SURVEY « .33.15709773 963f FUNK FARM BIRTHPLACE OF COMMERCIAL HYBRID CORN /7 Jluio^ o/ UNK BROS. SEED CO. BLOOM INCTON, ILL. First Funk Hybrid Sold in 1916 , Ji^u^^^^ Bros ^^^ "»"«""w».ui«„r *'**'"»'' ^\f..»:-."^,.,?os. Seed Co. „,:-;;•■'•■:' '.^ -'i^v'S* *i-»Sgft(J "'•le-JIHlO Thit original order and bill of lading thowing a thipment oi Funk's Hybrid in the spring of I9I6 is tlie first documentary record of tlie sale oi hybrid seed com. fl QUflRT€R-C€nTURV EXP6RI- encc in 5€LLinG hvbrid corh The crop of Funk's "G" Hybrid seed which we are now growing will complete a period of twenty-five years in which Funk Bros. Seed Company has been privileged to bring to our farmer friends the marvelous advance of Hybrid Com. In the belief that all who grow hybrid com will find much of interest in the history of it's development we have delved into our files and records. This is the story of a Quarter-Century of Hybrid Com in commercial use. It is not a completed story. If 1 did not think that the next quarter-century will bring more startling developments than the past one I would not be true to the traditions of the Birthplace of Commercial Hybrid Com. President Funk Bros. Seed Co. I f'%^t4 CHAPTER ONE PIONEERS OF SOIL AND SCIENCE Isaac Funk. Founder of Cornbelt Asriculturi; 19th Century Backgrounds of Genitics: Gtni Funk Begins Breeding Corn on Funk Farms Great ewnU are long in their shaping. D«apit« its sudden rise to prominence, hybrid com ia no exception to this rule. If you would trace the origin of hybrid corn you must unravel a tangled skein of events and places that carries back more than a century. In the year 1824 a young man, Issac Funk, halted his ox team, weary from a long march from Ohio. Un one side Isaac beheld the primeval forests of Illinois, on the other the trackless prairie. Here he decided was the land he sought. Sheltered in the foresU, pastured over the virgin prairies, Isaac's herds multiplied and his dream of a vast land and live»toek empire bet;an to take shape. In the river settlement an overnight ride to Peoria, Isaac met and won Cassandra Shurp, daughter of a Maryland pioneer. Farther distant, on the shores uf Lake Michigan, he developed a market for his great droves of livestock and established Chicago as a packing house center. And from the sturdy courage of this founder of Funk Farms, sprang a vast agricultural empire; a way of life that we now call Cornbelt Agriculture, built upon the combination of livestock and corn. For 40 years Isaac Funk ranged his herds, grew com to feed his hogs and cattle and hewed from his efforts a princely estate that was to become the birthplace of hybrid corn. Intensely patriotic, fear- less in his devotion to the land he had helped to build, Isaac Funk died shortly after the Civil War, leaving to carry on his tradition and his 22,000 acre Funk Farms, eight sons and a daughter. Stockman, breeder and horticulturist that he was. Isaac Funk could not have foreseen the part the estate he created was to have in the shaping of a way of life for millions of farmers to follow him. Th« oriqlaal hoaM oi Uaoe aad Coat a» dm faak. IKM. was BjvI dw«UU« bvUt la C««tral "tar^i. Isaac Funk, founder Funk Farms, and Cassandra Shorp Funk. Nor could he have anticipated that Funk Farms would one day see a great commercial application of principles of plant and animal breeding that at the time of his death were stirring the thoughts and the imaginations of men. For, while Isaac was hewing an empire from his crude surroundings, in far-away England a young scientist, Charles Darwin laid the foundations of genetics with publi- cation in 1859 of his book, "Origin of Species," and an obscure Austrian Monk, Gregor Mendel, in 1866 proved that genetic characters are carried dis- tinctly from parents to offspring and transmitted in definite patterns. But just as Darwin and Mendel turned to hor- ticulture and plant breeding to prove theories of evolution, natural selection, and inheritance, so scientists who followed them turned to the great domestic crops and livestock to apply the principles of research for which Darwin and Mendel and other discoverers laid the background. And still united in the common purposes of a pioneer family. Funk Farms furnished the ideal proving ground for science. A grandson of Isaac Funk, Eugene D. Funk, grew up on his father's 2,200 acre farm in the heart of the Funk's McLean county holdings. From his father, LaFayette Funk, Eugene learned at first- hand the possibilities and the limitations of live- stock and crop breeding on the vast farms. In 1888 he entered Yale University and studied for three years. Instead of completing his fourth year at college, however, "Gene" Funk went to Europe to study agriculture in England, Scotland, Belgium, Holland, Germany, France, Switzerland and Italy. Fired by the vision of the things he had seen, "Gene" returned to Illinois and organized the Funk family to carry on extensive work in seed improve- ment. Patterned after the Vilmorin family, a famous French Nursery firm. Funk Farms rapidly became the source of all that was best in farm seeds for the /cornbelt. Hardly was "Gene" Funk established in his new work when he made his first contribution to the crop that has been his business, his hobby and his very life. The year 1892 opened with a cold, wet spring. Gene Funk remembered a strain of corn developed by a farmer in Champaign County which matured much earlier than surrounding varieties. He sent for a bushel of this early corn for late planting and planted it June 22, later than corn in McLean county had ever made a crop. The corn matured and the young .sit-dsmen selected the beat specimens from it for further propagation. Stirred now by the report of W. J. Beal at the Michigan station. Gene Kunk, sought to improve his early variety. Beal in 1886 had reported a strange phenomena "hybrid vigor" which resulted when he crossed two widely different varieties of open- pollinated corn and planted the resulting seed. So Gene Funk sent to MmneHota for an improved early corn, "Pride of the North" recently developed by W. M. Hays and C. P. Bull at the MinnesoU sU- tion. The new strain and Funk's early .selection were mixed and from the resulting cross Mr. Funk developed Funk's yO-Day. In no sense a hybrid an we know hybrids today. Funk's 90-I)ay established the principle of combin- ing unrelated strains as a step in improvement. Sold and successfully grown in Hungary, South Africa, Oregon, Arkansas, Canada and eventually all over the world. Funk's 90-Day blasted a popular belief of the time that seed corn was no good when shipped more than overnight from the site where it was grown. So enthusiastic was the response given Funk's 90-Day and so vast the field of corn improvement opened by the techniques used in its establishment that the Funks' decided to devote their resources to the seed business. Funk Bros. Seed Company was formally incorporated in 1902 with Eugene D. hunk as its first president, a position which he retains today. Mr. raak'a t*«r aeaa wbe or* a«soriol*4l with htm la Funk Bros. 8*«<1 Componr- UirAYETTt roCCNC D.. Ir. rUIODORi PAUL K. CHAPTER TWO THE TEN PRETTY EARS AND WHY THEY FAILED Ear-to-Row Test» Pedigree Breeding Produce Line Bred Corn Families; Development of Hard Pollination, Detasseling At the opening of the twentieth century attention of corn breeders was focused on ear type. In this heyday of what he contemptuously called "the ten pretty ears", Mr. Funk was not only the largest commercial seed corn grower but the lead- ing critic of contemporary corn selection methods. Mr. Funk early recognized that appearance of an ear of corn was no guarantee of its seed value. Funk Brothers maintained a large exhibit at the St. Louis Louisiana Exposition in 1904 to demon- strate that the popular show type of corn was not sound from the farmer's standpoint. With James Reid (developer of Reid's Yellow Dent) Mr, Funk set himself squarely against the then-popular rough starchy corn of late maturity, low vitality and inferior root development that was taking the blue ribbons at corn shows. The result was develop- ment of Funk's Utility Type Corn — smoother, medium dent, faster growth, firmer and more solid ears. Another decade was to pass before farmers generally, following the lead of experiment stations and farm bureaus, endorsed the utility ear. Meanwhile Gene Funk had gone on to newer fields. He abandoned ordinary ear selection entirely to develop on a commercial scale a new system of corn improvement. For, in disapproving the value of the Ten Pretty Ears, Mr. Funk repudiated the whole principle of selection simply from either the ear or plant. The trouble with seed selection, he found, was that while the ear itself came from a good plant and carried desirable characters it would not reproduce those characters unless fertilized by pollen from equally desirable plants. In other words, h DwiQht Funk po*«d ior thia plctur* oi hemd poUinatioa lokaa 1b ItM ond pnbllsh*d ia D* VrUa' book. "Ploat Bn«dla«." Aae• VH»«' book ihowlnq croaalnq ol com looilll*! by «**tos««>>nq ailvraal* rows lo a br*«>de to a pedigree. It tells nothing of th« pollinator or male parent. To meet this limitation Funk Bros. Seed Company became the first corn breeders to engatre in a Iarg« commercial scale in ear-to-row testa of seed stocki. This technique was carried out briefly as follows: P^i(fhty to 100 superior ears of corn from outstand- inc plants were selected. Half the crain on each ear was shelled and planted in a separate row in th« Row Test Blocks. Here the different ears competed and at harvest time the ten ears that produced the best plants and (rroatest yield were determined. The following year Funk's shelled the remaining one-half of the seed from these ten ears. The 10 winners were aerain planted in separate rows, but this time in a field isolated from any source of out- side pollen. All of the even rows were then com- pletelv detasseled so as to receive pollen only from the odd rows. In this way the seed produced on the detasseled rows was sure to be a cross of the female plant on which the ear (rrew and the male plant which furnished the pollen. By this technique the •eed in the breedini; blocks was sure to have aa a male parent, not just any plant but one of Are definitely superior ears aa proved in the yield testa of the year bi-forc. Truly, this w; ., a tremendous step forward. The seed (fathered from the detasseled plants was then multiplied by (rrowin^ it In "multiplyinjr fii'l(H" where it could cr ■ '•tt only with uth»r superior plants. The re- -vd crop was then marketed to farmers. Ear-to-row te.-^tinjr was hailed throuffhout the combclt as a tremendous advance in corn breedlnif. But its first exponent, "Gene" Funk was also Its first critic. By 1907 Funk's had tested more than 20,000 fine lookinir ears in single rows. Pedifrreed seed corn with five {fenerations of pedigree records was being marketed by Funk's. Yields of this corn were significantly higher than had been aacured under ordinary maaa aalaetioo. Yield tests were a part of the Funk Com Breeding Program even before this photo was made in 1909. But, Gene Funk maintained, the system did not sufficiently "fix" the characters for high yields. After the low producing bloodlines were eliminated by ear-to-row selection and the selected stocks multiplied, it was impossible to select further from the superior plants and improvement reached a ceiling. Reasoning from his livestock breeding experience, Mr. Funk decided the trouble was with the sire. Why, he asked himself, must I let all the' male plants shed pollen while I take seed only from the best of the female plants that produce the best ears? Why not use only one sire to each female ear? Then the resulting seed will be fertilized by the best sires as well as borne by the best dams. Thus hand-pollination began on Funk Farms in 1903. A crude process where ear shoots were covered by paper sacks and pollen gathered from paper bags sprinkled over them. This was the fore-runner of the system whereby more than 200,000 plants are now hand-pollinated each season on Funk Farms. And with hand-pollination Mr. Funk found that altho self-fertilization and inbreeding weakened the resulting plants, crossing of closely related strains tended to "fix" and intensify certain desirable characteristics. Out of these pollinations he began to develop what he called "Corn Families"; strains within a variety that were closely related by line- breeding. Beginning in 1903, hand pollination and crosses through detasseling in breeding blocks be- came the principle tools of the Funk Breeding Program. And in these "corn families" scientific investigators found the material to develop and prove revolutionary new breeding practices which were stirring the imagination of geneticists and seedsmen by 1910. Thus we reach the beginnings of the modern hybridizing technique which has revolu- tionized corn growing. And now, with Funk Farms right at the threshold of hybrid corn development it is necessary to integrate with the story of Funk Farms the corn breeding research carried out in other places. CHAPTER THREE SCIENTISTS TAKE THE CORN PLANT APART Uie of Corn in Genetic Research Establishn Inbreeding by Shull and East: Jonts Combines Inbreds Into Hybrids Bvcause the corn plant is not only an important crop commercially but al»o a perfect specimen for ■tudy of breeding and genetics, Funk Farms at the outset of the Twentieth century became the rallyinir point, both for corn enthusiasts and for hundreds of geneticists and scientists from every related field. Dr. Hujfo De Vries. the famous Dutch jfeneticist who re-discovcrcd the Mendelian laws, established the principles of mutation and contributed im- measurably to the (genetic understanding of plant breeding, was a visitor on Funk Farms in rJ06 and devoted the greater part of the corn section of a book entitled "IMant Breedinjf", to the corn breed- ing at Funk Farms. Astute scientist that he was, De Vries, though he recorded and photojrraphed inbreds on Funk Farms, gave scant attention to the possibility of further improvement by intensifyinjr blood lines instead of by purifying varieties or mixtures by removing un- desirable bU>odlines. In De Vries* book as viewed to- day, however, one sentence stands out with iirnificant prominence. "If," he wrote, "experience .11 prove that one year's self-fertilization is i-ntly harmless, the process of corn breeding could be shortened in the same way as the Svalo'\ method may be considered as shortening the older :iroce.'«s of breeding cereals. An experimental test '( the Svalof method" (A Swedish technique of ieveloping small grain varieties by pedigree breed- Dr Hui'*f tor. Thus began ear testing for both germination and freedom from molds and rotting. Not yet were these molds and rots considered due to anything more than the natural decay of dead or dying plant material. Strong and vigorous Kernels grew clean seedlings; kernels from weak 'S failed to grow and when growth stopped, rot 1 mold started. This was the hypothesis on which I- unk's and other corn breeders conducted their germinator tests. Though this germinator test was operated with- out knowledge of the fact that these rots and molds were due to the presence of specific and infectious corn disease organisms, ear tests in the germinator produced results because the tests eliminated diseased kernels. But corn diseases continued to multiply and, still unrecognized, to infect healthy plants. Funk's were germinating hundreds of thousands of ear samples in the spring of 1917. For some un- known reason great blocks of ears were being dis- carded as trays and sections of the germinator turned out seedling failures. Then, one fateful spring day, an employee called Mr. Funk's atten- tion to the "Twenty Sick Ears." On a tray which had contained a moldy seedling in the preceeding test, almost all the seedlings were covered with mold, kernels dead, rotten and discolored. Im- mediately Gene Funk checked the ears from which the kernels came. He found them to be of the utility type, supposedly vigorous as contrasted to weak, chaffy ears. But these supposedly healthy ears were germinating weak seedlings. Then Gene Funk had an idea. He ordered a sec- tion of the germinator torn down and rebuilt with entirely new materials. New sawdust was placed in new trays. Fresh muslin was cut from a bolt and the twenty ears were retested. Every kernel sprouted and grew. Among them there was not a trace of rot or a speck of mold. Suddenly Gene Funk realized that those supposedly irrelevant molds and rots might be the root of the whole trouble. They were transmitted from sick to healthy com just as surely as hoof and mouth disease infected healthy herds from diseased cattle. But, Gene Funk knew, thig corn field plague could not be stopped by sending governinent inspectors through millions of acres to eradicate diseased plants and disinfect fields. And with coi'n diseases widespread, apparently no means existed to protect healthy seed and to guard against disease outbreaks in America's greatest cereal crop. America was at war and Gene Funk visualized a plague stalking the cornfields and taking a toll in famine comparable to the great influenza outbreak of that time. Speedily he bundled the "20 Sick Ears" and their records together. Holbert and Mr. Funk took their records to Purdue where, as an under- graduate, Jim Holbert had prepared a thesis on diseases of oats. Purdue scientists were alarmed. Then Mr. Funk took his exhibit to Washington where he then served as a member of the f9od Th« Unllcd Slat** D«partzn«nl ol Aqrirultur* Laboratori** at lb* Coni Plou on Tuak Tarma. administration. Senator*, scientists, men high in the councils of the nation, heard the atory of the "Twenty Sick Ears." When Gene Funk left Washinf^ton he had obtained the appropriation and the enablinfT authorizations for an investigation of com diseases under the Bureau of Plant Industry. Funk p-arms with its g^reat mass of research and factual information was selected as a field station for the inve.stiRation. Jim Holbert, who had headed Funk's research was loaned to the U. S. D. A. with his farm facilities by Mr. Funk to study the prob- lem. As Ajfronomist in thf L'. S. U. A., Jim Holbert continued his work. Allied with him now were the outstandings scientists of the country. Soon Holbert and his associates had identified, elassiflecl and determined partial control measures for eight distinct and separate diseases of corn. Twen'y prr rent of the corn crop, field test.^ proved, w»B i by di>^ease. But not in new (Termina- tor • . ■ *. not in field sanitation, not in seed treatment, did Holbert find his greatest weaoon for reducing the inroads of disease. No, he di.scovered that among thousands of lots sampled he had in those precious inbreds developed at Funk Farms, characters for disease resistance that defied every degree of infection and that carried this disease resistance over into hybrid corn combinations. With the resistance of hybrid corn to diseases taken for granted as it is today, it is dif!\cult to realize the impetus that the disease-resistant pro- perties gave to hybrid development. Under the common banner of the United States Department of Agriculture and it's far-sighted chief. Dr. Wm. A. Taylor, federal, stale and private breeders began to exchange inbreds and to attempt combinations with stock supplied by co-workers. Into one project were gathered inbreds developed by Holbert and other workers. Without this free interchange of ideas, results and materials. Holbert says, "The hy- Funk Bros. Seed Co It Pays To PI? FUNKSTGrH} These men discovered com diseases. Left to right: Dr. Holbert, Eugene D. Funk and Dr. A. G. Johnson, U.S.D.A., pathologist for the Corn Disease Research on Funk Forms. brids of today could not have been made. No one had a sufficient number of good inbreds to do the job alone." And, characteristically, it was Jim Hol- bert who contributed the lion's share of the ammunition for the job. Into hybrid combinations went his original inbreds A and L. To them he added K, 90, Hy, R4 and other mighty sires and dams of corn renown that now help to make up the pedigrees of the majority of the best hybrid strains. By 1936 hybrid corn had arrived. Approximately 5% of the corn acreage in the great corn states of Illinois. Indiana, and Iowa, was planted with seed that defied adverse weather, resisted disease and insect pests and produced 15 to 30 per cent higher yields than the best open-pollinated. The pioneering job was done. Gene Funk's fellow farmers had shared in a generous measure the resources of Jb'unk Farms and the genius of Dr. Holbert. So with the approbation of his colleagues, Dr. Holbert resigned his post as Senior Agronomist of the U. S. D. A. and accepted the vice-presidency of Funk Bros. Seed Co. The field station was discon- tinued and since that time new Inbreds and Im- proved, Strains of original inbreds developed on Funk Farms have been used exclusively in Funk's "G" Hybrids. The greatest tribute to the continu- ing superiority of Dr. Holbert's research is the fact that, twenty-five years after they bought Funk's first hybrid, leading farmers of the combelt have turned to Funk's "G" Hybrids to get the full bene- fits of Dr. Holbert's genius on more than two million acres of com planted in Funk's "G" Hybrid Seed. CHAPTER SIX HYBRID CORN OF THE PRESENT How Hybrids Are Bred, Produced and Pro- etssed by Funk Bros. Seed Company and Associate Growers Stripped to iu e&M.-ntiaU, the brcidin); o( hybrid corn consiitJi of lhre« steps, beginning with an or- dinal y or open-pollinat«d corn plant. First, the superior oj>on-pollinttlc'«i plant is selected and self-fertilized by pollinating the silk with pollen from the tassel of the same plunt. The same process of self-pollination or inbreeding is repeated on those plants from the inbred ear which exhibit desirable characters. The inbreeding is continued for five to seven generations. By this time, if the plant originally selected happens to be one among thousands whose germ plasm is sufficiently good to "fix" superior performance in hybrids, then the in- 'Hybrid Seed CoRH'ls^PRomEo \HJBLf. CWWS Thit diaQram thows how lour lnbr*blJi»«l !■ boqq«d I* colUcI p«U*a (obova) oad •ox thoot (b«low. rlqht) la coT«r«d wtlk e«l«phaB« bo9 to prel*c1 kilka troa poIUd whan lb«r ■■■rq«. > o tU « tram I< m iI Is lh«« sprinkled OT*r aar ailka and lar«« bo« p]ac»d uround •at (low»r. Ull) to •xclud« uawonlad CHAPTER SEVEN WHAT'S AHEAD IN HYBRID CORN Hybrids of the Future Will Far Excel Presint Strains in Yields and Resistance Funk's research staff is constantly improving the foundation stock used and bringing in new blood lines by developing new inbred strains. This all ties in with an extended system of testing present day hybrids along with hundreds of experimental hy- brids in hand-planted test plots throughout the im- portant corn growing areas of the United States. Improvement means higher yields per acre, better quality and more profit for the farmers who grow Funk's "G" Hybrids. How do we improve hybrid corn? So far we have only started — only learned how to use the methods that have accounted for such a wonderful increase in the productivity of our greatest crop. Even more startling developments may be expected in the future. Recall open-pollinated corn for a moment. Recall the occasional outstanding plant — one of hundreds that bore a good, well-matured ear on a thrifty, healthy standing stalk. So far the corn breeder has merely caused that individual to be repeated two, three or more times in every hill of corn. Ear size of hybrids today is no greater than the best open- pollinated ears produced years ago. The good has been caused to repeat itself in every stalk of com. What of the future? What would it mean if we could add an average of one-half inch to every ear of corn? There are 3556 hills per acre at a 42 inch check. With three plants per hill there are over 10,000 plants. One-half inch of each of 10,000 ears would mean 6000 inches additional ear corn per acre. Assume a 12 inch ear. This would mean the equiv- alent of over 400 extra ears or a yield increase of four to five bushels per acre. What about adding two more rows of kernels to each ear? It can be done. There are about 50 kernels from the butt to the tip of an average ear. Two more rows would mean 100 more kernels. Not much it is true — ^just a handful of corn. But if 100 kernels could be added to each of the 10,000 ears on an acre it would mean 100,000 additional kernels ot corn and from eight to ten extra bushels per acre. Counting the chickens before they are hatched? Not at all. They are on the way in the shape of good Funk's "G" Hybrids. The corn breeder does not scorn a few more kernels per ear but battles to make each possible gain. If we could have seen our present day hybrids twenty-five years ago, we'd have thought we were truly in King Corn's own private heaven. Our ideals have been moved forward tremendously since then. We have attained our ideals of twenty-five years ago but instead of finding the job done have dis- covered in the twenty-five years even more im- provements yet to be made. 11 J A (trlktriq UluatratioB oi how •itra qrain ytald It br*d Into "C" Hybrid*- TIm two •art at l*tt ai* a lamout lDbr*4 d*T*lop«d br Dr. Holb«rt and r«l*as«d through th* U SU.A. Tho two •art at th« right ar* th* (Oin* Inbrod as lcnproT*d br Dr. Holb«rt •icIusiTsIr lor Funk'* "C" Hrbrldi tine* h* b* c « i» « ploat br>>d*f and Ti c * p >— i d»»t el Fonk Bre*. l»»d Co. Yield is not the only important factor in th« pruf^ram fur the production of more profitable Funk's "G" Hybrids. Grain quality, maturity, stalk quality, root anchorat;e, diseaiie resistance including the seedlint; sta^e, stalk rots and ear ruts, insect resistance, cold survival, heat and drought survival and dozens uf other factors must all be considered in buildinK these more profitable Funk's "G" Hy- brids. As we build for higher yield and g^realer profit we must fortify accordingly all along the line. Just as no chain is stronger than ita weakest link — no hybrid is more profitable than its most vulnerable xpot — be it stalk, root, resistance to disease, inaect, heat, cold or drought, weight, ma- turity or quality. Present day hybrids are being made more etticient machines for converting soil moisture and plant food along with carbon dioxide and sunshine into higher yielding, more profitable crops of corn? "G"' Hybrids are being developed with ability to perform well over a wide range of soil types and fertility levela. We could enumerate many more problems that have the attention of Funk Bros, experts as they work toward higher yielding, more profitable }-\ink't "G" Hybrids for the future. But men must do the** things. And in the men who are developed or brought into the organization rests the future con- tribution of Funk Farms. If you would look into the future, pay a visit to the Birthplace of Com- mercial Hybrid Corn. But lift your eyes from ibm marvels of the fields to look around you, at the mea who do these things. "Gene" Funk and his four •ona associated with him in Funk Bros. Seed Go. have gathered about them a group of men worthy of this setting. It is of these men as well as ths background of their firm that Jim Holbcrt must have been thinking when he answered a r«>qu«st for a prophecy with this statement: "The hybrid corn that any firm merchandises will be as rood as, and no better than, the creative genius and ths integrity of ths psrsonnsl of that orgaaiaaUoa." Copyright 1940 By FUNK BROS. SEED CO. BL00MIII6T0N, ILL. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 633.15709773F963F C001 FUNK FARMS, BIRTHPLACE OF COMMERCIAL HYB 3 0112 025315372