977.801 K875P s PHASE I SURVEY OF 3,511 ACRES AT FORT LEONARD WOOD, PULASKI Co. MISSOURI by Paul P. Kreisa and Brian Adams Public Service Archaeology Program Research Report No. 39 a CENTRAL CIRCULATION AND BOOKSTACKS The person borrowing this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or return before the Latest Date stamped below. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each non-returned or lost item. Theft, mutilation, or defacement of library materials can be causes for student disciplinary action. All materials owned by the University of Illinois Library are the property of the State of Illinois and are protected by Article 16B of Illinois Criminal Law and Procedure. TO RENEW, CALL (217) 333-8400. University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign U. OF, I LIBRARY AT URBANA/ CHAMPAIGN BOOKSTACKS When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 074-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, includin g the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of the collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE February 1999 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATE COVERED Final 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri 6. AUTHOR(S) Kreisa, Paul P. and Brian Adams 5. FUNDING NUMBERS C DACA88-97-D-0018 Delivery Order No. 0001 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Public Service Archaeology Program Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall 607 S. Mathews University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Research Report No. 39 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories Champaign, IL 61826 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words) From January 1998 through June 1998 the Public Service Archaeology Program of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign conducted a Phase I survey of 3,511 acres within the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation, Pulaski County, Missouri, for the United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories . The investigations were designed to provide archaeological inventory and management recommendations for unsurveyed tracts and to test the validity of a model predicting prehistoric site locations. The survey documented 36 previously unreported archaeological sites and isolated finds and seven previously recorded sites. This total includes a Late Woodland site complex, known as the Lohraff Peninsula complex, located along Roubidoux Creek. Seventeen sites are recommended for Phase II National Register of Historic Places evaluation. Specific evaluation tasks are discussed for each site. The results of the survey suggest that the GIS prehistoric site locational model is relatively robust for cairn and cave/rockshelter sites, but minor deviations from the expected occur in some areas for prehistoric open-air sites. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Archaeological survey, cultural resource management, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, prehistoric archaeological sites , caves , cairns , historic archaeological sites 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT [NSN 7540-01-280-5500 '(Rev.2-89) 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Standard Form 298 Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18 298-102 PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF 3,511 ACRES AT FORT LEONARD WOOD, PULASKI COUNTY, MISSOURI For Submission To: U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories Champaign, Illinois 61826-9005 Contract No. DACA88-97-D-0018 Delivery Order No. 0001 By: Paul P. Kreisa and Brian Adams Paul P. Kreisa, Principal Investigator Public Service Archaeology Program Department of Anthropology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 109 Davenport Hall 607 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801 Public Service Archaeology Program Research Report No. 39 February 1999 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/phaseiarchaeolog39krei ABSTRACT From January 1998 through June 1998 the Public Service Archaeology Program of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign conducted a Phase I survey of 3,5 1 1 acres within the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation, Pulaski County, Missouri, for the United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories. The investigations were de- signed to provide archaeological inventory and man- agement recommendations for unsurveyed tracts and to test the validity of a model predicting prehistoric site locations. The survey documented 36 previously unreported archaeological sites and isolated finds and 7 previously recorded sites. This total includes a Late Woodland site complex, known as the Lohraff Peninsula complex, located along Roubidoux Creek. Nineteen sites are recommended for Phase II Na- tional Register of Historic Places evaluation. Specific evaluation tasks are discussed for each site. The re- sults of the survey suggest that the GIS prehistoric site locational model is relatively robust for cairn and cave/rockshelter sites, but minor deviations from the expected occur in some areas for prehistoric open-air sites. in TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 5 Geology and Physiography 5 Soils 8 Climate and Climatic Change 10 Floral and Faunal Communities 10 Cultural Study Units 11 CHAPTER 3. CULTURAL OVERVIEW AND REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK 13 Cultural Overview 13 Previous Investigations 20 CHAPTER 4. PROJECT GOALS 25 Prehistoric Period Research 25 Historic Period Research 27 Summary 28 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCH METHODS 31 Archival Research 31 Field Methods 32 Laboratory Methods 33 Site Forms 36 NRHP Evaluations 37 Curation 38 CHAPTER 6. SITE INVENTORY AND ARTIFACT ANALYSIS 37 Big Piney Tract 37 West Cantonment Tract 51 Roubidoux Creek Tract 60 CHAPTER 7. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 99 Overview of Results 99 Settlement Patterns 101 Cultural Chronology 107 Site Predictive Model Assessment 107 Summary 110 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONCLUDED Page CHAPTER 8. SITE EVALUATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 113 Site Evaluation Criteria 113 NRHP Eligibility Recommendations 114 Fieldwork Recommendations 115 Bias Assessment and Metadata 118 Conclusion 121 REFERENCES CITED 123 APPENDIX A. ARTIFACT INVENTORY 137 APPENDIX B. SITE LOCATION MAPS bound separately APPENDIX C. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI SITE FORMS bound separately APPENDIX D. SITE NUMBER AND UTM COORDINATE DATA bound separately APPENDIX E. FIELD AND LABORATORY DOCUMENTATION bound separately APPENDIX F. PHOTOGRAPHS bound separately VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 . Location of Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 2 2. Location of Survey Tracts Investigated at Fort Leonard Wood 3 3. Physiographic Provinces of Missouri and the Location of Fort Leonard Wood 6 4. General Topographic Characteristics of Fort Leonard Wood 7 5. Cultural Resource Zones Within Fort Leonard Wood 12 6. Chronological Sequence of the Fort Leonard Wood Area 14 7. South Portion of the Big Piney Survey Tract 38 8. North Portion of the Big Piney Survey Tract 39 9. Sketch Map of 23PU397 41 10. Sketch Map of 23PU398 43 11. Sketch Map of 23PU399 45 12. Sketch Map of 23PU501 46 13. Sketch Map of 23PU517 48 14. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 3 50 15. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 4 50 16. North Portion of the West Cantonment Tract 52 17. South Portion of the West Cantonment Tract 53 18. Sketch Map of 23PU551 54 19. Sketch Map of 23PU222 55 20. Sketch Map of 23PU727 56 21. Sketch Map of 23PU729 58 22. Sketch Map of 23PU730 59 23. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 2 61 24. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 23 61 25. Location of the Roubidoux Creek Survey Tract 62 26. Sketch Map of 23PU510 64 27. Sketch Map of 23PU723 65 28. Sketch Map of 23PU724 67 29. Sketch Map of 23PU725 68 30. Sketch Map of 23PU726 70 31. Sketch Map of 23PU731 and 97-93; AOS 27IF 71 32. Selected Artifacts: a, Scallora projectile point from 23PU73 1 ; b, Triangular projectile point from 23PU739; c-d, Etley projectile points from 23PU745; e, King's Corner Notched projectile point from 23PU745; f, Scallorn projectile point from 23PU745 73 33. Sketch Map of 23PU732 73 34. Sketch Map of 23PU733 75 35. Sketch Map of 23PU734 75 36. Sketch Map of 23PU735 76 37. Sketch Map of 23PU736 78 38. Sketch Map of 23PU737 and 97-93; AOS38IF 80 39. Sketch Map of 23PU738 81 40. Sketch Map of 23PU739 82 41. Sketch Map of 23PU740 84 42. Sketch Map of 23PU741 85 vii LIST OF FIGURES CONCLUDED Figure Page 43. Sketch Map of 23PU742 86 44. Sketch Map of 23PU743 88 45. Sketch Map of 23PU744 90 46. Sketch Map of 23PU745 91 47. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 18 93 48. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 30 and 97-93; AOS 33 94 49. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 42 96 50. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 43 96 51. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 47 97 52. Scatter Plots of Relationship Between Site Size and Number of Artifacts and Distance to Water 1 03 53. Scatter Plots of Relationship Between Number of Artifact Classes to Distance to Water and Number of Artifact Classes to Site Size 104 54. Temporal Change in Unweighted and Weighted Frequencies of Projectile Points by Time Period at Fort Leonard Wood 108 Vlll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 . Classes and Types of Historic Archaeological Sites 32 2. Specified Field Methods for Terrace Formations 34 3. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Artifacts Recovered from 23PU723 66 4. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Artifacts Recovered from 23PU725 69 5. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Artifacts Recovered from 23PU731 72 6. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Artifacts Recovered from 23PU741 85 7. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Artifacts Recovered from 23PU742 87 8. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Artifacts Recovered from 23PU743 89 9. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Artifacts Recovered from 23PU745 92 10. Distribution of Prehistoric Open-Air Sites by Probability Zone 110 1 1 . Terrace Site Density and Artifact Depth 110 12. Summary NRHP Recommendations for Sites and Isolated Finds in the Big Piney Tract 115 1 3 . Summary NRHP Recommendations for Sites and Isolated Finds in the West Cantonment Tract 1 1 5 14. Summary NRHP Recommendations for Sites and Isolated Finds in the Roubidoux Creek Tract 1 16 15. Comparison of Selected Site Attributes at Open-Air Sites 117 16. Level of Field Effort Metadata 120 IX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Projects of the scope and size of the Phase I archaeological survey described herein are completed only with the help of many individuals. The initiation of this project was aided by Dr. Richard Edging of Fort Leonard Wood and Suzanna Walaszek of USACERL. At the University of Illinois, Dr. Janet Dixon Keller provided support as department head. All of these individuals provided the administrative support so necessary for conducting projects of this nature. The completion of the fieldwork was aided by a number of individuals. Dr. Richard Edging of Fort Leonard Wood coordinated access for fieldwork with Range Control. For USACERL, Dr. Michael Har- grave was project Contracting Officer's Technical Representative and Ms. Suzanna Walaszek acted as a liaison between PSAP, Fort Leonard Wood, and USACERL. Thanks also to Suzanna for assisting in fieldwork associated with 23PU744 and preparing an excellent map of the site for use in this report. The archaeological field team included Gregory Walz as field supervisor, and field technicians Mary Aviles, Charles Broz, Darryl Gundrum, Marcy Gurski, Judd Hackl, Amy Judd, Mike Power, Virginia Roof, and Matt Walkowiak. As much of the fieldwork was conducted during the spring and summer, working conditions were often quite demanding, and we are especially grateful to the entire field crew for their hard work, dedication, and enthusiasm. Once field- work was completed, many individuals on staff at PSAP conducted the laboratory tasks associated with this project. Report production could not have been completed without the dedicated assistance of Susan Brannock-Gaul who produced the computer and line drawings included in this report, and Jacqueline McDowell provided editorial advice and coordinated the report production. We thank all of these individuals for their help with this project. They should be pleased that their efforts have aided in furthering the scientific, cul- tural, and historical understanding of the study region. I hope that the content and contributions of this report have made their efforts worthwhile. Paul Kreisa and Brian Adams February 1999 XI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION In January 1998 the United States Army Con- struction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) contracted with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to conduct a Phase I survey of 3,5 1 1 acres ( 1 ,42 1 ha) at the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation in Pulaski County, Missouri (Figure 1). The project was conducted by personnel from the University of Illinois Public Service Archaeology Program, with fieldwork taking place between January and June 1998. This report details the results of the investigations, provides recommendations for further archaeological work at specific sites, and offers both refinements and alter- natives to current prehistoric settlement and site location models. Federal cultural resource laws, including the National Historical Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and its implementing regulations, 36 CFR 800 (Sections 106 and 1 10), as well as Army Regula- tion 200-4, require the identification and assessment of archaeological sites on federal property. The purpose of this archaeological site inventory survey is to fulfill these mandates, in part, by locating archaeological sites and evaluating their potential eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). To date, over 45,600 acres, or almost two-thirds of the total area within Fort Leonard Wood, have been surveyed. The areas surveyed during the current project are located in three separate tracts (Figure 2). Northern- most is a tract between the cantonment and Roubi- doux Creek, called herein the West Cantonment Tract, comprising 2,076 acres (840 ha) of tributary drainages and uplands. The Big Piney Survey Tract, on the east-central portion of the base, consists of 857 acres (347 ha) of tributary drainages and up- lands. The Roubidoux Creek Survey Tract is a very irregularly shaped parcel of uplands, bluffs, terraces, and floodplain on the southwestern portion of the base totaling 578 acres (234 ha). The archaeological investigations used reconnais- sance techniques typically employed in the Midwest. In all survey areas, surface visibility was less than 30 percent, necessitating the excavation of posthole tests at 20-m intervals, with all sediments screened through 6.35-mm mesh hardware cloth. Soil profiles were documented for posthole tests that contained cultural material. Steeply sloped areas (greater than 20 percent) were visually inspected for sites such as mounds, cairns, and caves/rockshelters, but system- atic subsurface testing was not conducted. When located, all sites were further documented. These field methods were employed uniformly throughout the uplands. As specified in the USACERL State- ment of Work, terrace and floodplain formations along Roubidoux Creek were investigated differ- ently. Field methods, including depth of excavations and spacing between subsurface tests, differed by terrace formation. The specific methods used while investigating terrace and floodplain formations are presented in Chapter 5. In accordance with the Statement of Work, locations with fewer than three artifacts within a 20- m diameter area were considered isolated finds. Archaeological Survey of Missouri (ASM) site forms were completed for areas of scatter with three or more artifacts of greater than 50 years of age. Iso- lated finds are identified by field number. All sites and isolated finds were located on standard United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5' series topo- graphic maps and documented by site-specific sketch maps, photographs, the collection of artifacts, and notes detailing fieldwork conducted, topography, environment, disturbances, and other aspects of site condition. As well, the Universal Transverse Mer- cator (UTM) coordinates of all sites and isolated finds were determined by use of global positioning system (GPS) equipment. As a result of this project, 36 previously unre- corded sites and isolated finds were located. These include 24 sites and 12 isolated finds. The newly Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri KANSAS OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS km 100 ILLINOIS TENNESSEE Figure 1 . Location of Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Introduction Kilometers Figure 2. Location of Survey Tracts Investigated at Fort Leonard Wood. Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri identified sites include 21 prehistoric and two his- toric sites. An additional seven historic sites that had been recorded prior to this project were relocated. Updated information is provided for these sites. One previously recorded prehistoric site, 23PU613, was not relocated. An inventory of material by proveni- ence from each site and isolated find is presented in Appendix A. As specified in the Statement of Work, USGS quadrangle maps indicating the location of the sites and isolated finds are included in a separate appendix (Appendix B) because of the sensitive nature of site location information. Archaeological Survey of Missouri site forms have been completed for all sites (Appendix C). All artifacts and documen- tation associated with this project have been submit- ted to USACERL with the final report. The remainder of this report provides environ- mental and cultural overviews of the Fort Leonard Wood area, details the research goals and field and laboratory methods used during this project, and describes and interprets the results of the Phase I archaeological site inventory of 3,51 1 acres. Chapter 2 is a brief description of the regional environmental setting. Chapter 3 provides a summary of the regional prehistoric chronology and an overview of previous work performed on and near Fort Leonard Wood. Chapter 4 provides the underlying research orienta- tion and details specific research issues that are addressed in Chapter 7. Chapter 5 outlines the field and laboratory methods and procedures. Chapter 6 presents the results of the investigations including site descriptions, descriptions of the investigations conducted and their results, description and analyses of the artifact assemblages, interpretation of the results, and recommendations for further work. Chapter 7 addresses the results of the project in terms of the research issues outlined in Chapter 4. Chapter 8 summarizes the results of the project and provides a summary of NRHP recommendations for each site. References Cited are followed by appendices, which include an artifact inventory (Appendix A), site location maps (Appendix B), and ASM site forms (Appendix C). Appendices B and C are bound separately as requested in the Statement of Work. CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri, is located within the Salem Plateau Section of the Ozark Plateau region (Figure 3). The rolling land- scape is characterized by upland ridge plateaus that are separated by deeply entrenched stream valleys (Figure 4). Caves, rockshelters, solution cavities, and sinkholes are numerous and were significant factors in the prehistoric settlement of the Fort Leonard Wood area. At present, much of the area is covered by oak-hickory forest with scattered junipers. This section presents a detailed overview of the environ- ment of the Fort Leonard Wood area including geology and physiography, soils, climate, and floral and faunal communities. A broader overview of the local environment can be found in Wood et al. (1995). Environmental descriptions of the three survey tracts are included in Chapter 6. Geology and Physiography Fort Leonard Wood is located in the Salem Plateau Section of the Ozark Plateau region (White- field 1989) of the Interior Highlands Physiographic Province (Madole et al. 1991). The unglaciated Ozark Plateaus overlie a broad asymmetrical cratonic dome; subaerial erosion has exposed the dome's Precambrian core in the St. Francois Mountains (Thornbury 1965). According to Allen et al. (1975), Paleozoic tectonic features are a reflection of Pre- cambrian tectonic elements in that deformation initially occurred during the Precambrian. Erosion of the uplifted Precambrian surface was followed by subsidence during the early Paleozoic era. Tectonic activity throughout the Paleozoic resulted in the formation of arches, basins, and faults. Toward the end of the Paleozoic, major uplift, which may be related to the Appalachian Orogeny (Thornbury 1965), occurred along the Ozark Arch. Final uplift, followed by tectonic stability, occurred during the Mesozoic Cretaceous period for most of the Ozark region but extended into the Tertiary and Quaternary in the St. Francois Mountains. Post-Cretaceous erosion of the gently dipping Paleozoic sedimentary rocks surrounding the Ozark Arch produced a series of escarpments. The Salem Plateau is bordered on the west and east respectively by the Burlington (Eureka Springs) and Crystal escarpments (Marbut 1896). The Eureka Springs Escarpment marks the boundary between younger Mississippian rocks of the Springfield Plateau to the west and the older Ordovician-aged rocks of the Salem Plateau to the east (Thornbury 1965). Three major rock formations outcrop in the Fort Leonard Wood area (Whitefield 1989). The oldest formation, early Ordovician Gasconade dolomite, is exposed in about 12 percent of the installation (Albertson et al. 1995). It is typically a light brownish gray, cherty dolomite that is massive in its upper part and thin to medium-bedded in its lower part (Allen et al. 1975); beds of chert can be more than 1.5 m thick (White- field 1989). The Gasconade dolomite is overlain by cherty dolomite and sandstone of the Roubidoux Formation. The Roubidoux Formation is exposed in about 64 percent of the installation and forms the broad upland in its northern part (Albertson et al. 1995). The dolomite is brown to brownish red, fine to medium crystalline rock that is locally sandy (Whitefield 1989) and can contain up to 50 percent chert (Albertson et al. 1995). The Roubidoux sand- stone is brown to red in color and composed of fine to medium sand-sized quartz grains. It is locally cherty, and the chert is sandy and oolitic to banded and porcelaneous (Albertson et al. 1995). Jefferson City dolomite is the youngest Ordovician rock, and it outcrops in 17 percent of the base (Albertson et al. 1995). It is a cherty, gray to brown (Whitefield 1989), medium-bedded, fine to medium crystalline dolomite that is locally argillaceous with lenses of orthoquartzite, shale, and conglomerate (Allen et al. 1975). Although it overlies a structural lowland, the Salem Plateau is a topographic upland (Marbut 1 896). Local relief on the upland surface is com monly less than 30 m but can be up to 150 m along Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri NaTCH,S N( \ Wm \ \ MERCER j PUTIWM ^4* l SCOTLAND | 'X C ) NODAWAY j | HARRISON; f 1 ! K j / S (_ | GENTRY | | SULLIVAN j ADA1R \ \ '■ L H 0LT ). i GRUNDY j ^, j ANDREW! 1 DWIKS i _^ f- x -^ Northwest Praine Region v \ " '" : Livingston* lINN ! w f* I "; i [ [ _ 3 j CLINTON j CflLDWELL MERCER S ) — ""1 SUUJVAN I ADAIR GRUNDY ' i l?orri/vn "AC 01 : SHELBY LEWIS MARION i RALLS ( V 1 PIKE N. Northeast^ Prairie Region , j j % ! LINCOLN ) Western NEWTON MCDONALD r> ^ SCOTT VS'v Southeast ; ST00DARO !^ BSB,W S V > : | 'l___ ] j~ 1 T \ A ST00DAR0 i^* 5 '^ Southwest ^ainage Region* L ( onEGON I Jl \ / LER )jELixdrine\j [_ I i j j ! J X '-, ) MADRID } V MADRID ) i PCMISCOT'S /^Regiori / DUNKLIN; <^ Figure 3. Physiographic Provinces of Missouri and the Location of Fort Leonard Wood (adapted from Chapman 1975). major streams (Thornbury 1965). Present-day drain- age in the Ozarks probably began no later than the Tertiary (Allen et al. 1975; Thornbury 1965). The Big Piney River and Roubidoux Creek, which are north-flowing tributaries of the Gasconade River, itself a north-flowing tributary of the Missouri River, display a radial drainage pattern reflective of the underlying domal structure (Marbut 1896). A Ter- tiary age for valley incision implies that the uplands overlooking Roubidoux Creek and Big Piney River are also pre-Pleistocene in age (Madole et al. 1991). Upland divides on the Salem Plateau are commonly wide and flat or gently undulating in areas away from major river valleys. However, they can be almost absent near the larger streams (Marbut 1 896). Ac- cording to Krusekopf (1958) broad, rolling upland divides characterize surfaces that are relatively gravel-free. Although nearly all Ozark soils on the uplands possess some chert gravels, either through- out the entire profile or in the subsoil and substrate, Krusekopf (1942) believes the distribution of surficial chert gravels is a function of microclimate. South-facing slopes tend to have stony soils whereas north-facing slopes do not. Krusekopf (1942) asserts that the drier conditions associated with the south-facing slopes decrease the rate of chert decomposition (hydrolysis), resulting in an increase in the number of stones at the surface. In contrast, the wetter conditions on the north-facing slopes cause greater weathering of the chert, resulting in fewer (to no) rock fragments at the surface and Environmental Setting Reservation Boundary KEY Reservation Boundary Road River, Creek 1 5 km 3 miles Figure 4. General Topographic Characteristics of Fort Leonard Wood. 8 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri the development of a silica-rich hardpan (indurated horizon) below the B horizon. Areas of karst topography occur most frequently in the Gasconade (Albertson et al. 1995) and Roubidoux (Albertson et al. 1995; Allen et al. 1975) formations. Sinkholes (Allen et al. 1975) and rockshelters (Paul Albertson, personal communica- tion 1996) are typical of the Roubidoux Formation, whereas caves and springs are common in the Gas- conade Dolomite (Albertson et al. 1995). The Roubidoux dolomites and sandstones are relatively permeable rocks, and the residuum formed in them also tends to be highly permeable. Streams in these areas tend to be diverted to subsurface conduits, resulting in low surface runoff (Williams and Max- well 1975) and in reduced potential for erosion (Thornbury 1965). More specifically, Fort Leonard Wood occupies part of the broad dissected uplands between the Big Piney River and Roubidoux Creek (Figure 4), which form parts of the eastern and western boundaries of the installation, respectively. Both streams flow northward and are tributaries of the Gasconade River, which is part of the Missouri River drainage. Most of the installation is within the upland inter- fluve between the Big Piney River and Roubidoux Creek. This zone is not as deeply dissected as the areas along the major watercourses and has distinc- tive geologic, soil, and biotic characteristics. Soils Soils on the Ozark Plateau range in age from Tertiary to Holocene. Tertiary residuum, which is preserved throughout the Salem Plateau, can exceed 45 m in thickness (Albertson et al. 1995; Krusekopf 1958); it is thickest on level divides and moderate slopes and thinnest on steep slopes (Madole et al. 1991). The residuum on the Ozark Plateau is typi- cally a reddish, stony (cherty) clay (Williams and Maxwell 1975) similar to the red clay soil, or terra rossa, that is characteristic of landscapes underlain by carbonate rocks in other parts of the world. Although terra rossa soils traditionally have been associated with Mediterranean-type climates, they are not restricted to such zones; they are known to occur in the midcontinental United States (Frolking et al. 1983; Olson et al. 1980), in the Middle East (Bar- shad et al. 1956), in eastern Europe (Ciric and Senic 1985; Glazovskaya and Parfenova 1974) and in western Europe (Sevink and Verstraten 1979; Ver- straten and Sevink 1979). Terra rossa soils are characteristically high in kaolinite clays whereas the underlying unweathered limestone or dolomite is not (Barshad et al. 1956); Ozark carbonate rocks are high in illite (Scrivner 1975). In spite of the mineralogical differences, which are attributed to neoformation and/or alteration of clay minerals due to weathering (Madole et al. 1 99 1 ), terra rossa soils are thought to have formed in place in the underlying carbonate rock. According to Duchaufour ( 1 977), terra rossa soils form by decalci- fication of indurated carbonate rocks under alternat- ing wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, iron in the bedrock parent material is released upon weathering (decarbonation) but precipitates out in the weathered profile (where it binds to clay-sized particles) during the dry season. Duchaufour found that residuum formed in iron-poor rocks will not rubify (redden). Rubification, according to Glazov- skaya and Parfenova (1974), does not occur because of the presence of primary red-colored minerals, but instead is the result of biochemical weathering. The iron oxides and clays that make up the terra rossa are predominantly insoluble residue left after the carbon- ates have been removed, although some insoluble minerals may have been added by eolian deposition (Ciric and Senic 1985). The preservation of primary bedrock structures in the residuum suggests an in situ origin and volume-for- volume replacement of dis- solved carbonate rock by clays (Frolking et al. 1983; Madole et al. 1991; Williams and Maxwell 1975). It is generally accepted that formation of terra rossa on limestone and dolomite is a slow process. Therefore, the soil is considered to be fairly old where it is thick. Ciric and Senic (1985) estimate that 1.5-2.5 million years of weathering is required to produce a 20-cm thick terra rossa developed in a limestone with .3 percent insoluble material. Thick- ness of residuum in the Ozarks varies, depending upon parent material properties. Generally, thicker Environmental Setting residuum, averaging 4.5 m, is developed in the Gasconade and Roubidoux dolomites, which have a higher percentage of insolubles (in the form of quartz sand and chert) than does the Jefferson City dolomite where the residuum averages only 2.4 m thick (Madole et al. 1991). Much thinner residuum (less than 1 m thick) is developed in sandstone where the amount of carbonates is low and the amount of insolubles high (Madole et al. 1991). Residuum formed in easily weathered Jefferson City dolomite is typically a gravelly red clay with low plasticity; in thicker beds that are more resistant the residuum is a relatively stone-free, thin plastic clay of low permeability (Williams and Maxwell 1975). The low permeability of these soils inhibits karst forma- tion, and streams tend to maintain a surface flow (Williams and Maxwell 1975). Residuum derived from the permeable Roubidoux Formation sand- stones and dolomites is relatively thick and gravelly and highly permeable (Allen et al. 1975). Gravel content often exceeds 50 percent (Williams and Maxwell 1975). The high permeability of these soils promotes development of karst topography wherein there is a loss of surface water to groundwater flow (Williams and Maxwell 1975). Residual soils formed in the Gasconade dolomite are commonly a gravelly, yellow brown plastic clay or a gravelly, red clay with low plasticity (Allen et al. 1975). Tertiary residuum in the Ozark Plateaus is buried beneath variably thick Pleistocene loess. Loesses in Missouri were derived from the Missouri and Missis- sippi river valleys, and their thicknesses decrease with increased distance from the source valley. Consequently, loess ranges from about 30 m thick along the rivers to less than 1 rn thick in southern Missouri (Davis 1973; Madole et al. 1991). Illinoian Loveland Loess is preserved along the Missouri River (Bayne et al. 1971a), but it is rarely preserved on the uplands in south-central Missouri (Allen et al. 1975; Madole et al. 1991). In Laclede County, immediately west of Fort Leonard Wood, less than 1 m of Loveland Loess is preserved in a sink, and none is preserved on the surrounding uplands, suggesting a period of widespread erosion between the Illinoian and late Wisconsinan (Allen et al. 1975). However, as Bayne et al. (1971b) point out, the inability to identify Loveland Loess on the uplands may be due to its complete pedogenic assimilation into the Tertiary-Sangamon soil and not to erosion. At least 4.9 m of middle Wisconsinan Roxana Silt may occur along the Missouri River (Bayne et al. 1971a, 1971b). Late Wisconsinan Peoria Loess is the most widespread and recognizable loess in the area (Allen et al. 1975; Krusekopf 1958; Madole et al. 1991; Scrivner 1975). At Fort Leonard Wood, 45-75 cm of loess is found on the more stable parts of the uplands (Albertson et al. 1995). Johnson et al. (1981) found over 2 m of Peoria Loess preserved locally on the flat uplands near the Pomme de Terre river valley, northwest of Fort Leonard Wood, and Allen et al. (1975) note less than 1.2 m on uplands in Laclede County. Peoria Loess at Fort Leonard Wood is differentiated from the underlying residuum by its less weathered appearance, its high silt content (greater than 75 percent) (Balek, unpublished data), and a general lack of particles greater than 2 mm in diameter. Peoria Loess deposition occurred between 25,000 and 13,000 years ago in southwestern Illinois (McKay 1979) while in the Osage Plains physio- graphic section (i.e., eastern Kansas, central Okla- homa, and west-central Texas) Peoria Loess deposi- tion ceased about 10,500 to 10,000 years ago (Madole et al. 1991). A Holocene (post-9,000 years ago) loess, the Bignell Loess, occurs in parts of the Osage Plains along the Platte and Missouri rivers (Bayne et al. 1971b), but none has been reported in the Fort Leonard Wood area. Where the Tertiary residuum is completely buried by relatively thick Peoria Loess, the surface soil is developed in the loess and is essentially Holocene in age (i.e., post- 1 3,000 years). Where thin Peoria Loess has been incorporated pedogenically into the resid- uum such that it is not recognizable as a distinct loessial unit, the surface soil may be Tertiary through Holocene in age and can be considered a relict soil. Relict soils, as defined by Nettleton et al. (1989:59), are "ancient, pedogenic soils that have persisted on land surfaces of Pleistocene or greater age [and] may have been thickened by gradual deposition after the land surface stabilized, but never thickened by deposition so rapid or great that the soil is now a buried paleosol." 10 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Wolf (1989) identifies four soil associations within Fort Leonard Wood that also correlate closely with major physiographic zones. In the uplands between the Big Piney River and Roubidoux Creek is the Lebanon-Plato association. The Lebanon-Plato association consists of silty soils formed in loess deposits that have variable drainage characteristics. The dissected upland interfluve and the summits and shoulders of larger ridges near major streams are coveredbyViraton-Clarksville-Doniphan association soils that were found in all three tracts investigated during this project. These soils are characterized as deep, well-drained and silty to cherty. They formed in thin loess deposits overlying the cherty Jefferson City/Cotter dolomite residuum. Steep side valleys and bluffs in the major streams are covered by the Clarksville-Gepp association soils that also were found in all survey tracts investigated during this project. These soils are thinner, well- to excessively drained and cherty to very cherty. These two soil associations are found only in the Cookville Tract. Major stream valleys and some minor valleys are covered by Nolin-Huntington-Kickapoo association soils. This soil association is present in the South Roubidoux Creek and Big Piney Quarry tracts that were surveyed during this project in addition to the Clarksville-Gepp and Viraton-Clarksville-Doniphan associations. These soils are deep, nearly level to gently sloping silty and loamy soils on floodplains and adjacent terraces. Roubidoux Creek terraces within this tract are of variable age, ranging from essentially modern to 55,000 years old (Albertson et al. 1995). The soil associations are further divided into several soil series (Wolf 1989) which exhibit distinctive and consistent texture, structure, and drainage characteristics. The soil series for each site are described in the individual site discussions. Climate and Climatic Change The climate of the Fort Leonard Wood area is midcontinental, with warm summers and cool winters (Wolf 1989). Average annual rainfall is about 100 cm, distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. The driest months tend to be during the late fall through early winter while the wettest are during spring and early summer, although rainfall tends to be rather evenly distributed (Wolf 1989:Table 1). Research has indicated that this pattern has not been stable through the Holocene; the early Holocene climate was cooler and wetter than present. This climate regime then shifted during the middle Holo- cene to warmer and drier conditions (Bryson et al. 1968; Deevey and Flint 1957; Wendland 1978). This period, known as the Hypsithermal Interval, took place between 8,500 and 5,000 years ago. The effect of this climate change on human populations remains poorly understood and somewhat controversial at present. Minimally, by 5,000 years ago, the climate and vegetation patterns characteristic of the Fort Leonard Wood area began to stabilize in their mod- ern forms. Floral and Faunal Communities Flora Braun (1950) has classified the flora in the Fort Leonard Wood area as part of the Southern Division of the Oak Hickory Forest. This division is character- ized by southern oak species with pine present locally. Within the oak-hickory forest species compo- sition differs with slope aspect, orientation, drainage, and soil characteristics. Cedar is often present on the most xerophytic slopes. The oak-hickory forest is interrupted by occasional prairie openings. But within this classification, the Ozark Highlands also exhibit a wide diversity of plant communities corre- sponding with topographic, geologic, and hydrologic variability within the region (Steyermark 1963). Additional distinctive plant communities are found on rolling uplands, poorly drained uplands, steep slopes, bottomland terraces, floodplains, near springs and sinkholes, and in ravine bottoms (Harland Bartholomew and Associates 1992:9). Recently, the United States Forest Service identified over 40 plant communities found in the adjacent Mark Twain National Forest (Miller 1981). The present vegetation differs from the prehistoric and early historic vegetation patterns. Schoolcraft (1853) traveled across the Ozarks in 1818 and noted that large tracts in the Ozarks were either unforested or had stunted tree vegetation. This vegetation Environmental Setting 11 pattern may have been either culturally promoted by Native Americans setting fires to improve hunting conditions (Chapman 1946) or due to the develop- ment of nearly impermeable fragipan soils that inhibit root growth on flat and poorly drained up- lands (Rafferty 1980). In other areas, large tracts of pine forest covered the well-drained uplands, prairies were found on flat uplands, oak-hickory stands were present in high elevations, and cane thickets were abundant in bottomland settings (Harland Barthol- omew and Associates 1992). A detailed list of species present at Fort Leonard Wood has been presented by Sternburg et al. (1998). The present vegetation is dominated by oak forests on uplands and side slopes, with white, post, black, and blackjack oaks most common. The valleys support a greater variety of trees, with sycamore, ash, cottonwood, sugar maple, walnut, butternut, hack- berry, red oak, willow, and pecan present. Fauna Sternburg et al. (1998) provide a detailed listing of fauna present in the Fort Leonard Wood area. These species include those usually encountered in the North American midcontinent. The most com- mon large mammal is the white-tailed deer, and various medium-sized mammals (raccoon, squirrel, mink, muskrat, beaver, red fox, gray fox, skunk, opossum, cottontail rabbit, and coyote) are also present (Harland Bartholomew and Associates 1992: 10). Jones and Birney (1988) identify most of these mammalian species as associated with the Eastern and Prairie/ Grassland zoogeographic units. Terres- trial bird species that were of potential economic importance include wild turkey, bobwhite quail, and prairie chicken. As Fort Leonard Wood is not within a major migratory route, seasonal fluctuations of ducks, geese, and swans are minimal (Bellrose 1976). Lastly, rivers and streams in the Fort Leonard Wood area are noted to contain many sunfish, cat- fish, sucker, and gar species (Pflieger 1975). Cultural Study Units Based on the physiographic characteristics of the Fort Leonard Wood region, the installation has been incorporated into a number of different cultural study unit models. The philosophy behind the creation of the cultural study unit models is that particular characteristics of the landscape, including geology, hydrology, soils, flora, fauna, and climate, affect the pattern of human occupation within a region. Chap- man (1948a, 1975, 1980) used the natural divisions of Missouri (see Figure 2) to define environmentally based units with which to compare the development of cultural traditions. Chapman (1975) included the Fort Leonard Wood area in the Ozark Highland archaeological-physiographic region, with Pulaski County divided between the Lower Osage and Gas- conade localities. Elaborating on the concept of combined cultural and natural areas within Missouri, Weston and Weichman (1987) employ drainages as the basis for cultural divisions. In this model, Fort Leonard Wood is in the Gasconade Study Unit. At a finer scale, Edging (1992) has defined a series of cultural resource zones for Fort Leonard Wood (Figure 5). This model originally was designed as a cultural resource management tool, although it is also useful in providing an initial basis of comparison regarding human use of the base. Drainage, physio- graphic, and soil series characteristics divide Fort Leonard Wood into five broad zones. The Canton- ment zone is located on the northern end of the base and consists of uplands between the Big Piney River and Roubidoux Creek. This zone includes military facilities and is viewed as having low potential for containing intact prehistoric cultural resources be- cause of construction activities. The Interior Uplands resource zone covers the remainder of the uplands south of the cantonment. The potential for prehistoric and historic sites is generally low because of distance to permanent water sources. The Lower Roubidoux resource zone includes the Roubidoux Creek valley and adjacent terraces and uplands in the northwest corner of the installation. The Upper Roubidoux resource zone consists of an area similar to the Lower Roubidoux zone but in the southwest portion of the installation. Finally, the Big Piney resource zone includes the Big Piney River valley and adjacent terraces and bluffs in the northeast corner of the installation. Prehistoric site density is highest in these latter three zones. 12 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Pulaski County and Fort Leonard Wood 1 5km KEY Cultural Resource Zones: - Lower Roubidoux - Upper Roubidoux ^^ - Big Piney ///, Cantonment Area I I Interior Uplands — — — Reservation Boundary Figure 5. Cultural Resource Zones Within Fort Leonard Wood. CHAPTER 3. CULTURAL OVERVIEW AND REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK This section presents a general outline of prehis- toric and historic cultural development in the south- ern Midwest area and Ozark region and is based on earlier reports (Adams 1997; Ahler et al. 1998; Ah- ler, Harn, et al. 1997; Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Ahler and McDowell 1993; Ahler, Schroeder, et al. 1996; Kreisa 1995; Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan 1996; McGowan et al. 1996) and regional archaeo- logical syntheses, especially Chapman (1975, 1980), Douthit et al. (1979), Wright (1987), Wood et al. (1995), O'Brien and Wood (1998), the prehistoric overview in Harland Bartholomew and Associates (1992), and Smith's (1993) historical overview of Fort Leonard Wood. Information specific to the Gas- conade drainage is derived from syntheses by Mc- Millan( 1965) and Reeder (1988). Italso incorporates an Archaic period projectile point chronology created by Yelton (1996) for the eastern Ozarks. This over- view provides an interpretive framework for evaluat- ing archaeological resources at Fort Leonard Wood. Cultural Overview The cultural-historical sequence for Missouri is divided into six major periods (Figure 6), a number of which are subdivided into early, middle, and late subperiods (Chapman 1975, 1980). The prehistory of the area appears to have experienced a number of developments similar to those identified in other areas of eastern North America including population increase, focalization on locally abundant and sea- sonal foodstuffs, the eventual adoption of cultivated plant foods, and increasing social and political complexity. Expressions of these developments differ across the state, though, since it encompasses a number of different regions, including the Midwest, the Great Plains, the Southeast, and the Ozarks. Paleoindian Period (14,000 to 10,500 years ago) It was during the Paleoindian period that the earliest occupation of the New World took place, when people migrating from northern Asia crossed an exposed land mass that is now covered by the Bering Strait. This period is well-documented in por- tions of the United States where a series of distinct lanceolate hafted bifaces is associated with regional traditions. These bifaces have long, narrow flakes removed from the base, forming a characteristic channel or flute to facilitate hafting onto bone or wood handles. Many of the more refined specimens, made from high-quality nonlocal chert, indicate a high degree of mobility and participation in exchange networks. Paleoindian groups were small, highly mobile, and integrated into egalitarian bands. Settle- ment systems apparently were based on residential mobility. Subsistence was generalized, exploiting locally available megafauna and a variety of smaller terrestrial mammal species as well. Patterns of plant use for Paleoindian groups are poorly documented. No major Paleoindian sites are reported for the Gasconade drainage, and no sites of this time period are reported from Fort Leonard Wood or the adjacent Houston-Rolla District of the Mark Twain National Forest. A few isolated surface finds of Paleoindian points are reported in Chapman (1975) for the Gas- conade drainage, although none are from Pulaski County. Dalton Period (10,500 to 9,800 years ago) The transition from the late Pleistocene to Holo- cene environment brought about extinctions of mega- fauna across North America and the development of modern biotic regimes. Archaeologically, this transi- tion is associated with the Dalton culture (Goodyear 1982). This manifestation originally was defined in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri (Goodyear 1974; Morse 1973; Morse and Goodyear 1973; Price and Krakker 1975) and is characterized by a chipped- stone tool assemblage that includes the distinctive lanceolate, unfluted Dalton projectile point and its variants, chipped-stone adzes, and spurred end scra- 13 14 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri YEARS B.P. Present 500 1000 1,600 2,500 3,000 5,000 - 8,000 - 10,000 12,000 PERIOD J?"" HORIZON - PHASE PERIOD | HISTORIC MISSISSIPPI Late Maramec Spring Phase WOODLAND Late Early Maramec Spring Phase - Middle Spring Creek Complex | Early - ARCHAIC Late Sedalia Phase or James River Complex - Middle - Early Tick Creek Complex PALEOINDIAN Late Dalton Complex Middle Early Figure 6. Chronological Sequence of the Fort Leonard Wood Area. Cultural Overview and Review of Previous Work 15 pers. Dalton period settlement patterns and systems have been examined in detail in the southern Ozarks and Missouri Bootheel region (Morse 1975, 1977; Schiffer 1975). Settlement includes a variety of site types, consisting of base camps occupied for long periods of time, resource extraction camps, smaller generalized residential camps, and special-purpose cemetery sites (Goodyear 1974), suggesting a logisti- cally organized system oriented toward the exploita- tion of seasonally abundant aquatic resources by larger population aggregates. While many researchers indicate that this "period" postdates fluted projectile forms such as Folsom, O'Brien and Wood (1998:80) recently argue for a temporal (but perhaps not spa- tial) co-occurrence of such forms. Yelton (1996) argues that Dalton points continued to be made into his Horizon 1, dating from 9000-7000 B.P. Several important Dalton components have been located in Missouri including stratified deposits at Rodger's Shelter (Kay 1980), Graham Cave (Klippel 1971; Logan 1952), and Arnold-Research Cave (Shippee 1966). Two Dalton sites have been reported from Fort Leonard Wood; 23PU190 (Niquette et al. 1983) and 23PU494 (Ahler and McDowell 1993) are located in the Interior Uplands resource zone. Phase II investigations at Sadie's Cave (23PU235) yielded evidence of a Dalton component at that site as well (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995). Early Archaic Period (9, 800 to 7,000 years ago) More common are Early Archaic period sites characterized by a variety of lanceolate (Rice Lan- ceolate), contracting-stemmed (Hidden Valley), straight-stemmed (Hardin), side-notched (Graham Cave), corner-notched (Thebes, St. Charles, Kirk, Jakie Stemmed), and bifurcate-base (Rice Lobed and LeCroy) hafted bifaces. Yelton (1996) dates these and other types to Horizon 1, between 9000 and 7000 B.P., and Horizon 2, from 8200 to 7000 B.P. In his chronology, Thebes, St. Charles, and Hardin Barbed date to the second-half of the Early Archaic period (Yelton 1996). In contrast, Wood et al. (1995) and O'Brien and Wood (1998) place Jakie Stemmed in the Middle Archaic period. The Ozark Highland region contains a number of sites, mostly caves/rockshelters, with significant Early Archaic components. These include Jakie Shel- ter, the Rice site, and Standlee Shelter along the Table Rock Reservoir, Rodger's Shelter in the Pomme de Terre drainage, and Tick Creek Cave in the Gasconade drainage. The hafted bifaces listed above compare favorably with many of the hafted bifaces described by Roberts (1965) and McMillan (1965) in their original description of the Early Ar- chaic Tick Creek Complex. However, Chapman (1975) points out that Middle and Late Archaic materials represented by later point types (Stone Square Stemmed and large side-notched points) also may have been included in the original Tick Creek Complex assemblage, and Reeder (1988:185) sug- gests that the complex should be either redefined or abandoned. Based on work in other parts of the Mid- west, it is likely that the temporal and functional variability represented by the Tick Creek Complex can be separated into more restricted phases and components through excavation of stratified sites. Early Archaic period sites are usually small sites with relatively few artifacts, suggesting that popula- tions were composed of small, highly mobile residen- tial groups organized into egalitarian bands. Local populations may have coalesced periodically into larger population aggregates to take advantage of seasonally abundant resources, but these were proba- bly episodic events of short duration. Several sites at Fort Leonard Wood and the nearby Houston-Rolla Ranger District have yielded Early Archaic points. These include 23PU229 (an upland lithic scatter), 23PU304 (a floodplain lithic scatter), 23PH23 1 (a multicomponent upland lithic scatter), and 23PU210 (a disturbed stratified cave in the Upper Roubidoux resource zone). At the Kofahl Tract on the Big Piney River upstream from Fort Leonard Wood, four sites yielded Early Archaic points (Fraser et al. 1981). Eight Early Archaic sites were identified in the Big Piney and Upper Roubi- doux resource zones through recent surveys by the University of Illinois (Adams 1997; Ahler and McDowell 1993; McGowan 1996). Phase II NRHP evaluation recently has been conducted at a number of Early Archaic period sites including 23PU482 (Kreisa 1995), 23PU452, 23PU594, 23PU485 16 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri (Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996), 23PU483, and 23PU264 (Childress and Weaver 1998). Middle Archaic Period (7,000 to 5,000 years ago) In the Midwest this cultural period is marked by a shift in settlement toward major river-valley mar- gins and increased use of aquatic resources by larger population aggregates (Ahler 1984; Brown and Vierra 1983; Jefferies and Butler 1982; Styles 1986). Hafted bifaces characteristic of this period include large and small side-notched points (Godar, Matan- zas, Raddatz, and Big Sandy), small corner-notched points (Jakie Stemmed) in the early part of the period and medium to large corner-notched/expanding stem points (Big Creek, Saratoga Cluster, and Table Rock Stemmed) late in the period, and large straight-stem points (Stone Square Stemmed, Smith/Eva, and Karnak). Table Rock Stemmed and Matanzas points appears to continue into the Late Archaic period (Munson 1976; O'Brien and Wood 1998). Interest- ingly, Wood et al. (1995) place Big Sandy points in the Middle Archaic period, while O'Brien and Wood (1998) discuss it as an Early Archaic period type. Yelton ( 1 996) places the above-mentioned types into his Horizon III (7300-6100 B.P.) and Horizon IV (6100^500 B.P.). No specific Middle Archaic phase or complex has been defined for the Gasconade drainage, although McMillan (1965) describes several points character- istic of a Middle to Late Archaic complex. New tool types such as the fully grooved axe and ground-stone celt were added to the technological assemblage during this period. Ozark-region sites with major Middle Archaic occupations include Rodger's Shel- ter, Jakie Shelter, the Rice site, Standlee Shelter, and possibly Tick Creek Cave. Based on the recovery of only moderate numbers of Middle Archaic artifacts from sites in the Gascon- ade drainage (Tick Creek Cave, Goat Bluff Cave, and Miller Cave [McMillan 1965; Roberts 1965]), Chapman (1975) proposes that the Gasconade drain- age was used mainly for hunting during the Middle Archaic by populations with base camps located outside the drainage. This conclusion may be an arti- fact of sampling, since Middle Archaic sites appar- ently are fairly numerous at Fort Leonard Wood. Over 25 sites have yielded Middle Archaic materials (Adams 1997; Ahler and McDowell 1993; Markman and Baumann 1993; Moffat et al. 1989; Niquette 1984; Niquette et al. 1983). Of these, Phase II NRHP investigations have been conducted at 23PU368, 23PU235 (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Ahler, Kreisa, Theler, et al. 1995; Kreisa 1995), 23PU251, 23PU457 (Kreisa 1995), 23PU554, 23PU565 (Ahler et al. 1996), 23PU481 (Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996), and 23PU483 (Childress and Weaver 1998). Late Archaic Period (5,000 to 3,000 years ago) The Late Archaic period in the Ozarks is marked by continuation in the manufacture of many projec- tile point styles in use at the end of the Middle Archaic period. While large side-notched types are not part of the assemblage, the medium and large corner-notched/expanding stem points apparently continued into the first half of the Late Archaic period. New hafted biface types were introduced including a variety of corner-notched (e.g., Afton), stemmed (Burkett, Etley), and lanceolate (Sedalia, Wadlow) types. This period correlates with the Yel- ton (1996) Horizon VI (4500-3000 B.P.). Wood et al. (1995) suggest that Stone Square Stemmed may continue to be produced in the eastern part of the state into the Late Archaic period, while O'Brien and Wood (1998) suggest Table Rock Stemmed is a Late Archaic period type. Distinctive tools include the triangular, unifacial Clear Fork gouge, possibly used as a woodworking tool, and the rectanguloid, bifacial Sedalia Digger, possibly used for grubbing or dig- ging. A greater variety of ground-stone tools, includ- ing 3/4-grooved axes, celts, pestles, manos, banner- stones, and plummets, also is present in Late Archaic assemblages. Many of these tools are associated with plant processing. Increased reliance on plants is supported by recovery of some of the earliest domes- ticated squash and gourd remains in the eastern United States from Late Archaic contexts at Phillips Spring (Chomko 1978; Kay et al. 1980). Chapman (1975, 1980) indicates that the entire Late Archaic adaptive strategy persisted into the Woodland period in the Ozark region. Unfortunately, Cultural Overview and Review of Previous Work 17 many of the projectile point types listed above have been found in poorly dated or mixed deposits con- taining both Woodland and Late Archaic cultural materials. The absence of well-dated stratigraphic contexts poses a serious drawback to basic cultural historical interpretations in the Ozarks. Two local Late Archaic cultural manifestations have been defined for areas adjacent to Fort Leonard Wood. The James River complex is based on assem- blages from Table Rock Reservoir and includes Afton, Smith Basal Notched, Stone Square Stemmed, and Table Rock point types (Chapman 1960). The Sedalia Complex is centered in the lower Missouri and Osage drainages and includes Etley Stemmed and Sedalia Lanceolate point types (Chapman 1975). A review of previous reports indicates that no Sedalia points, Sedalia diggers, or Etley points have been recovered from Fort Leonard Wood. Late Archaic sites at Fort Leonard Wood lack the diagnostics associated with the Sedalia complex, while the base' s geographic and physiographic position make it less likely to be associated with the James River complex. Late Archaic components are common on the instal- lation, with over 20 sites having components as- signed to this period (Adams 1997; Ahler and McDowell 1993; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; Markman and Baumann 1993; Moffat et al. 1989; Niquette 1984;Niquetteetal. 1983). Phase II investi- gations have been conducted at 23PU492, 23PU249, 23PU235, 23PU457 (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Ahler, Kreisa, Theler, et al. 1995; Kreisa 1995), 23PU58 (Ahler et al. 1997; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996), 23PU421, 23PU424, 23PU481 (Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996), 23PU554 (Ah- ler, Harn, et al. 1997), 23PU483, 23PU458, and 23PU354 (Childress and Weaver 1998). Early Woodland Period (3,000 to 2,500 years ago) Traditionally, the beginning of the Woodland period is marked by the appearance of pottery in archaeological assemblages. In many areas, subsis- tence, settlement, and social organization remain essentially unchanged from Late Archaic patterns (see Chapman 1980; Farnsworth and Emerson 1986). Distinctive projectile point styles are few in number, and a local expression of Early Woodland adaptation has not been defined. Neither have pottery types indicative of the Early Woodland period been identi- fied in the region. Chapman (1980) maintains that Late Archaic adaptations, including many projectile point styles, were maintained in the Ozarks well into the Early and Middle Woodland periods. Niquette et al. (1983) and Niquette (1984) list nine sites that have been assigned to the Early Wood- land period at Fort Leonard Wood. However, these assignments are based on recovery of Gary and Langtry points, which have a long history of manu- facture that began in the terminal Archaic (3,500 years ago) and continued at least through Middle Woodland times (1,500 years ago). It may be more accurate to assign sites with these points to a general Woodland affiliation rather than to a more specific time period. Most recently, excavations at 23PU58 yielded two radiocarbon dates that fall within the Early Woodland period (Ahler et al. 1997). The associated deposits contained a number of projectile points, including Reeder types ESI and ES2 and McMillan type CN10, that are thought to date from the Late Archaic through the Middle Woodland period (Kreisa et al. 1998). Middle Woodland Period (2,500 to 1,600 years ago) As with the Early Woodland period, a local Mid- dle Woodland manifestation has yet to be defined for the Ozark region (Kreisa et al. 1998). If the distinc- tive Middle Woodland Hopewell ceramic styles are absent, local Middle Woodland expressions are dif- ficult to identify. Other artifacts that have been used as markers of the Middle Woodland period include Snyders Corner Notched projectile points and small lamellar blades (Montet- White 1968), neither of which is common in the Gasconade drainage. The lack of evidence for participation in the panregional Hopewell network has been interpreted by Chapman (1980) and McMillan (1965) as evi- dence for absence of permanent Middle Woodland settlement in the Gasconade drainage or even aban- donment of the region. Based on work at the Feeler site, however, Reeder (1982, 1988) defined the Mid- dle Woodland Spring Creek complex and proposed temporal boundaries of A.D. 1-400. This alternative 18 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri interpretation of Middle Woodland adaptation indi- cates the presence of a resident population with an essentially aceramic technology identified by Kings and Snyders Corner Notched projectile points (Reeder 1988). Thin, grit-tempered pottery similar to Middle Woodland utilitarian wares from other parts of the Midwest has been identified in low frequencies at a few sites in the Gasconade drainage including at Fort Leonard Wood (23PU152 and 23PU210 [Niquette et al. 1983] and 23PU265). Other sites on base have been assigned to the Middle Woodland period based on identification of Snyders projectile points or lamellar blades. It is unclear whether other Middle Woodland cultural patterns common in the Midwest, such as intensive use of native cultigens, two-level settlement hierarchy, or social differentiation in mor- tuary practices, are expressed in any local Middle Woodland period manifestation. Phase II investiga- tions have been conducted at 23PU265, 23PU173, 23PU291, and 23PU235, all of which have Middle Woodland or Middle to Late Woodland components (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Ahler, Kreisa, Theler, et al. 1995). Middle Woodland or Middle to Late Woodland components have recently been investigated at 23PU567 (Ahler, Harn, et al. 1997), 23PU264, 23PU354, and 23PU458 (Childress and Weaver 1998). Late Woodland Period (1,600 to 1,100 years ago) Late Woodland culture is well-expressed in the Gasconade drainage (Kreisa et al. 1998). Locally, Late Woodland sites are associated with the presence of cordmarked or plain limestone/dolomite-tempered ceramics. Diagnostic Late Woodland lithic artifacts include Kings Corner Notched and Rice Side Notched in the early part of the period and a variety of small arrow points (e.g., Crisp Ovate, Sequoyah, Scallorn, and Hayes) in the later part of the period. In addition, there appears to be some degree of social differentiation in mortuary programs; some individu- als were interred in rock cairns located on upland prominences and others in caves and rockshelters. The local Late Woodland manifestation is the Mara- mec Spring Focus (Marshall 1958, 1965), which subsequently has been divided into early and late Maramec Spring phases (Reeder 1988). Maramec Spring phase settlement patterns include extensive villages in both valley and upland ridge crest settings, smaller hamlets and extractive camps, and extensive use of caves and rockshelters, probably for special- ized activities. The Late Woodland period is the best docu- mented period at Fort Leonard Wood and in the Gasconade drainage in general. Maramec Spring occupations (either early or late) have been identified at more than 35 sites on Fort Leonard Wood (Adams 1997; Ahler and McDowell 1993; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan et al. 1996; Markman and Baumann 1993; Moffat et al. 1989; Niquette 1984; Niquette et al. 1983). Phase II NRHP investigations have been conducted at 23PU426, 23PU492, 23PU172, 23PU248, 23PU249, 23PU265 (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Ahler, Kreisa, Theler, et al. 1995; Kreisa 1995), 23PU421 (Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996), 23PU58 (Ahler et al. 1997; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996), 23PU565, 23PU567 (Ahler, Schroeder, et al. 1996; Ahler, Harn, et al. 1997), 23PU264, 23PU354, 23PU458 (Childress and Weaver 1998), 23PU209, 23PU210, 23PU211 (Ahler et al. 1998), 23PU719, 23PU614, and 23PU721 (Ahler et al. 1999). Mississippian Period (1, 100 to 300 years ago) The term Mississippian generally is used to denote both the segment of time following the Late Woodland period and a particular cultural tradition. Culturally, in the major river valleys of the southern Midwest and much of the Southeast, this period is marked by technological changes such as shell- tempered pottery and use of the bow and arrow; changes in social integration; and complexity identi- fied with hierarchical settlement systems, large town- and-mound complexes, elaborate elite burial ceremo- nialism, and inferred differential access to subsis- tence resources. The Gasconade drainage apparently does not contain a well-developed Mississippian cultural expression. Instead, the Late Woodland Maramec Spring cultural focus continued, with the addition of a few elements indicative of interaction with Mississippian peoples or peripheral participa- tion in Mississippian ceremonial/ideological/ex- Cultural Overview and Review of Previous Work 19 change systems such as occasional shell-tempered pottery, rare incising and punctation on ceramic vessels, and occasional recovery of exotic marine shell artifacts. No Mississippian local manifestation has been defined clearly for the Fort Leonard Wood area. While Mississippian influences are apparently rep- resented in some of the late Maramec Spring phase ceramic assemblages, the degree of local interaction and participation in the larger Mississippian cultural system has not been defined (Wettstaed 1996). Historic Period (300 years ago to present) Smith (1993) provides an excellent summary and developmental context for the historic period in the Ozarks and at Fort Leonard Wood in particular. The following summary is extracted from his report; additional information is found in McGrath and Ray (1987). In the eighteenth century, Pulaski County and the Fort Leonard Wood area were inhabited by the Native American Osage tribe, who used the area mainly for hunting rather than permanent habitation. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the area also came to be populated by small numbers of Kickapoo, Delaware, Shawnee, and Cherokee who had been driven westward by expanding Euro- american and African-American settlement. All remnants of these tribes had been removed from Missouri by about 1830. The first non-Native American settlers in the region were French explorers and lead miners who began traveling through the Ozarks as early as 1719. French settlement in the Ozarks was sparse, and its effect on the landscape and archaeological record is minimal. American settlement of the area began around 1800 with the occupation of the area by scattered pioneer hunters, subsistence farmers, and lumbermen. Most settlements were located in the larger stream valleys. Gradually, more people arrived in the area, but the rugged topography kept popula- tion levels low. Most pioneers in the early nineteenth century bypassed the Ozarks in favor of the more abundant and fertile farm territories along major river valleys such as the Missouri, White, and Arkansas rivers. Pulaski County was organized in 1833, and increasing numbers of permanent settlers arrived from eastern states. The settlement pattern appears to have been one of detached residences or farmsteads and hamlets scattered along rivers and larger creeks. Actual farming was done in small floodplain plots, and houses were located on valley-margin foot slopes or side slopes. Lumbering, hunting, and subsistence farming remained the major occupations. By 1 860, population levels were rising, road systems had been constructed, and railroads were helping to develop the lumber industry in the area. Civil War actions in the county resulted in abandonment of many rural farmsteads and general economic decline. Repopulation of the area began after the Civil War, but the landscape and farmsteads had been affected adversely by abandonment. Fueled by con- struction of a railroad through the county in 1 867, population increased greatly and economic concerns began to focus on rural industries, especially lumber- ing. Railroads also brought material goods into the area, promoting a change from self-sufficient farm- ing, hunting, and lumbering households to more con- sumer-oriented households linked to, and more de- pendent on, outside markets and manufactories. Cross-tie production was the major industry for rural upland settlers lacking access to good river bottom farmland. This occupation was the main rural indus- try in the county from the 1870s through World War I. The economic and cultural prosperity of the area reached its peak around 1910. Soon after that, over- cutting of lumber resources and soil erosion brought economic decline and depopulation to southern Pulaski County. The area also was affected strongly by the Great Depression. The largely self-sufficient farmers and hunters that dominated the Ozark popu- lation of the nineteenth century had given way to larger consumer-and-producer communities with increasingly intimate ties to regional and national economies. Population peaked around 1910 and remained stable until about 1940. Several small crossroads communities located within the bound- 20 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri aries of Fort Leonard Wood had been established in the nineteenth century and continued to flourish during this period. The largest and most economi- cally important was Bloodland; other trading commu- nities included Big Piney, Cookville, Bailey, Moab, Wharton, Wildwood, and Tribune. The 1930s witnessed the increasing emergence of the federal government as an economic and social factor in Pulaski County. Various projects sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Civil- ian Conservation Corps (CCC) directly affected eco- nomics and population in the Fort Leonard Wood area. The CCC had established numerous camps within the Mark Twain National Forest and the present Fort Leonard Wood boundaries. In 1940, the U.S. Army announced the planned purchase of 65,000 acres in southern Pulaski County. This created an immediate massive influx of laborers and support personnel into the area. As many as 30,775 workers camped within a 50-mile radius of the base (Mayes 1941, in Smith 1993). The economic and social transformation of the area has had a lasting effect on local communities. The resident populations of Bloodland and other small communi- ties located within the installation boundaries were displaced, and the former hamlets were razed. Small communities outside the base (Waynesville, St. Robert) witnessed unprecedented economic and pop- ulation growth. After World War II, population in the area and military use of the base fluctuated greatly until it was given permanent status in 1965. Previous Investigations The following summary has been drawn mainly from earlier reports (Ahler and McDowell 1993; Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Baumann and Markman 1993; Kreisa 1995; Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan 1996; McGowan et al. 1996; Markman 1993; Markman and Baumann 1993; Moffat et al. 1989; Niquette 1984; Niquette et al. 1983) and a dissertation (Reeder 1988) of work conducted at Fort Leonard Wood and in adjacent areas. Synopses of these previous investigations are presented below. Previous Work in the Gasconade Drainage The first reference to archaeological sites in the region around Fort Leonard Wood was made early in the nineteenth century by Beck (1975[1823]), who described the remains of a prehistoric village in Pulaski County. Later, in a history of Missouri, Conant (1879) noted the presence of prehistoric remains in caves, rockshelters, and mounds in the Gasconade area. This work included the first report on an excavation in this area, a cave site containing human burials. The Goodspeed Publishing Company (1974[1889]) later described mounds also located in Pulaski County. Both Beck and the Goodspeed Publishing Company made reference to stone walls, and the latter noted that some had burials beneath them. Later discussions of mounds, rock cairns, villages, campsites, and caves/rockshelters were made by Bushnell (1904) and Houck (1908). The first scientific investigations in central Mis- souri were made by Fowke in the early twentieth century (Fowke 1922, 1928). Several of the sites he visited are located on Fort Leonard Wood; namely, Kerr Cave, the Davis caves, and Miller Cave. The latter produced artifacts assignable to the Early Archaic through Late Woodland periods and possibly into the Mississippian period. Fowke, unfortunately, was interested mainly in lithic artifacts and hoped to demonstrate a relationship between early American cultures and the European Paleolithic, ultimately ignoring most other types of artifacts. Later, Fenenga (1938) reported on the ceramics from six caves, including four in Pulaski County. He developed a ceramic classification from the excavated materials, finding two ceramic types: one grit-tempered and one shell-tempered. These were associated with the Woodland and Mississippian cultures, respectively. By the 1940s, little work had been done in the region, and Chapman (1946, 1947, 1948a, 1948b), who was developing a statewide cultural sequence, was faced with a general lack of data. There was little evidence of Paleoindian or Archaic occupation, but he was able to identify a "Late Woodland Highland Aspect" for the area. Beginning in the 1950s, some of the first investi- Cultural Overview and Review of Previous Work 21 gations driven by historic preservation concerns were carried out in the region. Shippee began a survey of the proposed Richland Reservoir in 1957 (Anony- mous 1957; McMillan 1965), and Marshall (1963, 1965, 1966) worked on the Meramec River and near the headwaters of the Bourbeuse and Dry Fork rivers. In 1961 McMillan (1963, 1965) conducted a large- area survey of the Gasconade River and its major tributaries. As a result, 160 sites were identified, and test excavations were made at several of them. These sites included villages or campsites, caves/rock- shelters, and cairns. It was noted that villages and camps usually were located at the base of bluffs, on second terraces, or near the mouths of hollows and springs. Cairns were most often found on bluff tops over large streams, and major villages were often at the mouth of large tributaries. In addition to these surveys, investigations at individual sites also were made. Descriptions of these can be found in site reports by Delling (1962a, 1962b), McMillan (1962), Price (1964a, 1964b), and Roberts (1965). Roberts, an amateur archaeologist from Waynesville, excavated at Tick Creek Cave, and his work resulted in the first major study of faunal remains from this region (Parmalee 1965). By this time, more documentation of Archaic and Late Woodland sites had been gathered, but still little was known about Middle Woodland or Mississippian occupation of the area. Such a bias was to continue in the 1970s, when the implementation of federal legislation on historic preservation led to an increase in archaeological investigations. In 1975 investigations began along a 20-km corridor in association with a highway project on Route 63. These included the first studies of the smaller tributaries and uplands of the central Gascon- ade drainage (McGrath 1977). Four of the open-air sites located in this survey were tested by Southwest Missouri State University between 1975 and 1977 (Cooley and Fuller 1977). In 1978 personnel from the University of Missouri at Columbia tested an additional eight sites (Reeder and Oman 1979). Smaller surveys also were conducted such as those by Butler (1976), Cooley and Fuller (1975, 1976), and Turner and Helm (1979). Additionally, amateurs examined various caves and rockshelters (Jolly and Roberts 1974a, 1974b; Wessel 1974) and expanded some of the Route 63 excavations (Roberts 1978). These investigations also formed the basis of Reeder's (1988) dissertation, in which he argued that inhabitants of the Gasconade River basin were not isolated geographically from other groups and that the culture history of the area fits the general Mid- western cultural pattern. Large-scale excavations also were conducted at two Late Woodland sites: the Feeler site, 23MS12 (Reeder 1982, 1988), and the Kimberlin site, 23CR301 (Geier 1975). The former project included the first paleoethnobotanical analysis for this section of the drainage (Voigt 1982) as well as the first soil- geom orphic study (Johnson 1982). Previous Work in the Fort Leonard Wood Area In the 1980s a series of major surveys was under- taken in the Mark Twain National Forest. Surveys were conducted outside the major valleys and, for the most part, identified small lithic scatters without diagnostic artifacts (Fraser et al. 1981; Klinger and Cande 1985; Perttula et al. 1982; Purrington 1985). The American Resources Group surveyed the 243-ha Kofahl Tract in 1981 (Fraser etal. 1981). Seventeen prehistoric sites, both open-air camps and lithic scat- ters, were identified. The sites are located on flood- plain levees, terraces, alluvial fans, terminal ridge spurs, bluff crests, upland ridge crests, and hollow bottoms. Personnel from Southwest Missouri State University (Purrington 1985) surveyed an additional 1,215 ha and identified 15 limited activity areas, 12 "field camps," six cave/rockshelter sites, and one stone cairn. Most of these sites are located near large streams, but some are also present in the uplands. Purrington (1985) suggests that prehistoric site den- sity was highest in the Rolla-Houston area of the forest and that this density is indicative of the real site-distribution pattern and not a result of sample bias. Perttula et al. (1982) also conducted investiga- tions in a series of tracts and found two small prehis- toric sites, 23PU194 and 23PU195. Purrington (1983) also located two sites, 23PU198 and 22 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri 23PU199, in another survey for the National Forest. Klinger and Cande (1985) surveyed 632 ha and located ten small lithic scatters on ridge tops. The 1970s also saw the first scientific investiga- tions at Fort Leonard Wood. Garrison (1976) under- took a survey of a 16-ha tract for an air-to-ground weapons range, but no prehistoric sites were located. Purrington and Turner (1981) carried out a survey of a 34-ha landfill tract in an upland area. Two prehis- toric lithic scatters, 23PU167 and 23PU168, were identified. Two surveys also were conducted by Major John Hargis (ca. 1980, ca. 1981) in 1980 and 198 1 . The first was located on Roubidoux Creek and the second in the Interior Uplands resource zone. He found 46 prehistoric sites, of which 13 are in the interior uplands. Due to changes in the boundaries of the military reservation, only 42 of these sites are currently located on the installation. The sites include caves/rockshelters, rock cairns, and villages or camp- sites. In 1981 and 1982, Environment Consultants, Inc. examined scattered tracts across the installation, totaling 2,024 ha (Niquette et al. 1983). Identified and partially evaluated were 53 prehistoric and his- toric sites. The prehistoric sites include 1 5 caves or rockshelters, 25 open-air sites (including two with Dalton points), and six rock cairns. The historic sites are three late nineteenth/early twentieth century farms, a church from the same time period, and two military facilities (a bridge and generator). Twenty- five prehistoric sites and one historic site were thought to be eligible for listing in the NRHP. An- other 68 prehistoric sites were identified but not evaluated, and no formal report on these sites was published. Based on review of the ASM forms for these sites, the Late Woodland period is best repre- sented, but Middle and Late Archaic sites are also identified. Niquette (1984) conducted a survey of an addi- tional 1,035 ha, in which 22 prehistoric and 11 historic sites were identified. Again, Late Woodland sites predominated, although Late Archaic sites were also well-represented. In the same year, Niquette (1985) also investigated 243 ha of timber-sale tracts on steeply sloped terrain. This was considered to be an area with low potential for containing archaeologi- cal sites and, not surprisingly, only three isolated finds were recovered. In 1988 the American Resources Group studied 46 separate survey areas in Pulaski County, totaling 974 ha (Moffat et al. 1989). They identified 33 archaeological sites, 8 of which had been recorded previously. Twenty-seven of the sites are prehistoric, and they are mainly open-air camps and lithic scat- ters. Also recorded were five rockshelters, a rock cairn, and a cave site. The six historic sites are late nineteenth/early twentieth century residences or farmsteads. Phase II NRHP evaluation was recom- mended for 25 sites. Also identified were 22 isolated finds. The survey results indicate a higher site density on Fort Leonard Wood than in the Mark Twain National Forest as a whole. In 1990 and 1991, the American Resources Group conducted further Phase I investigations of selected timber-sales and military-training areas on Fort Leonard Wood (McNerney 1992; McNerney and Neal 1992). One prehistoric and eight historic sites were documented during survey of 17 timber- sale parcels totaling 684 ha. Two military-ordnance training sites and four historic farmsteads were recommended for additional work (McNerney 1992). An additional 705 ha were surveyed in two timber- sale parcels and three training areas located in the Interior Uplands and Big Piney resource zones, respectively. Eight prehistoric isolated finds, one historic isolated find, nine isolated historic features, one historic farmstead, and two prehistoric sites were located. One prehistoric site and the historic farm- stead were recommended for additional Phase II investigation (McNerney and Neal 1992). In 1992, Markman and Associates conducted Phase I inventory of two large contiguous tracts of 972 ha and 1,943 ha. The larger survey documented 25 historic sites, 20 prehistoric sites, and 24 prehis- toric isolated finds. Phase II NRHP evaluation was recommended for four prehistoric open-air sites, and avoidance and preservation was recommended for two cairns and four rockshelters. Phase II NRHP evaluation was recommended for four historic sites, and one cemetery was recommended for avoidance Cultural Overview and Review of Previous Work 23 and preservation (Markman and Baumann 1993). In the smaller survey, 12 historic farmsteads or resi- dences were documented, and 2 sites were recom- mended for Phase II NRHP evaluation. No prehis- toric sites were recorded (Baumann and Markman 1993). Under a subcontract with this project, Smith (1993) prepared an historic overview and research context for the Fort Leonard wood area to expand on the information provided by Harland Bartholomew and Associates (1992). More recently, the University of Illinois con- ducted five Phase I survey projects at Fort Leonard Wood. The first project consisted of an inventory of 783 ha in scattered tracts. Forty-three new sites and 2 1 previously reported sites were documented (60 prehistoric, 3 historic, and 1 with both historic and prehistoric components). Phase II NRHP evaluation was recommended for 43 prehistoric sites, 1 historic site, and the single site with mixed components. Four cairns were recommended for listing in the NRHP, and Phase II NRHP evaluation was recommended for 20 cave/rockshelter sites and 21 open-air habitation sites (Ahler and McDowell 1993). The second survey of 1,613 ha was completed in 1995 (McGowan et al. 1996). Areas surveyed include upland tracts adjacent to the Big Piney River, west of Musgrave Hollow, and encompassing Hurd Hollow. A total of 57 prehistoric and historic sites and isolates was located, of which 15 were recommended as potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. The third project entailed a survey of 1,6 1 8 ha in three different tracts. As a result, 21 new sites and four isolated finds were identified. Two prehistoric and two historic sites were recommended for Phase II NRHP evaluation (McGowan 1996). The fourth project examined 1,416 ha in three different tracts. The survey docu- mented 39 new sites, 27 revisited sites, and 10 isolated finds. Twenty-six sites were recommended for Phase II NRHP evaluation (Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996). The fifth survey project examined l,214ha along the Big Piney River and at two locations along Roubidoux Creek. Forty-one previously unrecorded sites and 1 8 isolated finds were identified, with 22 archaeological sites recommended for Phase II NRHP evaluation (Adams 1997). Until the 1990s Phase II NRHP investigations at Fort Leonard Wood have been few in number. The investigations conducted by Niquette et al. (1983) included test excavations at all reported sites. These excavations usually were limited to excavation of a single test unit, cleaning looter pit profiles and documenting the exposed stratigraphy, or occasional excavation of deep backhoe trenches. These activities were considered to constitute formal Phase II evalua- tion to assess NRHP eligibility, and NRHP nomina- tion forms were completed for the 1 4 sites included in the proposed Roubidoux Creek Archaeological District. Another Phase II investigation was conducted in 1992 by Markman (1993). These activities were limited to test excavations and damage assessment of Miller Cave (23PU2). Although the cave has been looted repeatedly, the excavations demonstrated that intact Early Archaic deposits were present and that the site should be nominated to the NRHP. The Miller Cave evaluation was the first Phase II work done at Fort Leonard Wood since the 1982-1983 work conducted by Niquette et al. (1983). Phase II excavations were conducted at 1 5 sites during 1992 and 1993 (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995). The project was designed to sample different time periods, resource zones, and site types. Sites investigated include both open-air and rockshelters in the Interior Uplands, Big Piney, and Roubidoux resource zones. Most importantly, this project produced a large suite of radiocarbon dates and paleoethnobotanical data. Based on the excavations, 10 of the 15 sites were recommended as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. During 1994 expanded fieldwork at 23PU235 was conducted as a Legacy project (Ahler, Kreisa, Theler, et al. 1995). While additional work also was conducted at 23PU2 and 23PU255, most of the research effort centered on Sadie's Cave (23PU235). Work included the excavation of a number of test units, systematic coring of the cave area to identify intact deposits, and chemical and physical analyses of soil samples. The research identified intact Middle Archaic through Late Woodland period deposits. In addition, numerous charcoal samples were assayed, and detailed faunal, floral, and lithic analyses were 24 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri conducted. National Register evaluations were conducted at seven sites during 1994 and 1995 (Kreisa 1995) and an additional eight sites in 1995 (Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996). As in the previous Phase II testing project, sites investigated during both projects included a number of different time periods, resource zones, and site types. Included were open-air sites and rock- shelters in the Big Piney and Upper Roubidoux resource zones. Geomorphological investigations were conducted as part of both projects at terrace, upland, and rockshelter sites. Based on the excava- tions, five of seven (Kreisa 1995) and six of eight (Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996) sites, respectively, were recommended as eligible for the NRHP. More recently two projects have been conducted within the Ramsey Peninsula area along the Big Piney River (Ahler, Schroeder, et al. 1996; Ahler, Harn, et al. 1997). The goal of both projects was to study a suite of spatially clustered sites within the Ramsey Peninsula and attempt to determine whether the sites were temporally and functionally related. In addition, the first of the two projects determined that three sites investigated were NRHP-eligible. The second of the two projects consisted of larger scale excavations at the three sites, in addition to a fourth site, in an attempt to refine the concept of a site complex. Relatively large artifact assemblages were recovered from the sites, with significant Middle- Late Archaic and Late Woodland components identi- fied. This project also obtained the first Early Wood- land period radiocarbon dates for Fort Leonard Wood (Ahler, Harn, et al. 1997). Brockington and Associates conducted NRHP evaluations at four sites along Roubidoux Creek at Fort Leonard Wood during 1996 (Childress and Weaver 1998). These include one rockshelter and three open-air sites located on floodplain and terrace formations and an upland ridge crest. All four sites were recommended as eligible for listing in the NRHP due to the presence of intact subsurface deposits. Intact deposits dating to the Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, Late Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland periods were encountered at the four sites. Of particular note is the presence of up to 1.5 m of cultural deposits at 23PU264, a small rockshelter. Ahler et al. (1998), documents excava- tions at three caves, 23PU209, 23PU210, and 23PU21 1. Intact Archaic and Woodland period de- posits were located at all three sites, and all three have been recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP. Most recently, Ahler et al. (1999) present the results of archaeological and geophysical remote sensing techniques at seven sites. Six of seven sites were recommended eligible. Aside from strictly archaeological projects con- ducted at Fort Leonard Wood, two important ancil- lary projects have been completed recently: a GIS- based archaeological site predictive model (Ahler 1 995) and a geomorphological study (Albertson et al. 1995). Using known site locations and associated physical attributes, Ahler (1995) has produced GIS- based predictive models for cairn, cave/rockshelter, and open-air sites. These models generally predict a high correlation between water sources and the pre- sence of archaeological sites. The geomorphological study (Albertson et al. 1995) concentrated on flood- plain settings within Fort Leonard Wood. One pro- duct of the project consists of a predictive model of site presence and depth of deposits on the several different terrace formations identified on base. Both studies provide important data on potential archaeo- logical site distributions and for proposing methods for locating buried sites at Fort Leonard Wood. CHAPTER 4. PROJECT GOALS The Phase I archaeological survey of Fort Leon- ard Wood described in this report was intended to achieve two separate but interrelated goals. The first goal is the inventory of cultural resources on selected tracts and the evaluation of those resources for po- tential NRHP eligibility. This goal is clearly speci- fied in federal and Army regulations concerning the identification, protection, and management of cul- tural resources. The methods used to accomplish this goal are presented in Chapter 5. The second goal is to contribute to the growing archaeological database that can be used to address more substantive archae- ological issues for Northern Ozarks prehistory. This goal is also an important factor in determining NRHP significance and in contributing to archaeo- logical understanding of this region. Research issues are presented in this chapter that take into account past research in the area and the limitations inherent in inventory-level data. The described research is- sues are not a comprehensive listing of the research potential of sites located at Fort Leonard Wood and cannot be resolved by a single inventory project, but they do provide focal points for examining the col- lected data. It is hoped that, over time, the cumula- tive data from ongoing inventory and testing projects will result in a significant advancement in our under- standing of the Fort Leonard Wood area and North- ern Ozarks region. A series of research issues has been defined for Fort Leonard Wood by previous researchers and in the historic preservation plan prepared for the base (Ahler and McDowell 1993; Harland Bartholomew and Associates 1992; Kreisa 1995; Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; Markman and Baumann 1993; Moffat et al. 1989; Niquette et al. 1983). These issues can be subsumed under four major topics of investigation: chronology, settlement patterns, subsistence, and technology. Examination of settlement patterns, with an emphasis on environ- mental parameters of site location, is best suited to archaeological survey data. The suite of physio- graphic information (i.e., aspect, distance to water, ecotone proximity, elevation, slope, site size) associ- ated with each site location, along with the associ- ated artifact assemblages, provides a foundation from which to compare and contrast sites. The ob- servable patterns provide insight into cultural adapta- tions to the local environment. Changes in settlement patterns then can provide further insight into human adaptation in the project area. Under this theoretical framework, the data that archaeological survey often produces contribute to a number of wider research topics, albeit in an inferential manner. Conclusions based on survey data then can be used for additional testing and refinement of predictive models by re- searchers in the future. A more specific discussion of potential prehistoric and historic period research is presented below. Prehistoric Period Research An underlying assumption of settlement-pattern research is that cultural groups adapt to their physi- cal and social environment and that these adaptations may change through time with changes in environ- ment and technology. In the Midwest, researchers have documented that changes in prehistoric settle- ment patterns reflect increased sedentism and reli- ance on cultigens through time. Past research at Fort Leonard Wood has focused on the role that environ- mental variability has on prehistoric adaptations. Niquette et al. (1983) and Moffat et al. (1989), utiliz- ing survey data, note that prehistoric sites of all types are more frequent within 1.6 km of permanent streams and that specialized sites tend to be further from permanent water sources. Ahler and McDowell (1993) found similar trends, but they refine the anal- ysis by considering the cultural resource zones de- fined by Edging (1992). They found most sites are within 500 m of a major stream valley and that site densities vary between resource zones. Site density is lowest in the Interior Uplands resource zone and highest in the Upper Roubidoux resource zone. More recent surveys indicate that distance to water and site 25 26 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri density vary by specific parcel within and across cultural resource zones (e.g., Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan 1996). Fort Leonard Wood has been divided into five cultural resource zones for the purpose of modeling settlement patterns and human adaptation to different environmental conditions (Figure 5). The cultural resource zones are defined on the basis of contiguous aerial extent of selected subsistence resource zones, distribution of soil series and associations, bedrock geology, and the type and density of previously recorded cultural resources (Edging 1992). Five cul- tural resource zones have been defined: the Canton- ment zone; the Interior Uplands zone; the Big Piney zone; the Upper Roubidoux zone; and the Lower Roubidoux zone. The Cantonment and Interior Up- lands cultural resource zones both include only the rolling to flat upland interfluve subsistence resource zone located between the Big Piney and the Roubi- doux valleys while the other three cultural resource zones contain portions of stream valley, bluff slope, and dissected upland subsistence resource zones. The cultural resource zones were designed with the assumption that there would be subtle but potentially important differences in the quality and quantity of subsistence resources within defined cultural re- source zones. For example, the type and number of aquatic resources available in the Big Piney, upper Roubidoux Creek, and lower Roubidoux Creek val- leys are probably different, even though all of these would be included within the stream valley subsis- tence resource zone. One of the goals of the Fort Leonard Wood research program is to investigate potential differences in settlement and subsistence patterns among the various cultural resource zones. In addition, it is expected that the physical setting at Fort Leonard Wood has not been static through time. Over time physical and cultural forces have operated in a dynamic system to create environmen- tal change. Both major stream valleys, for instance, contain complex terrace systems and abandoned stream channels dating to the Pleistocene and Holo- cene epochs (Albertson et al. 1995). Geomorphic work at Fort Leonard Wood indicates at least seven superimposed terraces are present in the major stream valleys, and at least two terraces are definable in the minor tributaries valleys. The relationship of archaeological sites to these terraces and the paleo- landscape offers a potential wealth of information on the nature of interaction between various cultural groups and their environment. Associated with the geomorphic changes in the environment are differing plant and animal communities, each offering a dif- ferent resource base for the prehistoric and historic inhabitants and each of which is subject to change over time. Along this line of research, Ahler and Albertson (1996) have completed a comprehensive analysis of site location based on a number of variables. Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analysis of a suite of variables, Ahler and Albertson (1996) have constructed preliminary models of site location for cairns, open-air sites, and enclosed sites (caves/rock- shelters). Models, as iterative constructs, are de- signed to be refined when additional data are avail- able. A formal reevaluation of the predictive models for Fort Leonard Wood is beyond the scope of this project but can be conducted by personnel with access to databases and GIS map layers from which the original models were created. In a more prelimi- nary manner, the site location data for the newly surveyed tracts documented in this report can be used to evaluate the model of site location predic- tions constructed by Ahler and Albertson (1996). One aspect of understanding past cultures is the need to collect both cultural and environmental in- formation in order to obtain a more complete picture of the past. In previous studies (Harland Bartholo- mew and Associates 1992; Moffat et al. 1989; Ni- quette 1984; 1985; Niquette et al. 1983), it was ob- served that locations more than 1 .6 km from perma- nent streams have much lower site density than areas close to these watercourses. This general observation may hold for composite site distributions, but during time periods characterized by high group mobility (Paleoindian, Dalton, Early Archaic, and Historic), sites may be more equally distributed across the landscape. Specific expectations regarding site distri- butions and site density among resource zones can be expressed as follows. First, site density in the Interior Uplands zone is expected to be lower than in the other resource zones, located closer to the larger Project Goals 27 watercourses, regardless of time period. Second, historic period sites will have the greatest site density in the Interior Uplands zone compared to all prehis- toric time periods. Third, site distribution for Paleo- indian, Dalton, and Early Archaic periods is ex- pected to show greater utilization of the Interior Uplands zone compared with all other prehistoric pe- riods. Fourth, changes in site distribution along re- source zone boundaries are expected to fluctuate based on environmental change, such as the Hypsi- thermal Interval, compared to current environmental conditions. And fifth, site distribution for more sed- entary groups such as those of the Late Woodland period should be reflected by fewer, but larger sites. A second topic of interest has been the examina- tion of how the steep relief between upland and valley settings has affected settlement patterns and systems. The environment around Fort Leonard Wood is one of sharp contrasts. Deeply incised val- leys and karst topography result in numerous micro- environmental changes over relatively short dis- tances. Each culture had to balance its resource needs against risks and the need to expend energy to obtain various resources. The differences between valley sites and adjacent upland sites should charac- terize how each group balanced its needs. Specific expectations from known cultural differences can be examined. First, because of the importance of water access throughout prehistory, the overall prehistoric site density in major stream valleys should be greater than site density in upland settings. Second, because of a technological ability to obtain water from wells rather than streams, historic sites should demonstrate an equal or greater density in upland over valley settings. Third, the greater reliance on horticulture and aquatic resources in the Woodland period should be reflected in a greater density of Woodland sites in valley settings than in upland settings. And fourth, side valleys, because of their steep sides, tendency to flood and absence of terrace systems, would be expected to have lower site density values than ma- jor stream valleys for all time periods. Historic Period Research Settlement-pattern research is not limited to pre- historic sites as historic sites also can be examined through settlement-pattern analysis. As noted in the historic context, settlement in the Fort Leonard Wood area has been highly variable. Historical events such as the Civil War and the placement of railroad lines have strongly affected the location and distribution of historic sites. Smith ( 1 993 : 1 1 6) postu- lates that inhabitants of the Fort Leonard Wood area followed a dispersed settlement pattern typical of the Upland South cultural tradition, which holds that settlers from the southeast arrived in the region with a unique culture derived from Scottish and Irish folkways that developed in the Appalachians. Both intersite and intrasite attributes of this culture have been summarized by Smith (1993:1 16-1 17), draw- ing from other research (Hart 1977; Jurney and Moir 1987; Newton 1974; Otto and Anderson 1982; Sabo 1990; Smith et al. 1982; Weaver and Doster 1982; Zelinsky 1951). Intersite attributes of this cultural tradition include adaptation to woodland areas with good game resources but marginal agricultural land; placement of roads along ridges in hilly areas and in valleys in mountainous areas; settlement in a dis- persed, kin-structured system; dispersed location of central-place or special-purpose facilities; develop- ment of a courthouse-town and county system; and placement of houses on high ground next to roads. The intrasite attributes of the Upland South tradition include hilltop farmsteads with seemingly random placement of buildings; separate house and multi- function outbuildings; placement of the house to face normal approach patterns; shade trees around houses; and irregular placement of fields and pas- tures, often along topographic features. Smith concedes that "[p]erhaps the patterns which are defined as characteristic of the Upland South are actually not linked to the Scotch-Irish and their migration, but rather, are typical of historic period low-income rural people, black, white and Native American" (1993:114-115). Smith (1993: 118) also proposes that adaptation in the Fort Leon- ard Wood region would be influenced by the local landscape. The Upland South model deserves further historical and archaeological work to evaluate its efficacy. This may be facilitated by comparing the attributes of sites settled by southeasterners in this region with sites of comparable date and ethnicity 28 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri throughout the Midwest. Another avenue of study may be the comparison of post-Civil War domestic sites located within Fort Leonard Wood that were inhabited by people from the southeast with sites inhabited by people from Illinois, Indiana, or Ohio. It is through archaeology that the hypotheses and models proposed by Smith can be tested. For in- stance, Smith indicates the earliest local settlements are expected along the river bottoms, with upland settlement increasing after the Civil War. More re- cent settlements were focused along the upland road system that ran along ridge tops, and prominent landscape locations became the preferred home lo- cations. Smith also notes that the landscape changed significantly during the historic era and that the changes were associated with distinct occupational eras and different types of sites. It is expected that the number and diversity of site types increase from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. It is also expected that the earliest historic sites will be located in the valleys and will have a poor archaeological signature. Conversely, the most recent historic sites will tend to occur in the uplands, be oriented to the existing road system, and have a strong archaeologi- cal signature in both the historic records and on the ground surface. Historic sites encountered should be placed within the typology and model not only to support or disprove the hypotheses but to provide a framework from which these cultural resources might be managed. Summary The general goals of the project reported here are to fulfill the cultural resource management needs of Fort Leonard Wood and to build and expand upon the current understanding of the area's past. The research topics outlined above utilize physiographic and temporal variability to investigate the differential use of sites through time. Ultimately, the cumulative data should illustrate how both the prehistoric and historic populations in the Fort Leonard Wood area are similar to, or different than, other groups in the Midwest. Numerous other questions can be formu- lated and examined, but an exhaustive list is impos- sible to create. The purpose here is to provide some direction to the analysis that is consistent with what other researchers have found noteworthy in the area (e.g., Ahler and McDowell 1993; Smith 1993). The information generated from these analyses then can be compared and contrasted with information from a wider area of Missouri and the Midwest in general. In summary, the goals of this project are to provide Fort Leonard Wood with cultural resource compli- ance data and to expand our knowledge of the local historic and prehistoric past. CHAPTER 5. RESEARCH METHODS The Phase I archaeological survey of 3,5 1 1 acres at Fort Leonard Wood undertaken by the Public Service Archaeology Program of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign consisted of archival research, systematic subsurface and pedestrian in- vestigation of the three survey tracts, and analysis of artifacts and site attributes to determine the identi- fied sites' potential for listing in the NRHP. The pri- mary goal of this project was to inventory and docu- ment the location, age, condition, physiographic at- tributes, and potential significance of all prehistoric and historic cultural resources within the survey tracts and to recover material pertinent to significant regional research issues. This chapter describes the archival, field, laboratory, and analysis methods used in this project and the underlying substantive and theoretical orientation used to evaluate the po- tential of these sites for addressing questions impor- tant to the history and prehistory of the area. Archival Research Standard archival research was undertaken to develop a contextual framework of existing condi- tions within the survey tracts that would assist in data collection. Three areas were addressed. First, general environmental and cultural contexts were developed. Those contexts are presented as Chapters 2 and 3 of this report. Second, specific soil conditions were evaluated for the selected survey tracts in order to identify appropriate field methods. Existing soil records were examined to develop a model of typical soil profiles in various Fort Leonard Wood survey tract locations. This model provided a comparative pro- file from which to distinguish normal from atypical soil conditions and to determine the maximal depth needed for each subsurface test. An A-E-B soil ho- rizon sequence, from top to bottom, represents a normal soil profile in upland nondepositional set- tings (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USD A, SCS] 1975). In depo- sitional environments, where clay and organic mat- ter may be added to and moved through the sedi- ment profile in greater amounts than in upland set- tings, the soil horizon sequence is more variable. At Fort Leonard Wood, most upland soil profiles showed well-developed B horizons at less than 40 cm below surface, and posthole tests were consid- ered complete at 40 cm or less in depth. Field meth- ods for depositional environments varied, depending on the geomorphic model for the age of the terrace (Albertson et al. 1995). In many instances, these ar- eas include stable terrace settings where deeply bur- ied (greater than 1 m) cultural materials are possible (Albertson et al. 1995). Solid core auger tube sam- ples and screened bucket auger tests provide the basic sampling technique in these settings. Specific field methods for the various terrace formations en- countered along Roubidoux Creek were specified in Appendix 1 of the USACERL Statement of Work. Third, available atlas, USGS, and plat maps were consulted to evaluate the potential for known his- toric sites in the survey areas. As part of this project, Fort Leonard Wood and USACERL furnished topo- graphic and installation maps depicting the location of all known sites. Identified structures then were compared with historic documents identified by Smith (1993) to infer the type and nature of historic materials likely to be encountered in a survey area. Smith's research (1993:129) identified four classes and 25 types of sites that may be located within Fort Leonard Wood and their expected date range (Table 1). These background materials were used in the field evaluations of historic sites. Additional investi- gations were undertaken for all historic sites docu- mented in the survey tracts to determine if site func- tion or previous site ownership could be clearly identified. Located records were used in the evalua- tion of these historic sites. Detailed historic resource evaluations using chain-of-title materials and land- sale records were not undertaken as part of this project. 29 3 Phase I Survey of 3, 51 1 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Table 1. Classes and Types of Historic Archaeological Sites (adapted from Smith 1993:129). Site Class Site Type Date Range Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Community Service Center Community Service Center Community Service Center Community Service Center Community Service Center Community Service Center Special Activity Special Activity Special Activity Special Activity Special Activity Special Activity Special Activity Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation Hunter-Squatter Subsistence Pioneer General Specialized Share-Tenant Renter Rural Resident Mill General Store/Post Office School Church Cemetery Hamlet/Village CCC Camp Tie-Hacking/Log Slide Civil War Outlaw Camp Still Portable Sawmill Trash Deposit Bridge Ferry/Ford Road Railroad tunnel 1815-1840 1820-1940 1820-1860 1870-1920+ 1890-1940 1870-1940 1870-1940 1920-1940 1820-1920 1830-1940 1850-1940 1830-1940 1830-1940 1830-1940 1930-1940 1820-1940 1860-1865 1830-1940 1830-1940 1910-1930 1815-1940 1870-1940 1820-1940 1820-1940 1850-1940 Field Methods The field methods used during the Phase I ar- chaeological survey at Fort Leonard Wood were based on project goals and the USACERL State- ment of Work and differed between upland and floodplain settings. In uplands, surveyors worked at 20-m intervals across the survey tract. Two survey techniques were used. Upland locations with surface visibility greater than 30 percent were visually ex- amined for cultural remains. If no cultural remains were located, no additional investigations were con- ducted. Where cultural materials were located, inter- val spacing was reduced to 5-10 m in order to in- crease the chances of locating diagnostic artifacts and better assess the condition of the location. In locations with surface visibility less than 30 percent and in all stream valley depositional settings, posthole tests were excavated in a 20-m grid pattern. A modification was made in areas with greater than 15-degree slopes. These areas were examined visu- ally for benches, mounds, cairns, rockshelters, and caves and were not subject to systematic walkover or subsurface testing. All posthole tests were done Research Methods 31 with a scissors-type posthole digger. Field methods were more variable for floodplain locations. There, surveyor interval and depth of subsurface tests were specified in the USACERL Statement of Work (Ap- pendix 1), which is reproduced here as Table 2. Each test was excavated in 10-cm levels, and sediments were screened through 6.35-mm (Vi-inch) mesh hardware cloth. These tests removed a 15-cm to 20-cm diameter column of soil. Tests were exca- vated to subsoil or bedrock depending on the loca- tion on the landscape. All test locations were back- filled upon completion. Negative tests were counted, but their soil profiles were not recorded. Positive tests were recorded on standard forms that include soil color, soil texture, and depth of cultural materi- als. Materials recovered from these tests, unless de- termined to be modern, were collected. Additional tests were placed around positive tests in order to determine probable site limits. The location, spac- ing, and number of additional tests were based on field assessments of conditions. Site boundaries were determined on the basis of surface and subsur- face findings and changes in landform. Identification of a site resulted in additional doc- umentation. Upon the discovery of an artifact or surface feature, the location was assigned a tempo- rary field number (AOS, area of scatter). These AOS numbers were assigned to all previously unre- corded sites. For newly identified sites, the first task was to define site limits and to record that location on USGS 7.5' quadrangle maps. Global Positioning System (GPS) hardware was used to calculate the UTM coordinates of each site. All subsurface mate- rials and representative surface materials discovered within the AOS were collected in reference to their specific provenience (e.g., surface or posthole test, depth of recovery). A scaled, field sketch map of the site was drawn. Maps include topographic or other natural features, man-made features, approximate site boundaries, and location of the site datum. All sites were marked with a permanent datum marker (a metal pipe) onto which was affixed a metal tag. The field number was written on the tag in water- proof marker. The datum was placed in a location that was easy to reference and relocate within the site. Black-and-white photographs and color slides documenting each site were taken. Finally, field notes were recorded for each site. Specific observa- tions made at each include a general location de- scription, an evaluation of subsurface disturbance, documentation of features, and, if possible, temporal affiliation. Sufficient data were collected to com- plete ASM site forms and to provide preliminary NRHP evaluations. Previously recorded sites were documented using their state trinomial designation. These sites were assessed to determine if changes had occurred since they were recorded. The same documentation proce- dures were undertaken as for newly recorded sites. Laboratory Methods All recovered materials were transported to labo- ratory facilities at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where they were washed, la- beled, inventoried, analyzed, and prepared for cu- ration. Inventory forms document artifact types, counts, and weights for each provenience. Weight was not calculated for historic artifacts. All recov- ered materials were classified initially as historic or prehistoric artifacts. More detailed secondary analy- ses were performed on both historic and prehistoric materials. Historic Artifacts The historic artifacts category from Fort Leonard Wood contains artifacts dating to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Artifacts were initially sorted based on material types (e.g., ceramics, glass, metal, or lithics). Materials then were divided according to the classificatory system developed by South (1977). In this system, historic artifacts are orga- nized at the most general level into Artifact groups. South (1977) has defined nine such groups: Kitchen, Architecture, Furniture, Arms, Clothing, Personal, Tobacco Pipe, and Activities. Materials are then divided into Artifact classes within the groups. Artifact classes are further subdivided into more specific Material, Ware and Type categories. These category attributes and descriptions generally facilitate identification of site age and function. 3 2 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Table 2. Specified Field Methods for Terrace Formations. Terrace Formation Required Techniques TO-Cookville Tl -Happy Hollow T2-Ramsey T3-Dundas T4-Quesenberry T5-Miller T5o-Miller Organic T6-Ousley Spring T7-Stone Mill T7co-Laughlin AF-McCann TRl-Baldridge TR2-Hanna No investigation required No investigation required Examine bankline exposures for material Examine bankline exposures; excavate posthole tests to 50 cm at 40-m intervals, and to 1.5 m in every tenth test; excavate positive tests to 1 m Examine bankline exposures; excavate posthole tests to 50 cm at 20-m intervals, and to 1 .5 m in every tenth test; excavate positive tests to 1 m Examine bankline exposures; excavate posthole tests to 1 m at 20-m intervals, and to 2 m in every tenth test; excavate positive tests to 2 m Examine bankline exposures; excavate posthole tests to 1 m at 20-m intervals, and to 2 m in every tenth test; excavate positive tests to 2 m Excavate posthole tests to 50 cm at 40-m intervals Excavate posthole tests to 50 cm at 20-m intervals Excavate posthole tests to 50 cm at 20-m intervals Excavate posthole tests to 50 cm at 20-m intervals No investigation required Excavate one posthole every acre to 1 m The Kitchen group includes artifacts typically associated with food preparation and consumption. Within this group South (1977) has defined eight artifact classes: Ceramics, Wine Bottle, Case Bottle, Tumbler, Pharmaceutical Type Bottle, Glassware, Tableware, and Kitchen ware. The Architectural group includes those remains associated with construction and demolition of buildings rather than the activities performed in or near such structures. South (1977) defines five arti- fact classes for this group — Window Glass, Nails, Spikes, Construction Hardware, and Door Lock Parts. A class of Construction Materials has been added to incorporate remains such as concrete, brick, shingles, and mortar which often mark the former locations of historic buildings. The Activities group encompasses a wide range of artifact classes that relate to the variety of activi- ties performed by craft specialists as well as the gen- eral population and that are not included in other artifact groups. South (1977) defines 12 such classes: Construction Tools, Farm Tools, Toys, Fishing Gear, Stub-stemmed Pipes, Colono-Indian Pottery, Storage Items, Ethnobotanical, Stable and Barn, Miscellaneous Hardware, Other, and Military Objects. Prehistoric Artifacts All prehistoric material was counted and weighed, with the data entered on inventory forms. Only lithic artifacts were recovered in this project. The lithics are divided into three broad categories: tools, manufacturing debris, and miscellaneous lithic material. Tools include those made from both chipping techniques (e.g., projectile points and scrapers) and grinding and pecking techniques (e.g., celts and axes). Tools can be of formal manufacture, such as the examples listed above, or of incidental manufacture (e.g., hammerstones and pitted stones). Research Methods 33 Manufacturing debris usually are composed of the waste materials (e.g., spent cores, flakes, and block shatter) generated from the production of chipped- stone tools. Miscellaneous lithic material includes fire-cracked rock, limestone, unmodified and tested chert chunks and nodules, and ocher. Fire-cracked rock is unintentionally produced debris that results from alternating processes of heating and cooling (Taggart 1981; Zurel 1979, 1982). Unmodified or minimally flakes chunks and nodules of chert repre- sent raw material collected and reserved for tool production. Chipped-stone tools, manufacturing debris, and ground-stone tools were recovered from this project. Debitage (flaking debris) categories comprise a majority of all the chipped-stone remains. These categories include block shatter, broken flakes, and whole flakes. The whole flake classification was used for items characterized by the presence of a bulb of percussion on the ventral surface and a strik- ing platform. The whole flakes were further divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary flake types based on the amount of visible cortex present: ^ 50 percent, < 50 percent and > percent, and per- cent, respectively. Secondary characteristics also were assessed. Primary flakes tend to have a pro- nounced bulb of percussion, secondary flakes have a less pronounced bulb, and tertiary flakes are gener- ally smaller than the other two flake types and often have a reduced or no bulb of percussion. Broken flakes are debris items that lack a platform or bulb of percussion, or are too small to place accurately within the whole flake category. Block shatter has irregular shapes that lack flake and core characteris- tics. Bifacial thinning flakes have a distinct lip on their bulb of percussion, an angled striking platform, and distinctive negative flake scars on their dorsal surface. Related to debitage are cores, the parent stones from which flakes are removed. Formally flaked stone tools initially were divided into unifacial and bifacial categories. Unifaces show evidence for retouch only on one surface. Bifaces demonstrate retouch on both their dorsal and ventral surfaces. When possible, each tool is assigned to a more detailed morphological-functional use cate- gory. Unifaces are most commonly classified as scrapers; the particular type is determined by the placement of the edge modification. Bifaces can be placed into a number of distinct categories. Among these are such items as projectile points, drills, knives, scrapers, and thick and thin bifaces. The most recognizable of the chipped-stone tools are projectile points. Projectile points are symmetrically thinned bifaces that show evidence of hafting. These items have been examined in detail for comparison with projectile point types known from the Midwest and are particularly important for the placement of sites within a cultural and temporal context (see Bell 1958, 1960; Chapman 1975, 1980; Justice 1987; Kay 1980; McMillan 1965; May 1982; Morrow 1984; Perino 1968, 1971; O'Brien and Wood 1998; Wood et al. 1995; Yelton 1996). The other tool types are largely descriptive in nature. Perforators are typically small, narrow, often bifacial tools. Knives are larger, thin bifaces with a low edge angle to facilitate cutting while scrapers have a higher edge angle to facilitate scraping. Thick and thin bifaces are not finished tools but represent stages in tool manufacture. A thick biface is one that has been modified, is not a finished im- plement, and is in need of further modification. Typically, the thick biface can be modified into a number of different tool types (Bradley 1975). Thin bifaces are the result of further modification of thick bifaces. They also are not finished implements, but their morphology indicates that they can be further modified into only a single tool category (Bradley 1975). Thin and thick bifaces were differentiated based on flake morphology. In analyzing the chipped-stone tools and lithic debris, both core-reduction and bipolar models were followed (Collins 1975; see also Bradley 1975; Hayden 1980). Collins (1975) defines five stages of chipped-stone manufacture and use for the core- reduction model. These stages consist of acquisition of raw materials, core preparation-initial reduction, primary trimming, secondary trimming, and use- maintenance-modification. Each of these categories, called activity sets (except for raw material acquisi- tion), is associated with waste by-products and ob- jects that are further used or modified. Core preparation- initial reduction is a stage in which the 34 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri core is shaped and flakes are detached. Suitable flakes may be retained and further used with the core being discarded, or both can be retained for additional modification. End products of this stage are primary flakes, block shatter, discarded cores, and thick bifaces. The next stage, primary trimming, is used to shape the object. Flakes can be retouched into usable tools, or thick bifaces can be flaked into a thin biface. These activities result in the produc- tion of secondary flakes, retouched flakes, thin bifaces, and items broken during manufacture. Fol- lowing primary trimming is the secondary trimming of thin bifaces. This stage produces tertiary flakes, finished tools, and items broken during processing. Finally, the tools are used, maintained, and perhaps modified. Bifacial thinning flakes are the most im- portant waste by-product of tool maintenance activi- ties, although they also could be produced while thinning thick bifaces. Following this model, the following consider- ations have been made in the analysis of lithics. Cores, primary flakes, and block shatter are classi- fied as evidence of initial-stage reduction activities. Secondary flakes, tertiary flakes, and thick and thin bifaces evidence later-stage reduction activities. Bi- facial thinning flakes are indicative of tool-mainte- nance activities. Since broken flakes can be pro- duced by a number of prehistoric and modern pro- cesses, they were not considered when characteriz- ing the lithic tool production activities at the site. Less common, or perhaps less well recognized, at Fort Leonard Wood is the use of a bipolar tech- nique. In this technique, small cobbles are generally not well-suited for use in the direct hammer or core reduction technique described above, although a bipolar technique can be used to manipulate these items. When using a bipolar technique, the cobble is placed on an anvil and struck. This action yields bipolar debris and, eventually, a spent core. The flakes can either be discarded, used as-is, or further modified into tools. The bipolar technique also pro- duces pitting in anvil stones due to the striking force used. The other class of lithic artifacts, ground-stone tools, consists of pecked and ground items generally made from metamorphic or igneous rock. Included in this category are items that are intentionally formed, such as celts and axes, and unintentionally formed, such as hammerstones, grinding stones, and pitted stones. Intentionally formed artifacts consists of items that were modified for a specific use. Unin- tentionally formed items have areas of pitting, bat- tering, or smoothing that were caused through use. Definitions of the individual artifact categories are based on those used by other research in the Mid- west (e.g., Brose 1970; McElrath 1986; McGimsey and Conner 1985). Site Forms After analysis of the materials was completed, ASM site forms were compiled for all newly identi- fied sites. Updated site forms also were compiled for previously reported sites documented during this survey. The completed site forms are included in Appendix C. Because site location data are confi- dential, this appendix is bound and distributed sepa- rately from the main report. The site definition established for this project in the Statement of Work is "any loci where human behavior has resulted in the deposition of at least three artifacts within a 20 meter diameter area and is at least fifty (50) years of age. Less than three arti- facts within the 20 meter diameter will be consid- ered isolated finds." The specification of site defini- tion is critical to all inventory projects because site definitions are widely variable from one state to another and among researchers. Zeidler (1995:36) has noted that "one of the most fundamental and firmly entrenched concepts in modern archaeologi- cal research is that of the 'site,' yet paradoxically it is currently one of the most contentious and variably defined concepts in the discipline." Locations meet- ing the Fort Leonard Wood minimum criteria are identified as sites; locations below the minimum site threshold are isolated finds. National Register evalu- ations are provided for sites and isolated finds. The isolated find designation is not considered a de facto evaluation of NRHP ineligibility. This approach is designed to help protect cultural resources by recog- nizing that special conditions may exist where the Research Methods 35 minimum criteria is not achieved, but nonetheless the potential significance is high. Nonetheless, none of the isolated finds identified during this survey has been recommended as potentially eligible for the NRHP. In this project, site boundaries have been defined to include the entire area encompassed by a discrete scatter of artifacts and to take into account topographic features. NRHP Evaluations The collected field, lab, and archival data then were evaluated to determine which sites meet NRHP eligibility Criterion D, the ability to yield information important or potentially important to history or prehistory. Perhaps the least subjective measure when evaluating a site is the issue of integ- rity (Townsend 1995). Phase I field data provide substantive evidence regarding site integrity. Evalu- ation of known soil data, historical records, surface evidence, and soil stratigraphy provide a basis for determining site integrity. Based on a lack of integ- rity, sites can be recommended as ineligible for the National Register (National Register Bulletin 1991: 48—49). Additional Phase I-level data that contribute to site evaluation include site size, assemblage di- versity, chronological placement, and size of the site assemblage. While these measures alone do not provide justification for a recommendation of ineli- gibility or potential eligibility, each can support such a recommendation. Specifically, when data are limited or lack stratigraphic integrity, it is less likely that substantive research questions can be addressed (Butler 1987:824-825; National Register Bulletin 1991:48—49). Limited data and a lack of integrity weigh against NRHP eligibility. Therefore, it is possible to make informed NRHP recommendations solely on the basis of Phase I investigations. To a large degree, the recommendation of ineligibility for sites recorded in this project is based on a lack of subsurface integrity, as seen in posthole tests and in erosional cuts within the site limits, and limited material evidence to document the nature of the cultural occupation. Phase I investigations, however, are generally not adequate to demonstrate NRHP eligibility for sites. Field methods designed to locate sites lack the intensity of data collection needed to document fully the nature of cultural occupation at any given site. Rarely is enough evidence collected to recommend a determination of site eligibility. Instead, the sites are evaluated as indeterminate or potentially eligible for the NRHP, and Phase II investigations are recom- mended to determine NRHP eligibility (Jameson et al. 1990:6). As part of this recommendation, the data necessary to resolve the site's NRHP status are identified. The recommended Phase II investigations examine site preservation, site function, chronologi- cal placement, and the potential to address signifi- cant research issues. Curation All cultural material recovered from this project and all documents relating to the fieldwork and laboratory analysis of these materials are the prop- erty of the federal government. University of Illinois personnel have compiled lists of the artifacts recov- ered from each site (Appendix A). In addition, cop- ies of all photographs, analysis forms, and field forms have been submitted to USACERL. Interested researchers should contact USACERL regarding access to the collection and documentation. CHAPTER 6. SITE INVENTORY AND ARTIFACT ANALYSIS Phase I investigations were conducted in three survey tracts located in different parts of Fort Leon- ard Wood (Figure 2). The smallest of the three is the Roubidoux Creek Tract, consisting of 578 acres (234 ha). The Big Piney Tract occupies approximately 857 acres (347 ha), and the West Cantonment Tract is largest at 2,076 acres (840 ha). The Phase I survey identified 36 previously unreported sites and isolated finds, and seven of eight previously recorded sites were relocated. This chapter presents the results of the survey including site descriptions, artifact inven- tories and analyses, and National Register recom- mendations for each site and isolated find identified. The site and isolated find descriptions are organized by survey tract, with sites described first, in order of ASM site number, and followed by isolated finds. Pertinent information is presented for each identi- fied site and isolated find. Some of these data are presented as a short synopsis, preceding the general discussion of each site. Data presented in this format include site number, the USGS quadrangle on which the site is located, elevation (in meters), site type (following ASM definitions), soil type, temporal component(s), and NRHP recommendations. Fol- lowing the synopsis is a narrative description of the site's location, the basis for the definition of the site area, surface visibility in the site area, a brief discus- sion of artifacts and cultural features identified (if present), and the rationale for the NRHP recommen- dation. Also presented is a sketch map of each site and isolated find. Temporally diagnostic prehistoric artifacts are illustrated as well. Detailed inventories of artifacts, including provenience, count, and weight, are presented in Appendix A. Big Piney Tract The Big Piney Tract consists of 857 acres (347 ha) and is located along the eastern boundary of Fort Leonard Wood and north of the Village of Big Piney (Figures 7 and 8). The Big Piney River lies almost 3.5 km to the east. The tract is divided into two par- cels, a small northern parcel of 150 acres (61 hect- ares) and a larger southern parcel of 707 acres (286 hectares). The northern tract is bounded to the west, north, and part of the east by military roads. The remainder of the east and the south boundary follows an intermittent drainage and ravine. This parcel is located in Section 35 of Township 35 North, Range 1 1 West and Section 2 of Township 34 North, Range 1 1 West. The southern parcel is bounded by military roads and the reservation boundary on the north, east, and south, and by roads and intermittent drain- ages on the west. It is located in Sections 2 and 1 1 of Township 34 North, Range 1 1 West. The Big Piney Tract, which falls within the Interior Uplands cul- tural resource zone, consists of upland ridges, steep side slopes, ravines associated with intermittent drainages, and a small segment of the floodplain of McCourtney Hollow Creek. The area is generally covered by mixed hardwood forests dominated by oaks. Intermittent drainages have a greater degree of brush undercover. No disturbed areas were identified in the northern parcel, whereas a number of disturbed areas are present in the southern parcel. The McCourtney Hol- low floodplain area (ca. 23 acres) contained two large borrow pits and a graded surface; the area around 23PU398 (ca. 6 acres) appears to have been graded, perhaps in association with the demolition of this site;, a large area in the northwest corner of the parcel (ca. 98 acres) has been bladed to the B hori- zon; and extensive grading and erosion (ca. 5 1 acres) associated with clear cutting of trees and road con- struction are present along the eastern edge of the parcel. Five previously recorded historic sites were relocated in this tract, and two newly located isolated finds were identified during this survey. 37 38 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri BIG PINEY QUADRANGLE MISSOURI 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) \ MISSOURI KEY Survey Limits Excluded from Survey Disturbed Area QUADRANGLE LOCATION 1 KILOMETER Figure 7. South Portion of the Big Piney Survey Tract. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 39 BIG PINEY QUADRANGLE MISSOURI 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) \ "3 KEY — — Survey Limits QUADRANGLE LOCATION 1 KILOMETER Figure 8. North Portion of the Big Piney Survey Tract. 40 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number: 23PU397 USGS Quadrangle: Big Piney 7.5' Elevation: 299 m asl Site Type: Residence/Farmstead Soil Type: Claiborne silt loam, 5-9 percent slopes Component(s): Late Nineteenth-Twentieth Century Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Site 23PU397, also known as the Lola and W. D. Icord site, was reported to the ASM by Fort Leonard Wood personnel in 1992. At that time it was de- scribed as a 0.5 -ha farmstead with structural remains of a large poured concrete foundation and root cellar present. The site is located on a terrace and flood- plain of McCourtney Hollow Creek in the southern portion of the Big Piney Tract. It is adjacent to and east of a gravel road and north of a bridge crossing McCourtney Hollow Creek that is inscribed with "WPA 1939." The site itself includes areas to the north and south of McCourtney Hollow Creek. The area is grass covered, with a light to moderate den- sity of trees and brush limited to the area near the house foundation. The current survey resulted in the identification of six structural remains (Figure 9). Structure A is the probable house foundation. It measures approxi- mately 33-X-33 feet (10-x-lO m) with an internal wall dividing the space into two rooms. An 1 8-foot long wall extends from the southwest corner of the foundation, and window openings are present along the north wall. The foundation is made of poured concrete, as are all of the other structural remains. Structure B is a root cellar with steps, located on a slope south of Structure A, measuring lO-x-20 feet (3-x-6 m). Approximately 15 m to the east is Struc- ture C, a poured concrete slab. The slab measures approximately 17-X-33 feet (5-x-lO m). Structure D, located just southeast of Structure A, is a small (6.5- x-6.5 feet, 2-x-2 m) concrete water trough. Structure E, south of Structure A and east of Structure B, is a possible poured concrete well cap. Structure F is an 8-x-4 feet (2.4-X-1.2 m) water trough located south of McCourtney Hollow Creek. This trough is at the base of the upland bluff and has a metal rain gutter directing water from a spring in the bluff face into the trough. Based on the spatial extent of these struc- tural remains, a site area of 1 10 m north-south by 65 m east- west, or 7,150 m 2 , was defined. Artifact collections were obtained from a concen- tration of bottles and other debris located near the creek, the root cellar, the house foundation, and six positive subsurface tests. Material from the subsur- face tests, all recovered from the initial 20 cm below surface, includes two pieces of undecorated iron- stone, five pieces of undecorated whiteware, two wire nails, and a neck portion of a canning jar. From the surface of the root cellar one Bristol-slip stone- ware fragment and three clear bottle fragments, probably from medicine or liquor bottles, were col- lected. One piece of flat (window) glass, one green soda bottle base, one brown liquor bottle base, and one metal Ball® canning jar lid were found on the surface of the house foundation. The large collection of material found near the creek might have come from looting associated with two pits north of the house foundation. This material includes one Al- bany-slip stoneware jug fragment, one fragment of amethyst-colored pressed table glass, one fragment of lustered pressed table glass, one ceramic inner canning jar lid liner, one piece of blue bottle glass, thirteen amethyst-colored bottle fragments (seven of which are medicine bottles), ten large green bottle fragments (seven of which are medicine bottles), one tumbler fragment, and one unidentified table glass fragment. Aside from the wire nails and flat glass, which are included in the Architectural group, all other material collected is classified within the Kitchen group and is representative of a domestic occupation. The dating of site occupation is based on arti- facts, as this farmstead does not appear to be illus- trated on the 1906 Pulaski County map. The land was purchased from Lola and W. D. Icord by Fort Leonard Wood in 1940. The artifact assemblage is consistent with a late nineteenth through early twen- tieth century occupation. This site is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP based on integrity of architectural elements, their spatial integrity, and the presence of subsurface deposits. Potential research themes include identification of Ozark cultural pat- terns, intrasite spatial patterning of farmsteads, Ozark architectural signatures and folk construction techniques, trade networks, degree of isolation of Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 41 Figure 9. Sketch Map of 23PU397. 42 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri farmstead inhabitants, disposal patterns, an Ozark material culture assemblage, recycling or reuse of objects, and economic patterns associated with Ozark farmsteads. The initial research method sug- gested is a thorough archival review regarding the site's inhabitants. Following this, archaeological in- vestigations, including a detailed description of the architectural remains present, should be conducted. Site Number: 23PU398 USGS Quadrangle: Big Piney 7.5' Elevation: 329 m asl Site Type: Residence/Farmstead Soil Type: Viraton silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Late Nineteenth-Twentieth Century Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Site 23PU398, also known as the B. F. Page site, was reported to the ASM in 1992 by Fort Leonard Wood personnel. At that time barn and house foun- dations and a cellar were reported. The site is located in the southern portion of the survey tract along the crest of an upland ridge with a steep ravine located to the east. A smaller intermittent drainage forms the south boundary of the site. A gravel road, also the western edge of the survey tract, bisects the site area. The barn foundation was reported to the east of the road while the house foundation and cellar were to the west. The area is presently covered by moder- ately dense scrub brush. The barn foundation and a concrete water trough was relocated within the survey tract (Figure 10). The barn foundation is made of poured concrete and measures 66-X-33 feet (20-x-lO m). The walls are 7 feet (2. 1 m) tall and 8 inches (20 cm) thick. Iron lag bolts protrude from the top of the walls. Five win- dows are present on both the north and south walls, and a large door opening faces east. A small external poured concrete foundation is present to the north of this door opening. Three post footings are present in the foundation interior, as are larger concrete slabs in the northeast, northwest, and southwest corners. An abandoned grass-covered road is north of the barn foundation. The broken concrete water trough was located north of this road. The house area is to the west but outside of the project area. Its presence was confirmed, but no additional documentation was collected. Dr. Richard Edging of Fort Leonard Wood has provided a detailed sketch map of the western portion of this site. Scraped areas and push piles suggest that mini- mally the eastern part of the site has been impacted by heavy machinery. Because of this, the area was not systematically tested, and no artifacts were col- lected. Observed on the surface was a metal wash- tub, an eroded coffee can, lumber, a machine-made brown liquor bottle, fragments of a Clorox® bottle, fragments of an aqua medicine bottle, and a porce- lain child's toy saucer. These artifacts are included in the Kitchen, Personal, and Architecture groups and generally reflect domestic activities. This farmstead appears to be illustrated on the 1906 Pulaski County map and the artifacts are generally consistent with a late nineteenth to twentieth century occupation. The land was purchased from B. F. Page in 1940 by Fort Leonard Wood. The artifact assemblage is consistent with a late nineteenth through early twentieth cen- tury occupation. This site is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP based on integrity of architec- tural elements, their spatial integrity, and the poten- tial presence of subsurface deposits in the western portion of the site. Potential research themes include identification of Ozark cultural patterns, intrasite spatial patterning of farmsteads, Ozark architectural signatures and folk construction techniques, trade networks, degree of isolation of farmstead inhabit- ants, disposal patterns, an Ozark material culture assemblage, recycling or reuse of objects, and eco- nomic patterns associated with Ozark farmsteads. The initial research method suggested is a thorough archival review regarding the site's inhabitants. Following this, archaeological investigations, includ- ing a detailed description of the architectural remains present, should be conducted. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 43 OS t. \ ' Walk D .. ,y oo o\ co CO .£5 o Id •id CO 3 44 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number: 23PU399 USGS Quadrangle: Big Piney 7.5' Elevation: 335 m asl Site Type: Agricultural-General/Specialized Soil Type: Viraton silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Late Nineteenth-Twentieth Century Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Site 23PU399, also known as the Richard W. Miller site, was reported to the ASM in 1992 by Fort Leonard Wood personnel. At that time the site con- sisted of a single root cellar. The site is located im- mediately east of a gravel road and approximately 60 m south of a Y- intersection of two gravel roads in the northwest corner of the southern portion of the Big Piney Tract. Currently, the area is covered by a fairly dense concentration of second-growth trees and under story. and one medicine bottle with "Chamberlin's Cough Remedy" embossed. This relatively nondescript assemblage includes Architectural, Kitchen, and Activities group artifacts and is generally consistent with a late nineteenth to twentieth century residential farmstead site. The lack of house remains has neces- sitated placing 23PU399 into the agricultural-gen- eral/specialized category, although in all probability a residence was associated with this site. The ASM site form indicates that a structure is at this location, denoted as belonging to J. A. Bradford, on the 1906 Pulaski County map. The property was owned by Richard W. Miller at the time of acquisition by Fort Leonard Wood. Based on the presence of intact deposits and structural remains at this site, it is po- tentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Phase II testing should be conducted. Four structural remains were located during the present survey (Figure 11). Structure A is a 16-X-16 foot (5-x-5 m) poured concrete root cellar with steps along the east wall that was filled with water at the time of investigation. Structure B is a small (10-x-lO foot, 3-x-3 m) poured concrete slab with embedded sandstone blocks. Structure C is a 16-X-16 foot (5-x- 5 m) poured concrete slab, also containing embed- ded sandstone blocks. Structure D is a large, 33-X-33 foot (10-x-lO m) sandstone block foundation. The southern one-half of the foundation appears dis- turbed, while a concrete box is attached to the west- ern exterior wall. A dirt road is south of these four structures, and a number of spoil piles and pits are present within the site area. A site area of 55 m north-south by 75 m east-west was defined on the basis of the spatial extent of the structural remains. Artifacts were recovered from three subsurface tests and the surface of nearby spoil piles. Two pieces of flat (window) glass and two aqua bottle jar fragments, one of which may be from a canning jar, were recovered from the subsurface tests. Material collected from spoil piles includes three unidentified bottle fragments, one lamp glass fragment, two can- ning jar lid liner fragments, one brick fragment, one tumbler fragment, one iron tack, one iron ring, one brown beer bottle, one clear melted bottle fragment with "Lambert's Pharma . . .Company" embossed, Site Number: 23PU501 USGS Quadrangle: Big Piney 7.5' Elevation: 3 14 m asl Site Type: Special Activity-Tie Hacker Soil Type: Viraton silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Twentieth Century Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Site 23PU501, also known as the Hugh Pritchard site, was reported to the ASM in 1994 by Fort Leon- ard Wood personnel. At that time it was described as consisting of the remains of an historic log cabin with portions of the cabin corners intact and resting on corner stones. The site is located approximately 20 m east of the western edge of the northern portion of the Big Piney Tract. It is situated along the edge of an upland ridge, with a ravine and intermittent drainage to the west and south. The site is approxi- mately 600 m south of a gravel road that forms the northern tract boundary with a grass-covered aban- doned road or military trail to the east. The site area is covered by brush including a stand of cedar trees, irises, and wild onions. The log cabin and concrete trough were relocated during the present survey (Figure 12). The structure measures 18-X-15 feet (5.5-X-4.6 m) and rests on limestone or dolomite piers. At present, only the bottom four to five wall timbers are intact, with the Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 45 u > Concrete Culvert S / / 'Concrete , I "Box" — C Concrete 2 Slab * e e W fie ^. B r ambles V D Sandstone Block o & jjf, •'J'' jjf, Foundation >f"-K**r 2 I * MA* . Yucca Disturbed » ° Plants \ ° Concrete \\ o o Slab '.'A Concrete I b I ° VA_ Root Cellar ' — ' 23PU399 - Revisit KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test m 20 Figure 1 1 . Sketch Map of 23PU399. 46 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri 23PU501 - Revisit KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test Figure 12. Sketch Map of 23PU501. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis Al walls being 3 feet (1 m) high. The logs are 614-inch square machine-sawn railroad ties attached with wire nails. A poured concrete trough is located just south- east of the structure. Large amounts of building material are located north of the structure and may be either the remains of a second structure or mate- rial associated with the demolition of the timber structure. Push piles in close proximity to the struc- ture indicate some extent of disturbance to the site. Artifacts from the site surface include one wire nail taken from the timber structure and one piece of undecorated ironstone. All material from the five positive subsurface tests was recovered between and 10 cm below surface. The subsurface artifact assemblage consists of one piece of Bristol-slip stoneware, one unidentified table or lamp glass fragment, four pieces of flat (window) glass, and ten pieces of unidentified non-architectural glass. Ob- served but not collected were a machine-made bottle with a threaded enclosure (postdates 1919), a metal bucket, graniteware, rusted cans, and parts of a car. All artifacts most probably date to the early 1900s and, aside from the car parts, can be included in the Kitchen group, suggesting a domestic occupation of the site. The construction of the timber structure using railroad ties suggests the occupant may have been employed as a tie hacker or that such material was easily available and inexpensive. Because the construction material used to build the timber struc- ture is somewhat unique, its association with the tie- hacker industry should be investigated. Smith (1993) suggests that site's associated with tie-hacking are potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. There- fore, this site is recommended as potentially eligible and Phase II evaluation is recommended. The initial research method suggested is a thorough archival review regarding the site's inhabitants. Following this, archaeological investigations, including a de- tailed description of the architectural remains pres- ent, should be conducted. Site Number: 23 PU5 17 USGS Quadrangle: Big Piney 7.5' Elevation: 317 m asl Site Type: Residence/Farmstead Soil Type: Viraton silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Late Nineteenth-Twentieth Century Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Site 23PU517, also known as the E. G. Sneed site, was reported to the ASM in 1994 by Fort Leon- ard Wood personnel. At that time it was reported to be a farmstead comprised of the remains of a house and outbuilding. The site is located in the southern portion of the survey tract and is east of a gravel road and west of the installation boundary north of the Village of Big Piney. The site crosses a ravine on an upland ridge that is east of McCourtney Hollow. The area is covered by a second-growth forest with a moderate density under story. Cedar trees and large iris stands are located near the remains of a house. The current survey relocated the house and out- building remains, an earthen dam spanning the ra- vine that bisects the site area, and a possible third structure near the earthen dam (Figure 13). The probable house is closest to the gravel road. The remains consist of an L-shaped foundation made of sandstone blocks. The remaining foundation walls measure 16-X-16 feet (5-x-5 m) and consist of a north-facing and west-facing wall. Approximately 55 m northeast of this foundation is a 20-ft long line of sandstone blocks whose function is unknown. Push piles in this western portion of the site suggest some degree of disturbance. Just north of the sandstone block line is an abandoned road. This road curves to the north and east of the house foundation, crosses the ravine near the earthen dam, and continues east to the outbuilding. The earthen dam is approximately 60 m southeast of the house foundation. It is approx- imately 30 m long and consists of an earthen body with limestone block facing. The dam appears to create a retention (stock?) pond to the south. The abandoned road appears to cross over the dam, sug- gesting its contemporaneity with the farmstead. To the west of the dam is a 2-m diameter and 1-m high pile of limestone blocks and concrete rubble that may represent the remains of another structure. The final outbuilding is east of the ravine. It consists of two closely spaced rows of sandstone blocks and a less well-defined row or rows to the west. The struc- ture's dimensions appear to be 33-X-33 feet (10-x-lO m). Based on the spatial extent of the structural re- mains and positive subsurface tests, 23PU517 mea- 48 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri CQ it Figure 13. Sketch Map of 23PU517. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 49 sures approximately 200 m east- west by 110m north-south, or 2.2 ha in extent. Artifacts were recovered from two subsurface tests and a surface collection. Obtained from the sub- surface tests were two wire nails, one piece of lamp glass, one piece of flat (window) glass, one clear curved (possible table) glass fragment, one piece of undecorated ironstone, and one piece of Bristol- slipped stoneware. The two positive subsurface tests were excavated near the sandstone block line in the western part of the site. Surface collected artifacts include one wire nail, three pieces of undecorated ironstone, one piece of undecorated semiporcelain, one piece of mold-decorated semiporcelain, one Pepsi-Cola® bottle, and two threaded enclosure li- quor bottles (postdates 1919). This material can be assigned to the Kitchen and Architecture groups and is indicative of a domestic occupation. All of the material is most likely of twentieth century manufac- ture. This site is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. This recommendation is based on integrity of architectural elements and their spatial distribution, and the presence of subsurface artifacts. Site integ- rity indicates that the site has the potential to yield information on a number of research themes identi- fied by Smith (1993). Potential research themes include identification of Ozark cultural patterns, intrasite spatial patterning of farmsteads, Ozark architectural signatures and folk construction tech- niques, trade networks, degree of isolation of farm- stead inhabitants, disposal patterns, an Ozark mate- rial culture assemblage, recycling or reuse of objects, and economic patterns associated with Ozark farm- steads. The initial research method suggested is a thorough archival review regarding the site' s inhabit- ants. Following this, archaeological investigations, including a detailed description of the architectural remains present, should be conducted. Site Number: 97-93: AOS 3 USGS Quadrangle: Big Piney 7.5' Elevation: 293 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Viraton silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located near the eastern end of a small upland ridge in the south portion of the Big Piney Tract (Figure 14). The eastern edge of the survey tract, defined by a gravel road, is approxi- mately 100 m to the east, and the Village of Big Piney is to the southeast. This narrow ridge is con- stricted to the north and south by ravines, and an intermittent stream is located to the west. The ridge itself is covered by oaks with relatively light under story. The area appears to have been logged in the past based on the age of the tree cover. The isolated find, a single thin biface fragment that was found on the surface, was located in an area overlooking the intermittent stream. The area was inspected, and subsurface tests excavated in a grid pattern around the surface find. No additional material was located. This isolate is recommended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered and the lack of intact deposits, possibly due to logging, at this locale. No additional investi- gations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93: AOS 4 USGS Quadrangle: Big Piney 7.5' Elevation: 323 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Viraton silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located along the crest of a narrow upland ridge in the south portion of the Big Piney Tract (Figure 15). A gravel road is 200 m to the east while a second is 300 m to the west. These two roads intersect approximately 600 m southeast of the isolate. The narrow ridge is bordered to the east by an intermittent drainage and to the west and north by McCourtney Hollow. The ridge has a jeep trail oriented north-south through its center and is covered by an oak forest interspersed with cedar trees. The under story is relatively light. The isolated find is a single broken flake that was found on the surface to the east of the jeep trail on the crest of the ridge. A large modern stone pile is located 20 m south of the isolate. The area was inspected, and subsurface tests excavated in a grid pattern around the surface find. No additional mate rial was located. 50 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri AOS 3 (I.F.) KEY - — Site Limits + Surface Find o Negative Posthole Test m 40 Low - / Drainage Floodplain *- . ._. Intermittent Drainage _ Figure 14. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 3. AOS 4 (I.F.) KEY - — i Site Limits + Surface Find o Negative Posthole Test Steep Slope o I* U C3 o TA 247 Bivouac Area (Major Disturbance) 23PU730 KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test m 10 Figure 22. Sketch Map of 23PU730. 60 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri of a small upland ridge just west of the eastern boundary of the survey tract (Figure 23). Indiana Avenue is located approximately 300 m east. The upland ridge is bordered to the north, south, and west by an intermittent drainage and is covered by an oak forest with a light under story. The isolate con- sists of a single rough biface fragment found in a subsurface test between and 10 cm below surface. Subsurface tests excavated in a grid pattern around the positive test yielded no additional material. This isolate is recommended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered and the lack of intact deposits at this locale. No additional investigations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 23 USGS Quadrangle: Waynesville 7.5' Elevation: 341 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Doniphan very cherty silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was found along the crest of an eastern-facing upland ridge in a western portion of the West Cantonment Tract (Figure 24). A gravel road is approximately 150 m west and the airport is 2 km southeast. The upland ridge is bordered to the north, south, and east by ravines and intermittent drainages. A bivouac training area is to the south and west. The ridge is covered by a mixed oak-hickory forest with a light under story. The isolate consists of three broken flakes found in a single subsurface test between and 1 5 cm below surface. Trenches and spoil piles are in the isolate vicinity, and an east- west dirt road is 20 m to the south. Surface inspection of the trenches and spoil piles did not locate additional artifacts. Bracketing subsurface tests excavated in a grid pattern around the positive test yielded no addi- tional material. This isolate is recommended as ineli- gible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered and the lack of intact deposits. No additional investigations are recommended. Roubidoux Creek Tract This tract consists of 578 acres (234 ha) and is located in the southwest corner of Fort Leonard Wood. The Roubidoux Creek Tract lies within Sec- tions 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 23 of Township 34 North, Range 1 1 West. This tract, which is within the Upper Roubidoux cultural resource zone, con- sists of large expanses of floodplain terrace forma- tions of Roubidoux Creek and two upland ridge formations with steep side slopes, ravines, and asso- ciated with intermittent drainages. The two upland ridges are covered by mixed hardwood forests domi- nated by oaks. The terrace formations exhibit a wide range of vegetation, from open, grass-covered fields to areas covered with thick, dense brush, to relatively open floodplain forests. The survey tract is divided into three areas: a north area (145 acres, 59 hectares) that is south and west of Roubidoux Creek and con- sists exclusively of the creek floodplain; a central area (355 acres, 144 hectares) that is east of Roubi- doux Creek and includes a large upland ridge and creek floodplain; and a south area (78 acres, 31.5 hectares) that is west of Roubidoux Creek and con- sists of the end of an upland ridge and a small por- tion of the Roubidoux Creek floodplain (Figure 25). The boundaries of the separate areas include military roads, intermittent drainages, and Roubidoux Creek. Aside from scattered disturbances due to road construction, logging, and military activities found throughout, few larger disturbed areas were noted in the Roubidoux Creek Tract. Standing water, possibly due to artificial ponding of the area, was noted in a 5 -acre area along the southwest edge of the south survey area. A total of 28 sites or isolated finds was located in the Roubidoux Creek Tract. This includes nineteen prehistoric sites, eight prehistoric isolates, and one previously located historic site. In addition, one previously identified prehistoric site could not be relocated. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 61 \ \ o o \ \ \ ! / r* i / / o / o \ \ \ \ ° Oak Forest \ \ \ / 1 ° |7«1* o o \ \ \ Y-A \ \ \ / Datum \ \ \ / o \ \ \ o \ \ \ AOS 2 (I.F.) KEY \ \ \ — — Site Limits \ \ \ • Positive Posthole Test \ \ o Negative Posthole Test i o o \ \ m 20 \ \ Figure 23. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 2. AOS 23 (I.F.) KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test m 10 I TA247 Mixed o Oak/Hickory Forest ° l^ Datum ° SpoiL-- I . — l ii, , Pile'« ')USmaU "' -' Trench o \V Tire Ruts ^^ '"ii Tire Ruts Jeep Trail Figure 24. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 23. 62 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri BLOODLAND QUADRANGLE MISSOURI 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) MISSOURI KEY — — Survey Limits ( HH) Disturbed Area QUADRANGLE LOCATION 1 KILOMETER Figure 25. Location of the Roubidoux Creek Survey Tract. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 63 Site Number: 23PU5 10 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 299 m asl Site Type: Residence/Farmstead Soil Type: Hartville silt loam, 2-5 percent slopes Component(s): Late Nineteenth-Twentieth Century Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Site 23PU510, also known as the Dr. C. Mallete site, was reported to the ASM in 1994 by Fort Leon- ard Wood personnel. At that time it was reported to be a farmstead comprised of the remains of a house foundation, a cellar, five outbuildings, and two silos within a 200-x-lOO m area. Also noted was that the house foundation had running water from a concrete tank. The site is located on a number of different terrace formations within the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the central part of the survey tract. The area is covered by a floodplain forest with a gener- ally dense under story. Lush stands of poison ivy were present in the vicinity of the house and cellar, and for that reason, the area was not systematically posthole tested. The site is located just south of a large upland ridge and is 300 m west of a gravel road that is also the eastern boundary of the survey tract. Only four of the previously reported structures could be relocated due to the density of vegetation at the time of survey (Figure 26). The first is the house foundation. The foundation is a poured concrete shell that measures 43-X-33 feet (13-x-lO m) in size and contains an internal wall. Four window openings are present on the south wall as are four poured concrete piers 2 m south of the foundation. Wire nails were observed in the boards that remain at- tached to the foundation and lag bolts are present along its top. About 2 m to the north of the founda- tion is another set of four poured concrete piers and a set of steps. The piers are 6I/2 feet tall. A possible poured concrete cistern is adjacent to and north of the foundation. Approximately 1 1 m to the west of the foundation is the cellar. The cellar is made of tabular limestone faced with concrete. This structure measures 13-x-lO feet (4-x-3 m). The remains of a probable outbuilding was found 30 m south and 20 m west of the cellar. It consists of three rows of poured concrete piers with five piers each. The piers are capped by metal facing with lag bolts protruding from their top. This structure measures 23-x-16'/2 feet (7-X-5 m). An old fence line is present just south of this structure. The final structural element that was located is a poured concrete pad 60 m east and 27 m north of the house foundation. It measures 41- x-10 feet (12.5-X-3 m). Approximately 5 m south of this pad is an abandoned road that terminates at the house foundation and leads to the east to the gravel road. Because of the few subsurface tests excavated and the density of undergrowth present across the site area, few artifacts were recovered at 23PU5 10. Two artifacts, a fragment of aqua bottle glass and an unidentified stoneware sherd with a dark, almost black glaze, were found in one subsurface test. This test was 80 m south of the southernmost outbuilding and the artifacts were found in the initial 10 cm below surface. The paucity of lumber from the house superstructure may indicate salvage or moving upon purchase of the land by the Army. Site 23PU510 is clearly the largest and most complex of the late nineteenth-twentieth century farmsteads located during the present survey. It is also associated with a probable professional, Dr. Mallete, also unusual for such sites at Fort Leonard Wood. Unfortunately, the 1906 Pulaski County map is damaged in the area of this site, precluding use of that map as an aid in determining period of site occupation. Based on the unique characteristics mentioned above, this site is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Archival research and Phase II test excavations, including detailed mapping of the site area, should be con- ducted. If archival research could be undertaken prior to testing, research questions and field strate- gies could be determined at that point. Site Number: 23PU723 (97-93; AOS 5-16) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5* Elevation: 283 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site appears to be a continuation of previ- ously recorded site 23PU458 that was first reported 64 Phase 1 Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Structure 4 \ Poured Concrete \ • Structure 2 Tabular Limestone LI faced with Concrete Structure 1 Foundation Poured Concrete Cistern I Steps Overj^ 1 ^-; Poured Concrete Piers — Boards w/ Wire-drawn Nails o— Concrete Pillars A Datum Retaining Wall at Terrace Edge - Tabular Limestone Structure 3 Concrete Pillars Postholc 1 ' ' " ' ' 80 m south T Fenceline 23PU510- Revisit KEY — — Site Limits m 20 Figure 26. Sketch Map of 23PU5 1 0. by Ahler and McDowell (1993) and is primarily north of the gravel road that forms the southern boundary for the northern portion of the survey tract. Although two positive subsurface tests previously excavated north of the road in what is the current survey tract are included in 23PU458, the Archaeo- logical Survey of Missouri preferred to register AOS 5-16 as a separate site. Previous investigations at 23PU458 found material to 90 cm below surface and Phase II evaluation was recommended (Ahler and McDowell 1993). Subsequently, Ahler and Albert- son (1996) discuss the results of the excavation of a geomorphic backhoe trench at the site. This trench was located south of the gravel road on a T-4 terrace formation. A radiocarbon assay of 3230±60 B.P. was obtained from a charcoal sample recovered between 94 and 99 cm below surface (Ahler and Albertson 1996:138-139). Phase II investigations were then undertaken at the site (Childress and Weaver 1998). Twelve shovel tests and two test units were exca- vated, including five shovel tests and one test unit north of the road in the current survey area. The excavations revealed intact deposits to 86 cm below surface with varying, but generally moderate to high, artifact densities. Middle to Late Woodland compo- nents are believed to be restricted to the 25 cm thick plow zone, while a Late Archaic component is pres- ent in the buried, intact deposits. Based on site integ- rity, its ability to provide significant information on landform use, soil development, and alluvial deposi- tion, 23PU458 was recommended as eligible for listing in the NRHP. The current survey investigated the continuation of the T-4 landform on which 23PU458 is located, but to the north of the gravel road and an adjacent T- 5 landform to the east (Figure 27). These terraces form a noticeable rise above lower floodplain forma- tions, especially an adjacent slough. The two terrace formations are bordered to the east by an upland ridge and to the west and north by a slough. A mili- tary road runs to the north along the base of the upland bluff. The Roubidoux Creek channel and Dundas Ford are 220 m to the west. The area is covered by a second-growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. The under story was so dense that Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 65 ill \\ 'l '■••!'■••!'■••!' ' - \ \ \ A o \ ^'\';/;/\'\'\'\\ \ ' i\\ ^ \ ; w \{ . \<\\ \ \ < o II 12 1 \\\ i '■* » "-A ••:;••::>:;••:;■•:>:■■:■ 1 II o ° \ W : .'• \ '% ■SSSSSSS ° \\\ \ :\\ \%. ill o o • • 16-7 16-S ,\W "x !2 \'l V \\\ o \ V \ V 1 \l o • i I J 14-2b \\\ r l \ #- t s \\ \ hi • "o • ooi' 1 e- \ \ * % 14-2 O O o I \ *>■:•* • :v£#::7 A// 1 \ \ -N 1 ■:■■:■■:■■:■■:■■::■■/ /*// o O • 3w • 11 • il 1 • ^ • - ° H \ \ ■ •• ■/ / ^/fO o • o / AY' 11-7 o o : a N \ • i • ol lo Ng-AT-2 x 4n 1 1 ©X \ . : / f /? o o • 8-1b • 4nw ii • o e O • • *l !• • X '• \ ' 4 4e' 5 5e \ \ . I 8-1 9-AT-3 4w Ii O • • •! • o \ i 1 4sw 4s 4se ,5s V \ 1 O O O ° 1 1 • \ .J 1 " 1 1 BE I ii 13 - 5 \ \i II • o \ 1 1 13 - 5s \ : • ,160 1 o o O e I »o o o • o \ 1 '•■'SSSSSN'o 1 1 1 10-7 \ ■ I 1 | o o o • o o i ° ° \ i O ' O O • O | 12-6 1 ° I! ° / ! - 6 # 4b °|| BE / i ; .'■••.'•••.'•••.'•,V 4 v 7-2 #r 1 1 O o ^ ■ o o m o o • 1 5-AT-1 6-4 J W O — — _ lj y :."; . Gravel Road --. ™^ 23PU723 | 23PU458 1 KEY I ■— — Site Limits \ \ • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test "v. _ e Positive Auger Test © Negative Auger Test m 40 Figure 27. Sketch Map of 23PU723. 66 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri the earlier test unit and shovel tests north of the road associated with the Phase II evaluation of 23PU458 could not be relocated. The survey resulted in the excavation of 35 positive subsurface tests, including several positive auger tests. Based on the spatial extent of the positive subsurface tests, an area 240 m north- south by 135 m east- west (maximally), com- prising the T-4 and T-5 terrace formation north of the gravel road, was defined as 23PU723. The 35 positive subsurface tests yielded 25 bro- ken, 17 tertiary, 9 bifacial thinning, 1 secondary, and 2 primary flakes, 1 core fragment, 6 pieces of block shatter, and 3 fire-cracked rocks. One flake was lost in the field. Material appears to cluster in and just below the Ap horizon, between 40 cm and 60 cm below surface, and at 70 cm to 80 cm below surface (Table 3). These densities are somewhat similar to those documented by Childress and Weaver (1998) for Test Unit 202 that was excavated north of the road. Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that the upper 20 cm of T-5 terrace formations date from the Late Archaic period to present, while below 20 cm mate- rial should date from the Middle and Early Archaic periods. Albertson et al. (1995) indicate that in T-4 terrace formations, materials from the present to the Early Woodland period are likely in the initial 20 cm of deposits, while those below 20 cm below surface should date to the Late Archaic period. This site has intact, moderately dense, and deep deposits, and as such, is potentially eligible for list- ing in the NRHP. The adjacent and previously tested site 23PU458 has been recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP. Based on the integrity of depos- its demonstrated during the current survey, depth of those deposits, and probable association of this site with 23PU458 to the south, this site is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Potential research issues could be to determine if conditions at 23PU723 are similar to those reported by Childress and Weaver (1998) to the south at 23PU458, as well as determining the integrity of deposits, their poten- tial to contain features, and the nature of the occupa- tion at this site. In addition, excavations can be used to test the temporal component of the Albertson et al. (1995) model. Table 3. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Arti- facts Recovered from 23PU723. Level Soil Horizon Number of Artifacts 0-10 cm Ap 10-20 cm Ap 20-30 cm Bwl 30-^0 cm Bwl 40-50 cm Bwl 50-60 cm Bwl 60-70 cm Bwl 70-80 cm Bw2 80-90 cm Bw2 90-100 cm Bw2 100-1 10 cm Bw3 6 9 10 7 11 9 2 7 2 1 Site Number: 23PU724 (97-93: AOS 17) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 338 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Doniphan very cherty silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This site is located on the crest of an upland ridge west of Roubidoux Creek in the south part of the survey tract (Figure 28). The ridge is bounded to the north and south by ravines and intermittent drainages and on the east by Roubidoux Creek and its flood- plain. The ridge itself is covered by a mixed oak- hickory forest with a light under story. The site con- sists of a light lithic scatter and several positive posthole tests located along the crest north and south of a military roadway. Surface visibility on the road was near 100 percent. Two positive subsurface tests were excavated south and two north of the road. Aside from a single flake found between 1 and 20 cm below surface, all material was recovered from the initial 1 cm below surface or on the surface of the road. Based on the extent of the surface scatter of artifacts and the positive posthole tests, site dimen- sions of 85 m north-south by 25 m east-west were defined. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 67 Figure 28. Sketch Map of 23 PU724. Material collected from the road surface consists of a single thin biface fragment. Two tertiary and three broken flakes were recovered from the four positive subsurface tests. Based on the paucity of material found and the lack of intact subsurface deposits, this site is not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional work is recommended. Site Number: 23PU725 (97-93: AOS 19) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 326 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Doniphan very cherty silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Site 23PU725 is a moderate to dense lithic scatter located on the crest of a large upland ridge in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 29). The site overlooks the floodplain of Roubidoux Creek both to the north and south, with the creek channel 400 m to the north and 700 m to the south. The site is bounded to the north and south by steep slopes and to the west by a ravine and drainage. Approxi- mately 50 m to the east is a second ravine and drain- age that isolates this site area from 23PU745 to the west and 23PU726 to the east. Low, wet areas are present at the head of both drainages. The ridge is covered by planted pines intermixed with hardwoods and a light to moderate under story, and a military road crosses along its southern edge. This site is defined by the spatial extent of 19 positive subsur- face tests that were confined to the western half of this landform and artifacts found along the military road. Maximal dimensions of 23PU725 are 200 m north-south by 60 m east-west. A total of 72 artifacts was recovered at 23PU725. This total consists of 31 broken, 14 tertiary, 8 bifa- cial thinning, 3 secondary, and 1 primary flake, and 12 pieces of block shatter, 1 core fragment, 1 pitted stone, and 1 pitted stone and hammerstone. This material was recovered from what appears to be relatively undisturbed A and E horizon deposits to 68 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Figure 29. Sketch Map of 23PU725. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 69 30 cm below surface (Table 4). This site lies just to the east of a potentially significant cluster of open- air, closed, cairn, and petroglyph sites on the same upland ridge. Given its proximity to other potentially significant sites within this complex, 23PU725 is recommended as potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Phase II evaluation should be designed to determine the period and nature of occupation at this site. Finally, its relationship to the nearby sites dis- cussed above should be explored. Table 4. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Arti- facts Recovered from 23PU725. Level Soil Horizon Number of Artifacts Surface 33 0-10 cm A-E 29 10-20 cm E 8 20-30 cm E-B/E 2 Site Number: 23PU726 (97-93: AOS 20) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 320 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Doniphan very cherty silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This site is a low density lithic debris scatter on the crest of a small knob that is part of a larger up- land ridge in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 30). A gravel road, forming the edge of the survey tract, is 100 m to the east. This small upland knob is isolated by ravines on its eastern and western edges and steep bluffs that descend to the Roubidoux Creek floodplain to the south and to a significant in- termittent drainage to the north. A military road crosses the south edge of the ridge. The area is cov- ered by a planted pine forest with minimal under story. The site was defined by six positive subsurface tests and material in the military road, yielding maxi- mal dimensions of 60 m north-south by 50 m east- west. Bracketing tests adjacent to the positive tests were negative. All but two artifacts were found on the road surface or in the initial 10 cm below surface in the subsurface tests. The other two artifacts were found between 10 cm and 20 cm below surface. Artifacts recovered from 23PU726 include three broken, three tertiary, two bifacial thinning, and one secondary flake, and one thin biface fragment, per- haps a projectile point midsection. Based on the paucity of material found and the lack of intact sub- surface deposits, this site is not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional work is recommended. Site Number: 23PU731 (97-93: AOS 26) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 287 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Kickapoo fine sandy loam, 0-3 percent slopes Component(s): Late Woodland Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site, a moderate density lithic debris scatter, is located on a T-5 terrace of the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 31). The terrace is isolated to the east, west, and north by intermittent drainages and sloughs, and it slopes downward to the south onto a T-3 terrace. The bluff face of a large upland ridge is 30 m to the north while the channel of Roubidoux Creek is 400 m south. The site area is covered by a second-growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. Isolate 97-93; AOS 27 is 30 m east of this site. Ten positive subsurface tests, including two positive auger tests, define the site area, which is generally coincident with the crest of the T-5 terrace. This yields maximal site dimensions of 90 m north-south by 40 m east- west. Artifacts recovered from the 10 positive tests include 12 broken, 10 tertiary, and 5 bifacial thinning flakes, 4 pieces of block shatter, and 1 nearly com- plete Reed Side Notched projectile point. These artifacts were found to 80 cm below surface. The artifacts form a fairly continuous distribution through the soil profile, although there does appear to be a clustering of material between 20 cm and 50 cm below surface (Table 5), with a second possible cluster between 60 cm and 70 cm below surface. The 70 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri ^ v N \ % • ^^ Pjtinage ■ ■-* ■ . . \ \ *'■ X^ \ \ 69 / \ \ 51 / \ \ 69 , / \ \ w / \ \ A / 1 \ i 1 v\ \ \ ! / /- -^ 1 ! \ \ ! / / ^ 1 \ \ \i/ / ° ° \ ' X \ \ ' / /^^ ~~~~°" \ \ ■ / °/ ° ° o\ o X. \ v/ / ° ° \ / /-" \ i /ooo ( r x o O \sO / \ ■ /Pine Forest o » \ o \ 1 / » \ \ . / O O Oil \ ooo \ / 1 5 ^ \ • / 1 4 1 ^*>» \^y o o o o' •« , \o Low/Wet ;Area.. , ^J^' ■•••>• ^' ■"- 1 ■** O ^ o / /^ \ i / 1 • Jeep Trajj •of:/ o/j ?// <3/l r^^r^^T^ *■" — — I ;/ ^^ \ ^^^^^^ \ f ' V < f 23PU726 1 KEY — — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test J o Negative Posthole Test HI Surface Scatter 1 m 40 Figure 30. Sketch Map of 23PU726. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 71 Bluff Face Stream 23PU731,AOS27 KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test © Positive Auger Test m 20 Figure 31. Sketch Map of 23PU731 and 97-93; AOS 27IF. 72 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Table 5. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Arti- facts Recovered from 23PU73 1 . Level So// Horizon Number of Artifacts 0-10 cm Ap 3 10-20 cm CI 3 20-30 cm CI 10 30-40 cm CI 4 40-50 cm C1/C2 6 55-65 cm C2 1 60-70 cm C2 4 70-80 cm Ab 1 Scallorn projectile point, a notched form that dates to the Late Woodland period (Justice 1987), was found between 20 cm and 30 cm below surface (Figure 32, a). Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that the upper 20 cm of T-5 terrace formations date from the Late Archaic period to present; below 20 cm, material should date from the Middle and Early Archaic periods. The stratigraphic position of the Reed Side Notched point is in general agreement with the Albertson et al. (1995) model. Site 23PU73 1 is located adjacent to a rockshelter site, 23PU719, that has recently been tested and found to contain intact Late Woodland deposits (Ah- ler et al. 1999). It is therefore possible that 23PU73 1, along with 23PU719, are part of the larger Late Woodland site complex, known as the Lohraff com- plex, located atop the upland peninsula to the north. This site has dated, intact, and moderately dense deposits, and as such, is potentially eligible for list- ing in the NRHP. Phase II testing should concentrate on determining the integrity of deposits, their poten- tial to contain features, and the nature of the occupa- tion at this site. In addition, excavations can be used to test the temporal component of the Albertson et al. (1995) model and explore its relationship with other nearby Late Woodland sites. Site Number: 23PU732 (97-93: AOS 28) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 287 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site is a small, low density lithic debris scatter located on a T-6 terrace of the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 33). This site is approximately 130 m south of the bluff slope of a large upland ridge and 350 m north of the Roubidoux Creek channel. It is east of 23PU733 and 23PU736, and south of 23PU510. The site area is covered by a second- growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. Lower, probably seasonally inundated, areas are present to the south and west of the site. Three posi- tive subsurface tests were excavated at 23PU732, yielding a site area of 10 m north-south by 10 m east-west. Artifacts collected from the three tests include four broken and two tertiary flakes. One flake was recovered from 10-20 cm (Ap horizon), one flake from 30-40 cm (Bwl horizon), and four flakes from 40-50 cm (Bwl horizon) below surface. Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that T-6 terraces are seasonally inundated, but may have been occupied during dry seasons. Materials from the surface to 20 cm below surface may date between present to the Dalton period, while materials below 20 cm may date to the Paleoindian period. As such, it is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Testing, aside from deter- mining site integrity and nature of the occupation, should concentrate on the dating of deposits and identification of separate periods of occupation, if present. Site Number: 23PU733 (97-93: AOS 29) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 287 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This site is a small, low density lithic debris scat- Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 73 Figure 32. Selected Artifacts: a, Reed Side Notched projectile point from 23PU731; b, Triangular projectile point from 23PU739; c-d, Etley projectile points from 23PU745; e, King's Corner Notched projectile point from 23PU745; f, Scallorn projectile point from 23PU745. 23PU732 KEY — — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test m 10 Gambles, W ee . c Qs t / \ / Datum . o / A . \ 1 "■ 1 < y o e = » o I I w \ Slope ▼ Figure 33. Sketch Map of 23PU732. 74 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri ter located along the south edge of a T-6 terrace on the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the central por- tion of the survey tract (Figure 34). This site is ap- proximately 200 m south of the bluff slope of a large upland ridge and 240 m north of the Roubidoux Creek channel. It is located south of 23PU732 and 23PU736. The site area is covered by a second- growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. An intermittent drainage is present south of the site. Five positive subsurface tests were excavated at 23PU733, and artifacts were found on the surface of a pig wallow, yielding a site area of 40 m north- south by 1 5 m east- west. Artifacts collected from the five tests and the pig wallow include twenty broken, one secondary, and one tertiary flake, and seven pieces of block shatter. Twenty of these artifacts were found on the surface or to 20 cm below surface in an Ap horizon, eight were recovered from a mixed Ap/Bwl horizon, and one was found in the Bwl horizon. This suggests most material was recovered from disturbed con- texts. Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that T-6 ter- races are seasonally inundated, but may have been occupied during dry seasons. Materials from the surface to 20 cm below surface may date between the present to the Dalton period, while materials below 20 cm may date to the Paleoindian period. While intact deposits may be present at this site, based on the preponderance of material found in the Ap horizon, it is not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional work is recommended. Site Number: 23PU734 (97-93: AOS 31/32) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 283 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible Site 23PU734 is a low density lithic scatter lo- cated on a T-4 terrace in the Roubidoux Creek flood- plain within the north survey tract (Figure 35). The terrace is bordered to the west by a slough while Roubidoux Creek is to the east. A gravel road, coin- ciding with the survey tract boundary, is 20 m to the south. A partially overgrown fire-brake bisects the site area. Roubidoux Creek is 70 m to the east while the bluff slope of an upland ridge is 230 m to the west. This site was defined on the basis of four posi- tive subsurface tests. The spatial extent of these tests yielded maximal site dimensions of 50 m north-south by 20 m east-west. The site area is covered by a second-growth floodplain forest with a moderate to dense under story. Six artifacts, consisting of five broken flakes (one lost during fieldwork) and one piece of block shatter, were recovered. One artifact was found between 10 and 20 cm (Ap horizon), one from 20-30 cm, three from 30-40 cm, and one from 40-50 cm below surface. While this site certainly appears to be a low density lithic scatter, most material was found be- tween 30 cm and 50 cm below surface. This may indicate the presence of a relatively intact, but low density artifact-bearing horizon. While intact depos- its may be present at this site, based on the paucity of material found, it is unlikely to yield significant data. Therefore, 23PU734 is not eligible for listing in the NRHP, and no additional work is recommended. Site Number: 23PU735 (97-93: AOS 34) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 293 m asl Site Type: Cairn Soil Type: Doniphan very cherty silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Late Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site consists of a single rock cairn that is located at the western end of an upland ridge east of Roubidoux Creek in the central part of the survey tract (Figure 36). The ridge is covered by a mixed oak-hickory forest with a light under story. The cairn is situated approximately 5 m south of a military road and 10 m north of the steep ridge bluff slope. An informal trail, created to access 23PU721 during Phase II investigations, skirts the western edge of the cairn and an old barbed-wire fence is 2 m to the south. The cairn is a circular feature, 7 m in diame- ter, of limestone/dolomite blocks stacked 50 cm to 1 m high. An approximately 2-m wide trench, begin- Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 75 23PU733 KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test © Pit m 40 Slope — Drainage T re e , ^ Low, Wet Figure 34. Sketch Map of 23PU733. Figure 35. Sketch Map of 23PU734. 76 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri KEY — — Site Limits m 5 23PU744 Lohraff Cave Figure 36. Sketch Map of 23PU735. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 11 ning along the western edge of the cairn and continu- ing into its center, is present. The trench indicates prior looting of this feature. Subsurface tests exca- vated in the site and an inspection of the surface yielded no artifacts. Currently, the site area is de- fined as the 7-m diameter of the cairn. This site is located in an area with a high proba- bility of having cairns (Ahler and Albertson 1996). It appears to be associated with a number of other sites, forming a coherent site complex, known as the Loh- raff Complex. A petroglyph site, 23PU721, is lo- cated approximately 30 m southwest, a large upland site (23PU745) is 20 m to the northeast, and cave (23PU744) and rockshelter sites (23PU719 and 23PU739) are present along the bluff face below the cairn. Previously, Fort Leonard Wood cairn sites have been recommended as potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP (e.g., Adams 1997; Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996). Given the association of this cairn with other potentially significant sites within a site complex, 23PU735 is recommended to be potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Phase II evaluation should be designed to determine the period of con- struction of the feature in a preferably non-destruc- tive and non-intrusive manner, due to the potential for these features to contain human burials. The cairn should also be mapped to provide a baseline for use in monitoring its condition. Finally, its tem- poral, functional, and spatial relationship to the nearby sites discussed above should be explored. Site Number: 23PU736 (97-93: AOS 36) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 287 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site is a small, low to moderate density lithic debris scatter located along the west edge of a T-6 terrace (Figure 37). This terrace is on the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the central portion of the survey tract. The site is approximately 100 m south of the bluff slope of a large upland ridge and 370 m north of the Roubidoux Creek channel. It is west of 23PU732, north of 23PU736, and southwest of 23PU510. The site area is covered by a second- growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. A poured concrete cube, perhaps associated with 23PU510, is present along the southern edge of this site. An intermittent drainage is present west of the site area and a seasonally inundated T-3 terrace is to the south. Seven positive subsurface tests were exca- vated at 23PU736, the spatial extent of which was used to define a site area of 35 m north-south by 25 m east-west. Artifacts recovered from the seven positive tests consist of 12 broken, 3 tertiary, and 2 bifacial thin- ning flakes. Nine of these flakes were found between cm and 20 cm below surface in the Ap horizon, while four flakes were found at 20-30 cm, two from 30-40 cm, and two from 40-50 cm below surface in the Bwl horizon. Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that T-6 terraces are seasonally inundated, but may have been occupied during dry seasons. Materials from the surface to 20 cm below surface may date be- tween the present to the Dalton period, while materi- als below 20 cm may date to the Paleoindian period. This site appears to contain the greatest density of artifacts of all three sites located on this particular T- 6 terrace during the current survey. In addition, there do appear to be intact deposits present, with almost 50 percent of the material found below the Ap hori- zon. Site 23PU736 appears to have the subsurface integrity needed to test the Albertson et al. (1995) model concerning periods of T-6 occupation. As such, it is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Testing, aside from determining site integrity and nature of the occupation, should concentrate on the dating of deposits and identification of separate periods of occupation, if present. Site Number: 23PU737 (97-93: AOS 37) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 268 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible 78 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Figure 37. Sketch Map of 23PU736. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 79 This site is a low density lithic debris scatter found on a T-5 terrace on the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 38). Isolate 97-93: AOS 38 is located 50 m to the northwest, while a slough is located 30 m to the south and the bluff face of an upland ridge is a further 40 m south. Roubidoux Creek is 200 m north. The T-5 terrace is covered by a floodplain forest with a dense under story. This site consists of two positive subsurface tests and material collected from the ground surface, yielding a site area of 20 m north-south by 10 m east- west. Artifacts, including one broken and two tertiary flakes and one piece of block shatter, were located as deep as 1 m below surface. Two of the artifacts were found on the surface, and single artifacts were found from 80-90 cm and 90-100 cm below surface. No additional artifacts were found in bracketing tests. While it is likely that intact deposits are present at this site, the paucity of material recovered suggests little potential to yield significant data. Based on this, 23PU737 is not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional work is recommended. Site Number: 23PU738 (97-93: AOS 39) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5* Elevation: 268 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This site is a low density lithic scatter located on a T-4 terrace in the Roubidoux Creek floodplain within the central survey tract (Figure 39). The ter- race is bordered to the south by a T-5 terrace and to the north by a T-3 terrace. The bluff slope of a large upland ridge is 60 m to the southeast while Roubi- doux Creek is 70 m to the north. The area is covered by a second-growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. Site 23PU738 is defined by the extent of four positive subsurface tests, with maximal dimen- sions of 30 m north-south by 50 m east- west. The four positive tests yielded a total of five artifacts. The artifacts consist of one broken and two tertiary flakes, and one thin and one rough biface fragment. One artifact was found between and 1 cm (Ap horizon), one from 20-30 cm, two from 30- 40 cm, and one from 40-50 cm (Bwl horizon) be- low surface. Albertson et al. (1995) indicate that materials from the present to the Early Woodland period are likely in the initial 20 cm of deposits on T-4 terraces, while those below 20 cm below surface should date to the Late Archaic period. While intact deposits may be present at this site, the paucity of material found the site suggests it is unlikely to yield significant data. Therefore, 23PU738 is not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional work is rec- ommended. Site Number: 23PU739 (97-93: AOS 40) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 290 m asl Site Type: Rockshelter Soil Type: Gepp, Barkley, Clarksville very cherty silt loam, 14-35 percent slopes Component(s): Late Woodland Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site is a rockshelter near the top of the bluff at the southwest end of a large upland ridge that is located in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 40). The rockshelter overlooks the floodplain of Roubidoux Creek to the south, with a channel of the creek approximately 100 m to the west. The shelter is at the head of a narrow ravine in the bluff. Within the confines of the dripline, the shelter mea- sures approximately 3-x-6 m. It has a roof height of 3 m at the west end of the shelter. An alluvial fan (sediment cone) from a sinkhole and two looter's pits were noted in the shelter. The sediment cone may have preserved intact cultural deposits. The talus slope in front of the shelter is quite steep and contains substantial amounts of lithic debris. As artifacts were found on the surface of the rockshelter, no subsurface testing was conducted. The 30 artifacts collected include four tertiary, six bifacial thinning, and seven broken flakes, seven pieces of block shatter, and one triangular point frag- ment (Figure 32, b). The triangular point fragment is the base of a Madison Triangular point that dates 80 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri jT #&. ^ \&3 Aafl, t\V o^ s S\tf t^> S, r^^e& s ^ N AOS 38 ° / * \ ° I 2 I ° \ • A o \^ Datum Datum *-% o A • « o J 1 I 23PU737 olio o ^ V o +v\ 23PU737, AOS 38 KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test e Negative Auger Test m 20 Figure 38. Sketch Map of 23PU737 and 97-93; AOS 38BF. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 81 WeI approximate boundary EZ3 — -~ o o o ) Forest o / • ^o •' 31 1 / / Brambles, Nettles, S Poison Ivy y 2 o ox • 1 1-1 1 • 4r o / / ,' o / Datum y .^2-AT-1 o 1 e o ,X ^ ^^ y^^ \ .<-" ^^ o o o <&^° ^ /^ o ^ o -^ ° ^ o -^ o o ^ o y Forest • y^ o o / o y Brambles, Nettles, JU£ ■ „\f- r> t O Poison Ivy ... ' i^7i O 2z^ " / y^^^ . n^^ s /S' = ^ // ±± 23PU738 = ^<^ S //i' • KEY ^ \ — — Site Limits >'- ^^^^ i • Positive Posthole Test ■==^X^- ^ ^ J S // ^ "=" ITS' ^^ S* jS Ji^ %W(B o Negative Posthole Test jS^*^ s'*' ^^^^ "=^ e Positive Auger Test m 20 Figure 39. Sketch Map of 23PU738. 82 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Figure 40. Sketch Map of 23PU739. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 83 to the Late Woodland and Mississippian periods (Justice 1987). In addition, a bird long bone frag- ment and four pieces of mussel shell were collected. It appears that this rockshelter is associated with a number of other sites present on and around the upland ridge, forming a coherent site complex known as the Lohraff Complex. A petroglyph site (23PU721) and a cairn (23PU735) are located to the north along the edge of the bluff face, a large upland site (23PU745) is to the northeast, and Lohraff Cave (23PU744) is located to the west along the bluff. Given the density of material found on the surface, the high probability that intact deposits are present, and the association of this rockshelter with other potentially significant sites within a site complex, this site is recommended to be potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Phase II evaluation should be designed to determine integrity of deposits, recover artifacts and faunal and botanical remains, and locate features that can yield information on the Late Woodland occupation of the site. Finally, its rela- tionship to the nearby sites discussed above should be explored. Site Number: 23PU740 (97-93: AOS 41) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5* Elevation: 287 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This site is a low density lithic scatter found on a T-5 terrace of the floodplain of Roubidoux Creek in the north portion of the survey area (Figure 41). The site is just north of a military road that runs along the base of an upland bluff slope. Ravines and intermit- tent drainages are present to the east and west, and the terrace slopes downward to the north. Roubidoux Creek is 140 m to the north. The T-5 terrace is cov- ered by a floodplain forest with a dense under story. This site consists of three positive subsurface tests that define site dimensions of 20 m north-south by 1 5 m east- west. Artifacts recovered from the three positive sub- surface tests consist of two broken, one tertiary, and one bifacial thinning flake. Three of the flakes were found between 20 cm and 30 cm below surface, while the fourth flake was found at 60 cm to 70 cm below surface. Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that the upper 20 cm of T-5 terraces date from the Late Archaic period to present, while below 20 cm mate- rial should date from the Middle and Early Archaic periods. While intact deposits may be present at this site, based on the paucity of material found, such deposits are unlikely to yield significant data. Be- cause of this, 23PU7430 is not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional work is recommended. Site Number: 23PU741 (97-93: AOS 44) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 283 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Kickapoo fine sandy loam, 0-3 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site is a moderate-sized but generally low density lithic debris scatter located in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 42). The site was found on the western half of a T-5 terrace, approxi- mately 50 m south of the Roubidoux Creek channel and 300 m north of a large upland ridge. An over- grown military road forms a T-intersection at the southwest corner of the site; the road's western and southern branches coincide with an edge of the T-5 terrace and define site limits, as artifacts were con- fined to the T-5 terrace. The site area has been de- fined on the basis of eight positive posthole tests and one positive auger test. This yielded site dimensions of 40 m north-south by 70 m east- west, encompass- ing most of the western half of the T-5 terrace. All subsurface tests to the east on this terrace were nega- tive. The site area is covered by a second- growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. Artifacts were fairly evenly distributed through- out the soil profile, being found in almost every 10 cm level to 80 cm below surface in the nine positive subsurface tests (Table 6). Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that the upper 20 cm of T-5 terrace forma- tions date from the Late Archaic period to present, 84 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Figure 41 . Sketch Map of 23PU740. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 85 23PU741 KEY Site Limits Positive Posthole Test Negative Posthole Test Negative Auger Test Positive Auger Test m 40 Figure 42. Sketch Map of 23 PU74 1 . while below 20 cm material should date from the Middle and Early Archaic periods. The artifacts con- sist of two primary, five broken, four tertiary, one secondary, and one bifacial thinning flake. Based on the moderate density of material recovered and the likelihood that intact deposits are present at 23PU741, this site is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Phase II evaluation should concentrate on determining whether intact deposits are present, including the potential of this site to contain features, as well as understanding the nature and period of occupation at this site. Site Number: 23PU742 (97-93: AOS 45) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 293 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Claiborne silt loam, 5-9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible Table 6. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Arti- facts Recovered from 23PU741. Level Soil Horizon Number of Artifacts 0-10 cm Ap 4 10-20 cm CI 1 20-30 cm CI 2 30-40 cm CI 3 40-50 cm C1/C2 1 50-60 cm C2 60-70 cm C2 1 70-80 cm Ab 1 Site 23PU742 is a dense lithic scatter located on a T-7 terrace on the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 43). This landform rises above its immediate surround- ings, being bordered to the south by a slope to Rou- 86 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Figure 43. Sketch Map of 23PU742. bidoux Creek, to the north by a drainage, and to the west by a slough channel. To the east is a gravel road that coincides with the boundary of the survey tract. The area to the east of this road had previously been surveyed but no artifacts found (Adams 1997). Rou- bidoux Creek is 50 m south while a large upland ridge is 530 m north. The terrace is covered by a second-growth forest with moderate under story, although poison ivy appears to be well established across the entire terrace. A two-track road crosses the terrace along its southern edge. Positive subsurface tests, totaling 34, were excavated across almost the entire landform, defining maximal site dimensions of 100 m north-south by 220 m east- west. The 34 positive tests yielded 254 artifacts, includ- ing 136 broken, 38 tertiary, 39 bifacial thinning, 9 secondary, and 1 primary flake, 23 pieces of block shatter, 2 core fragments, 1 hammerstone, 2 thin biface fragments, 1 rough biface fragment, 1 thick biface fragment, and 1 uniface. Much of this material was recovered from a probable Ap horizon, although artifacts were found in an intact B horizon to 50 cm below surface (Table 7). Albertson et al. (1995) pre- dict T-7 formations to be prime locations for base camp habitations. Materials in the upper 20 cm could date from the present to the Dalton period, while Paleoindian deposits could be present below 20 cm below surface. Site 23PU742 appears to represent one such base camp habitation site and may be re- lated to the more specialized site types present within the Lohraff site complex located to the north. Several sites previously located to the east (Adams 1997), such as 23PU691 and 23PU692, may also be associ- ated with this site. With a potential to yield large quantities of material, potentially from intact depos- its, and potential association with subsidiary, special- ized sites, 23PU742 has the potential to yield signifi- cant information. As such, it is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP, and Phase II evaluation is recommended. Phase II testing should concentrate on determining the integrity of deposits, their potential to contain features, and the nature and period of occupation at this site. As such, excavations could be used to test the temporal and cultural component of the Albertson et al. (1995) model discussed above. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 87 Table 7. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Arti- facts Recovered from 23PU742. Level Soil Horizon Number of Artifacts Surface 18 0-10 cm Ap 98 10-20 cm Ap/BA 84 20-30 cm BA/Btl 36 30-^0 cm Btl 14 40-50 cm Btl 4 Site Number: 23PU743 (97-93: AOS 46) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 293 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site is a moderate density lithic scatter situ- ated on a T-5 terrace in the Roubidoux Creek flood- plain within the north survey tract (Figure 44). The terrace is bordered to the west by a small T-6 terrace and the bluff slope of an upland ridge. To the north and east is a slough and the channel of Roubidoux Creek. The terrace continues to the south but is outside of the survey tract. An overgrown military road bisects the terrace, which is covered by a second-growth floodplain forest with a moderate to dense under story. Twenty subsurface tests, includ- ing three auger tests, were positive. The distribution of these positive tests encompasses almost the entire terrace formation. Maximal site dimensions are 120 m north-south by 140 m east- west. This site may represent an extension of 23PU370, located to the south, that has been recommended as eligible for listing in the NRHP (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995). A total of 112 artifacts were recovered from 23PU743. Many of these were found in the initial 20 cm below surface (Ap horizon), although a second concentration at 40 cm to 50 cm appears to be pres- ent (Table 8). Artifacts were found as deep as 90 cm below surface. The artifacts recovered include 59 broken, 2 1 tertiary, 1 8 bifacial thinning, and 3 sec- ondary flakes, 8 pieces of block shatter, 1 of which was utilized, 1 fire-cracked rock, and 2 thin biface fragments. One broken flake was lost during field- work. Albertson et al. (1995) suggest that the upper 20 cm of T-5 terrace formations date from the Late Archaic period to present, while below 20 cm mate- rial should date from the Middle and Early Archaic periods. This site has intact, moderately dense, and deep deposits, and as such, is potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Phase II evaluation should concentrate on determining the integrity of deposits, their potential to contain features, and the nature of the occupation at this site. Such excavations could be used to test the temporal component of the Albertson etal. (1995) model. Site Number: 23PU744 (97-93: Lohraff Cave) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 290 m asl Site Type: Cave Soil Type: Gepp, Barkley, Clarksville very cherty silt loams, 14-35 percent slopes Component(s): Late Woodland Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This is a cave site located near the top of the bluff at the southwest end of a large upland ridge in the central portion of the survey tract (Figure 45). The cave overlooks the floodplain of Roubidoux Creek to the south, with a channel of the creek approximately 1 00 m to the west. The cave is on the south side of the bluff face and has two entrances and two irregu- larly shaped chambers. Within the confines of the dripline, the shelter measures approximately 17-X-22 m at maximum, and covers an area of approximately 135 m 2 . It has a roof height of 3 to 8 m in the west- ern chamber, with passages as low as 1 m. The east- ern chamber has a roof height of 2.5 m. Two looter's pits were noted along the western wall of the west chamber with a backdirt pile separating the two looter's pits. Inspection of the pits suggested that intact deposits are present in the cave. While none were collected at Lohraff Cave, nu- merous artifacts were observed on the cave floor. Observed were more than twenty flakes, ten pieces 88 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Figure 44. Sketch Map of 23PU743. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 89 Table 8. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Arti- facts Recovered from 23PU743. Level Soil Horizon Number of Artifacts 0-10 cm Ap 26 10-20 cm Ap 25 20-30 cm Bwl 17 30-40 cm Bwl 12 40-50 cm Bwl 16 50-60 cm Bwl 6 60-70 cm Bwl 4 70-80 cm Bw2 3 80-90 cm Bw2 3 of block shatter, two mussel shells, two pottery sherds, one ground-stone metate, a large portion of a Maramec Plain jar rim (dating to the Late Woodland period), a core, and a nondiagnostic biface. This site is part of a potentially significant cluster of open-air, closed, cairn, and petroglyph sites on the same up- land ridge. In addition, intact deposits appear to be present at Lohraff Cave. Given the proximity of 23PU744 to other potentially significant sites within a site complex, and the likelihood of intact Late Woodland period deposits, this site is recommended to be potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Phase II evaluation should be designed to determine the period and nature of occupation at this site. Fi- nally, its relationship to the nearby sites discussed above should be explored. Site Number: 23PU745 (97-93: AOS 35) USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 320 m asl Site Type: Lithic Debris Scatter Soil Type: Doniphan very cherty silt loam, 3-9 percent slopes Component(s): Late Archaic, Late Woodland Recommendation: Potentially Eligible This site is a fairly dense lithic scatter located on the crest of a large upland ridge in the central portion of the Roubidoux Creek Tract (Figure 46). The site overlooks the floodplain of Roubidoux Creek both to the north and south, with the creek channel 350 m to the north and 600 m to the south. The site is bounded to the north, south, and west by steep slopes and to the east by a ravine and drainage. To the east of the ravine and drainage is 23PU725, while a cairn (23PU735), a petroglyph site (23PU721), and rockshelters (23PU719 and 23PU739) and a cave site (23PU744) are present to the south and south- west on the same upland ridge and its bluff slopes. The ridge is covered by a second-growth mixed deciduous forest with a moderate under story, with planted pines to the east. A military road crosses the ridge along its southern edge. This site is defined by the spatial extent of 109 positive subsurface tests and artifacts found along the surface of the military road. Maximal dimensions of 23PU745 are maximally 200 m north-south by 490 m east-west. A total of 800 artifacts was recovered from the 1 12 positive subsurface tests and surface collections. Most of this material consists of late-stage reduction debris, including 123 tertiary flakes and 88 bifacial thinning flakes. Early-stage reduction debris are less common and include 2 cores, 1 primary flake, 19 secondary flakes (one of which is utilized), and 136 pieces of block shatter. An additional 413 broken flakes were recovered, as was a single blade. The 17 other artifacts include four projectile points, dis- cussed in greater detail below, six thin biface frag- ments, many of which are probably from projectile points, two rough bifaces, two thick bifaces two unifaces consisting of an expedient ovate end and side scraper and a perforator or drill with a spoke- shave, and a single piece of fire-cracked rock. The four projectile points recovered include two Late Archaic and two Late Woodland period points (Figure 32, c-f). The two Late Archaic period points both appear to be Etley Cluster specimens (Figure 32, c-d). The specimen from the surface is a basal fragment in poor condition and is similar in form with the CN4 type illustrated by Reeder (1988), while in the Curry et al. (1985:143) classification it appears to be similar to Class 36, subclass 36.5, which is associated with the Etley and Stone Square Stem types. The second, a base from Posthole 49, 0-10 cm below surface, is also similar in form with the CN4 type illustrated by Reeder (1988) and sev- 90 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Figure 45. Sketch Map of 23PU744 (after Walaszek). Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 91 o o a. 0> H u o -C I— o rfl a, U id CO > 0) 73 o m 03 Ml 1) z 3 CO cu CO CM ft o -4— * S-H 92 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri eral illustrations in O'Brien and Wood (1998: 145— 146). One of the Late Woodland points (Figure 32, e), a partial base from Posthole 24, 0-10 cm, is similar to Scallorn Cluster bases (Justice 1987). The other, a complete point from Posthole 30, 10-20 cm (Figure 32, f), is most similar to the CN7 type illus- trated in Reeder (1988) and MacMillan (1965). Reeder (1988:343) refers to this type as King's Corner Notched. In Curry et al. ( 1 985 : 1 3 7) this point is similar to subclass 30.2 with a suggested temporal affiliation of Middle Woodland to early Late Wood- land. While O'Brien and Wood (1998:234) indicate that King's Corner Notched is poorly dated, they lean toward a Late Woodland affiliation. Just over 64 percent of the material was recov- ered from the surface or the initial 10 cm below sur- face (Table 9). Included in this total are the two Late Archaic period projectile points and one of the Late Woodland points recovered. These materials are, aside from the surface collected artifacts, from both A and E horizons. Thirty-five percent of the artifacts were recovered from E horizon deposits, between 10 cm and 30 cm below surface (Table 9). Included in this total is a single Late Woodland period projectile point. Finally, five artifacts, from a single subsurface test (# 60), were recovered in the B/E horizon be- tween 30 cm and 40 cm below surface. Clearly, this site contains a large number of artifacts and perhaps can be characterized as a fairly dense concentration. The subsurface tests suggest the presence of intact, artifact-bearing, E horizon deposits with a significant amount of cultural material. Unfortunately, the strati- graphic positioning of the projectile points may indi- cate that Late Woodland and Late Archaic deposits are poorly separated at this site, most likely due to a lack of soil deposition between occupations. Never- theless, this site is part of a potentially significant cluster of open-air, closed, cairn, and petroglyph sites located on the same upland ridge. Given the proximity of 23PU745 to other potentially signifi- cant sites within this site complex and the likelihood of intact deposits, it is recommended as potentially eligible for the NRHP. Phase II evaluation should be designed to determine the period and nature of occu- Table 9. Depth, Soil Horizon, and Number of Arti- facts Recovered from 23PU745. Level Soil Horizon Number of Artifacts Surface 137 0-10 cm A andE 375 10-20 cm E 251 20-30 cm E 29 30-40 cm B/E 5 Note: Depth provenience is not available for three artifacts. pation at this site, as well as the integrity and vertical separation of deposits. Finally, its relationship to the nearby sites discussed above should be explored. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 18 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 335 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Doniphan very cherty silt loam, 3—9 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located on the eastern edge of an upland ridge within the south parcel of the Roubidoux Creek Tract (Figure 47). Isolate 97-93; AOS 18 is located 150 m east of 23PU724. Immedi- ately east of the isolate the bluff begins a steep de- scent to the Roubidoux Creek floodplain, with the main channel located 350 m to the east. The area is covered by a mixed oak-hickory forest with a light under story. A military road that curves to the south is 5 m north and 5 m east of the isolate. The isolate consists of one broken flake found in a subsurface test at 10 cm below surface. Bracketing subsurface tests were negative, and no material was found on the surface of the nearby military road. This isolate is recommended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered and the absence of intact deposits at this locale. No addi- tional investigations are recommended. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 93 Figure 47. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 18. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 27 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 287 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Kickapoo fine sandy loam, 0-3 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located on a T-3 terrace within the central parcel of the Roubidoux Creek Tract (Figure 31). The bluff face is approximately 100 m to the north while a drainage (slough channel) of Roubidoux Creek runs at the base of the bluff. The main channel of Roubidoux Creek is 500 m south of this isolate and an intermittent drainage is to the east. Isolate 97-93; AOS 27 is located 30 m east of 23PU73 1 . The area is covered by a second-growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. The iso- late, consisting of two broken flakes, was found in two adjacent subsurface tests to 50 cm below sur- face. Bracketing subsurface tests were negative as were adjacent deep auger tests. This isolate is recom- mended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered at this locale. No additional investigations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 30 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5* Elevation: 280 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located on a T-4 terrace within the northern parcel of the survey tract (Figure 48). The bluff face and a military road are approxi- mately 75 m to the south while intermittent drainages define this terrace to the north, east, and west. Rou- bidoux Creek is 200 m to the north. The area is covered by an open floodplain forest with a moderate under story. The isolate, consisting of one tertiary 94 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri AOS 30, 33 (I.F.) KEY ■ — Site Limits Positive Posthole Test Negative Posthole Test Positive Auger Test m 40 Wooded /Floodplain Forest o/( • \c> os N°AOS30 -to **e Figure 48. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 30 and 97-93; AOS 33. flake and one piece of block shatter, was found to 30 cm below surface in two subsurface tests. Bracketing subsurface tests were negative. This isolate is recom- mended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered at this locale. No additional investigations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 33 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5* Elevation: 280 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find, located on the same T-4 ter- race as isolate 97-93; AOS 30, is within the northern parcel of the Roubidoux Creek Tract (Figure 48). The bluff face and a military road are approximately 75 m to the south while intermittent drainages define this terrace to the north, east, and west. Roubidoux Creek is 200 m to the north. The area is covered by an open floodplain forest with a moderate under story. The isolate, located 30 m southwest of isolate 97-93; AOS 30, consists of a single tertiary flake found at 1 15-125 cm below surface during the exca- vation of an auger test. Bracketing subsurface tests were negative. This isolate is recommended as ineli- gible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered at this locale. No additional inves- tigations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 38 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 268 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Nolin silt loam Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located on a T-5 terrace within the central parcel of the Roubidoux Creek Tract (Figure 38). The bluff face is approximately 1 00 m to the south while a drainage (slough channel) Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 95 of Roubidoux Creek is 70 m to the south. The main channel of Roubidoux Creek is 150 m north of this isolate. Isolate 97-93; AOS 38 is located 60 m west of 23PU737. The area is covered by a second-growth floodplain forest with a dense under story. The iso- late, consisting of two broken flakes, was found in two adjacent subsurface tests to 40 cm below sur- face. Bracketing subsurface tests were negative as were adjacent deep auger tests. This isolate is recom- mended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered at this locale. No additional investigations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 42 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 302 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Clarksville-Gepp very cherty silt loams, 14-35 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located on an upland rem- nant in the Roubidoux Creek floodplain in the cen- tral parcel of the survey tract (Figure 49). The east- ern survey tract boundary, coinciding with a gravel road, is approximately 100 m to the east while Rou- bidoux Creek is 300 m to the south. The formation is defined by intermittent drainages to the north and south that intersect to the west at the base of the formation. This landform also forms a quite notice- able elevation rise. This isolate is 60 m southwest of 23PU613, a low density lithic site reported by Ahler and Albertson (1996). The area is covered by a floodplain forest with a dense under story. The iso- late, a single rough biface tip fragment, was found at 0-10 cm below surface in a subsurface test. Bracket- ing tests were negative. This isolate is recommended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered at this locale. No addi- tional investigations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 43 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 268 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Kickapoo fine sandy loam, 0-3 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located on an alluvial fan in the central parcel of the Roubidoux Creek Tract (Figure 50). The bluff face is approximately 35 m to the south while a drainage (slough channel) of Rou- bidoux Creek is 10 m to the north. The alluvial fan is defined by the drainage to the north and east, T-4 and T-7 terraces to the west, and a steep upland slope to the south. A military road is to the west. The area is covered by an open floodplain forest with a moderate under story. The isolate, a single bifacial thinning flake, was found at 30-40 cm below surface in a subsurface test. Bracketing subsurface tests were negative. This isolate is recommended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of arti- facts recovered at this locale. No additional investi- gations are recommended. Site Number: 97-93; AOS 47 USGS Quadrangle: Bloodland 7.5' Elevation: 283 m asl Site Type: Isolated Find Soil Type: Kickapoo fine sandy loam, 0-3 percent slopes Component(s): Unknown Prehistoric Recommendation: Not Eligible This isolated find was located on a T-3 terrace within the central parcel of the Roubidoux Creek Tract (Figure 5 1 ). The bluff face is approximately 40 m to the north while one branch of Roubidoux Creek is 150 m to the west. The terrace formation is de- fined by intermittent drainages to the north, east, and west, and forms a quite noticeable elevation rise. The area is covered by an open floodplain forest with a moderate under story of stinging nettle. The isolate, a single tertiary flake, was found between 40 cm and 50 cm below surface during the excavation of an auger test. Bracketing subsurface tests were negative. This isolate is recommended as ineligible for the NRHP based on the limited number of artifacts recovered at this locale. No additional investigations are recommended. 96 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri AOS 42 (I.F.) KEY - — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test m 20 ° Datum yf$o gg BE Pasture 23PU613Area Ridge Crest : O Figure 49. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 42. ^0? AOS 43 (I.F.) KEY - — » Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test Figure 50. Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 43. Site Inventory and Artifact Analysis 97 Bluff Edge' ":■"' 1 \ 1 / / / \ 1 \ / o o Datum £ "V V »1) e | 1 1 1 \ 1 \ 1 \ \ AOS 47 (I.F.) 1 I \ Slope KEY — — Site Limits • Positive Posthole Test o Negative Posthole Test \ \ \ \ e Negative Auger Test \ \ o \ \ m 20 \ \ \ \ Figure 51 . Sketch Map of 97-93; AOS 47. CHAPTER 7. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Phase I archaeological investigations conducted at Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation were designed to comply with federal cultural resource regulations and to acquire data to enable basic re- search on the prehistory and history of the area. These two goals, while combined during the field- work stage of the project, differ in the uses of col- lected data. The compliance objective was met, and the relevant data are presented in Chapter 6 and Appendix C. Management summary and recommen- dations are provided in Chapter 8. This chapter examines the same data from a research perspective. Initially it must be recognized that the locations examined were based on Fort Leonard Wood man- agement needs, and are, therefore, not necessarily locations representative of specific cultural resource zones. Recognizing the limitations of the data, how- ever, it is still possible to address a number of topics with the data collected from this and previous pro- jects. First, an overview of the results of the current survey is presented. Then, three topics are discussed in greater detail: settlement patterns, cultural chro- nology, and predictive model assessment. The dis- cussion presented here draws from all 43 identified sites and isolated finds discussed in the previous chapter. Overview of Results Big Piney Tract The Big Piney Tract, which occupies an area of 857 acres, is situated in the Interior Uplands cultural resource zone. A total of seven newly identified sites, isolates, and previously recorded sites was located in this tract. Six of the sites are located on upland ridges, while one site is located on the flood- plain of McCourtney Hollow. The survey results yield an average of 0.8 sites per 100 acres, which is similar to previous surveys in the Interior Uplands (Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996). Most surveys in the Interior Uplands have averaged 1 site or fewer per 100 acres surveyed. One exception to this pattern is the survey of the EQR Tract reported by Ahler and McDowell (1993). This density is somewhat mis- leading as 75 percent of the locations reported from the EQR were isolates. As noted in Kreisa, McDowell, et al. (1996), lower site identification rates are often associated with tracts containing large portions of uplands. Survey of the Big Piney Tract resulted in the identification of five previously reported historic sites and two newly identified prehistoric isolates. Average site size for the isolates is less than 1 m 2 , while the historic sites average 10,940 m 2 . The two prehistoric isolates average 70 m from unnamed intermittent streams while the historic sites average 430 m from unnamed intermittent streams or the McCourtney Hollow stream. The prehistoric sites had an average of one artifact from one artifact class per site. The averages for historic sites are not pre- sented here due to differences in collection tech- niques between prehistoric and historic sites. West Cantonment Tract This tract is located within the Lower Roubidoux cultural resource zone in the northwest part of the base. The West Cantonment Tract consists of 2,076 acres east of Roubidoux Creek. Seven of the sites are located on upland ridges while one site is on an intermittent stream terrace. The survey resulted in the location of eight new and previously recorded sites and isolates, for an average of 0.4 sites per 100 acres. This is less than the averages obtained during two Joint Use Tract surveys previously completed in the Lower Roubidoux cultural resource zone (Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan et al. 1996). It is more similar to the Lead Mine Tract (McGowan 1996), although no sites were identified during that survey. Average prehistoric site size in the West Cantonment Tract is 716 m 2 , while average size for historic sites is 2,875 m 2 . 99 100 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri The sites and isolates in the West Cantonment Tract consist of three open-air prehistoric sites, three historic sites, and two prehistoric isolated finds. Prehistoric sites located in this tract average 232 m from intermittent streams, while the average for historic sites is 507 m 2 to Ballard Hollow or an un- named intermittent stream. The average number of artifacts per prehistoric site is 3.2 with 1.8 artifact classes. Two previous surveys of Joint Use Tracts in the Lower Roubidoux cultural resource zone (Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan et al. 1996) yielded averages over 15 artifacts per site, while a third survey of the Lead Mine Tract (McGowan 1996) failed to identify any sites, or even isolated artifacts. Clearly, the West Cantonment Tract is more similar to the Lead Mine Tract than it is to the two Joint Use Tracts. The differences in site and artifact density appear to be due to the presence of floodplain terraces of Roubidoux Creek within the Joint Use Tracts, while the Lead Mine and West Cantonment Tracts are comprised almost entirely of upland ridges. Roubidoux Creek Tract This tract is within the Upper Roubidoux cultural resource zone within the southwest corner of the base and is both east and west of Roubidoux Creek. The survey tract consisted of 578 acres. The survey resulted in the identification of 28 newly identified sites, isolates, and previously recorded sites, or an average of 4.8 sites per 100 acres. Aside from the McCann Cemetery Tract (Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996), this represents the greatest density of sites located during surveys of Upper Roubidoux cultural resource zone tracts. This disparity may be due to a number of causes. For one, survey tracts such as the South Roubidoux (Adams 1997), Cookeville (Ad- ams 1997), North/South Roubidoux (Ahler and McDowell 1993), and Southern Joint Use (Mc- Gowan et al. 1996) tended to have limited flood- plain/terrace acreage. The floodplain acreage present in these surveys also tended to represent terrace formations that were spatially limited. Aside from this, the current survey implements a more rigorous floodplain/terrace testing program that investigated larger formations. McCann Cemetery (Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996) also had limited floodplain formations but did include a large upland ridge overlooking Roubidoux Creek. A complex consist- ing of a large number of sites was present on this ridge, accounting for the high density of sites located in the tract. The newly identified sites consist of 19 prehis- toric sites, 1 previously identified historic site, and 8 prehistoric isolates. Both sites and isolates tend to be closer to intermittent drainages or sloughs than to Roubidoux Creek, with mean distances of 1 14 m and 1 68 m, respectively. The historic site is located 80 m from an intermittent stream. Average site size is 10,281 m 2 and average 57 artifacts per site. The mean number of artifact categories is four per site. These figures are somewhat skewed by three large sites located in this tact. The average number of artifacts per site is also greater than that documented for any of the other Upper Roubidoux cultural re- source zone tract surveyed to date, and the distance to water is closer than any of the other Upper Roubidoux cultural resource zone tract surveyed to date as well. This appears to be partially a function of the location of the tracts themselves as well as idiosyncratic characteristics of the sites. Summary The sites located within the Big Piney, West Cantonment, and Roubidoux Creek Tracts reinforce a number of patterns previously noted at Fort Leon- ard Wood. While varying in details, these patterns are most probably associated with adaptation to specific physiographic characteristics of the survey tracts. Prehistoric sites are located near water sources, averaging less than 250 m in all tracts. For most sites, the closest water is an intermittent stream, hollow creek, or floodplain slough. For historic sites, aside from 23PU510 in the Roubidoux Creek tract, average distance to water is over 400 m and suggests the use of wells as the main water source. Isolated finds tend to be closer to intermittent drainages, except for those found in the south portion of the Roubidoux Creek Tract. The tendency for isolates to occur away from major streams reflects an expedient use of such locations including the potential that their use or occupation does not depend on access to water. In contrast, sites which can probably be inter- Discussion of Results 101 preted as base camps or seasonal resource-specific field camps would have required access to water due to longer spans of occupation by larger groups. Sites also are clustered on upland ridges, ridge crests, and terrace remnants. Evidently, this locational prefer- ence appears due in part to ease of access to a num- ber of different resource zones, including the flood- plain and uplands, as well as minimizing the impact of flooding. Settlement Patterns In Chapter 4, relevant research issues regarding settlement patterns were discussed. The research design and previous investigations have tended to concentrate on the analysis of a number of measur- able site attributes, including distance to water, site size, artifact density, and artifact diversity, all of which are used to propose an inferred site function or site type. The basic tenet behind this line of analysis, typi- cally conceived as an operationalization of Binford's (1980) hunter-gatherer site types, is that larger sites, with dense artifact concentrations and located close to water are base camps, while smaller sites, with fewer artifacts and often located away from water, are field camps (Ahler and McDowell 1993; Moffat et al. 1989; Niquette 1984, 1985; Niquette et al. 1983). Research also has indicated that survey tracts close to water tend to have dense concentrations of sites containing multiple site types (McGowan 1996:86; see also Adams 1997; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996). These concentrations have been termed neighborhoods (Ahler and McDowell 1993) and more recently site complexes (Ahler et al. 1996, 1997). In contrast, site density and the number of different site types present decreases away from water, especially in the Interior Uplands, most proba- bly due to more infrequent, although perhaps spe- cialized, use of upland resources (Ahler and McDowell 1993; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan 1996). It has also been noted that these trends may have changed through time (Ahler and McDowell 1993). The analysis presented here examines the pro- posed relationships discussed above using data col- lected from the newly identified sites and isolated finds located within the three survey tracts investi- gated during the current project. Data from previ- ously reported sites are not included, given potential differences in site recordation, artifact recovery, and artifact analysis between investigators. For the newly identified sites and isolates, data on site size, land- form location, proximity to water, artifact density (i.e., number of artifacts recovered) and artifact diversity were collected. The data then were com- pared across the three resource zones investigated. Historic sites, prehistoric cairns, and two prehistoric sites are not included in the analysis. These sites are not included due to differences in data collected. Results of previous surveys at Fort Leonard Wood indicate that sites are most likely to occur within 500 m of major stream valleys (Ahler and Albertson 1996; Ahler and McDowell 1993; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996). This pattern is true of the Roubidoux Creek Tract, where all sites are located either in or within 500 m of the valley. The Big Piney Tract was not located within 500 m of a major stream valley, suggesting that few prehistoric sites should be present. This prediction was confirmed in that only two isolated finds were located in the tract. The West Cantonment Tract, in contrast, did contain a number of sites/isolates located more than 500 m from a major stream valley. In that tract, four of five sites are located more than 500 m from a major stream valley. Two of these four sites are isolates. It should be remembered that the four sites/isolates located more than 500 m from a major stream valley is a small number given the large size of the tract itself, and that relatively little acreage in this tract is located within 500 m of a major stream valley in this survey tract. All but one of the Historic period sites, 23PU5 10, are located more than 500 m from a major stream valley. The relationship between site size and distance to water is typically predicted to be an inverse relation- ship, with larger sites closer to water sources. The rationale for this relationship is that large sites are generally interpreted to represent longer or denser population loci. Recent surveys (e.g., Adams 1997; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996) suggest that the 102 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri relationship is somewhat more complex. Both pro- jects cited here have demonstrated that small sites/ isolates are located continuously across the land- scape regardless of distance to water, while in gen- eral, larger sites are closer to water. These trends were reconfirmed by the data generated during the current survey (Figure 52). Smaller sites, generally less than 5,000 m 2 in area, are continuously distrib- uted across the landscape in relationship to water sources. In contrast, larger sites, in this case all 10,000 m 2 or larger, do tend to be closer to water, generally being 200 m or less from a water source. The one exception to this is 23PU725, a medium density lithic scatter located along the crest of a ridge in the central portion of the Roubidoux Creek Tract. This site may have been closer to a now abandoned channel of Roubidoux Creek during the period of its occupation than it is to the current creek channel. Based on the previous suggested relationship between site size and distance to water, it is also expected that an inverse relationship will exist be- tween distance to water and number of artifacts, and distance to water and number of artifact classes. Once again, this expectation is based on the pre- sumption that large sites represent longer or denser population loci and that these will be located close to permanent water sources. Past surveys (e.g., Adams 1997; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996) have indicated a greater diversity in these relationships than is pre- dicted. For the current survey, there does appear to be an inverse relationship between artifact density, artifact diversity, and distance to water. In general, sites with large numbers of artifacts (100 or more) are close to water, while those with fewer artifacts can be either close to or away from a water source (Figure 52). In addition, while sites with large num- bers of artifact classes are close to water, two appear to deviate (Figure 53). These sites, 23PU723 and 23PU725, may once again have been closer to a now abandoned channel of Roubidoux Creek during the period of their occupation than they are to the cur- rent creek channel. In contrast, sites with few artifact classes can be either close to or away from a water source. Finally, the relationship between site size and number of artifact classes was examined. Similar to the previously discussed rationale, large sites are expected to represent longer or denser population loci and hence to be associated with increased num- bers of artifact classes due to a greater diversity of tasks undertaken by inhabitants. Adams (1997) found relatively little relationship between these two variables. The current survey suggests a strong in- verse relationship between these two variables (Fig- ure 53). Larger sites (5,000 m 2 or more) have the largest number of artifact classes, while smaller sites have five or fewer classes present. To briefly summarize, general trends in site size and location, and artifact density and diversity are apparent in the three survey tracts. In general, sites are located close to large streams, when present, and the closest sites tend to be larger, both in terms of overall size and artifact density. Artifact diversity also is greater at sites near major streams. Deviations from these trends appear associated with local phys- iographic conditions, perhaps related to stream chan- nel movement. These patterns appear related to two causes. First, larger sites with high artifact density and diversity can be attributed to longer periods of occupation, larger populations, and greater diversity of activities at these locales. These sites are inter- preted to be base camps. Second, a number of smaller sites located near major streams also have increased artifact density and diversity. Such sites may have functioned as field camps. It would appear that field camps were situated near major streams to exploit more, perhaps seasonally, dependable re- sources than those located away from major streams. Major stream valleys tend to contain a more diverse array and greater quantity of resources. Field camps near major streams would have been more frequently occupied and used to access a greater variety of resources. This would account for sites interpreted as field camps near major streams that have unusually dense concentrations of material and diverse artifact assemblages. Classic examples of such sites at Fort Leonard Wood are rockshelters and caves, which generally have been interpreted as seasonal field camps (Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Kreisa 1995; Kreisa, Walz, et al. 1996; see also Brown 1984). While a relatively large amount of data is available about the function of rockshelters and caves, the above data suggest that open-air sites Discussion of Results 103 q Big Piney ♦ West Cantonment 40000 - b Roubidoux Creek a 30000 - H Q> V) 20000 - 0) *•* 10000 - a . - ■ " - MBf OB ¥ * T T 1 100 200 300 400 500 Distance to Water (m) 500- (B O u ! c a 400 - » 300 H 200 H B 1 1 ■ B B (0 Q 100- I-" .j ." B B 1 1 ■ 1 ' i 100 200 300 Number of Artifacts Figure 52. Scatter Plots of Relationship Between Site Size and Number of Artifacts and Distance to Water. 104 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri q Big Piney ♦ West Cantonment w 4> 0> 0) CO o 14 - 12- 10 - ■ Roubidoux Creek ■ (0 < 8- 6- D D ■ o ■ ■ D D ■ « .Q E 3 4- a ♦ a a an ♦ ■ 2- ■ IB z ■■deb ■ a a a ♦ , . i i i ■ i ■ i 100 200 300 400 500 Distance to Water (m) 40000 - ■ 30000 - ■ a) 20000 - CO ■ 0) to 10000 - ■ : i 0- n 1 B ■ ■ ■■*¥■! « 1 ■ 1 ' 1 ' 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Number of Artifact Classes Figure 53. Scatter Plots of Relationship Between Number of Artifact Classes to Distance to Water and Number of Artifact Classes to Site Size. Discussion of Results 105 served similar functions in the Fort Leonard Wood area, perhaps being occupied during different sea- sons to exploit a separate suite of resources. Kreisa, McDowell, et al. (1996) have interpreted the settlement pattern data as indicating a general dichotomy in settlement and site function at Fort Leonard Wood. This pattern can be characterized as valley oriented and uplands oriented patterning. Valley oriented sites occur in dense clusters, termed neighborhoods or site complexes (e.g., Ahler et al. 1996), and include a wide variety of site types. Up- lands oriented sites are more dispersed and are fur- ther from major streams and may represent a more restricted range of site types and functions. Exam- ples of upland oriented sites are those prehistoric sites and isolates found during the present project in the Big Piney Tract and, aside from 23PU722 (a possible cairn site), the West Cantonment Tract. One example of a coherent site cluster was identi- fied during the present survey. This cluster, located in the central portion of the Roubidoux Creek Tract, includes sites on an upland peninsula and those on floodplain terraces that surround the landform on three sides. Evidence appears to suggest temporal contemporaneity among the sites, at least within particular time periods, and the presence of a wide diversity of site types. Six sites are located on the peninsula and include a cave and a rockshelter, a cairn, a petroglyph site, and two open-air sites. A second rockshelter is present at the base of the pen- insula bluff slope. Late Woodland components are present at the cave and two rockshelters, one of the open-air sites, and are presumed at the cairn and petroglyph sites. The two open-air sites are large (16.2 and 1.2 ha in size) and have large artifact assemblages (800 and 71 artifacts) with a fairly diverse number of artifact types (12 and 9, respec- tively). Both appear to represent habitation sites with long-term occupations. This grouping of sites is known as the Lohraff Complex. The floodplain terrace sites contrast with those situated on the upland peninsula. Eleven artifact- bearing locations were found in the surrounding floodplain, consisting of seven sites and four isolated finds. Leaving aside the isolates, the sites average 1,600 m 2 in size (with a median of only 875 m 2 ), average 15 artifacts recovered (with a median of 12), and average 3.7 artifact types (with a median of 4) per assemblage. A Late Woodland projectile point was found at one of the floodplain sites, suggesting some degree of contemporaneous occupation with sites on the upland peninsula. The contrast between the upland peninsula and terrace sites appears to be minimally twofold. First, and perhaps most interesting, is the diversity of site types present on the upland peninsula, as opposed to the general similarity of sites on the floodplain ter- race. Floodplain terrace sites can be characterized as generally small, with low artifact densities and low artifact assemblage diversity. It is interesting to note that the largest floodplain terrace site, 23PU73 1, at which a Late Woodland projectile point was found, appears to be associated with the rockshelter (23PU719) located at the base of the upland penin- sula. The two sites may represent different portions of a single site. The profile of the floodplain sites, perhaps aside from 23PU73 1, is suggestive of rela- tively short-term camps rather than longer term habitation sites. The upland peninsula sites are repre- sented by a coherent grouping of both longer term habitation sites and those associated with burial (cairn and cave and rockshelter sites) and cosmologi- cal (petroglyph site) aspects of Late Woodland popu- lations. It appears probable that the closed sites also represent a habitation locale in addition to their use as burial areas. Second, and alluded to in the discus- sion above, is the appearance of differences in inten- sity of occupation between the upland peninsula and floodplain terrace sites. The central portion of the Roubidoux Creek Tract represents a significant clustering of sites (Ahler et al. 1998:Figure 3). The presence of Late Archaic period projectile points, in addition to the Late Woodland projectile points and pottery discussed above, may indicate the presence of a rather long- term settlement pattern in the Fort Leonard Wood area. It also appears to represent a rather complete, coherent settlement system in miniature. Habitation sites (both open-air and closed), smaller short-term camps, burial sites (both cairns and closed), and an associated petroglyph site (only the third located at 106 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Fort Leonard Wood), are all located in the survey tract. Perhaps only an agricultural village, such as the nearby Feeler or Dead Deer sites, is missing from this settlement cluster. Continued investigation of this cluster of sites presents the opportunity to yield important information on the structure of prehistoric settlement in the Fort Leonard Wood area. Starting with the research at Fort Leonard Wood conducted by Niquette (1984, 1985; Niquette et al. 1983) and continued by researchers in the later 1980s and early 1990s (Ahler and McDowell 1993; Baumann and Markman 1993; Moffat et al. 1989), prehistoric settlement structure at Fort Leonard Wood has been interpreted in light of Binford's (1980) models of the "collector" hunter-gatherer strategy. In this model, group base camps are estab- lished from which smaller groups periodically depart to obtain needed resources. As resource distribution is well-known, placement of base camps and the periodically occupied field camps is designed to minimize transport costs. Many aspects of the Fort Leonard Wood settlement pattern, especially the clustering of sites, appear to conform to this model; however, Ahler et al. (1997) cogently argue against acceptance of or adherence to such idealized models, and that settlement patterns and systems of organiza- tion may show large amounts of variation. As an alternative to the Binfordian model, settle- ment may have instead been characterized by sea- sonal fragmentation of populations. In such a sce- nario, prehistoric groups coalesce at base camps during warm weather months, sending smaller par- ties to field camps on occasion to collect needed raw materials, much like the process described in the Binford (1980) "collector" hunter-gatherer strategy. These macrobands disperse, perhaps into family groups, during the winter. This slightly different model would account for the often dense middens with high artifact diversity found at the numerous caves and rockshe Iters of the region. Such a model has been proposed for a number of regions in north- ern Missouri, eastern Iowa, and southwestern Wis- consin along the, Mississippi River (Benn 1979; Stoltman 1990; Theler 1987). Similar to the Fort Leonard Wood region, these areas contain large base camps, smaller field camps, and rockshelters that were intensively occupied during cold weather months. Additional Phase II- level data from open-air base camps and field camps, along with caves and rockshelters, can be used to evaluate these compet- ing settlement models. Temporal Patterning Temporally diagnostic prehistoric projectile points were recovered at three locations and repre- sent the Late Archaic and Late Woodland periods. Of the six projectile points found in this survey, two date to the Late Archaic period, while the remainder are Late Woodland types. These data can be com- bined with data from previous surveys (e.g., Adams 1997) to further investigate prehistoric temporal, cultural, and spatial patterns at Fort Leonard Wood. Projectile point data from archaeological investi- gations conducted at Fort Leonard Wood between 1982 and 1996 have been recently summarized (Adams 1997) and indicate that mean elevation of find locations decreases with time. The data indicate a relatively sharp drop from the Dalton to Early Archaic period, followed by a slight increase in elevation with the Middle Archaic period. After the Middle Archaic, there is a more gradual decrease in mean elevation through the Late Woodland period. While the Late Archaic points recovered by the present survey were found higher than the mean elevation of 295 m asl reported for this period, the former are well within the range of values recorded for this period. On the other hand, the Late Wood- land points were recovered from elevations of 286 to 320 m asl, near the high end of the range of eleva- tions reported. It must be emphasized that the trend of decreasing elevation of find locations through time reported earlier is based on mean elevation values, and deviations from mean values are re- corded and are to be expected for all periods. The occurrence of the Late Archaic and Late Woodland sites recovered during this survey at rela- tively high elevations most likely reflects the unique geomorphological setting of the site locations. All of the points were found at three sites within close proximity to one another on the east side of Roubidoux Creek where the creek makes a sharp, Discussion of Results 107 hairpin bend around a prominent upland ridge with exposed bedrock bluffs. Such a setting represents a prime location for prehistoric settlement due to the close proximity of riverine and upland resources, and the exposed bedrock bluffs offer protected cave and rockshelter habitation sites. Such areas at Fort Leon- ard Wood have been designated as high probability zones for prehistoric settlement ( Ahler and Albertson 1996). Cultural Chronology Development and refinement of a local Fort Leonard Wood chronology remains a significant research goal (e.g. Ahler, Kreisa, McDowell, and McGowan 1995; Ahler, Kreisa, Theler et al. 1995; Ahler and McDowell 1993; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996; McGowan 1996). The overall development of a local chronology must be viewed as a long-term goal that will be achieved by adding to the local database. To accomplish this, chronologically sensi- tive data, typically diagnostic artifacts, must be re- covered. While chronology building is better ad- dressed through site testing and mitigation projects, Phase I survey results can document the presence of populations in the Fort Leonard Wood area during particular time periods. The current fieldwork has accomplished this task and, together with data recov- ered from previous surveys, can be incorporated into a brief analysis of cultural and temporal patterns in the Fort Leonard Wood area. Six temporally diagnostic projectile points were recovered at three locations and represent the Late Archaic (n=2) and Late Woodland periods (n=4). This conforms with the pattern reported in Adams (1997); diagnostic points from the Late Archaic/ Early Woodland and Late Woodland periods are most abundant at Fort Leonard Wood. These data can be combined with data from previous surveys (Adams 1997) to further investigate prehistoric temporal, cultural, and spatial patterns at Fort Leon- ard Wood. It has been demonstrated (Adams 1997) that at Fort Leonard Wood there is a gradual increase in the representation of temporally diagnostic projectile points until a peak is reached at the Late Ar- chaic/Early Woodland interval (Figure 54). After this there is a slight drop in the representation of Middle Woodland types, followed by a subtle increase by the Late Woodland interval. These data indicate that prehistoric occupation of the Fort Leonard Wood area increased gradually over time. A more refined picture of this pattern emerged when the data were weighted by calculating the number of occupations per 100 years (Figure 54). This produced a pattern similar to those reported by Reeder (1988) for the entire Gasconade Basin and Warren (1982) for the central Salt River drainage in northeastern Missouri. Paleoindian remains are rare in the entire Gasconade Basin, and Paleoindian projectile point types have yet to be found at Fort Leonard Wood. The available data indicate that occupation increased gradually from the Dalton period to the end of the Late Ar- chaic/Early Woodland period, after which the rate of occupation increased dramatically. Site Predictive Model Assessment As discussed in Chapter 3, a number of models predicting site densities and locations have been proposed for Fort Leonard Wood (e.g. Ahler and McDowell 1993; McNerney 1992; Moffat et al. 1989). Typically, these models have identified access to permanent sources of water as a primary determi- nant of both site location and site density. In these models, site locations were predicted to be most common within either 0.5 km or 1 .6 km of a perma- nent water source. Recently, Ahler and Albertson (1996) have completed a comprehensive analysis of site location based on a number of variables. Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analysis of a suite of variables, Ahler and Albertson (1996) have constructed preliminary models of site location for cairns, open-air sites, and enclosed sites (caves/ rockshelters). Each model identifies particular vari- ables that tend to correlate with human use (or non- use) of landforms. A visual model of site location probabilities, ranging from low to high potential, for each of these site types was produced. Such GIS models have widespread implications for both cul- tural resource management and settlement pattern research. 108 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Unweighted Frequencies of Prehistoric Sites (n=137) 40 - Urn V J3 E 3 z 25- 20- 15- 10- 5 - - Dal ton Early Middle Late Middle Late Archaic Archaic Arch/E Wood Wood Wood Period Dalton Weighted Frequencies of Prehistoric Sites (n=137) Period Figure 54. Temporal Change in Unweighted and Weighted Frequencies of Projectile Points by Time Period at Fort Leonard Wood. Discussion of Results 109 Models, as iterative constructs, are designed to be refined when additional data are available. A formal reevaluation of the predictive models for Fort Leon- ard Wood is beyond the scope of this project but can be conducted by personnel with access to databases and GIS map layers from which the original models were created. In a more preliminary manner, the site location data for the newly surveyed tracts docu- mented in this report can be used to evaluate the model of site location predictions constructed by Ahler and Albertson (1996). All three survey areas are a mosaic of high, me- dium, and low probability areas for cairns, caves/ rockshelters, and open-air prehistoric sites. The West Cantonment and Roubidoux Creek Tracts have a major waterway that traverses the survey tract; Roubidoux Creek is adjacent to the West Canton- ment Tract while the creek bisects the Roubidoux Creek Tract. The proximity of this waterway yields zones of high to medium probability for all three prehistoric site types. In contrast, no major waterway traverses the Big Piney Tract. In upland and secondary-tertiary stream settings, each present in the three survey tracts, site potential drops to me- dium to low. Newly recorded site locations were compared to the site probability maps generated by Ahler and Albertson (1996). The locations of newly recorded cairns corre- spond closely to the areas identified as having high potential for this site type. Cairns located by this survey were found in a high probability area in the West Cantonment Tract on the edge of a steep bluff overlooking Roubidoux Creek and in a high proba- bility area comprised of a prominent ridge sur- rounded on three sides by Roubidoux Creek. No cairns were found in the Big Piney Tract, which has a medium to low potential for these sites. Closed sites (e.g., rockshelters and caves) were expected along bluff faces overlooking waterways. Bluff faces overlooking Roubidoux Creek in the West Cantonment Tract were rated as having a high probability for such sites, but none were located. In contrast, the lack of a major waterway associated with the Big Piney Tract led to that area having a low potential for closed sites, and indeed none were located. High probability for closed sites character- izes the central and south portions of the Roubidoux Creek Tract. No closed sites were located in the south portion, but two rockshelters (one previously recorded) and a cave were located in the central tract. A wider range of variability was found for prehis- toric open-air sites, inclusive of both sites and iso- lated finds. Of the prehistoric sites and isolates lo- cated, 1 1 are found in areas of high probability, 2 in high to medium probability zones, 10 in medium probability zones, and 3 in medium to low probabil- ity zones. When analyzed by survey tract, a wider range of variation can be seen to exist (Table 10). In the Big Piney Tract, the two isolated find locations are both in medium probability zones. For 23 find locations in the Roubidoux Creek Tract, 13 fall within high probability zones, 2 are in high to me- dium zones, and 8 are in medium probability zones. No sites were found in low probability zones, sug- gesting that the model is relatively robust in areas with large floodplain expanses. For the West Can- tonment Tract, all three sites/isolates were located in areas characterized as either having medium to low potential. No sites were identified in low probability areas in any of the three survey tracts. Similar to other assessments of the Ahler and Albertson (1996) model (e.g., Adams 1997; Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996), the site location predictions appear to be relatively robust regarding open-air sites, especially when associated with large floodplain expanses. Areas characterized as having high to medium poten- tial do appear to contain either numerous sites or fewer but larger sites. In contrast, areas characterized as having medium to low potential typically have fewer, and smaller, sites. While most terrace formations, although not all, have a high probability for open-air sites, the current survey revealed that certain formations are more likely to contain prehistoric archaeological sites than are others (Table 1 1). Of the 20 prehistoric sites and isolates located on terrace formations (one site was found on two different formations and is thus counted twice), 12 were found on 16 of the T-4 and T-5 terrace formations surveyed. In other words, nearly every T-4 and T-5 terrace formation contained 1 1 Phase I Survey of 3, 511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Table 10. Distribution of Prehistoric Open- Air Sites by Probability Zone. High High ■Medium Medium Medium-Low Low Tract N % N % N % N % N % Big Piney 2 100 Cantonment 3 100 Roubidoux 13 56 2 9 8 35 1 Table 11. Terrace Site Density and Artifact Depth. Terrace Alloform Total Acreage Number of Sites Sites Per 100 Acres Depth of Artifacts (cm) Average Maximal T-2 184 0.0 T-3 20 2 10.0 50 50 T-4 24 5 20.8 64 125 T-5 28 7 25.0 78 110 T-6 18 3 16.7 35 50 T-7 40 1 2.5 50 50 Og 9 1 11.1 10 10 Alluvial Fan 9 1 11.1 40 40 an archaeological site. Three sites were located on the three T-6 terraces surveyed, although all were located on the same formation. Only five sites were located on the remaining 13 T-3, T-7, Og, and AF formations investigated. Average and maximal arti- fact depth also follows similar trends (Table 11). Both average and maximal artifact depth are greatest on T-4 and T-5 terraces, precisely those formations with the highest site densities. Average and maximal artifact depth do not vary greatly (given the small sample size) between the other terrace formations. Summary The basic survey goals at Fort Leonard Wood are similar to those addressed in most compliance sur- veys. Survey data are collected to identify locations that were used by people in the past. The locations and the assemblages left behind provide insight as to why the location was selected, what activities were carried out there, and when the activities were con- ducted. The basic themes fall into research areas of cultural chronology, settlement patterns, and settle- ment systems. This project has accomplished five goals. First, 3,511 acres were inventoried, with 36 previously unrecorded sites and isolated finds identified and seven previously recorded sites relocated. Second, the site locational and artifact assemblage data from those sites have been used to characterize settlement Discussion of Results 111 patterns within the tracts investigated and to relate those patterns to a wider discussion of prehistoric and historic settlement in the Fort Leonard Wood area. Third, temporal data from the prehistoric and historic sites investigated were discussed in terms of local chronology and culture history. Fourth, the newly identified site locations were compared with a GIS site locational model constructed for Fort Leon- ard Wood. The results suggest that the model is relatively robust, especially when used to character- ize the density distribution of open-air sites. Fifth, the data as a whole have been used to provide NRHP recommendations for individual sites. A more de- tailed discussion of this process follows in Chapter CHAPTER 8. SITE EVALUATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Phase I archaeological survey of 3,5 1 1 acres (1,421 ha) at Fort Leonard Wood resulted in docu- mentation of 43 sites and isolated finds. This total includes seven previously recorded sites and 36 newly identified sites and isolated finds. One previ- ously recorded prehistoric site could not be relo- cated. These sites and isolated finds are located in all three of the survey tracts and in different areas of the base. This chapter provides the rationale for the NRHP evaluations of the sites located during this project, a summary of those evaluations and recom- mendations for future archaeological investigations at these sites. Site Evaluation Criteria The primary goal of this project was to locate sites and provide an evaluation of their eligibility for listing in the NRHP. The eligibility criteria for ar- chaeological sites are described in 36CFR60. To be eligible, cultural resources must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, feeling, and association. Typically, archaeological sites are evalu- ated under Criterion D, which indicates that to be eligible, a site must have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important to prehistory or history. Historic sites could, through additional archival research, be evaluated under Criteria A and B, which indicate that a site can be eligible based on its associ- ation with a significant event or person, or Criterion C, for its design or construction value as a represen- tative of a particular technology or culture. Similarly, it is conceivable that rock cairns could be nominated under Criterion C as well as D. Sites can be evalu- ated under these criteria at the local, regional, or national level of significance. Eligible sites, because of their significance, are managed to protect their integrity and preserve their information content for the future. The results of Phase I archaeological surveys most often produce one of two evaluations for partic- ular sites: not eligible or potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Seldom is enough information obtained during a Phase I-level survey to yield an evaluation of eligibility for the NRHP, and such was the case during this project. These recommendations are then provided to state and federal historic preser- vation officials for official determinations of eligibil- ity (Butler 1987). A determination of not eligible indicates the site is not afforded protection under cultural resource laws, and no further work need be done (Butler 1987). An evaluation of potentially eligible indicates that further work is needed, most often in the form of Phase II archaeological testing of the site, and that the site should be protected as though it is eligible. The aim of this additional work is to acquire information to make a determination of whether the site is eligible or ineligible for listing in the NRHP. Federal legislation has mandated that four criteria (as mentioned above) be used when evaluating a site for inclusion in the NRHP. There has been less agreement, though, regarding the operational ization of these criteria among archaeologists (Briuer 1996; Briuer and Mathers 1996; Butler 1987; Peacock 1996; Scott 1996). Each site documented by this investigation was evaluated according to its integrity (presence intact deposits), function (number of arti- fact classes present), intensity of occupation (based on the number of artifacts recovered per 1 00 m 2 ), and rarity as a particular site type (most pertinent for cairns and petroglyphs), in order to evaluate its po- tential to yield information that is significant to our understanding of history or prehistory. Each attribute focuses on the likelihood of a site to provide infor- mation about the past. The greater the information potential, the greater the need for preservation or data recovery. Each site documented by this investi- gation was evaluated against these attributes, with a special emphasis placed on site integrity. The use of attributes to measure site significance has been advo- cated by a number of other researchers (Coastal Environments, Inc. 1979; Glassow 1977a, b; King et 113 114 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri al. 1977; Maslowski 1996; Noble 1987; Reed 1987; Scott 1996; Scovill et al. 1972; Stuart and Gauthier 1981; Tainter 1979; Wilson 1990). These concepts were operationalized slightly dif- ferently depending on site type. For the prehistoric open-air lithic scatters and cave/rockshelter sites, integrity of deposits, thickness of intact deposits, number of artifacts recovered from intact deposits, and the number of different artifact classes recovered were all taken into account. In general, sites with intact deposits that yielded fairly sizeable and di- verse artifact assemblages were deemed potentially eligible. Sites without intact deposits, or sites with thin intact deposits or with intact deposits that con- tained assemblages with few artifacts or low artifact diversity were generally considered not eligible. Pre- historic cairn sites were evaluated differently. These sites, representing loci of prehistoric burial and burial activity, have been heavily looted at Fort Leonard Wood. The extent of looting at most cairns indicates that this is an endangered site type. There- fore, all cairns are viewed as potentially eligible, and intact cairns, if any are present on base, should be considered eligible. Phase I evaluation of historic sites differs greatly from prehistoric sites in that data other than integrity and artifact density and diversity are readily avail- able to researchers. Among these are historic maps and the more specific temporal and functional pa- rameters of artifacts. Taken together, these data pro- vide a better understanding, at a Phase I-level of investigation, of site function and span of occupa- tion. Regarding the historic farmsteads/residences, site eligibility was determined with two different sources of data. First, site integrity was necessary. At Fort Leonard Wood, this meant that the site lacked evidence of massive earthmoving and that remnants of structures such as foundations, wells, cisterns, or structural depressions were present and appeared to be intact, based on surface observation. Subsurface data indicating potential midden or subsurface fea- tures also were considered. Second, once a prelimi- nary assignment of site type had been made, eligibil- ity potential was evaluated against the research themes outlined by Smith (1993). During the current survey, a number of farm- stead/residences and one site possibly associated with tie hacking were located. Pertinent themes and associated research questions that farmsteads could address include the expression of the Upland South Derivation in the Ozarks, intrasite settlement pat- terns, architectural signatures and potential folk con- struction techniques, substantiation of the archaeo- logical record associated with farmsteads, identifica- tion of trade networks and an estimation of the de- gree of isolation of individual farms, disposal pat- terns, recycling of material culture, and identification of ethnic or racial differences in many of the above listed research issues. Smith (1993) suggests that verification of tie hacking sites, as well as document- ing their nature, is a pertinent research issue. Phase II NRHP evaluation of historic sites should incorpo- rate the so-called ethnoarchaeo logical approach ad- vocated by Smith (1993). Included in this approach are conducting archival research, collecting oral his- tory, and conducting traditional archaeological field- work. In some instances, archival research and col- lection of oral history may indicate that a site is not eligible for the NRHP prior to conducting fieldwork. NRHP Eligibility Recommendations Using the above discussion as a guideline, the locations examined during this project have been evaluated for NRHP eligibility (Tables 12, 13, and 14). Nineteen of the sites are recommended as poten- tially NRHP eligible, including five from the Big Piney Tract (Table 12), one from the West Canton- ment Tract (Table 13), and thirteen from the Roub- idoux Creek Tract (Table 14). Overall, this yields a rate of 44 percent of the investigated sites and iso- lates being recommended as potentially eligible. Most of the sites recommended as potentially eligible (13 of 19, 68 percent) are located in the Roubidoux Creek Tract. This high rate of potentially eligible sites is a factor of the deep soil profiles, and poten- tially intact, buried deposits, located in the floodplain of Roubidoux Creek. Not all site types are recommended as potentially eligible at equal rates. All cairns and cave/rockshel- ter sites located are recommended as potentially Site Evaluations and Recommendations 115 Table 12. Summary NRHP Recommendations for Sites and Isolated Finds in the Big Piney Tract. Site Number AOS Number NRHP Evaluation Recommendation 23PU397 Previously Recorded Potentially Eligible Additional Archival Search 23PU398 Previously Recorded Potentially Eligible Additional Archival Search 23PU399 Previously Recorded Potentially Eligible Additional Archival Search 23PU501 Previously Recorded Potentially Eligible Additional Archival Search 23PU517 Previously Recorded Potentially Eligible Additional Archival Search Isolate AOS 3 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 4 Not Eligible No Further Work Table 13. Summary NRHP Recommendations for Sites and Isolated Finds in the West Cantonment Tract. Site Number AOS Number NRHP Evaluation Recommendation 23PU551 Previously Recorded Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU722 AOS1 Potentially Eligible Low Impact Phase II Evaluation 23PU727 AOS 21 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU728 AOS 22 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU729 AOS 24 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU730 AOS 25 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 2 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 23 Not Eligible No Further Work eligible. Nine of 26 open-air prehistoric sites (35 percent) are recommended as potentially eligible. Six of nine (67 percent) historic sites in the survey areas (23PU510, 23PU517, 23PU501, 23PU397, 23PU398, and 23PU399) have been recommended as poten- tially eligible. The six historic sites recommended as potentially eligible appear to have the potential to address a number of the research issues defined by Smith (1993) for farmsteads, as abstracted in the previous section. Archival research and collection of oral history appears to be the most appropriate initial data collection techniques for the NRHP evaluation of these sites. Based on the results of the archival research, appropriate field methods for additional research, if necessary, could be devised. The four sites recommended as not eligible either have been impacted by military activities or do not appear to have potential to address research issues as discussed by Smith (1993). Table 15 operational izes the site attributes dis- cussed above. It provides a measure of artifact den- sity, number of artifact classes present, whether intact deposits are present, and the time period of occupation. Data for cairns, caves and rockshelters, and historic sites are not presented. Data collection at these sites differed from prehistoric open-air sites to an extent that makes such comparisons meaningless. Fieldwork Recommendations All potentially NRHP-eligible sites are recom- mended for Phase II archaeological test investiga- 1 1 6 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Table 14. Summary NRHP Recommendations for Sites and Isolated Finds in the Roubidoux Creek Tract. Site Number AOS Number NRHP Evaluation Recommendation 23PU510 Previously Recorded Potentially Eligible Additional Archival Search 23PU723 AOS 5-16 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU724 AOS 17 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU725 AOS 19 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU726 AOS 20 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU731 AOS 26 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU732 AOS 28 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU733 AOS 29 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU734 AOS 31-32 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU735 AOS 34 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU736 AOS 36 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU737 AOS 37 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU738 AOS 39 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU739 AOS 40 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU740 AOS 41 Not Eligible No Further Work 23PU741 AOS 44 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU742 AOS 45 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU743 AOS 46 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU744 Lohraff Cave Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation 23PU745 AOS 35 Potentially Eligible Phase II Evaluation Isolate AOS 18 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 27 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 30 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 33 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 38 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 42 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 43 Not Eligible No Further Work Isolate AOS 47 Not Eligible No Further Work tions to determine eligibility. Procedures considered critical to the evaluation of these sites include the documentation of topographic and stratigraphic site conditions as well as the collection of environmental, historical, functional, and temporal site data. Oper- ationalizing these procedures would include the definition of site boundaries, preparation of a site plan and topographic map, and the excavation of test units in an attempt to evaluate site integrity and determine period of occupation. Aside from these basic tasks, opportunities for the collection of unique sets of data exist at the four site types, cairns, caves/rockshelters, open-air prehistoric, and historic sites, located during the present survey and recom- mended as potentially eligible. As discussed earlier, cairns are a unique and sensitive site type at Fort Leonard Wood. Earlier investigations, along with looting, have established their role as mortuary facilities. Because of this, cairns have been subject to widespread looting, and few, if any, remain completely intact, although previ- Site Evaluations and Recommendations 117 Table 15. Comparison of Selected Site Attributes at Open-Air Sites. Artifacts/ Number of Presence of Period of Site 100 m 2 Artifact Classes Intact Deposits Occupation NRHP Recommendation 23PU723 0.2 8 Yes Prehistoric Potentially Eligible 23PU724 0.3 3 No Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU725 0.6 9 Yes Prehistoric Potentially Eligible 23PU726 0.3 4 No Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU727 1.6 4 No Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU728 0.4 3 No Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU731 0.9 5 Yes LW Potentially Eligible 23PU732 6.0 2 Yes Prehistoric Potentially Eligible 23PU733 1.5 3 Yes Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU734 0.6 2 Yes Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU736 1.9 3 Yes Prehistoric Potentially Eligible 23PU737 2.0 2 Yes Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU738 0.3 4 Yes Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU740 2.0 3 Yes Prehistoric Not Eligible 23PU741 0.5 5 Yes Prehistoric Potentially Eligible 23PU742 1.2 12 Yes Prehistoric Potentially Eligible 23PU743 0.7 8 Yes Prehistoric Potentially Eligible 23PU745 0.8 16 Yes LA/LW Potentially Eligible Note: LA=Late Archaic, LW=Late Woodland. ous investigations (Niquette 1984; Niquette et al. 1983) have demonstrated that some structural integ- rity and human remains are present in some looted cairns. These two factors, association with human remains and impacts from looting, create special difficulties for NRHP evaluation and management of these sites. Phase II excavations of cairns would potentially yield human remains. Excavations would have to be coordinated with the Missouri SHPO and interested Native American tribal authorities. Investi- gations and artifact disposal would have to conform to Native American Graves Protection and Repatria- tion Act (NAGPRA) regulations. Alternatively, and more preferable, these sites could be determined eligible for the NRHP based on their unique charac- teristics such as their rarity and association with Late Woodland site clusters. In that case, Phase II investi- gations should be confined to preparing a site plan and topographic map and a review of extant docu- mentation of the site. The most economical method of nominating this site type would be through the Multiple Property Listing format of the NRHP. Phase II investigations at 23PU722, a possible cairn site, should be conducted to verify a prehistoric period of construction for the two rock features located. Because of the above-stated concerns, a low impact investigation should be designed. The cave and rockshelter sites at Fort Leonard Wood often possess unique attributes absent in the open-air prehistoric sites. Previous excavations at these sites have identified stratified deposits with well-preserved botanical and faunal assemblages. Radiocarbon assays have been run on charcoal from the deposits, yielding important chronological data. Often, Late Woodland components containing ce- ramics are present at this site type. Few open-air sites have these attributes. Excavations should be con- ducted in such a manner to identify and sample potentially intact, stratified deposits. Phase II investi- gations at these sites should be designed to include the collection and analysis of botanical and faunal 118 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri remains and the assay of radiocarbon samples. Data from such excavations can be used to address re- search questions including assessing the local prehis- toric chronology, site function, subsistence, season of occupation, environmental change, and relation- ships with nearby open-air sites. Open-air prehistoric sites are widely variable in size, density of artifacts, diversity of artifacts, depth of intact deposits, landscape position, and proximity to water, among other attributes. As such, it has been widely viewed that these open-air sites represent a number of different site types, from large base camps to smaller, seasonally occupied field camps to single occupations. As such, no single strategy for investi- gation can be offered here. Instead, it should be emphasized that a sample of this wide range of vari- ability needs to be gathered in order to collect data on all site types associated with prehistoric settle- ment systems. Aside from reemphasizing the need to conduct those basic tasks discussed above, specific research designs should be formulated based on the unique characteristics of each open-air site to be investigated. One issue that can be applied to all floodplain/terrace sites is testing the site type/tempo- ral model proposed by Albertson et al. (1995) for the various landforms. Finally, Phase II investigations at historic sites can be oriented towards testing the Upland South model of site location and function, and associated research issues discussed above, as proposed by Smith (1993). Phase II investigations should include attempts to determine chronological placement, the nature of the occupation (i.e., whether single or multiple component), and the function of the site in the local settlement system. Prior to any fieldwork, a thorough documentary review should be conducted. This should include a review of available historic maps, aerial photographs, and minimally census and title records. Effort also should be expended to deter- mine whether additional records or oral histories concerning the occupation of the site are available. Fieldwork should be designed to identify potential subsurface features. This could include the excava- tion of close- interval shovel probes in a grid pattern or the opportunistic excavation of shovel probes based on the location of above ground structural features. Finally, test units should be placed to inves- tigate subsurface and surface features, if located. Recovery of artifacts from features, in conjunction with historical documentation, will generate Phase II data by which to evaluate the Upland South model proposed by Smith (1993), among other research issues. One factor that must be considered in the recom- mendations presented here is that all sites recom- mended as potentially eligible should be treated as though they are eligible until Phase II investigations have been completed. This means that each of these locations must be managed to insure that the integ- rity of the site is not compromised. Mechanisms need to be established to keep these locations from being impacted by earth-disturbing activities associ- ated with the training mission of Fort Leonard Wood and with illegal looting activities. Overall, the best strategy is to test sites as quickly as possible to clearly identify those sites in need of long-term man- agement. Bias Assessment and Metadata The federal government has long been involved in conducting archaeological research to protect and preserve the heritage of the United States. Over time the process of procuring archaeological research services has become more structured with defined expectations on how the research should be done, what data should be collected, and what the expected outcome of the research will be. However, the vari- able nature of the archaeological record makes highly rigid contract specifications impractical. Con- tracts need to provide researchers with flexibility to adjust to variable field conditions in order to ade- quately address, evaluate, and document the cultural resource base. The need for flexibility and for con- trol of the overall research process has created a paradox of how to identify and manage significant sites in a cost effective manner. To address this ques- tion the Department of the Army sponsored a study through the Legacy Resource Management Program with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Construc- tion Engineering Research Laboratories to examine survey standards and develop improved cost-estima- Site Evaluations and Recommendations 119 tion procedures. One outcome of the study was a set of recommendations directed at standardizing the approach, reporting, and contracting procedures for archaeological surveys (Zeidler 1995). Central to this report was the call for reporting of data about data or metadata. The metadata concept seeks to provide relevant information on physical variables and levels of effort needed to complete the data collection and reporting tasks. These metadata document how the data were obtained. Areas specified as important to federal managers include the need for explicit site definitions, discussions of methodological biases, the impact of biases on results, and the level of effort needed to accomplish project tasks. The ultimate goal is to provide managers with tools to better eval- uate and compare results and to develop future scopes of work. This section provides a bias assess- ment and field metadata for a Phase I archaeological survey at Fort Leonard Wood. Additional metadata regarding preparation of the project research design, monthly reports, manager's report, site forms, draft and final report, artifact processing, and artifact analysis, are presented in Appendix D. Project Parameters The research project involved the survey of 3,5 1 1 acres in three distinct survey tracts at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The three survey tracts were the Roubidoux Creek Survey Tract (578 acres), the Big Piney Survey Tract (857 acres), and the West Can- tonment Survey Tract (2,076 acres). Research con- ducted included archival, field, and laboratory com- ponents. The principal research technique was the excavation of screened posthole tests at 20-m inter- vals across the survey tracts where surface visibility was less than 30 percent or where slopes were less than 20 percent in the uplands. Differing levels of intensity of subsurface testing were employed in the floodplain sections surveyed, depending on terrace formation type. These levels of effort were discussed in Chapter 3, Table 2. The objective was to locate and report archaeological sites. The operational definition of a site was locations where three or more artifacts occurred within a 20-m diameter. Locations with cultural material falling below the site threshold criteria were recorded as isolated finds. Level of Field Effort The Phase I Archaeological Survey of 3,511 acres at Fort Leonard Wood in 1998 included a four step process from project initiation to project conclu- sion. The first step in the project was to become familiar with the nature of the project and the study areas. This step of the project included a records review and the preparation of a research design. The second step was to conduct the field investigations. Field investigations were conducted between January and June 1998. The third step was to process and analyze the field materials. The final step was to pre- pare a report of the project findings. The four steps were generally sequential, but some activities were done concurrently by different project personnel. The level of field effort has been tabulated by person-hours (P.H.) and person-days (P.D.) per alloform surveyed. Person days equal eight hours. Field efforts have been compiled for each of the three project survey tracts, and by alloform within the tract (Table 16). This tabulation does not include time spent traveling to and from survey locations, nor time spent documenting the sites that were lo- cated. On average, two hours per field day were spent traveling to Range Control, checking in at Range Control, traveling to the survey tract, travel- ing from the survey tract to Range Control, checking out at Range Control, and traveling back to lodgings. As well, travel time between the University of Illi- nois and Fort Leonard Wood has not been included. This averages six hours each way. In general, the Big Piney and West Cantonment levels of effort are fairly typical, between 20 acres to 25 acres per person per day, of past surveys of up- land tracts (e.g., Adams 1997, Kreisa, McDowell, et al. 1996). The Roubidoux Creek uplands were more labor intensive. This is due to a number of large sites found in the central portion of the survey tract. The level of effort varies greatly for the Roubidoux Creek floodplain formations. T-2 terraces are least effort intensive, due to field methods that consist of visual inspection of cutbanks. In general, the effort ex- pended on the terrace formations is correlated with the spacing and depth of excavation of subsurface tests. In this respect, the T-5 terrace formations are -a 2 O > a> n© jd _d es H to CM O £<3 ^ £ ^ v. 00 — i co en l> r^ — H ON m ON o vd CN CN CN NO O r-* NO NO NO ON 00 CO ^r — i NO o CN in ■* o CO "* r^ ^ - © On CO CO od o NO _l c- in 1 — 1 On CN o CO CO r- ON -* co oo o CO CO NO ^^ CO NO o "* o ■* 00 00 o ON 00 cn CN CN — 'sr c o _N '•— o ffl O o CN ON 42 O b 60 ,« P. £ ° J c CU * a 3 a? 42 o en rv rl cu CN O CD 00 c _o o cu " S "0 o £ o ,-H cn o .S £ en « O > S s- O £ 13 a C X) to S3 3 *^ ** CD o "1 > 2 c ■4— » I— I CD o en T3 C CU CCS Q. CN 3 H cS — u 3 co en c_ J2 c U eU .o Si » 3 « 8 ■0, o g O '" H en O .g £ Sc2-0 > i o C -O tn 3 £ *- o «n > CN — '*3 CD O rfl Cm — 3 en — 3 en CU i— o ca S C«H O O o 3 t« en .sj £cu X) ° 3 CN 3 O "S £ d o 3 O _N *n o CQ o CD O Cl-< X5 s in o o 3 O _N "S o x: m o o o CN o CN o CN O CN CD CD CU 03 O O o IX, ca « CQ fc t is CU -4-t cu J3 liO NO r~- bO H H H o < 3 O _N o JS o o CN T3 T3 3 C D t~- NO — in r- ^~ oo o^ in CN co" M j* J* ^ ^ -^ J* ^4 ^! 3 cu CU cu cu cu CU cu cu cu CU cu cu cu cu cu CU CU CU cu g — S-H !— h* ha I— s-< t-l b* U o o o U o CJ o u 3 X X X X X X X X X O -t— • 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 >. 3 O o O O O O O o O U W IS T3 12 "2 rs "2 12 *2 "2 _s O "S 3 IS jS S is S S "S 3 cu -*-» o H 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 OX) d> O O O O O O O o O ^ Pi C^ e* Pi Pi Pi Oi 1* Pi s 00 3 3 U o TJ 3 cu 3 00 CU > o X5 CO CU J3 H Site Evaluations and Recommendations 121 most time consuming. A number of other factors need to be considered when evaluating these data. The amount of time needed to complete each survey tract also varies based on field and logistical conditions. Field condi- tion variables that impacted the amount of time needed to complete each acre of survey included surface visibility, slope, type of vegetation cover, past ground disturbance, and depositional history. All three of the survey tracts examined included locations requiring minimal field efforts and those requiring extensive efforts. It is the composite condi- tions of the entire survey tract that is characterized by these data rather than specific field conditions. Field conditions, for instance, created a reduced level of effort in the West Cantonment tract where past construction and demolition activities resulted in relatively large areas with minimal documentation needs. Alternatively, the Roubidoux Creek tract was affected by the heavy, thick vegetation present in the survey tracts during the late spring/summer field season. It should be noted that the best ratio of acres surveyed per person day occurred in the upland tracts which were surveyed early in the year when the vegetation was least dense. Previous surveys at Fort Leonard Wood have indicated optimal survey conditions occur in the late fall and winter months. One additional factor that can impact the level of effort per unit of survey is the recovery rate of ar- chaeological sites. Even aside from actual site docu- mentation, each archaeological site and isolated find requires more effort per unit of space than do non- archaeological units of space. This in part explains the intensive effort needed on terrace formations. Clearly, prehistoric site location was not random, and this concentration on T-4 and T-5 terraces ele- vates the levels of effort needed on those formations. Bias Assessment Despite limited high visibility locations, a number of sites and isolates were exclusively documented in road cuts or on the forest surface where no subsur- face finds were located. Despite this, the extensive vegetation effectively precluded non-invasive survey techniques to locate sites. The principal survey tech- nique was 20-m interval screened posthole tests. This particular research method is effective at locat- ing archaeological sites and documenting deposi- tional site conditions. The method does have inher- ent biases. A spacing interval of 20-m reduces the likelihood that small archaeological sites, those with a diameter of less than 20-m, will be encountered by this technique. Additionally, the reliance on subsur- face screened data for site detection favors the dis- covery of sites with dense material remains spread over a wide area. Sites with low artifact densities or with very patchy areas with high densities are less likely to be detected. The overall site search pattern also favors the detection of sites with above ground features. The 20-m interval spacing is effective at the discovery of above ground anomalies. However, this statement is more accurate during the winter months than it is in the summer months. There are numerous locations at Fort Leonard Wood where surveyors can not see each other at 20-m intervals. It is, therefore, likely that above ground features can be missed as a result of dense vegetation, and such was the case at 23PU510, a previously recorded historic site that was investigated during the late spring to early sum- mer. These particular biases favor the detection of sites with large surface areas, dense material debris, and above ground features. Sites lacking these attrib- utes are also discovered by this technique, but there is an increased likelihood that a portion will be missed. Overall, the systematic methods applied to this investigation is best suited to the recovery of large sites with high density debris scatters. Ex- tremely small sites or very low material density sites are less likely to be discovered. Survey tracts at Fort Leonard Wood generally lack adequate surface visibility that would allow for the effective use of visual pedestrian reconnaissance. Visual techniques were employed for road cuts, bluff edges, steep slopes, and ravines, but these areas represent a small fraction of the total survey area. Conclusion This survey documented 43 sites and isolated finds in three survey tracts at Fort Leonard Wood. Seventeen of these are sites recommended as poten- tially eligible for the NRHP, and Phase II archaeo- 122 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri logical evaluation should be conducted for a final public recreation. Phase II evaluation of the sites determination. Until and upon concurrence by the may reduce the number that will need to be managed SHPO that the sites are potentially eligible, Fort and protected. Ultimately the data recovered by Leonard Wood is required to treat these sites as Phase II testing of these sites will yield information eligible until an NRHP determination is made. Mon- of importance to the understanding of the prehistory itoring is needed to prevent adverse impacts to these and history of the Fort Leonard Wood area, sites from military training, logging operations and REFERENCES CITED Adams, Brian 1997 Phase I Survey of 3,000 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri. Research Report No. 33. Public Service Archaeology Program, University of Illi- nois at Urbana-Champaign. Submitted to the United States Army Construction En- gineering Research Laboratories, Cham- paign, Illinois. Ahler, Steven R. 1984 Archaic Settlement Strategies in the Mo- doc Locality, Southwest Illinois. 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APPENDIX A ARTIFACT INVENTORY 137 138 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU397 Surface-Root Cellar Stoneware 1 Bristol/Albany-Slip 23PU397 Surface-Root Cellar Bottle Glass 3 Unidentified 23PU397 Surface-House Bottle Glass Green Soda 23PU397 Surface-House Bottle Glass Beer? 23PU397 Surface-House Flat Glass 23PU397 Surface-House Canning Jar Lid 23PU397 PH 1-6, 0-10 cm Canning Jar 23PU397 PH 2-3, 0-10 cm Undecorated Ironstone body 23PU397 PH 3-3, 0-10 cm Undecorated Ironstone rim 23PU397 PH 3-4, 0-10 cm Undecorated Whiteware 4 bodies 23PU397 PH3-4, 10-20 cm Undecorated Whiteware body 23PU397 PH 5-2, 0-10 cm Wire Nail 23PU397 PH 6-4, 0-10 cm Wire Nail 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Stoneware Albany/Albany-Slip 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Pharmaceutical Bottle 14 7 Green, 7 Amethyst 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Canning Jar 2 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Unidentified 11 6 Amethyst, 3 Green, 1 Brown, 1 Cobalt Blue 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Canning Jar Lid 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Tumbler 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Candy Dish 2 Pressed Glass 23PU397 Bottle Concentration Unidentified Table Glass 23PU399 Surface Iron Tack 23PU399 Surface Iron Ring 23PU399 Surface Brick 23PU399 Surface Canning Jar Lid 2 23PU399 Surface Lamp Glass 23PU399 Surface Flat Glass 23PU399 Surface Tumbler 23PU399 Surface Pharmaceutical Bottle Chamberlin's Cough Remedy 23PU399 Surface Liquor Bottle Beer 23PU399 Surface Canning Jar 23PU399 Surface Unidentified Bottle 3 23PU399 PH1, 10-20 cm Flat Glass 23PU399 PH 2, 0-10 cm Flat Glass 23PU399 PH 3, 0-10 cm Canning (?) Jar 23PU399 PH 3, 0-10 cm Unidentified Bottle 23PU501 Surface Undecorated Ironstone Body 23PU501 Structure Wire Nail 23PU501 PH 3-3, Surface Unidentified Glass Table or Lamp 23PU501 PH 3-5, 0-10 cm Wire Nail 4 23PU501 PH 3-5, 0-10 cm Mortar 2 23PU501 PH 3-5, 0-10 cm Unidentified Glass 5 Clear Curved Artifact Inventory 139 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU501 PH 3-6, 0-10 cm Flat Glass 23PU501 PH 3-6, 0-10 cm Unidentified Glass 4 23PU501 PH 4-4, 0-10 cm Stoneware Bristol-Slip 23PU501 PH 4-4, 0-10 cm Flat Glass 3 23PU501 PH 4-4, 0-1 cm Unidentified Glass Amethyst 23PU501 PH4-5, 0-10 cm Wire Nail 23PU510 PH 1,0-10 cm Unidentified Bottle Aqua 23PU510 PH 1, 0-10 cm Stoneware Dark Glaze 23PU517 Surface Wire Nail 23PU517 Surface Undecorated Ironstone 2 Bodies, 1 Base 23PU517 Surface Undecorated Semiporcelain Body 23PU517 Surface Mold Decorated Semiporcelain Body 23PU517 Surface Soda Bottle Pepsi-complete 23PU517 Surface Liquor Bottle 2 Screw Thread-complete 23PU517 PH1, 0-10 cm Wire Nail 23PU517 PH 1,0-10 cm Undecorated Ironstone Body 23PU517 PH 1,0-10 cm Stoneware Bristol/Albany-Slip 23PU517 PH 1,0-10 cm Flat Glass 23PU517 PH 2, 0-10 cm Lamp Glass 23PU517 PH 2, 0-10 cm Unidentified Glass Table or Bottle 23PU723 AOS5, AT1, 110 cm Broken Flake <0.1 23PU723 AOS6, PH4, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU723 AOS 7, PH 2, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.5 23PU723 AOS8, PH 1,0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake <0.1 23PU723 AOS 8, PH 1 , 80-90 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 10, PH 7, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 4.8 23PU723 AOS 11, PH7, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 12, PH 6, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU723 AOS 12, PH 6, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.6 23PU723 AOS 13, PH5, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 14, PH 2, 45-50 cm Broken Flake _ 1 0.1 23PU723 AOS 15, PH 2-2, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU723 AOS 16, PH 7, 40-50 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.9 23PU723 AOS 16, PH9, 30-40 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 16, PH9, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, AT 2, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, AT 3, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 3, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.5 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 3, 40-50 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.3 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 3, 50-60 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 3, 70-80 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 4, 30-40 cm Block Shatter 0.3 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 4, 40-50 cm Fire-cracked Rock 57.3 140 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 4, 50-60 cm Broken Flake 2 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 5, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 5, 60-70 cm Block Shatter 0.9 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 5, 70-80 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 9, 40-50 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU723 AOS 9, PH9, 10-20 cm Primary Flake 1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH9, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 3.6 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 4N, 50-60 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 4N, 70-80 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4N, 70-80 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4W, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4E, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.5 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4SW, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.6 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4SW, 50-60 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 4NW, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 1.3 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4NW, 30-40 cm Block Shatter 0.5 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4SE, 20-30 cm Core 31.9 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4SE, 40-50 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.5 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4S, 30-40 cm Fire-cracked Rock 15 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 4S, 50-60 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4S, 50-60 cm Block Shatter 0.5 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4S, 60-70 cm Tertiary Flake <0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH4S, 70-80 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH5S, 50-60 cm Secondary Flake 1.2 23PU723 AOS 9, PH5E, 40-50 cm Fire-cracked Rock 251 23PU723 AOS8, PH8-1b, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU723 AOS8, PH8-1b, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU723 AOS 14, PH14-2b, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1.5 23PU723 AOS 13, PH13-5S, 70-80 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 6, PH4b, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.9 23PU723 AOS 9, PH9E, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake <0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH3W, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH3W, 20-30 cm Block Shatter 11.5 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 11, 10-20 cm Primary Flake 5.3 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 1 1 , 40-45 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 AOS 9, PH 1 1 , 50-55 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU723 PH 12, 70-80 cm Tertiary Flake 0.5 23PU724 Surface Thin Biface 2.8 Tip 23PU724 PH1,0-10cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU724 PH 2, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU724 PH2, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU724 PH 3, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 23PU724 PH 4, 0-1 cm Broken Flake 0.7 Artifact Inventory 141 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU725 Surface Core 1 60.4 23PU725 Surface Secondary Flake 2 22.6 23PU725 Surface Tertiary Flake 5 1.4 23PU725 Surface Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.9 23PU725 Surface Broken Flake 12 11.4 23PU725 Surface Block Shatter 9 12.2 23PU725 Surface Pitted Cobble 802.4 23PU725 Surface Mano/Hammer 427.1 23PU725 PH 2, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.5 23PU725 PH 4, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU725 PH4, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU725 PH 5, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.6 23PU725 PH 5, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU725 PH 6, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.3 23PU725 PH 6, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU725 PH7, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU725 PH 9, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1.5 23PU725 PH 10, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU725 PH10, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU725 PH 11, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU725 PH 13, 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 0.3 23PU725 PH 13, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.6 23PU725 PH14, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1.3 23PU725 PH 14, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1.5 23PU725 PH 15, 0-10 cm Primary Flake 9.2 23PU725 PH 15, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 2.6 23PU725 PH 15, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 3.9 23PU725 PH 16, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1.5 23PU725 PH 17, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1.6 23PU725 PH 18, 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 5.3 23PU725 PH 19, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake ^ 1 0.1 23PU725 PH 20, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU725 PH 14, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 3.6 23PU725 PH 14, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.3 23PU725 PH 14, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 1.4 23PU725 PH 3, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.3 23PU725 PH 12, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.8 23PU725 PH 12, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU725 PH 21, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU725 PH21, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU726 Surface Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU726 Surface Bifacial Thinning Flake 1.5 23PU726 Surface Broken Flake 2.7 142 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU726 Surface Thin Biface 2.7 Point Midsection? 23PU726 PH1, 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 0.2 23PU726 PH 2, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU726 PH 3, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU726 PH 4, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU726 PH5, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU726 PH 6, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.3 23PU727 Surface Bifacial Thinning Flake 1.1 23PU727 Surface Broken Flake 4 23PU727 Surface Block Shatter 4 84.5 23PU727 Surface Thin Biface 3.5 Midsection 23PU728 Surface Secondary Flake 1.4 23PU728 Surface Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU728 Surface Broken Flake 1.8 23PU729 Surface Pharmaceutical Bottle 2 with graduated markings 23PU729 Surface Liquor Bottle Brown 23PU729 Surface Soda Bottle Light Green Neck 23PU731 AT 1,20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU731 AT 1,40-50 cm Broken Flake 2 0.1 23PU731 AT 1 , 55-65 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU731 AT 2, 70-80 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU731 PH 1-1, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.4 23PU731 PH 1-1, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU731 PH 1-1, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.4 23PU731 PH 1-1, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU731 PH 1-1, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU731 PH 1-1, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.3 23PU731 PH 1-1, 40-50 cm Tertiary Flake 0.7 23PU731 PH 1-1, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU731 PH 1-2, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU731 PH 1-2, 20-30 cm Hafted Biface 1.2 Scallom Point 23PU731 PH 1-2, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU731 PH 1-3, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.7 23PU731 PH 1-3, 20-30 cm Block Shatter 2 2.8 23PU731 PH 2-3, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 1.5 23PU731 PH 3-1, 0-20 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU731 PH 3-1, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.3 23PU731 PH 3-1, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU731 PH 3-1 , 40-50 cm Block Shatter 6.8 23PU731 PH 3-1 , 60-70 cm Tertiary Flake <0.1 23PU731 PH 3-1, 60-70 cm Block Shatter 4.8 23PU731 PH 3-2, 60-70 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.8 23PU731 PH3-3, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 Artifact Inventory 143 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU731 PH 3-3, 60-70 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.1 23PU731 PH 3-5, 30-40 cm Tertiary Flake 1 4.8 23PU732 PH 1 , 40-50 cm Broken Flake 4 0.8 23PU732 PH 2, 30-40 cm Tertiary Flake 1 2.2 23PU732 PH3, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 2.2 23PU733 Surface Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU733 Surface Block Shatter 1 8.3 23PU733 PH 1,0-10 cm Broken Flake 5 1.2 23PU733 PH 1,0-10 cm Block Shatter 3 8.5 23PU733 PH 2, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 4 0.5 23PU733 PH 2, 20-30 cm Block Shatter 3 12.3 23PU733 PH 2, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU733 PH 3, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU733 PH 4, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU733 PH 5, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU733 PH1, 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 0.9 23PU733 PH1, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.7 23PU734 PH 1-2, 30-40 cm Block Shatter 2.1 23PU734 PH 1-2, 40-50 cm Broken Flake Lost in Field 23PU734 PH 2-1 , 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU734 PH 2-1, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU734 AT 1 , 30-40 cm Broken Flake 2.2 23PU734 AT 2, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU736 PH 1,20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU736 PH 1 , 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU736 PH 2, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1.9 23PU736 PH2, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1.8 23PU736 PH 2, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 9.8 23PU736 PH 2, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU736 PH 2, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 2 0.2 23PU736 PH 3, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 1 1.8 23PU736 PH 4, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.5 23PU736 PH 4, 0-1 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU736 PH 5, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU736 PH6, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1.9 23PU736 PH6, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU736 PH7, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.3 23PU737 Surface Tertiary Flake 1.8 23PU737 Surface Block Shatter 1.3 23PU737 PH 1,80-90 cm Tertiary Flake 0.9 23PU737 PH 2, 90-100 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU738 PH 1-1, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU738 PH 1-1, 30-40 cm Thin Biface 3.4 Fragment 144 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU738 PH 2, 30-40 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.5 23PU738 PH 2-1, 0-10 cm Rough Biface 1 37.8 23PU738 PH 3-1 , 40-50 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU739 Surface Tertiary Flake 4 9.1 23PU739 Surface Bifacial Thinning Flake 6 11.6 23PU739 Surface Broken Flake 7 6.3 23PU739 Surface Block Shatter 7 23.5 23PU739 Surface Hafted Biface 1.3 Triangular Point Base 23PU739 Surface Bone 0.7 Unidentified Bird Long Bone Fragment 23PU739 Surface Mussel Shell 4 6.1 Unidentified 23PU740 PH 1 , 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU740 PH 1 , 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.8 23PU740 PH 3, 60-70 cm Broken Flake 0.7 23PU740 PH 4, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.7 23PU741 PH 1 , 20-30 cm Broken Flake 2 0.8 23PU741 PH 2, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU741 PH 3, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.5 23PU741 PH 3, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.5 23PU741 PH 3, 70-80 cm Tertiary Flake 10.9 23PU741 PH 4, 40-50 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU741 PH 5, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU741 PH 6, 0-10 cm Primary Flake 0.9 23PU741 PH 6, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.8 23PU741 PH7, 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 0.5 23PU741 PH 8, 60-70 cm Primary Flake 3.5 23PU741 AT 2, 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 0.4 23PU742 Surface Secondary Flake 1.6 23PU742 Surface Tertiary Flake 4.8 23PU742 Surface Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.3 23PU742 Surface Broken Flake 11 18.7 23PU742 Surface Block Shatter 0.4 23PU742 Surface Uniface 5.1 Spokes have/N otch 23PU742 Surface Rough Biface 23.1 Midsection 23PU742 Surface Thin Biface 6.6 Midsection-Point? 23PU742 PH 1,0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU742 PH 1,0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.7 23PU742 PH 1,20-30 cm Broken Flake 1.9 23PU742 PH 1 , 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH 1 , 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU742 PH1, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 3.4 23PU742 PH 1, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.8 23PU742 PH1, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 1.8 23PU742 PH 2, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.6 Artifact Inventory 145 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU742 PH2 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU742 PH2 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 3.1 23PU742 PH2 20-30 cm Secondary Flake 1 0.7 23PU742 PH2 30-40 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.3 23PU742 PH2 30-40 cm Broken Flake 2 0.5 23PU742 PH3 0-10 cm Primary Flake 1 1.8 23PU742 PH3 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.5 23PU742 PH3 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 1 3.5 23PU742 PH3 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.4 23PU742 PH3 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 2.7 23PU742 PH3 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 3.7 23PU742 PH3 1 0-20 cm Block Shatter 1 4 23PU742 PH3 10-20 cm Hammerstone 1 165.4 23PU742 PH4 20-30 cm Broken Flake 2 0.8 23PU742 PH5 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.7 23PU742 PH5 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 4 1.7 23PU742 PH5 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.3 23PU742 PH5 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.5 23PU742 PH5 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.7 23PU742 PH5 20-30 cm Broken Flake 2 0.8 23PU742 PH6 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU742 PH6 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.3 23PU742 PH6 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1 23PU742 PH6 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PH6 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PH6 10-20 cm Block Shatter 3 2.1 23PU742 PH6 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PH6 20-30 cm Broken Flake 2 1.9 23PU742 PH6 30-40 cm Broken Flake 3 1.3 23PU742 PH7 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PH7 1 0-20 cm Broken Flake 6 1.5 23PU742 PH7 20-30 cm Broken Flake 2 0.2 23PU742 PH8 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.4 23PU742 PH8 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.3 23PU742 PH8 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 0.7 23PU742 PH8 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 0.5 23PU742 PH8 20-30 cm Broken Flake 2 0.3 23PU742 PH8 20-30 cm Block Shatter 1 0.3 23PU742 PH8 30-40 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU742 PH8 30-40 cm Broken Flake 2 0.3 23PU742 PH8 40-50 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PH8 40-50 cm Broken Flake 1 0.7 23PU742 PH9 , 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.4 146 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU742 PH9, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 2.5 23PU742 PH10 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU742 PH10 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.2 23PU742 PH11 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH11 40-50 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH11 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU742 PH12 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU742 PH13 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU742 PH13 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU742 PH13 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU742 PH14 0-10 cm Broken Flake j. 0.1 23PU742 PH15, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH16 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 0.8 23PU742 PH 16, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.8 23PU742 PH16, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH17, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 0.3 23PU742 PH17, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU742 PH17, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.3 23PU742 PH17, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 4 0.7 23PU742 PH17, 0-10 cm Thin Biface 2.8 23PU742 PH17, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake <0.1 23PU742 PH17, 1 0-20 cm Block Shatter 2 0.2 23PU742 PH17, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH17, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU742 PH 18, 1 0-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH 18, 1 0-20 cm Block Shatter 1.4 23PU742 PH 19, 0-1 cm Broken Flake 3 0.3 23PU742 PH 19, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU742 PH19, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 0.3 23PU742 PH20, 1 0-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH21, 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.7 23PU742 PH21, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU742 PH22, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU742 PH23, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU742 PH23, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 2 23PU742 PHS4 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 2 3.9 23PU742 PHS4 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 4.2 23PU742 PHS4 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.1 23PU742 PHS4 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU742 PHS4 , 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PHS4 , 10-20 cm Broken Flake 8 4.2 23PU742 PHS4 , 1 0-20 cm Thick Biface 1 23.7 Ovoid-complete 23PU742 PHS4 , 20-30 cm Secondary Flake 1 0.5 Artifact Inventory 147 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU742 PH S4, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.3 23PU742 PH S4, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 1.4 23PU742 PH S4, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 3 0.4 23PU742 PHS5, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 1.2 23PU742 PHS5, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 7 2.6 23PU742 PHS5, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 39.3 23PU742 PHS6, 10-20 cm Core 1 155.5 23PU742 PHS6, 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 1 1 23PU742 PHS6, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.5 23PU742 PHS6, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 3 1.2 23PU742 PHS6, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 <0.1 23PU742 PH S6, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 1 0.3 23PU742 PHS7, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 1 23PU742 PHS7, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 8 2.2 23PU742 PHS7, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 3 8.2 23PU742 PHS8, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 1.6 23PU742 PHS8, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 5 1.9 23PU742 PHS8, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 0.8 23PU742 PHS8, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 3 0.8 23PU742 PHS8, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 1.3 23PU742 PHS8, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 4 0.7 23PU742 PHS9, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.7 23PU742 PHS9, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PHS9, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 4 0.5 23PU742 PHS9, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 3.1 23PU742 PH S9, 20-25 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.4 23PU742 PHS10, 0-10 cm Core 1 51.1 23PU742 PHS10, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU742 PHS10, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.5 23PU742 PHS11, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 2 23PU742 PHS11, 10-20 cm Broken Flake . 1 0.3 23PU742 PHS12, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 3.7 23PU742 PHS12, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU742 PHS12, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 1.3 23PU742 PHS13, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU742 PHS13, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 2.8 23PU742 PHS13, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.6 23PU742 PHS13, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.1 23PU742 PHS13, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 1.5 23PU742 PHS13, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 3 1.1 23PU742 PH 24, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU743 AT 1,20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 1 <0.1 23PU743 AT 1,20-30 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 148 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU743 AT 2, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 0.2 23PU743 AT 2, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU743 AT 2, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 AT 2, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake <0.1 23PU743 AT 2, 30-40 cm Broken Flake <0.1 23PU743 AT 2, 30-40 cm Block Shatter 1.7 23PU743 AT 2, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.6 23PU743 AT 3, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 0.3 23PU743 AT 3, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU743 AT 3, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 1,0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 1, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 1 , 40-50 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 1 , 40-50 cm Broken Flake 1.9 23PU743 PH 1 , 50-60 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 1,60-70 cm Broken Flake 1 23PU743 PH 1 , 70-80 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU743 PH 1 , 80-90 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU743 PH 1 , 80-90 cm Broken Flake 0.5 23PU743 PH 1 , 80-90 cm Block Shatter 1(1) 28.8 23PU743 PH2, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU743 PH2, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.2 23PU743 PH2, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1.6 23PU743 PH 2, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake <0.1 23PU743 PH 2, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU743 PH 2, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 3, 60-70 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 4, 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 1.1 23PU743 PH 4, 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 23PU743 PH 4, 0-1 cm Broken Flake 0.7 23PU743 PH4, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1.9 23PU743 PH4, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1.8 23PU743 PH 4, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 4, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.6 23PU743 PH 4, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.9 23PU743 PH 4, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 6.6 23PU743 PH 4, 40-50 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.5 23PU743 PH 4, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 4, 50-60 cm Tertiary Flake 2 2.4 23PU743 PH 4, 60-70 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 5, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 4.6 23PU743 PH 5, 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake <0.1 23PU743 PH 5, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 <0.1 Artifact Inventory 149 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU743 PH5 40-50 cm Broken Flake 4 0.3 23PU743 PH6 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 0.5 23PU743 PH6 20-30 cm Block Shatter 2 1.9 23PU743 PH6 50-60 cm Tertiary Flake <0.1 23PU743 PH7 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU743 PH8 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH8 0-1 cm Broken Flake <0.1 23PU743 PH8 1 0-20 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU743 PH8 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH8 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH8 20-30 cm Thin Biface 3.9 23PU743 PH8 30-40 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH9 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1.3 23PU743 PH9 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH9 1 0-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH9 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH9 10-20 cm Block Shatter 3.1 23PU743 PH9 10-20 cm Thin Biface 2.4 Asymmetrical Tip 23PU743 PH9 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH9 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.6 23PU743 PH9 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.5 23PU743 PH9 40-50 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU743 PH9 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU743 PH9 50-60 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU743 PH9 70-80 cm Tertiary Flake 1.1 23PU743 PH9 70-80 cm Broken Flake 0.9 23PU743 PH 10, 60-70 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 11, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.8 23PU743 PH 11, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 1 1 , 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 14, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake - 1 1.2 23PU743 PH 15, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU743 PH 15, 30-40 cm Fire-cracked Rock 143.9 23PU743 PH 16, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1.4 23PU743 PH 16, 10-20 cm Broken Flake Lost in Field 23PU743 PH 17, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 2.2 23PU743 PH 17, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU743 PH 17, 50-60 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU743 PH 18, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU743 PH19, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU745 Surface-Bag 389 Thin Biface 2.9 Midsection-Point? 23PU745 Surface-Bag 501 Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.9 23PU745 Surface-Bag 501 Broken Flake 0.4 150 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 Surface-Bag 501 Thick Biface 1 24.4 Midsection 23PU745 Road Surface Tertiary Flake 3 1.8 23PU745 Road Surface Bifacial Thinning Flake 4 0.5 23PU745 Road Surface Broken Flake 9 10.5 23PU745 Road Surface Block Shatter 2 1.9 23PU745 Surface-Bag 519 Secondary Flake 2 12.2 23PU745 Surface-Bag 519 Tertiary Flake 2 0.9 23PU745 Surface-Bag 519 Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 2.7 23PU745 Surface-Bag 519 Broken Flake 12 17.7 23PU745 Surface-Bag 519 Block Shatter 4 15.9 23PU745 Surface-Bag 519 Rough Biface 1 26 Basal Fragment 23PU745 Surface-Bag 519 Thin Biface 2 7.1 Both probably point fragments 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Secondary Flake 2 7.3 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Tertiary Flake 19 15.6 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Bifacial Thinning Flake 13 9.2 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Broken Flake 39 27.4 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Blade 9.8 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Block Shatter 11 35.3 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Hafted Biface 10.5 Etley base 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Thick Biface 26 Midsection 23PU745 Surface-Bag 520 Fire-cracked Rock 27.9 23PU745 Surface-20 m N of PH 123 Secondary Flake 4.4 23PU745 PH 1,0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.4 23PU745 PH 1,0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.7 23PU745 PH 1,0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 2, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.4 23PU745 PH 2, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 5 3.9 23PU745 PH 2, 0-10 cm Uniface 1 34.1 Ovate-expedient tool 23PU745 PH2, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.1 23PU745 PH2, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH2, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.7 23PU745 PH2, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 3 2.5 23PU745 PH 2, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 1 <0.1 23PU745 PH 2, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH 2, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 6 0.8 23PU745 PH 2, 20-30 cm Block Shatter 4 3.1 23PU745 PH 3, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.9 23PU745 PH 3, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 3.1 23PU745 PH 4, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 4 2.8 23PU745 PH4, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH4, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.4 23PU745 PH5, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH5, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.2 Artifact Inventory 151 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH5, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH5, 10-20 cm Thin Biface 1 3.3 Tip 23PU745 PH 5, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 1 1.8 23PU745 PH 6, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH 7, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH 8, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 1 1.6 23PU745 PH 8, 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.7 23PU745 PH 8, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.2 23PU745 PH 8, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 0.4 23PU745 PH8, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.5 23PU745 PH8, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 4 1.8 23PU745 PH 9, 0-10 cm Primary Flake 1 3.4 23PU745 PH 9, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH 9, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.4 23PU745 PH9, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.2 23PU745 PH9, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.5 23PU745 PH9, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH 11, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 4.1 23PU745 PH 12, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 0.3 23PU745 PH 13, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.2 23PU745 PH 13, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1 23PU745 PH13, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH 14, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH 14, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH14, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH14, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1 0.6 23PU745 PH 15, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1 23PU745 PH15, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 2.9 23PU745 PH15, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH 16, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 1.2 23PU745 PH 16, 0-1 cm Broken Flake 1 1 23PU745 PH 17, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 1(1) 10.2 23PU745 PH 17, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH 17, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 0.5 23PU745 PH 17, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 4 1.7 23PU745 PH 17, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 5.9 23PU745 PH17, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1 0.6 23PU745 PH 19, 0-10 cm Uniface 1 7 Perforator/Drill and Spokeshave 23PU745 PH 20, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH 20, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 5 4.2 23PU745 PH 21, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.2 23PU745 PH 22, 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 1.2 23PU745 PH 22, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 4 4 152 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH22 1 0-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.7 23PU745 PH22 1 0-20 cm Broken Flake 2 5.2 23PU745 PH23 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1.1 23PU745 PH24 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 1 4.2 23PU745 PH24 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 1 7.5 23PU745 PH24 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH24 0-10 cm Broken Flake 12 5.1 23PU745 PH24 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 1.8 23PU745 PH24 0-10 cm Hafted Biface 1 1.3 Scallorn base 23PU745 PH24 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH25 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 4.3 23PU745 PH26 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH26 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 1.3 23PU745 PH26 0-10 cm Broken Flake 5 1.7 23PU745 PH26 0-10 cm Block Shatter 5 4.2 23PU745 PH28 1 0-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH28 1 0-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.9 23PU745 PH28 1 0-20 cm Block Shatter 1 1.1 23PU745 PH29 0-1 cm Secondary Flake 1 0.5 23PU745 PH29 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 4 2.7 23PU745 PH29 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.2 23PU745 PH29 0-10 cm Broken Flake 19 3.2 23PU745 PH29 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 0.6 23PU745 PH29 0-10 cm Thin Biface 1 0.5 Point fragment? 23PU745 PH30 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.2 23PU745 PH30 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 2.2 23PU745 PH30 0-10 cm Broken Flake 6 2.6 23PU745 PH30 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 4.5 23PU745 PH30 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH30 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH30 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 0.5 23PU745 PH30 10-20 cm Hafted Biface 1 4.7 King's Corner-Notched Point 23PU745 PH31 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH32 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 1.9 23PU745 PH32 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1 0.6 23PU745 PH33 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.7 23PU745 PH33 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.9 23PU745 PH33 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 0.8 23PU745 PH34 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH34 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.4 23PU745 PH34 0-1 cm Block Shatter 5 2.6 23PU745 PH35 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.6 23PU745 PH35 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.9 Artifact Inventory 153 Site Number (Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH35 0-10 cm Broken Flake 6 2.4 23PU745 PH35 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 1.3 23PU745 PH36 0-1 cm Tertiary Flake 1 2.1 23PU745 PH37 0-1 cm Broken Flake 2 0.6 23PU745 PH37 1 0-20 cm Block Shatter 1 4.5 23PU745 PH38 0-10 cm Core 1 38.1 23PU745 PH38 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.7 23PU745 PH38 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 0.5 23PU745 PH38 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 0.6 23PU745 PH38 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH38 1 0-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH38 1 0-20 cm Broken Flake 12 2.6 23PU745 PH38 10-20 cm Block Shatter 9 4.8 23PU745 PH38 10-20 cm Thin Biface 1 6.4 Tip 23PU745 PH39 0-1 cm Broken Flake 1 4.3 23PU745 PH39 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH39 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1 1 23PU745 PH40 surface Broken Flake 1 10.4 23PU745 PH40 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH40 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 3 2.4 23PU745 PH40 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 1.7 23PU745 PH40 0-10 cm Broken Flake 11 5.3 23PU745 PH40 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 1 1.5 23PU745 PH40 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 3 0.7 23PU745 PH40 10-20 cm Broken Flake 10 4.3 23PU745 PH40 10-20 cm Block Shatter 4 6.4 23PU745 PH41 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.4 23PU745 PH42 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 4.2 23PU745 PH42 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.6 23PU745 PH42 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.8 23PU745 PH42 1 0-20 cm Rough Biface 1 11.1 Expedient tool? 23PU745 PH44 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH44 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 1.6 23PU745 PH44 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 1 23PU745 PH45 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH45, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.6 23PU745 PH46 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH46 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 4.1 23PU745 PH46 0-10 cm Broken Flake 5 1.2 23PU745 PH46 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 1.2 23PU745 PH47 10-20 cm broken Flake 1 0.5 23PU745 PH49 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 3 0.4 23PU745 PH49 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.4 154 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH 49, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH 49, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 3 3.4 23PU745 PH 49, 0-10 cm Hafted Biface 1 14.6 Etley 23PU745 PH 50, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 1.6 23PU745 PH 52, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 3 2.5 23PU745 PH 52, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.5 23PU745 PH 52, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH52, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.4 23PU745 PH52, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 2 1.6 23PU745 PH 53, 0-10 cm broken Flake 3 0.5 23PU745 PH 53, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 1.3 23PU745 PH53, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 7 1.5 23PU745 PH53, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 2 0.8 23PU745 PH 53, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.9 23PU745 PH 53, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 2 3 23PU745 PH 54, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH 54, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH54, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 1.4 23PU745 PH54, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 4 4.4 23PU745 PH 55, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 2.7 23PU745 PH 55, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 9 3 23PU745 PH 55, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 4 3.6 23PU745 PH 56, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH 56, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.4 23PU745 PH 56, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 2.4 23PU745 PH56, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 1.1 23PU745 PH 57, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.7 23PU745 PH58, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH58, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH 59, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 3 0.3 23PU745 PH 59, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 1.1 23PU745 PH 59, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 3.9 23PU745 PH59, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 1.1 23PU745 PH59, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1 1.1 23PU745 PH 60, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.8 23PU745 PH 60, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 2.4 23PU745 PH 60, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 0.8 23PU745 PH60, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 1.4 23PU745 PH60, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 3 3.2 23PU745 PH 60, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH 60, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 3 0.6 23PU745 PH 60, 30-40 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.3 23PU745 PH 60, 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 1.3 Artifact Inventory 55 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH 60, 30-40 cm Broken Flake 3 0.3 23PU745 PH61, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.4 23PU745 PH61, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 0.5 23PU745 PH62, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.5 23PU745 PH 62, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH62, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.7 23PU745 PH62, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 4 1.4 23PU745 PH 63, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.1 23PU745 PH 63, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH 63, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1 23PU745 PH 63, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 0.6 23PU745 PH 64, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1.2 23PU745 PH 64, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.4 23PU745 PH 64, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 0.3 23PU745 PH64, 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 0.4 23PU745 PH 64, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 65, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH 66, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.9 23PU745 PH66, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.6 23PU745 PH67, 0-1 cm Secondary Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH 67, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 67, 0-1 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH 67, 0-1 cm Broken Flake 3 0.3 23PU745 PH 67, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 7.8 23PU745 PH67, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH67, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 0.1 23PU745 PH 67, 20-30 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 67, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 67, 20-30 cm Block Shatter 2 0.9 23PU745 PH68, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH68, 10-20 cm Block Shatter -•j 6 23PU745 PH 68, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 68, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 0.6 23PU745 PH 18, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 23PU745 PH 71, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 2.4 23PU745 PH 72, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1.7 23PU745 PH 73, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 2.4 23PU745 PH 73, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 73, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.8 23PU745 PH 73, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 0.5 23PU745 PH 73, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 3 2.1 23PU745 PH73, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 0.4 23PU745 PH74, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.3 156 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH74, 0-1 Ocm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH74, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2| 0.6 23PU745 PH74, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.8 23PU745 PH 74, 1 0-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 0.6 23PU745 PH74, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH75, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.5 23PU745 PH76, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 6.8 23PU745 PH 76, 20-30 cm Core 1 109.4 23PU745 PH 77, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.4 23PU745 PH77, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.9 23PU745 PH 78, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.6 23PU745 PH 78, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1 23PU745 PH 78, 1 0-20 cm ITertiary Flake 2 1.8 23PU745 PH78, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 1 23PU745 PH78, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 7 4.8 23PU745 PH78, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 0.7 23PU745 PH78, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH79, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1.2 23PU745 PH79, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 5 2.6 23PU745 PH 80, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.8 23PU745 PH 81, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.6 23PU745 PH 82, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 83, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.7 23PU745 PH 83, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1.5 23PU745 PH 84, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.1 23PU745 PH85, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2.8 23PU745 PH85, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.7 23PU745 PH 86, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.4 23PU745 PH 86, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU745 PH 87, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 23PU745 PH88, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU745 PH88, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 2.7 23PU745 PH88, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 2 5.4 23PU745 PH 89, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH89, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 6.5 23PU745 PH89, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU745 PH 90, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake <0.1 23PU745 PH90, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 3 0.9 23PU745 PH91, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 8 23PU745 PH 92, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 92, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 0.9 23PU745 PH92, 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 10 23PU745 PH92, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 Artifact Inventory 57 Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH92, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 1.1 23PU745 PH93, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 5.8 23PU745 PH 94, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1.5 23PU745 PH94, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 1.8 23PU745 PH94, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH 95, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.5 23PU745 PH 95, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 1.1 23PU745 PH95, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 2 0.5 23PU745 PH 96, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 1.8 23PU745 PH 96, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2 4.4 23PU745 PH96, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 2.2 23PU745 PH 97, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 1.6 23PU745 PH 97, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.4 23PU745 PH 97, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 1 23PU745 PH 97, 20-30 cm Broken Flake 0.9 23PU745 PH 98, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 98, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.7 23PU745 PH98, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 2 1.4 23PU745 PH 98, 10-20 cm broken Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH98, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 0.3 23PU745 PH 99, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU745 PH 99, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 99, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1.8 23PU745 PH 99, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 23PU745 PH 100, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 101, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH101, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 103, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.5 23PU745 PH 103, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2.2 23PU745 PH 103, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 0.5 23PU745 PH 104, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.7 23PU745 PH 105, 0-10 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH 105, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH 105, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 2.1 23PU745 PH 106, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH 106, 10-20 cm Secondary Flake 2 23PU745 PH106, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 106, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 0.1 23PU745 PH 107, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 107, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.9 23PU745 PH 107, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1.1 23PU745 PH 108, No depth Tertiary Flake 0.3 23PU745 PH 108, No depth Broken Flake 2 0.7 158 Phase I Survey of 3,511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri Site Number Provenience Artifact Category N Weight Comments 23PU745 PH 111, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 2.9 23PU745 PH 112, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 2.1 23PU745 PH 112, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.5 23PU745 PH113, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 1 1.5 23PU745 PH114, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH 115, 0-10 cm Secondary Flake 1 0.2 23PU745 PH 115, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 0.5 23PU745 PH 116, 0-10 cm Block Shatter 1 0.9 23PU745 PH 116, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 1 0.1 23PU745 PH 117, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 3 0.9 23PU745 PH 117, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.6 23PU745 PH117, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 2 0.6 23PU745 PH 118, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH119, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1 0.4 23PU745 PH119, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 1.3 23PU745 PH 122, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1 0.5 23PU745 PH 122, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 1 0.7 23PU745 PH 123, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 1.1 23PU745 PH 123, 10-20 cm Tertiary Flake 2 0.3 23PU745 PH 123, 10-20 cm Broken Flake 3 0.4 23PU745 PH 124, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 4 19.5 23PU745 PH124, 10-20 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 3.6 23PU745 PH 125, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 23PU745 PH 126, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 2 0.7 23PU745 PH?, 0-10 cm Tertiary Flake 0.6 23PU745 PH?, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 0.3 AOS 2 IF PH 1,0-10 cm Rough Biface 36.1 Ovate AOS 3 IF Surface Thin Biface 11.7 AOS 4 IF Surface Broken Flake 4.1 AOS 18 IF PH 1,0-10 cm Broken Flake 1.2 AOS 23 IF PH 1,0-15 cm Broken Flake 0.7 AOS 30 IF PH 1, 10-20 cm Block Shatter 0.1 AOS 30 IF PH 2, 20-30 cm Tertiary Flake 2 AOS 33 IF AT1, 115-125 cm Tertiary Flake 0.1 AOS 38 IF PH 1 , 30-40 cm Broken Flake 3.9 AOS 38 IF PH 2, 0-10 cm Broken Flake 1.3 AOS 27 IF PH 1-1, 40-50 cm Broken Flake 1.9 AOS 27 IF PH 2-1 , 40-50 cm Broken Flake 0.4 AOS 42 IF PH3, 0-10 cm Rough Biface 3 Tip AOS 43 IF PH 1 , 30-40 cm Bifacial Thinning Flake 1.3 AOS 47 IF AT 1 , 40-50 cm Tertiary Flake 0.2 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 3 0112 032891969