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ANALYSIS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH SENTENCE, 
 
 DESIGNED FOR ADVANCED CLASSES 
 IN 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 BY A. S. WELCH, A. M. 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & CO., 
 51 JOHN STREET. 
 
 1856. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year ^854, 
 BY A. S. BARNES & CO., 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern 
 District of New York. 
 
 JONES & DENYSE, Stereotypers, 
 183 William-street, New York. 
 
• PREFACE, 
 
 This treatise, designed for advanced classes in 
 English Grammar, is given to the public with the 
 hope that it may contribute somewhat to the philo- 
 sophical study of our language. A systematic 
 analysis of the English Sentence, should hold a 
 prominent rank, merely as an important means of 
 mental development. In this respect no branch of 
 study has been regarded so dry and sterile. A 
 few years ago the attainments of most teachers in 
 grammar were, to the last degree, superficial, and 
 their instructions systematically wrong. The student 
 of Kirkham supposed that his order of parsing 
 exhausted the subject, and the disciple of Murray 
 knew far more of rules than relations. English 
 Grammar became distasteful and repulsive, because 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 it furnished no genuine mental aliment. A hard 
 nomenclature and a host of numbered rules were 
 obstacles which very few fairly surmounted, and 
 young pupils turned with disgust, from mere verbal 
 recitations which gave exercise to the memory only. 
 
 But we are happy in the fact that this state of 
 things is gradually changing. Led by eminent 
 grammarians, teachers are beginning to give less 
 attention to old formulas, and more to the philosophy 
 of language; and the day cannot be far off when 
 a thorough knowledge of the structure of the English 
 Sentence, can be gained from English grammars. 
 
 If the following system shall aid, in any degree, 
 so important a reform, its object will be accomplished. 
 Its principal aim is to remedy the defects of the old 
 grammars, by a more simple and just classification. 
 Accordingly, we have changed the old nomenclature 
 whenever it was inadequte or meaningless ; yet no 
 innovations have been made without the most serious 
 and urgent reasons. 
 
 In completing our task, we have been influenced 
 neither by a love of novelty, on the one hand, nor 
 on the other, by a foolish attachment to time-honored 
 errors. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Whatever is new in our system, has received the 
 unanimous sanction of numerous Teachers' Institutes, 
 and the entire system has been thoroughly tested by 
 teaching it to advanced classes in the State Norma 
 School. 
 
 It is earnestly hoped that every Teacher who 
 peruses this work, will desire to find the truth, rather 
 than a confirmation of his own peculiar views, and 
 that he will condemn no part without a careful 
 examinatian of the whole. 
 
 We gratefully acknowledge our obligations to Mr. 
 Sill, of the State Normal School, for important aid 
 in preparing the work for the press, and we give 
 our thanks to numerous friends who have kindly 
 expressed an interest in its publication. 
 
 Michigan State Normal School, ) 
 Ypsilanti. J 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 a . • PAGE 
 
 Synthesis of a Sentence 13 
 
 Analysis of a Sentence 19 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 OF GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS. 
 
 Words 22 
 
 Phrases 23 
 
 Sentences , 25 
 
 Connectives 27 
 
 Co-ordinate Connectives 27 
 
 Secondary Connectives. u 30 
 
 Essential Elements of the English Sentence 33 
 
 Synopsis of the English Sentence 34 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 OF THE SUBJECT. 
 
 Noun as Subject 35 
 
 The Personal Pronoun as Subject 36 
 
 Forms of the Personal Pronoun as Subject 37 
 
 Offices of It 33 
 
 It as the local subject, representing Dependent Nominal 
 
 It as the local subject, representing Phrases 40 
 
 Sentences , 41 
 
 It as subject, representing an Independent Sentence 42 
 
 Examples of it as local subject representing a Nominal Phrase 
 
 or Sentence . , . , m t 43 
 
8 
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Double Pronoun as Subject, 34 
 
 Intensive Pronoun as Subject 45 
 
 Relative Pronoun as Subject 46 
 
 Whoever 50 
 
 Whichever . . . . ; 50 
 
 Whatever 51 
 
 Interrogative Pronoun as Subject 52 
 
 Responsive Pronoun as Subject 54 
 
 Adjective Pronoun as Subject 56 
 
 Synopsis of the Adjective Pronouns 57 
 
 This and That . 57 
 
 That 59 
 
 One and Other 60 
 
 Each 61 
 
 Ones and Others 61 
 
 None 61 
 
 Both 62 
 
 Either 62 
 
 Neither 62 
 
 Such, Many, and Same. 62 
 
 Former and Latter 63 
 
 Imperfect Participle as Subject 64 
 
 Verb Infinitive as Subject 64 
 
 Dependent Sentence as Subject 65 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 > OF THE OBJECT. 
 
 The Object 66 
 
 The Nominal Word in the Objective Relation 66 
 
 Forms of the Personal Pronoun in the Subjective and Objective 
 
 Relation 67 
 
 It (the local object) as a Pro-Phrase , 68 
 
 It (local object) standing for a Dependent Sentence 68 
 
 It (as object) standing for an Independent Sentence 69 
 
 The Relative Pronoun as Object 4 . . . . 70 
 
 Object composed of two Nouns , 71 
 
 Direct and Indirect Object 72 
 
 Nominal Phrase as Object 73 
 
 The Participle as Object 74 
 
CONTENTS. 9 
 
 Dependent Nominal Sentence as Object ^75 
 
 Independent Sentence as Object 76 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 OF THE COMPLEMENT OF A NEUTER SENTENCE. 
 
 Noun as Complement. 73 
 
 Pronoun as Complement 79 
 
 Adjective as Complement 79 
 
 Participle as Complement. 80 
 
 Adnominal Phrase as Complement 80 
 
 Adnominal Sentence as Complement. 81 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 OF THE VERB. 
 
 Person and Number of the Verb 84 
 
 Mode ..... :\V^V/.V/^V/.' 85 
 
 Participles t ^ 
 
 Participles of the Transive Verb Love 88 
 
 Participles of the Intransitive Verb Walk. ................ 89 
 
 Tense % 
 
 Formation of the Tenses ^ gg 
 
 Definition of the Tenses Q4 
 
 Synopsis of the Tenses of the Verb Talk 95 
 
 Conjugation g^ 
 
 Conjugation of the Regular Verb Turn 95 
 
 Subjunctive Mode ^ 
 
 Conjugation of the Irregular Verb To-be 98 
 
 Irregular Verbs m 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb Abide _ 103 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb Come 10 3 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb Do m ' 103 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb Eat 104 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb Give * X q 4 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb Go 10* 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb See " 105 
 
 List of Irregular Verbs. . , nc 
 
 & • « 105 
 
 Defective Verbs , ^ 
 
 Unipersonal Verbs , 119 
 
10 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 OF ADJUNCTS. PAGE 
 
 Adjuncts H4 
 
 Adnominal Adjuncts 1 14 
 
 Adjuncts of the Subject H4 
 
 Adnominal Words 114 
 
 Synopsis of the Personal Pronouns Possessive 116 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives 120 
 
 Imperfect Participle Active 123 
 
 Imperfect Participle Neuter 123 
 
 Perfect Participle Active 124 
 
 Perfect Participle Neuter 124 
 
 Perfect Participle Passive 125 
 
 Adnominal Phrases 126 
 
 Essential Element a Noun 126 
 
 Essential Element a Pronoun 127 
 
 Essential Element a Participle 128 
 
 Essential Element a Verb Infinitive 131 
 
 Adnominal Sentences 132 
 
 Adnominal Sentences connected by a Relative Pronoun, 133 
 
 Sentence in Apposition 140 
 
 Sentence with no Connective , 141 
 
 Adverbial Adjuncts 141 
 
 Adverbial Words 142 
 
 Comparison of Adverbs 143 
 
 Adverbial Phrases 143 
 
 Essential Element a Noun 143 
 
 Essential Element a Personal Pronoun 144 
 
 Essential Element a Relative Pronoun 144 
 
 Essential Element an Imperfect Active Participle 147 
 
 Essential Element a Perfect Active Participle 148 
 
 Essential Element a Neuter Participle followed by its 
 
 Complement 148 
 
 Phrase without Connective + 149 
 
 Essential Element another Phrase 150 
 
 Adverbial Sentence. 152 
 
 Adjunct of the Object of a Transitive Sentence 154 
 
 Adjunct of the Complement in a Neuter Sentence 155 
 
CONTENTS. 1 1 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SUBJECT OF VERBS INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES. PAGE 
 
 Subject of Verbs Infinitive 158 
 
 Subject of Participles 159 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 OBJECT OF VERBS INFINITIVE AND TRANSITIVE PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Object of Transitive Infinitives 161 
 
 Object of Transitive Participles . 162 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 LIMITATION OF WORDS. 
 
 Adnominal Words. . . 164 
 
 Adnominal Phrases 168 
 
 Adnominal Sentence Ill 
 
 Adverbial Words 174 
 
 Adverbial Phrases. 174 
 
 Adverbial Sentence 178 
 
 Other Adverbial Adjuncts „ 178 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 INDEPENDENT WORDS. 
 
 Noun Addressed. , .. 180 
 
 Interjections 181 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Of the Complement of Words 183 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 
 
 Exercises 186 
 
 The Fourth Book of Pollok's « Course of Time." t 207 
 
 " Winter," from Thomson's " Seasons". 228 
 
ANALYSIS 
 
 THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF A SENTENCE. 
 
 Synthesis, as a method of instruction, is the uniting 
 of elements to form an example of a general truth. 
 
 By a process of synthesis, we take elements or 
 single things and join them, one by one, until we 
 obtain a whole which constitutes a species. Thus, in 
 mechanics, we put together, according to a certain 
 order, various wheels and levers, and a machine (a 
 watch for instance) is the result. In geometry, we 
 unite individual lines, and figure is the consequence. 
 In orthography, we combine the elementary sounds to 
 form words. 
 
 The synthetical process, on account of its simplicity, 
 is the best method of giving instruction to the young. 
 It will be our object in this article, to show how 
 
14 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 synthesis can be applied in teaching the structure of 
 an English Sentence. 
 
 Beginning with the Subject and Verb, we will unite 
 successively the elements of which a sentence is com- 
 posed. Let us select, for the first element, the word 
 man. Standing thus alone this word has its widest 
 signification. We will make it the subject of a sen- 
 tence by uniting it with another word which shall 
 declare or affirm something : thus, — man maintains. 
 Here the word man is made the subject by the word 
 maintains ; for the Subject is that of which something is 
 declared or affirmed: and maintains is a veeb ; for a 
 Verb is a word which affirms something of the subject 
 
 But maintains is a verb transitive or such a verb as 
 requires the addition of another element to complete 
 the sentence. 
 
 This element is called the Object 
 
 Add the word opinion, and we have the three 
 essential elements of a sentence, viz., man maintains 
 opinion. 
 
 A Sentence is a group of elements expressing a thought 
 
 As the sentence before us makes sense in itself, we 
 will name it an Independent or Principal Sentence: It 
 is also transitive. 
 
 A Transitive Sentence is one whose verb is transitive. 
 
 But farther, the words in the example before us, 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. lO 
 
 as it now stands, have their most unlimited meaning, 
 so that, as yet the sense is very indefinite. The 
 word man is synonymous with mankind, including in 
 its meaning the whole human race. The verb main- 
 tains is limited only by its object, and the noun 
 opinion has its most extensive signification, viz., any 
 judgment of the mind. Now we can limit each of these 
 elements by the use of adjuncts, so as to make the 
 sentence the vehicle of a distinct and definite idea. 
 
 An Adjunct is a word, phrase, or sentence, used to limit 
 or modify a word. 
 
 If the word A be placed before man, as, A man, its 
 application is limited from the whole human race, to 
 a single individual. This word A, is therefore an 
 adjunct and moreover an adnominal word. 
 
 All adjuncts used to limit or modify a noun or pronoun, 
 are called Adnominal Adjuncts. 
 
 The subject may be farther limited by an adjunctive 
 phrase. 
 
 A Phrase is an element usually composed of a noun or 
 pronoun and its connective. 
 
 Let the noun learning be the essential part of a 
 phrase, connected to the subject man, by the word 
 of; thus, A man OF LEARNING: of learning is a phrase 
 used to limit the subject man, and give it a still more 
 definite sense. It is farther an Adnominal Phrase 
 because it is connected to a noun. 
 
16 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Attending now to a little word of, we find that it is 
 used to connect the adjunct learning to the word man; 
 it is, therefore, called a secondary connective. 
 
 A Secondary Connective connects an adjunctive phrase 
 or sentence to a word. 
 
 Of joins a phrase to a noun, and is, therefore, an 
 adnominal connective. 
 
 A Secondary Connective is Adnominal when it connects 
 a phrase or sentence to a noun or pronoun. 
 
 The subject may be limited still farther. We have 
 affected its meaning by two adnominal adjuncts, viz., 
 a word and a phrase. We will now employ, for the 
 same purpose, an adnominal sentence. Let the subject 
 of this new sentence be who ; the verb, has studied; 
 and the object, the noun subject, which we will limit 
 by the adnominal word the, and there results the sen- 
 tence who has studied the subject. Connect this sentence 
 to the noun man by the word who, and it reads as fol- 
 lows: A man of learning who has studied the subject: 
 But who has studied the subject, since it does not make 
 sense alone, is. a dependent sentence. 
 
 A Dependent Sentence is one which does not make sense 
 in itself. 
 
 And since it is used to limit a noun, it is an adnomi- 
 rial sentence. 
 
 A Sentence is Adnominal when it is used to limit a 
 noun or pronoun. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. t7 
 
 This dependent adnominal sentence is also transi- 
 tive : we name it, therefore, a dependent adnominal 
 transitive sen ten ce. 
 
 Attending next to the pronoun who, we perceive 
 that it not only performs the office of a subject, but 
 also connects the sentence who has studied the subject, 
 to its antecedent. 
 
 A Relative Pronoun always connects the sentence in 
 which it stands, to its antecedent, and is therefore always 
 a secondary adnominal connective. 
 
 We have now limited the subject of the indepen- 
 dent sentence by three adnominal adjuncts, viz., a 
 word, a phrase, and a sentence. 
 
 The verb maintains, also, may be limited by similar 
 adjuncts : 
 
 First ; by a word, as, promptly maintains. 
 
 Secondly; by a phrase. Let the noun confidence 
 constitute the essential part, and with, its connective : 
 thus, maintains promptly and with confidence: here 
 promptly is an adverbial word, and with confidence, 
 since it limits a verb, is an adverbial phrase. 
 
 An Adverbial Adjunct is a word, phrase, or sentence, 
 which limits any word which an adverb may qualify. 
 
 The word and, since it connects two elements of 
 the same kind, {promptly AND with confidence^) is called a 
 co-ordinate connective. 
 
 A Co-ordinate Connective connects similar elements in 
 the same grammatical relation. 
 
Ib ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 In the adverbial phrase, with connects the adjunct 
 confidence to the word maintains. It is therefore a 
 secondary connective, and because it connects confidence 
 to a verb, it is called a secondary adverbial connective. 
 
 Thus modified the sentence reads, as follows: A 
 man of learning who has studied the subject, maintains 
 promptly and with confidence opinion. The object 
 opinion is still indefinite. We may limit its signifi- 
 cation, first, by an adnominal word, as the opinion; 
 secondly, by a sentence in apposition. Select for the 
 subject of this new sentence, the noun Francis; for 
 the verb, was ; for a noun in the predicate, author ; 
 and we have a neuter sentence, viz., Francis was author. 
 
 A Neuter Sentence is one tohose verb must be followed 
 by an adjunct of the subject to complete the predicate. 
 
 Let author be limited by the adnominal word the, 
 and also by the adnominal phrase of letters, and there 
 results the expression the author of letters. Of is a 
 secondary adnominal connective, because it connects 
 an adjunct to a noun. 
 
 If we limit the noun letters, by the possessive adno- 
 minal word Junius, we have the expression the author 
 of Junius' letters. The sentence now stands thus, 
 Francis ivas the author of Junius' letters. This sentence 
 may be connected to opinion by the word that, as 
 follows : the opinion that Francis teas the author of 
 Junius' letters. From a preceding definition, it is now 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 19 
 
 a dependent adnominal sentence, and the word that which 
 connects it to opinion, is a secondary adnominal connec- 
 tive. 
 
 Modified in this manner, the independent sentence 
 now stands, as follows : A man of learning who has 
 studied the subject, maintains promptly and with confi- 
 dence, the opinion that Francis was the author of Junius' 
 letters. 
 
 _ 
 
 Analysis is the opposite of synthesis. 
 
 As a method of instruction, it consists in separa- 
 ting, one by one, the parts of which any whole is com- 
 posed, for the purpose of showing their nature, their 
 relations to each other, and how they are united to 
 form the whole under consideration. 
 
 Thus, if we exhibit the structure of a watch by 
 separating its wheels, one by one, and pointing out 
 their relation to each other, we use the analytical 
 method of instruction. 
 
 In grammar, analysis consists in resolving a sen- 
 tence, by a regular method, into its elements, and 
 showing their various relations. 
 
 Take, for example, the sentence which we have 
 formed synthetically. 
 
 A man of learning who has studied the subject, main- 
 tains, promptly and with confidence, the opinion, that 
 Francis was the author of Junius' letters. 
 
 The method is, as follows : 
 
20 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 The subject of the independent sentence is man, 
 because it is that of which something is affirmed. 
 
 Maintains is the verb — a word that affirms something 
 of the subject 
 
 Opinion is the object, used to complete the sense of 
 the transitive verb maintains. 
 
 The sentence mart maintains opinion, is an inde- 
 pendent transitive sentence — independent — it makes 
 sense in itself; transitive — it requires the addition 
 of an object to complete the sense of the verb. 
 
 Has the subject any adjuncts'! 
 
 The subject is limited by three adjuncts. 
 
 First ; by A — an adnominal word. 
 
 Secondly ; by of learning — an adnominal phrase. 
 The word of connecting the noun learning to man, is a 
 secondary adnominal connective. 
 
 Thirdly; by a sentence. Subject— who ; verb — 
 has studied; object — subject — a dependent sentence— it 
 does not make sense in itself; adnominal — it limits 
 a noun ; transitive — it requires an object. We name 
 it, therefore, a dependent, transitive, adnominal sen- 
 tence. The subject and verb have no adjuncts: the 
 object is limited by the — an adnominal word: who 
 is not only the subject but also connects the sen- 
 tence ivho has studied the subject to man. It is then 
 a secondary adnominal connective. 
 
 A Relative Pronoun always connects the sentence in 
 which it stands, to its antecedent. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 21 
 
 We have now found by analysis, that the subject is 
 limited by three adnominal adjuncts, viz., a word, a 
 phrase, and a sentence. 
 
 What are the adjuncts of the verb? 
 
 The first is an adverbial word— promptly. 
 
 The second is the phrase with confidence, called 
 adverbial because it limits a verb. The word and 
 which connects the two elements promptly and with 
 confidence, is a co-ordinate connective, since it connects 
 adjuncts in the same grammatical relation. With is a 
 secondary adverbial connective joining its phrase to the 
 verb maintains. 
 
 What are the adjuncts of the object? 
 
 The first is the — an adnominal word. 
 
 The second is a sentence in apposition ; connective 
 — that ; subject — Francis; verb — was ; adjunct in the 
 predicate — author : A dependent, neuter, adnominal sen- 
 tence. 
 
 That is a secondary adnominal connective uniting 
 the sentence Francis ivas author, to the noun opinion. 
 
 The adjuncts of the noun in the predicate, are — 
 
 First ; the — an adnominal ivord. 
 
 Secondly, the adnominal phrase of letters, connected 
 to author by the secondary adnominal connective of. 
 
 Junius is an adnominal word limiting letters. 
 
22 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 OF GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS. 
 
 1. A Grammatical Element is a a word or group of 
 words which performs a distinct office in language. 
 
 2. the English Language has three Elements : the 
 word y the phrase, and the sentence. 
 
 OF WORDS. 
 
 3. A "Word is an articulate sound or a combination of 
 articulate sounds represented by letters and forming the 
 simplest grammatical element. 
 
 4. A Word, when used as one of the parts which 
 are indispensable in forming a sentence, is called an 
 essential element of the sentence. 
 
 Examples : — God created the Heavens. 
 He takes exercise. 
 
 5. When a word is joined by a connective to 
 another word which it limits, it is called the essential 
 element of a phrase. 
 
 Examples : — Man in trouble. 
 
 Sailor at home. 
 Placed on account. 
 Send to him. 
 
 Note.— Trouble, home, account, and him are the essential elements 
 of phrases. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 23 
 
 6. The essential element of a phrase is always either 
 a noun or some substantive element. 
 
 7. When one word is used to limit or modify 
 another, it is called an adjunct of the word which it 
 limits. 
 
 8. As an adjunct, a word is either adnominal or 
 adverbial. 
 
 9. An* Adnominal Word limits a noun or pronoun. 
 
 Examples : — Good men. 
 
 Webster's Works. 
 Rolling Suns. 
 Peter the Hermit. 
 
 10. The adnominal word must be a n oun or pronoun 
 possessive, a noun in apposition, an adjective, or a par- 
 ticiple. 
 
 11. The Adverbial Word or Adverb limits a verb, a 
 participle, an adjective, or another adverbial word. 
 
 Examples : — The condemned received his sentence quite calmly. 
 A very swift horse. 
 He fell fighting valiantly. 
 
 12. When a word is employed to unite the elements 
 of language, it is called a connective. 
 
 OF PHRASES. 
 
 18. A Phrase is an element composed of a noun or 
 
 * The term Adnominal applies to all the elements that limit a noun or pronoun. 
 The necessity of a new term for this purpose, will appear hereafter. 
 
24 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 pronoun and its connective, and generally used to limit 
 a zuord. A phrase composed of a verb infinitive and 
 its connective, is frequently made the subject of 
 a sentence or the object of a transitive verb or par- 
 ticiple. 
 
 Note. — When the verb infinitive or participle beeomes the essential 
 element of a phrase, it is a verbal noun. 
 
 14. Phrases are nominal, adnominal, or adverbial. 
 
 15. A Phrase which is the subject of a sentence or 
 the object of a transitive verb or participle, is called a 
 Nominal Phrase. 
 
 Examples : — To retreat was death. 
 
 The captive chose to die. 
 Wishing to succeed. 
 
 Note. — The essential element of a nominal phrase is always a verb 
 in the infinitive mode. 
 
 16. A Phrase which limits a noun or pronoun, is 
 called an Adnominal Phrase. 
 
 Examples : — Men of rank. 
 
 Girls at home. 
 Who of you ? 
 One with them. 
 
 17. A Phrase limiting a verb, adjective, participle or 
 adverbial ivord, is called an Adverbial Phrase. 
 
 Examples : — Come with me. 
 
 We took him on trust. 
 Clin gin g to life. 
 Dead in sin 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 25 
 
 OF THE SENTENCE. 
 
 18. A Sentence is a group of elements expressing 
 a thought It consists of either two or three ele- 
 ments, the number depending on the nature of the 
 verb. 
 
 19. Sentences are transitive, intransitive, or neuter. 
 
 20. A Transitive Sentence is composed of three 
 elements, viz., subject, the verb transitive, and the 
 object 
 
 Examples : — God created man. 
 
 The farmer ploughs his fields. 
 
 21. An Intransitive Sentence is composed of two 
 elements, viz., the subject and a verb intransitive. 
 
 Examples : — Trees grow. Clouds fly. We live. 
 
 22. A Neuter Sentence is composed of three ele- 
 ments, viz., the subject, the verb neuter, and an adjunct 
 of the subject in the predicate. 
 
 Examples : — William is studious. The stranger was dying 
 
 Note. — The Predicate is that which is affirmed of the subject. In the 
 transitive sentence, it is made up of the verb and its object : in the 
 intransitive sentence, it is merely the verb ; in the neuter sentence, 
 it includes the verb and an adjunct of the subject. The verb of the 
 neuter sentence is, usually, some variation of the neuter verb to be. 
 Careful distinction should however be made between the neuter verb 
 to be } and the neuter sentence, as the latter may contain any verb 
 whose sense is completed by an adjunct of the subject. 
 
 Examples : — William seems studious. 
 
 Note. — The verb to be is sometimes intransitive, denoting existence 
 simply. 
 
 _ Example : — God is. 
 
26 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 23. Sentences are either independent or dependent 
 
 24. An Independent Sentence is one which makes 
 complete sense in itself. 
 
 Examples : — Homer wrote the Iliad. 
 
 Caesar subdued Gaul. 
 Go thou. 
 
 The sense of these sentences is complete as they 
 stand. 
 
 25. A Dependent Sentence is one that does not 
 make sense in itself but depends upon the word which 
 it limits. 
 
 Examples : — Printing was unknown when Homer wrote the Iliad. The 
 Sentence Homer wrote the Iliad, is rendered dependent by 
 the word when which connects it to unknown. 
 If I go. 
 
 Though he falls. 
 
 Unless they perform their promise. 
 
 26. Dependent sentences are nominal, adnominal, or 
 adverbial. 
 
 27. A dependent sentence is nominal when used 
 as the subject of a sentence or the object of a transi 
 tive verb or participle. 
 
 Examples : — That you have wronged me doth appear in this. 
 
 A messenger came saying that the army was defeated. 
 
 I say that you are wrong. 
 
 28. A dependent sentence is adnominal when em- 
 ployed to limit a noun or pronoun. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 27 
 
 Examples : — He who runs, may read. Who runs is used to limit the 
 pronoun he ; it is, therefore, a dependent adnominal 
 sentence. 
 
 The fact that a theft was committed, was evident. 
 
 29. A dependent sentence is adverbial when em- 
 ployed to limit a verb, a participle, an adjective, or 
 an adverbial word. 
 
 Examples : — Rise when the day dawns. 
 
 There where all are free. 
 Fierce as a tiger (is fierce.) 
 
 He appeared fighting where his enemies were thickest. 
 
 OF CONNECTIVES. 
 
 30. Connectives are words which unite the elements 
 of language. 
 
 31. Connectives are either co-ordinate or secondary. 
 
 32. A Co-ordinate Connective unites elements in the 
 same grammatical relation. 
 
 33. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 
 more nouns which are subjects of the same sentence. 
 
 Examples : — Men, women, and children trudged on together. 
 The father and the son are alike guilty. 
 
 Note. — When a co-ordinate connective unites more than two ele- 
 ments it usually stands between the last two. 
 
 34. A co-ordinate connective may unite two or more 
 
 nouns which are objects of the same verb. 
 
 Examples : — God created the Heavens and the Earth. 
 
 I have forsaken friends, kindred, and country. 
 
28 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 34. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 
 more verbs having the same subject 
 
 Examples The noble animal reared, sprang forward, and cleared the 
 ditch. 
 
 The Athlete will fight, box, or wrestle. 
 
 35. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 
 more adnominal words limiting the same noun or pro- 
 noun. 
 
 Examples : — A man pious and plain. 
 
 Wearied but not disheartened we followed the guide. 
 
 He died exiled, deserted, and disgraced. 
 
 A soldier listed in Messiah's band yet giving quarter to 
 
 Abaddon's troops. 
 Gentle yet not dull. 
 
 Hear what they were, the progeny of Sin, alike and oft 
 combined but differing much in mode of giving pain. 
 
 36. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 more adverbial words. 
 
 Examples : — Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 
 
 They have done this not hastily, nor rashly, nor unad- 
 visedly. 
 
 They fought like brave men long and well. 
 
 37. A co-ordinate connective may unite two or more 
 
 nominal phrases which are subjects of the same sentence or 
 objects of the same verb or participle. 
 
 Examples :•— The mountebank pretends to foretell events and to heal 
 diseases. 
 
 Desiring to defeat his enemies and to extend his do- 
 minion. 
 
ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 29 
 
 38. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 more adnominal phrases limiting the same noun or pro- 
 noun. 
 
 Examples : — Do you choose enmity with God or with man 1 
 A desire to gain honor and to win applause. 
 
 39. A co-ordinate connective often connects two or 
 more adverbial phrases in the same construction. 
 
 Examples : — Her sister plants in their own clime, around, the stream 
 and by the fount, bore fruit of perfect relish. 
 At this same hour and on this spot, ten years ago, I 
 
 addressed you. 
 With radiant glory and with honor crowned. 
 
 40. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 more dependent nominal sentences which are subjects of 
 the same sentence or objects of the same verb or participle. 
 
 Examples : — William well knew that the crown must ultimately descend 
 to him, and that he should receive it unimpaired. 
 
 A messenger came saying that the chief was dead, and that 
 his wife was distracted with grief. 
 
 I do not know whence he comes nor where he dwells. 
 
 41. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 more dependent adnominal sentences limiting the seme 
 noun or pronoun. 
 
 Examples :— He reported the news that the ship was lost and that all 
 the passengers were drowned. 
 The room where he wrote and where he received his friends. 
 
 42. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 
30 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 more dependent adverbial sentences limiting the same 
 word. 
 
 Examples :— Come when the blessed seals that close the pestilence are 
 broke and crowded cities wail its stroke. 
 Let us strive to live as God directs and conscience dictates. 
 
 43. A co-ordinate connective may connect two or 
 more independent sentences. 
 
 Examples : — Thus said the father, and the son beloved arose resplendent 
 with divinitv. 
 The Queen smiled but the King frowned. 
 Shaftsbury argued for the bill, Halifax chiefly conducted the 
 debate against it, and his speeches showed great capacity. 
 
 OF SECONDARY CONNECTIVES. 
 
 44. A Secondary Connective is a word which unites 
 a phrase or a dependent sentence to the ivord tvhich it 
 limits. 
 
 Examples : — A man of honor. 
 
 A desire to live. 
 He who perseveres. 
 
 The bandit approached the place where we stood. 
 
 45. Secondary connectives are either adnorninal or 
 adverbial. 
 
 46. A secondary connective is called adnorninal 
 when it connects a phrase or a dependent sentence to 
 a noun or pronoun. 
 
 47. A secondary adnorninal connective may con- 
 nect an adnorninal phrase to the noun or pronoun which 
 it limits. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 SI 
 
 Examples : — The field of blood. 
 
 A judge in court. 
 
 An agreement in writing. 
 
 A wish to improve. 
 
 A. determination to succeed. 
 
 48. A secondary adnominal connective may con- 
 nect an adnominal sentence to the noun or pronoun which 
 it limits. 
 
 Examples : — A rumor that all was lost came to our ears. 
 
 The fact that our guide was a scoundrel was at last 
 proved. 
 
 u The captive prophet whom Jehovah gave 
 The future years described it best." 
 A plain slab marks the spot where he sleeps. 
 " Knowest thou the land where the cypress and myrtle 
 Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime*" 
 
 49. A secondary connective is called adverbial when 
 it connects a phrase or dependent sentence to a verb, 
 adjective, participle, or adverb. 
 
 Examples : — Let me die where my fathers died. 
 
 He groaned with unutterable anguish. 
 The tower tottered under the weight. 
 The workmen struck for higher wages. 
 
 50. A secondary adverbial connective may connect 
 an adverbial phrase to the word which it limits. 
 
 Examples : — The earth abounded much in silent waste. 
 
 A seraph kneeled beseeching for his ward. 
 Good for nothing. 
 Conflicting against itself. 
 By his own hand he fell. 
 Striving for the mastery 
 
82 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 51. A secondary adverbial connective may unite a 
 dependent adverbial sentence to the word which it limits. 
 
 Examples : — After the storm had ceased we found the shore. 
 
 When youth complained the ancient sinner shook his hoary 
 head. 
 
 It shall be done, for the mouth of God hath spoken it. 
 The fruit was so delicious that it melted in the mouth. 
 
 52. A secondary adverbial connective may connect 
 a nominal phrase or sentence to a transitive verb or partici 
 pie ofiuhich it is the object 
 
 Examples : — Peter denied that he knew his Lord. 
 
 The old man predicted when it would rain. 
 The broken-hearted sufferer desired to die. 
 He did not understand why J did it. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH* SENTENCE. 
 
 33 
 
 Independent 
 
 All sentences are < 
 
 Transitive, 
 Intransitive or 
 Neuter. 
 
 ( Transitive, 
 
 v. Dependent. 
 
 Intransitive 
 
 Neater. 
 
 Nominal, 
 Adnominal or 
 Adverbial. 
 Nominal, 
 Adnominal or 
 Adverbial. 
 Nominal, 
 Adnominal or 
 Adverbial. 
 
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Transitive. 
 
 Intran 
 
 sitive. 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 Subject. ■ 
 
 | Word, 
 Phrase, 
 Sentence. 
 
 Subject. | 
 
 Word, 
 
 Phrase, 
 
 Sentence. 
 
 Subject. - 
 
 Word, 
 
 Phrase, 
 
 Sentence. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Word. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Word. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Word. 
 
 Object. 
 
 ' Word, 
 Phrase, 
 Sentence. 
 
 
 
 Adjunct ( 
 in 
 
 Predicate ( 
 
 Word, 
 
 Phrase, 
 
 Sentence. 
 
 Adjuncts 
 
 may be s 
 classed as 
 
 Words, 
 
 Phrases, 
 and 
 
 Adnominal \ 
 
 or 
 
 f Adverbial. 
 
 hen limiting a noun or 
 'onoun. 
 
 When limiting a verb, adjec- 
 iive, p articiple, or adverb 
 
 When limiting a noun or pro- 
 noun. 
 
 i Adnominal | 
 
 I Adverbial. 5 When limiting a verb parti 
 ( ciple, adjective, or adverb. 
 
 \ Sentences. 
 
 Adnominal < 
 
 When limiting a noun or pro- 
 noun. 
 
 Adverbial, i When limiting a verb, parti. 
 
 \ ciple, adjective, or adverb. 
 
 All connec- 
 tives are 
 
 Co-ordinate 
 or 
 
 Secondary. 
 
 Adnominal, 
 or 
 
 Adverbial 
 
 ■I 
 
 When they connect to 
 a noun or pronoun. 
 
 When they connect to 
 a verb, participle, 
 adjective, or adverb. 
 
 2* 
 
ANALYSIS OE THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 H 
 O 
 
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 09 W Ul 
 
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 £ o -d S5 o 
 
 Ci C CJ ^ .3 
 
 +j *j -(-5 CO <-»-< 
 
 fi Eti c5 o § 
 
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 n3 "TJ r d 0) 
 n *h M o3 +j 
 O O O g d 
 
 £ 02 
 
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 OH 
 
 — : 0 o -~ 
 
 ^ d fc 2^ 
 
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 03 CD nj 
 
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 cj cc !> 
 
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 $ <D tB 
 
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 , 0 £ d 00 
 
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ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 35 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 OF THE SUBJECT. 
 
 1. The Subject of a sentence is an element of which 
 something is asserted affirmed, or expressed. 
 
 In the example, 
 
 " Before Granada's fated walls the Spanish army lay," 
 
 army is the word of which something is affirmed, and 
 lay is the word that affirms it. 
 
 2. The subject may be a word, a phrase, or a sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Examples : — The Creator loves his creatures. 
 To err is human. 
 
 That James was a tyrant, appears from his acts. 
 
 3. Any element used as the subject of a sentence is 
 called nominal. 
 
 4. A nominal word, used as the subject of a sen- 
 tence, may be a noun, a pronoun, or a participle. 
 
 5. One or more nouns may be used as the subject 
 of a sentence. 
 
 Examples : — The vessel cleaves the wave. 
 
 The night and the storm are upon us. 
 
 Note (a). — Since the properties of nouns are well known to the ad- 
 vanced pupil, we shall not dwell upon them. In denning these properties, 
 
36 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 the word case is superfluous. It adds to the nomenclature of grammar 
 without giving any aid in studying the construction of the language. 
 Case is a change in the termination or form of a noun or pronoun, to 
 indicate a change of relation to other words. Now, in English, the 
 noun has no change of termination except to show the possessive 
 relation. But the apostrophe (') or the apostrophic ('s,) which indicates 
 the relation of ownership, renders the noun possessive the adjunct of the 
 noun possessed. "We have, therefore, classed it with the adjuncts of the 
 noun and pronoun. The words subject and object fully express the rela- 
 tions of a noun as the subject of a sentence or the object of a transitive 
 verb or a participle. 
 
 6. The subject does not always stand before the 
 verb. Frequently the usual order is inverted for 
 
 poetic measure j euphony, or vivacity. 
 
 Examples : — All golden is the plain with wheat. 
 
 " When like a crag down Apennine 
 Rushed Auster through the fray." 
 
 7. The subject may be a pronoun personal, relative, or 
 adjective. 
 
 Examples : — /write. 
 
 The stone which was torn from the mountain. 
 Many obeyed the command. 
 
 THE PERSONAL PRONOUN AS SUBJECT. 
 
 8. The Personal Pronoun is called personal because 
 its form is varied to indicate the person of the noun 
 for which it stands. If, for example, the noun rep- 
 resented is the person speaking, the pronoun / will not 
 only stand for it, but will also indicate that it is the 
 first person. So thou and you invariably stand for the 
 names of the persons addressed, thus indicating that the 
 nouns represented are in the second person. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 37 
 
 9. The pronouns thou and you represent nouns in 
 both genders. No change in the form of the word, 
 is necessary to show distinction of sex, since the ob- 
 jects are present and supposed to be known ; but the 
 objects represented by the pronouns of the third person, 
 are for the most part absent ; hence the necessity that 
 these pronouns should show not only the person of 
 the noun but also its gender. From this necessity 
 have arisen the forms he, she, and it. 
 
 10. In other respects the personal pronoun is very 
 convenient on account of its flexibility. The forms, I, 
 thou, he, she, it, him, her, &c, represent nouns in the 
 singular number, but if the noun represented be plural, 
 we have the forms we, you, they, them. If the pronoun 
 becomes the subject of a sentence, we use one of the 
 forms I, thou, he, she, it, if singular ; and we, ye, or you, 
 they, if plural. But if the pronoun becomes the object, 
 we have one of the forms me, thee or you, him, her, it, 
 if singular ; and us, you, them, if plural. 
 
 11. The personal pronoun then shows four prop- 
 erties by change of form, viz: — person, number, 
 gender, and its relation to other words in the sen- 
 tence. On account of this last property it may be 
 said to have case. 
 
 12. FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN AS SUBJECT. 
 
 First Person. Second Person. Third Person , 
 
 Masc. or Fern, Masc. or Fern, Ma^c. Fem. Neut. 
 
 Singular, I. Thou or You. He. She. It. 
 
 Plural. We. You or Ye. They. They. They. 
 
38 
 
 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples :— I shall walk. 
 
 We are fatigued. 
 Thou art holy. 
 Ye are sinful. 
 You can succeed. 
 You will all perish. 
 She excels in music. 
 It is falling. 
 They are ripe. 
 
 13. Pronouns of the first and second person generally 
 stand for a noun suppressed. 
 
 14. Tliou and its variations are obsolete except in 
 poetry and solemn style. 
 
 15. You is not changed in form to express gender 
 or number. 
 
 16. They is the common plural for he, she, and it, 
 and may, consequently, stand for a noun plural of the 
 masculine, feminine, or neuter gender. 
 
 17. Neuter nouns in the singular are always rep- 
 resented by the pronoun it. But the word it is not 
 always a neuter pronoun. This little word performs 
 many distinct offices in the language as shown by the 
 following examples. 
 
 18. OFFICES OF IT:— 
 
 It is I. 
 
 (a.) It stands for 7J a pronoun of the first person 
 and singular number. 
 
 It was they. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 39 
 
 (b.) It stands for they, a pronoun of the third per- 
 son, plural number. 
 
 It was the old warrior. 
 
 (c.) It stands for warrior, a noun, third person, 
 singular number. 
 
 It was the Indians. 
 
 (cl) It represents Indians, a noun, third person, 
 plural number. 
 
 19. Thus It may represent any one of the personal 
 pronouns, or nouns of any gender, and number. 
 
 Examples : — Who is it ? 
 
 It was she. 
 // is they. 
 
 "Was it the soldiers? 
 
 I did not say it was you. 
 
 In all these cases, it is singular in form. 
 
 20. It may also be the subject of verbs which indi- 
 cate the operations of nature. 
 
 Examples : — It rains. 
 
 It snows. 
 It lightens. 
 It thunders. 
 
 21. Since the pronoun it in these sentences stands 
 for no determinate word, it may be called an indeter- 
 minate pronoun. The verbs before which it stands, 
 being always in the third person singular, are called 
 unipersonal verbs. 
 
40 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 22. It is often used as an expletive word, as : — ■ 
 li They lorded it over God's heritage." 
 
 23. Often the noun represented by it is some gen- 
 eral word. 
 
 Examples :— It is cold — i. e. the weather. 
 
 I did not suppose that it would turn out thus— i. e. the 
 affair. 
 
 It as the local subject representing one or more 
 
 PHRASES. 
 
 24. It is often the local subject of a sentence when it 
 represents one or more nominal phrases which follow 
 the verb and constitute its true subject 
 
 It is joy to muse the page. 
 
 (a.) It is here the heal subject standing for the phrase 
 to muse which is the true subject. It is consequently a 
 pro-phrase. 
 
 This is a work which it is beyond the power of man to 
 perform. 
 
 (b.) It, the local subject, is a pro-phrase representing 
 the true subject to perform. This may be seen by in- 
 verting the order of the sentence. 
 
 This is a work to perform which is beyond the power of man. 
 
 Example :— It is a difficult feat to stand on one foot and keep one's po- 
 sition on the saddle, while the horse is at full speed. 
 
 25. Note. — Grammarians have usually regarded the pronoun in ex- 
 amples similar to the above, as standing for the entire expression, i. e., 
 the infinitive and all the elements that limit it. Such views are not 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH" SENTENCE. 
 
 favorable to close analysis. The pronoun stands for the infinitive as 
 limited by other words or phrases. In the example above, it represents 
 to stand limited by on one foot ; just as, in the sentence, " The greatest 
 incitement to labor is its reward," the subject is trie noun incitement 
 limited by the elements greatest and to labor. 
 
 It as the local subject representing one or more DE- 
 PENDENT NOMINAL SENTENCES. 
 
 26. It, used as local subject, frequently stands at 
 the head of a sentence, representing one or more 
 nominal sentences which follow the verb and consti- 
 tute its true subject It is then called a pro-sentence. 
 
 Example : — It is true that a repentance redeemed by money or performed 
 by a substitute, could have no salutary effect on the sinner. 
 
 (a.) That a repentance could have, &c, is the true 
 subject of the verb is. It, the local subject, standing at 
 the head of the sentence, is the representative of the 
 true subject, and is, therefore, a pro-sentence. This 
 may be seen by inverting the sentence, as follows: 
 
 That a repentance redeemed by money or performed by substitute, 
 could have no salutary effect on the sinner, is true. 
 
 Examples: — It is with unfeigned diffidence that we pronounce judg- 
 ment on any question relating to the art of painting. 
 It is manifest from many passages in these records, that 
 Bannerets were admitted into the upper house, and that 
 they were summoned bv a writ. 
 
42 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (b.) It is here a pro- sentence, representing the two 
 dependent nominal sentences that Bannerets were ad- 
 mitted and that they were summoned. 
 
 27. Note. — This use of it as a leader or usher of the true subject 
 which is introduced after the verb, is in accordance with the genius of 
 our language. It would be an awkward violation of rhetoric always to 
 place a nominal sentence or phrase with numerous adjuncts, before the 
 verb of the independent sentence. On the other hand, it is contrary to 
 the order of an English sentence that it should begin with a verb. The 
 use of it as a leader prevents this anomaly, while harmony of structure 
 is preserved by introducing the real subject after the verb. 
 
 It as the subject respresenting an independent sen- 
 tence. 
 
 28. It may be the subject representing an indepen- 
 dent sentence. In these cases it is not used as a 
 leader. 
 
 The Yankee, it must he owned,, teas icorsted in the combat. 
 
 (a.) It is a pro-sentence representing the Yankee was 
 icorsted. 
 
 29. Frequently it stands for a fact or a number of 
 facts which it requires several sentences to express. 
 
 Example : — It is not so in America. 
 
 SO. We have thus shown that IT may represent — 
 
 1. Neuter nouns of the singular number. 
 
 2. Nouns of either number and any gender. 
 
 3. Pronouns of any gender, person, and number. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 43 
 
 4. Certain operations of nature, when standing be- 
 fore a imipersonal verb. 
 
 5. One or more nominal phrases which follow the 
 verb and form its true subject. 
 
 6. One or more dependent nominal sentences which 
 follow the verb and form its true subject. 
 
 7. One or more independent sentences. 
 
 8. One or more facts expressed in several previous 
 sentences. As suggestive of these various offices 
 it may be termed a pronoun, a pro-phrase, or a pro- 
 sentence. 
 
 31. The following are examples of it as local sub- 
 ject, standing for a nominal phrase ok sentence. 
 
 It is true that he professes himself a supporter of toleration. 
 It is your duty to tolerate the truth. 
 
 It cannot be shown that James sincerely wished to establish freedom 
 of conscience. 
 
 It is a remarkable circumstance, that one of the letters of Hastings to 
 Dr. Johnson, bears date a very few hours after the death of Nuncomar. 
 
 It must, we fear, be added, that the love of money had grown upon 
 him. and that he thought more about his allowances, and less about his 
 duties. 
 
 It seemed likely, at this time, that a general reconciliation would put 
 an end to the quarrels which had, during some years, weakened and 
 disgraced the government of Bengal. 
 
 Of Impy's conduct, it is impossible to speak too severely. 
 
 It is scarcely possible to mention this eminent man, without advert- 
 ing to the question which his name at once suggests to every mind. 
 
 DOUBLE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT. 
 
 32. A double pronoun may be used as subject of a 
 sentence. 
 
44 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Example : — My affairs are unfortunate, yours are prosperous. 
 
 33. The double pronouns are rame, thine, ours, 
 yours , his, hers, theirs. 
 
 34. These pronouns always represent two nouns, 
 viz., the name of the possessor and the thing pos- 
 sessed ; hence they are named double pronouns. 
 
 . His property was saved, but mine was lost. 
 
 v a.) Mine is a double pronoun, subject of the sen- 
 tence mine teas lost. Representing the thing possess- 
 ed, i. e. property, it is a pronoun, third person, plural, 
 lar number, subject of the sentence. Representing 
 the possessor, it is first person, singular number, and 
 an adjunct of the subject. 
 
 Both my books and hers vjere bought in the city. 
 
 (b.) Hers is a double pronoun, representing her and 
 books. Representing boohs, it is third person, singular, 
 subject of the sentence hers were bought, &c. Repre- 
 senting the possessor, it is third person, singular, 
 feminine, and an adjunct of the subject. 
 
 35. It will be noticed that the form of these double 
 pronouns in the first and second persons, shows the 
 number and person of the possessor, and in the third 
 person, its number and gender ; w r hile the number 
 and gender of the noun possessed must be determined 
 by referring to it, as it will be expressed in some other 
 part of the sentence. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 45 
 
 Example : — Your parents are wealthy, mine are indigent. 
 
 (a.) Here the form of the pronoun mine shows that 
 in representing the possessor, it is first person, singu- 
 lar number; but representing the thing possessed, its 
 number and gender must be determined by referring 
 to parents, the noun for which it stands. 
 
 36. Note. — The double pronouns have been sometimes improperly 
 classed with the possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, her, fyc. 
 
 INTENSIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT. 
 
 37. An intensive personal pronoun is sometimes 
 used as subject of a sentence when emphasis is re- 
 quired. 
 
 38. The intensive pronouns are myself, thyself, your- 
 self himself, herself, itself, and their plurals ourselves, 
 yourselves, and themselves. 
 
 Examples : — Your father and yourself are witnesses. 
 
 The stranger and myself were left alone. 
 
 (a.) Myself is here an intensive pronoun, first person, 
 singular number, and subject of the sentence. 
 
 39. These pronouns are formed by prefixing the 
 possessive personal pronouns of the first and second 
 persons, or the objective form of the third person, to 
 the word self on selves. 
 
46 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH 
 
 SENTENCE. 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT. 
 
 40. A relative pronoun may also be made the sub- 
 ject of a sentence. 
 
 Example : — He who laboTS,will succeed. 
 
 41. A relative pronoun is a pronoun which connects 
 a sentence to its antecedent. 
 
 42. Note. — The noun or pronoun which is represented by a relative 
 pronoun, is called the antecedent. 
 
 43. The relative pronouns are who, which, what, 
 that, and in some cases, as and than. 
 
 I know one who will relieve me. 
 
 (a.) Who is a relative pronoun, third person, singu- 
 lar, subject of the sentence who will relieve me. Since 
 it connects a sentence to its antecedent one, it is also 
 a secondary connective, and since its antecedent is a pro- 
 noun, it is a secondary adnominal connective. 
 
 44. The relative pronoun, then, always performs 
 two offices— that of a pronoun, and that of a secondary 
 adnominal connective. 
 
 Men who are devoted to learning, arc not generally fond 
 of society. 
 
 (a.) Who is a relative pronoun, subject of the de- 
 pendent sentence who are devoted, which it connects to 
 its antecedent men. It is, therefore, a secondary ad- 
 nominal connective. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 47 
 
 Note. — The three following distinctions between the personal and 
 relative pronouns, should be carefully studied. 
 
 45. The personal pronouns change their form to 
 indicate the person, gender, and number of the nouns 
 for which they stand. On the other hand, the form 
 of the relative pronoun is never changed for this pur- 
 pose, the same word representing a noun or pronoun 
 of any gender, person, or number. In the examples 
 u I who speak/' " you who speak," &c, the pronoun 
 who remains the same, while the personal pronouns 
 vary. 
 
 46. The personal pronoun is used simply to pre- 
 vent the repetition of a noun, while the relative is 
 employed to introduce a sentence which affirms some 
 quality or circumstance of the noun to which it re- 
 lates : hence the sentence introduced by the relative 
 is always adnomindl. 
 
 47. The personal pronoun is never a connective, and 
 may stand anywhere in the sentence, while the rela- 
 tive is always a connective, and stands at the head of 
 the sentence which it introduces. 
 
 48. Who is the representative of persons and su- 
 perior beings. 
 
 49. Which is the representative of any grammatical 
 element except the names of persons and superior 
 beings. 
 
 50. Note. — Which like the word it, may stand for a word, phrase, or 
 a sentence. 
 
48 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Example : — He insulted me, for which I challenged him. 
 
 51. That may stand for nouns of any gender. 
 
 52. As may be used as a relative after such, same 
 used as an adjective pronoun, and many or much 
 limited by as or so. 
 
 Let such as hear take heed. 
 
 (a.) As is a relative pronoun, subject of the sentence 
 as hear, which it connects to its antecedent such. 
 
 Examples : — As many as came were satisfied. 
 
 I will give you as much as I have. 
 
 53. As used as a relative, may be the representative 
 of both persons and things. 
 
 54. Than after comparatives is sometimes a relative 
 pronoun. 
 
 My griefs are greater than I can bear. 
 
 (a.) Than is here a relative object of the infinitive 
 bear. 
 
 Examples : — There was more jesting than befitted the occasion. 
 
 He certainly had a greater salary than he earned. 
 
 (b.) Than is a relative connecting than he earned to 
 salary. 
 
 55. What used as a relative, includes also its ante- 
 cedent and thus performs a double office. 
 
 What has been told is true. 
 
 (a.) What is a pronoun including both the antece- 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 49 
 
 dent and the relative. Eepresenting the antecedent, 
 it is an adjective pronoun, third person, singular num- 
 ber, neuter gender, subject of the sentence what is true. 
 
 As a relative, it is third person, singular, neuter, 
 subject of the sentence what has been told, which it 
 connects to what the antecedent. What as a relative 
 is, therefore, a secondary adnorainal connective. In 
 effect what is equivalent to that which. 
 
 I do not know what will result. 
 
 (b.) What representing the antecedent, is the object 
 of the indep. sentence / do not know what. As a 
 relative, what is subject of the dep. sentence what will 
 result, which it connects to its antecedent what. 
 
 56. Note. — It will be seen that what including both the antecedent 
 and the relative, will always stand related to the verbs of two sentences, 
 and that what the relative connects an adnom. sentence to what the 
 antecedent. 
 
 57. When what becomes a specifying adjective, the 
 noun specified stands related to the verbs of two 
 sentences. 
 
 See what beauties are displayed. 
 
 (a.) What is a specifying adjective limiting beauties. 
 
 The noun beauties is the object of the sentence see what 
 
 beauties, and also, the subject of the sentence what 
 
 beauties are displayed. In this case, what still retains 
 
 its power as a sec. adnom. connective, uniting, in a 
 
 manner, the adnom. sentence to the antecedent. 
 3 
 
50 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 WHOEVER. 
 
 58. It is remarkable that the pronoun who has the 
 same power of containing both the antecedent and the 
 relative, when joined to the word ever or soever. 
 
 Whoever will perform the labor, shall receive the reward. 
 
 (a.) Whoever is a relative pronoun including also 
 its antecedent. Kepresenting the antecedent, it is a 
 pronoun, third person, sing, number, and subject of 
 the sentence whoever shall receive the reward. As a 
 relative pronoun, it is the same person, number, &c, 
 and is subject of the dep. adnom. sentence whoever will 
 perform the labor, which it connects to its antecedent 
 whoever. 
 
 WHICHEVER. 
 
 59. Whichever is generally used as a specifying 
 adjective, and does not give a twofold relation to the 
 noun specified. It is, however, a sec. connective. 
 
 Whichever way we look, we hehold the exponents of busy 
 life. 
 
 (a.) Whichever is a specifying adjective limiting 
 way ; it is also a sec. adverb, connective, uniting the 
 adverbial sentence whichever way we look, to the verb 
 behold. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 51 
 
 WHATEVER. 
 
 60. Whatever is a relative pronoun having the 
 power of what. 
 
 At once came forth whatever creeps. 
 
 (a.) Whatever is a pronoun. Eepresenting the an- 
 tecedent, it is the subject of the indep. sentence what- 
 ever came. As a relative it is subject of the dep. 
 adnom. sentence whatever creeps, which it connects to 
 whatever the antecedent. 
 
 Note. — Whatever is sometimes used without a double relation. 
 Example : — Whatever is read, let it be read with attention. 
 
 61. Whatever is employed as a specifying adjective 
 without imparting a double power to the noun 
 limited. 
 
 We may rely upon him, whatever course he takes. 
 
 (a.) Whatever is a specifying adjective limiting 
 course. It is also a sec. adverb, connective, uniting 
 the dep. adverb, sentence whatever course he takes, to 
 the verb rely the indep. sentence we may rely. 
 
 62. Ever and soever render the words, to which they 
 are annexed, indefinite. 
 
 64. Note. — What is rarely used for the adverb partly. 
 
 Example: — a What with extravagance and what with drunkenness I 
 soon ruined myself." 
 
52 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 64. An interrogative pronoun may be used as sub- 
 ject of a sentence. 
 
 Examples : — Who is hel 
 
 Which did he choose 1 
 What will follow ? 
 
 65. Who, which, and what become interrogative 
 pronouns when they are employed to introduce an 
 interrogative sentence. They differ from the simple 
 relatives in the two following particulars. 
 
 1st. They no longer relate to a noun antecedent, 
 but to a noun subsequent. 
 
 Example : — Who comes there ? Answer. — A friend. 
 
 (a.) Who is an interrogative pronoun, third person, 
 sing, number, subject of the dep. sentence who comes, 
 and relates to the subsequent noun friend. 
 
 2d. The interrogative pronouns differ from the 
 relative in the fact that, while the relatives are always 
 adnom. connectives, the interrogatives are adverbial 
 connectives, always joining an interrogative sentence 
 to a verb. 
 
 Example : — Who calls ? shouted he. 
 
 (b.) Who is an interrogative pronoun, subject of the 
 sentence who calls ? and relates to a subsequent word 
 contained in the answer. Who is also a sec. adverb, 
 connective because it connects its sentence to shouted. 
 
ANALYSIS OB 1 THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 53 
 
 Who calls? is a nominal sentence, the object of 
 shouted. 
 
 66. The subsequent noun to which the interroga- 
 tive pronoun relates, will always hold the same rela- 
 tion to its verb, that the interrogative holds in its 
 own sentence. 
 
 Examples: — Who was the thief? Ans. — Thomas, i. e. Thomas was 
 the thief. 
 
 Which of the candidates was defeated ? Ans. — Terry (was 
 defeated.) 
 
 What has been said on the subject ? Ans. — Nothing (has 
 been said.) 
 
 (a.) What and its subsequent nothing are both sub- 
 jects of the same verb has heen, which is expressed in 
 the interrogative sentence and suppressed in the 
 answer. There is usually an ellipsis of the verb in the 
 answer. 
 
 67. Note. — The verb in the interrogative sentence does not always 
 agree in person with the verb in the answer. 
 
 Example : — Who are you] Ans. — I am Clodius. 
 
 68. So also when the interrogative is possessive or 
 the object of the verb in the interrogative sentence, the 
 noun or pronoun responsive will have the same rela- 
 tion, i. e. be possessive or objective, though the gov- 
 erning word is suppressed. 
 
 Examples : — Whom, did you call] Ans. — (I called) Samuel. 
 
 Whose book have you 1 Ans. — (I have) your book. 
 
 69. Very often the interrogatives are used for rhe- 
 
54 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 torical effect, when they stand for no definite respon- 
 sive word. 
 
 Example :— " Who can tell if ever more should meet those mutual eyes ? " 
 
 70. The interrogative pronoun usually connects its 
 sentence to a verb in an indep. sentence which is 
 suppressed. 
 
 Example Who will pay it 1 Ans. — The merchant. 
 
 (a.) Who is an interrogative pronoun, relating to 
 its responsive merchant; it is also a sec. adverb, con- 
 nective, connecting the sentence who mil pay it, to 
 the verb of an indep. sentence suppressed ; as, / ask 
 who will pay it? In this case, who connects its sen- 
 tence to ask. which may be either suppressed or ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 71. The interrogative pronoun then introduces a 
 
 dep. nominal or adverbial sentence which usually 
 
 limits the verb of an indep. sentence. This indep. 
 
 sentence is often understood and is equivalent to 
 
 some general expression ; as, I ask, tell me, he in- 
 
 quired, &c. 
 
 Examples : — (Tell me,) which will be sent 1 
 
 What is wanted l (he inquired.) 
 
 RESPONSIVE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT. 
 
 72. Who, which, or what, when used as a respon- 
 sive, may be subject of a sentence. 
 
 Example :— -Who found the treasure 1 Ans.— I do not know who found 
 the treasure. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 55 
 
 73. Who, which, and what are responsive pronouns 
 when they are used in answering questions which are 
 either expressed or implied. 
 
 Example: — Who took the prize! Ans. — I cannot tell who took the 
 prize. 
 
 (a.) Who is a responsive pronoun, third person, 
 sing, number, and subject of the sentence who took 
 the prize, which it connects to the verb tell Who is, 
 therefore, a sec. adverb, connective, and who took the 
 prize is a dep. nominal sentence, and the object of 
 the transitive verb tell The sentence introduced by 
 a responsive pronoun, will, therefore, from being al- 
 ways connected to a verb, be either nominal or ad- 
 verbial 
 
 0 
 
 Examples : — I cannot say whose work it is. 
 
 I did not discover who had committed the theft. 
 We soon saw which had escaped. 
 They know who will conquer. 
 
 74. Whenever who, which, or what connects its sen- 
 tence to a verb and is not interrogative, it is classed 
 with the responsives. 
 
 75. Which and what are very often interrogative 
 adjectives. 
 
 Examples : — Which master shall we obey ? 
 
 What reward is offered ? 
 
 (a.) Which and what here stand for the adjective 
 
56 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 which qualifies or limits the noun in the responsive 
 sentence. In the example — " Which horse will run? 
 Ans. — The black horse" — which stands for black. 
 
 Example : — What fields are those? Ans. — Wheat fields. 
 
 (b.) Here what stands for the adjective wheat; it 
 may, therefore, determine an interrogative pro-adjective. 
 
 ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 76. An adjective pronoun is often the subject of 
 a sentence. 
 
 77. An adjective pronoun is a word which may 
 specify a noun when expressed, or represent it when 
 omitted. 
 
 " Some place their bliss in action, some in ease; 
 Those call it pleasure, and contentment these." 
 
 (a.) The words some, those, and these are the repre- 
 sentatives of some noun which is omitted, as, people 
 or men, When we supply this noun (which will not 
 change the sense) they become specifying adjectives; 
 as, Some (men) -place their bliss in action, &c. ; These 
 (men) call it pleasure, &c. 
 
 78. Some adjective pronouns vary in form to 
 agree in number with the nouns they represent 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 57 
 
 or limit ; some are found only in the singular, others 
 only in the plural number, and many, like nearly all 
 the adjectives in our language, have the same form in 
 both numbers. 
 
 79. SYNOPSIS OF THE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 This, 
 
 these. 
 
 Each, 
 
 
 That, 
 
 those. 
 
 Either, 
 
 
 Other. 
 
 others. 
 
 Neither, 
 
 
 One, 
 
 ones. 
 
 None (quantity.) 
 
 none (number.) 
 
 Another, 
 
 others. 
 
 
 both. 
 
 Former, 
 
 former. 
 
 
 many. 
 
 Latter, 
 
 latter. 
 
 
 few. 
 
 Same, 
 
 same. 
 
 
 all. 
 
 Any, 
 
 any. 
 
 
 
 Such, 
 
 such. 
 
 
 
 THIS and THAT. 
 
 80. This represents an object near at hand in time 
 or place, that an object which is distant. Accord- 
 ingly, when two objects are mentioned, this and these 
 represent the last named, that and those the first men- 
 tioned. 
 
 81. This and that are often the representatives of 
 phrases or sentences. 
 
 He called in the aid of the enemies of England ; this 
 was treason. 
 
 (a.) This is subject of the verb was and represents 
 the indep. sentence He called in aid, &c. 
 
 They say that the music of Orpheus compelled the trees to follow him ; 
 this is incredible. 
 3* 
 
58 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (b.) This is a pro-sentence standing for the dep. 
 aominal sentence That the music of Orpheus compelled, 
 ko. 
 
 82. Sometimes this stands for several preceding 
 sentences. 
 
 They are firmly persuaded that they are God's chosen 
 people, and that all others being outcasts and Gen- 
 tiles, are legitimate victims of robbery and theft. 
 They believe that their prophet knows every thing 
 present, past, and future. All this belongs to their 
 creed. 
 
 (a.) In this case, this is a pro-sentence, standing for 
 "ihe dep. nominal sentences introduced by that. 
 
 83. Earely this represents a subsequent sentence. 
 
 Let no prince measure the danger of discontent by this : 
 whether it be just or unjust. 
 
 (a.) This is a pro-sentence representing the dep. 
 adverb, sentence introduced by whether. 
 
 84. This may represent a verb infinitive. 
 
 God alone has power to forgive sin, and this he will do 
 only when the sinner is truly penitent. 
 
 (a.) This stands for to forgive, and is, therefore, a 
 pro-phrase. 
 
 85. This, like it, may stand at the head of a sen- 
 tence as subject, and act as a leader for the verbs re- 
 presented, which are introduced subsequently. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 59 
 
 a Yor this of him who would approach and eat, 
 Was rigorously exacted to the fuil ; 
 To tread and bruise beneath the foot the world 
 Entire ; its pride, ambition, hopes, desires ; 
 Its gold, and all its broidered equipage ; 
 To loose its loves and friendships from the heart, 
 And cast them off; to shut the ear against 
 Its praise ; and all its flatteries abhor." 
 
 (a.) This is the local subject of the sentence this was 
 exacted, and is the leader and representative of the 
 phrases to tread, to bruise, to loose, to cast, to shut, and to 
 abhor; all of which are the true subjects of the sen- 
 tence this was exacted. 
 
 THAT. 
 
 86. That is a pro-sentence in examples like the 
 following : You say the bank is closed : who told you 
 that? We might, in this example, supply the sen- 
 tence thus : Who told you that the bank was closed f 
 In this manner, that often becomes an adjective 
 specifying a sentence. This singular power of that, 
 to specify a sentence, and at the same time to connect 
 it to the word on which it depends, is very exten- 
 sively applied in our language. 
 
 Yon have been guilty of a base calumny, and that too in regard to 
 your best friend. 
 
 (a.) That stands for the preceding sentence. 
 
 " That be far from thee to do in this manner." 
 
 (b.) That is a pro-phrase standing for to do. 
 
60 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 ONE and OTHER. 
 
 87. One and other as pronouns are often used in 
 contrast. 
 
 Example : — The two systems of philosophy were widely different in 
 their results ; the one gave a soporific to the world 
 which produced the long sleep of the dark ages ; the 
 other a stimulant that broke its slumbers. 
 
 88. One as a pronoun usually stands for an indefi- 
 nite noun. 
 
 Example : — One cannot always see the wiser course. 
 
 89. Other cannot generally be employed as a pro- 
 noun, without a preceding adjective. 
 
 Example : — u One took the other briskly by the hand." 
 
 90. Each and other sometimes have a reciprocal 
 relation. 
 
 Example : — They hate each other cordially, i. e., they cordially hate, 
 each (hates) the other. 
 
 91. Each is an adjective pronoun standing for they 
 and the distributive subject of the verb hate. Other is 
 an adjective pronoun standing for they distributively ; 
 it is, also, object of the verb hate. 
 
 92. One sometimes corresponds to another in a 
 similar construction. 
 
 Example : — See how the Christians love one another, i. e., one loves 
 
 another. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 61 
 
 EACH, 
 
 93. Each is always used as a distributive, i. e. } it 
 always stands for a plural noun, and takes each one 
 of the number contained in this noun, separately. 
 
 Example : — In the streets, each wishing to make profit of his neighbor, 
 merchants assembling spoke of trying times. 
 
 Each represents merchants, taking each individual 
 separately. 
 
 ONES and OTHERS. 
 
 94. Ones and others are never adjectives : they are 
 not therefore adjective pronouns, but simply pronouns, 
 the plural of one and other. 
 
 NONE. 
 
 95. None (no-one) is always a pronoun. From the 
 compounding of this word we would expect to find it 
 only in the singular number, but when it is the repre- 
 sentative of individual objects, it is generally found 
 in the plural. 
 
 Example : — There are none among my acquaintances whom I can 
 trust. 
 
 None is a plural pronoun, subject of the verb are. 
 If none were singular, the form of the sentence 
 would be there is none. 
 
62 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 In order to make this pronoun singular, we usually 
 
 divide it — thus : There is no one. kc. 
 
 96. Xone< whenever it stands tor quantity and not 
 for a number, is singular. 
 
 Example ; — We searched for water, but there was ncnt to be found. 
 BOTH. 
 
 97. B:v\ as an adjective pronoun, stands for nouns 
 in the plural number, as. 
 
 Beth were wrong. 
 EITHER. 
 
 98. Either stands for two persons or things, taking 
 them sing'y, i. f.. one or the other. 
 
 Example : — Call James or John ; i i:\-r can help you. 
 NEITHER. 
 
 99. Neither (compounded of not either) is the negative 
 of either. 
 
 Examples : — B oth pronii sec : b :. : : ■ l e r to nned. 
 
 Ask the doctor or lawyer ; neither can inform you. 
 
 SUCH. MANY, ant> SAME. 
 
 100. Si::?:. • . and s:r. .. are used either in the 
 singular or plural number. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 63 
 
 FORMER and LATTER. 
 
 101. Former and latter are frequently placed in 
 contrast, former standing for the first of two preceding 
 nouns or sentences, and latter for the last. 
 
 Example : — A false philosophy and a false religion exerted a powerful 
 influence against scientific research. The former de- 
 spised it as vulgar and low ; the latter forbade it as 
 sacrilegious and sinful. 
 
 Here former is an adjective pronoun, subject of de- 
 spised, and represents philosop hy. Latter is an adjective 
 pronoun, subject of forbade, and represents religion. 
 
 102. First, last, each, either, same and both are often 
 the representatives of phrases or sentences. 
 
 Examples : — You can pay the note now or wait till a more convenient 
 time ; either will suit me. 
 
 Either is an adjective pronoun representing the two 
 preceding sentences taken separately. 
 
 He directed me to visit the market and also to attend 
 to affairs at home ; I could not do both. 
 
 103. The Numerals are all employed as pronouns 
 and used as the subjects of sentences. 
 
 Example : — Six men engaged in the enterprise ; five were killed, but 
 the sixth escaped. 
 
 Six and five are adjective pronouns. 
 
 104. Finally, all the qualifying adjectives may be 
 
64 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 employed as pronouns, by placing before them the 
 specifying adjective tJie. 
 
 Example : — The wise and the good obeyed its precepts ; but the wicked 
 neglected and despised them. 
 
 IMPERFECT PARTICIPLES AS SUBJECT. 
 
 105. Participles ending in ing are often subjects of 
 sentences. 
 
 Example : — Walking fast and frequently gives one an appetite. 
 
 VERBS INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT. 
 
 106. Verbs infinitive are often employed as subjects 
 of sentences. Thus used, they are called nominal 
 phrases. Sentences of this kind are usually introduced 
 by the pro-phrase it while the true subject follows the 
 verb. This idiom of the language we have noticed in 
 the remark on the uses of it 
 
 107. We may write " To keep one's temper is desi- 
 rable" or " It is desirable to keep one's temper." 
 
 The nominal phrase to keep as limited by the object 
 temper , is the true subject of the verb is. 
 
 Examples :— To analyze language accurately requires patient study, or ; 
 
 It requires patient study to analyze language accu- 
 rately. 
 
 To decide these questions is not necessary, or ; It is not 
 
 necessary to decide these questions. 
 It is not difficult to discover many arguments in favor of 
 
 such a scheme, or ; To discover many arguments in favor 
 
 ef such a scheme is not difficult. 
 
.ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 65 
 
 N 0TE . — When the word to stands at the head of a nominal phrase 
 which is subject of a sentence, it is not a 'particle sec. connective, but 
 simply an introduction. 
 
 DEPENDENT SENTENCE AS SUBJECT. 
 
 108. The pro-sentence it is usually placed before the 
 verb of the independent sentence, as local subject 
 when one or more dependent sentences stand as the 
 true subject. 
 
 Example : — It is a trite remark that time is money. 
 
 The leader it, however, is sometimes omitted, and 
 the dep. sentence is placed before the verb. 
 
 Examples : — That time is money is a trite remark. 
 
 It is not probable that Bacon's defence had much effect on 
 his cotemporaries, or ; That Bacon's defence had much 
 effect on his cotemporaries is not probable. 
 
 The sentence in italics is subject of the verb is. 
 
 That the prisoner is guilty is no longer a matter of doubt. 
 That you have missed the road, is quite clear. 
 
 Note . — When the word that stands at the head of a nominal sentence 
 which is the subject of an indep. sentence, it is no longer a sec. con- 
 nective but a specifying adjective, and its office is to introduce and emit 
 the sentence which follows. 
 
 INDEPENDENT SENTENCE AS SUBJECT. 
 
 109. An indep. sentence may, itself, though rarely, 
 be the subject of a sentence. 
 
 Example : — (Thou shalt have no other gods before me) belongs to the 
 decalogue. 
 
06 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 OF THE OBJECT. 
 
 1. Any element which is required to complete the 
 sense of a transitive verb, is called its Object. 
 
 Examples : — The dogs pursue the/oz. 
 
 The farmer plows the field. 
 
 2. In the usual order of a transitive sentence, the 
 object follows the verb ; sometimes, however, this 
 order is reversed for the sake of euphony or vivacity. 
 
 Examples : — Thy way thou canst not miss ; 
 Me mine requires. 
 
 Virtue, not rolling suns, the mind matures. 
 I can't get out; said the starling. 
 
 3. If the object be a relative pronoun, it will always 
 stand before the verb. 
 
 Example : — The person whom we appointed, is not present. 
 
 4. The object may consist of a nominal word, a 
 nominal phrase, or a nominal sentence. 
 
 THE NOMINAL WORD IN THE OBJECTIVE RELATION. 
 
 5. The nominal word in the objective relation may 
 be a noun. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 67 
 
 Examples : — The herald declared the will of the king. 
 
 The diplomatist knew the importance of the measure. 
 The conqueror sold the captives and the booty. 
 
 6. The objective word may be a personal pronoun. 
 
 7. The personal pronouns, except it and you, 
 change their form to indicate the objective relation. 
 
 8. FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN IN THE SUB- 
 JECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE RELATION. 
 
 FIRST PERSON. 
 
 Sing. Plural. 
 
 Subject I We. 
 
 Object Me Us. 
 
 SECOND PERSON. 
 
 Sing. Plural. 
 
 Subject Thou or you Ye or you. 
 
 Object Thee or you Ye or you. 
 
 THIRD PERSON. 
 
 Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural. 
 
 Subject He They She . . They It . . . They. 
 
 Object Him. . . . Them Her . . Them It . . . Them. 
 
 Examples : — Me ye have bereaved of my children. 
 I know thee well. 
 I'll pitch thee from the cliff. 
 The bugle's notes aroused us from our slumbers. 
 I shall see you no more. 
 They pass him carelessly. 
 
 The colonel with his party attacked the robbers and 
 
 drove them to the forest. 
 They received her with feeble acclamations. 
 He lost his trunk but afterwards found it at another 
 
 station. 
 
68 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 IT, the Local Object, as a Pro-Phrase. 
 
 9. As local object, it may be a pronoun, a pro- 
 phrase, or & pro-sentence. 
 
 Examples : — We found it impossible to defend the fort. 
 
 (a.) It, the local object of the verb found, is a pro- 
 phrase representing to defend which is the true object 
 of the same verb. 
 
 My friends declared it an outrage to dismiss me from 
 office. 
 
 (b.) It, the local object of the verb declared, is a pro- 
 phrase standing for to dismiss which is the true object 
 of the same verb declared. 
 
 The general thought it advisable to make a forced 
 march. 
 
 I found it toilsome to climb the cliff. 
 He has the ability to harmonize these discordant ele- 
 ments, and he will do it. 
 
 (c.) It is a pro-phrase standing for to harmonize as 
 limited by its object. 
 
 As for the pulling of them down, if affairs demand it, 
 we will make the attempt. 
 
 (d.) In this case, it stands for the participle pulling 
 as limited by other words of the phrase. 
 
 IT (Local Object) standing for a Dependent Sentence. 
 
 10. It is very often the local object of a trans, verb 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 69 
 
 or participle when it represents a dep. sentence which 
 is the true object. 
 
 / shall have it to say that i have attained the 
 
 UTMOST OF MY WISHES. 
 
 (a.) It is a pro-sentence, the local object of shall 
 have, and represents the dep. sentence, that I have 
 attained the utmost, &c, which is the true object of 
 shall have. We may see this by asking the following 
 question : What shall I have to say ? Am.— That I 
 have attained, &c. 
 
 Examples :— I will proclaim it to the world, that thou art a coward. 
 
 11. It as a pro-sentence and object of a verb, some- 
 times represents an indep. sentence. 
 
 For my fart, I confess it with shame, i was always an 
 
 INCORRIGIBLE LAGGARD. 
 
 (a.) It here stands for the indep. sentence / was an 
 incorrigible laggard. 
 
 12. Sometimes it is employed as an expletive word 
 without any special signification. 
 
 Example : — She queens it well. 
 THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT. 
 
 13. Who is the only one of the relative pronouns 
 that changes its form to show the relations of subject 
 and object. 
 
70 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Subject— Who. 
 Object — Whom. 
 
 (d.) As has been before remarked, the relative pro- 
 noun, whether subject or object, stands at the head of 
 a sentence which it connects to its antecedent. 
 
 I know the man whom you have slandered. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Whom is a relative pronoun, ob- 
 ject of slandered — relating to man as its antecedent to 
 which it connects the sentence whom you have slandered. 
 
 It is the same wagon that I saw yesterday. 
 
 (b.) Analysis: — That is a relative pronoun, object 
 of the dep. sentence that I saw, which it connects to 
 its antecedent ivagon. 
 
 Examples : — The country which we crossed was barren. 
 He can take such as we have. 
 Such as I have, give I unto thee. 
 
 The thief refused to divide what he had stolen. 
 
 (c.) Analysis: — Subject— thief; verb — refused; ob* 
 ject — to divide ; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Object of to divide — what (as antecedent.) 
 
 Adjunct of what (antecedent) — what he had stolen. 
 
 Connective — what (relative); subject — he; verb — 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 71 
 
 had stolen; object — what (relative); dep. transitive 
 adnom. sentence. 
 
 Examples : — He spent what he earned. 
 
 Will you pay what I demand 1 
 
 OBJECT COMPOSED OF TWO NOUNS. 
 
 14. Many transitive verbs are followed by an 
 object composed of two nouns or a noun and a pro- 
 nounj which denote the same person or thing. 
 
 They chose me captain. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — They ; verb — chose; ob- 
 ject — 11 me captain,' 1 which words are both used to de- 
 note the same person. The sentence is indep. trans. 
 
 Examples : — We call him father. 
 
 The Count esteemed William his best friend. 
 We named him Jacob. 
 The stranger showed himself an adept. 
 Jove made Mercury his messenger. 
 
 The man whom they call Wild Sam, was seen near the 
 house. 
 
 (&) In this case whom and Sam together form the 
 object of the transitive verb call 
 
 15. An adjective may take the place of the latter 
 noun. 
 
 His manners have rendered him odious. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject— manners ; verb — have 
 
72 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 rendered; object — him with its adjunct odious: indep. 
 trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — his — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — Exercise in the open air made the old man strong and 
 
 healthy. 
 My friends declared me mad. 
 
 DIRECT and INDIRECT OBJECT. 
 
 16. Some verbs are followed by two objects, the 
 one direct and the other indirect. 
 
 The Preceptor taught me grammar. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — Preceptor: verb — taught; 
 direct object — grammar ; indirect object — me: indep. 
 trans, sentence. 
 
 17. The indirect object is a noun or pronoun which 
 holds a relation to the verb similar to that expressed 
 by the connective of a phrase. 
 
 Examples : — The lawyer asked me many questions. 
 The boy told his father a lie. 
 
 The aged hermit offered the traveler his rude fare. 
 
 My friends gave me a pleasant account of their journey. 
 
 Note. — The indirect object, in its effect upon the verb, has the 
 force of a phrase. To make it a phrase, however, by supplying a con- 
 nective, is awkward and unnecessary. In the example, he asked me a 
 question, we may call me. for example, the indirect object of asked, or 
 supplying some connective, as of or from, we may dispose of we as the 
 essential* element of a phrase. This last method would evidently 
 distort the sense of the sentence. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 73 
 
 NOMINAL PHRASE AS OBJECT. 
 
 18. A nominal phrase consisting of a verb in the 
 infinitive mode, is often made the object of a sentence. 
 
 He loves to drink and to gamble. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — he; verb — loves; objects 
 — to drink and to gamble — nominal phrases : an indep. 
 trans, sentence. 
 
 Examples : — He wished to die. 
 
 He promised to go. 
 
 The old man professed to find gold with a rod. 
 He intends to adopt the child and to gice him a liberal 
 education. 
 
 (b.) Note. — When, as in these cases, the subject of the infinitive is 
 the same as the subject of the sentence, it is not usually expressed ; but 
 when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as the subject of the 
 sentence, it is expressed, and the infinitive with its subject become the 
 object of the principal verb. 
 
 He directed the guide to proceed. 
 
 (c) Analysis: — Subject — he; verb — directed; ob- 
 ject — " guide to proceed" — -indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Examples : — The student desired me to excuse him. 
 
 Great Britain forced the colonies to pay enormous taxes. 
 The king commanded his army to cross the mountains. 
 
 (d.) Note. — After bid, dare, let, make, need, see, feel, hear, may, can, 
 must, and frequently have, and help, the particle to of the infmifive is 
 not used. 
 
 4 
 
 I bade him follow. 
 
74 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (e.) Analysis : — Subject — /; verb— bade ; object — 
 " him follow ;" indep. trans., sentence. 
 
 Examples : — He dares not touch a hair of Catiline. 
 I saw him climb the mountain. 
 You heard him say it. 
 " Let not despair nor fell revenge 
 Be to my bosom known." 
 He felt his courage fail 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE AS OBJECT. 
 
 19. One or more nominal participles ending in ing, 
 are often the object of a sentence. 
 
 The Indian loves hunting and fishing. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject— Indian; verb — loves; ob- 
 jects — hunting and fishing ; indep. traris. sentence. 
 
 Examples : — He practiced fencing. 
 Lying he detests. 
 Do you decline serving 1 
 
 20. Frequently a noun or pronoun and a participle 
 which is its adjunct, form the object of a sentence. 
 
 We saw them lying in the shade. 
 
 {a) Analysis :— Subject — We; verb — saw ; ob- 
 ject — u theni lying" — consisting of the participle and 
 the pronoun limited by it : indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 No adjuncts of the subject. 
 
 No adjuncts of the verb. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 75 
 
 Adjunct of the participle LYING- — in shade — adverb, 
 phrase. 
 
 Adjunct of shade — the — adnom. word 
 
 Examples : — The laborer saw the sun rising. 
 
 The guards heard them entering the outer gate. 
 
 (b) Note. — In the above examples, the participle and the word which 
 it limits, are used like the infinitive and its subject. 
 
 DEPENDENT NOMINAL SENTENCE AS OBJECT. 
 
 21. One or several dependent nominal sentences are 
 often made the object in a transitive sentence. 
 
 The spy pretended that he was a peddler. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — spy ; verb —pretended ; 
 object — that he was a peddler : indep. trans, sentence. 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 The object is a sentence. 
 
 Connective — that; subject — he; verb — was; com- 
 plement of the verb — peddler — adnom. word : dep., 
 neuter, nom. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of peddler — a — adnom. word. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Examples : — The witness strongly insisted that he told the truth. 
 
 The royalists believed that the country would be over- 
 run by these reprobates. 
 I know who it is. 
 
 He asked them when the case would be decided. 
 
76 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 We now perceived that the enemy had struck their 
 colors. 
 
 We believe that the soul is immortal. 
 
 And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto 
 
 him, where art thou ? 
 The parliament did not know who their enemies were. 
 No man knows when the day of his death will come. 
 
 INDEPENDENT SENTENCE AS OBJECT. 
 
 22. Frequently one or more independent sentences 
 become the objects of a transitive verb. This is the 
 case when the objective sentence is not introduced by a 
 secondary connective either expressed or implied. 
 
 Heaven help thee! cried the knight. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject— knight ; verb— cried; ob- 
 ject — "Heaven help thee /" indep. transitive sentence. 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 The object is a sentence. 
 
 Subject — Heaven; verb — help; object — thee; indep. 
 trans, sentence. 
 
 Examples : — ** Wisdom," said God, retires, 
 
 And counts it bravery to bear reproach, 
 And shame, and lowly poverty :" 
 " Wisdom," replies the world, " stmts forth to gaze, 
 Treads the broad stage of life with clamorous feet." 
 
 " And he shrieked out aloud, 
 Clarence is come ! false, fleeting, perjured Clarence 
 That stabbed me in the field by Tewksbury I 
 Seize on him, furies ! take him to your torments." 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 77 
 
 23. The dependent nominal sentence sometimes 
 forms the direct object of a sentence, while a noun or 
 pronoun is used as the indirect object. 
 
 A hawk asked a little mouse that he would liberate him. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — hawk; verb — asked; ob- 
 ject (direct) — that he would liberate; object (indirect) 
 — mouse : indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — a — adnom. word. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 The direct object is a sentence : 
 
 Subject — he; verb— would ; dep. nom. intrans. sen- 
 tence. 
 
 No adjunct of the subject. 
 
 Complement of the verb — the infinitive liberate; 
 object of liberate — him. 
 
 Adjunct of the indirect object — a and little — ad- 
 nom. words. 
 
 Examples : — The general told his army that the enemy ivas in sight. 
 
 They earnestly asked us who had brought the news. 
 The peasants assured us that the road was good. 
 The Secretary informed the council that his report was 
 ready. 
 
78 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 OF THE COMPLEMENT OF THE NEUTER SENTENCE. 
 
 1. The predicate of a neuter sentence is composed 
 of a verb and an adjunct of the subject 
 
 PREDICATE. 
 
 Example : — The wind is strong. 
 
 2. The adjunct of the subject in the predicate, is 
 called the complement of the neuter verb. 
 
 3. The complement of the neuter verb may be an 
 adnominal word, an adnominal phrase, or an adnominal 
 sentence. 
 
 4. The adnominal word which forms the comple- 
 ment of a neuter verb, may be a noun, a pronoun, a 
 participle, or an adjective. 
 
 5. NOUN AS COMPLEMENT. 
 The Indians were faithful allies. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — Indians ; verb — were ; 
 complement of the verb — allies — an adnominal word 
 — adjunct of the subject. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 79 
 
 Adjunct of the complement — faithful — adnom. 
 word. 
 
 Examples : — The prize was a silver medal 
 Jeffrey was the judge. 
 I am a Greek. 
 The boy became a man. 
 
 6. PRONOUN AS COMPLEMENT. 
 
 It is I. 
 
 (a.) Analysis :— Subject— it ; verb— is; comple- 
 ment of the verb — // indep. neuter , sentence. 
 
 Examples : — Is that she ? 
 
 You are he. 
 Who are they 1 
 What am 1 1 
 
 If you are he who you say you are, I will 
 report your case. 
 
 (b.) Note. — Pronouns in the predicate of a neuter sentence, take the 
 subjective form. 
 
 7. ADJECTIVE AS COMPLEMENT. 
 
 The way is long. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — may ; verb — is ; com- 
 plement of the verb — long — an adnominal word — -the 
 adjunct of the subject. The sentence is indep. neuter. 
 
 Examples : — The mountain is high. 
 
 u The night was dark and fearful." 
 The world is wide. 
 
80 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 8. PARTICIPLE AS COMPLEMENT. 
 
 His heart was broken. 
 
 (a.) Analysis :— Subject — heart; verb— was] com- 
 plement of the verb — broken — adnom. word — adjunct 
 of the subject. The sentence is indep. neuter. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — his — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — The tower is fallen. 
 
 The butcher is killing the ox. 
 The ox is killed. 
 His heart was broken. 
 The boy was struck. 
 
 {b.) Note.— Grammarians have usually distinguished this form of the 
 neuter sentence, as the passive farm of the verb. 
 
 {c.) Note — The verb infinitive is sometimes used in the predicate of 
 a neuter sentence, instead of the future tense of the same verb. 
 
 Examples : — The governor is to return to-morrow, instead of " the 
 governor will return, etc." 
 " The theatre is to be opened this evening," instead of 
 " the theatre will be opened, etc." 
 
 9. ADNOMINAL PHRASE AS COMPLEMENT OF THE VERB. 
 My brother was in the battle. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — brother ; verb — was ; 
 complement of the verb — in battle — adnom. phrase 
 — adjunct of the subject. The sentence is indep. 
 neuter. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — my — adnom. word. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 81 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Connectives of the phrase— in — sec. adverb. 
 
 Essential element battle. 
 
 Adjunct of battle — the— adnom. word. 
 
 (b.) Note. — The phrase and the sentence in the predicate of a neuter 
 sentence, present an anomaly. They are strictly adjuncts of the 
 subject, but are connected directly to the verb ; consequently the con- 
 nective is adverbial. 
 
 Examples: — The snow is on the ground. 
 
 The murderer was under the influence of strong drink. 
 
 The men were at his control. 
 
 The Scots were beyond the mountain. 
 
 The old men and children were at home, while the strong 
 
 warriors were in the battle. 
 The witness seemed in his right mind. 
 
 10. ADNOMINAL SENTENCE AS COMPLEMENT OF THE 
 NEUTER VERB. 
 
 The fact is that he stole the money. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: Subject— fact ; verb — is; comple- 
 ment of the verb — that he stole the money; indep. 
 neuter sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 The complement is a sentence ; connective — that — 
 
 sec. adverb : subject — he; verb — stole; object — money ; 
 
 dep. trans, adnom. sentence. 
 
 No adjunct of the subject. 
 4# 
 
82 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Adjunct of the object — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — The proof of his cowardice is that he trembled when 
 he heard the cannon, and ran before he was in dan- 
 ger. 
 
 The greatest indication of peril was that the captain turned 
 pale. 
 
 The wonder is how he escaped. 
 
 The strangest part of the story is that he should forget his 
 friends. 
 
 The danger is when the tide rises. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 83 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 OF THE VERB. 
 
 1. A Verb is a word used to express or affirm some- 
 thing of its subject 
 
 Examples : — The lion roars. 
 
 God created man: 
 
 The weather remains cold. 
 
 (a.) Boars, created, and remains, are verbs because 
 they express or affirm something of their subjects, 
 lion, God, and weather, 
 
 2. Verbs are transitive, intransitive, or neuter. 
 
 3. Verbs are transitive which require the addition 
 of an object to make complete sense. 
 
 Examples : — Industry overcomes obstacles. 
 We desire happiness. 
 
 4. Verbs are called intransitive which make com- 
 plete sense in themselves. 
 
 Examples : — Birds fly. 
 
 Boys run. 
 God lives. 
 
84 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 5. Verbs are called neuter* which are used to affirm 
 some property or attribute of the subject. 
 
 Examples : — James is industrious. 
 
 The soldier is wounded. 
 The city is in ruins. 
 The story became exciting 
 He seems a scoundrel. 
 The fort looks strong. 
 
 (a.) Here, industrious, wounded, in ruins, exciting, 
 scoundrel, and strong, express properties, attributes, or 
 characteristics of the subject, and the verbs is, becomes 
 and seems, are used to assert these attributes. 
 
 (a.) Note.— The verb to be is the most common neuter verb, but 
 look, seem, become, and others, are often used. 
 
 PERSON AND NUMBER OF THE VERB. 
 
 6. Verbs are varied in their form and terminations 
 to accord with the person and number of their sub- 
 jects. This regularly occurs, however, only in the 
 termination of the third person singular of the present, 
 and in the form of the future tenses. 
 
 Present Tense. Future Tense. 
 Singular. Singular. 
 
 First Person I strike I shall strike. 
 
 Second Person You strike You will strike. 
 
 Third Person He strikes He will strike. 
 
 Plural. Plural. 
 
 First Person We strike We shall strike. 
 
 Second Person You strike You will strike. 
 
 Third Person They strike They will strike. 
 
 * Neither transitive nor intransitive. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 85 
 
 MODE. 
 
 7. Mode means manner. 
 
 8. The mode of a verb is the manner in which it 
 expresses something of its subject. 
 
 9. Verbs have four modes, viz. : the indicative, the 
 subjunctive, the imperative, and the infinitive. 
 
 10. A verb is in the indicative mode when it is used 
 to make an absolute declaration. 
 
 Examples : — Horses run. 
 
 Soldiers fight. 
 We must die. 
 He can win. 
 
 11. A verb is in the subjunctive mode when it is 
 used to express whatever is conditional, assumed, or 
 uncertain. 
 
 Examples : — When he returns. 
 
 If we are alive. 
 Though he slay me. 
 He who labors. 
 The man whom we saw. 
 
 12. A verb may be changed from the indicative to 
 the subjunctive mode, by prefixing a secondary con- 
 nective to the sentence in which it stands. The verbs 
 of all dependent sentences are in the subjunctive. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Examples : — He returns. When he returns. 
 
 We are alive. If we are alive. 
 
 He is industrious. Though he is industrious 
 
 He pays me. Provided he pays me. 
 
86 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 13. A verb is in the imperative mode when it is 
 used to command, to request, or to exhort. 
 
 14. Verbs in the imperative are usually found in 
 the second person, and the subject is generally sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 Examples : — Follow me. 
 
 Return to thy dwelling. 
 Charge ! Chester, charge ! 
 Be merciful. 
 Hang the rascals. 
 
 15. The first and third persons of the verb in the 
 imperative mode, are sometimes, though rarely, used 
 in our language. 
 
 Examples : — " Turn we now to the past." 
 
 " My soul, turn from them, turn we to survey 
 Be it so. 
 
 " Oh ! once again to freedom's cause return, 
 The patriot Tell, the Bruce of Bannockburn." 
 
 16. A verb is in the infinitive mode when it repre- 
 sents action or being, abstractly, and does not change 
 its form to agree with the person and number of a 
 subject. 
 
 Examples : — To walk. 
 
 To be. 
 
 17. The infinitive is usually introduced by the con- 
 nective to, but after bid, dare, let, make, need, see, feel, 
 hear, may, can, must, might, could, would, should, arid 
 sometimes have and help, to is not used. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 87 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 18. Participles are adnominal words derived from 
 verbs, and partaking of their nature. They may also 
 perform the office of some of the other parts of speech, 
 most frequently that of nouns. 
 
 19. Participles have no reference to time; they 
 simply show the action, being, or state of the verbs 
 from which they are derived as finished or unfinished; 
 they are, therefore, called, perfect or imperfect parti- 
 ciples. 
 
 20. Imperfect participles represent action or being 
 in a state unfinished and continuing. 
 
 Examples : — Striking. 
 
 Moving. 
 Reading. 
 Being. 
 Remaining. 
 
 21. Imperfect participles always terminate in ing. 
 
 22. Perfect participles represent action or being as 
 finished. 
 
 Examples : — Having struck. 
 Struck. 
 Having loved. 
 Loved. 
 Having been. 
 Injured. 
 
 23. Transitive verbs have three participles, two 
 active and one passive. 
 
88 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 24 Participles are active when the noun they limit 
 is assumed as the actor. 
 
 The prisoner is shooting his guards. 
 
 (a.) Shooting is an active participle because the noun 
 which it limits is the actor. It is imperfect because 
 the action is represented as unfinished. 
 
 Haying slain the sentinels, the insurgents took possession of the 
 fort. 
 
 (b.) Having slain is a perfect participle because it rep- 
 resents action as finished — active because the noun 
 insurgents which it limits is represented as the actor. 
 
 25. Participles are passive when the nouns which 
 they limit are represented as receiving the action. 
 
 The robber, struck to the ground, teas easily captured. 
 
 (a.) Struck is a perfect participle, because it repre- 
 sents the action as finished : it is passive because the 
 noun it limits is represented as receiving the action. 
 
 Example : — Bozzaris, slain in battle, left a deathless name. 
 PARTICIPLES of the transitive veeb LOVE 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 Imperfect Loving. 
 
 Perfect .Having loved. 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 Perfect Loved. 
 
 26. Intransitive verbs have two participles : the 
 perfect and the imperfect. 
 
 Tht snow fallling fast nearly blinded us. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 89 
 
 (a.) Falling is an imperfect active participle from the 
 intransitive verb to fall 
 
 Having walked all day, he was very much fatigued. 
 
 (b.) Raving walked is a perfect active participle from 
 the intransitive verb to walk. 
 
 Example : — The carrier pigeon, flying in circles, rises to an immense 
 height. 
 
 PARTICIPLES OF THE INTRANSITIVE VERB WALK. 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 Imperfect Walked. 
 
 Perfect Having walked. 
 
 27. Neuter verbs have two participles : the perfect 
 and the imperfect The neuter participle requires 
 for its complement an adjunct of the noun it 
 limits. 
 
 We found him seeming more composed. 
 
 (a.) Seeming is an imperfect neuter participle limit- 
 ing him. Composed, the adjunct of him, is the comple- 
 ment of seeming. 
 
 Having been twice defeated, the army was nearly destroyed. 
 
 (b.) Having been is a perfect neuter participle limit- 
 ing army, and defeated, the complement of having been, 
 is a perfect passive participle also limiting army. 
 
 Examples :— -Being weary, I lay down to rest. 
 
 Having become roused, he would not be soothed. 
 
90 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 TENSE. 
 
 28. Tense is a change in the form or temination of 
 a verb to indicate the time of the action, being, or 
 state which the verb expresses. 
 
 29. Verbs have three tenses corresponding to the 
 three great divisions of time, viz : the present, the 
 past, and the future. 
 
 Example : — Present I strike. 
 
 Past I struck. 
 
 Future I shall strike. 
 
 30. In each tense, action or being may be affirmed 
 in three ways. 
 
 PRESENT TIME. 
 
 1st. As unfinished and continuing I am looking. 
 
 2d. Without reference to its completion „ . .1 look. 
 
 3d. As finished 1 have looked. 
 
 PAST TIME. 
 
 1st. As unfinished or continuing I was looking. 
 
 2d. Without reference to its completion I looked. 
 
 3d. As finished I had looked. 
 
 FUTURE TIME. 
 
 1st. As unfinished or continuing I shall be looking. 
 
 2d. Without reference to its completion I shall look. 
 
 3d. As finished I shall have looked. 
 
 81. Since the unfinished or progressive tenses of 
 the verb are formed by uniting a corresponding tense 
 of the verb to be with an imperfect participle, they are 
 classed with neuter sentences and need not, therefore, 
 appear in the regular conjugation of the tenses. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 91 
 
 / teas looking. 
 
 (a.) Analysis :— Subject— I; verb— was; comple- 
 ment of the verb — looking — adjunct of the subject ; an 
 indep. neut. sentence. 
 
 32. The regular arrangement of the tenses includes 
 'only two forms in each tense. 
 
 PRESENT TIME. 
 
 Present tense I look. 
 
 Present tense perfect in state I have looked. 
 
 PAST TIME. 
 
 Past tense I looked. 
 
 Past tense perfect in state 1 had looked. 
 
 FUTURE TIME. 
 
 Future tense I shall look. 
 
 Future tense perfect in state I shall have looked. 
 
 33. The three tenses representing action or being 
 in a finished state, are called perfect tenses, viz : pre- 
 sent perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. 
 
 Present perfect 1 have looked. 
 
 Past perfect I had looked. 
 
 Future perfect I shall have looked. 
 
 34. The word looked, which is found in each perfect 
 tense, is a perfect participle without the auxiliary 
 having. 
 
 35. In all the perfect tenses, finished action is shown 
 by this perfect participle, while the variation of time is 
 shown by the different tenses of the auxiliary verb have. 
 
 Present I have. 
 
 Past, I had. 
 
 Future I sriall have. 
 
92 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 36. The perf. participle of the verb boh is looked. 
 Placing this after the present tense of the verb have, 
 we form the present perfect tense, viz: I have looked; 
 in which the verb have shows the time, and the perfect 
 participle looked the state. The other two perfect 
 tenses are formed, in a similar manner. 
 
 Present perfect 
 Past perfect. . . 
 Future perfect. 
 
 37. These tenses being composed of two elements 
 or parts, are called compound tenses. 
 
 38. The three tenses simply denoting time are 
 called simple tenses. 
 
 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 39. The present tense is the simplest form of the 
 verb. 
 
 Examples : — I live. We move. -They plow. 
 
 40. In emphatic, interrogative, and negative sen- 
 tences, the auxiliary do is placed before the verb. 
 
 Examples : — Perdition seize the^, but I do love thee. 
 Do you intend to stay 1 
 
 This compliance, however, does not satisfy the people. 
 
 41. The perfect present tense is formed by placing 
 have before the perfect participle. 
 
 Examples : — I have lived. They have plowed. 
 
 TIME. STATE. 
 
 , I have looked. 
 I had looked. 
 I shall have looked. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 93 
 
 42. The past tense is formed regularly by adding d 
 or ed to the present. 
 
 Examples : — I lived. 1 moved. We plowed. 
 
 43. This tense is formed in emphatic, interrogative, 
 and negative sentences by placing did the past of do 
 before the verb of the present. 
 
 Examples : — He did tell me a lie. — —They did not deny it. 
 Did the storm last all night 1 
 
 44. The present perfect tense is formed by placing 
 had before the perfect participle. 
 
 Examples : — I had lived.- They had plowed 
 
 45. The future tense is formed by prefixing shall or 
 will to the form used in the present infinitive without 
 the participle. 
 
 Examples : — We shall move.- They shall plow. 
 
 46. When we wish simply to foretell or predict, shall 
 is used in the first person, and will in the second and 
 third; but when we wish to express determination or 
 compulsion, will is used in the first person, and shall in 
 the second and third. 
 
 DETERMINATION, 
 
 PREDICTION. OR COMPULSION. 
 
 c I shall work. c I will work. 
 
 Siugular. < You will work. Singular. < You shall work. 
 
 ( He will work. ( He shall work. 
 
 £ W r e shall work. ( We will work. 
 
 Plural. < You will work. Plural. < You shall work. 
 
 ( They will work. ( They shall work. 
 
 47. The future perfect tense is formed by placing 
 shall or will have, before the perfect participle. 
 
 Examples : — We shall have moved. They shall have plowed. 
 
94 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 DEFINITION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 48. The present tense indicates present time. 
 
 Examples : — I talk. 
 
 We work. 
 
 49. The present perfect tense usually indicates that 
 the action or existence expressed by the verb is fin- 
 ished in present time. 
 
 Examples : — I have talked. 
 
 We have worked. 
 
 50. The past tense indicates simply past time. 
 
 Examples : — I talked. 
 
 We worked. 
 
 51. The past perfect tense indicates that the action 
 or existence expressed by the verb was finished in past 
 time. 
 
 Examples : — I had talked. 
 
 We had worked. 
 
 52. The future tense indicates future time. 
 
 Examples : — I shall talk. 
 
 You will work. 
 
 53. The future perfect tense indicates that the ac- 
 tion or existence expressed by the verb will he finished 
 in future time. 
 
 Examples : — I shall have talked. 
 
 We shall have icorked. 
 
 (a.) In this tense shall and will are used in the same 
 manner as in the simple future. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 95 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB TALK. 
 
 Present I talk. 
 
 Present perfect I have talked. 
 
 Past I talked. 
 
 Past perfect I had talked. 
 
 Future I shall talk. 
 
 Future perfect I shall have talked. 
 
 CONJUGATION. 
 54. Conjugation is a regular arrangement of the 
 verb showing its various modes, tenses, persons, and 
 numbers. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB TURN. 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 1. I turn When I turn. 
 
 2. You turn When you turn. 
 
 50 C 3. He turns .When he turns. 
 
 £ t 1. We turn When we turn. 
 
 ^ < 2. You turn When you turn. 
 
 r*. ( 3. They turn When they turn. 
 
 ( ^ ( 1. I have turned.. Wlien I have turned. 
 
 .£ i 2. You have turned When you have turned. 
 
 52 ( 3. He has turned When he has turned. 
 
 ^ C l. We have turned When we have turned. 
 
 4! < 2. You have turned • • • • .When you have turned. 
 
 ( 3. They have turned When they have turned. 
 
 ^ ( 1. I turned When I turned. 
 
 .§.'■< 2. You turned When you turned. 
 
 50 ( 3. He turned When he turned. 
 
 ^ i 1. We turned When we turned. 
 
 ~§ < 2. You turned When you turned. 
 
 ^ C 3. They turned.. When they turned. 
 
 ^ ( 1. I had turned When I had turned. 
 
 .§ < 2. You had turned, When you had turned. 
 
 ^ ( 3. He had turned When he had turned. 
 
 ^ ( 1. We had turned When we had turned. 
 
 jj§ -< 2. You had turned When you had turned. 
 
 . ( 3. They had turned When they had turned. 
 
96 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 
 
 f ^ f 1. I shall turn When I shall turn. 
 
 I .sf •< 2. You will turn When you will turn. 
 
 3. He will turn When he will turn. 
 
 1. We shall turn When we shall turn 
 
 2. You will turn When you will turn. 
 
 3. They will turn When they will turn. 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 1. I shall have turned When I shall have turned. 
 
 2. You will have turned When you will have turned. 
 
 ^ ( 3. He will have turned W T hen he will have turned. 
 
 1. We shall have turned When we shall have turned. 
 
 2. You will have turned When you will have turned. 
 
 3. They will have turned When they will have turned. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 Present Tense — Turn, or turn you. 
 
 INFINITIVE MODE, 
 
 Present Tense — To turn. Present Perfect — To have turned. 
 
 55. The indicative and subjunctive modes have 
 each six tenses. The form of the verb is the same 
 in both modes. 
 
 56. The verb of every dependent sentence is in the 
 subjunctive mode. The connective when is given in 
 the conjugation, but the learner should be required 
 to inflect the subjunctive mode with other secondary 
 connectives; as, if, though, while, since, unless, &c, 
 and also with a relative pronoun and its antecedent; 
 as — 
 
 I who turn. 
 You who turn. 
 He who turns. 
 
 57. In the present tenses of this mode is found a 
 subjunctive form differing from the indicative and 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 97 
 
 common subjunctive. This form is, however, obso- 
 escent. 
 
 Example : — I will go if he return. 
 
 58. The peculiarity of this form is, that there is no 
 change in the verb to show its person and number. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 COMMON FORM. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM. 
 
 f 4 ( 1. If I turn If I turn. 
 
 .s } 2. If you turn If you turn. 
 
 g ^ f 3. If he turns . If he turn. 
 
 « ) 
 
 pf ^ c 1. If we turn If we turn. 
 
 * I -I < 2. If you turn .If you turn. 
 
 (3. If they turn .If they turn. 
 
 fe . f ^ c 1. If I have turned If I have turned. 
 
 | .sf < 2. If you have turned .If you have turned. 
 
 ^ ( 3. If he has turnecl If he have turned. 
 
 | ^ c 1. If we have turned If we have turned. 
 
 § < 2. If you have turned If you have turned 
 
 * W ( 3. If they have turned If they have turned. 
 
 59. The subjunctive form is used in the present 
 tenses to indicate doubt and future time. It has, on 
 this account, been regarded by some grammarians 
 as an elliptical future. 
 
 Example : — If he (shall) return. 
 
 60. In the neuter verb to be, the subjunctive form 
 extends through all the tenses. This verb has, there- 
 fore, two forms through the entire subjunctive mode, 
 one like the indicative and the other without change 
 
 of form or termination to show its person and number. 
 
 5 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 To be 
 
 To have been. 
 
 2 S J2 
 
 1 a 9 
 ^ o o> 
 
 £ o S 
 
 goo 
 
 03 03 03 
 03 ~& 
 
 03 03 ^ 
 
 S H S3 
 
 • CO 03 ro . 
 S 03 3 
 
 H^K ^ >H H 
 
 h N 03 N C5 
 
 d c Q 
 
 5 <J3 03 
 
 03 03 
 
 ^ & 
 
 03^ £ ^^3' 
 
 K° 
 
 h h (M CO 
 
 £ 03 
 
 £ J 5 
 
 O 0J o 
 
 03 £ 
 
 §1" 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 99 
 
 w 
 pq 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 & 
 w 
 i> 
 
 o 
 w 
 ps 
 Pn 
 
 I— I 
 
 Eh 
 
 Ph 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 t— ( 
 H 
 
 O 
 P 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 c s s 
 
 ^ O 03 
 
 KH M 
 
 03 H 
 ^ S « 
 
 rG 3 
 
 ^ O 03 
 
 ^ <~ 
 
 « § I 
 
 83 03 S 
 
 03 g 03 
 
 c c 5 
 
 03 03 03 
 03 03 J3 
 
 . ^ 03 
 03 — « 
 
 rj CO 
 
 m O o 
 
 KH HH HH HH 
 
 03 _ XI 
 
 -° 
 
 03 _ X! 
 ^ 73 "H 
 
 1 M 
 
 4 >H K 
 
 • 03 
 
 03 S 03 
 
 ^ *M 
 
 11 
 
 r» ^ 
 
 O _<3 
 rH H 
 
 >43 t« 
 13 «5 rCi 
 
 HH ^ ^ 
 
 15 £ fe 
 
 W § 03 
 
 «+H V« 
 
 03 fl 
 
 □ 03 03 
 
 £ rQ 03 
 
 1X2 > 03 
 
 03 02 > 
 
 > ,13 £ 
 
 00 O 03 
 
 A A 03 
 
 S * 03 
 
 £ 03 ja 
 
 03 o ^ 
 ^ ^ 03 
 03 > 
 
 % 2^3 
 ~ s 
 
 53 ^ "5 
 ^ _C ^ 
 
 03 g ^* 
 
 * fcs 
 
 £3 ^2 ^- 
 
 •5 * 
 
 03 qj 
 
 t> >h H 
 
100 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 61. In the present and past tenses, condition or un- 
 certainty is often expressed by the subjunctive form 
 without the sec. connective. In such sentences the auxil- 
 iary of the perfect past tense and the principal verb in 
 the simple tenses are placed before the subject. 
 
 Example :— " Were he a coward, he would have trembled." 
 
 (a.) This expression is the same in meaning as " If 
 he were a coward, he would have trembled." 
 
 («.) SUBJUNC. FORM WITH SUBJUNC. FORM WITHOUT 
 
 THE SEC. CONNECTIVE. THE SEC. CONNECTIVE. 
 
 If I had been Had I been. 
 
 If you had been Had you been. 
 
 If he had been Had he been. 
 
 If we had been Had we been. 
 
 If you had been Had you been. 
 
 If they had been Had they been. 
 
 62. The infinitive mode has two tenses: the pres- 
 ent and the present perfect. 
 
 63. The verb of this mode is usually introduced by 
 the particle to, and is generally regarded as an abstract 
 noun. 
 
 64. A verb in the imperative mode is used only in 
 the present tense, and is generally found in the second 
 person. The subject is usually understood : when ex- 
 pressed it is commonly placed after the verb or the 
 auxiliary do. 
 
 65. A regular verb is a verb that forms its past 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 101 
 
 tense and perf. participle, by adding d or ed to the 
 present. 
 
 Example: — Present— I turn; past — I turned; perf. participle — 
 
 turned. 
 
 66. Irregular verbs are those which do not form 
 their past tense and perf. participle by adding d or ed 
 to the present. 
 
 Example : — Present — I draw ; past — I drew ; perf. participle — 
 
 drawn. 
 
 67. The principal parts of a verb are the present, the 
 past, and the perf, active or neuter participle. 
 
 68. The principal parts are so called because when 
 these are known, the verb may be easily conjugated 
 through all its modes and tenses by the general rules 
 for their formation. 
 
 (a.) Note. — The incorrect use of the tenses of the irregular verb, is a 
 fruitful source of blunders. The perf. participle is often used for the 
 past tense. 
 
 Examples : — " I done it." ,l They seen him :" instead of u I did it." 
 " They saw him." 
 
 (b.) Note. — The past tense is sometimes used instead of the perf. 
 participle. 
 
 Example : — " The men had went." 
 
 69. The principal parts of an irregular verb are 
 found by reference to the table which follows. Take, 
 for example, the irregular verb draw. By reference 
 
102 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 to the table we find its present is u draw" its past 
 " drew" its perf. participle drawn. 
 
 From the present, we form the future tense by pre- 
 fixing shall or will, and have the three simple tenses. 
 
 Present I draw. 
 
 Past I drew. 
 
 Future I shall draw. 
 
 We now proceed to form the compound tenses. 
 
 (b.) The present perfect is formed be prefixing the 
 present tense of the verb have, to the perfect active 
 participle : thus — I have drawn. 
 
 (c.) The past perfect tense is formed by prefixing 
 had, (the past tense of the verb have,) to the same par- 
 ticiple : thus — I had drawn. 
 
 (d.) The future perfect tense is formed by prefixing 
 shall have, (the future tense of have,) to the same parti- 
 ciple : thus — I shall have drawn. 
 
 (e.) We can now give a complete synopsis of the 
 tenses of the verb draw. 
 
 SIMPLE TENSES. 
 
 Present I draw. 
 
 Past I drew. 
 
 Future I shall draw. 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES. 
 
 Present perf. . . I have drawn. 
 
 Past perf. I had drawn. 
 
 Future perf. ... I shall have drawn. 
 
 70. Arrangement of the tenses according to their 
 order. 
 
 Present 
 
 Present perfect. 
 Past 
 
 I draw. 
 
 I have drawn. 
 
 ,1 drew. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 103 
 
 Past perfect I bad drawn. 
 
 Future I shall draw. 
 
 Future perfect I shall have drawn. 
 
 71. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB ABIDE. 
 
 Principal Parts : — Present indicative I abide. 
 
 Past indicative I abode. 
 
 Perfect participle Abode. 
 
 Present I abide. 
 
 Present perfect I have abode. 
 
 Past I abode. 
 
 Past perfect I had abode. 
 
 Future.. I shall abide. 
 
 Future perfect I shall have abode. 
 
 72. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB COME. 
 
 Principal Parts : — Present indicative I come. 
 
 Past indicative I came. 
 
 Perfect participle Come. 
 
 Present I come. 
 
 Present perfect I have come. 
 
 Past ..I came. 
 
 Past perfect I had come. 
 
 Future I shall come. 
 
 Future perfect I shall have come. 
 
 73. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB DO. 
 
 Principal Parts : — Present indicative I do. 
 
 Past indicative I did. 
 
 Perfect participle Done. 
 
 Present.. . I do. 
 
 Present perfect I have done. 
 
 Past I did 
 
 Past perfect I had done. 
 
 Future . •- I shall do. 
 
 Future perfect * I shall have done. 
 
104 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 74. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB EAT. 
 
 Principal Parts '.—Present indicative j eat 
 
 Past indicative j ate 
 
 Perfect participle Eaten> 
 
 Resent j eat 
 
 Present perfect I have eaten. 
 
 Past late. 
 
 Past perfect I had eaten. 
 
 Future I shall eat. 
 
 Future perfect I shaI1 have eaten< 
 
 75. SYNOPSIS of the tenses of the verb GIVE. 
 
 Principal Parts '.—Present indicative I gj ve> 
 
 Past indicative m m \ o. ave 
 
 Perfect participle Given. 
 
 Present j gj ve 
 
 Present perfect J have given. 
 
 Fast I gave. 
 
 Past perfect I had given. 
 
 Future I shall give. 
 
 Future perfect I shall have given. 
 
 76. SYNOPSIS of the tenses of the verb GO. 
 
 Principal Parts : — Present indicative j ao 
 
 Past indicative j wen t. 
 
 Perfect participle Gone. 
 
 Present j g 0< 
 
 Present perfect I have gone, 
 
 Past I went. 
 
 Past perfecf I had gone. 
 
 Future I shall go. 
 
 Future perfect I shall have gone. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 105 
 
 77. SYNOPSIS OF THE TENSES OF THE VERB SEE. 
 
 Principal Parts : — Present indicative 
 Past indicative . . 
 Perfect participle. 
 
 Present 
 
 Present perfect 
 
 Past 
 
 Past perfect 
 
 Future 
 
 Future perfect % . 
 
 I see. 
 
 , I saw. 
 
 Seen. 
 
 I see. 
 
 .1 have seen. 
 I saw. 
 I had seen. 
 ,1 shall see. 
 .1 shall have seen. 
 
 78. In the following list, the irregular verbs are 
 classified according to the similarity of form in the 
 past tense and perfect participle. 
 
 79. Verbs of the first class change the vowel of 
 their final syllable in the present, into e to form the 
 past tense, and add en to the present to form the per- 
 fect participle. 
 
 present. past. perf. part. 
 
 Fall fell fallen. 
 
 Befall befell befallen. 
 
 80. Verbs of the second class terminate in the past 
 tense in ew, and their perfect participle ends in wn. 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 
 
 Blow blew blown. 
 
 Throw threw thrown . 
 
 Know knew . known . 
 
 Grow grew grown. 
 
 Fly ...flew flown. , 
 
 Draw drew drawn. 
 
 5* 
 
106 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 81. Verbs of the third class change the vowel or 
 diphthong of the present into o to form the past tense 
 and perfect participle, and their perfect participles end 
 in en. 
 
 PERF. PART. 
 
 .woven. 
 . cloven. 
 , .frozen, 
 .stolen, 
 .spoken, 
 .broken, 
 .chosen, 
 .begotten, 
 .trodden, 
 .forgotten. 
 
 (a.) Similar verbs having oo in the past tense and a 
 in the perf. participle. 
 
 P^ST. PERF. PART. 
 
 shook shaken. 
 
 took taken. 
 
 forsook forsaken. 
 
 82. Verbs of the fourth class change the diphthong 
 of the present into o to form the past tense and perf. 
 participle, the participle ending in n. 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. 
 
 Weave wove , 
 
 Cleave clove., 
 
 Freeze froze. 
 
 Steal stole., 
 
 Speak spoke 
 
 Break broke. 
 
 Choose.. chose. 
 
 Beget begot. 
 
 Tread trod.. . 
 
 Forget forgot 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Shake.. 
 Take.. . 
 
 Forsake 
 
 PRESENT. PAST . PERF. PART. 
 
 Swear. 
 
 ■swore sworn. 
 
 Bear bore borne. 
 
 Forbear forbore forborn. 
 
 Tear tore torn. 
 
 We» ware worn. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 107 
 
 83. Verbs of the fifth class change % of the present 
 into o to form the past tense, the perf. participle re- 
 taining the i and ending in en. 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 
 
 Rise . rose risen. 
 
 Arise arose arisen. 
 
 Smite smote. smitten. 
 
 Ride rode ridden or rode. 
 
 Stride strode . .stridden. 
 
 Drive drove.. . . . . driven. 
 
 Thrive throve ........... .thriven. 
 
 Strive strove striven. 
 
 Write wrote written. 
 
 84. Verbs of the sixth class change i of the present 
 into a in the past, and into u in the perf. participle. 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 
 
 Begin began....... begun. 
 
 Sing sang.... .............. sung. 
 
 Spring sprang sprung. 
 
 Ring rang rung 
 
 Shrink shrank y. .shrunk. 
 
 Sink sank sunk. 
 
 Drink drank . drunk. 
 
 Swim swam swum. 
 
 85. Verbs of the seventh class change the vowel of 
 the present into u to form the past tense and perf. 
 participle, which are alike. 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. 
 
 Dig dug .....dug. 
 
 Stick... stuck stuck 
 
 Burst, .burst. ., ........ * burst 
 
 PERF. PART. 
 
108 
 
 ANALYSIS OP THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 PRESENT. PAST . pERp PART. 
 
 Stink stunk stunk . 
 
 Sllnk «lunk sIunk . 
 
 Slm § "lung.. slung. 
 
 Stnn S strung strung . 
 
 Clln « dnng clung. 
 
 Fhn S flung flung. 
 
 ^ tlng stung stuD g. 
 
 Rln S rung ru „g. 
 
 Swln £ swung swung . 
 
 ff 11 spun spun . 
 
 Han £' R * hung hung. 
 
 86. Verbs of the eighth class have their past tense 
 and perf. participles alike, and each of these parts 
 contains the diphthong ou or au. 
 
 PRESENT. PAST . pERp fart 
 
 Find found ...found. 
 
 Blnd bound bound. 
 
 Grmd ground grounc |. 
 
 Wmd wound wound. 
 
 Fl S ht fought f 0U g ht . 
 
 Buy bought bought. 
 
 Seek sought sought. 
 
 Teach taught taught. 
 
 Catch caught caug ht. 
 
 Bnn S brought brought. 
 
 Beseech besought besought. 
 
 Work - E wrought wrought. 
 
 Thmk thought thought. 
 
 87. Verbs of the ninth class have their past tenses 
 and perf. participles alike, both ending in d. 
 
 * Verbs marked s, have also a regular form. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 109 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 
 
 Bleed bled bled. 
 
 Breed bred bred. 
 
 Lead led led. 
 
 Shed shed shed. 
 
 Read read read. 
 
 Shred shred shred. 
 
 Hear heard . heard. 
 
 Speed .sped sped. 
 
 Flee ...fled fled. 
 
 Rid rid rid. 
 
 Hold held held. 
 
 Clothe, r clad . . .clad. 
 
 Say said said. 
 
 Pay paid paid. 
 
 Lay laid laid. 
 
 Have had had. 
 
 Sell sold sold. 
 
 Tell told told. 
 
 Spread spread spread. 
 
 Stand stood stood. 
 
 Shoe shod shod. 
 
 88. Verbs of the tenth class have their past tenses 
 and perf. participles alike, both ending in. t 
 
 present. past. perf. part. 
 
 Bet bet bet. 
 
 Set set .set. 
 
 Let let let. 
 
 Meet met met. 
 
 Beat beat beat or beaten. 
 
 Bend bent bent. 
 
 Bite bit bit or bitten. 
 
 Build built. built. 
 
 Bereave, r bereft. . bereft. 
 
 Cast cast cast. 
 
 Cost cost .cost. 
 
110 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Creep crept. 
 
 Sleep slept . 
 
 Weep wept. 
 
 Sweep swept. 
 
 Leap, r leapt . 
 
 Keep kept . . 
 
 Deal dealt. . 
 
 Feel felt... 
 
 Dwell dwelt . 
 
 Smell smelt. 
 
 Kn eel knelt. , 
 
 Dream, r dreamt 
 
 Get got... 
 
 Gild, r gilt t m m 
 
 Gird, r. u , o-irt. . 
 
 Hit..... .hit..., 
 
 Sit sat . . . 
 
 Knit knit... 
 
 Leave l e f t> m t 
 
 Lend lent... 
 
 Send 
 
 Rend.. 
 
 Mean 
 
 Light* 
 
 PERF. PART. 
 
 .crept. 
 
 slept. 
 
 wept. 
 
 swept. 
 
 leapt. 
 
 kept. 
 
 dealt. 
 
 felt. 
 
 ... dwelt. 
 
 smelt. 
 
 knelt. 
 
 dreamt. 
 
 got. 
 
 gilt. 
 
 girt. 
 
 hit. 
 
 sat. 
 
 knit. 
 
 left. 
 
 lent. 
 
 •sent. gent. 
 
 rent ..rent. 
 
 me ant meant. 
 
 to lit. 
 
 .lost. . 
 .put. , 
 .quit, 
 .shut . 
 .slit . . 
 
 .lost, 
 .put. 
 . quit, 
 .shut, 
 .slit. 
 
 Loose 
 
 Put 
 
 Quit 
 
 Shut 
 
 Slit I ' 
 
 Spit spit or spat spit 
 
 f Ut • SPI* split. 
 
 ^ SWeat «weat 
 
 S m8t " thrust thrust. 
 
 Wet ' R wet wet 
 
 89. Verbs of the eleventh class form their past 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 tenses regularly and their perf. participles irregular- 
 ly, the latter ending in m 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 
 
 Grave, r graved graven. 
 
 Shave shaved shaven. 
 
 Hew hewed hewn. 
 
 Lade laded laden. 
 
 Mow mowed mown, r. 
 
 Rive rived riven. 
 
 Saw sawed sawn, R 
 
 Shear sheared shorn. 
 
 Show showed shown. 
 
 Sow • • .sowed sown. 
 
 Strew strewed strown. 
 
 Swell swelled swollen, R. 
 
 90. Verbs of the twelfth class form their past tenses 
 irregularly and their perf. participles regularly. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PAST. PERF. PART. 
 
 Crow. • crew. .crowed. 
 
 Dare durst, r dared. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 91. Defective verbs are those which are not found 
 in all the principal parts. They are— 
 
 PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PART. 
 
 Ought ought. — — 
 
 m quoth • 
 
 . wist 
 
 Beware. 
 
 May might. 
 
 Can could. . 
 
 _ should. 
 
 , would. 
 
 Must. must.. 
 
112 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 92. These verbs have no perfect participle and con- 
 sequently no compound tenses. 
 
 (a.) Beware is found only in the imperative and 
 infinitive. 
 
 (b.) Quoth, and wist are found only in the indicative 
 mode. 
 
 (c.) May and can with their past tenses, and should, 
 would, and must, are found in the indicative and the 
 subjunctive, and are always followed by the infinitive 
 without the particle to. Grammarians have usually 
 classed these words, as forming a separate mode of the 
 verb. They seem, however, to be entirely analogous 
 to the verbs bid, dare, let, &c #J with the infinitive. 
 Take, for example, the sentence, "I can and dare 
 oppose the measure What grammarian will deny 
 that the infinitive oppose bears the same relation to 
 can as to dare ? The omission of the potential mode 
 tends much to simplify the classification of the verb. 
 
 (a.) The tense of ought and must is determined by 
 the tense of the infinitive which follows them. 
 
 UNIPERSOXAL VERBS. 
 
 93. Unipersonal verbs are those which are used 
 only in the third person and singular number, the in- 
 definite pronoun it being the subject. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 113 
 
 94. They are generally indicative of the state of 
 the weather. 
 
 Examples : — It rains. 
 
 It snows. 
 It lightens. 
 It thunders. 
 It hails. 
 
 95. Many other verbs are used unipersonally. 
 
 Examples 
 
 :— It becomes us. 
 It behooves me. 
 It seems. 
 
114 
 
 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 OF ADJUNCTS. 
 
 1. An adjunct is any word, phrase, or sentence, 
 joined to a word to limit or modify it. 
 
 2. Adjuncts are of two kinds, adnominal and ad- 
 verbial. 
 
 3. An adjunct which limits a noun or pronoun is 
 called an adnominal adjunct 
 
 4. An adjunct which limits a verb, adjective, parti- 
 ciple, or adverbial word, is called an adverbial adjunct. 
 
 ADNOMINAL ADJUNCTS. 
 
 An adnominal adjunct consisting of a single 
 word, is called an adnominal word. 
 
 6. An adnominal adjunct consisting of a phrase, is 
 called an adnominal phrase. 
 
 7. An adnominal adjunct consisting of a sentence, 
 is called an adnominal sentence. 
 
 ADJUNCTS OF THE SUBJECT.— ADNOMINAL WORDS. 
 
 8. The subject may be limited by adnominal ivords. 
 
 Examples ; — Industrious men succeed. 
 Peter turning said. 
 Seven warriors were slain. 
 The house was overthrown. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 115 
 
 9. Frequently several adnominal words modify a 
 single subject. 
 
 Examples :—The splendid palace was destroyed. 
 The good old man replied. 
 
 10. An adnominal word which limits the subject 
 may be a noun possessive. 
 
 Examples : — The General's horse fell under him. 
 
 The people's candidate defeated himself. 
 A Buffalo's strength lies in his neck. 
 
 (a.) Note. — The possessive form is derived from the old Saxon 
 genitive (possessive) whose termination was is; as, Johnis hat. To 
 prevent the inconvenience of pronouncing an additional syllable, the 
 i was dropt and the omission marked by an apostrophe ; thus, John's hat. 
 In cases where the word ended in s, the entire termination was dropt, 
 and the omission marked by an apostrophe ; thus, boys' hat, instead of 
 boyis hat. This is also true when the word ends in an (s) sound ; as 
 conscience' sake. 
 
 The minstrel's music filled the hall. 
 
 (b.) MinstreVs is an adnominal word — a noun pos- 
 sessive limiting music. 
 
 Examples : — Freedom's stronghold is among rocks and mountains. 
 
 The emperor's guard consisted of three hundred and 
 twenty grenadiers. 
 
 11. An adnominal word which limits the subject, 
 
 may be a personal prono un possessive. 
 
 Examples : — His father died. 
 
 Our hopes are blasted. 
 My eye is dim. 
 Your words are true. 
 
H6 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 12. SYNOPSIS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE. 
 
 SING. PLURAL. 
 
 First Person My Our. 
 
 Second Person Your Your. 
 
 ™.v B { His Their. 
 
 Third Person, j Her Their. 
 
 ' Its Their. 
 
 Examples : — Our days are as the grass. 
 
 Your words are friendly. 
 Their trials proved blessings. 
 His works remain. 
 The tree dies and its leaves fall. 
 
 13. An adnominal word limiting the subject may 
 be a noun in apposition. 
 
 14. A noun annexed to another noun to explain or 
 characterize it, is said to be in apposition with it. 
 
 Samuel, the prophet, anointed David. 
 
 (a.) Prophet is an adnominal word-a noun in ap 
 position characterizing Samuel 
 
 Examples .—Pitt, the orator, addressed the people. 
 
 Jonathan, the son of Saul, died with his father. 
 Peter, the hermit, preached the first crusade. 
 
 \ 15 ' Pr °P er names are often adnominal words used to 
 limit the subject. 
 
 Richard Cromwell defeated the royal forces. 
 
 (a.) Richard is an adnominal word-a proper noun 
 limiting Cromwell. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 117 
 
 Examples : — James Stuart succeeded to the crown of England. 
 Thomas Paine wrote the " Age of Reason." 
 The Tremont House stands in Tremont-street. 
 
 16. An adnominal word which limits the subject 
 may be a common noun. 
 
 Captain Kidd concealed his treasures. 
 
 (a.) Captain is an adnominal word — a common 
 noun used to limit Kidd. 
 
 Examples : — Senator Hale opposed the resolution. 
 
 King James abdicated his throne. 
 
 General Bonaparte was beaten at Waterloo. 
 
 17. An adnominal word which limits the subject, 
 may be an intensive pronoun. 
 
 18. The intensives are formed by prefixing the 
 personal pronoun possessive of the first or second person, 
 or the personal pronoun objective of third person, to the 
 word self or selves. 
 
 SING- PLURAL. 
 
 First Person Myself. Ourselves. 
 
 Second Person Yourself, Yourselves. 
 
 ( Himself Themselves. 
 
 Third Person < .. Herself. Themselves. 
 
 ( Itself... Themselves. 
 
 The king himself has followed her. 
 
 (a.) Himself is an adnominal word — an intensive 
 pronoun limiting king. 
 
118 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples : — I myself will attend to the affair. 
 
 We ourselves are much to blame. 
 
 You have yourself forfeited all claim to pity. 
 
 The jurymen themselves were stung with remorse. 
 
 19. The subject is sometimes contained in (and 
 limited by) one of the double pronouns, mine, thine, 
 his, hers, yours, theirs. 
 
 20. These words are compound in office, represent- 
 ing both the possessor and the thing possessed. 
 Their forms determine the person and number of the 
 pronoun possessive, while the number and person of 
 the noun possessed, must be determined by referring to 
 it, as it will always be expressed in another part of 
 the sentence. 
 
 Your pupils are idle, mine are industrious. 
 
 (a.) Mine is a double pronoun representing the 
 possessor and the thing possessed. As a pronoun 
 possessive limiting the subject, it is first person, singu- 
 lar number and stands for my ; as subject of the sen- 
 tence, it stands for pupils, and is a pronoun, third 
 person, plural number. 
 
 Examples : — Thine be the glory ; ours the endless bliss. 
 
 My brother has arrived ; yours will be here soon. 
 Your friends are many ; mine are few, 
 
 21. An adnominal word which limits the subject, 
 
 may be a relative or interrogative pronoun possessive. 
 
 (a.) Note. — Whose is the common possessive of all the relative and 
 interrogative pronouns. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 119 
 The man whose effort had failed,went away disheartened. 
 
 (b.) Whose is an adnominal word — a relative pro- 
 noun possessive, limiting effort. 
 
 Whose son are you 1 
 
 (c.) Whose is an adnominal word — an interrogative 
 pronoun limiting son. 
 
 Examples :— A mountain whose top was covered with snow, arose on 
 our left. 
 Whose house was burned 1 
 Whose invention was it 1 
 Sancho, whose ire was aroused, replied. 
 " Oh ! thou Eternal One whose presence bright 
 All space doth occupy." 
 
 22. An adnominal word limiting the subject, may 
 be an adjective. 
 
 Strong giants lived in olden time. 
 
 (a.) Strong is an adnominal word, an adjective, used 
 to limit'giants. 
 
 Examples :- — Five princes were present. 
 This book is yours. 
 The man must be mad. 
 Great oaks grow there. 
 
 23. Adjectives are divided into two classes ; viz., 
 qualifying and specifying. 
 
 24. A qualifying adjective limits a noun by ex- 
 pressing some quality existing in it. 
 
 Examples : — Good men are happy. 
 
 Strong drink is raging. 
 
120 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 25. Comparison is a change of termination or form 
 in adjectives, to express different degrees of quality. 
 
 26. Qualifying adjectives have three degrees of 
 comparison ; the positive, the comparative, and the 
 superlative, 
 
 27. The positive degree simply expresses a quality. 
 
 Examples : — Strong giants. 
 
 Good men. 
 Mighty heroes. 
 
 28. The comparative degree implies a comparison 
 between two objects, and expresses a quality in a 
 degree higher than the positive. 
 
 Examples : — Stronger giants. 
 
 Better men. 
 Mightier heroes. 
 
 29. The superlative degree implies a comparison 
 between three or more objects, and expresses quality 
 in the highest degree. 
 
 Examples : — Strongest giants 
 Best men. 
 Mightiest heroes. 
 
 30. The positive degree is the simplest form of the 
 word. 
 
 31. The comparative degree of monosyllables is 
 regularly formed by adding r or er to the positive. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 121 
 
 32. The superlative degree of monosyllables is 
 regularly formed by annexing st or est to the posi- 
 tive. 
 
 33. Dissyllables ending in ly preceded by a con- 
 sonant, form their comparatives and superlatives by 
 changing y into i, and adding er and est 
 
 Example : — Lovely, lovelier, loveliest, 
 
 34. Dissyllables ending in le are compared by 
 adding r for the comparative, and st for the superla- 
 tive degree. 
 
 Example -Nolle, nobler, noblest. 
 
 35. Dissyllables whose terminations readily coalesce, 
 form their comparatives and superlatives by adding r 
 or er and st or est 
 
 36. All other qualifying adjectives are compared 
 by placing before them the adverb more for the 
 comparative, and most for the superlative. 
 
 Example : — Beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. 
 
 37. A slight degree of quality is expressed by 
 the termination ish. 
 
 Example : — Blackish, bluish. 
 
 38. Degrees of diminution are expressed by the 
 
 adverbs less and least 
 
 Example : — Ignorant, less ignorant, least ignorant. 
 
 6 
 
122 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples of Adjectives : — 
 Tall trees grow. 
 
 A beautiful morning dawned upon us. 
 Nobler men never lived. 
 The tallest man in the regiment was Arthur. 
 The most powerful influence was now at work. 
 A more impudent scoundrel w*s never known. 
 
 39. Many adjectives expressing a quality which is 
 invariable, are not compared. 
 
 Example : — Perfect, straight, round, square. 
 
 40. A specifying adjective merely points out or 
 specifies the noun which it limits. 
 
 Examples : — The house. 
 
 5i> horses, 
 
 41. All numeral adjectives are included in this class. 
 
 42. Many specifying adjectives have a plural form, 
 and agree in number with the nouns they limit. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 This these. 
 
 That those. 
 
 (a.) Note. — Many of the specifying adjectives are used as adjective 
 pronouns. 
 
 Examples : — This is excellent and warms the heart. 
 That is improbable. 
 
 43. An adnominal word limiting the subject may 
 be a participle : 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 123 
 
 44. First ; an imperfect participle transitive or intran- 
 sitive, as : — 
 
 Breaking into the low countries, the Highlanders committed great 
 depredations. 
 
 (b.) Analysis : — Subject — Highlanders ; verb — 
 committed; object — depredations; indep. trans, sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the and breaking — adnom. 
 words. 
 
 Adjunct of breaking — into countries- — adv. phrase ; 
 connective into — sec. adverb, connective : essential 
 element — countries ; adjuncts of countries — the and low 
 — adnom. words. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Adjunct of the object — great — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — Sailing westward Columbus discovered the islands. 
 He fell fighting like a tiger. 
 Night descending covered the earth with gloom. 
 Walking over the fields, I found much to recall the conflict 
 to my mind. 
 
 45. Secondly ; an imperfect participle neuter, as : — 
 
 Being lazy, he desired no employment. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — he; verb — desired; ob- 
 ject — employment ; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — being — adnom. word — an 
 imperfect neuter participle. 
 
124 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Complement of being — lazy — adnom. word, and 
 farther adjunct of the subject. 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 Adjunct of the object— no — adnom. word. 
 
 46. The neuter participle, like the neuter verb, is 
 followed by some element which is called its comple- 
 ment. The same word which the participle neuter 
 limits, is also limited by this complement. 
 
 Examples : — Being weary, he fell asleep. 
 
 Seeming uncalled, for, it attracted no notice. 
 Beixg interested in the subject, he continued his inves- 
 tigations. 
 
 47. Thirdly; a perfect participle transitive or intransi- 
 tive, as : — 
 
 Haying killed the guards, the prisoner escaped. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — prisoner; verb — escaped; 
 indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — -having killed — adnom. Avord 
 — -a perfect active participle. 
 
 Object of having hided — guards. 
 
 Adjunct of guards — the — adnom. word. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Examples : — Having partaken of our hospitality, the strangers de- 
 parted. 
 
 We awoke, having slept soundly all night. 
 
 Raving seen the operation, I can speak with certainty. 
 
 48. Fouthly; a perfect participle neuter, as: — 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 125 
 Having been interrupted, the speaker sat down. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subj ect — speaker ; verb — sat ; in- 
 dep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — having been — adnom. word 
 —a perfect participle neuter. 
 
 Complement of having been — interrupted — adnom- 
 word — an adjunct of the subject. 
 
 Farther adjunct of speaker — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — down — -adverb, word. 
 
 Examples -.—Having been once overreached we were exceedingly 
 wary. 
 
 Having- become mad, he was confined in the asylum. 
 49. Fifthly; a perfect participle passive, as : — 
 
 The king, dressed in royal robes, appeared. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subj ect — king ; verb — appeared ; 
 indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject- — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject — dressed — adnom. 
 word — a perfect participle passive. 
 
 Adjunct of dressed — in robes— adverb, phrase; 
 connective — in — sec. adv. ; essential element — robes. 
 
 Adjunct of robes — royal — adnom, word. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Examples : — Mingled with the multitude, were seen several nobles. 
 
 The left wing advanced, supported by the cavalry. 
 The patience of the people, tried too often, finally gave 
 way 
 
126 
 
 AS J LYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE , 
 
 Exhausted by hunger and long marches, the little 
 
 band fell an easy prey to overpowering numbers. 
 Being interested he did not decide fairly. 
 
 (b.) Note. — The participle neuter and its complement being distinct 
 elements, should always be parsed separately. 
 
 ADNOMINAL PHRASES. 
 
 50. The subject may be limited by an adnominal 
 phrase. 
 
 51. A phrase consists of a noun or pronoun, or 
 some element used substantively ) preceded by a secondary 
 connective. 
 
 52. This element is called the essential element of the 
 phrase. 
 
 58. The subject may be limited by an adnominal 
 phrase whose essential element is a noun. 
 
 The morals of the crusaders corrupted the heathen. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — morals ; verb — corrupt- 
 ed; object— heathen ; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject — of crusaders — ad- 
 nom. phrase : connective — of— sec. adnom. ; essential 
 e 1 e m e n t — crusader s . 
 
 Adjunct of crusaders — the — adnon. word. 
 
 ISTo adjunct of the verb. 
 
 ISTo adjunct of the object. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 127 
 
 Example,? : — Brutus' affection for his son could not overcome his 
 
 sense of justice. 
 His desire for fame was a ruling passion. 
 Our efforts to please have succeeded. 
 The life of a madman is a troubled dream. 
 The road to town was obstructed. 
 His failure in the expedition proved disastrous. 
 The beams under the bridge gave way. 
 
 54. The subject may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is a pronoun. 
 
 My letter to him will explain my conduct. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — letter ; verb — will ex- 
 plain] object — conduct; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — my — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject— to him — adnom. 
 phrase ; connective — to — sec. adnom. ; essential ele- 
 ment — him. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Adjunct of the object — my — adnom. word. 
 
 (b.) Note. — The personal pronouns and the relative pronoun who, 
 when they become the essential elements of a phrase, take the ob- 
 jective form ; thus — with me, of thee, by him, for whom, with them, to 
 her. 
 
 Examples : — My love for thee was wonderful. 
 
 The search for him was unsuccessful. 
 My stay with thee shall be short. 
 
 The embassador's business with them was well known. 
 A message from her is on the table. 
 The monastery, the road to which was not easily found, 
 stood in the grove. 
 
l^O ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 55. The subject may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is a participle. 
 
 His exertions in wrestling had exhausted him. 
 
 (a.) Analysis '.—subject— exertions ; verb— had ex- 
 hausted; object — him; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — his — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject— in wrestling— ad- 
 nom. phrase— connected by in— sec. adnom. connec- 
 tive. 
 
 Essential element of the phrase— wrestling— & parti- 
 ciple used nominally (as a noun). 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 No adjunct of the object. 
 
 Examples : — Weariness from marching bore heavily upon us. 
 
 The delay in bringing provisions was disastrous. 
 
 The possibility of escaping seemed dubious. 
 
 The crime of killing a fellow man, finds no parallel. 
 
 ote. — When the essential element of a phrase is a transitive 
 participle it will, like a transitive verb, be followed by an object, and 
 the adjuncts of the participle may be either adnominal or adverbial. 
 
 The necessity for guarding the frontier became daily more apparent. 
 
 (c.) Analysis:— Subject— necessity; verb— became ; 
 complement— apparent— adnom. word; indep. neuter 
 sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject— the — adnom. word. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 129 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject— -for guarding ' — ad- 
 nom. phrase. 
 
 Connective of the phrase— -for — sec. adnom. con- 
 nective. 
 
 Essential element of phrase — guarding— & transitive 
 participle used nominally. 
 
 Object of the participle — frontier. 
 Adjunct of frontier — the — adnom. word. 
 Adjunct of the complement — more — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples :— The good effect of encouraging art is obvious to all. 
 The habit of wasting time clings to us. 
 
 The necessity of being prudent was quite evident. 
 
 56. Note. — The expression " being prudent," corresponds to the pre- 
 dicate of the neuter sentence " he is prudent." The neut. verb is is 
 changed to the imp. neut. participle being, and the fact which the 
 sentence asserts is here merely assumed. 
 
 (a) Analysis : — Subject — necessity ; verb — was ; 
 complement — evident ; indep. neut. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject— the— adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject— of being— adnom. 
 phrase, which is followed by the complement— pru- 
 dent. 
 
 Connective— of— sec. adnom. ; essential element — 
 being. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Adjunct of the complement— quite ; adverb, word. 
 
 6* 
 
130 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 The prospect of being a prisoner, discouraged me. 
 
 (b.) Analysis :— Subject— prospect; verb — discou- 
 raged; object — me; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject— of being — adnom. 
 phrase. 
 
 Connective— of— sec. adnom. ; essential element — 
 being — which is followed by its complement— prisoner. 
 Adjunct of prisoner — a — adnom. word. 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 No adjunct of the object. 
 
 Our joy at being releasedywas great. 
 
 (c.) In this case the complement of the imp. neut. 
 participle is the perf. pass, participle released. 
 
 The fact of his having been convicted of the ft, was notorious. 
 
 id) Analysis :— Subject— fact; veih—ivas; com- 
 plement — notorious; indep neut. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the— adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject— of having been— ad- 
 nom. phrase ; connective— of— sec. adnom. ; essential 
 element— having been, which has for its complement 
 the perf. passive participle convicted. 
 
 Adjunct of having been — his — adnominal word. 
 
 Adjunct of convicted— of theft— adverb, phrase. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 No adjunct of the complement of the verb. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 131 
 
 Examples : — The habit of being intoxicated had grown upon him. 
 
 The folly of seeming what we are not, is often proved. 
 The possibility of becoming a drunkard ought to warn 
 every one who tampers with the cup. 
 
 57. The subject may be limited by an adnorn. 
 phrase whose essential element is a verb infinitive. 
 
 The desire to drink raged within him. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject— desire ; verb — raged ; 
 indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject— the— ad nom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject — to drink — adnom. 
 phrase, consisting of a verb in the infinitive mode. 
 
 Connective— to— sec. adnom. ; essential element — 
 drink. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — within him — adverb, phrase. 
 
 Examples :— His intention to strangle the prisoners, was put in execu- 
 tion. 
 
 A desire to excel spurred him on. 
 
 A deteimination to succeed in all that he undertook, cha- 
 racterized him. 
 Motives to act uprightly are constantly before us. 
 
 (b.) Note. — The particle to which usually precedes the infinitive, 
 has no signification of its own, and consequently does not, like other 
 connectives, show a relation. It has, however, a connecting power, 
 and therefore, for the sake of convenience, we have placed it among 
 connectives of the secondary class. 
 
 Power to overcome difficulties lies in an invincible will 
 
 (c.) Analysis:— Subject— power; verb— lies; in- 
 dep. intrans. sentence. 
 
ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject— to overcome— adnominal 
 phrase, whose essential element is a verb in the in- 
 finitive mode. 
 
 Object of to overcome — difficulties. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb— in will— adverb, phrase. 
 
 Connective— irc — sec. adverb.: essential element 
 
 will 
 
 Adjuncts of will— an and invincible— adnom. 
 words. 
 
 (d.) Note. — When the infinitive, used as essential element of a 
 phrase, is transitive, it requires an object. 
 
 Examples : — His effort to effect a reconciliation failed. 
 
 The ability to speak French correctly, is not easily ac- 
 quired. 
 
 His desire to be a king was gratified. 
 
 (e.) Analysis : — Subject — desire; verb— was; com- 
 plement — gratified. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — his — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the subject — to be — adnominal 
 phrase. 
 
 Connective — to — sec. adnom. ; essential element — 
 be — complement of the neuter infinitive — king. 
 Adjunct of king — a — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — His determination to be foremost in every enterprise, was 
 manifest. 
 
 ADNOMINAL SENTENCES. 
 
 58. The subject may be limited by a dependent ad- 
 nominal sentence. 
 
ANALYSIS OF TOE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 133 
 
 An adjunct which limits a noun, is adnominal. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — adjunct ; VERB— ^ ; 
 COMPLEMENT— adnominal 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — an — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — which limits 
 noun— -dep. trans, adnom. sentence ; connective — ■ 
 which — sec. adnom.; SUBJECT — which ; verb — limits; 
 object — noun. 
 
 Adjunct of the object—a— adnominal word. 
 
 No adjunct of the VERB. 
 
 No adjunct of the COMPLEMENT. 
 
 (b.) Note. — In the analysis of this and the following examples, the 
 principal parts of the indep. sentence are printed in large capitals, while 
 the same parts of the dep. sentences are printed in smaller type. When, 
 in any part of the analysis, the subject or any principal part of either 
 sentence is mentioned, the same type is used. 
 
 A comet which was heretofore unknown, has made its appearance. 
 
 (c.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — comet; VERB — has 
 made; OBJECT — appearance ; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT— a— adnom, word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — which was un- 
 known — dep. neut. adnom. sentence ; connective— 
 which ; subject — which ; VERB — was ; COMPLEMENT 
 — unknown. 
 
 Adjunct of unknown — heretofore — adverb, word. 
 
 The VERB has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the OBJECT— fe— adnominal word. 
 
134 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (d.) The candidate whom we elected, gained a large majority of votes. 
 
 (e.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — candidate ; VEEB 
 — gained; OBJECT — majority ; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — whom we elect- 
 ed— dep. trans, adnominal sentence; connective — 
 whom — sec. adnom.; subject — we; VERB — elected; 
 object — whom. 
 
 The VERB has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the OBJECT — a and large— adnom. 
 words. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the OBJECT — of votes— adnom. 
 phrase. 
 
 Examples :— -The power which brings a pin to the ground, holds the 
 
 earth in its orbit. 
 The event which I have mentioned, transpired long ago. 
 The pledge that this sot had made, was soon violated. 
 This accession which was heralded as a godsend to the 
 
 army, was the true cause of its defeat. 
 
 Such philosophers as investigated the subject, were satisfied. 
 
 (f.) Analysis:— SUBJECT— philosophers; VEEB 
 -were ; COMPLEMENT — satisfied. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — such — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — as investigated 
 
 subject — dep. trans, adnom. sentence ; connective 
 
 as; subject as ; verb — investigated ; OB je ct — sub* 
 ject. 
 
 Adjunct of the object— the— adnom. word. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 135 
 
 The VERB has no adjuncts. 
 
 The COMPLEMENT has no adjuncts. 
 
 (g.) Note. — After such, same, used as an adjective pronoun, and 
 many or much limited by as or so, as is a relative pronoun. 
 
 As many as heard, believed. 
 
 (h.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — many; VERB — be- 
 lieved; indep. sentence. {Many here is an adjective 
 pronoun.) 
 
 Adjunct of many (as an adjective) — as — adverb, 
 word. 
 
 Adjunct of many (as a pronoun) — as heard — dep. 
 adnom. sen. ; connective — as— sec. adnom. ; sub- 
 ject — as ; VERB — heard. 
 
 The VERB has no adjuncts. 
 
 Examples: — As much as I have, I will give to you. 
 
 Such instances of fidelity as I have now to record, are 
 few. 
 
 As much plunder as the Indians had stolen, was brought back by the 
 whites. 
 
 As noble men as the world ever saw, pledged themselves to the cause. 
 
 (i.) Note. — In examples like the above, when as follows a qualifying 
 adjective which is itself preceded by as or so, the ellipsis is easily sup- 
 plied. In the example referred to, we may say as noble men as those 
 are whom the world ever saw, pledged, SfC. SfC. 
 
 59. The compound relative pronoun includes both 
 the antecedent and the relative. 
 
 60. The relative part as a sec. adnom. connective, 
 joins a sentence to the antecedent part. 
 
136 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 What you say-, is true. 
 
 (a.) Analysis :— SUJEOT — what; (antecedent) ; 
 VERB — is ; COMPLEMENT — true ; indep. neut, 
 sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — what you say — dep. 
 trans, adnom. sentence ; connective— what (rela- 
 tive); subject you / verb — say * object — what (rel- 
 ative.) 
 
 The VERB and COMPLEMENT have no adjuncts. 
 (b.) In cases similar to the above, what is equivalent 
 
 in office to that luhich. 
 
 (c.) Note.— When the word ever is annexed to what, the analysis 
 is the same. 
 
 Examples : — What you did, was wrong. 
 
 What I said, was not understood. 
 
 61. The connective than, by ellipsis of an element, 
 is sometimes used as a relative and connective of an 
 adnominal sentence. 
 
 A larger sum than my father could afford, was expended on my 
 
 education. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — sum ; VERB — was ; 
 COMPLEMENT — expended ; indep. neat, sentence. 
 
 Adjuncts of the SUBJECT — a and larger— adnom. 
 words. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT as limited by 
 
 larger— than my father could afford— dependent adnom- 
 
ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 137 
 
 inal sentence; connective— than ; subject— -father ; 
 
 VERB — could; INFINITIVE COMPLEMENT OF THE VERB 
 
 — afford. 
 
 Adjunct of father — my — adnom. word. 
 Object of the infinitive afford— than. 
 
 Examples : — More slaves than were needed, were employed. 
 
 A broader prairie than we had before seen, now stretched 
 out before us. 
 
 More than was sufficient for our necessities, was con- 
 tributed. 
 
 82. While the relative pronoun is the connective of 
 an adnom. sentence, it is also, in many cases, the 
 essential element of a phrase which limits some other 
 word. 
 
 Fame of which he knew the emptiness, was despised. 
 
 (a.) Analysis:— SUBJECT-; fame; VERB — was; 
 COMPLEMENT — despised; indep. neut. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT— of ivhich he knew empti- 
 ness — dep. adnom. sentence ; connective — ivhich ; 
 SUBJECT — he; verb — knew; OBJECT — emptiness. 
 
 No adjunct of the subject. 
 
 The VERB has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the object — of ivhich — adnom. phrase. 
 
 The VERB has no adjuncts. 
 
 The COMPLEMENT has no adjuncts. 
 
 Socrates, the life of whom proved his uprightness, died by poison. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — Socrates ; VERB — 
 died ; itid. intrans. sentence. 
 
138 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — life of whom proved his 
 uprightness— dep. trans, adnom. sentence ; connective 
 —whom; subject — life ; veeb — proved ; object— 
 uprightness* 
 
 Adjunct of the subject— the— adnom. word. 
 Farther adjunct of the subject— of whom— adnom. 
 phrase; connective— of— sec. adnom.; essential 
 
 ELEMENT — whom. 
 
 No adjunct of the verb. 
 
 Adjunct of the object — his — adnom. word. 
 
 Adjunct of the VEEB — by poison — adverb, phrase; 
 connective by sec. adverb. ; essential element 
 — poison. 
 
 (b.) Thus whom not only connects the dep. sentence 
 to Socrates, but is also the essential element of a phrase 
 limiting life. 
 
 The only man that i was acquainted with, was absent. 
 
 (c.) In this case, that connects the sentence that I 
 was acquainted with, to man, and is also the essential ele- 
 ment of an adverb, phrase connected by with to ac- 
 quainted. 
 
 The difficulties under which he labored, were countless. 
 
 (d.) In this sentence, which connects he labored to 
 difficulties, and the phrase under which limits labored. 
 
 Much OF WHAT HE COLLECTED, WdS Worthless. 
 
 (e.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — much; VEEB was • 
 
 COMPLEMENT — worthless ; ind neat sentence. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 139 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — of what — adnom. 
 phrase ; connective — of— sec. adnom. ; essential 
 element — what (antecedent.) 
 
 Adjunct of — WHAT (antecedent) — what he collected ; 
 connective — what (relative) ; subject — he ; verb — 
 collected; object — ivhat (relative); dep. trans, adnom. 
 sentence. 
 
 63. The relative pronoun possessive limits a noun 
 as an adnom. word, and as a connective joins the 
 sentence which it introduces, to its antecedent. 
 
 The man whose life is correct, is respected. 
 
 (a ) Analysis : — SUBJECT — man ; VERB — is ; 
 COMPLEMENT— respected; ind. neut. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of SUBJECT — whose life is correct; 
 connective — ivhose ; subject — life; verb — is; com- 
 plement — correct ; dep. neut. adnom. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of subject — whose — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — The courtier whose opinion was asked, assented. 
 
 The kin^ whose wound at first seemed fatal, recovered. 
 A lake whose surface glistened like silver, lay at the base 
 of the hill. 
 
 It was a doctrine whose acceptance depended on the 
 ignorance of the masses. 
 
 84. SENTENCES CONNECTED TO THE SUBJECT BY OTHER 
 SEC. ADNOM. CONNECTIVES. 
 
 The day when i expected to go, arrived. 
 
140 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (a) Analysis : — SUBJECT — day ; VERB ar- 
 rived; ind. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — when I expected 
 to go; CONNECTIVE — when; SUBJECT — /; verb— 
 expected; object— to go; dep. trans, adnom. sentence, 
 
 " Knowest thou the land where the lemon trees bloom. 
 Where the gold orange glows in the deep thicket's gloom, 
 Where a wind ever soft from the blue heaven blows, 
 And the groves are of laurel, and myrtle, and rose ?" 
 
 (a.) Note. Here the four adnominal sentences, viz., trees bloom 
 orange glows, wind blows, and groves are of laurel. 6zc , are connected to 
 land by the sec. adnom. connective where. An ellipsis of Chis connec- 
 tive occurs with the fourth sentence. These sentences qualify the 
 object and not the subject of a sentence, and are placed here merely as 
 examples of adnom. sentences connected by words which are not rela- 
 tive pronouns. 
 
 Examples :—Time was when the earth was without form. 
 
 The reason why he refused my request, did not appear. 
 The question how combustion takes place, was discussed at 
 length. 
 
 A fear lest he should fall in battle, pursued him. 
 The hope we shall be be saved, still animated us. 
 
 65. The subject may also be limited by a sentence 
 in apposition. 
 
 The acknowledgment that he was wrong, satisfied me. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — achioidedgment ; 
 VERB- satisfied ; OBJECT— me; ind. trans, sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT— the— adnom. word. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 141 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — that he was 
 wrong — dep. neut. adnom. sentence ; connective — 
 that — see. adnom.; subject — he ; verb — was / com- 
 plement — -wrong. 
 
 Examples : — The belief that the soul is immortal, is almost universal. 
 
 A report that the imperial army had surrendered, reached 
 Paris. 
 
 68. The Subject may be limited by an indep. sen- 
 tence in apposition. 
 
 The old adage, " Honesty is the best policy," contains truth. 
 
 (b.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — adage ; VEEB — con- 
 tains ; OBJECT — truth ; ind. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjuncts of the SUBJECT — the and old— adnom, 
 words. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — Honesty is the 
 best policy ; subject — honesty ; verb — is ; comple- 
 ment — policy ; indep. neut. adnom. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the complement — best— adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — Pope's sentiment, " A little learning is a dangerous 
 thing," is false. 
 The question u Is theie a Bourbon among us!" has 
 excited great interest. 
 
 ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS. 
 
 67. Having considered adjuncts of the subject of a 
 sentence, we now proceed to notice those elements 
 which may limit a verb. 
 
142 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 68. All adjuncts which limit verbs are called ad- 
 verbial. 
 
 ADVERBIAL WORDS. 
 
 69. Adverbial words are called adverbs. 
 
 Of adverbial words there are various classes, the 
 principal of which are— Adverbs of time, of manner, 
 of place, of negation, and affirmation. 
 
 Adverbs of Time :— 
 
 Examples :— He will return soon. 
 Repent to-day. 
 I shall visit him to-morrow. 
 
 Adverbs of Manner : — 
 
 Examples :— The prisoner slept soundly. 
 Live soberly. 
 
 Webster rose calmly to reply. 
 The boys write indifferently. 
 He blundered egregious ly. 
 The jury greatly erred. 
 
 Adverbs of Place :— 
 
 Examples We shall not always remain here. 
 
 Brave men had perished there, 
 I can live anywhere. 
 Look yonder. 
 
 Adverbs of Affirmation, Emphasis, and Negation:— 
 
 Examples :— He dares not touch a hair of Catiline. 
 
 The witness certainly spoke truth. 
 The day of reckoning will surely come. 
 The post-boy undoubtedly died of fatigue. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 143 
 
 Note. — It is impossible to present a complete list of adverbial words. 
 The foregoing are merely examples of the most common ones. 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 70. Some adverbs are compared. 
 Monosyllables are usually compared by adding er 
 
 for the comparative, and est for the superlative de- 
 gree. 
 
 Example : — Soon, sooner, soonest. 
 
 All others which are compared, prefix more for the 
 comparative and most for the superlative. 
 
 Example : — Merrily, more merrrily, most merrily. 
 
 ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 
 
 71. The verb may be limited by one or more ad- 
 verbial phrases. 
 
 First by a phrase whose essential element is a 
 noun. 
 
 Winds moan over the hill. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — winds ; verb — moan ; 
 ind. intrans. sentence. 
 Subject has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — over hill — adverb, phrase. 
 Connective — over — sec. adnom. ; essential element 
 • — hill. 
 
 Adjunct of hill — the — adnom. word. 
 
144 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples :-I cudgelled the fellow with a hearty good will. 
 
 We slept under the bridge. 
 
 I hereby protest against your proceedings. 
 
 To their fidelity alone, their oppressor owed the power 
 which he now employed for their ruin. 
 
 By the F rench embassy, this scheme was warmly op- 
 posed. 
 
 At that time the king had no design of disbanding his 
 army. 
 
 During this time the queen remained at her palace. 
 The river rose above its banks. 
 
 72. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is a personal pronoun. 
 
 Examples :— The traveler remained with us all day. 
 I call to you with all my voice. 
 Without you he accomplishes nothing. 
 The sheriff sent for them. 
 He wrote to her. 
 
 Note.— When personal pronouns are made the essential elements of 
 phrases, they take the objective form. 
 
 73. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is a relative pronoun. 
 
 The cave in which we lay, sheltered us. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — cave ; VERB shel- 
 tered ; OBJECT— us; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT— adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the SUBJECT — in which we 
 fay; dep. intrans. sentence. Connective— which ; 
 
 SUBJECT — IV e ; VERB — lay. 
 
 No adjunct of the subject. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 145 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — in which — adverb, phrase ; 
 connective — in — sec. adverb; essential element 
 — which. 
 
 The VERB has no adjuncts. 
 
 The OBJECT has no adjuncts. 
 
 N 0TE . — l n this sentence, as in one already noticed, the relative pro- 
 noun, besides being the connective of an adnom. sentence, is the essen- 
 tial element of an adverb, phrase. 
 
 Examples : — The good people with whom he lived, regarded him as 
 a strange character. 
 The sword with which he had defended himself, was 
 
 wrested from his hand. 
 The help that he depended upon, failed. 
 
 (b.) In this sentence, that is the essential element of 
 an adverb, phrase connected to depended by upon. 
 
 Such as he agreed with, remained. 
 
 (c.) As is a relative pronoun connecting the 
 sentence he agreed to such. As is also the essential 
 element of an adverb, phrase connected to agreed by 
 with. 
 
 74. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is the antecedent part of a com- 
 pound relative pronoun. 
 
 I decided it by what I heard. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — I; VEKB — decided ; 
 
 OBJECT — it; ind. trans, sentence. 
 
 No adjunct of the SUBJECT. 
 7 
 
146 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Adjunct of the VERB — by what — adverb, phrase; 
 connective — by — sec. adverb. ; essential element — what 
 (antecedent.) 
 
 Adjunct of what (antecedent) — what I heard ; CON- 
 NECTIVE — what (relative) ; subject — I; verb — heard ; 
 object— ivhat (relative); dep. trans, adverb, sentence. 
 
 No adjunct of the OBJECT. 
 
 Examples : — In what he said, he showed a true spirit. 
 
 You shall lose my friendship for what you have done. 
 We are responsible for what we do. 
 
 Note. — When what is used as an adjective, it is sometimes a com- 
 pound word, and the relative part retains the force of a connective. 
 
 He learned by what information he obtained, that the country was im- 
 passable. 
 
 (&.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — he ; VERB — learned; 
 OBJECT — that the country v:as impassable ; ind. trans, 
 sentence. 
 
 The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the YEEB— by information— adverb 
 phrase. 
 
 Adjunct of information — what — antecedent adnom. 
 word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of information — he obtained. 
 
 Connective — what (relative); subject — he; verb 
 — obtained; object — information; dep. trans, adnom. 
 sentence. 
 
 The OBJECT (of the indep. sentence) is analyzed 
 like other neuter sentences. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 147 
 
 He did not reveal under whose patronage he had acted. 
 
 (c.) Analysis:— SUBJECT- he; VERB — did re- 
 veal ; OBJECT — under whose patronage he had acted ; 
 ind. trans, sentence. 
 
 The SUBJECT has no adjunct. 
 
 Adjunct of DID REVEAL — not— adverb, word. 
 
 The OBJECT being a sentence, we may analyze it. 
 
 Connective — whose ; subject — he ; vekb — had 
 acted ; dep. intrans, nominal sentence. 
 
 The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb— under patronage — adverb, 
 phrase. 
 
 Adjunct of patronage — whose — adnorninal word. 
 75. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is an imperfect active participle. 
 
 The outlaw escaped by dropping himself down from a window. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: Subject — outlaw; verb — escaped; 
 ind. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — by dropping — adverb, phrase. 
 
 Connective — by; essential element — dropping. 
 
 Object of dropping — himself. 
 
 Adjunct of dropping — down — adverb, word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of dropping— from window — adverb, 
 phrase. Adjunct of window- — a. 
 
148 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples : — By turning in time, the hunter saved his iife. 
 
 In so doing, I am conscious of an honorable motive. 
 The trustees discharged the teacher for neglecting his 
 school. 
 
 76. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is a perfect active participle. 
 
 They convicted him of having killed his daughter. 
 
 (a.) Analysis:— Subject — they; YQ^b— convicted ; 
 object — him; indep. trans, sentence. 
 The subject has no adjunct. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb— of having killed— advprbial 
 phrase; connective— of— sec. adnom. ; essential ele- 
 ment— having hilled— -a perf. active participle. 
 
 Object of having hilled— daughter. 
 
 Adjunct of daughter — his— adnom. word. 
 
 Examples : — He was accused of having robbed the treasury. 
 
 They exiled him for having supported the king. 
 We all suspected him of having done the mischief. 
 
 77. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is a neuter participle, which is al- 
 ways followed by its complement. 
 
 This complement may be a perf passive participle. 
 
 After being harassed by marauders and worn with fatigue they 
 reached home. 
 
 (a.) Analysis:— Subject— they; verb — reached ; 
 object — home; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 149 
 
 The subject has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — after being ; connective — after ; 
 essential element — the imperf. neut. participle — being. 
 
 Complement of being — harassed — adnom. word. 
 
 Adjunct of harassed - — by marauders — adverbial 
 phrase. 
 
 Second complement of being— worn. 
 Connective between harassed and worn — and— co- 
 ordinate connective. 
 
 Adjunct of worn — with fatigue — adverb phrase. 
 
 Examples : — The rogue escaped by seeming humbled. 
 
 The plaintiff received remuneration for having been 
 
 wronged. 
 
 78. The complement of the neuter participle used 
 as the essential element of a phrase, may be an ad- 
 jective. 
 
 Examples : — The boy complained of being sick. 
 
 The client accused the lawyer of having been false to 
 his interests. 
 
 He suspected me of being favorable to the interests of 
 the king. 
 
 My teacher punished me for having been pugnacious. 
 
 79. A noun may be the complement of a neuter 
 participle used as the essential element of a phrase. 
 
 Examples : — 'The people accused him of having been a thief 
 
 For being a traitor, the king has deprived me of my 
 office. 
 
 80. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 
ioK) ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 essential element consists of a noun which has a par- 
 ticiple for its adjunct. This phrase has no connec- 
 tive. 
 
 The sun being risen, we departed. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subject — we; verb — departed ; ind. 
 intrans. sentence. 
 
 Subject has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — sun being — adverb, phrase, 
 consisting of a noun and participle. 
 Complement of being— risen. 
 
 81. In the expression sun being risen, we have a fact 
 assumed which would be asserted in a neuter sentence. 
 This element is used to limit the verb, and is equiva- 
 lent to the dependent sentence when the sun was risen, 
 It is therefore an adverbial element, and we shall for 
 convenience classify it with adverbial phrases. 
 
 This done, he tuned his lyre. 
 
 (a.) Analysis:— Subject— he; verb— tuned; object 
 — lyre; indep. trans, sentence. 
 The subject has has no adjuncts. 
 Adjunct of the verb — this done — adverb, phrase. 
 
 Examples : — The fire having ceased to rage, we went home. 
 
 The work being finished, we paid the laborers. 
 The day being far spent, we pitched our tent. 
 
 82. The verb may be limited by a phrase whose 
 essential element is a noun which has no connective. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 151 
 
 The pedestrian walked Jive miles an hour. 
 
 (a.) Analysts: — Subject — pedestrian; verb — walk- 
 ed; indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnominal word. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — miles — adverb, phrase with- 
 out connective. 
 
 Adjunct of miles — -five — adnom. word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of walked — hour — adverb, phrase — 
 without connective. 
 
 Adjunct of hour — an— adnom. word. 
 
 Note. — It is evident that the relation usually expressed by a con- 
 nective, is understood with such nouns as home, way, hour, and other 
 nouns expressing time, distance, &c. These nouns are, therefore, fre- 
 quently essential elements of phrases which have no connectives. 
 
 Examples : — The army marched this way. 
 
 Home ! you idle creatures, get you home. 
 The election will be held next week 
 
 83. Sometimes the phrase itself becomes the essen- 
 tial element of a phrase, and is connected to the word 
 which it limits by another connective. 
 
 Indeed you would have thought that the church had been consecrated to 
 Satan instead of to the Deity. 
 
 (a.) To in this case connects Deity to of and of con- 
 nects to the Deity to stead, and in connects stead to con- 
 secrated. 
 
 Example :-— -The mountebanks came from over the sea. 
 
152 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 THE ADVERBIAL SENTENCE. 
 
 84. The verb may be limited by an Adverbial 
 Sentence. 
 
 I had not returned when you arrived. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — /; VEEB — had re- 
 turned; indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the VEEB — not — adverbial word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the VEEB — ivhen you arrived; 
 connective — when ; subject — you ; verb— arrived ; 
 dep. intrans. adverb, sentence. 
 
 Examples : — The governor left when the train came in. 
 
 Thieves go about while honest men sleep. 
 
 The mystery shall remain till the sea gives up her dead. 
 
 I care not with whom you associate. 
 
 (b.) Analysis : — SUBJECT— I; VEEB — care; 
 indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the VEEB — not — adverbial word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the VEEB — with ivhom you asso- 
 ciate; connective — whom; subject — you ; verb — 
 associate; dep. intrans. adverb, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of associate — with whom — adverb, phrase ; 
 connective — with; essential element — whom. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 153 
 
 (c.) Note. — Whom considered as the essential element of the phrase 
 is a responsive pronoun. 
 
 The keepers wondered by what means the convict escaped. 
 
 (d.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — keepers ; VERB — 
 wondered; in dep. in trans, sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Adjunct of the VERB— by what; connective — by 
 (sec. adverb;) ess. rel. el. — means ; adv. phrase. 
 
 Adjunct of means — what (as antecedent) adn. word. 
 
 Further adjunct of means — convict escaped; CON- 
 NECTIVE — what; secondary adv.: dep. adv. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — by means — adverb, phrase ; 
 connective — by — sec. adverb; essential element 
 — means. 
 
 Adjunct of means — what— adn ominal word. 
 
 They will obtain the prize, if they persevere. 
 
 (e.) If they persevere is a dep. intrans. adverb, sen- 
 tence connected by if to will obtain. 
 
 examples of adverbial sentences. 
 If the enterprise is successful, its opposers will be silenced. 
 Though he slay me, I will trust in him. 
 Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. 
 I will not strike him, unless he resists me. 
 I care not whether you go or stay. 
 Take heed lest ye fall. 
 They attacked me while I slept. 
 
 <k I saw him once before 
 
 As he passed by my door, 
 7# 
 
154 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 And again, 
 
 The pavement stones resound, 
 As he totters o'er the ground 
 With his cane." 
 
 Before the day dawned, we were upon our journey. 
 After I had thus delivered rny sentiments, I experienced great 
 relief. 
 
 " Come to the bridal chamber, death ! 
 Come to the mother when she feels, 
 For the first time, her firstborn's breath ; 
 Come when the blessed seals 
 That close the pestilence are broke, 
 And crowded cities wail its stroke : 
 Come in consumption's ghastly form, 
 The earthquake shock, the ocean storm; 
 Come when the heart beats high and warm, 
 With banquet song, and dance and wine ; 
 And thou art terrible." 
 
 ADJUNCTS of the OBJECT in a TRANSITIVE SENTENCE. 
 
 85. The object may be limited by any adjunct that 
 can modify the subject. (See article on adjuncts of 
 the subject.) 
 
 (a.) The object may be limited by one or more 
 adnom. words. 
 
 Examples : — I saw a great, white throne. 
 
 The Mexicans had already built a strong stone fort. 
 At this moment we heard a slight rustle in the tall 
 grass. 
 
 (b.) The object may be limited by an adnom. 
 phrase. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 155 
 
 Examples : — At this place we witnessed a grand trial of strength be- 
 tween two Choctaws. 
 Hildreth has written a history of the United States. 
 Have you read the works of Bacon ? 
 No man fully comprehends the philosophy of life. 
 Mercury always had an inclination to steal. 
 
 (c.) The object may be limited by an adnominal 
 sentence. 
 
 Examples : — We know the man whom you have described. 
 
 The old gentleman soon heard a tittering in the 
 
 crowd, for which he could not account. 
 This act redeemed a character, which had been black- 
 ened by many crimes 
 
 ADJUNCTS of the COMPLEMENT in a NEUTER SENTENCE. 
 
 86. When the complement is a noun or pronoun, it 
 may be limited by any adjunct that can limit the 
 subject : viz., one or more aduom. words, phrases, or 
 sentences. 
 
 Examples : — Our Washington was a glorious hero. 
 
 My uncle was always an overbearing, rude man. 
 Take pity on me, sir, I am a man in deep trouble. 
 He wore sandals on his feet, and his head-dress was a 
 
 turban o/many colors. 
 The Bible is a book which all should study. 
 He was a statesman who always lifted his voice against 
 
 corruption ; he was a soldier who was, at all times, 
 
 ready to do battle against injustice. 
 
 87. When the complement is an adjective or parti- 
 ciple, it may be limited by one or more adverbial 
 words, phrases, or sentences. 
 
JO ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples : — The enemy are advancing rapidly. 
 
 Yon drunkard is utterly lost. 
 I am weary of labor. 
 " My father," said she, " will be angry if you interfere." 
 The king was disturbed because he had seen a vision. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 157 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SUBJECT OF VEKBS INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES. 
 
 1. The noun or pronoun whose action or existence 
 is expressed by a verb infinitive, is called the subject 
 of the infinitive. 
 
 Examples : — I plunged in and bade him follow. 
 He commanded me to desist. 
 
 The ant told the butterfly to go about his business. 
 
 2. The subject of a sentence is often also subject 
 of an infinitive which follows the verb. 
 
 Examples : — He promised to undertake the work. 
 I wish to know the facts. 
 I am to write an exercise. 
 We determined to try an experiment 
 
 3. Frequently the infinitive with its subject, forms 
 the objective element in a transitive sentence. 
 
 Our friends urged us to pursue the fugitive. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — Subj ect— friends ; verb — urged ; 
 object— us to pursue; indep. trans, sentence. 
 Adjunct of the subject — our — adnom. word. 
 No adjuncts of the verb. 
 
 (h.) The object is composed of the objective pro- 
 
I£>© ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 noun us and the infinitive to pursue, of which us is the 
 subject and fugitives the object. 
 
 Examples :— The astonished savage saw the balloon sail through the 
 skies. 
 
 I have seen the smoke rise from a hundred burning 
 cities. 
 
 4. The essential element of a phrase is sometimes 
 an infinitive with its subject. 
 
 For me to live is Christ. 
 
 (a.) Me to live is the essential element of the phrase 
 for me to live, while the whole phrase is subject otis. 
 
 Example :— It is perhaps well enough, for a man of long experience 
 to make the attempt, but for a boy to undertake such a 
 work, is simply ridiculous. 
 
 (b.) This use of the infinitive is idiomatic, and the 
 phrase with its infinitive is subject of the verb. 
 
 5. The infinitive, however, is most frequently used 
 to express an action abstractly, in which case, it is 
 used as a phrase and has no definite subject. 
 
 The desire to live is innate. 
 
 (a.) Here to live is an adnominal phrase limiting 
 desire, and has no definite subject. 
 
 Examples : — To serve you is my desire. 
 
 It was dangerous to encounter him. 
 
 To climb the precipice was a dangerous experiment. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. lOd 
 
 (b.) In this case to climb is a nominal phrase, sub- 
 ject of the verb was, and has itself no definite sub- 
 ject, 
 
 THE SUBJECT OF PARTICIPLES. 
 
 6. The noun or pronoun which is limited by a 
 participle, may be called its subject. 
 
 Islands yielding every variety of fruits, dotted the sea. 
 
 (a.) Yielding is a participle limiting islands which 
 is its subject. 
 
 7. A noun or pronoun which is subject of a parti- 
 ciple, may be subject or object of a sentence or the 
 essential element of a phrase. 
 
 Leveling his pistol the hunter deliberately fired. 
 
 (a.) In this case hunter, the subject of the participle, 
 is also subject of the sentence. 
 
 Examples :— Fighting for the right, he gained a glorious martyr- 
 dom. 
 
 Uncas, running at full speed, soon overtook the fright- 
 ened maid. 
 
 I left my father weeping. 
 
 (b.) Here father, the subject of weeping, is object of 
 the verb left 
 
 Examples:— They pushed Gilkison, still begging for mercy, to the end 
 of the plank. 
 He spurned me kneeling at his feet. 
 The bystanders remained with their heads uncovered. 
 
160 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (c.) In this case, the essential element of the 
 phrase with heads, is the subject of the participle 
 uncovered. 
 
 Examples : — The tree grew near the brink op a pit partially filled with 
 rubbish. 
 
 They next attempted to throw me into the sea roaring 
 horribly below. 
 
 8. Frequently the participle with its subject, forms 
 the objective element in a transitive sentence. 
 
 We heard the storm howling. 
 
 (a.) Analysis:— Subject— we; verb— heard; ob- 
 ject — storm howling. 
 
 The subject has no adjuncts. 
 The verb has no adjuncts. 
 
 The object is composed of the noun storm and the 
 participle howling, the subject of which is storm. 
 Adjunct of f ,orm — the — adnom. word. 
 
 Examples 
 
 : — I saw the city burning. 
 
 Did you hear the child crying ? 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 161 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 OBJECT OF VERBS INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES. 
 
 1. A transitive verb in whatever mode, requires an 
 element in the objective relation. 
 
 He sought to avoid the consequences. 
 
 (a.) Analysis :— Subject— he ; verb— sought; ob- 
 ject — to avoid; indep. trans, sentence. 
 The subject has no adjunct. 
 The verb has no adjunct. 
 
 The object to avoid is itself a transitive verb in- 
 finitive, and consequently requires an object. 
 Object of the infinitive to avoid — consequences. 
 
 We can outnumber them. 
 
 (J j.) Analysis : — Subject — we ; vevh—can ; com- 
 plement of can — outnumber — a verb infinitive; 
 indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 The subject has no adjunct. 
 
 Object of outnumber — THEM. 
 
 Examples : — The injured man whom you dare not confront, implores 
 you to spare his children. 
 The poor man desired me to ask that your honor would 
 send relief. 
 
162 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (c.) In this example, the sentence that your honor 
 would send, Sc., is the object of the transitive infini- 
 tive ask, and relief is the object of the trans, infinitive 
 send. 
 
 OBJECT OF TRANSITIVE PARTICIPLES. 
 
 2. Transitive participles require an element in the 
 objective relation. 
 
 Turning their horses, the troops rode back to the fort. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: Subject— troops; verb— rode; in- 
 dep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject, the and turning adnominal 
 words. 
 
 Object of turning — horses. 
 
 Adjunct of horses— their— adnominal word. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb— bach— adverbial word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of the verb— to fort— adverbial 
 phrase; connective— to— sec. adverb; essential ele- 
 ment— -fort. 
 
 Adjunct of fort— the— adnominal word. 
 
 He arrests Captain George, honest George, whom we all delight in 
 
 KNOWING. 
 
 (b.) In this sentence in knowing is an adverbial 
 phrase— the adjunct of delight, and whom is the object 
 of the active transitive participle knowing. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 163 
 Believing what / believe, I cannot sanction this act. 
 
 (c.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — I ; VEKB — can; 
 complement of can— sanction ; indep. intrans. sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Adjunct of the SUBJECT — believing — adnominal 
 word. 
 
 Object of believing — what (antecedent.) 
 
 Adjunct of what (antecedent)— what I believe: 
 con. what (rel.) sec. adnom. ; subject— I ; verb- 
 believe ; object — what (relative ;) dep. trans, ad- 
 nom. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the VERB — not — adverbial word. 
 
 Object of sanction — act. 
 
 Adjunct of act— THIS— adnominal word. 
 
 (d.) Note.— The object of a participle, like the object of a verb, may 
 
 be a vjord, phrase, or sentence. 
 
 Examples : — Promising us another visit, our friends departed. 
 
 Promising to visit us again, our friends departed. 
 Promising that they would visit us again, our friends 
 departed. 
 
164 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 GERERAL LIMITATION OF WORDS. 
 
 (1.) A noun or pronoun, in whatever relation it 
 stands to other words in the sentence, may be limited 
 by an ad nominal word, an adnominal phrase, or an 
 adnominal sentence. 
 
 Note. — The noun and pronoun possessive are not often limited by an 
 adnominal phrase or sentence. 
 
 ADNOMINAL WORDS. 
 
 2. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
 limited by a noun in apposition. 
 
 We sent letters by Peter, the post-boy. 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — we; verb — sent; object 
 — letters; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 The subject has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — by Peter — adverbial phrase. 
 
 Adjunct of Peter — POST-BOY — adnominal word — a 
 compound noun in apposition. 
 
 Adjunct of post-boy — the — adnominal word. 
 
 Examples : — Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me 1 
 
 I, James, who saw the deed, can testify. 
 The lion, grim monarch of the forest, roams in these 
 wilds unmolested. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 165 
 
 3. Common nouns in any relation, may be limited 
 by proper names. 
 
 (a.) Note. — Nouns here called common are frequently common only 
 in respect to the limiting proper noun. In fact the distinction of com- 
 mon and proper nouns is seldom absolute. 
 
 Robert Fulton first tried navigation by steam 
 
 (a.) The proper name Robert here limits the more 
 common noun Fulton. 
 
 Examples : — Franklin Pierce was elected president. 
 
 We are all acquainted with the Arnold treachery. 
 Lately we hear less of the Bourbon question. 
 
 4. A proper noun in any relation, is sometimes 
 limited by a common noun. 
 
 Examples : — An old soldier was seen weeping at the grave of 
 General Jackson. 
 Who does not love the memory of the brave Count 
 Pulaski 1 
 
 5. A noun in any relation may be limited by a 
 noun or pronoun possessive. 
 
 Examples : — The valorous Don's safety lay in his light-footedness. 
 The monster stole away my children. 
 The company were soon in sight of the Indians' huts. 
 Let every freeman's deepest interest be in his country's 
 good. 
 
 We have at last discovered your motive. 
 
 6. A noun or pronoun in any relation may be 
 limited by an intensive pronoun. 
 
166 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples :— The sheriff at last found the old rogue himself hidden in 
 the wood. 
 
 In his impious boldness,, he laid violent hands on the 
 
 shrine itself. 
 You yourself condemn me. 
 
 7. A noun in any relation, may be contained in, 
 and limited by, one of the double pronouns, mine, 
 thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs. 
 
 He forgot his hatchet and tried to borrow mine. 
 
 (a.) The word mine is a double pronoun equivalent 
 to my hatchet. 
 
 Examples : — I have lost my pen : will you lend me yours ? 
 
 The hut stood on the limit of Rolfe's plantation : which, 
 
 you know, joined mine. 
 I have no confidence in my own discretion, but . I can 
 trust in yours. 
 
 8. A noun in any relation may be limited by the 
 relative pronoun possessive. 
 
 (a.) Note.— Whose is the common possessive of all the relative 
 pronouns. 
 
 This is he whose story you have often heard. 
 
 (b.) Whose is a relative pronoun possessive and as 
 an adnominal word limits story. 
 
 Examples:— The benefactor through whose influence you gained 
 wealth, is a beggar at your door. 
 Macdonald was a brawling fellow whose character every 
 one despised. 
 
 9. Any noun, whatever be its relation, may be 
 limited by an adjective. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. Wl 
 
 Examples : — He was a hardy larborer. 
 
 The tower st ood near the top of a steep hill. 
 Your house is stronger than mine. 
 My lord also had this bad habit. 
 
 10. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
 limited by an imperfect trans, or intrans. participle. 
 
 I left him raving like a madman. 
 
 (a.) Raving is an adnominal word — an intransitive 
 imperfect participle, limiting him. 
 
 Examples • — I saw my son burning to avenge my wrongs. 
 
 What is the name of yonder horseman riding at such a 
 furious pace 1 
 
 11. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
 limited by a perfect trans, or intrans. participle. 
 
 The child having inherited nothing, was wholly dependent on my father's 
 bounty. 
 
 (a.) Having inherited is here an adnominal word 
 limiting child. Having inherited is a perf. trans, 
 participle. 
 
 12. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
 limited by an imperfect or perfect neuter participle 
 followed by its complement. 
 
 This building being made of wood f they quickly destroyed. 
 
 (a.) In this example being is an imperfect neuter 
 participle limiting building. It is followed by its 
 complement made, which also limits building. 
 
168 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples : — The experiment having been tried once before, we easily 
 performed it 
 
 In this crazy craft, haviny been abandoned for years as 
 
 unseaworthy, we at last set sail. 
 Upon me, being already faint and weary, they placed a 
 
 heavy load. 
 
 13. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
 limited by a perfect passive participle. 
 
 Examples : — The 3d regiment, dressed in full uniform, was on drill. 
 
 The captain, astonished at such impudence, replied — 
 
 14. General Examples in Adnominal Words. 
 
 We heard the footfall of Bigfoot, our old enemy, 
 Benedict Arnold betrayed his country. 
 Commodore Perry gained a great victory. 
 The blacksmith's strength is in his arm. 
 My life is dear to me. 
 
 By the judge himself was the theft committed. 
 
 My wife, whose disposition was not the sweetest, next beset me. 
 
 He buried his treasures under a dwarf oak. 
 
 I heard him stamping and cursing awfully. 
 
 ADNOMINAL PHRASES. 
 
 15. A noun or pronoun, in any relation, may be 
 limited by an adnominal phrase whose essential ele- 
 ment is a noun or pronoun. 
 
 Examples : — We contend for the liberty of the press. 
 
 Truly this knight had a heart of stone. 
 He of the green armor thus replied. 
 My father gave me a choice of the professions. 
 This city has gates of pearl and streets of gold. 
 " I saw the curl of his waving lash. 
 And the glance of his knowing eye." 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 169 
 
 He sought fame, of which he knew the emptiness. 
 Next was a cage of iron, which held a crowd of mon- 
 keys. 
 
 A mountain the top of which was hidden by clouds, rose 
 
 on our left. 
 Here is the plain that I rode over. 
 
 (a.) The phrase over that limits plain. 
 
 16. A noun or pronoun in any relation, may be 
 limited by an adnominal phrase, whose essential 
 element is a perfect or imperfect participle, trans, or 
 intransitive. 
 
 Examples : — I will give you a form for writing a note. 
 
 He had the rare habit of steadily pursuing one train of 
 
 thought at a time. 
 He was arrested on suspicion of having stolen the 
 money. 
 
 The soldier received forty lashes, as a punishment for 
 having violated orders. 
 
 These circumstances seem to have called into requisi- 
 tion all your tact in lying, and shrewdness in cheat- 
 ing, 
 
 17. A noun or pronoun, in any relation, may be 
 limited by an adnominal phrase, whose essential 
 element is a neuter participle, perfect or imperfect, 
 followed by its complement. 
 
 / confess I had no hope of being released. 
 
 (a.) Of being is here the phrase* limiting hope — being 
 is the essential element, and is followed by its com- 
 plement released, which also limits hope. 
 
170 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples: — The fact of having-been free once, made my chains 
 more galling. 
 
 These runaways well knew the consequences of being 
 caught. 
 
 All this was the result of having been inactive so long. 
 I was in despair at the certainty of being a prisoner 
 for life. 
 
 18. A noun, in any relation, may be limited by an 
 adnominal phrase whose essential element is a verb 
 infinitive. 
 
 Examples : — My friend always showed a determination to excel. 
 We are surrounded by incentives to labor. 
 
 19. When the essential element of a phrase is a 
 trans, verb infinitive, it requires an object ; when it is 
 a neut. infinitive, it always requires its complement. 
 
 Examples : — He succeeded in his effort to procure a cessation of 
 hostilities. 
 
 The Englishman also gave a promise to reward us. 
 Your desire to be foremost renders you disagreeable. 
 The soldier was shot on account of a threat to desert 
 
 the army. 
 
 If you give a pledge to be a peaceable ma?i, you shall 
 not be disturbed. 
 
 20. A noun or pronoun may sometimes be limited 
 by a phrase in apposition. 
 
 Examples : — Then all my brother's labors ; to draw the water, to 
 cut the wood, and many other things, fell to me. 
 " This was earth's liberty, its nature this 
 Each man to make all subject to his will." 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 171 
 
 ADNOMINAL SENTENCES. 
 
 21. A noun may be limited by a sentence in appo- 
 sition. 
 
 The poor man was impressed with a belief, that the image op his 
 
 FATHER STOOD BESIDE HIM. 
 
 (a.) The sentence that father stood, is in apposition 
 with belief, and consequently limits it. 
 
 Examples : " This fool holdeth the opinion, that the earth is round, 
 
 and that it traveleth yearly around the sun." 
 He died happy in the certainty that death is not an 
 eternal sleep. 
 
 The sentiment of Pope, " A little learning is a dangerous 
 thing" contains a dangerous fallacy. 
 
 22. A noun or pronoun, in any relation, may be 
 limited by an adnominal sentence whose connective 
 is a relative pronoun. 
 
 The party discovered a river which empties into the gulf. 
 
 (a.) The sentence which empties into the gulf limits 
 river. 
 
 Examples : — There is a hope which no adversity can destroy. 
 Hear the voice of him who speaks to you. 
 The world knows the motive which you have attempted 
 to conceal. 
 
 I myself attempted to teach this boy whom the master 
 had given up. 
 
 William was proud to stand near him who had always 
 
 been his friend. 
 I have slain such as you are. 
 
172 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 He chose from our company as many as he wanted. 
 Greater commotion than 1 had ever seen now commenced. 
 
 (See articles on as and than in adnominal sentences 
 
 qualifying the subject.) 
 We obtained more food than we wanted. 
 Thomas saw what I described. 
 
 (5.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — Thomas ; VERB — 
 saw ; OBJECT — what {antecedent) indep. transitive 
 sentence. 
 
 No adjunct of the SUBJECT. 
 
 No adjunct of the VERB. 
 
 Adjunct of the object — what (relative) I described ; 
 CONNECTIVE — what {relative;) subject — I; yerb — 
 described ; object — -what {relative) ; dep. transitive 
 sentence. 
 
 Examples : — I saw in the distance what seemed to be a raft. 
 
 The traveler stood beside what was once a great city. 
 In this way Simon obtained whatever he coveted. 
 
 23. A noun or pronoun may be limited by an ad- 
 nominal sentence, whose connective is a relative pro- 
 noun, which is also the essential element of a phrase 
 limiting another word. 
 
 He played a trick for which I was prepared. 
 
 {a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — he ; VEBB— flayed; 
 OBJECT — trick ; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 The SUBJECT and VERB have no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the OBJECT— -for which I ivas pre- 
 pared; connective— winch; subject — I; verb— 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 173 
 
 was; complement — prepared; dep. neuter adnom. 
 sentence. 
 
 The subject and verb have no adjuncts. 
 Adjunct of the complement— for which — adverb, 
 phrase. 
 
 Examples : — The murderers rushed into the house in which my 
 father lived. 
 It is your promise in which I trust. 
 
 The tinker always carried a tin flask, of which I did not 
 
 then know the use. 
 A part of what was found was valuable. 
 
 24. A noun or pronoun may be limited by an 
 adnom. sentence, whose connective is a relative pro- 
 noun possessive, which is the adjunct of another 
 noun. 
 
 I felt a compassion for the peasant whose mule I had taken. 
 
 (a.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — I; VEEB — felt ; 
 OBJECT — compassion ; indep. trans, sentence. 
 
 The SUBJECT has no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the VERB— -for peasant — adverbial 
 phrase. 
 
 Adjunct of the OBJECT — a — adnominal word. 
 
 Farther adjunct of peasant — whose mule Iliad taken ; 
 connective — whose ; SUBJECT — 1/ verb — had taken ; 
 object — mule; dep. trans, adnom. sentence. 
 
 Subject and verb have no adjuncts. 
 
 Adjunct of the object — whose — adnominal word. 
 
174 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Examples : — He was a man whose highest ambition was to please his 
 
 palate. 
 
 The miners discovered a vein whose richness exceeded 
 their highest expectations. 
 
 25. A noun, in many relations, may be limited by 
 an adnominal sentence whose connective is not a 
 relative pronoun. 
 
 Examples : — Xo one knows the day when he must die. 
 
 Show me the place where the battle teas fought. 
 I will tell you the reason why you are disappointed. 
 
 ADVERBIAL WORDS. 
 
 26. Any verb, participle, adjective, or adverb, may 
 be limited by one or more adverbial words. 
 
 Examples : — Great masses move slowly. 
 
 I overtook him sauntering lazily along. 
 The traveler's eye next falls upon a chasm, broad and 
 very deep. 
 
 Tell the advance guard to push forward more rapidly. 
 He only insisted upon it the more strongly. 
 
 ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 
 
 27. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limited 
 by one or more adverbial phrases. 
 
 28. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limited 
 by an adverbial phrase, whose essential element is a 
 noun or pronoun. 
 
 Examples : — The hermit dwells in the icood. 
 
 My friend was sitting near a rock. 
 This medicine is good for colds. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 175 
 
 The beauteous landscape was made for me as well as for 
 
 tne proud man who calls it his. 
 Three men passed me, going in great haste. 
 A gentleman was waiting for me. 
 I believe I was always kind to her. 
 I forget the name of the village at which we stopped. 
 My neighbors, with whom I had talked before on the 
 
 subject, were of my opinion. 
 As many as he conversed with,he deceived. 
 
 (a.) As is a relative pronoun in this example, and is 
 the essential element of an adverbial phrase connected 
 to conversed by with. 
 
 The weapon that I fought him with, was an ax. 
 
 (b.) Here that, beside being the connective of an 
 adnominal sentence, is the essential element of an 
 adverbial phrase, the adjunct of fought, and con- 
 nected to it by with — sec. adverb, connective. 
 
 Examples : — The invalid with whom he was traveling was a decided 
 wag. 
 
 The animal, in pursuit of which he had forgotten food 
 
 and rest, was yet out of reach. 
 The capital that Astor began trading with, was small. 
 The boy begged for what he wanted. 
 
 (c.) Analysis : — SUBJECT — boy ; VBEB — leg- 
 ged; indep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the VERB— -for tvhat (ANTECEDENT) ; 
 adverbial phrase ; connective — for — sec. adverb ; 
 essential element — what, (antecedent.) 
 
 Adjunct of what, (antecedent,) — what he wanted; 
 CONNECTIVE — what, (relative;) SUBJECT— he; VERB 
 
176 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 —wanted; object — what (relative;) dep. transitive 
 adverbial sentence. 
 
 Examples :— The captain was always ready with what he had. 
 
 The commodore determined to resist with what force he 
 could muster. 
 
 The dying miser was clutching his gold with what 
 
 strength he had left. 
 The thief refused to tell from whose pocket he had stolen 
 
 the money. 
 For whose death are you mourning ? 
 
 Peter was glad when the brother, for whose money he had 
 waited long, died. 
 
 29. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limited 
 by an adverbial phrase whose essential element is a 
 perfect or imperf. participle, trans, or intrans. 
 
 Examples :— By leaping the ditch the chieftain gained a safe place. 
 Harry hastened his death by taking medicine. 
 The soldier was punished for deserting. 
 I am weary of toiling. 
 
 The old fellow was wearying us by telling a long story 
 of wo. 
 
 A pen is useful for writing. 
 He was hanged for having slain his brother. 
 After having bound me, my master flogged me, 
 He turned his attention to gambling. 
 The countryman was complaining of having fast his 
 money. 
 
 The poor boy was sorry for having left his parents. 
 
 30. A verb, adjective, or participle, may be limited 
 by an adverb, phrase whose essential element is a 
 neuter participle followed by its complement. 
 
 Examples : — The gambler himself complained of having been cheated. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 177 
 
 He was angry at having been deceived. 
 The house was suspected of being haunted. 
 The holy man rejoiced in being a martyr. 
 He was sick of being a slave. 
 We were determined on being free. 
 
 31. A verb, adjective, or participle, may be limited 
 by an adverbial phrase whose essential element is a 
 verb infinitive. 
 
 Examples : — The victim of this cruelty longed to die. 
 
 His clansmen were determined to avenge his death. 
 The workmen are eager to begin. 
 
 32. When the essential element is a transitive 
 verb infinitive, it takes an object ; when it is a 
 neuter infinitive it always requires it complement. 
 
 Examples : — I will order him to leave the ground. 
 
 He was commanded to take the fort. 
 
 We were not sorry to leave this pest behind. 
 
 The way is said to be difficult. 
 
 The cave was supposed to have been a resort for rob- 
 bers. 
 
 She was ready to be a martyr for the cause of truth. 
 Webster was reported to have been opposed to the 
 bill. 
 
 33. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limited 
 by a phrase without a connective, and whose essential 
 element is a noun and a participle. 
 
 Our errand being finished, we left her. 
 
 (a.) Errand being is an adverbial phrase limiting 
 left Finished is the complement of being. If we 
 
 analyze this phrase more closely, we shall find 
 
 8* 
 
178 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 that errand is the subject of the assumed predicate 
 being finished, and, since a participle always limits 
 its subject, being and finished are adnominal words 
 limiting errand, while the phrase taken as a unit 
 limits the verb left This construction has other 
 forms. 
 
 Examples : — k{ By its own hand it fell, fart slaying part." 
 
 Our visitors having departed we were alone. 
 His knapsack having been packed, he was eeady for a 
 march. 
 
 34. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limited 
 by an adverbial phrase, without a connective whose 
 essential element is a noun. 
 
 Examples : — The siege lasted a year. 
 
 He was fasting forty days. 
 The stars were bright all night. 
 The horse ran a mile. 
 
 35. Some interjections are limited by adverbial 
 phrases. 
 
 Example : — Alas for poor human nature ! 
 
 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 
 
 36. A verb, participle, or adjective, may be limited 
 by one or more adverbial sentences. 
 
 Examples : — This glutton always slept when he was not eating. 
 He was never sick while he was a sailor. 
 Albert was gone when the roll was called. 
 Toiling, for I had never learned to be idle, I spent my 
 time contentedly. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 179 
 
 It is well known for whom you are searching. 
 The teacher explained by what process the result was 
 found. 
 
 His father was angry because he had told a lie. 
 
 37. Several words, used as secondary connectives, 
 have also some force as adjectives ; as adjectives they 
 are sometimes limited by adverbial adjuncts. 
 
 Your son appears somewhat like you 
 
 (a.) Analysis: — Subject — son ; verb — appears; in- 
 dep. intrans. sentence. 
 
 Adjunct of the subject — your — adnom. word. 
 
 Adjunct of the verb — like you— adverb, phrase, 
 
 Adjunct of like, (in its adjectival force,)— somewhat 
 — adverb, word. 
 
 Examples : — The house stood very near the hill. 
 
 The knife is well worth a dollar. 
 
180 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 INDEPENDENT WORDS. 
 
 1. Words having no grammatical relation to other 
 words in the sentence are called independent words. 
 
 2. The name of a person or thing addressed is an 
 independent word. 
 
 James, attend to your studies. 
 
 (a.) James is an independent word— the name of a 
 person addressed. 
 
 Examples : — John, come here. 
 
 Samuel, stand still. 
 
 Earth, thou art a hill to me. 
 
 3. Note.— -In many cases the noun independent by address, has 
 merely the force of an interjection. If I see my friend, with whose 
 name I am perfectly familiar, standing in a perilous place, my first 
 movement is to arrest his attention. This I do by calling his name, 
 " Peter !" His attention being thus secured, I continue, " come 
 away. " Now, if in my excitement I have forgotten his name, I say, 
 " Halloo !" for the same purpose, and then give him the same com- 
 mand. No one will deny that halloo is an interjection grammatically 
 independent of the sentence in which it is found. Does the office that 
 the noun James perforins in the first expression differ from that of 
 halloo in the second ? They arc both independent words, used to arrest 
 attention, and both are substitutes for a suppressed sentence. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 181 
 
 4. Nouns are frequently made independent by 
 exclamation. 
 
 Examples : — Ah, the misery of suspense ! 
 
 Oh, the desolation of bereavement ! 
 
 A horse ! a horse ! My kingdom for a horse ! 
 
 Life ! life ! Only let me live. 
 <k Our fathers, where are they!" 
 " Remorseless Time — 
 
 Fierce spirit of the glass and scythe — what power 
 
 Can stay him in his silent course, or melt 
 
 His iron heart to pity!" 
 
 5. Interjections are independent words. 
 
 Examples : — Oh, how I loved that gracious boy ! 
 
 Hush ! did you hear a footstep ! 
 " Ho ! cowards, have ye left me 
 To meet him here alone!" 
 
 6. Note. — Interjections, as well as nouns independent, must be 
 regarded as substitutes for independent sentences. Alas that thou 
 shouldst die, is equivalent (grammatically) to It is sad that thou, &c. 
 Thus frequently we find the interjection limited precisely as though 
 the sentence, instead of the substituted word, were written. In fact, 
 many interjections being intransitive verbs in the imperative mode, are 
 complete sentences in themselves. 
 
 Examples : — Ho ! look ! hush ! hist ! avaunt ! away ! farewell ! 
 
 7. Many interjections are transitive imperatives. 
 
 Examples : — Hold ! lo ! see ! behold ! &c. 
 Example :■ — Lo the poor Indian, 8fC. 
 
 8. Many interjections are adjectives, which in the 
 full construction, are complements of neuter verbs. 
 
182 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (a.) Examples: — Welcome ! = (You are welcome,) strange != (It is 
 strange,) &c. &c. 
 
 But from whatever words they are derived, they 
 are mere substitutes for sentences, which it is usually 
 easy to state. 
 
 Many interjections are followed by a nominal 
 sentence. 
 
 " Ok, THAT I WERE INNOCENT AGAIN." 
 
 (a.) This sentence is equivalent to I WISH that I 
 were, Sc. 
 
 Examples : — Alas ! my noble boy, that thou shouldst die." 
 " Oh that I were as in months past." 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 183 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 OF THE COMPLEMENT OF WORDS. 
 
 1. Any element in language which completes the 
 sense of a word may be called its complement The 
 complement may be a word, phrase, or sentence. 
 
 2. The object of a transitive verb may be called its 
 complement, since the object completes the sense of 
 the verb. 
 
 Examples : — I had a dream. 
 
 The committee desired to retire. 
 I fear that the worst is yet to come. 
 
 3. In the neuter sentence as before shown, the verb 
 must be followed by a complement, which is an 
 adjunct of the subject. 
 
 Examples : — Ye are knaves. 
 
 They seem in earnest. 
 
 The truth is, we have lost our way. 
 
 4. The neuter verb infinitive or participle must 
 be followed by a complement which is an adjunct of 
 its subject. 
 
184 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 / desire to be lenient. 
 
 (a.) Lenient is the complement of to feand an adjunct 
 of ij which is the subject of to be. 
 
 Being in great danger, we fled. 
 
 (b.) In danger, an adnom. phrase, is the complement 
 of being and the adjunct of we, which is the subject of 
 being. 
 
 Having been thwarted in my endeavors, I left the ground. 
 
 (c.) When the neuter infinitive or participle is used 
 nominally, it frequently has no subject, but is still 
 followed by a complement. 
 
 His being a clergyman did not deter him from engaging in politics. 
 
 (d.) Being in this example is subject of the sentence, 
 
 and clergyman is its complement. 
 
 To be eminent in learning requires long study. 
 
 5. A passive participle derived from a transitive 
 verb, whose object is composed of two nouns, or a 
 noun and a pronoun, meaning the same person or 
 thing, will be followed by one of these nouns as its 
 complement, while the other becomes the subject of 
 the sentence. 
 
 (a.) In the example, 
 
 They named him Jacob. 
 
 when the transitive verb named is changed to a 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SK., TE17CE. 
 
 185 
 
 passive participle, the noun Jacob becomes its comple- 
 ment, while him takes the subjective form, and is the 
 subject of the neuter sentence ; as, he was named 
 Jacob. 
 
 The disciples were called Christians. 
 
 (a.) Sub — disciples ;— verb— were ; complement— 
 called; inclep. neuter sentence, complement of the 
 passive participle Christians, 
 
 Examples : — Sikes was elected leader. 
 
 The pupils were taught hook-keeping. 
 They were termed Shakers. 
 
 The defective verbs, may, can, must, might, could, 
 would, should, shall, will, do, and ought, are each 
 followed by an infinitive, which forms its complement 
 —the infinitive is not preceded by its usual sign 
 except when used as the complement of ought. 
 
 Examples :— What could one want better for a place of retirement? 
 
 A village shaded by elms cannot but be handsome. 
 We ought always to have regard for the feelings of 
 others. 
 
186 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR EXEECISES AND REVIEW. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF TRANSITIVE SENTENCES. 
 Page 25, No. 20. 
 
 " The Scottish clans in headlong sway, 
 
 Had swept the scarlet ranks away." — Scott. 
 f Events now shaped themselves." — Bancroft. 
 
 " His followers repeated his new title with affec- 
 tionate delight." — Macaulay. 
 
 " He professed in vehement terms his remorse for 
 his treason."— Ibid. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF INTRANSITIVE SENTENCES. 
 Page 25, No. 21. 
 
 "His heart sank within him." — Macaulay. 
 "Proctor and his suite escaped by timely flight to 
 Ancaster, at the head of Lake Ontario." — Hildreth. 
 "Here unmolested through whatever sign 
 
 The sun proceeds, I wander." — Oowper. 
 " High on a throne of royal state Satan exalted sat." 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 187 
 
 EXAMPLES OF NEUTER SENTENCES. 
 Page 25, No. 22. 
 
 " Your graves are dug amid the dismal clouds." 
 
 Pollok 
 
 " Black was her garb, her rigid rule 
 
 Keformed on Benedictine rule." — Scott. 
 " Her face was pale and thin— her figure too 
 
 Was changed." — Wordsworth. 
 " My sword is thine." — Bmllie. 
 "He was a tender husband, an affectionate par- 
 ent." — Bancroft. 
 
 "Those Virginians are men; they are noble 
 spirits." 
 
 EXAMPLES OF DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT SEN- 
 TENCES. 
 
 Page 26, Nos. 23, 24, 25. 
 
 " Give me the line that plows its stable course 
 Like a proud swan." — Cowper. 
 " In every country there were elderly gentlemen 
 who had seen service which was no child's play."— 
 Macaulay. 
 
 " A third had defended his house till Fairfax had 
 blown in the door with a petard." — Ibid. 
 11 In days of old when Arthur filled the throne, 
 Whose acts and fame to foreign lands were blown, 
 
188 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 The king of elves and little fairy queen 
 Gambol'd on heaths, and danced on every green; 
 And when the jolly troop had left the round, 
 The grass unbidden rose." — Dryden. 
 " Now, while I taste the sweetness of the shade, 
 While nature lies around in deep-lulled noon, 
 Now come, bold Fancy, spread a daring flight, 
 And view the wonders of the torrid zone." 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 " But all in vain : for as tne distant hill, 
 Which on the right or left, the traveler's eye 
 Bounds, seems advancing as he walks, and oft 
 He looks, and looks, and thinks to pass, but still 
 It forward moves, and mocks his baffled sight, 
 Till night descends and wraps the scene in gloom, 
 So did this moral height the vision mock 
 
 Polloh 
 
 11 When the doors were thrown open, and Conway 
 went forth, there was an involuntary burst of grati- 
 tude from the grave multitude, which beset the 
 avenues ; they stopped him ; they gathered round him 
 as children round a parent, as captives round a 
 deliverer. n — Bancroft 
 
 Page 26, Nos. 26, 27. 
 
 " His reply was, he had come to conquer or die." 
 — Irving. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 189 
 
 a I am of the family of Zobier, who are fools in 
 the full of the moon, and if you look at the heavens 
 you will see that this is my day."— Irving. 
 
 " This was Saturday night, and on Monday he fore- 
 told to his servants that < by eight of the clock next 
 morning they should lose their master.' " 
 
 " The beautiful part of this island, whom I am 
 proud to number amongst the most candid of my 
 readers, will do well to reflect that our dispute at 
 present concerns our civil as well as religious rights. 11 — 
 Addison. 
 
 " That critical discernment is not sufficient to make 
 men poets, is generally allowed. Why it should keep 
 them from becoming poets, is not perhaps equally evi- 
 dent. r — Macaulay. 
 
 Page 26, No. 28. 
 
 " The goldfinch, who, to shun the scalding heat, 
 
 Had changed the medlar for a safer seat 
 
 Now perched upon the lady of the flower. " 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 " There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top 
 Belched fire and rolling smoke. v — Milton. 
 
 a Great day ! for which all other days were made, 
 For which earth rose from chaos, man from earth." 
 
 Young. 
 
190 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 u It passed o'er the battle-field where sword, 
 And spear, and shield, flashed in the light 
 Of midday." — Prentice. 
 
 Page 27, No, 29. 
 
 " And, while the garrison were meeting them reso- 
 lutely on that quarter, the detachment on the neigh- 
 boring heights poured into the place a well-directed 
 fire." — Prescott 
 
 " As long as the Coliseum stands, Eome shall 
 stand ; when the Coliseum falls, Eome will fall ; when 
 Eome falls, the world will fall." 
 
 "But, if he joins the opposition, all his associates 
 will expect that he will promote them." — Macaulay. 
 
 a Herodotus wrote as it was natural that he should 
 write." — Idem. 
 
 " While this work of butchery was going on, num- 
 bers were observed pushing off in the barks that lined 
 the shore, and making the best of their way across the 
 lake." — Prescott 
 
 EXERCISES IN CONNECTIVES. 
 Page 27, No. 31. 
 
 " The wigwans and hovels were replaced by well- 
 built houses." — Bancroft. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 191 
 Page 27, No. 34. 
 
 " Our God hath raised the slave, 
 
 And mocked the counsel of the wise and the valor 
 of the brave." — Macaulay. 
 
 u Essex had neither the virtues nor the vices which 
 enable men to retain greatness long." — Idem. 
 
 Page 28, No. 34. 
 
 il He well saw and well stated the immateriality 
 of thought."— Hallam. 
 
 Page 28, No. 35. 
 
 " But in the glances of his eye, 
 A penetrating, keen, and sly 
 Expression found its home." — Scott 
 
 Page 28, No. 36. 
 
 a They fought like brave men, long and well." 
 
 Hallech. 
 
 "Now and then events occurred which disturbed 
 the wretched monotony of Frances Burney's life." — 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Page 28, No. 37. 
 
 " They at length ceased to hope or to fear anything 
 from him." — Idem. 
 
 Page 29, No. 38. 
 
 "He was without fear of God or man." 
 
192 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Page 29, No. 39. 
 
 " Herminius smote Mamilius 
 Through breastplate and through breast.'' — Idem. 
 
 Page 29, No. 40. 
 
 "That the early Eomans should have had ballad- 
 poetry, and, that this poetry should have perished, is, 
 therefore, not strange." — Macaulay. 
 
 Page 29, No. 41. 
 
 " There was another, large of understanding, 
 Of memory infinite; of judgment deep, 
 Who knew all learning and all science knew, 
 And all phenomena in heaven and earth, 
 Traced to their causes." — Pollok. 
 
 Page 29, No. 42. 
 
 " When on the throne it sat, and round the neck 
 Of millions riveted its iron chain, 
 And on the shoulders of the people laid 
 Burdens unmerciful — it title took 
 Of tyranny, oppression, despotism." — Pollok. 
 
 Page 30, No. 43. 
 
 "The disinherited knight sprung from his steed, 
 and also unsheathed his sword." — Scott. 
 
 " Pope had perhaps wanted the judgment of Dry- 
 den, but Dryden certainly wanted the diligence of 
 Pope." — Johnson. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 193 
 Page 30, No. 47. 
 
 a Beholdest thou yonder, on the crystal sea, 
 Beneath the throne of God an image fair?" 
 
 Polloh. 
 
 " Once in the flight of ages past there lived a man." 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Page 31, No. 48. 
 
 Ct Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle 
 Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime, 
 Where the rage of the vulture, the love of the 
 turtle, 
 
 Now melt into sorrow, now madden to crime ? 
 Know ye the land of the cedar and vine, 
 Where the flowers ever blossom, the beams ever 
 shine ; 
 
 Where the light wings of zephyr, oppressed with 
 perfume, 
 
 Wax faint in the gardens of Gull in her bloom ; 
 Where the citron and olive are fairest of fruit, 
 And the voice of the nightingale never is mute ; 
 Where the tints of the earth and the hues of the 
 
 sky, 
 
 In color though varied, in beauty may vie, 
 And the purple of ocean is deepest in dye ; 
 Where the virgins are soft as the roses they twine, 
 And all save the spirit of man is divine?" — Byron. 
 
194 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 " In another apartment I was highly pleased with a 
 projector who had found a device of ploughing the 
 ground with hogs, to save the charges of ploughs, 
 cattle, and labor." — Swift 
 
 Page 31, No. 50. 
 
 "But if any man shall, by charging me with the- 
 atrical behavior, imply that I utter any sentiments but 
 my own, I shall treat him as a calumniator and a 
 villain.*— Pitt 
 
 " Wondering at my flight — Milton. 
 
 " Some tempers wince at every touch." — Cowper. 
 
 Page 32, No. 51. 
 
 "While thus by his brilliant exploits and showy 
 manners, he captivated the imaginations of his country- 
 men, he won their hearts no less by his soldierlike 
 frankness." — Prescott 
 
 "When we pass from the science of medicine to 
 that of legislation, we find the same differences be- 
 tween the systems of these two great men." — Ma- 
 caulay. 
 
 u Escaping evermore. 
 
 Yet with so many promises and looks 
 Of gentle sort, that he whose arms returned 
 Empty a thousand times, still stretched them out, 
 And, grasping, brought them back again unfilled." 
 
 PoUoh 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 195 
 Page 32, No. 52. 
 
 " But it is less easy to understand why he should 
 have been generally unpopular through the country." 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 "We wonder that Sir Walter Scott never tried his 
 hand on the Duke of Newcastle." — Idem. 
 
 " I must go and tell the king that Cape Breton is 
 an island." 
 
 Page 40, No. 24. 
 
 "It was Puteney's business, it seems, to abolish 
 faro and masquerades, to stint the young Duke of 
 Marlborough to a pint of brandy a day, and to pre- 
 vail on Lady Jane to be content with three lovers at 
 a time." — Macaulay. 
 " 'Twas pitiful to see the early flower 
 
 Nipped by the frost." — Polloh. 
 
 Page 41, No. 26. 
 
 " It was even said that he had purposely allowed 
 Washington to be taken, in hopes of the removal of 
 the seat of government." — Hildreth. 
 
 11 It had been fondly hoped, when the Federal con- 
 stitution was framed, that the cessation of the foreign 
 slave-trade would be gradually followed by the ex- 
 tinction of slavery itself." — Hildreth. 
 
 "It is clear that a writer, who falls into such mis- 
 
KN5 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 tak es as these is entitled to no confidence whatever." 
 ■ — Macaulay. 
 
 Page 42, No. 28. 
 
 " This phenomenon, it seems probable, was caused 
 by the eruption of the distant Cotapaxi." — Prescott. 
 
 Page 44, No. 34. 
 
 u My sword and yours are kin." — Shakspeare. 
 " Your sword and mine are different in construc- 
 tion." — Webster. 
 
 Page 45, No. 37. 
 
 " Myself shall mount the rostrum in his favor."— 
 Addison. 
 
 Page 46, No. 41. 
 
 " But this fastidiousness, which considers certain 
 kinds of remuneration disgraceful to men of liberal 
 condition, did not prevail in those simple ages." — 
 Hdllam. 
 
 " Every man who attends to his own ideas, will dis- 
 cover order as well as connexion in their succession." 
 
 — Lord Karnes. 
 
 Page 48, No. 52. 
 
 " Appoint to office such men as deserve confi- 
 dence." 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, 197 
 Page 48, No. 55. 
 
 lt This is what ranks the writer with the master- 
 spirits of the age ! This is what has been described 
 over and over again, in terms which would require 
 some qualification if used respecting Paradise Lost ! " 
 —Macaulay. 
 
 Page 49, No. 57. 
 
 " I know what qualities you desire in a friend." — - 
 Webster. 
 
 Page 50, No. 59. 
 
 " Whoever trespasses shall be punished." 
 
 Page 51, No. 60. 
 
 " At once came forth whatever creeps.' ' — Milton. 
 
 Page 51, No. 61. 
 
 " Whatever measure may be adopted, let it be with 
 due caution." — Webstei\ 
 
 Page 52, No. 64. 
 
 " Who hath divided a watercourse for the over- 
 flowing of waters, or a way for the lightning of 
 thunder ? " 
 
 Page 54, No. 72. 
 
 " the brute and rational 
 
 To please him ministered, and vied among 
 
198 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Themselves, who most should his desires prevent." 
 
 Polbk 
 
 Page 57, No. 81. 
 
 " Self-love and reason to one end aspire, 
 Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire ; 
 But greedy that } its object would devour; 
 This taste the honey, and not wound the flower.' 1 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Page 58, No. 82. 
 
 u We are told that when a mere child, he stole away 
 from his playfellows to a vault in St. James' fields, for 
 the purpose of discovering the cause of a singular 
 echo which he had observed there. It is certain that, 
 at only twelve, he busied himself with very ingenious 
 speculations on the art of legerdemain. These are 
 trifles. " — Macau lay. 
 
 11 To write history respectably — that is, to abbre- 
 viate dispatches, and make extracts from speeches, 
 to intersperse in due proportion epithets of praise 
 and abhorrence, to draw up antithetical characters 
 of great men, setting forth how many contradictory 
 virtues and vices they united ; all this is very easy." 
 - — Idem. 
 
 " You say that the man is innocent ; that, he is 
 not." — Webster. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 199 
 Page 59, No. 86, (a.) 
 
 " Ye defraud, and that your brethren." — Cor. vi. 
 
 Page 60, No. 88. 
 
 " Every one has his peculiarities." — Webster. 
 
 Page 61, No. 93. 
 
 a The sons of heaven, archangel, seraph, saint. 
 There daily read their own essential worth, 
 And as they read, take place among the just, 
 Or high or low, each as his value seems." — Pollok. 
 
 Page 61, No. 95. 
 
 " None were found who would venture beyond the 
 river." 
 
 Page 62, No. 97. 
 
 " And both of them made a covenant." — Genesis. 
 
 rage 62 ; No. 99. 
 
 " Lepidus flatters both, 
 Of both is flattered ; but he neither loves, 
 Nor either cares for him." — Shah spear e. 
 
 Page 64, No. 106. 
 
 "To reverse the rod, to spell the charm backwards, 
 to break the ties which bound a stupefied people to 
 the seat of enchantment, was the noble aim of 
 M il ton ." — Mamulay. 
 
^UU ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Page 68, No. 9. 
 
 " We believe, that at this conjuncture, he had it in 
 his power to give victory either to the Whigs or to 
 the king's friends." — Idem. 
 
 Page 69, No. 13. 
 
 u The Black Prince, whom he had ungratefully 
 offended, withdrew into Guienne.' — Eallam. 
 
 Page 70, No. 13, (c.) 
 
 " They turned, surprised, 
 
 That they had missed so long, what now they 
 found."— Polhk. 
 
 Page 70, No. 13. 
 
 " For His elect's sake whom he hath chosen." 
 
 Page 71, No. 14. 
 
 a Me what is substance teach, 
 
 And shadow what." — Polloh. 
 "Son, give me thy heart." 
 
 " The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, 
 she gave me of the tree and I did eat. 5 — Genesis: 
 
 Page 71, No. 15. 
 
 " And honest men bewailed all order void ; 
 All laws annulled ; all property destroyed; 
 The venerable murdered in the streets ; 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 201 
 
 The wise despised ; streams red with blood, 
 Lands desolate ; and famine, at the door/' 
 
 Pollok. 
 
 Page 73, No. 18. 
 
 " With the laudable hereditary feeling thus kept 
 up among these people, did Mr. Knickerbocker 
 undertake to write a history of his native city."— 
 Irving. 
 
 Page 75, No. 21. 
 
 " I heard that the Greeks had defeated the Turks." 
 « You allege that the man is innocent."— Webster. 
 
 9*. 
 
202 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 GENEEAL EXEEOISES FOE ANALYSIS. 
 
 THE CLOSING YEAR. — Prentice. 
 
 1. 'Tis 1 midnight's 8 holy 3 hour — and 4 silence 5 now 
 Is brooding, 6 like 7 a gentle spirit, o'er 7 
 
 The still and pulseless world. Hark ! on 8 the winds 
 The bell's 2 deep tones are swelling ; 6 'tis the knell 
 Of 9 the departed year. 
 
 2. No 3 funeral train 
 
 Is sweeping 6 past; yet, 4 on 7 the stream and 10 wood, 
 With 7 melancholy light, the moonbeams rest, 
 Like a pale, spotless shroud ; the air is stirred, 
 As 11 by a mourners' sigh ; and on yon cloud, 7 
 That 12 floats 12 so still and 13 placidly thro' 7 heaven, 
 
 1 Page 25, No. 22. 2 P. 115, 10. 3 P. 119, 22. * P. 30, 43. 
 5 P. 35, 1. 6 P. 80, 8. (a.) 7 P. 31, 49. What does like connect ! 
 8 On connects winds to swelling. 9 P. 30, 47. Of connects year to 
 knell. 10 P. 29, 38. 11 As is here the connective of an adverbial sen- 
 tence which is not expressed, perhaps — as it would be stirred. By con- 
 nects sigh to a verb in this suppressed sentence. 12 P. 26, 28. To 
 what does that connect its sentence 1 13 P. 28, 36. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 The spirits of the seasons seem to stand, 
 Young Spring/ bright summer/ Autumn's solemn 
 form, 1 
 
 And Winter 1 with his aged locks, and breathe 
 In mournful cadences, 2 that come abroad 
 Like the far wind-harp's wild and touching wail, 
 A melancholy dirge 3 o'er the dead year, 
 Gone 4 from earth for ever. 
 
 3. 'Tis a time 
 
 For memory and for tears. Within the deep, 
 ~Still chambers of the heart, a specter dim, 
 Whose 5 tones 6 are like 7 the wizard voice of Time, 
 Heard 8 from the tomb of ages, points 9 its 10 cold 
 And solemn finger to the beautiful 
 And holy visions 2 that have passed away, 
 And 11 left no shadow 3 of their loveliness 
 On 12 the dead waste of life. 
 
 4. That specter lifts 
 
 The coffin-lid of hope, and 13 joy, and love, 
 
 And, bending 74 mournfully above the pale 
 
 Sweet forms that slumber there, scatters dead flowers 
 
 O'er what 15 has passed to nothingness. 
 
 5. The year 
 
 * P 116, 14. 2 Page 171, No. 22. 3 P. 66, 1. What is the object 
 of breathe 1 * Gone is an adjunct of year. 5 P. 174, 24. 6 P. 165, 5. 
 ip 80 9 f fl \ « Of what is heard the adjunct \ 9 Specter is the sub- 
 ject of ^i. "P. 115,11. 11 P. 28, 34. -P. 31,49. 13 P. 29. 38, 
 " What does bending limit "! 35 P 145, example under 74 
 
204 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Has gone, and with it, 1 many a glorious throng 
 Of happy dreams. Its mark is on 3 each brow, 8 
 Its shadow on each heart. In its swift course, 
 It waved its scepter o'er the beautiful — 
 And they are 4 not. 
 
 6. It laid its pallid hand 
 
 Upon the strong man — and the haughty form 
 Is fallen, 5 and the flashing eye is dim. 
 It trod the hall 6 of revelry, where thronged 7 
 The bright and joyous — and the tearful wail 
 Of stricken ones is heard, where erst 8 the song 
 And reckless shout resounded. 
 
 7. It passed o'er 
 
 The battle-plain, where sword and spear and shield 
 Flashed in the light of midday — and the strength 
 Of serried hosts is shivered, and the grass, 
 Green 9 from the soil of carnage, waves above 
 The crushed and mouldering skeleton. 
 
 8. It came and faded like 10 a wreath of mist at eve ; 
 Yet, ere it melted in the viewless air, 
 
 1 With it is an adverbial phrase limiting the verb has gone, which is 
 . understood after throng. * P. 80, 9. (a.) 3 P. 81, note (b) under 9. 
 4 The sentence they are not is not neater. The verb are, here signifies 
 exist, and does not require an adjunct of the subject after the verb . The 
 sentence is therefore intransitive ; P. 25, 21 and 22. 5 P. 80, 8. (a.) 
 6 P. 174, 25. 7 What is the subject *of thronged? 8 Erst is an 
 adverb, word qualifying resounded. 9 Green is the adjunct of grass 
 10 P. 31, 49, 13. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 205 
 
 It heralded its 1 millions to their homes, 
 In the dim land of dreams. 
 
 9. Kemorseless time, — 
 
 Fierce spirit*' of the glass and scythe,— what power 
 Can stay 3 him 4 in his silent course, or melt 
 His iron heart to pity ? On, still on 
 He presses and forever. 
 
 10. The proud bird, 
 
 The condor of the Andes, that can soar 
 Through heaven's unfathomable depths, or 5 brave 
 The fury of the northern hurricane 
 And 6 bathe his plumage in the thunder's home, 
 Ftfrls his broad wings at nightfall, and sinks down 
 To rest upon his mountain-crag, — but Time 
 Knows not the weight of sleep or weariness, 
 And night's deep darkness has no chain to bind 7 
 His rushing pinion. 8 
 
 11. Eevolutions sweep 
 
 O'er earth, like troubled visions o'er the breast 
 Of dreaming sorrow ; cities rise and sink, 
 Like bubbles on the water ; fiery isles 
 Spring, blazing 9 from the ocean, and go back 
 To their mysterious caverns ; mountains rear 
 
 1 Page 115, No. 11. 2 P. 164, 2. 3 P. 86, 17. 4 P. 161, 1. {b ) 
 
 5 Or connects the infinitives soar and bathe. 6 And connects brave and 
 lathe. 7 To bind limits chain. 8 P. 66, 1. 9 What does blazing 
 limit 1 
 
206 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 To heaven their bald and blackened cliffs, and bow 
 Their tall heads to the plain ; new empires rise 
 Gathering the strength of hoary centuries ; 
 And rush down like the Alpine avalanche, 
 Startling the nations ; and the very stars 1 — 
 Yon bright and burning blazonry of God — 
 Glitter awhile in their eternal depths, 
 And, like 2 the Pleiad, loveliest of their train, 
 Shoot from their glorious spheres, and pass away, 
 To darkle in the trackless void. 
 12. Yet Time- 
 Time, the tomb-builder— holds his fierce career, 
 Dark, stern, all-pitiless, and pauses not 
 Amid the mighty wrecks that strew his path, 
 To sit and muse, like other conquerors, 
 Upon 3 the fearful ruin he has wrought. 
 
 1 What word is in apposition with stars ? P. 164, 2. a Like connects 
 Pleiad to shoot. 3 Upon connects its phrase to muse. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 207 
 
 COURSE OF TIME. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 THE LUST OF POWER. 
 
 1 "The world had 1 much of strange and won- 
 derful : 
 
 In passion much, in action, reason, will ; 
 And much in Providence, which 2 still retired 
 From human eye, and 3 led philosophy, 
 5 That 2 ill her ignorance 4 liked to own, 5 through 6 
 dark 
 
 And dangerous paths of speculation wild. 
 Some striking features, as 7 we pass, we mark, 8 
 In order such 9 as memory suggests. 
 
 « One passion prominent appears : 10 the lust 11 
 10 Of power, which oft-times took the fairer name 
 Of liberty, and hung the popular flag 
 Of freedom out. Many, 12 indeed, its names : 
 
 1 Patre 83, No. 3. 2 P. 31, 48. Which connects its sentence to 
 much. ° 3 P. 29, 41. * P. 161, 1, 5 P. 73, 18. 6 Through 
 connects its phrase to led. 7 P. 32, 51. 8 We mark features is 
 the indep. sentence. 9 P. 135, 58, 19. As is the object of suggests. 
 10 P. 83, 4. 11 P. 116, 13. 12 Supply a verb. 
 
208 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 When 13 on the throne it sat, and 1 * round the neck 
 
 Of millions riveted its iron chain, 
 15 And 14 on the shoulders of the people laid 
 
 Burdens unmerciful, it title took 
 
 Of tyranny, oppression, despotism ; 
 
 And every tongue was weary cursing it. 
 
 When 15 in the multitude it gathered strength, 
 20 And, 16 like an ocean 17 bursting from its bounds, 
 
 Long beat 18 in vain, went forth resistlessly, 
 
 It bore the stamp and designation, then, 
 
 Of popular fury, anarchy, rebellion ; 
 
 And honest men bewailed all order 19 void; 19 
 25 All laws 20 annulled ; 20 all property 20 destroyed ; 20 
 
 The venerable 20 murdered 20 in the streets ; 
 
 The wise 20 despised ; 20 streams red 19 with human 
 blood ; 
 
 Harvests 20 beneath the frantic foot trode 20 down ; 
 Lands 19 desolate ; 19 and famine 21 at the door. 
 30 " These are a part ; but other names it had, 
 Innumerous 22 as the shapes and robes it wore ; 
 But under every name, in nature still 
 
 13 When connects its sentences to took. 14 P. 29, 42. 15 When con- 
 nects its sentence to bore. 16 P. 29, 42, 17 P. 167, 10. 18 Beat is a participle 
 — an adnom. word limiting bounds; it is a perf. passive participle used 
 instead of beaten. 19 P. 71, 14, and 15. (a.) * In this case the object is 
 composed of a noun and participle. 21 Here the object is a noun and 
 the adnom. phrase at door. 22 Innumerous qualifies names. Supply 
 a verb with shaves, and a relative pronoun — object of icore — before it. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 209 
 
 Invariabty the same, and always bad. 
 We own, 24 indeed, 23 that oft against itself 
 
 35 It fought, and sceptre 25 both 26 and people 25 gave 
 An equal aid, 27 as 28 long exemplified 
 In Albion's isle — Albion, queen 28 of the seas — 
 And 29 in the struggle, something like a kind 
 Of civil liberty grew up, the best 30 
 
 40 Of mere terrestrial root ; but 31 sickly, 30 too, 
 And 31 living 30 only— strange 32 to tell ! — in strife 
 Of factions equally contending; dead, 30 
 That very moment 33 dead, 30 that 34 one prevailed. 
 " Conflicting 35 cruelly against itself, 
 
 45 By its own hand it fell ; part" slaying part. 
 And men who noticed not the suicide, 
 Stood wondering 36 much why earth, from age to 
 age, 
 
 Was still enslaved, and 37 erring causes gave. 
 " This was earth's liberty, its nature this, 
 50 However named, in whomsoever found — 
 
 23 P. 75, 21. 2 * P. 83 , 3 . 25 P. 72, 16. (a.) Scepter and people are 
 the indirect objects of gave, while aid is the direct object. 26 Both 
 
 qualifies the nouns scepter and people. 27 Supply was after as. 28 P. 
 165, 2. 29 And connects the sentence it fought and something grew ; 
 both sentences are nominal. 30 Best, sickly, living, and dead are adnom. 
 words limiting kind. 31 P. 28. 35 . 32 Strange is an adnom. 
 
 word qualifying the whole phrase " living only in strife of factions 
 equally contending." 33 P. 150, 82. 34 That connects the following 
 sentence to moment. 35 Conflicting limits it. 36 P. 122, 43, and 44. (h.) 
 87 P. 29, 42. 
 
210 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 And 37 found it was in all of woman born — 
 Each man to make 38 all subject to bis will ; 
 To make them do, 39 undo, 39 eat, 39 drink, 39 stand, 3 * 
 move, 39 
 
 Talk, 39 think, 39 and feel, 39 exactly as he chose. 
 55 Hence the eternal strife 40 of brotherhoods, 
 Of individuals, families, commonwealths. 
 The root from which 41 it grew was pride — bad 
 root 
 
 And bad the fruit 42 it bore. Then wonder 43 not 
 That long the nations from it richly reaped 
 60 Oppression, slavery, tyranny, and war ; 
 Confusion, desolation, trouble, shame. 
 And, 44 marvelous though it seem, this monster, 
 when 
 
 It took the name of slavery, as oft 
 It did, had advocates to plead its cause ; 
 65 Beings 45 that walked erect, and spoke like men ; 
 Of Christian parentage descended, 46 too, 
 
 37 P.29,42. 3S P. 170,20. To make is a phrase in apposition with this; 
 named and found are adnom. words also limiting nature ; in whomsoever 
 is an adverb, phrase limiting found. 39 P. 86, 17. 40 Supply a verb. 
 41 P. 137, 62 ; Which connects the sentence it grew to root, and is 
 also the essential element of an adverb, phrase connected by from tu 
 grew. 42 Supply the verb was with fruit and the connective ichich or 
 that before it. 43 What is the subject of wonder] 44 And monster 
 had advocates is the indep. sentence : when and though connect their 
 sentences to had ; Though it seems marvelous is a neut. sentence. 
 45 P. 116, 14. Beings is in apposition with monster. 46 Descended and 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 211 
 
 And dipped 46 in the baptismal font, as sign 
 Of dedication to the Prince who bowed 
 To death, to set the sin-bound prisoner free." 
 FREEDOM AND SLAVERY. 
 70 " Unchristian thought! 47 on what pretence 
 soe'er 
 
 f 
 
 Of right inherited, or else acquired ; 
 
 Of loss, or profit, or what plea you name, 
 
 To buy and sell, to barter, whip, and hold 
 
 In chains, a being 48 of celestial make ; 
 75 Of kindred form, of kindred faculties ; 
 
 Of kindred feelings, passions, thoughts, desires; 
 
 Born free, and heir of an immortal hope ; 
 
 Thought 49 villanous, absurd, detestable ! 
 
 Unworthy to be harbored in a fiend ! 
 80 And only overreached in wickedness 
 
 By that, birth too of earthly liberty, 
 
 dipped are adnom. words limiting beings. 47 Independent by excla- 
 mation. The infinitives to buy, to sell, to barter, to whip, and to hold, are 
 phrases in apposition with thought. The adjunct of these infinitives is 
 on pretence; adjunct of pretence of right ; adjunct of right inherited or 
 acquired ; farther adjunct of pretence of loss or profit 48 Of make, of 
 form, &c, and also J* n and heir, are adjuncts of being. Make is here 
 a noun. 49 Thought is again independent by exclamation. Indepen- 
 dent words are usually the remnants of independent sentences ; hence 
 we find them frequently connected by co-ordinate connectives to inde- 
 pendent sentences. Villanous, absurd, detested., unworthy, and over- 
 reached are adjuncts of thought ; by that limits overreached, that stands 
 for some noun suppressed. Birth here has the force of born, and limits 
 that. Which aimed, &c, also limits that 
 
212 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Which aimed to make a reasonable man 
 By legislation think, and by the sword 
 Believe. This was that liberty renowned, 
 85 Those equal rights of Greece and Rome, where 50 
 men, 
 
 All but a few, were bought, and sold, and 
 scourged, 
 
 And killed, as interest or caprice enjoined ; 
 In aftertimes talked 51 of, written of so much," 
 That most, by sound and custom led away, 
 90 Believed 53 the essence 54 answered 54 to the name. 
 Historians on this theme were long and warm. 
 Statesmen, drunk 55 with the fumes of vain de- 
 bate, 
 
 In lofty swelling phrase, called it perfection ; 
 Philosophers its rise, advance, and fall, 
 95 Traced carefully ; and poets kindled 56 still, 
 
 As memory brought it up : their lips were 
 touched 
 
 With fire, and uttered words that men adored. 
 Even he, true bard 57 of Zion, holy man! 57 
 To whom 58 the Bible taught this precious verse, 
 
 66 P. 174, 25. 41 Talked, with its inseperable adjunct of, limits rights 
 in the 85 verse. The same is true of written. 52 That most believed, &c, 
 qualify much as limited by so. 53 P. 83, 5 . 54 P. 75, 21. 55 P. 125, 49. 
 56 P. S3. 4. 31 P. 116, 13. Bard and man are in apposition with he. 
 The indep. sentence is he kept harp. 68 P. 137, 62. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. «ZlO 
 
 100 ' He 59 is the freeman whom the truth makes free/ 
 By fashion, 60 though 61 by fashion little swayed, 
 Scarce kept his harp from Pagan freedom's 
 praise. 
 
 The captive prophet, whom 62 Jehovah gave 
 The future years, 62 described it best, when he 
 
 105 Beheld it rise in vision of the night, 
 
 A dreadful beast, and 63 terrible, and 63 strong 
 Exceedingly, with mighty iron teeth ; 
 And, lo ! it brake in pieces, and devoured 
 And stamped the residue beneath its feet ! 
 
 110 True liberty was Christian ; 64 sanctified, 61 
 Baptized, 64 and found in Christian hearts alone 
 First-born 64 of Virtue, daughter 64 of the skies, 
 Nursling 64 of truth divine, sister 64 of all 
 The graces, meekness, holiness, and love ; 
 
 115 Giving 64 to God, and man, and all below, 
 
 That symptom showed of sensible existence, 
 Their due 65 unasked ; fear 65 to whom 66 fear was 
 due ; 
 
 To all, respect, 65 benevolence, 65 and love : 65 
 Companion of religion, where she came, 
 
 69 This line is in apposition with verse. P. 171, 21. 60 Supply 
 
 swayed, limiting fashion. 61 Supply he was after though. 62 P. 72, 
 16. 63 What does and connect 1 64 Complement of was and ad- 
 junct of liberty. 65 Object of giving. 66 P. 172, 23. (a.) 
 
214 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 120 There freedom 08 came ; where dwelt,, there free- 
 dom dwelt ; 
 
 Ruled where she ruled, expired where she ex- 
 pired. 
 
 1 He was the freeman whom the truth made 
 free,' 
 
 Who ; first of all, the bands of Satan broke ; 
 
 Who broke the bands of Sin, and for his soul, 
 125 In spite of fools, consulted seriously : 
 
 In spite of fashion, persevered in good ; 
 
 In spite of wealth or poverty, upright ; 
 
 Who did as reason, not as fancy, bade ; 
 
 Who heard temptation sing, and yet turned not 
 130 Aside ; saw Sin bedeck her flowery bed, 
 
 And yet would not go e; up : felt at his heart 
 
 The sword unsheathed, yet would not sell the 
 truth ; 
 
 "Who. having power, had not the will to hurt ; 
 Who blushed alike to be, or have a slave ; 
 135 Who blushed at naught but sin, feared naught 
 but God ; 
 Who, finally, in strong integrity 
 Of soul, 'midst want, or riches, or disgrace, 
 
 es Freedom came, freedom dwelt, freedom ruled, and freedom expired, 
 are independent sentences. The adjuncts of he, direct and indirect, ex- 
 tend from whom in the 122 verse, to peace in the 143. 69 Page 86, 17. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 215 
 
 Uplifted calmly sat, and heard the waves 
 Of stormy folly breaking at his feet, 
 140 Now shrill 70 with praise, now hoarse 70 with foul 
 reproach, 
 
 And both despised sincerely ; seeking this 
 Alone — the approbation of his God, 
 Which still with conscience witnessed to his 
 peace. 
 
 This, this is freedom, such as 71 angels use, 
 145 And kindred to the liberty of God. 
 
 First-born of Virtue ! daughter of the skies ! 
 The man, 72 the state 72 in which she ruled, was 
 
 free ; 
 
 All else 73 were slaves of Satan, Sin, and Death. 
 
 THE HUMAN HEART. 
 Already thou hast something heard of good 
 150 And ill, of vice and virtue, perfect each ; 
 Of those redeemed, or else abandoned quite ; 
 And more shalt hear, when, at the judgment- 
 day, 
 
 The characters of mankind we review. 
 Seems aught 74 which thou hast heard astonish- 
 ing? 
 
 70 Adjunct of waves. 71 P. 135, (g.) Note. As is the object of use. 
 72 P. 164, 2. 73 Else is subject of were. 74 Aught seems astonish- 
 ing is a neuter sentence. 
 
216 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 155 A greater wonder 75 now thy audience asks; 
 
 Phenomenon 76 in all the universe 
 
 Of moral being, most anomalous ; 
 
 Inexplicable most, and wonderful. 
 
 I'll introduce thee to a single heart — 
 160 A human heart : we enter not the worst, 
 
 But one by God's renewing Spirit touched, 
 
 A Christian heart, awaked from sleep of sin. 
 
 What 77 seest thou here ? what mark'st ? (ob- 
 serve it well) 
 
 Will, 78 passion, reason, hopes, fears, joy, distress, 
 165 Peace, turbulence, simplicity, deceit, 
 
 Good, ill, corruption, immortality ; 
 
 A temple of the Holy Ghost, and yet 
 
 Oft lodging fiends ; the dwelling-place of all 
 
 The heavenly virtues — charity and truth, 
 170 Humility, and holiness, and love ; 
 
 And yet the common haunt of anger, pride, 
 
 Hatred, revenge, and passions foul with lust ; 
 
 •x- x -jf x 
 
 A soldier listed 79 in Messiah's band, 
 
 75 P. 35, 1. 76 Phenomenon is in apposition with wonder. 77 P. 
 52, 66, 1st and 2d. What is the object of seest and mark'st. 78 P. 
 83, 3. The full construction would be thou seest will, passion, reason, 
 hopes, fears, joy, distress, peace, turbulence, simplicity, deceit, good, ill, 
 corruption, immortality. Temple, dwelling-place, and haunt, are also 
 objects of seest, understood. Soldier, heir, and emblem, are in the 
 same construction with ivilL passion, &c, &c. 78 P. 167, 11. 
 
ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 217 
 
 175 Yet 80 giving 81 quarter to Abaddon's troops ; 
 With seraphs drinking 81 from the well of life, 
 And yet 82 carousing 81 in the cup of death ; 
 An heir of heaven, and walking thitherward, 
 Yet casting back a covetous eye on earth : 
 
 180 Emblem of strength and weakness ; loving 81 now, 
 And now abhorring 81 sin ; indulging 81 now, 
 And now repenting 81 sore ; rejoicing 81 now 
 With joy unspeakable, and full of glory, 
 Now weeping 81 bitterly, and clothed 83 in dust : 
 
 185 A man willing 81 to do, and doing 81 not ; 
 
 Doing, 81 and willing 61 not ; embracing, 81 what 84 
 He hates ; what 84 most he loves, abandoning ; 85 
 Half saint, 86 and sinner 86 half ; half life, half 
 death ; 
 
 Commixture 86 strange of heaven, and earth, and 
 hell." 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN'S CONTEST. 
 
 190 What 87 seest thou here? what mark'st ? A 
 battle-field : 88 
 
 Two banners 89 spread ; two dreadful fronts 89 of 
 war 
 
 80 P. 167, 11. 81 P. 167, 10. 82 P. 174, 26. 83 P. 168, 13. 
 84 P. 70, 13. (c.) 85 P. 163. (c.) 8B In apposition, with man. 
 « 7 P. 52, 65, and 66. 2. 88 P. 52, and 65, 1st, and P. 53, 66. 89 The 
 full construction would be, Thou seest a battle-field, banners, &c. 
 
 10 
 
218 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 In shock of opposition fierce engaged : 
 God, angels, saw whole empires rise in arms ; 
 Saw kings exalted ; heard them tumbled 90 down, 
 195 And others raised ; and heeded not : but here 
 God, angels, looked: God, angels, fought : and 
 Hell, 
 
 With all his legions, 51 fought : here error fought 
 With truth; with darkness, light; 92 and life 98 
 with death. 
 
 And here not kingdoms, reputations, worlds, 
 200 Were won : the strife was for eternity ; 9J 
 The victory was never-ending bliss ; 
 The badge, a chaplet from the tree of life. 
 
 While thus, within, contending armies 
 strove, 
 
 Without, 91 the Christian had 95 his troubles too : 
 205 For, as by God's unalterable laws, 
 
 And ceremonial of the heaven of heavens, 
 Virtue takes place of all, and worthiest deeds 
 Sit highest at the feet of bliss ; on earth 
 
 s»P 74 20 (a) 91 With legions is an adnom. phrase qualify- 
 ing Hell ' 92 Life and light are subjects of fought, understood 
 » P 80 9 (a) 94 Without is the connective of a phrase whose 
 essential' element is suppressed. It maybe called an adverb word. 
 » Hai is limited by for opposite u-as rule. This sentence is hniUed 
 by as virtue takes place; in all such cases the verb 
 the representative of the sentence, and the adjunct if called adverbial. 
 By laws and by ceremonial are adjuncts of taJ(es. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 219 
 
 The opposite was fashion's rule polite. 
 
 210 Virtue the lowest place at table took, 
 
 Or served, or was shut out : the Christian still 
 Was mocked, derided, persecuted, slain : 
 And slander, worse than mockery, or sword, 
 Or death, stood nightly by her horrid forge, 
 And fabricated lies to stain his name 
 And wound his peace. But still he had a source 
 Of happiness, that men could neither give 
 Nor take away : the avenues that led 
 To immortality before him lay : 
 
 220 He saw, with faith's far-reaching eye, the fount 
 Of life, his Father's house, his Savior God, 
 And borrowed thence to help his present want 
 
 Virtue grew daily stronger, 96 sin 
 Decayed; his enemies, 97 repulsed, retired; 
 225 Till at the stature of a perfect man 
 
 In Christ arrived, 98 and, with the Spirit filled, 
 He gained the harbor of eternal rest 
 
 86 Stronger qualifies virtue. 97 Enemies retired is the sentence, 
 and repulsed limits the subject. 98 Arrived and filled limit the 
 subject of the sentence he gained harbor. 
 
220 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 VIRTUE IMPERFECT. 
 
 But think" not virtue, else than 100 dwells in God 
 Essentially, was perfect, without spot. 
 230 Examine yonder suns : at distance seen, 
 
 How bright they burn ! how gloriously they 
 
 shine, 
 
 Mantling the worlds around in beamy light ! 
 But nearer viewed, we through their luster see 
 Some dark behind : so virtue was on earth, 
 
 235 So is in heaven, and so shall always be. 
 
 Though good it seem, immaculate, and fair 
 
 Exceedingly, to saint or angel's gaze, 
 
 The uncreated Eye, that searches all, 
 
 Sees it imperfect : sees, but blames not ; sees, 
 
 240 Well pleased ; and best with those who deepest 
 dive 
 
 Into themselves, and know themselves the 101 most 
 Taught thence in humbler reverence to bow 
 Before the Holy One; and oftener view 
 His excellence, that in them still may rise, 
 245 And grow, his likeness, 102 growing evermore. 
 Nor think" that any, born of Adam's race, 
 In his own proper virtue entered heaven. 
 Once fallen from God and perfect holiness, 
 
 99 p 75^ 21. 100 Than is subject of. dwells. 101 The qualifies 
 the adverb most. 103 Likeness is subject of may 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 221 
 
 No being, unassisted, e'er could rise, 
 
 250 Or sanctify the sin-polluted soul. 
 
 Oft was the trial made ; but vainly made : 
 So oft as men, in earth's best livery clad, 
 However fair, approached the gates of heaven, 
 And stood presented to the eye of God, 
 
 255 Their impious pride so oft 103 his soul abhorred. 
 Vain hope ! in patch-work of terrestrial grain, 
 To be received into the courts above ; 
 As vain, as towards yonder suns to soar 
 On wing of waxen plumage, melting soon. 
 
 REDEEMING LOVE. 
 260 Look round, and see those numbers infinite, 
 
 That stand before the throne, and 10 * in their 
 hands 
 
 Palms waving 10 * high, as token of victory 
 For battles won : these are the sons of men 
 Eedeemed, the ransomed of the Lamb of God : 
 
 265 All these, and millions more of kindred blood, 
 Who are now out on messages of love — 
 All these — their virtue, beauty, excellence, 
 And joy — are purchase of redeeming blood ; 
 Their glory, bounty of redeeming love. 
 
 270 "0 love 105 divine!— harp, 106 lift thy voice on high!" 
 
 103 So oft is redundant. l0 * To make the sentence correct we 
 must omit and, or else use wave instead of waving. 105 Independent by 
 exclamation. 106 Independent by address. 
 
222 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Shout, angels ! shout aloud, ye sons 107 of men ! 
 And burn, my heart, 107 with the eternal flame ! 
 My lyre, 107 be eloquent with endless praise ! — 
 O love divine ! immeasurable love ! 
 275 Stooping 108 from heaven to earth, from earth to 
 hell, 
 
 Without beginning, 109 endless, boundless love! 
 Above all asking, giving 108 far, to those 
 Who naught deserved, who naught deserved but 
 death ! 
 
 Saving 108 the vilest ! saving 108 me ! — 0 love 
 280 Divine ! O Savior God ! 0 Lamb, once slain ! 
 
 At thought of thee, thy love, thy flowing blood, 
 All thoughts decay; all things remembered, 
 fade ; 
 
 All hopes return ; all actions done by men 
 Or angels, disappear, absorbed and lost ; 
 285 All fly, 110 as from the great white Throne, which 
 he, 
 
 The prophet, saw, in vision wrapped ; m the 
 heavens 
 
 And earth, and sun, and moon, and starry host 
 Confounded fled, and found a place no more. 
 
 107 Independent by address. 108 Adnom. word, adjunct of love. 
 
 109 Adnom. phrase, adjunct of love. 110 The construction here is as fol- 
 lows : u All fly as the heavens and earth and sun and moon and starry host^ 
 confounded, fled Jrom the great white throne which" &c. 111 P. 125. 49. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 223 
 
 WINTER. 
 
 The Argumemt. — The Subject proposed. — Address to the Earl of Wil- 
 mington. — First approach of Winter. — According to the natural 
 course of the season, various storms described. — Rain. — Wind. — ■ 
 Snow. —The driving of the Snows ; a man perishing among them ; 
 whence reflections on the wants and miseries of human life. — The 
 wolves descending from the Alps and Apennines. — A Winter evening 
 described ; as spent by philosophers ; by the country people ; in the 
 city. — Frost. — A view of Winter within the polar circle.— A thaw. — 
 The whole concluding with moral reflections on a future state. 
 
 See ! Winter comes to rule the varied year. 
 Sullen and sad, with all his rising train ; 
 Vapors, and clouds, and storms. Be these my- 
 th erne ; 
 
 These, that exalt the soul to solemn thought, 
 5 And heavenly musing. Welcome, kindred glooms, 
 Congenial horrors, hail ! With frequent foot, 
 Pleased have I, in my cheerful morn of life, 
 When nursed by careless solitude I lived, 
 And sung of Nature with unceasing joy, 
 10 Pleased have I wandered through your rough 
 domain ; 
 
 Trod the pure virgin-snows, myself as pure ; 
 Heard the winds roar, and the big torrent burst ; 
 Or seen the deep-fermenting tempest brew'd, 
 
ANALYSIS OF TUE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 In the grim evening sky. Thus pass'ci the time, 
 15 Till through the lucid chambers of the south 
 
 Look'ci out the joyous Spring, look'd out and 
 smiled. 
 
 ADDRESS TO THE EARL OF WILMINGTON. 
 
 To thee, the patron of her first essay, 
 The Muse, O Wilmington ! renews her song. 
 Since has she rounded the revolving year ; 
 20 Skimmed the gay Spring ; on eagle pinions 
 borne, 
 
 Attempted through, the summer blaze to rise ; 
 
 Then swept o'er Autumn with the shadowy gale ; 
 
 And now among the wintry clouds again 
 
 Eoll'd in the doubling storm, she tries to soar ; 
 25 To swell her note with all the rushing winds ; 
 
 To suit her sounding cadence to the floods. 
 
 As is her theme, her numbers wildly great : 
 
 Thrice happy could she fill thy judging year 
 
 With bold description and with manly thought. 
 30 Nor art thou skilPd in awful schemes alone, 
 
 And how to moke a mighty people thrive ; 
 
 But equal goodness, sound integrity, 
 
 A firm unshaken, uncorrupted soul 
 
 Amid a sliding age, and burning strong 
 35 (Not vainly blazing) for thy country's weal, 
 
 A steady spirit regularly free : 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 225 
 
 These, each exalting each, the statesman light 
 Into the patriot ; these, the public hope 
 And eye to thee converting, bid the Muse 
 40 Eecord what envy dares not flattery call. 
 
 THE FIRST APPROACH OF WINTER. 
 Now when the cheerless empire of the sky 
 To Capricorn the Centaur Archer yields, 
 And fierce Aquarius stains th' inverted year ; 
 Hung o'er the furthest verge of heaven, the sun 
 45 Scarce spreads through ether the dejected day, 
 Faint are his gleams, and ineffectual shoot 
 His struggling rays in horizontal lines, 
 Through the thick air ; as clothed in cloudy 
 storm, 
 
 Weak, wan, and broad, he skirts the southern 
 sky; 
 
 50 And, soon descending, to the long dark night, 
 Wide shading all, the prostrate world resigns. 
 Nor is the light unwish'd ; while vital heat. 
 Light, life, and joy the dubious day forsake. 
 Meantime, in sable cincture, shadows vast, 
 
 55 Deep-tinged and damp, and congregated clouds, 
 
 And all the vapory turbulence of heaven, 
 
 Involve the face of things. Thus Winter falls, 
 
 A heavy gloom, oppressive o'er the world, 
 
 Through Nature shedding influence malign, 
 10* 
 
 4 
 
226 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 60 And rouses up the seeds of dark disease. 
 The soul of man dies in him, loathing life, 
 And black with more than melancholy views. 
 The cattle droop; and o ? er the furrowed land, 
 Fresh from the plough, the dun discolor'd flocks, 
 
 65 "[Intended spreading, crop the wholesome root. 
 Along the woods, along the moorish fens, 
 Sighs the sad genius of the coming storm ; 
 And up among the loose disjointed cliffs, 
 And fractured mountains wild, the brawling 
 brook 
 
 70 And cave presageful, send a hollow moan, 
 Eesounding long in listening Fancy's ear. 
 
 CHEERLESS RAIN-STORM 
 
 Then comes the father of the tempest forth, 
 Wrapp'd in black glooms. First, joyless rains 
 obscure 
 
 Drive through the mingling skies with vapor 
 foul ; 
 
 75 Dash on the mountain's brow, and shake the 
 woods, 
 
 That grumbling wave below. Th' unsightly plain 
 Lies a brown deluge ; as the low bent clouds 
 Pour flood on flood, yet unexhausted, still 
 Combine, and deepening into night, shut up 
 80 The day's fair face. The wanderers of heaven, 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 227 
 
 Each to his home, retire ; save those that love 
 To take their pastime in the troubled air, 
 Or skimming flutter round the dimply pool. 
 The cattle from the untasted fields return, 
 
 85 And ask, with meaning low, their wonted stalls ; 
 Or ruminate in the contiguous shade. 
 Thither the household, feathery people crowd, 
 The crested cock, with all his female train, 
 Pensive, and dripping ! while the cottage hind 
 
 90 Hangs o'er th' enlivening blaze, and taleful 
 there 
 
 Eecounts his simple frolic. Much he talks, 
 And much he laughs, nor recks the storm that 
 Without, and rattles on his humble roof, [blows 
 Wide o'er the brim, with many a torrent 
 sweird, 
 
 95 And the mix'd ruin of its banks o'erspread, 
 At last the roused-up river pours along. 
 Eesistless, roaring, dreadful, down it comes, 
 From the rude mountain and the mossy wild. 
 Tumbling through rocks abrupt, and sounding 
 far ; 
 
 100 Then o'er the sanded valley floating spreads, 
 Calm, sluggish, silent ; till again, constraint 
 Between two meeting hills, it bursts away, 
 Where rocks and woods o'erhang the turbid 
 stream ; 
 
228 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 There gathering triple force, rapid and deep, 
 105 It boils, and wheels, and foams, and thunders 
 through. 
 
 WINTER TEMPESTS. 
 
 Nature ! great parent ! whose unceasing hand 
 Eolls round the seasons of the changeful year, 
 How mighty, how majestic are thy works ! 
 With what a pleasing dread they swell the soul ! 
 
 110 That sees astonish'd ! and astonish 'd sings ! 
 Ye too, ye winds ! that now begin to blow 
 With boisterous sweep, I raise my voice to you. 
 Where are your stores, ye powerful beings! say, 
 Where your aerial magazines reserved, 
 
 115 To swell the brooding terrors of the storm ? 
 In what far distant region of the sky, 
 Hush'd in deep silence, sleep ye when 'tis calm? 
 
 When from the pallid sky the sun descends, 
 With many a spot that o'er his glaring orb 
 
 120 Uncertain wanders, stain' d ; red, fiery streaks 
 Begin to flush around. The reeling clouds 
 Stagger with dizzy poise, as doubting yet 
 Which master to obey; while rising slow, 
 Blank, in the leaden-color'd east, the moon 
 
 125 Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns. 
 Seen through the turbid fluctuating air, 
 The stars obtuse emit a shiver'd ray ; 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 229 
 
 Or frequent seem to shoot athwart the gloom, 
 And long behind them trail the whitening blaze. 
 
 130 Snatch'd in short eddies, plays the withered leaf; 
 And on the flood the dancing feather floats. 
 With broaden'd nostrils to the sky upturn'd, 
 The conscious heifer snuffs the stormy gale. 
 E'en as the matron, at her nightly task, 
 
 135 With pensive labor draws the flaxen thread, 
 The wasted taper and the crackling flame 
 Foretell the blast. But chief the plumy race, 
 The tenants of the sky, its changes speak. 
 Eetiring from the downs, where all day long 
 
 140 They pick'd their scanty fare, a blackening train 
 Of clamorous rooks thick urge their weary flight, 
 And seek the closing shelter of the grove. 
 Assiduous, in his bower, the wailing owl 
 Plies his sad song. The cormorant on high 
 
 145 Wheels from the deep, and screams along the 
 land. 
 
 Loud shrieks the soaring hern ; and with wild 
 wing 
 
 The circling sea-fowl cleave the flaky clouds. 
 Ocean, unequal press VJ, with broken tide 
 And blind commotion heaves ; while from the 
 shore 
 
 150 Eat into caverns by the restless wave, 
 
 And forest-rustling mountain, comes a voice 
 
230 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 That solemn sounding bids the world prepare. 
 Then issues forth the storm with sudden burst, 
 And hurls the whole precipitated air 
 155 Down, in a torrent. On the passive main 
 
 Descends the ethereal force, and with strong 
 gust 
 
 Turns from its bottom the discolored deep. 
 Through the blac^k night that sits immense 
 around, 
 
 Lash'd into foam, the fierce conflicting brine 
 160 Seems o'er a thousand raging waves to burn. 
 Meantime the mountain billows, to the clouds 
 In dreadful tumult swell'd, surge above surge, 
 Burst into chaos with tremendous roar, 
 And anchored navies from their stations drive, 
 165 "Wild as the winds across the howling waste 
 Of mighty waters. Now th 5 inflated wave 
 Straining they scale, and now impetuous shoot 
 Into the secret chambers of the deep, 
 The wintry Baltic thundering o'er their head. 
 170 Emerging thence again, before the breath 
 
 Of full-exerted heaven, they wing their course, 
 And dart on distant coasts ; if some sharp rock 
 Or shoal insidious break not their career, 
 And in loose fragments fling them floating 
 round. 
 
 175 Nor less at land the loosen'd tempest reigns. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 The mountain thunders ; and its sturdy sons 
 Stoop to the bottom of the rocks they shade. 
 Lone on the midnight steep, and all aghast, 
 The dark wayfaring stranger breathless toils, 
 
 180 And, often falling, climbs against the blast. 
 Low waves the rooted forest, vex'd, and sheds 
 What of its tarnish' d honors yet remain ; 
 Dash'd down, and scatter'd by the tearing wind's 
 Assiduous fury, its gigantic limbs. 
 
 185 Thus struggling through the dissipated grove, 
 The whirling tempest raves along the plain ; 
 And on the cottage thatch'd, or lordly roof, 
 Keen fastening, shakes them to the solid base. 
 Sleep frighted flies ; and round the rocking 
 dome, 
 
 190 For entrance eager, howls the savage blast. 
 
 Then, too, they say, through all the burden'd 
 air, 
 
 Long groans are heard, shrill sounds, and distant 
 sighs, 
 
 That, utter' d by the Demon of the night, 
 Warn the devoted wretch of woe and death. 
 195 Huge uproar lords it wide. The clouds com- 
 mix'd 
 
 With stars swift gliding sweep along the sky. 
 All nature reels. Till Nature's King, who oft 
 Amid tempestuous darkness dwells alone, 
 
232 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 And on the wings of the careering wind 
 200 Walks dreadfully serene, commands a calm ; 
 
 Then, straight, air, sea, and earth are hush'd at 
 once. 
 
 As yet 'tis midnight deep. The weary clouds, 
 
 Slow meeting, mingle into solid gloom. 
 
 Now, while the drowsy world lies lost in sleep, 
 205 Let me associate with the serious Night, 
 
 And Contemplation, her sedate compeer ; 
 
 Let me shake off th' intrusive cares of day, 
 
 And lay the meddling senses all aside. 
 Where now, ye lying vanities of life ! 
 210 Ye ever tempting, ever cheating train ! 
 
 Where are you now? and what is your amount? 
 
 Vexation, disappointment, and remorse ; 
 
 Sad, sickening thought ! and yet, deluded man, 
 
 A scene of crude disjointed visions past, 
 215 And broken slumbers, rises still resolved, 
 
 With new-flush'd hopes to run the giddy round. 
 Father of light and life ! thou Good Supreme ! 
 
 0, teach me what is good ! teach me Thyself ! 
 
 Save me from folly, vanity, and vice, 
 220 From every low pursuit ! and feed my soul 
 
 With knowledge, conscious peace, and virtue 
 pure ; 
 
 Sacred, substantial, never-fading bliss ! 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 233 
 
 SNOW MANTLES THE EARTH : DISTURBS THE COMFORT 
 OF ANIMALS. 
 
 The keener tempests rise ; and faming dun 
 From all the livid east, or piercing north, 
 225 Thick clouds ascend ; in whose capacious womb 
 A vapory deluge lies, to snow congeal'd. 
 Heavy they roll their fleecy world along, 
 And the sky saddens with the gather'd storm. 
 Through the hush'd air the whitening shower 
 descends, 
 
 230 At first thin wavering ; till at last the flakes 
 Fall broad and wide and fast, dimming the day 
 With a continual flow. The cherish'd fields 
 Put on their winter robe of purest white. 
 'Tis brightness all ; save where the new snow 
 melts 
 
 235 Along the mazy current. Low the woods 
 
 Bow their hoar head ; and ere the languid sun 
 Faint from the west emits his evening ray, 
 Earth's universal face, deep hid, and chill, 
 Is one wild dazzling waste, that buries wide 
 
 240 The works of man. Drooping, the laborer-ox 
 Stands covered o'er with snow, and then de- 
 mand 
 
 The fruit of all his toil. The fowls of heaven, 
 Tamed by the cruel season, crowd around 
 
234 analysis or the English sentence. 
 
 The winnowing store, and claim the little boon 
 245 Which Providence assigns them. One alone, 
 The red-breast, sacred to the household gods, 
 Wisely regardful of the embroiling sky, 
 In joyless fields and thorny thickets, leaves 
 His shivering mates, and pays to trusted man 
 250 His annual visit. Half afraid, he first 
 
 Against the window beats; then, brisk, alights 
 On the warm hearth ; then, hopping oer the 
 floor, 
 
 Eyes all the smiling family askance, 
 
 And pecks, and starts, and wonders where he is ; 
 
 255 Till, more familiar grown, the table-crumbs 
 Attract his slender feet. The foodless wilds 
 Pour forth their brown inhabitants. The hare, 
 Though timorous of heart, and hard beset 
 By death in various forms, dark snares, and dogs, 
 
 260 And more unpitying men, the garden seeks, 
 Urged on by fearless want. The bleating kind 
 Eve the bleak heaven, and next the glistening 
 earth, 
 
 With looks of dumb despair ; then, sad dis- 
 persed, 
 
 Dig for the wither d herb through heaps of snow. 
 265 Now, shepherds, to your helpless charge be 
 kind ; 
 
 Baffle the raging year, and fill their pens 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 235 
 
 With food at will ; lodge them below the storm, 
 And watch them strict : for from the bellowing 
 east, 
 
 In this dire season, oft the whirlwind's wing 
 270 Sweeps up the burden of whole wintry plains 
 At one wide waft, and o'er the hapless flocks, 
 Hid in the hollow of two neighboring hills, 
 The billowy tempest whelms ; till, upward 
 urged, 
 
 The valley to a shining mountain swells, 
 275 Tipp'd with a wreath high curling in the sky. 
 
 THE COTTAGER PERISHING IN A SNOW-STORM. 
 
 As thus the snows arise ; and foul and fierce, 
 All Winter drives along the darkened air ; 
 In his own loose revolving fields, the swain 
 Disaster'd stands ; sees other hills ascend, 
 
 280 Of unknowm joyless brow ; and other scenes 
 Of horrid prospect, shag the trackless plain : 
 Nor finds the river, nor the forest hid 
 Beneath the formless wild ; but wanders on 
 From hill to dale, still more and more astray ; 
 
 285 Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps. 
 Stung with the thoughts of home, the thoughts 
 of home 
 
 Eush on his nerves, and call their vigor forth 
 In many a vain attempt. How sinks his soul ! 
 
236 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 What black despair, what horror fills his heart I 
 290 When for the dusky spot, which fancy feign'd 
 
 His tufted cottage rising through the snow, 
 
 He meets the roughness of the middle waste, 
 
 Far from the track and bless'd abode of man ! 
 
 While round him night resistless closes fast, 
 295 And every tempest, howling o'er his head, 
 
 Renders the savage wilderness more wild. 
 
 Then throng the busy shapes into his mind 
 
 Of covered pits, unfathomably deep, 
 
 A dire descent ! beyond the power of frost I 
 800 Of faithless bogs ; of precipices huge, 
 
 Smoothed up with snow; and, what is land, 
 unknown, 
 
 "What water, of the still unfrozen spring, 
 
 In the loose marsh or solitary lake, 
 
 Where the fresh fountain from the bottom boils. 
 
 305 These check his fearful steps ; and down he sinks 
 Beneath the shelter of the shapeless drift, 
 Thinking o'er all the bitterness of death, 
 Mix'd with the tender anguish Nature shoots 
 Through the wrung bosom of the dying man, 
 
 310 His wife, his children, and his friends unseen. 
 In vain for him th' officious wife prepares 
 The fire fair-blazing, and the vestment warm; 
 In vain his little children, peeping out 
 Into the mingling storm, demand their sire, 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 237 
 
 315 With tears of artless innocence. Alas ! 
 
 Nor wife, nor children, more shall he behold, 
 Nor friends, nor sacred home. On every nerve 
 The deadly Winter seizes ; shuts up sense ; 
 And o'er his inmost vitals creeping cold, 
 
 320 Lays him along the snows, a stiffen' d corse, 
 
 Stretch 'd out, and bleaching in the northern 
 blast. 
 
 REFLECTIONS ON HUMAN POVERTY AND WRETCH- 
 EDNESS. 
 
 Ah ! little think the gay, licentious proud, 
 Whom pleasure, power, and affluence surround ; 
 They who their thoughtless hours in giddy 
 
 mirth, 
 
 325 And wanton, often cruel, riot waste ; 
 
 Ah ! little think they, while they dance along, 
 How many feel, this very moment, death, 
 And all the sad variety of pain : 
 How many sink in the devouring flood, 
 
 330 Or more devouring flame ; how many bleed, 
 By shameful variance betwixt man and man : 
 How many pine in want, and dungeon glooms ; 
 Shut from the common air, and common use 
 Of their own limbs : how many drink the cup 
 
 335 Of baleful grief, or eat the bitter bread 
 Of misery : sore pierced by wintry winds, 
 
238 
 
 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 How many shrink into the sordid hut 
 Of cheerless poverty : how many shake 
 With all the fiercer tortures of the mind, 
 340 Unbounded passion, madness, guilt, remorse ; 
 
 Whence tumbled headlong from the height of 
 life, 
 
 They furnish matter for the tragic Muse : 
 E'en in the vale, where Wisdom loves to dwell, 
 With Friendship, Peace, and Contemplation 
 join'd, 
 
 345 How many, rack'd with honest passions, droop 
 In deep retired distress : how many stand 
 Around the death-bed of their dearest friends, 
 And point the parting anguish. Thought fond 
 man 
 
 Of these, and all the thousand nameless ills, 
 350 That one incessant struggle render life, 
 
 One scene of toil, of suffering; and of fate ; 
 
 Vice in his high career would stand appall'd, 
 
 And heedless, rambling Impulse learn to think ; 
 
 The conscious heart of Charity would warm, 
 355 And her wide wish, Benevolence dilate ; 
 
 The social tear would rise, the social sigh ; 
 
 And into clear perfection, gradual bliss, 
 
 Befining still, the social passions work. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 239 
 
 CRUELTIES OF A BRITISH PRISON IN THE EIGHTEENTH 
 CENTURY. 
 
 And here can I forget the generous band, 
 360 Who, touch'd with human woe, redressive 
 searched 
 
 Into the horrors of the gloomy jail ; 
 Unpitied, and unheard, where Misery moans ; 
 Where Sickness pines ; where Thirst and Hunger 
 burn, 
 
 And poor Misfortune feels the lash of Vice ? 
 365 While in the land of Liberty, the land 
 
 Whose every street and public meeting glow 
 With open freedom, little tyrants raged ; 
 Snatch'd the lean morsel from the starving 
 mouth ; 
 
 Tore from cold wintry limbs the tatter 'd weed ; 
 370 E'en robb'd them of the last of comforts, sleep : 
 
 The freeborn Briton to the dungeon chain'd, 
 
 Or, as the lust of cruelty prevailed, 
 
 At pleasure marked him with inglorious stripes ; 
 
 And cruslrd out lives, by secret barbarous ways, 
 375 That for their country would have toil'd or 
 bled. 
 
 O great design ! if executed well, 
 With patient care, and wisdom-temper'd zeal. 
 Ye sons of Mercy ! yet resume the search ; 
 Drag forth the regal monsters into light. 
 
240 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 380 Wrench from their hands Oppression's iron rod, 
 And bid the cruel feel the pains they give. 
 Much still untoueh'd remains ; in this rank age, 
 Much is the patriot's weeding hand required. 
 The toils of law, (what dark insidious men 
 
 385 Have cumbrous added to perplex the truth, 
 And lengthen simple justice into trade,) 
 How glorious were the day that saw these broke, 
 And every man within the reach of right ! 
 
 WOLVES DESCENDING FROM THE ALPS AND APEN- 
 NINES. 
 
 By wintry famine roused, from all the tract 
 390 Of horrid mountains, which the shining Alps, 
 And wavy Apennine, and Pyrenees, 
 Branch out stupendous into distant lands ; 
 Cruel as death, and hungry as the grave ! 
 Burning for blood ! bony, and gaunt, and grim ! 
 395 Assembling wolves in raging troops descend ; 
 And, pouring o'er the country, bear along 
 Keen as the north-wind sweeps the glossy snow. 
 All is their prize. They fasten on the steed, 
 Press him to earth, and pierce Ins might} 7 heart. 
 400 Nor can the bull his awful front defend, 
 Or shake the murdering savages away. 
 Rapacious, at the mother's throat they fly, 
 And tear the screaming infant from her breast. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 241 
 
 The godlike face of man avails him naught. 
 405 E'en beauty, force divine ! at whose bright 
 glance 
 
 The generous lion stands in soften'd gaze, 
 Here bleeds, a hapless, undistinguish'd prey. 
 But if, apprised of the severe attack, 
 The country be shut up, lured by the scent, 
 410 On churchyards drear (inhuman to relate !) 
 The disappointed prowlers fall, and dig 
 The shrouded body from the grave ; o'er which 
 Mix'd with foul shades and frighted ghosts, they 
 howl. 
 
 Among those hilly regions, where embraced 
 415 In peaceful vales the happy Grisons dwell ; 
 Oft, rushing sudden from the loaded cliffs, 
 Mountains of snow their gathering terrors roll ; 
 From steep to steep, loud thundering down they 
 
 come, 
 
 A wintry waste, in dire commotion all ; 
 420 And herds, and flocks, and travellers, and 
 swains, 
 
 And sometimes whole brigades of marching 
 troops, 
 
 Or hamlets sleeping in the dead of night, 
 
 Are deep between the smothering ruin whelm'd, 
 
242 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 THE MIGHTY DEAD OF GREECE 
 
 Now, all amid the rigors of the year, 
 425 In the wild depth of Winter, while without 
 The ceaseless winds blow ice, be my retreat 
 Between the groaning forest and the shore, 
 Beat by the boundless multitude of waves, 
 A rural, shelter'd solitary scene ; 
 430 Where ruddy fire and beaming tapers join 
 
 To cheer the gloom. There studious let me sit, 
 And hold high converse with the mighty dead ; 
 Sages of ancient time, as gods revered, 
 As gods beneficent, who bless'd mankind 
 435 With arts, with arms, and humanized a world. 
 Boused at the inspiring thought, I throw aside 
 The long-lived volume ; and, deep musing, hail 
 The sacred shades, that slowly rising pass 
 Before my wondering eyes. First Socrates, 
 440 Who, firmly good in a corrupted state, 
 Against the rage of tyrants single stood, 
 Invincible ! calm reason's holy law, 
 That Voice of God within th' attentive mind, 
 Obeying, fearless, or in life or death : 
 445 Great moral teacher ! wisest of mankind ! 
 Solon the next, who built his commonweal 
 On equity's wide base ; by tender laws 
 A lively people curbing yet undamp'd, 
 Preserving still that quick peculiar fire, 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 243 
 
 450 Whence in the la.urel'd held of finer arts, 
 
 And of bold freedom, they unequall'd shone ; 
 The pride of smiling Greece and humankind. 
 Lycurgus then, who bow'd beneath the force 
 Of strictest discipline, severely wise, 
 
 455 All human passions. Following him I see, 
 As at Thermopylae he glorious fell, 
 The firm devoted Chief, who proved by deeds 
 The hardest lesson which the other taught. 
 Then Aristides lifts his honest front ; 
 
 460 Spotless of heart, to whom th' unflattering voice 
 Of freedom gave the noblest name of Just ; 
 In pure majestic poverty revered ; 
 Who, e 7 en his glory to his country's weal 
 Submitting, swell'd a haughty Eival's fame. 
 
 465 Eear'd by his care, of softer ray appears 
 
 Cirnon sweet-soul'd ; whose genius, rising strong, 
 Shook off the load of young debauch ; abroad, 
 The scourge of Persian pride ; at home, the 
 friend 
 
 Of every worth and every splendid art ; 
 
 470 Modest and simple in the pomp of wealth. 
 Then the last worthies of declining Greece, 
 Late caird to glory, in unequal times, 
 Pensive appear. The fair Corinthian boast, 
 Timoleon, happy temper ! mild and firm, 
 
 475 Who wept the brother while the tyrant bled. 
 
244 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 And, equal to the best, the Theban Pair, 
 Whose virtues, in heroic concord join'd, 
 Their country raised to freedom, empire, fame. 
 He too, with whom Athenian honor sunk, 
 480 And left a mass of sordid lees behind, 
 Phocion the Good ; in public life severe, 
 To virtue still inexorably firm. 
 But when, beneath his. low illustrious roof, 
 Sweet peace and happy wisdom smooth'd his 
 brow, 
 
 485 Not Friendship softer was, nor Love more kind. 
 And he, the last of old LycurgW sons, 
 The generous victim to that vain attempt, 
 To save a rotten state, Agis, who saw 
 E'en Sparta's self to servile avarice sunk. 
 
 490 The two Achaian heroes close the train : 
 Aratus, who awhile relumed the soul 
 Of fondly lingering liberty in Greece ; 
 And he, her darling as her latest hope, 
 The gallant Philopoemen; who to arms 
 
 495 Turn'd the luxurious pomp he could not cure ; 
 Or toiling on his farm, a simple swain ; 
 Or, bold and skilful, thundering in the field. 
 
 THE GREAT MEN OF ANCIENT ROME. 
 
 Of rougher front, a mighty people come ! 
 A race of heroes ! in those virtuous times 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 245 
 
 500 Which knew no stain, save that with partial 
 flame 
 
 Their dearest country they too fondly loved : 
 Her better Founder first, the light of Eome, 
 Tsuma, who soften'd her rapacious sons : 
 Servius the king, who laid the solid base 
 
 505 On which o'er earth the vast Republic spread. 
 Then the great Consuls venerable rise : 
 The public Father who the private quell'd, 
 As on the dread tribunal sternly sad : 
 He, whom his thankless country could not lose, 
 
 510 Camillus, only vengeful to her foes : 
 
 Fabricius, scorner of all-conquering gold ; 
 And Cincinnatus, awful from the plough ; 
 Thy willing victim, Carthage, bursting loose 
 From all that pleading Nature could oppose, 
 
 515 From a whole city's tears, by rigid faith 
 
 Imperious calPd, and honor's dire command : 
 Scipio, the gentle chief, humanely brave, 
 Who soon the race of spotless glory ran, 
 And, warm in youth, to the poetic shade, 
 
 520 With friendship and philosophy, retired : 
 T ully, whose powerful eloquence a while 
 Restrain'd the rapid fate of rushing Eome : 
 Unconquer'd Cato, virtuous in extrene : 
 And, thou, unhappy Brutus, kind of heart, 
 
 525 Whose steady arm, by awful virtue urged, 
 
246 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Lifted the Eoman steel against thy friend. 
 Thousands besides the tribute of a verse 
 Demand; but who can count the stars of heaven? 
 Who sing their influence on this lower world ? 
 
 530 Behold, who yonder comes ! in sober state, 
 Fair, mild, and strong, as is a vernal sun : 
 'Tis Phoebus' self, or else the Mantuan Swain! 
 Great Homer too appears, of daring wing, 
 Parent of Song ! and equal, by his side, 
 
 535 The British Muse: join'd hand in hand they 
 walk, 
 
 Darkling, full up the middle steep to fame. 
 Nor absent are those shades, whose skilful touch 
 Pathetic drew th' impassioned heart, and charm'd 
 Transported Athens with the moral scene ; 
 540 Nor those who, tuneful, waked th' enchanting 
 lyre. 
 
 First of your kind ! society divine ! 
 Still visit thus my nights, for you reserved, 
 And mount my soaring soul to thoughts like 
 
 yours. 
 
 Silence, thou lonely power ! the door be thine ; 
 545 See on the hallow'd hour that none intrude, 
 
 Save a few chosen friends, who sometimes deign 
 To bless my humble roof, with sense refined, 
 Learning digested well, exalted faith, 
 Unstudied wit, and humor ever gay. 
 
ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 247 
 
 550 Or from the Muses' hill with Pope descend, 
 To raise the sacred hour, to bid it smile, 
 And with the social spirit warm the heart? 
 For though not sweeter his own Homer sings, 
 Yet is his life the more endearing song. 
 
 555 Where art thou, Hammond? thou, the darling 
 pride, 
 
 The friend and lover of the tuneful throng ! 
 Ah, why, dear youth, in all the blooming prime 
 Of vernal genius, where disclosing fast 
 Each active worth, each manly virtue lay, 
 560 Why wert thou ravished from our hope so soon ? 
 What now avails that noble thirst of fame, 
 Which stung thy fervent breast ? that treasured 
 store 
 
 Of knowledge, early gain'd ? that eager zeal 
 To serve thy country, glowing in the band 
 
 565 Of youthful patriots, who sustain her name ? 
 What now, alas ! that life-diffusing charm 
 Of sprightly wit ? that rapture for the Muse ? 
 That heart of friendship, and that soul of joy, 
 Which bade with softest light thy virtues smile ? 
 
 570 Ah ! only show'd, to check our fond pursuits, 
 And teach our humble hopes that life is vain! 
 
 WINTER EVENING STUDIES AND AMUSEMENTS. 
 Thus in some deep retirement would I pass 
 
248 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 The Winter glooms, with friends of pliant soul, 
 Or blithe, or solemn, as the theme inspired : 
 575 "With them would search, if Nature's boundless 
 frame 
 
 Was call'd 3 late rising from the void of night, 
 Or sprung eternal from th' Eternal Mind ; 
 Its life, its laws, its progress, and its end. 
 Hence larger prospects of the beauteous whole 
 580 Wouldj gradual, open on our opening minds ; 
 And each diffusive harmony unite 
 In full perfection, to th' astonish'd eye. 
 Then would we try to scan the moral world, 
 Which, though to us it seems embroird, moves 
 on 
 
 585 In higher order : fitted and impell'd 
 
 By Wisdom's finest hand, and issuing all 
 In general good. The sage historic Muse- 
 Should next conduct us through the deeps of 
 
 time ; 
 
 Show us how empire grew, declined, and fell, 
 590 In scattered states ; what makes the nations 
 smile, 
 
 Improves their soil, and gives them double suns ; 
 And why they pine beneath the brightest skies, 
 In Nature's richest lap. As thus we talked, 
 Our hearts would burn within us : would inhale 
 595 That portion of divinity, that ray 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 249 
 
 Of purest heaven, which lights the public soul 
 Of patriots and of heroes. But if doom'd, 
 In powerless humble fortune, to repress 
 These ardent risings of the kindling soul ; 
 600 Then, even superior to ambition, we 
 
 Would learn the private virtues : how to glide 
 Through shades and plains, along the smoothest 
 stream 
 
 Of rural life ; or, snatch'd away by hope, 
 Through the dim spaces of futurity, 
 605 With earnest eye anticipate those scenes 
 Of happiness and wonder, where the mind, 
 In endless growth and infinite ascent, 
 Rises from state to state, and world to world. 
 But when with these the serious thought is 
 foii'd, 
 
 610 We, shifting for relief, would play the shapes 
 Of frolic fancy ; and incessant form 
 Those rapid pictures, that assembled train 
 Of fleet ideas, never join'd before, 
 Whence lively wit excites to gay surprise ; 
 
 615 Or folly-painting humor, grave himself, 
 
 Calls laughter forth, deep shaking every nerve. 
 
 Meantime the village rouses up the fire ; 
 While well attested, and as well believed, 
 Heard solemn, goes the goblin story round; 
 
 620 Till superstitious horror creeps o'er all 
 
250 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Or, frequent in the sounding hall, they wake 
 The rural gambol. Rustic mirth goes round ; 
 The simple joke that takes the shepherd's heart, 
 Easily pleased ; the long loud laugh, sincere ; 
 625 The kiss, snatch'd hasty from the sidelong maid, 
 On purpose guardless or pretending sleep ; 
 The leap, the slap, the haul ; and, shook to 
 notes 
 
 Of native music, the respondent dance. 
 
 Thus jocund fleets with them the Winter night. 
 
 WINTER EVENING IN THE CITY. 
 630 The city swarms intense. The public haunt, 
 Full of each theme, and warm with mix'd dis- 
 course. 
 
 Hums indistinct. The sons of riot flow 
 Down the loose stream of false enchanted joy 
 To swift destruction. On the rankled soul 
 
 635 The gaming fury fells ; and in one gulf 
 Of total ruin, honor, virtue, peace, 
 Friends, families, and fortune, headlong sink. 
 Up springs the dance along the lighted dome, 
 Mix'd and evolved a thousand sprightly ways. 
 
 640 The glittering court effuses every pomp ; 
 
 The circle deepens ; beam'd from gaudy robes, 
 Tapers, and sparkling gems, and radiant eyes, 
 A soft effulgence o'er the palace waves : 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 251 
 
 While, a gay insect in his summer-shine, 
 645 The fop, light-fluttering, spreads his mealy 
 wings. 
 
 Dread o'er the scene the ghost of Hamlet 
 stalks ; 
 
 Othello rages ; poor Monimia mourns ; 
 And Belvidera pours her soul in love. 
 Terror alarms the breast. The comely tear 
 650 Steals o'er the cheek ; or else the Comic Muse 
 Holds to the world a picture of itself, 
 And raises sly the fair impartial laugh. 
 Sometimes she lifts her strain, and paints the 
 scenes 
 
 Of beauteous life; whate'er can deck mankind, 
 655 Or charm the heart in generous Bevil show'd. 
 0 Thou, whose wisdom, solid yet refined, 
 Whose patriot virtues, and consummate skill 
 To touch the finer springs that move the world, 
 Join'd to whate'er the Graces can bestow, 
 660 And all Apollo's animating fire, 
 
 Give thee, with pleasing dignity, to shine 
 At once the guardian, ornament, and joy 
 Of polished life ; permit the rural Muse, 
 0 Chesterfield, to grace with thee her song ! 
 665 Ere to the shades again she humbly flies, 
 Indulge her fond ambition, in thy train, 
 (For every Muse has in thy train a place,) 
 
252 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 To mark thy various, full-accomplished mind ; 
 To mark that spirit which, with British scorn, 
 
 670 Rejects th' allurements of corrupted power ; 
 That elegant politeness, which excels, 
 E'en in the judgment of presumptuous France, 
 The boasted manners of her shining court ; 
 That wit, the vivid energjr of sense, 
 
 675 The truth, of Nature, which, with Attic point 
 And kind well-temper'd satire, smoothly keen, 
 Steals through the soul, and without pain cor- 
 rects. 
 
 Or, rising thence with yet a brighter flame, 
 0, let me hail thee on some glorious day, 
 
 680 When to the listening senate, ardent, crowd 
 Britannia's sons to hear her pleaded cause, 
 Then dress'd by thee, more amiably fair, 
 Truth the soft robe of mild persuasion wears. 
 Thou to assenting reason giv'st again 
 
 685 Her own enlighten'd thoughts ; call'd from the 
 heart, 
 
 Th' obedient passions on thy voice attend ; 
 And e'en reluctant party feels a while 
 Thy gracious power ; as through the varied 
 maze 
 
 Of eloquence, now smooth, now quick, now 
 strong, 
 
 690 Profound, and clear, you roll the copious flood. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 253 
 
 THE VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND EFFECTS OF FROST. 
 
 To thy loved haunt return, my happy Muse ; 
 For now, behold, the joyous Winter days, 
 Frosty, succeed; and through the blue serene, 
 For sight too fine, th' ethereal nitre flies, 
 
 695 Killing infectious damps, and the spent air 
 Storing afresh with elemental life. 
 Close crowds the shining atmosphere ; and binds 
 Our strengthen'd bodies in its cold embrace, 
 Constringent ; feeds and animates our blood ; 
 
 700 Refines our spirits, through the new-strung 
 nerves 
 
 In swifter sallies darting to the brain ; 
 Where sits the soul, intense, collected, cool, 
 Bright as the skies, and as the season keen. 
 All nature feels the renovating force 
 
 705 Of Winter, only to the thoughtless eye 
 In ruin seen. The frost-concocted glebe 
 Draws in abundant vegetable soul, 
 And gathers vigor for the coming year. 
 A stronger glow sits on the lively cheek 
 
 710 Of ruddy fire ; and luculent along 
 
 The purer rivers flow : their sullen deeps, 
 Transparent, open to the shepherd's gaze, 
 And murmur hoarser at the fixing frost. 
 
254 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 What art thou, frost ? and whence are thy 
 keen stores 
 
 715 Derived, thou secret, all-invading power, 
 Whom e'en th' illusive fluid cannot fly ? 
 Is not thy potent energy, unseen, 
 Myriads of little salts, or hook'd, or shaped 
 Like double wedges, and diffused immense 
 
 720 Through water, earth, and ether? Hence, at eve 
 Steam'd eager from the red horizon round, 
 With the fierce rage of Winter deep suffused, 
 An icy gale, oft shifting, o'er the pool 
 Breathes a blue film, and in its mid career 
 
 725 Arrests the bickering stream. The loosen'd ice, 
 Let down the flood, and half dissolved by day, 
 Bustles no more ; but to the sedgy bank 
 Fast grows, or gathers round the pointed stone, 
 A crystal pavement, by the breath of heaven 
 
 730 Cemented firm ; till, seized from shore to shore, 
 The whole imprisoned river growds below, 
 Loud rings the frozen earth, and hard reflects 
 A double noise : while, at his evening watch, 
 The village dog deters the nightly thief; 
 
 735 The heifer lows ; the distant waterfall 
 
 Swells in the breeze ; and, with the hasty tread 
 Of traveller, the hollow-sounding plain, 
 Shakes from afar. The full-ethereal round, 
 Infinite worlds disclosing to the view, 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. ^OO 
 
 740 Shines out intensely keen ; and, all one cope 
 Of starry glitter, glows from pole to pole. 
 From pole to pole the rigid influence falls, 
 Through the still night, incessant, heavy, strong, 
 And seizes Nature fast. It freezes on ; 
 
 745 Till morn, late rising o'er the drooping world, 
 Lifts her pale eye, nnjoyous. Then appears 
 The various labor of the silent night : 
 Prone from the dripping eave, and dumb cascade, 
 Whose idle torrents only seem to roar, 
 
 750 The pendent icicle ; the frost-work fair, 
 
 Where transient hues and fancied figures rise ; 
 Wide-spouted o'er the hill, the frozen brook, 
 A livid tract, cold gleaming on the morn ; 
 The forest bent beneath the plumy wave ; 
 
 755 And by the frost refined the whiter snow, 
 Incrusted hard, and sounding to the tread 
 Of early shepherd, as he pensive seeks 
 His pining flock, or from the mountain top, 
 Pleased with the slippery surface, swift descends. 
 
 SPORTS ON THE ICE AND SNOW. 
 
 760 On blithesome frolics bent, the youthful swains, 
 While every work of man is laid at rest, 
 Fond o'er the river crowd, in various sport 
 And revelry dissolved ; where mixing glad, 
 Happiest of all the train ! the raptured boy 
 
256 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 765 Lashes the whirling top. Or, where the Rhine 
 Branch'd out in man} 7- a long canal extends, 
 From every province swarming, void of care, 
 Batavia rushes forth : and, as they sweep, 
 On sounding skates, a thousand different ways, 
 
 770 In circling poise, swift as the winds along, 
 The then gay land is madden'd all to joy. 
 Nor less the northern courts, wide o'er the snow 
 Pour a new pomp. Eager on rapid sleds, 
 Their vigorous youth in bold contention wheel 
 
 775 The long resounding course. Meantime to raise 
 The manly strife, with highly blooming charms, 
 Flush'd by the season, Scandinavia's dames, 
 Or Russia's buxom daughters glow around 
 
 Pure, quick, and sportful is the wholesome 
 day; 
 
 780 But soon elapsed. The horizontal sun, 
 
 Broad o'er the south, hangs at his utmost noon, 
 And, ineffectual, strikes the gelid cliff. 
 His azure gloss the mountain still maintains, 
 Nor feels the feeble touch. Perhaps the vale 
 
 785 Relents a while to the reflected ray ; 
 
 Or from the forest falls the clustered snow, 
 Myriads of gems, that in the waving gleam 
 Gay twinkle as they scatter. Thick around 
 Thunders the sport of those who with the gun, 
 
 790 And dog impatient bounding at the shot, 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 257 
 
 Worse than the Season, desolate the fields ; 
 And, adding to the ruins of the year, 
 Distress the footed or the feather'd game. 
 
 WINTER SCENES IN THE FRIGID ZONE. 
 
 But what is this ? our infant Winter sinks 
 
 795 Divested of his grandeur, should our eye 
 Astonish 'd shoot into the frigid zone ; 
 Where, for relentless months, continual night 
 Holds o'er the glittering waste her starry reign 
 There, through the prison of unbounded wilds, 
 
 800 Barr'd by the hand of Nature from escape, 
 
 Wide roams the Russian exile. Naught around 
 Strikes his sad eye but deserts lost in snow, 
 And heavy-loaded groves, and solid floods, 
 That stretch, athwart the solitary vast, 
 
 805 Their icy horrors to the frozen main ; 
 
 And cheerless towns far distant, never bless'd, 
 Save when its annual course the caravan 
 Bends to the golden coast of rich Cathay 
 With news of humankind. Yet there life glows; 
 
 810 Yet cherish'd there, beneath the shining waste, 
 The furry nations harbor : tipped with jet, 
 Fair ermines, spotless as the snows they press ; 
 Sables, of glossy black; and dark-embrown'd, 
 Or beauteous freak'd with many a mingled hue, 
 
 815 Thousands besides, the costly pride of courts. 
 
258 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 There, warm together press'd, the trooping deer 
 Sleep on the new-fallen snows ; and, scarce his 
 head 
 
 Rais'd o er the heapy wreath, the branching elk 
 Lies slumbering sullen in the white abyss. 
 
 820 The ruthless hunter wants nor dogs nor toils ; 
 Nor with the dread of sounding bows he drives 
 The fearful, flying race : with ponderous clubs, 
 As weak against the mountain heaps they push 
 Their beating breast in vain, and piteous bray, 
 
 825 He lays them quivering on the ensanguined 
 snows, 
 
 And with loud shouts rejoicing bears them home, 
 There through the piny forest, half absorb'd, 
 Rough tenant of these shades, the shapeless 
 bear, 
 
 With dangling ice all horrid, stalks forlorn, 
 830 Slow-paced, and sourer as the storms increase, 
 He makes his bed beneath the inclement drift, 
 And with stern patience, scorning weak com- 
 plaint, 
 
 Hardens his heart against assailing want. 
 Wide o'er the spacious regions of the north, 
 835 That see Bootes urge his tardy wain 
 
 A boisterous race, by frosty Caurus pierced, 
 Who little pleasure know and fear no pain, 
 Prolific swarm. They once relumed the flame 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 259 
 
 Of lost mankind in polish'd slavery sunk ; 
 840 Drove martial horde on horde, with dreadful 
 sweep 
 
 Eesistless rushing o'er the enfeebled south, 
 And gave the vanquished world another form. 
 Not such the sons of Lapland : wisely they 
 Despise th' insensate, barbarous trade of war; 
 845 They ask no more than simple Nature gives ; 
 
 They love their mountains, and enjoy their 
 storms. 
 
 No false desires, no pride-created wants 
 Disturb the peaceful current of their time, 
 And through the restless, ever tortured maze 
 850 Of pleasure or ambition,, bid it rage. 
 
 Their reindeer form their riches. These their 
 tents, 
 
 Their robes, their beds, and all their homely 
 wealth 
 
 Supply ; their wholesome fare and cheerful cups. 
 Obsequious at their call the docile tribe 
 855 Yield to the sled their necks, and whirl them 
 
 swift 
 
 O'er hill and dale, heap'd into one expanse 
 Of marbled snow, as far as eye can sweep, 
 With a blue crust of ice unbounded glazed. 
 By dancing meteors then, that ceaseless shake 
 860 A waving blaze, refracted o'er the heavens, 
 
260 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 And vivid moons, and stars that keener play 
 With double lustre from the glossy waste, 
 E'en in the depth of polar night they find 
 A wondrous day ; enough to light the chase, 
 865 Or guide their daring steps to Finland fairs. 
 
 Wish'd Spring returns ; and from the hazy 
 south, 
 
 While dim Aurora slowly moves before, 
 The welcome sun, just verging up at first, 
 By small degrees extends the swelling curve ; 
 
 870 Till seen at last for gay rejoicing months, 
 
 Still round and round his spiral course he winds, 
 And as he nearly dips his flaming orb, 
 Wheels up again, and reascends the sky ! 
 In that glad season, from the lakes and floods, 
 
 875 Where pure Niemi's fairy mountains rise, 
 
 And fringed with roses Tenglio rolls his stream, 
 They draw the copious fry. With these, at eve, 
 They, cheerful loaded, to their tents repair ; 
 Where, all day long in useful cares employ 'd, 
 
 880 Their kind, unblemish'd wives the fire prepare. 
 Thrice happy race ! by poverty secured 
 From legal plunder and rapacious power ; 
 In whom fell interest never yet has sown [knew? 
 The seeds of vice ; whose spotless swains ne'er 
 
 885 Injurious deed; nor blasted by the breath 
 
 Of faithless love, their blooming daughters woe. 
 
ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE 
 
 261 
 
 THE AWFUL GRANDEUR OF THE POLAR REGIONS. 
 Still pressing on, beyond Tornea's lake, 
 And Heel a flaming through a waste of snow, 
 And furthest Greenland, to the pole itself, 
 
 890 Where, failing gradual, life at length goes out, 
 The Muse expands her solitary flight ; 
 And, hovering o'er the wild stupendous scene, 
 Beholds new seas beneath another sky. 
 Throned in his palace of cerulean ice, 
 
 895 Here Winter holds his un rejoicing court ; 
 And through his airy hall the loud misrule 
 Of driving tempest is forever heard : 
 Here the grim tyrant meditates his wrath ; 
 Here arms his winds with all-subduing frost ; 
 
 900 Moulds his fierce hail, and treasures up his 
 snows, 
 
 With which he now oppresses half the globe. 
 Thence, winding eastward to the Tartars 
 coast, 
 
 She sweeps the howling margin of the main ; 
 Where, undissolving from the first of time, 
 
 905 Snows swell on snows amazing to the sky ; 
 And icy mountains, high on mountains piled, 
 Seem to the shivering sailor from afar, 
 Shapeless and white, an atmosphere of clouds, 
 Projected huge and horrid o'er the surge, 
 
 910 Alps frown on Alps ; or, rushing hideous down. 
 
262 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 (As if old Chaos was again return 'd,) 
 Wide rend the deep, and shake the solid pole. 
 Ocean itself no longer can resist 
 The binding fury ; but in all its rage 
 915 Of tempest, taken by the boundless frost, 
 Is many a fathom to the bottom chain'd, 
 And bid to roar no more : a bleak expanse, 
 Shagg'd o'er with wavy rocks, cheerless and 
 void 
 
 Of every life, that from the dreary months 
 920 Flies conscious southward. Miserable they ! 
 Who, here entangled in the gathering ice, 
 Take their last look of the descending sun ; 
 While, full of death and fierce with tenfold 
 frost, 
 
 The long, long night, incumbent o'er their heads, 
 925 Falls horrible. Such was the Briton's fate, 
 
 As with first prow (what have not Britons 
 dared ?) 
 
 He for the passage sought, attempted since 
 So much in vain, and seeming to be shut 
 By jealous nature with eternal bars. 
 930 In these fell regions in Arzina caught, 
 And to the stony deep his idle ship 
 Immediate seal'd, he with his hapless crew, 
 Each full exerted at his several task, 
 Froze into statues ; to the cordage glued 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 263 
 
 935 The sailor, and the pilot to the helm. 
 
 Hard by these shores, where scarce his freezing 
 stream 
 
 Eolls the wild Oby, live the last of men ; 
 And, half enliven'd by the distant sun, 
 That rears and ripens man as well as plants, 
 940 Here human Nature wears its rudest form. 
 Deep from the piercing season sunk in caves, 
 Here by dull fires, and with unjoyous cheer, 
 They waste the tedious gloom. Immersed in 
 
 Doze the gross race. Nor sprightly jest, nor 
 song, 
 
 945 Nor tenderness they know ; nor aught of life 
 Beyond the kindred bears that stalk without ; 
 Till morn at length, her roses drooping all, 
 Sheds a long twilight brightening o'er their 
 field, 
 
 And calls the quivered savage to the chase. 
 
 PETER THE GREAT, OF RUSSIA. 
 
 950 What cannot active government perform, 
 
 New moulding man ? Wide stretching from 
 
 these shores, 
 A people savage from remotest time, 
 A huge neglected empire, one vast mind, 
 
 furs, 
 
264 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 By heaven inspired, from Gothic darkness 
 call'd. 
 
 955 Immortal Peter ! first of monarchs ! he 
 
 His stubborn country tamed; her rocks, her 
 fens, 
 
 Her floods, her seas, her ill-submitting sons ; 
 And while the fierce barbarian he subdued, 
 To more exalted soul he raised the man. 
 960 Ye shades of ancient heroes, ye who toil'd 
 Through long, successive ages to build up 
 A laboring plan of state, behold at once 
 The wonder done ! behold the matchless prince ! 
 Who left his native throne, where reign'd till 
 then 
 
 965 A mighty shadow of unreal power ; 
 
 Who greatly spurn'd the slothful pomp of 
 courts ; 
 
 And roaming every land, in every port 
 His sceptre laid aside, with glorious hand 
 Unwearied plying the mechanic tool, 
 970 Grather'd the seeds of trade, of useful arts, 
 Of civil wisdom, and of martial skill. 
 Charged with the stores of Europe, home he 
 goes ! 
 
 Then cities rise amid th' illumined waste ; 
 O'er joyless deserts smiles the rural reign ; 
 975 Far distant flood to flood is social joined ; 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 265 
 
 Th' astonish'd Euxine hears the Baltic roar ; 
 Proud navies ride on seas that never foarn'd 
 With daring keel before ; and armies stretch 
 Each way their dazzling files, repressing here 
 980 The frantic Alexander of the North, 
 
 And awing their stern Othman's shrinking sons. 
 Sloth flies the land, and ignorance and vice, 
 Of old dishonor proud. It glows around, 
 Taught by the Eoyal Hand that roused the 
 whole, 
 
 985 One scene of arts, of arms, of rising trade : 
 
 For what his wisdom plann'd, and power en- 
 forced, 
 
 More potent still, his great example show'd. 
 
 FROST SUCCEEDED BY A THAW. 
 
 Muttering, the winds at eve, with blunted 
 point, 
 
 Blow hollow blustering from the south. Sub- 
 dued, 
 
 990 The frost resolves into a trickling thaw. 
 
 Spotted the mountains shine ; loose sleet de- 
 scends, 
 
 And floods the country round. The rivers swell, 
 
 Of bonds impatient. Sudden from the hills, 
 
 O'er rocks and woods, in broad, brown cataracts, 
 
 995 A thousand snow-fed torrents shoot at once : 
 12 
 
266 ANALYSTS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 And, where they rush, the wide-resounding 
 plain 
 
 Is left one slimy waste. Those sullen seas, 
 That wash'd th' ungenial pole, will rest no more 
 Beneath the shackles of the mighty north ; 
 1000 But, rousing all their waves, resistless heave. 
 
 And hark! the lengthening roar continuous 
 runs " 
 
 Athwart the rifted deep ; at once it bursts, 
 And piles a thousand mountains to the clouds. 
 Ill fares the bark, with trembling wretches 
 charged, 
 
 1005 That, toss'd amid the floating fragments, moors 
 Beneath the shelter of an icy isle ; 
 While night overwhelms the sea, and horror 
 looks 
 
 More horrible. Can human force endure 
 Th 7 assembled mischiefs that besiege them 
 round : 
 
 1010 Heart-gnawing hunger, fainting weariness, 
 
 The roar of winds and waves, the crush of ice, 
 Now ceasing, now renew'cl with louder rage, 
 And in dire echoes bellowing round the main ? 
 More to embroil the deep, Leviathan, 
 
 1015 And his unwieldy train, in dreadful sport, 
 
 Tempest the loosen'd brine ; while through the 
 gloom, 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 267 
 
 Far from the bleak, inhospitable shore, 
 Loading the winds, is heard the hungry howl 
 Of famish'd monsters, there awaiting wrecks. 
 1020 Yet Providence, that ever-waking Eye, 
 Looks down with pity on the feeble toil 
 Of mortals, lost to hope, and lights them safe, 
 Through all this dreary labyrinth of fate. 
 
 THE SEASONS A PICTURE OF HUMAN LIFE. 
 
 ; Tis done ! dread Winter spreads his latest 
 glooms, 
 
 1025 And reigns tremendous o'er the conquered year. 
 
 How dead the vegetable kingdom lies ! 
 
 How dumb the tuneful ! Horror wide extends 
 
 His desolate domain. Behold, fond man ! 
 
 See here thy pictured life : Pass some few years, 
 1030 Thy flowering Spring, thy Summer's ardent 
 strength, 
 
 Thy sober Autumn fading into age, 
 And pale concluding Winter comes at last, 
 And shuts the scene. Ah! whither now are 
 fled 
 
 Those dreams of greatness? those unsolid hopes 
 1035 Of happiness? those longings after fame? 
 
 Those restless cares? those busy, bustling days? 
 Those gay-spent, festive nights? those veering 
 thoughts, 
 
268 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 Lost between good and ill, that shared thy life ? 
 All now are vanish'd ! Virtue sole survives, 
 
 1040 Immortal, never-failing friend of man, 
 
 His guide to happiness on high. And see ! 
 'Tis come, the glorious morn ! the second birth 
 Of heaven and earth ! Awakening Nature hears 
 The new-creating word, and starts to life, 
 
 1045 In every heighten'd form, from pain and death 
 Forever free. The great eternal scheme, 
 Involving all, and in a perfect whole 
 Uniting, as the prospect wider spreads, 
 To reason's eye refined clears up apace. 
 
 1050 Ye vainly wise! ye blind presumptuous ! now, 
 Confounded in the dust, adore that Power 
 And Wisdom oft arraign 'd : see now the cause, 
 Why unassuming worth in secret lived, 
 And died neglected ; why the good man's share 
 
 1055 In life was gall and bitterness of soul; 
 
 Why the lone widow and her orphans pined 
 
 In starving solitude, while Luxury, 
 
 In palaces, lay straining her low thought, 
 
 To form unreal wants ; why heaven-born Truth 
 
 1060 And Moderation fair, wore the red marks 
 
 Of Superstition's scourge ; why licensed Pain, 
 Trat cruel spoiler, that embosom'd foe, 
 Embitter d all our bliss. Ye good distressed ! 
 Ye noble few ! who here unbending stand 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 269 
 
 Beneath life's pressure, yet bear up a while, 
 And what your bounded view, which only saw 
 A little part deem'd evil, is no more : 
 The storms of Wintry Time will quickly pass, 
 And one unbounded Spring encircle all. 
 
 THE END. 
 
W AT 10 MAX M& K 1 13 S 
 
 0 F 
 
 STANDARD SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 ANALYSIS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE ENGLISH SENTENCE. 
 
 BY A. S. WELCH, 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF THE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, 
 
 A. S. Barnes & Company, Publishers, 51 John Street, New 
 York, are happy in being able to announce to Teachers and the 
 Educational Public, that this new and advanced work on Gram- 
 mar has just been issued from their press, forming a valuable 
 addition to their truly " National Series.' 7 
 
 Many of its prominent features have been presented by lectures 
 to Teachers' Institutes, and unanimously approved. The classi- 
 fication, founded upon the fact that there are but three elements 
 in the language, is very simple, and, in many respects, new. The 
 method of disposing of connectives is entirely new. The author has 
 endeavored to study the language as it is, and to analyze it with- 
 out the aid of antiquated rules. This system is intended for 
 pupils who are already acquainted with the elements of English 
 grammar. 
 
 From Eon, Ira Mayhew. Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Of the merits of "Welch's English Sentence " I cannot confi- 
 dently speak, not having had leisure thoroughly to examine the 
 work. But Prof. Welch having delivered a course of lectures on 
 English Grammar before a series of Teachers 1 Institutes in this 
 
2 
 
 Welch's analysis. 
 
 State, under my supervision, before the publication of the work 
 referred to, and again before another series of Institutes, since its 
 publication, I can speak, in terms of strong approval, of the per- 
 tinency and fitness of his services on these occasions : and I would 
 hence infer that his work cannot fail to be very valuable. 
 
 Ira Mayhew. 
 
 Albion, Michigan. October 22c?, 1855. 
 
 From the February No. of the Michigan Journal of Education— 
 Prof. J. M. Gregory, Editor. 
 No work on English Grammar hitherto published has met our 
 mind like this. Its analysis of the elemental parts and relations 
 of the English sentence is severe and exhaustive. The idioms 
 and constructive laws of the language are clearly explained, and 
 there seems scarcely an inch of the ground that the author has 
 not measured and described. Indeed, one cannot read the book 
 without a feeling that he is following the lead of an intellect that 
 has thoroughly explored every step of the way. The book was 
 laboriously thought out by one who never rests satisfied but with 
 positive and proven truth. We propose to give some more de- 
 tailed statement of whatever is peculiar in its views in another 
 number. 
 
 On the whole, the book is a noble contribution to philological 
 science, and we return the author our hearty thanks. Its gene- 
 ral use in the school-room will tend much to a correct knowledge 
 and use of our vernacular. 
 
 From J. K. Boise, A.M., Professor of the Latin and Greek Languages 
 in the University of Michigan. 
 This work belongs to a new era in the grammatical study of 
 our own language. Although accurate scholars have long been 
 in the habit of analyzing the Latin and Greek languages, yet they 
 have seldom applied the same processes with equal care to the 
 study of English. The result has been, that our ordinary treatises 
 on the grammar of our language have been exceedingly unsatis- 
 factory and unphilosophical. The old method of "parsing,''" as 
 
WELCH'S ANALYSIS. 
 
 8 
 
 we tried to learn it in our school-boy days, was little better than 
 a game of chance* and the first rays of light which ever pierced 
 the darkness and disclosed to us anything of philosophy in the 
 structure of language, beamed from the pages of the Latin gram- 
 mar. The deficiency of which we had so much reason to complain 
 no longer exists. Already several works on the structure of the 
 English language, of a more philosophical character, have been 
 published. It is not to our present purpose to speak of them par- 
 ticularly, or to compare them with the work before us. We haz- 
 ard nothing, however, in expressing the opinion, that for severe, 
 searching, and exhaustive analysis, the work of Professor Welch 
 is second to none of them. His book is not intended for beginners, 
 but only for advanced students, and by such only will it be under- 
 stood and appreciated. Indeed, we fear that many who consider 
 themselves " advanced students," and possibly some who are en- 
 gaged as teachers, may not like so much study as this book will 
 require of them : but we take the liberty of suggesting a fact 
 which is not quite new, that the world does not stand still, and 
 teachers above ali other men can ill afford to lie on their oars. 
 Those who are either too indolent or too ignorant to master the 
 principles of this book, will soon find themselves unable to meet 
 the demands which will be made on the teachers of Michigan. 
 
 In conclusion, we venture to predict that Professor Welch's 
 book, though a small and unpretending volume, will make its 
 mark, not on the sand, but where it will be seen long hence. 
 
 J. R. Boise. 
 
 University of Michigan, May 7tL 1855. 
 
 Board of Education, Detroit. 
 
 The following is from the proceedings of the Board of Education 
 of Detroit, as reported in the Free Press of April 27th, 1855. 
 
 The Committee on Teachers and School Books, Messrs. Duffield, 
 Byram and Wadleigh. reported that they had examined a late 
 work called the " English Sentence," by Professor Welch, of Ypsi- 
 lanti, which is a very superior analysis of the various principles 
 of English grammar, and a book well calculated to promote a 
 
4 
 
 WELCH S ANALYSIS. 
 
 more thorough knowledge of the English tongue than that deriv- 
 able from the ordinary grammars heretofore adopted by the Board 
 and used in our schools. They therefore recommended that said 
 book be placed on the list of text-books for the schools, and that 
 the Committee on Teachers and Schools be authorized to intro- 
 duce said book into such of our schools, and on such terms, as 
 they may deem best. Adopted. 
 
 From Professor Alfred Stebbins, A.M., Principal of the Young 
 Men s Academy. Monroe. Michigan. 
 
 The English Sentence. By A. S. Welch. A.M.— Prof. Welch 
 has conferred a great benefit upon the cause of Education by pre- 
 senting so full, so scientific, and, therefore, so simple an ''Analysis 
 of the English Sentence/' It must be gratifying to every lover 
 of science to see such teachings as those of the "Analysis * ; substi- 
 tuted for the silly jargon under the old order of things — the point- 
 ing out of relations and offices substituted for the mere enumera- 
 tion ofi genders, cases, &c. " Alfred Stebbins. 
 
 Monroe, May 4th, 1854. 
 
 From Professor E. L. Ripley, A.M.. Principal of the Jackson 
 Union School. 
 
 Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. — I have had, for the last three 
 months, a large class in "Welch's Analysis of the English Sentence.^ 
 Judging from the progress which the class have made in a philo- 
 sophical knowledge of the English language, as well as from a 
 personal examination of the work, I am prepared to recommend 
 it to all those who would become thoroughly acquainted with 
 their mother tongue. E. L. Ripley. 
 
 Jackson. March 20th j 1855. 
 
 Testimonial from Dr. D. Clark, President Flint Scientific Insti- 
 tute : Dr. M. Miles, Librarian Scientific Institute ; Prof. M. 
 B. Beales, Principal Union School. 
 
 The Analysis of the English Sentence, by Prof. Welch, in our 
 opinion, occupies a very high position in developing the structure 
 
Welch's analysts. 
 
 5 
 
 of our language upon philosophical principles ; and for its clear 
 and rigid analysis it has no superior. 
 
 D. Clark, 
 M. Miles, 
 M. B. Beales. 
 
 Flint, October 29tL 1855. 
 
 From Professor E. J. Boyd, A. M.. Principal of Young Ladies* 
 Seminary , Monroe : Michigan. 
 
 I have examined u Welch's Analysis of the English Sentence" 
 with considerable attention, and take pleasure in saying, that the 
 work appears to me to be characterized in a very high degree 
 by a thorough and scientific spirit. There is a philosophic clear- 
 ness in the arrangement and statement of its grammatical principles. 
 
 The analysis of sentences is admirable, and a valuable improve- 
 ment upon the old plan. I like its change in phraseology. I do 
 not hesitate in saying that the work is an admirable one, and I 
 think we shall introduce it into this institution next term. 
 
 E. J. Boyd. 
 
 Monroe, May 24, 1855 
 
 From Professor E. W. Chesebro, A. M., Principal of the Grand 
 Rapids Union School, and Assistant Teachers. 
 
 We, the subscribers, teachers of Grand Rapids, Mich,, having 
 examined Professor Welch's new work, entitled the " English Sen- 
 tence," would say that we have been much pleased in its perusal, 
 and believe that the author has earned the lasting gratitude of the 
 rising generation in so successfully diverting our befogged language 
 from the clouds and mists with which it has been enveloped by 
 our standard grammarians. We cannot but wish it an extensive 
 introduction into all our schools. 
 
 E. W. Chesebro, Caroline B. Thompson, 
 
 Wm. Rice, Phebe S. Thorne, 
 
 M. S. Littlefield, Catharine McVeau. 
 
6 
 
 Welch's analysis. 
 
 From H. Olcott, Principal Capitol School, Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 Detroit, May 14, 1855. 
 
 I have examined a copy of u The English Sentence." by Profes- 
 sor Welch, of the Normal School, and do not hesitate to pronounce 
 it a superior work. The definitions are clear and exact, and the 
 analysis philosophical. Every portion of the work affords evi- 
 dence of laborious research, and the author's thorough practical 
 knowledge of the English language. 1 think the work justly 
 merits its rapidly increasing popularity, and should be more gen- 
 erally found with teachers and advanced classes. 
 
 H. Olcott. 
 
 From Professor J. C. Cochran, Principal of Clarkston Academy, 
 Clarkston, Michigan. 
 
 Clarkston, February 1, 1855. 
 
 B. B. Northrop, Esq. 
 
 Sir : — I have just finished a critical examination of " The 
 English Sentence, ;? by Professor A. S. Welch, of the State Normal 
 School, and must say, that its equal I have never seen. Under 
 the skilful hand of the author, the science of grammar has been 
 effectually cleared of its numerous redundancies and useless intri- 
 cacies, while the student is led by a plain way to understand the 
 true genius of our language with a clearness of apprehension 
 hitherto unparalleled in the progress of science. 
 
 The work cannot fail to secure the favor of every intelligent 
 and unprejudiced teacher, and also to become the text-book of 
 grammar in the advanced classes of all those institutions where 
 the development of mind is made the grand object and end of all 
 study. J. C. Cochran. 
 
 From Professor A. M. Keeler, Principal Disco Academy, Disco. 
 Macomb Co., Mich. 
 Professor Welch's Analysis is a happy effort in the direction of 
 practical reform ; its simplicity, adaptation, and comprehensive- 
 ness, promise extensive popularity, and make it indispensable to 
 teachers. A. M. Keeler. 
 
Welch's analysis. 
 
 7 
 
 From the Michigan Christian Herald. Rev. G. W. Harris, Editor. 
 
 Analysis of the English Sentence, designed for the advanced 
 classes in English Grammar. By A. S. Welch, A. M., Princi- 
 pal of Michigan State Normal School. New York : A. S. 
 Barnes & Co. 
 
 The object of Professor Welch here is to contribute to a more 
 philosophical study of the English language. He has not only, 
 professedly, subjected the English sentence to a more philosophical 
 analysis, but made the analysis a more important agency in the 
 process of mental development. It also introduces important 
 changes in the classification and nomenclature of the old gram- 
 mars. We have not had time for the examination we should 
 wish, in order to express a decided opinion of its merits ; but have 
 indicated its existence, and something of its character, for the pur- 
 pose of calling to it the attention of teachers. Professor Welch is 
 known as one of the most capable and successful instructors in 
 the West ; and his views on such a subject will at least commend 
 themselves to the careful scrutiny of literary men. 
 
 From Rev. H. H. Northrop, A. M., Regent of the University of 
 Michigan. 
 
 Flint, October 31, 1855. 
 
 Prof. A. S. Welch. 
 
 Dear Sir : — Permit me to express my high opinion of your 
 " Analysis of the English Sentence," a copy of whi ch was received 
 a few weeks since. I deem your work the most thorough, logical 
 and complete analysis of our language yet published. No one 
 can carefully examine it and compare it with the most popular 
 grammars twenty years ago, without being satisfied that a great 
 advance has been made in the study of the English language. 
 
 If I am not altogether in error, your Analysis will do much to 
 aid the student in rapidly attaining a thorough acquaintance 
 with his mother tongue. A study, the dread of every youth, has 
 been made both intelligent and delightful. I trust the attention 
 of educators, generally, will soon be turned to the excellencies of 
 your work. Truly yours, &c. 
 
 H. H. Northrop. 
 
8 
 
 "WELCH S ANALYSIS. 
 
 From the Detroit Daily Democrat. 
 
 The English Sentence. — It is difficult to judge of the intrin- 
 sic and practical merits of a grammatical treatise, from a mere 
 cursory examination, such only as we have been able to give the 
 work now before us ; but knowing as we do the eminent success 
 which has attended the instructions of the author, and having on 
 one or two occasions witnessed the operation of the system here so 
 fully explained under his own teaching, we do not hesitate to wel- 
 come this volume as a most valuable aid. both to teachers and 
 students of that difficult science. 
 
 The above treatise, as stated in the preface, is designed to fol- 
 low Clark's New English Grammar, one of the most unexception- 
 able now in use. It should not merely follow, but go with it, 
 especially in every teacher's hand ; as a more full and thorough 
 underseanding of the philosophy of language, and of the method 
 of analysis, are absolute necessities to instructors, if they would 
 create in the minds of their pupils a love for this hitherto unat- 
 tractive study. There are some, even among experienced teach- 
 ers, who doubt that grammar ever can be made a subject of inter- 
 est to the young ; let such study and put in practice the analytic 
 system, and, if possible, attend at least one session of the State 
 Teachers' Institute, or put themselves for one term under the tui- 
 tion of teachers who do understand and practice it ; they will soon 
 see what a subject of absorbing interest even grammar may be- 
 come. 
 
 This breaking in of the old nomenclature, and searching out 
 relations understandingly, instead of repeating words by rote and 
 blindly applying incomprehensible rules, is what has done the 
 work wherever it has been done : and the sooner both teachers 
 and pupils universally lay aside the letter for the spirit of the 
 text, the better. Mr. Welch's treatise on the Analysis of the Eng- 
 lish Sentence will go far to aid them in doing this, and we hearti- 
 ly commend it to the careful study of all who desire to gain a 
 more intimate knowledge of the construction of the English lan- 
 guage. 
 
Welch's analysis. 
 
 9 
 
 From the Daily Tribune. 
 
 Analysis of the English Sentence— designe d for advanced 
 classes in English Grammar. By A. S. Welch, A.M., Principal 
 of Michigan State Normal School New York, A. S. Barnes $ Co. 
 
 We have just received the above work from the publishers. We 
 have had time to bestow only a cursory examination upon the 
 work, and would not be enabled to express a decided opinion as 
 to its merits. But the name of Prof. Welch is a sufficient guaran- 
 ty of its excellence and adaptation to the existing wants of sholars 
 in this branch. His reputation is established among the educators 
 of our State, as one of the foremost among their number, so that 
 we may with confidence recommend any work that comes from 
 his pen. 
 
 From the Genesee Whig, Flint. Michigan. 
 Analysis of the English Sentence, by A. S. Welch, A.M., 
 Principal of Michigan State Normal School— This is an advanced 
 work, designed for higher classes in Academies and Normal 
 Schools. Prof. Welch has brought to the task he has undertaken 
 a keen and cultivated intellect, large experience, and a full sense 
 of the importance of establishing a more philosophical system for 
 the study of our language. That his work will be successful, we 
 cannot doubt. Rev. S. Seager, of the Genesee Wesleyan Semina- 
 ry, N. Y., says of it : u The £ English Sentence ' is now before 
 me, and I am highly pleased with it, and shall make good use of 
 it. It is a model hook of its kind, and will be popular." 
 
 From the Detroit Daily Advertiser. 
 The English Sentence — % A. S. Welch, Principal of the 
 Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti. Published by A. 8. 
 Barnes Co., New York. 
 
 The name of this book gives a concise statement of its character. 
 It is designed to follow Clark's Grammar, in order that the student 
 may rid himself of the trammels of old formulas, and learn to 
 think for himself what relations different words, clauses, and sen- 
 tences sustain to each other. Such a work has long been needed, 
 
10 
 
 Welch's analysis. 
 
 and we are happy to announce it from the hand of one of our citi- 
 zens. Mr. Welch has attained an enviable notoriety as a teacher, 
 and knows the wants of the students so well that with but slight 
 examination we do not hesitate to recommend his book to all 
 teachers and students. 
 
 From the Detroit Daily Free Press. 
 The English Sentence. By A. S. Welch, Principal of the 
 Michigan State Normal School. — We have received from the Pub- 
 lishers, A. S. Barnes & Co., this treatise, which is designed as a 
 continuation of Clark's New Grammar. It has received the sanc- 
 tion of numerous State Institutes, and has been subjected to 
 thorough trial as a text-book in the advanced classes of our own 
 Normal School. The philosophy of language has been but recent- 
 ly developed. To the student of Murray and Kirkham, no latent 
 meaning was couched under the dry formulas and rules which 
 they mechanically committed to memory. The more enlightened 
 grammarians of the present day endeavor to render the systematic 
 analysis of the English sentence a means of development. This 
 end is attained by a more simple and just classification, and fre- 
 quently by a more rational nomenclature. We are confident that 
 this work, which is the result of the practical experiments of an 
 accomplished philologist, will be duly appreciated by the teachers 
 in our common schools, and seminaries. 
 
 From the Kalamazoo Telegraph, Kalamazoo, Michigan. 
 The English Sentence. — This is the title of a work just 
 issued from the house of A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, and 
 written by A. S. Welch, A. M., Principal of the Michigan State 
 Normal School. It is designed to carry the student of the English 
 language from his elementary work up to the philosophy — the ra- 
 tionale — of the science ; teach him strictly to analyze the struc- 
 ture of the English sentence, and once putting him in possession 
 of the fundamental principles of our language, he can trace out 
 for himself the superstructure, detect innovations, and recognize 
 every modification it has undergone since the Conquest. With 
 
WELCFl's ANALYSIS. 
 
 11 
 
 this book, and perhaps as a suggestive field of investigation, " Diver- 
 sions of Purley," the student can soon make himself master of this 
 all-important Science and Art. 
 
 From the Michigan Argus, Ann Arbor. 
 The English Sentence. — We have received a copy of the 
 above work. From the examination which we have given it, we 
 do not hesitate to say that it deserves, and we doubt not will com- 
 mand the attention of educators. The author, Prof. Welch, Prin- 
 cipal of our State Normal School, has long been known not only 
 as a critical student, but also as a successful teacher of the philo- 
 sophy of the English language. 
 
 From the New York Express. 
 " The writer of the book before us, from his associations as a 
 tutor and the course of his former studies in the attainment of his 
 degrees, is presented to us in a light the most favorable for the 
 emanation of a work on grammatical structure and analysis ; add 
 to which the consultation of and access to the best writers on the 
 subject undertaken, and we may, with propriety, look for a useful 
 and perfect work. We have attentively perused the volume, and 
 were much pleased at the simplicity of style with which the 
 various truths are set forth, in place of the antiquated nomencla- 
 ture and numberless rules which in former times were found so 
 difficult to surmount in the study of the written and spoken lan- 
 guage of our country. Old formulas are totally banished, while 
 the philosophy of language has been exemplified." 
 
 From Rev. S. Seager, Principal of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, N.Y. 
 
 a Welch's English Sentence I am highly pleased with, and shall 
 make good use of it, It is a model look of its kind, and will bo 
 popular." 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 KAMES'S ELEMENTS OF CRITICISM. ; 
 
 REVISED, WITH OMISSIONS. ADDITIONS, AND A NEW ANALYSIS, 
 BY PROFESSOR J. R. BOYD. 
 
 Designed for Academies, Colleges, and Private Reading. 
 The above work is not an abridgment of Karnes, but embraces 
 the entire work, with the exception only of those portions which 
 every instructor and intelligent reader must regard as blemishes 
 or consider useless, while large additions have been made, from 
 recent and valuable sources, to render more complete and satis- 
 factory the incomparable treatise (as here presented) of this highly 
 talented and justly distinguished author. 
 
 From Dr. Nott, President of Union College. N. Y. 
 
 Having recently seen a volume of " Karnes's Elements of Criti- 
 cism," revised, with omissions and additions, and a new analysis, 
 it gives me pleasure to add my testimony to the merits of the vo- 
 lume. Though not agreeing with Karnes in all the principles he 
 assumes, or in all the arguments he adduces, his Elements are, as 
 a whole, too well known, and too highly esteemed to need my 
 commendation. The most valuable parts of these Elements have 
 been preserved, and the arrangement greatly improved in this 
 single volume of Mr. Boyd's. Much of what has been omitted 
 could be spared without material injury, and much of what has 
 been added is very valuable. 
 
 On the whole, I can cheerfully commend this volume to the 
 public, and hope that the Editor may receive a deserved and 
 liberal requital for his labors. 
 
 (Signed) Eliph't Nott. 
 
 Union College, June, 1855. 
 
 From the New York Evangelist. 
 Kames's Elements.— Prof. Boyd, well known by his annotated 
 editions of the standard poets, has prepared an edition of this ad- 
 mirable treatise on criticism, for the use of schools. The peculi- 
 arities of this edition are, that some of the long and irrelevant ex- 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 13 
 
 tracts, particularly those in foreign tongues, have been omitted, 
 and the space supplied by quotations from other critical and rhe- 
 torical writers, bearing upon the discussed topics. The appendix, 
 also, of the old work, has been brought forward and placed, as it 
 should be, with the introductory matter. Other corrections are 
 made, which adapt the work for present use, and clip off its ex- 
 crescences. We have always placed a high estimate upon this 
 work. It is more complete, philosophical and useful than any 
 similar treatise in the language ; and though somewhat verbose 
 and grandiose, it is still worthy of a place in the school-room. 
 Teachers who appreciate its worth will thank Prof. Boyd for the 
 decided improvements he has made in it. (A. S. Barnes k Co.) 
 
 From the Commercial Review. 
 
 This is one of the few educational works that have come down 
 to us from the middle of the last century, still holding a high rank 
 even amid the daring innovations of American progressiveness on 
 the routine of college studies. The titled author of George the 
 Third's reign is still engaged in refining the taste of our youth in 
 respect to the beauties of art and of nature. The " Elements " 
 possess so much of intrinsic merit that we are glad to see them 
 better fitted for a class-book by the hand of the able editor of this 
 edition. Some of the quotations, which a higher state of refine- 
 ment has made objectionable, have been omitted, and a decided 
 improvement will be observed in the arrangement, while a large 
 amount of valuable matter has been introduced, carefully selected 
 from modern authors on subjects treated more accurately and 
 philosophically than was possible in Lord Karnes's day. . 
 
 The merits of this edition will do much to extend the useful- 
 ness of a valuable book, very extensively studied now, but de- 
 serving a still wider range. 
 
14 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 CLARK'S GRAMMATICAL WORKS, 
 
 Clark's First Lessons in English Grammar in press. 
 
 Clark's Analysis of the English Language SO 37- 1 
 
 Clark's New English Grammar 0 56 
 
 Clark's Etymological Chart 2 00 
 
 CLARK'S ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 "VTITH A COMPLETE CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 Sentences and Phrases, according to their Grammatical Structure. 
 
 In this work the Author designs to show what the Language is ; 
 to investigate the theory of " Sentence making to determine what 
 are elements in a sentence, and what are not ; to distinguish proxi- 
 mate from ultimate elements : to classify sentences according to 
 their forms, kc. 
 
 From W. H. Depuy. Genesee Wesleyan Seminary. JS T . Y. 
 "We are using •' Clark's Analysis' to the great interest and ad- 
 vantage of our classes. Several members of the Teachers' Depart- 
 ment have introduced it as a text-book in their winter schools, and 
 without exception give it their hearty approval.*' 
 
 From J. C. Donaldson. Westfield Academy. N. Y. 
 11 Clark's Analysis has proved itself to be all it claims — a 
 thorough and complete analysis of the English sentence." 
 
 CLARK'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 
 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION, 
 
 Is one of the best works of the kind ever brought before the public. 
 It needs only a careful examination by Teachers and those inter- 
 ested in educational matters, to secure its general introduction 
 into our schools. It is the text-book recommended by the State 
 Superintendents of Michigan, Illinois and Missouri. Those who 
 have used the former editions of this work should take the earliest 
 opportunity to examine the revised edition. 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 15 
 
 Science of the English Language, by S. W. Clark, Principal 
 of Homer Academy. 
 
 We cannot better set forth the merits of this work than by 
 quoting a part of a communication from Professor F. S. Jewell, 
 of the New York State Normal School, in which school this 
 Grammar is now used as the text-book on this subject : 
 
 " Clark's system of Grammar is worthy of the marked attention 
 of the friends of education. Its points of excellence are of the 
 most decided character, and will not soon be surpassed. Among 
 them are : e 
 
 " 1st. The justness of its ground principle of classification. 
 There is no simple, philosophical, and practical classification of 
 the elements of language, other than that built on their use or 
 office. Our tendencies hitherto to follow the analogies of the clas- 
 sical languages, and classify extensively according to forms, have 
 been mischievous and absurd. It is time we corrected them. 
 
 " 2d. Its thorough and yet simple and transparent analysis of 
 the elements of the language according to its ground principle. 
 Without such an analysis no broad and comprehensive view of the 
 structure and power of the language can be attained. The absence 
 of this analysis has hitherto precipitated the study of Grammar 
 upon a surface of dry details and bare authorities, and useless 
 technicalities. 
 
 " 3d. Its happy method of illustrating the relations of elements 
 by diagrams. These, however uncouth they may appear to the 
 novice, are really simple and philosophical. Of their utility there 
 can be no question. It is supported by the usage of other sciences, 
 and has been demonstrated by experience in this. 
 
 £< 4th. The tendency of the system, when rightly taught and 
 faithfully carried out, to cultivate habits of nice discrimination 
 and close reasoning, together with skill in illustrating truth. In 
 this it is not excelled by any, unless it be the mathematical sci- 
 ences, and even there it has this advantage, that it deals with 
 elements more within the present grasp of the intellect. On this 
 point I speak advisedly. 
 
 a 5th. The system is thoroughly progressive and practical, and 
 
16 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 as such American in its character. It does not adhere to old usages, 
 merely because they are venerably musty ; and yet it does not 
 discard things merely because they are old. or are in unimportant 
 minutiee not prudishly perfect. It does not overlook details and 
 technicalities, nor does it allow them to interfere with plain phi- 
 losophy or practical utility. 
 
 Let any clear-headed, independent-minded teacher master the 
 system, and then give it a fair trial, and there will be no doubt as 
 to his testimony. ; * 
 
 Of the revised edition. Professor Jewell remarks : 
 
 New York State Normal School. ) 
 Alb ant, May 9. 1855. ) 
 11 T have carefully examined the revised edition of Clark's Gram- 
 mar. No comparison can be instituted between it and the pre- 
 ceding one. It is infinitely superior in every respect. I have no 
 hesitation in recommending it.' 3 
 
 CLARK'S ETYMOLOGICAL CHART. 
 
 It is 44 inches in diameter, mounted, and can be suspended to 
 the wail, around which the reciting class may be gathered, each 
 pupil having his attention directed to the same thing at the same 
 time. This Chart presents at one view the entire Etymology of 
 the English Language. It is useful in reviews and Etymological 
 parsing. 
 
 A host of teachers have expressed their preference for Clark's 
 system of English Grammar, and his method of teaching this im- 
 portant branch of study by the use of diagrams 
 
 BROOKFIELD'S FIRST BOOK IN COMPOSITION, 
 
 OX AX EXTIRE XEW PLAX. 
 
 This little work is an attempt to furnish a text-book in this de- 
 partment, adapted to the wants of beginners. Subjects have been 
 selected upon which the thoughts of all children exercise them- 
 selves spontaneously : and an outline of each siven in the form of 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 17 
 
 a series of questions. This form has been chosen upon the prin- 
 ciple that, in answering a question, the mind is forced to take an 
 attitude of the highest activity. It also possesses the advantage 
 of leading the child to express his thoughts in writing in the same 
 manner as in conversation. It is hoped that the above work may 
 save many hours of fruitless effort to the child, and that what is 
 generally considered an unpleasant task, may be rendered a 
 pleasing and profitable exercise. 
 
 From the Boston Traveller. 
 First Book in Composition. — We like the idea on which this 
 little book is founded, and that the very simplest lessons only in 
 the construction of sentences should at first be presented to a pupil 
 in commencing his studies of composition. The old method of 
 laying before school-boys essays and argumentative discourses 
 fit only for the maturest reason, reverses the natural order of 
 things : and thus what might at all times be a delightful and pro- 
 fitable study for youth is rendered distasteful. The evil arises 
 from ignoring the great truth that style should rather be cultivated 
 than inculcated — and that it is something which should " grow 
 with the growth and strengthen with the strength," as one after 
 another the faculties become developed and duly balanced. 
 
 From the New York Times. 
 This little book ought to be in every School of the city. No 
 more original, simple, and yet philosophical school-book for chil- 
 dren has appeared for years. In the most childlike mode, it 
 teaches the principles which really should govern all style : first 
 to lead the mind to observe, and then to give its own names to its 
 own objects of thought. Not, for instance, to call a brook 
 " purling," or the grass "vernal," or a flower "lovely," merely 
 because the books do, but to give each the name which the child 
 would naturally fix upon it ; going on the principle " that style is 
 something which must grow with the growth, and strengthen with 
 the strength" — a natural out-growth of the mind. The plan in 
 this treatise, is first to present simple subjects, in which all chil- 
 
18 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 dren are interested, then on each one to call out their thoughts by 
 questions. These subjects are generally connected with natural 
 scenes, as one of the author's objects is c: to lead the child to look 
 upon Nature with something of an artist : s eye." The whole is 
 exceedingly ingeniously and interestingly done : and the purpose 
 of the book cannot be better stated Jh an in the author's own words. 
 " to lead the child to Nature, as to an ever-living source of 
 Thought : to awaken and cultivate his Perceptions j to teach him 
 to express those perceptions, not in the style of a Scott or an 
 Irving, but in his own simple and often beautiful language.'*' 
 
 From the New York Independent. 
 It cultivates his observing faculties, and leads them up step by 
 step from the simplest objects which the child deals with, to the 
 more fine and beautiful features of nature. The writer's object is 
 to lead the child, so far as he is capable. u to look upon the varied 
 scenes of nature with something of an artist's eye." We believe 
 such a system is equally adapted to all ages. To make people 
 put their own words to their own definite thoughts, that is the secret 
 of it ; and in this book, to set the child thinking first, by making 
 him observe. 
 
 From P. Rouget, Principal of Public School No. 10. 
 
 Brooklyn, Oct. 2c?, 1855. 
 The author evidently understands the difficulties under which 
 the tyro in composition labors : and by a judicious selection of 
 subjects, and a happy treatment of these subjects by means of a 
 few leading questions, draws forth the youthful mind, and teaches 
 it to think methodically and arrange the expression of its thoughts. 
 He does not write out a subject, and omit here and there a few 
 words which the scholar is to supply : nor does he merely state 
 the subject and leave the pupil to compose thereon ; but adopts 
 the true course which lies between the two. This little manual 
 must prove very useful in this important branch of education, 
 and I hope it will soon be adopted by the Brooklyn Board of Edu- 
 cation. I cannot speak too highly of its merits and its adaptation 
 to the wants of our schools.