NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SlfRVEY. 
 
 E. F. Pittman, A.R.S.M., Government Geologist. 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES 
 No. 16. 
 
 THE ANTIMONY-MINING INDUSTRY 
 
 AND THE 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIMONY ORES 
 
 IN 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. E. CARNE, F.G.S., 
 
 Assistant Governmknt Geologist. 
 
 With Map, Plates, &c. 
 
 SYDNEY : W. A. GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 
 
 1 7712— a 
 
 1952. 
 
 OO 
 
THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 jg LIBRARY 
 
 6 2.2L.0 9 
 
 £ N4T2 
 
 No.ifi, 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 E. F. Pittman, A.R.S.M., Government Geologist. 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES 
 No. 16 . 
 
 THE ANTIMONY-MINING INDUSTRY 
 
 AND THE 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIMONY ORES 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. E. CARNE, F.G.S., 
 
 Assistant Government Geologist. 
 
 With Map, Plates, &c. 
 
 SYDNEY : W. A. GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 
 
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 Geological Branch, 
 
 Department of Mines, 
 
 11th January, 1912. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have the honor to submit for publication a pamphlet (No. 16 of 
 the Mineral Resources Series) on “ The Antimony -Mining Industry and the 
 Distribution of Antimony Ores in New South Wales,” by Mr. J. E. Carne, 
 Assistant Government Geologist. 
 
 The working of our antimony mines is more or less intermittent, owing to 
 the marked variations which occur at intervals in the price of the metal. At 
 the present time the market price of antimony is low, and mining operations 
 are consequently restricted. Nevertheless, the publication of the information 
 gathered by Mr. Carne will doubtless be found useful when the next rise in 
 the value of antimony gives a stimulus to its production. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 EDWARD F. PITTMAN, 
 
 Government Geologist. 
 
 The Hon. A. Edden, M.P., 
 
 Minister for Mines 
 
 2 19725 
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 i. 
 
 n. 
 
 hi. 
 
 IV. 
 
 v. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Discovery of Antimony in New South Wales 
 
 Antimony — Physical Properties, Commercial Salts, &c 
 
 Ores of Antimony 
 
 Antimony Smelting 
 
 Antimony Alloys, Preparations, Uses, &c 
 
 Descriptive Register of Antimony Lodes in New South Wales 
 
 Geological Distribution 
 
 Statistics 
 
 PACE. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 23 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 7712 - b 
 
I.— INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Antimony raining ranks fourteenth in the New South Wales mineral industry 
 as regards total value of production to end of 1910. Owing, however, to 
 unstable market conditions, it has never assumed a permanent character ; 
 the output resulting chiefly from spasmodic efforts during “ boom ” periods of 
 inflation, with intervening seasons of depression and almost cessation. Under 
 local conditions, even normal values afford but modest profit when the metal 
 is unassociated with gold. Hence mining for antimony alone practically 
 ceases when market depressions occur. 
 
 The intermittent character of the industry is best exemplified by the 
 following analysis of the output. Boom prices in the periods 1880-1882, 
 1890-1894, and 1906-1907 were accountable in ten years for an output 
 valued at £245,644, as against £57,215 for the remaining period of the 
 duration of the industry, which dates from about 1874. During the brief 
 boom of 1906-7 the local value of 50 per cent, antimony ore rose to £30 per 
 ton. The present quotation being £7. During the periods of depression 
 values have receded to even £5. In consequence of the limited demand in 
 1909 and 1910, the local production amounted to only 95 tons 9 cwt., and 
 96 tons 17 cwt. respectively, chiefly as a second product in gold mining. 
 
 As an index to ordinary market values of antimony, compared with boom 
 figures, the following averages have been computed from an interesting table 
 of the average monthly prices of antimony in New York* for 1901 to 1909 
 inclusive. These disclose remarkable uniformity when the boom years 
 (1906-7) are excluded. For the seven years, 1901-5 and 1908-9, the average 
 price works out at 8*29 cents per lb., whilst for the boom years mentioned 
 the average is 18*96 cents. 
 
 F. T. Havard, commenting on the increased import duty to stimulate 
 American production, states! : — 
 
 “ But it is probable that an increased production will be effected by 
 nothing less than a considerable rise in the market price. Until the 
 industry shows a great increase in activity and the supply of available 
 hard lead is unable to meet the demands of the trade, we need not 
 expect very much change in the price. For I am convinced that a large 
 proportion of the antimony which was sold during the boom days was 
 used for purposes for which hard lead might be applied. 
 
 “ One other condition which might affect the price lies in the possibility 
 of the more extensive use of antimonial pigments in Europe which would 
 encourage the French smelteries, now making 60 per cent, of the world’s 
 output of refined antimony products, to increase their tonnage of oxides, 
 with a proportional reduction in the amount of refined metal put on the 
 market.” 
 
 The position was no better in 1910, notwithstanding the duty, the 
 production was believed to be less than 75 tons of ore.J 
 
 In the early eighties antimony reduction works were established at 
 Carangula, Macleay River district, at Hillgrove, and Metz. Works were 
 also started at Taylor’s Arm, in the Nambucca district ; but for a number of 
 years these have been abandoned. During the recent boom, 1906-7, a 
 smelting plant was laid down by the Metals Smelting Company at Balmain, 
 and about 32^ tons of antimony produced, but these works closed when prices 
 fell. 
 
 * The Mineral Industry, XIX, 1910, p. 37. f Ibid. XVIII, 1909, p. 34. t Ibid., XIX, 1910, p. 26. 
 
 t 7712 A 
 
2 
 
 In the beginning of gold-mining operations at Hillgrove, great difficulty 
 was experienced, owing to the association of antimony with the gold. In 
 1882 -3, Messrs. Newbery, Vautin, and others, patented a process for separa- 
 tion of these metals and saving of the antimofiy ; the antimony being 
 volatilized as oxide and recovered in suitable flues ; the gold being recovered 
 from the roasted residues by ordinary crushing and amalgamation.* The 
 method adopted subsequently at Hillgrove was of this character. 
 
 As at the present time there is no opportunity for studying antimony 
 smelting in the State, the Writer makes no apology for extracting descrip- 
 tions from standard works of methods followed in other countries, believing 
 that such will be of local interest, and also the notes on the various indus- 
 trial alloys and uses of the metal. 
 
 C. S. Wilkinson, Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1883, p. 153. 
 
3 
 
 II. — HISTORICAL. 
 
 The progress of discovery of antimony ores in New South Wales, so far as 
 the Writer’s research has revealed, has been as follows : — 
 
 1846. 
 
 In 1846 it is recorded that antimony, cobalt, and mercury, in addition to 
 copper, had been discovered in Australia.* 
 
 1852. 
 
 In 1852, S. Stutchbury, first Government Geological Surveyor, discovered 
 sulphide and oxide of antimony, (jamisonite and cervantite) near to Camp- 
 bell’s Creek, Upper Meroo River, f 
 
 1853. 
 
 In 1853, the Rev. W. B. Clarke mentioned that : — “ Of minerals besides 
 gold I have met with sulphuret of antimony as near Mount Mitchell (Oban. — 
 J.E.C.) and in the Booroolong Run, as well as in the neighourhood of Gara 
 (Hillgrove. — J.E.C.).” See page 40. 
 
 Birkmyre, in a letter to the Melbourne Argus of December, 1853, on the 
 mineral resources of Australia, mentions sulphides of bismuth, antimony,, 
 and lead, and tin ore.| 
 
 1854. 
 
 F. Odernheimer, in 1854, exhibited sulphide of antimony from 3 miles 
 west of the Peel River and 12 miles north of Hanging Rock.§ 
 
 Amongst the exhibits, G. K. Holden also displayed sulphide of antimony 
 from near Gresford, Paterson River. 
 
 In 1858, S. Hodgkinson 
 Victoria.|| 
 
 1858. 
 
 described antimony as ranking next to gold m 
 1861. 
 
 In 1861, G. K. Holden exhibited antimony from Penshurst Estate and' 
 other parts of the Paterson River. 11 
 
 1867. 
 
 Antimony is believed to have been discovered about this date in the 
 Hillgrove district.** 
 
 1870. • 
 
 In 1870, antimony was recorded from the tableland of the Clarence River 
 district, and in the same year antimony sulphide was exhibited at the Inter- 
 colonial Exhibition, ft 
 
 1875. 
 
 In this year an antimony lode was discovered 11 miles from Solferino.JJ: 
 Samples were also received from Pyramul, in the Mudgee district.§§ 
 
 It was recorded that antimony had been found in several parts of the 
 State, but little attention was given to it. 
 
 1876. 
 
 In this year antimony was discovered at Lunatic, near Drake. In the 
 following year 36 tons of ore were sent to Sydney. |||| 
 
 • The Mining Journal, 1846, XVf, p. 11. t Report, October 1st, 1852. Parliamentary Papers 
 
 t Mining Journal, 1854, XXIV, p. 113. § Cat. of Nat. and Indust. Prod., N.S. Wales, exhibited by the 
 
 Paris Exhibition Commissioners in the Australian Museum, Nov , 1854, p. 54. || A description of the 
 
 Province of Victoria, 1858, p. 17. ^ Cat. Nat. and Indust. Prod., N.S. Wales, exhibited in the School 
 
 of Arts by the International Exhibition Commissioners, Sydney, Oct. 1861, p. 39. ** C. S. Wilkinson, 
 
 Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1883, p. 153. tt Industrial Progress of N.S. Wales, 1870, p. 79. Ann. 
 
 Rept. Dept. Mines, 1875, p. 113. §§ Ibid, p. 167. |||| Ibid, 1877, p. 153. 
 
4 
 
 1877. 
 
 In 1877 antimony ores were discovered in the Kempsey (Macleay River) 
 district. In this year antimony was discovered by Messrs. Evershed and 
 Thomas at Baker’s Creek, Hillgrove. 
 
 An antimony lode was also being prospected near Nundle, on the Peel 
 River, a shaft 60 feet in depth exposing a lode from ^ inch to 5 inches 
 in width. 
 
 1878. 
 
 M.L. 52, Parish Metz, County Sandon, was surveyed for antimony (for 
 Evershed and Thomas) on the 30th October, 1878. Antimony was also 
 discovered between Barraba and Bingara. 
 
 1879. 
 
 The Munga Creek antimony lodes at Carangara were opened in this year, 
 and smelting works begun, the first metal being produced in 1881. 
 
 Antimony was also discovered at Wangwauk, near Cooloongolook, County 
 Gloucester. 
 
 1880. 
 
 In 1880, three mining leases for antimony were applied for at Gara, near 
 Hillgrove, McBean being reported as the discoverer by the Warden,* though 
 the presence of antimony in this locality had already been noted by the Rev. 
 W. B. Clarke in 1853, as recorded above. 
 
 In this year also antimony was discovered on the Aberfoyle River, Armi- 
 dale district; Orundumby Station, near Walcha ; and at Crudine Creek, in 
 the Sofala district. 
 
 1881. 
 
 In 1881 the Rockwell antimony lode, on the Cudgegong River, about 3 
 miles from Rylstone, was discovered. 
 
 In the same year a mineral lease for this metal was applied for at Razor- 
 back, near Ilford. 
 
 1883. 
 
 Two hundred tons of ore were reported to have been raised from the Hill- 
 grove antimony lodes in 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 Antimony ores were discovered at Bowra, Nambucca River, in 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Ford’s Creek antimony lode, near Gulgong, was discovered in this year. 
 
 Small deposits have since been discovered in different localities, but none 
 of commercial importance. 
 
 * Ann. Kept. Dept. Mines, 1880, p. 139. 
 
5 
 
 III.— ANTIMONY. 
 
 Physical Properties. 
 
 Schnabel and Louis* : — 
 
 “Antimony is characterised by its great brilliancy, and by its colour 
 — silver white, with a slight tinge of blue ; the latter is increased by the 
 presence of impurities in the metal. When deposited from a solution by 
 zinc, it takes the form of a black powder. When melted antimony is 
 allowed to cool slowly it exhibits a coarsely foliated structure ; rapid 
 cooling makes it granular and crystalline. Antimony crystallises, like 
 the amorphous metals, bismuth, arsenic, and tellurium, in the forms of 
 the hexagonal system. Its specific gravity has been determined to be 
 between 6*6 and 6*8. 
 
 “ Antimony is brittle, and can be easily powdered in a mortar. It is 
 harder than copper. Its coefficient of linear* expansion by heat, between 
 0° and 100° C., is, according to Calvert and Johnson, 0-000985. It melts 
 between 440° and 450° (Pictet). In passing from the liquid to the 
 solid state, it does not expand like bismuth does. Carnelly and 
 Carleton-Williams state that its boiling point is between 1090° and 
 1450° C. According to Demarcay, it boils in a vacuum at the temperature 
 of 292° C. It burns in the air, forming oxides, but can be distilled in a 
 stream of hydrogen. 
 
 “When pure molten antimony is allowed to solidify slowly, and 
 without disturbance, under a layer of slag, a fern-line appearance of 
 raised lines, radiating from the centre, appear on the solidified surface of 
 the metal. This is the so-called ‘ antimony star,’ or c regulus ■ antimonii 
 stellatus.’ On small castings there will be only one such star in the 
 middle of the surface, but larger castings will show many intersecting 
 ones. 
 
 “This appearance is not produced in impure antimony, nor in the pure 
 metal, unless it is kept very still and covered during cooling by a layer 
 of slag. As it is generally regarded as an indication of purity of the 
 metal, pure antimony which does not possess it is always re-melted and 
 cooled under the required conditions. 
 
 “ Its specific heat, as determined by Regnault, between 0° and 100° C. 
 is 0-0508. Its conductivity for heat, compared with that of silver, as 
 1000, was determined by Calvert and Johnson ; along its axis of crystal- 
 lisation it is 215, and at right angles to this direction it is 192. Its 
 electrical conductivity, compared with that of silver as 100, is 4-29 at 
 18*7 C., according to Matthiessen. 
 
 “ Commercial antimony is generally contaminated by small quantities 
 of sulphur, arsenic, lead, copper, and iron. These cause the above- 
 mentioned blue tinge in its colour. 
 
 Properties of Antimony and of its compounds , which are of importance for 
 
 its extraction. 
 
 “ Antimony is not affected by exposure to air at ordinary temperatures, 
 but at temperatures above its melting-point it oxidises rapidly. Metal 
 which has been reduced from the oxides by charcoal in presence of 
 
 * Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, pp. 430-431. 
 
6 
 
 alkalies frequently tarnishes in the air. The cause of this is said to 06 
 a small quantity of alkali which is retained by the metal, and absorbs 
 moisture with liberation of hydrogen. 
 
 “ When antimony which has been raised to a red heat is allowed to 
 fall from a sufficient height on to a plate, it is dissipated in a mass of 
 brilliant sparks, forming a dense white cloud of oxide. 
 
 “ Antimony is attacked by hydrochloric acid only when it is in the 
 state of very fine powder ; hydrogen is then liberated. Sulphuric acid 
 does not attack it when dilute ; the hot, concentrated acid, however, 
 forms with it antimonious sulphate, sulphur dioxide being at the same 
 time liberated. Nitric acid attacks antimony, producing, according to 
 its temperature and degree of concentration, a mixture of the trioxide 
 and tetroxide of the metal in different proportions. These oxides are 
 insoluble in the acid. 
 
 “ Aqua regia in the cold dissolves antimony easily, forming the penta- 
 chloride. 
 
 “ In a current of steam at a red heat, antimony is slowly converted 
 into oxide. 
 
 “ When ignited with nitre and soda, it explodes, forming an alkaline 
 antimoniate ; with a smaller proportion of nitre it also forms some 
 trioxide. 
 
 “ The metalloids, with the exception of boron, carbon, and silicon, all 
 form compounds with antimony.* 
 
 Commercial Salts of Antimony .* 
 
 Antimony trioxide (Sb 2 0 3 ). — Antimony glass, used as a colouring 
 matter in glass-making, more especially in the preparation of artificial 
 gems. 
 
 Antimony pentoxide (Sb 2 0 5 ). — A bright yellow powder, used to 
 replace arsenic acid in the manufacture of analine yellow and analine 
 red. 
 
 Antimony trisulphide (Sb 2 S 3 ) and Antimony pentasulphide (Sb 2 0 5 ) are 
 used as pigments, the latter principally for vulcanizing india- 
 rubber. 
 
 Oxy -salts of Antimony. 
 
 The most important of these is tartar emetic, or potassium stibnyl-tartarate, 
 C 4 H 4 (SbO) 0 6 , used in medicine. 
 
 ♦ Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, pp. 433-435. 
 
7 
 
 IV. — ORES OF ANTIMONY. 
 
 The commercial ores of antimony are few, and these alone call for descrip- 
 tion in an economic work. Antimony, however, enters into combination 
 with numerous other elements, the compounds of which are merely of 
 mineralogical interest. Beyond listing them and indicating their composi- 
 tion, nothing further is attempted in this work. 
 
 The following list has been compiled from Dana (“A Text Book of 
 Mineralogy ”), Schnabel and Louis (“ Handbook of Metallurgy ”), and C. Y. 
 Wang (“Antimony: its Chemistry, Metallurgy, and Uses ”), but chiefly 
 from Dana. 
 
 Commercial Ores. 
 
 Stibnite (. Antimonite , antimony glance , grey antimony). 
 
 The most important ore of antimony. Composition — Sb* S 3 ; antimony, 
 71*4; sulphur, 28-6. Orthorhombic. Crystals prismatic, often 
 acutely terminated; vertical planes striated or deeply furrowed 
 longitudinally; crystals often curved, bent in knee-shaped forms or 
 twisted. Common in confused aggregates of acicular crystals; 
 also in radiating groups ; massive, coarse, or fine columnar, less 
 often granular to impalpable. 
 
 Cleavage highly perfect, the face often striated or bent transversely. 
 
 Fracture small, subconchoidal. 
 
 Hardness, 2 ; specific gravity, 4 *5 2-4 *62. 
 
 Lustre metallic, highly splendent on cleavage or fresh crystalline 
 surfaces. 
 
 Colour and streak lead-grey, inclining to steel-grey ; subject to blackish 
 tarnish, sometimes iridescent. 
 
 Fuses very easily (at 1), colouring the flame greenish-blue. In the 
 open tube sulphurous (S0 2 ) and antimonial (Sb 2 0 3 ) fumes, the 
 latter condensing as a white sublimate, which before blowpipe is 
 non-volatile. 
 
 On charcoal fuses, spreads out, gives sulphurous fumes, and coats the 
 coal white with antimony trioxide ; this coating, treated in reducing 
 flame, volatilises, and tinges the flame greenish-blue. When pure, 
 perfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid ; in nitric acid, decomposed, 
 with separation of antimony penfcoxide. 
 
 Changes on exposure by partial oxidation to Kermesite (2Sb 2 S 3 , Sb 2 0 3 ), 
 and by further oxidation to Valentinite (Sb 2 0 3 ). Antimony ochre 
 (Gervantite) also results from its alteration.* 
 
 Kermesite. 
 
 Composition — Antimony oxysulphide, Sb 2 S 2 0 or 2 Sb 2 S 3 , Sb 2 0 3 = 
 antimony, 75*0; sulphur, 20*0; oxygen, 5-0 = 100. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually in tufts of capillary crystals, prismatic, ortho- 
 diagonal. 
 
 Cleavage — a perfect, sextile ; thin leaves, slightly flexible. 
 
 Hardness, 1 — D5 ; specific gravity, 4*5-4*6. 
 
 Lustre adamantine, inclining to metallic. 
 
 Colour cherry-red, streak brownish-red ; feebly translucent. 
 
 * Dana, 6th Edition, pp. 37, 38. 
 
8 
 
 In the closed tube blackens, fuses, and at first gives a white sublimate 
 of antimony trioxide ; with strong heat gives a black or dark 
 red sublimate. In the open tube and on charcoal reacts like 
 stibnite. 
 
 Results from the alteration of stibnite.* 
 
 Valentinite. 
 
 Composition — Antimony trioxide, Sb 2 0 3 = antimony, 83-3 ; oxygen, 
 16-7 = 100. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Commonly prismatic ; also tabular; often rounded by 
 striations. 
 
 Crystals often aggregated in fan-shaped or stellar groups, in bundles 
 and druses, and as aggregations of thin plates. Also massive ; 
 structure lamellar, columnar, granular. 
 
 Cleavage — b perfect ; also m. 
 
 Hardness, 2*5-3 ; specific gravity, 5-56. 
 
 Lustre adamantine ; often pearly ; shining. 
 
 Colour snow-white, occasionally peach-blossom red, and ash-grey to 
 brownish ; streak white. Translucent to subtransparent. 
 
 In the closed tube fuses and partially sublimes. Before blow-pipe on 
 charcoal fuses easily, and gives a white coating ; this treated in 
 reducing flame colours the outer flame greenish-blue. Soluble in 
 hydrochloric acid.* 
 
 Cervantite. 
 
 Composition — Sb 2 0 4 = antimony, 78*9 ; oxygen, 21T = 100. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In acicular crystallisations. Also massive ; as a crust 
 or a powder. 
 
 Hardness, 4-5 ; specific gravity, 4-08. 
 
 Lustre, greasy or pearly ; also bright, or earthy. 
 
 Colour, isabella-yellow, sulphur-yellow, or nearly white, sometimes 
 reddish-white. Streak, yellowish-white to white. 
 
 Before blow-pipe infusible and unaltered ; on charcoal easily reduced. 
 Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Results from alteration of stibnite and other antimonial ores.* 
 
 Senarmontite. 
 
 Composition.^ — Antimony trioxide, Sb 2 0 3 = antimony, 83*3 ; Oxygen, 
 16*7 = 100. 
 
 Isometric ; in octahedrons ; also granular massive ; in crusts. 
 
 Cleavage, octahedral, in traces. 
 
 Hardness, 2-2*5 ; specific gravity, 5*22-5*30. 
 
 Lustre resinous, inclining to subadamantine. 
 
 Transparent to translucent ; colorless or greyish ; streak white. 
 
 In closed tube fuses and partially sublimes. Before blow-pipe on char- 
 coal fuses easily, and gives a white coating; this treated in reducing 
 flame colours the outer flame greenish blue. Soluble in hydrochloric 
 acid. 
 
 Results from the decomposition of stibnite and other ores of antimony.* 
 “ Antimony is also a constituent of many lead, copper, and silver 
 
 ores, especially the latter. Among these may be mentioned bournonite , 
 
 zinkenite , jamesonite, plagonite, feather -ore, wolfsbergite , polybasite, prou- 
 
 stite, antimonial nickel , and antimonial silver, miargyrite , berthierite , 
 
 * Dana, 6th Edition. 
 
boulangerite , and the fahl-ores. Galena also very frequently contain s 
 antimony. In addition to the above, the following are sometimes sources 
 of antimony : — (1) Speiss containing antimony obtained in working 
 copper and silver ores which contain antimony ; (2) residues, &c., which 
 contain antimony obtained in liquating antimony glance ; (3) dross 
 obtained in antimony smelting. In the working of galena, which con- 
 tains antimony, the latter metal for the most part alloys with the lead 
 produced, forming the so-called “hard-lead.”* 
 
 Other Ores Containing Antimony, f 
 
 Allemontite, SbAs 3 . — Antimony, 37*85; arsenic, 62*15. 
 
 Ammiolite. — Composition doubtful, but regarded as antimoniate of 
 copper mixed with cinnabar and with other impurities. 
 
 Arequipite. — Silico-antimonate of lead. 
 
 Arsenstibnite. — Arsenical hydrate of antimony. 
 
 Atopite. — Perhaps a calcium pyro-antimonate ; iron, manganese, and the 
 alkali metals are also present. 
 
 Barcenite. — Antimonate of mercury. 
 
 Berthierite. — Probably = sulphur, 30*2 ; antimony, 56*6 ; iron, 13*2=100. 
 Bindheimite. — Hydrous antimonate of lead, but analyses vary widely. 
 Boulangerite. — Sulphur, 18*3; antimony, 22*8; lead, 58*9 = 100. 
 Bournonite — Composition — sulphur, 19*8; antimony, 24*7 ; lead, 42*5 ; 
 copper, 13*0=100. 
 
 Breithauptite. — Nickel antimonide, NiSb. 
 
 Chalcostibite. — Sulphuret of copper and antimony. 
 
 Chanarcillite. — Silver, arsenic, and antimony Ag 2 (As, Sb) 3 . 
 
 Coronguite. — An antimonate of lead and silver. 
 
 Dyscrasite. — A silver antimonide — antimony, 27*1; silver, 72*9 = 100 ; 
 and Ag 6 Sb= antimony 15*7 ; silver, 84 3 = 100 ; and perhaps other 
 compounds. 
 
 Diirfeldtite. — Composition — sulphur, 24*15 ; antimony, 30*52 ; lead, 
 25*81; silver, 7*34; copper, 1*86; iron, 2*24; manganese, 8*08 = 100; 
 Famatonite. — Composition — sulphur, 29*3 ; anjtimony, 27*4 ; copper, 
 43*3 = 100. Arsenic replaces the antimony in part. Orthorhombic ; 
 isomorphous with enargite. 
 
 Freislebenite. — Composition — sulphur, 18*7 ; antimony, 25*5 ; lead, 31*3; 
 silver, 24*5 = 100. 
 
 Guejarite. — Composition — sulphur, 27*0; antimony, 57*8; copper, 15*2 = 
 100. 
 
 Jamesonite. — Composition — sulphur, 19*7 ; antiraonv, 29 5 ; lead, 50*8 = 
 100. 
 
 Xobellite. — Composition — sulphur, 17*2 ; bismuth, 29*8 ; antimony, 8*6 ; 
 lead, 44*4=100. 
 
 Livingstonite. — Composition — sulphur, 22*1 ; antimony, 53*1 ; mercury, 
 24*8=100. 
 
 Meneghinite. — Composition — sulphur, 17*4 ; antimony, 18*6 ; lead, 
 64*0=100. 
 
 Miargyrite. — Composition — sulphur, 21*9 ; antimony, 41*2 ; silver, 
 36*9 = 100. 
 
 Monimolite. — Composition — antimony pentoxide, 36*6 ; lead protoxide, 
 57*2 ; iron protoxide, 6*2 = 100. 
 
 * Schnabel and Louia, Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, vol. II, p. 487. 
 t For the initial list the Writer is indebted to C. Y. Wang, Antimony: its chemistry, metallurgy, uses, 
 Ac., 1909, pp. 35-44, for composition of the ores to Dana, Handbook of Metallurgy, 0th Edition. 
 
10 
 
 Nadarite. — Composition — antimony, 30’5 : lead, 52*4 ; chlorine. 9*0 ; 
 oxygen, 8*1=100. 
 
 Plagionite. — Composition — sulphur, 21*5 ; antimony, 37*8; lead, 40*7 = 
 100. 
 
 Plumbostannite. — Composition — sulphur, 25*14 ; antimony, 16*98 ; tin, 
 16*30; lead, 30*66; iron, 10*18; zinc, 0*74 = 100. 
 
 Polybasite. — Composition — sulphur, 15*0 ; antimony, 9*4; silver, 75*6= 
 100. 
 
 Pyrargyrite. — Composition — sulphur, 17*8 ; antimony, 22*3 ; silver, 
 59*9 = 100. 
 
 Rivotite. — Composition — oxide of antimony, silver, and copper, with 
 lime. 
 
 Romeite. — Composition — antimony, 63*4; oxygen, 16*9; lime, 19*71 = 
 100. 
 
 Sarawakite. — May be antimony chloride. 
 
 Schneebergite. — Composition — calcium and antimony with a little iron, 
 and traces of copper, bismuth, zinc, magnesia, and sulphuric acid. 
 
 Stephanite. — Composition — sulphur, 16*3; antimony, 15*2 ; silver, 68*5 - 
 100. 
 
 Tanzite. — Composition — arsenio-antimonate of bismuth. 
 
 Tetrahedrite. — Composition — sulphur, 23*1 ; antimony, 24*8 ; copper, 
 . 52*1 = 1100. 
 
 Ullmannite. — Composition — sulphur, 15*2 ; antimony, 57*0 ; nickel, 
 27*8 = 100. 
 
 Zinkenite. — Composition — sulphur, 22*3; antimony, 41*8; lead, 35*9= 
 100. 
 
11 
 
 V.— METALLURGY OF ANTIMONY. 
 
 A. The Treatment of Antimony Glance for the Production of Crude 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 Schnabel and Louis* state that : — 
 
 “ Ores containing more than 90 per cent, of antimony sulphide are 
 used as crude antimony after being ground, without further treatment. 
 Ores containing less than 90 per cent, and as low as 40 or 50 per cent., 
 are subjected to liquation, if the pieces are of the right size, i.e., larger 
 than hazel nuts, best about walnut size. Small-grained ore and ores 
 with a low percentage of antimony sulphide, are, as pointed out above, 
 worked up for the production of the metal. 
 
 “ The liquation of antimony sulphide from its accompanying minerals 
 and rocks is possible on account of its comparatively low melting point, 
 below a red heat. The maintenance of the proper temperature is of the 
 greatest importance, for at temperatures above a red heat the sulphide 
 is volatilized and at too low temperatures the residues contain large 
 quantities of antimony. The size of the pieces of ore too has considerable 
 effect on the result ; the smaller they are the less complete is the 
 liquation, and the richer are the residues, and further, fine ores lie so 
 close together that the fused sulphide is unable to escape. The best 
 size is proved to be that of walnuts. Fine ores with low percentage of 
 metal give a better result if treated for the production of regulus. 
 
 “ In commerce great importance is attached to the radiated structure 
 of the product ; this is obtained by slow cooling of the liquated 
 sulphide ; if it is rapidly cooled this structure is absent. 
 
 “The liquation can be done in closed or in open (reverberatory) 
 furnaces. In closed furnaces the ore is contained in pots or tubes, while 
 in the reverberatory furnace it lies exposed on the bed. The closed 
 furnaces use more fuel, and cost more for labour, than the open ones, but 
 they extract a larger proportion of sulphide than the latter, which 
 lose considerable quantities by votalisation and oxidation.” 
 
 1. Liquation in Closed Furnaces. 
 
 “ The melting is done in pots or tubes. If pots are used, they are 
 either directly surrounded by the burning fuel, or are heated by the 
 flame from a fire-place. The latter method is always adopted where 
 tubes are used. Pots are worked intermittently, but pipes permit the 
 adoption of continuous work with corresponding economy in fuel.” 
 
 (a) Liquation in Pots. 
 
 “This method requires a high consumption of fuel, but has the 
 advantage that it can be conducted at the mine, on account of the 
 simplicity of the furnace. It is therefore used where the ores are rich 
 and fuel (wood or coal) is cheap at the mine. 
 
 “ The pots are made of fireclay, and hold from 11 to 56 lb. In the 
 bottom of each there are four or five holes 0*4 to 0 6 inch in diameter, 
 through which the melted sulphide escapes. These rest on receivers of 
 burnt clay, which collect the liquid crude antimony. The receivers, in 
 order to ensure the slow cooling of the contents, are bedded in sand, 
 
 •Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, pp. 438-444. 
 
ashes, or breeze. The pots are placed in a row, there being sometimes 
 several of these at regular distances apart ; twenty or thirty pots form 
 one row. The space in which they are placed is enclosed by a low wall 
 of dry masonry. The space between the crucibles and between them 
 and the wall is filled with fuel, coal or wood being used. The liquation 
 takes from two to twelve hours, according to the size of the charge. At 
 its conclusion the pots are lifted off the receivers, emptied, and again 
 charged, and placed in position. The receivers are in some places 
 emptied after each charge, and in others left till they are full. The 
 residues contain, as a rale, not less than 12 per cent of sulphide. . . . 
 
 “ Pots heated by a flame permit of greater economy of fuel, and also 
 facilitate the working of poorer ores, but the labour is more severe on 
 the workman than in the method previously described. 
 
 “ These pots are placed in a furnace on each side of the fire, or are 
 arranged in a circle round it ; the receivers for the melted sulphide are 
 either placed below the bed of the furnace, surrounded by sand and out 
 of contact with the flame, or they are placed entirely outside the furnace, 
 being connected with the liquation pots by a clay pipe.” 
 
 (b) Liquation in Tube Furnaces. 
 
 " These furnaces can be arranged with vertical or horizontal tubes, but 
 the latter arrangement does not appear to have been adopted. 
 
 “The tubes are arranged in groups of four, each group being placed in 
 a chamber with three grates ; they extend to the outside of the roof, 
 where they are closed, while working, with a cover, and are 3 feet 
 3 inches high, 10 inches diameter at the upper end, and 7f inches 
 diameter at the bottom, their walls being 0-6 to 0*8 inch thick. They 
 rest on a fire-clay slab pierced with holes for the escape of the liquid 
 
 sulphide The charge for each tube is 5 cwt. of ore, and 
 
 it takes three' hours for complete liquation ; the yield is 50 per cent, of 
 sulphide. For the production of 100 cwt. of sulphide, 64 cwt. of coal 
 are necessary ; the tubes last twenty days each.” 
 
 2. ^Liquation in Reverberatory Furnaces. 
 
 “ This method of liquation possesses the merit of being the least 
 expensive in fuel, labour, and repairs, but it leads to considerable loss 
 of sulphide by volatilisation. It can, therefore, only be adopted where it 
 is a question of producing large quantities of crude antimony with great 
 rapidity, where fuel is dear, and where the cost of mining the ore is low, 
 and therefore loss of sulphide may be disregarded. 
 
 “ The liquation furnace may be constructed like that for the removal 
 of lead from copper, or like the German refining furnace. In the latter 
 case, a tap-hole must be introduced at the deepest point of the bed. 
 The liquated sulphide will escape through the tap-hole into the receiver 
 placed in front of it. Towards the end of the process the tap-hole is 
 closed, and the furnace strongly fired. The sulphide still in the ore now 
 collects below the layer of slag which forms, and is tapped. The slag is 
 afterwards withdrawn through the side door. . . . 
 
 “ The liquation residues contain upwards of 20 per cent, of sulphide 
 of antimony ; it is contained not only in the interior of the pieces, but 
 also covers them as well, in the form of a glaze. . . . 
 
 “The liquation residues, when sufficiently rich, are worked up for 
 antimony regulus.” 
 
13 
 
 B. The Treatment of Antimony Glance and other Antimony Ores for 
 the Extraction of Metallic Antimony.* 
 
 “The treatment of antimony-glance (stibnite. — J.E.C.) for the 
 extraction of metallic antimony can be done either by the roasting and 
 reduction method or by the so-called precipitation method. 
 
 11 The former consists of an oxidising roasting of the ore, followed by 
 a reduction of the oxide formed during the roasting, by means of coal, 
 with the addition of fluxes and covering materials (soda, potash, glauber 
 salts). The process may be performed in shaft furnaces, reverberatory 
 furnaces, or (in rare instances) in pot furnaces. 
 
 “The precipitation method is carried out by smelting antimony-glance 
 (or crude antimony) with iron and fluxes. The antimony is separated 
 in the metallic state with formation of sulphide of iron. It may be 
 done in a pot, or in reverberatory furnaces. 
 
 “ The roasting and reduction method is less expensive than the 
 precipitation method, and is suited to the working of the poorer ores and 
 liquation residues ; it is, therefore, to be preferred to the precipitation 
 method. The latter is only suited for the smelting of rich ores and of 
 crude antimony, and is more expensive in practice on account of the 
 high coal consumption and labour cost ; it is only rarely adopted. 
 
 “ The antimony ores, other than antimony-glance, are not treated by 
 independent special methods. When sulphuretted, they are worked 
 together with antimony-glance. If they are oxidised ores, they are 
 subjected to a reduction process, i.e., they are mixed with antimony- 
 glance after it has been roasted.” 
 
 I. The Roasting and Reduction Process. 
 
 “ This may be resolved into (1) the roasting of antimony-glance and 
 (2) the subsequent reduction of the oxide of antimony formed in 
 roasting. 
 
 (a) The Roasting of Antimony Glance. 
 
 “ The roasting of antimony-glance can be so conducted that the 
 product shall principally consist of either the stable tetroxide or the 
 volatile trioxide ; in the latter case, the trioxide would be collected in a 
 suitable arrangement for condensation. The former method of roasting 
 is more usual ; the latter, which has been named ‘ volatilising roasting * 
 ( verfliichtigende rdstung), has been suggested for the extraction of 
 antimony, but appears, so far, to have only been adopted for the 
 preparation of the trioxide for use as a pigment. 
 
 “The chemical changes which take place during the normal oxidising 
 roasting of pulverised antimony-glance, having for its object the 
 conversion of the sulphide into the tetroxide, are the following, if the 
 correct conditions of temperature and air admission are observed : — 
 
 “ When the temperature is raised to the proper point (nob much over 
 350° C.) the atmospheric oxygen converts the antimony trisulphide into 
 sulphur dioxide and antimony trioxide. A part of the latter is further 
 oxidised to pentoxide, and this, combining with some of the trioxide, 
 forms the tetroxide. Antimonic acid is formed in the presence of the 
 oxides of the metals, and combines with them to form antimoniates.” 
 
 . . With pure antimony-glance, and the correct temperature 
 
 and quantity of air, the product of roasting is principally the tetroxide, 
 but it always contains antimony glass and undecomposed sulphide. If 
 
 * Schnabel and ;Louis, Handbook of Metallurgy, 1S98, II, pp. 445-447. 
 
14 
 
 there are foreign sulphides and arsenic compounds in the ore, antimoni- 
 ates, arseniates, and sulphates of the foreign metals are found in the 
 roasted mass. 
 
 “ Since antimony sulphide and antimony trioxide melt at a dark red 
 heat and form antimony glass, and since, furthermore, they are both 
 volatile, the maintenance of the proper temperature is of the greatest 
 importance. According to Bidou it is not allowed to exceed about 
 350° C. ; at lower temperatures the sulphide would not be decomposed. 
 At temperatures only slightly beyond 350°, the mass begins to frit 
 together, thereby preventing the penetration of air to the interior. At 
 still higher temperatures the trioxide volatilises. 
 
 “ By regular rabbling, the fritting of the mass is prevented, even at 
 the higher temperature, and the presence of gangue in the ore also 
 tends to obviate the same difficulty. The richer the ore, the more 
 difficult is it to roast it ; with rich ores it is impossible to prevent to 
 some extent both the liquation of a portion of the sulphide and the 
 formation of flue dust, which latter consists almost entirely of antimony 
 trioxide and tetroxide, antimony sulphide, arsenic compounds, and 
 carbonaceous matter. It is, therefore, only possible to raise the 
 temperature for the purpose of oxidising any unaltered sulphide, after 
 the greater part of the sulphide has been converted into tetroxide. 
 Properly roasted ore should appear of a reddish colour while in the 
 furnace, and of an ashy grey colour on cooling ; further, while in the 
 furnace it should feel soft under the rabble, and free from any fritting 
 together. If the admission of air during the roasting be limited, the 
 volatile trioxide, and not the tetroxide, is formed. 
 
 “ The so-called volatilising roasting , which is only designed to form 
 and volatilise the trioxide, requires for its execution a restricted air 
 supply and a higher temperature. Steam at a high temperature also 
 effects the formation of the trioxide, with the simultaneous production 
 of sulphuretted hydrogen. This method of roasting was proposed by 
 Hering, for the treatment of poor ores and residues from the liquation 
 of crude antimony, but does not appear to have been practically applied. 
 Since the arsenic contained in the ore, when roasted, forms compounds 
 which are more volatile than antimony trioxide, it is possible to separate 
 the two products by intercepting the latter. This method of roasting also 
 has the advantage that the gold and silver, which nearly always exist 
 (with other metals) in these ores, remain in the residue and can 
 be extracted. . . 
 
 “If the oxide [from the volatilising roasting — J.E.C.] is to be used as 
 a pigment — a very limited application of it — it must be of exceptional 
 whiteness, and to ensure this the roasting is conducted in muffles. Oehme 
 obtains this purity of tint by roasting the sulphide in a restricted air 
 supply with admission of steam ; this is said to produce an oxide of great 
 purity in white sublimed needles, sulphuretted hydrogen being formed 
 at the same time.” 
 
 (b) The Reduction Process. 
 
 “The object of this is to reduce the oxide (either tetroxide or trioxide) 
 to metallic antimony. If coal alone be used for this purpose, a large 
 proportion of the antimony will be lost through volatilisation as 
 trioxide, and any antimony sulphide still remaining in the roasted ore 
 
15 
 
 will not be decomposed. Substances are therefore added to the charges 
 which, on account of their easy fusibility, form a protecting cover and 
 prevent the volatilisation of the antimony ; these also assist in the 
 formation of fusible slags, and separate the metal from any sulphide of 
 antimony present. The substances which are most advantageous for 
 this purpose are such as remove the impurities from the antimony, and 
 also serve as a refining medium. Potash, soda, glauber salt, and other 
 alkaline substances are used. 
 
 “ The reduction is carried out in reverberatory furnaces, in shaft 
 furnaces, and occasionally in crucibles in pot furnaces. 
 
 “ The reverberatory furnace process is simple and easily controlled, 
 but is accompanied by considerable loss of antimony, and is therefore 
 only used where ores are rich and raw fuel cheap. 
 
 “ The shaft furnace method causes less loss of antimony than the 
 former one, and is less expensive, but presents technical difficulties. It 
 is necessary to form a protecting slag tvhich shall be sufficiently thin 
 and fusible to protect the separated antimony from volatilisation and 
 from oxidation by the air blast. It may be employed for ores which 
 are too poor in antimony to be worked in reverberatory furnaces. 
 
 “ Antimony ores are only exceptionally worked in crucibles, as the 
 cost of fuel and labour is very high.” 
 
 Reduction in Reverberatory Furnaces * 
 
 “ The loss of metal in these furnaces is high, amounting at the least 
 to 12 per cent. ; indeed Helmhacker says it may rise as high as 30 or 40 
 per cent. . . . 
 
 “ The furnace-beds are egg-shaped, 7 ft. 10 in. long, 5 ft. 3 in. 
 wide in the centre, and 3 ft. 4 in. wide at the fire-bridge. The 
 bed is a deeply hollow one, built of fire-brick, and slopes from every 
 part to the tap-hole in one of the longer sides. The tapping-pot is 
 placed below the tap-hole, level with the floor of the shed. The height 
 from the bed to the roof in the centre is 3 ft. 3 in 
 
 “ . . . At the end of the system of condensing chambers is the 
 
 main chimney. The dust obtained from these chambers contains up to 50 
 per cent, of antimony. The charge for the furnace consists of 400 to 
 500 lb. of roasted ores, oxidised ores and flue dust, 90 to 100 lb. of a flux 
 consisting of salt, smaller quantities of soda, and sometimes a small 
 quantity of glauber salt, 65 to 75 lb. ground charcoal, and 220 to 230 lb. 
 of slag from the previous charge; this slag contains principally common salt,. 
 
 “ The fluxes are introduced into the furnace first, and fired ; when irr 
 a state of tranquil fusion, about an hour after charging, the introduction 
 of the other ingredients of the charge is commenced. These are added 
 through the working door in portions of about 44 lb., at intervals of 
 fifteen minutes, and well stirred in. After the addition of each portion 
 a scum is produced, which is drawn off through the working door. 
 When the last portion has been added and stirred in, the furnace is 
 strongly fired, and the charge tapped, the whole process occupying from 
 four to six hours. During the process the antimony is separated from 
 its oxygen and sulphur compounds by the action of charcoal and soda, 
 gangue is slagged by the soda, and the foreign metals present are carried 
 into the slag as sulphides by the action of the sulphide of soda resulting 
 from the reduction of glauber salt by the charcoal. The salt added to 
 
 * Schnabel and Louis, Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, pp. 451-453. 
 
16 
 
 the charge acts, like the glauber salt and soda, as a flux and as a cover, 
 but it also conveys some of the foreign metals into the slag in the 
 condition of chlorides. 
 
 “ The fuel consumption is 5-6 cwt. per charge, and the loss amounts 
 to 14 or 15 per cent, of the total antimony contained in the ore. 
 
 “ The slag and metal collect in the tapping-pot, and after they have 
 become solid are lifted out together, after which the antimony regulus is 
 freed from slag and broken up.” 
 
 Reduction in Shaft Furnaces * 
 
 “ This method, as well as the reverberatory furnace method, was 
 practised at Bouc and at Septemes, in France, and at Oakland, in 
 California ; at the present time it is in use at Banya, in Hungary. 
 
 “At Bouc and Septemes ores containing 30 to 40 per cent, of 
 antimony were roasted in reverberatory furnaces, and smelted in shaft 
 furnaces, which were worked on the 1 spur ’ principle, with covered 1 eye’. 
 They are 10 feet 10 inches high, 2 feet 7 inches to 3 feet in depth, and 
 1 foot 11 inches wide, and had three tuyeres. No information is 
 available as to the composition of the charges. In twenty-four hours 2 
 to 2^ tons of ore were worked, and the coke consumed was half the 
 weight of the ore. The crude metal produced contained 92 to 95 per 
 cent, of antimony, and was refined. 
 
 “ At Banya the materials for the production of antimony were 
 
 Boasted ore containing 48-49 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 Unroasted oxidised ores 46 ,, ,, 
 
 Unroasted liquation residues 
 from the production of crude 
 
 antimony, containing 21 4 ,, ,, 
 
 Boasted residues, containing... 234) ,, ,, 
 
 Flue-dust 56 '0 ,, ,, 
 
 Refinery slag 25 - 0 ,, ,, 
 
 “ These are smelted together in shaft furnaces 19 feet 7 inches high, 
 
 the diameter being 4 feet 7 inches at the mouth, and 3 feet 4 inches at 
 the tuyere ; each furnace has five water tuyeres, and is constructed with 
 a closed crucible ; 3,000 cubic feet of wind are supplied per minute at a 
 pressure of 12 inches of water. A campaign, or ‘ run,’ lasts three weeks. 
 The charges are of two different compositions, A and B below : — 
 
 A B 
 
 lb. lb. 
 
 Roasted ore 1,213 1,323 
 
 Boasted residues from liquation 1,654 1,323 
 
 Ore moulded into lumps with lime 441 
 
 Flue-dust moulded into lumps with lime 220 
 
 Un roasted ore 220 
 
 Oxidised ores 220 
 
 Unroasted liquation residues 220 
 
 Limestone 1,323 1,764 
 
 Foul slags from same work 882 882 
 
 Slags from refinery 441 
 
 Impure antimony (III below) 220 
 
 “ The mixing of lime with the fine ore and flue-dust is only done 
 during the first eight or ten days of the campaign, after that time they 
 can be added in their natural state without prejudice to the process. 
 The quantities of lime used at first are, for fine ores, 10 per cent, by 
 weight, and for flue-dust 7 per cent. 
 
 • Schnabel and Louis,- Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, pp. 464-^455. 
 
17 
 
 “ These two charges are used alternately, so that two charges of 
 mixture A are followed hy charge B, and in twenty-four hours a total 
 of 30 cwts. is put through the furnace. The unrefined antimony obtained 
 is of three grades, of the following compositions 
 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 Antimony, per cent. 
 
 90-92 
 
 73-80 
 
 65 04 
 
 Iron 
 
 6-23 
 
 16*6tf 
 
 23-80 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 2-85 
 
 8-42 
 
 10-46 
 
 
 99-10 
 
 98-88 
 
 99-30 
 
 u The grades I and II 
 
 are refined; the grade III 
 
 is returned to the 
 
 furnaces in the charges as shown above. 
 
 
 
 “ The slags produced 
 
 in this operation have the 
 
 following composi- 
 
 tion : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 Si0 2 
 
 
 46-9 
 
 45 9 
 
 CaO 
 
 
 34-6 
 
 31. -4 
 
 FeO 
 
 
 15-1 
 
 19-9 
 
 Sb 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 0*9 
 
 Slags which are not clean and contain large quantities of antimony are 
 returned to the furnace.” 
 
 Reduction in Pot Furnaces .* 
 
 “The reduction of roasted ores in crucibles in pot furnaces is, on 
 account of its high cost, only adopted occasionally where a small quantity 
 is required, and where rich ores or crude antimony are available. 
 
 “ The roasted ore is fused with 10 per cent, of its weight of crude 
 argol, or with charcoal or anthracite, and potash and soda, in fire-clay 
 crucibles heated in a wind furnace, or in a galley furnace. The melted 
 metal is cast in iron moulds coated with tallow or thin fire-clay cream. 
 
 “According to Knab each crucible contains 26-5 lb. of roasted ore 
 with 10 per cent, of charcoal, and 7*15 per cent, of salt, or soda. The 
 pots are arranged ten or twelve in each furnace, and each pot turns out 
 four or five charges in twenty-four hours. The consumption of coal is 
 70 to 80 per cent, of the weight of the ore, and the life of each pot is 
 seven or eight charges. 
 
 II. The Precipitation Method of Reduction,! 
 
 “ This method is applicable only to rich ores and crude antimony. It 
 consists in replacing the antimony in the sulphide of antimony by iron, 
 thus separating the antimony in the metallic state, and forming sulphide 
 of iron at a comparatively low temperature. It is impossible, however, 
 to completely separate the sulphide of iron from the antimony, on 
 account of the high specific gravity of the former, and therefore sodium 
 sulphate and carbon are added in order to produce sodium sulphide, 
 which forms with the iron sulphide a fusible slag of low specific gravity 
 which easily separates from the antimony. Common salt is used in 
 England instead of sodium sulphate and carbon. Iron is best used in 
 the form of turnings, shavings, or tin-plate cuttings. In the case of the 
 latter, the tin they contain does no harm. The proportion of iron must 
 not be too high in the case of ores containing sulphides of lead and 
 arsenic, because the antimony would not only be contaminated with iron, 
 but also with the lead and arsenic reduced by the iron from their respec- 
 tive compounds. 
 
 * Schnabel and Louis, Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, p. 456. 
 
 t Ibid ., pp. 456-459. 
 
18 
 
 “ With reference to this it must be borne in mind that where sodium 
 sulphate and carbon are used, part of the iron is consumed in decompos- 
 ing the sodium sulphate. It has been found by experiment that where 
 10 per cent, of glauber salt and 2 to 3 per cent, of coal are used, 44 per 
 cent, of iron is required ; this figure is given by Karsten, but Liebig 
 states that 42 per cent, is sufficient, and Hering uses only 40 per cent. 
 Berthier uses the following proportions : — Sulphide of antimony, 100 ; 
 forge scale, 60 ; soda, 45 to 50 ; coal dust, 10. The iron in all cases 
 separates out as the mono-sulphide FeS, or, according to Schweder, as the 
 sulphide Fe 8 S 7 . 
 
 “ In England it is usual to add excess of iron in order to secure the 
 separation of all the antimony in the ore ; this, however, is only done 
 with ores which are free from lead and arsenic. The excess of iron 
 alloys with the antimony, and is removed by subsequent fusion with 
 more sulphide of antimony. 
 
 “ There is some loss of antimony in the precipitation method, owing 
 partly to volatilisation of the sulphide and partly to the fact that the 
 slags carry some away. Karsten states that the yield where crucibles 
 are used is 64 per cent., Berthier, 65 to 67 per cent. ; the theoretic yield 
 is 71 *5 per cent. 
 
 “ This method is carried out, as a general rule, in pot furnaces, but 
 reverberatory furnaces are sometimes used in spite of the inevitable loss 
 of antimony ; shaft furnaces have only been applied experimentally ; 
 crucible furnaces are adopted in England, Hungary, and other places. 
 
 “ In English works, of which the principal ones are Messrs. Cookson 
 and Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne, Messrs. Hallet and Fry, Johnson Matthey, 
 and Pontifex and Wood in London, ores containing 50 to 55 per cent, 
 of antimony are worked. An antimony-iron alloy is first produced by 
 fusing the sulphide in graphite pots with excess of wrought iron. This 
 ensures the extraction of all the antimony contained in the ore. This 
 alloy is then freed from the iron it contains by fusing it in graphite pots 
 with sulphide of antimony, and the metal obtained again fused with 
 suitable materials in graphite pots in order to refine it. All three 
 operations take place in the same furnace. The ore, broken to the size 
 of hazel-nuts, is smelted with wrought iron, tin-plate cuttings, salt and 
 slag from the same process, or with skimmings from a subsequent ore. 
 Each pot holds a charge of 46*3 lb. of ore containing 52 per cent, of 
 antimony, 17 ’6 lb. of iron, 4*4 lb. of salt, and IT lb. of slag or skimmings. 
 The iron usually consists of 14-3 lb. of cuttings compressed into a cake, 
 and 3*3 lb. of turnings and borings. The ore, salt, slag, or skimmings, as 
 the case may be, and the borings, are mixed together and placed in the pot, 
 
 and the cake of cuttings is placed on the top as a cover The 
 
 smelting of a charge for the production of the antimony-iron alloy takes, 
 three hours, or a little less. When the charge is smelted, the contents 
 of the pot are poured into conical moulds, and a new charge is introduced. 
 When the contents of the mould are cold, the matte and slag are- 
 removed from the surface of the antimony by beatiDg it with a hammer, 
 and are thrown away. 
 
 “ The antimony-iron alloy, technically known as “ Singles,” contains 
 91*63 per cent, antimony, 7*23 per cent, iron, 0 82 per cent, sulphur,, 
 and 0*32 per cent, insoluble matter. 
 
 “ The iron in the alloy is removed, as already stated, by fusion with 
 sulphide of antimony. To ensure complete removal of the iron, excess 
 of the sulphide is used. The iron sulphide separates as a matte, and. 
 
19 
 
 common salt, or sometimes soda ash, is added as a cover and to flux the 
 sulphides. The charge consists of 92 ’6 lb. of broken regulus, 7 5 to 
 9 lb. of liquated sulphide, and 44 lb. of salt, and the same furnace is 
 used as in the former process. The fused mass is stirred from time to 
 time with an iron rod, and the time required for a charge is about 
 1^ hours. At the conclusion of this fusion the slag and matte are 
 removed with an iron spoon, and the contents of the pot poured into a 
 conical cast-iron mould, the matte and skimmings being added to 
 subsequent smeltings of ore. 
 
 “ The metal, which at this stage is known as ‘ star bowls/ contains 
 95*53 per cent, antimony, 0*18 per cent, iron, and 0*16 per cent, sulphur. 
 The presence of the sulphur, which is due to the excess of sulphide used 
 in the second fusion, may be recognised by the appearance of small 
 glistening patches in the crystalline pattern on the surface of the 
 casting. 
 
 ‘In order to remove the sulphur, and to produce the so-called ‘star 
 antimony/ the ‘ star bowls ’ have to be further refined. To do this a 
 fused mixture of potash and sulphide of antimony is added to the metal 
 in a graphite crucible in the same furnace as was used in the previous 
 operations. The charge is 92*6 lb. of metal and 8*8 lb. of the fluxes, the 
 latter being added after the fusion of the metal. The pots are placed in 
 the hottest part of the furnace, as close as possible to the fire, and, when 
 the fusion is complete, the contents of the pot are stirred with an iron 
 rod and poured. 
 
 “ The loss in this process is 10 per cent, of the antimony contained in 
 the ore, the greater part of which is due to volatilisation during smelting. 
 Condensing chambers are connected with these furnaces, and are cleaned 
 out four times a year, when a large quantity of white flue-dust is 
 obtained. This contains 70 to 72 per cent, of antimony, and is mixed 
 with coal dust, and smelted with charges of ore.” 
 
 (c.) The Refining of Antimony * 
 
 “ The refined antimony, as already stated, usually contains sulphur, 
 iron, arsenic, and copper, and frequently lead as well. These impurities, 
 with the exception of lead, can be eliminated partly by oxidising and 
 slagging agents, partly by sulphurising agents, and partly by chlorinating 
 agents. Sulphur is removed by fusion with soda or potash or antimony 
 glass (antimony oxy-sulphide). Arsenic is converted by soda or potash 
 into arseniate of soda or potash, and can thus be removed. Copper and 
 iron are converted by sulphide of antimony into sulphides ; the conversion 
 is facilitated by the addition of soda or potash, or of glauber salt and 
 charcoal. The sulphides of iron and copper form a slag with the sulphide 
 of sodium, which results from the reduction of the glauber salt, and with 
 the soda or potash present. They can also be removed easily by 
 antimony glass. 
 
 “ Common salt, carnalite or magnesium chloride, when added, cause 
 the volatilisation of some of the foreign metals as chlorides, and slags the 
 others. A large quantity of antimony, however, is volatilised at the 
 same time, so that, on the large scale, this method is attended with great 
 loss of metal. 
 
 * Schnabel and Louis, Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, pp. 461-462. 
 
20 
 
 “The above-mentioned methods do not eliminate lead, because metallic 
 antimony separates lead from its oxide or sulphide ; lead can only be 
 separated from antimony by chlorodising, which causes great loss of 
 antimony, and even then the lead is only incompletely removed.” 
 
 Mitscherlich suggested that the lead should be removed from the 
 sulphide of antimony before the latter was smelted, by fusing the 
 sulphide with 4 per cent. iron. By this means the whole of the lead, 
 and a comparatively small amount of antimony, would be removed. 
 From all this it is obvious that the best way to produce an antimony 
 free from lead is to use an ore which is itself free from that impurity. 
 
 “It has already been pointed out that, in commerce, antimony is 
 judged by the appearance of the fern-like f star ; on its surface. This 
 characteristic is not exhibited by impure metal, nor by the pure metal 
 if any part of the surface has been exposed during solidification, nor if 
 the slag covering set before the metal, nor if undecomposed soda or 
 potash came into contact (even in minute quantities) with the surface. 
 Ingots which do not show the star must, if impure, be refined ; and, if 
 pure, be recast, and allowed to cool under the proper conditions. Small 
 ingots will show only a single large ‘ star,’ while larger ones will show 
 several, and will have a fern like pattern on their side. 
 
 “ The refining is done either in crucibles in pot furnaces or in 
 reverberatory furnaces. The former method requires a greater fuel 
 consumption, and therefore, for the production of large quantities of 
 refined antimony, reverberatory furnaces are preferred ; but the loss of 
 metal in the process amounts to between 20 and 30 per cent. At many 
 works in England the refining is performed as a part of the process of 
 extraction.” 
 
 The Herrenschmidt process of antimony smelting (patented in France, 
 April, 1908, No. 386,107), is probably the latest development in the metal- 
 lurgy of antimony. The patentee was associated with reduction works at 
 Carangula, near Kempsey, in the early beginning of the industry in this 
 State. His latest process is described at length by Chung Yu Wang,* who 
 assisted in some of the experiments with this latest improvement in the 
 volatilising process for low-grade antimony ores. It is claimed that not less 
 than 90 per cent, of the metal contained in the ore is recovered as oxide by 
 this process. 
 
 Six tons of ore, containing 10 to 15 per cent, of antimony, can be treated 
 every twenty-four hours* with a consumption of 4 to 5 per cent, of gas-coke, 
 or 6 to 7 per cent, of charcoal. 
 
 With ores containing, 18 to 20 per cent, of antimony, 4J tons per twenty- 
 four hours can be treated with a consumption of 5 to 6 per cent, gas-coke, 
 or 7 to 8 per cent, charcoal ; any gold present being, almost all recoverable 
 in. the scoria. 
 
 For each apparatus four workmen are employed in the twenty-four hours, 
 and 3 horse-power is used for the ventilators and pump. 
 
 The cost of treatment, stated generally, amounts to about 70 francs (£2 
 18s. 4d.) per ton of oxide produced. The complete apparatus costs 10,000 
 francs (£416' 13s. 4d). 
 
 ♦'Antimony : ItsrCftemistry, Metallurgy, Uses, &c.. 1909, pp. 98-102. 
 
21 
 
 F. T. Havard*, writing of the Chatillon and Herrenschmidt processes, 
 states : — 
 
 “Both methods are economically successful under good management, 
 and both lack, by a great measure, perfection. Chatillon relies largely 
 on condensation by water, in towers and scrubbers ; Herrenschmidt 
 condenses the major part of the fume in dry settling flues and chambers, 
 and catches the last remnants of antimony by passing the gases through 
 a centrifugal washer, which at the same time induces the draft. Both 
 are experimenting with textile filters, and are using the organ-pipe 
 settling-chamber system.” 
 
 Writing of the “Progress in the Metallurgy and Determination of 
 Antimony,” the same author states : — f 
 
 “ The new Chatillon furnace is very attractive. A special feature is 
 the double shaft, each section having two compartments, one placed 
 directly above the other. In the upper compartment, most of the 
 volatilisation of the stibnite and fritting of the gangue is accomplished. 
 On leaving this chamber the charge drops into the lower compartment, 
 heating the air in its indirect passage to the top of the upper compart- 
 ment, and perfecting the volatilisation of the antimony, so that the 
 scoria, which is withdrawn, contains 1 per cent, and less of the metal. 
 Since the Auvergne furnaces work best with an excess of air, the second 
 chamber should act as a valuable economiser in heating the draft. With 
 an excess of air, the reduction of the higher oxides by S0 2 is less likely 
 to be accomplished, and consequently there will be less sulphuric acid 
 formed to harm the condensing system. The disadvantage of using an 
 excess of air lies in the fact that Sb 2 0 4 and Sb 2 0 5 are more likely to be 
 formed than the desired Sb 2 0 3 which condenses easily and makes an 
 excellent paint. Furthermore, even with a warm blast the use of an 
 excess of air reduces the temperature at the top of the furnace, and in 
 this way helps in condensing the oxide fume. 
 
 “ The high recovery attending the use of the volatilising process has 
 confirmed the belief which we have expressed of the relative ease with 
 which antimony fume may be condensed.” 
 
 New South Wales Antimony Smelting Works. 
 
 Antimony smelting is reported to have been commenced at Hillgrove in 
 1878, a small furnace being erected in that year by an Armidale syndicate. 
 In this year 41 tons of antimony metal are included in the State exports. I 
 
 In 1879 erection of smelting works was begun in connection with the 
 Carangula antimony lodes near Kempsfey, on the Macleay River. These were 
 completed in 1880, and rebuilt in 1883. 
 
 In 1881 smelting works were erected on BischofFs conditional purchase 
 at Hillgrove, at a cost of about <£1,000 p 270 tons of ore being smelted. 
 
 In 1883 C. S. Wilkinson mentions the Hillgrove Antimony Smelting 
 Works belonging to Messrs. Guigni, Friedmann and Kessler, of Armidale, 
 which during the year was compelled to close owing to fall in values. 
 
 In 1890 the Eleanora Antimony Smelting Plant consisted of five furnaces 
 capable of turning out 50 tons of crude per week. 
 
 In 1906 a smelter was being erected at Metz, near Hillgrove. 
 
 Small furnaces were erected at different dates, in the Nambucca district — 
 as at Taylor’s Arm — to deal with the local production, but only ran for short 
 campaigns. 
 
 * The Mineral Industry 1909, XVIII, p. 37. f Ibid, pp. 37, 38. 
 
 t Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1878, p. 43. 
 
22 
 
 Of the early smelting plants and the processes adopted, nothing has been 
 recorded, and these works have long been dismantled. 
 
 The following particulars of the Metals Smelting Company, Balmain, and 
 its operations during the antimony boom of 1907, have been furnished by 
 Mr. W. H. C. Lovely, M.A.I.M.E., who acted as superintendent and 
 metallurgist : — 
 
 “In December, 1906, the Metals Smelting Company, Limited, was 
 formed for producing star antimony (antimony regulus) from Australian 
 ores. The plant was erected at Booth-street, Balmain, and smelting 
 started 11th March, 1907. The plant consisted of one reverberatory 
 furnace, with flues, condensing chambers, and attendant machinery. 
 
 “ The ore was obtained chiefly from Hillgrove, but consignments were 
 also received from Kempsey, Nambucca, Hill End, Wellington, Barraba, 
 and Nundle. 
 
 “ The Hillgrove ore was mostly bought on the field on sight as 
 customary ; but the other ore, from scattered sources, was bought on 
 assay upon arrival at the works. 
 
 “ The smelter usually treated from 30 to 50 cwt. of ore per day, 
 producing star antimony in one operation, but later it was found more 
 economical to first produce impure metal, and refine it periodically in 
 large charges. 
 
 “Low-grade ores, down to 15 per cent. 'antimony, were also treated, 
 though smelters abroad will not buy ore under 50 per cent. This 
 enabled miners to realise on quantities of ore otherwise valueless to 
 them. 
 
 “ Usually twelve men were employed on the smelter till October, 1907, 
 when the furnace was shut down for repairs ; the last run being for six 
 months continuously in blast. 
 
 “The furnace, was lined with English magnesia bricks, which lasted 
 the whole period, whilst firebricks used whilst waiting the arrival of the 
 others, were eaten through in a fortnight by the strongly basidslag used. 
 
 “During 1908, alloys were extensively made up at the works in 
 additional plant erected for the purpose ; and a new and larger furnace 
 was constructed with improvements ; and a smaller one specially for 
 starring the metal after smelting and refining in the larger furnace. 
 
 “ Smelting, however, was not restarted as the metal had fallen from 
 £125 per ton to £30 ; and the supply of ore from the mines practically 
 ceased. 
 
 “The Company’s capital was all absorbed in depreciation in value of 
 the metal in transit to London and in stock. Owing to these causes, 
 the Company decided to discontinue business, and went into liquidation. 
 
 “The average recovery of metal from the ore was 90 per cent., which 
 is higher than usual, especially from low-grade ores. 
 
 “Smelting ceased about April, 1908. 
 
 tons cwt. qr. lb. 
 
 “ Total ore smelted (approximate) .. . ... 179 8 2 11 
 
 ,, antimony produced... ... ... 32 9.1 7 
 
23 
 
 VI.— ALLOYS OF ANTIMONY. 
 
 Schnabel and Louis.* 
 
 “Antimony alloys with most metals, making them brittle. It is 
 added to lead to harden it. When alloyed with tin it renders it silvery 
 in appearance, increases its hardness, and raises its melting point. 
 
 “ The most important alloys of antimony are type-metal , which consists 
 of lead, tin, and antimony, or of only lead and antimony ; hard-lead , 
 produced by working lead ores which contain antimony, and which con- 
 sists of lead and antimony in very varying proportions ; Britannia-metal 
 and white — bearing — or antifriction metal , which consists principally of 
 antimony and tin, with addition of lead, copper, zinc, bismuth, and 
 nickel. Britannia-metal , which is used for the manufacture of teapots, 
 spoons, plates, &c., contains, according to Ledebur, tin 85 to 93 percent., 
 antimony up to 10 per cent., and copper up to 3 per cent. English 
 plate-pewter and Queeri e-metal are similar alloys.” 
 
 Uses. 
 
 F. T. Havardf states that — * 
 
 “ In addition to its wide use in the form of alloys and pigments, 
 antimony salts are applied in the forms of the trioxide for making 
 enamels, of the trichloride in bronzing iron, of the trisulphide in pyro- 
 technics, of the penta- sulphide in vulcanising and colouring rubber, and 
 of the chromate (Naples yellow) in the ceramic arts. Many of its salts 
 are also valuable medicines. 
 
 “ Of the leading three white metallic paints, white lead, white 
 antimony, and zinc white, white antimony has the greatest covering 
 capacity, and the most pleasing appearance.”]; 
 
 Paints. 
 
 “ The trioxide Sb 2 0 3 is itself of excellent colour, fire, and covering 
 capacity, while the mixture of barium sulphate and antimony trioxide 
 which is obtained by adding barium carbonate to a hot solution of 
 antimony oxide in sulphuric or sulphurous acid, is of equal value. Of 
 the three leading white metallic paints, white lead, white antimony, and 
 zinc white, white antimony has the greatest covering capacity, and the 
 most pleasing appearance. 
 
 “ Many patents have been granted for processes of making the yellow, 
 brown, and red sulphide paints.Ӥ 
 
 Schnabel and Louis state that|| — 
 
 “ Sulphide of antimony is used to a large extent, especially as a paint 
 for ship’s bottoms ; it is therefore the object of preparation in a special 
 industry, which consists in simply liquating it from other minerals and 
 rocks which accompany it in its ores. The product of this process is 
 called crude antimony. 
 
 • Handbook of Metallurgy, 1898, II, p. 436. t The Mineral Industry, 1909, XVIII, p. 43. 
 
 t Ibid., p. 41. § Ibid., p. 41. ii Handbook of Metallurgy, II, 1898, p. 438. 
 
24 
 
 Antimony Preparations and their Uses. 
 
 C. Y. Wang* 
 
 The principal uses of antimony, arranged in the order of importance, 
 are as follows : — 
 
 1. Alloys. 
 
 2. Pigments and paints. 
 
 3. Medicine. 
 
 4. Colouring matter in glass-making and in the preparation of 
 
 artificial gems. 
 
 5. Colouring matter in pottery-making. 
 
 6. Colouring matter for the manufacture of cloth and paper. 
 
 7. Mordants. 
 
 8. Corrosive for dyeing. 
 
 9. Vulcanising rubber. 
 
 10. Coating articles. 
 
 11. For the manufacture of aniline yellow and aniline red. 
 
 1 2. For the fabrication of dice-boxes, for the cartridges of the new 
 
 fire-arms, and other objects for artillery uses. 
 
 13. Miscellaneous uses. 
 
 Antimony: Its Chemistry, Metallurgy, Uses, &c., 1903, p. 145. 
 
25 
 
 VII.— DESCRIPTIVE REGISTER OF OCCURRENCES IN 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 Aberfoyle, Parish Rampsbeck, County Clarke, on Aberfoyle River. In 
 1880 a lease for antimony mining was taken up at Aberfoyle, about 36 miles 
 north-east of Armidale.* In 1907 attention was directed to this lode during 
 the brief antimony boom ; and a small parcel of ore was marketed. 
 
 Abington Greek , M.L. 5, Parish Sandy Creek, County Hardinge, in 
 Sutton’s Gully, 24 miles east north-east from Bundarra, and 20 miles north' 
 west of Armidale. Antimony ore recorded in this locality. 
 
 Alderman’s Lode , M.L. 6, Parish Carnham, County Drake. Discovered 
 by A. Alderman, who prospected only. Sunk on by T. Bassetti to a 
 depth of 18 feet. Width of lode about 4 inches, chiefly cervantite. 
 
 Armidale , 25 miles north. G. W. Card records native antimony from this 
 locality. Massive, with a crust of oxide.f 
 
 Ashford , near, in County Arrawatta. In 1890 antimony ores were reported 
 near Ashford — probably near Bonshaw — -where sulphide of antimony in 
 small quantity occurs in Permo-Carboniferous rocks, about 1 mile south of 
 Bonshaw Hotel, close to Inverell-road. Several small openings were made 
 exposing a little ore sparsely distributed. 
 
 In 1891 assays of samples from Ashford (1) yielded from 31*93 to 50*72 
 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 Australian Broken Hill Consols Mine. — E. F. Pittman, Government 
 Geologist, states that : — 
 
 “ In the Australian Broken Hill Consols Mine the association of 
 antimony with silver is notable, and quite a number of antimonial 
 silver minerals have been found. The most important of these is 
 dyscrasite, which occasionally occurs in largo masses, and was at first 
 mistaken for native silver. 
 
 These masses are further described as up to a ton in weight, and 
 pseudomorphous after chaly bite.” § 
 
 Bellingen River. — Warden Ducat in 1888 reported — 
 
 “About 2 miles south-west from this field [Deep Creek. — J.E.C.J, 
 and nearer the south arm of the Bellingen River . . . .an 
 
 antimony reef was discovered, and five applications for mineral leases 
 lodged on the supposed line of lode. D. Anderson and party on No. 
 88-6 have done much work. They have a shaft down 50 feet, and 
 have uncovered a large reef of rich antimony. They have about 
 100 tons or more at grass, but have not put any quantity on the 
 market/’|[ 
 
 C. S. Wilkinson, Government Geologist, and W. H. J. Slee, Chief 
 Inspector of Mines, in the following year inspected this discovery, and 
 reported : — 
 
 “ In the slate ranges, about 3 miles northerly, is Anderson’s Reef, 
 which has been sunk upon to a depth of 70 feet, and is from 20 to 24 
 inches wide. It contains oxide and sulphide of antimony, with native 
 antimony, which Mr. Anderson informed us yielded, on assay, at the 
 rate of 14 oz. of gold per ton. About 1 mile southerly Messrs. Powell, 
 
 * Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1880, p. 139. f Records Geol. Sur. N.S. Wales, VII, 1902, pt. 2, p. 43. 
 t Mineral Resources of N.S. Wales, 1901, p. 246. § Ibid., p. 247. || Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 
 
 1888 , p. 106 . 
 
26 
 
 Buchanan, and party are also prospecting two antimony lodes, which 
 afford encouraging prospects, the ore occurring with quartz in intrusive 
 granitic dykes. As we observed many of these dykes in this locality, 
 we believe that when they are prospected other auriferous antimony 
 lodes will be found, and probably lead to the profitable employment of 
 many miners.”* 
 
 Bingara, between Bingara and Barraba. — In 1878 a sample of stibnite 
 and cervantite in quartz, purporting to come from Bingara, was assayed for 
 48-9 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 In 1896 land was taken up for antimony mining near Oaky Creek, on 
 the Bingara-Barraba road, which probably represents the earlier discovery. 
 
 In 1907 a small parcel of antimony ore was obtained from Cobbadah, 
 probably in the same locality. 
 
 Antimony is also reported 1 1 miles west of Bingara, and at Golden Gate, 
 8 miles from Bingara. 
 
 Bowra , near Nambucca River. — The Warden also reported discovery of 
 antimony near Bowra, showing rich specimens.! 
 
 In the following year the site was visited by Messrs. C. S. Wilkinson and 
 W. H. J. Slee, who reported : — { 
 
 “ The town of Bowra is situated at the head of the navigable waters 
 of the Nambucca River, and several antimony reefs have been found in 
 the locality. About 2| miles northerly from Bowra is O’Donnell’s reef. 
 It is a well-defined breccia quartz reef, from 2 to 5 feet thick, containing 
 sulphide of antimony and pyrites. A shaft has been sunk upon it to a 
 depth of 80 feet. It now requires a bulk sample of several tons of the 
 stone to test its value, and the reef should also be opened a little further 
 to the south on its strike, south 15° east. 
 
 u On a branch of the Buccra-Bendinni Creek, about 18 miles westerly 
 from Bowra, Mr. P. McHugh and party are prospecting a quartz and 
 antimony reef, which is from 3 inches to 3 feet wide. It is a true 
 fissure reef, striking from north 20° east to north-east, formed along the 
 line of a fault in the strata, and will be a permanent one. We saw two 
 other parallel faults within a distance of half a mile, in v;hich antimony 
 will probably be found. 
 
 “ In the Parish of Medio w, 13 miles south-westerly from Bowra, 
 Mr. D. Graham and party have discovered a quartzite reef crossing a 
 creek, flowing into Taylor,’s Arm Creek. It varied from 3 inches to 3 
 feet thick, and contains sulphide of antimony. In places the antimony 
 ore occurs in solid masses, 3 inches thick ; in others it is more or less 
 scattered through the quartzite in small crystalline particles. It is 
 nearly vertical, striking north-north-east to north-east, and could readily 
 be worked by tunnelling into the side of the hill. A few small antimony 
 veins branch off from it on the west side. A smaller quartzite reef 
 occurs about 100 yards further down the creek. 
 
 “ As the antimony ore occurs in bunches irregularly distributed in the 
 reefs their value can be better tested by raising bulk samples from 
 different points along the course of the reefs than by sinking deep shafts, 
 as the reefs are not likely to change in character in depth. The country 
 consists of broken ranges, some attaining an elevation of over 3,000 feet 
 above sea-level. They are composed of altered shales and sandstones, 
 traversed by quartz veins and granitic dykes, but the latter are not so 
 numerous as those in the country between the Nambucca and Bellingen 
 
 * Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1889, p. 204. t Ibid., 1884, p. 95. J Ibid., 1889, p. 204. 
 
27 
 
 Rivers. The geographical formation is favourable for the occurrence 
 of other similar antimony reefs. There is little doubt but that the reefs 
 of this district will afford profitable employment to many small parties 
 of miners, and that large quantities of antimony will be produced. It 
 is reported that the antimony ore nearly always yields, on assay, some 
 gold and silver. 
 
 In 1890 the Warden* reported that — 
 
 “ The very numerous discoveries of antimony-bearing veins, extending 
 from near the sea coast at the Bellingen, through by Pickett’s Hill to 
 Bowra, and the head waters of the Nambucca and Taylor’s Arm, over 
 the dividing range from Macleay River to Carangula Mines, cover a very 
 
 extended line of country 
 
 u Not much progress to report in most cases ; the ore turned out 
 bunchy. J. Mackay and others put in two tunnels in face of hill ; the 
 lower one has now a depth of 110 feet (below the outcrop. — J.E.C.) 
 with only small veins of antimony showing in the rock. 
 
 “ About 100 yards up the hill another drive has been opened, and is 
 in about 35 feet. 12 tons of good ore were taken from it, but it has 
 pinched a lot. 
 
 “ In Parish Medlow two or three leases show better prospects, the 
 
 lodes of antimony are more defined and of greater body 
 
 “ Altogether about 100 tons of ore have been shipped from these 
 mines. 
 
 From Taylor’s Arm and Bowraville the following outputs of ore are recorded 
 in the Annual Reports of the Department of Mines for the years quoted, but 
 they are not regarded as complete : — 
 
 1890 — 40 to 50 tons despatched from Nambucca. 
 
 1892 — 280 tons, valued at <£3,920. 
 
 1893 — Fair quantity of ore despatched — smelting works being erected. 
 
 1894 — 370 tons, valued at £1.372. 
 
 1895 — 50 tons, valued at £500. 
 
 1896 — 30 tons, valued at £210. 
 
 1899 — -191 tons, valued at £815. 
 
 1902— 15 tons. 
 
 1905 — Small parcels — not defined. 
 
 1906 — Small parcels — not defined. 
 
 Broken Hill. — Antimony is present in the sulphide levels of the Broken 
 Hill silver-lead-zinc-lode. In 1906 the Broken Hill Proprietary Company 
 produced a quantity of antimonial lead at their Port Pirie Smelting Works. 
 
 In 1907, the amount of this alloy was returned as 652 tons. 
 
 Dyscrasite (silver antimonide) occurred in massive blocks in the Australian 
 Broken Hill lode. 
 
 Bull Creek. — Macksville Division, Nambucca River, County Raleigh ( see 
 Bowraville). In 1891, 14 tons of antimony ore were raised from a tunnel 
 at Bull’s Creek. 
 
 Bungonia. — Samples purporting to come from Bungonia were assayed in 
 1880 for 28*42 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 Carangula Antimony Mines. — Munga Creek, about 4 miles from its junc- 
 tion with the Macleay River, Parish Burragong, County Dudley. 
 
 In 1877 the Kempsey (Macleay) district was recorded as an antimony 
 locality, and in 1879 the Munga Creek antimony lodes were opened, the 
 Mining Registrar reporting that a number of persons held mineral licenses 
 
 * Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1891, p. 127. 
 
2S 
 
 and were obtaining and" despatching to Sydney considerable quantities of 
 antimony ore ; also that works and machinery were in course of erection.* 
 Two leases were also applied for at Warrell Creek, and at Wangwauk, near 
 Coolongolook. 
 
 In 1910 Mr. Geological Surveyor Lamont Young, F.G.S., visited the scene 
 of operations near Kempsey, and furnished a report dated 3rd April, 1880,f 
 from which the following particulars are extracted : — 
 
 “ The antimony deposits are situated on the Munga Creek, 4 miles 
 above its junction with the Macleay River, and occur in rocks which, 
 judged from their lithological character, are of Devonian age (since identi- 
 fied on palceontological e vidence as Permo-Carboniferous, Lower Marine. — 
 J.E.C.). In the neighbourhood of the mines the strata have been highly 
 disturbed, causing the country to assume a broken character, a point 
 which, taken in connection with the variation exhibited in the strike 
 of the lodes, and the frequent appearance of 4 slickensides,’ may be con- 
 sidered as favourable to the presence of mineral deposits of an irregular 
 nature. Up to the present no workings of any extent have been prose- 
 cuted in the locality, but what little has been done tends to confirm 
 this opinion. 
 
 “The antimonyore occurs in irregular bunches, occasionally of a 
 considerable size, enclosed in a quartz matrix, which forms the chief 
 constituent of the lodes. The latter have a general strike between 
 north and north-east, one notable exception being the Victoria Reef ; 
 they are much inclined to break into strings, or leaders, and to vary in 
 size. The antimony minerals are represented by ‘ stibnite,’ or sulphide 
 of antimony, and ‘ cervantite,’ or oxide of antimony ; the latter will, I 
 believe, be found replaced by the sulphide when lower portions of the 
 lodes are opened out; at present it will serve by a judicious combination 
 with the sulphide, charcoal, and a flux, to produce metallic antimony 
 without the use of scrap iron. The stibnite appears of a high degree of 
 purity, and the cleavage faces of the crystals, seen on breaking up masses 
 of the ore, are remarkably brilliant and large. The following is the 
 result of an analysis by Mr. Dixon of a specimen of mixed sulphide and 
 oxide for gold and silver : — Gold, 2 dwts. 10 grs. ; silver, traces per ton ; 
 a fine-grained variety is occasionally found. 
 
 “By the enterprise of Messrs. Herrenschmidt and Ward, a smelting 
 furnace has been erected on the spot, and the former gentleman has 
 practically demonstrated the value of the minerals of the locality for the 
 production of the finest antimony. These gentlemen, who have some 
 lodes in the immediate proximity to their works, have let the same on 
 tribute to working miners, a proceeding which has been followed by 
 other claim-holders. From the nature of the deposits and the value of 
 minerals they contain, it is apparent that a large extent of lode must 
 be available in order to insure a constant supply of ore. This can only 
 be done by the acquisition of a considerable area of ground, or the 
 amalgamation of several small claims.” 
 
 The following is a brief summary of the principal claims on which work 
 has been begun. (Extracts. — J.E.C.) 
 
 Herrenschmidt and Ward's Claim . — Shaft 28 feet. Lode strikes N. 10° W., 
 dip west at 7 6°, width 25 inches. Lode shows patches of ore composed of 
 stibnite and cervantite, with a quartz matrix. 
 
 * Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1879, p. 186. 
 
 t Ibid., 1880, pp. 250-252. 
 
29 
 
 Shaft No. 2, depth 15 feet. Lode split into leaders, showing 6 inches wide 
 at north end without mineral. At south end mixed sulphide and oxide 4 
 inches wide. Lode striking N. 10° E. vertical. 
 
 Bolt’s Reef, Victoria Claim. — Lode 30 inches wide. Strike N. 72° E. ; 
 nearly vertical. Ore mixed sulphide and oxide. Ten tons sold to smelters. 
 
 Thomas’ Claim,. — 70 yards south of Victoria. Strike N. 58° E., dip north 
 32° W. at 75°. Composed of quartz strings with occasional patches of 
 stibnite and cervantite, total thickness 49 inches. Some distance south is a 
 north and south lode, dipping west ; poor. 
 
 Walford’s Claim. — About 300 yards north of Victoria Claim, strike N. and 
 S., dip west at 55°. Width 10 inches. 
 
 Young Australian Claim. — Three lodes of same character, consisting of 
 small quartz veins with occasional bunches of ore, consisting of mixed sulphide 
 and oxide. Strikes vary from N. and S. to N. 30° E., and the dips from 70° 
 to 76° to the west. None of these lodes are well defined. Country sandstone, 
 
 Lady Mary Claim. — West of the Young Australian. Reef 4 inches wide, 
 dipping north-west. Not encouraging. 
 
 De la Force’s Claim. — Strike N. 30° E., dip west at 65°. Width not well 
 defined. Large blocks of ore occur in clay in sandstone country. A con- 
 siderable quantity of ore extracted. 
 
 Kavanagh’s Claim. — North of De la Force’s Claim. Outcrop of a lode opened, 
 but no work worthy of remark done. 
 
 In 1881, the Carangula Antimony Company were running the antimony 
 industry at Carangula, purchasing all ores raised, and producing “ star 
 antimony.” When in full work 200 to 300 men were employed. The 
 Company, however, got into financial difficulties, and hands were reduced to 
 about thirty. 
 
 The Company sank twelve shafts to depths of 40 to 80 feet, and raised a 
 considerable amount of ore. 
 
 Bolt’s Mine yielded about £1,500 worth of ore from two shafts, 63 and 85 
 feet deep. 
 
 In 1882 a few hands were employed, but the furnaces were idle • 120 tons 
 of first-class ore and 80 tons of second were despatched to Sydney. 
 
 In 1883 there was a revival. The Carangula Company were carrying on 
 vigorously under the management of Mr. E. H. Becke. The main shaft was 
 continued to 134-feet level, several small veins being cut in sinking. Lode 
 driven on 80 feet at the 120-feet level. Good ore struck in western drive. 
 Six other shafts on the property were in 60 to 80 feet, and three tunnels 
 from 175 to 245 feet. The furnaces were rebuilt, and plant remodelled. 
 2,000 tons of ore reported at grass — 6 tons of star antimony despatched. 
 Expenditure, £9,000. 
 
 Active work continued during 1884, eighty men being employed. Smelting 
 works in operation ; additional furnace under construction at close of year. 
 Main shaft deepened to 200 feet, No. 2 to 137 feet ; three others from 64 to 
 96 feet. 
 
 Output, 30 tons “star”; 40 tons “regulus”; 125 tons crude. The fall 
 in values, however, soon caused a cessation in work ; apparently nothing was 
 done in 1885, 1886, 1887, and 1888. Towards the end of the latter year, 
 however, the furnaces and plant were again being put into order, though 
 nothing further eventuated, as the mines were idle in 1889 and 1890. 
 
 In 1888, Messrs. Lark and Sons, Moore-street, Sydney, exhibited at the 
 Melbourne Centennial Exhibition a large trophv of star antimony, regulus, 
 crude, and ore from the Carangula Mines and Smelting Works. 
 
 In 1891, about 100 tons of ore were despatched. 
 
30 
 
 In 1893, the output of ore from the Kempsey district was estimated at 
 866 tons, valued at <£7,466 10s., presumably from Carangula and neighbour- 
 hood. 
 
 Clarence District. — In 1870* it was recorded that antimony had been 
 found on the tableland of the Clarence district, probably referring to the 
 antimony lode at Lunatic Reefs, in County Buller, or possibly from 
 Horse-shoe Bend, near Lionsville, or Pucka, near Yulgilbar. A sample of 
 ore from this district was exhibited by Thomas Ireland.! 
 
 Cobbadah. — In 1907, Parkinson, of Cobbadah, sent 3J- tons of antimonyore 
 to the Balmain Smelting Works, which assayed 60 per cent, metallic. 
 
 Collom Collom Creek Lode. — Parish Carnham, County Drake, about 3 miles 
 south-south-westerly from Lionsville. Discovered by J. F. Adams, and opened 
 to a depth of 75 feet. Lode averaged 6 inches in width ; 3 or 4 tons of 
 33 per cent, ore despatched, containing about 7 dwt. of gold per ton in 
 addition. 
 
 Corry and Wilson’s Lode. — M.L. 2, Parish Carnham, County Drake. 
 Discovered by T. Bassetti. Opened by tunnel. Average width of lodestuff, 
 about 6 inches. About 10 tons of dressed ore despatched. 
 
 Crudine Creek. — Antimony was discovered at Crudine in 1880, blocks of 
 pure ore, but no defined lode, being reported.! 
 
 In 1884 a sample of cervantite from this locality was assayed for 62’43 per 
 cent, of antimony, gold and silver being absent. 
 
 From Elkin and Company’s 50-acre lease 50 tons of ore were raised during 
 the year. The lode ranged from 8 to 12 inches thick. 
 
 In 1886 the site was visited by C. S. Wilkinson, who reported that — 
 
 “ The antimony mine, near Crudine Creek, occurs in a line of fault of 
 Silurian slates. It is a breccia lode of 8 inches to 3 feet wide, with 
 quartz veins : and the ores (sulphide and oxide of antimony) occur in it 
 in lenticular patches. Only prospected to a depth of about 30 feet. 
 Reported that, from 65 tons raised, 15 tons of oxide and 2 tons 18 cwt. 
 of sulphide yielded 70 and 60 per cent.” Samples taken by Mr. Wilkinson 
 of the breccia lodestuff yielded 48*8 per cent, of antimony, but neither 
 gold nor silver. The lode dipped south-west at 40°.§ 
 
 Donald’s Gully. — G.L.’s 200, 201, 202, 210, 211, Parish Jenny Lind, 
 County Buller, near Pretty Gully, and 14 miles north-east of Drake. Held 
 by L. and P. Fordham. Worked originally by Alex. Stuart, afterwards by 
 Chas. Hammet, who took out much gold, but experienced difficulty in 
 separating the antimony without losing gold. The lode strikes north-west, 
 vertical. Usually of slight width, but occasionally widening to lenses. 
 Country, slate ; now worked for gold. 
 
 Dorrigo. — Antimony reported to occur 8 miles from Beale’s Down Settle- 
 ment, 1 2 miles north of Dorrigo, and 1 mile from Beale’s Down Creek ; 1 mile 
 from Hewitt’s selection. Parish Allen, County Fitzroy. 
 
 Eurunderee , Mudgee District. — J. E. A. Wurth reported discovery of 
 antimony in this locality in 1909.|| 
 
 Ford’s Creek , 6 miles south of Gulgong. — Examined by C. S. Wilkinson 
 in 1886, who reported : — 
 
 “ At the head of Ford’s Creek, 6 miles south of Gulgong, three small 
 breccia lodes or short ‘ blows,’ containing sulphide and oxide of antimony 
 and a little quartz, have been opened to a depth of 5 feet. They occur in 
 irregular fissures, formed where the strata (Silurian clay-slates and 
 sandstones) have been fractured. The antimony occurs in irregular 
 
 * Industrial Progress of N.S. Wales, 1870, p. 343. f Ibid, p. 79. i Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1880, p. 56. 
 
 § Ibid., 1886, p. 138. l| Misc. Papers, Mines Dept, 09-320.. 
 
31 
 
 bunches, and, as it is impossible to determine the extent of the rupture 
 without sinking upon it, the probable value of the lodes can only be 
 ascertained by actual prospecting. A sample of the breccia lodestufF 
 gave, on assay, 36 *37 per cent, of antimony, and neither gold nor silver ; 
 but the lodestufF, after crushing, might be concentrated to yield about 
 60 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 In 1887 Mr. Wilkinson further reported : — 
 
 “ There are two small lodes cropping out at the surface about 100 feet 
 apart. The uppermost lode is about 6 inches thick, and dips south 15°, 
 east at 20°, and has been exposed in an open cutting 6 feet deep and 
 30 feet long. The lower lode, which has been opened to a depth of 
 5 feet, is about 6 inches thick, and dips south 25° east at 27°, but in one 
 place at 60°. They are breccia or rubble lodes, consisting of broken 
 fragments of slate rock associated with quartz, and contain oxide and 
 sulphide of antimony.”* 
 
 A little work was done on these lodes in 1889, but soon ceased. 
 
 Four-mile Claim. — On Four-mile Creek, 4 miles south of Pretty Gully, 
 Parish of Jenny Lind, County Buller. Four- mile Creek is a tributary of 
 Emu Creek, about 10 miles north of Drake. 
 
 Lode consists of quartz, with antimony ore in slate. Not of value. 
 
 Fraser's Gully. — Three miles S.S.E. of Ashford, Parish Ashford, County 
 Arrawatta, on east side of Fraser’s Creek. Antimony reported to occur 
 here. 
 
 Gara. — See Hillgrove. 
 
 Gobondry. — Antimony is reported to occur 18 miles east of Gobondry. 
 
 Goodeman Creek. — In 1889 a 40-acre lease was taken up for antimony 
 mining, where ore of good quality was reported, f 
 
 Gres ford , Paterson River. — This site was quoted as an antimony locality 
 in 1877. In 1907 a small parcel of ore was obtained during the antimony 
 boom. 
 
 G. K. Holden, in 1854, displayed antimony sulphide from near Gresford at 
 the Paris International Exhibition, 
 
 Hell’s Hole , Mudgee line. — In 1883 a sample from a locality thus described 
 was assayed for 40'26 per cent, of antimony, and gold at the rate of 2 J ounces 
 per ton, which brings it near the Razorback ore, near Ilford. 
 
 Herbert Park . — Cameron’s Creek Gold-field, about 11 miles north-west of 
 Hillgrove. Described by C. S. Wilkinson in 1889 as “ Devonian sedimentary, 
 intruded by dykes of granite, which, like those of Hillgrove, have gold and 
 antimony reefs associated with them. One of these, sunk on to 119 feet, was 
 3 feet 9 inches thick, containing pyrites and free gold ; probably identical 
 with the occurrence 1J miles from Herbert Park, Parish Donald, County 
 San don. 
 
 Hill End. — In 1907 A. Le Messurier, Hill End, forwarded 2| tons of 
 antimony ore to the Balmain Smelting Works from this locality, which 
 assayed 58 per cent. 
 
 Hillgrove District. — Antimony ores were noted in this locality (Gara) by 
 the Rev. W. B. Clarke as early as 1853, but it was not until early in 1880 
 that it was really commercially discovered. In that year the Warden reported 
 that the discovery “ led to the issue of twenty- three mineral licenses and 
 thirteen applications for mineral leases at Gara Falls. Three gold-mining 
 leases of land at the same place have been applied for. Messrs. Moore and 
 Company, who are now mining there for antimony, have sent to Sydney 50 
 
 • Ann. Kept. Mines Dept., 1887, p. 144. 
 
 f Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1889, p. 66. 
 
32 
 
 tons of ore. A large quantity, the amount of which I have not been able to 
 ascertain, was previously sent to the same place by Evershed and Company. 
 (A. Evershed and J. Thomas discovered antimony at Baker’s Creek, close to 
 the present Hopetoun reef, in 1877, and applied for a lease (M.L. 52) in 
 March, 1878 ; which was surveyed in October of the same year. J.E.C.) 
 The lode in one of Moore and Company’s two shafts is from 10 to 16 
 inches wide. The ore from one of the shafts is dark in colour, and, as I am 
 informed by Mr. Moore, has yielded on assay 56 per cent, of antimony 
 and 1 oz. 2 dwt. of gold to the ton.”* 
 
 In 1881 the local mining registrar reported that antimony in large quan- 
 tities had been discovered in different parts of the district, the chief being 
 Gara and Hargrave’s Falls. 
 
 Hargrave ’a Falls . — (Top of Swamp Creek Falls, ITillgrove. — J.E.C.) From 
 the mines in this locality 346 tons of ore are reported to have been raised 
 during the last half of 1880, some of which was sent to Sydney and some 
 smelted on the ground. The site is probably identical with that now known 
 as Brereton’s, which comprised original Portions 122, 123, and 124, Parish 
 Metz, County Sand on. 
 
 From Brereton and Gallagher’s about 75 tons of ore were raised in 1880, 
 chiefly from the surface ; the ore being richer at the bottom of the falls, a 
 tramway was constructed to convey it to the upper level. 
 
 Most of the ore had to be brought up the steep slopes by pack-horses. 
 
 In 1883 the late Government Geologist, C. S. Wilkinson, examined 
 the new field and reported* : — 
 
 “ The country generally consists of rocky hills of no considerable 
 height ; but Baker’s Creek, which flows through it in a southerly direc- 
 tion, suddenly descends into a large precipitous ravine, called ‘The 
 Falls,’ which is about 1,600 feet in depth. This abrupt valley, which, 
 like that of the Gara Falls, opens into another of greater magnitude, is 
 a splendid instance of the effects of the denuding agencies which have 
 eroded the slopes of the Great Divide. 
 
 ‘•The formations of the locality are granite and metamorphosed 
 sedimentary rocks, probably of Devonian age, judging from their litho- 
 logical character ; but as yet I have not been able to discover any fossils 
 by which their age could be determined. 
 
 “The antimony reefs crops out in places, not only on the hills, but 
 also at various levels on both sides of the deep valley. The principal 
 ones which have been worked are Moore’s, Brereton’s, and the Eieanora 
 reefs. The latter reef occurs on the highest part of the eastern side of 
 The Falls valley, and has been traced in a north-westerly direction for a 
 distance of nearly half a mile and into the valley. It traverses altered 
 slates, and dips E. 40° Is ., at an angle of 80°. 
 
 “ The reef consists of dark-blue siliceous slate, crossed by a network of 
 quartz-veins, which gives it a brecciated appearance. A granitic dyke 
 accompanies the reef, and generally divides it in two. Both the dyke 
 and the reef vary in thickness, thus in the Eieanora Company’s claim 
 the hanging wall reef is from 6 to 18 inches thick, the dyke from 1 to 
 5 feet, and the footwall reef from 1 to 4 feet. 
 
 “ Oxide and sulphide of antimony (stibnite) occur in irregular 
 bunches, and also fairly disseminated through the reefs, but they are 
 absent in places. Gold is sometimes plainly visible in the quartz. 
 
 * Ann. Kept. Dept. Mines, 1SS0, p. 139. 
 
 f Ibid, 1883, p. 20. 
 
Baker’s Creek Gorge, looking South from Campbell’s Spur. 
 
Sunlight Tramway, seen from the Cooney Tunnel. 
 
33 
 
 “ . . . The other antimony reefs, one of which occurs at the bottom 
 
 of the valley at a level about 1,500 feet below the Eleanora Mine, are 
 also stated to be auriferous, but they have only been worked for 
 antimony. 
 
 “ It is questionable whether the reefs will pay to work for antimony 
 alone, on account of the cost of transit of the ore or metal to the shipping 
 ports of Newcastle or Grafton, but there is little doubt that they deserve 
 special attention on account of their auriferous character.” 
 
 Hillgrove Mining District — including Gara Falls— has, so far, been -the 
 most important antimony producer in the State, though its importance in 
 that respect shortly became completely overshadowed by its' gold-production. 
 
 The history of the field has been briefly epitomised by E. C. Andrews, 
 B.A., F.G.S., Geological Surveyor, in the following terms* : — 
 
 “Havershed (Evershead. — J.E.C.) Brothers and Thomas led the way 
 in 1877 by finding an antimony lode quite close to, and south of, the 
 present Hopetown Reefs. A parcel of 4 tons 1 7 cwt. was obtained by 
 them from the outcrop, carted to Grafton, and thence despatched to 
 England ; £17 15s. was paid for this consignment. Negotiations were 
 then entered into by this party with Hudson & Co., of Sydney, for the 
 purpose of erecting antimony smelting works. 
 
 “ About the same time, Campbell Brothers mined for antimony on the 
 spur now named after them, and lying a little north and west of Baker’s 
 Creek battery. Moore, Speare, and McBean followed by taking up an 
 80-acre block on the southern side of this spur, and afterwards took up 
 Portion 58. These portions were taken up under the now obsolete 
 ' mineral conditional purchase ’ conditions, and worked for antimony. At 
 first the mining was performed by tributors, but the owners found these 
 latter shooting much of the ore down the hill slopes, so as to pick it up 
 at their leisure in the creek below. To prevent this loss to themselves, 
 Moore’s party took up an additional portion of 80 acres, known as 
 M.C.P. 110. 
 
 “ In 1878, Brackin, Daly, and Elliott found a long line of reef con 
 taining antimony. This was afterwards worked as the Isabella lode. It 
 was discovered on the Hillgrove side of the gully, whereas the previous 
 finds had occurred on the Metz slope. Another event was the discovery 
 of the Paradise and No. 9 lodes, two antimony reefs which, after keeping 
 company for some distance, diverged from their original course, and 
 struck out nearly at right angles to each other. The continuation of 
 these two lodes were. found in the flat country above the gorge, and from 
 them one parcel of 10 tons was extracted. 
 
 “ Another antimony lode was worked on Brackin’s Spur, a prominent 
 landmark near the junction of the Baker’s and Four-mile Creeks. This 
 lode turned out some very good ore. Junce and Kerseller, acting for an 
 Armidale syndicate, opened up antimony smelting works near the head 
 of Swamp Creek, and treated the various antimony ores of the field. 
 
 “Up to this time there had been no thought of gold, and, even when 
 specks of the precious metal were discovered in the Garibaldi Reef, its 
 significance was not appreciated, owing to the difficulty experienced in 
 
 t 7712 b 
 
 * Mineral Resources, No. 8, 1900, pp. 7, 8. 
 
34 
 
 extracting gold from an antimony admixture. The first speck seen on 
 the field occurred in No. 2 shaft of the Isabella line of reef, now known 
 as the Garibaldi Shaft. Aaron Smith is credited with the observation. 
 
 “ After the Eleanora and Garibaldi had been worked for some time, 
 the attention of the Companies prospecting them was turned to the 
 winning of gold, and in November, 1881, Mr. G. Smith was appointed 
 by an Armidale syndicate to manage the Garibaldi property. Supposed 
 payable gold was found at the Eleanora, and a party of six from Armi- 
 dale, exclusive of Brackin, Day, and Elliott (who, as discoverers of the 
 lode, were included), formed a company and took up a gold lease of 20 
 acres. 
 
 “ ... The Garibaldi Reef was still worked for antimony. In 
 
 1882 came a revival in the demand for this metal, and a consequent rise 
 in price. In 1882 it brought £ 7 per ton in Armidale. Hargraves, 
 the owner of Hillgrove station, had been working an antimony claim on 
 the top of the Swamp Creek Falls. This was known as the continuation 
 of the Paradise and No. 9 lodes. In 1885 he leased the claim to 
 tributors, and imposed a royalty of £1 per ton on all the ore won. 141 
 tons of antimony were taken out of this reef in 1885 and part of 1886. 
 Besides this amount, Hargraves had previously extracted 91 tons. A 
 slump occurring in the price of antimony, the value of the crude ore 
 going down to <£4 10s. per ton, the lodes were prospected for gold. From 
 these lodes, at various times, about 2,000 tons of crude antimony have 
 been extracted — 500 tons from the top, and 1,500 tons from the creek 
 sides. The ore was carted up the gully at first by bullocks, and after- 
 wards by trams. 
 
 “In the middle of 1886 the Carrington lode, occurring in the granite 
 north of the Eleanora, and worked previously for antimony, was opened 
 up for gold. 
 
 “In 1887 came the real opening up of the gold-bearing reefs of the 
 district, when the Little, Big, Middle, and Baalgammon veins were dis- 
 covered ; when the lodes worked by Moore, Speare, and McBean, on 
 the west side of the Baker’s Creek gorge, were found to contain gold ; 
 and when the Cosmopolitan, Hopetoun, Starlight, and Centennial claims 
 were taken up for gold-mining purposes.” 
 
 The official records of the individual mines now available are meagre and 
 intermittent. The following items have been abstracted from those published 
 in the Annual Reports of this Department, which are by no means satis- 
 factory : — 
 
 Brereton’s , M.C.P., 122-124, Hillgrove, parish Metz, county Sandon, 
 on Swamp Creek. — Shown on E. C. Andrews, Geological Map of Hillgrove 
 Goldfield*, and described, under the names of Paradise and No. 9 Antimony 
 Lodes, as follows : — “ At the head of Swamp Creek, two large antimony 
 reefs occur, about 60 feet apart, and underlaying slightly towards each other. 
 Traced down the bluffs of the creek head, the Paradise lode is seen to turn 
 off at right-angles and cross the bed of the creek. Close on 2,000 tons of 
 antimony have been extracted from these lines of reef.f Mr. Andrews 
 further records that these two lodes, after keeping company for some distance 
 diverged from their original course, and struck out at nearly right-angles to 
 each other. Their continuations were found in the flat country above the 
 gorge of Swamp Creek, and from there one parcel of 10 tons was extracted.!; 
 
 * Mineral Resources No. 8, 1900. 
 
 f Ibid., p. 42. 
 
 t Ibid., p. 7. 
 
Slate and Granite Junction, head of Swamp Creek. 
 
35 
 
 Hargrave’s Mine embraced the continuation of the Paradise and No 9. 
 lodes. In 1885 he leased the mine to tributors, and imposed a royalty of £1 
 per ton on all the ore won. 141 tons of antimony were raised during 1885, 
 Hargraves having previously extracted 91 tons. Of the 2,000 town raised, 
 500 were from the top and 1,500 from the creek sides.* 
 
 From Brereton’s Mines on these lodes no reliabl 1 record is available. In 
 1880 it is recorded that 75 tons of ore were obtained, chiefly from the surface. 
 In 1883, 250 tons from this mine were sold in Armidale at £7 per ton. 
 
 In 1890, 348 \ tons of ore were sold. 
 
 In 1906, about fifty men were employed on tribute during the stir caused 
 by great advance in metal values ; but the output is not recorded separately. 
 
 In 1908, the greater part of 286 tons of ore raised on the field is stated to 
 have come from this mine. 
 
 Eleanora Lode , Hillgrove. Of this lode, E. C. Andrews reports : — 
 
 “ The Eleanora Reef — as also its southern extension, known as the 
 Garibaldi — runs for the greater part of its length along the flat land at 
 the top of the Baker’s Creek gorge. It is the only important line of 
 reef in the area that practically lies above the gully. Towards its 
 northern end it runs diagonally along the face of the gorge till it passes 
 into the coarse granite. Southwards it is continued over the point of 
 the Garibaldi spur, but does not appear to last as far as the greenish 
 granite mass lying in that direction. Its strike is north-west and south- 
 east approximately ; and it possesses an underlay of about 1 in 5 
 towards the north-east. If the Cosmopolitan Reefs are simply continua- 
 tions of the Eleanora Reef, as appear probable, not only from their line 
 of strike, &c. , but quality of stone, as far as antimony is concerned, then 
 this line of reef stands proven over 1J mile of country. A granite 
 dyke, much altered, follows the lode along the greater part of its course, 
 occupying the central portion of the lode. The country traversed is, for 
 the most part, a slate, altered into a knotted schist. Numerous vughs 
 occur throughout the lode, filled in places with magnificent stibnite 
 crystals. The returns show the reef to be a huge low-grade ore deposit. 
 In places the stone is, with the included dyke, 22 feet wide.”f 
 
 The antimony output from this mine is incomplete, but from the annual 
 reports of the Department of Mines, the following figures have been 
 obtained : — 
 
 1883 — 3 tons of antimony, sold locally for £20 14s. 
 
 1884 — 28 „ „ despatched. 
 
 1885 — 28 ,, „ „ valued at £196. 
 
 1888 — 133 ,, ,, ,, in this year furnaces were being 
 
 erected for extraction of the antimony before crushing for gold. 
 
 1889 — 38 tons of crude despatched to England. In the treatment of 
 the lodestuff the greater part was roasted in the furnace for 
 extraction of the antimony before being dealt with in the battery. 
 The lode was 8 feet wide in the working levels. 
 
 1890 — The smelting plant consisted of five furnaces, capable of turning 
 out 50 tons of crude antimony per week. 
 
 The antimony, crude, sold this year amounted to 348|- lorn;. 
 
 * Mineral Resources No. 8, 1900, p. 8. 
 
 t Ibid , pp. 31-32 
 
36 
 
 In 1891 the separate output of the Eleanora Mine was not recorded, 
 though work was in progress. Mr. Andrews has given a detailed return 
 of the produce of this mine from June, 1892, to December, 1899, viz. : — * 
 74,560*75 tons of ore treated top- 
 az. dwfc qrs. 
 
 31,477 11 3 of gold. 
 
 tons. cwt. qr. 
 
 2,150 14 1 of antimony concentrates. 4 
 
 1,980 6 0 of crude antimony. 
 
 85 2 0 of star antimony. 
 
 14 10 0 of artificial oxide of antimony. 
 
 The calcined antimony concentrates yielded on an average 3 oz. 10 dwt. of 
 gold per ton of a value of £3 10s. per oz. 
 
 The antimony oxide brought £16 10s. per ton on the field. 
 
 In 1902 the mine closed down. 
 
 In 1906. — In the course of gold-mining operations, the New Hillgrove 
 Proprietary Company raised 120 tons of antimony sulphide from the Eleanora 
 lode, valued at £3,500. 
 
 Garibaldi Mine , Hillgrove. — Particulars of the output of this mine, which 
 adjoins the Eleanora on the south-eastern extension of that lode, are even 
 more meagre than those of the latter. 
 
 The Garibaldi Mine was opened in 1878 for antimony, and in 1881 attention 
 was turned to its gold contents, the first indication of this metal being found 
 in this section. 
 
 Mr. Andrewsf states, in connection with the Garibaldi property, that — 
 
 “ This line of reef is the south-east extension of the Eleanora or 
 Isabella line of reef. As with the Eleanora, it was first worked for 
 antimony and afterwards for gold. 
 
 “ In places, two reefs, or two branches of one reef, appear to have 
 been worked. These lines are 20 feet apart. Two vertical shafts have 
 been sunk, of which No. 2 shaft is 240 feet deep. From the shafts the 
 lodes have been worked by ,cross-cutting. There are three levels, viz., 
 the 100, 140, and 240 feet levels. 
 
 “ The 100-foot level, on one line of reef west of shaft, has been driven 
 90 feet, and to the east has been taken 100 feet. The direction of this 
 level is 5 degrees south of east. 
 
 “The 140-foot level is 190 feet in length, and is almost directly under 
 the 100-foot level. The 240-foot level has been reached by cross-cutting 
 50 feet from the shaft. According to the plan of the workings, the two 
 reefs met with at surface make into one at the 140-foot level.” 
 
 The only departmental records of the output of antimony from this mine 
 are the following : — 
 
 1900 — An experimental ^shipment of 130 tons of antimony ore was sent 
 to England, assaying 40 per cent, of antimony and 1 oz. of gold 
 per ton. 
 
 1906 — Ore raised on tribute, hand-dressed, and sold to local buyers, 
 valued at £4,011. 
 
 Hillgrove Antimony Company , No. 2 Freehold. — The lode worked in this 
 property was described in 1890, as having a width of 18 inches of quartz and 
 antimony; strike, north-west, with an underlie of 1 in 10. J 
 
 Another lode of similar character occurred south of the above. 
 
 Mineral Resources No. 8, 1900, pp. 31-32. t Ibid., p. 33- X Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1890, p. 108. 
 
it and Dam, 
 
37 
 
 Five hundred tons of antimony ore are reported to have been extracted 
 from this property during the preceding five years. Tenders were accepted 
 in 1890 for erection of furnaces. 
 
 In 1894, 20 tons of ore were despatched. 
 
 Freehold Estates Syndicate , Hillgrove. — During the antimony “ boom ” in 
 1906, the value of antimony won by this syndicate was stated to be £8,760. 
 Some of the ore was smelted in a reverberatory furnace, which brought the 
 percentage of antimony from 35 or 40 to 70 and 72 per cent., in which con- 
 dition it was shipped.* 
 
 Cosmopolitan Gold and Antimony Mine , Hillgrove. — The lodes in this 
 mine were originally taken up for gold in 1887, according to E. C. Andrews.! 
 who described them as follows : — J 
 
 “ This property was originally taken up as the North and South 
 Cosmopolitans. It consists of two reefs trending in a north-west 
 direction, and cut across by an east and west gully, which divides the 
 North from the South Cosmopolitan. The reefs lie wholly in the coarse 
 granite (granitite) of the field, and are held by the miners to be the 
 northern continuation of the Eleanora lode. There seems much to 
 favour this idea, since sighting along the strike of the Eleanora as it 
 makes down the gully, brings the hair-line of the compass in line with 
 the direction of the Cosmopolitan tunnels. The lode, however, has not 
 been proved along the whole of this distance, an unproven patch of 
 several hundred yards in length occurring to the south of the South 
 Cosmopolitan. The talus of the hill slope may simply have obscured 
 any possible outcrop however. 
 
 “ These lodes were pegged out in the same year as the Baker’s Creek 
 Reefs, and, though originally worked for gold, were subsequently 
 exploited for antimony. The workings consist of several tunnels driven 
 into the hill on the reef. These tunnels are 100 feet below each other. 
 The lowest is 70 yards in length, driven in a north-west direction. The 
 one immediately above is some 50 yards long, also driven in a north- 
 west direction. The ore was brought to the tunnel-mouths and carried 7 
 by tram up the sides of the hill. The underlay is to the north-east. 
 
 “ The South Cosmopolitan consists of tunnels driven in more than 
 100 feet into the hill. A heave has thrown one of these reefs 12 feet. 
 
 “ Many large parcels of antimony have been sent from this mine, one 
 yielding 100 tons of metal. 
 
 “From the Old and New Cosmopolitan companies gold was obtained 
 to the value of £31. From the £ Old Cosmopolitan,’ £547 worth of 
 antimony was extracted, and from the £ New Cosmopolitan,’ £350 worth 
 of the same metal was obtained.” 
 
 In 1890, the tunnel in the Cosmopolitan Gold and Antimony Mine was 
 reported to be 220 feet in length in a lode 2 to 5 feet wide, consisting of 
 quartz and antimony, carrying a little gold. No. 1 winze was down 120 feet, 
 No 2 40 feet, and No. 3 90 feet. 
 
 During this year 130 tons of antimony were shipped to England and there 
 sold at an average of £30 per ton. 
 
 Long Point, 4 miles south-east of Hillgrove. — C. S. Wilkinson, in 1889, 
 recorded that Messrs. Becke and party were prospecting an antimony reef 
 w T hich crops out on an eastern face of a steep range. “ It pinches out near 
 
 * Ann. Kept. Dept. Mines. 1906, p. 56. f Mineral Resources No. 8, 1900, p 8. 
 
 J Ibid., pp. 33, 34. 
 
38 
 
 the top of the range but widens lower down, and dips north-north-east at 60 
 degrees in jointed granite. Being associated with an intrusive dyke of 
 granite, like that which accompanies the Eleanora and other auriferous 
 antimony reefs at Hillgrove, this reef should be prospected.”* 
 
 Sunlight Lodes , Metz, Hillgrove, portions 58 and 109, parish Metz, 
 county Sandon. — E. C. Andrews states that Messrs. Moore, Speare, and 
 McBean took up the above portions in 1877, as mineral conditional 
 purchases, and worked for antimony. At first the mining was performed by 
 tributors. As the latter were shooting much of the ore down the steep slope, 
 an additional block was taken up lower down (M-C.P. 110). f 
 
 In 1887 gold was discovered in the Sunlight antimony lodes, which were 
 then worked for gold alone. According to E C. Andrews, J 36,873 oz. of 
 gold were won from the Sunlight Reef from 1892 to the end of 1899 ; and 
 19,000 oz. from the West Sunlight between 1894 and 1899, these amounts 
 being exclusive of the gold contained in the concentrates, and of the gold won 
 prior to the dates mentioned. 
 
 On portion 58 scheelite was subsequently discovered and worked.§ 
 
 In tne Sunlight section, one reef was worked, and two in the West 
 Sunlight, down to near the 430-feet level, where they joined into one. 
 
 E. C. Andrews|| describes the Sunlight Reef as striking 25 degrees north of 
 west ; and “ running fairly parallel to the outcrop of the latest granitic intru- 
 sion. The country is of slate and schist, much contorted and broken up by 
 crushings and a series of small faultings. The dip is about 1 in 5 in an 
 easterly direction. The walls are better defined here than in other reefs of 
 the field. Magnificent crystals of stibnite (antimony sulphide) are found in 
 vughs. From the surface to the No. 5 level the exploitation of the mine was 
 carried on by means of short tunnels driven in from the hill sides. As the 
 underlay is toward the creek, and the sides of the gorge are very steep, this 
 method of winning the ore was comparatively easy. . . .” 
 
 Most of the reef has been won in the western end down to the 7th leve 
 (800 feet). 
 
 The eastern end of the lode has been much faulted, but no trouble has been 
 exercised to pick it up, as the stone is of inferior quality. Still, much of the 
 stone has been extracted as low down as No. 5 level. In all, five shoots of 
 stone are said to exist in the mine, each of which is more or less vertical. 
 
 West Sunlight Mine , Metz, Hillgrove. — In this section Mr. Andrews 
 states : — 
 
 “ Two reefs were worked, the Magazine and the West Sunlight or 
 Main Reef. The strike of the reef at the boundary between the Sunlight 
 and West Sunlight properties is 20 degrees north of west, and the lode 
 has been proved for 800 feet in this direction. Traces of it exist in the 
 rough country to the north-west, but no payable prospects have been 
 obtained.H .... The Magazine and Main Reefs were worked 
 simultaneously from a main shaft, crosscuts being driven from the main 
 line to work the Magazine Reef. At the 430-foot level the two reefs 
 made into one. In all, ten levels have been driven.* § ** 
 
 During 1906 the West Sunlight Mine was worked for antimony on tribute. 
 481 tons produced were valued at £10,000. A smelting furnace was in 
 course of erection at the end of the year. ft 
 
 * Ann. Rept. Dept Mines, 1889, p. 205. f Mineral Resources, No. 8, 1900, p. 7. t Ibid., p. 9. 
 
 § Mineral Resources, No. 15, 1911, by J. E. Carne. || Mineral Resources, No. 8, 1900, pp. 34, 35. 
 
 ^ Ibid., p. 36. ** Ibid., p. 38. ft Ann. Rept., Dept, of Mines, 1906, p. 56. 
 
39 
 
 Horse-shoe Bend Lode , M.L. 1, parish Carnham, county Drake, close to 
 Clarence River. Discovered by J. F. Adams about 1890. Sunk upon by 
 T. Basset ti for about 50 feet in 1907, and 4 tons of dressed ore despatched, 
 averaging 50 per cent, metallic antimony. The lode maintained a thickness 
 of 9 inches to the level mentioned. 
 
 Horse shoe Bend , Clarence River. — In 1890 discovery of antimony was 
 reported at Horse-shoe Bend, on west bank of Clarence River, about 3 miles 
 south-east of Lionsville. 
 
 J. F. Adams shortly after opened a parallel lode about half a mile further 
 south, and later several other lodes. 
 
 Hunt’s Creek , Peelwood. — A sample of sulphide and oxide from this locality 
 was assayed in 1885 for 23-44 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 Kelly’s Lode , M.L. 5, parish Carnham, county Drake. — Discovered by 
 M. R. Kelly about 1890, shortly after J. F. Adams’ discovery of antimony 
 at Horse-shoe Bend, Clarence River. 
 
 Opened by tunnel, and about 10 tons of dressed ore despatched. 
 
 Lionsville District. — Antimony was first discovered in this district in 
 1875, when the Pucka lode was located in portion 76, parish Yulgilbar, 
 county Drake. 
 
 In 1876, a 20-acre mineral lease was applied for by H. Maurice, on the 
 28th December, 1876, which was surveyed as M.L. 38, parish Carnham, 
 county Drake, on 4th June, 1877, 6 tons of dressed ore being raised from it 
 in one week by two men. 
 
 In 1890, several lodes were opened up in the district; an old lease was 
 taken up by T. G. Beatty, under the name of “ Burnt Down.” From this 
 lode 60 or 70 tons of ore are reported to have been extracted, which, however, 
 did not pay, owing to high rate of carriage and low ore value. 
 
 In 1890, 3J tons of dressed ore were obtained from this lode. 
 
 J. F. Adams opened a parallel lode in the same year about 40 chains 
 south, and extracted 2 tons of ore. 
 
 In this year also Mr. Bryce discovered a well-defined lode near the junction 
 of Collum Collum Creek and Washpool Creek, from which 3J tons were 
 obtained. 
 
 Kelly and party also despatched 5 tons from Horse-shoe Bend, near 
 Burnt Down. 
 
 In 1906 a small parcel of ore was despatched from this district, probably 
 from the Pucka lode. 
 
 Ijucknow, New Reform, now Wentworth , Gold Mine , 3 miles from Orange. — 
 Metallic antimony occurred with calcite and rich gold, at the junction of 
 serpentine and diorite, in this mine.* A sample submitted to analysis 
 
 yielded — 
 
 Carbonate of lime 59 - 200 
 
 Metallic antimony 38-750 
 
 ,, gold ... -026 
 
 ,, silver *005 
 
 Oxide of iron *750 
 
 Silica .. -350 
 
 Sulphur -570 
 
 Magnesia, loss, &c *349 
 
 100-000 
 
 * Stibnite occasionally also, according to E. F. Pittman (Min. Resources N.S. Wales, 1901, p. 246). 
 
40 
 
 Lunatic Reefs , parish Jenny Lind, county Buller. — Antimony was first 
 reported from the locality in 1876. In 1877 about 47 tons of ore were 
 despatched to Sydney, the lode then being worked by the Hercules Smelting 
 Company, of Sydney. 
 
 In 1878 the company raised 6 tons of ore, when R. Horton entered into 
 possession and raised a further 4 tons. The lode was worked to a slight 
 extent in 1879. No further records are available until 1890, when 26 tons 
 were raised. 
 
 Lunatic Antimony Lodes , in M.C.P.’s 1, 2, 3, and 72, parish Antimony, 
 county Buller, 7 miles north of Drake. — Examined by E. C. Saint-Smith, 
 Field Assistant, in 1910, who reported that a large quantity of antimony was 
 obtained from near the north-east corner of M.C.P. 2 by Throgmorton. It 
 occurred as an oxidised surface “blow.” At a depth of 16 feet the country 
 became hard and the vein narrow. The ore won was from an open cut or 
 trench, and carried up to 15 dwt. of gold to the ton. A little antimony is 
 distributed in parish Antimony and down to parish Emu, but not in payable 
 quantities. Throgmorton’s output was shipped to London during the anti- 
 mony boom. 
 
 A little antimony occurs in most of the Lunatic Reefs in G.L.’s 15, 102, 
 169, and 190, in quartz veins traversing slate, striking north and south 
 vertical. 
 
 Macdonald River. — Antimony reported at the head of this river. 
 
 Macksville Division , Nambucca River. — In 1891, 49 tons 14 cwt. of ore 
 were raised from the Real McKay Mine, which realised £806 12s. 8d. 
 
 Manilla. — In 1907, Messrs. Smith and Parkinson forwarded antimony ore 
 assaying 58-38 per cent, to the Balmain Smelting Works from between 
 Barraba and Cobbadah. 
 
 Marulan. — Antimony ore from the Carrington Mine, near Marulan, 
 associated with galena and quartz, was assayed in 1886 for 16-17 per cent, 
 of antimony, and yielded gold at the rate of 2 oz. 17 dwt., and silver 164 oz. 
 3 dwt. per ton ; lead, 22*27 per cent. 
 
 Meglo, Tuena district. — The recently discovered silver-lead ores of this 
 locality evidently have antimony as an associate. A sample from the Bonanza 
 Mine, assayed in the departmental laboratory in September, 1911, yielded the 
 following results : — 
 
 11-2,303 — Gossan : — 
 
 Gold, 4 dwt. 8 gr. 1 t 
 
 Silver, 16 oz. 5 dwt. 14 gr. / P 
 Lead, 25 ’4 per cent. 
 
 Antimony, 10"34 per cent. 
 
 Mosquito Creek , about half a mile up Clarence River, above junction, at 
 Paddy’s Elat, in M. L.’s 40 and 41, parish Ellerslie, county Buller. 
 A fairly large quartz vein, with a small amount of antimony and arsenic. 
 Strike, north-west. Taken up by Flood and party about 1888. Tunnel 
 driven for 40 feet along lode, commencing from bank of river. A small 
 quantity of unmarketable ore obtained. 
 
 Mount Mitchell , near Oban. — The Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1853, recorded 
 that : — 
 
 “ Of metals besides gold, I have met with sulphuret of antimony as 
 near Mount Mitchell and in the Booroolong Run, as well as in the 
 neighbourhood of Gara.”* 
 
 * Parliamentary Papers, Kept. No. VIII, 7th May, 1853, p. 5. 
 
41 
 
 Neil’s Creek , Moonan Flat. — A sample of antimony sulphide in quartz 
 from a depth of 20 feet, in a gold lease at Neil’s Creek, was forwarded to the 
 Department in August, 1906, by J. C. Ross, which assayed 37 per cent, of 
 antimony. 
 
 Nerriga. — A sample, stated to come from Nerriga, was assayed in 1885 for 
 22*43 per cent, of antimony. It consisted of quartz and stibnite. 
 
 Niangla , at Paradise, 8 miles south of Niangla, parish Scott, county 
 Parry. — G. A. Stonier reported a discovery of antimony at Paradise in 
 1892. 
 
 North Sydney. — The Rev. W. B. Clarke recorded finding a rolled specimen, 
 3 lb. weight, of stibnite, in the superficial gravel on an unfrequented hill on 
 the North Shore of Sydney Harbour.* [Probably a carried specimen, dropped 
 by an aboriginal. — J.E.C.] 
 
 Nullamanna, 16 miles north of Inverell, parish Nullamanna, county 
 Arrawatta, on J. McElroy’s private land. Inspector Carthew examined the 
 site in 1902 in connection with an application for aid from the Prospecting 
 Vote, and described the occurrence as an antimony and silver lode striking 
 east and west in quartzite. Dip, north. Opened to 20 feet by shaft. Aided 
 to continue to 120 feet. At 45 feet the altered sedimentary rock in which 
 the lode occurs was very hard ; at 96 feet the lode was struck. At 140 feet 
 the prospects were poor, leading to abandonment. 
 
 Nundle, Peel River. — In 1854, F. Odernheimer exhibited “sulphuret of 
 antimony, related to siliceous and limestone breccia,” from about 3 miles 
 west of the Peel River and 12 miles north of Hanging Rock.f 
 
 In 1875, an antimony lode, striking north and south, was recorded at 
 Nundle, a little superficial proving being done.| 
 
 In 1876, the Mining Registrar reported that the lode varied in thickness, 
 so far as opened, to a depth of 15 feet and a length of 40 feet. The thickest 
 part of solid antimony sulphide was 4 inches, which pinched to nothing in 
 other parts. 
 
 In 1877, two men were at work ; the deepest shaft had reached 60 feet ; the 
 lode varying from \ inch to 5 inches in thickness ; ore not very pure. 
 
 In 1890, Woodley and party held two 40-acre leases. In the lower lease 
 the lode was reported to be from 12 to 18 inches wide, and to contain some 
 65 per cent. ore. In the upper lease equally good ore was reported, but 
 narrower. The latter was worked by shaft and level. 
 
 In 1907, W. Paul forwarded 4 tons of 61*14 per cent, ore to the Balmain 
 Smelting Works, the “boom ” in value having directed attention to the 
 deposit. 
 
 In 1888, D. A. Porter described a vein of antimony ore : — 
 
 “ Near the old flour-mill on Oaken vale Creek, and extending thence 
 into Happy Valley. The vein is small, and very irregular in width, 
 from 2 to 12 inches, and the ore appears to be of inferior quality. The 
 vein is in hard, jointed, argillaceous slates, which are much tilted.” 
 
 In 1910, Mr. M. Morrison, Senior Field Assistant, reported on the antimony 
 occurrences near Nundle, as follows : — 
 
 “ The occurrence of antimony at Nundle has been known for at least 
 thirty-four years. During that time, a little mining has from time to 
 time been carried out, and small parcels of ore obtained. 
 
 * Min. Prod., 1882, p. 100. f Cat. of Nat. and Indust. Products of N. S. Wales, exhibited by the 
 Paris International Exhioition Commissioners in the Australian Museum, Nov. 1854, p. 54. J Ann. 
 Rept. Dept. Mines, 1875, p. 96. § Proc. R. Soc. N. S. Wales, XXII, 1S88, p. 80. 
 
42 
 
 “ Some twenty years ago several 40-acre mineral leases were secured 
 within a mile of Nundle, and mining carried out; but I understand that 
 only a few small parcels of ore were sent away. 
 
 “No mining was being done for antimony at the time of my inspec- 
 tion, and, in consequence, I was not able to enter any of the workings. 
 
 “ At least two distinct lines of reef have been worked. They occur 
 in slate country, and strike about north 20 degrees west, and apparently 
 underlay to the north-east. I was informed that the reefs vary in 
 thickness from a few inches to 18 inches. 
 
 “During the year 1906 there was a slight revival in antimony mining, 
 due, no doubt, to the increased market value of the ore. 
 
 “ Mr. J. Fogarty, of Nundle, who has probably purchased most of the 
 antimony ore raised locally within the past four years, informed me that 
 during that time only about 15 tons passed through his hands. Messrs. 
 Kelly and party supplied 12 tons, Paul and Son 1 ton, and Rackman 
 and Son J ton, and several small parcels of a cwt. or two were brought 
 in by different prospectors. The average price paid for the ore was £14 
 per ton. Messrs. Kelly and party worked a reef in M.L. 3, about 
 ^ mile north-east of Nundle, where a shaft is sunk to a depth of 80 feet. 
 
 “Paul and Son prospected a reef at Happy Valley, and sank a shaft 
 to a depth of 40 feet. A considerable amount of work has been done on 
 the reef by tunnelling and sinking. It is proved for a length of 10 
 chains. 
 
 “ Rackman and Son sank a shaft on a reef on the bank of Oakenville 
 Creek, about 1^ mile from Nundle. The shaft is now full of water.” 
 
 Paradise. (See Niangla.) 
 
 Peckin' s Hill. (See Bellingen River.) 
 
 Pennyweight Flat , Nundle. — Inspector Milne reported in 1906 a promising 
 discovery of antimony and scheelite at Pennyweight Flat ; and that some 
 small parcels of ore were despatched. (See Nundle.) 
 
 Penshurst Estate, Paterson River. — In 1861, A. K. Holden exhibited 
 antimony ore from Penshurst Estate and other parts of the Paterson River 
 District.* The exhibit was displayed in the London International 
 Exhibition of 1862. 
 
 Pretty Gully . — In 1877 a ton of antimony ore was despatched from Ball 
 and Smith’s Mine at Pretty Gully, near Drake, from a lode 1 foot wide. 
 20 acres taken up for antimony mining. 
 
 Pucka Mine , portion 76, parish Yulgilbar, county Drake. — Discovered 
 probably in 1877, for in the following year arrangements were made to work 
 the deposit. The lode occurs in private land secured by Smith Brothers, of 
 Gordon Brook, under Volunteer Land Order. 
 
 In 1879, work was in progress. In 1880, Mr. E. F. Pittman, visited the 
 aite, and recorded that — 
 
 “ At Pucka (Yulgilbah Station), and on the South River Range, are 
 fair lodes of antimony sulphide (stibnite). These deposits will be well 
 worth prospecting in the future.”! 
 
 In 1891 a few tons of ore was raised, and 24 tons in 1892, valued at £288. 
 
 In July, 1907, the Writer visited the site, when Mr. T. Bassetti, of 
 Lionsville, was engaged reopening the lode ; and, in so doing, had struck a 
 small patch of wolfram, associated with stibnite. 
 
 * Cat. Nat. and Indust. Prod. N.S. Wales, Sydney, 1861, p. 36. 
 f Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 1880, p. 245. 
 
43 
 
 Two lodes occur, striking north 65 degrees east, about 12 feet apart. The 
 original workings are situated about 15 chains on the north-eastern strike 
 from the more recent provings. Judged from the waste-heaps the lode at this 
 point consisted of massive quartz, with bunches of stibnite. 
 
 Mr. Bassetti sank 26 feet, the antimony lode varying from a few inches to 
 18 inches in thickness, and carried sulphide and oxide of antimony. Quartz 
 predominates to the north-east. Twelve tons of 48 per cent, ore were 
 despatched in 1907. 
 
 PuddledocTc {near) county Sandon, Armidale District. — Siliceous antimonite 
 was assayed from this locality in 1906 for a yield of 37 percent, of antimony. 
 
 Pyramid . — In 1875 stibnite was assayed from Pyrgmul, described as in 
 massive form, showing well-developed striated cleavage planes ; exterior 
 coated with oxide, the assay result being : 
 
 Metallic antimony, 67*74 per cent. 
 
 Gold and silver, traces. 
 
 Pulganbar . — Antimonite in small quantity associated with the mercurial 
 ores of this locality, portion 132, parish Pulganbar, county Drake. 
 
 Razorback Gold and Antimony Lode , parish Walberton, county 
 Roxburgh. In 1881 the first lease was applied for (M.L. 30) by Samuel 
 Mannell, and surveyed 29th August, 1881. 
 
 In 1882, a sample from this lode was assayed for a yield of 30*42 per cent. 
 
 In 1884, in Hedgeley’s lease, formerly Warwick’s, a depth of 100 feet was 
 reached. At 70 feet the lode was reported as 4 to 6 inches wide, and 2 feet 
 at 100 feet. Fifteen tons of ore were raised this year. 
 
 In 1886 the site was examined by C. S. Wilkinson, who reported — 
 
 “ At Razorback an auriferous quartz reef, containing iron pyrites and 
 sulphide of antimony, traverses black slate country ; it occurs like the 
 Eleanora Mine, near Armidale, with a trap dyke, and varies in thickness 
 up to 3 ft. 6 in., dipping west 25 degrees south, at an angle of 1 in 6. As it 
 follows the trap dyke, it will probably be permanent in depth. It has 
 not been traced continuously, but at intervals for a distance of about 25 
 chains, and a considerable amount of work has for some years past been 
 done in working it for gold. Ten shafts have been sunk along the line 
 of reef, the deepest being about 130 feet; but Mr. Oppenheimer, who 
 now holds the greater portion of the line of reef, is having a shaft put 
 down to 160 feet, with the expectation of striking the shoot of gold-bear- 
 ing stone said to have been worked in No. 5 shaft. 
 
 “A mixed sample of reef stone from the 130 feet level, where the reef 
 is 18 inches thick, consisting of quartz, calcite, black slate, pyrites, and 
 sulphide of antimony, gave, on assay, at the rate of gold, 3 dwt. per ton, 
 and metallic antimony, 4*1 per cent. ; but this, not being a bulk sample, 
 cannot be considered as an average test, as the ore is irregularly 
 distributed through the reef, causing portions of it to be poorer or richer 
 than others. The gold is sometimes visible in the antimony, and the 
 stone containing antimony is sorted and bagged up, and forwarded to 
 Europe for treatment. Mr. Oppenheimer informed me that a parcel of 
 96 bags, weighing 5 tons, was culled from about 20 tons, and that two 
 average bulk assays of it gave at the rate of 5 oz. and 7 oz. per ton, and 
 the parcel was sold at the rate of 6 oz. per ton ; it contained about 
 45 per cent, of antimony. The balance of 15 tons is said to have yielded 
 about 1 oz. of gold per ton. Mr. Oppenheimer states that he despatched 
 from the mine 2,278 bags of ore, weighing 116 tons 16 cwt., which 
 
44 
 
 realised £1,881. . . . O’Brien and party are sinking on their 
 
 claim, which adjoins Oppenheimer’s on the south, one of their shafts 
 being 75 feet deep, on similar reef-stone, containing antimony ore.* 
 
 Work was suspended in 1887. 
 
 In February, 1902, the mine was examined by the Writer, and the following 
 report furnished : — 
 
 Report ox the Ra.zorba.ck Gold and Antimony Mine. 
 
 17 February, 1902. 
 
 I have the honor to report having inspected portion 16, parish Walberton, county 
 Roxburgh, also the Razorback Gold and Antimony Mine immediately adjoining on the 
 north, with a view of ascertaining, if possible, which of the two metals — gold or anti- 
 mony — is likely to prove of preponderating value in the extension of the metalliferous 
 vein into portion 16. 
 
 Unfortunately the principal shaft on portion 16, sunk some two years ago to cut the 
 Razorback vein at the boundary, is not now open to inspection, nor yet any of the recent 
 prospecting shafts and trenches, with the exception of a couple of shallow shafts in which 
 no defined veins are visible. Judging, however, from the tips, and the practical absence of 
 veinstuff therein, in each case, nothing of L value has, apparently, yet been discovered ; 
 certainly nothing is at present discernible. Mr. O’Brien’s declarations in these papers 
 regarding the results of the earlier operations bear out this statement. 
 
 The shafts and trenches sunk and cut by the Razorback Company under the permit 
 have been filled up with the exceptions mentioned, in accordance with the Mine Manager’s 
 stated belief that such was obligatory under the permit. 
 
 In the tip-material of some of the provings, thin fragments of quartz are visible, but no 
 sign of antimony. Colours of gold are reported obtainable in some portions of the 
 rubble. The majority of the shafts have been sunk in country rock, the whereabouts of 
 the vein extension not having been discovered. 
 
 Under the circumstances set out, it would appear that the merits of the case must, to a 
 large extent, be determined by the conditions which prevail in the Razorback Mine, 
 which apparently embraces the maximum development of the ore-shoot. The question 
 of relative values of associated metals must also be governed by the actual provings in 
 the letter, which form a valuable index to what may be anticipated under the most 
 favourable conditions of development in the southern extension of the reef into 
 portion 16* 
 
 A short account of the provings in the Razorback Mine, therefore, becomes imperative. 
 The. working shaft, situated about 201 feet from the north boundary of portion 16, has 
 been sunk 332 feet on the reef, which strikes nearly north and south, and underlays to 
 the west at an angle of about 60 degrees. One hundred feet of the sinking and some driving 
 was aided from the Prospecting Vote — vide 96-4,207. 
 
 Three main levels have been driven — No. 1 at 150 feet, No. 2 at 252 feet, and No. 3 at 
 332 feet (manager’s measurements). 
 
 The vein-channel varies from 1 to 4 or 5 feet in places, averaging perhaps 2 feet 6 inches 
 to 3 feet. The antimony sulphide seldom occurs solid for a greater thickness than 
 3 inches, though thicker bunches are reported. The best antimony shoot on that portion 
 of the lode carrying the largest proportion of it, is said to measure 24 feet horizontally, 
 extending in about equal proportion on either side of the shaft. Lower grade antimony 
 ore — from 2 to 4 per cent. — extends for about 100 feet south, whilst a small proportion 
 of the metal permeates all the vein stuff. 
 
 To the north, in the two lower levels (the upper not being examined), the vein becomes 
 thin, troubled, and split, and its contents low. To the south the conditions of occurrence 
 are more favourable. 
 
 The footwall of the vein is well defined, and, with the soft dig upon it, gives evidence 
 of permanence. The vein-channel is filled with broken and crushed country, quartz, and 
 calcite. The richer portions lie along the footwall. The longest and best developed 
 occur along the southern portion of the strike towards Portion 16. 
 
 From the face in No. 3 level, 175 feet south from the shaft (about 29 feet from 
 portion 16), a sample was taken to ascertain approximate value. The following results 
 were obtained in the Departmental Laboratory : — 
 
 Assay No. 02-331— 
 
 Gold 8 dwt. 17 grs. per ton. 
 
 Silver 2 dwt. 4 grs. per ton. 
 
 Antimony 0 - 59 per cent. 
 
 * Ann. Eept. Dept. Mines. 1886, p. 138. 
 
45 . 
 
 From the face in No. 2 level, at 112 feet south from the shaft and 92 feet from 
 portion 16, a selected sample yielded : — 
 
 Assay No. 02-332— 
 
 Gold 11 dwt. 23 grs. per ton. 
 
 Silver 3 dwt. 6 grs. per ton. 
 
 Antimony 1*16 per cent. 
 
 About 12 feet from this face a winze is being sunk on a bunch of antimony sulphide. 
 From the solid ore, about 2 inches to 3 inches in thickness, a sample was selected to 
 ascertain gold contents, with the following results : — 
 
 Assay No. 02-334 — 
 
 Gold 10 dwt. 21 grs. per ton. 
 
 Silver 3 dwt. 6 grs. per ton. 
 
 Antimony 63*48 per cent. 
 
 From the same spot a sample of quartz and antimony sulphide was selected to represent 
 “ seconds ” in quality, which yielded : — 
 
 Assay No. 02-333 — 
 
 Gold 8 dwt. 17 grs. per ton. 
 
 Silver 2 dwt. 4 grs, per ton. 
 
 Antimony 19*10 per cent. 
 
 From these results it would appear that the gold contents are at present remarkably 
 constant in the southern portion of the lower levels. As bulk tests and previous assays 
 from higher levels established a higher connection between the antimony and gold, check 
 assays were made of samples Nos. 333 and 334 without disturbing the previous results. 
 
 Perhaps the most reliable idea of the average contents of the vein from all levels 
 worked by the Razorback Company may be obtained from the following assay results of 
 bulk consignments, properly sampled by the St. Helen’s Smelting Works, near 
 Liverpool, England, which have been placed at my disposal by Mr. Kennedy, 
 representative of the Razorback Company. 
 
 I preface these results with the manager’s statement that, during the latter company’s 
 operations since October, 1900, about 28 tons (estimated) of first antimony ore only have 
 been raised, notwithstanding the large amount of sinking and driving performed. 
 
 150 bags “ Firsts,” 6 tons, yield : — 
 
 Antimony 28*58 per cent. 
 
 Gold 2 oz. 12 dwt. 2 grs. per ton. 
 
 75 bags “ Seconds,” 3 tons 2 cwt., yield : — 
 
 Antimony 14*83 per cent. 
 
 Gold 1 oz. 16 dwt. 15 grs. per ton. 
 
 241 bags “ Thirds,” 10 tons, yield : — 
 
 Antimony 3*46 per cent. 
 
 Gold 7 dwt. 10 grs. per ton. 
 
 Another consignment from definite positions in the workings gave the following 
 returns, according to the same authority : — 
 
 No. 1, 57 bags from shaft at 251 feet level, yield : — 
 
 Antimony 22*84 per cent. 
 
 Gold 1 oz. 16 dwt. 7 gr. per ton. 
 
 No. 2, 68 bags from 251 feet level, 25 feet south of shaft, yield 
 
 Antimony 24*75 per cent. 
 
 Gold 1 oz. 6 dwt. 2 grs. per ton. 
 
 No. 3, 65 bags from 251 feet level north from shaft, yield : — 
 
 Antimony 2*27 per cent. 
 
 Gold 2 dwt. 7 grs. per ton. 
 
 Accepting these returns as authentic — and there is no reason to doubt their bona-Jides 
 — the intimate association of the gold and antimony is clearly established. 
 
 The crucial question then remaining to be answered is the relative values of the metals 
 in the vein. As the latter belong to different owners — the Crown and the owners of the 
 land — their values should be determined independently of each other. 
 
 Discarding the returns from the northern workings as having little or no bearing on 
 the case, the gold returns from this mine — considered apart from the antimony — are 
 certainly in payable proportion. Into the deleterious effects of antimony on gold amalga- 
 mation, and the losses thereby entailed, it is needless to enter, as the Crown is not 
 concerned in this aspect of the question. 
 
46 
 
 Considered solely as an antimony mine, there can be but one conclusion arrived at, 
 viz., that it would not pay to work, the antimony forming but a small proportion of the 
 vein, and the highest grade selected ore (less than 30 per cent.) falling far short of the 
 marketable minimum, which usually stands at 50 per cent. 
 
 Taking all phases of the question into consideration, I am of opinion that the value of 
 the gold in the Razorback Mine exceeds the value of the antimony ; and as the extension 
 of the vein into portion 16 is unlikely to alter the conditions of occurrence (save, in my 
 opinion, to increase the difference in favour of the gold), I think the decision in re 
 portion 16 must be governed by the facts established in the Razorback Mine. 
 
 Rockwell Antimony Mine , on Cudgegong River, about 3 miles from 
 Rylestone, in private land. — Lode discovered in 1881, cut at depth of 
 20 feet, width 2 to 4 feet. The Rockwell Antimony and Gold Mining 
 Company being floated to work it; capital, 11,000 shares at £1 each; area, 
 40 acres. 
 
 In 1883 several shafts had been sunk, the greatest depth reached being 
 100 feet. Lode reported 8 to 12 inches wide; 20 tons of ore at grass ; 
 £800 expended. 
 
 In 1884 several assays were made, the stibnite ore yielding 33*38 per cent., 
 the cervantite ore yielding 61*40 per cent. 
 
 Sharpeningstone Creek, near Yass, is reported as an antimony locality.* 
 
 Springthorpe’s Lode , M.L. 7, parish Oarnham, county Drake. — Discovered 
 and opened by P. Marcolino in the seventies. Springthorpe held the lode 
 for some years, but despatched no ore. T. Bassetti opened three parallel 
 lodes close by at a later date, and despatched 3 tons of dressed ore. These 
 lodes ranged from 4 to 6 inches in thickness. 
 
 South Coast Districts. — In 1907, II. Field forwarded 3 tons 2 cwt. of ore, 
 assaying 25*7 per cent, of antimony, from the South Coast to the Balmain 
 Smelting Works, but the exact location cannot be ascertained. 
 
 South River Range. (See “ Pucka.”) 
 
 Stockman’s Lode, between M.L. 5 and Lionsville, on top of Tungbung 
 Range, parish Carnham, county Drake. Average thickness about 4 inches. 
 Opened to about 30 feet in depth. No ore despatched. 
 
 Sugar-loaf Hill , on Spring Creek, a tributary of the Gwydir River. — 
 Antimony reported here. 
 
 Terrible Billy, M.L.’s 1 and 2, parish Scott, county Parry, about 3 miles 
 south-south- west from Terrible Billy. — Discovered about 1888. Strike north- 
 east. Little work done to prove the extent of the antimony-bearing lode in 
 these leases. 
 
 Top llorse-shoe Bend, Clarence River, in portion 21, parish Keybarbin, 
 county Drake, opposite junction of Washpool Creek. — Antimony discovered 
 in this portion by H. Towns about 1906, blocks of oxide and sulphide beihg 
 exposed in a trench, the ore having a width of 3 to 4 inches. 
 
 Ungarie. — From Ungarie, in the Wyalong district, quartz, with tinstone, 
 arsenic, and stibnite, was assayed in 1903 for a return of 14*46 per cent, 
 antimony, and gold at the rate of 2 oz. 14dwt. 10 grs., and silver 1 oz. 8 dwt. 
 7 grs. per ton. 
 
 TJpper Meroo River. — S. Stutchbury, Geological Surveyor, in 1852 
 reported : — 
 
 “Near to Campbell’s Creek, on the road to Suttor’s old station to 
 Nuggety Gully, close to some gold workings recently discovered, there 
 occur, scattered about, masses of decomposed quartz, rich in sulphuret 
 of antimony, the variety called Jamesonite, with yellow oxide of 
 antimony. I did not find the lode, but there can be no doubt but it 
 
 » Min. Prod. N.S. Wales, 1882, p. 100. 
 
47 
 
 may be found in considerable quantities. Independent of its commercial 
 values, it is interesting from its being frequently an accompanying metal 
 with gold.” * 
 
 Uralla . — A sample received from near Uralla in 1880 was assayed for a 
 return of 56-4 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 Walcha , 14 miles from ; and half a mile south-west of Walcha, or Orun- 
 dumby Station. — Antimony ore was discovered in this locality in 1880, and 
 three 20-acre leases were applied for. 
 
 In 1884, a sample from between Walcha and Bendemeerwas assayed for a 
 return of 40*2 per cent, of antimony, with a trace of gold, and silver at the 
 rate of 24 oz. 18 dwt. per ton. 
 
 WangwauJc, M.L. 1, 20 acres, parish Coolongolook, county Gloucester. — 
 Applied for in 1879 by D. Cameron; surveyed 14th July, 1880. 
 
 In 1886 a sample of stibnitein quartz from this site assayed 31-29 per cent, 
 of antimony. 
 
 In 1890 the lode was being reopened. In that year the Warden reported 
 that the gold and antimony mines, 5 miles north of Coolongolook, were 
 opened by two shafts to depths of 24 and 54 feet, some fair antimony 
 showing. Lode, 2 feet thick. Strike north and south, dip west, in slate 
 country. 
 
 Williams River . — A sample from this river, at a point 20 miles north of 
 Dungog, was assayed in 1884 for a return of 52*64 per cent, of antimony, 
 gold 4 dwt., and silver 3 dwt. 5 grs. per ton. 
 
 Wollomombi, portions 1 and 17, parish Wollomombi, county Sandon, 10 
 miles north-east of Hillgrove. — Stibnite in quartz from here was assayed in 
 1906 for 28 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 Yarrowyck . — Between Armidale and Bundarra, parish Barlow, county 
 Hardinge, on J. W. Bright’s land. — Prospecting for antimony was in progress 
 in 1906. In 1907 the site was visited by Inspector James, in connection with 
 an application for aid from the Prospecting Vote, who described the occurrence 
 as a reef in granite, carrying gold, silver, and antimony. Two shafts had been 
 sunk 30 and 42 feet, respectively, and shallow holes along the line of reef. 
 Aid was granted to continue the 42 feet shaft a further 25 feet. At 54 feet 
 the sinking was very hard, the lode-stuff being quartz and stibnite ; it was 
 shortly afterwards abandoned. 
 
 In 1907 a small parcel of ore was raised during the “ boom.” 
 
 Parliamentary Papers, Rept. dated 1st Oct., 1852. 
 
48 
 
 VIII.— GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE OF ANTIMONY ORES. 
 
 C. Y. Wang* has attempted an epitome of the geological occurrence of 
 antimony in various parts of the world, from which the following notes have 
 been extracted, and to which are added the New South Wales occurrences : — 
 
 Country. 
 
 Germany 
 Hungary 
 
 Bohemia ... ... 
 
 ( 
 
 Servia r .. 
 
 France . . . 
 
 Italy . . . 
 
 Spain . . . 
 
 Portugal 
 Algiers... 
 
 Sweden 
 
 North America ... -/ 
 
 Japan ... ... ... J 
 
 Borneo... 
 
 New South Wales, Australia -] 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Geological Formation. 
 
 In crystalline schists. 
 
 Silurian. 
 
 Devonian. 
 
 Culm. 
 
 Granite. 
 
 Most of the lodes are associated with 
 dykes — mostly lamprophyre, but some 
 porphyry — cutting through an intru- 
 sive granite stock. 
 
 Limestone and slates, cut by biotite 
 trachytes, and less often by hornblende 
 andesites. The eruptive rocks occur- 
 ring as dykes, sheets, and stocks. 
 
 Quartz veins in granite. In gneiss and 
 mica schists. 
 
 Eocene shales and Miocene limestones, 
 Rhsetic limestone, Permian slates, 
 and mica schists. 
 
 Metamorphic schists and shales. 
 
 Junction of palaeozoic rocks and granite. 
 
 Clays and limestone of Neocomian age. 
 
 Primitive formations. 
 
 Trenton shales (Arkansas). 
 
 Sandstones and conglomerates (Utah). 
 
 Clay shales and sandstones of Cambro- 
 Silurian age (N ew Brunswick, Canada). 
 
 Schists and other palaeozoic rocks. (In 
 limestone also. The Mineral Industry, 
 XIX, 1900, p. 40.) 
 
 Limestone and slate. 
 
 The principal lodes occur near junction 
 of slate and granite (Hillgrove). 
 
 Permo-Carboniferous or Carboniferous 
 sandstones and claystones (Macleay 
 River). 
 
 Altered sandstones and slates, and 
 schistose rocks, traversed by granitic 
 dykes (Nambucca and Bellingen 
 Rivers). 
 
 Devonian slates and sandstones. 
 
 Gneissic granite. 
 
 Antimony, its Chemistry, Metallurgy, Uses, &c., 1909, pp. 46-57. 
 
49 
 
 World’s Production op Antimony. 
 
 F. T. Havard states** that : — 
 
 “Amongst producers of the actual metal, China easily leads, its 
 exports of regulus and metal, in 1908, amounting to 9,356 metric tons, or 
 more than twice the combined production of all other countries. The 
 principal mines are situated in the province of Hunan, north-west of 
 T’ung-t’ing Lake, I-yang being the chief centre. The ore is hand-picked 
 at the mines, and is brought by boat to Changsha, the centre of the 
 antimony trade in China. Here the ore is liquated, and the regulus 
 sent to Hankow, to be either refined or exported in the crude state. 
 During 1908 there was a notable decrease in the export of ore, and a 
 corresponding increase in the export of crude antimony. 
 
 . . . (l Most of the regulus exported has hitherto gone to France, 
 
 Germany, and the Netherlands ; but in 1908 exports to the United 
 States, which had previously been very small, increased until they 
 exceeded those of any other country. 
 
 “ After China, France is next in importance as a producer of antimony. 
 Her supplies of raw ore are maintained by local mines, and in particular 
 by those of the Auvergne Mountains, shipments from Australia and 
 China. England levies toll on China, Australia, J apan, and Canada for 
 antimony ore. Italy mines and smelts ore from its own deposits, while 
 Germany is in a similar position to the United States, producing much 
 hard lead and but little straight ore. In Mexico, a smeltery for the 
 production of star antimony was installed at Wadley, on the National 
 railroads in the northern part of San Luis Potosi, about 1900, and 
 practically all of the Mexican ore is now treated there and shipped 
 abroad as metal.” 
 
 The Principal supplies of Antimony ore.* 
 
 (In metric tons). 
 
 
 1897. 
 
 1898. 
 
 1899. 
 
 1900. 
 
 1901. 
 
 1902. 
 
 1903. 
 
 1904. 
 
 1905. 
 
 1906. 
 
 1907. 
 
 1908. 
 
 ustria 
 
 864 
 
 679 
 
 410 
 
 201 
 
 126 
 
 18 
 
 41 
 
 103 
 
 1,673 
 
 1,071 
 
 910 
 
 193 
 
 olivia 
 
 
 
 1,213 
 
 1,174 
 
 190 
 
 126 
 
 59 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 571 
 
 
 
 anada^I 
 
 Nil! 
 
 i,iis 
 
 § 
 
 6 
 
 219 
 
 13 
 
 128 
 
 87 
 
 340 
 
 1,425 
 
 2,048 
 
 **134 
 
 -hina|| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,624 
 
 2,382 
 
 544 
 
 ranee and Algeria 
 
 5,466 
 
 4,571 
 
 7,592 
 
 7,963 
 
 9,867 
 
 9,715 
 
 12,380 
 
 9 065 
 
 12,543 
 
 18,567 
 
 25,200 
 
 26,216 
 
 ungary 
 
 1,800 
 
 2,201 
 
 1,965 
 
 2,373 
 
 323 
 
 748 
 
 205 
 
 1,080 
 
 949 
 
 580 
 
 2,035 
 
 1,316 
 
 aly 
 
 2,150 
 
 1,931 
 
 3,791 
 
 7,609 
 
 j8,81S 
 
 6,116 
 
 6,927 
 
 5,712 
 
 5,083 
 
 5,704 
 
 7,892 
 
 2,825 
 
 ipan 
 
 348 
 
 1,006 
 
 712 
 
 81 
 
 119 
 
 88 
 
 153 
 
 104 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 exicof 
 
 5,873 
 
 5,932 
 
 10,382 
 
 2,313 
 
 5,103 
 
 1,279 
 
 1,856 
 
 1,775 
 
 2,035 
 
 2,418 
 
 4,615 
 
 ’ 4,046 
 
 ew South Wales! 
 
 172 
 
 84 
 
 332 
 
 252 
 
 90 
 
 57 
 
 13 
 
 111 
 
 394 
 
 2,490 
 
 1,780 
 
 119 
 
 ew Zealand 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ortugal 
 
 417 
 
 245 
 
 *59 
 
 38 
 
 126 
 
 68 
 
 ”’83 
 
 31 
 
 ”’84 
 
 ”481 
 
 ”383 
 
 76 
 
 ueensland 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nil. 
 
 24 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 42 
 
 jain 
 
 354 
 
 130 
 
 50 
 
 '30 
 
 10 
 
 67 
 
 *”42 
 
 245 
 
 77 
 
 180 
 
 205 
 
 124 
 
 urkey 
 
 400 
 
 § 
 
 1,173 
 
 267 
 
 224 
 
 1! 481 
 
 || 1,903 
 
 || 298 
 
 II 188 
 
 ||1,036 
 
 
 
 nited States 
 
 454 
 
 2 . 
 
 544 
 
 300 
 
 100 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 267 
 
 *190 
 
 ’ ’ 326 
 
 * From official reports of the respective countries, t Export figures, except for 1903, which represents production 
 Metal and ore. § Not reported. || Exported. Exports for the fiscal year ending 30th June, except for 1906 and 
 
 '07, when figures represent production for calendar year.” 
 
 “ The principal antimony refiners in England are Cookson & Co., of 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, Hallettand Fry, Johnson and Matthey, and Pontifex 
 and Wood, of London ; in France, E. Beau, in Alais (Gard), E. Chatillon 
 and V. Geraud, in Brionde (Haute Loire), and the Herrenschmidt 
 Company at Le Grenest (Mayenne) ; in Italy, the Societe Anonyme 
 
 t 7712 c 
 
 ** The Mineral Industry, 1909, xviii, pp. 35-36. 
 
50 
 
 Franco-Italienne, of Genoa, an important paint and metal producing 
 company which has affiliations in France. In Bohemia and Hungary 
 there are also several important refiners.”* 
 
 The following Table from “The Mineral Industry,” xix, 1910, p. 38, indi“ 
 cates the chief centres of antimony smelting. 
 
 Production of Antimony Metal in Foreign Countries. 
 (In metric tons.) 
 
 
 1898. 
 
 1899. 
 
 1900. 
 
 1901. 
 
 1902. 
 
 1903. 
 
 1904. 
 
 1905. 
 
 1906. 
 
 1907. 
 
 1908. 
 
 1909. 
 
 Austria 
 
 348 
 
 271 
 
 153 
 
 114 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 90 
 
 Nil. 
 
 207 
 
 162 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Chinat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,353 
 
 3,829 
 
 2,316 
 
 9,356 
 
 7,937 
 
 France 
 
 1,226 
 
 1,499 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,786 
 
 1,725 
 
 2,748 
 
 2,il6 
 
 2,396 
 
 3,433 
 
 3,945 
 
 3,850 
 
 5,444 
 
 Hungary^ 
 
 855 
 
 940 
 
 846 
 
 706 
 
 683 
 
 732 
 
 1,007 
 
 756 
 
 1,322 
 
 841 
 
 670 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 380 
 
 581 
 
 1,174 
 
 1,721 
 
 1,574 
 
 905 
 
 836 
 
 327 
 
 537 
 
 610 
 
 S45 
 
 '59 
 
 Japan 
 
 235 
 
 229 
 
 349 
 
 429 
 
 528 
 
 434 
 
 321 
 
 190 
 
 627 
 
 248 
 
 198 
 
 201 
 
 f Exports of regulus and refined metal. J Regulus. 
 
 The noticeable feature in this Table is the leading position assumed by 
 China in 1908 and 1909, which is likely to be maintained, for in February, 
 1911, “ all the antimony producers in Hunan Province, China, and in 
 England, &c., were combined. Now the antimony ore and crude product of 
 Hunan will all be treated by the Wah Chang Company and shipped as 
 regulus. There will be no more crude antimony ore for sale, and it is planned 
 to regulate the ore production according to the world’s consumption. ”§ 
 
 The Wah Chang Mining and Smelting Company’s Antimony Refining 
 Works were established in Changsha City, Hunan Province, in 1909, 
 H. Herrenschmidt’s process being chiefly used.|| 
 
 The Company owns three mines. In one the lode is 6 to 8 feet wide and 
 several hundred feet in length, containing 20 per cent, of antimony. In 
 another the lode is 5 to 7 feet wide, and several hundred feet long, containing 
 from 40 to 50 per cent, antimony, and is opened to a depth of 500 feet.U 
 In France which, together with Algeria, is the largest and most consistent 
 producer of metallic antimony, twenty-five mines were at work in 1909, the 
 production of ore amounting to 28,105 tons.** 
 
 From the following figures, which are compiled from “Mineral Industry, 
 1910,” vol. xix, page 37, quoted from “Engineering and Mining Journal,” of 
 the average yearly price of antimony in New York, it will be seen that with 
 the exception of the “ boom ” years, 1906 and 1907, a fairly uniform value has 
 been maintained for period mentioned : — 
 
 
 Cookson’s, Hallett’s, and Others. 
 
 
 Average prices 
 
 
 cents, per lb. 
 
 1 Q0X 
 
 913 
 
 1902 
 
 8-44 
 
 1903 
 
 6-84 
 
 1904 
 
 6-88 
 
 1905 
 
 ... ... 10 ’7 5 (Cookson’s and Hallett’s only) 
 
 1906 
 
 22*15 
 
 1907 
 
 15-77 
 
 t r\r\ 0 
 
 1 V\J O 
 
 8-37 
 
 1909 
 
 7-91 
 
 1910 
 
 7-83 
 
 * The Mineral Industry, 
 
 1909, xviii, p. 37. 5 Ibid. p. 41. || Ibid. p. 40. H Ibid. p. 40. •• Ibid. 
 
51 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 The following Table shows the quantity and value of antimony (metal and 
 ore), the product of this state, exported to end of 1910 : — * 
 
 Year. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 To end of — 
 
 tons 
 
 cwt. 
 
 £ 
 
 To end of — 
 
 tons i 
 
 cwt. 
 
 £ 
 
 1880 
 
 564 
 
 7 
 
 11,830 
 
 1897 
 
 169 
 
 2 
 
 3,612 
 
 1881 
 
 539 
 
 4 
 
 17,346 
 
 1898 
 
 82 
 
 7 
 
 916 
 
 18S2 
 
 1,068 
 
 18 
 
 16,732 
 
 1899 
 
 326 
 
 10 
 
 2,694 
 
 1883 
 
 375 
 
 11 
 
 5,555 
 
 1900 
 
 248 
 
 8 
 
 2,429 
 
 1884 
 
 433 
 
 12 
 
 6,458 
 
 1901 
 
 88 
 
 3 
 
 1,183 
 
 1885 
 
 292 
 
 15 
 
 4,296 
 
 1902 
 
 56 
 
 8 
 
 542 
 
 1886 
 
 273 
 
 3 
 
 3,381 
 
 1903 
 
 13 
 
 0 
 
 135 
 
 1887 
 
 168 
 
 7 
 
 1,641 
 
 1904 
 
 108 
 
 17 
 
 503 
 
 1888 
 
 190 
 
 7 
 
 2,918 
 
 1905 
 
 3S8 
 
 l 
 
 5,221 
 
 1889 
 
 221 
 
 8 
 
 3,344 
 
 1906 
 
 2,450 
 
 18 
 
 52,645 
 
 1890 
 
 1,026 
 
 0 
 
 20,240 
 
 1907 
 
 1,752 
 
 2 
 
 46,278 
 
 1891 
 
 914 
 
 17 
 
 22,057 
 
 1908 
 
 117 
 
 4 
 
 1,141 
 
 1892 
 
 728 
 
 5 
 
 14,680 
 
 1909 
 
 95 
 
 9 
 
 711 
 
 1893 
 
 1,774 
 
 0 
 
 25,092 
 
 1910 
 
 96 
 
 17 
 
 1,4501* 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1,250 
 
 478 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 18,744 
 
 7,251 
 
 1911 
 
 165 
 
 10 
 
 2,010 
 
 1896 
 
 132 
 
 15 
 
 1,834 
 
 Total 
 
 16,591 
 
 8 
 
 £304,869 
 
 * Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, N. S. Wales, 1911, p. 62. 
 t Value enhanced by gold contents. 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Aberfoyle 4, 25 
 
 Abington Creek 25 
 
 Alderman’s Lode 25 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Deep Creek 25 
 
 De la Force’s Claim 29 
 
 Discovery ... . . 
 
 Alloys 23-24 
 
 Anderson’s Reef 25 
 
 Donald’s Gully 30 
 
 Dorr i go r . . 30 
 
 Andrews, E. C 33-38 
 
 Antimony — 
 
 Alloys 23 
 
 Geology 48 
 
 Metallurgy 11-22 
 
 Ores 7-10 
 
 Drake 30,40,42 
 
 Ducat, T 25 
 
 Dungog 47 
 
 Dyscrasite 27 
 
 Eleanora Lode^ 35 
 
 Rppf 34 
 
 Properties 5 
 
 Production 48 
 
 Eurunderee 30 
 
 Fvprshpad and nPhomas 4 33 
 
 Salts 6 
 
 Ford’s Clrpplr 4 30 
 
 Armidale 25-47 
 
 Ashford 25, 31 
 
 Australian Broken Hill 27 
 
 Baker’s Creek 32, 33, 37 
 
 Ball and Smith’s Mine 42 
 
 Bassetti, T 25 
 
 Beale’s Down Creek 30 
 
 Becke, E. H 29 
 
 Four-mile Creek 31 
 
 Fraser’s Gully 31 
 
 Freehold Estate Syndicate 37 
 
 Gara 3, 4, 31 
 
 Garibaldi Reef 34, 36 
 
 Gobondry 31 
 
 Golden Gate 26 
 
 Good pin no Frpplr 31 
 
 Bellingen River 25 
 
 Grpsford 31 
 
 Bingara 26 
 
 Bolt’s Reef 29 
 
 Gulgong 31 
 
 FTangdrijr Rhr*lr 3 
 
 l Bonanza Mine 40 
 
 Unr^rni'ps’ Falls 39 
 
 Bonshaw 25 
 
 Booroolong 3, 40 
 
 Bowra 4, 26, 27 
 
 Brackin’s Spur 33 
 
 „ Mine 34 
 
 Harvard, F. T 1 
 
 Hell’s Hole 31 
 
 Hfprhprf Pnrlr 31 
 
 Brereton 34, 35 
 
 Broken Hill 25, 27 
 
 Bull Creek 27 
 
 Herrenschmidt 28 
 
 Hill End 31 
 
 Hille-rovp 3 31 32 33-38 
 
 Bundarra 47 
 
 Bungonia 27 
 
 Burnt Down 39 
 
 „ Antimony Company 36 
 
 Hodgkinson, S 3 
 
 Holdpn G TC 3 
 
 Cameron’s Creek Gold-field 31 
 
 Campbell’s Creek 3,46 
 
 1 Carangara 4 
 
 Carangula 27,30 
 
 Card, Geo 25 
 
 Hopetoun Reef 32 
 
 Horseshoe Bend Lode 39 
 
 Hunt’s Creek 39 
 
 Ilford 4,31 
 
 Tnvprpll 41 
 
 Carrington Lode . . 34 
 
 T\n van a trli’s Claim 20 
 
 „ Mine 40 
 
 Kplly’s TiOdp 39 
 
 Cervantite 8 
 
 Clarence District 30, 39, 40, 46 
 
 Clarke, TV 7 . B 3, 31, 40, 41 
 
 Cobbadah 26, 30 
 
 Collom Collom Creek 30 
 
 Cooloongolook 4, 47 
 
 Corry and Wilson’s Lode 30 
 
 Cosmopolitan Mine 37 
 
 „ Reef 35 
 
 Kempsey 4, 27 
 
 Ivermesite 7 
 
 Lady Mary Claim 27 
 
 Lionsville 39, 46 
 
 Long Point 37 
 
 Lovely, W. H. C 22 
 
 Lucknow 39 
 
 Lunatic 3, 40 
 
 Mnodonald R 40 
 
 Crudine Creek 4, 30 
 
 Cudgegong River 4,46 
 
 Macksville 27, 40 
 
 Magazine Reef 38 
 
 + 7712— c 
 
54 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Main Reef 38 
 
 Manilla 40 
 
 Marulan 40 
 
 Meglo 40 
 
 Metallurgy 11-22 
 
 Metz 4,38 
 
 Moonan Flat 41 
 
 Morrison, M. 41, 42 
 
 Mosquito Creek 40 
 
 Mount Mitchell 3, 40 
 
 Munga Creek 4, 27 
 
 Nambucca River 4, 26, 27, 40 
 
 Neil’s Creek 41 
 
 New Hillgrove Proprietary 36 
 
 „ Reform Mine 30 
 
 Niangala . : : 41 
 
 No. 9 Antimony Ltd 34 
 
 Nullamanna 41 
 
 Nundle 4, 41, 42 
 
 Oakevale Creek 41 
 
 Oaky Creek 26 
 
 Oban 3, 40 
 
 Occurrence 25-45 
 
 Odernlieimer, F 3 
 
 O’Donnell’s Reef 26 
 
 Orange 39 
 
 Orundumby 4, 47 
 
 Paddy’s Flat 40 
 
 Paints 23 
 
 Paradise Lode 34,41 
 
 Paterson River 3,42 
 
 Peckitt’s Hill 42 
 
 Peel River 
 
 Peelwood 
 
 Pennyweight Flat 
 
 Penshurst 
 
 Pittman, E. F 
 
 Porter, D. A 
 
 Pretty Gully 
 
 Prices , 
 
 Production 
 
 Pucka Lode 
 
 „ Mine 
 
 Puddledock 
 
 Pulganbar 
 
 Pyramul 
 
 Razorback Lode . 
 Real McKay Mine 
 
 Refining 
 
 Rockwell Lode . . . 
 
 . . 3,41 
 
 39 
 42 
 
 . .. 3,42 
 25 
 
 . . 41 
 
 . . 42 
 
 1 
 
 . 49,51 
 .. 39 
 
 42 
 
 . . 43 
 
 .. 43 
 
 . . 3,43 
 4, 43-46 
 
 40 
 
 . . 19-21 
 . . . 4, 46 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Rylstone 4 
 
 Senarmontite 8 
 
 Sharpening Stone Creek 46 
 
 Slee, W. H. J 25,26 
 
 Smelting 21-22 
 
 Sofala 4 
 
 Solferino 3 
 
 South Coast 46 
 
 „ R. Range 46 
 
 Spring Creek 46 
 
 Springthorpe’s Lode 46 
 
 Stibnite 7 
 
 Stockman’s Lode 46 
 
 Stutchbury, S 3 
 
 Sugarloaf Hill 46 
 
 Sunlight Lodes 38 
 
 Swamp Creek Falls 38 
 
 Sydney, North 41 
 
 Taylor’s Arm Creek 26, 27 
 
 Terrible Billy 46 
 
 Thomas’ Claim 29 
 
 Top Horseshoe Bend 46 
 
 Tuena 40 
 
 Tungbung Range 46 
 
 Ungarie 46 
 
 Upper Meroo 3, 46 
 
 Uralla 47 
 
 Uses 23 
 
 Valentinite 8 
 
 Victoria 3 
 
 Victoria Claim 29 
 
 Walkerton 43 
 
 Walcha 4,47 
 
 Walford’s Claim 29 
 
 Wang, C. T 24, 48 
 
 Wangwauk 4, 28, 47 
 
 Warrell Creek 28 
 
 Washpool Creek 46 
 
 Wentworth, S. M 39 
 
 West Sunlight Mine 38 
 
 Williams R 47 
 
 Wilkinson, C. S 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 37, 43 
 
 Wollomombi 47 
 
 Wyalong 46 
 
 Yarrowyck 47 
 
 Yass ' 46 
 
 Young, L 28 
 
 Young Australian 29 
 
 Yulgilbar 39,42 
 
 Sydney : William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer.— 1912. 
 
PHOTO LlTHOQPAPHEO bv w. a. 
 
 OULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. SYDNEY. 
 

 
■ 
 
 
 
 twmJ, 
 
 MINERAIf R1 L"’ „„ 
 
 3 0112 099124221 
 
 ■■■■ 
 
 - vr-.V3 
 
 :'mA 
 
 No. 1. Notes on Chromic Iron Ore, with a Register of New South Wales 
 Localities, 1898. By J. E. Oarne. 
 
 No. 2. Notes on the Occurrence of Tungsten Ores in New South Wales, 1898. 
 
 By J. E. Carne. 
 
 No. 3. Notes on Gold Dredging, 1898. By J. B. Jaquet. 
 
 No/ 4. Notes on Bismuth Ores, 1898. By J. A, Watt. 
 
 No. 5. Report on Wyalong Gold-field, 1899. By J. A. Watt. 
 
 No. 6. The Copper Mining Industry, and the Distribution of Copper Ores in 
 New South Wales, 1899. By J. E. Carne. 2nd Edition, 1908. 
 
 No. 7. Mercury or Quicksilver in New South W.les, 1900. By J. E. Carne. 
 
 No. 8. Report on the Hillgrove Gold-field, 1900. By E. C. Andrews. 
 
 No. 9. Report on the Yalwal Gold-field, 1901. By E. C. Andrews. 
 
 No. 10. Report on the Kiandra Lead, 1901. By E. C. Andrews. 
 
 No. 11. Molybdenum, 1906. By E. C. Andrews. 
 
 No. 12. Report on Drake Gold and Copper -field, 1908. By E. C. Andrews. 
 
 No. 13. Report on the Forbes-Parkes Gold-fields, 1911. By E. C. Andrews. 
 
 No. 14. The Tin Mining Industry and the Distribution of Tin Ores in New South 
 Wales, 1911. By J. E. Carne, 
 
 No. 15. The Tungsten Mining Industry in New South Wales, 1911. By J. E. 
 
 Carne. 
 
 No. 16. The Antimony-Mining Industry, and the Distribution of Tin Ores in 
 New South Wales, 1912. By J. E. Carne. 
 
 Mineral Resources of New South Wales, 1901. By E. F. Pittman. 
 The Coal Resources of New South Wales, 1912. By E. F. Pittman. 
 
 MEMOIRS (GEOLOGY). 
 
 No. 1. Geology of the Vegetable Creek Tin-mining Field, 1887. By T. W. E. 
 David. 
 
 No. 2. Iron Ore Deposits of New South Wales, 1901. By J. B. Jaquet. 
 
 No. 3. The Kerosene Shale Deposits of New South Wales, 1903. By J. E. Carne. 
 No. 4. Geology of the Hunter River Coal Measures, 1907. By T. W. E. David. 
 
 No. 5. Geology of the Broken Hill Lode and the Barrier Ranges Silver-field, 1894. 
 By J. B. Jaquet. 
 
 No. 6. Geology and Mineral Resources of the "Western Coalfields, 1908. By 
 J. E. Carne.