third, 
 fourth, fifth, and sixth year's standing ; and four of them, by week- 
 ly course, to exercise therein, two in each tongue. 
 
 19. — The readers of rhetorique to hear and censure the Latine 
 declamation. 
 
 20. — The readers of Greek to hear and censure the declamation 
 in Greek. 
 
 21. — Examinations of the lectures read the week past of law 
 and physick, of the tongues, and of the arts, to be taken by the se- 
 veral readers thereof, upon Saturday in the afternoon, from one to 
 five o'clock ; seven several kind of lectures being examined every 
 hour. 
 
 22. — The foresaid lectures, disputations, declamations, and ex- 
 aminations to be continued only nine or ten weeks in a quarter of 
 a year. The English exercises, with prayers in the learned 
 tongues, to be always continued. 
 
 23. — The teachers of the grammar of the college to have under 
 their charge cl. scholars ; Ix. of them elected ; xc. other next 
 eligible into the college. In five years to be made fit auditors of 
 the college lectures. h 5
 
 122 APPENDIX. 
 
 24. — In the j. year, the grammar scholars to be taught and 
 exercised in Latine only. 
 
 25. — In the ij. year, to be taught four days Latine two days 
 Greek, weekly. 
 
 26. — The iij., iv., and v year, two days Latin ; two days 
 Greek, one day Hebrew, one day Sirian and Arabique. 
 
 27. — At nine of the clock at night, all the students of the col- 
 lege to withdraw themselves, and (upon half an hour employed in 
 private prayer and due examination of the day spent) immediately 
 to go to rest. 
 
 28. — All the fellows, probationers, and scholars of the college, 
 to be personally resident in the house, and to live and keep to- 
 gether in common diet. And not to be married, but to live a single 
 life during their societie, according to the statutes and custome of 
 the college in the universities. 
 
 29. — The visitors of the college, to be appointed by Her Majes- 
 tic, to see these orders, exercises, and other proceedings of the col- 
 lege duly performed ; and to have authority, upon weighty cause, 
 to alter them from time to time. 
 
 The colleges actually enjoying their stipends and diet, how to 
 contribute daily to charitable uses. 
 
 1 . — The chief of the college ... 
 
 2. — The four prebendaries, divines, each 
 
 3. — The six divines, assistants, each 
 
 4. — Two doctors of law and physick, each 
 
 5. — The readers of the arts, each 
 
 6. — The readers of the vulgar tongues, each 
 
 7. — The 60 junior fellows, each 
 
 8. — The clerks choral, each ... 
 
 9. — The hundred and twenty probationers, each ... 
 10. — The 180 attendants and sub-attendants, each... 
 11. — The gentleman pensioners, each 
 12. — The ordinary pensioners, each 
 
 By the means above-mentioned there shall be relieved and main- 
 tained yearly between 300 and 400 students aforesaid, and 
 other poor christian people, viz. : — 
 
 d. 
 
 ob. 
 
 7 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 ob. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ob. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ob. 
 
 1 

 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 123 
 
 100 Orphans and poor children^ born in marriage, allowed each, 
 daily, ob. 
 50 Elder, poor men and women, chiefly virgins or widows, each 
 
 daily. Id. 
 50 Of like age, sex, and state, very weak and sickly, each 
 daily, 2d. 
 Lastly, 50 other very greatly distressed ; many of them (as 
 before) hurt by mischance, or maimed in the wars, to have, instead 
 of money, their house-room, fire, and diet, free. 
 
 The founders and chief patrons of the before-mentioned College. 
 
 1. — Anne, Queen of England and Scotland. 
 
 2. — The Lords Archibishops of York. 
 
 3. — The Lords Presidents of York. 
 
 4. — Ehzabeth, Countess Dowager of Shrewsbury. 
 
 The names of sundry benefactors and contributors thereto. 
 1. — Gilbert, Earl of Shrewsbury. 2. — Late Earl of Westmoreland. 
 
 2 Ladies of honour and high place. 
 
 3 Ladies of worship, and worshipful gentlewomen. 
 
 3. — Mrs. Cecily Sandys, wife of late Archibishop of York, first 
 favourer and furtherer of this Rippon work. 
 
 4 Knights both of honour and worship. 
 
 4. — Sir Francis Walsingham, late Secretary to H. My. 
 5. — Sir Thos. Heneage, late Chancellor of the Duchy. 
 6. — Sir Jno. Harte, of London. 
 7. — Sir Wolstan Dixey, of London. 
 8. — Sir Wm. Raib, of London. 
 9. — Sir Michael Blount. 
 lO.—Sir Hartley Pillam. 
 
 5 Esquires of worship, and worshipful gentlemen. 
 11. — Mr. Ralph Rooksby, late of the Requests. 
 
 12. — Mr. late of the Exchequer. 
 
 13. — Mr. Peter Osborne, of the Exchequer. 
 14. — Mr. Thos. Crompton of London. 
 15.— Mr. Peter Manhood of Kent. 
 16. — Mr. Ager of Kent. 
 
 Six learned gentlemen, professors of divinity, of law, of physic, 
 schoolmasters, &c.
 
 1 24; APPENDIX. 
 
 17.— The Church of Windsor. 18.— The College of Eton. 
 
 Seven merchants and wealthy occupiers. 
 1 9. — Mr. Alderman Massam. 22. — Alderman Ratcliffe of London- 
 20. — Of the goods of Mr. 23. — Alderman Craven of London. 
 
 Cooper, late of London. 24. — Mr. Thos. Lawson of Lon- 
 2 1 . — Alderman Osby of Lon- don. 
 
 don. 
 
 A POSTSCRIPT BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 How this design for a College of Rippon came to miscarry, I find 
 not. It is like, they who now enjoy those lands in that neigh- 
 bourhood, wherewith it was intended to be endowed, can give the 
 best account of that. If not, some of those many reasons which 
 are given for the miscarriage of another college in this reign, in- 
 tended at Chelsea, may perhaps serve as well for this. See those 
 reasons in Fuller's Church History, lib. x. p. 53. Be that as it 
 will, to make some amends for this miscarriage at Rippon, King 
 James I. (about this time, as I take it) re-founded the Church of 
 Rippon, making it thenceforth to consist of a dean and chapter of 
 seven prebends ; allowing them 247/. per annum, out of his own 
 crown lands, for their maintenance. 
 
 III. 
 
 ST. MARK'S COLLEGE, STANLEY GROVE. 
 
 [The following is the leading article in the first number of the 
 " Journal of St. Paul's College." It is from the pen of the worthy 
 Principal of the institution, and contains some of his own observa- 
 tions during his late visit to England. — Gospel Messe7iger.~\ 
 
 ^' This is the principal Training school of the National Society of 
 Education in the Church of England. Its object is to train masters 
 and teachers for the schools in England which are nearly of the 
 same rank as our District or Common schools ; though, with such
 
 APPENDIX. 125 
 
 masters as are likely to be made at Stanley Grove, they must be 
 incomparably better. The Society, finding that its labours for the 
 education of the lower classes were in a gi-eat degree frustrated by 
 the incompetency of those to whom they had to entrust their 
 schools, resolved to enter upon the foundation work of educating 
 teachers. For this purpose they have several Training Schools, 
 both male and female, in different parts in the kingdom : this at 
 Stanley Grove being the principal. It is situated just out of 
 London, in Chelsea, not far from the famous hospital for veteran 
 soldiers, where the Society has purchased for it a delightful seat, 
 having everything in the way of convenience and beauty that 
 could be desired. Here are between fifty and sixty youths, the 
 most of them young men, in training as teachers. They are 
 thoroughly educated in English, including practical mathematics, 
 besides acquiring a good knowledge of Latin. Drawing in per- 
 spective, and the arts of design, and vocal music for the Church, 
 are made important branches of their education. Not that, as 
 educators of the poor, they will have need to communicate such 
 acquirements to their scholars generally ; but there will always 
 be some in their schools whom they will thus be qualified to ele- 
 vate in the world. I mention this to show the liberal design of 
 the Society ; and how, if it had the patronage of the Government to 
 the extent it deserves, the Church, by means of it, would improve 
 the temporal as well as the spiritual condition of her poor. There 
 is a school on the premises to which children come from the village 
 of Chelsea, in teaching whom the young men have an opportunity 
 for practice in the art they are acquiring. A portion of their time 
 is also employed in industrial operation in the garden and in the 
 grounds, that they may know something of agriculture, with a 
 view in part of making them more respected among the farming 
 population. I attended service in the chapel — the very model of 
 such a building in the Anglo-Norman — where I was delighted 
 with the manner in which they performed the choral service : I 
 ought not to say performed, for it was a real thing, the very soul 
 of worship pouring itself forth 
 
 In the meet voice of song. 
 
 I heard the choral service in several of the cathedrals and college- 
 chapels ; but nowhere, except perhaps in the parish church of Leeds,
 
 126 APPENDIX. 
 
 Dr. Hook's, did it realize so much to my feelings the true idea of 
 the homage of the sanctuary. There was no organ, but in the 
 " full-voiced choir " there was no lack of harmony. They sang in 
 opposite choirs, near the chancel, answering one another in the 
 alternate verses of the psalms, and uniting in the Gloria Patri, 
 As I now think of these devout youths, (no doubt, a knowledge of 
 their character heightened the effect,) particularly in the unearthly 
 tones of parts of the service, memory helps the imagination of what 
 must be the worship of heaven. I formerly felt the ordinary ob- 
 jection to the singing of prayers, but here it was removed. — They 
 are chanted in what is called plain tune, a monotone with a 
 slightly varied cadence. When the ear is once accustomed to it, 
 it assimilates with a reverential state of mind, and devotion seems 
 to require it. I now never hear or read the Litany, but I desire 
 the solemn voice, that still echoes in my mind, of the choristers of 
 Stanley Grove. While on this subject, I may add, that the creeds 
 and responses are in such simple tones that they could be joined in, 
 as they should be, by the whole congregation. Except in the an- 
 thems, the choristers should be only the leaders of the people ; in 
 which capacity it is evident that they ought never to be females, 
 but boys and men. 
 
 " The Society have been so fortunate as to secure the services of 
 the Rev. Derwent Coleridge, son of the philosopher, as principal of 
 the College. It was delightful to see a man of his intellect and 
 acquirements giving himself, heart and soul, to the work of pre- 
 paring educators for the poor, and entering practically into all its 
 details. He asked me whether such an institution would not be 
 desirable in America. " Nothing more so," I replied, and sighed 
 within myself at the thought, that, with abundance of means in the 
 Church, nothing is wanting but the will. When will our liberal 
 and wealthy Churchmen understand that in no way can they so 
 extend the Church, and place her in her true position in the land, 
 as by endowing schools, which shall not only bless her own chil- 
 dren for ages to come, but add, in an increasing ratio, to her num- 
 bers from every generation ?"
 
 APPENDIX. 127 
 
 IV. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM A SERMON PREACHED BY THE REV. S. F. JERVIS, OF 
 THE UNITED STATES, IN ST. JOHn's CHURCH, SOUTH HACKNEY, 
 14 APRIL, 1844. 
 
 So far are the present public Schools of New England from being 
 the system of the Puritans, matured by subsequent experience, 
 that they are, in fact, the wreck of that system. To all serious- 
 minded persons, their insufficiency is daily becoming more and 
 more apparent. They may indeed be efficacious in extending a 
 general knowledge of reading, writing, grammar, geography, and 
 arithmetic ; they may, in a word, develope the intellectual faculties ; 
 but they are not sufficient as moral instruments in trainmg the 
 youthful mind to virtue and happiness. It cannot be denied that 
 a great deterioration of morals has taken place in the New Eng- 
 land States. The fact is generally admitted, and is fondly attri- 
 buted to the decline of Puritan institutions ; but the truth is, that 
 it has proceeded from the banishment of Christianity from the 
 Schools. It is the want of that counteracting principle which God 
 has established in the world for its conversion and sancjification, 
 THE Church of the living God, the pillar and ground of 
 
 THE truth. 
 
 For this reason it has now become a very serious question among 
 the members of our Church, whether it is not better to forego the 
 advantages for intellectual education, confessedly held out in our 
 public Schools, rather than expose our children to the danger of 
 knowledge unaccompanied by charity, or of sectarian influences 
 openly exerted or covertly insinuated. It would be easy to enlarge 
 on these evils, and shew what active exertions are used by the 
 authority, and even ridicule of sectarian teachers — by the force of 
 sympathy among the children — by school-books containing dis- 
 torted representations of facts, false reasoning upon religious truths, 
 or irreverent expressions respecting the adorable mysteries of our 
 faith, to loosen the hold which the Church has upon the hearts of 
 her little ones. And, even when the vigilance of parental or pas- 
 toral instruction has previously administered such an antidote as 
 may save them from error, there is always danger to their souls
 
 128 APPENDIX. 
 
 in placing them where they are forced, with their inexperienced 
 hands, to wield the weapons of controversy, or, trembling in their 
 weakness, to hold the even balances of righteous judgment. The 
 mere intellectual exercise, the combat itself, even in upholding 
 truth, is apt to produce in their young and tender hearts unholy 
 thoughts and unruly tempers, totally inconsistent with that cha- 
 rity which endureth all things, which vaunteth not itself, and 
 which doth not behave itself unseemly. 
 
 Unhappily, we are compelled by necessity to leave a great por- 
 tion of our youth under these hostile influences. Our Church is 
 too poor to found Parochial Schools, and our wealthy laity are not 
 yet sufliciently alive to the danger of separating worldly instruc- 
 tion from the institutions of the Church. 
 
 AN EXTRACT OF SO MUCH OF THE LATE MR. RAINE S WILL 
 AS RELATES TO THE CHARITY SCHOOLS. 
 
 Mr. Henry Raine, by Will, bearing date the 17th of October, 
 1736, says, that. Whereas it has pleased Almighty God, from a 
 small beginning, to raise him to a plentiful fortune, and to enable 
 him to assist his relations, who, by God's blessing on their endea- 
 vours, no longer need his assistance, he thought it his duty, in gra- 
 titude to God, and obedience to the precepts of Christianity, to 
 settle part of his substance for charitable uses : And whereas there 
 were many poor boys and girls in the said parish of Saint George, 
 where he was bred up from his childhood, and then lived, whose 
 parents, or other friends, were unable to make suitable provision 
 for their wants, both spiritual and temporal, he thought he could 
 not better effect his design than by making a perpetual provision 
 for the instruction of poor boys and girls, born in the said parish, 
 in the principles and duties of the Christian religion, as they were 
 taught and professed by the Church of England, and in other ne- 
 cessary and useful learning; and also for their maintenance and 
 clothing, until they should arrive at an age wherein they might 
 provide for themselves, and be more serviceable to the community. 
 And he takes notice, that he had, for many years past, contributed
 
 APPENDIX. 129 
 
 several sums of money for the better effecting the same, and added 
 to his contributions as his estate increased ; and had hkewise built 
 two commodious large Schools in Fawdon Fields, in the pansh of 
 Saint George, in or about the year 1719, and settled orders for the 
 better regulation and management of the said Schools ; and had, 
 by good conveyances in the law, lately settled and conveyed to 
 trustees therein named part of his substance for a perpetual sup- 
 port and supply of such boys and girls as should from time to 
 time be admitted into the said Schools, and to such other uses as 
 in the said conveyance is mentioned. 
 
 He says further, he hoped God Almighty, in his good provi- 
 dence, would so bless his nephews, IVilUam Duffin and William 
 Wilson, in their honest endeavours in the management of the said 
 Brewing trade, that they might be enabled cheerfully to add and 
 contribute toward the encreasing and enlarging the charities by 
 him already given and settled upon trustees for the support and 
 maintenance of the poor boys and girls to be educated in the 
 schools by him built as aforesaid, or to be built, in such manner 
 as they should judge most proper and necessary. 
 
 He declares it to be his Will, that his said nephews, William 
 'Duffin and William Wilson y together with his executors therein- 
 after named, and the trustees belonging to the safd Charity 
 Schools, should humbly endeavour to procure and obtain a patent, 
 or charter, for the better establishing and confirming the said 
 Schools, to such uses, and under such regulations, as in his late 
 deeds of settlement are specified and declared ; and reciting further, 
 that, at his first beginning his trade, he then proposed, if it pleased 
 God to bless his endeavours, to build those said Schools, which he 
 had long before built and endowed : and further says, it was his Will, 
 and he did thereby heartily recommend it to his said two nephews, 
 William Diiffin and William Wilson, to whom he had thereby 
 given a large and plentiful stock to begin the world, and manage 
 their trade of Brewing, that in case he did not, before his death, 
 leave and settle two hundred and ten pounds per annum for the 
 marriage portion of Two Girls educated in the new intended cha- 
 rity school, as appointed to be built by his deed of settlement, and 
 for providing a dinner, as therein-after was mentioned, that they 
 his said two nephews, from whom he might reasonably hope they 
 would cheerfully and readily comply and perform his desire, they
 
 130 APPENDIX. 
 
 well knowing what he had done before, not doubting of God's 
 blessing on them, as he had truly experienced, do purchase four 
 thousand pounds, within six months next after his decease, in 
 three per cent, annuities, or lay the same out in such other secu- 
 rities as should be thought most convenient by any trustees 
 named in his said deeds of settlement of his charity schools, or the 
 major part of them, together with the guardians, or visitors, as he 
 should appoint and nominate, as by his deed of settlement is pro- 
 vided, for the better regulating of the said charity schools ; and 
 that they should accumulate and improve the growing dividends, 
 or interest, till, by the increase thereof, the same, together with the 
 yearly income of the said four thousand pounds, would produce, 
 yearly, two hundred and ten pounds a year. And then his Will was, 
 and he did thereby desire his said two nephews, that for encourage- 
 ment and reward of the girls of the said new school for the pur- 
 suing and continuing a virtuous and good course of life, /or which 
 end he had, the better to enable him to provide for his said two 
 nephews, kept himself unmarried; and he doubted not but his 
 said nephews would cheerfully purchase the said four thousand 
 pounds in three per cent, annuities, according to his desire ; if his 
 nephews had seen, as he had, six poor innocent maids come trem- 
 bling to draw the prize, and the fortunate maid that got it burst 
 out in tears with excess of joy, they would readily perform the 
 same : And that the sum of one hundred pounds shall be yearly 
 paid by the said trustees and guardians aforesaid to one of the 
 said girls, for her marriage portion, to be elected and paid in such 
 manner, and at such time, as therein-after is mentioned. 
 
 VI. 
 
 The publication of a specific scheme of inspection, both for 
 Training Colleges and for National or other schools generally, in the 
 last volume of the Minutes of the Committee of Privy Council on 
 Education, clearly illustrates the measure of influence claimed, and 
 which, if acquiesced in without remonstrance now^ may hereafter be 
 indefinitely extended.
 
 APPENDIX. 131 
 
 It appears that the Government examiner will in future pass 
 two months of the year in each college, at his own discretion, and 
 examine, according to a pi-escribed routine ; not, as on the last oc- 
 casion at Stanley Grove, follow the course adopted in the institu- 
 tion. This is, in effect, to prescribe the subjects of study, and will 
 virtually place the education of the country under the direction of 
 the State. 
 
 In conjunction with this unexpected and (as many supporters 
 of the National Society must think) untoward claim, the grant of 
 50/. per head for every scholar trained, towards the building of 
 Training Colleges, has been announced. 
 
 Those institutions, therefore, which accept money under such 
 circumstances, will have no reasonable ground for complaint, if the 
 scheme, as worked hereafter, should operate to their disadvantage ; 
 but will their respective committees risk the independence of 
 Church institutions, without some more definite understanding 
 and agreement than can be said to subsist under present circum- 
 stances ? 
 
 THE END.
 
 London : 
 
 Printed by S. & J. Bentley, Wilson, and Fley, 
 Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
 
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