mat mXaBSm m ml WgSSHBBwm i_,\*>S m hB m SaQStl Sim MB— M6 M M WBB B 91 ■KfflBH mm Bfl K ■ Hi I mm km whm 3H VI m && Mf H n Ms 3 HSi HE R9NE it: aUX m aBSa P«Z CHS Km HS3I HfiSH awai » JBB uns Be w8MtBBB5m amwp LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 5/084 no. 59S-&&0 cof>.2. o\W ItSf^l uiucdcs-r-73-599 August, 1973 /yuM A PLATO LESSON TO TEACH BEGIN BLOCKS by Jamie Macnaughton Sammons DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN URBANA, ILLINOIS THE LIBRARY OF THE SSSKS-WS A PLATO LESSON TO TEACH BEGIN BLOCKS by Jamie Macnaughton Sammons August, 1972 Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois This work was supported in part by the Department of Computer Science and submitted in partial fulfillment for the Master of Science degree in Computer Science, 1973* Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/platolessontotea599samm 113. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express special gratitude to her thesis advisor Professor Ho George Friedman, Jr. Professor Jurg Nievergelt also deserves thanks for his supervision and helpful discussions during the research for this thesis. The helpful work of Mrs. June Wingler in preparing this manuscript is gratefully acknowledged. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DOCUMENTATION 5 APPENDIX 25 LIST OF REFERENCES 62 I. INTRODUCTION BEGINBLOCK is a one-session lesson written in the TUTOR language for the PLATO IV computer-assisted instruction system of the University of Illinois. It is one member of a set of CAI lessons which, starting in the Fall Semester 1973, will augment classroom lectures in introductory programming language courses. BEGINBLOCK deals with the use, structure, and effect of "begin blocks" in such programming languages as PL/l and ALGOL. The thrust of the lesson is toward an understanding of the general concept of begin blocks, rather than toward an explication of the peculiarities of the structure in any given language. With the exception of the section entitled Dynamic Storage Allocation, the lesson assumes minimal programming knowledge on the part of the student; that section requires a concept of arrays. BEGINBLOCK both presents information to the student and provides exercises to allow him to test his grasp of the material. The display screen and the keyboard are the media for communication between the lesson and the student. The lesson consists of seven sections: Approach to a Problem, Block Structure, Tree/Block Structure Exercises, Scope of a Variable Name, Scope Exercises, Dynamic Storage Allocation, and Begin Block Practice. A discussion of these sections follows. Albert, D. and Bitzer, D. L. , "Advances in Computer-based Education," Science, 167 (1970), 1582-1590. 1) Approach to a Problem — This section attempts to motivate the student toward the use of a structure such as the begin block. An example is employed to show that problem solving is facilitated by an orderly, structured approach, i.e., breaking a general problem into its component subproblems and building a solution to the problem by solving these individual parts. To describe this breakdown process, a tree diagram is utilized for clarity of explanation and to introduce its terminology and use as a logical tool. A begin block structure can be created from a tree structure by forming a. block to correspond to each node of the tree. 2) Block Structure — In this section, a general syntactic description of a. begin block is offered. The tree structure example of the preceeding section is recalled and a complete block structure which matches the tree is graphically created. 3) Tree/Block Structure Exercises — This section presents exercises to the student so that he can test his understanding of the material given in the previous section. A tree structure is shown and the student is asked to create and enter the block structure that matches the given tree. At any time, he can request a display which graphically illustrates the blocks he has created. This display also serves as a check which notifies the student if a syntactic error occurs. After completion of his structure, the student can ask for an answer check to inform him if his structure conforms to the given tree. If his answer is incorrect, he can choose to modify it, or, alternatively, to be shown the correct structure. In the second case, he has the option of retrying the structure. k) Scope of a Variable Name — The possible freedom of association of a variable name inside a begin block from the same name outside the block is discussed in this section. Examples are employed to describe and graphically illustrate the effect on the scope of a name brought about by the presence of a "declare" statement in a begin block. 5) Scope Exercises — Through exercises, this section allows the student to test his understanding of the material presented in the previous section. A block structure and scope display are shown and the student is to insert "declare" statements where necessary in the structure to make its variables have the indicated scopes. The student can request a display which graphically illustrates the block structure given. Upon completion, he can ask for an answer check to inform him if his insertions cause the variables to have the scopes indicated. If his answer is incorrect, he ca.n choose to continue working, see a display of the scopes he has created and then continue, or be shown the correct structure. If he chooses the answer display, he has the option of retrying the structure. 6) Dynamic Storage Allocation — This section describes how a begin block can be utilized to dynamically allocate storage for an array. A sample "program" which contains an array that is located in a begin block and whose dimension varies is presented. Key presses by the student simulate a step-by-step discussion of the execution of the program. 7) Begin Block Practice — This section gives the student freedom to experiment with creating his own begin block structures. Available to him are a block display that syntactically checks and graphically illustrates his structure and a scope display that indicates the scopes of his variable names. The purposes of BEGINBLOCK are as an aid toward the development of the skill of problem solving and an introduction to begin block structures. The lesson assumes the possession of a programming language manual by the student, and is not intended as a complete source of information about its subject. Minimal dependence on prior programming knowledge allows the lesson to be studied for concepts early in the course; a later re -examination with emphasis on specific information is also recommended. Examples and graphic illustrations are frequent, and terminology is introduced where appropriate. The lesson aims at convenience of use by the student. The logical sequence of first examination of the lesson is start-to-finish, but each section can stand alone. From a section, the student can move to any other section; within a section, he can continue forward or look back. The two testing exercises immediately follow the respective material each concerns. Each is structured for ease of use and flexibility, e.g., the student is allowed to type his input in any order and to erase, to ask for additional information, to ask for the answer and see it juxtaposed to his incorrect response, and to redo a particular exercise that troubles him. The unstructured exercise is included to allow the student to learn through discovery. It gives him a forum for practice and lets him examine structures not included in the examples or exercises. Only the variable name 'x' is used throughout the text and exercises in order to emphasize that the meaning of a name is context dependent. II. DOCUMENTATION The ensuing documentation of the source code of BEGINBLOCK follows the sequential construction of the lesson. All of the variable names and characters of BEGINBLOCK are defined before the first unit is entered. The use of each of these is described, and the units which reference each are listed. Each unit is discussed individually, and, where appropriate, placed in the context of the portion of the lesson it affects. Listed for each unit is applicable information from the following categories: l) purpose, 2) variable names referenced, 3) entry points named, k) units joined, 5) units from which it can be entered, 6) units to which it can exit. Category 5 does not include points from which the unit can be entered via the "back" key; category 6 does not include exits via the "term" key but describes all other exits and the conditions under which each is taken. Variable names : x — x-coordinate for pointer character (octal) referenced from: dy2, exec, setup, move, left, right, up, down y — y-coordinate for pointer character (octal) referenced from: dy2, exec, setup, move, left, right, up, down xx-x-coordinate for pointer (octal) referenced from: dy2, card, setup, delpart, bword, eword, xword, dck, move, moveck, left, right, up, down, worderr, delete, insert, unbrace yy — y-coordinate for pointer (octal) referenced from: dy2, card, setup, delpart, bword, eword, xword, dck, move, moveck, lineused, left, right, up, down, worderr, delete, out, insert, loopl, unbrace bct--number of 'begins' on student's screen referenced from: bckl, bck2, bck3, bck4, sexl, sex2, sexU, setup, stopck, begin, delete, blocks, scope, scopgo, break ect — number of 'ends' on student's screen referenced from: bckl, bck2, bck3, bck4, sexl, sex2, sex^, setup, stopck, end, delete, blocks, scope scopgo, match, break dct — number of 'declares' on student's screen referenced from: sexcom, sckl, sck2, sck3, sck^, setup, stopck, del, delete, scope, match xct — number of 'x's' on student's screen referenced from: sexl, sex2, sexJ+, setup, stopck, vbl, delete, scope xline — x-coordinate for scope line header (octal) referenced from: scope, head, xfind, draw, break yline--y- coordinate for scope line header (octal) referenced from: scope, head prime — header character for scope line referenced from: scope, head, xfind brak — increment for block display bracket (octal) referenced from: blocks, brace bpart — index of y-coordinate of 'begin' location referenced from: blocks, unend, brace, scope, bpre, endbpre, level, xmid, break epart — index of y-coordinate of 'end' location referenced from: unend, brace, scope, endbpre, level, xmid, xaft, break bfix--index of y-coordinate of 'begin* location referenced from: scopgo, getend, match, dec, din, draw, break efix — index of y-coordinate of 'end' location referenced from: getend, match, dec, draw, break loc — working variable referenced from: begin, end, del, vbl, delete, reorder, insert, loopl, loop2, scope, bpre, match, dec, din, draw, break ct — working variable referenced from: begin, end, del, vbl, delete, reorder, order, switch dum — working variable referenced from: dy2, exec, begin, end, del, vbl, insert, loop2, brace, level k — working variable referenced from: level i — index referenced from: stopek, lineused, delete, out, reorder, order, loopl, switch, setup, blocks, nobrace, clear, loop3, unend, scope, bpre, endbpre, xmid, xaft, scopgo, scloop, getend, match, dec, break ii — index referenced from: reorder, pack, switch, scope, break flag — working variable referenced from: stopek, moveck, stoperr, begin, end, del, vbl, delete, reorder, loopl, loop2, blocks, nobrace, brace, noscreen, scope, xfind, scopgo, match impflag — implicit declaration flag (=0 if does not occur, =1 if does) referenced from: scope, match, break bflag — display flag referenced from: sexl, sex2, sex^, setup, screen2, blocks, scope sflag — display flag referenced from:- setup, unbrace, cterr, materr, brace, scope exflag — exercise flag (=-1 for practice, =0 for blocex, =1 for scopex) referenced from: blocex, scopex, practice, help, ok, exdone, excont, screen, screen2, build, nextdo, backdo, checks numflag--problem flag (for four problems in blocex and scopex) referenced from: blocex, scopex, help, ok, excont, sex2, sans2, screen2, checks ptr — pointer character, constant value=l, step-size=20 (octal) referenced from: exec, card, setup, move, unbrace — blank character, used to overwrite pointer referenced from: exec, card, move The x- and y-coordinate storage locations for 'begin', 'end', 'declare x' and ' "x" ' start at n50. The x member of the pair precedes the y member, with the pairs being stored in descending order according to y. Storage for 'begin' starts at n50, for 'end' at n70, for 'declare x' at n90, and for "V" at nlOk. Units: title — displays title page joins: nextmes entry from: initial unit encountered exits on "next" press to: table 8 table — displays table of contents; explains topic selection and transfers control to selected point entry from: title on "next" press, any point in lesson on "term" option exits on selected key press to: problem, title, done, bloctalk, blocex, scoptalk, scopex, dynam, practice nextmes--instructs student to press "next" key joined from: title, problem, prob3, bloctalk, scoptalk, scop^, dynam, blocex, scopex, practice done — informs student end of lesson reached entry from: table, nextdo terminates lesson on "next" press The following seven units are the code for the first topic of the lesson, "Approach to a Problem." problem — presents text: statement of problem entry from: table joins: nextmes exits on "next" press to: prob2 prob2 — presents text: general approach to solution entry from: problem exits on "next" press to: probj prob3- -presents text and graph: first step of solution and tree entry from: prob2 joins: nextmes exits on "next" press to: prob^ prob^- -presents text and graph: adds second step to solution and tree entry from: prob3 exits on "next" press to: prob5 prob5 — presents text and graph: adds third step entry from: prob^ exits on "next" press to: prob6 prob6--presents text: solution done entry from: prob5 exits on "next" press to: prob7 prob7 — presents text: relates solution process to begin blocks entry from: prob6 exits on "next" press to: bloctalk The next five units comprise the code for the second topic of the lesson, "Block Structure." bloctalk — presents text: description of block structure entry from: table, prob7 joins: nextmes exits on "next" press to: form2 form2 — presents text and graph: description continued entry from: blocktalk exits on "next" press to: formj form3 — presents text: description continued entry from: form2 exits on "next" press to: form^ form^ — presents text and graph — reconstructs tree and relates it to block structure entry from: form3 exits on "next" press to: form5 form5 — presents text and graph: constructs structure corresponding to tree entry from: form^ exits on "next" press to: blocex The following five units .comprise the code for the fourth topic of BEGINBLOCK, "Scope of a Variable Name." scoptalk — presents text: introduces, 'declare' entry from: table, ok, exdone, excont, nextdo joins: nextmes exits on "next" press to: scop2 scop2--presents text: gives example of block with 'declare' entry from: scoptalk exits on "next" press to: scop3 scop3--presents text and graph: explains and illustrates scope of example entry from: scop2 exits on "next" press to: scop^ scop4 — presents text and graph: gives and illustrates second example entry from: scop3 joins: nextmes exits on "next" press to: scop5 scop5 — presents text and graph: third example entry from: scop^ exits on "next" press to: scopex 10 The next four units are the code for the sixth topic of the lesson, "Dynamic Storage Allocation." dynam — presents text: introduces this use of begin blocks entry from: table, ok, exdone, excont, nextdo .joins : nextmes exits on "next" press to: dy2 dy2 — presents text and graph: shows sample program and data cards that illustrate this use; initializes and drives simulated execution of the example entry from: dynam variables: x, y, xx, yy, dum joins (via 'do'): exec exits on "next" press to: practice exec — ^-simulates execution of sample program: awaits "next" press; wipes out pointer character next to "statement" last "executed;" increments to next "statement" to be "executed;" plots pointer there; joins unit to move data card pointer if appropriate; shows array size if "statement" mentions it joined from: dy2, exec variables : x, y, dum; characters : 0, ptr joins conditionally: card card — moves a pointer character from one "data card" to another: wipes out pointer character at old position; increments to new and plots there joined from: exec variables: xx, yy; characters: 0, ptr The next three units introduce the exercise sections of BEGINBLOCK. The first unit applies to section three, "Tree/Block Structure Exercises;" the second to section five, "Scope Exercises;" and the third to section seven, "Begin Block Practice." blocex — describes purpose and use of "Tree/Block Structure Exercises;" initializes exercise counters entry from: title, form5, backdo variables : exflag, numflag joins: typein, nextmes exits on "next" press to: setup scopex — describes purpose and use of "Scope Exercises;" initializes exercise counters entry from: title, scop5, backdo variables: exflag, numflag joins: typein, nextmes exits on "next" press to: setup 11 practice — describes purpose and use of "Begin Block Practice;" initializes exercise counter entry from: title, dy2, backdo variables: exflag joins: nextmes exits on "next" press to: setup The following seven units deal with communication that might occur between the lesson and the student as the student is engaged in the exercise problems of "Tree/Block Structure Exercises" or "Scope Exercises." badct — shows message concerning student error in "Tree/Block Structure Exercises" entry from: bckl, bck2, bck3, bck4 exits to: help badord — shows message concerning student error in "Tree/Block Structure Exercises" entry from: bckl, bck2, bckj3, bck^ exits to: help badins --shows message concerning student error in "Scope Exercises" entry from: sckl, sck2, sck3, sck^ exits to: help help — informs student of options on how to proceed after an incorrect response (two options for block exercises, three for scope exercises); transfers control to point selected entry from: badct, badord, badins variables : exflag, numflag exits on: "lab" press to scope; "help" press conditionally to bansl, bans2, bans3, bans^, sansl, sans2, sans3, sans^; any other key press to build ok — shows correct answer message; transfers control to next exercise or topic entry from: bckl, bck2, bck3, bck^, sckl, sck2, sckj5, sck^ variables : exflag, numflag exits on: "next" press conditionally to scoptalk, dynam; any other press conditionally to setup, exdone exdone — informs student exercise set completed; transfers control to next topic entry from: ok, 'exdone, excont variables : exflag exits on "next" press conditionally to: scoptalk, dynam 12 excont- -informs student of option of repeating problem whose answer he was supplied; transfers control to point chosen entry from: bansl, bans2, bansj3, bans**, sansl, sans2, sans3, sans4 variables: exflag, numflag entry point : backup exits on: "next" press conditionally to scoptalk, dynam; "back" press to setup via backup; any other press conditionally to setup, exdone; transfers conditionally internally to backup The following twelve units deal with the problem exercises presented in section three, "Block/Tree Structure Exercises." The first four units show the tree structure for each of the four problems, respectively; the second four units check the accuracy of the student's answer to each of the four problems, respectively; the final four units of this group present solutions to each of the four problems, respectively. bexl- -presents graph: first problem (this is also the initial portion of the graphs of the next two problems) joined from: bex2, bex3, screen2 (entry screen3) bex2 — presents graph: second problem joined from: screen2 (entry screenj) joins: bexl bex3 — presents graph: third problem joined from: screen2 (entry screen3) joins: bexl bexlj- — presents graph: fourth problem joined from: screen2 (entry screen^) bckl--checks student solution to first problem entry from: checks variables: bet, ect, 'begin and end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: badct, badord, ok bck2 — checks student solution to second problem entry from: checks variables: bet, ect, 'begin and end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: badct, badord, ok bck3 — checks student solution to third problem entry from: checks variables: bet, ect, 'begin and end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: badct, badord, ok 13 bcld+ — checks student solution to fourth problem entry from: checks variables: bet, ect, 'begin and end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: badct, badord, ok bansl — presents solution to first problem entry from: help exits to: excont bans2 — presents solution to second problem entry from: help exits to: excont bans3 — presents solution to third problem entry from: help exits to: excont bansl+ — presents solution to fourth problem entry from: help exits to: excont The next thirteen units deal with the problem exercises presented in section five, "Scope Exercises." The first five units set the coordinates for the elements of the block structures for each of the four problems, respectively; the next four units check the accuracy of the student's answer to each of the four problems, respectively; the final four units of this group present solutions to each of the four problems, respectively. sexcom — initializes values common to all four problems Joined from: sexl, sex2, sex^ variables: 'begin, declare, and x coordinate' storage locations, dct sexl — initializes values and graphs scope for first problem joined from: screen2 (entry screen3) variables: bflag, 'end coordinate' storage locations, bet, ect, xct joins: conditionally sexcom; unconditionally noscreen sex2 — initializes values and graphs scope for second problem and partially for third problem joined from: screen2 (entry screen^) variables: bflag, 'begin, x, end coordinate' storage locations, bet, ect, xct, numflag joins conditionally: noscreen exits conditionally to: sex3 sex3 — adds to scope graph for third problem entry from: sex2 joins: noscreen Ik sex4--initializes values and graphs scope for fourth problem joined from: screen2 (entry screen^) variables: bflag, 'begin, x, end coordinate' storage locations, bet, ect, xct joins: noscreen sckl — checks student solution to first problem entry from: checks variables: dct exits conditionally to: ok, badins sck2 — checks student solution to second problem entry from: checks variables: dct, 'begin and declare coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: badins, ok sckp — checks student solution to third problem entry from: checks variables: dct, 'begin, declare, end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: badins, ok sck^J- — checks student solution to fourth problem entry from: checks variables: dct, 'begin, declare, end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: badins, ok sansl — presents solution to first problem entry from: help exits to: excont sans2--presents solution to second problem and partially to third entry from: help variables: numflag exits conditionally to: sans3, excont sans3 — presents remainder of solution to third problem entry from: sans2 exits to: excont sans4 — presents solution to fourth problem entry from: help exits to: excont The remaining code of BEGINBLOCK applies to the three exercise sections of the lesson, namely, "Block/Tree Structure Exercises," "Scope Exercises," and "Begin Block Practice." It deals primarily with providing the student a work area, and capturing, evaluating, and doing manipulations with his input . 15 setup- -initializes variables; sets up work area on student's screen entry from: blocex, scopex, practice, ok, excont, build variables: 'begin, end, declare, x coordinate' storage locations, bet, ect, dct, xct, sflag, bflag, x, y, xx, yy; characters: ptr joins: (via 'do') clear; screen exits to: build screen — arranges screen setup according to particular exercise topic joined from: setup, unbrace vari ab le s : exf lag joins conditionally: screenl, screen2, screen2 (entry screen^) s ere enl-- shows screen arrangement for "Begin Block Practice" joined from: screen joins : typein screen2 — shows screen arrangement for "Block/Tree Structure Exercises" or "Scope Exercises" (entry screen^) joined from: screen variables: bflag, numflag, exf lag entry points: screen^ (entered from screen) joins conditionally: bexl, bex2, bex3, bex^, sexl, sex2, sexk build—awaits and accepts student input; analyzes key press; transfers control to appropriate point in program entry from: help, setup, build, delpart, move, stoperr, worderr, delete, insert, unbrace, cterr variables: exflag exits on selected key press to: nextdo, backdo, table, delete, left, up, down, right, dek, blocks, scope, checks, bword, eword, xword, setup typein — instructs student how to enter and delete "statements" joined from: blocex, scopex, screenl nextdo — sequencing unit: student has asked to leave exercise section to go to next topic entry from: build variables : exflag exits conditionally to: done, scoptalk, dynam backdo — sequencing unit: student has asked to leave exercise section to go to preceeding topic entry from: build variables: exflag exits conditionally to: practice, blocex, scopex checks — sequencing unit: student has asked for answer check to exercise problem entry from: build variables: numflag, exflag exits conditionally to: bckl, bck2, bck3, bck^, sckl, sck2, sck3, sck^ L6 The following six units are the code which determines if a student entry is a legal "statement." The code is entered if the previous key press indicates that the input will be a "statement" (i.e., if the key press is 'V, 'e 1 , or ' " ' ), or might be a "statement" (i.e., if the key press is 'd'). key--awaits student key press; transfers control on "erase" press; otherwise, shows character key press indicates joined from: bword, eword, xword, dck variables: storage location 'nl' exits conditionally to: delpart delpart — erases student entry if he requests it for incomplete "statement" entry from: key variables: xx, yy exits to: build bword--shows *b' student has entered in work area; looks for successive presses of 'e', 'g', 'i 1 , 'n' and transfers control appropriately entry from: build variables: xx, yy joins: stopck, key exits conditionally to: worderr, begin eword — shows 'e' student has entered in work area; looks for successive presses of 'n', 'd' and transfers control appropriately entry from: build variables : xx, yy joins: stopck, key exits conditionally to: worderr, end xword — shows '"' student has entered in work area; looks for successive presses of 'x', '" , and transfers control appropriately entry from: build variables: xx, yy joins: stopck, key exits conditionally to: worderr, vbl dck — (previous key press has been 'd') for key press other than 'c' or 'e', interprets previous 'd' press as 'right arrow' press instead and transfers control appropriately; otherwise, shows the appropriate 'dc' or 'de' in the work area; looks, respectively, for '1', blank, 'x' sequence of presses, or 'c', '1', 'a', 'r', 'e', blank, 'x' sequence; transfers control appropriately entry from: build . variables: xx, yy entry points : dckO, dckl joins: stopck, key exits conditionally to: worderr, del, right; transfers conditionally internally to: dckl, dckO 17 The next nine units deal with moving the pointer character as the student instructs, or checking the legality of the location he has chosen to input a "statement." move--legal (on screen) move instruction: wipes out pointer character in old position; plots pointer in new position entry from: left, right, up, down variables: x, y, xx, yy; characters: 0, ptr joins: moveck exits to: build stopck — uses coordinate storage locations of 'begin', 'end', 'declare', 'x' to drive unit that checks if line empty joined from: bword, eword, xword, dck variables: i, flag, bet, ect, dct, xct joins (via 'do'): lineused moveck — checks if pointer coordinates are within boundary of student work area joined from: move variables: flag, xx, yy exits conditionally to: stoperr lineused — tests if particular line of work area contains input joined from: stopck variables: yy, "statement" coordinate storage location exits conditionally to: stoperr left — calculates pointer coordinates one step left entry from: build variables: xx, x, yy, y exits to: move right — calculates pointer coordinates one step right entry from: build, dck variables : xx, x, yy, y exits to: move up--calculates pointer coordinates one step up entry from: build variables: xx, x, yy, y exits to: move down — calculates pointer coordinates one step down entry from: build' variables: xx, x, yy, y exits to: move stoperr--informs student if he is attempting to type in unavailable area entry from: moveck, lineused variables: flag exits to: build 18 worderr — informs student that the "statement" that he is trying to enter is unrecognizable; (at entry werrl) awaits any key press to continue; erases offending entry entry from: bword, eword, xword, dck variables: xx, yy entry points: werrl (entered from fullerr) exits to: build fullerr — informs student that he has entered more than the maximum number of "statements" that BEGINBLOCK can handle entry from: begin, end, del exits to: worderr (entry werrl) One of the four following units is reached after the student has successfully entered 'begin', 'end', 'declare x', or '"x"', respectively. begin-- (student has entered 'begin') if entry within maximum allowed, updates and sets variables entry from: bword variables: bet, loc, ct, flag, dum exits conditionally to: fullerr, insert, order end — (student has entered 'end') if entry within maximum allowed, updates and sets variables entry from: eword variables: ect, loc, ct, flag, dum exits conditionally to: fullerr, insert, order del — (student has entered 'declare x' ) if entry within maximum allowed, updates and sets variables entry from: dck variables : dct, loc, ct, flag, dum exits conditionally to: fullerr, insert, order vbl — (student has entered '"x"') updates and sets variables entry from: xword variables : xct, loc, ct, flag, dum exits conditionally to: fullerr, insert, order The next four units are the code which deletes an entered "statement" on the student's request. delete--erase "statement" from screen; determines type of "statement" it was; drives unit to delete appropriate coordinates from storage; decreases appropriate "statement" counter • entry from: build variables : flag, xx, yy, loc, ct, bet, i, ect, dct, xct joins (via 'do'): out exits to: build 19 out — identifies "statement" deleted as 'begin', 'end', 'declare', or 'x' joined from: delete variables: yy, coordinate storage locations for 'begin', 'end', 'declare', 'x' joins conditionally: reorder reorder — drives unit that packs stored coordinates after appropriate pair is deleted joined from: out variables: flag, ii, i, loc, ct joins (via 'do'): pack pack — packs stored coordinates after pair is deleted joined from: reorder variables: ii, coordinate storage locations for 'begin', 'end', 'declare', 'x' The next five units are the code which inserts the location coordinates of a "statement" after the student enters it. The coordinate pairs are grouped according to the type "statements" (i.e., 'begin', 'end*, 'declare', 'x') they represent and ordered in descending order according to the y-coordinate. insert — entry from: begin, end, del, vbl, order, loopl variables: loc, dum, xx, yy, coordinate storage locations exits to: build order — entry from: begin, end, del, vbl variables: i, ct joins (via 'do'): loopl exits to: insert loopl — joined from: order variables: flag, yy, loc, i, coordinate storage locations joins conditionally: switch exits conditionally to: insert switch — joined from: loopl variables : ii, ct, i joins (via 'do'): loop2 loop2-- joined from: switch variables: loc, dum, flag, coordinate storage locations 20 The following eleven units are code involved in determining and graphically illustrating a block structure in the work area. blocks — readies screen for block display; steps through 'begins' entered, starting with that one closest to the bottom of the structure; drives code to match these 'begins' with 'ends', starting with the one closest to the top of the structure; checks for pairing errors entry from: build, scope variables: bflag, ect, bet, bpart, brak, flag, i, storage locati entry points: blockl (entered from brace) joins: noscreen; (via 'do') clear, loop3 exits conditionally to: cterr, unbrace, materr, blocks (entry blockl) unbrace — if coming from scope operations, returns; otherwise, on student request: replaces block display with appropriate exercise screen setup, structure, pointer entry from: blocks, materr, scope, scopgo, break variables: sflag, yy, xx; characters: ptr joins: screen, noscreen exits conditionally to: scope (entry scopeO), build cterr — informs student he does not have the same number of 'ends' and 'begins 1 ; (entry cterrl) awaits key press; sends student to continue working on structure entry from: blocks var i ab le s : s f lag entry points: cterrl (entered from noscope, noblock) exits to: build materr --informs student his 'begins' and 'ends' do not pair up entry from: blocks variables: sflag exits to: unbrace nobrace — shows all the "statements" of the structure at their respective stored coordinate locations joined (via 'do') from: noscreen variables: i, flag, 'begin, end, declare, x coordinate' storage locations joins conditionally: quote quote — shows quote marks around "statement" 'x* joined from: nobrace clear — zeros storage location joined (via 'do') from: setup, blocks, scopgo variables: i, storage location 21 loop3- -determines if a particular 'end' has already been used as a mate for a 'begin'; if it is unused, transfers control to check if it is the mate to the 'begin' currently trying to pair joined (via 'do') from: blocks variables: i, 'end' flag storage location joins conditionally: unend unend — determines y-coordinate location of unmatched 'end'; if this is less than the y-coordinate location of the 'begin' currently awaiting a match, the two are paired and control is transferred to the unit which draws a bracket connecting the two joined from: loop3 variables: epart, i, bpart, 'begin, end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: brace brace — flags 'end' as paired; if here for block, not scope, display graphs a bracket connecting the paired 'begin' and 'end' entry from: unend variables: flag, sflag, bpart, epart, dum, brak, 'begin, end coordinate' storage locations, 'end' flag storage location exits to: blocks (entry blockl) noscreen — drives unit which shows "statements" from stored coordinate locations joined from: sexl, sex2, sexj, sex^, blocks, unbrace variables: flag joins (via 'do'): nobrace The remaining units of BEGINBLOCK deal with determining and graphing the scopes of the variables of a structure in the student's work area. scope — transfers control if a variable is not mentioned in the structure or if the outermost block does not surround the structure; transfers control to check if the block structure is syntactically correct; if the structure contains no 'declare', graphs scope line to include the entire structure; otherwise, checks for implicit declaration entry from: help, build variables: bflag, dct, xct, bpart, ii, i, ect, epart, sflag, yline, prime, xline, flag, impflag, loc, bet, 'begin, end, declare, x coordinate' storage locations entry points: scopeO (entered from blocks), scopeOO, scopel, scope2 (entered from bpre), scope3, scoped (entered from level), scope5, scope6, scope7 joins: (via 'do') endbpre, bpre, xmid, xaft; head exits: conditionally to noscope, noblock, unbrace, scopgo, breakl, break5, xfind, breakj; unconditionally to blocks internal conditional transfers: scopel, scope6, scopeOO, scope7, scope5, scope3 22 head — shows header for scope line joined from: scope, match, draw variables: xline, yline, prime bpre — looks for 'begin' just preceeding a given 'declare' joined (via 'do') from: scope, break variables: bpart, i, loc, 'begin, declare coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: scope (entry scope2) endbpre — looks for first 'end' that follows a given 'begin'; transfers control to see if that 'end' matches the 'begin' and if not to find the 'end' that does joined (via 'do') from: scope, break variables: epart, i, bpart, 'begin, end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: level level — checks if given 'end' matches given 'begin'; no match implies nested block; check if next 'end' matches, etc. entry from: endbpre variables: dum, k, epart, bpart, 'begin, end coordinate' storage locations entry points : levell, level2 exits conditionally to: scope^ transfers internally to: levell, level2 xmid — checks if 'x' occurs after a given 'end' and before a given 'begin' joined (via 'do') from: scope variables: epart, i, bpart, 'begin, end, x coordinate* storage locations exits conditionally to: xfind xaft — checks if 'x' occurs after a given 'end' joined (via 'do' ) from: scope variables: i, epart, 'end coordinate' storage location exits conditionally to: xfind xfind — sets variables indicating implicit declaration has been found entry from: scope, xmid, xaft variables: flag, prime, xline exits to: scopgo The following three units do essentially the same 'begin' -'end' matching for the scope display as do the units blocks, loop3, and unend, respectively, for the block display. 23 scopgo — entry from: scope, xfind variables: bfix, bet, i, ect, flag entry points: scopgol (entered from match, draw, break), scopgo2 joins (via 'do'): clear, scloop exits conditionally to: unbrace, match (entry matchl) transfers internally to: scopgol, scopgo2 scloop — joined (via 'do') from: scopgo variables: i, 'end' flag storage location joins conditionally: getend getend — joined from: scloop variables: efix, i, bfix, 'begin, end coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: match match — ( 'begin' -'end' pair found) drives units to check if there is a 'declare' in the given block that is not included in any block nested within that block; if none found, checks if block is outermost one; if so and also contains an implicit declaration, sets variables and transfers to draw scope entry from: getend variables: i, dct, bfix, flag, impflag, loc, efix, ect, 'end' flag storage location entry points: matchl (entered from scopgo) joins: (via 'do') dec; head exits conditionally to: scopgo (entry scopgol), break dec — looks for 'declare' between given 'begin' and 'end' joined from: match variables: loc, i, bfix, efix, 'begin, end coordinate' storage locations joins conditionally: din din — checks if the 'begin' following 'begin' of given block precedes the 'declare' that lies within that block joined from: dec variables: bfix, loc, 'begin, declare coordinate' storage locations exits conditionally to: draw draw — transfers control if there is a 'declare' inside a block nested within the given block; otherwise, draws scope line entry from: din variables: bfix, loc, efix, xline, 'begin, declare, end coordinate' storage locations joins: head exits conditionally to: break, scopgo (entry scopgol) 2k break — draws scope line that is broken by nested blocks containing 'declares' entry from: match, draw variables: loc, ii, i, bet, xline, bfix, bpart, ect, efix, epart, impflag, 'begin, declare, end coordinate' storage locations entry points: breakl (entered from scope), break2, break3 (entered from scope), breakl, break5 (entered from scope) joins (via 'do'): bpre, endbpre exits conditionally to: unbrace, scopgo (entry scopgol) transfers conditionally internally to: break2, breaks, break^ noscope—informs student that a reference to 'x' is necessary for a scope display entry from: scope exits to: cterr (entry cterrl) noblock — informs student that "Begin Block Practice" requires an outermost block enclosing the rest of the structure entry from: scope exits to: cterr (entry cterrl) 25 UJ -I 3) 0- c. — f •* — (V «V fV f> «Vl^< if.tr-cczz'zivrz-fvft^ o ■» — — -'.- II II II 2 II II 2 Z (V X M f\. — ZZZZli.UL.II»-t-ll ii r « r c - P 2 II II II II Z 2 r ¥ ft ft x * II Z II IT f, 2 II »-►-»- K »~ •-•-«< < •- •- l_ II I 2 2 II yuuuu jjiiaiii^si-: ii ii ►- >n u. ~ x x > ft Ii kln,'U£ j£ ►» •- -» m c c ■# «n o o >e 4 • n c C » » 3 O • •» •a er C IT n *- »»> • O Z IT X l» 2 c • r li r l» 2 II • c c II _J C C « _ *- c C e u « ^ _ u. li • • < ft _; 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X -X z ■* u. u a: » c >- j - u. 7 a t. t _ u r c u - X IJi- ■» J/l UuUUUUUCTT — c - Lu L0 JC U oj U ->(\n/) -• ar ^s y (juo-LU j j J3 ^m^i i a: oca C«Ctt >-uuuu.aoe.t_c_u.uu.t-»- _ a i_ c U JUUJH0004 4 430UIU OOOD* _I_J l_l_J_(_!SIITS?Z Z 2 ? ? C u HUI UJ a >-_/ftr4Lr>rr^uc»- — u. vccriTacrTcrt-aTi/ a«-'J*O3>C'3)'3)0D0O3"? 0t3«IITtIIIX3lil"i« cca&aa.a.a.aaaoo:a (») IT C e _ „ ,p e m <• .C .C r^^jc i*- a r- r* r- r- i\ a '-~eXf\l -»iri»"jc&aeaaQaaQoaaa:ioaQao.u:ii.L.ii.r«-'.-ft'*'-»an>-_' ~ Z ?^i£^<:_1003'D0D23003D0D'3DO30'ri3:'a:>-x;'Xx;>-i- »« if(f-irififirifififififi/i(f(/. ifififiifififififififififififif'ifififif. ifJiftfif'tflfift- Ud X z a X u »- « c — u. C JU 2 Z a c c- z ■-1 I J _I I X a- — -•>?•' .i IW3 4 U. i- t— r r ~ > 3 3- X X 61 4 it •» C *- U O U IP ~4 tr c ,_ or .J If *. a a •- c z — ■? 62 LIST OF REFERENCES Alpert, D. and Bitzer, D. L. "Advances in Computer-based Education." Science, 167 (March 20, 1970), 1582-1590. Bitzer, D. L. and Johnson, R. L. "PLATO: A Computer-based System Used in the Engineering of Education." Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 39 (June, 1971). 960-968. Dijkstra, Edsger W. "Notes on Structured Programming." Report 70-WSK-03. Department of Mathematics, Technological University Eindhoven, The Netherlands (April, 1970). Hicks, Bruce L. and Hunka, S. The Teacher and the Computer . Philadelphia: W. B. Sanders Co., 1972. Ledgard, Henry F. "Ten Mini -Languages: A Study of Topical Issues in Programming Languages . " ACM Computing Surveys, 5 (September, 1971), 115-1^6. Suppes, Patrick. "The Use of Computers in Education" in Information: A Scientific American Book . San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1966, 157-17^. Tenczar, Paul. "Man." Lesson for PLATO IV Computer-assisted Instruction System, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. TUTOR User's Memo. "Introduction to TUTOR: PLATO IV Version," University of Illinois, January, 1973 • BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET 4. Title and Subtitle 1. Report No. UIUCDCS-R-73-599 3. Recipient's Accession No. 5. Report Date August 1973 A PLATO LESSON TO TEACH BEGIN BLOCKS 7. Author(s) Jamie MacNaughton Sammons 8- Performing Organization Rept. No. 9. Performing Or>?ani ation Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. Department of Computer Science University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 11. Contract /Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Department of Computer Science University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 13. Type of Report & Period Covered 14. 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstracts BECtINBLOCK is a PLATO TV lesson written to teach the concept and use of "begin blocks." Included in this report are an introduction to and description of the lesson, and a documentation and listing of the TUTOR code. 7. Key Wonis and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors b. Identifiers /Opec- End t-d Terms e. COSATI Fie l.i /Group Availabiiitv Staten ?nt 19. Security Class (This Report) UNCLASSIFIED 20. 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