1622.33 C-19 c.3 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FRANK W. DE WOLF, Chief Cooperative Mining Series BULLETIN 19 COAL RESOURCES OF DISTRICT V (Saline and Gallatin Counties) BY GILBERT HJ CADY ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS Prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Illinois State Geological Survey Division, the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, and the U. S. Bureau of Mines PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1919 The Forty-seventh General Assembly of the State of Illinois, with a view of conserving the lives of the mine workers and the mineral resources of the State, authorized an investigation of the coal resources and mining practices of Illinois by the Department of Mining Engi¬ neering of the University of Illinois and the State Geological Survey Division in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Mines. A cooperative agreement was approved by the Secretary of the Interior and by representatives of the State of Illinois. The direction of this investigation is vested in the Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, the Chief of the State Geological Survey Division, and the Director, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, who jointly determined the methods to be employed in the conduct of the work and exercise general editorial supervision over the publication of the results, but each party to the agreement directs the work of its agents in carrying on the investiga¬ tion thus mutually agreed on. The reports of the investigation are issued in the form of bulle¬ tins, either by the State Geological Survey Division, the Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, or the United States Bureau of Mines. For copies of the bulletins issued by the State Geological Survey Division, address State Geological Survey Division, Urbana, Illinois; for those issued by the Engineering Station, address Engineering Station, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; and for those issued by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, address Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. (See list at end of book.) C\* S £ ^ 6Hi°3. S 3 cS / 3 3 3 Cooperative Alining Series BULLETIN 19 3 3 3 3 > 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 , > ^ 3 3 GOAL RESOURCES OF DISTRICT V (Saline and Gallatin Counties) BY GILBERT H. CADY ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS Prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Illinois State Geological Survey Division, the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, and the U. S. Bureau of Mines PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1919 I* • r * • «• * • • • • • • • • • • • t • • • • » • t • • • • • • • • • ,• • • « • I • • • • • « • • • » • • • • i • • . •• • • • STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FRANK DeWOLF, Chief Committee of the Hoard of Natural Resources and Conservation Francis W. Shepardson, Chairman A —V Director of Registration and Education "V* Kendric C. Babcock k Representing the President of the Uni¬ versity of Illinois Rollin D. Salisbury Geologist Schnepp & Barnes, Printers Springfield, III. 1919 19962—5M 4 V. ILLINOIS STATE LIBRARY ;£b^ 112A 0147ALL3 L CONTENTS PAGE Chapter I—Introduction. 9 Definition and importance of area. 9 Acknowledgments. 11 Previous investigations. 11 Geography. 13 Surface deposits. 14 Chapter II—General geology. 17 Stratigraphy. 17 General geologic relations. 17 Sections of the Pennsylvanian strata. 17 Pottsville formation. 18 Correlation. 19 Carbondale formation. 19 Definition and general description. 19 Sections of the.Carbondale formation. 20 Thickness and kinds of strata. 20 Correlation. 23 McLeansboro formation. 23 Definition and general description. 23 Correlation. 24 Sections of the McLeansboro formation. 24 Distinctive horizons. 24 Regional structure. 25 Structure map. 25 Parallelism of “Coal Measures” strata. 26 Structure of District V. 27 Relation to general Illinois structure. 27 Relation to structure of District VI. 27 Structural features of District V. 28 Harrisburg fault. 31 The possible Ridgway-Omaha fault. 32 Minor structural irregularities. 33 Regional structure and mining. 34 Igneous activity. 34 Dikes. 34 Chapter III—Economic geology of the coals. 36 General statement. 36 Pottsville coals. 36 Carbondale coals. 39 No. 2 coal. 39 Coals between No. 2 and No. 5 coals. 41 No. 5 coal. 41 Depth and distribution. 41 Interval between No. 5 and No. 6 coals. 4:1 Thickness. 43 Measured sections of No. 5 coal. 44 Discussion of coal sections. 48 General appearance of No. 5 coal. 48 Irregularities in No. 5 coal. 49 Bedded impurities. 49 Structural irregularities. 52 Dikes. 56 Roof of No. 5 coal. 61 Floor of No. 5 coal. 78 No. 5A coal. 78 No. 6 coal. 79 General statement. 79 Thickness. 79 Physical characteristics. 80 Roof of No. 6 coal. 82 Floor of No. 6 coal. 83 Structure. 103 Exploitation. 103 Coals of the McLeansboro formation. 103 Chemical character of No. 5 and No. 6 coals. 103 Coal resources. 107 Appendix. 109 Index. 133 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PLATE I. Map of District V showing locations of mines, drill holes, out¬ crops, and structure contours on No. 5 coal.Pocket II. Columnar sections showing stratigraphy in southern Illinois and Kentucky . 18 HI. Graphic sections showing the Carbondale succession in Dis¬ trict V . 20 IV. Map of District V showing depth, position, and distribution of No. 6 coal. 24 V. Map of parts of Brushy, Carriers Mills, Raleigh, and Harris¬ burg townships showing depth, position and distribution of No. 5 coal on the supposition of the existence of certain faults 28 VI. Graphic sections of No. 2 coal in Districts II, V, and VI. 40 VII. Graphic sections of No. 5 coal from measurements in mines in District V . 44 VIII. Map and graphic sections showing distribution of faults in and near mine No. 15, Harrisburg, Saline Colliery Company. 50 IX. Graphic average analyses of Illinois coals by beds. 104 FIGURE PAGE 1. Map showing area covered in the report. 8 2. Sketch map showing area of alluvial plains in District V. 12 3. Graphic sections illustrating irregularities in the columnar section 22 4. Map showing faults and structure in three mines northeast of Harrisburg.. 30 5. Graphic sections including the Ice House and Bell coals. 37 6. Diagrammatic illustration of bedded impurities in mine No. 7, O’Gara Coal Company. 49 7. Photograph of a parting in the coal bed in mine No. 2, Saline County Coal Company. 50 8. Diagrammatic illustration of rolls...,. 52 9. Map showing distribution of dikes and faults in and near mines No. 8, No. 10, and No. 11, O’Gara Coal Company. 53 10. Diagrammatic illustration of faults in a coal bed in mine No. 3, Dering Mines Company. 54 11. Diagrammatic illustration showing breaking of coal along faults in mine No. 3, Saline County Coal Company. 55 12. Diagrammatic illustration showing breaking of coal along faults in mine No. 4, O’Gara Coal Company. 55 13. Map showing distribution of dikes and faults in the vicinity of Harrisburg. 56 14. Diagrammatic illustration of a dike in mine No. 3, Dering Mines Company. 57 15. Diagrammatic illustration of a dike in mine No. 8, O’Gara Coal Company. 57 ' (.") 16. Diagrammatic illustration of a large dike in mine No. 2, Saline County Coal Company. 58 17. Plan of mine No. 2, J. K. Dering Coal Co., showing location of dikes and fault. 58 18. Photograph of a dike in mine No. 2, Saline County Coal Company 59 19. Diagrammatic illustration of a dike in mine No. 6, Saline County Coal Company. 61 20. Diagrammatic illustration showing character of roof in mine No. 6, Saline County Coal Company. 77 21. Photograph of the “blue band” in No. 6 coal. 81 22. Graphic sections of No. 6 coal in the Galatia (No. 5) mine. Galatia Colliery Company . 83 TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Production of coal in Saline and Gallatin counties, 1881 to July, 1917 10 2. Shipping mines in Saline and Gallatin counties, May, 1918. 10 3. Analyses of the Ice House and Bell coals of southern Saline and Gallatin counties. 38 4. Analyses of the Bell coal of Kentucky. 39 5. Analyses of the Davis or No. 6 coal from Union County, Kentucky. . 41 6. Thicknesses of No. 5 coal in Saline and Gallatin counties, as deter¬ mined by drilling. 42 7. Structural irregularities in mines in District V. 60 8. Character of the roof of No. 5 coal as shown by drilling records in Saline and Gallatin counties. 62 9. Character of the floor of No. 5 coal in several mines in Saline and Gallatin counties. 78 10. Thicknesses of No. 6 coal in Saline and Gallatin counties as deter¬ mined by drilling. 80 11. Character of the roof of No. 6 coal as shown by drilling records in Saline and Gallatin counties. 84 12. Average analytical and heat values of No. 5 coal for separate mines in Saline and Gallatin counties. 104 13. Average analyses of Illinois coals by districts. 105 14. Comparative heating values of the various Illinois coals. 106 15. Summary of resources of No. 5 and No. 6 coals in District V. 106 (7 ) Fig. 1.—Map showing area covered in the report. GOAL RESOURCES OF DISTRICT V (Saline and Gallatin Counties) By Gilbert H. Cady CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION Definition and Importance of Area It is to the thickness and good quality of the No. 3 or Harrisburg coal that District V owes its position as the chief competitor of Dis¬ trict VI in which No. 6 or Herrin coal is produced. District V in¬ cludes the parts of Saline and Gallatin counties north of the outcrop of No. 5 coal (see fig. 1) ; District VI of the Cooperative Investigations lies directly to the west in Williamson, Franklin, and Jefferson counties. The known coal resources of the district are great. At least two workable coal beds underlie most of the area and there are probably others that will be exploited eventually. Hie original tonnage of these two workable beds is estimated to have been 2,712 million tons in Saline County alone. Of this, up to July, 1915, only about 55 million tons or 2.63 per cent of the original quantity had been mined or rend¬ ered unminable, and this output has been practically all from one coal bed. The same two coal beds in that part of Gallatin County included in District V represent a total original resource of about 1,97 1 million tons, of which only about 2]A million tons, or about one-tenth of 1 per cent of the original quantity, have been mined or rendered unmin¬ able. The remaining available coal in these two beds in Saline and Gallatin counties, on a basis of a recovery of 60 per cent, is about 2.770 million tons, or about 40 times the total production for Illinois in 1916. No estimate of the amount of coal in coal beds other than No. 5 and No. 6 has been attempted but it is probable that some of the lower beds constitute large reserves. The operations in this district are largely tributary to one rail¬ road, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, the greatest amount of development being located along this road between Eldorado and Carriers Mills southwest of Harrisburg. The Illinois (9) 10 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS Central Railroad and the Louisville & Nashville Railroad also receive shipments directly from a few of the mines. Although two or three commercial mines were operating before 1900 the district has been largely proved and developed since that date. At present there are only twelve companies operating in Saline County and two in Gallatin County, with twenty-three mines in the former county and two in the latter. Furthermore, the present com¬ panies control much of the already proved coal lands, so that future development will probably wait on the conservative expansion of the operations of these companies and the testing of areas in the north part of the district and in adjacent parts of White and Hamilton counties. The following table shows the production of coal in District V from 1881 to the end of June, 1917. The figures for the annual production were taken from the reports of the State Mining Board; totals for Gallatin and Saline counties from 1881 to 1907 were ob¬ tained from State Geological Survey Bulletin 16. 1 Table 1 .—Production of coal in Saline and Gallatin counties, 1881 to July, 1917 Year Saline Gallatin Tons Tons 1881-1907 5,531,780 972,718 1908 2,482,677 75,322 1909 2,798,527 58,218 1910 3,062,098 76,692 1911 3,232,736 63,105 1912 4,088,575 73,620 1913 4,519,936 78,099 1914 3,875,511 67,509 1915 3,863,030 73,863 1916 4,502,801 68,094 1917 4,530,903 125,366 County Totals: 42,488,574 1,732,606 District total: 44,221,180 Table 2 is a list of mines in District V giving data regarding the location of mines, the depth and altitude of coal, and the pro¬ duction for the fiscal years, 1915-1916, and 1916-1917. The district is of peculiar interest because it is the only one in which the coal is known to be affected by igneous intrusions. A dike as much as 180 feet in width in one place, and other dikes of lesser width in other places cut vertically through the coal beds altering the coal for some distance on either side into natural coke, or harden¬ ing it by an apparent silicification. Furthermore, certain parts of the district are affected by faults, the coal in one mine having been dis¬ placed vertically as much as 160 feet. 1 Bement, A., The Illinois coal field: Ill. State Geo l. Survey Bull. 16, pp. 193 and 194, 1910. : ,. v - ■ • —- - - — T.TT~ TC.. ‘ . stlboriH i, 1 ~7vbQT i i . Cr .* £ ■ k . • ■ .. . £ 0* C: I 8i •773 M ei^.83 ST a- H oc. .1 l •/> , fiT*. Qli fia • ■ U3 j i-Ti 773 ! IMl . itfr as ?s t' -4 , r» ... es » .ast. dfts S‘S T6 I.'g 01* *5 fi \ / 14 » • * * .... 3 0 os 33 5TX €> i*2G ,u= li 02 \ aa* ■& g y/* v.Ws;: rST.biM 'c. m ) V, ; X Oii- .'iS ; oi ’ &k v ■ a K’ ire 3' *S£.Qcf i-;.ooi : *J08 H 0 77 X VKX <5 4 ■ c e eg W « IKJ'-Z sse^oi ;hs ; V * J2 2t7 '77 X ! s W .-ii» | kd.set 1 i *, V »Art ; r 8 OS 33 v/g a rc, ■ •. tm * . V eg 513 s? vr 8Tf. & (i MX 33 ii ej^ i.ir 1 ■M 90i V . n; dX .33 -60S .* u Hi • o ,; ooy » 773 38. r^.f-OL. •tirrt* t-SE '• ax . ; m • t" 0> i. K£ :i3 ST SW.-C * • • & ■f» r‘, 4 j dflfc * i: Of 77 3 //•8, $ T2S.I-6! ! CT8 t 02 « 02 02 02 02 02 02 JU J- LO CO 72 y 02 02 £ 2 v 72 — 02 ~D ■D ^ a lO ryj HH 72 oo y 02 02 £ 72 -<+ y y 02 72 a LO fy* FH 72 CJ GO CO y 02 02 a £ L0 • * C'i I I « o CM CM ^ CM CM CM cDCO i a ! 1 • . • . l 1 l 1 1 pc : 1 :• j: If ! | II ’ : •; ■ 1 : • • 1 L 1 L rh : 1 —1 • ‘ J . J L J * II 1 & / 2 V* X CM CM S r 5 I CO l hi IT) CM 02 y 02 02 o £ 72 00 02 bO K a h 72 Z rai ra? a LO t- ZD V X - 72 72 72 CO CO r CO LO 02 cc Oi y y 02 y y y m 02 z z £ z z a 72 LC ZD t- OO a lo> rv-* HH 72 co y 02 02 2 11 1 ill i l |l 1 1 Ml I 1 A • III I ill 1 |l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 ! 1 * • * - * . * . * • i ±33 J N! 31 OS IVOUdSA GENERAL GEOLOGY 23 as is shown in the graphic sections presented in figure 3. To illustrate the case at hand, the reader is referred to a graphic reproduction of a drilling record shown in figure 3 (No. 1). This hole penetrates the channel sandstone and the record shows the general relation of No. G and No. 5A coals and also shows the next coal below, which, following the terminology of Worthen, may be called No. 4 coal. The approxi¬ mate horizon of No. 5 coal is indicated. Two other sandstone lentils in the upper part of the Carbondale formation are recognizable in places. In the central and eastern parts of the area there is a widespread sandstone, which increases in thick¬ ness eastward, lying between No. 5A and No. 6 coals. This sandstone forms the crest of the range of hills west of Equality in secs. 23 and 24, Cottage Township (T. 9 S., R. 7 E.). In the western part of the district in Galatia, Brushy, and Carriers Mills townships (Ts. 8 and 9 S., R. 5 E.), a lenticular sandstone lies approximately at the horizon of No. 5A coal. Neither of these sandstones has any special economic significance. Correlation .—From a study of the fossil plants found in the coal seams and associated strata in the State, David White concludes that No. 2 coal is the lowest coal bed in Illinois that falls within the time interval of the Allegheny formation of Pennsylvania. He also con¬ cludes that No. 6 coal may be of Freeport age, possibly as high in the stratigraphic column as the Upper Freeport coal, which is the uppermost layer of the Allegheny formation in the Appalachian region. From these correlations it will be seen that the Carbondale forma¬ tion corresponds in time in a general way to the Allegheny formation of the Appalachian coal basin. MCLEANSRORO FORMATION Definition and general description .—The McFeansboro forma¬ tion includes all the “Coal Measures” rocks above No. 6 coal. It takes its name from McFeansboro, Hamilton County, Illinois, where borings have penetrated it to a depth of one thousand feet. It under¬ lies the entire region north of the outcrop of No. 6 coal and in most places js covered by glacial drift. The formation consists largely of shale with minor amounts of sandstone, limestone, and coal. Drilling in the northern part of the district is not sufficiently well distributed to allow safe generalization concerning that part of the section more than about 400 feet above No. 6 coal, but such records as are available show a general similarity with the section as revealed by drilling in Williamson and Franklin 24 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS counties. In the lower part of the formation sandstones occupy a some¬ what more prominent place than they do in the district to the west. Correlation .—Although several of the coals above No. 6 are per¬ sistent, none has been found sufficiently thick to be of commercial value. They are significant only as correlation horizons. In its barren¬ ness of productive coals and in general age, the McLeansboro is similar to the Conemaugh formation of Pennsylvania. Sections of the McLeansboro formation .—Knowledge of the Mc¬ Leansboro formation is obtained from a large number of drill records which are rather unevenly distributed throughout the district. Within Saline County alone there are available between 250 and 300 records which show part of the McLeansboro formation, and these, as shown by the structure map, Plate I, are for most part in Ts. 8 and 9 S., Rs. 5, 6, and 7 E. These townships are probably more thoroughly ex¬ plored by the drill than any other area of similar size in the mining districts of the State. In Gallatin County there are only about 20 records in all. Seven of these are oil prospects and were drilled by a churn drill, and hence are practically worthless in this study. Of the Gallatin County records, then, less than 10 furnish reliable informa¬ tion in regard to the McLeansboro formation. The record of the New Haven drilling in White County a short distance north of the Gallatin County line gives the best data concerning the McLeansboro forma¬ tion in Gallatin County. This record has been previously referred to and is reproduced graphically as No. 8 in Plate II. The record of a drilling in Brushy Township (T. 8 S., R. 5 E.), also reproduced graphically as No. 4 in Plate II, gives an excellent section of the lower part of the McLeansboro formation which is very typical for a large part of the district. One other record selected more or less at random from among the records of drilling in Brushy Township (T. 8 S., R. 5 E.), is reproduced graphically as No. 5, Plate II, to illustrate the similarity of the section in different places, and the character of the succession. Distinctive horizons .—Within the McLeansboro formation there are several strata that are widespread and recognizable throughout much of the district. These include sandstones, limestones, and coal beds, which are of no known economic importance and which, with the exception of those lying within a short distance above No. 6 coal, have no immediate bearing upon the mining industry. For the sake of satisfying a possible interest in the general character of the McLeans¬ boro succession the following list of identifiable stratigraphic units is presented, which corresponds in general with the lists of units presented in Bulletins 11 and 15 of the Cooperative Series for Districts VII 1 T-10S. T.9S. T.8S.- T.7 S. Illinois State Geological Survey Plate IV R.5 E. R.6E. R.9 E. _ j. R. 10 E v\ lia'ven A (it •>{((* T.7 S. R.10E. Contours on Coal No.6 Pr.ATi? IV. Map of District V showing depth, position, and distribution of No. 6 coal. GENERAL GEOLOGY 25 and VI 1 2 respectively. The roof of No. 6 coal is described in detail in the chapter on economic geology. Distinctive horizons of the McLeanshoro formation .3. Shoal Creek limestone; about 400 feet above No. 6 coal; generally absent. 12. No. 9 (?) coal; commonly less than 1 foot thick, 250 to 300 feet above No. 6 coal. 11. Carlinville limestone; 1 foot 2 inches to possibly 6 feet thick, about 50 feet below No. 9 coal, or 200 to 250 feet above No. 6 coal. 10. Sandstone; commonly 50 to 60 feet thick, between No. 9 and No. 8 coals. 9. No.8 (?) coal; in two beds each less than 1 foot in thickness and 35 to 50 feet apart, about 135 to 180 feet above No. 6 coal. 8. Sandstone; 10 to 45 feet thick and between 100 and 150 feet above No. 6 coal. 7. Limestone; 2 to 4 feet thick, the cap rock of the underlying coal bed. 6. Coal; 2 to 3 feet thick, widely distributed, 70 to 90 feet above No. 6 coal. 5. Coal; commonly less than 1 foot in thickness and in places in two benches separated by 10 feet or less of shale; 40 to 70 feet above No. 6 coal. 4. Limestone; lenticular, commonly less than 5 feet thick, and within 25 feet of the coal bed overlying the Anvil Rock sandstone. 3. Anvil Rock (?) sandstone; a widely distributed sandstone, 2 to 5 feet thick, corresponding in position to the Anvil Rock sandstone of Kentucky. 2. No. 7 (?) coal; a lenticular thin coal lying closely above the top of the cap rock of the No. 6 coal. 1. Limestone; cap rock of No. 6 coal, from 5 to 8 feet in thickness, either lying directly upon the coal or separated from it by rarely more than 15 feet of shale. Regional Structure In the chapter on economic geology, details of the structure of the coal beds as observed or as reported to exist in coal mines are con¬ sidered. This part of the report attempts to indicate only the general structural characteristics of the “Coal Measures" of District V. STRUCTURE MAP The significance of structure and the method of preparation of a structure-contour map have been described in preceding bulletins of the series. By structure is meant the “lay” of the rock strata; that is, whether they are flat-lying, inclined, folded, or broken by faults. The structure-contour map is constructed as an engineer’s contour map, 1 Kay. F. H.. Coal resources of District VII: Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 11, p. 23. 1915. 2 Cady. G. H., Coal resources of District VI. Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 15. p. 29, 1916. 26 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS from observations made at accurately located points such as drill holes, mines, or outcrops where the elevation of the coal bed or whatever stratum is to be mapped, is determined. In these investigations the elevations of the surfaces of No. 5 and No. 6 coals are used as the bases of the structure maps (Pis. 1, IV, and V). Upon the large map (PI. I) the location of those holes, the surface elevations and locations of which have been determined by members of the State Geological Survey or by other responsible persons, are indicated by dots. Other holes, the elevations of which are estimated from elevations shown on the topographic maps, are indicated by circles. Churn drill holes are indicated by dots or circles with vertical bars, and prospects for oil by dots or circles with both horizontal and vertical bars. Records of oil prospects have been of little service in the preparation of this report as the details of the “Coal Measures” succession are not reliable or are wanting. PARALLELISM OF “COAL MEASURES" STRATA The large features of structure of No. 5 and No. G coals are essen¬ tially parallel and are thought to be those of the Pennsylvanian rocks as a whole. The beds above and below the coals parallel the coal beds in a general way, so that the structure of the coal beds is approximately the same as the srtucture of the overlying and underlying strata. This is especially true of the coal and limestone members of the “Coal Measures” series because these beds are thought to represent horizontal depositions, and the general parallelism of successive beds is to be ex¬ pected. Sandstones and shale beds apparently occur in places as the filling of channels; hence their lower surfaces at least may depart from horizontality. Although general parallelism of “Coal Measures” strata is be¬ lieved to exist, the variations in interval between successive coal beds indicate that there are departures from parallelism. The unequal shrinkage of coal beds because of lack of uniformity in the thickness of the original body of peat is believed to be an important cause of local variation in the interval between coal beds. This unequal shrinkage possibly causes certain coal beds to depart from parallelism to the extent of 50 to 75 feet in District VI to the west and in this district to the amount of 25 to 50 feet. Inasmuch as the actual variation in the altitude of the coal amounts to several hundred feet the effect of these slight departures from parallelism is negligible in the delinea¬ tion of the regional structure. However these departures from paral¬ lelism make it somewhat difficult to determine with exactness the true detailed structural conditions of the “Coal Measures”, and produce GENERAL GEOLOGY 27 differences in the structure-contour maps of successive beds such as are apparent in the structure-contour maps of No. 5 and No. 6 coals (Pis. I. IV, and V). These maps represent the lay of the coal beds within certain limits of error due to inaccuracy of data. They do not, however, represent the structure of the “Coal Measures” as a whole with the same precision, since part of the irregularities shown arise not from the general movements that have affected the entire thickness of the Pennsylvanian but are due to those causes which produce variations in interval between successive beds of coal. It is believed that in general a structure-contour map based upon a coal low in the section is a more accurate delineation of “Coal Measures” structure as a whole than a structure map based upon a higher coal, provided both coals are persistent, and readily identifiable. It has been found in the study of the regional structure of the Illinois coal beds that not only are the coals nearly parallel, but also that many structures of the “Coal Measures” strata are apparently shared by the deeper foundations. It is therefore possible to make pre¬ dictions of the presence of anticlines, domes, and terraces in the strata below the “Coal Measures” where such structures are indicated on the structure map of an overlying coal bed. This agreement in the “lay” of the Pennsylvanian and pre-Pennsylvanian rocks has made possible the location of several of the important oil- and gas-producing areas of the State from a study of the coal structure, and similar studies are the basis of all advice given by the Survey relative to prospecting in new territory within the coal basin. STRUCTURE OF DISTRICT V RELATION TO GENERAL ILLINOIS STRUCTURE The “Coal Measures” of Illinois occupy a spoon-shaped basin, the deepest part of which is in Hamilton, Wayne, and White counties. The long axis of the “spoon” which is pointed to the south passes near Olney in Richland County and Lovington in Moultrie County. The district under consideration lies at the south end of the “spoon”, approximately on its longer axis. The general dip is to the north, although it is not regular but varies in direction and degree, and is interrupted by faults. RELATION TO STRUCTURE OF DISTRICT VI The structural features of District V are very similar to those of District VI and some of the irregularities of that area continue east¬ ward into District V. District VI lies on the west side of the axis of the Illinois coal 28 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS basin so that the general dip varies from northeast on the west side of the district to nearly north on the east side, where it joins with District V. The dip is gentle and the rate declines fairly uniformly from about 100 feet per mile in Williamson County to 25 feet or less per mile in Jefferson County. There is, however, a belt of irregular struc¬ ture about 2 miles wide which crosses the district from near the Frank- lin-Williamson county line on the west and crosses the east boundary about 6 to 8 miles south of the County line, whence it continues ap¬ parently into Saline County. The strata are known to be faulted in certain mines in the west part of the district lying within this belt; it is believed probable that faults will eventually be discovered in the east part of the district especially in the south half of T. 8 S., R. 3 E., the south half of T. 8 S., R. 4 E., and north half of T. 9 S., R. 4 E. There is abundant evidence to indicate that this belt of irregular structure persists into District Y crossing Saline and part of Gallatin County. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF DISTRICT V In the following description of the structure of District V emphasis will be placed upon the irregularities. Jt is not the intention thereby to warn the investor or prospector from the region. The fact that in most of the district the coal is approximately level and is readily acces¬ sible to mining and that there are apparently many square miles of coal uninterrupted by important structural irregularities is of much more significance than the irregularities that affect small portions of the area. Such irregularities as do exist will probably not render the coal unminable except very locally, but unusual means will possibly need to be employed to recover the coal. It is hoped that the present report will be of service to the engineer and mining man in locating and determining more accurately the nature and position of the irregu¬ lar structures to be pointed out. The general northward dip of the rocks of this region is similar to that of the strata in District VI. Within the first six miles north of the outcrop of No. 5 coal it declines from 350 to 400 feet above sea level to between sea level and about 100 feet above. Thence northward the rate of decline is much less, amounting to 100 to 150 feet in 0 miles. The general northward inclination of the strata is interrupted by two conspicuous irregularities or belts of irregularities. One of these is the eastward continuation of the irregular belt of folding and faulting noted in the paragraph describing the structure of District VI. I his belt enters the district on the west side of secs. 0 and 1, Brushy 1 own- ship (T. 8 S., R. 5 E.), and continues a few degrees south of east through Brushy (T. 8 S., R. 5 E.), Harrisburg (T. 8 S., R. G E.), cmrjji . * & — - , - - : ~ ' V U -Vr.A anctebnee qoT Illinois State Geological Survey Plate II ILLINOIS KENTUCKY SHAWNEETOWN QUADRANGLE 700-1 600 - 600 400 ' 300 ?oo- 100 - m 12 No. 11 12 No.10 ' i J J Shoal Creak 12- No. 9- 1 1 - M Carllnvllle Is. 6 No.8 42 N0.7 GlrfrIna ls _ Top 12- F55S 12 6 . 6 Anvil Rock sandstone 2 76' -Top — Top 5- Plate II. Columnar sections showing stratigraphy in southern Illinois and Kentucky. 1. NE. NE. sec. 8, T. 10 S.. R. 1 E., Shelby County. 2. SE. SE. sec. 35, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., Franklin County. 3. SW. NW. sec. 25, T. 8 S., R 4 E.. Williamson County. 4. SE. SW. sec. 19, T. 8 S., R. 5 E., Saline County. * 6. T. 8 S.. R. 6 E., near mine of Harrisburg Saline Collieries Co., Saline ' County. 6. T. 8 S., R. .. E., near mine of Wasson Coal Co., Saline County. 7. Near Texas City, Gallatin County. 8. Northeastern Gallatin County. 9. Near Equality. 10. Southeastern Gallatin County 11. Western Kentucky, Union and Crittenden counties. 1 ‘Lee, Wallace. Geology of the Kentucky part of the Shawneetown quadrangle: Ken¬ tucky Geological Survey, pp. 16, 20. 36. and 41. 1916. B m Limestone Shale m Sandstone Black shale e Coal Tire clay tVigi Calcareous sandstone Calcareous shale F.-—1 ‘r.y. .-•] Sandy shale Shaly sandstone GENERAL GEOLOGY 29 Cottage Grove (T. 8 S., R. 7 E.), and Equality (T. 8 S., R. 8 E.) town¬ ships, possibly passing into the Shawneetown fault near the pass of the Saline River through the hills to the south. Evidence will be advanced to show that probably for that part of the belt in eastern Harrisburg and in Cottage Grove and Equality townships the irregularities are due to faulting. The other conspicuous irregularity of the area consists in a line or zone of faulting or folding running a little west of north from the pass of Saline River through the hills passing near Ridgway and Omaha. It is not possible to prove that faulting has actually taken place along this belt but this seems to be the case. The strata to the east of this structural feature lie at a considerably lower altitude than those to the west. The following interpretation of the structure of the district can be best appreciated by reference to the structure map (Plate I) upon which the discussion is based. With the structure map at hand it will be noted that the contour lines lying between the outcrop of No. 5 coal and the 175-foot line are approximately parallel, indicating a fairly even slope of the coal down to that depth. From the position of the 175-foot contour line northward for a distance of about three miles or approximately to the line separating T. 8 S. from T. 9 S., is the belt of irregular structure noted in the preceding paragraph, in which the contour lines either show no consistent trend or are interrupted by fault lines. North of this belt the contour lines are again fairly evenly spaced and roughly parallel. Idle interpretation of the structure in Brushy (T. 8 S., R. 5 E.) and western Harrisburg (T. 8 S., R. G E.) townships where no faults are shown is based upon the altitude of the coal as determined by dril¬ ling. Although the drill discovered significant differences in the alti¬ tude of the coal the holes are not sufficiently closely spaced to actually establish the existence of a fault between any two of them, and as yet there has been no mining in this part of the belt. Accordingly on the structure map (Plate I) the differences in altitude are assumed to be due to folding rather than to faulting. In order that the possibility of faulting may be given proper weight a structure map of parts of Brushy, Carriers Mills, Raleigh and Harrisburg townships is presented showing the possible position o f faults not actually known to exist (Plate V). In deciding upon the position of the faults the relative elevation of the coal at closely ad¬ jacent holes was the chief criterion, but the general dip in each of the faulted portions was preserved so that as a rule the coal is shown dip¬ ping northward from the fault lines. The map is submitted to illustrate how the differences in elevation may be accounted for, assuming faults 30 ILLINOIS MIXING INVESTIGATIONS Fig. 4.—Map showing faults and structure in mine No. 12, Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Company, mine No. 1, O’Gara Coal Company, and mine No. 1, Wasson Coal Company. GENERAL GEOLOGY 31 to be present; but it is largely a matter of chance if later development work discovers faults where they are indicated on the map. It is the belief of the writer that the development of the coal resources of the region should proceed in accordance with the possibility that there are faults in certain parts of the area. The following paragraphs discuss the evidence of faulting as shown on the map in the eastern part of the district. Harrisburg fault .—The existence of a fault north of Harrisburg having a throw of 100 to 150 feet is determined by phenomena en¬ countered in mine No. 1 of the O’Gara Coal Co. and mine No. 12 of the Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Co. (see figure 4). Mine No. 12 is located in secs. 2 and 3, Harrisburg Township (T. 9 S., R. 6 E), south of the fault, and mine No. 1 in sec. 2, Harrisburg Township, and sec. 35, Raleigh Township (T. 8 S., R. 6 E.), north of the fault. The workings of mine No. 1 extend along the fault for more than one- half mile, the coal near the fault line in one place having an altitude of about 75 feet above sea level. The workings of mine No. 12 extend along the fault line on the south side in the NE. Ct, NE. J4, sec. 3, Harrisburg Township (T. 9 S., R. 6 E.), where the coal is 12 feet be¬ low sea level. The coal dips north in mine No. 12 toward the fault at the rate of about 85 feet in about one-half mile. A bore hole is said to have found coal north of the fault in the NE. ^4, NE. T 4' sec. 3 about 100 feet above its altitude in the mine to the south ; the record of this drill hole is, however, not available. From the evidence at these two mines the fault can be pro¬ jected about 1J4 miles, from the NW. SW. Ct, sec - 1 to the NE. 34> NE. sec. 3, Harrisburg Township (T. 9 S., R. 6 E.). It is believed, however, that the fault continues in a direction slightly south of east from its observed position in the mines through Cottage Grove (T. 9 S., R. 7 E.) and possibly also through Equality (T. 9 S., R. 8 E.) townships. The evidence that this is the case consists in the differences noted in the altitude of the coal in drill holes and outcrops on either side of the proposed position of the fault. The data are pre¬ sented in the following paragraph. Continuing eastward from mine No. 1, No. 5 coal is encountered in sec. 12 Harrisburg township at an altitude of 12 feet (See Plate I) ; about 1 mile northeast in sec. 6 the coal has an altitude of 46 feet. Again, in sec. 7 of Cottage Township the coal lies at an altitude of 117 feet. The fault probably extends eastward between the hole in sec. 12 and those in secs. 1 and 7. In the south half of sec. 8, Cottage Town¬ ship the coal is found at an altitude of 77 feet, whereas about j/ 2 -mile northeast in sec. 9 it has an altitude of 193 feet. The fault is 32 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS believed to pass between these two holes. It should be stated, however, that the hole in sec. 8 passes through a coal which lies at an altitude of 1 ( J2 feet, and did not test strata below the coal. The correlation of this coal becomes a matter of considerable importance in determin¬ ing the position of the fault line. However, the facts that the coal is thicker than No. 5 as commonly found in the immediate region and that it has a limestone cap-rock within 5 feet of the coal together with the character and position of certain limestone and coal strata within 100 feet above the coal, point to its correct correlation with No. 0 coal rather than with No. 5. But whether the coal is No. 5 or No. 6 it is believed that the fault line passes near this drill hole, south of it if the coal is No. 5 and north of it if the coal is No. 6. The evidence of faulting is not so good, however, if the coal is correlated with No. 5. A hole in sec. 15 passes through No. 5 coal at an altitude of 143 feet. No. G coal outcrops at Cottage Grove directly north at an altitude of 420 feet, No. 5 coal accordingly being at an altitude of about 300 feet. There is little doubt that a fault passes south of Cot¬ tage Grove and north of the drill hole and it is thought to be continu¬ ous with the Harrisburg fault. Examination of the hill known as “Quarry Hill” in secs. 15 and 16, which is believed to lie south of the fault, failed to locate No. G coal in outcrop. It is believed that the coal is present below the general level of the swamp land as would be expected were it on the down-throw side of the fault. No. 5 coal outcrops around the range of hills in secs. 23 and 24, Cottage Township, reaching an altitude of about 450 feet on the south side of the hill in the NW. J4 sec. 24. The old Cassells and Temple mine drifted into the base of the hill in the NE. J4, sec - 24, presum¬ ably at an altitude of about 375 feet. About 1 mile east at the West Side mine at Equality the coal is about 100 feet lower. These differences in altitude seem to be due to faulting especially as the observed dip of the coal does not appear to agree with the differences in altitude of the coal at the localities noted. It is thought that the difference in the altitude of the coal at the West Side mine and the Cassells and Temple mine is probably due to off-set along the continu¬ ation of the Harrisburg fault. It will be noted that the displacement along the fault line changes from a down-throw on the south side near Harrisburg to an up-throw on the same side near Equality. 4 hat the fault continues to and coalesces with the Shawneetown fault at the base of the “mountains” southeast of Equality is suspected but has not been definitely deter¬ mined. The possible Ridgway-Chfioha fault .— I he existence of a fault GENERAL geology oo oo passing nearly north and south near Ridgway and Omaha is strongly suggested by differences in the altitude of the coal on the two sides of the suggested line or zone of displacement. Thus the coal is 112 feet below sea level at Omaha and 364 feet below sea level 2 l / 2 miles east. In sec. 28, North Fork Township (T. 8 S., R. 8 E.), No. 5 coal was found at an altitude of 14 feet above sea level whereas two miles east what is thought to be No. 5 was found in an oil prospect 480 feet below sea level. Whether or not this record is reliable the great depth of the coal in the east part of the county is indicated by the fact that it was found in a diamond drill hole in sec. 20, Ridgway Town¬ ship (T. 8 S., R. 9 E.), 2/ 2 miles east of the oil prospect noted above, 378 feet below sea level. The southward continuation of the fault or sharp fold into Equality Township (T. 9 S., R. 8 E.) is indicated by borings in secs. 1 and 2 and others in the vicinity of Junction. In sec. 2 No. 6 coal was pene¬ trated in a boring at an altitude of 249 feet; in sec. 1 there are two drill holes in the north half of the section, in the northern one of which No. 6 coal was penetrated at an altitude of 208 feet and in the other at 188 feet. This difference along the normal direction of strike is pos¬ sibly indicative of faulting. Three drill holes in the vicinity of Junction in sec. 24, Equality Township, penetrated a coal reported to lie at an altitude of 115 to 165 feet above sea level which is thought to be No. 5. The No. 6 coal was penetrated about 120 feet higher in the section. Assuming the higher altitude of 165 feet to be the correct one there exists a difference of about 200 feet in the altitude of the coal in sec. 24 and at the mine at Hickory Hill in sec. 23. The fact that this difference is along the normal direction of strike is fairly indicative of the existence of a fault or sharp fold between the two points. It is also probably significant that the “3-foot” coal or upper bench of No. 2 coal was penetrated in drilling in the SE. J4 sec. 25 at an altitude of 325 feet. It seems probable that this drill hole is located on the up-throw side of the fault. Minor structural irregularities .—There are certain other relation¬ ships with respect to the altitude of the coal in Cottage and Equality townships that suggest faulting. Thus the difference in the altitude of the coal of about 100 feet in the north half of sec. 1, Cottage Town¬ ship (T. 9 S., R. 7 E.) may be the result of faulting. There is also possibly a difference in the altitude of the coal in the S. ]/ 2 sec. 10, Equality Township (T. 9 S., R. 8 E.) of which faulting may be the cause. An abandoned mine opened by Dr. L. W. Gordon found No. 6 coal at an altitude of 315 feet in the N.W. J4 sec. 10. No. 5 coal was 34 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS found by drilling, at an altitude of 195 feet. A drill hole located in the N. y 2 sec. 15 is reported to pass through the two benches of No. 2 coal, the upper bench lying at an altitude of 185 feet. No. 5 if present would have an altitude of at least 390 feet. A difference of 200 feet in the altitude of the coal within a distance of less than one mile is unusual and if it actually exists may be partly effected by faulting. Small faults most of which are not continuous more than a few hundred feet are rather common in the coal mines of the area. These local faults will be described in greater detail in the chapter that fol¬ lows on economic geology. One fault, however, near Eldorado seems to be present in several of the mines and is probably of more than local significance. This fault or faulted zone parallels the L. & N. Railroad and is found in mine No. 3 of the Dering Mines Co., in mine No. 8 of the O’Gara Coal Co., and possibly in mine No. 6 of the Saline County Coal Co. It is understood that the workings on the west side of the Dering mine terminate at the fault. In mine No. 8 an up-throw to the east of 8 feet is reported. In this mine the main fault is apparently accompanied by others that are less persistent. In mine No. 6 at Grayson a fault is reported which is apparently the extension of the one found in mine No. 8 but particulars are not known. REGIONAL STRUCTURE ANI) MINING The regional structure so far as it involves merely the relatively gentle northward dip of the strata typical of most of the district has no harmful effect upon mining. A general dip of this character is prob¬ ably of benefit rather than otherwise as it provides a natural slope for drainage where that is necessary and may be of service in furnishing advantageous haulage gradients. Local structural irregularities, how¬ ever, as will be shown in the section on economic geology, may more than offset this regional dip. In the relatively small part of the area where faults are possibly present or are known to be present numerous irregularities may exist, the character and extent of whffh depend upon the amount and frequency of faulting. IGNEOUS ACTIVITY DIKES As shown on the structure-contour may (Plate I), various mines have encountered igneous dikes cutting No. 5 coal. This rock is not known to outcrop in the area and has not been identified in drill cores, but specimens collected in the mines show a resemblance to the dark- colored igneous rock of rather common occurrence in Pope and Hardin counties and in adjacent parts of western Kentucky. Most of the dikes extend beyond the workings of the mines in which they are found. GENERAL GEOLOGY 35 Mine No. 3 of the O’Gara Coal Co., and mine No. 3 of the Saline County Coal Co., are both crossed by the same dike which accordingly has a horizontal extension of at least iy 2 miles. One dike at least is known to be located along a fault line, the fault extending beyond the end of the dike. In mine No. 2 of the J. K. Dering Coal Co., movement has taken place along the side of the dike. These relationships make it difficult to establish the time relation between the faulting and intrusion. It is not improbable that intrusion was accompanied by faulting and that there has been also later movement. The general trend of the dikes is northward, and the width of the intrusions is commonly less than 50 feet although there are certain dikes that exceed that width. Although it is suspected that the dikes traverse the region rather generally, so far as is known none has been encountered in drilling except in the immediate vicinity of the mines. The character of the rock is such that it rapidly disintegrates under the effect of the weathering agencies, which probably explains the failure to find it in outcrop. More detailed description of the dikes and the effect of their intrusion upon the coal beds will form part of the ensuing chapter on economic geology of the coals. CHAPTER III—ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COALS General Statement The minimum thickness of coal beds mined in the United States is about 15 inches, but varies according to the rank of the coal, being approximately 2 feet in sub-bituminous coal and 3 feet in lignite. The maximum percentage of ash permissible in a coal is more difficult to determine on account of the variability of the factors involved in the cleaning of such coal for the market. Thirty per cent has been regarded 1 as the limit, with a question as to whether or not it had better be placed at 25 per cent. The deepest coal mines in the world (in Belgium) go to a depth of approximately 4,000 feet, but the U. S. Geological Survey has set a depth of 3,000 feet as the limit for easily minable coal, in estimating coal resources. In view of the preceding statements, it is obvious that any two- foot bed of coal in the coal-bearing rocks of this region may be min¬ able at some time, since the extreme thickness of the Pennsylvanian series is only about 2,000 feet. Indeed, it is possible that even thinner beds at shallow depths may be exploited, especially where associated with the bituminous shale from which oil and gas can be distilled. The total average thickness of all coal beds including and under¬ lying No. 9 coal in this district probably amounts to about 30 feet in many places. The number of beds amounts to possibly 25, the majority of which are less than one foot in thickness. The present chapter will attempt to summarize the economic pos¬ sibilities of the various coal beds underlying the district, especially as concerns the thickness of the beds, the physical character of the coal, roof and floor, and the structural conditions attending the various seams as far as information is available. Pottsville Coals The Pottsville coals apparently occur within a series of shales that lie below, between, and above the three heavy Pottsville sand¬ stones. Such a succession is met with in southern Williamson and Saline counties south of the fault, as reported by Dr. A. D. Brokaw. 2 The Pottsville coals seem to be of lenticular character and of local development. The succession of coals from above downward is as follows: 1 Campbell, M. R., Future of coal: Mining Congress Journal, vol. II, p. 351, 1916. 2 Brokaw, A. D., Oil investigations in parts of Saline, Williamson, Pope, and Johnson counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 35, pp. 24—37, 1917. ( 36 ) COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 37 1. Coals between No. 2 coal and the Curlew sandstone. 2. Coals between the Curlew and the middle (Finnie?) sandstone. Curlew coal. Ice House coal. 3. Coals between the middle (Finnie?) sandstone and lowest sand¬ stone (Caseyville conglomerate). Position of the Bell, Battery Rock, Cook and Caseyville coals, and possibly other local beds. 4. Coals below the Caseyville conglomerate coal in the New Haven record. 1 SCALE IN FEET Fig. 5.—Graphic sections including the Ice House and Bell coals. Between Xo. 2 coal and the sandstone thought to be the Curlew sandstone of Kentucky there appear to be commonly several thin beds a foot or less in thickness. The record of the well at New Haven 38 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS shows three such coals, a well near the central part of the district encountered three, and a well in the eastern part of the area found but one. It is doubtful whether coals at this horizon will ever prove to be of commercial value in this region. If any coals below the Curlew sandstone are of workable thick¬ ness in this region it is not improbable that they will be found toward the southern part of the area. In the Eagle Valley region there is at least local development to a workable thickness of beds thought to be the equivalent of the Bell and Ice House coals in western Kentucky. In the central part of District Y there is one hole which encountered a coal 3 feet 10 inches in thickness at the proper distance below No. 2 coal to be the Curlew. Thus there seems to be evidence that some of the Pottsville coals may be of commercial thickness in this region. The accompanying graphic sections (fig. 5) include the Ice House and Bell coals, as measured by Mr. F. H. Kay in the SW. SW. Ct sec 23, T. 10 S., R. 7 E., a few miles south of District V. Both coals are provided with a black slate roof. The thickness of the Bell coal is shown as 3 feet 9 inches and the Ice House coal as 3 feet 6 inches. The Bell coal in the region is described as being a very hard coal, black and bright, and apparently of a good quality. The generalization for Illinois coals that the older the coal the better is its quality, seems to be applicable to the Bell coal. The Ice House coal at the Craig and Willis mine is described by Mr. Kay as being very slabbv, but of good quality. It is somewhat more in the nature of a cannel coal than are most of the Illinois coals. Table 3. —Analyses of the Ice House and Bell coals of southern Saline and Gallatin counties (Figures are for coal as received) Mine Coal Mois¬ ture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash Sulphur B. t. u. Willis Ice House 7.15 34.34 53.32 5.19 .84 13,035 "Willis Ice House 4.73 33.91 49.65 11.71 4.78 12,492 Colbert Bell 3.40 33.33 55.18 8.09 4.25 13,401 These analyses indicate that the coal has a relatively high B. t. u. value as compared with other Illinois coals. This seems to be due in part at least to the relatively low moisture content and the relatively high percentage of fixed carbon. The relation of these coals to other Illinois coals can be determined by a comparison of the figures given above with those shown on Plate IX. COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 39 Two analyses of the Bell coal in Kentucky are given below for comparison. 1 It will be noted that this coal is very similar in character in the two states. Table 4. —Analyses of the Bell coal of Kentucky (Figures are for coal as received) Mine Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash Sulphur B. t. u. Barnaby. Newcome. 4.42 4.38 36.77 35.88 51.12 52.94 7.69 6.80 3.43 3.43 13,286 13,439 The coal below the Caseyville conglomerate appears only in the log of the well at New Haven in White County, where it is recorded as shaly coal and coaly shale. It is of very doubtful value and of unknown extent. The relative position of the Pottsville coals and their relation to the upper coal beds have been described in detail in the chapter on stratigraphy and are shown graphically in the columnar sections (PI. II.) Carbondale coals NO. 2 COAL Records are available of ten diamond-drill borings in or very near this district which are thought to reach No. 2 coal. This seam is the one worked in the vicinity of Murphysboro, in Jackson County, and from this town has received its place name, the Murphysboro coal. The bed in the Jackson County district is in two benches separated by shale varying in thickness from a knife edge to 35 feet or more. 2 As a rule the lower bench is the thicker, four feet being a common thick¬ ness. whereas the upper bench is three feet or less in thickness. There is considerable variation in the thickness of the benches and of the intermediate shale. This intermediate shale is commonly black and fissile, and is the miners’ “black slate.” Murphysboro or No. 2 coal can be traced through Williamson County, although nowhere else is it known to be as valuable as at Murphysboro. In Plate VI are shown various sections of this coal at different 1 Lee, Wallace. Geology of the Kentucky part of the Shawneetown quad¬ rangle, Kentucky Geol. Survey, Table No. 4, 1916. 2 Cady, G. H., Coal resources of District II: Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 16. 1917. 40 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS places in the southern part of the State. Numbers 1 and 2 are sections observed in mines in Jackson County; numbers 3, 4, and 5 are sections based upon drilling records in Williamson County. The remaining sections are from records of holes in this district, two from Saline County and five from Gallatin County. In southern Gallatin County this coal can be observed in outcrop. Here, as in places in Jackson County, the seam is in two benches, separated by 15 to 40 feet of strata, and is apparently less commonly regarded as a single coal. In the Eagle Valley region and in western Kentucky the lower bench is known as the “Four foot,” and the upper bench as the “Three foot.” As suggested by their local names, the lower bed is commonly about 4 feet in thickness (3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet) and the upper coal about 3 feet in thickness (2 feet 9 inches to 3 feet 6 inches). Most records (see Plate VI) report a dark to black shale above the lower coal as in the Jackson County region. This black shale is in places at least very carbonaceous and may be of some commercial value as an oil shale, though such is not known to be the case. Inas¬ much as recent drilling at widely separated points in the district has shown that this coal is practically always present, the drilling of any block of leases within the district should include testing for the pres¬ ence of these lower coals. The interval between No. 2 and No. (> coals is only about 350 feet, and before many years the exploitation of a three- or four-foot bed at a depth of 350 feet or less may be entirely practicable for this area. South of the outcrop of No. 6 coal, the No. 2 seam is in general at a depth of less than 350 feet. The approximate outcrop of the coal is indicated on Plate III. In heating quality the Murphysboro (No. 2) coal in Jackson County is among the best in the State, better coal being known only in the Eagle Valley region. Its comparative position among the Illinois coals is shown by the diagram, Plate IX, and in the table of compara¬ tive heating values of the various Illinois coals (Table 14). No analyses of No. 2 coal from Saline and Gallatin counties are available, but three analyses of the Davis, “Four foot,” or No. 6 coal of Ken¬ tucky, which is the same as the lower bench of No. 2 coal in District \ in Illinois, are presented to show approximately the character of this coal in Illinois. Comparison of these analyses (with those given in I able 3 and Plate IX) indicates that the “Four foot” or lower bench of No. 2 coal is of slightly better quality in Kentucky than the Murphysboro coal, but that it is somewhat lower in B. t. u. value than the Bell and Ice House coals. Illinois State Geological Survey Plate VI Plate VI Graphic sections of No. 2 coal In Districts II, V, and VI COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 41 COALS BETWEEN NO. 2 AND NO. 5 COALS Three thin beds of coal, two of which are possibly in places of economic value, lie between the Murphysboro (No. 2) and Harris¬ burg (No. 5) coal beds. Coals, probably the same, are recorded in various records of drilling in District VI to the west. The lowest of these lies 40 to 60 feet above No. 2 coal, or 180 to 210 feet below No. 5, the middle one 100 to 110 feet below No. 5 coal, and the upper one about 70 feet below No. 5 coal. The interval between the lowest and middle of these coal beds averages about 70 feet. The lowest bed is commonly thin and of no value, but in a record of a boring in Omaha Township (T. 7 S., R. 8 E.), it is reported as being 2 feet 5 inches in thickness. The intermediate bed is apparently always one foot or less Table 5.— Analyses of Davis or No. 6 coal from Union County, Kentucky a (Figures are for coal as received) Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash Sulphur B. t. u. 4.36 37.94 50.97 6.73 2.17 13,338 4.43 37.13 49.60 8.84 2.66 13,003 4.47 36.87 49.82 8.84 2.95 12,962 Average 4.42 37.31 50.13 8.13 2.59 13,101 a Kentucky Geological Survey, 4th Series, Vol. II, Pt. I, 37S—380, 1914. in thickness. The upper bed has a thickness of about 2 feet 6 inches and will possibly be of commercial value in places eventually. This coal is believed to be the same as the original No. 4 of the Gallatin County section of the “Coal Measures,” proposed by E. T. Cox. 1 no. 5 COAL Nearly the entire output of coal from Saline and Gallatin counties is obtained from the No. 5 (Harrisburg) coal. Within this district this coal attains a thickness of 9 feet in at least one place. Because of the high quality of the coal and favorable conditions of recovery, coal mining is especially profitable in this field. DEPTH AND DISTRIBUTION No. o coal is known to lie at an altitude of 363 feet below sea level at New Haven near the northeast corner of Gallatin County. This is at a depth of about 170 feet below the surface. At West End, near the northwest corner of Saline County, the coal lies at an altitude 1 Cox. E. T., Gallatin County: Geol. Survey of Illinois; vol. VI, p. 202, 1875. 42 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS of 330 feet below sea level or 780 feet below the surface. It is prob¬ able that in the hilly country north of Galatia the coal lies at a depth of 825 to 850 feet. None of these depths are prohibitive in the develop¬ ment of a bed of the usual thickness and quality of No. 5 coal. The Table 6. —Thicknesses of No. 5 coal in Saline and Gallatin counties as determined hy drilling Location Sec. T. S. R. E. Number of drill holes Gallatin County — 7 8 9 8 , 9 ] 8,9 J. 8,9 j Thickness Saline County —- Inches 19 and 20 8 5 7 51 to 62 25 to 27 8 5 8 55 to 84 28 and 29 8 5 6 51 to 62 30, 31, 33, 34 and 35 8 5 7 27 to 80 15, 22 to 25 8 6 9 38 to 67 26 to 29 8 6 8 6 to 62 33 to 36 8 6 9 56 to 66 10. 14, 15, 17 and 19 8 7 6 50 to 75 22. 23, 27, 28, 31, 32 • and 34 8 7 8 49 to 75 1 to 4 9 5 10 16 to 76 5 to 9 9 5 9 52 to 78 10 to 13 9 5 7 (17?) 56 to 91 14 to 18 9 5 52 to 104 19 to 22 9 5 (6?) 48 to 86 23 to 26 9 5 13 33 to 76 34 and 36 9 5 16 29 to 68 1, 2, 4 and 5 9 6 8 54 to 71 6 to 10 9 6 8 48 to 78 11 to 16 9 6 10 52 to 81 17 to 19 9 6 10 (27?) 36 to 87 23 to 25 9 6 7 24 to 66 27, 28 and 30 9 6 7 16 to 63 31 9 6 9 55 to 92 (110? 32, 33 and 36 9 6 10 47 to 90 2 to 5 9 7 7 36 to 63 6 to 10 9 7 6 54 to 61 11, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 9 7 7 50 to 62 20, 21, 22 and 27 9 7 5 30 to 57 r 52 to 59 . 24 to 69 53 to 56 COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 43 deepest mine in No. 5 coal in the area, located at Galatia, reaches the coal at a depth of 485 feet. No. 5 coal is found in District V north of its outcrop practically wherever borings have penetrated to a sufficient depth. There is, how¬ ever, a strip barren of No. 5 coal lying near the west side of Raleigh and Harrisburg townships (Ts. 8 and 9 S., R. 6 E.) (see Plate I). The sandstone lens which cuts out the coal in this strip has been described on a previous page and the possibility of its being a channel deposit mentioned. This interruption in the continuity of the bed is the most serious one known in the district, and prospecting and development work in western Raleigh and eastern Galatia townships (T. 8 S., Rs. 5 and 6 E.) and even in Tate and Long Branch townships (T. 7 S., Rs. 5 and 6 E.) should be guided by the possibility of the northward exten¬ sion of this irregularity or “fault,” as it is called. No. 5 (Harrisburg) coal is probably the equivalent of the Spring- field, Fulton County, and Peoria County No. 5 coal, and of the “Mid¬ dle Vein” coal in the La Salle region. Except for local variations it is very regular in thickness over the entire State, varying from 4 to 6 feet. INTERVAL BETWEEN NO. 5 AND NO. 6 COALS The interval between No. 5 and No. 6 coals varies from less than 100 feet in the west to more than 150 feet in the central part of the district. In the eastern part of the district the interval gradually decreases to about 110 feet. In general the interval between the two coals increases or decreases with the thickness of the lower coal. THICKNESS Table 6 gives detailed information in regard to the thickness of the bed as determined by drilling. T he depth to the coal at the various mines and drill holes is presented in tabulated form in the appendix. In this table the thickness of the coal is also given if such information is not confidential. Inspection of the data will show that the thickness of the coal varies from less than 1 foot to possibly about 9 feet. Sections of No. 5 coal measured in various mines of the district are shown graphically in Plate VII. These and other sections meas¬ ured by the members of the Survey and Cooperative Mining Investi¬ gations are printed in detail in the following pages. 44 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS MEASURED SECTIONS OF NO. 5 COAL DERING MINES CO. MINE NO. 3, NEAR ELDORADO 1 Section 1—Boom 13, off 6th west entry off south (See Plate VII, No. 1) Thickness Ft. in. Bone coal. 1 y 2 Coal, dull and glance. 10 y 2 Coal, as above with knife edges of “mother coal”. 1 Coal, dull and glance. 1 6 Coal with bands of “mother coal”. 3 Coal . 11 4 8 Section 2—Room 1 of 1st east entry off south Coal, dull and glance with one small sulphur lens. 1 6 Coal, with a few streaks of charcoal. 2 8 Sulphur streak . Coal . 10 5 HARRISBURG IilG MUDDY COAL CO., MINE NO. 14, NEAR HARRISBURG Room 3 off 2d cast entry off main north entry 1,300 feet northeast of shaft (See Plate VII, No. 2) Thickness Ft. in. Coal . 5 11 1 Formerly Eldorado Coal and Mining Co., mine No. 1. I T .V JoiiJreiG ai a9C$s imca ctroit l£Oj> 3 oTC io • •■ O , i ', fiiiiaiiijsH ^rr^qrao :) UxO vJ tuoO :iUi-,8 .v.irjsqtaoD. IboD vjjinoO anHsS l: >0 yhruoO :#b 3 - o/jEim .yauqraoD fnoO nosaeW ' ■ ASfiitin&qo ; 4 r .8 .e .01 .n ,?r o • O .£1 .OV£ >0ta. .oVl .Viruqnf .8 .eM .t .0 ..3 ..o ,4i .Yi Illinois State Geological Survey Plate VII 7 Plate VII. Graphic sections of No 6 coal from 1. Dering Mines Company, mine No. 3. 2. Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Company, mine No. 14. 3. Saline County Coal Company, mine No. 3. 4. O'Gara Coal Company, mine No. 4. 5. O’Gara Coal Company, mine No. 7. 1 6. O’Gara Coal Company, mine No. 8. 7. O’Gara Coal Company, mine No. 9. measurements in mines in District V. 8 Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Company, mine No. 12. 9 Saline County Coal Company, mine No. 2. 10 Saline County Coal Company, mine No. 3. 11. Saline County Coal Company, mine No. 6. 12 Wasson Coal Company, mine No. 1. 13 Gallatin Coal and Coke Company, mine No. 1.* ‘Not operating. ‘Abandoned. 9-1 a- 2 - i- 0-1 LEGEND Shale Fire olay S Sulphur C Charcoal COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 45 O'GARA COAL CO., MINE NO. 4, NEAR HARRISBURG Section 1—Entry 8 south off main east 1 (See Plate VI, No. 4) Coal . Sulphur . Coal . Sulphur . Coal . Sulphur . Coal . Sulphur . “Mother coal” streak Coal . Sulphur . Coal . Sulphur . Coal . Sulphur . Coal . Sulphur . Coal . Thickness Ft. in. 8 V 2 16 1 91/4 % 51/s A 51/2 % 53/4 % 4 8 % • • 1lT> 8 6 2 * O’GARA COAL CO., MINE NO. 4, NEAR HARRISBURG Section 2 Coal with small sulphur streak. 8 Dirt . % Coal . 1 1% “Mother coal” . 14 Coal . 6 M> Sulhpur and dirt streak. Coal with thin streaks of dirt and sulphur. .. 6 Shale, gray. 3 Coal, clean . 6 “Mother coal” . 14 Coal, banded . 7% Coal with thin streaks of “mother coal”. 6 Coal with plates of sulphur on faces. 1 5 Section 3 Coal, very good, clean 6 3 7 6 1 U. 9. Bureau of Mines Bull. 22, Pt. II, p. 508, 1913. 46 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS O’GARA COAL CO., MINE NO. 8, NEAR ELDORADO Room 1 off 1st north entry 700 feet east of shaft (See Plate VII, No. 6) Thickness Ft. in. Coal . 4 914 O’GARA COAL CO., MINE NO. 9, NEAR HARRISBURG Section 1—Fourth south entry off J/th east south Thickness Ft. in. Top bench . 1 1 Lower bench; coal laminated and filled with slips; consider¬ able calcite . 6 7 1 Section 2—Face 10th east entry off main south Top coal . 1 1 Lower bench . 4 5 Section 3—Room off the 3d southeast entry (See Plate VII, No. 7) Bone coal . 3 Coal, variable thickness. 10 Parting . Coal . 5 8 6 9 HARRISBURG BIG MUDDY COAL CO., MINE NO. 12, NEAR HARRISBURG Room 1 off 2 east entry off north entry (See Plate VII, No. 8) Thickness Ft. in. Coal . 2 3 Sulphur . 1 Coal . 2 8 5 SALINE COUNTY COAL CO., MINE NO. 2, NEAR CARRIERS MILLS Room If off 1st west entry off main south, 350 feet northwest of shaft (See Plate VII, No. 9) Thickness Ft. in. 10 y 6 6 6 4 % Coal .. Sulphur Coal .. 7 COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 47 SALINE COUNTY COAL CO., MINE NO. 3, NEAR HARRISBURG Sectio7i 1—Face of main east entry Thickness Ft. in. Coal, very bright, hard glance and dull coal, contains sulphur bands and “mother coal’’ layers; harder at bottom. 6 6 Sectio?i 2—Room 1 off the 2d southeast entry (See Plate VII, No. 3) Top coal; glance and dull coal mixed; very few bands of glance coal and a little sulphur. Harder than bottom coal . . 11 Parting— Coal, soft; a mixture of coal and partings of bone. 7Vs Coal, same as in section 1. 4 7 6 1 % Section 3—Face of the main west air course (See Plate VII, No. 10) Top coal, hard. 6 Coal, laminated, with considerable bone and some clay bands and lenses ... 1 4 Bottom bench . 4 10 6 8 SALINE COUNTY COAL CO., NO. 6 MINE NEAR ELDORADO Entry face off the 5th north entry off the main west, 2,000 feet from shaft (See Plate VII, No. 11) Thickness Ft. in. Coal, bright . 2 9 Sulphur band . 1 Coal, bright . 6 “Mother coal” . 1 Coal, bright . 1 7 5 WASSON COAL CO., MINE NO. 1, NEAR HARRISBURG Room face, 1st and 2d north off main west entry, 1,500 feet from shaft (See Plate VII, No. 12) Thickness Ft. in. 8 4 5 Coal, bright .. Sulphur streak Coal, bright . . 5 2Vo 4S ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS GALLATIN COAL AND COKE CO., MINE NO. 1, NEAR EQUALITY Room 16 off 2d north main entry, 5,000 feet northeast of shaft (See Plate VII, No. 13) Thickness Ft. in. Coal, clean. 10 Sulphur .. Coal, clean . 3 % Sulphur . Coal, clean . 10 4 sy 2 DISCUSSION OF COAL SECTIONS Coal sections such as have been presented in graphic and written form furnish a concrete picture of the thickness of the bed and also show the persistence, position, and thickness of bedded impurities, or of the various benches in the seam. Inspection of the various graphic sections will fail to reveal any persistent bedded impurity by which the coal is divided into benches, although some of the sec¬ tions show a division near the top of the seam, a foot or less from the roof, which is a common plane of parting within the seam, separating an upper thin bench from a thicker bench below. Some sections show a sulphur or clay parting at this place, but in other places the parting does not seem to be accompanied by impurities. GENERAL APPEARANCE OF NO. 5 COAL By the Cooperative observers, the Harrisburg (No. 5) coal is commonly described as bright, and hard; very thin bands of bright or glance coal alternate with somewhat thicker bands of dull coal. Lay¬ ers of mother coal a quarter of an inch or so in thickness occur here and there in the bed, and sulphur is to be seen in small balls or in thin lenses and partings. Calcite flakes along the cleavage planes are always present. In general the bed has a brighter look than the No. 6 coal and is somewhat harder. It is doubtful, however, whether there are any criteria of practical application that serve as distinguish¬ ing characteristics. In some of the mines in the district, No. 5 coal is characterized by a rather well developed cleavage or cleat in two directions. For instance, in mine No. 9 of the O’Gara Coal Company the following cleat was observed. Room 1, 3d north entry off 3d east south— Cleat: N. 60° E. N. 35° W. COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 49 5th north entry off 3d east south— Cleat: N. 55° E. N. 32° W. Room 3 off 9th east, off the main south entry— Cleat: N.52°E. N. 32° W. 1st north entry, off the 2d west north— Cleat: N. 55° E. Such cleavage is not known to be general for the district. IRREGULARITIES OF NO. 5 COAL The irregularities in coal beds are of three sorts: (1) bedded impurities, (2) structural irregularities, and (3) igneous intrusions. Bedded impurities .—Bedded impurities include any material of a sedimentary character that takes the place of some of the coal. Such Floor Fig. e.— Diagrammatic illustration of bedded impurities in mine No. 7, O’Gara Coal Company, face, 2d south off 7th west. Mine not now operated. impurities vary from thin laminae of clay, iron pyrites (sulphur), or bone, to masses of sandstone that take the place of the entire coal bed along narrow channels. Bedded impurities in No. 5 coal are of the usual character. Not uncommonly, especially in the middle of the bed, thin streaks of clay with iron pyrite are associated with rather numerous laminae of mineral charcoal or mother coal, so that the coal looks dirtier in this part of the seam (see Plate VII, No. 4) than at the top or bottom. A streak or layer of clay and sulphur a fraction of an inch in thickness is not uncommon between the upper and lower bench. In some places bedded impurities become of serious importance. For example in the abandoned mine No. 7 of the O’Gara Coal Com¬ pany at Carriers Mills, No. 5 coal in places is 7 feet 6 inches thick but about %y 2 feet from the top is a bed of mixed shale and coal 3^ feet thick, separating the coal into two beds and rendering it unminable 50 ILLINOIS MIXING INVESTIGATIONS in the parts of the mine where this occurs (see fig. 6). Similarly in mine No. 15 of the Harrisburg Saline Collieries Company and in mine No. 2 of the Saline County Coal Company a mass of clay divides the coal into two benches (see fig. 7). On the east side of mine No. 15 the clay bed attains a thickness of at least 3 y 2 feet. The upper bench of coal is not mined when the shale becomes thicker than 3 feet, so that measurements are not available, but its thickness seems to be 11 inches very persistently. The lower bench is possibly 4 to 8 inches thinner where the clay parting is thick, but there is no very con- Fig. 7.—Photograph of a parting in the coal bed in mine No. 2, Saline County Coal Company. spicuous difference in different places. On the west side of the mine a similar clay seam lies near the middle of the coal separating it into two thin beds each of which finally becomes unminable. The dis¬ tribution and character of this “faulty condition” of the coal near mine No. 15 is illustrated by the graphic sections and map shown in Plate VIII. The conditions in mine No. 2 are in a limited area like those on the west and northwest side of mine No. 15. Such an inter¬ ruption of the coal would possibly receive the name “fault” from the miners, but it is to be distinguished from the fault of the geologist and engineer by whom the word is used to designate a break and move¬ ment along a fracture plane. Irregular conditions in the coal in the mine at Galatia are due to depositional impurities. Conditions here are very unusual for No. 5 0 1000 _ 2000 _ 300 0 Scale in feet Plate VIII. Map and graphic sections showing distribution of faults in and near mine No. 15. Harrisburg Saline Colliery Company. COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 51 coal. The lower G inches to nearly 3 feet of the coal contains layers of carbonaceous shale or “bone” that render that part of the bed un¬ marketable. The middle of the bed is generally fairly clean for a thickness of 3 to 5 feet. The upper part of the bed is again inter- bedded with shale the partings increasing in number and thickness to the top of the bed, which in this mine is about 6 feet thick. The actual position of the top of the bed is rather difficult to ascertain because stringers of coal apparently leading out from the coal bed can be traced to as much as 5 or 6 feet above the coal, and in places possibly as much as 10 feet. This shale contains a large amount of organic material, and impressions of leaves and stems are exceedingly numer¬ ous in the roof of the entries. In places the interbedding of coal and roof shale begins as much as 3 or 4 feet below the top of the coal and conditions similar to those characteristic of a “roll”, as described later, are encountered. The shale roof in this mine is un¬ usually treacherous and “slippy”, planes of weakness apparently having been produced as a result of the differential movement between differ¬ ent parts of the mass during shrinkage. Conditions in this mine are further complicated by the exist¬ ence of a probable plane of erosion which crosses the horizon of the coal bed. Erosion of the roof shale and of the coal seems to have taken place on the east side of the mine along what may prove to be the extension of the sandstone “fault” discovered by drilling in the eastern part of Harrisburg Township. In the erosion channel thus formed sandstone was deposited, which in places passes through and cuts out the coal bed. In one or two of the mines southwest of Harrisburg a bedded im¬ purity known as “bone” appears in the upper part of the coal. In mine No. 9 of the O’Gara Coal Company this material renders the upper foot to three feet of the coal worthless. The impurity is variable in character. In places it seems to be calcareous balls or lenses up to 4 inches in diameter, containing a considerable quantity of iron sul¬ phide. Elsewhere the upper part of the seam is a succession of thin laminae of black slate and coal. The “bone” coal is commonly crossed by many smoothed surfaces, especially where calcareous nodules are present, showing that there has been considerable adjustment between different parts of the bed. Rolls have not the same frequency of occurrence in this bed as they have in No. 6 coal in District VI. Rolls are commonly the re¬ sult of the deposition of shale similar to that composing the roof in relatively small depressions in the surface of the peat before it had consolidated into coal. The movements between the parts of the roof 52 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS overlying the coal where a roll is situated, because of the unequal thickness of the coal below the roll and the coal on all sides, tended to weaken the roof at this place and as a result “smooths” penetrate the rolls forming treacherous places to undermine. (See fig. 8.) Removal of part of the bed possibly by erosion not long after the peat was deposited seems to explain the absence of the coal bed along the line of the channel deposits indicated on the structure- contour maps near the line separating Rs. 5 and 6 E. Scale in feet Fig. 8.—Diagrammatic illustration of rolls showing tendency of roof shale to occur in lenses with slickensided surfaces. North side of mine, 1st north, 2d west, north, mine No. 9, O’Gara Coal Company. Structural irregularities .—Structural irregularities in the Harris¬ burg (No. 5) coal are of three kinds: slips, faults, and folds. The faults are apparently associated with another type of irregularity—the igneous intrusion. Slips are commonly filled with clay and are then called clay veins. Slips, like rolls, are more or less common to all coal beds. They seem to be more common in coals not having a limestone roof or cap rock, of which the Harrisburg coal is an example, than in coals having a solid roof such as is typical of No. 6 coal. They are believed in places at least to be due to adjustments in the bed and associated strata accompanying the shrinkage of the coal bed. It is not improb¬ able that this process of shrinkage produces an actual downward move¬ ment of the beds over the coal through a distance of at least five times the thickness of the coal bed below. 1 Where the coal is of uniform thickness this downward movement will be uniform over large areas, but where differences in thickness are common, differential movement will take place and one part of the roof will move against other parts. Release from pressure may in places be effected downward or 1 Savage, T. E., Geology and mineral resources of the Springfield quadrangle. Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, p. 118, 1915. COAL BEOS OF DISTRICT V 53 upward, and clay be thrust either upward or downward into cracks that have been produced in the coal bed itself. Such cracks may pro¬ ceed entirely through the bed or only part way. Fig. 9.—Map showing distribution of dikes and faults in and near mines No. 8, No. 10, and No. 11, O’Gara Coal Company. The abundance of clay-filled slips in No. 5 coal is one of the common criteria of identification of the bed, although in this area such slips are not especially characteristic. The material filling one of these slips consisted of fragments of hard shale and pieces of coal in a structureless matrix of gray clay, the whole being very hard. The coal fragments contained in the slip seemed to indicate that the fracturing of the seam must have taken place after the coal had attained nearly its present hardness. 54 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS Faults are more common in this than in any other of the eight coal districts. Scarcely a mine but has one or more displacement, and between mine No. 1 of the O’Gara Coal Company and mine No. 12 of the Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Company the coal has been offset over 100 feet. The position of the various faults is indicated on the structure map, Plate I, and figures 4 and 9 show some of these in greater detail. Figure 10 is the reproduction of a sketch of a fault in the Dering Mines Company’s mine No. 3 in the 5th west entry off the main south. Dering Mines Company. 5th west entry off the main south. It is significant not so much in the amount of displacement as in the fact that the coal along the lines of fracture is reported to be coked, as though hot gases at some time after the faulting had traversed the fault planes. The manner in which the faulting breaks the coal near the planes of fracture is shown in figures 11 and 12, the former from Mine No. 3 of the Saline County Coal Company, and the latter from mine No. 4 of the O’Gara Coal Company. The faults figured above are all of the normal variety, the fault plane sloping toward the side upon which the coal is lowest. T hrust faults are apparently less common in this field than are normal faults, but at least one example has been observed in mine No. 7 of the O’Gara Coal Company near Carriers Mills. The general trend of the fault lines in the district seems to be slightly north of west and about northeast. 4 he same mine may be cut by several faults, one system running to the west and the other sys¬ tem at a more or less acute angle to it. (See figures 4 and 9.) The fault lines running east and west seem to be the more persistent and correspond to the direction of regional faulting which effects a belt across the entire southern part of the State east from Jackson County. COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 55 The relative elevations of the coal as determined by drilling in the western part of the district, is suggestive of the possibility of a north and south zone of faulting near the Williamson-Saline county line. This, however, in entirely hypothetical. / / Pig. 11.—Diagrammatic illustration showing breaking of coal along faults in mine No. 3, Saline County Coal Company. Fig. 12. —Diagrammatic illustration showing breaking of coal along faults in mine No. 4, O’Gara Coal Company. The effect of the faults is in places merely to offset the coal bed a few inches, the coal not disappearing from the face of the entry or room. In other places, especially along the 100-foot fault, the bed is lost to the mine, and must be worked from another shaft or at least from another level in the same shaft. When a mine encounters such a fault it is commonly necessary to search for the lost bed with the drill. In some of the mines irregularities in the level of the coal bed occur which are apparently due to flexure. For instance, in mine No. 9 of the O’Gara Coal Company, the coal bed is affected by a series of flexures, the coal thinning down a foot or so on the rises. Some of the high points apparently slope in all directions toward the “swags.” Such phenomena may be due to irregularities in original deposition. 56 1IXIN0IS MIXING INVESTIGATIONS however, rather than to subsequent folding. In mine No. 12 of the Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Company the coal slopes northward toward the large fault on the north side of the mine. The elevations of the coal at the fault and about one-half a mile south show a dif¬ ference of 85 feet. Fig. 13. —Map showing distribution of dikes and faults in the vicinity of Harrisburg. The lay of the coal in the Wasson No. 1 mine is indicated by contours shown in figure 4. Such irregularities are probably more or less common in all the mines, the general regional northward dip not being uniform from place to place. However they offer no great obstacle to mining in the district. Dikes .—Igneous intrusions are found in a number of the mines in the Harrisburg region from Eldorado south to Carriers Mills. Observations and sketches of the dikes have been made in six mines. The structure map (PI. I) shows the position of these as well as of other known dikes, while the accompanying outline map of the vicinity of Harrisburg (fig. 13) shows in greater detail the general distribution of the dikes in that vicinity. T 9 S. COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 57 The following notes taken by observers indicate the character of the dikes in five mines. In mine No. 3 of the Dering Mines Company (see figure 14) the line of contact between the dike and the coal is very irregular, whereas the line of contact between the roof shale and the dike is sharp. The roof adjacent to Normal Altered Coked Coked Altered Normal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sr.ale in feet 'XX V Flo. 14—Diagrammatic illustration of a dike in mine No. 3, Dering Mines Company. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scale in feet Fig. 15.—Diagrammatic illustration of a dike bearing northwest and southeast on the east side of mine No. 8, O’Gara Coal Company. the dike is good. The coked coal on either side of the dike is cut by veins of calcite. Similar veins also traverse the dike commonly lying parallel to the dip of the dike. The intrusion is approximately parallel to a step fault that runs in a general northerly direction through the mine. In mine No. 8 of the O’Gara Coal Company (see figure 15) a dike which is 6 to 8 feet wide occurs on the east side, bearing northwest. It is a hard, fine-grained, gray igneous rock, similar to that found in other mines. For nearly 20 feet the coal has been coked on both sides of the dike. In the coke adjacent to the intrusion are many streaks of calcite, and the contact between the dike and coal is in many places accompanied by calcite crystals. In mine No. 2 of the Saline County Coal Company (see figure 16) a dike which has been traced for about half a mile is a very troublesome feature. At the point where it was examined it was nearly 300 feet in width. The rock is highly crystalline with micas and ferromagnesian minerals 58 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 Scale in feet Fig. 16.—Diagrammatic illustration of a large dike in mine No. 2 , Saline County Coal Company. North side entry; 3d east main south, 3d east 1st south, 4th south, 3d east. Fig. 17. —Plan of mine No. 2, J. K. Dering Coal Co , showing location of dikes and fault. sVA'-O—J COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 59 predominating. The coal has been greatly metamorphosed at and near the contact. At the contact and for about 3 feet from it a large amount of silicification has taken place. Small stringers of the dike are numerous and although the material may be recognized as coal, the mass is very hard and presents a somewhat resinous appearance. The small masses of coal enclosed by the dike all display the same characteristics as the wall rock. Outside of the zone of silicification the coal has been coked. The coke is lighter in Pig. 18.—Dike in mine No. 2, Saline County Coal Company. Photo by C. M. Young. weight than the coal but it does not show the porosity of coke made by a mine fire. This coking was apparently done under the original conditions of rock pressure. Between the coke and the normal coal is a variable zone, usually not exceeding 2 feet in width, of what the miners term “dead coal.” This material is soft and smutty, having lost its original brittle character. At the east side the igneous rock forms a sill, resting above the coal. Midway in the bed below very little change has taken place. In No. 2 mine of the J. K. Dering Coal Company what appear to be two dikes cross the workings between the main shaft and air shaft and have been encountered at intervals for a distance of 1,200 to 1,400 feet, practically across the present extension of the workings. The plan of the mine with the probable position of the dike is shown in figure 17. The larger of the two dikes has a thickness of about 60 feet and the smaller is about 30 feet thick and less. They trend in a general northwest-southeast direction, the larger one diverging to the south. To the north both of the dikes are split or con¬ tain blocks of coke. The smaller dike has coked the coal for a distance of about 7 feet and the larger for a distance of about 10 feet. 60 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS O 44 o o CO cS ^ Si o CG CD CD ; eft LA ft CD CD CD ft r < Pi CM Pi M £ CD (D LA r CS a CD r d CD <4—i cm CD CCS Si O ft cm be CO CD 44 Vi ft +j CD ft o -f •> 4-5 rH co CA «M O £ 44 -M V CD > 4-> CD £2 bo a £ h CD £ O -M £ ft u iS » m M rH ft a ft ft ft ft ft V a> ft O o O o 35 i Q o o o o o o o o O a O rH ft ft ft O o o O O O -M -M ■M £ £ £ ft M o O o O O O CD ® £ £ £ •rH •rH •rH ’ft ft ’ft in in in o o »H ft O O £ o co CO ft £ bt £ -M ft V i3 jfl O cc S a c3 03 03 3 S- o >> d t- O cc o O H ce a c s .. s. . •i,. 5*.vN • CO • • CO ..rH'' • • • +J.• . Cd • • o ^.■ • H • ■ H 5S • C: co.. •iS • rH ..H • sJ • LO C'q LO O • t- • • • CO.r-t rH CO ^ • N N CO N ■ • rH.CO £. .... . *00 . 5s... LOiOiOiOiOiOiO lOlOlOlOlOiOIO lO lO uj m P-H o 03 m S. ^ ' ^•OOOOOOQOGCOOGO oooooooooooooo o 05 05 05 05 O O O ^ i—I r-1 ^—It—I IN N N e SC H H ^ ^ p£ £ W m Z £ m Z m Z g H W H H g g Z r si m xn m S S O LO CO CO CO O- t~* N N N M N M N ^ ^ H *£ ^ h Z Z m Z 02 Z m ^ ^ H ^ W ^ H Z m m Z Z Z ui oo t- oq £ m £ Z OO oo OO t- tr- oo . e 03 O 00 Tt« 00 © o 00 o 05 CO rH . LO as CO £ CO m o c a m CO CO 00 tO eo LO • co oo 00 oo OO oo oo oo 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo CO t- oo 05 05 CO CO ^ lo to LO uo to CO CO o 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 CO CO co co co CO eo CO CO j-i H H £ H £ H £ H ^ £ £ aS £ 1 CZ3 c/3 C/3 2 C/3 £ CZ3 C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 F- e a> £ H £ £ a H H H H ^ £ £ g w H 2 £ C/3 £ C/3 £ C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 £ z £ COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V G5 a OO s <3 & .fi £S a 3 .o CD . . ^ OO i—H ID t- • • r—1 • rH CO • "H 1 . 00 LO rH rH • . CO . ^ J2 A 00 00 OO CD . OO • • O rH • • • CO rf . rH • • oq rH • • • CD CD N N • rf • • Ol Oq Oq • Oq CD CD CD • CD C5 oq CO . CD CD CO UO CD 05 V LD oq • oo oq t- oq oq Oq • t' Ifl > rH rH o E- • O O cH oq • CO rH rH CD rH CO E- t- t- t— t- E— r- t> IE- t- t- t> [- t- c— i a LO W 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 oo 00 oo 00 05 05 05 rH LO U0 t- 05 oq CO CD t- OO rH rH oq CO rH rH CD CO rH rH rH rH rH oq oq oq oq oq CO CD CO CO CO oq oq oq H H a £ a £ a a £ £ a a £ a £ > m m m £ CO £ m z m m z £ m z £ m z in H & £ a £ a a & £ £ £ £ a £ £ Z Z «5 £ m £ m £ m £ £ z m £ m m Taum*) 8_ Character of the roof of No. 5 coal as shown by drilling records in Saline and Gallatin counties —Continued (Strata are tabulated in order of occurrence above coal) 66 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS £ C cc £ a xn N N N + + lb cb ^ oo ia N M Tf (M co > cd s-. O 50 ■- t~- COCOCOCOCOCO CO co a a gg 2 2 gg w gg xn xn r- t— oo oo oo o CO CO CO CO *30 cc a ^ ^ a w a !/] 2 2 ffl ^ z 3? a a ^ ^ a a a h ^ xn a h ^ a ^ a a 2 cg xn 2 2 2 2 COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 07 • LO • CO o a + CO 03 t— LO CO CO i-l 03 'f • C— -00 • 03 • tH • CO ^f • - CO v v v LO | CO j Tf • CO LO CO O © CO Tf H H o • <03 LO 00 o r-t ■ Cl H "f 03 03 ■I—I If 00 03 03 tH o CO o ^ (M ^ ^ H H H H O t- C\1 CO ■ £ a> ■+-> cZ CO s a> X! in o aJ a o G u O >> G (h o fen £ £ 03 CD CD 03 CD 00 CD 00 lfl N Tf OO H N H CD 7-1 CO 00 CS \CI rH^~ co o 03 h oo in oo 't OS 03 03 03 CO 03 OS CD G o O G O G o o J H (V* C/2 ’ E-< w a> C/2 2* <«■ •?> LO UO ID 00 LO iduoiouolouoidlo lo w w a* os as as os os os os OS os os as os os as 7—1 03 03 03 03 CO CO ■Cf -rhi LO CD t- 00 00 H H £ H H £ £ H W w g •g £ £ in £ C/2 £ C/2 C/2 £ C/2 £ C/2 C/2 £ C/2 H H £ H £ £ W H £ £ H H £ in £ CZ2 £ C/2 £ £ £ £ C/2 £ C/2 03 COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 69 ,a co O O' t- lO t- o ■q . c- • oq oo & t-H es ZD A to • 00 ^ & 05 t- ■e o • 00 £J tH a . Ib • oq . ^ . CO zo CN) 03 ‘05 « C© C© • ZD o e (c ic . Tf Tf W iH • Tf c— • to K r 3 d # .a A A A .a - ~ 3 S3 cc • 00 10 OO • O • • 05 LO t-H • 0 00 0 05 05 • 72 05 CO t— 05 CO CO to CO 05 CO © r— 8 • O 4-> CO © g •pH J &h © 4-> d in Jffl 44 o 4-J i 1 Bh 3Q s’ Black 4 J &H o> 43 72 © • s LO • c- to • • 43 •- • to to ©d V to N CO CO Ci CO ©d CO i—f i-H CO • OO CO •COCONMTfMOH CO H • N • 1—1 r-l i—I i-H ©d lO .to . o • Tf . rH totocotototo tototoco to to to totototocototototototo as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as t> 00 00 00 CO © © rH i-l ©d ©d CO CO totototot^c-i-oooooooo a ^ ^ ^ a h m 'Zi m £ m £ £ H £ ^ m m m ^ 02 m m h ^ ^ a ^ ^ w £ ^ Z t/2 ^ g a a ui ^ m m H m rai m £ wggw££wggwqg£;5 Table 8. —Character of the roof of No. 5 coal as shown by drilling records in Saline and Gallatin comities —Continued (Strata are tabulated in order of occurrence above coal) ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS OQ T3 S3 <& 72 © S3 O Ul © s o> & ja X o 5 x © <& 5 .S3 m 0 cS u O eg o O .O V cd Cj—1 Sh g- A 0 ^ A + S3 tH • • co • L — CD oo 04 04 • O .co • xn CO • • Cl . 04 t-H 04 rH 04 • 04 • CO • CO ■5* O E'- -t~> • Tfl • • • * tH * ’ ‘ oq oq co co i—i lo co CD CO CO L K5 (S CD tH CO CO ic co • oq o © Cl rH • r-1 t-H i-H s • s EO H CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD ai H CO OS OS CO OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS l ci a> 72 OO os Oi co CO co EO ID t> t- t- rH tH rH 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 H £ H H H £ w H H H £ £ £ 72 72 £ 72 £ £ £ £ 2: 72 72 £ H H H w £ H H £ £ H H H £ 72 72 £ 72 72 72 72 2 £ £ 72 £ 72 COAL BEOS OF DISTRICT V 73 A 05 = + + J= ®q CO g; ®q H (N ®q a a £ s to t— r- I C— OO • oq • tO rH tH ®q M • • A CO to ®q N N N ®q ®q co to eq . 10 tJ- to • CO t:< . n 1a ^ - to OO N Ifl • Ol O5 • rH C~ OMfC^CO^HOO th rH cq cq t— i • Tf to n ® M • ■ N H IN . t -*. + ia co ^ rH oq t—I • tO LO • th cq ■ ia ia ® • CO rH rH • CO • to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 t- OO o rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH cq cq CO (C M N oo CO oo to oo to 0) 75 «s 72 05 • 8 .Q •> d s-, O to to LsO to to to ifl n co c: CO rH tH t— OO O CO 00 t-H oo O CO CO OO CO CO OO CO oo 1-4 OO o o c— I'- c— L— L— l— t>- t'~ t~- c- m E-' 05 05 05 05 05 ^T5 05 05 05 05 05 05 0) 02 2* OO CO -^1 lO LO lO CO t- 00 05 £ £ a w £ k 72 2; 722; c/2 2; 2:2; £ £ £ £ 2; 72 2; 72 2 ; ^ a £ H ^ 2; 2; 72 2 72 a 72 a 2 ; 72 £ 2; COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 75 a . & 50.. . cb . . Tf . 04 CO . t— • LO CO . i-H . Tt< IC5 IO •C c- oq co oq t>* • • co CO CO ■ t- 00 OC 05 OC 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 Ifl lO CO t— 00 05 05 05 O O oq . oo t— ,—i oq co i—t £ H g H ^ CO CO £ CO CO H K CO CO H ^ ^ W ^ ^ coco £ £ £ CO Z CO ^ g £ H H £ 2 co co co £ £ CO £ 2: w £ co co £ £ co 76 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS 73 01 3 Ty c o a «0 © to 8 ■o • to e © 8 Q SQ o *-S» «0 O « a> > o 33 ctf a> « © c © 0) p t- © E— 3 S 8 8 O ■fS* to 5^ c 'S L, ai s* 2 c 8 £ § - 5 2 -a 8; £> So -p , 3 so —' ■O .o TS a © ■*■* © a> u •© 3 © * £ Q* 72 CO Jg 3 33 72 a> e o p m 73 3 3 02 a> c o -t— CO ’C S3 3 02 (V p iS To © 5 a iS 5 > 3 Li o 3 O O 3 o o J H 03 CQ o To i2 # ’w Ctf 73 c 73 o a cC C cC 0) 01 a5 r* To 3 cC O o McofflO Vi tt U3 — 01 P3 d To x 2 to >> i© 73 c C cC cC to W o 73 c r+ cC 01* CC r- O « P> . CO >. . ie 73 o> e c -m p •* n{ CC CC 2. m m m CQ CQ > x Z ° P cc A V COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 77 The characteristics of the roof of No. 5 coal are presented in greater detail in the following selections from observations made in the mines by members of the Investigations. O'Gara Coal Co., mine No. 9 The roof is of gray shale which is darker than the shale above No. 6 coal. It holds up well in parts of the mine. On the west side of the mine, bony coal and carbonaceous shale with partings and some horizontal slip planes form a poor roof. Four to five inches of draw slate occur in some places beneath the bone. In places on the north side of the mine the roof is full of slips and very hard to hold (see fig. 8). Where slips are common the slate is generally blacker, and is filled with plant impressions. Bone coal replaces the top bench in a part of the mine. Over some of the area it falls in blocks and is gobbed, but where it will stay up the bone is left for roof and makes a fairly good top. The parting below the bone is very distinct. Where the top is normal it falls in thin tabular pieces. The shale has a pitted appearance due to small pyrite balls included in it. A num¬ ber of slips occur in the roof shale in parts of the mine, producing an unsafe condition of the roof. —_Gray Shale - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scale in feet Fig. 20. —Diagrammatic illustration showing character of roof in mine No. 6, Saline County Coal Company. Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Co., mine No. 12 The draw slate is thicker than common. In places part of it stays up for a long time, 2 inches falling and about 4 inches remaining in the roof until the face has advanced 40 to 50 feet. Saline County Coal Co., mine No. 3 The roof is a dark gray shale containing a very little sand and holding sulphur balls in parts of the mine only. It falls in small lenticular frag¬ ments. Saline County Coal Co., mine No. 6 The black slate is the normal roof. It contains great numbers of “niggerheads” that range from a fraction of an inch to 4 feet in diameter 78 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS The contact with the coal is irregular, since the concretions extend down into the top of the coal, in places cutting out as much as a foot or two of the bed. In places a light-colored shale known as “white top” lies between the coal and black slate. (See fig. 20.) This shale may occur in a depres¬ sion in the surface of the coal, but the coal below such places is com¬ monly thicker than elsewhere. FLOOR OF NO. 5 COAL The floor of No. 5 coal is most commonly clay, called “fire clay”. Locally a very sandy shale, almost a sandstone, is found below the coal, and in other places the floor clay is known to be very car¬ bonaceous. The accompanying table (Table 9) gives the character of the floor in several of the mines in the district as noted in the observations by members of the Survey and Investigations. Table 9. —Character of the floor of No. 5 coal in several mines in Saline and Gallatin counties Mine Floor Character Thickness Dering Mines Co., No. 3. Hard dark “fire clay”. Feet 5 Gallatin Coal & Coke Co., No. 1. “Fire clav” . 3+ Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Co., No. 12 . “Fire clay” . 9 Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Co., No. 14 . “Fire clay” or shale. 9 O’Gara Coal Co., No. 3. Sandy “fire clay”. 2 Limestone below clay. y 2 O’Gara Coal Co., No. 8. Hard “fire clay”. ? O’Gara Coal Co., No. 9. Carbonaceous shale . 9 Saline County Coal Co., No. 6.. Hard “fire clay”. 10 Wasson Coal Co., No. 1. Hard gray sandy shale. 5± . The floor is commonly hard and not likely to heave or swell, although rarely there is some trouble when the floor becomes wet. The combination of hard roof and floor characterizing the coal of this district makes possible a product containing a minimum of foreign material in the way of roof and floor fragments. The con¬ ditions in some of the mines in the district are possibly better than in others, but in general the reasonable ease of producing a clean coal is a trade factor in favor of coal from this bed in the Harris¬ burg region. NO. OA COAL The general distribution of No. 5A coal—the thin coal that lies about midway between No. 5 and No. 6 coals—has been discussed COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 79 earlier in the report. This coal possibly becomes of workable thick¬ ness in the eastern part of the area, especially in T. 9 S., R. 7 E., and possibly in adjoining parts of Gallatin County. It is not known to have been worked at any time in this district but has been mined in the Eagle Valley field. It is thought to be the same coal as the Briar Hill coal of Union County, Kentucky. In the eastern part of Saline County this bed commonly reaches a thickness of 2 feet but to the west it decreases in thickness and finally plays out near the Williamson County line. The chemical character and heating value of the coal at the Peter Hine mine in Eagle Valley is as follows: As received Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash Sulphur B. t. u. 3.94 38.13 45.95 11.98 3.53 12,449 This analysis indicates that the coal is as good as the No. 5 coal in District V, for the high percentage of ash is counterbalanced by the low percentage of moisture. no. 6 COAL GENERAL STATEMENT North of its outcrop No. 6 (Herrin) coal is as widespread in this district as No. 5 coal. Indeed, the No. 6 bed is more persistent than the lower one, as it does not seem to have suffered local erosion and removal along certain belts to as great an extent as No. 5. This is the most important coal bed in District VI on the west and is destined to be extensively worked in District V. The No. 6 coal of this region (frequently referred to locally as No. 7) is probably the same as the No. 6 coal of the Herrin, Belleville, Peoria, and Danville regions. It is the thickest coal in the State over large areas and attains a thickness of 14 feet in Franklin County. Up to 1916 this bed was worked in the district only by the Galatia Colliery Company and by a few wagon mines in Gallatin County. Since 1916 the Galatia mine has been deepened to No. 5 coal, in which bed it is now operating. THICKNESS The average thickness of No. 6 coal in District V is about 5 feet. It is known to vary from about 2 inches to about 8 feet, but it is commonly of average thickness. Some idea of the variation in thick¬ ness of this bed can be obtained from a study of the following table and the table in the appendix, compiled from the coal borings in the district. As in the case of No. 5 coal the actual thickness at many of the drill holes must be obscured because of the confidential character of the information. 30 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS Table 10. —Thicknesses of No. 6 coal in Saline and Gallatin counties as determined by drilling Location Number of drill holes Thickness Sec. T. S. R. E. Siline County In dies 18 to 20 8 5 9 62 to 82 25 to 27 8 5 11 61 to 78 28 to 31 8 5 9 65 to 76 32 to 36 8 5 10 62 to 77 15, 21 to 25 8 6 11 48 to 76 26 to 29 8 6 7 12 to 66 33 to 36 8 6 6 48 to 66 10, 14, 15, 17 and 19 8 7 6 42 to 66 22, 23, 26, 27, and 28 8 7 5 24 to 60 31 to 34 8 r? ( 4 48 to 72 1 to 3 9 5 12 2 to 65 4 to 6 9 5 8 36 to 73 7 to 9 9 5 8 63 to 72 10 to 13 9 5 '0 55 to 79 14 to 18 9 5 8 54 to 60 19 to 21 9 5 6 24 to 72 22 to 26 9 5 10 36 to 72 1 to 4 9 6 7 48 to 61 5 to 8 9 6 10 3 to 48 9 to 12 9 6 6 33 to 63 13 to 17 9 6 9 52 to 74 18 to 20 9 6 10 42 to 68 20, 23, 27, and 28 9 6 5 24 to 95 2 to 5 9 7 7 24 to 78 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11 9 7 6 45 to 60 15 to 22 9 7 6 29 to 63 Gallatin County 7 and 8 9 l\ ( 36 to 60 8 and 9 m | 8 1 47 to 68 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS The most conspicuous feature of No. 6 coal is the “blue band” (see figure 21), a dirt or clay band found almost everywhere 18 to 30 inches above the floor, generally consisting of bone, shale, or shaly coal. Its thickness varies from one-half to 2^4 inches with an average of about 1 % inches. This bedded impurity in No. 6 coal is the most com- COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 81 mon criterion of identification throughout the eastern interior coal basin of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. It is conspicuously uniform in its position in the lower part of the bed, and in its thickness and lithologic character. Commonly the coal is divided into three benches. The top bench is from about one-fourth to one-sixth the thickness of the entire seam. The lower bench which lies below the “blue band” is commonly between one and two feet in thickness, and the middle bench makes Fig. 21.—Photograph of the “blue band” in No. 6 coal. From Bulletin 11 of the Coal Mining Investigations. up the remainder of the seam. In the mine at Galatia the upper bench is reported 8 to 10 inches thick; the “blue band” varies in position from as low as 13 inches to as high as 28 inches above the floor. Because of its distinct division into benches, No. 6 coal is locally known as the “Bench” coal as well as the “Blue band” coal. Two measured sections of No. 6 coal, as observed in the mine at Galatia by members of the Survey, are given below and are shown graphically in figure 22. The general characteristics of this coal have been described in detail in the report on District VI 1 and as the bed is much the same in both districts, the earlier bulletin may be consulted if further infor¬ mation relative to the physical characteristics of this bed is desired. 1 Cady, G. H., Coal resources of District VI: Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 15, 1916. S2 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS GALATIA COLLIERY CO., NO. 5 (GALATIA) MINE Section 1—Main south entry (See figure 22) Thickness Ft. in. Top coal. 8 Sulphur, 0 to y 2 inch. y 2 Middle coal. 3 3 Blue band 1 to 1 y 2 inch. 1 y 2 Bottom coal. 2 4 6 5 Section 2—500 feet northeast of shaft (See figure 22) Top coal. 10 Bone and sulphur. y 2 Middle coal— Coal . 4 Charcoal . 14 Coal . 4 y± Charcoal . y 2 Coal . 6 Charcoal . % Coal . 6 Sulphur . 14 Coal . 1 10 Blue band and sulphur. 14 Bottom bench— Coal . 3 Charcoal . y 2 Coal . 4 Bone coal. y 2 Coal . 51/2 5 8y 2 ROOF OF NO. 6 COAL In this area No. G coal has practically everywhere a limestone cap rock. In the mine at Galatia a draw slate only 3 to 8 inches thick separates the coal from the cap rock. In other parts of the area the limestone is much higher above the coal. Table 11, based upon drilling records, shows the character of the roof of No. 6 coal in many places in the district. The strata tabulated lie above the coal in the order read, that is, in the first case listed the COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 83 coal is overlain by 6 inches of black shale, which in turn is overlain by 2 feet 6 inches of black ‘‘slate” and that by 2 feet 6 inches of lime¬ stone. The sandstone appearing in the last column is generally above the limestone and is possibly the Anvil Rock sandstone of the Kentucky section. LEGEND 8 n Draw slate 39 Clay 28 I 10 4 4 6 6 22 3 4 5 " B * DC DC C S 6 - S 5 3- Cl s DC BC 1- OJ Shale Fire clay B <* S Bone .5 CO • • • • CO • ud CO oo • T—i • • • CD Ud U0 • H— s CD CO CO 'a- • CO • o -4—' 03 PQ in ■4-J CO c- • r—i CO . iH CO CO CO • Ud rH • i-H T—1 <>» >’.i o CO T—1 Oi rH rH rH 0> ■—- * A in 0) CO • cd ,C o g _ ' c3 Si • — a c 1 H Ud ut> Ud Ltd Ud ud Ud Ud Ud ud ID Ud Ud Ud ' Ifl 1 l— 00 00 00 00 OO 00 00 00 OO oo CO oo c o Sec. O O o 18 o> Oi <3S Oi o o o o Ud Ud CD CD to g CO rH i-H r-H 1-1 CO CO so CO CO CO CO CO o • £ H H H H H a> C 0) £ £ £ H H in in £ CO in GO m O O £ in 2 m in- CCA_L BEDS OF DISTRICT V 85 c~- n ID & CO — flfl • CO •Tf • • • OO • -05 -00 • Cq . (M • • -CO • • Cl • CO CO * « • • * • ■ CO ■ ..CO • • CO oo CO id CO CO i-H CO CO id id CO CO • CO • 00 CO • - CO CO • Cl 05 CO • CO t- oo 00 oo 05 cq cq Cl cq cq cq cq cq cq cq cq H £ £ H £ H H K H z 02 z m 02 Z Z m 03 z Z £ H £ H £ H H H £ H z Z z m Z 03 m Z 02 02 Z sw sw Table 11 .—Character of the roof of No. ti coal as shown by drilling records in Saline and Gallatin counties —Continued (Strata are tabulated in order of occurrence above coal) 86 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS •04 • co • oq l-O iO LO lO LO LO OD CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 05 oq 05 05 O rH CO 04 CO CO oq oq eo co co co £ £ h a a £ £ a m Z m Z m Z a m 1 £ £ ^ £ a a £ a Z Z 2 £ m £ £ £ COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 87 • 4-> C3 a a £ a 02 £ 02 m 02 02 02 m M 2; o> u m m 02 £ a £ a a £ a a £ 4-> m a> £ a £ a £ 2: m 2; 2; m 2 £ £ £ 2 2 02 02 88 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS o> 3 3 O U c<5 o o cc sc «0 3 O o 0> > o 32 <12 r—* s u* f-. « o S-, 02 w u o <12 3! 3 02 u 3 eg £ o* w 02 CO 3 3 CO 02 3 O -t-> 02 02 s 8 a CD ^ -ct< CD S fC K CD CD ID CO 05 8 i •«» 02 • ’H • LD • t—( O t-H • t-H • • CD CD CO CD CD 02 LD ID 00 t” • OC ‘CD • 'O 02 C2 +j ^3 3 s « 02 3 3 72 02 iS 5 CO 02 CO -1—1 -02 CO ■ss a 02 >» 2 3 3 C5 2 3 ID 02 © • O • ID • CD i-H • 02 3 2“*> o H CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD [ t-H I c3 a o - C/2 £h 02 02 m * 00 00 CD oo CD oo oo 00 oo oo oo 02 CO Tt< Tt< ID ID CD CD t>- oo 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 £ £ £ £ £ a £ a £ a £ m z 72 z z z z 72 72 z £ H H a £ a a a £ £ £ z Z m z z z z z z z z COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 89 CO co fr¬ ee A CO co 00 03 A A 03 OO CO 03 A • OS • 03 A A . CO UQ . 1—1 03 r, . •'f . 03 CO . . CO •CO • • t« • • CO • • LO • t - • .Tt< • CO t— OS • CO OS tf5 • *CO • • • 'if CO co co • • co • CO • • • - 03 • i-HI •r-fr-l • rC rl rl rl • i—I t— t—I *03 • • • iH • LI'S to • 03 • • . . . 03 CO tO CO • O • ’03 • 03 • • tH oo • • • LO • • t- 03 • • 03 03 co CO ZD co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO l" L— t- t- t- t- CO ZK CO CO 00 CO oo oo 00 OO 00 00 CO OO oo oo oo oo OS OS CO tO to UO to CO CO o iO t- Oi 03 03 03 CO CO co CO CO CO CO CO rH rH rH rH rH rH a £ S3 S3 ^ £ £ £ £ ^ £ S3 S3 S3 £ 02 £ 02 02 02 02 02 02 “z £ 02 - 02 02 £ 02 -*A S3 H S3 S3 £ £ S3 S3 £ £ S3 £ 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 £ o £ £ £ 2 02 23 Table 11.-—v Character of the roof of No. 6 coal as shown by drilling records in Saline and Gallatin comities Continued (Strata are tabulated in order of occurrence above coal) 90 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS S3 O o J 72 S-i o a> 72 2* OO OO OO OO OO M CO Oq — s — ' M CO N • CO . O. OZ t-4 . » • • i© • • 35 zd ©q Tf • CO CO • CO vOl ZD ZD Tt* OO IQ ©q ©q • ©q 1 © CO ZD • Tf - CO. ©q • CO ■«$< ■ N H • • • • • • ZD a> CO ZD • • • • t}< Co • ^ . lO o ZD ©J • ©1 • T—' CO • OO • ZD I tO to to to to to to to to tO LO to to 35 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 ©q ©q ©q CO CO Tf T)H to ZD zd £ H £ H H £ £ a H H £ £ m £ m £ m in m Z m m £ £ H £ H £ H £ £ H H & £ H £ m £ £ m Z Z £ Z Z Z £ 92 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS 0) r" 0> c e cc •F-* w E c cC 1 C/2 as «*■> c o CO X aj « ' 1 V CS - m AS > 1 22 o 43 | — i cS CD | 5C o ! cri C> § © cc ^0 S-. 5- o o o <4-1 o f— CD E3 Li O CD ■*-> iH F^ 43 cc3 4s; cd CC jD c3 43 C/2 o> >4 B d 43 L _ o 2 M c3 o u o a 0) - d d -4— Ctf Ll -4-4 C/2 © © cc c U a ctf cd O J a rr» (-H 02 E-J v o> m d : * : : *- :::::::::::::::: : • CO o t- sPl ® U _ ® ~ CO CO O® • ' tH ■ Ol • • ’ CO • 05 • 05 oq oq t£ LO Tt< • ■ . . M ^ rH • • . rH 05 CO rf O & oq 05 LO LO LO LO LO LO lO LO lO LO LO LO LO LO LO 05 05 a* 05 a* 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 O rH 1 rH rH 05 05 CO LO LO CO CO tH rH rH rH rH tH tH tH rH rH T—1 tH tH rH1 £ H H £ H H H w £ H £ H Z £ 02 02 Z £ m m £ 02 Z z £ -t-j H £ H H £ H H H a a> CO 02 Z 02 GO £ m Z 02 C/2 £ m O C/2 94 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS at O K Ct Va to CO 0) o d <<—I u 00 CO CO + to to LO o> u 03 tt-l s- Ul A H" oo CO o o s • e 8 3 3 rO * 8 •e* 3 O 3 3 > o 32 3 3 3 3 o> Vi Vi 3 3 " 3 3> O 8 0 f-* 8 © 00 © 3 3 co «0 e © o 30 6 iS £ 3 3 V 3 3 -»-» 3 Vi -l_> CG © © 3 -8 o p v» 3 - <1 E-i 3 r-» o -M m 33 3 3 m 3 3 O -M co 3 3 .3 *q; 3 +J 3 3 5 « 3 _3 s 3 3 ,3 CG C 3 O o 3 o +J 3 3 O J H si 02 3 3 c n co oo 13 13 CO a 13 13 + 13 CO CO CO +o CO CO 00 13 Tt* T-H CO CO <25 CO CO CO 13 3 >> £ 3 £2 V 3 .. sJ -00 . Ev .. 8.co.co •. . t~~ * i-H • r~H CO • CO • T—I CO CO »3 CO ® CO CO CO co CO CO CO co CO 25 CO 25 05 02 OS 13 13 a £ £ m a £ a £ £ £ £ £ 05 CO £ £ a os co £ CG a w os a M £ GO os 00 m a CG os os 00 00 I ^ £ CG £ 5 CG £ COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 9 •. . ‘ *. • . • . • **••** **•**• QJ « * . | + -- .10 00 • • • Cl • oo • • C— • • O • CD • • CD • • Jr • CD • CD 05 • oq • . • H • Cl • • • • rH • W • • ' • t C fl • • i-H W • cd iH CO LO CD • CD ■ CD CO LO • LO • CO LO • LO LO • • CO HO • • Tf • LC LO CD OO rf CO • • OO CD • • -H CO • • • N Cl co co O ... • GO • • CD .... LO • • re re -*-> S3 O U «o © • 8 O © 8 •*» "© © © • © <22 8 «o O O <45 d o © o 42 c<3 a> © re O 8 <1-1 IS o ~ 8 05 83 85 Li >1 o r© 8 © a> •*5 •£ oo CO cc "3 © 42 - $ © © O 5© © 05 Li cO CO -M cO Li s-> C/2 05 8 O +J CO 8J C cO C/2 05 CO 05 s 4*1 ’ a cO re 5 « 4*1 © re s 05 "re C/2 8 •«» « A 00 LO 00 A . + £ 50 CO CD A 00 I—I O LO oq io N M CO oo a 00 05 ^ -5 re ,© Li _ o § re re o u s* •<>> El CD rjl CO • CO • CD UO • LO • 05 CO rt< • t> . LO LO • Tf« 5S • O • • • O • r—I • • • CO . • • CD •••••• • r-H • • • H • t—I ... ... ••••#. ^ • *H • - H *H *C^COH 03 • • • • • r • • •• • • ... , • • • • • ^ tH N. . . ... "4^4 ^ .... o.LO * * • 6h.^.^ - " " i gi.CD.• ©5 ••••<©* • .. .• • • • • • • *: 00 • • *05 • ..oo. • • «LO - LO r~ T-H • • • • iH. • • • • iH • iH .CO. '***•••••••••••• ••••••••• .. # .... El. !!•••• © © 8 © ,8 H CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CO © © © © <>» © r8 H i-l -v* < H re o •H -u re © o m © © m 05 H £ H Z 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 t- 00 00 00 00 H m W C/2 £ c /2 £ C/2 & £ g m m £ ^ W C/2 £ C/2 H s? W C/2 H C/2 £ 05 <75 OO 00 H £ H £ H £ H 2; COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 99 JO • 00 • O a a Ctf rt 03 <4-< <4-1 <4-1 U Sh s- . 00 £. X . oc .2 • C"- X • cr> X m 3 GG S CG £i CO . CM • T“f • tH . CM • rH oo to CM • tO to t~ 00 lO to U5 lO to lO c- to to to to CM ■ CM . t— • • * 1—1 • • • • Tff . H to (N • H lO to -CM • • 4-> cc C • + 3 • . UO • • cb tH • CO • £*4 • • CO CO • CO • CO 7) co rH rH tH 1—* CO CO © r~| <4» o * tn © a c c— • • t— • • CO • CO LO •; CO • • CO • • la • • • . 05 CO CO CO *© c -4-J oJ d > < cq to • CO • • CO • • CO • CO CO o tH CO CO • • cc tH • 05 • • • i-H rH © © ■ « CQ 4-J <1? 1 < d m © <4» o- o B 1-1 (h o 2 03 • • • Tf • • CO CO o c- rH • • ' I • CO «s tH rH co T—1 d o o • 4 GS c- t- C" c~ c- 72 H 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 o © m LO CO C- 05 O O UO £ H £ £ £ H a a a £ £ z Z Z m 72 m 72 72 S’ H H £ £ £ £ a £ a M > m m m Z £ 72 72 72 3W COAL BEDS OF DISTRICT V 101 C9 ' a -O C3 CS tt to 03 05 * o • Lft . CO • T—1 . t>* • • t>- • • • o . CTi • • • eq 03 tH • t-H . 03 • T— 1 • tH • • rH . 03 • • • rH • rH • Cq • • OS 00 • Oq UO • Tft • 03 • LO • CO * • CO • 03 "CO • 00 ■ b- *03 - CO oq CO 03 w • cq • • • • tH 03 .... • Tfl CO Tfl • o • 1—I LO tr to rj-f 30 H H ^ be CO i“H t> o 00 00 cs 00 00 OS 05 05 05 05 00 OO 05 05 CO 03 T—I 03 H in H £ >5 © O t- *■««£ e Cb CO CVJ £ £ t5- b» to- 1-1 Cl CO in £ CO OO CO C- 00 05 T— I 03 T— I ^ ^ H in £ £ 00 00 00 00 05 05 O CO OO 03 03 03 05 iH rH oq ^ ^ ^ H £ in Z £ £ in S £ a m H W ^ ^ ^ ^ in m *& m ^ H £ W h S 72 £ £ £ 02 u Takle 11 .—Character of the roof of No. 6 coal as shown by drilling records in Saline and Gallatin counties Concluded (Strata are tabulated in order of occurrence above coal) 102 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS 0 ) c o s ■«s> e CO • • • • . O C 2 u o .5 MWJ tc ^ si • oo C5 UO H £ H m a> C as O 42 ■*- '.V co c >e c3 C « O w C rs - C 03 :tf cC a) 4= c CO o >5 co fl-S® C C W cj oi o w Cfl fe CO d Thin coal. J Red. e Slate. k Black? f Variegated. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COALS 103 STRUCTURE The structure of No. 6 coal is shown in Plate IV. This map is on the same scale as the structure map of Jefferson, Franklin and Wil¬ liamson counties (District VI) and of maps of Districts II and VII presented in earlier reports. 1 The four maps together show the structure of No. 6 coal so far as it is well known in the southern part of the State. Comparison of Plate IV and the structure map of No. 5 coal (Plate I) will show that the two coals are nearly parallel, there being little difference in the structural forms indicated on the two maps. EXPLOITATION The development of the No. 6 bed in this region has been held back because it is thinner than the same bed in Williamson and Frank¬ lin counties, and is inferior in quality to No. 5 coal mined at Ffarris- burg. It represents, however, a great and practically untouched coal resource. McLeansboro Coals Ten coal beds in the McLeansboro formation are believed to underlie at least part of this district. All but one of these are thin, and it is doubtful whether they will be of economic value for many years, if ever. The coal found from 60 to 90 feet above the top of No. 6 coal (the base of the McLeansboro formation) is in a large num¬ ber of places known to be at least 2 feet in thickness. In one record it is reported to be 42 inches thick. The other McLeansboro coals are generally thinner. Chemical Character of No. 5 and No. 6 Coals Table 12 shows the chemical character of No. 5 coal in Saline and Gallatin counties as determined from the samples collected for the Illinois Coal Mining Investigations during 1912. The table is reproduced from Bulletin 29 of the State Geological Survey. 2 Comparison with analyses of other coals in the State is made in Table 13 and Plate IX. It is apparent from the tables that No. 5 coal 1 Kay, Fred H., Coal Resources of District VII, Ill. Mining Investigations Bull. 11, Plate I 1 , 1915. Cady, Gilbert H., Coal Resources of District VI, Ill. Mining Investigations Bull. 15, Plate V, 1916. Cady, Gilbert H., Coal Resources of Dis¬ trict II, Ill. Mining Investigations Bull. 16, Plate I, 1917. 2 Parr, S. W., Purchase and sale of Illinois coal on specification: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 29, pp. 62-63, 1 91 4. 104 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS Table 12.— Average analytical and heat values of No. o coal for separate mines in Saline and Gallatin counties Gallatin County Co-op No. | Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash Sul¬ phur Co, B. t. u. “Unit” coal 47 5.72 35.77 46.71 11.80 3.47 1.01 12053 14919 Dry 37.94 49.54 12.52 3.68 1.07 12784 Extra 4.13 34.21 52.80 8.86 3.23 .02 12987 15175 Dry 35.68 55.07 9.25 3.37 .03 13546 Extra " 3.68 37.82 48.18 10.32 4.55 .04 12818 15078 Dry 39.26 50.02 10.72 4.73 .05 13307 Extra 3.94 38.13 45.95 11.98 3.53 .03 12449 15117 Dry 39.70 47.82 12.48 3.67 .04 12958 Extra :1 4.03 33.71 51.84 10.42 4.19 .02 12783 15256 Dry 35.13 54.01 10.86 4.37 .02 13319 Aver- 4.30 35.93 49.08 10.69 3.79 .24 12616 15109 age Dry 37.54 51.29 11.17 3.96 .25 13183 Saline County 43 6.97 35.98 49.69 7.36 2.05 .32 12550 14829 Dry 38.68 53.41 7.92 2.20 .34 13490 44 6.70 35.31 49.55 8.44 2.56 .02 12401 14824 Dry 37.85 53.11 9.04 2.74 .02 13291 45 7.03 34.78 50.27 7.92 2.48 .26 12420 14806 Dry 37.41 54.07 8.52 2.67 .28 13359 46 7.96 34.68 48.54 8.82 2.79 .46 12077 14741 Dry 37.68 52.74 9.58 3.03 .50 13122 48 7.67 33.90 50.26 8.17 2.56 .70 12234 14739 Dry 36.72 54.43 8.85 2.77 .76 13250 49 5.20 38.06 45.90 10.84 4.60 .59 12193 14824 Dry 40.15 48.42 11.43 4.85 .62 12862 Aver- 6.92 35.44 49.06 8.58 3.76 .39 12314 14794 age Dry 38.08 1 52.70 1 9.22 4.04 .42 13229 a From mines not included in the original group of 100 selected for exam¬ ination by the Coal Mining Investigations. XI a Ki’I'-.WW' W .1. H| ft 1 SI V ?! »• •5i 1 ! ! A O 9 w t 8TQ.F! i .IlswTSji'ioJ w ®U;&2 A-.J l .*2 ©M lacO , v : r*uoO m~ a h. . .•at .S ,S ,oH IfciO ~J fcl’T -j -:>f. /*]«'! ■ ■ J>-1 ..**■*... :.>C> ei't I*?_, ■ .o Jo'-A la * X -.A ?,ii . . . .vt >tC .'3 t-v„d :. HJ V'-veiO X3H303J K/-R.v' e.'W»o‘‘ br i •: i •'> .. :,i -V T *=»6>Uf»UOU «nil>tn o r^ O ,oH 1 10 O rrfM&tvtr f'tuori >' 3<&«»'■/'/ .:•<< > fif . D .ol^ • • w V- ' jO <:« oK fi.' •j>HivrtcCI .etfi i. '>*£1 ©<5» ; t*0 O <*! Illinois State Geological Survey Plate IX District No. 1 District No. 2 District No. 3 District No. 4. District No. 6 District No. 0 District No. 7 District No. 8a District No. 8b. Volatile Matter 38.83 Fixed Carbon 37.89 Moisture 16.18 Sulphur 2.89 Ash 7.08 BTU 10981 AVERAGE ANALYSIS Volatile Matter 33.98 Fixed Carbon 61.02 MtfTsiure 9.28 Sulphur 129 Ash 5.72 B.T.U 12488 AVERAGE ANALYSIS Volatile Matter 38.16 Fixed Carbon 39.75 Moisture 13.46 Sulphur 3.59 Ash 8.63 BTU 11036 Volatile Matter 36.79 Fixed Carbon 37.59 Moisture 15.10 Sulphur 3.52 Ash 10.53 BTU 10514 AVERAGE ANALYSIS Volatile Matter 35.49 Fixed Carbon 48.72 Moisture 6.75 Sulphur 2.92 Ash 9.04 BTU 12276 AVERAGE ANALYSIS Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Moisture Sulphur Ash BTU 34.00 48.08 9.21 1.53 8.71 H825 AVERAGE ANALYSIS Volatile Matter 38.05 Fixed Carbon 39.06 Moisture 12.56 Sulphur 4.01 Ash 1033 BTU 10847 AVERAGE ANALYSIS Volatile Matter 35.88 Ftxed Carbon 40.33 Moisture 14.45 Sulphur 2.55 Ash 9.34 B.T.U 10919 AVERAGE ANALYSIS Volatile Matter 3829 Fixed Carbon 38.75 Moisture 12.99 Sulphur 2.93 Ash 9.98 B.T.U. 11143 DISTRICTS t. La Salle or Long-wail. Coal No. 2- 2. Jackson County. Coal No. 2. 3. Rock Island and Mercer Counties. Coal No. 1. 4. Sprlngfield-Peorlo. Coal No. 5. 5. Saline County Cool No. G. 0. Williamson and Franklin Counties. Coal No. 0 7 Southwestern Illinois. West of DuQuoin. Coal No. 0. 8a. Danville. Coal No. 0 Orape Creelc Bed 8b. Danville. Coal No. 7 Danville Bed LEGEND Volatile Matter The projections on the sides ol the analysis diagrams show comparative B.T.U., according to scale, measured from the cir¬ cumference of the circles. NOTE On the diagrams the sulphur content, usually considered as an addition to the proximate analysis is divided equally between fixed carbon and volatile matter and overlap* equal parts of both. Percentages refer to Coal "As received" DIAGRAMS showing AVERAGE COMPOSITION and COMPARATIVE VALUE of ILLINOIS COALS* 1914 Plate IX. Graphic average analyses of Illinois coals by beds. Table 13. —Average analyses of Illinois coals by districts CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COALS 105 P3 •i—i 0> o > P o •H to •rH > L L bJD P •rH H HI H 1 1 m j » CO CO w to to CO ZD D o> 1 ^ P P P P E P P P P a •rH • _ •rH •rH •rH • rH f“H £ - P P a P £ P P P P cd a. M be 1 ^ LA Hi tH N- CD LA 03 03 'w cd rH rH rH 03 O u u ^ 53 > p B a B £ B P rH a a D Cd o o o o o o O o o C* L £h t- L L L L c «M «M 05 Hi o LA 03 00 OO rH rH o 03 rH O CM rH O rH rH M T—1 rH rH rH T- rH rH rH rH U 2 05 05 05 03 03 CO rH CO CO rH 00 03 LA LA 05 LA o 05 05 a t> X -P s ^ " 0 rH 05 t- 00 00 05 OO OO CO LA CO CO H" CO CO CO 0) . ^ S CO 00 CD 05 05 o LA 05 05 00 05 rH tH H- o O 03 03 cd +-> • • • • • • • • • ■— 1 c3 oo CO 00 CD LO Hi OO 00 OO i> E CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CP £ oo 00 CD o LO rH CD LA 05 a ~W r-' 03 Hi rH h~ 03 LA 05 m CO 05 CO LA CD 05 03 Hi 03 C rH rH rH rH t-H rH

» P o CO » “ ■a HH cd pi a — L 0 p o cd •rH L o a> PL, i £3 • P p • *rH • O o • P o C5* ’ P P • Q ! a o . cd K M ! HI . o . u P . o cd a P •rH • • a> o r— l • ZD • *r< a > cd p L cd O Q a a; a> CO P P t/3 «) fc CO cd cd Q Q 106 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS is characterized by the lowest moisture content of any coal in the State aside from that in Eagle Valley, and that the ash of the coals, in Saline County at least, is less than that of all others except No. 6 coal of Williamson and Franklin counties , and No. 2 (La Salle and Murphysboro) coal for the State. In British thermal units the average of No. 5 coal in Gallatin County is higher than that of any other coal sampled during the Investigations, and the coal of Saline County was exceeded in heating quality only bv the No. 2 (Murphysboro) coal. Thus No. 5 coal of District Y ranks at least second among the coals in the State. Table 14, showing average and extreme value for the coals of the eight different districts, furnishes a comparison of the heating quality of this coal with that of other coals in the State. (See also Plate IX.) Table 14. —Comparative heating values of the various Illinois coals (Data after Parr) Dis¬ trict Coal bed Con¬ dition British thermal units Minimum Maximum | Average 1 LaSalle, No. 2. .. As rec’d . 10,391 11,435 10,981 Dry 12,587 13,468 13,101 2 Murphysboro, No. 2. . As rec’d 12,260 12,651 12,488 Dry 13,565 14,044 13,765 3 Rock Island, No. 1. . As rec’d 10,366 10,880 11,036 Dry 12,548 12,737 12,753 4 Springfield-Peoria, No. 5.. . As rec’d 10,230 10,951 10,514 Dry 11,995 12,700 12,384 5 Harrisburg, No. 5. . As rec’d 12,053 12,550 12,276 Dry 12,784 13,490 13,165 Franklin, Williamson, and 6 Perry, No. 6. . As rec’d 11,335 12,127 11,825 Dry 12,583 13,366 13,025 r"> ( Belleville, No. 6. . As rec’d 10,438 11,207 10,847 Dry 12,150 12,801 12,406 8 Danville, No. 6. . As rec’d 10,508 11,228 10,920 Dry 12,449 12,925 12,764 8 Danvillp NTn 7. ..... . As rpc’d 11,151 Dry 1 1 12,807 V A;. oViKl 4W 'tK f, 0' JUtfOrni- -*59^ jrxuomx- 3UtnU'.n.Tri 1 . _ ... •» , 8'3*-.1rtS'0 1 r>f (.r Jb^-n i •to die -• ■ ' ’' • :i;,-7k ttlo*. lo f"? B‘ * 9 if? lo - i •g/\< - Mi 1 f£jOt I std&fiiftir sriOYOO'j’t fncf.Ol': 7X5 V lo at&fld j 1 u y : • j 6’3 c i t tf?03 ■r ' rr ‘AXtO'Y fcttO i • U .. ro.i Table 15.— Summary of resources of No. 5 and No. 6 coals in District V | ! Total 1 County and coal bed % Average thick¬ ness Area of coal of indicated thick- Original tonnage per foot of thickness Thick- ness used as factor Original total tonnage Total pro¬ duction 1881-1915 amount mined and rendered unminable on basis of Per¬ centage of total ton- Amount remaining available Amount remaining available on basis of recovery ness 60% nage of 60% ; recovery Inches Sq. mi. Tons Feet j Tons Tons I Tons I Tons Saline ■>; No. 5 coal 50-60 I 85.25 96,571,200 4.58 442,296,096 60-70 52.51 54,483,328 5.42 295,299,638 70-80 13.94 15,791,232 6.25 98,695,200 80-90 3.52 3,987,456 7.08 28,231,188 t 54 (est.) 53.76 60,899,328 4.50 274,046,976 54 (est.) 54.00± 61,171,200 4.50 275,270,400 ! Totals.. 1,413,839,498 No. 6 coal 36 11.90 13,480,320 3.00 40,440,960 50-60 60.54 68,579,712 4.58 314,095,081 60-70 88.78 100,569,984 5.42 545,089,313 70-90 15.64 17,716,992 6.66 117,995,167 90 00.63 713,664 7.50 5,352,480 54 (est.) 54.00± 61,171,200 4.50 275,270,400 1,298,243,401 2,712,082,899 33,454,870 | 55,758,117 2.63 2,656,324,782 1,693,794,880 Gallatin t ] No. 5 coal 48 225± 254,880,000 4.00 | 1,019,520,000 No. 6 coal 48 210± I 237,888,000 4.00 1 951,552,000 1 I 1 Totals .. ! 1,971,072,000 1,539,146 2,565,243 1 .13 1,968,506,757 1,181,104,020 I I Totals .. I. 4,683,154,899 34,994,016 58,323,360 1.24 4,624,831,539 2,774,898,900 j 1 - - -— — COAL RESOURCES OF DISTRICT V 107 There are no analyses of No. 6 coal in this district available. It is probable that the coal will be slightly higher in sulphur and ash than the No. 6 coal in Williamson County but otherwise it will probably not be greatly different. The chemical characteristics of this coal in the general region are discussed in some detail in the report on Dis¬ trict VI. The average quality of the Herrin (No. 6 coal) can be deter¬ mined by inspection of Plate IX. Coal Resources The coal resources of District V can be estimated with but slight pretense to accuracy. Only three townships within Saline County have been closely drilled, and therefore large areas in both Saline and Gallatin counties require further drilling before an accurate estimate of the available coal resources of even No. 6 and No. 5 coals can be made, to say nothing of the lower beds which probably hold a large reserve. Considerable care has been taken in estimating the resources of Ts. 8 and 9 S., Rs. 5, 6, and 7 E., in Saline County, by the methods employed in the investigations of the resources of District VI. Con¬ tours were drawn showing the distribution of the various thicknesses of No. 5 and No. 6 coals, the contour interval being 10 inches rather than 6 inches as used in the estimation of the resources of District VI. These areas were measured by a planimeter, and then areas of the same thickness assembled. (See third column, Table 15.) In estimat¬ ing the tonnage, the coal was assumed to have an average specific gravity of 1.3, which is equivalent to an average weight of 1,770 tons per acre foot, or 1,132,800 tons per square mile foot. The tonnage per foot for each area shown in column 3 is then readily computed and appears in column 4. In estimating the total tonnage these figures for foot tonnage per square mile are multiplied by the average thickness in feet of the coal in each area, as shown in column 5, the result being the original tonnage as shown in column 6. x\s the present system of mining allows a recovery of only about 60 per cent, the total original available tonnage has been computed on that basis and is shown in column 7. For about 53 square miles in the north part of T. 8 S., Rs. 5, 6, and 7 E., the No. 5 coal supply is estimated on a basis of a thickness of 4.5 feet, the same figure being used as the factor of thickness for the south half of T. 7 S., Rs. 5, 6, and 7 E. No. 6 coal in the latter of these areas is estimated to have an average thickness of 5 feet. The reserve tonnage estimated thereby for No. 6 coal in this part of the county amounts to about one-fourth of the total tonnage for No. 6 coal for the whole county. 108 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS An accurate estimate of the amount of coal underlying the part of Gallatin County within District Y is not possible for reasons already stated. This part of the county comprises roughly about 225 square miles. Xo. 5 coal probably underlies all this area and N T o. 6 coal as much as 210 square miles. On the basis of 1,132,800 tons per square mile foot and an average thickness of 4 feet, the total original tonnage of No. 5 coal is estimated to be 1,019,520,000 tons; on the basis of the same average thickness the total original tonnage of No. 6 coal is esti¬ mated as 951,552,000 tons, a total of 1,971,072,000 tons for both beds, for the area of Gallatin County within District V. On the basis of a 00 per cent recovery the total available resource of the two beds shrinks from 4,750,340,499 to 2,850,204,539 tons, the difference in the two figures representing the accumulating waste that is attendant on coal mining in this district. In addition to this 40 per cent of loss, about 4 per cent of the output will be used in the operation of the mines and a certain amount in the transportation of the coal from the mine to the consumer, all of which represents depre¬ ciation of the original supply so far as the ultimate consumer is con¬ cerned. Within Gallatin and Saline counties there have been mined, or rendered unminable, to date, according to the records, 58,323,360 tons. A small proportion of this, which it is impossible to separate from the total, has been mined south of the district, but it is too small probably to vitiate the figures presented. The total production repre¬ sents approximately 2 per cent of the total available tonnage. Of the 98 per cent still remaining of No. 5 and No. 6 coals, large areas underlie regions such as the Wabash flooded lands which will probably be unminable as long as flooding is a liability. However, their ultimate recovery seems probable. APPENDIX ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS « © 02 o d £ S3 u U U rj cd E O o © o3 •^H H> >» *- c £ d> Sh aj © © o ctf e 2 O V . # 3 <3 Gq • Gq CO CO CO LO tH CO o Tf< CO o o o Q M tH s O-i o cQ U1 CO 00 CO cc oc 00 rH tr¬ US 00 U3 CO 1 3 f*s CO o CO 00 rH o ee t- oo o CO : < z CO 1 t-H 1 + tH rH tH rH rH o o •- 5q Gq us si CO CO t— 05 t- 05 t- 05 CO o rH cj 00 /"S tH 05 05 00 CO CO tH o 3 05 2 'H CO CO CO © CO — Q< o CC t- t- 00 CO CO tH oc US tH tH o ^ o 05 CO CO CO CO o o 05 CO CO tH o US t- z CO to CO cc CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co co qpomaui UOIIB.V013 a J hH 'l a M ff) a d « a W m a © © US us o CO oo CO ■Cjc us US o 05 05 CO o CO CO rH CO o CO o CO o o 05 O t-H OC t- — Tf rf Tt< Tf Tf< TtT CO Hf CO 3 ~ M ai a 1— ctf o s 2 s • t-H rH tH 1-1 CO CO ■4J* t-H CO CO t-H JO US rH 05 o rH CO rH CO t— OC o • • • to CO 'H c— CO CO tH tH o c- c c$ 2 tH iH tH rH rH rH rH tH tH H o u a 0) r -1 ci • • • • O d d d d d d d d d z . iZ H US SEC o H UO t- rH oo 05 05 05 05 o o o o US us D C .2' o z p CO rH rH Brushy tH tH rH tH CO CO CO CO CO CO o +J ■ • 4- -*-> m o o xj © id sjj £ •cS» SO C2 H £ H a £ a £ g a c3 o o H o © * ® C 'O H 5 Cw a z © Ch xn c— 2 S r*— » e ^3 Xfl 00 m H xn H xn H H a C/2 a CZ2 a £ £ z d © 2 a C/2 d © 2 C/2 £ a 02 Eh £ C/2 C/2 £ C/2 £ O xn O 2 2 APPENDIX 111 Si Si 33 33 a sa Si s- U O •i s- 33 a Si Ja o W) Si 32 CO •rl Si Si 3 ffi o o Si Si (U 3 X o o O O sa •fH S tH out •** • • t- CC OO • CO CO cq • K3 • q CO 77f o' U o o cd t- ZD . t- T#< to CC • CC CD • CC • Tt< to • t>i o C • • • • • H O '«t | T—1 • tc • to • 10 rH • • • 05 • to cq o U CC CC cd » tO lit to • CC to CD to • to to • • • to to to • to CD CD || 3 • • • ' • • II cd a fcj St & s o cd ZD t- T _ s l 05 Lit T—f CO CC to Lit to CO 05 LO o rH cd O || rH s 0 rH cq eq CO CO cq Tt< CO CO lit 1 CO rH Q CO CO w 6 1 ! u o Ha. cd u o U o Tt< ZD N cq 05 t— cq 00 to to CO to cq oo lit CD cq t- o >. zd CO "C 7f CO CO tH CC CO 7^ o to cq T}7 CO -c 7-H rH rH T—< H rH rH rH tH t-H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH o U d. o" • - rH oo 00 CO to Lit o t- to o Ttl rH to to o cq 05 00 cq CO w II 0 ) Ph CC H 33 be CC CJ CO CO 7^7 CO cq rH CO CO o cq o CO cq O rH CO CO bn Tf •**< 77t7 7C Tt< 'C 7^1 TC ">r T TTf ■^1 T^ 1 77f II II [| *■ 1 d p. 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<— c d 0 d o d d d d d d d w G H d G H H H d d d d z os 05 o o rH CO CO CO CO CO CO r Tf Tf Tt< r LC LA CA CO CO co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CC HC CO CO - a £ .r o — -H w o K £ a d £ u o a H £ H w H H £ £ d b a © £ w CG GO m X! Z O m m m m z z Z m xn Z z Z m m m z o O 'C EH C d £ H £ H H & £ & H H H £ H H H H & H 5 Z in z z Z Z Z i SI Z m m Z Z z U1 in Z m Z Z m Q APPENDIX 113 LO S3 u H-l O 1 C/2 ,—( o i S3 Oi pj a? r-H Sh £ S3 o .CS •rH P- >» -M +-> S3 C? O -Q a3 S3 O • rH T3 S3 Sh £3 •r^ S •rH ■P C/2 CP 2 a> 1 —H •Q •rH S-i "d r* S-. i—i o -D3 O CP 'd HH d a3 T3 rC O cc ’cS o o S3 «3 S3 ,0 a< a3 CO q ^ CO • • • • LO CO lO CO CO lO Ifl lO • • CO • • • CO • LO CO • pH pH 05 ui io ia h ^ s?1 pH t— 03 C3 r-1 LO Hi Hi 'to • t? CO CO • CD Ui Tf • M ■'t CO • LO pH LO CO 00 q ^ CO LO T—I Lit) • to LO CO <1 *0 lO ^ lo oo ^ ai f'H T—I T-H O t't'OCOHCOTfMCiMTPCO^N CiCO^Cit'^OOClNCiCON'lO t-H t-H rH t-H ?“H t-H rH t-H t-H Cv) C\) o o 03 OO pH 03 CO O C— t-H LO OO 05 t-H 03 N N N N N H CO CO OO 03 to- LO CO CO CO CO O 00 10- o 03 03 CM 03 O] 03 CO CO LO CO pH CO CO o 03 LO O pH CO tr— CO CO 03 CO CO CO 03 03 O O CO ^ H 03 CO Cl pH 05 ?$ OO ^ 03 t-H O 03 £ CO C~ 00 CO t-H 03 O 05 CO 05 03 03 pH 03 PH LO 03 03 •pH 03 pH pH 03 03 CO 03 CO 03 03 03 05 CO o 03 03 c5 00 00 CO S : 03 05 CO CO pH O CO Hi H OO OO t- [- H pH pH 03 C— CO pH CO OO O 05 O t— t— 03 pH O pH O t-H 05 03 03 OO pH pH pH 03 O pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH 03 03 t>- 05 4 CL1 j j j j j pq pq pj h h pq pq n pq h m pq pq j j tr- LO pH o o t- zi t- C- 00 o CO J CO CO CO pH O pH 05 LO LO LO LO 00 t-- t— 05 pH 05 05 CO CO CO CO pH CO CO O LO O pH LO O O pH 05 03 t— CO 05 pH pH CO pH pH pH pH pH t- LO 05 CO pH pH H 03 CO t# H 03 C0pHLOpH03C0pHpHO3C0pH03t—103 CO pH LO LO CO CO CO pH CO pH O pH O 03 pH CO CO t— 00 CO ®5 03 pH OO CO pH CO tH LO I | IpHpHLOpHLOOS ^ rH PQ pq pq ^ CO LO LO LO So -si «0 53 St. oq O o O O o O O O G. 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H tH tH rH rH 03 03 03 03 03 03 CO CO CO PH pH pH LO LO CO CO CO CO LO p$ S-I o H H H £ H H g £ £ £ £ Sh O H H H H o t/2 a £ £ C/2 £ £ 02 C/2 C/2 £ 02 £ 02 C/2 O 02 02 O 05 £ H H £ £ H £ ^ H ^ H ^ H H H d 0) H £ £ 02 02 £ 02 £ £ £ ^ £ £ 02 02 £ 02 02 o 02 02 TABLE OF SURFACE DATA— Continued. 114 IIXIXOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS f 0) C C3 <1-1 o> X 4C o £ o £ o 2 o £ o £ ■ a> — o co S3 £ •2 x CO t* « s S"H S- 03 73 S3 S3 S-i S» 43 43 O O S3 u S3 43 o 03 S-. 33 43 03 -<-> cO X o Oh a a < cO o o Tf- CO a q ^ q cm q S«) CO LO 00 00 LO t> (ocD'tt'iflt'Hin LO • • • Tf CO 03 LO CO • • CO LO LO LO LO CM CO N CD CO CO LO 05 LO LO o r— c co 05 co t- Tf Tf CM CM o d X o u ft ft < G O •pH H •pH H •pH H •pH H •PH S-H 5 •pH H •IH -4-5 'O 'G w -H f O d g G G G pH C G o H (H H J-c o H o G G G G a> G GS r~| ^ r~j ^ H P-" o Jh r- o O o o 5 2 5 to oo 00 to LA LA OO 10 M N N • -'C tH OO tH LO tH to iC ^ IH 05 to - to • tO 03 rfiOLOtoioiowin to LA LA to to Hf< LA M CO hOOOH^fflOt'OOffit' Ooa OtOlOTtiMOitOfO^OlN rH r-H r—I rH rH t—H rH rH rH rH rH 03 to CO t~ CO o ^ rH tH to T t l LA CO rH LA CO ht< oo tO tH LA tH tD tD LA to LA LA rH tO CO LO tO LA CO UO LA LA rf LA T*< CO o O rH LA 05 CO OO O H4 O OO LO 05 tH 05 O 05 CO tH rH O o LO 03 03 rH 03 7— H 03 rH rH lH 03 03 03 03 CO OO OO tH rf LO o 05 rH 03 CO tH rH 05 LO 00 tH o o 00 tH 00 CO 03 LO oo rH 05 o CO tH CO OO tH tH 03 to tH rH to rH o rH LO LO oo 03 03 CO 03 CO 03 03 03 03 03 03 CO CO CO co H< 03 o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 O tO LO OO I' CO rf 05 CO t— i OO N N H N CO N 05 rH CO tH C- O tH LO rH 03 tH tO 03 IH 03 CO 03 03 03 03 H O LO O LO 00 CO CO IH to LO 00 05 00 rH rH tH 03 rH rH rH CO |H t- LO CO O O 05 rH O rH O -rH LO rH 03 03 03 03 03 tH 03 00 rH LO OO 03 CO OO rH H* CO 03 L005tHCOrrtHrHC0H< 03 05 CO CO rH CO O OO H- LO 05 H< LO rf< 03 S C- r# rH o LO LO rH 00 05 tH to LO tH tH tO CO 03 an jjjjjwpjhjj j jp j jpp a a a a a a a LO CO 00 LO CO oo CO o LO oo LO 05 O OO OO O LO 05 00 to to tH 05 tH 03 00 rH 05 o rH rH O rH 03 LO <35 05 OO 00 CO CO co CO co Hf CO CO CO CO CO CO LO CO LO LO tH O CO <35 DO OO 03 O rH O M M CO 't ^ ^ 03 03 rH 03 t I 03 rH 03 tH 03 rH 03 tH 03 CO H 03 CO LO rH 03 CO HJ5 r-i 03 oo rH o to o tH C3 05 LO 00 oo oo CD CO 00 rf 03 05 LO tH rH CO C3 O o rH rH 03 1 03 rH CC CvJ rH 03 CO rH tH rH 1 PQ O Ph d d d d d d • d W d d o 6 6 d d d d d CJ d o d o. d 03 CO CO rr rf LO LO to to tH tH 00 00 00 05 05 rH rH rH rH 03 03 03 03 CO CO ?H rH tH rH rH tH rH rH rH rH rH rH tH CO e tH rH rH 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 £ £ H H £ £ H H H H £ H w H H W £ £ a a a £ a a a a 02 2 02 2 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 C/2 m H^5 r- o C/2 2 C/2 2 2 2 C/2 C/2 2 2 02 02 2 02 H H H W H H £ & H H W W £ £ H a £ a £ £ £ z: m 02 (72 2 2 02 02 2 m C/2 2 C/2 02 (72 C/2 2 C/2 C/2 C/2 C/2 2 02 2 02 02 02 TABLE OF SURFACE DATA— Continued. 116 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS a o o o *3 'O <3 Ct3 O rH r* a> H-> ■w 3 5- a cc3 Oh O H-> -4-5 t; O) 'O o s 1 s 5: H O a 2 ^-*-> lO CO ^ . . 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O' o d 0. d O d CO CO c- oo oo 05 05 CO r £ £ £ a a a a £ £ £ £ cc O Z £ Z m £ cc m m cc cc TABLE OF SURFACE DATA— Continued. 120 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS CB X. 3 © rr* O c O £ • •» O •H +J 3 o C o - £ o r-< co a> c a 3 3 O O c* 2 , o . ^ $ d 6 § O £ £ >> &C S a ^ a •Q s cc co S- s- X O K « » tuO 3 C o *2 3 O O 3 3 a> c 6 o 3 o'” ca o £ « O S p O £ a ' aj LO rH ZD co CD oo co CO rH o CO CD o rH rH © 6 £ uo uo uo CD rf uo ID to Tf tO rf c CO • oo • • t—H • • so • CD CD a . • • • • • • o k £ UO uo • uo • • rf uo rf if o LO CO 05 co rH CD co CD CO t- UO o C- Tf CO t- rf rf to 05 UO 00 o o o 4-1 o © No 1 + rH —> CO o ze> rH t— o ID tO +J ◄ 6 £ 1-1 co t- rH Oi rH • CO rH CO CO oo rH 1-1 CO CO CO lO Tf -f CO ID rH oo oo rH Lft 3 o V 00 CO rH T—I co rH rH CD o C— CD Nc co CO CO CO CO if CO CO co CO CO o -4-» f* a co o t>- uo • CO o rH rH O • lt: o 00 • o CO OO rf rf Q o z T—' co rH co rH rH rH rH qPOlIISUI E. uox^BAaia H H d H ■4 J 4 H © © o 3 13 o CO CD o CO t— o LO UO 3 CD 00 C— oo t- c— CD CO CO LO (h CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co 3 +-> CO a • 3 £ o £ * rH co CO rH rH CO rH rH CO r-t CO CO r-f to uo r.v CO >5 6 • • • • rH OO OO rH rH | c c3 £ a £ o - o © . £ -* TO • 3 w * * • d o G o G 0 £ _ to CD CD CD CO CO CO CO CJ5 £ a o V«« ■H c -t-j 3 r - w c o © SW NW NE NE rO co • a •rH > aj s-J pQ Sh 'O S3 S3 O •pH a •H X S3 o •rH O O d S3 •»-H a C 03" 0 O d S3 • rH a 00 O 00 •O r»> O CO O 5$ CO LA C— 03 0 CO t-H O O 03 rH 03 O 03 03 03 O (O H OO CO ft CO 115 CO la o 05 rH c-- o 05 rH co 03 CO N CO N N H IN 03 CO LO O t- c— rH E3 c- CO t— (O C- ft CO 00 co T—f T—f O rH O 1C- 05 CO 03 LO rH MCOt-Nt- OO CO 03 LO 00 rH rH 03 j —j b j j h J 4 4 H d h4 4 h4 h4 4 j h j h j H b CO tH K* CO O 03 rH CO 00 03 O 03 CO 03 LA CO CO O 0 0 t- rH oO CO t-H CO CO 00 CO LA O O 05 05 CO co LA LA CO CO LA LA CO CO CO L CO rH CO CO CO CO CO rH rH CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 03 t-H 03 r-f 03 CO r-? 03 CO rH r-! 03 r-f 03 r-l 03 rH 03 rf 03 rH 03 i-r <®> 03 t> rH rH | | i l PQ C <5 < t- CO rHC^cooOLOrHCOrH I I | | 03 CO OO t- <« PQ rH 05 t-H O rH 05 o LA 03 CO 03 C- rH rH CO bbbbd bbbobbbb b :d • • • • o d LA CO CO t- 00 00 00 00 05 05 0 0 t-H rH cq co CO LA LO rH rH rH rH t-H rH rH t-H t-H t-H £ £ H H £ £ H £ pi H £ £ H H H £ £ £ U1 m in in £ £ in in in in m in in m £ m in C/2 in H H W H H H S3 a> £ £ H H H vC3 tH^ H H * H £ £ m £ m m £ in u m £ in m £ in m C/2 £ C/2 m in TABLE OF SURFACE DATA— Continued. 122 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS i ft - 1-5 1 ft a> -ft) GC cc 3 d c 3 r* S- S3 r* S3 S3 s "ft r ft O • r—* O •H £ © •pH - 4 -> d O ft •H ■*-> d X O Vi S3 V ©> o ft o o ft S 3 03 _1 H o >» -l-> S3 co S3 S3 33 J 4 6 0> O o Z S3 O o o O ® rH ® V d S3 .ft .ft rH • pH O •pH p f 1 —* O £ 03 d 13 m o O O O ctf o o < 1-1 o 02 02 © c X © r r- CO rH CD rH io to ts O CO t- t— 05 LO ^ to - to • S5 t> t- LO LO TjV oo to H 4 rf 4 •'f to 05 • OO • 00 CO • CD CO t>- ^ in ^ • in in in t)< in in V d o © <— c © lO 6 £ lO 05 i C5 Cq cq co CO lo t- o co cq C20^«N«00«OHtC CO ^ S s to S CO S t- !M i - 1 r-i O © tH O rH O rH 7—i cq I 1 CO 6 £ co to 05 r- o io LO L- t- 05 CD OO cq cq cq in n -4 h t-4 *-4 n © o Cj cr> CO t- t- t> oo 00 00 00 00 00 Oi Oi ft M S3 rH rH rH T—i T—1 rH rH T—1 tH T—1 tH rH rH rH rH tH rH o ■ j O — ■ft o £ £ £ ft o H H H ft o H H H H S3 © z C/2 C/2 c /2 O £ £ m C/2 C/2 O Z Z CG C/2 C/2 C/2 o £ w o ■1 O Eh <0 S3 d H H H H H H H H H H H £ H H m 2 GO £ C/2 c /2 CZ2 CG C/2 C/2 C/2 £ C/2 C/2 APPENDIX 123 13 © 13 0) o S3 o •rH O o3 •rH a 05 O oJ a h< J-i j* « Jh j* • o3 6 o c3 6 o o o £ o O £ b o PE © X o !h r© 03 O o OR © 2 a 5 •S o fl r C a PE Q 03 a ,© O o3 i < ui i sR 03 .© OR o3 © SR © PE •i-i O OR CD co CD • OT k5 A A A) Tf A + a (N M «fl -rf rt< Rq Bq Rq Rq Esq LA si So t-JS ® ' S S M LA * © O Al i—l O A A rH . 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Vi o Vi Vi Vi Vi O O O w o O O O £ £ £ £ £ £ £ CO CO 05 CO CO ^ “S -H pq i-H CO i—I r-i LO CO O 00 O H N f N 1C Lfl CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Cl c/C ci TfH • CO OO • CO pq 5=3 5q sq Pq pq Pq . LO . . Cl 00 OO CO ci a 5 ^ T-l Tjf o t- CO io ^ C- Tf* 05 00 • 05 CO • tr— • Cl Tf : pq pq Pq S3 sq pq . O CO . 1- . O CO CO 1 J o o p4 h H H H H J H J T—t T“H CD o o lO lO o o o LO Cl LO lO 00 o lO rH rH LO t-H 05 CO CO tr- t- tr¬ c— 00 tr- 05 05 05 rf Tt< -rt< CO CO CO co co ee CO CO co ce CO ce Cl Cl CO 'C'< LO CO Cl CO lo rH tr— CO Cl rH rH CO CO t-H tH CO tr¬ io tr- * c c tH Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ce CO CO § £ £ £ £ £ H H m £ £ c/2 m c/2 m £ £ •1 e H £ H H * * H £ £ £ c/2 c/2 c/2 £ £ m m m m H tr- 19 28 © H c- t-H d ce LO o T~\ t-H t-H r-H PP £ 1 03 PP £ M H H £ £ C/2 m £ © c /2 02 02 CQ C/2 z C/2 t- H ^ Pq 00 H H H H H E-I M £ Eh £ 02 C/2 £ C/2 C/2 TABLE OF SURFACE DATA— Continued. 126 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS in 0 > m X u •rH § o> £3 •pH c2 d o O 0) a •l-H rH d o O Q) fl •rH o d o O a> a • pH W) a CO d £ t-H d £ T—1 d £ 00 £ • u w • Ih . • f-c # • H •rH 6 o d O o d o o d o o £ Sh O) Q o £ o o o £ 0 o O £ o o o £ O c3 LO o o d «M £ o CO © c X O d !c r ■ Z LO o d O £ o © — 'O CO 4-> o << £ I w LO d o c; -4-* — p )| CO 6 qPOlHOlU UOn'BA9ia <1) © C. frt d p <4H -j_> •pH £ W d a . d o £ 3 >» o c d fc a r - o C3 U tn b d c © o £ m c O 'C h s= d CO • • • CO 00 00 • c~- • • • • • ZD • • • rH • • • ZD • • • • 00 • • • co • • • CO • • • • H© • • • o oo CO oq t- Tt< CO LO o t- CO ^ ■*© 1 CO 1 t— 1 CO 1 T 1 CO rH ©q ©q 1 1 CO 00 rH C-* CO CO o rH rH • • ©- Tt< rH • rH r -4 73 ■ » t-> a 1—4 O a d © o (P c « (i >> -4-> co > < ctf s © 6 >>

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a as £ £ 0) Cti C^l T—I SO rH OS e— S 3 oo h ® t—< O M ^ S3 S3 M S3 C3 S Q Q Q w © fei ^ ^ ^ S3 S! £33 oo © cd I ?3 00 co c- Tf to co ?3 T—I © c- oo ® io o a c: 00 O 4f i-H , -i OO rH H N N CO CO IM M S3 c— S3 i—i <03 05 <03 OO i—i t- OO LCO ZD Q Tt< id 03 CO <03 <03 Kj £q &q fiq . ia . : . c> h * * Ci ^ C: C: D 00 ^ '■s ^ n ^ N . H H > 00 £ E" <3 E -1 x *7 ^ pi £ S3 £ sj Hh pi £ £ £ *40 -S d £ S3 S3 £ £ m 4 © *—\ rO £ C/2 m m CO £ in £ © * ^3 £ m m £ £ £ o 5 in *40 in ©« C/2 £ S3 <3 rH o t- S3 S3 £ Q > 00 S3 03 £ £ £ S 3 05 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 £ S3 23 m w m 23 m m O £ in £ Eh m £ m m m £ m 2: TABLE OF SURFACE DATA— Concluded. 130 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS 73 03 rr! m O 03 U H 02 G c3 > H o U 02 g a> 02 13 6 0) o tH a> >» G ^ "2 9 s i 0> o O G u 03 X 'a •pH 02 JO o G u 03 6 £ •i—H E >» 6 o S-c G G iS o O +- > CQ CD • r~H o O 0> g •H O » * © • pH 'G •- o cO =3 £ q3 s u • pH O K E « 03 O o X E 3 a3 O Q o Q ci O o O 73 73 03 C V O o o 03 o ^s! I !» 6 £ o £ o CO CO CO oo 03 t- oo - CO CD CO CO LO LO LO LO t- s- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CG rt C « *— re o 55 rH rH 1—1 t-H CO, rH > o • • • • • • * rH • £ Z zr £ o - a <13 r- , # • , • • • • • Z co 00 CO CO •ctH Tf ■rt< LO 00 - c rH rH oq oq oq ^ +-> o & H £ £ H H H w W W H a o C G > W m m £ £ m C/2 m £ o O 'd M h c - rr> £ H £ H H H H H w H W £ m m £ Z Z C/2 02 CG £ APPENDIX 131 M i I r a d Vi 43 o II d . • o • • • • • * T—1 • • • • • • C^« • • d • • . • • . • * • • Tt< tH id 03 CO CO CO oo o co os d co CO CO 1 oo 1 03 03 1 rH 03 1 —253 —271 c^» —107 —109 E. • —262 Id o o 03 oo d CO CO 00 CO CO o L- t- tH CO CO 03 TfH -H IH CO ■CtH c^* t- oo Aq CO CO ■dH H H E. E. E. H E. H rH CO Id o Id Id o Id oo IH IH IH t- Id IH Id CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO tH tH rH rH iH tH rH • 03 uo o o • • • • • • tH i-H • ■ CD o 5=5 4s! 53 c w os P$ m H £ £ £ >H . OS o 00 OS H OS CO Eh roi 00 w rH 03 03 03 rH CO £ w rH >5 53 § OS d H £ £ H r-<» d os Qj H £ p o o tH J.J 555 - £ £ £ £ 'ts rH £ o Ph •*s» fc! Xfi 00 £ H r— o CO OS £ £ H E- 1 HH ezi tH H m m £ £ £ £ ffi Eh £ o 6 O O v > CO 'O r c d <$ h|H c3 > o >. r* *— Cd a rH C o U II o O a d o be o a o o Sh O £ II Kj d £ > 42 bo 3 'C V ID 'C s INDEX 133 INDEX A PAGE Acknowledgments . 11 Alluvial plains .12, 13, 15 Ash, amount permissible. 36 B Bell coal, analyses of.38-39 character of.37, 38 “Bench” coal, see No. 6 coal Big Four Railway, mines along. . 14 “Blue band” in No. 6 coal.80-81 “Blue band” coal, see No. 6 coal Boundaries of District V. 13 Briar Hill coal of Kentucky. 79 Butts, Charles, work of. 11 C Carbondale formation, channel sandstone in. 21 character of. 20 coals of .39-103 correlation of . 23 fossil plants in. 23 Carriers Mills, mines near. 14 Channel sandstone .21, 43, 51 Chemical character of No. 5 coal .103-107 of No. 6 coal.107 “Clay veins,” formation of. 53 in No. 5 coal. 52 Coal, minable thickness of. 36 shrinkage in formation of. 52 Coals, Carbondale .39-103 McLeansboro .103 Pottsville .36-39 Coal beds, number of in Dis¬ trict V. 36 “Coal Measures,” see Pennsyl¬ vanian series Coal mines, deepest in world.... 36 Coal resources of District V. .107-108 page Cooperation with the Engineering- Experiment Station . 11 with the U. S. Bureau of Mines. 11 with the U. S. Geological survey 11 Cottage Grove, fault near.31, 32 Cottage township, possible fault¬ ing in . 33 D Davis coal of Kentucky, analyses of . 41 Dering, J. K., Coal Company, see J. K. Bering Coal Company Dering Mines Company Mine No. 3, dikes in. 57 floor of . 78 Development of District V....10, 14 of No. 6 coal.103 DeWolf, F. W., work of. 11 Dike, relation of to fault. 35 Dikes . 34 direction of. 35 distribution of . 56 District V, coal resources of. 107-108 number of coal beds in. 36 Drilling, distribution of. 14 table of .110-131 E Eagle Valley, coals of.38, 40 No. 5A coal in.78, 79 Eldorado, mines near. 14 Ellis, A. J., work of. 11 Engineering Experiment Station, cooperation with . 11 Equality, fault near. 32 Equality township, possible fault¬ ing in . 33 134 ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATION F PAGE Fault in Harrisburg Big Muddy Mine No. 12. 31 in O’Gara Mine No. 1. 31 north of Harrisburg. 31 relation of to dike. 35 Faults and faulting.10, 13 breaking of coal in. 54 direction of .54, 55 effect of. 55 in No. 5 coal.54-55 normal . 54 prevalence of . 54 thrust . 54 “Faults” .15, 21, 50, 51 Floor of No. 5 coal. 78 Folds in No. 5 coal.55-56 “Four-foot” coal .-. 40 G Galatia Colliery Company, Galatia Mine, “blue band” in. 81 No. 6 coal in.79, 82 Gallatin Coal and Coke Company Mine No. 1, floor of. 78 Geography of District V. 13 H Harrisburg Big Muddy Coal Com¬ pany Mine No. 12, fault in.. . 31 floor of . 78 roof of. 77 Mine No. 14, floor of. 78 Harrisburg coal, see No. 5 coal Harrisburg fault . 31 Harrisburg township, channel sandstone in .. 21 Herrin coal, see No. 6 coal Hickory Hill, fault near. 33 Ice House coal.37-38 analyses of. 38 Igneous intrusions .10, 34 character of rock. 61 Illinois Central Railroad, mines along. 14 Intervals between coal beds, vari¬ ation of. 26 J PAGE J. K. Dering Coal Company Mine No. 2, dike in.59, 61 K Kay, F. H., work of.11, 38 L Louisville and Nashville Railroad, mines along. 14 M McLeansboro formation, character of . 23 coals of .103 correlation of . 24 distinctive horizons of. 24 Mines, distribution of. 14 Mining, relation of structure to:. 34 “Mountains,” the . 13 Murphysboro coal, see No. 2 coal N New Haven log.18, 20 No. 2 coal.20, 39 correlation of.23, 40 outcrop of . 40 shale above . 40 No. 4 coal, two benches of. .20, 23, 40, 41 No. 5 coal. 41 bedded impurities in. 49 bone in . 51 chemical character of.103-107 “clay veins” in. 52 correlation of. 43 description of . 48 distance below No. 6 coal. 43 distribution of . 43 faults in .32, 54-55 floor of . 78 folds in .55-56 irregularities of . 49 outcrop of. 13 rolls in . 51 roof of. 61 sections of.44-48 slips in .52-54 sulphur in . 49 thicknesses of.42-43 INDEX 135 PAGE No. 5A coal.20, 23, 78 analysis of . 79 correlation with Briar Hill coal of Kentucky. 79 No. 6 coal, “blue band” in.80-81 chemical character of.103-107 correlation of.23, 79 development of.103 division into three benches.... 81 early working of. 14 floor of .83-102 limestone roof of. 82 possible faulting of. 32 sections of . 82 structure of.103 thicknesses of.79, 80 worked in one mine. 79 O O’Gara Coal Company, fault in. .. 31 Mine No. 3, floor of. 78 Mine No. 8, dike in. 57 floor of . 78 Mine No. 9, floor of. 78 roof of. 77 Oil shale, possibility of. 40 P Parallelism of Pennsylvanian strata. 26 Pennsylvanian series, character of strata . 17 description of .17-25 parallelism of strata. 26 sections of .17-18 structure of in Illinois. 27 structure of in District V...27, 34 Pottsville coals. 36 Pottsville formation, character of 18 coals of .18-19 correlation of . 19 fossils of. 19 sandy character of. 18 Production of coal. 10 R Railroads, effect on distribution of mines . 14 of District V. 9 PAGE Raleigh township, sandstone chan¬ nel in. 21 Ridgway-Omaha fault, possibility of . 32 Rolls in No. 5 coal.51-52 Roof of No. 6 coal. 82 S Saline County Coal Company Mine No. 2, dike in. 59 Mine No. 6, dike in. 61 floor of . 78 roof of.77-78 Saline river, alluvial plains along 13 Shawneetown, alluvial plains north of .15 Shawneetown hills . 13 Slips, formation of. 52 in No. 5 coal.52-54 Structure, effect on in mining... 34 Structure of District V, relation of to District VI. 27 relation of to general Illinois structure . 28 varied interpretations of. 29 “Sulphur” in No. 5 coal. 49 Surface deposits . 14 sections of .15-16 Swags . 56 T “Three-foot” coal . 40 Topography of District V. 14 U U. S. Bureau of Mines, coopera¬ tion with . 11 U. S. Geological Survey, coopera¬ tion with . 11 University of Illinois, cooperation with . 11 W Wabash river, alluvial plains along. 15 Wasson Coal Company Mine No. 1, floor of . 78 White, David, work of.19, 23 White, K. D., work of. 11 PUBLICATIONS OF ILLINOIS MINING INVESTIGATIONS. Bulletin 1. Bulletin 3. Bulletin 10. Bulletin 11. Bulletin 14. Bulletin 15. Bulletin 16. Bulletin ' 17. Bulletin 18. Bulletin 19. Bulletin 20. Bulletin 21. Bulletin 22. Bulletin 23. Bulletin 24. ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION URBANA. ILLINOIS Preliminary report on organization and method of investigations, 1911. Chemical study of Illinois coals, by S. W. Parr, 1916. Coal resources of District I (Longwall), by G. H. Cady, 1915. Coal resources of District VTI, by Fred H. Kay, 1915. Coal resources of District VIII (Danville), by Fred H. Kay and K. D. White, 1915. Coal resources of District VI, by G. H. Cady, 1916. Coal resources of District II (Jackson Co.), by G. H. Cady, 1917. Surface subsidence in Illinois resulting from coal mining, by Lewis EL Young, 1915. Tests on clay materials available In Illinois coal mines, by R. T. Stull and R. K. Hursh, 1917. Coal resources of District V (Saline and Gallatin counties), by G. H. Cady, 1919. Carbonization of Illinois coals in inclined gas retorts, by F. K. Ovitz, 1918. The manufacture of retort coal-gas in the central states, using low- sulphur coal from Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky, by W. A. Dunkley, and W. W. Odell, 1918. Water-gas manufacture with central district bituminous coals as generator fuel, by W. W. Odell and W. A. Dunkley, 1918. Mines producing low-sulphur coal in the central district, by G. H. Cady, 1919. Water-gas operating methods with central district bituminous coals as generator fuel. A summary of experiments on a commercial scale, by W. A. Dunkley and W. W. Odell, 1919. Bulletin 2. Bulletin 4. Bulletin 5. Bulletin 6. Bulletin 7. Sulletin 8. Bulletin 9. bulletin 12. illetin 13. illetin 91. tulletin 100. ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION URBANA. ILLINOIS Coal mining practice in District VIII (Danville), by S. O. Andros, 1913. Coal mining practice in District VII, by S. O. Andros, 1914. Coal mining practice in District I (Longwall), by S. O. Andros, 1914. Coal mining practice in District V, by S. O. Andros, 1914. Coal mining practice in District II, by S. O. Andros, 1914. Coal mining practice in District VI, by S. O. Andros, 1914. Coal mining practice in District III, by S. O. Andros, 1915. Coal mining practice in District IV, by S. O. Andros, 1915. Coal mining in Illinois, by S. O. Andros, 1915. (Complete resume of all the district reports.) Subsidence resulting from mining, by L. E. Young and H. H. Stoek, 1916. Percentage of extraction of bituminous coal with special reference to Illinois conditions, by C. M. Young, 1917. U. S. BUREAU OF MINES WASHINGTON, D. C. In 72. Occurrence of explosive gases in coal mines, by N. H. Darton, • in 83. The humidity of mine air, by R. Y. Williams, 1914. in 99. Mine ventilation stoppings, by R. Y. Williams, 1915. "in 102. The inflammability of Illinois coal dusts, by J, K. Clement and Scholl, Jr., 1916. .tin 137. Use of pe^- ssible explosives in the coal mines of Illinois, by Flemin id J. W. Koster, 1917. illetin 138. Coking of lois coals, by F. K. Ovitz, 1917. technical Paper 190. J nane accumulations from interrupted ventilation, special reference to coal mines in Illinois and Indiana, by Smith and Robert J. Hamon, 1918. 1915. D. A. J. R. with H. I.