UNIVERSITY OF 
 ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 HT UFBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
 
 geology 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OP 
 
 THE COUNTRY NEAR 
 
 CHICHESTER 
 
 (Explanation op Sheet 317.) 
 
 BY 
 
 CLEMENT REID, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. 
 
 With Contributions by 
 
 G. W. LAMPLUGH, F.G.S., and A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER-OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY. 
 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 ***■ V/ Al -»_/ V/ 1.1 • 
 
 PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE 
 
 By WYMAN & SONS, Limited, Fetter Lane, E.C. 
 
 And to be purchased from 
 
 E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Long Acre, London; 
 
 JOHN MENZIES <& Co., Rose Street, Edinburgh; 
 HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Grafton Street, Dublin ; 
 
 From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any 
 Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 
 
 Price One Shilling. 
 
 (Price of Sheet 317, colour-printed, Is. Gd.) 
 
 1903. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF 
 ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 
 AT URBANA-CHANIPAIGN 
 
 * 
 
LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF Thf 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Thh Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, J 
 
 tli o /vf T T TT ATT P Q T\iront ap 
 
 the Superintendence of J. J. H. Teall, F.R.S., Director. 
 
 For Maps, details of Sections, and Memoirs issued by the Geological Survey, see “ Catalogue.” 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES.-(Scale 1 inch to a mile.) 
 
 under 
 
 
 Maps marked * are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked f are published only as Drift Maps. 
 
 Sheets 3*, 5, 6*, 7*, 8*. 9, 11 to 22, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33 to 37, 40, 41, 44, 47*, 64*, 65t, 694, 70*, 83*, 86*, price 8s. 6 d. each, j 
 
 Sheets 4, 5s. Sheets 2*, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, 38, 39, 58, 84f, 85f, 4s. each. 
 
 Sheets divided into quarters : all at 3s. each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, which are Is. 6 d. each. 
 
 1*, 42, 43, 45, 46, NW, SW, NE*, SE* 48, NWf, SW* NEt, (SE*), (49f), 50f, 51*, 52 to 57, (57 NW). 59 to 63, 66 SV 
 NW*, SEt, 67 Nt, (St), 68 Ef, (NWf), SWt, 71 to 75, 76 (N), S, (77 N), 78, 79, NW* SW, NE*, SE* SO NW*, SWrf, NEf 
 
 SE*, 81 NW*, SW, NE, SE, 82, 83*, 87, 88, NW. SW*, NE, SE, 89 NW*, SW*. NE, SE*, 90 (NE*), (SE*), 91, (NW*),*,’ NE*', 
 
 NE*, SE*, 92 NW*, SW*, NE, SE, 93 NW, SW, NE*, SE*, 94 NWf, SWf, (NEf), SEt, 95 NW*, NE*, (SE*), 96 NW ’(SW*)' 
 NE*, SE*, 97 NW*, SW*, NE*, SE, 98 NW, SW, NE*, SE, 99 (NE*), (SE*), 100*, 101, SE, NE*, NW* SW*, 102 NW* gw*’ 
 SW*, SE*, 103*, 104*, 105 NW*, SW*, (NE*), SE*, 106 NW*, SW*, NE*, SE*, 107 SWt, NE*, SE*, 108 SW*, NE* SE*, 1(W NE* 
 SW*, SE*, 110 (NW*), (NE*), SE*, SW*. |9NW*, 
 
 New Series. —I. of Man*, 36, 45, 46, 56, 57, 8s. 6d. I. of Wight, with Mainland*, 380, 331, 344, 345, 85. 6d. (123 
 187t, 203t, 231*, (232*), (248*) 249*, 261 and 262*, 263*, 267t, 268*, 282t, 283t, 2S4t, 299t, 300t, (314t), 315t, 31<*x 
 
 328t, 329*, 330*, 331*, (332*), (333*), 334*, 339t, (340t), (3411), 342t, 343t, 349t, 350t, 355t, (356t). Price 35. each, exceptiL/’ S’ 
 
 in brackets which are Is. 6 d. each. , n T ’ J’ 
 
 GENERAL 3VXAF (Scale 4 miles to 1 inch.) ' Ilfe ulOBe 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES.—Sheet 1 (Title); 2 (Northumberland, &c.); 3 (Index of Colours); 4 (I. of Man) ; 5 (Lake L 
 
 6. (E. Yorkshire); 7 (N. Wales); 8 (Central England); 9 (Eastern Counties); 10 (S. Wales and N. Devon); l. N . t , . v . 
 England and S.E. Wales); 12 (London Basin and Weald); 13 (Cornwall, &c.); 14 (S. Coast, Torquay to I. of v 
 15 (S. Coast, Havant to Hastings). New Series , printed in colours, sheet 1, 2s .; sheets 2 to 15, 25. 6<L each. 
 
 1 (W. of 
 V r iglit) ; 
 
 HORIZONTAL SECTIONS. 
 
 1 to 140,146 to 148, England, price 55. each. 
 
 VERTICAL SECTIONS. 
 
 1 to 83, England, price 3s. &d. each. 
 
 COMPLETED COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, on a Scale of 1 inch to a mile 
 
 Old Series. 
 
 Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Memoir: 
 
 Sheets marked * have descriptive Memoirs. 
 
 ANGLESEY t,—77 N, 78. 
 
 BEDFORDSHIRE,—46 NW, NE, SWf, SEt, 52 NW, NE, 
 SW, SE. 
 
 BERKSHIRE,—7*, 8f, 12*, 13*, 34*. 45 SW*. 
 
 BRECKNOCKSHIREt,—36, 41, 42, 56 NW, SW, 57 NE, SE. 
 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,—7*, 13*. 45* NE, SE, 46 NW, SWf, 
 52 SW. 
 
 CAERMARTHENSHIREf,—37, 38, 40, 41, 42 NW, SW, 56 SW, 
 57 SW, SE. 
 
 CAERNARVONSHIRE!—74 NW, 75, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, 
 SW. 
 
 CAMBRIDGESHIRE!,—46 NE, 47*, 51*, 52 SE, 64*. 
 
 CARDIGANSHIRE !,—40, 41, 56 NW, 57, 58, 59 SE, 60 SW. 
 
 CHESHIRE,—73 NE, NW, 79 NE, SE, 80, 81 NW*, SW*, 
 88 SW. 
 
 CORNWALL!,—24t, 25t, 26t, 29t, 30t, 31f, 32t, & 33!. 
 
 CUMBERLAND,—98 NW, SW*, 99, 101, 102, NE, NW, SW*, 
 106 SE, SW, NW, 107. 
 
 DENBIGH!,—73 NW, 74, 75 NE, 78 NE, SE., 79NW, SW.SE, 
 80 SW. 
 
 DERBYSHIRE!,—62 NE, 63 NW, 71 NW, SW, SE, 72 NE, 
 72 SE, 81, 82, 88, SW, SE. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE!,—20t, 21t, 22!, 23t, 24t, 25t, 26!, & 27!. 
 
 DORSETSHIRE,—15, 16,17, 18, 21, 22. 
 
 DURHAM,—102 NE, SE, 103,105 NE, SE, SW, 106 SE. 
 
 ESSEX—1*, 2*, 47*, 48*. 
 
 FLINTSHIRE!,—74 NE, 79. 
 
 GLAMORGANSHIRE!,—20, 36, 37, 41, & 42 SE, SW. 
 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE!,—19, 34*, 35, 43, NE, SW, SE, 44*. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE,—8t, 9f, 10*, lit, 12*, 14, 15, 16. 
 
 HEREFORDSHIRE,—42 NE, SE, 43, 55, 56 NE, SE. 
 
 HERTFORDSHIRE,—It NW, 7*, 46, 47*. 
 
 HUNTINGDON,—51 NW, 52 NW, NE, SW, 64*, 65. 
 
 KENT!,—It SW & SE, 2t, 3f, 4*, 6*. 
 
 LANCASHIRE,—79 NE, 80 NW*, NE, 81 NW, 88 NW, SWt, 
 89,90,91 92 SW. 
 
 See also New Series Maps. 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE—53 NE, 62 NE, 63*, 64*, 70*, 7*‘ 
 
 SW. ; se, 
 
 LINCOLNSHIRE!,—64*, 65*, 69, 70*, S3*, 84*, 85*, 86* 
 MERIONETHSHIRE!,—59 NE, SE, 60 NW, 74, 75 NE 
 MIDDLESEX!,—It NW, SW, 7*, 8f. ‘ SE 
 
 MONMOUTHSHIRE-35, 36, 42 SE, NE, 43 SW. 
 MONTGOMERYSHIRE!,—56 NW, 59 NE, SE, 60, \ 
 
 SE * 74 SW, 
 
 NORFOLK!,—50 NW*, NE*, 64*, 65*, 66*, 67*, 68*, 69. 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,—64*, 45 NW, NE, 46 NW, 5 
 NE, SW, 53 NE, SW, & SE, 63 SE, 64. 2 NW 
 
 NORTHUM BERLAND,—102 NW, NE, 105,106,107,108 
 110 NW*, SW*, NE*, SE. 109 
 
 NOTTINGHAM,—70*, 71* NE, SE, NW, 82 NE*, SE*, 
 
 86, 87* SW. 
 
 OXFORDSHIRE,—7*, 13*, 34*, 44*, 45*, 53 SE*, SW. ’’ 
 
 PEMBROKESHIRE!,—38, 39, 40, 41, 58. 
 
 RADNORSHIRE,—42 NW, NE, 56, 60 SW, SE. 
 RUTLANDSHIRE,—this county is wholly included 
 Sheet 64*. within 
 
 SHROPSHIRE,-55 NW, NE, 56 NE, 60 NE, SE, 61, t 
 73, 74 NE, SE. r2 NW 
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE!,—18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 35. 
 STAFFORDSHIRE*,—54 NW, 55 NE, 61 NE, SE, 62, 
 
 71 SW, 72, 73 NE, SE, 81 SE, SW. G3 NW 
 
 SUFFOLK,—47*, 48*, 49*, 50*, 51*, 66* SE*, 67*. 
 
 SURREY,—1 SW!, 6t, 7*, 8!, 12!. 
 
 SUSSEX,-4*, 5!, 6t, 8!, 9f, lit. ' 1 
 
 WARWICKSHIRE,—44*, 45 NW, 53*, 54, 62 NE, S 
 63 N W, SW, SE. 
 
 WESTMORLAND,—97 NW*. SW*. 98 NW, NE*, SL 
 SE*, 102. 
 
 WILTSHIRE —12*, 13*, 14, 15, 18,19f, 34*, and 35t. 
 WORCESTERSHIRE,—43 NE, 44*, 54, 55, 62 SW, 
 
 SE * SE. 61 
 
 YORKSHIRE!,—85-88, 91 NE, SE 92-97* 9S NE* SE*, 
 
 SE, 103 SW, SE 104. hq 2 
 
 W, SE, 
 
 101, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 

 Fig. 2.— Section from Broadford Bridge across Kithurst Hill to Highdown Hill. 
 
317 . 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY NEAR 
 
 CHICHESTER. 
 
 (Explanation of Sheet 317.) 
 
 BY 
 
 CLEMENT REID, F.R.S, F.L.S., F.G.S. 
 
 With Contributions by 
 
 G. W. LAMPLUGH, F.G.S., and A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY’S TREASURY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE 
 
 By WYMAN & SONS, Limited, Fetter Lane, E.C. 
 
 And to be purchased from 
 
 E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Long Acre, London; 
 
 JOHN MENZIES & Co., Rose Street, Edinburgh ; 
 HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Grafton Street, Dublin ; 
 
 From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any 
 Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 
 
 1903 . 
 
 Price One Shilling. 
 
 (Price of Sheet 317, colour-printed, Is. 6d.) 
 
5M, 2. 
 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The country described in this Memoir includes a large tract of 
 
 the South Downs, which present a bold front of Chalk scarps on 
 the north, overlooking the great Wealden area, a portion of which 
 is represented on the map. Southwards the Chalk descends 
 gradually to a low level, where it forms a syncline, in the hollow 
 of which Lower Eocene strata are preserved. In this compara¬ 
 tively level tract the strata are extensively covered by Pleistocene 
 deposits of brick-earth and gravel. Geologically the area has 
 been described and illustrated in the works of Fitton, Frederic 
 Dixon, P. J. Martin, and Dr. Charles Barrois, and it has been 
 partially described in the Geological Survey Memoirs by Mr. 
 William Topley and Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne. 
 
 The original Geological Survey of this area on the one-inch 
 scale was made by H. W. Bristow and Frederick Drew, and 
 published in 1864. The re-Survey on the six-inch scale was 
 carried on between the years 1884 and 1890 by Mr. Clement 
 Reid, who mapped the southern area, including the Chalk Downs. 
 The remaining portion was for the most part surveyed by Mr. 
 G. W. Lamphigh in 1899 and 1900, a few square miles near 
 Midhurst having been previously mapped by Mr. C. E. Hawkins. 
 
 In the course of the Survey, assistance has been rendered by 
 Mr. William Hill, Mr. J. Vincent Elsden, and Mr. R. M. Brydone, 
 while useful records of the strata have been furnished by well- 
 
 sinkers. 
 
 J. J. H. TEALL 
 
 \i— 
 
 Director. 
 
 Geological Survey Office, 
 
 28 Jermyn Street, London. 
 25th March, 1903. 
 
 6636. 500. Wt. 11185. 8/03. Wy. & 8. 748r. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface by the Director. ---111 
 
 Chapter I.—Introduction.1 
 
 Chapter II.— Wealden. 4 
 
 r 
 
 Chapter III. —Lower Greensand. 7 
 
 Chapter IV.—Selbornian (Gault and Upper Greensand) - - 13 
 
 Chapter V.—Chalk.19 
 
 Chapter VI.—Eocene - 33 
 
 Chapter VII.—Drift.37 
 
 . Chapter VIII.—Economic Geology.46 
 
 Appendix.—List of Principal Works on the Geology of the 
 
 District.48 
 
 Index.49 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 1 . Section from Easebourne across Heysliott Downs to Rum- 
 
 boldswyke. Frontispiece 
 
 , 2. Section from Broadford Bridge across Kithurst Hill to High- 
 
 down Hill. Frontispiece 
 
 „ 3. Ammonites [Hoplites] interruptus, Brug. - - - - 14 
 
 „ 4. Ammonites [Schloenbachia] rostratus, Sow. - - - - 14 
 
 „ 5. Inoceramus concentricus, Park. .14 
 
 „ 6. Ammonites [Acanthoceras] rotomagensis, Brongn. - - - 20 
 
 „ 7. Ammonites [Schloenbachia] varians, Sow . - - - - 20 
 
 „ 8. Scaphites sequalis, Sow. .- 20 
 
 „ 9. Inoceramus mytiloides, Mant. - - - - - - 24 
 
 „ 10. Rhynchonella Cuvieri, <B0rh. .24 
 
 „ 11. Micraster coranguinum, Leske .28 
 
 „ 12. Marsupites testudinarius, Schloth. .28 
 
 „ 13. Holaster planus, Mant. .28 
 
 „ 14. Echinocorys scutatus, Leske .28 
 
GEOLOGY 
 
 OF THE COUNTRY NEAR 
 
 CHICHESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Sheet 317 of the Geological Survey Map takes in an area of 
 216 square miles, all included in the county of Sussex. The 
 central part of the district is occupied by the South Downs, 
 which stretch from east to west as a wide belt of undulating 
 southward-sloping uplands, bounded on the north by the high 
 chalk-escarpment which overlooks the Weald. This escarpment 
 rises to (SI8 feet at Linch Down. On the south the Downs 
 usually end in a lower bluff, which marks the position of an 
 ancient partly-obliterated sea-cliff; and below this is a flat 
 coastal-plain, which extends continuously to the sea. These 
 are the main features; the details will be described further 
 on. 
 
 One river of importance, the Arun, traverses the country 
 from north to south, and with its tributaries drains about 
 two-thirds of the area. Over the remaining area most of the 
 water escapes by underground courses to the La van t, or drains 
 into small streams which reach the sea near Bognor and 
 Pagham. 
 
 Within the area lies the ancient town of Chichester, as well 
 as Arundel, Midhurst, Petworth, Pulborough, and numerous 
 villages. The position of the settlements has been decided 
 mainly by the possibility of obtaining water, no place of 
 importance lying on the Weald Clay or Gault, nor on the high 
 Downs, where water can only be found in deep wells. 
 
 The district is mainly devoted to agriculture and sheep- 
 pasture; but contains also much woodland, beech on the 
 Downs and oak in the Weald. There are neither mines nor 
 manufactures, and the mineral products raised, consisting of 
 chalk, brickearth, tile-clay, gravel and sand, are almost entirely 
 used within the district, for building purposes, agriculture, 
 or road-making. 
 
 6636. v 
 
 9 
 
2 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 The formations represented'on Sheet 317 are the following:_ 
 
 Recent . . . Alluvium. 
 
 fBrickearth. 
 
 I Valley Gravel and Coombe Rock, 
 pi A - fr .» pnp ! Hill Gravel and Flint-rubble. 
 
 ’) Marine Gravel (south of the Downs). 
 
 J Clay with Flints and Tertiary debris 
 \ (overlying Chalk). 
 
 < London Clay. 
 
 Eocene . . .) Pebble Beds. 
 
 \ Reading Beds. 
 t Upper Chalk. 
 
 I Middle Chalk. 
 
 Upper Cretaceous <( Lower Chalk. 
 
 . I Upper Greensand.) c , ,, 
 l Gault. I Selborman. 
 
 f Folkestone Bedso 
 Sandgate Beds. I T ^ ri , 
 
 Lower Cretaceous ■{ Hythe Beds. 1 wer D reensan( b 
 
 I Atherfield Clay. J 
 f Weald Clay. 
 
 Nothing is yet known about the strata which underlie the 
 Weald Clay; but as far as can be judged from neighbouring- 
 areas, a great thickness of Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic Rocks 
 would be met with. It is not probable that any minerals worth 
 mining occur within several thousand feet of the surface. 
 
 A general southward dip is caused by the broad anticlinal 
 arch of the Weald, on the southern side of which the whole 
 of our district lies. By the destruction and planing down of 
 the higher parts of this arch, rocks have been laid bare in 
 the north which to the south are buried under a great thickness 
 of newer strata; these newer strata form the northern edge 
 of the broad syncline known as the Hampshire Basin. Not 
 only does this great disturbance affect our area, but we have 
 also various minor parallel folds, which form ripples on this 
 big wave. It will be seen, on examining the Map, that several 
 of these folds occur within the area. An anticline enters the 
 district north of Storrington, bringing up Wealden strata; 
 then it runs westward to Watersfield, where it dies out. 
 Another anticline commences near Bury (south of W esterfield), 
 and then brings up an inlier of Lower Chalk near Upper 
 Waltham, and a long tongue of Middle Chalk, which extends 
 as far as West Dean. West of that point the anticline causes 
 two more inkers to appear, and then passes out of our district. 
 Another sharper anticlinal fold brings up Chalk at Highdown, 
 and can be traced westward to Barnham, with Eocene strata 
 on either side. Still another commences .near the termination 
 of this one, but not in the same line, and brings up Chalk south 
 of Chichester. 
 
 These sharp folds, in the southern part of our area, make, 
 however, scarcety any sign at the surface, for they have nearly 
 all been planed down to a uniform level and subsequently 
 covered with Drift deposits. The streams which now cross 
 the coastal plain follow courses decided by slight irregularities 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 3 
 
 in the surface of the Drift; they quite ignore the anticlinal 
 and synclinal structure below. Should the land again rise, 
 the deeper trenching of the stream courses would cut across the 
 folded strata below, and we should then see a series of valleys 
 which, like those of the Weald, would seem to be independent of 
 the hardness or softness of the strata through which they 
 have been cut. 
 
 p 2 
 
 ease 
 
4 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER, 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 WEALDEN.* 
 
 The Weald Clay, which is the only division of the Wealden 
 strata occurring at the surface in the district, is brought up, as 
 already described, to the north of Petworth, Pulborough, and West 
 Chiltington. A tongue of it also appears along the axis of the 
 minor anticline north of Storrington; but only the upper part 
 of the formation is here exposed. 
 
 The area under consideration in this Memoir includes a con¬ 
 siderable proportion of the tract mapped and described in detail, 
 with remarkable accuracy, by P. J. Martin so long ago as 1828. j- 
 Martin noted the occurrence of definite courses of sand and of 
 Sussex Marble in the Weald Clay of this district, by which the 
 deposit could be divided into distinct belts, and although these . 
 courses may not be quite so regular and continuous as he 
 believed, his statement of the general succession has been satis¬ 
 factorily verified. The occurrence of the sandy horizons has 
 some economic importance,- as they are the main source of 
 water-supply in the W r eald Clay tract; and, moreover, by their 
 admixture with the clay where near the surface, they change the 
 character of the soil from a still* intractable clay-land which, 
 under present conditions, will not pay for cultivation, to a more 
 readily arable loam which is still, for the most part, under tillage. 
 Hence beds of this material underlie the major portion of the 
 arable land in this part of the Weald, while the unmodified clay- 
 belts are nearly all under grass or woodland. The beds of sand 
 are, however, usually too thin or too much interstratified with 
 clay to render the soil actually “ light,” especially as the clays 
 tend everywhere to “ creep ” and become mixed with the sands 
 along their.outcrop. The water supply from wells in the sands 
 is often tainted with mineral matter in solution, and is usually 
 only sufficient in quantity for household supply, but is never¬ 
 theless important m a district where no other safe source is 
 available. 
 
 The uppermost division of the Weald Clay, so far as the very 
 scanty exposures enable one to judge, is a dark blue shaly clay, 
 probably of the character of the Wealden Shales of the Isle of 
 Wight. It weathers at the surface to a stiffly plastic brownish- 
 yellow clay, and occupies the lower slopes beneath the bold 
 escarpment of the Pfythe Beds of the Lower Greensand and a 
 broad belt of low ground to the northward. Beds of this descrip¬ 
 tion probably extend uninterruptedly at the same horizon all 
 round the Weaden depression. 
 
 Below this division come more silty clays associated with thin 
 beds of fine yellow loamy sand or sand-rock, with a little concre¬ 
 tionary iron rag-stone in places. Owing to the insufficiency of 
 
 * By G. W. Lamplugh. 
 
 f “A Geological Merrioir on a Part of Western Sussex,” 
 
WEALDEN. 
 
 5 
 
 the exposures it is not possible to assert with confidence that the 
 sand-beds are absolutely continuous; they may, perhaps, occur 
 in detached lenticles of irregular horizontal extent; but sand 
 was found here and there at approximately the same horizon 
 from the eastern to the western limits of the tract surveyed, and 
 was apparently thickening westward. Usually only 4 or 5 
 feet of sand was visible in any particular section, but the full 
 thickness would probably in most cases have been found to 
 be greater if the exposure had been complete. The greatest 
 depth was noticed a little to the north of the limits of the map 
 in a road-cutting at Gunter’s Bridge, one mile north of Pet worth, 
 where 10 feet or more of sand and sand-rock with thin clay- 
 partings is exhibited, one seam being exceptionally coarse in 
 grain for these beds. In an exposure in a gully in the woods 
 south-west of Hawkhurst Lodge, three miles farther east (also in 
 Sheet 301), the sand-rock contains a seam of pebbly conglomerate, 
 apparently of local and contemporaneous derivation, made up of 
 ' fragments of soft sandstone and pellets of clay, with fragments of 
 bone and wood, resembling the conglomerate bands often asso¬ 
 ciated with the sandstones of the Variegated Series of the 
 Wealden in the Isle of Wight. On the eastern slope of the 
 Arun Valley at Toat Wood and Toat Farm, just within 
 the present sheet, a sand-rock of this belt has been dug in old 
 quarries, probably as a sandstone. The clay which immediately 
 overlies the sands of this as well as of the lower horizon is 
 frequently of a bright red colour. 
 
 The sands generally form a gentle feature along their outcrop, 
 but owing to their slight thickness and the above-mentioned 
 “ creeping ” of the clays on the slopes and consequent mixing of 
 the beds, it is rare that sand is visible in the feature, the ex¬ 
 posures being found usually in gutters and ponds on the lower 
 part of the dip-slope, under a thickness of 2 or 3. feet or more 
 of clay. The dip, which is to southward, appears, from calcula¬ 
 tion, rarely to exceed 1° or 1 J°, and the dip-slopes are therefore of 
 great breadth in proportion to the thickness of the bed. Under 
 these circumstances it was not found practicable to map the beds 
 of sand separately from the accompanying clay and silt, and the 
 plan was therefore adopted of mapping out approximately the 
 limits of the zones wherein the clay is associated with sandy 
 intercalations so that they may be distinguished from the zones 
 in which such intercalations are absent. The same remarks 
 apply also to the method adopted for indicating the horizon of 
 the Sussex Marble next to be described. Difficulties were found 
 in carrying out this plan towards the northern edge of the area 
 in the vicinity of the Arun, and it remains to be proved by 
 further survey whether the. divisions can be followed beyond the 
 ground already mapped. It would certainly be advantageous, in 
 studying the detailed structure of the country, if the thick mass 
 of the Weald Clay could thus be broken up into zones. 
 
 Below the silty clays with sands, we find in the eastern part of 
 the district examined a belt of stiff’ dark, shaly clay, probably 
 somewhat pyritous, containing a bed of Pahvdina-limestone or 
 Sussex Marble (‘ ! First course of Sussex Marble” of Martin) 
 
GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 6 
 
 ranging from a lew inches to 2 feet in thickness. This limestone 
 was formerly much dug for road mending and building, and 
 many of the farmsteads near its outcrop are partly built on it; 
 it is still being raised on a small scale in fields one-third of a 
 mile north of Broadfordbridge and near Oldhouse Farm. In 
 going westward, however, all trace of this stone-band was lost 
 before crossing the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway 
 at Adversane, and it was not again seen in the area examined, 
 though, according to Dr. Martin, it is found west of the Arun to 
 the northward of the ground at present mapped. 
 
 This division is the lowest seen in Sheet 317, where it occupies 
 a little triangular tract only about a mile long from east to west 
 and half a mile broad from south to north in the extreme north¬ 
 eastern corner of the map. 
 
 It is succeeded farther north, in Sheet 301, by another sandy 
 series consisting of laminated pale blue, dark blue, and grey clay 
 and silt with layers of sand and a thin band of calcareous sandy 
 flagstone (“ The Second Sand ” of Martin). A good section was 
 obtained in this division in a new well at a cottage opposite to 
 Marringdean Farm (Sheet 301), 1 J miles south of Billmgshurst 
 Station, where it was penetrated to a depth of 40 feet. A seam 
 of silty clay a few feet above the bottom of the well contained 
 well-preserved plant-remains, and a collection of these was made 
 from the spoil-heap and submitted to Mr. A. C. Seward, F.R.S., 
 who kindly undertook their examination, and determined the 
 following forms :— 
 
 Weichselia Mantelli, Brongn. 
 
 Onychiopsis Mantelli, Brongn. 
 
 Bracliyphyllum sp. (?) 
 
 The flora of the Weald Clay, as distinguished from the 
 Hastings Beds, is imperfectly known, so that the occurrence of 
 these plants is of some interest, though they all belong to well- 
 known and widely distributed Wealden forms. The horizon at 
 which they occur is probably about midway in the Weald Clay 
 of this part of Sussex. 
 
 The calcareous flagstone mentioned above is apparently at the 
 most only a foot or two thick; it was formerly dug in several 
 places between Marringdean Farm and Lording’s Farm, but the 
 present exposures are poor and scanty. The division as a whole 
 was traced westward to the Arun at Lee Farm; west of the 
 Arun it passed beyond the northward limits of the ground 
 examined. 
 
LOWER GREENSAND. 
 
 7 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LOWER GREENSAND.* 
 
 According to the classification of the original Survey Map, 
 the uppermost portion of the clayey deposits which occur 
 immediately beneath the Lower Greensand escarpment is 
 supposed to represent the Atherfield Clay, though definite 
 evidence on this point is rarely forthcoming. A few marine 
 fossils were, however, found long ago in nodules from this clay 
 at the brickyard at Harwood’s Green, near Pulborough, which 
 serve to differentiate it at this locality from the underlying 
 Weald Clay of fresh-water origin; and during the new survey 
 some further specimens were obtained from this place. 
 
 There are occasional indications that the clay becomes inter- 
 stratified with silt and fine sand towards its junction with the 
 overlying Hythe Beds, and that in passing southward the base 
 of the latter strata contains an increasing proportion of clay. 
 
 The broad grounds for the subdivision of the Lower 
 Greensand into the supposed equivalents of the Hythe Beds, 
 Sandgate Beds, and Folkestone Beds of East Kent, are readily 
 grasped in this part of West Sussex, though the exact boundaries 
 of the sub-divisions are usually more or less vague, seeing that 
 they rest entirely upon lithological differences which are subject 
 to much local variation. The Hythe Beds are characterised, as 
 in Kent, by irregular calcareous stone-bands among half-indurated 
 loamy glauconitic sand, with the local development of impersis- 
 tent layers or concretions of chert. The calcareous sandstone 
 has been much used for building, and the chert is extensively 
 dug for road-mending. 
 
 The Sandgate Beds are variable in composition, but contain 
 more clay and silt than the underlying and overlying divisions. 
 In the western part of the district a thick bed of sand near the 
 base of this series is partly composed of smooth polished grains 
 of brown iron-ore. It has been suggested that this ferruginous 
 sand might be of some economic value, but the average per¬ 
 centage of iron (23%) is probably too low to bear the cost of 
 carriage. The iron-sand disappears rather suddenly at a short 
 distance to the eastward of Selham. The Sandgate Beds are for 
 the most part destitute of fossils, but a richly fossiliferous band 
 was found, consisting of ironstone crowded with the casts of 
 marine shells, at the top of the iron-sand, in two hitherto un¬ 
 recorded localities near Midhurst (June Lane, and the river bank 
 due south of Cowdray Ruins). In the stream-bed east of Amber- 
 sham Common, some plant remains, including traces of Weichselia, 
 were collected from a thin band of sandstone. 
 
 The Folkstone Beds consist of sharp sand, strongly current- 
 bedded, with ironstone concretions and thin partings of pipeclay. 
 Excepting the cast of a fragment of wood with teredo-like borings, 
 no organic remains were found in these sands. At the top of 
 
 From Mr Lamplugh’s notes. 
 
8 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 this division, immediately below the Gault, the sand is indurated 
 into a hard grit-band, from 2 to 4 inches thick, of a deep red 
 colour, which is persistent throughout the area examined. 
 
 A comparatively rapid thinning away southward of the 
 Lower Greensand as a whole causes increasing difficulty in map¬ 
 ping the sub-divisions in working eastward, owing to the persistent 
 southerly trend of the escarpments. This difficulty is especially 
 felt on the southern side of the anticline near Storrington. 
 
 Atherfield Clay. 
 
 As already mentioned, there is much difficulty in obtaining 
 definite evidence respecting the Atherfield Olay, which, on 
 slender grounds, has been supposed to form a continuous base 
 to the Lower Greensand series around the Weald. The best 
 exposures of this clay observed in the district lie outside 
 the margin of the present map, about a mile to the east¬ 
 ward of its boundaries, in Sheet 318, in road cuttings at 
 Warminghurst and again two-thirds of a mile south of 
 Warminghurst, on both sides of the Greenhurst anticline. In 
 the latter section the sandy Hythe Beds are seen to pass down 
 into clay, at first greyish-brown, but deep chocolate-brown below, 
 containing small phosphatic concretions, with casts of marine 
 shells. The thickness of the clay here apparently does not 
 exceed 20 feet and may be less. Immediately below it there is 
 dark blue shaly clay, evidently the topmost bed of the Weald 
 Clay, and the junction appears, as usual, to be quite sharp. A 
 few phosphatic nodules from the marine clay were seen in the 
 spoil-heap from a small excavation at the spring 200 yards 
 south-east of Thakeham Church, and at two or three other spots 
 on the escarpment farther to the north-westward. Chocolate- 
 brown clay was likewise observed in the same position in other 
 localities, both east and west of the Arun, though without direct 
 evidence for its marine origin. Hence it may be regarded as 
 certain that the Atherfield Clay is present throughout the 
 area examined, though probably of insignificant thickness. This 
 confirmation of the old map in the matter is the more satisfactory 
 since the new railway cutting at Redhill, in Surrey, on the 
 opposite side of the W eald, showed an unexpected absence of the 
 Atherfield Clay. The presence of the chocolate-brown clay in 
 the Sussex sections is noteworthy, as a clay of precisely similar 
 aspect forms part of the Atherfield Clay of the Isle of Wight, and 
 was likewise found at the same horizon in the new colliery 
 shafts at Dover. 
 
 Hythe Beds. 
 
 This division usually is characterised by the presence of 
 irregular stone-bands in hassocky loam. Sometimes these are 
 large, round, or tabular discontinuous concretions set in sand 
 or soft sandstone—indeed, they would probably always appear as 
 lenticles if we could see large sections. There are also limy grits, 
 and in places, especially between Petworth and Bedham, irregular 
 tabular sheets of chert, arranged one over the other in broken 
 
LOWER GREENSAND. 
 
 9 
 
 columnar fashion. Fossils are rare throughout. A few limas 
 were noticed in the hassock, and occasional obscure casts of bi¬ 
 valves in soft sandstone; in one of the chert-pits between Brink- 
 sole and Bognor was a layer containing many badly preserved 
 shells, but no cephalopods were seen. The presence of clay inter- 
 stratified with the division is shown by the Midhurst Waterworks 
 boring, and there appears to be a similar lenticular band of fine stiff 
 unctuous clay 300 yards east of Little Common near Tillington. 
 
 The Hythe Beds contain no workable chert east of the Arun, 
 and the sandstones which characterise their lower portion in 
 the Pulborough district and farther westward are scarcely 
 recognisable in the eastern part of the area examined, where 
 the beds consist of sandy “ hassock ” with concretionary lime¬ 
 stone in lenticular masses and sheets. 
 
 It is unnecessary to describe the numerous exposures of Hythe 
 Beds, which can be examined in various natural sections and 
 in quarries opened for the stone; we will merely mention - the 
 leading sections which illustrate the character and thickness of 
 the deposits. The best section of the base is seen in the bank 
 on the east side of the pond belonging to the Upper Mill at 
 
 Little Bognor near Fittleworth. This shows Feet. 
 Hard sandstone with hard sands (cherty and loamy) - 5 
 
 Soft sandstone, rather harder than below - - - 3 
 
 Soft sand and sand-rock nearly black, banded pale 
 
 and dark'yellow and green ----- 3 
 
 Lumpy, irregular, nodular sandstone, yellow and dark 
 green, ferruginous in places ; with soft loamy 
 
 lenticles between the beds.9 
 
 Flaky hassock, with dark green, almost black, sandy 
 layers, and impure loamy sandstone - - - 5 
 
 passing into 
 
 Yellow loam.- - * 2 
 
 passing into 
 
 Greyish and yellowish loamy clay 1 
 
 In similar beds just below the road, casts of shells (A vie ala, 
 etc.) were noticed in a dark-green hassock, which also contained 
 small soft brown bits like decomposed phosphate or bone, and 
 rounded pebble-like bits of sandstone like neighbouring beds. 
 
 Another exposure, which exhibits the whole of the Hythe Beds 
 in one section, will be found in the road-cutting at Jackets Hill, 
 a place exactly at the eastern limit of our area and immediately 
 north of Hills and Hamper’s Farm. The section, which is 
 worthy of more detailed study, is as follows: — 
 
 Like beds below, but hassock predominates (ex- Feet, 
 tends to the cottages at the north foot of the 
 hill, where Sandgate beds probably come on) 50 to 55 
 
 Alternations of concretionary sandstone in badly 
 stratified masses, with loamy hassock ; sand¬ 
 stone predominant.40 
 
 Hassocky sandstone with pyrites - 4 
 
 Knotty sandstone. 1 
 
 Rather clayey sand, as below - - - - 7 
 
 A band of concretions 3 feet in diameter, con¬ 
 cretionary sandstone bands and hassock (not 
 
 well seen).- 9 
 
 Rather clayey sand, harder than that below, with 
 
 soft sandstone with dark mottling - - 4 
 
 Soft loamy greensand • 3 
 
10 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 At south side of hill at foot of bank, obscure: 
 probably clayey loam. Below this water 
 oozes out, and the base of the Hytlie Beds is 
 mapped - about 12 
 
 130 
 
 The above section illustrates the eastward thinning of the beds, 
 for only three and a half miles to the west-north-west, at 
 Pulborough, a well sunk in 1900 by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden 
 proved nearly 181 feet of strata belonging to this division. The 
 well is in the corner of the field adjoining the churchyard, 
 north-east of the railway station, on the top of the hill, close 
 to the brickyard and sandpit. The well starts near the top 
 of the Sandgate Beds; the dip is rather steep, apparently 
 10° or 15°, the thickness therefore will be slightly ex¬ 
 aggerated. The descriptions given below are misleading, the 
 loamy Hythe Beds (hassock) being called “ clay.” The 
 Sandgate Beds probably extend to 83 feet, and all the rest 
 is Hythe Beds; the bottom sandstone being probably that at 
 the base of the Hythe Beds. The well-sinkers section shows:— 
 
 Sandgate Beds - 
 
 Hythe Beds 
 
 ({Dug Well ] 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 30 
 
 Sand-rock 
 
 - r 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 | Sand with clay 
 
 — 
 
 40 
 
 78 
 
 lHard clay 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 83 
 
 /'Clay and greensand 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 97 
 
 Clay 
 
 - 
 
 22 
 
 119 
 
 Clay and sand - 
 
 - 
 
 80 
 
 199 
 
 Rock and clay - 
 
 - 
 
 19 
 
 218 
 
 Clay and sand - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 221 
 
 Rock and clay - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 225 
 
 Sand and clay - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 228 
 
 Rock and clay - 
 
 - 
 
 15 
 
 243 
 
 'vLayers of hard and soft sand-rock 
 
 21 
 
 264 
 
 amounts to 15°, the thickness 
 
 of these strata 
 
 will only be reduced by about 4 per cent. 
 
 Sandgate Beds. 
 
 This division forms a wide belt stretching nearly across our 
 . district, from Trotton, through Midhurst, Fittleworth, Pulborough, 
 and Storrington. The Sandgate Beds, which are best exposed 
 in the numerous sections around PuUiOrough, are characterized 
 by the beds of silt and clay which they contain; but they 
 include also some beds of sand which, in isolated sections, can 
 scarcely be distinguished from the Folkestone Sand, particularly 
 in the north-eastern part of the ground. The fossiliferous nodules 
 which have long been known to occur in this division in two or 
 three localities in the Pulborough district were observed in a 
 few other unrecorded places also, as mentioned below. The horizon 
 on which these fossils occur is probably roughly equivalent to 
 that at Midhurst, described in 1899,* though the localities seem 
 to have few species in common. 
 
 * Summary of Progress for 1899, pp. 136, 137. 
 
LOWER GREENSAND. 
 
 11 
 
 The Sandgate Beds are so variable, and their upper and lower 
 limits are so indelinite, that the most convenient method of 
 description will be to mention the principal sections in order, 
 passing from west to east. 
 
 Near the western limit of our area, and thence eastward 
 to a little beyond Selham, the lower part of this group is a well- 
 characterized coarse sand, full of polished flakes and grains of 
 deep brown iron-ore. As this makes a good feature, with 
 featureless ground below, it was at first taken as the base of the 
 division, though the old map seemed to have taken a somewhat 
 lower line. This bed disappears suddenly east of Selham, being 
 . last seen below Barnetts Mill, where it seems quite strongly 
 developed. In connection with it, the above-mentioned fossili- 
 ferous ironstone nodules were found in June Lane, Midhurst, and 
 in the river-bank at King John’s Walk, Midhurst. The fossils 
 are bivalves and univalves in the state of casts. The following 
 forms have been named by Mr. E. T. Newton and Dr. F. L. 
 Kitchin :— 
 
 June Lane, Midlmrst: 
 
 Cardium ? 
 
 Corbula striatula ? Sow. 
 
 Cythersea ? 
 
 Nuculana scapha, d’Orb. 
 
 River Bank due south of Cowdray Ruins : 
 Cucullaea sp. 
 
 Exogyra sinuata 1 Sow. 
 
 Nuculana sp. 
 
 Trigonia- sp. (group “ Scabrse ”). 
 
 Tellina (Linearia) cf. concentrica, cVOrb. 
 Act icon sp. 
 
 Aporrhais sp. 
 
 Trochus % 
 
 Actaeon sp. 
 Cerithium % 
 Trochus sp. 
 
 Probably the dying out of this bed southward is indicated in 
 the banks of the stream south-east of Ambersham Common, 
 where a curious mixture of clay with coarse greenish grit passing 
 into iron-grit is seen at the north-east corner of the Common. 
 Farther south occurs a band of soft micaceous sandstone 
 associated with clay, and in this sandstone are bits of ferns and 
 other plant remains, perhaps including fragments of Weichselia 
 Mantelli , Brongn. Perhaps the southern trend of the scarp 
 brings the marine iron-grit to an end; for, as already observed, 
 there is a general tendency for the Lower Greensand to thin out 
 in that direction. 
 
 Below this iron-grit, everywhere east of the place where it 
 crosses the Bother at Midhurst, there is a band of clay or clayey 
 loam. This clay was included in the Sandgate Beds in the old 
 map, and was probably the reason for carrying their base below 
 the iron-grit farther west. I (G. W. L.) should have preferred 
 to leave this loam and clay with the Hythe Beds, as it is 
 lithologically not much removed from them, and these beds 
 undoubtedly do include lenticles of clay, while the coarse iron- 
 grit betokens a change of conditions. I therefore held to the 
 base of the grit as long as it lasted; but then found that on 
 going farther east it was necessary to go down to the bottom of 
 the clay to make a division between the Sandgate and the Hythe 
 Beds. Then, working backwards, a line was drawn below this 
 clay up to Midhurst, and this line is that adopted on the 
 map. A brickyard has been opened in the lowest bed of clay 
 
12 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 
 at Fittleworth; but there, according to the old map, it had 
 been included in the Hythe Beds. 
 
 The upper parts of the Sandgate Beds in the Midhurst area 
 are silts and black silty micaceous clay, with fine white sand and 
 sand-rock. The top of the highest clayey band has generally 
 been taken for the division between Sandgate and Folkestone 
 Beds; but the line is not satisfactory, as all these clay beds are 
 lenticular,-and it is quite likely that they invade higher or lower 
 horizons at different places. 
 
 In the eastern part of our area the best sections of Sandgate 
 Beds are seen in lanes near Pulborough; at Park Farm, Pul- 
 borough Church; and Marehill (“ Codmore Hill,” of the Weald m 
 Memoir and old map, is at Hesworth Common, near Fittleworth, 
 and is not the Codmore Hill north of Pulborough). The base 
 seems to be clayey loam passing down into the hassock of the 
 Hythe Beds. Above this comes fine sharp sand or sand-rock, 
 white or stained red or yellow, making a bold feature east of 
 Pulborough, and quarried for moulding sand. Apparently there 
 are sometimes two beds of this sand, with a silty or clayey part¬ 
 ing containing fossiliferous ferruginous nodules. Then follow 
 dark shaly silts or muds. The lower clays and silts have large 
 irregular concretions of ironstone, crowded with casts of marine 
 fossils — Trigonia , Terebratula, etc. Fossils were noticed in 
 these in a wood north of Park Mound (good); in the railway 
 cutting (very much weathered); on the west side of Gravel-pit 
 Plantation near Washington; at the edge of the wood east of 
 Threat’s Farm (one mile south of West Chiltington); and at 
 Hurston Place. The best locality for collecting the fossils is, 
 however, the lane mentioned in the Weald Memoir, at Park 
 Farm, near Pulborough, and in the adjacent wood. 
 
 Folkestone Beds. 
 
 The sand and sand-rock immediately below the Gault is 
 generally sharp and clean. Sometimes it is white and of very 
 fine quality, sometimes yellow and rusty, and sometimes, 
 especially in the upper part, crimson in patches, apparently 
 from the decomposition of some iron nodules. It often be¬ 
 comes coarse, with pebbles up to a quarter of an inch diameter 
 or larger in the lower part, and it is wonderfully cross-bedded. 
 No fossils whatever have been seen in it in this area, except a 
 trace of wood in the “ carstone” (concretionary ribs of ironstone) 
 by which it is traversed. Just below the Gault it is cemented 
 into a hard band, two to four inches thick, of a crimson colour 
 and coarse gritty texture, which forms an excellent line of 
 division, and is generally traceable. This is dug occasionally 
 for walling. Like the other divisions of the Lower Greensand, 
 the Folkestone Beds become thinner as they are traced towards 
 the south-east. 
 
SELBORNIAN (GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND). 
 
 13 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SELBORNIAN (GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND). 
 
 The two divisions which are described in this Chapter have 
 been grouped together by Mr. Jukes-Browne as one formation, 
 named the Selbornian; for the old lithological division between 
 Gault and Upper Greensand is not one that can be used in a 
 * classification depending on time. The line between the clayey 
 Gault and the sandy Upper Greensand varies its position so 
 greatly, that the LTpper Gault of the east of England finds 
 its true equivalent in the sandy strata known as the Blackdown 
 Sands in Devon, and the Gault of Dorset represents only the 
 Lower Gault of Folkestone. 
 
 The palaeontological zones into which the Selbornian is 
 divided are as follows:— 
 
 Upper Greensand f Zone of Pecten asper. 
 
 and Upper Gault \ „ „ Ammonites rostratus. 
 
 c „ „-lautus. 
 
 Lower Gault. . - „ „-interruptus. 
 
 [ „ „-mammillatus. 
 
 It is doubtful, hoAvever, whether the lowest zone, that of 
 Ammonites mammillatus , is represented in West Sussex. 
 
 Gault. 
 
 The Gault stretches across West Sussex, forming a strip of 
 low-lying heavy clay land, often a mile in width. Though so 
 well represented in our area, but little can be said about it, for 
 sections in this slippery clay are rare, and soon become obscured, 
 and few wells penetrate it to any great depth. Its total thick¬ 
 ness is probably between 200 and 300 feet. The part just above 
 the grit-band mentioned in the last Chapter as occurring at the 
 top of the Folkestone Sands is often seen; but above this there 
 are few sections. Mr. Lamplugh noticed grit-grains mixed with 
 the clay for a few inches above the base in the excellent section 
 at Fittleworth station, and Mr. Jukes-Browne gives the following 
 account of the basement-bed, with which, it will be observed, he 
 classes the thin grit:— * 
 
 “ How far the greensand with phosphatic nodules which forms 
 the base of the Gault near Petersfield extends to the east is not 
 yet known, but it does not reach to the outcrop south of Mid¬ 
 hurst, for there, according to the late Mr. Topley, the junction of 
 Gault and Lower Greensand is a red ferruginous grit without 
 fossils or phosphate nodules. 
 
 “ Topley observed the same bed of red grit farther east, ‘ in 
 the road west of Burton Church, south of Petworth station ;* and 
 also in many of the streams which cross the outcrop of the Gault, 
 the hard grit often making a small fall in the stream-bed.’ 
 
 * Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain, voL i. p. 114, Mem, Geol. Survey. 
 
r 
 
 14 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTEli. 
 
 “ Still farther east, at Sullington, between the valleys of the 
 Aran and the Adur, the same red grit is seen again. Topley 
 says, ‘an excellent section is seen in the road north-east of 
 Snllington, where the grit is [between] two and three inches 
 thick. Here the land below the grit is clayey for a few inches.’ 
 
 “ This junction, as seen in a cutting on the railway, near Lower 
 Fittleworth, was described in 1869 by Mr. Cf. Maw,* who gives 
 the section as follows:— 
 
 FOSSILS OF THE GAULT. 
 
 FlG. 3. Ammonites [Hoplites] interruptus, Brug. 
 
 FlG. 4. Ammonites [Scliloenbachia] ro^tratus, Sow . (reduced). 
 Fig. 5. Inoceramus concentricus, Park . 
 
 * Geol. Mag. vob vi, p. 335, 
 
SELBORNIAN (GAULT AND GREENSAND). 
 
 15 
 
 * Ft. in. 
 
 Ferruginous gravel - - - - - - - - 5 or 6 0 
 
 Gault clay --------- 10 0 
 
 Hard blood-red ferruginous conglomerate - - - 0 4 
 
 Yellow and orange sands which for a few inches below 
 
 the conglomerate are stained bright blood-red - - 30 0 
 
 “ He describes the conglomerate as maintaining a uniform 
 thickness of about four inches, and as abounding in small quartz 
 pebbles, which are held together by the ferruginous matrix. He 
 also remarks that the line of demarcation is remarkably definite, 
 ‘ no gradation existing between the red stratum and the Gault 
 above, or the Lower Greensand below.’ 
 
 “ Mr. R. M. Brydone informs me that about 20 feet of Gault 
 clay can now be seen in this cutting, and that fossils are very 
 scarce and badly preserved, being all converted into selenite, 
 which is very abundant; also that the clay is much cracked, the 
 surfaces of the cracks being coated with rust-coloured films. 
 
 “ It would appear, therefore, that throughout the west of 
 Sussex to the valley of the Adur the base of the Gault is formed 
 by the grit-bed above described, which is not associated with any 
 layer of phosphatic nodules. In this region, therefore, there does 
 not seem to be any representative of the zone of Ammonites 
 mammillatus. 
 
 “ Mr. Brydone also communicates the following information 
 (1898):—‘ Some years ago a well was sunk near the base of the 
 Gault north of Graffham, the surface of the ground at the spot 
 being about 30 feet above the horizon of the red ferruginous grit, 
 which is visible in the bed of a stream close at hand. The clay 
 brought up yielded Inoceramus concentricus (Fig. 5) in abund¬ 
 ance, and a few other fossils.’ The fossils were sent to me by Mr 
 Brydone, but few were specifically determinable; they include 
 the following:— 
 
 “ Hamites intermedius or 
 attenuatus. 
 
 Hamites punctatus? 
 Aporrhais carinata. 
 Bellerophina minuta. 
 
 Natica Clementina ? 
 
 Scalaria sp. (young). 
 Inoceramus concentricus, 
 Leda phaseolina 1 
 And other obscure bivalves. 
 
 From brickyards in the Gault at Pitsham near Mklhurst, and 
 at Hardham near Pulborough, Mr. Lamplugh obtained fragments 
 of Ammonites (probably all Amm. interruptus (Fig. 3) and 
 varieties) but no other fossils. 
 
 The middle part of the Gault is thus described in Topley’s 
 Memoir on the Geology of the Weald (p. 150):—“ In the railway 
 cutting just west of Elstead Station there is a section of Gault 
 which appears to be about in the middle of that formation. The 
 clay here contains some hard calcareous nodules with phosphate 
 of lime. In the road between Burton and Duncton, just 
 opposite the road which goes off to Bound House, there are some 
 nodular masses of clay-ironstone with the concentric structure 
 
 exceedingly well marked.This section also is about the 
 
 middle of the Gault.” The well in Bignor Park, mentioned by 
 Martin in 1828 as 70 feet deep, was also most probably in these 
 beds, though we have no details. 
 
 The upward limit of the Gault is very obscure, there being few 
 
1(5 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 exposures of the higher part. The only good section now visible 
 is one noted by Mr. Lamplugh, in the road north of Sutton. 
 The malm rock here seems to become more clayey downward 
 and to pass into a rather sandy micaceous brown marl, which 
 becomes more and more clayey below and merges into Gault. 
 The clay about the junction has a brownish tint when weathered 
 (and perhaps when fresh), and when dry has a whitish look. 
 Lower down the clay is pale blue and very stiff, getting darker 
 blue towards the base of the Gault. For proof that Upper Gault 
 with Ammonites rostratus (Fig. 4) exists in West Sussex below 
 the base of the malmstone we are indebted to Mr. Bryuone, who 
 found fossils in the marly clay forming the bed of the stream 
 just below Duncton old church. These included Ammonites 
 rostratus , Belemnites minimus , Plicatula pectinoides, Pollicipes 
 glaber ? and also the following among specimens sent to Mr. 
 Jukes-Browne for identification: Card it a tenuicosta , Nuculana 
 vibrayeana, and Fusus. 
 
 Upper Greensand. 
 
 The earliest description of the Selbornian in Sussex was that 
 by P. J. Martin in 1828. He divided it into Galt and Malm , 
 subdividing the latter into “ Greensand ” and “ Malm-rock.”* 
 He says, “ This [chalk] marl passes into the malm, of which 
 there is a thin stratum [ i.e . Chloritic Marl], succeeded by a bed 
 of greensand, and that by the more indurated malm rock, which 
 again gradually resolves itself into the gait clay beneath.” 
 
 Speaking of the bed which he specialises as “ the greensand,” 
 he says “ the best sections of this stratum are to be found at 
 Steyning, Amberley, Bury, and Barlavington .... at Bury it is 
 from 15 to 20 feet in thickness.” 
 
 He continues thus :—“ The great bodv of the malm rock next 
 
 O «y 
 
 succeeds, advancing in a bold and broad talus [? terrace], at the 
 foot of the chalk hills, and it is worthy of remark that it is 
 broadest on the eastern side of every remarkable salient angle of 
 the Chalk. . . . The wells are from 30 to 100 feet, and the 
 average depth of the whole stratum may be about 70 or 80 feet. 
 .... In its most indurated state the malm rock has a 
 conchoidal fracture, and is of a bluish colour when fresh broken, 
 but becoming white by exposure to air.” 
 
 Though small exposures of the Upper Greensand are common, 
 few of them call for special note. We will therefore merety 
 mention the best that are met with when this rock is traced 
 along its outcrop from west to east. 
 
 Elsted, according to Mr. C. E. Hawkins, is on the malm rock, 
 which may dip to the north at about 5°. Sections of the sandy 
 marl, which occurs at the base of the Upper Greensand, may be 
 seen in the road-cutting leading down to Elsted Green, and also 
 at the foot of the scarp north of Elsted; it is also exposed north 
 of Dulling. At Grayets a shallow well has been dug in this 
 sandy marl, which is here sufficiently firm to stand without 
 steining. The water in this well is held up by the underlying 
 Gault clay. 
 
 * Geological Memoir of a part of Western Sussex, p. 18. 
 
SELBORNIAN (GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND). 
 
 17 
 
 The sections around Cocking are interesting, for just east oi 
 Sun wool Farm the passage from Greensand to Chalk is seen, 
 glauconitic marl (base of the Chalk) passing down into soft 
 glauconitic greensand. The beds below are also seen in various 
 sections in the village; and Mr. Gould saw the lower beds well 
 exposed in a drain at Sun wool Farm. The malm towards the 
 bottom becomes a soft and rather sandy rock, with mica, ulti¬ 
 mately passing rather suddenly into a marly clay, green mottled 
 with red, which changes insensibly during the next 20 feet into 
 Gault. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Cocking, and perhaps continuously 
 eastward to Beachy Head, a marked bed of clark-green glauconitic 
 sand or sandstone occurs just below the junction with the Chalk. 
 This sand is constantly exposed in the deep “ hollow-ways ” which 
 descend the scarp ; and though it usually contains only a poor 
 fauna, its marked lithological character makes it a useful horizon 
 and easy to trace. Many of the springs are given out at the 
 junction of this bed with the malm rock, and not at the base of 
 the malm rock. 
 
 At Graffham, a quarry south of Woodcut Farm shows 10 feet 
 of massive malm rock, dappled with clayey streaks and contain¬ 
 ing pyrites. South-east of this quarry the junction of the Green¬ 
 sand with the Chalk can again be seen, though not clearly. 
 
 Hear Barlavington, Sutton, and Bignor, where the outcrop 
 turns southward, numerous exposures both of the greensand and 
 malm-rock will be found, but neither the junction with the 
 Gault below nor with the Chalk above is clear. 
 
 On the east side of the Arun a good exposure of the malm- 
 rock will be seen in the river-cliff at Amberley; and south of 
 Storrington this rock has been lately quarried for a new house. 
 It will be noticed that in this part of the outcrop the springs 
 are given out high up, apparently from a loose glauconitic sand 
 only a few feet under the Chalk. 
 
 One other section within our area deserves special mention. 
 A well made in 1844 at Gatehouse’s brewery, Chichester, is said 
 to have penetrated 84 feet of “ Malm Rock containing Iron 
 Stone Nodules,” this rock being first reached at 970 feet below 
 the surface, and 790 feet below the base of the Eocene deposits. 
 It is difficult to understand this old section (which will be 
 again referred to); but I cannot help doubting whether the 
 Lower Chalk was really penetrated, and whether the so-called 
 malm rock was not merely part of the Chalk Marl. The Chalk 
 Marl along part of the escarpment of the South Downs is silty 
 and micaceous, and might readily be taken for malm rock, when 
 obtained blue and unweathered. If the Upper Greensand was 
 really met within this well, the Chalk must be exceptionally 
 thin. The new boring at Goodwood (see p. 32) leaves little 
 doubt that the Chalk at Chichester must be more than 1,000 
 feet thick. 
 
 
 C 
 
18 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 CHALK. 
 
 More than a third of the area under consideration is occupied 
 by Chalk, which forms the undulating hills known as the South 
 Downs. These rise at their escarpment, which overlooks the 
 Weald, to 700 or 800 feet above the sea, the highest points being 
 found towards the west, where Linch Down touches 818 feet, 
 and Duncton Down reaches 887 feet. The South Downs fall 
 naturally into two divisions, separated by the transverse valley 
 of the Arun. East of the Arun they are mainly bare and tree¬ 
 less ; west of the Arun beech-wood and copse form a conspicuous 
 feature. This difference, however, is probably due more to 
 climatic than to geological causes, for as the area of high down 
 becomes wider, the average height greater, and we travel west¬ 
 ward into moister regions, the hills are more and more often 
 capped with mists. 
 
 The Chalk out of which these hills are carved is of consider¬ 
 able thickness, being more than 1,000 feet at Goodwood Park, 
 though a good deal of the upper part of the formation had been 
 destroyed before the overlying Eocene strata were laid down. 
 Though the whole of this thick mass would ordinarily be spoken 
 of as “ chalk,” yet a cursory examination is sufficient to show 
 that it falls naturally into three divisions—a white soft Upper 
 Chalk with many flints, a white harder Middle Chalk without flints, 
 and a grey marly Lower Chalk, which last shows trace of a divi¬ 
 sion into hrm greyish-white and grey chalk above and marl below. 
 Besides these three lithological divisions, and some subordinate 
 beds of varying texture and hardness, which will be described 
 further on, the Chalk is divisible into a series of zones, each 
 characterised by a peculiar assemblage of fossils, and these zones 
 remain constant over wide areas, notwithstanding considerable 
 lithological changes. Palaeontological zones, however, have not 
 hard and fast boundaries, but tend to merge one into another 
 as the fauna changes slowly with the lapse of time. In this 
 particular area no sudden breaks have been noticed in the 
 Chalk or in its successive faunas. The zones now commonly 
 recognised in Britain are as follows:— 
 
 Zone of Ostrea lanata 
 
 . „ Belemnitella mucronata 
 
 „ Actinocamax quadratus 
 
 „ Marsupites testudinarius 
 
 „ Micraster coranguinum 
 
 „ Micraster cortestudinarium 
 
 „ Holaster planus 
 
 „ Terebratulina 
 
 „ • Rhynchonella Cuvieri 
 
 „ Hoiaster subglobosus 
 
 „ Ammonites varians 
 
 
 j* Upper Chalk. 
 
 } Middle Chalk. 
 | Lower Chalk. 
 
 The uppermost two of these zones, however, and the greater 
 
CHALK. 
 
 19 
 
 part of the next one, that of Actinocamax quadratus, are 
 believed to be missing in this part of Sussex * 
 
 Lower Chalk. 
 
 On following the outcrop of the Lower Chalk from west to 
 east, we find that it forms a belt of fairly uniform width through¬ 
 out our district. This belt lies at the foot of the downs, or 
 forms the lower and gentler slopes of the escarpment; it is 
 undulating, marly and moist, forming excellent arable land, 
 which changes into open down and sheep-pasture when the 
 boundary of the Middle Chalk is passed. The change, however, 
 does not coincide exactly with the geological boundary, for the 
 large amount of wash and talus from the steeper hills above, tends 
 to make the dryer soil of the Downs transgress some distance 
 over the wetter Lower Chalk. 
 
 Owing to the wash from the hills above and other causes, 
 continuous sections are seldom visible in our district, and it is 
 difficult to obtain accurate measurements of the thickness. This 
 difficulty is increased in another way, not usually taken into 
 account, for it is impossible to place any reliance on the dips 
 which can be measured. The general dip is southward; but 
 nearly always the angle of the dip is increased by the weight of 
 the hill above, which, pressing downward on the soft Lower 
 Chalk, tends to tilt up its free edge, thus exaggerating the 
 apparent amount of the dip. In the same way dips taken in 
 soft deposits on a foreshore under high cliffs are never trust¬ 
 worthy ; there is usually a tendency to dip inward toward the 
 cliff. Making allowance for these uncertainties, the relation of 
 the geological boundaries to the contour-lines suggests a 
 thickness of 180 to 200 feet for the Lower Chalk, the deposit 
 being apparently somewhat thicker in the east and south than in 
 the west. 
 
 Along the western part of the outcrop of the Lower Chalk 
 exposures are few, the old pits being much overgrown, and no 
 clear section of either the top or the bottom of the division being 
 now visible. Soft massive chalk seems to constitute the upper 
 part, and marl more or less sandy and silty the lower part. 
 
 Around Cocking sections are clearer, and the basement beds 
 are fairly well seen near Sunwool Farm, and in the road south of 
 the village. Still further south there are several good sections 
 in the massive grey chalk, which is worked for lime, and can 
 also be seen around the spring at Crypt Farm. It appears as if 
 this spring were given out at the junction of the grey chalk with 
 the chalk marl below ; but it may rise along a line of fault, for, 
 at this point, there is an obscure disturbance, which may be 
 either a small fault or one of the minor folds already mentioned. 
 
 The sections south of Heyshott are more satisfactory, road- 
 
 * The information on the Chalk is taken largely from Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne’s 
 Memoir on the Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, yols, ii, and iii. (in the Press). 
 
 C 2 
 
 6636. 
 
20 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 cuttings and old quarries giving the following succession, though 
 the exposures do not admit of accurate measurements:— 
 
 Middle Chalk . 
 
 Lower Chalk . 
 
 Greensand. 
 
 . Melbourn Rock. 
 
 Belemnite marl. 
 Coarse-grained chalk. 
 
 { Massive grey chalk. 
 
 Chalk marl. 
 
 - Hard sandy glauconitic marl. 
 
 The “ coarse-grained chalk ” was exposed in the roadway, but 
 not seen in the quarries. The estimated thickness is here 
 between 180 and 200 feet. 
 
 There are two quarries in the Lower Chalk south of Duncton 
 Church. The lower of these is now disused and talused, but we 
 are informed by Mr. R. M. Brydone that a good section of the 
 Chalk marl was formerly exposed here, and that he obtained 
 many fossils from it. He has kindly communicated the following- 
 information and list of fossils. 
 
 “ The greater number of the fossils came from the lowest band 
 in the pit, a bed of dark bluish-grey marl about 4 feet thick, 
 soft when wet, but drying to a hard marl, and having a notably 
 
 Fossils of the Lower Chalk. 
 
 Fig. 6. Fig. 8. 
 
 Fig. 6. Ammonites [Acanthoceras] rotomagensis, Brong natural size). 
 Fig. 7. Ammonites [Schloenbachia] varians, Sow. (f natural size). 
 
 Fig. 8. Scaphites tequalis, Sow. 
 
 conchoidal fracture. Braclviopoda, Serpulce , and Onchotroehus 
 were especially abundant in this marl; other fossils were less 
 common. Above this is about 10 feet of lighter grey chalk with 
 few fossils, succeeded by a bed of very hard chalk mottled in 
 light and dark grey, and containing many Cephalopoda” 
 
CHALK. 
 
 21 
 
 The floor of the pit from which these fossils came is probably 
 about 50 feet above the base of the Chalk. 
 
 A little to the eastward, and about 100 feet higher up the 
 slope, is another quarry and limekiln where about 60 feet of 
 chalk are shown, belonging to the zone of Holaster subglobosus. 
 Mr. Brydone has here found the species noted below, but says 
 that fossils, except Ostreidce, were scarce. 
 
 Fossils of the Lower Chalk. 
 
 
 A. varians 
 Zone. 
 Duncton. 
 
 H. sub¬ 
 globosus 
 Zone. 
 Duncton, 
 
 Cimoiiclithys lewesiensis, Leidy - 
 
 
 X 
 
 Enchodus lewesiensis, Mant. - 
 
 X 
 
 -- 
 
 Lamna appendiculata, Ay. 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Ammonites [Acanthoceras] navicularis, Mant. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ „ rotomagensis, 
 
 
 
 Bronyn. (Fig. 6) 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 ., [Schloenbachia] varians, Sow. 
 
 
 
 (Fig. 7) - - 
 
 X 
 
 —- 
 
 „ ,, Coupei, Bronyn.- 
 
 X 
 
 - 
 
 ,, sp. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Baculites baculoides, dIOrb - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Scaphites aequalis, Soiv. (Fig. 8) 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Turrilites tuberculatus, Bose. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Nautilus elegans, Soiv. - - - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Cerithium ornatissimum ? d’Orb 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Natica sp. - - - - - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Pleurotomaria sp. ----- - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Solarium sp. ------ - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Exogyra haliotoidea, Sow. - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Inoceramus striatus, Sow. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ sp. ----- - 
 
 . — 
 
 X 
 
 Lima elongata, Sow. 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ globosa, Soiv. ------ 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Ostrea acutirostris, JVilss. 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ vesicularis, Lam. - - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Pecten Beaveri, Sow. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ orbicularis, Sow. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ (Neithea) 5-costata, Sow. 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Plicatula inflata, Sow. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Magas Geinitzi, Schloenb. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Rhynchonella grasiana, d'Orb. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ mantelliana, Sow. 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ Martini, Mant. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Terebratula squamosa % Mant. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Terebratulina striata, Wahl. - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Pollicipes sp.. 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Serpula ampullacea, Sow. - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ annulata, Reuss - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ macropus, Sow. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ umbonata, Sow. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ plexus, Sow. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ „ var. gordialis, Schloth. - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Eehinocyphus difficilis, Ay. 
 
 ’—' 
 
 X 
 
 Holaster sp. ------ - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Pentacrinus sp. -. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Onchotrochus serpentinus, Dune. - 
 
 X 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
22 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 Again, in the lane leading up West Burton Hill, Mr. W. Hill 
 saw beds of greyish-white chalk alternating with beds of marly 
 chalk; Ammonites varians and Am. Mantelli occurred frequently 
 at a spot considerably more than 100 feet above the base of the 
 Chalk. Ascending the lane these beds give way to more massive 
 lighter coloured chalk, and the top of the Lower Chalk is reached 
 a little to the north of the tumuli, but there is no clear^ section, 
 and the Belemnite Marls were not seen. 
 
 Immediately south of Bury some glauconitic sandy marl, seen 
 in the roads to Bury Hill and to Houghton, must be very near 
 the base of the Chalk. The middle of the Lower Chalk is not 
 exposed ; but a quarry at the foot of Bury Hill shows an excellent 
 section of grey chalk, passing upwards into the “ Belemnite marl ” 
 (here about 10 feet thick), which again is capped by Melbourn 
 Rock. The characteristic belemnite of this marl ( Actinoeamax 
 plenus) does not appear yet to have been found at this locality, 
 and throughout our area the Belemnite marl is sparingly fossili- 
 ferous. At Bury the southward trend of the escarpment causes 
 the level of the base of the chalk to sink rapidly, so that near 
 Houghton the whole of the Lower Chalk is lost beneath the sea- 
 level. This trenching of the Downs by a transverse valley, and 
 the consequent change of direction of the geological boundaries, 
 enables us to calculate the dip, which . here appears to be about 
 4°, almost due south. 
 
 A curious point, not exactly geological though connected with 
 geology, may be referred to in connection ivith the area just 
 described. Some parts of the slopes are too steep for cultivation 
 and are clothed, and seem always to have been clothed, with 
 ancient hanging woods, locally known as “ hangers,” principally 
 of beech, with some undergrowth of holly and hazel. So little of 
 the primaeval forest is anywhere left in Sussex, except on the 
 heavy clay lands of the Weald, that it is interesting to find these 
 small outliers still remaining. They contain rare woodland 
 animals and plants such as one does not find in the forests of the 
 Weald. Among the mollusca, both Helix obvoluta and Clausilia 
 Rolpliii are to be found, and among the plants Solomon’s seal, 
 and herb Paris. In one of these woods the zig-zag connecting 
 the Roman Stone Street with the lowlands is well seen. 
 
 East of the Arun sections are more frequent, and there is less 
 woodland and copse over the Lower Chalk. Though the actual 
 base is not seen near Amberley, the railway cutting near the 
 village shows some beds not much above. They consist of hard, 
 bluish marl with small grains of glauconite and flakes of mica. 
 The south end of this cutting is much overgrown, but shows sandy 
 marl, which seems to mark the junction with the grey chalk 
 above. The next few feet cannot be examined, but a quarry near 
 by continues the succession, probably nearly up to the Belemnite 
 marl; it is thus described by Mr. W. Hill: “ Mr. Pepper’s quarry, 
 about a quarter of a mile north of Amberley Station, is about 80 
 feet deep; 60 feet of this is in massive smooth white chalk, 
 passing down into greyer chalk, the lowest 10 or 12 feet being in 
 courses divided by marly bands. In the floor of the quarry a 
 narrow working disclosed about 20 feet more of grey chalk and 
 
CHALK. 
 
 23 
 
 grey marl in alternating courses. No fossils were seen, nor did 
 the quariymen possess any.” 
 
 Between Amberley and Sullington Hill a grey siliceous chalk 
 appears at various places, apparently on the same horizon as the 
 sandy bed seen in Amberley cutting. In the road to the Downs 
 from Amberley village this bed is a hard fine-grained calcareous 
 sandstone with Pecten, and makes a noticeable feature, which has 
 been traced eastward to the limit of our district. Near this 
 limit a series of sections will be found, those below Chantry 
 Hill and Sullington Hill being particularly good. At Chantry 
 Hill the junction of the Middle and Lower Chalk can be seen. 
 At Chantry Farm the road-cutting, probably about 30 feet up in 
 the Chalk, shows fine-grained grey gritty marl, full of small 
 brachiopods, among which Dr. Kitchin identified Kingena lima , 
 Rhynchonella, grasiana, R. mantelliana , R. martini , Terebratula 
 semiglobosa ?, T. squamosa , Terebratulina striata , and also 
 Serpula umbonata. Above this comes grey marl or marly chalk, 
 but the sections are obscure till the Belemnite marl and the 
 Melbourn rock are reached. The total thickness of the Lower 
 Chalk seems here to be 200 feet. 
 
 Middle Chalk. 
 
 This division consists of hard white irregularly bedded chalk, 
 full of fragments of Inoceramus , but not usually yielding many 
 other fossils. At its base it becomes still harder and more 
 rocky, forming the Melbourn Bock, which, however, though 
 sharply distinguished from the Belemnite marl below gradually 
 merges upwards into Middle Chalk of the usual type. The 
 thickness of the Melbourn Rock is about 10 or 15 feet; the 
 total thickness of the Middle Chalk about 200 feet. 
 
 The Middle Chalk occupies a grea t part of the steep face of the 
 escarpment of the Downs, its outcrop is also continued in a 
 long spur through the middle of the Downs, from Upper Waltham 
 to West Dean, and it reappears also as inliers in the valleys at 
 Binderton and Stoughton. Notwithstanding this considerable 
 exposure, good sections are not very common, most of our 
 knowledge being derived from the large pits at Amberley and 
 Houghton. We will trace this division also from west to east 
 along the escarpment; afterwards describing the exposures in the 
 interior of the Downs. The hard Melbourn Rock, renting on the 
 exceptionally soft Belemnite marl, tends to make a distinct 
 ledge or terrace in the face of the escarpment, especially in the 
 eastern part of our area, where the difference m hardness is 
 strongly marked. Towards the west this ledge is not so striking 
 a feature, though there is seldom much difficulty in fixing exactly 
 the position of the base of the Middle Chalk. Its upper limit, 
 however, is much more difficult to define; for the Chalk Rock, 
 which over wide areas divides the Middle from the Upper Chalk, 
 is non-existent in this district, and a boundary has to be drawn at 
 or near the level on which the first regular bed of flints makes its 
 appearance. The fossils of the Chalk Rock, which can sometimes 
 be found occupying a narrow zone even where the rock itself is 
 missing, have not been recognised in our area. 
 
24 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHlCtiESTER. 
 
 In the escarpment near Treyford the Melbourn Rock does not 
 seem to be noticeably different from the rest of the Middle Chalk; 
 but there are no clear sections. The higher part of the division, 
 however, is visible in the road-cuttings and pit east of Buriton 
 Farm, where a few grey flints extend down into the Middle Chalk. 
 The Chalk Rock was not recognized in the pit, but perhaps its 
 fossils might be found there with longer search. 
 
 Below Linch Down hard chalk with Inoceramus is seen in the 
 road-cutting; but neither top nor bottom of the Middle Chalk 
 is quite satisfactorily defined. A mile to the east, however, the 
 Melbourn Rock runs out in a bold spur on Bepton Down, and 
 the transition from flintless to flinty chalk is also easy to trace 
 in the road 200 feet higher. Here F. Sargent observed 3 or 4 
 inches of fuller’s earth in the Chalk ( Geol . Trans., vol. i., p. 168). 
 
 At Cocking the Melbourn Rock makes a clear, well-defined 
 feature, and the railway-cutting south of the tunnel shows an 
 excellent section of the junction of the Middle with the Upper 
 Chalk. A thin hard bed in the road to Cocking (West) Down 
 may represent the true Chalk Rock ; but this seam could not be 
 found in the railway cutting. The Chalk Rock should appear 
 also in the old pits and cuttings at the west edge of Cocking 
 (East) Down, where chalk with thick-skinned black and grey 
 flints seems to pass down into hard flintless chalk with Inocer¬ 
 amus; however, it could not be found. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 Fig. 9. Inoceramus mytiloides, Mant (half natural size.) 
 
 Fig. 10. Rhynchonella Cuvieri, d’Orb, (twice natural size.) 
 
 The next sections of interest are met with at Graffham, where, 
 in the roads leading to the Downs and in the pit near by, the 
 hard Melbohrn Rock is well seen, while the gradual passage into 
 flinty chalk can be traced in the roads 200 feet above. Here 
 also no rock of exceptional hardness could be found at the junc¬ 
 tion with the Upper Chalk. 
 
 Barlavington Downs is one of the best places for examining 
 the Middle Chalk; for the division has there an exceptionally 
 wide outcrop, and pits expose a considerable part of the thick¬ 
 ness. The cutting on the high road to Chichester exposes the 
 Melbourn Rock, resting on Belemnite marl. A pit immediately 
 above shows 40 feet of rough nodular chalk, which belongs to 
 the zone of Rhynchonella Cuvieri (Fig. 10), that fossil and Ino¬ 
 ceramus mytiloides (Fig. 9) being abundant. Another pit, in 
 Duncton Hanger, which is a quarter of a mile south-east of 
 
CHALK. 
 
 25 
 
 Duncton Church, exposes 90 feet of this chalk, including the 
 top of the Melbourn Rock. A third pit, higher up and on the 
 west side of the Chichester road, perhaps exhibits the junction 
 with the Upper Chalk ; but, unfortunately, the lower part ot 
 this pit is hidden by talus, and I am not sure that the Middle 
 Chalk has been reached. 
 
 The best sections in our district are those in the large chalk¬ 
 pits of Bury and Amberley. On the road from Bury to Arundel 
 two pits will be found; the lower one showing Melbourn Rock 
 resting on Lower Chalk, the higher showing hard chalk with 
 marl seams and a few scattered flints. The upper pit seems 
 nearly to reach the Chalk Rock. The shallow road-cutting 
 above Houghton village shows a thin hard bed which may be 
 the true Chalk Rock. 
 
 Rough nodular chalk which cannot be far above the Melbourn 
 Rock is exposed in the most northern part of the large quarry 
 by Amberley station, close to the main road. About 25 or 30 
 feet of this chalk is seen, and from it Mr. Hill obtained Inocer- 
 amus mytiloides and a few Rhynchonella Cuvieri. 
 
 The best section of the zone of Terebratulina in western 
 Sussex is that in the large quarry by Amberley station. Writ¬ 
 ing of this quarry Dixon said: * “ The large quarry on the 
 opposite side of the River Arun (to Houghton) is called Balcombe- 
 pit, and is of the Lower Chalk formation, or that without flints.” 
 Among fossils found here he mentions Radiolites, “ bones of 
 turtles and Ashes in very good preservation, particularly Beryx 
 ornatus and Macropoina Mantelli, Echinoderms and Crustaceans, 
 especially Enoploclytia Leachi. The nodules of sulphide of iron 
 here often contain a Terebratula or other small shell in the 
 centre, which elsewhere is rare.” 
 
 Professor Barrois has also described this pit, giving the 
 following particulars j-:— 
 
 5. Compact chalk with scattered flints. 
 
 4. Shaly chalk with scattered grey flints, Terebratula semi- 
 globosa, Inoceramus sp. . 
 
 3. Layer of yellowish nodules. 
 
 2. Homogeneous white chalk, in courses separated by seams 
 of grey marl - - -. 
 
 1. Hard compact white chalk, in beds about 3 feet 
 thick separated by marly seams, which contain.nodules 
 (of chalk). 
 
 About 121 
 
 Mr. W. Hill visited the quarry in 1897, and contributes the 
 following note: Here about 110 feet of Turonian Chalk is 
 traversed; about a third of the main face is now obscured by 
 talus, but smaller cuttings to the right and left expose the lower 
 parts. The chalk is for the most part soft and white; flints 
 occur near the top, and there is at least one layer of large, 
 
 Feet. 
 
 65 
 
 82 
 
 33 
 
 * Geology of Sussex, Second Edition. 1878, p. 130. 
 fRecherches sur la Craie d’Angleterre et de Ifrlande, p. 33. 
 
26 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHtCHESTEJt. 
 
 massive flints. Terebratulina gracilis var. lata is fairly common, 
 Spondylus spinosus and Sp. latus (?) also occurred, and in a fallen 
 block containing some of the large flints a crushed Echinoderm, 
 apparently Holaster planus, was found. 
 
 Mr. Jukes-Browne has compiled the following list of Middle 
 Chalk fossils from Amberley and Houghton:— 
 
 
 Zone of 
 
 Zone of 
 
 Zone un- 
 
 
 Rliynch. 
 
 Cuvieri. 
 
 Tereb. 
 
 known. 
 
 Pisces. 
 
 JJeryx, see Ctenothrissa and Hoplopteryx 
 
 gracilis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corax maxim us, D ixon ----- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Ctenothrissa radians, Ag. 
 
 Enchodus lewesiensis, Mant. - 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 Hoplopteryx lewesiensis, Mant. (ornatus, Ag.) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Lamna appendiculata, Ag. - 
 
 Oxyrliina Mantelli, Ag. . 
 
 x 
 
 _ 
 
 X 
 
 
 Laniellibranchiata. 
 
 
 
 
 Inoceramus Brongniarti, Sow. - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ mytiloides, Sow. - 
 
 Ostrea semiplana, Sow. . 
 
 Plieatula sigillina, Woodw. - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 Radiolites Mortoni, Mant. - - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Spondylus latus, Sow. . 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ spinosus, Sow. . 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 Brachiopoda. 
 
 
 
 
 Rhynchonella Cuvieri, a Orb. - - - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Terebratulina gracilis, Schloth. var lata, Eth. - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ striata, Wahl. - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 Terebratula semiglobosa. Sow.- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Crustacea. 
 
 
 
 
 Enoploclytia Leachi, Mant. - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 Echinodermata. 
 
 
 
 
 Galerites subrotundatus, Mant. ... 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 Holaster planus, Mant. . 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 The sections in the escarpment east of Amberley call for no 
 remark. 
 
 On returning westward to Bignor and Barlavington we find a 
 break in the escarpment, and a pass connecting with the Lavant 
 valley, through which the high-road to Chichester is carried. 
 For a considerable part of its course this valley nearly coincides 
 with an anticline, which brings up the Middle Chalk all the way 
 to West Dean. The sections in the upper part of this valley 
 are poor; but there are doubtful indications of the hard Chalk 
 Rock in the road west of Upper Waltham and in that north of 
 East Dean. In the exposure at East Dean chalk with flints can 
 be seen immediately above, and chalk without flints can be 
 traced down to the village. More than half the thickness of the 
 Middle Chalk must here be cut through by the valley. A pit 
 on the south side of the valley, above Manor Farm, shows a 
 section which may be entirely in Middle Chalk or may show 
 the junction with the Upper Chalk. I do not think, however 
 
CHALK. 
 
 27 
 
 that the very hard chalk is the Chalk Rock. The measurements 
 are:— 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Chalk with marl seams.15 
 
 Very hard chalk - .2 
 
 Chalk with marl and a seam of gray flints 5 
 
 The railway cuttings near Singleton and West Dean showed 
 excellent sections of the hard chalk without flints; but none of 
 them seem to reach beds more than 100 feet down in the Middle 
 Chalk. A pit by the road side north-west of the Station shows 
 25 feet of hard chalk, and a few feet above flinty chalk crops out 
 in the road. Another pit, on the road to Chilgrove, exposes a 
 characteristic section of the upper part of the division:— 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Hard rubbly chalk.6 0 
 
 Grey clay - 02 
 
 Hard chalk. ---20 
 
 Tabular flints. --02 
 
 Hard chalk - ------- 7 0 
 
 Still lower there is hard chalk with a few flints, and it may be 
 observed that as we travel westward, or perhaps rather south- 
 westward, there is a noticeable tendency of flints to become more 
 common and to extend further down into the Middle Chalk. 
 The occurrence of tabular flint in this division is, however, 
 unusual; but just beyond our limits, in the bottom of the valley 
 west of Bow Hill, a thin tabular flint was noticed more than 
 100 feet down in the Middle Chalk. A pit about 100 feet 
 above, and at the west end of Lambdown Hill, shows hard 
 nodular chalk with a line of grey flints at the top, whilst the 
 road between exposes only hard chalk without flints. 
 
 The Middle Chalk has also been reached in two wells, the one 
 at Chichester, the other at Goodwood. The well at Gatehouse’s 
 Brewery in Chichester was made so long ago (1844) that the 
 record is not easy to interpret. It can only be suggested that 
 the 4-foot bed met with 600 feet down in the chalk and de¬ 
 scribed as “crystallised carbonate of lime” represents the Chalk 
 Rock, which is often markedly crystalline. A small fragment 
 which happened to be preserved, shows it to be a very hard 
 crystalline chalk. 
 
 Upper Chalk. 
 
 The greater part of the Downs is carved in the flinty Upper 
 Chalk, which reaches a thickness of 600 feet, though several 
 hundred feet of the upper strata, represented in adjoining 
 counties, are here missing. The whole of the zone of Belemnitella 
 mucronata and probably great part of that of Actinocamax 
 quadratus are absent. Much, however, remains to be done 
 before the palaeontological divisions in this area can be considered 
 as thoroughly known; at present our knowledge of the fossils is 
 confined mainly to the valley of the Arun, and to the disturbed 
 chalk of Highdown Hill. The following account of the Upper 
 
28 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 Chalk of the Arun Valley is by Mr. Jukes-Browne (from notes 
 taken by Mr. W. Hill and Mr. R. M. Brydone) :— 
 
 No good sections of the zone of Holctster planus (Fig. 13) were 
 found near Amberley, but it is traversed by the cutting for the 
 railway about half a mile south of the station, at the east end of 
 a short tunnel. The chalk here is lumpy and of a creamy-yellow 
 tint; no continuous section can be taken, but Micrasters are 
 very numerous, and are all of the varieties termed “ low-zonal ” 
 by Dr. A. W. Rowe; they are associated with Echinocorys 
 scutatus (Fig. 14), Rhynchonella plicatilis, Rh. reedensis, 
 Terebratula carnca , etc. These beds probably belong to the 
 upper part of the Holaster planus zone. 
 
 Higher beds, including the greater part of the M. cortestudi- 
 narium zone, with part of the overlying M. coranguinum zone, 
 
 Fossils of the Upper Chalk. 
 
 Fig. 11 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Fig. 11. Micraster coranguinum, Leske. 
 
 Fig. 12. Marsupites testudinarius, Schloth. 
 
 Fig. 13. Holaster planus, Mant. 
 
 Fig. 14. Echinocorys scutatus, Leske. (Three-quarters natural size.) 
 
CHALK. 
 
 29 
 
 are exposed in the large quarry south-west of Houghton. The 
 section here is given below. Mr. Rhodes obtained Micraster 
 cortestudin avium, M. precursor, Holaster planus , Rhynchonella 
 plicatilis and Lima Hoper i from a bed of “ greyish chalk ” in 
 this quarry. 
 
 Parts of these higher zones are exposed also in the quarry on 
 Duncton Hill, about two-thirds of a mile south-Avest of Duncton 
 church. The lower part was found to be obscured by talus, but 
 the face above this exposed about 2 feet of hard nodular chalk, 
 surmounted by 20 feet of chalk, with many flints, which are grey 
 inside. This probably includes the junction of the zones of H. 
 planus and M. cortestudinarium. 
 
 We are indebted to Mr. R. M. Brydone, for the following list of 
 fossils which he has found in this quarry:— 
 
 Ostrea vesicularis. 
 Exogyra haliotoidea. 
 Inoceramus sp. 
 
 Plicatula Barroisi. 
 Terebratula semiglobosa. 
 Rhynchonella plicatilis. 
 
 ,, reedensis. 
 
 Cidaris clavigera. 
 Cyphosoma sp. 
 Echinocorys gibbns. 
 Holaster planus. 
 Micraster sp. 
 Pentacrinus sp. 
 
 The lower part of the M. coranguinum zone and its junction 
 with the M. cortestudinarium zone are exposed in the large 
 quarry south-west of Houghton. The section here was taken by 
 Mr. William Hill in 1897, and is as follows:— 
 
 Chalk with layers of flints (inaccessible) - - - - (?) 
 
 Seam of flint, nearly continuous, but breaking here and 
 there into nodules -------- 
 
 Rather hard white chalk with scattered flints, yielded a 
 typical Micraster coranguin-um (Eig. 11) 
 
 Continuous seam of flint ------- 
 
 Rather soft white chalk with a few scattered flints near 
 
 the base. 
 
 Soft mealy chalk, With lumps of hard yellowish compact 
 chalk, with many Micrasters and other fossils 
 Thin seam of marl - -- -- -- - 
 
 A massive bed of firm white chalk, with a few scattered 
 flints near the base -------- 
 
 Massive bed of rough lumpy chalk, hard creamy yellow 
 lumps cemented together in a matrix of lighter colour, 
 
 the whole course being hard. 
 
 Continuous seam of flint - 
 Hard white chalk veined with grey 
 A conspicuous layer of large flints - 
 Smooth and firm white chalk, rather broken up 
 where measurements were taken, forming a sort 
 of ledge in this part of the quarry - - - 
 
 Massive firm white chalk without flints - 
 Massi ve firm white chalk, with flints both scattered 
 and in layers ; no fossils seen - about 
 
 a 
 
 •o 
 
 o-S 
 
 03 
 
 §i 
 
 so 
 
 O 
 
 Ft. In 
 50 0 
 
 0 2 
 
 10 0 
 0 3 
 
 5 0 
 
 1 6 
 0 1 
 
 3 0 
 
 3 3 
 0 2 
 2 6 
 0 8 
 
 4 6 
 3 6 
 
 50 0 
 
 About.- -134 0 
 
 Owing to the scarcity of fossils the exact limit-plane between 
 the zones cannot be determined, and it is possible that it should 
 be taken rather higher up than we have placed it. 
 
30 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 Other pits to the southward show white chalk with layers of 
 black flints, featureless, but unquestionably belonging to the zone 
 of M. coranguinum. From one half a mile west of South Stoke 
 Mr. Rhodes obtained Septifer (Modiola) lineatus, Micraster 
 coranguinum and Ventriculites cribrosus. 
 
 A large quarry at the back of the Black Rabbit Inn appears to 
 show the junction of the M. coranguinum and Marsupites zones. 
 Mr. Hill reports that the lower 60 or 70 feet here exposed consists 
 of firm chalk with many layers of black flints; the upper 50 feet 
 shows soft chalk with few flints; only a few sparsely scattered 
 nodules or in lines at distant intervals. 
 
 Similar chalk with few flints is seen in the river-cliff at Burpham, 
 on the eastern side of the valley. This was searched by Mr. 
 Rhodes, who found Marsupites (Fig. 10) in a band, which is first 
 seen about 50 feet above the river, but comes down to the water- 
 level further south. About 15 feet above this band he found a 
 bed of oysters like that at Bur wells Farm, Lancing. Near the 
 top of the cliff* he noticed a layer of lumpy yellow-stained chalk, 
 containing some Serpula, Bryozoa, and decomposed Sponges. 
 
 The section is continued in a pit by the high road west-north¬ 
 west of Warningcamp Hill, of which pit Mr. Rhodes made the 
 following note:—“About 10 feet above the floor of the pit is a bed of 
 stained chalk, containing rotted sponges, Serpula, and a layer of 
 flint nodules, which seems to be the same as that seen at the top 
 of Burpham Cliff. Above this is chalk with few flints, and about 
 22 feet above the floor is a 4-inch layer of marl, succeeded by 
 chalk with marly layers, for 12 feet, in which Ojfaster pillula is 
 common.” This may be regarded as the base of the Act. quadratus 
 zone. The large pit on Warningcamp Hill shows chalk with 
 some thin flint floors and frequent layers of flint nodules, and is 
 probably in the Act. quadratus zone, though its base may be in 
 the lower zone, as Mr. Rhodes found a. Marsupites plate here. 
 By the side of a small stream west of Arundel is a pit in chalk 
 with layers of black flints, probably in the Act. quadratus zone, 
 though no Belemnite was found. 
 
 The list of fossils collected by Mr. Rhodes from the quarries 
 above mentioned is given on p. 32. 
 
 In the hope of finding softer water in the Lower Greensand 
 than that obtained from the Upper Chalk, an old well near the 
 Kennels at Goodwood has been deepened recently, and the 
 boring has reached a depth of no less than 1,012 feet without 
 penetrating the Chalk. As the Goodwood boring gives the only 
 nearly complete measurable section through the Chalk of West 
 Sussex, details are given below, as far as they can be ascertained. 
 Unfortunately, at the time of my visit in December, 1902, the 
 large cores had been exposed to the weather for several months, 
 and the figures denoting depths had all disappeared. Only one 
 core, from within 7 feet of the lowest point, could be identified. 
 It has only been possible, under these circumstances, to draw up 
 a section from details and small samples communicated by the 
 well-sinkers, Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, and from some 
 additional information obtained on the spot, through the 
 Hon. W. F. Dundas. 
 
FOSSILS OF THE UPPER CHALK. 
 
 31 
 
 The well is situated half a mile north-west of Goodwood 
 House, and is almost on the 200-feet contour line. It is distant 
 about a mile and a-half from any Eocene strata, and some part 
 of the Upper Chalk may therefore be missing. Probably the 
 thickness of the missing Chalk, seen further south, does not 
 exceed 200 feet; this would make the total thickness of the 
 Chalk in West Sussex somewhere about 1,200 feet. Possibly the 
 lateral pressure which formed the Chichester syncline may have 
 slightly increased the apparent thickness of the softer parts of 
 the Chalk, for the Lower Chalk is decidedly thicker than would 
 have been expected at this point. The lowest bed reached 
 would appear, from its lithological character, to be close to the 
 base of the Chalk, and probably within ten feet of the Upper 
 Greensand. 
 
 The particulars of this well are as follows, notes in square 
 brackets referring to specimens examined :— 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Upper 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Rock? 
 
 Middle 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 Lower 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 /Old dug well - 
 
 
 
 - 0 
 
 1344 
 
 Old boring (11-inch) shelled out in chalk with flints 
 
 - 0 
 
 412 
 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 5 
 
 417 
 
 „ „ „ free cutting, 
 
 and water - 
 
 - 
 
 - 224 
 
 4394 
 
 Very hard chalk 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4401 
 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 19f 
 
 460 
 
 ,, ,, ,, haid 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 12 
 
 472 
 
 55 55 55 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 26 
 
 498 
 
 55 5, 55 very hard 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 - 13 
 
 511 
 
 55 55 55 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 43 
 
 554 
 
 5, 55 55 very hard 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 5 
 
 559 
 
 Sticky chalk and flints 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 7 
 
 566 
 
 V Chalk and flints, very hard 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 8 
 
 574 
 
 [ Hard rock chalk 
 
 - - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 12 
 
 586 
 
 | Softer chalk ... 
 
 - - - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 24 
 
 5884 
 
 [Hard rock chalk 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 9 
 
 5974 
 
 7 Softer chalk 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 64 
 
 604 
 
 Hard „ ... 
 
 - - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 31 
 
 635 
 
 Softer ,, 
 
 - 
 
 _ - 
 
 • 
 
 6374 
 
 Hard „ - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 16 
 
 6534 
 
 Very hard chalk 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 44 
 
 658 
 
 Hard 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 32 
 
 690 
 
 Very hard „ - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 2 
 
 692 
 
 Hard „ - - 
 
 ----- 
 
 - 
 
 - ^4 
 
 6974 
 
 Very hard „ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 24 
 
 700 
 
 Hard „ - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 110 
 
 810 
 
 (Grey „ [fish scales and pyrites at 8234 ft.l 
 
 - 134 
 
 8234 
 
 Hard grey „ [fish scales, 
 
 pyrites, and a 
 
 little) 
 
 
 
 mica at 889 ft. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1784 
 
 1002 
 
 [Alternating grey chalk and soft grey marly chalk! J 
 
 
 
 [Darker grey hard rock with Serpula plexus and' 
 
 
 
 much insoluble residue of flinty silica, quartz, 
 
 
 
 mica, and a little glauconite at 1,002 ft. 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 1012 
 
 [Lighter-grey hard rock with numerous fucoid-like 
 
 
 
 impressions.] 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 Between 445 and 500 feet a spring was met with in the 
 Upper Chalk. It yielded over 40 gallons per minute, pumping 
 8 hours a day. No water was found below this spring, and the 
 boring was abandoned at 1,012 feet, 
 
32 
 
 FOSSILS OF THE UPPER CHALK. 
 
 — 
 
 Houghton. 
 
 Burpham. 
 
 Warningcamp. 
 
 TIT • 
 
 Oh 
 
 & 
 
 ci 
 
 o 
 
 bJD 
 
 a . 
 
 rH r—H 
 
 P 
 
 stn 
 
 ArundeL 
 
 1 
 
 Ctenothrissa ------- 
 
 ) 
 
 _ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Fish vertebra) ------- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Inoceramus sp. 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Lima Hoperi, Sow. 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Ostrea acutirostris, Nilss. - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ,, normaniana, 6!Orb. ----- 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ semiplana, Mant. . 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 vesicularis, Lam. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 Pecten (Chlamys) cretosus Z>e/V. = nitidus, Mant. - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ (Neithea) quadricostatus, Sow. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ „ quinquecostatus, Sow. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Bpondylus dutempleanus, cVOrb. - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ spinosus, Sow. ----- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 —- 
 
 „ striatus 1 Soiv. ----- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Crania sp. - -- -- -- - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Kingena lima, Defy. - - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Rhynchonella limbata, Schloth. - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ? 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ plicatilis, Sow. - - - - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Terebratula biplicata ? Sow. - - - - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ semiglobosa, Sow 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Terebratulina Rowei, Kitch. - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ striata, Wahl. - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Alecto sp. - - - - - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Bidiastopora sp. ------ - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 —- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Bernicea papillosa, . 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ sp. - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Entalophora obliqna ? a Orb. - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 „ SP-. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Eschara sp. ------- - 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Escharina sp. ------- 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Idmonea sp. - - ------ 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Pustulipora (Hammia) pustulosa, Goldf. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Semieschara sp. - - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Pollicipes sp. ------- 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Serpula ampul lacea, Sow. ----- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 „ plexus, Soiv. ------ 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ pusilla, Sow. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 turbinella Soiv. . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Terebella lewesiensis, Davies - 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Bourgueticrinus ellipticus, Goldf. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 Cidaris (spines) - -. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Echinocorys scutatus, Leslce ----- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Galerites (= Echinoconus) ----- 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Goniaster (ossicles). 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Marsupites testudinarius, Schloth.- 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Micraster coranguinum, Klein - 
 
 X 
 
 % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ Sp. ------ 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — - 
 
 Otfaster piliula, Lam. ------ 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Parasmilia sp. - - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Porosphsera globularis, Phil. - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 ,, urceolata, Phil. ----- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 „ Woodwardi, Carter - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 Callodictyon sp. - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Placotrema cretaceum, Hinde - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Ventriculites cribrosus, Phil. - - - - 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ impressus, Smith - 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 „ sp. ------ - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
EOCENE. 
 
 33 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 EOCENE. 
 
 Eocene deposits occupy the southern part of our area, crossing 
 it in a sharp synclinal fold, which runs east and west, being 
 bounded on each side by the Chalk. Over the greater part of 
 this region, however, the geological structure is somewhat 
 obscure, and could only be worked out by piecing together every 
 scrap of evidence, from ditcli-sections to the numerous well- 
 borings. The reason of this obscurity is that the greater part 
 of the highly inclined Eocene and Cretaceous deposits were 
 afterwards planed down to a nearly level surface, over which 
 gravel has been spread, completely hiding the underlying rock, 
 and suggesting anything rather than an area of high dips and 
 exceptional disturbance. The only part of this region that 
 suggests disturbance, and that yields clear surface evidence, is 
 the extreme east, where the Eocene strata can be seen to lie in 
 a trough or basin which separates Highdown Hill from the main 
 mass of the Downs. 
 
 Reading Beds. 
 
 The Reading Beds between Highdown and Chichester are 
 exceptionally uniform in character and in thickness. They 
 consist almost entirely of stiff red-mottled clay, with a few flints 
 at the base. The thickness is everywhere about 100 feet. No 
 fossils have yet been found within our area, the nearest being 
 two or three obscure marine shells discovered at Lancing, close to 
 the base of the deposit. It is not uncommon in the Hampshire 
 Basin for a little glauconitic sand with marine fossils to occur 
 near the bottom of the Reading Beds; but in this particular 
 district nothing of the sort has yet been noticed, even in con¬ 
 tinuous borings which penetrate to the Chalk. The red-mottled 
 clays, which are here the only representatives of the period, 
 seem to be of lacustrine origin; but it is unusual to find fossils 
 in clays of this character. 
 
 At the time when the Survey was being made no pits were 
 open in the Reading Beds near Highdown Hill, though abundant 
 indications of the presence of the characteristic. red-mottled 
 plastic clay were discovered in the ditches. A well at Patching, 
 communicated by Messrs. Duke & Ockenden, shows that these 
 clays are at least 67 feet thick. Another well, at the Decoy 
 Cottage, close to the ponds in Angmering, is said to have 
 penetrated 149 feet of clay before reaching the Chalk; but no 
 details could be obtained, and it is doubtful how much of this 
 clay may belong to the London Clay. The upper part of the 
 red-mottled clay can still be seen in the rail way-cutting close 
 to Arundel Station, though the section is much overgrown and 
 obscured by landslips. A boring in the Station showed at least 
 88 feet of the clay, Chalk being reached, according to Messrs. 
 Duke & Ockenden, at 106 feet from the surface. The upper 
 6636. D 
 
34 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 beds in this boring, described as London Clay, may be marsh 
 clay of the Arun. 
 
 Three small pits near Arundel were the first clear sections 
 met with in travelling westward. The brickyard near the Gas 
 Works showed 5 feet of red-mottled clay, and a small pit at the 
 edge of the wood, east of Park Farm, exposed 7 feet of similar 
 clay. In each of these cases the pit is in the lower half of the 
 mass. Another pit at the north end of Tortington Common 
 was in somewhat higher beds, but the character was the same. 
 
 West of Brinsted few clear sections are to be seen, though the 
 Reading Beds occupy a wide area beneath the Drift. Various 
 borings, however, penetrate to the Chalk. One of these, at 
 Barnham Junction, shows a thickness of 108 feet of red and 
 mottled clays, with a bed of flints a foot thick at the base. 
 Another section, at Walberton Brewery, was communicated by 
 Messrs. Ellis & Sons, who had also preserved a series of samples. 
 As this gives a good idea of the general character of the deposits 
 the details are here quoted; but the London Clay should pro¬ 
 bably be thicker, and the Reading Beds thinner, than is given. 
 Unfortunately the first numbered sample was from 128 feet:— 
 
 Feet 
 
 Drift. Loamy sand ------- about 20 
 
 London Clay. Blue clay - - - . - - - about 30 
 
 /Mottled clay, at about 50 feet (sample not * 
 labelled and doubtful). 
 
 Red clay at 128 and 146 feet. 
 
 Lignite and black clay, a thin bed between 150 
 and 160 feet. 
 
 Reading Grey clay, at 170 feet. 
 
 Beds, n Red clay, at 171, 171 and 173 feet. 
 
 Hard grey sand, at 174 and 176 feet. 
 
 Mottled sand and clay, at 183, and 185 feet. 
 
 Red clay, at 187, 190, and 192 feet. 
 
 Dark mottled clay, at 193, 194,196, and 197 feet. 
 
 Hard bed, at 198 feet. 
 
 Chalk - - - - - - - - - - - Hi 
 
 148 
 
 At Westhampnett the Brick Works, which lie in a shallow 
 valley, cut through the Drift, and show a section of 13 feet of 
 mottled red, blue and black clays. Several of these valleys 
 around Chichester show indications of the same clav; but the 
 only other pit is found at Fislibourne. Borings at Chichester 
 and at Fislibourne prove, however, the total thickness of the 
 Reading Beds; which in the former case are 97 feet, in the 
 latter either 98 J or 106J, the uppermost 8 feet, described as 
 light-grey clay, perhaps representing the base of the London 
 Clay. 
 
 London Clay. 
 
 The London Clay of our area consists of dark-blue or grey 
 clay with occasional septarian nodules, alternating, especially in 
 the lower part, with beds of fine-grained sandy loam, or even of 
 sand. These in one or two places apparently become hardened into 
 a rock like that which forms Bognor Ledge. At the base of the 
 London Clay there are usually a few perfectly rounded flint- 
 pebbles, this seam becoming of sufficient thickness around 
 Clapham to be dug for gravel and to be mapped separately. 
 
EOCENE. 
 
 35 
 
 Several pits in this gravel will be found on Clapham Common; 
 but the maximum thickness appears to be less than 10 feet, and 
 no fossils could be discovered in it. 
 
 The London Clay occupies two distinct outliers, the one 
 extending westward only as far as Poling, the other commencing 
 a mile to the north-west and stretching continuously in a narrow 
 band nearly to the western edge of our district. Our knowledge 
 of this division has been derived almost entirely from borings 
 and well-sections; for the only exposure of any importance is 
 that seen in the Arundel railway-cutting, which is now much 
 overgrown and obscured by landslips. 
 
 At the southern limit of our district almost the whole thick¬ 
 
 ness of the London Clay seems to have been met with in a 
 trial-boring made at Merston for the Bognor Waterworks. The 
 whole of the neighbourhood is obscured by Drift gravel and 
 loam; but the great thickness of the London Clay met with in this 
 boring, and the high dip proved by other wells, suggest that 
 there may be an outlier of Bagshot Sand south of Drayton 
 House. The details of the boring, supplied by Messrs. Docwra & 
 Co., are as follows :— 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Made ground 
 
 London Clay- 
 292 h ft. 
 
 Beading 
 Beds 
 99^ ft. 
 
 l 
 
 and Drift 
 Hard blue clay 
 Soft clay with sand 
 Blue clay - 
 Sandy clay 
 Blue clay - 
 Green sand 
 Hard rock - 
 Blue clay - 
 Hard rock - 
 Hard blue clay - 
 Blue clay - 
 Mottled clay 
 Hard red clay - 
 Flints 
 
 Olialk and flints 
 
 - 13 6 
 
 - 4 0 
 
 - 12 6 
 - 16 0 
 - 2 0 
 
 - 95 6 
 
 1 6 
 10 
 
 - 88 2 
 - 1 0 
 
 - 65 0 
 
 6 0 
 8 0 
 
 - 91 0 
 
 6 
 
 - 244 6 
 
 The two rock-beds may represent the two which form 
 respectively the ledges known as the Barn Rocks and Bognor 
 Rocks on the coast. 
 
 No other section in the district equals the one just mentioned 
 in completeness and interest, though a boring at Headhome 
 Farm, in Aldingbourne, proved 235 feet of London Clay, and one 
 at Barnham Junction proved 208 feet. A section and samples of 
 this latter, communicated by the London, Brighton, and South 
 Coast Railway Company, showed :— 
 
 Drift 
 
 London Clay 
 208 £ ft. ‘ 
 
 /’London Clay - 
 Sandy loam, with water 
 London clay 
 Rock 
 
 Blue clay with septaria 
 Rock 
 
 Blue sandy clay with septaria (stiff at 
 V 170 feet) ------ 
 
 Reading Beds ( Red and mottled clays 
 109^ ft. \ Bed of flints 
 
 Chalk - -. 
 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 thin 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 68 ^ 
 
 108| 
 
 r 
 
 105g 
 
 6636. 
 
 D 
 
36 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CIltCHESTEft. 
 
 It will be noticed that in this section again there are two thin 
 beds of rock; but their positions do not correspond with the thin 
 bands found at Merston. 
 
 No fossils have yet been recorded from the London Clay of 
 our area, and I have only seen indeterminable fragments in the 
 crushed material brought up by the boring-tools. 
 
DRIFT. 
 
 37 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DRIFT. 
 
 The drift deposits of this part of Sussex occur in two areas, 
 isolated from one another by the high range of the South 
 Downs; the Downs themselves being free from drift. This 
 isolation, the difference in the character of the deposits, their 
 different mode of origin, and the absence of any clear evidence 
 from fossils, makes any satisfactory correlation between north and 
 south at present impossible. We must, therefore, deal with the 
 two areas separately. Before speaking of the deposits, it will be 
 convenient, however, to sketch in a few words the changes that 
 can be shown to have taken place within the larger district, of 
 which the area now treated is only part. 
 
 After the deposition of the Eocene deposits described in the 
 last Chapter, and probably as late as the Miocene period, move¬ 
 ments of the earth’s crust threw the strata into the folds that 
 have already been alluded to more than once. The principal 
 wave raised the middle part of the Weald high above the area 
 now occupied by the North and South Downs; consequently, 
 the streams received a tendency to flow away from the Wealden 
 axis northward and southward across the Chalk into the London 
 and Hampshire Tertiary basins, each of which basins was drained 
 by a main river, flowing towards the east in the synclinal trough. 
 As time went on, the north and south streams deepened their 
 valleys so greatly that they could not easily be diverted ; though 
 tributaries, working east and west along the outcrop of the 
 softer strata, soon lowered their valleys far below the general 
 level of the more slowly denuded chalk downs. Thus there still 
 remain a few large streams, like the Arun, which cut from north 
 to south, straight through the wall-like Chalk-escarpment, whilst 
 many of their newer tributary valleys, which run east and west, 
 would seem to offer a far easier mode of escape to the sea. The 
 main valleys still retain their original course; the smaller valleys 
 must continually shift southward and cut downwards as the 
 Chalk-escarpment recedes. 
 
 In addition to the deep trenching of the country by river 
 valleys, the Chichester area shows another feature, which is apt 
 to be overlooked. On reference to the Map, it will be seen that 
 the drift-covered plain around Chichester ceases abruptly at the 
 foot of the Downs, with a nearly straight boundary for over ten 
 miles. This line marks the position, approximately, of an ancient 
 buried and much-destroyed sea-cliff. It will be noticed that the 
 more abrupt rise or slight bluff that marks the cliff does not 
 keep to one geological formation, as does the true sub-aerial 
 escarpment of the Downs. Near Arundel the boundary curves 
 to the east-south-east, so as to cross the Eocene strata and take 
 in part of the Chalk at Highdown Hill, though the exactly 
 similar Chalk and Eocene strata around Angmering and Ford 
 have been planed down to one dead level. 
 
38 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 Clay with Flints. 
 
 Before dealing with the truly stratified and transported Drift 
 deposits, it will be well to refer to the sheets of stony clay and 
 Tertiary debris which cap some of the flatter-topped hills and 
 ridges of the Downs. This Clay with Flints may occur at any 
 height above the sea and cannot be referred to any definite 
 geological period. In this part of the Downs it is confined to 
 areas over which Eocene deposits may have spread within com¬ 
 paratively recent times; it is sometimes very difficult to decide 
 whether a particular patch should be called slightly disturbed 
 Eocene, or mapped as Clay with Flints. It will be understood, 
 from what has just been said, that the material of the Clay with 
 Flints is mainly derived from the destruction of Eocene outliers, 
 the Hint pebbles, green-coated angular flints, sarsen stone i, 
 quartz-sand, and probably most of the clayey matrix, being oF 
 Eocene origin. A considerable number of the angular flints, 
 and part of the fine clayey matrix, have been added, as insoluble 
 residue from the underlying Chalk, which was gradually dis¬ 
 solved away by the percolating rain-water. This solution pro¬ 
 duces curious vertical hollow cylinders or cones in the Chalk, 
 and these so-called pipes can often be seen in section in quarries. 
 Within the pipe is a column of clay and flints let down from 
 above, the centre of the column often being mainly composed of 
 Eocene material, while the margin and bottom consists of true 
 insoluble residue. It should not be forgotten that only a small 
 part of the Upper Chalk is insoluble, and that this insoluble 
 residue alone would consist mainly of loose flints, and would 
 make a stony desert rather than stiff clayey land. 
 
 The distribution of the Clay with Flints will best be understood 
 by reference to the Map. The matrix as a rule is a black or red 
 sandy tough clay, much stained by oxides of iron and manganese, 
 and the nearer the outliers are to Eocene strata the larger the 
 proportion of Eocene pebbles found in them. The Clay wfith 
 Flints where thick makes a cold wet soil, very different from 
 the ordinary soil of the bare Downs. On it one finds areas of 
 rough coarse grass, brambles, and low bushes. The total thick¬ 
 ness seldom reaches 10 feet. A good deal of the weathered 
 flint gravel found in the Valley Drift was probably derived from 
 these sheets of stony clay, and need not represent the contem¬ 
 poraneous destruction or an equivalent amount of flinty chalk. 
 
 Southern Area. 
 
 We will commence the description of the stratified Drift 
 deposits with the area south of the Downs; for in that area the 
 sheets are nearly continuous, and can be connected with deposits 
 of known date and yielding abundance of fossils not far from 
 Chichester. We must begin with the ancient sea-cliff and the 
 deposits which flank it; for unfortunately w r e have nothing of 
 earlier Pleistocene date, though an occasional erratic -block, 
 washed out of older strata, can be found. 
 
DRIFT. 
 
 so 
 
 Marine Gravels. 
 
 The sea-cliff just mentioned enters the area near Highdown 
 House, where it still makes a bold feature, though no pit shows 
 the actual shore-line, which is hidden by later gravels. South 
 of the stream some of the ancient marine deposits can be traced 
 in the shingly gravel which there appears at the surface. A 
 shallow well at herring (just outside the Map) gave still better 
 evidence; for the shingly sand there found Avas full of peri¬ 
 winkles (Littorina obtusata ); but the small sample I saw con¬ 
 tained nothing else. A new chalk-pit on the south side ol 
 Highdown Hill may at any time lay bare the old buried cliff*. 
 
 Between Highdown and the Arun the old coast-line cuts 
 obliquely across the Eocene strata; and, as we should expect in 
 such soft strata after so long a period, the actual cliff* is not easy 
 to trace, and the marine deposits seem to have been swept away 
 by the rush of water from the Downs. The marine deposits 
 found at Ferring have been preserved, it will be noticed by 
 Highdown Hill, which has protected them from the land-water 
 and diverted the floods to the right and to the left. 
 
 West of the Arun the marine gravels reappear on Tortington 
 Common as masses of flint shingle at a height of 105 feet. A 
 little nearer the Downs equivalent deposits are seen in two pits 
 in a copse on the north side of the high road one and a half miles 
 west of Arundel. These pits show:— 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Angular flint gravel (Coombe Rock) - - - - 2 to 6 
 Fine buff sand and a few pebbles - - - - 10 to 15 
 
 Chalk (touched) 
 
 The sands reach a height of about 120 feet above Ordnance 
 Datum and correspond closely with the sands at Waterbeach, 
 still to be described. They perhaps represent an ancient sand- 
 dune or sandy beach; but no fossils were observed at this point. 
 
 Three-quarters of a mile west of the pits just described, an 
 outcrop of these sands will be found on the edge of the Brinsted 
 valley, immediately east of Slindon Common. Two pits in this 
 outcrop show similar sections, but the Coombe Rock is thicker; 
 the level is about the same. Another smaller outcrop occurs in 
 the little valley which exposes Chalk and Reading Beds south 
 of Slindon Common. A small pit just on the 100 foot contour, 
 and slightly farther from the buried cliff, here shows flint- 
 shingle. 
 
 Near Boxgrove this marine sand appears at the surface for 
 nearly three^ miles; but it only reaches a maximum elevation 
 of 90 feet, and is cut off by the Coombe Rock both on the north 
 and on the south. A pit on the east side of the park belonging 
 to Aldingbourne House showed 20 feet of falsebedded shingle 
 and sand, among the pebbles being found two of quartzite or 
 greywether, one of a coarse purple grit, like that found among 
 the Selsey erratics, and one of basalt. Other pits south of Box- 
 grove expose from 10 to 15 feet of this shingle and sand, which 
 has all the appearance of a true sea-beacli, though here the 
 marine shells have been destroyed by percolating water. 
 
40 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICK ESTER. 
 
 Between this bank of shingle and the old chalk-cliff the fine 
 sands again appear. There is a pit in them close to the road to 
 Eartham, about a quarter of a mile south-west of Park Farm. 
 The cliff must run between the pit and the farm. The top of 
 the sand is here about 130 feet above Ordnance Datum ; but of 
 course if this sand, which contains no stones, is merely a sand- 
 dune, it does not prove submergence to quite that extent. 
 Another small patch of this sand will be found at the same level 
 half a mile to the west-north-west, at the south end of Eartham 
 Thicket. 
 
 Close to Waterbeach, at the south-east corner of Goodwood 
 Park, will be found a large sand-pit, which is of exceptional 
 interest, for it yields clear evidence of a submergence beneath 
 the sea to the extent of at least 130 feet. This pit seems to lie 
 within a few yards of the old cliff 4 , though the actual cliff-face 
 has not yet been touched. Large blocks of Pholas-bored and 
 worm-eaten chalk are occasionally found in the sand, and part 
 of one of these masses has been placed in the museum at 
 Jermyn Street. The section measured at a time when the pit 
 was exceptionally clear was as follows :— 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Coombe Rock—unworn flints in a chalky paste, 
 irregularly decalcified for about a third of its 
 depth. -------- 15 
 
 Coombe Rock—stratified and mixed with sand and 
 
 chalk-pebbles ------- 2 
 
 Fine buff quartz-sand, with coarser seams full of 
 splinters of flint, and containing occasional 
 small shells. Balanus (common), Alytilus edulis 
 (fry only), Tellina balthica (one valve), Trophon 
 (one full-grown) and numerous Foraminifera. 
 
 Also a boulder of Pholas- bored chalk weighing 
 about 2 cwt. - - - - - - -15 
 
 Tabular concretions of calcareous sandstone - - j 
 
 Sand as above, a few flint-pebbles near the base - 4 
 
 Large flat irregular concretions, in sand - - - 1 
 
 Fine sand, becoming loamy, orange, and alternating 
 with thin seams of reddish clay near the base - 2 
 
 Waterworn irregular surface of Chalk and flints 
 
 The top of this pit is about 157 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 So few species of fossils have yet been found in the Waterbeach 
 pit, that very little can be said as to the climatic conditions 
 which then held. The climate does not seem to have been 
 Arctic, and if, as I think, this beach-deposit is of the same age as 
 the deeper-water clay with southern mollusca found at Seise}', 
 we apparently must be dealing with a true interglacial deposit* 
 Immediately south-west of Goodwood House the sands are said 
 again to have been met with, and in Valdoe there is another 
 small pit. At Lavant they seem to have been swept away, but 
 reappear on the west side of the valley in the railway-cutting 
 west of Chichester Barracks. * They have not been noticed farther 
 west for some miles, till Portsdown is reached. 
 
 * See, Geology of Bognor, Mem. Geol. Survey 1897 ; Reid, Pleistocene 
 Deposits of the Sussex Coast, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlviii., pp, 
 344-361 (1892); and Prestwich, Ibid., p. 271. 
 
DRIFT. 
 
 41 
 
 It is impossible to show on the Map the greater part of the 
 outliers just described, for the sections are nearly all pits dug 
 through newer deposits, or are else in outcrops too narrow to be 
 engraved. 
 
 Coombe Rock, Valley Gravel, and Brickearth. 
 
 The term “ Coombe Rock ” is applied in Sussex to a faintly - 
 stratified deposit of unworn or shattered flints mixed with chalk, 
 which occupies the lower part of the valleys in the Downs, and 
 spreads out in a wide sheet over the maritime plain. This deposit 
 is very peculiar, and though it tends to merge into ordinary 
 terrace-gravel when traced up valleys which still contain living 
 streams, it is neither forming now nor is a quite similar deposit 
 of common occurrence out of Sussex. Its probable mode of 
 origin has been described elsewhere.* It seems to point to ' 
 Arctic conditions affecting a region not actually smothered under 
 ice, as so much of Britain was during the Glacial Epoch. It 
 suggests violent spring floods, which rushed down the valleys, 
 thawing, tearing up, and carrying away the chalk and spreading 
 sheets of chalk and flint rubble over the plain in wide confluent 
 deltas. At the present day most of the valleys are dead, never 
 contain running water, and remain unchanged from year to year, 
 except for the gradual accumulation in their bottoms of a layer 
 of loose flints dislodged from the steep sides. This talus and 
 rainwash, however, is unlike Coombe Rock, which is full of un- 
 weatliered flints and of lumps of chalk, even at a distance of 
 several miles from the Downs. 
 
 The Coombe Rock yields occasional teeth of horse'and mam¬ 
 moth, usually much weathered, as though they had long lain on 
 the surface before being swept down by the floods. In this region 
 no other fossils have been noticed, except one or two worked 
 flint-flakes. At Salisbury, however, a large Arctic fauna has been 
 found. The stony brickearth, which so often replaces part of the 
 Coombe Rock over certain areas, might yield fossils, were it not 
 usually decalcified by the action of percolating water. 
 
 Coombe Rock is extensively dug for road-metal, part of the 
 chalky matrix being screened away, the remainder helping to 
 make the material bind. Or else the upper decalcified and the 
 lower chalky material are mixed, so as to give the right propor¬ 
 tion of chalk. The distinction between red and white gravel, 
 which are often supposed to be different deposits,f is due merely 
 to the subsequent dissolving away of the chalky matrix, leaving 
 a mass of rusty flints and clay. The Coombe Rock has been dug 
 to a depth of 15 feet in a large pit at Portfleld, near Chichester, 
 for ballast on the railway. Though this pit is constantly being 
 worked, contemporaneous fossils do not seem often to be found. 
 None could be procured from the men, who brought me only 
 some echinoderms in flint, and a handful of coins, mostly Roman. 
 Various other pits, always changing, will be found; the one at 
 Waterbeach, already described, being of particular interest as 
 
 * Quart. Joui'n. Geol. Soc ., vol. xliii., p. 364 (1887). 
 i See Godwin-Austen, Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soc., vol. xiii., p. 47 
 
42 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 showing the relation of the Coombe Rock to the underlying 
 stratified sands. An excellent section must once have been 
 visible in the long cutting occupied by the branch canal near 
 Chichester. 
 
 The Brickearth, which has been mapped as a separate division, 
 is really a modified Coombe Rock; and passes both horizontally 
 and vertically by imperceptible gradations into that deposit. In 
 fact the transition is so gradual that great doubt was felt as to 
 which areas should be included in each, much of the material 
 being “shrave,” a local name for such loamy gravels or gravelly 
 loams as are too stony for brickearth and too earthy for use as 
 gravel. Shrave was formerly of more importance as being 
 a convenient material for building mud walls, an art now 
 seldom practised. 
 
 The Coombe Rock, as already mentioned, when traced into 
 the Arun Valley, tends to pass into material more like ordinary 
 valley deposits; as though that valley was then occupied by a 
 perennial stream, which however flowed at a somewhat higher 
 level than the present channel. In the Arundel railway¬ 
 cutting the gravel runs up 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. At 
 Warningcamp its upper edge is slightly higher; but its lower 
 edge seems to pass under the marsh. A pit in Warningcamp, 
 about 30 feet above the marsh, shows a curious transition from 
 Coombe Rock to ordinary washed river-gravel. The section is : — 
 
 Feet 
 
 Coombe Rock — angular flints in a matrix of fine 
 rolled chalk-gravel and a little marl, slightly 
 bedded. This weathers irregularly and in pipes 
 into angular unstratified flint-gravel in a blackish 
 clayey matrix. No fossils yet found - - - 12 
 
 Finer, more worn, and distinctly falsebeclded gravel, 
 with nests of sand. In the lower half are 
 numerous fragments of Greensand-chert and of 
 Wealden ironstone, often large 4 
 
 Teeth of elephant are said to have been found at Warningcamp, 
 but it is not clear from which bed they were obtained. In the 
 small coombe north of Warningcamp there is a narrow terrace, 
 apparently of Valley Gravel or Coombe Rock, about 15 feet 
 above the bottom of the coombe and stretching for a quarter 
 of a mile along the north side. The road-cutting north of this 
 coombe passes through similar gravel to that seen in the pit; 
 but only about 8 feet is seen. It contains Wealden stones, 
 and rests on at least 10 feet of chalk-rubble in a marly paste, 
 also containing occasional fragments of Greensand-chert. In 
 this neighbourhood, therefore, clean river gravel would seem to 
 alternate with Coombe Rock. 
 
 Wepham, Burpham, and Peppering are built on a terrace cut 
 into the Chalk, and sloping upwards to about the 100 foot contour; 
 but no gravel was observed on this terrace except at one point. 
 In the steep river-bluff north of Peppering, close to the path, 
 chalk has been dug, and in it is seen a pipe full of ferruginous 
 sand with pieces of Lower Greensand ironstone. Another pipe 
 in the Burpham cliff contains very fine white or buff sand, 
 Elephant-teeth have been found at Burpham 
 
DRIFT. 
 
 43 
 
 Offham and South Stoke show gravelly terraces; North Stoke 
 and Houghton are built on similar platforms, with merely a trace 
 of gravel. The most northerly of these terraces rises about 45 
 feet above the marsh. 
 
 The reason for tracing thus minutely the terrace-features 
 through the valley of the Arun, is that these terraces seem at 
 present to offer the only means of connecting the drift-deposits 
 south of the Downs with those on the north. The continuity, 
 however, is not unbroken, and it is still doubtful whether the 
 terrace just described is represented by the higher or by the 
 lower series of gravels in the northern area, or by both. I 
 suspect that none of the gravels coloured pink on the Map in 
 the northern area are so old as the raised beach-deposits of 
 (foodwood; and that the two series around Midhurst and 
 Pulborough may be equivalent to the two Coornbe Rock terraces 
 at different levels seen at Lavant. The evidence thus far 
 obtained in Sussex, suggests a considerable lowering by denuda¬ 
 tion of the floor of the Wealden area in late-Pleistocene times. 
 Nowhere can the Pleistocene marine deposits be traced through 
 the gorges of the South Downs or into the Weald, though much 
 of the Weald lies below the level of the raised beach. Perhaps 
 some of the higher plateau-gravels may be fluviatile deposits 
 belonging to that period of depression. 
 
 The next section will describe the Pleistocene deposits and 
 features of the northern area; it is mainly by Mr. Lamplugh. 
 
 Northern Area. 
 
 Within the part of our area which lies north of the Downs, 
 Mr. Lamplugh finds that the oldest superficial deposit is a 
 coarse flinty rubble, which forms an irregular capping on 
 plateaux of limited extent on the Folkestone, and occasionally 
 on the Sandgate Beds south of the Rother valley. These little 
 plateaux, much dissected by erosion, slope gently northward (i.e., 
 away from the South Downs), but end off' boldly above the 
 depression occupied by the Gault in steep bluffs simulating an 
 escarpment, sometimes 50 to 80 feet high. The rubble on these 
 plateaux has an extreme depth of 9 or 10 feet in “ piped u hollows, 
 but is oftener a mere ragged film through which the underlying- 
 formation continually breaks. It is best developed on the 
 commons of Heyshott, Ambersham, Graff ham, and Coates and 
 is much dug for road mending. It is again found, though in 
 less quantity, on the higher ground occupied by the Folkestone 
 Beds to the east of the Arun, at Rackham, Parham Park, 
 Kithurst, Sullington Warren, and Longbury Hill, forming little 
 plateaux at varying elevations, apparently the remnants of an 
 old surface which sloped westward towards the Arun and also 
 northward from the Downs. The remarkable persistence of this 
 drift on the Folkestone Beds, while it is scarce or absent on the 
 neighbouring formations, seems to be due to the greater height 
 
 O O O o 
 
 of the outcrop of that group, which, perhaps, thus alone preserves- 
 portions of the ancient surface on which the rubble was deposited. 
 This material was a subject of discussion nearlv fifty vears ago 
 
44 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 by Sir R. I. Murchison,* and more recently by Mr. J. Vincent 
 Elsden. j- Its accumulation probably dates back to the glacial 
 period, and must have taken place under peculiar physical con¬ 
 ditions. That the plateaux have suffered very little surface- 
 erosion since prehistoric times, is shown by the position of the 
 tumuli on some of the spurs overlooking the Gault depression. 
 There is great difficulty in distinguishing between the lower 
 patches of this high-level drift and the higher of the true river 
 gravels, though frequently the presence of fragments of chert, 
 sandstone, etc., in the latter, is sufficient to identify them. 
 
 Where the escarpment of the Hythe Beds is high, as between 
 Pet worth and the Arun, patches of angular cherty rubble, derived 
 from that source, occur as a thin capping on hills of Weald Clay 
 below the escarpment, and sometimes half a mile or more 
 distant from it. These usually lie opposite coombe-like indenta¬ 
 tions in the escarpment, and are probably equivalent to the 
 flinty rubble which occupies a similar though more distant 
 position in regard to the South Downs. Both would require 
 peculiar physical conditions for their production, and are pro¬ 
 bably the relics of some stage of the glacial period. 
 
 Gravelly deposits, undoubtedly connected with the erosion of 
 the present valleys, are found chiefly in the form of deltas around 
 the junction of tributary streams with the main valleys, their 
 materials being mainly derived from the high-level drifts. These 
 gravels, in the absence of sections, are sometimes difficult to 
 detect, owing to the deep covering of stoneless sandy wash in 
 the Lower Greensand tract, and of clayey wash in the Wealden 
 area, which form soils indistinguishable from those of the rocks 
 below. 
 
 In the vicinity of the Arun, gravels of this class occur at 
 varying elevations, even capping high ground adjacent to the 
 river, as at Lee Farm in the Weald, and at Greatham on the 
 Lower Greensand. They are then, as above stated, scarcely 
 separable from the high-level drift. It is indeed evident that 
 the subaerial erosion of the land has gone on without interrup¬ 
 tion since the period of the high-level drift; there is no trace 
 here, as already remarked, of the marine stage recognised at 
 corresponding elevations on the southern side of the South 
 Downs, which therefore probably preceded the earliest drift now 
 existing in the interior. 
 
 Alluvium. 
 
 The Alluvium of the Arun forms a wide and perfectly level 
 plain, the marshes ending abruptly against rising ground on 
 either side. It will be noticed that this flat does not change 
 slowly into dry land and sloping bank, or form a curved valley- 
 bottom like that of the Lavant. On drawing a transverse section 
 across the Lavant valley the outline will be found to follow an 
 unbroken sweeping curve. But a section across the Arun valley 
 is different; the flowing curve of the hills on either side is not 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Hoc ., vol. vii., pp. 351-361. 
 
 + Ibid ., vol. x 1 iii., pp. 637-656. 
 
DRIFT. 
 
 45 
 
 continued by the present valley-bottom; but if the curves are 
 continued they will be found to plunge beneath the Alluvium, 
 to meet 100 feet or so beneath the present marsh-level. On 
 examining the records of borings in the Alluvial Hat of the Arun, 
 it will be found that the curve of the rocky floor does follow the 
 same law as in other valleys; but that the true bottom of this 
 valley is* now much below the level of the sea. The land at one 
 time stood higher, so that the valley could be cut below the 
 present sea-level; but since that time subsidence has turned this 
 valley into a long harbour or fiord, which has gradually become 
 silted up till at last the harbour has changed to a marshy flat 
 raised nearly to the level of the highest tides. This deep trench¬ 
 ing, subsequent depression, and ultimate silting up of the 
 valleys is not confined to the Arun; it affects the whole of the 
 estuaries and harbours round our coasts. The depression seems 
 to have taken place at so recent a date that great part of the 
 harbours are still only partly silted up, though many are rapidly 
 becoming obliterated. The ancient fiord of the Arun is silted 
 up; but Chichester harbour, which happens to receive no stream 
 of importance, and therefore little mud, remains only partly 
 filled. 
 
 Some borings for wells between Arundel Station and Arundel 
 throw a great deal of light on the contour of the submerged 
 valley-bottom. A boring at Arundel Station is said to have 
 reached the chalk floor beneath 100 feet of marsh clay, and 
 another boring at the Station Inn was 150 feet deep in marsh 
 clay. The strike, however, suggests that possibly in each of 
 these wells there may have been some Reading Beds included in 
 the “ marsh clay.” Another well, at a new bouse on Arundel 
 Causeway, about midway between the two bluffs, is open to no 
 such question, and it shows 84 feet of marsh clay above the 
 chalk. Another boring, at Warningcamp crossing, shows still 
 deeper Alluvium, Chalk being reached at 117 feet below the 
 marsh. On the Arundel side of the marsh a boring at the coal 
 yard penetrated 38 feet of marsh deposits before reaching Chalk 
 —showing that the steep bank must be continued downwards to 
 below the level of low water. The superficial layers of the 
 Alluvium, thrown up in digging the foundations of a new house 
 on Arundel Causeway, were composed of estuarine warp full of 
 Scrobicularia in the position of life. 
 
46 
 
 GEOLOG V OF CHICHESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 
 
 Within the area with which we are now dealing there are no 
 mines, and no quarries of much importance, the economic applica¬ 
 tions of geology being almost confined to the supply of building 
 materials for local use, of stone for road-making, to water supply, 
 and to agriculture. 
 
 Building Materials. 
 
 Over most of the district brick is now the building material, 
 though other materials, such as rough flint, sandstone, and dob, 
 or mud mixed with stones, were freely used in the older build¬ 
 ings. The various building stones will be taken in order. 
 
 Hythe Beds. —These yield irregular bands of calcareous sand¬ 
 stone, which is much used for building around Pulborough. 
 The stone is often hard and cherty, or passes into chert, which 
 is duff for road-metal. 
 
 Folkestone Beds. —A little ferruginous sandstone is occasion¬ 
 ally found, and has been used for walls, but it is of no economic 
 importance. 
 
 Upper Greensand. —Neither the malm-rock nor the green 
 sandstones are now quarried, both seeming to be too soft to be 
 of any value in this area. 
 
 Grey Chalk. —A little of this rock has been used for interior 
 work, as it is very easy to work. It will not stand the weather. 
 
 White Chalk. —The harder Middle Chalk has also been used 
 for interior work, but it has an irregular curved jointing, and 
 usually comes out in small pieces. The flints of the Upper 
 Chalk, more or less trimmed, have been used extensively in the 
 old buildings, especially in the churches. They are almost in¬ 
 destructible, and when carefully squared and built with close 
 joints, they make a wall which is probably less affected by the 
 weather than any other in Britain. Except occasionally in 
 the churches, this fine squared-flint building is seldom used, the 
 art of squaring Hints needing special skill, and being quite un¬ 
 like ordinary mason’s or bricklayer’s work. 
 
 Coombe Rock. —This deposit also yields abundance of large 
 flints for building; but they are commonly more stained than 
 those obtained direct from the Chalk. Flints from drift-deposits, 
 or those that have long been exposed to the weather, are also 
 more difficult to face or square. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 The Middle and Upper Chalk everywhere yield ordinary lime 
 of very similar character. The Lower Chalk is more' marly, and 
 yields hydraulic lime. The custom of chalking the land has 
 now almost been given up in this district, though lime is often 
 used. 
 
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 
 
 47 
 
 Sand. 
 
 Some of the best sand in the district is that obtained from the 
 whiter parts of the Folkestone and Sandgate Beds; though there 
 are sand-pits in various parts ol the Lower Greensand. Sand 
 from the Upper Greensand is usually full of green or rusty specks, 
 and is not so clean. The southern part of the area is badly 
 supplied, the only clean sands there found being the line dust¬ 
 like sands of Waterbeach and -other localities near the old 
 raised-beach. 
 
 Road-Metal. 
 
 For road metal the chalk-flints are the great source of supply, 
 those collected from the fields being tougher and better than 
 those obtained direct from the chalk-pits or from the gravel. In 
 the area too far from the flints, the chert found in the Hythe 
 Beds and the concretionary ironstone from the Folkestone Beds 
 are used. 
 
 Water Supply. 
 
 Over the greater part of the area there is little difficulty in 
 obtaining good water; for. plenty is usually to be found in the 
 Chalk, and the Upper Greensand may yield supplies of good 
 quality. As this subject has been dealt with in a recent Memoir,*' 
 there is no need to go over the ground in detail; the areas where 
 difficulty is felt should, however, be mentioned. On the Weald 
 Clay the supply is often very uncertain, and the water not 
 palatable; the on]y source (beyond the very unsafe surface wells) 
 is the thin sand beds which occur irregularly in the clay. It is 
 almost useless to make deep borings; though occasionally one 
 may yield a moderate supply of water. The Gault yields no 
 water; but a good supply can be obtained by boring to the 
 Folkestone Beds; any small quantity found in the Gault should 
 be carefully stopped out, and not allowed to mix with that from 
 below—its flavour is very disagreeable. 
 
 Over the exposed Eocene clays, water is readily obtained by 
 boring to the Chalk; the Eocene itself here yielding no water. 
 Where the Chalk and Eocene are overlaid by Coombe Rock 
 there is commonly plenty of water in the superficial deposits; 
 but this source is very liable to surface contamination, and should 
 not be used if it can be avoided. The water from the gravel is 
 harder than that from the Chalk. 
 
 * The Water Supply of Sussex from underground sources, Mem. Geol. Sur¬ 
 vey , 1899. 
 
48 
 
 GEOLOGY OE CHICHESTER. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 List of Principal Works on the Geology of the District. 
 
 1822. Mantell [Dr.] G. A. The Fossils of the South Downs, or Illustra¬ 
 tions of the Geology of Sussex. 4to. London. 
 
 1826. Mantell [Dr.] G. A. On the Iron Sand Formation of Sussex. 
 
 Trans. Geol. Soc., Ser. 2, vol. ii., p. 131. 
 Murchison [Sir] 11. I. Geological Sketch of the north-western 
 Extremity of Sussex. Ibid., p. 97. 
 
 1827. Mantell [Dr.] G. A. Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex. 
 
 4to. London. 
 
 Martin, P. J. On the Geology of the Vicinity of Pulborough, 
 Sussex. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 19. 
 
 1828. Martin, P. J. A Geological Memoir on a part of Western Sussex. 
 
 4to. London. 
 
 1833. Mantell [Dr.] G. The Geology of the South-east of England. 
 
 8vo. London. 
 
 1836. Fitton, Dr. W. H. Observations on some of the Strata between the 
 Chalk and the Oxford Oolite in the south-east of England. 
 
 Trans. Geol. Soc., Ser. 2, vol. iv., p. 103. 
 1841. Martin, P. J. On the Relative Connection of the Eastern and 
 Western Chalk Denudations. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iii., 
 p. 349. 
 
 1850 . Dixon, F. The Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cretaceous 
 
 formations of Sussex. 4to. London. Ed. 2 in 1878. 
 
 1851. Martin, P. J. On the Anticlinal Line of the London and Hamp¬ 
 
 shire Basins. Phil. Mag., ser. 4, vol. ii., pp. 126, 189, 
 278, 366, 471. See also vol. xii (1856), p. 447 and vol. xii. 
 (1857), pp. 33, 109. 
 
 Murchison [Sir] R. I. On the distribution of the Flint Drift of the 
 south-east of England, on the Flanks of the Weald, and 
 over the surface of the South and North Downs. 
 
 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii., p. 349. 
 
 1855. Godwin-Austen, R. A. C. On Land Surfaces beneath the Drift 
 
 Gravel. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xi., p. 112. 
 
 1856. Martin, P. J. On some Geological Features of the Country between 
 
 the South Downs and the Sussex Coast. 
 
 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xii., p. 134. 
 
 1857. Godwin-Austen, R. A. C. On the Newer Tertiary Deposits of the 
 
 Sussex Coast. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xiii., pp. 40-72. 
 1859. Prestwich [Sir] J. On the Westward Extension of the old Raised 
 Beach of Brighton ; and on the extent of the Sea-Bed of the 
 same Period. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xv., p. 215. 
 1869. Maw, G. [Letter] On a section of the Gault and Lower Greensand, 
 at Lower Fittleworth, Sussex. Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 335. 
 1875. Topley, W. The Geology of the Weald. 
 
 {Mem. Geol. Survey). 8vo. London. 
 
 1886. Elsden, J. V. Superficial Geology of South Portion of Wealden 
 
 Area. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., p. 637. 
 
 1887. Reid, C. On the Origin of Dry Chalk Valleys and of Coombe Rock. 
 
 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliii., p. 364. 
 1892. Prestwich [Sir] J. The Raised Beaches, and “Plead” or Rubble- 
 drift, of the South of England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 
 vol. xlviii. The Sussex Coast Plain, pp. 271-273. 
 
 Reid, C. The Pleistocene Deposits of the Sussex Coast, and their 
 Equivalents in other Districts. Ibid., pp. 344-361. 
 
 1899. Whitaker, W., and C. Reid. The Water Supply of Sussex from 
 
 underground sources. {Mem. Geol. Survey). 8vo. London. 
 
 1900. Jukes-Browne, A. J. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. Vol. I.— 
 
 The Gault and Upper Greensand of England. With con¬ 
 tributions by W. Hill. {Mem. Geol. Survey). 8vo. London. 
 [Vols. II. and III. dealing with the Chalk are in the Press.] 
 
[4fl] 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Actinocamax quadratics, zone of, 18, 
 19, 27, 30. 
 
 Adur Valley, 14, 15. 
 
 Adversane, 6. 
 
 Agriculture, 1, 4, 19. 
 
 Aldingbourne, 35. 
 
 -House, 39, 
 
 Alluvium, 44, 45. 
 
 Amberley, 16 17, 22, 23, 25, 26. 
 Ambersham, 43. 
 
 -Common, 7, 11. 
 
 Ammonites (. Acanthoceras ) rotomo- 
 gensis , 20. 
 
 -( Hoplites) interrupt us, 14, 15 
 
 --zone of, 13. 
 
 - lautus, zone of 13. 
 
 - mammillatus, zone of, 13, 15. 
 
 - Mantelli , 22. 
 
 - rostratus, zone of, 13, 16. 
 
 - (Schloenbachia) rostratus, 14,16. 
 
 - varians, 20-22. 
 
 -zone of, 18. 
 
 Ananchytes, 28. 
 
 Angmering, 33, 37. 
 
 Anticlinal axes, 2. 
 
 Arctic conditions, 41. 
 
 Area of the district, 1 
 Arun River, 1, 6, 8, 9, 17, 22, 25, 34, 
 37, 39, 43, 44, 45. 
 
 -Valley, 5, 14, 18, 27,28, 42-44. 
 
 Arundel, 1, 25, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 
 42, 45. 
 
 -Causeway, 45. 
 
 -Gas Works, 34. 
 
 -Station, 33, 45. 
 
 Atherfield Clay, 7, 8. 
 
 Avicula, 9. 
 
 Bagshot Sand, 35. 
 
 Balcombe Pit, 25. 
 
 Barlavington, 16, 17, 24, 26. 
 
 Barnetts Mill, 11. 
 
 Barnham, 2. 
 
 -Junction, 34, 35. 
 
 Barn Rocks, 35. 
 
 Barrois, Prof. C., 25. 
 
 Bedham, 8. 
 
 Beachy Head, 17. 
 
 Belemnite Marls, 22-24. 
 Belemnitellamucronata , zone of, 18, 
 27. 
 
 Belemnites minimus, 16. 
 
 Bepton Down, 24. 
 
 Beryx ornatus, 25, 26. 
 
 Bignor, 17, 26. 
 
 Bignor Park, 15. 
 
 Billingshurst Station, 6, 
 
 Binderton, 23. 
 
 6636, 
 
 Black Rabbit Inn, 30. 
 
 Blackdown Sands, 13. 
 
 Bognor, 1, 9. 
 
 -Rocks, 34, 35. 
 
 -Waterworks, 35. 
 
 Bound House, 15. 
 
 Bow Hill, 27. 
 
 Boxgrove, 39. 
 
 Brachyphyllum, 6. 
 
 Brickearth, 41, 42. 
 
 Brinksole, 9. 
 
 Brinsted, 34. 
 
 -Valley, 39. 
 
 Bristow, H. W., iii. 
 Broadfordbridge, 6. 
 
 Brydone, R. M., 15, 16, 20, 21, 28, 29. 
 Building Materials, 46. 
 
 Buriton Farm, 24. 
 
 Burpliam, 30, 32, 42, 
 
 Burton, 15. 
 
 -Church, 13. 
 
 Burwells Farm, 30 
 Bury, 2, 16, 22, 25. 
 
 -Hill, 22. 
 
 Calcareous flagstone in the Weald, 6. 
 
 -sandstone in the Chalk, 23 
 
 Carstone, 12. 
 
 Chalk, 2, 16-42, 45-47. 
 
 -Marl, 17-23. 
 
 -Rock, 23-27. 
 
 Chantry Hill, 23. 
 
 Chichester, 1 2, 17, 24, 27,31, 33, 34, 
 37, 38, 41, 42. 
 
 -Harbour, 45. 
 
 Chilgrove, 27. 
 
 Chloritic Marl, 16. 
 
 Clapham, 34, 35. 
 
 Clausilia Rolphii , 22. 
 
 Clay with Flints, 38. 
 
 Climate, 18, 41. 
 
 Coates, 43. 
 
 Cocking, 17, 19, 24. 
 
 Codmore Hill, 12. 
 
 Coombe Rock, 39-43, 46, 47. 
 Cowdray Ruins, 7, 11. 
 
 “ Creep,” 5. 
 
 Crypt Farm, 19. 
 
 Decoy Cottage, 33. 
 
 Denudation, 1, 18, 33, 37-45. 
 
 Devon, Blackdown Sands of, 13. 
 Didling, 16. 
 
 Dip exaggerated by weight of hill, 19. 
 Disturbances 2, 3, 26, 33, 35. 
 
 Dixon, F., 25. 
 
 Docwra & Co., 35, 
 
 E 
 
index. 
 
 50 
 
 Dorset, Gault of, 13. 
 
 Dover, 8. 
 
 Downs, 1, 18-33, 37-39, 43, 44. 
 Drainage of the area, 1, 37. 
 
 Drayton House, 35. 
 
 Drew, F., iii. 
 
 Drift, 2, 3, 34, 35,37-45. 
 
 Duke & Ockenden, 10, 33. 
 Duncton, 15, 16, 20, 25, 29. 
 
 -Down, 18. 
 
 -Hanger, 24. 
 
 _jjip 29. 
 
 Dundas, Hon. W. F., 30. 
 
 Eartham, 40. 
 
 East Dean, 26. 
 
 Echinocorys scutatus , 28. 
 Elephants’ teeth, 41, 42. 
 
 Elevation of land, 37. 
 
 Ellis and Sons, 34.* 
 
 Elsden, J. Vincent, 44. 
 
 Elstead Station, 15. 
 
 Elsted, 16. 
 
 -Green, 16. 
 
 Enoploclytia Leachi, 25. 
 
 Eocene, 2, 17, 18, 31, 33-39, 47 
 Erosion, 1, 18, 33, 37-45. 
 
 Estuarine mud, 45. 
 
 Ferring, 39. 
 
 Fishbourne, 34. 
 
 Fittleworth, 9-12. 
 
 -Station, 13. 
 
 Folkestone, 13, 
 
 -Beds, 7, 10, 12, 13, 43, 46, 47. 
 
 Ford, 37. 
 
 Formations, List of, 1. 
 
 Fuller’s Earth, 24. 
 
 Galt, see Gault. 
 
 Gatehouse’s Brewery, 17, 27. 
 Gault, 12-17, 43, 44. 
 
 Glacial Epoch, 41. 
 
 Goodwood, 17, 27, 30, 43. 
 
 -House, 32, 40. 
 
 -Park, 18, 40. 
 
 Gould, C., 17. 
 
 Graffham, 17, 24, 43. 
 
 Gravel-pit Plantation, 12. 
 
 Grayets, 16. 
 
 Greatliam, 44. 
 
 Greenliurst, 8. 
 
 Greensand-chert, 7, 42. 
 
 Grey Chalk, 18, 46. 
 
 Gunter’s Bridge, 5. 
 
 Hampshire Basin, 2, 33, 37. 
 Hangers, 22. 
 
 Hardham, 15, 
 
 Harwood’s Green, 7. 
 
 Hassock, 8-10. 
 
 Hastings Sands, 6. 
 
 Hawkhurst Lodge, 5. 
 
 Hawkins, C. E., 16. 
 
 Headhome Farm, 35. 
 
 Helix obvoluta , 22. 
 
 Hesworth Common, 12. 
 
 Heyshott, 19, 43. 
 
 Highdown Hill, 2, 27, 33, 37, 39. 
 
 Hill, W., 22, 25, 28-30 
 Hills & Hamper’s Farm, 9. 
 
 Holaster planus , 26, 28, 29. 
 
 -zone of, 18, 28. 
 
 - subglobosus , zone of, 18, 21. 
 
 Hollow-ways, 17. 
 
 Houghton, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 43. 
 Hurston Place, 12. 
 
 Hythe Beds, 4, 7-12, 44, 46. 
 
 Inoceramus concentricus, 14, 15. 
 
 - mytiloides , 24, 25. 
 
 Interglacial deposit, 40. 
 
 Iron-sand, 7, 11. 
 
 Ironstone nodules, 11, 12, 15, 42. 
 
 Isle of Wight, 8. 
 
 Jackets Hill, 9, 10. 
 
 Jermyn St. Museum, 40. 
 
 J ukes-Browne, A. J.,13-16,19-30, 32 
 June Lane, 7, 11. 
 
 Jurassic, 2. 
 
 Kennels, Goodwood, 30. 
 
 King John’s Walk, 11. 
 
 Kitchin, Dr. F. L., 11, 23. 
 
 Kithurst, 43. 
 
 Lambdown Hill, 27. 
 
 Lamplugh, G. W., 4-13,15,16, 43, 44. 
 Lancing, 30, 33. 
 
 Landslips, 33. 
 
 Lavant, 40, 43, 44. 
 
 -River, 1. 
 
 -Valley 26. 
 
 Lee Farm, 6, 44. 
 
 Le Grand & Sutcliffe, 30, 31. 
 
 Lima Iloperi , 29. 
 
 Lime, 46. 
 
 Linch Down, 1, 18, 24. 
 
 List of Formations, 1. 
 
 Little Bognor, 9. 
 
 -Common, 9. 
 
 Littorina obtusata , 39. 
 
 London Basin, 37. 
 
 London, Brighton and South Coast 
 Railway, 6, 35. 
 
 London Clay, 33-36. 
 
 Longbury Hill, 43. 
 
 Lording’s Farm, 6. 
 
 Lower Chalk, 2, 17-23, 25, 31. 
 
 -Cretaceous, 2, 4-12. 
 
 -Fittle worth, 14. 
 
 —— Greensand, 4, 7—12, 15, 43. 
 
 44, 47. 
 
 -ironstone, 42. 
 
 Macropoma Mantelli , 25. 
 
 Malm, 16, 17. 
 
 Mammoth, 41, 42. 
 
TNDEX. 
 
 51 
 
 Manor Farm, 26. 
 
 Marehill, 12. 
 
 Marine Gravels, 39-41. 
 
 Marringdean Farm, 6. 
 
 Marsh clay, 45. 
 
 Marsupites testudinarius , 28. 
 
 -zone of, 18, 30. 
 
 Martin, P. J., 4-6, 15, 16. 
 
 Maw, G., 14. 
 
 Melbourn Rock, 22-25. 
 
 Merston, 35, 36. 
 
 Micraster coranguinum , 28 -30. 
 
 -, zone of, 18,30. 
 
 - cortestudinarium , 28, 29. 
 
 -, zone of, 18, 29. 
 
 —— proecursor, 29. 
 
 Middle Chalk, 2, 18-20, 23-27, 31, 
 46. 
 
 Midhurst, 1, 7, 10,12, 13, 15, 43. 
 
 -Waterworks, 9. 
 
 Murchison, Sir, R. J., 44. 
 
 Museum of Practical Geology, 40. 
 
 Newton, E. T., 11. 
 
 Nodular Chalk, 24, 25. 
 
 North Stoke, 43. 
 
 Off aster pillula, 30. 
 
 Off ham, 43 
 Oldhouse Farm, 6. 
 
 Onchotrochus, 20. 
 
 Onychiopsis Mantelli , 6. 
 
 Ostrea lunata , zone of, 18. 
 
 Pagham, 1. 
 
 Palaeontological zones, 13, 18. 
 Paludina-limestone, 4-6. 
 
 Parham Park, 43. 
 
 Park Farm, Aldingbourne, 40. 
 
 -Arundel, 34. 
 
 -Pulborough, 12. 
 
 -Mound, 12. 
 
 Patching, 33. 
 
 Pecten asper , zone of, 13. 
 
 Peppering, 42. 
 
 Pepper’s quarry, 22. 
 
 Petersfield, 13. 
 
 Petworth, 1, 4, 5, 8, 44. 
 
 -Station,. 13. 
 
 Pholas-bored Chalk, 40. 
 
 Phosphatic concretions, 8, 15. 
 
 Pipes, 38, 43. 
 
 Pitsham, 15. 
 
 Plants from the Wealden, 6 
 Plateau deposits, 38, 43, 44. 
 Pleistocene, 37-45. 
 
 Plicatula pectinoides , 16. 
 
 Poling, 35. 
 
 Pollicipes glaber, 16. 
 
 Portfield, 41. 
 
 Portsdown, 40. 
 
 Pulborough, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 43. 
 
 Rackham, 43. 
 
 Radiolites 25. 
 
 Raised beach, 37, 39,40. 
 
 Reading Beds, 33, 34, 45. 
 
 Redhill, 8. 
 
 Rhodes, J., 29, 30. 
 
 Rhynchonella Cuvieri , 18, 24, 25. 
 
 - plicatilis , 28, 29. 
 
 - reedensis , 28. 
 
 Road metal, 41, 47. 
 
 Roman coins, 41. 
 
 -Road, 22. 
 
 Rother River, 11. 
 
 -Valley, 43. 
 
 Rowe, Dr. A. W., 28. 
 
 Salisbury, 4!. 
 
 Sand, 47. 
 
 Sandgate, Beds, 7, 10-12, 43 47. 
 Sargent, F. 24. 
 
 Scaphites oequalis , 20. 
 ftcrobicularia , 45. 
 
 Sea-cliff, buried, 37, 39, 40. 
 Selbornian, 13-17. 
 
 Selham, 7, 11. 
 
 Selsey, 39, 40. 
 
 Septaria, 34. 
 
 Septifer ( Modiola) lineatus 30. 
 Seward, A. C., 6. 
 
 Shrave, 42. 
 
 Singleton, 27. 
 
 Sinking of land, 45. 
 
 Slindon Common, 39 
 Soils, 1, 4,19. 
 
 South Downs, 1 , 17, 18-33, 37, 39, 
 43, 44. 
 
 -Stoke, 33, 43. 
 
 Spondylus latus, 26. 
 
 - spinosus 26. 
 
 Stane Street, 22. 
 
 Steyning, 16 
 
 Storrington, 2, 4, 8, 10, 17. 
 Stoughton, 23. 
 
 Sullington 14. 
 
 -Hill, 23. 
 
 -Warren, 43. 
 
 Sunwood, Farm, 17, 19. 
 
 Sussex Marble, 4-6. 
 
 Sutton, 16, 17. 
 
 Terebratida in pyrites nodules, 25. 
 
 - carnea , 28. 
 
 Terebratulina gracilis , 26. 
 
 -zone of, 18-25. 
 
 Thakeham Church, 8. 
 
 Threal’s Farm, 12. 
 
 Tillington, 9. 
 
 Toat Farm, 5. 
 
 -Wood, 5. 
 
 Topley, W., 13-15. 
 
 Tortington, Common, 34, 39. 
 
 Trees of the district, 1,18. 
 
52 
 
 TXDEX. 
 
 Treyford 23. 
 
 Trotton, 10. 
 
 Turonian, 25. 
 
 Upper Chalk, 18, 23, 25-28, 32, 38, 
 46. 
 
 -Greensand, 13,16, 17, 46, 47. 
 
 -Mill, 9. 
 
 -Waltham, 2, 23, 26. 
 
 Valdoe, 40. 
 
 Valley Gravel, 41-43. 
 
 Variegated Series of Wealden, Isle 
 of Wight, 5. 
 
 Ventriculites cribrosus , 30. 
 
 Walberton Brewery, 34. 
 Warminghurst, 8. 
 
 Warningcamp, 30, 42, 45. 
 Washington, 12. 
 
 Water Supply, 4, 30, 31, 34, 35, 47. 
 Waterbeach, 39-41. 
 
 Watersfield, 2. 
 
 Weald, 1-4, 18, 43. 
 
 -Clay, 2-8, 47. 
 
 Wealden axis, 37. 
 
 -ironstone in Drift, 42. 
 
 -Shales, Isle of Wight, 5. 
 
 Weichselia Mantelli , 6, 7, 11. 
 
 Wepham, 42. 
 
 West Burton Hill, 22. 
 
 -Chiltington, 4, 12. 
 
 -Dean, 2, 23, 26, 27. 
 
 Westerfield, 2. 
 
 Westhampnett, 34. 
 
 White Chalk, 46. 
 
 Woodcot Farm, 17. 
 
 Woodlands, 1, 18. 
 
 Zone of Actinocamax quadratus, 18, 
 19, 27, 30. 
 
 - Ammonites interruptus, 13. 
 
 - lautus , 13. 
 
 --- mammillatus , 13, 15. 
 
 —- rostratus , 13. 
 
 -— varians , 18. 
 
 - Belemnitella mucronata , 18, 27. 
 
 - Holaster planus, 18, 28. 
 
 - subglobosus , 18, 21. 
 
 - Marsupites testudinarius , 18, 
 
 30. 
 
 - Micraster coranguinum , 18, 30 
 
 - cortestudhiarium, 18, 29. 
 
 - Ostrea lunata , 18. 
 
 - Pecten asper , 13. 
 
 - Rhynchonella Cuvieri , 18,24. 
 
 - Tersbratulina , 18, 25. 
 
GENERAL MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 *» 
 
 SUMMARY of PROGRESS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY for 1897,1898, 1899,1900 and 1901. Each Is. 
 
 The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN. Vol. I., 21 s .; Vol. II. (in 2 Parts) 42# N WALES 
 I By Sir A. C. Ramsay. App., by J. W. Salter and R. Etheridge. 2nd Ed. 21s. (Vol. III. of Memoirs, &c. 
 
 Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitaker. 6th Ed. Is. 
 
 TERTIARY FLUVIO-MARINE FORMATION of the ISLE OF WIGHT. By Edward Forbes. 5s. 
 
 The ISLE OF WIGHT. By H. W. Bristow. New Ed. By C. Reid and A. Strahan. 8s. 6 d. 
 
 The ISLE OF PURBECK AND WEYMOUTH. By A. Strahan. 10s. Qd. 
 
 The WEALD (PARTS of the COUNTIES of KENT, SURREY, SUSSEX, and HANTS). By W. TOPLEY. 17s. 6 d . 
 The TRIASSIC and PERMIAN ROCKS of the MIDLAND COUNTIES of ENGLAND. By E. Hull. 5s. 
 
 The FENLAND. By S. B. J. Skertchly. 36s. Qd. 
 
 The MANUFACTURE of GUN FLINTS. By S. B. J. Skertchly. 16s. 
 
 The SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS of SOUTH-WEST LANCASHIRE. By C. E. De Rance. 10s. 6tf. 
 
 NORTH DERBYSHIRE. By A. H. Green, C. Le Neve Foster and J. R. Dakyns. 2nd Ed. By A. H. Green and 
 A. Strahan. 5s. 6 d . 
 
 BURNLEY COALFIELD. By E. Hull, R. H. Tiddeman [and Others]. 12s. 
 
 YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. By A. H. Green, R. Russell [and Others]. 42s. 
 
 EAST SOMERSET and BRISTOL COALFIELDS. By H. B. WOODWARD. 18s. 
 
 WARWICKSHIRE COALFIELD. By H. H. Howell. Is. 6 d, 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE COALFIELD. By EDWARD HULL. 3s. 
 
 ERUPTIVE ROCKS of BRENT TOR. By F. Rutley. 15s. 6d. 
 
 FELSITIC LAVAS of ENGLAND and WALES. By F. Rutley. 9 d . 
 
 HOLDERNESS. By C. Reid. 4s. 
 
 SOILS and SUBSOILS from a SANITARY POINT of VIEW. By H. B. Woodward. 2a. 6 d. 
 
 The WATER SUPPLY OF SUSSEX. By W. Whitaker and C. Reid. 3s. 
 
 The WATER SUPPLY OF BERKSHIRE. By J. H. Blake and W. Whitaker. 3s. 
 
 The PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By C. Reid. 5s. 6 d . 
 
 The CRETACEOUS ROCKS OF BRITAIN.—Vol. 1. GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND OF ENGLAND. By A. J. 
 Jukes-Browne and W. Hill. 9s. 
 
 The JURASSIC ROCKS OF BRITAIN.—Vol. I. YORKSHIRE, 8s. 6d. Vol. II. YORKSHIRE, Fossils, 12a. By C. Fox- 
 Strangways. Vol. III. LIAS OF ENGLAND (Yorkshire excepted). 7s. 6d. By H. B. V oodward. Vol. IV. The 
 Lower Oolitic Rocks of England. 10s. By H. B. Woodward. Vol. V. The Middle and Upper Oolitic Rocks of 
 England. 7s. Qd. By H. B. Woodward. 
 
 BRITISH ORGANIC REMAINS. Decades I. to XIII., with 10 Plates each. Price 4s. 6 d. each 4to ; 2s. Qd. each 8vo. 
 MONOGRAPH I. On the Genus PTERYGOTUS. By T. H. Huxley, and J. W. Salter. 7s. 
 
 MONOGRAPH II. On the Structure of the BELEMNITIDA3. By T. H. Huxley. 2s. 6 d . 
 
 (MONOGRAPH hi. On the CROCODILIAN REMAINS found in the ELGIN SANDSTONES. By T. H. Huxley. 14s. Qd 
 MONOGRAPH IV. On the CHIM^EROID FISHES of the British Cretaceous Rocks. By E. T. Newton. 5s. 
 
 The VERTEBRATA of the FOREST RED SERIES of NORFOLK and SUFFOLK. By E. T. Newton. 7a. 6d. 
 
 The VERTEBRATA of the PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By E. T. Newton. 4s. 
 
 Museum, Catalogues, <Scc. :— 
 
 HANDBOOK to the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. Qd. 
 
 FOSSILS CAMBRIAN and SILURIAN, 2s. Qd. ; CRETACEOUS, 2a. 9d. ; TERTIARY and POST-TERTIARY, Is. Sd. 
 
 1, 2,7 
 4 - 
 34- 
 
 44 • 
 
 45 - 
 45 SW 
 
 47- 
 
 48 SW - 
 48 SE - 
 
 48 NW, NE 
 
 49 S, 50 SE 
 
 49 N - 
 
 50 SW - 
 50 NW - 
 
 50 NE - 
 
 51 SW - 
 61 SE - 
 51 NE - 
 53 SE - 
 53 NE - 
 64 - 
 65- 
 
 SHEET MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 - GEOLOGY OF LONDON, &c. By W. Whitaker. Vol. I., 6s. Vol. II., 5s. 
 
 - FOLKESTONE and RYE. By F. Drew. Is. 
 
 - PARTS of WILTS, and GLOUCESTERSHIRE. By A. C. Ramsay, W. T. Avkline, and E. Hull. 8d. 
 
 - CHELTENHAM. By E. HULL. 2s. Qd. 
 
 - BANBURY, WOODSTOCK, and BUCKINGHAM. By A. H. GREEN. 2s. 
 
 - WOODSTOCK. By E. Hull. Is. 
 
 - N.W. ESSEX & N.E. HERTS, By W. WHITAKER, W. H. PENNING, W. H. DALTON, & F. J. BENNETT. 3s. Qd . 
 
 - COLCHESTER. By W. H. DALTON. Is. Qd. 
 
 - EASTERN END of ESSEX (WALTON NAZE and HARWICH). By W. WHITAKER. 9 d. 
 
 - IPSWICH, HADLEIGH, and FELIXSTOWE. By W. WHITAKER, W. H. DALTON, & F. J. BENNETT. 2s. 
 
 - ALDBOROUGH, &c. By W. H. DALTON. Edited, with additions, by W. Whitaker. Is. 
 
 - SOUTHWOLD. By W. Whitaker. 2s. Qd. 
 
 - STOWMARKET. By W. Whitaker, F. J. BENNETT and J. H. Blake. Is. 
 
 - DISS, EYE, &c. By F. J. BENNETT. 2s. 
 
 - HALESWORTH and HARLESTON. By W. Whitaker and W. H. DALTON, la. 
 
 - CAMBRIDGE. By W. H. Penning and A. J. J UKES-Browne. 4s. Qd. 
 
 - BURY ST. EDMUNDS and NEWMARKET. By F. J. BennVtt, J. H. Blake, and W. Whitaker. Is. 
 
 - PARTS of CAMBRIDGESHIRE and SUFFOLK. By W. WHl\ kkr [and Others]. 2s. 
 
 - PART of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. By W. T. Aveline and Richard Trench. Sd. 
 
 - PARTS of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE and WARWICKSHIRE. By W. T. AVELINE. Sd . 
 
 - RUTLAND, &c. By J. W. JUDD. 12s. Qd. 
 
 - S.W. NORFOLK and N. CAMBRIDGESHIRE. By W. WHITAKER, S. B. J. SKERTCHLY, and A. J. Jukb? 
 
 Browne. 3s. 
 
66 NE, SE 
 
 66 SW - 
 
 67 NW - 
 
 67 - 
 
 68 E - 
 
 68 NW, SW 
 
 69 - 
 
 70 - 
 
 71 NE - 
 79 NW - 
 
 79 SE - 
 
 80 NW - 
 
 80 SW - 
 
 81 NW, SW 
 
 82 SE - 
 
 82 NE - 
 
 83 - . 
 
 84 - 
 36 - 
 
 87 NW - 
 
 87 SW - 
 
 88 SW - 
 88 SE - 
 
 88 NE - 
 
 89 SE - 
 
 90 SE - 
 
 90 NE - 
 
 91 SW - 
 
 91 NW - 
 
 92 SE - 
 
 93 NW- 
 93 NE • 
 
 93 NW- 
 93 SE, 94 W 
 
 SHEET MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY-eontfmmi. 
 
 3j 
 
 4 
 
 94 NW 
 
 94 NE - 
 
 95 SW, SE 
 
 95 NW - 
 
 96 SE - 
 
 96 NE - 
 
 88 NW, SW 
 
 97 SW - 
 67 NW - 
 
 98 SE - 
 98 NE • 
 
 101 SE - 
 
 102 SW- 
 
 - NORWICH. By H. B. WOODWARD. 7*. 
 
 - ATTLEBOROUGH. By F. J. Bennett. Is. 6 d. 
 
 - E. DEREHAM. By J. II. Blake. Is. 6 d. 
 
 LOWESTOFT. ^ J- H. Blake. 2s. 
 
 • CROMER. By C. Reid. 6s. 
 
 WELLS, Ac. By H. B. Woodward. 2s. 
 
 - v Y " TAKER and A - J - Juke s Browne. 
 
 • NOTTINGHAM R W 7 j ukes-Browne and W. H. Dalton. 
 
 DIU111NGHAM. By M. T. Aveline. (2nd Ed.) Is. 
 
 - FUNT/tfoL^Suram W R N i A - STKiHi »- (Notes by K. H. Tiddeman.) U . M . 
 
 - PRESCOT, LANCASHIRE Bv E C *,?- De RANCE) 4s - 6d -'> Supplement 2d. 
 
 • CHESTER By A Str“«. 2 , ' ( Wlth atlditi °” s ^ A - Stbahan.) 3g . 
 
 : 4> - 
 : r A=< - Ei) Ey w - T -“ v 
 
 • - “ E -~ ( ” d ^ 
 
 - OLDHAM. By E. Hull. 2s. 
 
 - PART of the YORKSHIRE COALFIELD Bv A H Gnmfv x p t. 
 
 :=r^A 8 ^ * 
 
 COUNTRY between YORK and HUrt^PvT ^ T ' AveLINE » A - H - Gree N (and others). 
 
 DRIFFIELD. By J. R. Dakyns anti *■ O. Cameron. 1,. 
 
 ■ bSdungton bav “™ aml C.ToMimnwaVs? M. 
 
 « ' By J - B - I>AKYNS “<l C. Fox-Strangways l- 
 
 ByC - BOX.STRANGWATS. U 
 
 : SSST G r c d u M - 
 
 ■ MALLEBSTANO By l « B™ R „ T,^' T Gm * a » d A - Stnahan. 2„. 
 
 • KIRKBY LONSDATP '}}' TlDI)EMAN (and others). 3s. 6d. 
 
 : h — 
 
 - ™, and , o ; t 
 
 104 SW, SE ■ NORTH CLEVELAND. By G. Barrow, u « 
 
 Is. 6d 
 
 2s. 
 
 107 
 
 108 SE 
 108 NE - 
 108 SW- 
 110 SW - 
 100 NW- 
 110 NE- 
 110 SE • 
 
 2«. 6d. 
 
 - CARLISLE. By T. V. Holmes. Is. 3d 
 
 • CMVIOT 5fm EBSD0N - ^ Hugh Miller. 
 
 I0T RILES ' B y C. T. Clough, is. 6d 
 
 • PLASHETTSandKIELDER. By C. T Clough Is 
 
 • WOOLER and COLDSTREAM. By W. Gunn and C T Crmrnu 
 
 ■ GORHAM and TWEEDMOUTH. By W. Gunn fid* * ' 
 
 - BELFORD U HOT°v m RWICK 0N T ^EED. By w'. Gunn. 9d 
 
 ,i*<o FARNE ELANDS. By W. Gunn. 2s. 6 d. 
 
 is. erf. 
 
 m<New Series, STOKE-UPON-TRENT. By W* S^on and C> 
 155 ( \ ATPi?parrA\TTj __ . —__ J wibson ana c. 
 
 155 ( 
 232 ( 
 249 ( 
 263 ( 
 
 314 ( 
 
 315 ( 
 325 ( 
 828 ( 
 329 ( 
 332 ( 
 334 ( 
 
 B. Wedd. Price Is. 6d. 
 
 ) ATHERSTONE and CHARNWOOD FOREST R n p » - 
 
 ) ABERGAVENNY. Bv A Straha v « By C. J OX-Strangways. 
 
 ZlZ2^ n i w - a,BSm - 2 ‘- 
 
 > BlNWOOD By B t C.“™ " T ^ G CA ” RILL - * « 
 
 ) SOUTHAMPTON. By C. Reid. is. 6d 
 
 \ E ™ ER ; „ B y w - A. E. Ussher. 2s. 
 
 ) DORCHESTER. By C. Reid Is 
 
 l RorSnf 1MGUTH ’ By c -R eid. id. 
 
 ) BOGNOR. By C. Reid. 6d. 
 
 ) EAS1 BOURNE. By C. Reid. 6d. 
 
 2s. 
 
 The Coal-fields and other mhieiald' l^^ti M ' NERAL D| STRICT8.-Scale, six inches to a mile. 
 
 p THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 Part III. South VOSSES ™£5 IV*“Mo^e^e^d 1 “ 
 

 I 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 ! 
 

 \