ILLINOIS HISTORICAL SURVEY 
 
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IkWNQIS HISTORICAL SURVEY 
 
REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 HOSPITAL POE THE INSANE, 
 
 MADE TO THE 
 
 GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS, 
 
 DECEMBER 1, 1367. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD : 
 
 ILLINOIS JOURNAL PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
 1869 , 
 

 
 
REPORT. 
 
 To JEfis Excellency , Governor Oglesby: 
 
 At the last regular session of the Legislature of this State, the 
 following joint resolutions were adopted by that body— 
 
 Whereas, There are reports in circulation in the public press and elsewhere, 
 reflecting upon the management of the Hospital for the Insane, thereby 
 tending to injure the reputation of the superintendent, and to impair the 
 usefulness of that important institution; therefore, 
 
 Resolved , the Senate concurring, That a joint committee of three from this 
 House and two from the Senate, be appointed to visit the Hospital for the 
 Insane, after the adjournment of the Legislature, at such times as they may 
 deem necessary, with power to send for persons and papers, and to examine 
 witnesses on oath. That said committee be instructed thoroughly to examine 
 and inquire into the financial and sanitary management of said institution ; 
 to ascertain whether any of the inmates are improperly retained in the 
 hospital, or unjustly placed there, and whether the inmates are humanely 
 and kindly treated, and to confer with the trustees of said hospital in regard 
 to the speedy correction of any abuses found to exist, and to report to the 
 Governor from time to time, at their discretion. 
 
 And be it further resolved, That said committee be instructed to examine 
 the financial and general management of the other State institutions. 
 
 In pursuance thereof, the undersigned were, on the 28th day 
 ot February last, appointed such committee. 
 
 Contemplating the possible contingency that official action in 
 respect to matters covered by the foregoing resolutions might be 
 necessary before the next session of the Legislature, it will be 
 observed, the committee, instead of being required to report the 
 result of their investigations to the Legislature, were directed to 
 “ confer” with the trustees of the Hospital for the Insane “in regard 
 to the speedy correction of any abuses found to exist, and to 
 report to the Governor from time to time at their discretion. ” 
 
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4 
 
 It will also be observed, that although the committee are 
 “ instructed to examine the financial and general management of 
 the other State institutions,” it is only recited that “ there are 
 reports in circulation in the public press and elsewhere reflecting 
 upon the management of the Hospital for the Insaneand it is 
 only with the trustees of that institution that • the committee are 
 specially directed to “ confer ” with reference to the correction of 
 “ any abuses found to exist/’ 
 
 Aside from the great interest connected with the management 
 of our other benevolent State institutions, it is not strange that 
 grave charges (founded, it may be in a majority of cases, upon 
 mere rumor or bare apprehension), that the Hospital for the 
 Insane was either negligently or corruptly managed, should 
 result in ordering a prompt and searching inquiry into the truth 
 or falsity of such charges ; and especially so when it is considered, 
 as will be shown hereafter in this report, that since the opening 
 of the hospital, November 3d, 1851, and prior to December 1st, 
 1866, over twenty-five hundred patients were admitted for treat¬ 
 ment; that about four hundred thousand dollars had been expend¬ 
 ed by the State for lands and buildings to establish, and six hun¬ 
 dred thousand dollars for current expenses in maintaining this 
 cherished State institution; and that by such munificent appro¬ 
 priations by the people, its capacity had been increased until five 
 hundred of this unfortunate and afflicted class can be constantly 
 provided for, and will soon, at a probable expense to the State of 
 $100,000 per annum, be under its supervision and government. 
 
 The State has not only a large pecuniary investment in this 
 hospital, but the most delicate and solemn trusts are committed to 
 those who are responsible for its control. Everything, therefore, 
 concerning its financial, medical, sanitary, or moral government, 
 is not only of absorbing interest to those who may have friends 
 and relatives there, but also to the whole people of the State whose 
 pride it has been to found and support this institution which rep¬ 
 resents its intelligence and public spirit, and is worthy of a first 
 class American State. And the fact that unusual and peculiar 
 qualifications are required for the proper government and treat¬ 
 ment of the insane, in the opinion of the committee, affords no 
 good reason why a rule of strict and even rigid accountability 
 should not be applied to those who have a personal supervision 
 over them, for kindness and forbearance in their government are 
 
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5 
 
 demanded alike by the dictates of humanity and common decency. 
 When the committee were appointed, on the last day of the 
 session, no member had, or pretended to have, either any per¬ 
 sonal knowledge or opinion concerning the merits of the com¬ 
 plaints made. As there was no person appointed as agent or 
 allowed to represent the State in the collection of testimony for 
 the consideration of the committee, nor authority given the com¬ 
 mittee to employ such, they were in doubt what precise course to 
 adopt under the resolutions providing for their appointment. 
 Believing it to be their duty to proceed as early and speedily as 
 possible to ascertain all important facts, they entered upon the 
 discharge of the duties devolved upon them with a most anxious 
 solicitude and hope that without any palliation or concealment of 
 any wrong, a thorough examination of the whole subject might 
 result in a full vindication of the management of those institutions, 
 and an entire acquittal from censure of the Superintendent of the 
 Hospital for the Insane, and those with whom he had been associated. 
 
 The committee first met at the Dunlap House, in Jacksonville, 
 on the 14th of May, and after a full and free consultation as to 
 the general duties devolving upon them, and the mode of proce¬ 
 dure proper to be adopted, decided to hold their sessions in 
 private and allow no publication to be made of their consultations 
 or the evidence taken until otherwise determined by them. They 
 were aware that secret sessions of public bodies, or persons 
 charged with public duties, are not usually acceptable, and are 
 generally opposed to that spirit of free inquiry common to our 
 people ; but they believed that for many obvious reasons no possi¬ 
 ble good would result from public sessions, provided a full journal 
 should be kept of their procedings, and hereafter submitted to you 
 or made public, as might hereafter be deemed proper; and this 
 policy has been adhered to throughout the investigation. A 
 complete journal has been kept of their proceedings; the testi¬ 
 mony has been taken by a stenographer and transcribed and 
 copied; and the same, covering several hundred pages, is sub¬ 
 mitted as a part of this our report. 
 
 The first and chief inquiry was concerning the management of 
 the Hospital for the Insane, and the committee were directed to 
 ascertain— 
 
 1st. Concerning its financial and sanitary management. 
 
 2d. Whether any of the inmates were improperly retained there. 
 
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6 
 
 3d. Whether any were unjustly placed there. 
 
 4th. Whether they were humanely and kindly treated. 
 
 No formal written charges have been made to the committee 
 against the officers of the hospital, nor any formal defense inter¬ 
 posed ; but the character of the above inquiries directed to be 
 made, and the testimony w T hick from time to time has been 
 received, substantially disclosed the following issues or points of 
 controversy. 
 
 COMPLAINTS. 
 
 The principal complaints seem to be— 
 
 1st. Extravagant expenditures of money in the management, 
 and a want of proper sanitary regulations. 
 
 2d. Retaining patients not insane. 
 
 3d. Admitting patients without the proper legal evidence of 
 their insanity—such as a trial and proper certificates and security 
 as required by law. 
 
 4th. Abuse of patients by officers and attendants by blows, by 
 neglect, and by appliances not necessary to their proper personal 
 restraint and government, and by an improper association of 
 patients. 
 
 DEFENSE. 
 
 The defense interposed by the trustees and superintendent, 
 seems to be a general denial of all these charges, and it is 
 insisted— 
 
 1st. That the amount expended in the land and buildings is 
 not more than expenditures made in other States according to the 
 number provided for. 
 
 2d. That the current expenses of the institution, have been no 
 more than an economical administration of its affairs actually re¬ 
 quired ; that no supernumerary officers or employes have been paid; 
 and that in respect to these expenses they will compare favorably 
 with other similar institutions—and that the sanitary condition of 
 the hospital has been good, except during a part of the time, 
 when, from defective drainage and ventilation, and for which 
 they were not responsible, it has been temporarily otherwise. 
 
 od. That patients have been invariably discharged, upon re¬ 
 covery, or as soon thereafter as their friends or authorities sending 
 them there would remove them ; and that incurable patients have 
 
7 
 
 been frequently discharged to 'equalize representation by coun¬ 
 ties, and make room for new applicants. 
 
 4th. That if any persons have been admitted without a trial of 
 their insanity, they have been married women or infants, who 
 were admitted, according to law in force at the time of admission; 
 and that if any persons have been received without the security 
 required by law, it has been inadvertently done, and not in bad 
 faith. 
 
 5th. That proper circumspection has been practiced by the ofii- 
 cers, in respect to the selection of attendants who have the prin¬ 
 cipal personal custody and care of the patients, and a rule of 
 unvarying kindness to patients has been enjoined upon them ; 
 that, so far as the Superintendent and Trustees are informed and 
 believe, the patients have been generally treated kindly; and 
 that, while there have been instances of abuse of patients, yet 
 they are incidental and unavoidable in their government, and all 
 such as were known have received attention and investigation, 
 and the guilty parties reprimanded, discharged or punished, ac¬ 
 cording as the circumstances of each case seemed to require. 
 
 6th. That in the government of the patients, the principle of 
 punishment has been studiously ignored, and only such restraints 
 have been used or imposed upon them as are usual and proper in 
 the other institutions of similar character. 
 
 7th. That the association and classification of patients, in 
 wards, as practiced in the institution, is in accordance with the 
 present usage in Europe and this country. 
 
 As the principal rumors or complaints were of cruelty to 
 patients, that branch of the subject seemed to be of most impor¬ 
 tance, and first engaged our attention. But three witnesses 
 appeared at this first session, to-wit: Miss Susan Kane, of Chris¬ 
 tian county, who had been employed as an attendant in the hos¬ 
 pital, from August, 1865, to January, 1866 ; Mrs. Graff, of Morgan 
 county, who was employed as directress of the sewing room, from 
 July, 1858, to October, 1861; and Mr. E. Searles, of Whiteside 
 county, who was a patient in the hospital from January 1, 1864 
 to December 30, 1865. These witnesses were intelligent, their 
 deportment under examination respectable, and they appeared to 
 the committee to be entirely worthy of credit. Miss Kane and Mrs. 
 Graff had, from personal observation and experience, full opportu¬ 
 nity to know the general treatment of patients, especially in the 
 
8 
 
 female wards, during their residence there; and Mr. Searles tes¬ 
 tified principally concerning his own treatment. 
 
 The testimony of these witnesses was so remarkable in its 
 character, as to excite for the first time, in the minds of the com¬ 
 mittee, serious apprehensions that a harsh, if not inhumane and 
 brutal policy had been adopted by the officers and attendants in 
 the treatment of patients. And as the names of several persons 
 were pointed out by these witnesses as important witnesses, but 
 whose residences, in several cases, were unknown, it then seemed 
 our plain and imperative duty to advise the public of our meet¬ 
 ings, and request that all who knew of any important fact, or who 
 knew the names of those supposed to have information important 
 to the investigation, to inform the committee, and appear and give 
 their evidence. 
 
 A circular to that effect was published, subpoenas issued for 
 witnesses whose residences were known, and the committee ad¬ 
 journed on the 16th of May, to meet at Jacksonville, on the 4th 
 of June. 
 
 Determined to spare neither time nor labor that might appear 
 necessary to a full hearing of all testimony which might be offered, 
 or which could be honorably procured by the committee, to 
 establish the charges of abuse from time to time communicated 
 to the committee, or for the fullest explanation and defense of 
 those charges by the officers of the hospital, we have found it 
 necessary to hold several meetings. We met the 4th, 5th, 6th, 
 7th, 8th and 10th of June, again at Jacksonville; July 10th 
 and 11th, at Chicago; on the 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 22d, 23d, 
 24th, 25th and 26th of July, again at Jacksonville; on the 20th, 
 21st and 22d of August, again at Chicago ; and on the 26th and 
 27th of September, at Springfield. 
 
 The committee had hoped they should have been able to close 
 this investigation at their meeting in September, but at that 
 meeting an affidavit was received by the committee, of Miss Julia 
 A. Wilson, charging the superintendent with grave improprieties 
 to her while visiting her sister in the hospital, in July, last. The 
 President of the Board of Trustees and the Superintendent, 
 being informed of the charge made in the affidavit, objected to its 
 being received without the benefit of a cross-examination of Miss 
 Wilson; and after members of the committee had made inquiry 
 of persons acquainted with this lady, concerning her character, 
 
9 
 
 the committee decided to take her testimony, and allow the cross- 
 examination, as requested. After receiving the depositions of 
 several non-resident witnesses, who had been examined on writ¬ 
 ten interrogatories, they made arrangements for taking the testi¬ 
 mony of Miss Wilson, in Buffalo, and adjourned, to meet again 
 at such time and place as the chairman should designate. 
 
 On the 16th and 17th of October, Dr. McFarland, and Mr. 
 Dummer, his attorney, and the chairman of the committee, took 
 the depositions of Miss Wilson and her mother, Mrs. Julia A. 
 Wilson, and J. D. H. Chamberlain, Esq., before James S. Gibbs, 
 Esq., in the city of Buffalo. 
 
 After the taking of this testimony, it was agreed between the 
 chairman of the committee and the counsel of Dr. McFarland, 
 that the examination concerning the hospital should be concluded 
 at Bloomington, on the 12th of November; and the committee 
 met at that time and place for that purpose. At that meeting, 
 however, an application was made by the President of the Board 
 of Trustees, for a postponement, on account of the appearance of 
 a malignant disease then prevailing at the hospital, which preven¬ 
 ted Dr. McFarland from being present, and also the unavoidable 
 absence of his counsel. 
 
 The committee therefore adjourned until the 29th of November, 
 at Jacksonville, for the purpose of closing the investigation of 
 the hospital, and also to complete their examination of the institu¬ 
 tions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and blind. Before 
 doing so, however, they visited the Normal University, and ex¬ 
 amined the property belonging to the State at Normal, and the 
 financial management of the University. 
 
 On the 29th of November the committee again met at the In¬ 
 stitution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, and after hear¬ 
 ing the balance of the testimony offered by Dr. McFarland, and 
 completing their examination into the “ financial and general man¬ 
 agement” of the institutions for the deaf and dumb, and blind, 
 adjourned on the 3d inst., sine die. 
 
 The committee believe they have spent no more time than was 
 necessary to a proper understanding of the important subjects un¬ 
 der examination; and the delay in submitting to you a report has 
 seemed unavoidable. 
 
 A reference to some of the legislation of the State, and some 
 historical facts connected with these institutions, mav not be here 
 
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 improper, as tlieir consideration is necessary to a full understand¬ 
 ing of some of the evidence which appears in the proceedings of 
 the committee. 
 
 The legislation in relation to the hospital for the insane, and 
 the inquiries directed by the Legislature to be made of its man¬ 
 agement, and in the order named, will first be considered. 
 
 HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 
 
 LEGISLATION. 
 
 In January, 1817, Miss D. L. Dix presented a memorial to the 
 Legislature containing a very eloquent and powerful argument and 
 appeal to establish a hospital for the treatment of the insane of 
 the State who were believed to be curable; and, no doubt, this 
 memorial, from this renowned and philanthropic lady, and her 
 noble and assiduous labors, had a very proper influence upon that 
 body. At all events, on the 1st of March of that year the origi¬ 
 nal act of incorporation was passed. It appointed nine Trustees 
 to manage its affairs, and provided for the appointment by the 
 Trustees of a Superintendent, Assistant Physician and Steward. 
 The Superintendent was required to be a skillful physician, and 
 was to be appointed for a term of ten years, during which time 
 his salary should not be reduced, and should only be subject to 
 removal for “ infidelity to the trust reposed in him, or incompe¬ 
 tency to the discharge thereof.” He was required to be a married 
 man, and, with his family, reside in the institution. It required 
 the hospital to be established within four miles of Jacksonville, 
 and authorized the purchase or acceptance by grant of not to ex¬ 
 ceed 300 acres of land, and which land should have upon it a 
 “ never-failing supply of water,” and be “conveniently situated for 
 necessary supplies of fuel.” For the purpose of securing such 
 land, if necesssary, and constructing buildings, and meeting such 
 expenditures as might be incidental to the erection and completion 
 of such hospital and appurtenances, a tax on all the taxable prop¬ 
 erty of the State of one-fifth of one mill on the dollar, for the term 
 of three years, was directed. The site was to be selected in three 
 months thereafter, and the trustees were required to “so construct 
 
11 
 
 and complete” said building and out-houses, and improvements, 
 that the same should accommodate 250 patients and necessary at¬ 
 tendants, and the whole cost of so doing was limited to sixty 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 The act provided that insane patients from the several comities 
 of the State should be in proportion to the population of the same, 
 but that each county should be entitled to send at least one pa¬ 
 tient. “ Indigent persons” and “ paupers” were to be charged for 
 medical attendance, board and nursing, the actual costs attending 
 the same, and “ paying patients” such sums as the trustees should 
 prescribe. As no provision was made for the clothing of patients 
 by the hospital, such clothing was to be provided by the counties 
 or the patients, or their friends, and therefore, under the eleventh 
 section of this act, neither “ paupers ” nor “ indigent persons ” 
 nor “ paying patients ” were to be charges upon the institution / for 
 the two former classes were to be charged the “actual costs ” of 
 medical attendance, board and nursing, and the latter might be 
 even charged a profit. 
 
 The county commissioners’ court were authorized to send in¬ 
 sane paupers; the courts of the State those charged with any 
 capital or felonious offense, and who had been found insane by 
 the jury; and the circuit courts were directed, on application of 
 any person, to have one alleged to be insane committed to the 
 hospital, to inquire into the fact of insanity, and if such court 
 should be satisfied that such person was, by reason of his or her 
 insanity, unsafe to be at large, or suffering from unkindness , 
 cruelty , hardship or exposure , to send such person to the hospital. 
 
 These were the substantial and humane provisions of this law. 
 
 X 
 
 Protection to society from the “ unsafe”—relief from “ unkind¬ 
 ness, cruelty, hardship and exposure,” whether in jails, poor- 
 houses, or private families, giving “ precedence,” however, to the 
 “indigent insane,” and “preference” to “recent cases” over those 
 of a “chronic character,” seems to have been the leading idea of 
 this first organized and earnest effort of our State in the care of its 
 insane. 
 
 In 1849 (February 3d), the special tax provided by the act of 
 1847, above referred to, was continued another year, and on Feb¬ 
 ruary 15, 1851, it was increased from one-fifth to one-third of a 
 mill, and continued indefinitely; and the trustees were authorized 
 to use so much of said “ fund for the insane,” after the completion 
 
12 
 
 of the building provided for in the act of 1847, as might be neces¬ 
 sary in defraying the expenses of the institution, provided that 
 not more than one hundred and fifty dollars per annum should be 
 used for each “ State” patient; and by the second section of this 
 act of 1851, the “costs and charges” of keeping insane persons 
 residing in this State was directed to be paid out of this “ fund for 
 the insane.” But by the eighteenth section of the law of Febru¬ 
 ary 14,1855 (appropriation act), these laws authorizing the levy 
 of a special tax were repealed, and the special tax levied for 1854 
 required to be paid into the treasury to the credit of the general 
 revenue fund; and by the second section of the law of February 
 21, 1861 (appropriation act), the trustees were authorized and di¬ 
 rected to collect from such patients as are of “ sufficient ability,” 
 the just charges for their support, and report the names to the 
 General Assembly, and the sums so collected. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the original policy of making the hos¬ 
 pital a self-supporting institution, by requiring the trustees to col¬ 
 lect either from the counties, or patients, or their friends, the costs 
 and charges for their care and treatment, was changed by the law 
 of 1851 and before the hospital was opened, and “ all insane per¬ 
 sons residing in the State ” were entitled to receive not exceeding 
 one hundred and fifty dollars per annum for their support, out of 
 the “insane fund.” This law continued in force until 1855, when 
 so much of it as related to the special tax for the “ fund for the 
 insane” was repealed; and finally, in February, 1861, as before 
 stated, the original policy, so far as “personsof sufficient ability” 
 were concerned, was re-enacted, and the trustees directed to col¬ 
 lect from such the “just charges” for their support. In other 
 words, the hospital, from its opening, in 1851, to February, 1861, 
 was free, to the amount of $150 per annum; and since then, 
 those able to pay are required to pay, and those not able, in¬ 
 cluding paupers, are supported free, except as to clothing (unless 
 the limitation of $150 remains in force, as applicable to paupers 
 and indigent insane), which by the act of 1851 is required to be " 
 furnished for paupers by their counties. 
 
 Several other important changes were made in the laws, by the 
 acts of 1851 and 1853, in respect to the power to commit to the 
 hospital. The fifth section of the act of 1851 conferred concur¬ 
 rent jurisdiction upon the county courts to hear and determine 
 alleged cases of insanity, and the order of the court, or judge, or 
 
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 a copy thereof was required to be furnished to the trustees, and 
 
 should constitute the authority to receive and detain. The 10th 
 
 */ 
 
 section of this act has been the subject of much comment and dis¬ 
 cussion, both in and out of the Legislature. It provided that 
 married women and infants, who, in the judgment of the medical 
 superintendent, were evidently insane or distracted, might be 
 received and detained in the hospital on the request of the husband , 
 or the woman , or parent, or guardian , of the infants, without the 
 evidence of insanity or distraction required in other cases. 
 
 This action in relation to married women and infants was sub¬ 
 stantially re-enacted February 12,1853 ; but the judicial proceed¬ 
 ings required before committal of others were changed. The 
 county courts were vested with exclusive jurisdiction to try cases 
 of insanity; and before any person could be committed (married 
 women and infants excepted, and those previously legally decided 
 to be insane), some respectable person was required to file a writ¬ 
 ten statement with the county court or judge thereof, in vacation, 
 setting forth that the person was insane, and that it was for his or 
 her benefit to be committed to the hospital, and giving the list of 
 witnesses by whom the facts could be proven. It therefore be¬ 
 came the duty of the court to summon a jury of six, one of whom 
 should be a physician, to try the question of insanity. The jury 
 were, in case they found the person insane, to return a prescribed 
 form of verdict, and the insane person, under certain regulations 
 and limitations, was to be committed to the hospital. 
 
 Neither the law of 1845, or that of 1847, or of 1851 or 1853, 
 required the person alleged to be insane to be present in court during 
 the examination ; and, prior to the act of 1847, there was no trial 
 of the fact of insanity provided, except a person had property or 
 was accused of crime. The medical evidence required by the 
 court (one juror required to be a physician), as well as the testi¬ 
 mony of other witnesses, were under these various laws accepted 
 in lieu of the presence of the person alleged to be insane. The 
 court or jury would, however, probably have had the right to have 
 such person produced before finding him or her insane, but such 
 presence was not required by the law. 
 
 Conceiving, probably, that persons not insane might be improp¬ 
 erly committed and detained in the hospital under these laws, and 
 who might be protected from such illegal committal if required to 
 be personally present during the examination of their cases, and 
 
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 that married women and infants were as much entitled to the pro¬ 
 tection ot the law in respect to their personal rights in this regard 
 as others, the Legislature, on the 16th of February, 1865, again 
 conferred upon the circuit judges of the State the same powers 
 as then possessed by the county courts in this respect, and declared 
 that no resident of the State should thereafter be admitted into 
 the hospital “except upon the order of a court or judge, or upon 
 the production of a warrant issued under the provisions of this 
 act of 1853;” and, also, “that no^trial should be had of the 
 question of sanity before any judge or court without the presence 
 or in the absence of the person alleged to be insane.” 
 
 The subject of illegal committals and detentions in the hospital 
 was again before the last Legislature ; and, by a most stringent law, 
 of March 5,1867, it was declared, that any superintendent, medical 
 director, agent or other person, of any hospital or asylum for 
 insane or distracted persons in this State, who should receive, 
 keep, or detain in any such asylum or hospital any person against 
 his or her wishes, without the record or proper certificate of the 
 trial of such person alleged to be insane, as required by the act 
 of 1865, should be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on 
 conviction be punished by a fine of not less than $500, nor more 
 than $1000, and imprisoned not less than three months, nor 
 more than one year, or both, in the discretion of the court before 
 whom the conviction should be had. 
 
 This law of March 5, 1867, further provided that any person 
 then confined in any insane hospital or asylum, and all persons 
 confined in the hospital for the insane, at Jacksonville, who had 
 not been tried and found insane or distracted by the verdict of a 
 
 4 ** 
 
 jury, as provided in and contemplated by the act of 1865, should 
 be permitted to have such trial; that all “ such persons ” should 
 be informed by the trustees “in their discretion” of the provi¬ 
 sions of both these acts, and on their request such persons should 
 be entitled to such trial within a reasonable time thereafter, pro¬ 
 vided that trial might be had in the county where such insane 
 person resided previous to such detention, in case such person or 
 his or her friends should within thirty days after such demand for 
 a trial provide for the transportation of such person to said county ; 
 and in case no such provision for transportation should be made ? 
 then such person should be tried in the county where he or she 
 was then detained. The fourth section also provided for the dis- 
 
15 
 
 charge of all suclr persons who had not been tried as provided by 
 the act of 1865, or who should not be so tried within two months 
 from the passage of the act of 1867. 
 
 A question arose under this last law as to whether, in cases 
 where the patient was so palpably and obviously insane as not to 
 be capable of knowing whether they wanted a trial or not, the 
 trustees had any discretion in the premises; and the supreme 
 court, on a case instituted, decided, that, irrespective of their 
 mental condition, all patients in hospital March 7,1867, who had 
 not been tried as provided by the act of 1865, must be tried or 
 discharged, and that the trustees had no discretion, but were 
 bound to provide them a trial. 
 
 By the act of February 13, 1857, the number of trustees is 
 reduced to six, the office of steward abolished, and the duties of 
 that office to be discharged by clerks appointed by the trustees on 
 the recommendation of superintendent; insane paupers required 
 to be furnished with clothing by their counties; form of complaint 
 and verdict of insanity prescribed ; trustees authorized to dis¬ 
 charge any patient when, in their judgment, it is necessary ; in¬ 
 curable and harmless cases to be discharged, to make room, when 
 necessary, for recent cases; and non-resident patients who were 
 probably curable, authorized to be received; and the compensa¬ 
 tion of trustees to be their personal and traveling expenses going 
 to and returning from the meetings of the board. 
 
 A careful examination of these various laws, will show: 
 
 1st. That a full and fair trial by a court and jury is now se¬ 
 cured to every person alleged to be insane, and he or she not only 
 ‘permitted but required to be personally present during said trial, 
 and a certified copy of the verdict of the jury required before 
 admission to hospital. 
 
 2d. Representation by counties according to population, each 
 county, however, to be entitled to at least one patient; and, 
 among different applications from the same county, the “ paupers” 
 and “ indigent insane ” to have preference over “paying patients;” 
 and the “recent cases,” or those deemed curable, over “chronic 
 cases,” or those deemed doubtful or incurable. 
 
 3d. Counties to pay expenses of pauper patients to hospital; 
 furnish certain articles of clothing for them in advance, and pro¬ 
 vide suitable clothing while there, and remove them when required 
 by the trustees. 
 
16 
 
 4th. Patients of “sufficient ability to pay the just charges of 
 their support,'’ including, undoubtedly, medical and other atten¬ 
 dance. 
 
 5th. Plenary powers conferred on trustees and superintendent 
 to equalize representation, enforce payment, and compel obedi¬ 
 ence to all laws and regulations of the institution. 
 
 6th. The institution a hospital for treatment of cases probably 
 curable, instead of an asylum for helpless or incurable—with this 
 limitation, that each county only is entitled to one patient, whether 
 incurable or not. 
 
 7th. Admission of non-resident curable cases when there is 
 vacant room. 
 
 FINANCIAL AND SANITARY MANAGEMENT. 
 
 The condition of the hospital, including its costs, is perhaps 
 necessary to be understood in determining its “ financial and sani¬ 
 tary management.” 
 
 It appears from an examination of various reports of the trus¬ 
 tees and superintendent, and books and records of the institution, 
 that there has been expended by the State, for lands and buildings 
 for the hospital, the following sums: 
 
 In 1847-48 
 1849-50 
 1851-52 
 1853-54 
 1857-58 
 1859-60 
 1861-62 
 1865-66 
 
 $13,121 54 
 36,815 93 
 44,014 28 
 36,801 37 
 71,055 33 
 79,500 00 
 26,110 67 
 76,814 00 
 
 $383,233 12 
 
 Of this amount $3,631 42 was expended, in 1847-48, for land; 
 and $10,000 00, in 1861-62, for water-works; and $814, in 1865- 
 66, for land ; making $14,445 42 for land and water-works, and 
 leaving $368,787 70 as expense of buildings. To this sum 
 should be added, as appropriated February 28, 1867, $16,400— 
 for completing and furnishing the east wing, re-painting, finishing 
 chapel, and enlargement of sewers and cess-pools—making the 
 sum total for lands and buildings $399,633 12. 
 
 It further appears that the following sums have been appro¬ 
 priated and expended for its support: 
 
17 
 
 In 1851-2 . $25,165 64 
 
 1853-4 . 62,329 36 
 
 1855-6 . 65,000 00 
 
 1857-8 . 72,000 00 
 
 1859-60 . 80,000 00 
 
 1861-2 . 88,750 00 
 
 1863-4 . 90,000 00 
 
 1865-6 . 55,00000 
 
 $538,243 93 
 
 To which should be added—appropriated February 25, 1867, to 
 meet deficiency for current expenses for year 1866. 63,206 53 
 
 Making the total amount of current expenses to Dec. 1, 1866. .$601,450 46 
 
 The general account will then stand: 
 
 Lands and building. ,. $399,633 12 
 
 Current expenses to 1S67. 601,450 46 
 
 $1,001,083 58 
 
 It also appears that the following number of patients have been 
 admitted prior to July 1, 1867: 
 
 Number admitted from Nov. 3, 1851, to Dec. 1, 1864.2,135 
 
 Number admitted from Dec. 1, 1864, to Dec. 1, 1866. . 446 
 
 - 2,581 
 
 Number discharged ( recovered ) prior to Dec. 1, 1866.1,054 
 
 Number discharged ( improved ) . 229 
 
 Number discharged {unimproved) . 650 
 
 Number discharged (by friends) . 48 
 
 Number discharged (eloped) . 35 
 
 Died. 246 
 
 - 2,263 
 
 Leaving in hospital Dec. 1, 1866 . 318 
 
 Admitted from Dec. 1, 1866, to Feb 28, 1867 .. 56 
 
 Admitted from Feb. 28, 1867, to April 3, 1867 . 23 
 
 Admitted from April 3, 1867, to July 25, 1867 . Ill 
 
 -190 
 
 508 
 
 Vacancies from Dec. 1, 1866, to Feb. 28, 1867 . 40 
 
 Vacancies from Feb. 28, 1867, to April 3, 1867 . 29 
 
 Vacancies from April 3, 1867, to July 25, 1867 . 103 
 
 -172 
 
 In hospital July 25, 1867. 336 
 
 As 2,581 were admitted from Nov. 3, 1851 (at opening of hos¬ 
 pital) to Dec. 1, 1866, and the total expenditures for lands, build¬ 
 ings and current expenditures to Dec. 1, 1866, was $1,001,083 58, 
 
 it will be seen that it is equivalent to about $388 per patient. 
 3— 
 
IS 
 
 And $601,450 46 being the amount of current expenses to same 
 date, it will also be seen that such expenses are equal to about 
 $233 per patient. 
 
 From the report of the superintendent, of Dec. 1, lb64, it 
 appears that there were then in hospital 301; and, from his report 
 of Dec. 1,1866, there were at that time in hospital 318. 
 
 The treasurer’s report for Dec. 1, 1866, shows that there was 
 expended on account of current expenses, for 1865 and 1866, 
 $187,921 30, or $93,960 65 per annum. Assuming the average 
 attendance during those two years to be 310 patients, the gross 
 expense 'per capita was about $303. But it is also stated in said 
 treasurer’s report that $52,790 31 was received by the hospital 
 for clothing and incidental expenses of patients during said time. 
 This latter item seems to be a mistake, as the amount received for 
 board is only $31,054 01, and for clothing $21,736 30—making 
 $52,790 31 on both accounts. And it also appears from said 
 report of the treasurer, that said expenses includes $8,218 62, as 
 expenses of “farm account;” and that $9,251 57 was received 
 during the same time, on account of sales made of surplus hay, 
 corn, hogs, and cattle from the farm ; therefore the $9,251 57 
 should be added to the above $52,790 31—making $62,047 88, 
 which, deducted from the above $187,921 30, leaves $125,873 42, 
 as the amount actually expended by the State for current expenses 
 in the support of these patients—which is equal to $62,936 71 
 per annum, or about $203 per patient per annum, by the State. 
 
 On the 28th of February last there were seventy officers and 
 employes (including four patients) in the service of the hospital, 
 at a monthly compensation of $2,039 14 ; and the amount paid 
 on account of salaries, for quarter ending March 3, 1867, was 
 
 $5,301 84. These persons are : 
 
 1 Superintendent, whose monthly salary is. $208 33 
 
 1 Assistant physician, whose monthly salary is. 70 00 
 
 1 Assistant physician, whose monthly salary is. 50 00 
 
 1 Chaplain. 25 00 
 
 1 Matron. 20 00 
 
 1 Clerk. 58 33 
 
 1 Supervisor. 40 00 
 
 2 Supervisoresses, each. 20 00 
 
 1 Seamstress. 20 00 
 
 1 Engineer. . . 58 33 
 
 1 Assistant engineer ... .. 58 83 
 
 1 Fireman... 30 00 
 
19 
 
 10 Male attendants, each .. 
 
 14 Female attendants, each 
 
 1 Barber. 
 
 1 Cook . 
 
 1 Assistant cook.. 
 
 1 Baker. 
 
 1 Watchman. 
 
 1 Porter. 
 
 1 Farmer. 
 
 1 Gardener. 
 
 $30 00 
 15 00 
 35 00 
 45 00 
 30 00 
 40 00 
 35 00 
 35 00 
 58 33 
 35 00 
 
 25 Employes of various kinds, with various salaries—from $10 00 to $35 00 per 
 month. 
 
 These officers and employes reside at the hospital, and the 
 salaries are exclusive of their board, washing, etc. The salaries 
 and wages do not appear unreasonable for the grade of services, 
 although, in some cases, they are higher than are paid in other 
 similar institutions. The aggregate salaries and wages, according 
 to number of patients, do not materially differ from amounts paid 
 in several other institutions, whose reports the committee have 
 examined; and the committee are satisfied from the testimony, 
 that there cannot at present be any material reduction of salaries 
 or wages. 
 
 The following is a statement of amounts paid for the same 
 services, and included in current expenses, for the past ten years : 
 
 Years. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per Annum. 
 
 1857 and 1858. 
 
 $6,100 00 
 
 $16,471 67 
 
 $22,571 62 
 
 $11,285 81 
 
 1859 and I860. 
 
 5,937 59 
 
 18,362 97 
 
 24,300 47 
 
 12,150 23 
 
 1861 and 1862.. 
 
 6,153 84 
 
 20,165 29 
 
 26,319 13 
 
 13,159 56 
 
 1863 and 1864. 
 
 1865 and 1866. 
 
 8,815 60 
 
 28,384 27 
 
 32,199 87 
 43,983 14 
 
 18,099 98 
 21,996 57 
 
 LANDS. 
 
 The “ lands and buildings and water-works ” for which the 
 above expenditure of $399,633 12 has been made, consists of a 
 farm, lying adjoining the city of Jacksonville on the south, of 160 
 acres of land—well fenced, and under a high state of cultivation ; 
 
 and about-acres occupied by a reservoir. The lawn, garden, 
 
 and land occupied by the various buildings, contain about forty 
 acres; about fifty acres are in crops, and about seventy acres to 
 tame grass. Almost everything has been done to make it in 
 every sense a model farm. Its natural beauty, its admirable and 
 
20 
 
 convenient locality, and the contributions which science and good 
 husbandry have made, render it altogether one of the most pro¬ 
 ductive and valuable farms in the State. 
 
 The superintendent, in his report, says that this farm “ is, as 
 heretofore, a source of pleasure and unquestionable profit. That 
 it is a source of ‘ pleasure ’ to many—that the ‘ household supplies 
 drawn from it, in all their freshness and convenience,’ ” are desira¬ 
 ble ; in fact that the farm, or some portion of it is really a neces¬ 
 sity, the committee do not doubt; but it does not appear, from 
 the treasurer’s report, quite so clearly that there is in this farm a 
 source of pecuniary profit to the State. 
 
 As the farm seems to be well managed, and no extravagant 
 expenditures are shown in its expense account, and a great por¬ 
 tion of its products are needful to supply the tables of the hos¬ 
 pital, it is not necessary to enter into a close calculation of its 
 pecuniary profit or loss to justify the investment. The commit¬ 
 tee are inclined to think, however, that the north sixty or eighty 
 acres might be now very advantageously sold, in small lots, at 
 the present value, without interfering with any necessity or con¬ 
 venience of the patients; and the proceeds of such sale either 
 used in improvements upon the balance, or re-invested in other 
 cheaper lands, near or adjoining the hospital farm. v 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 The buildings, costing as heretofore stated, $601,450 46, con¬ 
 sist of the hospital, and other buildings necessary for its use— 
 including a barn and outbuildings upon the farm. The hospital, 
 as now completed, with a front of five hundred' feet, is of brick, 
 and consists of nine sections or sub-divisions. The centre or 
 main building is 100 feet front, by fifty feet deep, with a base¬ 
 ment of eight feet; and three principal stories of- eleven feet each, 
 and an attic of eight feet. This part of the hospital is occupied 
 for offices, and domestic and household purposes. Joined to it 
 are two wings on the east, known as the east and new east wfings ; 
 and two wings on the west, known as the west and new west 
 wings, but now forming, in fact, but two wings—the east and 
 west wings. Each of these wings, as last mentioned , is composed 
 of two lateral or longitudinal sections, and two transverse sections. 
 Each of the first lateral sections has seventy-three feet front, and 
 is thirty-six feet deep ; and each of the first transverse sections 
 
21 
 
 has a front of twenty-eight feet, and is 100 feet deep; and each 
 of the second lateral sections is fifty-seven feet front, and thirty- 
 six feet deep ; and each of the second transverse sections is forty- 
 three feet front, and 100 feet deep. The transverse sections cor¬ 
 respond in height with the lateral sections—except, in the former, 
 there are attics, used as dormitory wards ; and the lateral sections 
 are three stories above the basement. For convenience, as well 
 as architectural appearance, the first lateral sections fall back 
 about thirty feet from the front line of the main building ; and 
 the second lateral sections about twenty feet from the first. The 
 front line of the first transverse section of each wing, falls back 
 about thirty feet from the front line of the main building; and 
 the front line of the second or last transverse section of each wing, 
 falls back about twenty feet from the front line of the main build¬ 
 ing. The basement and three principal stories throughout the 
 building, are of corresponding height. Each floor or story of each 
 wing, as originally constructed, and as first above described, is 
 occupied as one ward. Therefore there are sixteen full or regular 
 wards, and four dormitory wards. Through the centre of these 
 wards there are halls, 100 feet long and twelve to fourteen feet 
 wide. On each side of these halls are sleeping rooms. In the 
 new wings these rooms are fourteen by ten feet, and in the old 
 wings twelve by twelve feet. Opening out of these wards are, 
 also, convenient reception and dining rooms. In each ward there 
 are also a water-closet and bath-room. In July last the average 
 number in each of the twelve wards then occupied was twenty- 
 eight—the four wards in the new east wing were then being com¬ 
 pleted, and not occupied. The west wings, except the basements, 
 were occupied by female, and the east wing and basements by 
 male patients. The three basement wards, being known as the 
 first, fifth, and new fifth, in July contained seventy-five male 
 patients. There were twenty-nine in the old fifth, and thirty in 
 the new fifth ; and it seemed to the committee that these wards 
 should be either abandoned as wards, or so re-constructed as to 
 afford more light, and better ventilation. These were occupied 
 by the worst patients, who seemed to be necessarily suffering for 
 the want of sufficient light, and pure air. 
 
 The want of proper provision for heating and ventilating these 
 old wings, and especially these basement wards, is on account of 
 the bad construction of the flues in the brick walls; and the foul 
 
22 
 
 air flues in that connection appear but little better than none ; aud 
 the remedy for which is in constructing more and larger flues, for 
 the admission of fresh and the discharge of foul air. 
 
 The grounds in front of the hospital descend to the north, and 
 several acres are tastefully laid out in flower-beds and lawn; and 
 a highly cultivated and very productive vegetable garden and 
 grapery lie in the rear. 
 
 The committee spent nine days, in July last, in the hospital, in 
 taking testimony, and inspecting the buildings and premises, and 
 they take great pleasure in saying that, so far as they were able to 
 observe, the sanitary condition of the hospital was, with the ex¬ 
 ception above named, all that could be desired. The patients 
 appeared to be well provided with plenty of plain and good food; 
 they were comfortably and neatly clad ; the machinery and appa¬ 
 ratus for cooking, washing and heating, and ventilating the build¬ 
 ing, appeared admirably adapted to the purposes intended; and 
 the building throughout seemed a model of cleanliness. In the 
 thorough inspection which the committee endeavored to make, 
 they were accompanied by Professors Patterson, of Batavia, and 
 Johnson, of Chicago, who were summoned by the committee to 
 assist them in the personal examination of the patients, which 
 will be mentioned hereafter. The testimony of these gentlemen, 
 on this and other subjects, will be found in the journal of the 
 committee. 
 
 In passing through the various departments of the hospital, 
 one of the most noticeable things which attracts the attention of 
 the observer, is the admirable system there adopted for warming 
 and ventilating the entire edifice. After various changes, which 
 time and experience have shown necessary to be made on this 
 important subject, the present system of forced mutilation and 
 warming by steam—and as it seems, in perfection—is in ope¬ 
 ration. 
 
 Immediately in the rear of the hospital, but in their uses form¬ 
 ing a part of it, are suitable buildings of brick, two stories high, 
 containing a kitchen, bakery, wash, ironing, drying, boiler, and 
 engine rooms, and sitting, dining and sleeping rooms for em¬ 
 ployes ; and in one of the wings is a chapel, now being completed 
 under the appropriations last made. 
 
 From one of these rear buildings, and connected there with 
 five steam boilers, each twenty-four feet long and forty-four inches 
 
‘23 
 
 in diameter, there runs a large steam pipe of wrought iron through 
 a subterranean channel of brick work, five feet in diameter, to the 
 center of the main edifice, and there, dividing at right angles, 
 passes each way through the cellars, and again branching to sup¬ 
 ply the transverse wings at the extreme portions. Connected 
 with these main pipes are smaller pipes, one inch in diameter, 
 which enter into two rows of hot-air chambers. These hot-air 
 chambers, made of wood and lined with zinc, have a direct com¬ 
 munication at the bottom with the fresh air outside the building, 
 and which is admitted through windows in the cellar walls, and at 
 the top discharged into flues which .rise into the various wards 
 occupied by patients. Connected with these pipes in these hot¬ 
 air chambers, is a circuit of pipes, which All the chamber, heating 
 the air within it to a high temperature. The fresh, cold air on 
 entering these chambers is heated, and rising with a strong cur¬ 
 rent through the flues, is distributed through registers, as required. 
 The surplus steam and water of condensation, in passing back 
 toward the boilers in another set of cast iron pipes, is made to 
 ascend to the center building of the hospital, and from there dis¬ 
 tributed, in coils of pipes, to the halls, dining rooms, parlors and 
 offices; and having performed its office there, and being- con- 
 densed to water by its use, is*conveyed back to the building where 
 it was generated, and by a steam pump thrown into the boilers, 
 to be again sent on its endless circuit. 
 
 In addition to the ordinary means of ventilation, there is placed 
 at the mouth of the large subterranean channel before-mentioned, 
 a circular fan, fourteen feet in diameter, and driven by a steam 
 engine. When in motion, this immense fan gathers up fresh air, 
 and forces it with such rapidity along the pipes through this sub¬ 
 terranean channel and up the flues in the building, that in a very 
 short time every particle of foul or hot air can be displaced by 
 this current of fresh air. A special means of very thoroughly 
 ventilating the privies and water closets has been produced by 
 connecting them, a few feet above the outlet at the bottom, by a 
 subterranean channel of brick work, with the chimney stack, stand¬ 
 ing at the end of the building which contains the steam boilers. 
 This chimney stack is 115 feet high, and in it is a cast iron smoke 
 flue, three feet in diameter; and between this iron flue and the 
 brick work which surrounds it, is a space one foot in the clear, 
 and connected with the subterranean channel last mentioned ; and 
 
 I 
 
24 
 
 thus an active, upward current of air is produced by the heating 
 of this air in this foul air flue in the chimney stack, and not only 
 the foul gases of the vaults escape, but a downward current of air 
 from the privy rooms is produced when the seats are opened. 
 
 When it is considered how important a proper system of heat¬ 
 ing and ventilation is, in a large hospital like ours, both to the 
 health and comfort of the patients, the people of the State, instead 
 of regretting, may well congratulate themselves that their liberal 
 and generous appropriations have been made to supply every 
 needed physical comfort to these patients. And the only object 
 the committee had of specially referring to this subject in this 
 report, was to show that almost every requisition for money to 
 extend the capacity and comfort and usefulness of this hospital, 
 has been promptly met. While this is true, however, there are a 
 few other changes and expenditures, which it seems to the com¬ 
 mittee are of pressing and vital importance. 
 
 These rear buildings, where almost all of the fire in the institu¬ 
 tion is used, are connected with the main building of the hospital 
 by an “ arcade,” or passage way of wood, two stories high. It is 
 of lattice work, and answers for no other purpose than a covered 
 passage between these buildings, unless it should unfortunately prove 
 to be a magazine to fire the whole buildings. So eminent did the 
 danger from this combustible structure, in case of fire, appear, 
 that the committee immediately called the attention of the trustees 
 to the subject, and advised its immediate removal. In view of 
 what might otherwise appear an apparent neglect, it is but proper 
 to state that the trustees and superintendent have called the 
 attention of the Legislature to the subject, and asked for an appro¬ 
 priation to replace this “ contrivance” with a substantial brick 
 structure, but for some unknown reason, the appropriation has not 
 been made. The committee also understand that the trustees 
 intend to remove it at an early day. 
 
 Another subject intimately connected with that of fire is that 
 of water ; and although neither of them, in the relation here 
 mentioned, may come strictly under “ financial and sanitary man¬ 
 agement” of the institution, yet their importance may justify the 
 reference which is here solely made for the purpose of calling 
 your attention to what the committee think you may regard an 
 appropriate subject of executive recommendation. 
 
25 
 
 There seems to have almost always been more or less difficulty 
 of obtaining a sufficient supply of water for the hospital. Indeed, 
 it would seem that, before the location of the hospital, such diffi¬ 
 culty was apprehended ;• for, as has heretofore been shown in this 
 report, the trustees were required, before accepting any grant of 
 land as a site for a hospital, to see to it that said land should 
 “have a never-failing supply of water on the premises.” The 
 trustees, in their report of December, 1860, very justly say that 
 the importance of this instruction seems to have been overlooked • 
 that the hospital grounds have no supply of water, except from 
 cisterns and wells; that during the (then) past dry season, and at 
 other times, a great portion of the water used has been hauled 
 from a distance; and that in consequence of such scarcity, “less 
 water has been used for bathing and other purposes than the health 
 of the patients required.” To remedy this difficulty, Mr- 
 Chesbrough, an eminent hydraulic engineer, was consulted, who 
 estimated that at an expense of ten thousand dollars a reservoir 
 could be excavated on the bluff, or north bank of the Mauvaisterre 
 creek, and about one-third of a mile from the hospital—with a top 
 water of level 62 feet above the bed of the creek, circular in form, 
 201 feet in diameter at top water line, 152 feet at the bottom, with 
 bank ten feet wide and two feet above top water line, and side 
 slopes two feet horizontal to one foot perpendicular—giving a 
 depth of twelve and a half feet of water, and with a capacity of 
 2,500,000 gallons of water ; and the water to be raised from the 
 creek into the reservoir by a steam engine and pumps, and con¬ 
 veyed by pipes into a large cistern, containing a week’s supply, at 
 the hospital. This reservoir, it was supposed, would hold a five 
 months’ supply, and thus afford a protection against droughts. 
 The appropriation was promptly made—the work completed and 
 put in operation about February 1, 1862. Since that time, until 
 the present season, there has been no serious inconvenience from 
 a want of a sufficient supply of water, although the loss by 
 “ seepage” through the bed of the reservoir has been greater than 
 was expected. 
 
 During a part of the present season the supply of water has 
 been cut short, and for the past two months most of the water 
 used at the hospital has been drawn by teams from wells and cis¬ 
 terns in the vicinity, and even in that way but a scanty supply 
 could be procured. The drought the present season has been the 
 —4 
 
26 
 
 principal cause of this, although the reservoir is out of repair. 
 The result of this state of things has been an increase of sickness 
 among the patients. An epidemic among them, and a panic 
 among the attendants, were very eminent during a part of last 
 month. The crisis seems now to have passed, for the late rains 
 have given some relief. Still, serious embarrassments for the 
 want of sufficient water still continues ; and from all the informa¬ 
 tion the committee can obtain, it is not improbable that additional 
 measures will have to be adopted to secure a permanent supply. 
 A survey has recently been made, under the direction of the citi¬ 
 zens of the city of Jacksonville, with reference to constructing a 
 large reservoir near the hospital reservoir, and it is supposed a 
 permanent supply of water can be obtained from Mauvaisterre 
 creek. If this plan should be successful, the hospital may be sup¬ 
 plied in this manner. 
 
 The fearful and positively alarming condition of things at the 
 hospital in case of lire, and no adequate supply of water and 
 apparatus to extinguish it, would be too appalling to admit of 
 description. A hospital in flames containing hundreds of insane 
 and distracted patients, in their various wards, and perhaps in 
 their beds, at the mercy of this remorseless element, and no effect¬ 
 ive instrumentality to protect or save them, would present a scene 
 of horror which few eyes ever beheld. And yet the danger of 
 just such a frightful calamity has existed during a part of the 
 present season. Even with no lack of water in the cisterns, there 
 is danger in case of a tire. Dr. Gilman, whose attention was 
 was called to this subject, testifies that if a tire should break out, 
 they have very limited means to put it out—nothing but pails 
 and the employes about the institution. He says that they have 
 a hose which might be used, from the engine house, but don’t 
 think it could be used extensively ; that there is no organization 
 of the employes as a fire company; that there are five or six 
 buckets to each ward; but that the utmost caution is taken to 
 guard against tire; and that the wooden arcade or corridor above 
 mentioned, is to be removed when means are furnished to remove it. 
 
 True, the hospital has never been in flames, but to guard against 
 such a contingency and provide for it if it should occur, it seems 
 to the committee that hose running from the water tank in the 
 attic into every ward and hall, should be put in, so that in case of 
 fire the whole building could be immediately flooded ; that the 
 
employes should be organized into a tire company, and occasion¬ 
 ally drilled in their duties ; and, in the opinion of the committee? 
 nothing less than these precautionary measures would relieve the 
 anxiety of the people of the State, and especially those who have 
 relatives or friends among the patients, and who are, or may 
 become aware of their exposed condition. A few hundred dollars 
 thus expended, it is thought, would be a better investment than 
 money paid by the State to insure these buildings. 
 
 In relation to the support of the institution, ever since the law 
 of February 21st, 1861, it is evident that a more stringent rule 
 must be adopted under that law, or its main dependence will con¬ 
 tinue to be upon appropriations. In this connection it will be 
 recollected that the law provides that board and attendance shall 
 be furnished to paupers at the expense of the State, the counties 
 or towns sending them to provide clothing ; but as to those formerly 
 called “ paying patients,” and indigent insane and not paupers, it 
 is otherwise. Under the law of 1861, “ authorizing and direct¬ 
 ing ” the trustees to collect from such patients as are of “ sufficient 
 ability” the just ^charges of their support, the trustees have 
 assumed that the law now recognizes three classes of patients, 
 to-wit: “paupers,” “indigent insane,” or those not paupers but 
 unable to pay tor their support, and those of “sufficient ability.” 
 In their report of December, 1862, they say the task of “ discrim¬ 
 ination ” and “ determining the question of ability,” is a difficult 
 one; that the friends of some of the patients misrepresent in 
 order to escape liability ; that others, in their anxiety to have a 
 patient received or retained, promise readily a remuneration, when 
 a thorough investigation shows that they ought not to be charged, 
 and that not more than three dollars per week in any instance is 
 required to be paid. This sum has since been increased to a max¬ 
 imum of $5 per week. In practice, this responsibility is imposed 
 upon the superintendent, and the committee are informed by him 
 that no regulations have been adopted requiring proof to be made 
 touching the ability of the patient or his friends, but that after 
 hearing the statements of the friends of the patient, he decides 
 whether the patient is able to pay any, and if so, what amount-— 
 a practice, it seems to the committee, not only attended with 
 difficulty, but liable to abuse. 
 
 The report of the superintendent of December, 1S64, shows 
 there were then in the hospital, December 1st, 1862, 302; that 
 
28 
 
 during the two years ending December 1st, 1864, there were 
 admitted 408; and there were discharged and died, during the 
 same period, 409; leaving 301 there December 1st, 1864—showing 
 an average attendance during said two years of about 300. The 
 current expenses during the same time was $132,753 IS, or 
 $61,376 09 per annum, being $204 58 per annum of gross expense 
 for each patient. But $14,185 00 was received for board of 
 patients, and $22,734 87 for clothing furnished: total, $36,919 00, 
 which deducted from above $132,753 18, leaves $95,833 31, or 
 $47,916 65 per annum, and which is equal to $159 72 per annum 
 for each patient. Or, deducting still further, $5,899 51, as 
 received from farm during said two years, would show annual net 
 cost to the State of $149 88 per patient. Deferring to the gross 
 and net costs for 1865 and 1866, heretofore stated, it will be 
 noticed that the expense or gross costs of supporting each patient 
 was $303 09, showing an increase in 1865-6 over 1863-4 of 
 $98 51. The net costs for 1865-6 per patient was $203 19, or an 
 increase of net expense of the later over former term of $53 31 
 per patient annually. Amount of salaries and wages for 1863-4 
 was $31,499 87, and for 1865-6 $43,983 14, or an increase of 
 $12,483 27. The increase of admissions during the latter period 
 is thirty-eight, and discharges and deaths twenty. As there were 
 301 in hospital December 1st, 1864, and 318 December 1st, 1866, 
 and the average attendance during these four years is not given, 
 an approximate estimate only can be made from the above data. 
 
 Sundry exhibits referred to in the testimony are transmitted 
 with this report. An abstract of exhibit “ B, ” and other statis¬ 
 tical information, and marked schedule “B, ” will be found in 
 the journal of the committee, containing the number of paupers 
 in the hospital February 28th, 1867, from each county; the num¬ 
 ber from each county whose friends became security, and the pop¬ 
 ulation of each county, according to the census of 1865. Out*of 
 the 336 then in hospital, 139 were paupers. 
 
 As to representation, the committee have not been able to see 
 that any unfair discrimination has been made in admitting patients 
 from the several counties in the State. But one serious complaint 
 concerning representation has been made to the committee, and 
 that is made by Judge Bradwell, county judge of Cook county. 
 His complaint is not that Cook county has not had her proportion 
 of patients admitted, but that patients (besides married women 
 
29 
 
 and infants) have been habitually admitted from that county with¬ 
 out the trial and verdicts required by law. A reference to the 
 testimony of Judge Brad well will be necessary to a full under¬ 
 standing of this complaint; and the committee cannot doubt, in 
 the absence of explanatory testimony, that the irregularities com¬ 
 plained of to some extent exist. The admission ot Mr. McCor¬ 
 mick, of Chicago, mentioned by this witness, was without doubt, 
 in violation of law. But as Mr. McCormick occupied rooms, dur¬ 
 ing the month he and his wife and servants were in the hospital, 
 which were usually occupied by the superintendent and his family, 
 and the institution received a very liberal compensation for his 
 treatment, it is believed that there was no improper motive in 
 receiving him, although a practice of that kind could not legally 
 be justified. The testimony of Judge Brad well is very positive 
 that many persons, not married women or infants, previous to the 
 passage of the law of 1867, were admitted from Cook county 
 without a trial and verdict of a jury ; that many of them were 
 paupers, and that when bills were sent for clothing furnished 
 them, he had an examination of the records made, which showed 
 this state of facts. On the cross-examination he was asked if 
 there had not been some arrangement with the agent of Cook 
 county and himself, by which paupers from the Cook County 
 Alms House were sent to the hospital, and he answered that he 
 never made any such arrangement, and was the last person to 
 make an arrangement with any body to send persons to the hos¬ 
 pital without a trial. In consequence of this practice, the witness 
 said persons who had been regularly tried and found insane, were 
 refused admittance because the quota of Cook county was full on 
 account of those irregular and illegal admissions. 
 
 ARE PATIENTS IMPROPERLY RETAINED. 
 
 The next inquiry directed to be made was whether any patients 
 were “ improperly retained 55 in the hospital. Under the provi¬ 
 sions of the law of March 5, 1867, known as the “ personal liber¬ 
 ty” law, the trustees of the hospital were directed, as before 
 stated, to inform all patients who were in the hospital, and who 
 had not been tried and found insane, or distracted, by the verdict 
 of a jury, as provided by the law of 1865, that they were entitled 
 to such trial, and that unless they should be thus tried and found 
 insane or distracted, within two months after the passage of said 
 
I 
 
 30 
 
 act, they should be discharged. Understanding that this law was 
 being executed by the trustees, the committee deemed it but re¬ 
 spectful to them to await the conclusion of the trials contemplated 
 by that law, and therefore postponed the personal examination of 
 patients until their meeting in July. 
 
 It appears from a statement, made by the trustees to the com¬ 
 mittee, of such trials, and the record and proceedings thereof, that 
 there were 212 patients in the hospital who were tried by jury in 
 May, under the supervision of the trustees; that verdicts of in¬ 
 sanity in each of them were rendered, and that there were in the 
 hospital about 125 in addition, who had been tried by jury pre¬ 
 vious to their admission to the hospital. The committee supposed 
 that the law of March, 1867, had been fairly and impartially exe¬ 
 cuted, in respect to these trials, yet as these recent verdicts inclu¬ 
 ded but a part of the patients, it of course was the duty of the 
 committee to make the examination, as directed by the Legisla¬ 
 ture ; for they were directed to ascertain whether the inmates 
 were ‘^improperly retained,” and that involved the question of 
 the insanity of all of them. The committee, therefore, on the 
 24th, 25th and 26th of July, made a personal examination of every 
 patient in the hospital; and in that examination were assisted by 
 Drs. Johnson and Patterson, as heretofore mentioned. The man¬ 
 ner of the examination, and the testimony of these gentlemen, and 
 also the testimony of other witnesses, will be found in the journal 
 of the committee. It may be proper here also to state that, in 
 this examination, every patient whose insanity was doubtful, as 
 well as many cases of those who appeared harmless and incura¬ 
 ble, were noted for particular subsequent inquiry, and a special 
 examination of witnesses, touching such cases, was made. 
 
 There were then in the hospital 170 male, and 166 female, pa¬ 
 tients. All but about fifty or sixty were so manifestly insane as 
 to require but a moment’s notice. There were several convales¬ 
 cent patients, and a few probably wholly recovered, but retained, 
 as was stated and believed, awaiting their friends to remove them. 
 It was the opinion of Drs. Johnson and Patterson that none of 
 this number were, upon the ground of their sanity or insanity, 
 “ improperly retained ” there ; and in this opinion the committee, 
 although having no professional knowledge as experts, concur. 
 
 It appears, however, from the testimony of Dr. Dutton, the first 
 assistant physician, that about one-half of this entire number are 
 
31 
 
 incurable, and it was evident to the committee that many such 
 were harmless. 
 
 It also appears, from a list of discharges furnished the com¬ 
 mittee by the superintendent, that there were 127 patients dis¬ 
 charged between February 28th, the day the committee was ap¬ 
 pointed, and July 24th, the day of the commencement of inspec¬ 
 tion of patients, being about five months. During the two years 
 ending December 1, 1866, the number discharged, for various 
 causes, was 609, or about 25 per month. The number discharged 
 during the above five months is about at the same rate. The 
 number discharged on account of recovery , however, during these 
 five months, was 60, or 12 per month; whereas the number dis¬ 
 charged for same cause during said two years was 146, or only 
 about 6 per month. This increase in the rate of recovery is a lit¬ 
 tle noticeable, but in the absence of proof to the contrary, the 
 committee are bound to suppose the fact incidental, and not the 
 result of a policy to make rapid discharges to avoid examination. 
 
 UNJUST COMMITMENTS. 
 
 The committee were next specially instructed to inquire whether 
 any of the inmates “ were unjustly placed there.” There has 
 been no evidence received by the committee that there were any 
 patients in the hospital February 28th or July 24th, 1867, who 
 were not at the time of their admission insane; and the question 
 as to whether patients were “retained” there who were supposed 
 to be sane, has already been briefly considered. 
 
 If by the term “ unjustly placed ” there, as used in the resolu¬ 
 tion, is meant whether persons were placed there who were not 
 at the time insane, then, in the absence of evidence to the con¬ 
 trary, the presumption is that no such cases exist. If, however, 
 it is meant whether any patients who were in the hospital Feb¬ 
 ruary 28th were received without the presentation to the super¬ 
 intendent, at the time, of the evidence of their insanity, and secu¬ 
 rity for their support or removal, as provided by law, or who had 
 been committed by the husband or guardian subsequent to Feb¬ 
 ruary 16, I860, without complying with the provisions of that 
 law, then the answer must be in the affirmative; because it ap¬ 
 peared, from a careful examination of the papers on file, that of 
 205 patients in hospital April 3, 1867, who had been admitted 
 since the passage of the law of February 16, 1865, the papers in 
 
I 
 
 32 
 
 but 57 were regular and complete; and yet it did not appear, from 
 any information the committee received, that it was certain that 
 after the passage of said law any persons were committed who 
 were not in fact tried as required by the law; but it did appear 
 that 148 were admitted without the proper legal evidence of their 
 insanity, and the security required by law. Doubtless there arc 
 occasional instances where a strict compliance with the law on 
 this subject, at the time of the arrival of the patient at the hospi¬ 
 tal, would be almost impracticable, if not apparently inhuman; 
 but that there should appear so large a proportion of the admis¬ 
 sions in violation of law, shows a carelessness on this subject with¬ 
 out excuse, and deserving of censure. 
 
 It also appears, from a statement of the superintendent, that 
 the whole number of married ladies admitted prior to February 
 16, 1865, under the act of 1853, was 603, and that the number of 
 married ladies admitted since February 16, 1865, and prior to 
 December 1, 1866, is 107, or about 28 per cent.; that the whole 
 number of infants admitted prior to February 16, 1865, was 79, 
 and since February 16, 1865, and prior to December 1, 1866, 
 was 44. 
 
 The irregularities in admitting patients, above mentioned, do 
 not exclusively relate to informal papers, or a want of proper evi¬ 
 dence of the insanity of patients before admission, or the proper 
 and formal security required by law in certain cases, but extend 
 to cases where no trial was required, by law, as in case of married 
 women. Without a special enumeration, two cases on this point 
 will illustrate the evils which might grow out of a disregard of the 
 law, as it formerly existed, without a trial. One case was that of 
 a lady, Louisana E-ittenhouse, who had been in the hospital since 
 March 10,1865, and who was understood to be a married woman. 
 The only paper on file, or which had been on file, as authority for 
 her admission, was a statement from some gentleman (who was 
 certified, by a justice of the peace, to be a physician) that he 
 thought the lady insane; but who brought her there, or whether 
 he died afterwards, or was still living, or whether the patient then 
 was, or ever had been, a married woman, did not appear, either 
 from papers or the recollection of any one in the hospital. 
 
 The other case was that of a Mrs. Julia Gritzner, of Will 
 county, who was brought to the hospital March 17, 1864, by her 
 son, and discharged April 8, 1867. Mrs. Shedd testifies that she 
 
was a very lady-like person, and very quiet, and was accustomed 
 to follow visitors to the door, and inquire about her friends. Mr. 
 Morrison, one of the trustees, and Mr. Dummer, counsel for trus¬ 
 tees, in a report made to the trustees June 13, 1867, concerning 
 the trials under the law of 1867, heretofore referred to, say “that 
 Mrs. Gritzner was brought to the hospital under the law of 1853, 
 by her son; that certain parties, not her relatives, were anxious 
 to take her away, but her son remonstrated, and she, remaining 
 insane, was detained in the hospital; that, subsequently, her son 
 consented to her removal; that about five weeks prior to June 3, 
 1867, some of the parties interesting themselves in her case came 
 to take her away, and her son having in the meantime consented, 
 she was allowed to be taken away ; that it appeared that the par¬ 
 ties had a writ of habeas corpus , but no objection having been 
 made the last time to her removal, the writ of habeas corpus was 
 not used, and was understood to be abandoned.” 
 
 Grave suspicions from reputable sources have reached the com¬ 
 mittee, touching the motives of the son, now reported dead, in 
 causing his mother to be sent to the hospital; but as no intima¬ 
 tion has been made that the superintendent of the hospital was a 
 party to any intentional wrong, and Mrs. Gritzner was discharged 
 before the committee visited the hospital, they have not investi¬ 
 gated the case further than to show that she was committed to 
 and detained in the hospital in flagrant violation of law. Even 
 the law of 1853 did not authorize a son to commit his mother to 
 the hospital without the verdict of a jury of her insanity. It 
 only authorized a Imsband , with the approval of the superintend¬ 
 ent, to commit, and that power or right would cease on the termi¬ 
 nation of the marital relations by death or divorce. Assuming— 
 and the committee understand that to be the fact—that Mrs. 
 Gritzner was insane, it does not relieve any parties from deserved 
 censure who were instrumental in commiting or detaining the 
 patient there without a trial; and on this point the committee 
 would only add, that if such abuses have been tolerated, what¬ 
 ever difference of opinion there may have been at the'time, touch¬ 
 ing the stringent provisions of the law of 1S67, and the necessity 
 of repealing the law of 1853, there ought not to be any contro¬ 
 versy now on that point, and the law of 1867 should afford a 
 source of sincere congratulation. 
 
34 
 
 TREATMENT OF PATIENTS. 
 
 \ 
 
 f 
 
 
 The next and last specific inquiry the committee are required 
 to make, is whether the inmates are humanely and kindly treated. 
 Have the patients in the hospital been “ humanely and kindly 
 treated ?” And if not, upon whom does the responsibility of a 
 want of such treatment rest? These are the most important and 
 vital inquiries relating to this investigation, and the committee 
 have pursued them with a painful consciousness of the responsi¬ 
 bilities which they owed to the people of the State, in ascertain- 
 ing by personal examination and proof the real facts on this sub¬ 
 ject. It would be a waste of time and a mockery of solemn duty 
 to argue the proposition that the patients of an insane hospital are 
 entitled to humane and kind treatment on the part of those who 
 have the custody and care of them, or that it would be a violation 
 of one of the highest and holiest public obligations, knowingly to 
 retain any man or woman in charge of them who should be habit¬ 
 ually forgetful of the solemn duties imposed upon him or her; to 
 protect and not smite; to sympathize with and not offend ; to 
 even cherish and not outrage and abuse this most unfortunate 
 class of our fellow citizens. 
 
 Assuming, therefore, that the pitiable condition of these depen¬ 
 dent and defenceless patients would almost surely afford them 
 constant protection against intentional neglect or habitual abuse, 
 the committee, in examining witnesses on this subject, has been 
 constantly disinclined to believe, without the most convincing 
 proof, that any person could be capable of such neglect and abuse. 
 And it was mainly in view of the fact that severe public condem¬ 
 nation would rest upon any one, and especially upon any officer 
 of the hospital who should be shown to be responsible for abuses 
 of this character, that the committee decided to afford everv 
 opportunity for explanation or defense against such charges. The 
 superintendent in person, as well as his counsel and one or more 
 of the trustees, have been present at the meetings of the commit¬ 
 tee, and a patient and protracted examination of witnesses has 
 been allowed, and the committee are confident that no mere tech¬ 
 nical rule or objection has been adopted to prevent the fullest 
 investigation into the truth. 
 
 The patients are governed and disciplined by the following 
 officers and employees— 
 
35 
 
 1. The superintendent, who is the chief executive officer of 
 the institution ; who is authorized to appoint and exercise entire 
 official control over all subordinate officers and assistants in its ser¬ 
 vice. He prescribes the duties of these assistants, and is required 
 to see them faithfully performed. He is given entire supervision 
 of the patients in their medical, moral and physical treatment; 
 and it is made his duty to visit the patients in their wards as fre¬ 
 quently as may be necessary to keep himself fully advised of their 
 condition. 
 
 2. Two assistant physicians, whose general duties are declared 
 to be: to prepare and superintend the administration of medicine; 
 to visit the wards frequently, and carefully note the condition and 
 progress of the patients ; to see that the directions of the superin¬ 
 tendent are executed, and promptly report any cases of neglect 
 or abuse that may come under their cognizance ; and, in case of 
 the absence of the superintendent, the senior shall exercise the 
 duties of such superintendent. 
 
 3. A matron, who, under the general direction of the superin¬ 
 tendent, has charge of the domestic concerns of the institution, 
 and an oversight of the female attendants and domestics. Among 
 various other duties, she is required to make dai!y inspection of 
 the wards and rooms occupied by female patients ; to have special 
 care of sick female patients; to reprove, or report to the superin¬ 
 tendent, any material departure from rule, and to spend as much 
 time in the wards of the female division as may be necessary to 
 see that the female attendants discharge their duties. 
 
 4. One male and two female supervisors, whose general duties 
 require them to have an oversight of the sick; and, under the 
 direction of the superintendent, assistant physicians and matron, 
 to see that the rules prescribing the duties of attendants towards 
 the patients are faithfully observed. They are required to spend 
 their time chiefly in the wards, and to report to the superintendent 
 any attendant who wilfully violates the rules, or whose incapacity 
 is obvious. 
 
 5. Twelve male and fifteen female Attendants, having charge, 
 under their superiors, on the 26th of July last, of twelve wards, 
 containing 170 male and 166 female patients. These attendants 
 (usually two to each w*ard) occupy rooms in the wards, and their 
 place of duty is in the wards with their patients. 
 
/ 
 
 36 
 
 These officers and employees are the constant and active gov¬ 
 erning force. The by-laws and regulations adopted in September, 
 1857, and approved by Governor Bissell, and now in force, it 
 seems to the committee, constitute, upon the whole, a wise and 
 humane code for the government of the hospital. They strictly 
 enjoin kindness and forbearance towards the patients. The fol¬ 
 lowing extracts are taken from these regulations: 
 
 “ In dealing with patients, the greatest care should be used that 
 they be always treated with unvarying kindness. They should 
 always be addressed in persuasive language—all authoritative 
 expressions being strictly avoided. In the wards, especially, no 
 commands should be used, or calls uttered to a patient from a dis- 
 ( tance, if possible to be avoided. All threats, taunts, or other 
 kind of abuse in language, are expressly prohibited; and no one 
 will be retained in service who habitually indulges therein. A 
 blow, kick, or any other form of physical abuse inflicted, will be 
 sufficient reason for the prompt dismissal of the individual so 
 offending.” 
 
 /''“An attendant shall never, under any circumstances, use greater 
 -^/force toward a patient than is sufficient to secure the patient, him¬ 
 self, or others, from the effects of his violence. After he is seclu¬ 
 ded in his or her room, the supervisor, or some superior officer, 
 in his absence, should be informed of what has occurred/' 
 
 ^-"Copies of these regulations are required to be kept in each 
 attendant’s room, and in each employee’s dining-room; and it is 
 shown to be the custom of the superintendent to occasionally read 
 them to all the attendants and employees, assembled together for 
 that purpose, and specially comment upon those portions of them 
 which enjoin kind treatment to the patients. 
 
 Notwithstanding, however, these duties of kindness to patients 
 are by these regulations required of all, it has not escaped the 
 attention of the committee that, while it is made the duty of the 
 assistant physicians to “promptly report any cases of neglect or 
 abuse that may come under their observation,” and the matron is 
 required to “report to the superintendent any material departure 
 from rule, or anything censurable in moral deportment,” and the 
 supervisors are required to report to the superintendent “any 
 attendant who willfully violates the rules, or whose incapacity is 
 obvious,” yet, by omission or design, the attendants are neither 
 
37 
 
 required or permitted by these regulations to report each other's 
 delinquencies to the matron, supervisor or superintendent; and 
 the evidence shows that, by some employees at least, it was well 
 understood that such reports would not find favor. 
 
 / It cannot, in the opinion of the committee, be pretended that 
 f the practice of cruelty by attendants towards patients is encoura- 
 j ged, or, as a policy, sanctioned by the officers ; nor, can any pos¬ 
 sible motive be imagined why it should be; tor, to suppose that 
 brutality is encouraged, is to assume either that the government 
 of the patients can be more easily administered by converting the 
 hospital into a house of torture, and, therefore, the policy adopted 
 as a mere matter of convenience, or, that the officers permit 
 abuses for the mere gratification of depraved and abandoned 
 hearts. No such motives can be justly ascribed these officers; 
 and, whatever abuses are or may be found to exist, must be the 
 result of causes growing out of the government of men and 
 women. As they are in palpable violation of established and well 
 understood printed regulations, they must originate from, or their 
 repetition, at least, be attributed to a want of rigid discipline over 
 the attendants, and that constant care and watchfulness on the 
 part of the officers so indispensably necessary in such an institu¬ 
 tion. 
 
 It is not, however, of so much importance to ascertain motives 
 or causes, as facts; and, while a careful examination of the whole 
 evidence on this branch of the investigation is necessary to a full 
 understanding of it, the committee would respectfully call your 
 Excellency’s special attention to the testimony of Miss Ivane, Mrs. 
 Graff, Capt. John Henry, Miss Kee, Mrs. Bland, George Merrett, 
 John C. Edmunson, Mrs. Cassell, and Mrs. Packard. The testi¬ 
 mony of these witnesses, as of all others examined, is, as already 
 stated, included in the journal of the committee, and submitted as 
 a part of this report, and will not be here repeated ; but reference 
 to the character of these witnesses, and the substance of their tes¬ 
 timony, may not be improper. 
 
 As the testimony is in writing, and is to be considered by 
 others, without the opportunity of personally hearing and seeing 
 the witnesses, it is proper here to say, that all the witnesses, with, 
 perhaps, two or three unimportant exceptions, who were examined, 
 were of more than ordinary intelligence, and appeared candid and 
 eminently worty the fullest credit. It is true that there are some 
 
 i 
 
S8 
 
 discrepancies or contradictions in their testimony, but the most of 
 them are upon collateral or unimportant matter; and none, with 
 the exceptions alluded to, in the opinion of the committee, of so 
 serious a character as to involve the integrity of the witnesses. 
 
 Miss Kane testified, that she was 44 years old, resided in Chris¬ 
 tian county, and was an attendant in hospital from about the mid¬ 
 dle of August, 18G5, until the latter part of December, of the 
 same year. When she went there Dr. McFarland told her he 
 wanted her to assist in taking charge of a ward, then in charge of an 
 | attendant who, although not officially reported to him, yet he 
 \ knew she was cruel to patients, lie told her she would hear a 
 great many hard stories about the institution, but she must not 
 believe a word of them. A Mrs. Dorcas Hitter was the co-attend¬ 
 ant of witness, in the new 8th ward ; and the first thing witness 
 noticed was the cruelty of this Mrs. Ritter to the patients. Mrs. 
 Ritter would not let them sit down, and if she found them so sit¬ 
 ting, she would take them by the hair of the head and lift them 
 ,on the seat, and if they resisted she would often shove them back 
 against the wall and choke them, or compel them in some harsh 
 way to comply. The benches in the ward were straight backed 
 and hard to sit upon ; and Mrs. Ritter told witness, that if she 
 allowed the patients to sit upon the floor and rest them, that Dr. 
 McFarland would be mad, and which witness subsequently found 
 to be true. This Mrs. Ritter, for a slight offense upon the part of 
 the patients, would give them what was called a cold bath, which 
 punishment consisted in putting the patients in a bath tub, half or 
 two-thirds filled with cold water, their hands and feet tied, and if 
 they resisted, a straight jacket was placed upon them, their heads 
 plunged under the water as long as it was safe to leave them, then 
 lifted out for a few moments to allow them to breathe and cast the 
 water from their stomach, and the same process continued as long 
 as the patient was thought able to bear it. 
 
 Witness further swore, that this Mrs. Ritter told her she camo 
 near killing a patient named MissD. Haven, and that Dr. Dutton, 
 who chanced to be passing shortly after, observed that the patient 
 looked sick, and on being informed that Mrs. Ritter had been 
 giving her a bath, the Doctor told her how long it was safe to 
 keep them under water, and if they kept them in until they 
 'omited, there was danger of their dying. Witness further stated 
 that in giving patients these baths they were generally plunged 
 
 / 
 
39 
 
 three or four times, until quite prostrate and unable to resist. 
 Miss Kane stated that this Mrs Ritter remained in the institution 
 about three or four weeks after Miss Kane went there, but that 
 before Mrs. R. left, she- administered these baths three or four 
 times to different patients; and that Mns. R. told her that 
 the attendants were not allowed to administer these baths, 
 without instructions from the Doctor, but that they sometimes did 
 do it without such instructions, and the Doctor knew it; and that 
 the Doctor and Miss Belle Bailey and Mrs. Haskett set them the 
 example of giving the patients these baths, and “ breaking them 
 in,” as they called it. Miss Kane sw v ears that the patients were 
 sick for several days, and sometimes two weeks, after receiving 
 these baths. 
 
 Witness also swore that her ward was the new 5th, and was 
 made up of some of the hardest and most obstinate cases from the 
 other wards; that she saw this Mrs. Ritter frequently jacket and beat 
 patients; that at one time, during witness’ stay in the institution, 
 eleven patients were sick with flux in her ward, and that they 
 were not furnished with medicines, nor she with any extra help 
 or nurses, and that four of them died; that she, witness, made no 
 complaints to Dr. McFarland of these abuses, because it was 
 understood in the institution that such cpraplaints would receive 
 no attention. 
 
 It was undertaken to be shown, on cross examination of this 
 
 m 
 
 witness, that she herself was guilty of abuse to patients. She 
 admitted that on one occasion, a stout and violent patient, a Mrs. 
 Ryan, made an attack on an attendant, and she assisted to control 
 her until assistance could be procured from another ward, and that 
 during the struggle, she, witness, u spanked” the patient with her 
 shoe; that she thus used her shoe on one or two other occasions ; 
 and that she once tapped this same Mrs. Ryan on the shoulder 
 with the broom; and that she sometimes was obliged to take 
 patients by the hair of the head to hold them; but she denied 
 ever having been cruel, or injuring patients, although she claimed 
 that although attendants ought not to be allowed promiscuously 
 to strike patients, yet it might be sometimes properly done consci¬ 
 entiously, but not to injure them. 
 
 Witness also mentioned another case of a Mrs. Magin, who was 
 indecently treated by Mrs. Haskett. Soon after she entered the 
 institution, Mrs. McFarland (who, from the evidence, appears to 
 
40 
 
 have been a most kind and spmpatlietic lady) told witness that the 
 patients were not being kindly treated, and that there must be a 
 change, as the matter was getting out and would damage the 
 institution. 
 
 Mrs. Graff, (formerly Mrs. P. L. Ilosmer,) testified that she 
 resided near Jacksonville; was fifty-two years old; and the let¬ 
 ters published in a pamphlet shown her, signed P. L. Graff and 
 P. L. Ilosmer, were written by her and were true; that she was 
 acquainted with Dr. McFarland when he had charge of a similar in¬ 
 stitution in New Hampshire, and at his solicitation entered the service 
 of the hospital here, in July, 1858. She was directress in the sew¬ 
 ing room about four years and half, and left October 10,1861. Wit- 
 ness testifies generally that the discipline of the institution was 
 too harsh and unnecessary for its government, and that she had 
 frequently known of cruel punishments inflicted upon patients ; 
 that the cases were so numerous that she did not pretend to re¬ 
 member them all. She expressed the opinion, as did Miss Kane, 
 that she did not believe that these cruelties were at the direction, 
 or, at the time, with the knowledge of Dr. McFarland, whose 
 general instructions to the attendants were to treat the patients 
 kindly. She, however, mentions one most remarkable exception, 
 where the punishment was inflicted by his own direction. The 
 testimony in relation to this and other particular cases, which are 
 charged against Dr. McFarland, personally, will be stated together 
 hereafter. 
 
 Mrs. G. swears to the punishment of a Miss Jane Barackman, 
 by shower-bath, for improper conduct to an attendant. The patient 
 had been taken out of the water, and was just able to speak. At 
 another time this same patient was strapped with her hands 
 behind her back, in the morning, and the straps kept on until the 
 next morning, and her groans during the night kept the witness 
 from sleeping; and the witness further states, that she had 
 known instances where the straps had been drawn so tightly as 
 to cut through the skin, and into the flesh. Another instance 
 named was a new jiutient, on the night after arrival, whom the 
 witness thought, from the sound of the voice, was being choked 
 by two attendants. She told Mrs. McFarland of it, who informed 
 the Doctor. The Doctor went into the room where the patient 
 was, and, after staying some time, came out but did not speak to 
 witness. The next morning she asked the Doctor if what she 
 
 ✓ 
 
said about choking the patient was a lie, and he said “no,” but it 
 was best to say nothing about it, as one of the attendants was 
 going away, and it would hurt the institution to have it go out. 
 Another case was that of Mrs. Farenside, who was sitting down, 
 on a certain occasion—the Doctor said he was “cooling her off,” 
 and directed witness not to go to her. Another case was that 
 of Mrs. Boyce. This was a very emaciated patient, and “her 
 stomach all crushed in as it were.” She was a wild patient, and 
 would tear up and take off her clothes, but witness could always 
 manage her better than others. Witness had seen her sitting day 
 after dav with her feet tied; and on one occasion she and Mrs. 
 McFarland found her in the screen room, laying on her back on a 
 hard pallet of straw, with her feet tied, andher hands tied Lehind 
 hack with a large bed-cord, and just alive. She had a straight- 
 jacket on, and the jacket was laced up with ropes as large as bed- 
 cord. The witness held the light and Mrs.. McF., manifesting her 
 grief in groans, untied the patient. Witness afterwards showed 
 this jacket to Miss Dix, when she was there, and the pattern of 
 the jackets were alterwards changed, and softer cords used in 
 lacing the jackets. 
 
 Witness John Henry, who has resided in Jacksonville, about 
 forty years, and was a member of the State Senate when the act 
 of incorporation was passed, in 1847, and afterwards steward of 
 the hospital, about one year, from 1848 to 1849. His situation 
 made him acquainted with the general treatment of patients; and 
 knew of cases of cruelty and inhuman treatment to them. 
 
 One case was an Englishman, whose name he does not remem¬ 
 ber. Said he had, on one occasion, returned from down-town, 
 and was standing outside of the building, and heard a distressing 
 voice in the second ward, and went into the building and found 
 the patient in the hands of two men holding him on his back, 
 and the third man standing on the bathing tub and pouring water 
 in his face and nose from a pail. The patient was struggling and 
 strangling for breath. The witness rescued the patient, and drove 
 the attendants from the room, and reported the case to Dr. Mc¬ 
 Farland. He subsequently called the Doctor’s attention to the 
 case, with the view of having it investigated, and had a Mr. 
 Crandley do the same. Being satisfied that the case was not in¬ 
 vestigated he reported it to Mr. Stephenson, the president of the 
 board, and told him if such things occurred again he would make 
 
42 
 
 complaint to the grand jury. He says he frequently heard of 
 other cases of cruelty, from persons employed about the building. 
 Witness thinks Dr. McFarland is destitute of common sympathy 
 to the patients, and did not listen to their complaints with kind¬ 
 ness; nor give that personal attention to the conduct of the 
 attendants which was necessary to a personal knowledge of their 
 treatment; and appeared indifferent when complaints of cruelty 
 were made to 4iim. 
 
 Miss Jennie Kee, who is 24 yeas old, resides in Jacksonville, 
 and was an attendant from the spring of 1861 to 1862, about 14- 
 months ; swears to a case of cruelty (about one month after she 
 went there) to a patient named Anna Myers, by an attendant 
 named Elizabeth Bonah. The attendant took the patient, who 
 was a very insane and idiotic patient, by the hair of the head and 
 pounded the door with it. She saw this punishment inflicted 
 several times. Also knew of same attendant punishing a MftS 
 Thompson by taking her by the hand and twisting her arm ; and 
 a Miss Kate Daly, by striking her hands with keys, leaving 
 marks. Also a Mrs. Loop, by same attendant, by pulling her 
 and putting her wrist out of joint. 
 
 This Elizabeth Bofiah, w T ho appears from the testimony of sev¬ 
 eral witnesses, to have been a merciless and brutal wretch, was 
 in the institution as an attendant when this witness went there 
 and when she left. 
 
 Mrs. Sarah Bland, aged 39 years, and a resident of Jackson¬ 
 ville, was attendant from March, 1863, to October, 1865, (a part 
 of the time was in sewing room,) and had opportunities of know¬ 
 ing the general treatment of patients; swears that the first two 
 years that she was there, and while Mrs. McFarland was matron, 
 the patients were treated kindly. About seven months before she 
 left, Mrs. McFarland, w T ho was the matron, left the institution and 
 went east and returned in the spring, but was not able after her 
 return to act as matron. After Mrs. McFarland left, the witness 
 saw patients treated very cruelly. This witness mentions the 
 abuse of Mrs. Fames, who was a very stupid, quiet and delicate 
 looking patient. In the spring of 1865, the witness heard screams 
 in the bath-room. A Miss Kate Snow came out of the room and 
 inquired for the Doctor, and said that Miss Lawrence, the atten¬ 
 dant, had Miss Eames in the bath-room and was beating her 
 brutally. Witness went into the wash-room, and, on coming out, 
 
43 
 
 heard the blows, and then went into the ward, when Miss Law¬ 
 rence came out of the bath-room and locked the door, and said 
 witness could not have any patients out of that ward. In the 
 evening witness saw Miss Eames in bed, and told witness, her 
 eyes tilling with tears at the time, that Miss Lawrence had almost 
 killed her, and asked to look at her back, which witness was pre¬ 
 vented from doing by Miss Lawrence, who came in and told wit¬ 
 ness to go out of the ward—that she should not come in and 
 excite the patients. Witness had three patients to go out of the 
 ward into the sewing-room ; and Miss Lawrence took them by the 
 back and pushed them violently into the ward. The patient died 
 one week after the morning she was pounded. 
 
 The next was in the spring of 1865. A Mrs. Sutton, who was 
 not a violent patient and seemed to be in good heal h, was pun¬ 
 ished very badly by two attendants—Mrs. Lydia Higgs and Miss 
 Bell Bailey—and was confined to her room for two weeks after 
 her punishment; at the expiration of which time the witness 
 saw her, when the patient’s face was a dark green color, without 
 any natural flesh except around the mouth. (This Miss Bailey is 
 still retained, and is supervisoress in the hospital, and d. nies that 
 punishments are ever inflicted in the hospital, or that she ever, 
 intentionally, injured a patient.) 
 
 The next case mentioned by this witness was that of Maggie 
 Howland, in the summer of 1865. The witness heard a struggle 
 in the bath room and attempted to go in, but was prevented by 
 Miss Bailey, who was in the room, and put her foot against the 
 door and shut it. The witness stayed near by for some time, and 
 heard brutal blows administered to patient. The patient was 
 kept in the bath room for some time after. In the evening wit¬ 
 ness saw her, and li ;r face was badly beaten up; and on being 
 spoken to by witness the patient cried and looked as though she 
 had no friends. This patient, who was lame, was a talkative, noisy 
 person, but did not appear to be violent. The witness says that 
 the reason she did not tell the Doctor was, that she was afraid 
 of getting into a scrape if she told, for the Doctor had, before this, 
 told her he did not wish to have her make any mischief by get¬ 
 ting up excitement among the patients she was with. She says 
 she afterwards, however, did report a case to the Doctor, and he 
 told her to mind her own business, and she after this did not 
 report other cases to the Doctor because of this conversation. 
 
44 
 
 The last case which this witness mentions was that of a Mrs. 
 Clark, who had been sick sometime in bed, and as the attendants 
 were dragging her to the bath room, she asked them not to take 
 her there, but to let her die where she was. As they raised the 
 patient to put her in the bathtub, she dropped down dead. The 
 names of these attendants are Miss Mary Rice and Miss Mary 
 Smith. 
 
 George Merrick, aged forty-five years, and residence Jackson¬ 
 ville, was an attendant in hospital from February to June, 1866, 
 and testifies to the abuse of Jacob Myers, a young patient, by the 
 supervisor Mr. Doane, who, without provocation, caught him by 
 the ankles when he was undressing and threw him on the floor 
 and injured him severely. Also David Ayers, a very docile man, 
 and consumptive and sick and feeble, who, the witness stales, was 
 neglected by Dr. Dutton and refused medical treatment, and soon 
 after died. Also, David Smith, about twenty-six years of age, a 
 patient who was very bad and crazy. One day witness heard a 
 loud noise in the ward where Smith was, and looking into the 
 ward he saw the attendant, William Roy, jamming his head 
 against the ceiling. Smith made no resistance, but his nose bled 
 and his eye was black. Also a patient by the name of Creighton, 
 who was a small Irishman about twenty-five years.old. Witness 
 one day saw him on a bench, and he was wholly speechless— 
 could not move his head; was swollen and was badly bruised. 
 Akers, the attendant, told witness that the patient was a bad man, 
 and they had a hell of a time w th him. Witness that night 
 helped the patient to bed on the floor, and the next night he died. 
 Wimess says that he did not know of any medical attendance or 
 medicines furnished him, and he should have probably known it 
 if they had. Witness assisted in laying out the patient, whose 
 head and face were very much swollen ; was black under the 
 eyes and on the cheek bones; there were bruises about his arms 
 and shoulders and other parts of his body, and had a wound on 
 the face. The patients informed witness that a few days before 
 this, James Akers, Thomas Kearney, John Doan, (supervisor,) 
 John Roy and William Roy, (employes of the institution,) had 
 beat the patient. 
 
 Another case was a wild young patient by the name of Veach, 
 who escaped; was retaken, and on arriving at the hospital, 
 
45 
 
 knocked Mr. Supervisor Doan down (Mr. Doan was about twenty- 
 one years old ; had onlj r six months experience in the treatment 
 of the insane, and yet was made supervisor over four wards, con¬ 
 taining over a hundred patients, and was a short time before 
 introduced to the institution by Ebenezer Jones, the farm steward 
 of the institution, who received a letter of introduction from 
 Daniel M. Jones, of Wisconsin, who married Mr. Supervisor 
 Doan’s sister,) with a btick in again making his escape. On 
 being taken he was handcuffed; his feet shackled ; nut in a crib 
 and put up in one of the bed looms of the third ward, where he 
 was kept about three months. The crib was made of strips of 
 plank about three and a half inches wide and two and a half 
 inches apart, and was about two feet high, live and a halt feet 
 long, and two and a half feet wide. The witness says the patient 
 could not be in any other position in the crib but on his back; 
 that there was some bedding in the crib, and he thinks, a pillow 
 under his head. 
 
 This witness says he had difficulty with Akers and Doan about 
 their abusing the patients cruelly, and he supposes he was dis¬ 
 charged on that account. When enquired of by Dr. McFarland 
 if he had not been taking liquor the evening of the difficulty with 
 Doan and Akers, he said he had not; that he was not in the habit 
 of drinking liquor, and resented any such imputation ; that he 
 was sometimes, (by permission,) absent Saturday evenings at the 
 choir meetings, Mnd on Sunday and Wednesday evenings at the 
 prayer meetings; and that his character was established and well 
 known in the community. 
 
 John C. Edmundson, aged thirty-five years, was assistant engi¬ 
 neer in hospital from April, 1861, to October 2d, 1865; testified 
 that before he had been there a week he saw a patient knocked 
 down by Joseph Tinker, an attendant, with a stick, because he 
 absent-mindedly picked a thread out of his coat. Witness pro¬ 
 posed to report the case to Dr McFarland, but Eastman, the prin¬ 
 cipal engineer, who had been there three years, told witness he 
 had better not report it if he wanted to stay in the institution. 
 The patient on being knocked down seemed perfectly dead; was 
 not able to get up ; had no government over himself, and was 
 taken away and put in the screen room. v 
 
 The next case mentioned by this witness was George Richards, 
 a patient of Jacksonville, who was kept in the screen room entirely 
 
46 
 
 naked, in the cold winter ; and when witness came to work in the 
 morning, to raise steam, at one, two or three o’clock, patient would 
 beg tor warmth. It was about fifty feet from screen room to bath¬ 
 tub, and the attendants would take the patient by the heels and 
 drag him over the floor. One day, as they were about to bathe 
 this patient, witness says, they had drawn the tub full of hot water 
 and had him up in their arms ready to plunge him in the tub, 
 when another patient, by the name of Cooper, jumped in and 
 saved him. Witness says this patient was kept in the screen room 
 the most of the winter of 1863-4 ; that the room had nothing in 
 it, except sometime a little straw, a straw tick or blanket, which 
 he would tear up and wrap around him for warmth. This patient 
 died the summer or fall after this confinement. 
 
 Mr. ITaitt of Chicago, was also kept in a screen room almost 
 
 constantly, and beat and bruised until his limbs were swollen. 
 
 He was jerked and jammed until his legs were almost a perfect 
 
 jelly. He went home and came back. Witness heard him speak 
 
 very kindly of Mrs. McFarland for doctoring his limbs after they 
 
 were bruised. The two attendants in the ward who abused this 
 
 patient were Germans. Patient complained that these attendants 
 
 would not give him anything; and if he asked for anything they 
 
 would beat and kick him ; and witness has given him water, put 
 
 through the window. When patient left the institution the second 
 
 time, he said, if he ever came across the attendant who abused 
 
 him so, he would kill him, if they hung him for it. The witness 
 
 % 
 
 gave the names of the German attendants who abused the patients, 
 as Pepenbring and Smultz, and said they both resided in Jack¬ 
 sonville. 
 
 This witness said that he did not believe Dr. McFarland 
 approved of these abuses, and that the reason he did not report 
 them was that he was afraid if he did he would lose his place. 
 When he talked with the Doctor about business, he got a very 
 short answer, or a nod of the head ; and he came to the conclu¬ 
 sion there was not much satisfaction. He left the institution 
 because he got tired of it—requested to be relieved several months 
 before he left, but the Doctor requested him to stay. 
 
 Mrs. Mary Cassell is 24 years of age, and has lived in Jackson¬ 
 ville 8 years; was employed in hospital from April, 1860, to May, 
 1861, as assistant matron, and filled the place now called super¬ 
 visor. Does not personally know of any case of abuse which she 
 
 
47 
 
 saw administered. Remembers the case of Mrs. Farenside, a 
 patient who appeared one morning at the breakfast table in 5th 
 ward (the worst), after having been removed from the 7th (the 
 best), with a black eye. Inquired the cause, and patient and 
 Elizabeth Bonah said that Dr. McFarland struck her. One eye 
 was black, and one side of her face was very much bruised and 
 blacked for several days. After these bruises were inflicted, the 
 patient was taken from the best ward (the 7th) to the new 5th, 
 which was unoccupied, and confined in a room by herself, hfever 
 knew the patient to be boisterous, and think if she had been un¬ 
 manageable she would not have been in the best ward. Patient 
 and Elizabeth Bonah both told witness that Dr. McFarland kicked 
 her. 
 
 Witness then test'ffed that she thought the patients ought to be 
 more kndly treated generally ; that many times, when they were 
 sick and feeble, they were prevented from taking proper rest du¬ 
 ring the day on their beds—it was the practice of the house not 
 to allow them to lie down during the day-time, and the idea 
 advanced was that the patients did not know when they needed 
 rest—that they were inclined to lie down more than was good for 
 them ; and it was a most universal complaint in the female wards, 
 on the part of those who were too feeble and weak to sit up, that 
 they were not allowed to lie down in the day-time—remembered 
 one particular case where the patient was ill and wanted to lie 
 down, and her attendant, Miss Eagle, said no, the Doctor did not 
 allow it, and the face of the patient, witness well remembered. 
 
 These eight witnesses, in their testimony specially above referred 
 to, have described particular and atrocious abuses, by attendants, 
 to over twenty different patients, whose names are given ; and 
 the most of the cases are mentioned by them with circumstantial 
 minuteness. The names of eighteen different attendants are 
 mentioned by them as being engaged in these cruelties. The 
 most of them are of comparatively recent date; and they are 
 within the recollection of witnesses now living and accessible. 
 
 mrs. Packard’s case. 
 
 The committee would not here specially refer to the testimony 
 of any other witness concerning the abuse of patients by attend¬ 
 ants; but, as the name of Mrs. Packard has become very familiar 
 to the public through her published letters and personal efforts to 
 
42 
 
 secure a change in the laws of our State, in relation to the trial of 
 patients alleged to he insane, before their commital to the hospital, 
 it seems proper that her case should be here noticed. It seems 
 to be very generally supposed that these charges of abuse rest 
 principally upon her testimony ; and, hence, the question of her 
 sanity or insanity is supposed to be of vital importance in this 
 investigation. Not so; as a careful examination of her evidence 
 will show that she has particularly mentioned but a few such cases ; 
 and, therefore, the charges of this character might stand or fall, so 
 far as this investigation is concerned, without reference to her 
 testimony. Her connection with the general purposes of the 
 investigation, however, and other matters contained in and relating 
 to her testimony, does, in the opinion of the committee, render it 
 proper that her testimony, and relations to the hospital and its 
 cfhcers, should be here fairly stated. 
 
 Mrs. Packard is a lady fifty years of age; is the wife of a 
 clergyman; and prior to her being committed to the hospital had 
 resided with her husband for some time, at Mantino, Kankakee 
 county, in this State. She is a lady of very considerable culture 
 and of decided ability—was admitted to the hospital on the appli¬ 
 cation of her husband, June 18, I860, and was discharged by 
 order of the trustees, June 18, 1863, as incurable, or not recov¬ 
 ered. She was admitted without a trial of the question of her 
 insanity, under the law of 1851--re enacted in 1853, heretofore 
 referred to. She states in her evidence that the charge of insanity 
 was based wholly upon a change in her religious views, from the 
 Calvanistic to the more modern and more liberal views, as taught 
 by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. She su 3 r s that when she was 
 eighteen years old she had an attack of brain fever, and was very 
 much reduced by bleeding and medicines, and was out of her 
 head for about five weeks, until the blood had time to form and 
 give her strength ; and insists that during her entire stay in the 
 hospital she was entirely sane; and that her incarceration there 
 was an outrage upon her rights and licerties, and the law (since 
 repealed) which permitted her husband to place her there, with¬ 
 out a trial, was a disgrace to the State. She says that for the first 
 four months she was treated with respect and kindness, but at the 
 expiration of that time, with no change in her deportment, and 
 on account of having presented Dr. McFarland with a written 
 reproof for his abuse of his patients, she was removed from the 
 
49 
 
 best ward to one of the worst wards—the eighth, where the most 
 dangerous patients were confined, and where, for two years and 
 eight months, and until she was discharged, she was kept—sub¬ 
 jected to the most constant surveillance, (not being permitted 
 during the whole time to go out of doors,) annoyed and abused by 
 both attendants and patients. The last eight months, however, 
 she says she spent pleasantly, on account of some of the most 
 noisy and boisterous patients being exchanged for a more quiet 
 class, and because when she saw the commencement of difficulties 
 she could go to the Doctor, and have them stopped. 
 
 The sufferings which this lady endured, and the scenes through 
 which, according to her statement, she passed for two years after 
 her transfer to the eighth ward, are almost beyond comprehension 
 and belief. She says the attendants were instructed to treat her 
 just as they did the maniacs ; that she was compelled to sleep in a 
 dormitory with from three to six crazy patients, where her life 
 was exposed both night and day, with no room of her own to flee 
 to for safety from their insane fights and dangerous attacks ; that 
 she had been dragged around this ward by the hair of her head by 
 the maniacs—had received blows from them that had almost 
 killed her; that her seat at the table was by the side of a Mrs. 
 Triplet—one of the most dangerous and violent patients in the 
 ward, who frequently threatened to kill her when she went to the 
 table ; that she had to dodge the knives and forks, and tumblers 
 and chairs which have been hurled at her, to avoid some fatal 
 blow ; and that she had begged and besought Dr. McFarland to 
 remove her to some place of safty, only to see him turn speechless 
 away from her. 
 
 Mrs. Packard mentions the abuse of a Miss Rollins by her 
 attendant, Mrs. DeLeHay, by choking and wounding her throat; 
 another case of a lady-like, quiet and submissive patient, about 
 sixty years old, who was punished frequently, (for an unavoidable 
 offense,) by a plunge-bath, until the patient said they nearly 
 killed her, and only wished they had quite, for there was no escape 
 for her from that horrible punishment; also of a Mrs. Goldsby, 
 who had fainting-fits, and was not treated medically by the Doc¬ 
 tor, and who one night fell from her bed on the floor and broke 
 her collar-bone, and received for several days no treatment from 
 the Doctor, although he was notified of it. 
 
 7 — 
 
 » 
 
50 
 
 Such is a part of the graphic description given by this witness 
 of scenes which she swears she witnessed—and of her own suffer¬ 
 ings, and that of others. \ 
 
 Mrs. Packard says she was finally discharged, under the follow¬ 
 ing circumstances, and about which there seems to be no contro¬ 
 versy : About eight months before she was discharged she was 
 brought before the trustees, and informed that her husband, who 
 was present, had been heard by them concerning her detention, 
 and that she could be heard also. She then read a paper to the 
 trustees, which she had prepared, entitled “ Calvinism and Chris¬ 
 tianity Compared.” She also read another paper, which severely 
 reflected upon Dr. McFarland and her husband for confining her 
 in the hospital; and after answering questions put to her by the 
 trustees, the Doctor and her husband withdrew, and she was 
 informed by the chairman that they would do for her anything 
 she wished. She said she wanted her liberty, and protection in 
 that liberty. They informed her that they thought it would be 
 no use for her to go to her husband, but she could go to Mantino, 
 or might go to her father in Massachusetts, and they would pay 
 her expenses there. She told them that as she was still Mr. 
 Packard’s wife there was no use in accepting their offer, for as 
 soon as she was outside the walls he had the power and would use 
 it to imprison her again. They then told her they did not know 
 what to advise her, and would refer the whole matter to the Doctor 
 and her to settle. She therefore declined to go, but requested a 
 key or pass, and to be allowed to remain as a boarder. This was 
 refused her, and she went back to her ward. 
 
 About six weeks before she went away, her son came to the 
 hospital, and the Doctor informed her she could go. She went 
 down town with her son, who informed her that he had made 
 arrangements with her husband for her liberation, provided he, 
 the son, would support her. She was then writing a book, and 
 requested her son to make arrangements for her remaining at the 
 hospital as a boarder for about six weeks, until she could complete 
 it, after which she thought she could support herself, by a sale of 
 her book. She returned to the hospital from down town, and 
 remained there about six weeks, during w T hick time she was made 
 comfortable, and her room furnished with a carpet, by order of the 
 Doctor. At the end of six weeks she received an order of the 
 trustees, from Dr. McFarland, that she would be discharged on the 
 
51 
 
 18th of June, into the hands of her husband. On that day her 
 husband came for her, and she protested against going with him, 
 with her liberty still exposed. The order of discharge was exe¬ 
 cuted by Dr. Tenny, Assistant Physician, (Dr. McFarland being 
 absent) and the porters of the hospital took her from the hospital, 
 against her will, to the omnibus, and there delivered her to her 
 husband. 
 
 This witness was subjected to a most searching cross-examination, 
 and re-examination with the view not only of testing the accuracy of 
 her memory, but the soundness of her mind, and the views she enter¬ 
 tained on religious subjects; and it is but the truth to say that she sus¬ 
 tained herself with great ability in all respects, although she may 
 entertain views upon theological topics about which there are various 
 controversies. But there was one unfortunate matter, which came 
 out on the cross-examination, which the committee feel to be their 
 duty to refer to here particularly. It is unfortunate because its 
 presentation involves a flagrant violation of the spirit of the regu¬ 
 lations of the hospital, and of good faith; and because, unexplained 
 or,not fully understood, it reflects seriously upon the witness, if 
 sane at the time, and perhaps even then is justly liable to be 
 understood in a different sense from that the witness swears it was 
 intended. 
 
 It appears already that the witness, during her stay in the hos¬ 
 pital, was engaged in writing a book. She swears that she com¬ 
 menced writing it in September, 1862, and it is evident she was 
 very anxious about completing it, as by its publication she hoped 
 to be able to support herself when she might be discharged from 
 the hospital. Eight months before her discharge, or about Octo¬ 
 ber, 1862, she had the interview with the trustees, referred to, 
 when she refused their proffered discharge because of her fear of 
 being again arrested by her husband ; and she says after that time 
 she was well treated, and felt she had a superintendent who would 
 listen to her when she asked favors for the patients; and that he 
 had promised to publish her book when completed, and that on the 
 fulfillment of that promise “ hung all and every hope of her per¬ 
 sonal liberty.” About the 19th of January, 1863, she says he re¬ 
 fused to publish the book, and almost in a state of desperation 
 she made an appeal to the Doctor, which is contained in her letter 
 of that date, and found on pages 94, 95 and 96 of the journal of 
 the committee. At first this letter appeared to the committee to 
 
52 
 
 be a brazen offer of marriage by a married lady to a married man ; 
 and was either the production of a diseased and disordered intel¬ 
 lect, or a degrading invitation or proposal of illicit intercourse. 
 Whether it be either, or not, it is but just to the witness that her 
 full explanation, found on pages 139, 140, 141, 142 and 143, and 
 her answers to questions of the committee, should be read and 
 considered together. To say the least, it seems to the committee 
 an indiscreet and foolish letter—open to severe criticisms, if not 
 condemnation—written, it is true, under circumstances of over¬ 
 whelming grief—protesting, it is true, that she must not love his 
 person so long as that love was claimed by his wife—protesting, it 
 is true, that it was as a true woman she addressed him—yet men¬ 
 tioning him as one she had chosen as her protector and f uture 
 hitsband , and finally closing by speaking of her son, who would 
 be of age in a short time, and with whom she desired to go as her 
 protector, and take charge of her children. This letter, especially, 
 since her present avowal of it as containing nothing improper, 
 seems a curious medley ; and although from the appearance of the 
 witness—her character as a lady, and the entire absence of' any 
 intimation from any source against her integrity—the committee 
 have no doubt that she is a virtuous lady, still the letter is an 
 unfortunate and foolish letter. 
 
 It seems to the committee that upon one point in connection 
 with this letter there can be no doubt, and that is as to the culpa¬ 
 ble impropriety of its introduction in evidence. It was not neces¬ 
 sary to prove or disprove any charge made against the manage¬ 
 ment of the hospital. Mrs. Packard was not on trial as to her 
 sanity; and if she were, it can scarcely be possible that the trus¬ 
 tee who requested Dr. McFarland to produce the letter, would 
 have considered this letter, written in 1863, as sufficient evidence 
 upon that point to establish her insanity—especially after the 
 prompt and intelligent manner in which she had previously testi¬ 
 fied. Her character as a virtuous lady was not involved, for no 
 one had or has intimated to the committee there was any doubt 
 about that, (unless the letter be deemed evidence to the contrary) 
 and even if that matter had been in doubt, the witness had not 
 charged upon Dr. McFarland any attempt at improper liberties 
 with her, and therefore this letter could not defend him by show¬ 
 ing any willingness on her part to receive improper attentions from 
 him of that character In either view of the case, therefore, the 
 
53 
 
 committee cannot but regard the production of this letter as an 
 unnecessary and wanton attack upon a defenseless lady, because 
 she had become identified with complaints made against what she 
 regarded as unjust laws, then in force, and of which she claimed 
 she had been a victim; and had made complaint against the man¬ 
 agement of the hospital, under the charge of one she addressed 
 under the sacred seal of confidence in him as a gentleman, and 
 under a most solemn injunction of secrecy, because a construction, 
 as she says, might be put upon it prejudicial to her character as a 
 virtuous lady. 
 
 And, besides, a part of section 4, chapter 10, of the printed 
 regulations of the hospital, reads as follows: 
 
 “ Persons employed at this institution will remember that their 
 duties are peculiar and confidential; that there is an obvious im¬ 
 propriety in disclosing the names, peculiarities, or acts of its in¬ 
 mates. " x ' * * * x * They should not forget that the most cruel 
 
 wounds may, by imprudent disclosures, be inflicted on those whose 
 conduct and language, during their misfortune, should be covered 
 with the veil of the deepest secrecy.” * * * x * 
 
 It is true that this part of the regulations provides for the gov¬ 
 ernment of £c attendants and assistants,” but ought not the princi¬ 
 ple to apply to the officers as well ? 
 
 Of course, they would be compelled, if required, to testify in 
 courts; but nothing but a pressing necessity to justly defend 
 themselves, or promote the public interest on questions directly in 
 issue, would authorize a departure from the manifest propriety of 
 this part of the regulations. 
 
 It is apparent to the committee that the production of this letter 
 was not compulsory on the part of the superintendent, but that it 
 was a willing and voluntary service. As especially applicable to 
 him, the committee will close this part of their report by inserting 
 here an extract from the last annual report of the superintendent, 
 containing an elaborate lecture to the Legislature for repealing, in 
 the law of 1865, the law of 1851-3, authorizing husbands and 
 guardians to commit their wives and wards to the hospital without 
 a jury trial, upon the opinion of the superintendent that they were 
 insane. On page 39 the superintendent says: 
 
 “ When it is reflected, by any thinking person, in how vast a 
 majority of instances it must be that those sent here are sustain¬ 
 ing the tender relations of brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, 
 
 % 
 
54 
 
 parents, husbands and wives of those who, in the nature of the 
 case, appear as quasi prosecutors—what antagonisms of the most 
 painful and lasting kind are wantonly engendered—what viola¬ 
 tions of delicacy, and often of decency—what outrages upon men¬ 
 tal and physical suffering—must be the result. While this enact¬ 
 ment exists, it will be agreed that no terms of reprobation are too 
 strong to be applied to it.” 
 
 If such language can with any propriety be used to describe 
 the “ violation of delicacy, and often of decency,” resulting from 
 producing before a jury in open court the peculiarities and habits 
 of the person alleged to be insane, what shamelessness, then, 
 must there be in a disclosure for publication to the whole country 
 of the peculiarities and habits of a person actually confined in a 
 hospital for the insane, unless such disclosure is made absolutely 
 necessary for the defense of individual rights, or the promotion of 
 public justice. 
 
 Nor did the effort to destroy the testimony of this witness end 
 here. Failing to discover satisfactory proof of insanity in her 
 manner, or facts sworn to by her, it was undertaken to be shown 
 that her views on certain religious and metaphysical subjects, as 
 found in her book, could not be entertained by a sane person. 
 Her book was produced, and three passages were referred to, to- 
 wit: 
 
 On page 51 of her book, under the head of “ transmigration of 
 souls,” she says: “ I fully believe in this doctrine or truth, be¬ 
 
 cause it is a demonstrable fact, that souls do inhabit different 
 bodies, at different periods of their existence, as really as vegeta¬ 
 ble and animal life exist in different forms or bodies.” 
 
 In relation to this passage, she says, in her testimony, page 9S 
 of the journal of the committee: “ I believe we do; that life is 
 
 one continued succession of existences; and we only enjoy a part 
 of it in this life—as vegetable and animal life are perpetuated in 
 different forms—the butterfly and the chrysalis is the same life, al¬ 
 though in different forms. So, on the principle of analogy, I 
 infer that the human life exists in different forms.” 
 
 On page 52 of her book she says: “ I have no more doubt but 
 
 that Shakspeare and AVashington, and 1 don’t know how many 
 more of earth’s noblest thinkers, have dictated portions of my 
 book, than I have that my own mind is used as their medium of 
 bought. It would he impious in me to boast of having written 
 
my book, unaided by the most superior minds of the universe. Its 
 contents designate its heavenly origin.” 
 
 In answer to the question as to whether she had any special aid 
 from other minds in writing this book, she says, in relation to the 
 last extract: “ I regard God as the author of all truth. I don’t 
 
 make the truth ; I only report it—am only the medium of it— 
 simply tell it. In that sense I am God’s medium. I believe the 
 devil is the author of all falsehood or lies ; and when I speak a 
 lie, I am the devil’s medium.” 
 
 On page 66 of her book, she says: Mrs. Packard is the writing 
 medium of this book. Dr. McFarland is her chosen scholastic 
 critic. But God, alone, is the dictator of the contents of the book 
 — my book—God’s book—our book.” 
 
 In her testimony—page 97—in answer to the question of 
 whether she had any special aid from other minds in writing 
 this book, she says: “ I don’t know that I had. I have read va¬ 
 
 rious books: and ideas which I received from this and other 
 
 * 
 
 sources have quickened into thought, and I reduced them into 
 form. I believe that mind communicates with mind, whether in 
 the body or out of the body. I get ideas from the writings of 
 Jesus Christ, although he is not in the body.” 
 
 The committee express no opinion upon the soundness or ortho¬ 
 doxy of the opinions contained in these extracts from the book 
 referred to, for they do not consider that question necessarily in¬ 
 volved in their examination ; yet the prompt and plausible manner 
 in which her views were defended or explained, while on the stand, 
 tended to increase the probability of her sanity, and afforded a 
 striking instance of the danger of pronouncing a person insane 
 simply because of their belief upon such subjects. 
 
 INSANE WITNESSES. 
 
 Insane persons are excluded as witnesses in courts, upon the 
 ground of deficient understanding , and as witnesses are required 
 to take upon themselves an oath to speak the truth; and as an 
 oath is an outward pledge, given by the person taking it that his 
 attestation or promise is made under an immediate sense of his 
 responsibility to God; and the purpose of the law being to lay 
 hold on the conscience of the witness by this religious solemnity ; 
 it follows, that persons incapable of understanding the nature and 
 obligations of an oath ought not to be admitted as witnesses, be- 
 
56 
 
 cause they would then testify without its obligations and sanctions, 
 and their testimony, for the want of understanding , would be 
 found more likely than otherwise to mislead courts and juries. 
 And it makes no difference whether this defect of understanding 
 be temporary and curable, or permanent—whether the party be 
 hopelessly an idiot or maniac, or only occasionally insane—as a 
 lunatic, while the deficiency of understanding exists, the person 
 is not capable to be sworn as a witness. But if the cause be tem¬ 
 porary, and a lucid interval should occur, or a cure be effected, 
 the competency is restored. And this deficiency of understanding 
 being once shown to exist, the presumption of law is, that it con¬ 
 tinues until the contrary is proven. Indeed, the presumption of 
 law in relation to this subject has been, and is, that persons deaf 
 and dumb from their birth, are idiots; and though this presump¬ 
 tion has not now the same degree of force which was formerly 
 given to it—that class of persons being found, by the light of 
 modern science, to be much more intelligent in general, and sus¬ 
 ceptible of far higher culture, than once supposed—yet still the 
 ](resumption is so far operative as to devolve the burden of proof 
 on the party adducing the witnesses, to show that he is a person 
 of sufficient understanding. 
 
 Having these principles in view, which are declared by the 
 courts and writers upon evidence to be the law, the committee 
 examined nine witnesses—who had been under treatment in the 
 hospital, and who were discharged without the opinion of the 
 superintendent that they were recovered, or without preliminary 
 testimony of other witnesses, before they were sworn, that they 
 had recovered. In fact the committee thought it not unlikely 
 that, in this investigation, it might be proper for them to receive 
 the statements of patients confessedly insane, in the hospital, 
 touching their personal usage—not, however, on the supposition 
 that what they might say would be, technically, evidence binding 
 upon the officers of the hospital—but on the supposition that some 
 light might be thrown on the probabilities of the question as to 
 whether they were kindly treated or abused by the attendants and 
 ofiicers, and thus lead the committee to seek proper evidence else¬ 
 where. In the personal inspection of the hospital, and the exami¬ 
 nation made by the committee and Drs. Johnson and Patterson, 
 in July last, several general inquiries were made of patients, on 
 this subject, but no answers thereto were entered as testimony, or 
 considered strictly evidence in the case. 
 
57 
 
 The nine witnesses thus examined, and whose testimony is sub¬ 
 mitted as evidence, are Mr. Searles. Mrs. Shedd, Mrs Packard, 
 Mrs. C uninimt'iird. Mrs. Ole-on, Mr. Eastwood, Mrs. Menard, 
 Isaac White, and Marshal B Barr, and affidavit of Mr. (Ju thie. 
 The latter is* not considered by committee. And although the 
 committee confidently believe the conclusions at which they have 
 arrived are clearly supported, without the evidence of either of 
 them, (that of at least four of them was comparatively immate¬ 
 rial,) that, in point of intelligence, character and credibility, they 
 are as worthy of belii f as other witne-ses, upon whose testimony 
 in courts the property, character, liberty and lives of suitors daily 
 depend. Without reference to a question which might be raised, 
 as to whether, under the statute of 1851, married women, commit¬ 
 ted to the hospital without any sworn testimony or judicial inves¬ 
 tigation of the fact of their sanity or insanity, and on the mere 
 unsworn opinion of the superintendent that they were insane, at 
 the time of admission or discharge, is such a determination of the 
 fact of insanity that there is a presumption of law as to its con¬ 
 tinuance; and without reference to their mental condition at the 
 time of their discharge, the committee have en ire confidence in 
 the belief that all these witnesses had a clear understanding, and 
 comorehended, when examined, the obligations of the oath ad- 
 ministered to them, and in an unusually intelligent manner testi¬ 
 fied to matters within their recollection, and were prudent and 
 entirely honest, and testified to facts as they believed them to ex¬ 
 ist. With one or two unimportant exceptions, neither of them 
 exhibited any appearance of a disordered intellect, moral obli¬ 
 quity, or defective memory ; and, therefore, to reject their testi¬ 
 mony, appeared to the committee as calculated to defeat an inves¬ 
 tigation after the truth, and possibly subvert the ends of public 
 justice. In this point of view, and for these reasons, their testi¬ 
 mony has been accepted and reported as a part of the evidence. 
 
 In relation to the reliance to be placed upon testimony of wit¬ 
 nesses who have once been insane, and who have partially or fully 
 recovered, there have been twenty two witnesses examined. In 
 July last the trustees and superintendent proposed to the commit¬ 
 tee to join in a commission, to take the testimony of non-resident 
 medical or professional experts who were, or had been, in charge 
 of the insane in different states. The testimony proposed to be 
 thus taken was upon a variety of subjects, in relation to the treat* 
 —8 
 
t 
 
 58 
 
 ji 
 
 ment of the insane, suggested, no doubt, by the testimony of wit¬ 
 nesses who had been examined by the committee. The proposi¬ 
 tion was declined by the committee, on the ground that they had 
 ‘ no authority to join in such commission, hut it was suggested that 
 if the testimony of such witnesses should be fairly taken, and, 
 when offered, appear to be relevant to any questions pending be¬ 
 fore the committee, that its admissibility might he favorably con¬ 
 sidered. The testimony of these witnesses, residing in various 
 states, was therefore taken and admitted, and is reported as a part 
 of the evidence. The sixth of these interrogatories addressed to 
 them, is as f.llows : 
 
 “ What is your opinion as to ihe credit due to the statements of 
 insane patients partially recovered ; and what to the statements of 
 patients fully recovered?” 
 
 The substance of the answers appears to be, that the statements 
 of insane persons are unreliable by reason of their insanity; that 
 the statements of those partially recovered, especially when they 
 speak of their own treatment, or of things which occurred during 
 their insanity, are to be taken with “ grains of allowance but the 
 statements of those who are fully recovered may generally be be¬ 
 lieved, provided they are honest and their memory not defective. 
 The testimony on this part appears to be very clear and very can¬ 
 did, and undoubtedly more learned and better reasons are assigned 
 for their opinions than could be named by unprofessional persons. 
 Their conclusions are so very reasonable that no person of ordinary 
 observation can fail to agree with them, to the extent named, 
 although it might be doubted whether the fact that a person who, 
 after his discharge, complains of his treatment, should be consid¬ 
 ered almost a presumption that he had not fully recovered, as is 
 substantially stated by some of these witnesses. 
 
 The answer of John Fonerden, medical superintendent of the 
 Maryland Hospital for the Insane, fully expresses the view of the 
 committee, and is as follows: “The credit due to the statements 
 of insane patients, partially recovered, and of those fully recovered, 
 must depend upon what appears to be the trustworthiness of each 
 individual patient, from what is known of his disposition.” In 
 other wrnrds, if the patient is trustworthy, and is not “ deficient in 
 understanding,” he may be relied upon as a witness, which is pre¬ 
 cisely the rule applied to all other witnesses, except that more care 
 and discrimination are required with those once insane, but par- 
 
59 
 
 tially or wholly recovered, to test the understanding and determine 
 whether any delusions still remain in the mind to influence the 
 judgment. 
 
 That the statements of insane persons, and those partially or 
 f»lly recovered, are daily taken and acted upon by every person 
 having the charge of the insane, is too plain to admit of doubt. 
 Else how could they know their wants, or punish those who abuse 
 them ? Frequently only in this way. That they are oftentimes 
 unreliable—that they often or occasionally complain of their treat¬ 
 ment without good cause—that they sometimes are deceitful and 
 cunning, and lie, and are ungrateful—at most proves that they are 
 human ; and that, by reason of tlieir mental infirmity—their dis¬ 
 ordered intellect—their frail memory.—they are less entitled to 
 credit than sane persons. But to totally reject their statements as 
 never worthy of credit, and especially in an investigation of this 
 kind, would be to leave them not only defenseless, but a prey to 
 every brutal lust and passion; would leave such wretches as some 
 attendants, whose names appear so frequently in the testimony, 
 to go unchallenged and un whipped of justice—a result so deplora¬ 
 ble as to undermine and break up every hospital and asylum for 
 the insane in the country. 
 
 The evidence of these experts referred to, and the reasons as¬ 
 signed by them, are believed to be in harmony with, and not in 
 opposition to, the action of the committee, at the time the wit¬ 
 nesses, who were formerly supposed to be insane, were examined. 
 Yet, that there may be no misunderstanding upon this, the com¬ 
 mittee would here repeat, that, in their judgment, the proof of 
 the charges of abuse of patients does not depend upon the testi¬ 
 mony of insane witnesses, or of those who have fu ly or partially 
 recovered from insanity, but is abundantly established by other 
 witnesses. 
 
 \ 
 
 CONTRADICTION OF WITNESSES. 
 
 There is in this case, as in almost all others of importance, con¬ 
 tradictory evidence ; but the committee are of the opinion that it 
 cannot with any fairness be pretended that the contradiction of 
 some witnesses, as to particular facts sworn to by them against^the 
 management of the hospital, is sufficient to materially weaken, 
 much less destroy, their testimony—especially as throughout the 
 whole case there is a corroboration and agreement between them, 
 
60 
 
 upon the main question of this branch of the inquiry, entirely in¬ 
 consistent with a tlibhonest intention on their part, unless it be 
 assumed theie is a general conspiracy among them, of which there 
 is not a particle of testimony. 
 
 A reference to a few of the more important instances of contra¬ 
 diction may illustrate this. Edmundson, who was an important 
 witness, was assistant engineer from April, Jb61. to October 2, 
 1862, and testities to var ous instances of abuse, lie swore that, 
 about a week after be went there, lie saw Tinker, an attendant, 
 knock a patient down with a mop stick, without any provocation; 
 that he, the patient, seemed to he dead—not able t-» get up, and 
 was soon taken to the screen-room; and that be, witness, proposed 
 to Eastman, the engineer, to report the case to Dr. McFarland; 
 that he and Eastman had conversation ah ut the matter, an 1 East¬ 
 man advised witness, it* he wanted to retain h s place, be had bet¬ 
 ter not report Tinker; and that it. was understood by him, witness, 
 and others, that such reports were not favorably received, etc.; 
 and therefore the witness did not report this and other cases of 
 abuse which he witnessed, to the superintendent. To impeach 
 Edmondson, and show the improbability of bis having seen these 
 abuses, because he did not report them, the deposition of Eastman 
 is taken, who swears that lie never told Edmundson, in substance, 
 that if he wanted to keep bis [dace he should k< ep his mouth shut, 
 and that reports of misconduct and abuse would not be tolerated. 
 But Eastman does not deny, nor teas fit inquirt d of , whether Tinker 
 did not knock the 'patient down , as testified to by Edmundson , nor 
 if Edmundson did not complain to him of this brutality of Tinker , 
 and threaten or talk or propose to report it to the doctor, Eastman 
 may or may not have remembered telling Edmundson ; Edmund- 
 son may or may not have done wrong in failing to report, because 
 lie was afraid of losing bis place if lie did, but lie is not to be dis¬ 
 believed on the strength of this kind of contradiction, especially 
 as he is corroborated by other witnesses in this, that neither by 
 the by-laws or the understanding of others, were such reports re¬ 
 quired to be made by attendants or subordinate employees of the 
 institution. 
 
 Again, Edmundson swears that upon one occasion George 
 Richards, a patient who had been kept naked in the screen room 
 in the cold winter, and who sometimes begged for warmth when 
 witness went to get steam up at two or three o’clock in the morn- 
 
61 
 
 ing, was in the hands of patients acting under the direction of the 
 attendants; and they were about to plunge him into a tub of 
 scalding hot water, when Richards was rescued by Cooper, another 
 patient; that he saw this through an open window, and had fre¬ 
 quently seen Richards in the screen room through the door, before 
 he came out in the morning. To show that Edmundson, from 
 where he said he stood, could not have known whether the water 
 in the bath tub—which was supplied with a cold and hot water 
 faucet—was scalding hot, Mr. Lord, the present engineer, was 
 produced and swore that from the outside of the bath room to the 
 inside of the bath tub was about six feet, and thought that a per¬ 
 son standing on the outside of the window could not form an idea 
 of the temperature of the water in the bath tub by looking at it — 
 that it did not come in there boiling hot. Now, while Lord testi¬ 
 fies what may be true, it by no means follows that Edmundson 
 could not tell by the steam arising from the water as it was dis¬ 
 charged from the faucet, whether it was hot or cold water; and 
 Lord does not pretend that Edmundson could not have seen from 
 which faucet the water was discharged. And to show that 
 Richards could not have suffered from cold when in the screen 
 room naked, in the winter, as sworn to by Edmundson, Mr. Lord 
 was enquired of concerning the manner of heatu g the wards, and 
 testified that it has been the custom to keep the house comfortable; 
 sometimes necessary to keep steam on all night; and in cold 
 weather, when the heat is kept on all the night, one engineer 
 must be on duty all night; “ that steam is usually kept on until 
 nine, ten, eleven, or twelve o’clock.” That it is the intention to 
 keep the building comfortable, is no doubt true; but it must also 
 be true that making allowances for a change of weather after 
 steam is shut off, and occasional derangements of the heating 
 apparatus which conveys the heat to the flues in the walls, it may 
 be very well believed that a man naked in a screen room, at one, 
 two, and three o’clock in the morning, might be cold, and appeal 
 to the engineer, when he came on duty, for warmth ; and that, 
 too, without reflecting upon the engineer or general directions 
 given by the superintendent for warming the buildings. Richards 
 was kept in one of the “ old wings,” and the superintendent, in 
 bis last report to the Legislature, (page 35,) says: “With 
 all the agreed perfection of our system of boilers, pipes, etc., the 
 air in the old wings is with difficulty kept at proper temperature 
 
62 
 
 in extreme cold weather, entirely from the bad construction of the 
 flues in the brick walls.” 
 
 Again, Merrick swears (page 134,) that “ Creighton, a patient, 
 was beaten and bruised badly, and died soon after, and that he 
 helped lay him out; that his head and face were swollen very 
 much ; was black under the eyes, and on the cheek bones; that 
 there were bruises about his arms and shoulders and other parts 
 of his body, and had a cut or wound on his face.” Dr. Dutton, 
 the present senior assistant physician, is called to contradict or 
 explain this, and says (page 277,) “that he remembers the case of 
 Creighton ; that he (Creighton) was under Dr. Emery, who is now 
 dead ; but that Creighton’s remains were sent home, and no com¬ 
 plaint was ever made by his friends about the condition of his 
 remains !” But whether the poor man had any friends who exam¬ 
 ined his remains after they reached home, does not appear. 
 
 Miss Jennie Kee, (page 118,) Mrs. Cassell, (page 177,) and Mrs. 
 Graff, (page 295,) whose testimony will be more fully referred to 
 hereafter, mention the case of Mrs. Farenside, who, on one occa¬ 
 sion, had a black eye, and when inquired of as to the cause, said 
 when the Doctor was bringing her down stairs she resisted, and 
 he struck her. The circumstances connected with this matter are 
 mentioned by these witnesses. To disprove this statement of Mrs. 
 Farenside, or show the improbability that the Doctor struck her, 
 instead of some one else, her husband testified that she never 
 told him that the Doctor struck her, but admits that she com¬ 
 plained to him of the institution. It seems, from the testimony 
 of her husband, that Mrs. Farenside was sent by him to the hos¬ 
 pital in 1860, discharged July 29, 1862, and readmitted in Jan¬ 
 uary, 1865, and remains there now; that her insanity was paroxys¬ 
 mal; that the first cause of it was a supposed joy at her husband’s 
 sudden return home after an absence of a week, during which 
 time she supposed him dead ; that her malady is supposed to be 
 incurable; that while she was home, and prior to her second 
 admission, he had heard that she had been badly treated, and 
 inquired about it; that when' she appeared sane she made no 
 complaints, but when she was not sane, grumbled about the insti¬ 
 tution and him; that he is poor and pays nothing for her board, 
 although she is not in the hospital as a pauper. The conduct of 
 this patient was different when the committee saw her than 
 described by her husband; for, having had their attention spe- 
 
 \ 
 
08 
 
 I 
 
 dally called to this case, and finding her in the hospital, the com¬ 
 mittee and Drs. Patterson and Johnson made special inquiry of 
 her concerning her usage, and inquired of her if she had ever 
 been struck by any one in the hospital. Though she was believed 
 to be insane at times, she evidently understood the inquiry, and 
 her reply was, “ she did not want to talk about the matter”— 
 neither admitting nor denying, but apparently acting under 
 restraint. Under the circumstances, the committee, therefore, do 
 not consider that the negative testimony of her husband disproves 
 the testimony of Miss Kee, Mrs. Cassell and Mrs. Graff; for, 
 although they neither of them swear that they saw the Doctor 
 strike the patient, the fact proven that she was injured by some 
 one, and at the same time said the Doctor struck her, together 
 with the circumstances detailed by three different witnesses, 
 leaves little doubt that her statement was true. 
 
 Another case of contradiction upon a single point is between 
 Miss Kane and Mrs. Hasckett, in relation to an indignity which 
 Mrs. Hasckett, an attendant, committed upon a Miss Magin, a 
 patient. Miss Kane, among other matters, distinctly swears to it; 
 (page 130,) and Mrs. Hasckett, (page 313,) says that she knew a 
 patieut by the name of Dwyre • that she does not remember the 
 case testified to by Miss Kane, and that she never committed any 
 indecency upon any female patient. The committee presume 
 Mrs. Hasckett has forgotten the matter, and believe Miss Kane. 
 
 THE SUPERINTENDENT. 
 
 The committee would not for a moment conceal, or seek to con¬ 
 ceal the iact, that—in approaching the consideration of the ques¬ 
 tion as to the responsibility which properly belongs to the super¬ 
 intendent in the government of the hospital, how far he can justly 
 be held responsible for the conduct of his subordinates, and what 
 is the position he now occupies to the people of the state, in the 
 light reflected upon him by the evidence submitted—they do so 
 not without embarrasment, but with some appreciation of the 
 numerous and varied difficulties and embarrassments surrounding 
 the office, and a most sincere and painful consciousness that, 
 though their duty seems plain, the result of this examination, 
 nevertheless, must disappoint his numerous friends and admirers 
 throughout the state. Yet, no one can attentively read the very 
 intelligent and learned testimony of the medical witnesses exam- 
 
64 
 
 ined, including several superintendents of similar institutions— 
 some of whom have a high national reputation—without feeling 
 the neces&ity of carefully considering all the difficulties of the 
 position, as well as the rigid rule of accountability which ought 
 justly to be applied to an officer occupying that responsible 
 position. 
 
 Some of these principal difficulties grow out of radical changes, 
 in the treatment and government of the insane, from the old 
 system. Dr. Isaac Day, of Philadelphia, who has been in charge 
 of the insane for twenty years, so concisely defines these changes, 
 and the objects of them, that the following extract is made from 
 his testimony. He says : 
 
 “Up to the early part of the present century, the insane were 
 restrained, in hospitals, by chains, iron collars, and straight jack¬ 
 ets; by fastening them to their beds or strong chairs, and seclusion 
 in their rooms. At present, and for many years past, restraint is 
 effected solely by the camisole, which is a simple linen or cotton 
 jacket laced or buttoned behind, with long sleeves crossing in 
 front and tied together behind; by wristers , wdiich are leather 
 bracelets put upon the wrists, with a strap passing through them 
 in front and buckled behind, whereby the hands are prevented from 
 striking, while they are allowed a considerable degree of motion; 
 by a leather muff , in which the hands are confined; and by seclu¬ 
 sion, or solitary confinement. In some hospitals a contrivance is 
 used for confining a patient to his bed, called the bed strap, intro¬ 
 duced by the late Dr. Wyman. Superintendent of the McLean 
 Asylum, in Somerville, Mass. The principle which has governed 
 all the changes, is to effect restraint in the easiest possible manner 
 and in the least possible degree, consistent with the welfare of the 
 patient and the safety of those associated with him. And in this 
 connection it should be considered, that, whereas restraint was 
 formerly applied for long periods and as a final measure, it is now, 
 for the most part, of short duration, and intended to meet an 
 emergency until other measures shall have had their effect. Es¬ 
 pecially is this so with respect to seclusion.” 
 
 “ In every well-regulated hospital for the insane, patients are 
 associated together in the different wards according to certain 
 rules of classification, the object being to place those together who 
 are least likely to offend or disturb one another. A quiet patient 
 is placed with other quiet patients , and a noisy , excited , or Violent 
 
patient with those of similar traits. A refined, cultivated person 
 is placed where he will not be annoyed by the vulgar and pr of an eA 
 
 These remarks ot Dr. Kay cover the whole case as to change 
 from old to present system—the “restraints” or mechanical 
 means of con lining patients now used, and his opinion of the 
 proper classification of patients. Of course the change from isola¬ 
 tion or solitary confinement, to association and classification into 
 wards, as it increases the personal liberty of the patient, the risk 
 of collisions among themselves and with their attendants, is in¬ 
 creased. But these risks and injuries from collisions are supposed 
 to be more than counterbalanced by the benefits which the patient 
 receives from his liberty and association; and the testimony 
 would appear to clearly establish the superiority of the present 
 over the former treatment. It is not with the relative merits of 
 these opposing systems, however, that the committee have had to 
 deal, but to endeavor to ascertain whether the injuries inflicted 
 upon patients have been incidental to their government under ayi 
 approved system , or otherwise. Of course occasional collisions 
 will occur among patients when thus associated together, and that, 
 too, without the fault of the employees. So far as the abuse of 
 patients by attendants is concerned, the opinion has already been 
 expressed that such abuses were in violation of the well under¬ 
 stood printed regulations; and being without any conceivable 
 motive, they must be the result of a want of discipline over the 
 attendants, and that care and watchfulness, on the part of the offi¬ 
 cers, so indispensably necessary in such an institution. 
 
 And the committee had well hoped that, although there might 
 be mistakes or even neglect on the part of the superintendent, 
 nothing involving his character ns a humane man and gentleman 
 would be shown to exist. In this, however, the committee have 
 been grievously disappointed ; and that there may be no doubt, 
 after a careful inspection of the hospital and a large accumulation 
 of evidence, to what extent the committee regard his administra¬ 
 tion, in respect to its financial affairs and government , a success 
 or failure, they will undertake to briefly specify. 
 
 Dr. McFarland entered upon the discharge of his duties as 
 superintendent, June 16, 1851; and, having served acceptably ten 
 years, he was re-appointed, by the unanimous vote of the trustees, 
 in June, 1864. In their report of December, 1864, the trustees 
 
 mention him as possessing eminent qualifications—exhibiting 
 
 —9 
 
[60 
 
 executive ability and fidelity in the discharge of his duties, that 
 met with their unqualified commendation. To a man of philan¬ 
 thropic feeling or professional ambition, his position was then one 
 of great usefulness, and almost an enviable one. Having had an 
 experience of twenty years (ten years in New Hampshire,) in the 
 treatment of the insane, he had seen the institution of which he 
 was the chief executive officer, survive the troubles of earlier 
 years and occupy a commanding position throughout the country. 
 That he is a man of decided ability, of extensive culture, and so 
 far as the finances of the institution are concerned, has been faith¬ 
 ful in the discharge of his trusts, the committee have no doubt. 
 In the purchase of supplies, which is done by private contract, 
 under his direction—in the system of keeping accounts and 
 vouchers adopted, in the rigid economy which seems to be prac¬ 
 ticed, and in the general superintendence of the fiscal affairs of 
 the hospital, there does not appear any cause of complaint. But 
 it is in the government of the 'patients and attendants , and in the 
 principle of classification of patients , that the difficulty is to be 
 found. Familiarity with suffering and sorrow has apparently, to 
 some extent, deadened his sensibilities and sympathies; and, long 
 accustomed to govern, he has become about the hospital (perhaps 
 necessarily so) a kind of supreme law, and the rule of force has 
 too often usurped the law of love. 
 
 The classification of patients in their wards does seem, in many 
 cases, fundamentally wrong. The most desperate and vicious oc¬ 
 cupy the lower, or what is called the “worst 7 wards; yet, in 
 many cases, the noisy and turbulent, the profane and vulgar, are 
 associated with those of apparently opposite character and habits ; 
 and it is in proof, that transfers are made from the best to worst 
 wards, as punishment for offenses, although, in theory, the words 
 punishment and offiense are banished from the vocabulary of hos¬ 
 pitals for the insane. In reply to inquiries for the reasons of this 
 classification, the superintendent intormed the committee that pa¬ 
 tients of opposite character and tendencies were frequently bene¬ 
 fited by such association—that the violent and noisy would be 
 sometimes restrained by the quiet and orderly, and at the same 
 time the sedative and melancholy would be profitably aroused 
 by the boisterous, and thus both classes, by counteracting influ¬ 
 ences, be benefited. Experience, no doubt, is usually a safe guide ? 
 and though the committee frankly admit they have had none, in 
 
67 
 
 this respect, yet, remembering what they saw in the hospital, they 
 would respectfully and tirmly protest that such association does 
 not appear reasonable in itself; and they do not think the practice is 
 fully sustaind by the testimony of superintendents of other hospitals. 
 Dr. Bay, it will be noticed, says “a quiet patient should be placed 
 with other quiet patients, and noisy, excited, or violent patients 
 with those of similar traits ; a refined and cultivated person should 
 be placed where he will not be annoyed by the vulgar and pro¬ 
 fane.” Dr. J. W. Sawyer, Superintendent of the Butler hospital 
 for the insane, at Providence, B I., says, that “'patients should be 
 associated whose cases are similar .” Dr. W. P. Jones, Superin¬ 
 tendent of the Tennessee hospital for the insane, says, that “toper¬ 
 mit the unrestrained association of homicidal 'patients with others, 
 would indeed be most culpable and cruel conduct on the part of any 
 super in ten dentP 
 
 The committee remember, in this connection, a homicidal pa¬ 
 tient from Lake county, who, not long since, under a real or 
 pretended delusion, killed his wife, and was sent to the hospital 
 instead of the gallows. He was in a ward of apparently peaceably 
 inclined patients, who may not be disturbed by him unless he 
 should some time have a “call” to kill them, in which case there 
 is no doubt he would do it, for he is physically a powerful man. 
 True, he had manifested no homicidal tendency while in the hos¬ 
 pital, but the fact that he had killed his wife suggested the grave 
 responsibility of leaving other lives exposed. 
 
 This question of classification of patients is the only one, which 
 may be regarded as professional, upon which the committee have 
 intimated an opinion, and they have done so in this instance only 
 because they supposed it was one upon which, in some respect, 
 all persons might safely entertain an opinion. 
 
 As to “restraints,” it appears that those in use in the hospital, 
 to-wit: the screen-room, the camisole (or straight-jacket), the 
 wristers, the bed-strap, and crib-bedsteads, whose uses are ex¬ 
 plained in the testimony, are such only as are used in other hos¬ 
 pitals ; and instead of being, when properly used, instruments of 
 torture, they seem a very proper and necessary means of control¬ 
 ling patients in their paroxysms, or when they manifest suicidal 
 or homicidal tendencies. The shower-bath, in this hospital, as in 
 others, and generally in the prisons of the country, has gone 
 down, under the enlightened and humanizing spirit of the age. 
 
68 
 
 The ordinary' bath-tub is properly retained, because it consti¬ 
 tutes a part of the curative treatment of tiie insane. It has also 
 been used in this hospital by the attendants, as a means of pun¬ 
 ishment, and it is evident that the threat of a bath had more 
 terrors to Miss Eames (p. 121), and Maggie Rowland (p.122), and 
 Mrs. Clark (p. 12;>), or any disobedient patient, than a straight- 
 jacket. The straight-jacket, useful in itself, was found too harsh, 
 and in 1860, was changed, at the suggestion of Miss Dix. It was 
 also sometimes secretly used by attendants as a means of punish¬ 
 ment, although it cannot be that the superintendent ordered its 
 use or knew of the scenes described by Mrs. Graff (p. 12), or the 
 cases of Mrs. Boyce and Miss Jane Berrickman. It does, hour 
 ever, appear in the evidence that about forty patients, whose names 
 are given, and about twenty, whose names are 7iot remembered, 
 have been abused by attendants / and about twenty five attendants, 
 whose names are given, have been guilty of these abuses. It also 
 appears that several attendants have been discharged, for neglect 
 and cruelty ; but how many, or whom, or for what particular act, 
 and under what circumstances, does not appear, except in three 
 cases, where they were discharged and fined by a justice of the 
 peace. It does not appear, either, that any of the attendants 
 above referred to were discharged for such cause, but it is shown 
 that one or two of the attendants first above enumerated are now 
 in the service of the institution. 
 
 As a general proposition, the superintendent is responsible to 
 the public for the conduct of his attendants. He may or not be 
 censurable on account of their abuse. This depends upon the 
 frequency and extent of it. Though printed regulations and oral 
 instructions forbid it—though, as in this case, several of the wit¬ 
 nesses who testify to it, voluntarily protest that they did not 
 believe the Doctor approved or in many cases knew it—though it 
 is likely that many instances came to his knowledge, for the 
 first time, in the evidence; yet if he failed to adopt vigilant means 
 to prevent or detect or punish it, when known, then is he respon¬ 
 sible for it. In one respect, his police regulations are bad, and 
 fatal in his government. He assumes that insane patients are 
 never to be believed, and therefore does not listen with favor to 
 their complaints. He substantially denies the right of petition 
 and investigation; and like all public officers who do this, he finds 
 himself, too late, surrounded by difficulties, and imposed upon. 
 
69 
 
 i 
 
 He does not require or encourage attendants to report to him each 
 other’s delinquencies, but depends upon his supervisors, and 
 assistant physicians, to report all violations of the regulations. 
 And right here is believed to be the explanation of his ignorance of 
 a large portion of the abuses. His government of patients is 
 believed too severe, and his discipline of attendants too mild, and it 
 is doubted whether an increase of wages, in order to secure a bet¬ 
 ter class of attendants, would remedy the evil, so long as the 
 present policy in this respect remains unchanged. 
 
 Nor does the responsibility of the superintendent for this state 
 of things terminate here. We sincerely wish it did, and are 
 reluctantly compelled to refer to some portions of testimony in 
 relation to positive acts of his—not so conclusive upon one point, 
 it is true ; but it is difficult to resist the force of it. Touching his 
 further neglect, as well as personal abuse of patients, the following 
 appears in the evidence: 
 
 Miss Kane testifies (p. 5) that when she went there, the Doctor 
 told her, that “ she would hear a great many hard stories about 
 the institution, but she must not believe a word of them ; ” that 
 at one time (p. 9) eleven were sick in her ward with flux, four of 
 whom died, and were not furnished with medicines, nor she with 
 any extra assistance to nurse them; a neglect, if true, (and it was 
 not contradicted,) that amounts to a positive wrongful act, and 
 should be so esteemed by right thinking men. 
 
 Mr. Searles, after describing his horrible suffering from his 
 sickness and disease—his confinement (perhaps necessary) in a 
 straight-jacket—testifies, “that he does not know as Dr. McFar¬ 
 land was cognizant of the operation, for at that stage of his 
 treatment he never went to him for sympathy or a redress of his 
 wrongs, knowing, as he did, too well, the nature of the man ; and 
 that even if had he been disposed to do so, he had little opportu¬ 
 nity, for he seldom made his appearance in the ward. 
 
 Captain Henry testifies (pp. 55 and 56) that he on one occasion 
 f* rescued a patient, who was being tortured by two patients holding 
 him on his back, and a third pouring water in his face from a pail, 
 when he rushed in and drove the wretches from the room, and 
 reported the case to the Doctor, who paid no attention to it; and 
 the witness then reported the case to the president of the board of 
 trustees, and threatened that if such abuses were repeated he 
 would go before the grand jury. 
 
70 
 
 Mrs. Shedd testifies (p. 6S) to what she considered as improper 
 liberties with her. As to this transaction, the committee are not 
 well satisfied whether or not Dr. McFarland’s conduct was in¬ 
 tended as mere playfulness, or whether Mrs. Shedd is correct in 
 her understanding of the matter. 
 
 Mrs. .Bland testifies (p. .125) that she reported one case of abuse, 
 when the Doctor told her to “ mind her own business,” and that 
 on that account she did not afterwards report other cases which 
 she described. Merrick testifies (p. 138) that, when he was first 
 employed, the Doctor told him to keep his mouth shut and his eyes 
 oj>en , and he did so, until Mr. Supervisor Doane hurt Myers, when 
 Merrick told Doane if he hurt another man he would report him. 
 Edmundson (p. 168) says, that when he went to the Doctor about 
 his business, he generally got a very short answer, and he came 
 to the conclusion there was no satisfaction in going with complaints 
 to him. 
 
 Mrs. Cassell says, (p. 184) and Miss Kane, that it was the prae> 
 tice of the house not to allow persons in feeble health, sickly aid 
 weak, to lie down in the daytime, and that she had frequently 
 heard complaints from such persons on that account. 
 
 Miss Oleson testifies (p. 207) that she informed the Doctor 
 of these abuses once, that she well recollects of, and the Doctor 
 promised an investigation. 
 
 Miss Jennie Kee says (p. 118) that Mrs. Farenside was, on one 
 occasion, brought from the 7th w r ard, and placed in a room in the 
 new wfing; that she was afterwards brought to her ward ; that 
 while she was in the room in the wing, witness and Elizabeth 
 Eonah went to look in to see her, when Dr. McFarland told Eliza¬ 
 beth that he did not want her to open the door of that room, 
 unless he gave particular orders; that when Mrs. Farenside came 
 to her ward, she had a very black eye, which she (Mrs. F.) said 
 was done by Dr. McFarland’s hand ; that Mrs. F. said she resisted 
 the Dr. when he was bringing her down stairs, and he struck her; 
 that Mrs. F. was in this room alone by herself three days. 
 
 Mrs. Cassell says (p. 177) that this case of Mrs. Farenside w T as 
 talked a great deal about; that she appeared one morning at the 
 breakfast table in the 5th ward, after having been removed from 
 the 7th ward—which was from the best to the worst ward—with 
 a black eye; that witness inquired of her the cause, and Mrs. 
 Farenside told her the Doctor struck her; that her face was very 
 
71 
 
 much bruised and blacked for several days. Witness also says 
 that Mrs. Farenside was a quiet patient, and that if she had been 
 a violent or boisterous patient she would not have been in the 7th 
 ward, where she was until after this occurrence, when she was 
 transferred to the worst ward. 
 
 Mrs. Graff also refers (p. 295) to the case of Mrs. Farenside, 
 and says that on one occasion, during the latter part of her stay 
 there, she saw Mrs. F. sitting in her ward, and the Doctor told 
 her not to go near her, for he was “ cooling her off.” 
 
 Mrs Packard testifies (p. 100) that, one Sabbath as she was 
 going down stairs, the Doctor met her, and seizing her violently 
 by the arm, told her to return to her ward ; and she not obeying, 
 but standing still, the Doctor attempted to drag her back, but 
 seeing Drs. Sturtevant and Tenney, he suddenly let go his hold, 
 and she fell from his grasp down the stairs upon the hall floor 
 below, and was almost stunned, and that the Doctor went along 
 without helping her in the least. Mrs. Packard also testifies (p. 
 106) that, on another occasion, she saw the Doctor lead a very 
 sensible and industrious patient from one ward to another, while 
 he was in a great rage from a verbal reproof the patient had given 
 him ; that he took her down the back dark staircase, himself fol¬ 
 lowing behind, and kicking her back as she was passing down, 
 when thus hid from all observers; and that the patient could show 
 black and blue spots upon her back for weeks afterwards, which 
 the patient said were caused by the Doctor’s kicks. 
 
 Mrs. Cassel further testifies (p. 188) to Mrs. Farenside’s com¬ 
 plaining that the Doctor had kicked her; and as the name of 
 the patient to whom Mrs. Packard refers as being kicked, is not 
 mentioned, it may be that both refer to the case of Mrs. Faren¬ 
 side. If not, then they are, of course different cases ; but, from 
 the statements of the patients, the punishment was inflicted by 
 the Doctor himself, and it is immaterial whether these witnesses 
 refer to the same or different cases. 
 
 In relation to this case of Mrs. Farenside, the testimony of her 
 husband has been referred to on the question of contradiction, 
 and need not be repeated. It is true that no one swears to seeing 
 the Doctor injure Mrs. Farenside. They describe the injuries to 
 her, and some of the circumstances occurring before and after the 
 injuries, and also, that immediately after it she said it was com¬ 
 mitted by the Doctor; and as there can be no doubt there was 
 
difficulty between them at the time, the testimony of the witnesses 
 amounts to a corroboration at least, and the testimony being unex¬ 
 plained, the conclusion seems almost irresistible that Mrs. F. told 
 the truth about it. 
 
 There appears in the evidence but one more case of punish¬ 
 ment inflicted by the superintendent, or under his immediate 
 direction, and that seem*, from unquestionable proof, full of dra¬ 
 matic interest. Mrs. Graff (p. 13) says that in the spring before 
 she left the institution (spring of 1861), the Doctor inflicted a ter¬ 
 rible punishmeut upon a one-armed patient, who had been sent to 
 the hospital after a trial for murder; that the punishment was for 
 striking an attendant, Bell; that the attendant was struck in the 
 morning, and as the witness was going at night down for water she 
 met the engineer and porter of the hospital going up with chains and 
 buckets of water; that soon after she heard (p. 291) the voice of the 
 patient, away up in the upper part of the wing, in the further corner, 
 crying “Oh, Doctor ! Oh, Doctor ! Oh, Doctor !” She says she 
 knows he was chained and punished with a shower bath, because 
 she saw the engineer going up with chains, and that he, the 
 patient, afterwards had the chains upon him while she remained 
 there; and though she did not follow the porter and others, who 
 had pails of water when they went up, she is well satisfied he was 
 put in a shower bath ; and she knows the Doctor directed it, 
 because she went to the Doctor that night and asked him to pay 
 her and let her go, and that he told her, perhaps she did not 
 understand the case (p. 13), that “ he had saved that man from 
 the gallows,” and (p. 291) that “ he witnessed the punishment 
 himself.” In relation to shower baths, Mrs. Graff says (p. 295) 
 that she never saw a shower bath used, but she knows they were 
 used, as well as she could know without seeing them ; that when 
 she first went there—in July, 1858—there was a shower bath in 
 every ward, but they were taken down when Miss Dix came there, 
 which she thinks was the second year after she came there. If 
 she is correct in this, the shower baths were taken out of the 
 wards in 1860, and before the spring of 1861, when she says this 
 punishment w r as inflicted. 
 
 But that this one-armed man, whose name she does not remem¬ 
 ber, but who is undoubtedly the patient named as Wyant in the 
 testimony of Dr. Bell (p. 401), was dreadfully punished for striking 
 the attendant, Bell, and that the water and chains were applied to 
 
him there cannot be a doubt. The whole circumstances of the 
 case appear revolting. It may be that the patient was a violent 
 desperado, yet the justification interposed, that he might be thus 
 punished because his life had been saved by the Doctor’s testi¬ 
 mony, is almost too shocking to be believed, and shows that the 
 will which directed the punishment must belong to a “man of 
 iron,’ 1 and the mind which could entertain such claims of gratitude 
 must be “ fatally bent on mischief.” 
 
 The only remaining class of testimony, which will be referred 
 to, is that in relation to the testimony of Miss Julia A. Wilson, 
 who testifies to an insult offered to her by the superintendent in 
 July last. The circumstances connected with taking this evidence 
 have already been alluded to, and will more fully be seen by refer¬ 
 ence to the journal of the committee, and the testimony of Miss 
 Wilson, and J. D. IT. Chamberlin, Esq. 
 
 It appears, from the testimony of this witness, that she is thirty- 
 two years of age, was born in Buffalo, 1ST. Y., and has resided 
 there the principal part of the time since. That she is the daughter 
 of a widow lady now residing at 375 Michigan street, Buffalo, her 
 father having, for several years, been connected with the Buffalo 
 Commercial Advertiser, and who died about eighteen years ago- 
 leaving her mother and a large family with no property except 
 their home ; that in the latter part of July last she had a sister, a 
 Mrs. E. D. Brown, in the hospital, who had been a patient there 
 since 1861, and whom she had previously visited, and concerning 
 whom she had corresponded with the superintendent; that in vis¬ 
 iting her sister at the hospital, she had made the acquaintance of 
 a Mrs. Dr. Grant, of Jacksonville, with whom she had also 
 visited; that a short time before a certain Thursday (July 26th) 
 in the latter part of that month, she had received a letter at 
 Springfield (where she was at work as a seamstress in the family 
 of B. E. Goodell, Esq.), from the Doctor, concerning the discharge 
 of her sister; and that on that Thursday afternoon she went to 
 the hospital to make some clothes for her sister and prepare her for 
 removal; that she saw Dr. McFarland at this time, and he told 
 her that there was no room there then, as they were full of guests, 
 but that they would be away the following Friday noon, and he 
 invited her to come and stay at the hospital; that she told the 
 Doctor that as she had some purchases to make, she would return 
 
 there on Saturday; that on Saturday she went back to the hos- 
 —10 
 
74 
 
 pital about live o’clock—saw the Doctor in the reception room, 
 when he immediately showed her up to the room she was to occu¬ 
 py, and talked to her about the condition of her sister; that in 
 this interview the Doctor said she had better not anticipate remov¬ 
 ing her sister then, as she was not lit to live among sane people, 
 but told her to remain a while, and they would try and make it 
 comfortable for her, and she could then see for herself; that on 
 receiving this statement concerning the condition of her sister, 
 and relying upon it, she w T as affected to tears; that she then told 
 the Doctor that she wanted to see her sister immediately; that 
 something was then said by her about her sister staying with her 
 in that room, and the Doctor examined the windows and said 
 they were not safe; that this alarmed her, and she decided not to 
 have her sister remain with her over night; that she thinks the 
 Doctor went out before her sister was brought in by an attendant, 
 and returned ; that on her sister being ushered in by an attendant 
 the Doctor went out, but in a few moments returned and took a 
 seat, and after talking a few moments he handed her an envelope 
 and went out, and said he would return again, saying as he did 
 so, that “ he wished her to examine that—that the hey of Mrs. 
 Broom's ward was there f but as she supposed it contained some 
 directions about her sister’s room or treatment, she did not open 
 the envelope for some time, but sat and talked with her sister; 
 that in this interview with her sister, she wept so bitterly that she 
 annoyed her, and she asked witness what was the matter, when 
 she told her sister that the Doctor had convinced her of the im¬ 
 practicability of taking her away then; that she then took her 
 sister to the door of her ward and gave her to an attendant, and 
 returned to her room and opened the envelope, which contained 
 an infamous proposal ; that as soon as she read it she was so 
 angry she tore it in pieces and threw it on the floor, but she re¬ 
 members the contents, and the following is the tenor of the note : 
 “An appreciative friend, who deeply sympathizes with you in your 
 trouble, wishes to know if his company will be agreeable after 
 retiring hoursthat immediately on reading the note she was 
 determined to take her sister aw r ay, and to stay with her until 
 she could do so; that she is not positive, but thinks that the note 
 was signed “A. M. F.” 
 
 That she wrote an answer—as “she felt that she could not look 
 at him”—the substance of -which answer is attached to her depo- 
 
sition, and is an indignant reply, accusing him of cruelty, inform¬ 
 ing him that he had misjudged her, but that she would let it 
 pass—and saying that if she was compelled to remain on account 
 of her sister, she demanded employment or a situation while she 
 remained; that she cannot remember just how everything took 
 place on this occasion, as she was weeping and excited, but says 
 that when the Doctor returned after she had torn up the note he 
 noticed the pieces and said, a what is this”; that she told him 
 “ that it was that infamous note ” ; that she asked him what there 
 was in her appearance that induced him to so offend her, and he 
 said “ oh, nothing, I merely took it at a venture ” ; that he picked 
 up a part of them and soon after left the room; that she then felt 
 it would be safer for her sister to be with her, as she did not want 
 to be alone, and went to the ward for her sister, but, finding her 
 sleeping soundly, she returned to her room, locked the door, and 
 stayed there alone; that in the morning her sister was brought to 
 her room, and remained with her while she was at the hospital. 
 
 That Monday morning she went down to Mrs. Grant’s, and 
 also visited Mrs. Grant almost daily for a week, about which time, 
 or in the first week in August, she left for Buffalo with her sister; 
 that during the week she had conversation with Mrs. Grant in 
 relation to the insult offered her by the Doctor, and that she went 
 purposely to see Mrs. Grant upon the subject; that she and her 
 sister came directly to Buffalo, after leaving the hospital, and that, 
 since her return to Buffalo, her sister has so improved that she is 
 about the house—assists about the house in work, and has never, 
 during the time she was staying with her at the hospital or since, 
 manifested a disposition to injure herself or others, or been vio¬ 
 lent in her manner or language. 
 
 The chairman of the committee, in order to learn as much of 
 
 ' r 
 
 the history of this witness as might appear necessary to an under¬ 
 standing of her character, inquired at considerable length of her 
 family history—where she had worked and her means of support, 
 and the circumstances of her coming to Illinois. Her answers to 
 all these questions seem candid and reasonable, and appear in her 
 testimony. 
 
 The witness was subjected to a rigid and lengthy cross-exami¬ 
 nation ; and even a professional reader, it is believed, will be 
 unable to find in the testimony itself any contradictions or im¬ 
 probabilities. She was called upon to write out and have attached 
 
76 
 
 to her deposition copies of the note she received from the Doctor, 
 
 and her answer. This she did; and in her cross-examination she 
 
 * 
 
 states, that although she remembers his note very distinctly, she 
 only remembers the substance of her answer—but she does re¬ 
 member that the moment she read his note she resolved to remove 
 her sister as soon as possible, and to stay with her until she could 
 do so; and on that account, and fearing that the Doctor might 
 attempt to thwart her purposes, her answer was more tame than 
 it would otherwise have been. 
 
 It cannot escape the notice of any one who reads the testimony 
 of this witness that she swears that on the next day after the insult 
 was offered her, she wrote to her brother-in-law in Chicago, con¬ 
 cerning it, and also informed Mrs. Dr. Grant of Jacksonville, and 
 others, of the matter, and advised with them concerning her dut}'. 
 They invited her to stay with them until her sister was ready to 
 leave, but as she feared, if she left the hospital before her sister 
 was ready, the Doctor might thwart her purposes to remove her, 
 and as her sister was staying in the same room with her, the wit¬ 
 ness had no fear of being again insulted by him, and adhered to 
 her purpose of staying with her sister until she could get her 
 away. And on this account she did remain nearly a week, and as 
 a reward for her persistent determination she succeeded in seeing 
 her sister safely reach home and enjoy comparative health and 
 happiness. 
 
 Another noticeable fact is, that none of the several respectable 
 persons residing in this State, whose names and residence are 
 given, and who are acquainted with this witness, have been pro¬ 
 duced by Dr. McFarland, to even suggest a doubt against her 
 character. In the absence, therefore, of any thing contradictory 
 or suspicious in her testimony—in the absence of any contradic¬ 
 tory evidence in relation to any conversations of her with other 
 persons on the subject—in the absence of any conceivable motive 
 on her part to manufacture this evidence, and in the absence of 
 language likely to be selected by her in the note itself , the convic¬ 
 tion is irresistible that her testimony is true. The testimony 
 shows that the character of this witness is irreproachable at home, 
 and she has challenged investigation of it here. She was not a 
 willing witness, for after she had succeeded in getting her sister 
 home she declined to write to her friends here on the subject, and 
 it was not until the committee required her testimony, that she 
 consented to make her affidavit. 
 
I 
 
 77 
 
 Against this overwhelming testimony the moral character of 
 Dr. McFarland is interposed. Several gentlemen in New Hamp¬ 
 shire and Jacksonville have testified that he has the reputation of 
 being a man of good moral character. This testimony the com¬ 
 mittee fully believe, but in the opinion of the committee testimony 
 of character cannot prevail against such unquestionable proof of 
 facts; and however painful and humiliating it may be to us, as 
 citizens, to believe a man who occupies such a position should be 
 guilty of such grave improprieties, it is nevertheless our plain duty 
 to express the opinion of his guilt which the evidence clearly 
 shows. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 In transmitting all the evidence, schedules and exhibits, in the 
 possession of the committee, and without volunteering any advice 
 to your Excellency, touching the propriety of the publication of 
 the evidence, they would suggest that there might be serious 
 objections on the part of their friends to the publication of the 
 names of patients in the hospital. It may be a false pride or deli¬ 
 cacy which many people have on this subject, yet it is well known 
 to those most acquainted with the families of insane persons, that 
 there is a strong inclination to withhold or conceal the fact of the 
 mental infirmity of their relatives. 
 
 In view of this fact, the committee have prepared a special 
 record, which contains the names of all patients in the hospital on 
 the 24th day of July last, and the testimony of certain medical 
 witnesses in relation to the condition of such as were the subjects 
 of special investigation. Exhibits A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, con¬ 
 tain the names of patients and employees in the hospital at differ¬ 
 ent periods, lists of admissions and discharges at different times, 
 and other matters relating thereto, which are not necessary to a 
 full understanding of the evidence, as such portions of these exhi¬ 
 bits, as appeared necessary for that purpose, have been incorpora¬ 
 ted in the evidence. Statistical information on different subjects 
 connected with the investigation, has been arranged in schedules, 
 and inserted in the journal as a part of the evidence. A publica¬ 
 tion of the investigation could, if desired, be made without the 
 exhibits or special record referred to. 
 
 The committee has intended to give the most ample opportuni¬ 
 ty for explanation and defense against complaints and charges 
 
78 
 
 made against the management of the hospital. That no injustice 
 should be done to the institution or its officers, for the want of any 
 proper information or evidence, the sessions ot the committee have 
 been multiplied, and a report postponed from time to time to 
 accommodate the trustees and superintendents. 
 
 In July last an application was made to allow the superinten¬ 
 dent to be sworn as a witness, and at tlieir meeting in Blooming¬ 
 ton,-on the 12th ultimo, the committee refused the application, 
 because the most, if not all, of the testimony against him was, if 
 false, susceptible of explanation or denial, without his testimony, 
 by other witnesses, many of whose names had been pointed out; 
 ,and because to allow him to be sworn, and especially under such 
 circumstances, in his own behalf, would be in violation of a well 
 established practice in such cases. In the opinion of the commit¬ 
 tee, the late law, allowing parties in civil cases to be sworn as wit¬ 
 nesses, afforded no good reason for a departure ffrom the uniform 
 practice of investigating committees. 
 
 The testimony was finally closed on the 30th ultimo, and after 
 hearing the argument of the counsel, and carefully reviewing and 
 considering the evidence, the committee unanimously resolved that 
 it seemed their imperative duty to recommend an immediate 
 /^change in the office of superintendent, and the correction of abuses 
 shown to exist. A copy of the communication, addressed by the 
 v committee to the trustees on this subject, will be found in the 
 ' journal of the committee. By reference to it, it will be noticed 
 that the committee express the opinion, that the present attendants, 
 and others now having charge of the attendants, (with one or two 
 exceptions) appear to be well adapted to the service; and that, as 
 the most of them are shown from the records to have been but 
 recently employed, there is no reason to believe they have been 
 connected with the abuses of patients, which it is the object of this 
 investigation to correct. And in this connection, the committee 
 take pleasure in tendering their grateful acknowledgments to all 
 the officers and employees, for courtesies extended to its mem¬ 
 bers, individually, wdiile there in July. 
 
 The committee, throughout the investigation, has endeavored to 
 jealously guard the true interests of the institution—to neither shield 
 the guilty nor magnify their faults—but to carefully ascertain, as far 
 as possible, the truth, and when ascertained, to fearlessly declare 
 it. They have believed, and still believe, that in view of a late 
 
79 
 
 public distrust in its management, justice to all persons officially 
 connected with it, as well as the patients, demanded a thorough 
 investigation, to the end that if complaints so commonly made 
 were without foundation, the officers might be vindicated, and. if 
 true, they might be dismissed; and the committee do not at all 
 sympathize with the feelings, very naturally entertained, by many 
 persons residing in the vicinity of our state institutions, that they 
 who listen to complaints or promptly investigate them, are ene. 
 mies to the institution. Such are its true friends. 
 
 A fair and impartial investigation never injures the innocent^ 
 but is frequently the means of their vindication, and a restoration 
 of public confidence where that confidence has been causeless¬ 
 ly impaired. Public confidence is the very life of this institu¬ 
 tion. Without it the hospital must be abandoned for want of 
 support, and the hundreds and thousands of the poor and unfortu¬ 
 nate insane of our state denied its benefits, and turned out, many 
 of them, to languish in jails,-and alms-houses, and private fami¬ 
 lies, without hope, on their onward march to welcome graves. 
 
 The committee have also believed, and still believe, that this 
 institution, notwithstanding certain irregularities and abuses dis¬ 
 closed in the evidence, has been of untold blessings to the state. 
 Neither the interest or ambition of any man or class of men 
 should be allowed to stand in the way of its continued prosperity 
 and usefulness. Honorable watchfulness, and the fostering care 
 of the executive and legislative departments of the state, are indis¬ 
 pensably necessary to its success. The million of dollars already 
 expended upon it will never be regretted, so long as it discharges 
 its appropriate functions, and alleviates, instead of increasing, 
 human woes. 
 
 In relation to the “other” institutions mentioned in the appoint¬ 
 ment of the committee, no complaints against their management 
 have reached the committee, but as the resolutions require an ex¬ 
 amination into their “financial and general management,” such 
 examination has been carefully made, and a supplementary report- 
 in respect to them will be submitted to your excellency within a 
 few days. 
 
 Before concluding this report upon the Hospital for the Insane, 
 the committee would call your Excellency’s attention to some' 
 facts connected with the future provision for the insane of the 
 state. The principal object in view, in the establishment of this 
 
so 
 
 
 institution, was to provide a hospital for the treatment of curable 
 cases , and not an asylum for incurables. It would probably have 
 been better if this object had been rigidly carried out, and no 
 additions made to the buildings when its capacity reached 250, as 
 originally contemplated; for it has been seriously questioned, by 
 those having great experience, whether the care of about that 
 number is not as great a tax upon the mental and physical 
 capacities as one man is capable of sustaining; and beside, had 
 this course been pursued, it is probable that before this time a 
 separate asylum for incurables would have been erected, and thus 
 have avoided combining two institutions in one; for the hospital 
 has practically been more an asylum than a hospital. More than 
 "one-half who have ever been admitted, have been discharged as 
 incurable, and from three-fifths to one-half now there are of 
 that class. 
 
 \ 
 
 There can be no doubt that this state is much behind many ot 
 her sister states in its provision for the insane, although it is 
 impossible to ascertain precisely the number of insane in the state. 
 The superintendent of the federal census, taken in 1860, says the 
 \ greatest difficulty in ascertaining the number of insane in the 
 country, is a “ sensitiveness to public exposure which widely 
 " exists among persons who look upon mental alienation in a false 
 light,” and therefore, they often conceal a knowledge of it from 
 the census taker. The best proof of this difficulty may be found in 
 the fact, that according to that census, Illinois is reported as liav- 
 ing but 683 insane, when the records of the hospital show that 
 prior to that time about half that number have actually been dis¬ 
 charged from the hospital as incurable. 
 
 The present estimate, made by those who have given the most 
 attention to these statistics is, that in the United States about one 
 \5> to every nine hundred inhabitants is insane. If this estimate is 
 correct, and Illinois has the same proportion of insane as other 
 states, it will be seen that out of our population in 1860 of 
 1,711,951, there were in this state about 1,900 insane persons ; 
 and in 1865, out of a population of 2,141,510 there were 2,369 ; 
 and allowing the same increase in population from 1865 to 1867 
 as there was between 1860 and 1865, our population is now 
 2,313,332, and of that number 2,570 are insane. Of these, there 
 were 336 in hospital in July, leaving 2,234 outside of the hospital, 
 
81 
 
 two-thirds of which latter number are supposed to be fit subjects 
 for treatment and care in a hospital or asylum. 
 
 After making allowance for over-estimates on this subject, and 
 deducting 500 who will soon be in the hospital, there will prob¬ 
 ably be at least 1,500 who will be unprovided for. Their condi¬ 
 tion is truly deplorable. They are either confined in jails and 
 alms-houses, or chained in untenantable and unfit places, or wan¬ 
 der about the country exposing the lives and property of citizens, 
 and presenting in their persons objects of supreme pity. 
 
 What shall be done for them by the state, is a question which 
 demands most serious consideration. Our pride at what we have 
 already done will be somewhat lessened when we compare 
 figures with some other states. Massachusetts has five institu- 
 tions, with a capacity for accommodation of 1,850 ; Pennsylvania 
 five, capacity 1,550 ; New York five, capacity 2,545 ; Ohio four, 
 capacity 1,230; Kentucky two, capacity 750; Virginia (including 
 West Virginia) three, capacity 900 ; Connecticut two, capacity. 
 700. All of these are incorporations, but some of them not 
 under state control. 
 
 That additional provisions for the insane of our state must soon 
 be made, seems to be beyond doubt; and that in making such pro¬ 
 vision, regard should be had to the separation of curable from 
 incurable cases, seems probable. 
 
 As the committee has no desire on this subject, except than to 
 call attention to the subject in connection with the pressing wants 
 which are found in almost every county in the state, it parts with 
 the subject of the insane of the state with the anxious wish and 
 confident hope that our noble state will “ generously provide for 
 her own.” 
 
 ALLEN C. FULLER, 
 ANDREW J. HUNTER, 
 ELMER BALDWIN, 
 
 T. B. WAKEMAN, 
 
 JOHN B. RICKS. 
 
 December 2, 1867. 
 
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 —ii 
 
OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Eelvidere, December 9, 1868. 
 His Excellency, Governor Oglesby, Springfield, Illinois : 
 
 Sir : Referring to onr report of December 1, 1867, concerning 
 the management of the Hospital for the Insane, I now have the 
 honor herewith to transmit the report of the committee concern¬ 
 ing the “ financial and general management ” of the “ Normal 
 University,” the institutions for the “ Education of the Deaf and 
 Dumb,” “ Idiots and Imbeciles” and the “ Blind.” 
 
 I have the honor to remain, very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 ALLEN C. FULLER, 
 Chairman of Committee. 
 
 NORMAL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The establishment of this institution grew out of a practical 
 necessity. It did not originate in the dreams or fancies of mere 
 theorists, for the necessity of such institutions had been felt 
 elsewhere, and plans to meet it had been adopted in other states. 
 It was, therefore, no experiment; and the earnest educational 
 men of the state well knew that to make its necessity fully felt 
 here, a system of free schools must also be adopted. To that end 
 they labored; but, prior to the meeting of the legislature in Jan- 
 
SB 
 
 uary, 1854, no reliable or definite expression of public opinion 
 had been obtained on the subject. 
 
 On the 18th of February, 1851, an act was passed providing 
 for the election of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and 
 defining his duties. General advisory care of common schools 
 was committed to him; and, among the specific duties enjoined 
 upon him, he was required to report a bill to the then next regu¬ 
 lar session of the General Assembly for a system of free school 
 education throughout the state , the manner or means for the sup¬ 
 port of which system to be provided for by a uniform ad valorem 
 tax upon property. 
 
 In pursuance of this instruction, a bill involving that principle 
 was reported, and on the 15th of February, 1855, became a law. 
 Sections 45th, 67th, and 70th of this law provide for the opening 
 and maintenance of such schools. While this law put into prac - 
 tical operation a principle, it was found defective in attempting to 
 unite what are known as the “district” and “township” sys¬ 
 tems. At the session of 1857, the whole subject was again before 
 the legislature; and after a full discussion and consideration 
 of it, the House, on the 5th of February, by a vote of sixty-eight 
 to five, and the Senate, on the 11th of the same month, by a vote 
 of sixteen to six, changed some of the details of the law of 1855, 
 and reenacted its substantial provisions. Since that time no 
 attempt has been made to repeal this law, and it stands upon the 
 statute book an enduring monument of the wise foresight and 
 public spirit of the people of the state. The fundamental and 
 simple principle contained in it is, that the'laxable property of the 
 state is of right , and as a matter of sound public policy , liable 
 for the free education of the children of the state. 
 
 At the time this law was thus decisively endorsed, there were 
 more than a half million of children in the state between five and 
 twenty-one years of age; and as an additional measure , in har¬ 
 mony with and constituting an important part of a complete sys¬ 
 tem of common school education, the Senate, on the 4th of the 
 same month, by a vote of seventeen to four, and the House, on 
 the 16th, by a vote of thirty-nine to twenty-five, passed the act 
 for establishing and maintaining a normal university. 
 
 The act named fourteen persons as corporators, under the name 
 and style of “ The Board of Education of the State of Illinois 
 made the superintendent of public instruction an ex-officio mem- 
 
84 
 
 ✓ 
 
 ber and secretary of the board ; required him to report to the legis¬ 
 lature the “ condition and expenditures,” and such further infor¬ 
 mation as the board or legislature might direct; and declared five 
 members of the board a quorum for the transaction of business. 
 
 The board was authorized to fix the permanent location of the 
 university at the place where the most “favorable inducements” 
 should be offered for that purpose, provided, that the location 
 should not be “ difficult of access,” or “ detrimental ” to the wel¬ 
 fare and prosperity of the same. 
 
 The object of said university was declared to be, to qualify 
 teachers for the common schools of the state, by imparting 
 instruction in the art of teaching in all branches of study which 
 pertain to a common school education ; in the elements of the nat¬ 
 ural sciences, including agricultural chemistry, animal and vege¬ 
 table physiology; in the fundamental laws of the United States 
 and of the State of Illinois, in regard to the rights and duties of 
 citizens, and such other studies as the board of education might 
 from time to time prescribe. 
 
 Each county in the state was declared entitled to gratuitous 
 instruction for one pupil in said university, and each representa¬ 
 tive district for a number of pupils equal to the number of repre¬ 
 sentatives in said district. The board was authorized to appoint 
 necessary teachers; fix their compensation, and to “recognize 
 auxiliary institutions ” “when deemedpracticable,provided such 
 auxiliary institutions shoidd not receive any app ropriation from 
 the treasury , or the seminary or university fund” Discretionary 
 power was given to require applicants to sign an agreement that 
 they would teach in the public schools of the state if required ; 
 and in case the applicant declined to sign such an agreement, the 
 board was authorized to require payment for their tuition. 
 
 For the maintenance of the university, the interest of the uni¬ 
 versity (college) and seminary funds, or such part as might be 
 found necessary, were appropriated ; but no part of such interest 
 should be applied to the purchase of sites, or for buildings of said 
 university. 
 
 The only important amendment made to the original law was 
 made in February, 1861, in relation to representation; and pro¬ 
 vides that each county shall be entitled to gratuitous instruction 
 for two pupils instead of one; and the board of education has 
 authorized its president, in case any county or district neglects, to 
 
85 
 
 make the appointments of pupils to which it may be entitled, to 
 fill such vacancies. 
 
 No appropriation was made in the act of 1857 for the purchase 
 of lands or building. “ Favorable inducements ” to secure its 
 location were invited, and there is no intimation that the state con¬ 
 templated making any appropriation thereafter for that purpose. 
 Peoria and Bloomington became the principal competitors for its 
 location; and finally, the location was secured at Normal, near 
 the city of Bloomington, upon a subscription in money and prop¬ 
 erty estimated at $103,575. Seventy thousand dollars of this was 
 subscribed by McLean county, payable out of the sales of her 
 swamp lands ; nine thousand two hundred dollars was subscribed 
 in lands and town lots, and eleven hundred dollars in tree and 
 ornamental planting, and the balance—$23,275—in individual 
 subscriptions—making the above total of $103,575. 
 
 Beside this subscription, there were donated one hundred and 
 fifty-seven acres of very beautiful land, as a site; sixty acres of 
 which now constitute the university grounds proper, and the 
 ninety-seven acres lying immediately adjoining. All lands and 
 town lots donated are still owned by the university. 
 
 On the faith of the above subscriptions and donations, the erec¬ 
 tion of the building was commenced in 1857; and after various 
 embarrassments, delays and sacrifices on the part of the public- 
 spirited and liberal citizens, incident to most public enterprises, 
 the building was completed and furnished in 1861, at an expense 
 of about $182,000. A normal school, however, was opened in 
 the city of Bloomington in October, 1857. When the building 
 was completed, in 1861, there had been no expenditure by the 
 state in its construction or equipment. The board was in debt, 
 and various liens for work and materials were impending over it. 
 Under these circumstances, the state came to the relief of the 
 board ; but instead of making appropriations directly , it gave the 
 needed relief by indirection. Under section six of the act of 
 congress of April 18th, 1818, entitled, “An act to enable the 
 Illinois territory to form a constitution and state government, and 
 for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing 
 with the original states,” it was proposed to the people of the 
 territory, in case of their admission as a state, that section number 
 sixteen, in every township, and when such section had been sold 
 or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, should be 
 
86 
 
 granted to the state , for the use of the inhabitants of such town¬ 
 ships for the use of schools ; that five per cent, of the net pro¬ 
 ceeds of the lands lying within the state, and which should be 
 sold by the federal government after January 1st, 1819, should be 
 reserved for the following purposes, viz : two-fifths to be disbursed 
 under the direction of congress, in making roads leading to the 
 state, and the residue to be appropriated by the legislature of said 
 state for the encouragement of learning , of which, one-sixth part 
 should be exclusively bestowed upon a college or university ; that 
 thirty-six sections, or one entire township, together with the one- 
 sixth above mentioned, should be reserved for the use of a semi¬ 
 nary of learning , and vested in the legislature of the state, to be 
 appropriated solely to the use of such seminary by the legislature. 
 
 These propositions wore accepted by the people, in convention 
 assembled, on the 26tli of August, 1818 ; and from these sources 
 the State realized, prior to Dec. 1, 1856, $1,054,365 06. Receiv¬ 
 ing this money for specific purposes, it was supposed by many 
 that the faith of the State was pledged to preserve the principal 
 intact; but as a matter of fact, the money was used by the state 
 for revenue purposes, while as a matter of book-keeping, it appears, 
 from the Auditor’s report of Dec. 1, 1856, that the school, college 
 (university), and seminary funds were credited by the surplus reve¬ 
 nue fund, as follows: 
 
 School fund. $884,717 41 
 
 College. 109,808 93 
 
 Seminary. 59,838 72 
 
 $1,054,365 06 
 
 The college and seminary funds being at that time $169,647 65, 
 and the annual interest at six per cent, being only appropriated 
 for the “ maintenance ” of the university, there was really but 
 $10,178 85 set apart annually for that purpose; and one-sixth of 
 one per cent, of this interest had in 1839 been appropriated for the 
 education of the deaf and dumb. 
 
 The principal of the college fund was reported by the auditor, 
 Dec. 1, 1860, to amount to $122,607 54 ; and it was ascertained 
 that the interest on the principal to Jan. 1, 1857, amounted to the 
 sum of $98,956 82. On the 14th of February, 1861, the legisla¬ 
 ture, by an act of that date, appropriated $65,000 of this inter¬ 
 est to the university, and transferred the remaining $33,956 82 to 
 
87 
 
 the above $122,607 54, and declared it to be a part of the same, 
 thus increasing the principal to $156,564 36. The seminary fund 
 still remaining $59,838 72, the interest on this and the college 
 fund, at six per cent., constitutes the income received for the sup 
 port of this school. 
 
 By this appropriation of $65,000 in February, 1861, the 
 most pressing claims against the building were provided for, and 
 it was supposed that no further demands upon the treasury would 
 be necessary; but as the third section of this law of 1861, pro¬ 
 hibited the board from selling or incumbering any of the property 
 then owned by the board, there were in 1865 additional unpaid 
 mechanics’ liens upon the property to the amount of $32,000, which 
 had to be provided for to save the property ; and on the 14th of 
 February, 1865, an appropriation of that amount was made. 
 
 On the 28th of February, 1867, the legislature declared the 
 university and all its property a state institution, and that the 
 board of education held the same in trust for the state. This act 
 authorized the board to sell and dispose of the outlands and lots 
 standing in the name of the board, lying in the counties of Jack- 
 son, Woodford, and McLean, except the site of the university, 
 and the farm of one hundred acres in its immediate vicinity; and 
 to appropriate the proceeds thereof towards refunding the follow¬ 
 ing appropriations, to-wit: $1,500 to purchase a new boiler for 
 warming the building; $1,500 annually, as salary of the curator 
 of the Museum of the Illinois Historical Society; and $1,000 
 annually for expenses in improving and enhancing the value of 
 said museum. Three thousand dollars was also appropriated, for 
 the purpose of laying out and ornamenting the site of the univer¬ 
 sity, one-half of which sum shall be paid each year for two years. 
 
 The State, then, has appropriated, for lands and building, 
 furniture and fixtures, etc., $65,000 in February, 1861; $32,000 
 in February, 1865 ; and $5,500 in February, 1867—being a total 
 of $102,500. For this it owns the following property: 1,500 
 acres of land in Jackson county ; forty acres in Woodford county; 
 five lots in Bloomington; two lots in Normal, and 157 acres in 
 McLean county, on which the university stands. The president 
 of the board estimates the value of this property as follows : 
 
33 
 
 Jackson county lands. $10,000 00 
 
 Woodford county lands. 1,000 00 
 
 McLean county lands. 55,000 00 
 
 Town lots. 1,000 00 
 
 University building, furniture and fixtures. 200,000 00 
 
 Total.$267,000 00 
 
 The university stands upon a beautiful and commanding emi¬ 
 nence, near the crossing of the Illinois Central and Chicago and 
 St. Louis Railroads. The building, above the basement—which 
 is built of heavy blocks of Joliet cut stone, is of brick, three 
 stories high, exclusive of the basement. It is 156 feet long and 
 100 feet wide, fronting to the south, the central part of the north 
 and south sides falling back a few feet, for architectural appear, 
 ance, and affording room for piazzas. It is warmed by forcing 
 steam through pipes, leading from the engine rooms to various 
 parts of the building; and its ventilation, with the exception of 
 a part of the west end of the basement story, appropriated to 
 water-closets, appears good. The basement, 10^ feet in the clear, 
 ia occupied as a janitor’s house, gymnasiums, chemical lecture 
 rooms, office and laboratory; the first story, fifteen feet in the clear, 
 for model school rooms, dressing rooms, and reception room; the 
 second story, sixteen feet in the clear, for an assembly and class 
 rooms ; and the third story, twenty feet in the clear, for a museum 
 of the State Natural History Society, society rooms, library, and 
 gallery of art, and normal hall. In the attic are two large rooms 
 filled with water, forced there from cisterns in the rear, by the 
 steam engine in the basement. Water-pipes run from this reser¬ 
 voir to various parts of the building, by means of which the water 
 can be instantly used to flood the halls and rooms in case of fire. 
 
 It appears to be well arranged for the purposes designed, and is 
 of imposing appearance. Is is claimed to be the best normal 
 school building in this country. 
 
 The board of education in their report of Dec. 14, 1865, state 
 the total amount expended for buildings, fixtures, apparatus and 
 furniture, to be $190,000. It appears, from a report made by 
 the committee on state institutions to the House, on the 15th of 
 February, 1865, that of the total subscription of $103,575, 
 above referred to, $93,795 of this was subscribed by McLean 
 county and citizens of that county, payable in money; and that of 
 this latter amount $91,465 was actually paid. 
 
When it is remembered that a general financial disaster swept 
 over the country during the erection of the building, it is not sur¬ 
 prising that losses to the amount of a few thousand dollars were 
 sustained, nor that there should have been delays and other losses, 
 arising from converting property subscribed into money. 
 
 The committee do not regard it of much practical importance 
 to attempt now to ascertain the exact cost or value of the building, 
 (unless there was extravagance or dishonesty in expending the 
 money) or the present value of the 160 acres of land surrounding 
 the building, for neither the sixty acres upon which the university 
 stands, and 17 acres of the 97 acres adjoining, could be converted 
 into money, even if the state desired to do so. The title to this 
 land is held by the board, subject to the condition of its being 
 used as a site of the university, and might be forfeited by non 
 user. Although these two pieces cannot be diverted to any other 
 purpose, yet, in the opinion of the committee, it might be a good 
 policy to sell the 80 acres, and use the proceeds as an endowment 
 fund ; still, whether any of it shall be sold or not, the entire pro¬ 
 perty, as it now stands, is an honor to the state, and may, if prop¬ 
 erly managed, constitute a priceless legacy for our children. 
 
 From such information as fc the committee have been able to 
 obtain, they suppose the 1,500 acres of land in Jackson county 
 are worth from $8,000 to-$10,000 ; that the 40 acres in Woodford 
 county are worth $1,000 ; and that the town lots are worth $1,000 
 —making about $12,000, which sum may, before long, be realized 
 by a sale now authorized to be made. 
 
 The committee have discovered no evidence of extravagance in 
 the furniture or fixtures. The recitation and assembly rooms are 
 plainly and comfortably furnished, but economy seems to have 
 been very rigidly applied to other rooms. In fact, there is very 
 little furniture in them. The reception room is generously fur¬ 
 nished with a carpet to stand ujpon, but no chairs or benches are 
 provided for seats. What amount has been expended respectively 
 for furniture and fixtures, or in the construction account, the com¬ 
 mittee were unable to ascertain, except from general statements 
 found in the report of the board, without examining in detail 
 vouchers on file. 
 
 It appears that all accounts, before being paid, are presented to 
 the board, and allowed, and an order is then drawn by the presi¬ 
 dent of the board on the treasurer. The account kept by the 
 —12 
 
• 90 
 
 treasurer is a mere deposit account with the board. The superin¬ 
 tendent of public instruction is not, as secretary of the board, 
 necessarily its book-keeper. In fact, his residence by law and in 
 fact is at the capital of the state, and he could not, if he were 
 willing, act as book-keeper. The proceedings of the board show 
 the accounts allowed, and their character, but the committee were 
 surprised to be informed that no journal and ledger were kept. 
 They have no doubt that as a matter of history, and to avoid mis¬ 
 takes, a journal should be opened, in which should be entered all 
 the accounts of the university, from its commencement to the 
 present time, and posted in a ledger, under appropriate individual 
 and general heads, and that such journal and ledger should be 
 regularly kept hereafter. The expense of doing this will be small 
 indeed it is not improbable that no other expenses than the pur¬ 
 chase of the books would be required, and that pupils in the nor¬ 
 mal department might, under the direction of some one of the 
 faculty, profitably devote the hour each day, which they are now 
 required to teach in the model department, to opening and keep¬ 
 ing such books, and thus, in fact, be benefited by obtaining very 
 useful information in practical book-keeping.* 
 
 It appears from an abstract, made by the superintendent of pub¬ 
 lic instruction, of the receipts and disbursements by the treasurer 
 for 1865 and 1866, that there was received in 1866, for rent of 
 farm and rooms, $267 33, and for grass sold, $61; and $1,200 
 was paid in 1866 for insurance on $60,000 to 1871. 
 
 A statement appears in the journal of the committee, prepared 
 by Walter M. Hatch, Esq., showing that policies of insurance to 
 the amount of $60,000 have been issued, which expire at different 
 dates in 1871; and also a full description of the real estate owned 
 by the state. 
 
 It is not proposed here to dwell at length upon what has been 
 accomplished by this enterprise, or what influence it has exerted 
 upon the educational interests of the state. In the opinion of the 
 committee it is altogether too late to discuss the propositions as to 
 whether free schools are a blessing to the people of this state, or 
 whether a school for the instruction of persons in the art of teach¬ 
 ing is a necessary part of a complete educational system. 
 These propositions are of the past, and are no longer open ques- 
 
 * Note.— The account books recommended to be opened and kept, have, since the 
 meeting of the committee, been provided, as appears by a letter to the chairman of 
 he committee from the superintendent of public instruction. 
 
91 
 
 tions. To argue them now, would be no less a waste of time and 
 labor, than to attempt to prove that a refined and educated civili- 
 zation is superior to barbarism, or that skilled labor ora disciplined 
 and cultivated mind, which comprehends the origin and relation 
 of the material universe, and takes hold on eternal things, is supe¬ 
 rior to unskilled labor, and that blank, stolid ignorance which looks 
 out upon the world and merely wonders what it all means, without 
 a thought or care or apprehension of anything beyond the tempo¬ 
 rary satisfaction of physical wants, and the indulgence of untamed 
 passions. 
 
 It is, however, of importance to the continued support of the 
 institution, that its affairs should be so managed as to entitle it to 
 the fostering care of the state, and that the people of the state 
 should understand the general facts, and have confidence in its 
 
 management. 
 
 The school was opened in rented rooms, in October, 1857, and 
 has been in operation ten years. There has been expended by 
 the state, in its maintenance, $114,189 65, by way of interest due 
 on the college and seminary funds, as follows: 
 
 Interest due 
 
 4 4 
 4 4 
 4 4 
 c 4 
 4 4 
 4 4 
 4 4 
 4 4 
 4 4 
 
 January, 
 
 1858 
 
 4 4 
 
 1859 
 
 4 4 
 
 1860 
 
 4 4 
 
 1861 
 
 4 4 
 
 1862 
 
 4 4 
 
 1863 
 
 4 4 
 
 1864 
 
 4 4 
 
 1865 
 
 4 4 
 
 1866, 
 
 4 4 
 
 1867. 
 
 $9,754 74 
 9,821 44 
 9,821 44 
 11,281 04 
 11,281 04 
 
 12,445 99 
 
 12,445 99 
 
 12,445 99 
 
 12,445 99 
 
 12,445 99 
 
 $114,189 65 
 
 Or an average annual expenditure of $11,418 96. 
 
 If there is any argument or proof to be found in educational 
 statistics, in this state, it may be very confidently assumed that 
 this small annual expense will be most willingly paid by a people 
 who, during the past decade, have done so much for the promo¬ 
 tion of popular education. The statistics show that during the 
 past ten years, the two-mill tax has amounted to $6,886,165, and 
 that in addition to this over $13,000,000 have been raised, for 
 various school purposes, by voluntary local taxation, and of this 
 latter sum, $2,789,335 was raised in 1866. It further appears 
 that there were last year 9,945 schools in the state, and that out 
 
92 
 
 of 768,263 persons between the ages of six and twenty-one years, 
 614,659 attended schools, and that there were 17,279 teachers. 
 
 A cause must be very dear to the heart of a people, which 
 secures such a tribute during ten years, and that time, too, cover¬ 
 ing a period of terrible civil war, which called fifteen per cent, of 
 their number to the field. 
 
 The following tabular statement will show the general numeri¬ 
 cal results of the university, in the normal department: 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Total No. Admitted, 
 
 No. in Attendance. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Total No. Admitted. 
 
 No. in Attendance. 
 
 Adams . 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 Jasper.. ........ 
 
 
 
 Alexander... 
 
 7 
 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 4 
 
 
 Bond... 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 .Tersev. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Boone... 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 Jo Daviess. 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Brown... 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Johnson... 
 
 4 
 
 
 BnrAa.ii... ... 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 Kane .. 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 Calhoun. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Kankakee. 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 C arm 11. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Kendall. 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 Cass. .. 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Knox. 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 Champaign. 
 
 34 
 
 12) 
 
 Lake. 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Christian. 
 
 18 
 
 
 LaSalle. 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 Clla.rlc. 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Lawrence . 
 
 4 
 
 
 Clay. 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Lee . 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Livingston . 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 Coles. 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 Loo-an . 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 Cook.. 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 Macon. 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 Crawford... 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Macoupin. 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 6 
 
 
 Madison. 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 DeKalb. 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 Marion. 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 DeWitt. 
 
 38 
 
 9 
 
 Marshal]. 
 
 10 
 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Mason. 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 DuPage... 
 
 6 
 
 
 Massac. t .. 
 
 h 
 
 2 
 
 Edgar . 
 
 6 
 
 
 McDonough . 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 
 
 Edwards. 
 
 
 
 McHenry._ 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 Effingham. 
 
 7 
 
 
 McLean. 
 
 941 
 
 60 
 
 Fayette. .. 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Menard. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Ford. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 K 
 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Fulton . 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 Montgomery _ t . . , 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 Gallatin. 
 
 3 
 
 
 Morgan . 
 
 A 
 
 
 Greene . 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Moultrie . , 
 
 O 
 
 • • 
 
 Grundy . 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 (Vie. 
 
 30 
 
 A 
 
 Hamilton.•.. 
 
 8 
 
 
 -'o'' ..•••••••• 
 
 Peoria . 
 
 60 
 
 Q 
 
 Hancock . 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 Perry . 
 
 
 1 
 
 Hardin .,. 
 
 
 
 Piatt . 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Henderson . 
 
 14 
 
 
 Pike . 
 
 4 
 
 K 
 
 Henry . 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 Pope . 
 
 Q 
 
 9 
 
 Iroquois . 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Pulaski . 
 
 K 
 
 
 Jackson ... 
 
 8 
 
 • • 
 
 1 Putnam . 
 
 35 
 
 • • 
 
 9 
 
93 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Randolph.., 
 Richland ... 
 Roek Island 
 
 Saline. 
 
 Sangamon.. 
 Schuyler ... 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Shelby. 
 
 Stark .... 
 St. Clair .. , 
 Stephenson , 
 Tazewell.. . 
 
 Union. 
 
 Vermilion .. 
 
 Total No. Admitted. 
 
 No. in Attendance. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Total No. Admitted. 
 
 No. in Attendance. 
 
 3 
 
 • • 
 
 Wabash. 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Warren. 
 
 16 
 
 • • 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 Washington. 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 • • 
 
 Wayne... 
 
 2 
 
 • • 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 White-. 
 
 9 
 
 • • 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 Whiteside. 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Will. 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 Williamson. 
 
 3 
 
 • • 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Winnebago. 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 • • 
 
 Woodford., ... 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 Counties unknown. 
 
 21 
 
 • • 
 
 38 
 
 18 
 
 Other States. 
 
 40 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Total. 
 
 1468 
 
 320 
 
 The average attendance per pupil has been about fifteen months. 
 Number of graduates, eighty-one. 
 
 From the above it will be seen that there have been 1463 per¬ 
 sons instructed in the art of teachings and that 320 were, Nov. 26, 
 1867, in the normal department. It is estimated that in addition 
 to those who enlisted in the army, from three-quarters to seven- 
 eighths of these pupils have been engaged in teaching in the 
 schools of the State; and the correspondence on file most clearly 
 shows, that while some have failed for want of natural ability or 
 temperament, these normal teachers have generally ranked higher 
 than other teachers and have been acceptable to the schools and 
 school officers. Among the many evidences of this, is a constantly 
 increasing demand for them from different parts of the State, and 
 that, too, greatly beyond the supply. 
 
 "Under the sixth section of the act of incorporation, authorizing 
 the board to tc recognize ” auxiliary institutions, when deemed 
 “ practicable,” provided that such auxiliary institutions should not 
 receive any appropriations from the treasury, or seminary, or uni¬ 
 versity fund—there has been established what is called a model 
 school. This school is divided into four grades—the high, gram¬ 
 mar, intermediate, and primary schools, each of which is under 
 the charge of a principal, specially employed for that purpose. 
 
94 
 
 These teachers are assisted in part by permanent teachers, and in 
 part by pupils of the normal school—every pupil in the normal 
 school being required to teach one hour each day in the model 
 school four terms before graduation. This model school is a school 
 of observation and practice, and is established to enable the nor¬ 
 mal pupils to witness the various methods of teaching, and partici¬ 
 pate in the practice of teaching while yet pupils themselves. 
 
 It has been supposed, by many, that some portion of the fund 
 appropriated for the support of the normal school, is used for the 
 support of the model school, and that there are local pecuniary 
 advantages to those residing in the vicinity of the university, in 
 the use of this fund for the support of their common schools. 
 This, the committee are satisfied, is a mistake. 
 
 In the first place the law expressly forbids it; and the commit¬ 
 tee believe that the board of education have in this, as in every 
 other official act, studiously, and faithfully, and with singleness of 
 purpose, endeavored to carry out, in good faith, both the letter and 
 spirit of the law. A statement submitted by the principal of the 
 university shows that the amount received last year from the nor¬ 
 mal school district, for teaching district scholars and from tuition, 
 was about $3,500 more than the expenses ; and that the receipts 
 and expenses of the model school for the present year will be 
 
 about as follows: 
 
 Tuition of non-resident scholars. $4,415 
 
 From school district. 2,800 
 
 $7,215 
 
 Total amount of salaries (from regular teachers, and two 
 
 who teach a part of the time). 4,200 
 
 $3,015 
 
 The normal faculty consists of five professors and one instruc¬ 
 tress. The president receives an annual salary of $3,000, and the 
 other professors $1,500 each, and the instructress $900, making 
 total annual salaries $9,900. The professors are all married men; 
 and the average period of service of the faculty is six years. 
 
 The number of normal pupils is 320, an excess of seventy-five 
 over any previous attendance ; and the number in the model school 
 is 535, an excess of 175 over any previous attendance. 
 
95 
 
 As the total amount received from the State is $12,446, and the 
 salaries of the facility are $9,900, there is a balance of only $2,546 
 for janitor’s fees, fuel, stationery, expenses of members of the 
 board, etc. The heating costs about $2,300, and of course there 
 is a deficit; but this deficit has been made up from the proceeds 
 or profit of the model school — shoiving that the model school con¬ 
 tributes to the support of the normal school , instead of being a tax 
 upon it. This amount of surplus, however, cannot probably be 
 relied upon in the future, for it is believed that the services of the 
 teachers in the model school cannot be retained, at the salaries now 
 paid them. 
 
 The salary of the principal of the high school is $1,400 ; that of 
 the principal of the grammar school, $1,000; principal of primary 
 school, $650; intermediate school, $550 ; assistant teacher in high 
 school, $400, and an assistant in grammar school, $200. The two 
 latter are, however, only employed a part of each day. 
 
 In relation to salaries of the faculty in the normal school, the 
 president of the board submitted to the committee a memorial of 
 the faculty, except the president, addressed to the board on the 7th 
 of September last, and a letter of Professor Edwards on the sub¬ 
 ject, dated JSIov. 13, 1867. These communications, with one of 
 the president of the board, may be found in the journal of the 
 committee. The statement, in these papers, of salaries paid for 
 similar services in other states, and to teachers in schools in dif¬ 
 ferent parts of this state, would seem to be conclusive that the sal¬ 
 aries paid elsewhere are much greater than in our normal school. 
 As the committee have no power to act in relation to this matter, 
 they can only express the opinion that these salaries are very low ; 
 and that the board of education will be compelled, as soon as they 
 may be provided with additional means, to increase these salaries 
 or part with the members of their faculty—a result which, it seems 
 to the committee, would be likely to be extremely prejudicial to 
 the efficiency and usefulness of the university, and the occasion of 
 a very general and sincere regret to the people of the state, in 
 whose service this corps of faithful and competent teachers have 
 been so long and successfully employed. They have acceptably 
 filled their respective chairs for several years ; and thus, and by 
 their public lectures and services in school institutes, become very 
 generally acquainted and identified with the teachers and educa¬ 
 tional men of the state. The utmost zeal and harmony appear to 
 
96 
 
 prevail among them. They have families. At the present time 
 their salaries are barely sufficient to support them, and the appli¬ 
 cation, and the reasons given by them, for an increase of their 
 salaries, appear to be worthy of careful consideration. 
 
 ALLEN C. FULLER, 
 ANDREW J. HUNTER, 
 ELMER BALDWIN, 
 
 T. B. WAKEMAN. 
 
 The undersigned, member of your committee, does not feel war. 
 ranted in signing or indorsing the above report of the majority of 
 your committee, without making the following additional or sup¬ 
 plemental statement of facts not embraced in the report as it now 
 stands: 
 
 I find, on inspection of the model or auxiliary department of 
 the normal university, that negro and mulatto children are admit¬ 
 ted and recognized as model pupils of this state institution. 
 
 Such unnatural and forced association of black children in the 
 same school-room with white children is a grave and important 
 question, which should be considered at once by the state board 
 of education. To them, together with the superintendent of pub¬ 
 lic instruction, belongs the entire question. It is with them to 
 make the change, or continue the same custom and rule—their 
 duties being clearly defined by Jhe act of incorporation directing 
 how the institution shall be conducted. Therefore I cannot feel 
 authorized in directing or controlling their course of duty in this 
 matter, but would earnestly suggest that this indiscriminate and 
 reckless breach upon the long-established free white system of 
 education throughout the state be corrected. Hoping not only 
 that the state board of education will at once use every effort to 
 make the normal university a white institution, and that the nor¬ 
 mal faculty should unhesitatingly assist them in such reform. 
 
 Feeling assured that our duties to the state, as a committee, are 
 fully discharged when the whole facts are presented in accordance 
 with the resolution prescribing our duties, consequently I shall 
 not enter into argument or expression of mere opinion, but sub¬ 
 mit the report and supplemental to the consideration of an honest 
 and candid public opinio^ 
 
 ANDREW J. HUNTER. 
 
97 
 
 DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. 
 
 The institution for the education of the deaf and dumb was 
 incorporated by an act of the legislature, approved Feb. 23,1839. 
 The school was opened January 26, 1846. There have been sev¬ 
 eral acts passed in relation to this institution, but as there have 
 been no controversies or general discussions concerning any of 
 their provisions, and no complaints of mismanagement of its affairs 
 have reached the committee, reference will here only be made to 
 a few of the more important provisions of these laws. 
 
 The act of 1839 provided that the institution should be located 
 at an eligible site, within four miles of Jacksonville, provided a 
 donation of five acres of suitable ground could be procured, within 
 said distance. 
 
 In order to “ aid the funds ” of the institution, a sum not ex¬ 
 ceeding one quarter of one per cent, of the interest on the school, 
 college and seminary funds was appropriated. These funds at 
 that time amounted to $749,996 02, and six per cent, being the 
 amount of interest which the state paid upon them, the annual 
 amount appropriated by this act was $1,874 99. In February, 
 1847, the above appropriation was increased $3,000 annually. 
 
 The object of the institution was declared to be, to provide by 
 all feasible means for the intellectual, moral and physical culture 
 of that unfortunate portion of the community, who had been 
 born, or who by disease had become, deaf and dumb. The origi¬ 
 nal act provided further that the “indigent” deaf and dumb who 
 were received, should be provided with board, lodging and tuition 
 gratuitously, so far as the funds of the institution would permit; 
 but after the school had been in operation about three years, and 
 had received about sixty pupils, the law in relation to paying pu¬ 
 pils was, on the recommendation of the directors, changed; and 
 by the third section of the act of February, 1849, all deaf and 
 dumb residing in the state, of suitable age and capacity to receive 
 instruction, were declared entitled to receive the benefits of the 
 institution without charge. 
 
 By the tenth section of an act of February 13, 1857, it is pro¬ 
 vided that where parents of pupils sent to the institution were too 
 
 poor to furnish them with good and sufficient clothing, or where 
 —13 
 
98 
 
 pupils were without parents, and unable to furnish it themselves, 
 the judge of the county court of the county from which they 
 were sent should certify the same to the principal, who should 
 procure the same, and charge the same to the county. 
 
 On account of this change of policy, in making the institution 
 free, increased appropriations were required, and in the same and 
 subsequent acts they were made, both to enable the directors to 
 increase the accommodations for the reception of pupils, and meet 
 the current expenses of the institution. 
 
 In February, 1851, the legislature provided for an additional 
 “ fund,” which should consist of one-sixth of a mill upon each 
 dollar’s worth of taxable property in the state, which one-sixth 
 was to be deducted from the two-mill tax then in force for revenue 
 purposes, and set apart for this institution ; but no more than 
 $120 of said fund should be paid or used annually for the support 
 of each state pupil; and the excess of said fund should be used 
 in the erection of the north wing of the building, until that was 
 completed, and thereafter be transferred to the treasury for ordi¬ 
 nary revenue purposes. 
 
 This law remained in force until February Id, 1855, when it 
 and so much of any other acts as authorized the levying of a 
 special tax for the support of the institution, were repealed, and a 
 new policy of supporting the institution by direct appropriation, 
 instead of by special taxes, was supposed by many to have been 
 inaugurated. 
 
 An examination of the present laws in relation to this institu¬ 
 tion will, however, show that there are still two sources ot receipts. 
 So much of the law of 1839 which appropriated one-fourth of one 
 per cent, of the interest of the college and seminary fund to the 
 support of this institution was, in effect, repealed by the law of 
 1857, incorporating the normal university, lut was re-enacted and 
 continued at the last session of the general assembly, so that this 
 institution now receives the same interest on the school, college 
 and seminary funds, as under the original act of 1839. The 
 annual interest on these funds is $2,913 51, which, added to 
 $45,000 annually, as provided by the law of 1867, makes the annual 
 amount of aid by the state $47,913 51, for the years 1867 and 1368. 
 
 It appears from the reports, books and papers of the institution, 
 that there has been expended, for grounds, buildings, improve¬ 
 ments and repairs, the following sums. (The original site of six 
 
99 
 
 acres was presented to the institution by the citizens of Jackson¬ 
 
 ville :) 
 
 1S42. $6,995 50 
 
 1843-44 . 4,353 43 
 
 1845-46 . 4,7*73 82 
 
 1847-48 . 5,560 65 
 
 1849-50 . 15,691 65 
 
 1851-52.. 15,88233 
 
 1853-54 . 30,967 11 
 
 1855-56 . 26,863 64 
 
 1857-58 . 41,158 00 
 
 1859-60 .•. 3,566 26 
 
 1861-62 . 12,591 14 
 
 1863-64 . 9,572 13 
 
 1865-66 . 21,144 74 
 
 1867 (appropriation). 5,800 00 
 
 Total.$204,920 40 
 
 Of this amount, $6,623 60 was paid for land, including $989 50 
 contributed by the citizens of Jacksonville for the purchase of a 
 site for the institution. 
 
 There are fifty-five acres of beautiful and; well-cultivated land, 
 belonging to the institution, lying about one mile from the court 
 house, in Jacksonville, suitably divided into lawns, flower and 
 vegetable gardens, and farm land. It is believed that this is all 
 the land that is required, or can be advantageously used by the 
 institution. 
 
 The main edifice of the institution is 236 feet front, and faces 
 to the east. The central part of the building is 61 feet front, and 
 72 feet deep. The north wing is 91 feet front, each lateral section 
 of which is 50 feet deep, and the transverse section 72 feet deep, 
 the front and rear projecting 11 feet from the lateral section. The 
 south wing is 84 feet front, and fifty feet deep—the front and rear 
 lines falling back 13 feet from the front and rear lines of the cen¬ 
 tral part of the building. The building is three stories high above 
 the basement. The basement and first story are of cut stone, 
 and the second and third stories are of brick. Though time and 
 experience have suggested several changes which doubtless would 
 be made, if a building for the same purpose was now to be con¬ 
 structed, yet with the exception of the south wing the building is 
 comfortable, and tolerably well adapted to the purposes intended, 
 
 and upon the whole is a very delightful home for those who 
 occupy it. The south wing is, in some respects, a failure, its 
 
 walls have cracked, and doubtless before long the comfort and 
 
100 
 
 safety of the occupants will require that they be torn down and 
 rebuilt. The basement is 8 feet high in the clear, and each of the 
 three stories 12 feet in the clear. This building is conveniently 
 divided into apartments for household and domestic purposes, 
 school-rooms, offices, and reception rooms, and a chapel which is 
 in the third story. 
 
 About 100 feet in the rear is an engine-house, of brick, 60 by 
 30 feet, three stories high above the basement. The basement is 
 occupied as an engine-room; and the balance of the building for 
 wash, ironing and drying rooms. A part is occupied as a hospital. 
 There is also a brick barn, 60 by 42 feet, cost $2,978; and a cabi¬ 
 net and shoe shop, one story high, 100 by 23 feet, costing $2,687. 
 
 The principal building is warmed by steam-pipes, connecting 
 with the main pipe, running from the engine house, and upon the 
 same principle as that at the hospital for the insane, heretofore 
 described in the report of the committee upon that institution. 
 The ventilation is through the doors and windows, which are so 
 arranged that such ventilation is very good. 
 
 The water used is from wells and cisterns, which have not 
 afforded a sufficient supply, for ten years past, in the winter season. 
 At the present time there is a serious inconvenience, for the want 
 of a supply. 
 
 At the last session of the legislature, an appropriation of $1, 
 800 was asked, for the purpose of securing an additional supply of 
 water, from a large well upon a piece of land near the institution, 
 lately purchased by the directors, on account of this well. The 
 appropriation was made, but no part of it has been expended. 
 The directors propose, how T ever, to expend so much of it as may be 
 necessary, as soon as some satisfactory and feasible plan can be 
 adopted for that purpose. It is thought this will furnish an ample 
 supply. 
 
 It also appears, from the books, papers and reports of the 
 institution, that there have been expended in its support, since its 
 opening, January 26, 1846, the following sums: 
 
 1845-46 . $2,947 54 
 
 1847-48 . 16,106 45 
 
 1849-50 . 13,638 74 
 
 1851-52 . 23,968 47 
 
 1853-54 . 25,046 28 
 
 1855-56 . 30,063 54 
 
 1857-68 . 51,710 46 
 
101 
 
 1859-60 .$52,753 11 
 
 1861-62 . 59,587 92 
 
 1863-64 . 70,951 90 
 
 1865-66 . 93,146 02 
 
 1867 . 51,733 08 
 
 Total.$491,643 51 
 
 The general account will then stand : 
 
 Expended for lands and buildings.$204,920 40 
 
 Current expenses. 491,643 51 
 
 ‘ Total..$696,563 91 
 
 The total number of pupils received into this institution is 675, 
 —twenty-four of whom were from other states—leaving 651 from 
 our own state. Two hundred and thirty from this state, and one 
 from"Arkansas, are now in the school. 
 
 The total expenditure by the state, including land and build¬ 
 ings, is about $1,070 per pupil; and the total amount expended 
 by the state in current expenses, is about $755 per pupil. The 
 current expenses^of 1865 and 1866 being, as above shown, $93,- 
 146, or $46,578 per year, and the average attendance 180, the 
 expense per pupil was $258 74 per annum. The total expense 
 per pupil, for the year 1867, is stated by the principal at $265, 
 which is about $10 more annually for each pupil, than the average 
 expense of several other institutions of similar character, whose 
 reports the committee have examined. 
 
 Of the $51,733 08—current expenses for 1867—$13,922 50 
 was paid for salaries; $4,043 08 for wages; and $33,767 50 for 
 ordinary expenses. 
 
 The summer vacation includes the months of June, July, 
 August and September. The fiscal year ends November 30th, 
 and the year for school purposes ends in May. The school is 
 taught thirty-five weeks each year ; and the pupils, with very few 
 exceptions, spend the vacations at home or among their friends. 
 
 As the average attendance for the year ending May, 1867, was 
 180, and the number of pupils in school November 30, 1867, was 
 231, the average attendance for the present school year will be 
 considerably greater than the last year. And as very little, if 
 any, additional expense for teachers and employees will be re¬ 
 quired, it is believed the average expense for the fiscal year 
 ending November 30, 1868, will be about $250 for each pupil. 
 Should this be the case, and the average attendance be 240, which 
 
102 
 
 is the maximum number which can be accommodated, then the 
 total expense will be about $60,000. As this w r ould be about $7 
 per pupil for each week during which the school is kept, the 
 amount seems large; but when it is considered over 30 per cent, 
 of the current expenses is on account of salaries and w^ages, and 
 which cannot be much reduced during vacation, it will be seen 
 that the amount is not very high. 
 
 The following are the officers and employees, with their annual 
 salaries and wages, now employed in the institution : 
 
 1 Principal.. SI,500 00 
 
 7 Male teachers. 5,820 00 
 
 5 Female teachers. 2,300 00 
 
 3 Matrons. 1,100 00 
 
 1 Clerk. 800 00 
 
 1 Physician. 360 00 
 
 1 Superintendent cabinet shop. 700 00 
 
 1 Superintendent shoe shop. 812 00 
 
 1 Engineer. 600 00 
 
 1 Fireman. 360 00 
 
 1 Gardener... 800 00 
 
 1 Baker. 480 00 
 
 1 Teamster. 360 00 
 
 1 Porter. 360 00 
 
 3 Cooks. 744 00 
 
 2 Dining-room girls. 288 00 
 
 1 Nurse..*.. 156 00 
 
 1 Laundress. 166 00 
 
 2 Chamber maids. 288 00 
 
 1 Visitor’s attendant. 144 00 
 
 $18,128 00 
 
 The system of instruction in this institution was introduced into 
 this country in the year 1817, by Dr. Gallaudet, and known as the 
 system of De L’Epee or Sicard. It is claimed by the teachers of 
 deaf mutes, in this country, to be superior to any other. The 
 principal, however, informed the committee that he will be ready 
 to adopt any other system of instruction in this school, whenever 
 it shall be found to surpass the one now in use. It is, of course, a 
 language of signs, with v^liich the committee have no knowledge ; 
 and they can only join their congratulations vfith those of the 
 thousands of their fellow-citizens in different parts of the state, 
 who have witnessed the wonderful proficiency of many of these 
 pupils, that an institution of such great efficiency and usefulness 
 has been established, and is now so successfully dispensing its 
 blessings to these silent sons and daughters of our state. 
 
103 
 
 Concerning the government of the institution, the committee, 
 having spent a few days at the institution during the past sum¬ 
 mer; have some personal knowledge; and they would do injustice 
 to their own feelings, if they did not commend it to the unquali¬ 
 fied confidence of the people of the state. The organization of 
 the institution seems to approximate as nearly as possible to the 
 family. The easy and unrestrained intercourse of officers and 
 pupils, without unseemly familiarity, evinces the mutual confi¬ 
 dence and regard that are generally considered as peculiar to a 
 well-regulated family. No elaborate code of by-laws and regula¬ 
 tions for the government ©f the institution has been adopted. Its 
 discipline appears to be kind but firm, and the few simple rules in 
 force are founded upon the idea, that it is for the happiness of the 
 pupils to conform to them, instead of the idea that severe punish¬ 
 ment will follow their violation. The school is, indeed, a well 
 regulated family; and the uniform confidence, respect and affec¬ 
 tion manifested by the pupils to their worthy and exemplary corps 
 of officers, show that the law of love is the bond and sign which 
 controls them all, in their silent labors from year to year. 
 
 It is estimated by the principal that there are about 1,500 deaf 
 mutes in the state, and that of that number about one-third are of 
 suitable age to attend this school. Deducting from this number 
 231 now in the school, and there will still be 269 remaining unpro¬ 
 vided for. The average age of the 231 now in school is about four¬ 
 teen years. 
 
 Of this number (141) seventeen are enrolled as pupils of the 
 institution, but for various reasons are kept at their homes—which 
 reduces the unprovided for to 127. 
 
 SCHOOL FOR IDIOTS AND IMBECILES. 
 
 Under the provisions of an act approved Feb. 15, 1865, an ex¬ 
 perimental school was authorized to be established, for the instruc¬ 
 tion and training of idiots and feeble-minded persons in this State, 
 and was placed under the charge and direction of the directors of 
 the institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. 
 
104 
 
 Five thousand dollars per annum, from March 1,1865, to March 
 1, 1867, was appropriated; and the school was opened May 
 25, 1865. 
 
 Under the act of Feb. 28, 1867, the sum of $14,000 per annum, 
 from March 1, 1867, to March 1, 1860, was appropriated, for ordi¬ 
 nary expenses, and $3,000 for an additional building. The prem¬ 
 ises occupied by this school are rented, and the directors have 
 secured the privilege of removing the building, contemplated by 
 the appropriation, at their pleasure during the term of their lease. 
 
 The building has been erected, for which the above $3,000 was 
 appropriated, and this sum, together with $10,000 expended in 
 1865 and 1866, and $14,000 for current expenses for 1867, makes 
 the total amount expended about $27,000. 
 
 This school, commenced under the auspices of the directors of 
 the deaf and dumb asylum, was an experiment. It is no longer 
 an experiment. It is a success. Like other charitable institutions 
 its field of operation is the state. There have been 171 applica¬ 
 tions made, by citizens of this state, for admissions. Fifty have 
 been admitted; and there are now thirty-nine in attendance. The 
 latter will be increased to sixty by the first of January, 1868. The 
 school is near the institution for the deaf and dumb, and its loca¬ 
 tion is a very delightful one. It is under the direct superintend¬ 
 ance of Dr. C. T. Wilber, whose accomplishments, and zeal which 
 he brings to the service, and the ambition he appears to have for 
 making the school a permanent institution, afford a most encour- 
 ageing guaranty that great good will be accomplished. His valu¬ 
 able and interesting report of December, 1866, to the directors^ 
 showing the operations of similar institutions in other states, and 
 the proficiency made by his own pupils, constitute a strong appeal 
 and encouragement for increased aid from the state, in behalf of 
 this important enterprise. 
 
 ALLEN C. FULLEII, 
 ANDREW J. HUNTER, 
 ELMER BALDWIN, 
 
 T. B. WAKEMAN. 
 
 The following tabular statement shows the number of pupils 
 admitted—the number now in attendance—and the amount paid 
 for clothing, by counties, respectively : 
 
105 
 
 DEAF AND DUMB. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 Alexander. 
 
 Bond . 
 
 Boone . 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Bureau. 
 
 Calhoun. 
 
 Carroll. 
 
 Cass. 
 
 Champaign. 
 
 Christian. 
 
 Clark. 
 
 Clay.. 
 
 Clinton..... .. 
 
 Coles. 
 
 Cook . 
 
 Crawford.. 
 
 Cumberland.. 
 
 DeKalb. 
 
 DeWitt. 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 DuPage. 
 
 Edgar. 
 
 Edwards. 
 
 Effingham... 
 
 Fayette.. 
 
 Ford.. 
 
 Franklin.. 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Gallatin... 
 
 Greene.. 
 
 Grundy. 
 
 Hamilton.. 
 
 Hancock..... 
 
 Hardin.. 
 
 Henderson. 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Iroquois. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Jasper . 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 JoDaviess. 
 
 Johnson.. ...... 
 
 Kane. 
 
 Kankakee. 
 
 Kendall. 
 
 Knox... 
 
 Lake. 
 
 LaSalle. 
 
 Lawrence .. 
 
 H 
 
 5$ 
 
 a 
 
 © 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 C+ 
 
 P 
 
 3 
 
 p c 
 
 D 
 
 
 I--* 
 
 P ct- 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 c+- 
 
 P 
 
 d 
 
 err 
 
 n 
 
 co H3 
 
 p 
 
 -a 
 
 © 
 
 a. 
 
 p 1—• 
 
 O W 
 
 
 p 
 
 © 
 
 GD 
 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 • 
 
 © 
 
 • o 
 
 I 
 
 © 
 
 : * 
 
 o 
 £. o 
 
 CD =♦ 
 GQ CT 
 
 P 
 05 
 
 c* 
 
 © 
 o 
 p 
 p 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 $761 45 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 29 15 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 188 65 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 230 64 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 45 00 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 57 25 
 
 37 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 577 35 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 70 15 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 46 35 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 27 60 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 74 75 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 52 65 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 75 92 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 • • • • 
 
 86 83 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 303 75 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 169 16 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 79 35 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 —14 
 
106 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Total No. pupils... 
 
 Now in attendance. 
 
 County pupils now 
 in attendance.... 
 
 Clothing by coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Lftft.. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 $27 00 
 
 40 45 
 
 Livingston. 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Logan.... 
 
 M soon .. 
 
 2\ 
 
 73 60 
 
 Maennpin. 
 
 M adi.on... 
 
 1 
 
 99 27 
 
 M a.ri on.... 
 
 M a rsh all.... . 
 
 1 
 
 
 M a son... 
 
 
 M assao ... 
 
 
 
 M (*. Donoiio-h . 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 71 15 
 
 McHenry.. 
 
 M e.Lean........ 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1 
 
 69 96 
 
 99 30 
 145 47 
 
 Menard. 
 
 Mpreer... 
 
 Monroe....... 
 
 
 Montgomery.... 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 166 50 
 208 96 
 
 Morgan. 
 
 3 
 
 Moultrie.. 
 
 Ode. 
 
 
 
 Peori a...... 
 
 3 
 
 105 70 
 
 Perrv..... 
 
 Piatt... 
 
 
 23 00 
 
 Pike... 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Popp .. ............ 1 ......... 
 
 
 Pulaski.. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Richland...*.. 
 
 
 Rock Island .. 
 
 37 00 
 
 Saline . 
 
 Sangamon . 
 
 2 
 
 143 05 
 
 Sehny ler . 
 
 Scott ... 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Shelhv . 
 
 
 
 Stark .. ... 
 
 
 
 St. Clair... 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1 
 
 84 55 
 171 27 
 
 Stephenson . 
 
 Tazewell . 
 
 TTnion ... 
 
 
 
 Vermilion .. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 Li 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 60 80 
 
 W ah iish ... 
 
 Warren ... 
 
 
 
 Washington .. 
 
 3 
 
 
 Wayne . 
 
 
 White . 
 
 
 
 Whiteside . 
 
 
 
 Will . 
 
 2 
 
 40 00 
 
 Williamson . 
 
 Winnehago. .. .. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 147 25 
 
 Woodford . 
 
107 
 
 States. 
 
 Total No. pupi’s.... 
 
 Now in attendance. 
 
 County pupils now 
 in attendance.... 
 
 | 
 
 Clothing by coun¬ 
 ties . 
 
 Arkansas . 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Wisconsin. . 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 675 
 
 231 
 
 61 
 
 $4,680 28 
 
 IMBECILES. 
 
 Adams .... 
 Alexander . 
 
 Bond. 
 
 Boone. 
 
 Brown ...., 
 Bureau .... 
 Calhoun . .. 
 Carroll .... 
 
 Cass. 
 
 Champaign . 
 Christian ... 
 
 Clark. 
 
 Clay.. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Coles.. 
 
 Cook... . . 
 Crawford ... 
 Cumberland. 
 
 DeKalb. 
 
 DeWitt.... 
 Douglas . .. 
 DuPuge .. . 
 
 Edgar. 
 
 Edwards.... 
 Effingham .. 
 
 Fayette. 
 
 Ford. 
 
 Franklin.... 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Gallatin .... 
 Greene 
 Grundy...., 
 
 Counties. 
 
 o 
 
 2 re 
 O p pa 
 
 ^ o’ £3 
 2 S* P 
 f <*> g 
 
 co % cr 
 
 - re <-i 
 re * 
 ►— —• o 
 00 < ^ 
 2 to 
 
 • e 3L 
 
 • r* 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 >-3 
 
 O 
 
 2. cr «- 
 
 CD P 
 O <5 " 
 
 CO g 
 o <?+ 
 
 5S& 
 
 3 S’ 
 
 3 
 
 P 
 
 re 
 
 p 
 
 c 
 3 
 o' 
 re 
 •-» 
 r+- 
 
 _ O' 
 re as 
 P- £- 
 
 < s' 
 
 cr re 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 co 2 C" 
 o ^ to 
 - re | — s 
 
 r~, .. 
 
 t» a 3 
 
 05 CO C 
 
 -j 2. § 
 
 - 2 cr 
 
 1.3 
 
 o 
 
 p P 
 - o 
 
 o 
 
 1 . 
 1 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
108 
 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Total number < 
 cations rece 
 to Nov. 30, 
 
 Total number t 
 been connec 
 the Instituti 
 Nov. 30, 186 
 
 Total number 
 the Instituti 
 30,1867 ... 
 
 
 
 of appli- 
 ived up 
 1867 ... 
 
 p o p 
 
 * c 
 
 ' £ 3- 
 
 • ^ wJ. P 
 
 o cr» 
 
 now in 
 on Nov. 
 
 TTnmiltrm... 
 
 
 
 
 TTfl.np.Oiik.... 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Hardin . 
 
 
 
 ITpndprsnn... 
 
 
 
 
 TTpnry.... 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Trnmmis. 
 
 
 
 .Tapkson.... 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •Tastier . 
 
 
 
 .Tpff’prsnn .... 
 
 
 
 
 .Tptsrv ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Jo Daviess. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Johnson. .. 
 
 
 
 
 TC an p... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 TCanka.kee... 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 TCp.nda.il. 
 
 
 
 Knoy. 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 T.alrp. 
 
 2 
 
 
 La Sa.llp .... 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 La wrpnne.. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Livincrst.on. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Logan.... 
 
 
 
 Macon .. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 Manonnin. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Madison. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Marion... 
 
 Marshall.. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 • • • • •••• 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 M ason..... 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Massac. 
 
 
 
 
 McDonough. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 McHenry ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 McLean... 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Menard.... ... 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Mercer... 
 
 
 
 
 Monroe.... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Morgan.... 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Moultrie.... 
 
 
 
 Ogle. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Peoria..... 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Perry. 
 
 
 
 
 Piatt.... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Pike. . 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Pope. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Pulaski. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 
 
 
 Randolph... 
 
 
 
 
 Richland. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Rock Island. 
 
 
 
 
 Saline... 
 
 
 
 
 Sangamon. 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
109 
 
 Counties. 
 
 | 
 
 Total number of appli¬ 
 
 cations received up 
 to Nov. 30, 1867.... 
 
 Total number that have 
 been connected with 
 the Institution up to 
 Nov. 30, 1867. 
 
 Total number now in 
 the Institution, Nov. 
 30, 1867 . 
 
 I 
 
 Schuyler. 
 
 
 
 
 Scott. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 Shelbv.. 
 
 
 
 
 Stark . 
 
 
 
 
 St. Clair. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Stephenson . 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Tazewell.. 
 
 1 
 
 Union... 
 
 
 
 
 Vermilion. 
 
 
 
 
 Wabash. 
 
 
 
 
 Warren .... 
 
 
 
 
 Washington. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Wayne. 
 
 
 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 Whiteside. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Will. 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Williamson. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Winnebago.. . 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Woodford. 
 
 
 
 
 Arkansas .... .. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Iudiana. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Michigan .... . 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Wisconsin . 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 The institution for the education of the blind was organized 
 under an act of January 13, 1819, which appointed five trustees 
 to manage its affairs. The second section of the act declared the 
 object of the corporation to be to continue and maintain the school 
 for the education of the blind, established in Jacksonville, and to 
 qualify, as far as practicable, that unfortunate class of persons for 
 the enjoyment of the blessings of free government, obtaining the 
 means of subsistence, and the discharge of those duties, social and 
 political, devolving upon American citizens. The 5th and 16th 
 
110 
 
 sections declared that all blind persons residing in Illinois, of 
 suitable age and capacity to receive instruction, shall be received 
 and taught in said school, and enjoy all the benefits and privileges 
 of the same free of charge. 
 
 The trustees were required, as early as practicable, to purchase, 
 in or near Jacksonville, a suitable lot of ground, containing not 
 less than ten nor more than fifty acres, and proceed to erect there¬ 
 on a suitable building, and make such arrangements as were neces¬ 
 sary for the school. For this purpose three thousand dollars were, 
 by the 14th section of the act, appropriated “ to aid in the estab¬ 
 lishment of the school; ” and by the 12th section it was further 
 provided that there should be paid to the trustees, for the use of 
 the institution, the proceeds of a tax of one-tenth of a mill upon 
 the taxable property of the state. This 12th section, creating the 
 tax, was repealed February 14, 1865. 
 
 The trustees appointed by the act immediately organized, and 
 in April of the same year seven pupils were received, in tempo¬ 
 rary quarters provided for them. During the same summer the 
 present site, in the eastern part of the town of Jacksonville, and 
 consisting of twenty-two acres of land, was purchased of the estate 
 of Col. Hardin, for $1,683 75 ; and in January, 1854, the building 
 now standing upon said site was occupied for school purposes. 
 
 The main edifice is of brick, fronting to the south, 116 feet 
 long, and 66 feet deep, and is five stories high. The first story or 
 basement is two feet above the surface of the ground, and 12 feet 
 high. The second story or main floor is also 12 feet high; the 
 third 11 feet; the fourth 15J, and the fifth 11 feet high; and un¬ 
 der the whole building is a cellar 8 feet deep. 
 
 The building is well heated by four hot air furnaces in the cel¬ 
 lar. There is no other provision for ventilation except outside 
 openings. 
 
 There is also upon the premises a workshop, of brick, two stories 
 high, 60 by 30 feet; a laundry and bake-house, of brick, two 
 stories high, 48 by 25 feet, and a frame barn, 75 by 25 feet. 
 
 It appears from various reports, books and papers on file, that 
 the following sums have been expended for building and improve¬ 
 ments : 
 
Ill 
 
 In 1849-50 
 1851-52 
 1853-54 
 1855-56 
 1857-58 
 1859-60 
 1861-62 
 1863-64 
 1865-66 
 1867 
 
 $3,863 11 
 31,159 26 
 28,583 52 
 7,149 36 
 5,665 79 
 2,396 08 
 2,866 99 
 1,011 96 
 , 3,704 13 
 3,855 58 
 
 For current expenses: 
 
 1849-50 
 
 1851-52 
 
 1853-54 
 
 1855-56 
 
 1857-58 
 
 1859-60 
 
 1861-62 
 
 1863-64 
 
 1865-66 
 
 1867 
 
 $5,856 21 
 11,510 47 
 16,761 70 
 20,946 78 
 24,768 79 
 26,477 88 
 25,020 00 
 27,862 32 
 35,645 25 
 25,043 37 
 
 -$219,892 77 
 
 Less received from sales of manufactured arti¬ 
 
 cles, and receipts at institution to Dec. 1, 1867, 21,403 22 
 
 $90,255 78 
 
 198,489 55 
 
 $228,745 33 
 
 Since the opening of this school, in 1849, there have been three 
 hundred and one pupils admitted ; and prior to December 1,1866, 
 one hundred and ninety-nine had completed their course of in¬ 
 struction and returned to their homes; and five had died. There 
 are now in the institution eighty-two, and that number is all that 
 can be comfortably accommodated. 
 
 It will thus be seen that there has been expended, for lands, 
 buildings and current expenses, about $960 for each pupil received; 
 and as current expenses for each pupil received, about $660. 
 
 The current expense account for year ending December 1,1867, 
 was $25,043 37, less $1,927 39, received from sales, etc.; and the 
 average attendance, 80 ; showing the annual expense, per pupil, 
 for past year, was $228. The school is taught 42 weeks each 
 year, and the friends of the pupils are required to take charge of 
 and provide for them during vacation. 
 
112 
 
 There are at present employed at the institution the following 
 officers and employees: 
 
 1 Superintendent, annual salary 
 
 1 Matron. 
 
 1 Ass’t Matron... “ 
 
 1 Assistant in shop ‘ ‘ 
 
 4 Teachers, total salary. 
 
 11 Employees, “ . 
 
 $1,000 and board. 
 400 “ 
 
 250 “ 
 
 480 “ 
 
 2,900 
 2,136 
 
 $7,166 
 
 These salaries appear entirely reasonable, and the committee 
 are satisfied that, although everything needful is done to make 
 these pupils comfortable, yet there is no extravagance, and the 
 utmost care seems to be taken to secure economy in every depart¬ 
 ment. The genial and worthy superintendent, and his accom¬ 
 plished lady, who is the matron, appear to be untiring in their 
 kindness, and with singleness of purpose devote their time and 
 talents to maintain good order, and exert a truly parental influ¬ 
 ence over the school. 
 
 So far the institution seems to have fully answered the benefi¬ 
 cent purposes intended in its creation; and it is a gratifying fact 
 that, for several years past, no blind person, of suitable age to be 
 instructed, has been refused admission. There is not the same 
 difficulty in ascertaining the number of blind in the state, as was 
 experienced in enumerating the insane. The census of 1860 
 shows that there were then 475 blind persons in the state; and 
 that of that number there were but nine under five years; 26 be¬ 
 tween five and ten; 29 between ten and fifteen, and 53 between 
 fifteen and twenty. There were 83 between twenty and thirty, 
 and 64 between thirty and forty, and 40 between forty and fifty 
 years. 
 
 Of the 80 in the institution in January last, three were nine 
 years old; 53 between ten and twenty years; 23 between twenty 
 and thirty years, and one forty years. Of the 82 in the institu¬ 
 tion December 3, 1867, there were four aged nine years ; eight 
 aged ten years, and three aged eleven years. Forty-four were 
 females, of an average age of fifteen and three-seventh years; 
 thirty males, in literary department, of average of fourteen years, 
 and eight males learning the broom trade, of average of twenty- 
 four vears. 
 
113 
 
 Referring to the statistics of the deaf and dumb, it will be seen 
 that the average age of the blind is considerably greater than the 
 deaf and dumb, in school; and after making allowance (by in¬ 
 crease of population) of the number of the blind, from 1860, it is 
 evident that the number of this class in the state is far less than 
 deaf and dumb; and is accounted for, principally, from the fact 
 that blindness arises more especially as a consequence of disease 
 and exposure of adult life, and from age, while deaf-muteism is 
 generally a consequence of diseases of childhood. 
 
 ALLEN C. FULLER, 
 ANDREW J. HUNTER, 
 ELMER BALDWIN, 
 
 T. B. WAKEMAN. 
 
 The following tabular statement shows the number admitted, 
 and the number now in attendance, by counties, respectively: 
 
 Counties, 
 
 Adams .... 
 Alexander . 
 
 Bond. 
 
 Boone... 
 Brown .. .. 
 Bureau .... 
 Calhoun.... 
 Carroll .... 
 
 Cass. 
 
 Champaign. 
 Christian .. 
 
 Clark. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Clinton .. . 
 
 Coles. 
 
 Cook. 
 
 Crawford .. 
 Cumberland 
 DeKalb .... 
 DeWitt .... 
 Douglas.... 
 DuPage.... 
 
 Edgar. 
 
 Edwards ... 
 Effingham.. 
 Fayette .... 
 
 Ford. 
 
 Franklin .. . 
 Fulton. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Gallatin. .. 
 Greene ... 
 Grundy ... 
 Hamilton . 
 Hancock.. 
 Hardin,... 
 Henderson 
 Henry. ... 
 Iroquois .. 
 Jackson.. 
 Jasper ,... 
 Jefferson . 
 Jersey. ... 
 Jo Daviess 
 Johnson .. 
 
 Kane. 
 
 Kankakee . 
 Kendall... 
 
 Knox. 
 
 Lake. 
 
 LaSalle ... 
 Lawrence . 
 
 Lee. 
 
 Livingston 
 Logan .... 
 Macon 
 Macoupin . 
 Madison .. 
 Marion ... 
 
 15 
 
114 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 <-*- 
 
 P 
 
 p 
 
 Cu 
 
 B 
 
 <rt- 
 
 c-t- 
 
 O 
 
 P- 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 cr 
 
 ct> 
 
 *T3 
 
 •-j 
 
 CD 
 
 cn 
 
 ct> 
 
 B 
 
 C"t- 
 
 Marshall .. 
 Mason .... 
 Massac ... 
 McDonoug 
 
 McHenry ... 
 McLean .... 
 Menard 
 Mercer .... 
 Monroe 
 Montgomery 
 Morgan .... 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Moultrie . ,. 
 
 Ogle. 
 
 Peoria .... 
 
 Perry. 
 
 Piatt . 
 
 Pike. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Pulaski .... 
 Putnam .... 
 Randolph .. 
 Richland... 
 Rock Island 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Saline. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Sangamon. 
 
 10 
 
 Y 
 
 Schuyler... 
 
 1 
 
 
 Scott. 
 
 5 
 
 
 Shelhy. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Stark ... 
 
 2 
 
 
 St. Clair. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Stephenson. 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 Tazewell. 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Union. 
 
 Vermilion..1. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 Wabash.. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Warren. . 
 
 
 
 W ashington. 
 
 
 
 Wayne. . 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 White.*.. 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 Whiteside. 
 
 3 
 
 
 Will. 
 
 6 
 
 
 Williamson. 
 
 
 Winnebago. 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Woodford. 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 301 
 
 82 
 
/ 
 
 ♦ 
 
 REPORT OF JOINT COMMITTEE. 
 
 The foregoing reports and evidence and papers relating thereto, 
 having been referred to the Committee on State Institutions of 
 the House, said Committee would respectfully report [that the 
 evidence relates solely to the management of the Hospital for the 
 Insane, and that the report of the committee of investigation com 
 tains a fair and substantial abstract of so much of said evidence 
 as appears necessary to an understanding of the subjects of the 
 investigation. 
 
 From an examination of said reports and evidence, we are satis, 
 fied that the investigation was thorough and impartial, and adopt 
 the conclusions arrived at by said investigating committee, 
 j February 20, 1869. 
 
 H. C. Childs, Chairman 
 Samuel Wiley, 
 
 Geo. Gaylord, 
 
 Charles G. Reade, 
 
 E. H. Talbott, 
 
 C. W. Marsh, 
 
 Geo. W. Parker, 
 
 A. Kin yon, 
 
 N. R. Casey, 
 
 John W. Ross, 
 
 S. R. Saltonstall, 
 
 Jos. Cooper, 
 
 Committee on State Institutions of the House. 
 
 The undersigned, Committee on State Institutions of the 
 Senate, in compliance with a joint resolution of this General 
 Assembly, directing them to report an abstract of the testimony 
 
taken by the Committee, appointed by the 25th General Assem¬ 
 bly, to investigate the affairs of the Hospital for the Insane, and 
 other State Institutions, respectfully report: 
 
 That they have adopted the abstract of the evidence as found 
 in the report of said Investigating Committee, to his excellency, 
 the Governor, and have caused the said report to be printed in 
 full; and herewith submit the same for the consideration of the 
 Senate. 
 
 John McNulta, Chairman, 
 John H. Addams, 
 
 William Patton, 
 
 J. D. Ward, 
 
 T. A. Boyd, 
 
 J. L. Tincher, 
 
 S. R. Chittenden, 
 
 Jas. M. Epler, 
 
 J. J. R. Turney, 
 
 Committee on State Institutions for the Senate.