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HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA, PHARMACY, AND 
 
 THERAPEUTICS. 
 
 POTTER. 
 
NOTICES OF THE PRESS 
 
 OF PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF 
 
 DR. POTTER’S HANDBOOK. 
 
 From the New York Medical Journal. 
 
 “ Dr. Potter’s Handbook will find a place, and a very important one, in our colleges 
 and tbe libraries of our practitioners. It contains almost everything that can be found in 
 the larger works in a more concise form and brought up to a rather more recent date. . . . 
 The section on pharmacy and prescription writing is very carefully prepared, all the phar¬ 
 maceutical processes are described, and the composition of the official preparations is 
 given. Under the head of prescription writing considerable attention is paid to the subject 
 of incompatibilities, and the student will here find many valuable hints for his guidance in 
 this difficult subject. Besides this there are, under the head of special therapeutics, very 
 many formulas for the treatment of particular diseases and abnormal conditions, arranged 
 alphabetically for easy reference. This will be especially valuable to young practitioners, 
 and will frequently save the trouble of looking through large works and monographs for 
 suitable formulae in the treatment of special cases. This department is fuller in this book 
 than in any with which we are acquainted.” 
 
 From the Therapeutic Gazette. 
 
 “ The author has aimed to embrace in a single volume the essentials of practical 
 materia medica and therapeutics, and has produced a book small enough for easy carriage 
 and easy reference, large enough to contain a carefully-digested, but full, clear and well- 
 arranged mass of information. He has not adhered to any pharmacopoeia, as is the case 
 of certain recent manuals, thereby limiting his work, and in this day of new remedies 
 causing constant disappointment, but has brought it up to date in the most satisfactory 
 way. No new remedy of any acknowledged value is omitted from this list. Under each 
 the section on physiological action and therapeutics has been written with care. ... In 
 the enumeration of drugs suited to different disorders a very successful effort at discrimi¬ 
 nation has been made, both in the stage of disease and in the cases peculiarly suited to 
 the remedy. It is no mere list of diseases followed by a catalogue of drugs, but is a digest 
 of modern therapeutics, and as such will prove of immense use to its possessor.” 
 
 From the Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal. 
 
 “ In looking over the work, we are not surprised that it has taken the author the best 
 part of two years in its preparation, for it shows on every page great labor and careful 
 research ; and as no good work goes unrewarded, we feel that he will be compensated by 
 the favor with which his book will be received by the profession. We have been indeed 
 pleased with the examination made, and have already used it for reference. As the title 
 informs us, it is not materia medica alone—in fact, this is the least important part of the 
 book—but it contains the essentials of therapeutics, pharmacy and the physiological action 
 of drugs, besides many points of information which are useful to the student and a con¬ 
 venience to find in one and the same book.” 
 
 From the American Practitioner and Nows. 
 
 “ Dr. Potter’s work contains what is worthy to be preserved of the materia medica 
 and therapeutics of times old and new, and sets it to the physician’s hand in admirable 
 shape.” 
 
 Fro?n the Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal. 
 
 “ This work, as seen by its title, embraces much that is new to the profession, includ¬ 
 ing, as it does, well-written and concise articles on extemporaneous pharmacy, as well as 
 official. The part on physiological action of medicines is well written and comprehensive. 
 The portion of the book relating to special therapeutics of disease is especially valuable, as 
 it is so concise and to the point. Taking it all in all, this is a book well worth having.” 
 
 *£* The price of this book is $4.00 in cloth binding, or $5.00 in full leather. It may 
 be had through any bookseller, or upon receipt of price will be sent, postpaid, to any 
 address by the publishers. 
 
HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and 
 
 ERAPEUTICS, 
 
 INCLUDING THE 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF DRUGS, THE SPECIAL THERA¬ 
 PEUTICS OF DISEASE, OFFICIAL AND PRACTICAL 
 PHARMACY, AND MINUTE DIRECTIONS FOR 
 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IN THE COOPER MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SAN 
 
 francisco: author of “ quiz-compends” of anatomy and materia medica, “an 
 
 INDEX OF COMPARATIVE THERAPEUTICS,” AND “A STUDY OF SPEECH AND 
 ITS DEFECTS.” LATE A. A. SURGEON, U. S. ARMY, AND 
 BRIGADE-SURGEON, N. G. OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 THIRD EDITION. REVISED. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO 
 
 1012 Walnut Street. 
 
 1891. 
 
Copyright, 1891, 
 
 By P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO. 
 
 Press of Wm. F. Fell & Co., 
 
 1220-24 SANSOM ST., 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
TO MY WIFE 
 
 WHOSE UNFAILING AND 
 DEVOTED CARE 
 
 AND PATIENT ENCOURAGEMENT, 
 DURING THE PAST THIRTEEN YEARS, 
 HAS SUPPORTED THE AUTHOR 
 IN EVERY EXIGENCY 
 OF HIS 
 
 PROFESSIONAL LIFE. 
 
 684739 
 

 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The book, which this preface completes, has occupied the writer’s 
 leisure hours during the past two years, and in a measure has grown out 
 of some less pretentious volumes previously written by him. The con¬ 
 tinued favor shown by teachers and students, both in this country and 
 in England, to his three manuals in the “ Quiz-Compend ” series for 
 students, and particularly to the volume on Materia Medicaand Therapeu¬ 
 tics, has encouraged their author to hope that a handbook from him on 
 the same subject, but embracing a wider scope, might meet with a corres¬ 
 ponding degree of appreciation. The fact that quite a number of new 
 manuals on Materia Medica have lately appeared, has not deterred him 
 from entering the field, nor diminished his confidence in the approbation 
 of his readers ; but has rather seemed a proof that most of the older text¬ 
 books on this branch of medical knowledge are no longer satisfactory, 
 even with the regular revisions which they undergo at stated periods. 
 Hence he expects for this handbook a position, among the recent manuals 
 of its class, as high as its merits and demerits may entitle it to receive in 
 the estimation of those for whose use it has been prepared. 
 
 The author’s intention has been to produce a book which would 
 embrace in a single volume the Essentials of practical Materia Medica 
 and Therapeutics, treating of each subject in as concise phraseology as 
 possible consistent with the delineation of every important feature. He 
 has also endeavored to formulate such minute and definite directions for 
 the framing of Prescriptions as might elucidate what to many is a very 
 difficult problem. Furthermore, he has tried to present as much infor¬ 
 mation upon the subject of Pharmacy as every physician should possess, 
 in order to handle the implements of his profession with confidence, and 
 to direct their use by others with pharmaceutical accuracy. 
 
 The complete fulfilment of these aims would be realized if the book 
 should take rank as a working companion to the advanced student and 
 the junior practitioner ; and be deemed by them a reliable guide through 
 the forest of observations and experiments on drug actions and uses, which 
 makes progress slow for the already over-burdened mind, when ploughing 
 through the more exhaustive and exhausting text-books. 
 
 Although this book is essentially a compilation, as all books of its class 
 must be, there will be found in its pages much original matter derived 
 
 vii 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 from the writer’s own experience in professional life. The arrangement 
 of the matter will be found to be in some respects unique. After full 
 consideration of the many arrangements of the Materia Medica in vogue, 
 a modified alphabetical plan was adopted, by which the advantages of the 
 alphabetical order might be retained, while permitting the grouping 
 together of agents which are closely related, physiologically and thera¬ 
 peutically, under the title of the principal member of the class—the 
 chief, as it were, of that particular clan. Thus, under the title Amyl 
 Nitris (Nitrite of Amyl), will be found mention also of the Nitrites of 
 Ethyl, Sodium and Potassium, and their congener Nitro-Glycerin, all of 
 which are closely allied to the first-named and to each other, in respect 
 of their actions and uses. A very elaborate section on Drug Classifica¬ 
 tion is placed before the Materia Medica, in order to supplement such 
 deficiencies in grouping as are inevitable in an alphabetical arrangement. 
 
 In detailing the characteristics of an important drug, its physical pro¬ 
 perties and chemical constituents are first briefly enumerated, then its 
 preparations are described in the official language of the pharmacopoeia, 
 usually somewhat abbreviated ; any important unofficial preparations being 
 also noted, and all the compounds into which it enters enumerated. 
 Next the physiological action is taken up, its characteristic features being 
 first described ; then the actions resulting from an ordinary medicinal 
 dose, next those produced by small doses continued, and finally those 
 from a toxic dose. These are followed by a brief account of its antago¬ 
 nists, antidotes and incompatibles, if any ; and a concise summary of its 
 therapeutical applications closes the article ;—the whole presenting, it is 
 hoped, a clearly defined word-picture of the drug under consideration. 
 Every article and preparation comprised in the last edition of the U. S. 
 Pharmacopoeia is fully noticed, while all the prominent unofficial agents 
 receive such mention as their respective importance seems to demand. 
 
 The second part of the book is devoted to Pharmacy, and has been 
 written from the standpoint of a conviction that many young practitioners 
 would gladly dispense their own medicines, if provided with a few practi¬ 
 cal directions on the subject; thereby saving many a dollar from the drug 
 store, preventing in their own practices at least the “renewals” which 
 constitute so bad a feature of modern pharmaceutics, and gaining for 
 themselves a practical acquaintance with their professional weapons which 
 cannot but make them better physicians and more accurate prescribers. 
 In this section of the book Prescription Writing receives full consideration, 
 and many standard formulae are given as samples of prescriptions of each 
 kind in extemporaneous use. 
 
 In the third part the subject of Special Therapeutics is treated of elabo¬ 
 rately, and in the form of an alphabetically arranged Index to the treat¬ 
 ment of diseases, as laid down by the most recent authorities. Every 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 indication for the use of a drug is referred to its author by his initial, and 
 to the most prominent articles are appended a few selected formulae, to 
 serve as guides to the neophyte in prescribing. 
 
 The Appendix contains numerous tables, comprising diagnostic hints, 
 Latin terms and phrases, formulae for hypodermic use, metric equivalents, 
 specific gravities and volumes, and obstetric memoranda ; as also Notes 
 on temperature in disease, the use of the clinical thermometer, the treat¬ 
 ment of poisoning, and the examination of urine ; also formulae repre¬ 
 senting the most noted patent medicines. 
 
 The Index has received special attention, from a conviction that, if 
 well made, it is the best part of a good book. Every title, synonym 
 and other reference of importance is included therein, double and 
 treble entries being made in every instance which seemed to require such 
 repetition. 
 
 Nearly all the regular text-books have been laid under contribution in 
 the preparation of the book, but especial use has been made of the works 
 of Bartholow, Ringer, Wood, Phillips, Piffard, Waring and Brunton, in 
 their latest editions; as well as of the writer’s verbatim notes of two 
 courses of didactic and clinical lectures delivered by Professors Bartholow 
 and Da Costa in the Jefferson Medical College and Hospital and in the 
 auditorium of the Pennsylvania Hospital. On pages 479 and 480 will be 
 found a full list of the authorities referred to by initials in the section on 
 Special Therapeutics. 
 
 The term “officinal,” as applied to drugs recognized by the pharma¬ 
 copoeia has been discarded, the word “ official ” being used instead ; for 
 the simple reason that the idea to be conveyed is expressed more correctly 
 by the latter term than by the former one. When none but official drugs 
 and preparations were kept in the officina or drug store, it was eminently 
 proper to call them “officinal,” but inasmuch as this class does not 
 nowadays constitute much over one-fourth part of the officinal stock, it 
 is a wilful debasement of our professional weapons, as well as an inexcu¬ 
 sable misnomer, to apply the shop-title to them any longer. 
 
 Cooper Medical College, San Francisco, 
 
 December, 1886. 
 
 For this, the third edition, the text has been thoroughly revised, many 
 articles have been entirely re-written, much new matter has been incor¬ 
 porated throughout, including such of the new remedies as seem to have 
 established themselves in professional regard. Several changes have been 
 made in the arrangement of the material, to facilitate the use of the book 
 for daily reference. Greek words are expressed phonetically and in the 
 
X 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 familiar English alphabet, for the benefit of those who are not familiar 
 with the Greek letters. In every division of the book the author has 
 endeavored to improve without destroying the characteristic features 
 which have proven so acceptable to students and practitioners of medi¬ 
 cine. 
 
 SAM’L O. L. POTTER. 
 
 London, September, 1891. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION, . 17 
 
 Materia Medica,. 17 
 
 Pharmacy,. 17 
 
 Empirical Therapeutics,. 18 
 
 Rational Therapeutics,. 18 
 
 Administration of Medicines,. 20 
 
 Classification of Medicines,. 23 
 
 Stimulants and Sedatives,. 23 
 
 Agents acting chiefly on the Nervous System,. 24 
 
 Agents acting on the Organs of Special Sense,. 28 
 
 Agents acting on Respiration,. 30 
 
 Agents acting on the Circulation,. 33 
 
 Agents acting on the Digestive System,. 34 
 
 Agents acting on Metabolism,. 41 
 
 Agents acting on Excretion,. 43 
 
 Agents acting on the Generative System,. 47 
 
 Agents acting on the Cutaneous Surface,. 49 
 
 Agents acting on Microbes, Ferments, etc.,. 51 
 
 Agents acting upon each other,. 52 
 
 Dosage of Medicines,. 54 
 
 PART I.—MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, . 55 
 
 Abrus to Zingiber,.55-406 
 
 PART II.—PHARMACY AND PRESCRIPTION WRITING, .... 407 
 
 Constituents of Vegetable Drugs,.408 
 
 Official Operations,.410 
 
 Official Preparations,.419 
 
 Extemporaneous Pharmacy,. 434 
 
 Weights and Measures,.435 
 
 Metric System,.436 
 
 Approximate or Domestic Measures,.438 
 
 Specific Gravity and Specific Volume,.439 
 
 Prescriptions,. 439 
 
 Analysis of a Prescription,.439 
 
 Principles of Combination,.441 
 
 Prescription Writing,.442 
 
 Abbreviations,.443 
 
 Prescription Blanks,.443 
 
 Renewals,. 444 
 
 Filling a Prescription,.445 
 
 Stock Solutions,.447 
 
 Rules for the Pharmaceutical Student,.447 
 
 xi 
 
Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Incompatibility,.448 
 
 Chemical Incompatibility, ..448 
 
 Pharmaceutical Incompatibility,.450 
 
 Therapeutical Incompatibility,.451 
 
 Rules for Avoidance of Dangers,.452 
 
 Extemporaneous Preparations and Formulae,.453 
 
 Excipients for Mixtures,.433 
 
 Excipients for Emulsions, .438 
 
 Excipients for Pills,.463 
 
 PART III.—SPECIAL THERAPEUTICS,.479 
 
 References and Bibliography,.479 
 
 Abdominal Plethora to Yellow Fever,.480-690 
 
 APPENDIX,.691 
 
 Latin Terms, Phrases, etc., used in Prescriptions,.691 
 
 Verbs, Participles, Prepositions, etc.,.699, 700 
 
 Genitive Case-endings,.700 
 
 Hypodermic Formulae,.701 
 
 Chlorodyne, Comparisons of Ten Formulae therefor,.703 
 
 Patent Medicines,.704 
 
 The Treatment of Poisoning,.707 
 
 Tables of Differential Diagnosis,.712 
 
 Notes on Temperature in Disease,.717 
 
 Clinical Thermometry,.717 
 
 Obstetrical Memoranda,.719 
 
 Signs of Pregnancy,.719 
 
 Signs of Labor,.719 
 
 Average Pelvic Diameters,.720 
 
 Development of the Foetus, .720 
 
 Diameters of the Foetal Skull at Term,.720 
 
 Asphyxia and Apncea,.721 
 
 Clinical Examination of the Urine,.722 
 
 Ethics, the Hippocratic Oath, etc.,.724 
 
 Table of Specific Gravities and Specific Volumes,.725 
 
 Table of Drops in, and Weights of, a Fluid-drachm of Various 
 
 Liquids,.726 
 
 Table of Weights and Measures,.726 
 
 Table for Converting Apothecaries’ Weights and Measures into 
 Grams,.727 
 
 INDEX,.729 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Pharmacology, ( pharmakon , a drug, logos , a discourse,)—is a gen¬ 
 eral term which properly includes all matters pertaining to the study of 
 medicinal agents in the widest possible sense, embracing all of Materia 
 Medica and Pharmacy, with so much of Therapeutics as relates to drugs. 
 The term is however frequently employed in a more restricted sense, 
 including only the physiological action of drugs; a subject to which the 
 title Pharmacodynamics is much more appropriately applied. 
 
 Materia Medica is that branch of medical science which treats of 
 the substances used as medicines, their origin, composition, physical 
 characteristics, chemical properties, modes of preparation and adminis¬ 
 tration, physiological and toxicological actions. 
 
 Pharmacodynamics, ( pharmakon , a drug, dunamis, power,)—is the proper title for 
 that portion of the Materia Medica which relates to the physiological action of drugs, 
 that is, the influence of drugs upon the healthy human body to modify its physiological 
 activity. 
 
 Toxicology is another subdivision, and includes the effects of drugs when adminis¬ 
 tered in poisonous doses, together with the study of the drug- antagonists for the most 
 dangerous symptoms produced, and the appropriate chemical antidotes. 
 
 Pharmacy is the art of preparing medicines for use and dispensing 
 them on the order of the therapeutist. It includes a knowledge of the 
 Materia Medica, an acquaintance with the theories and manipulations of 
 chemistry, and an intimate practical knowledge of many special opera¬ 
 tions peculiar to itself. 
 
 Therapeutics, ( therapeuein , to attend upon,)—includes all that re¬ 
 lates to the science and art of healing; and embraces the application, 
 not only of medicines to the alleviation or cure of disease, but of all 
 other agents which may aid in the accomplishment of the same result. 
 
 The operations of Nature herself, as well as of the substances described in the Materia 
 Medica, and those of all other remedial measures, as food, climate, clothing, heat, cold, 
 electricity, etc., are all embraced in the general term Therapeutics, which may be divided 
 into two grand divisions, viz. :— 
 
 Natural Therapeutics, including the operations of the Vis Medicatrix Naturae,— 
 the modes and processes of healing which occur independently of Art, for the spon¬ 
 taneous decline and cure of disease. There is no more completely established dogma in 
 science, than that—The Living Organism is in itself adequate to the cure of all its curable 
 disorders. This Natural Law enables the homoeopath to relate his sugar cures, aids the 
 medical skeptic to hold'to his infidelity, and helps all physicians out of more close places 
 than most of them are willing to acknowledge before their clientele. This part of the 
 subject is not taught in the schools except in connection with pathologv, and by the chair 
 of Theory and Practice of Medicine. It is deserving of a special chair and of more 
 systematic treatment than it receives. 
 
 T 7 
 
18 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Applied Therapeutics embraces the application by Art of agents foreign to the 
 living organism, for the purpose of aiding Nature to restore the body to a healthy condi¬ 
 tion. This division is the portion of the subject which is taught separately and systemati¬ 
 cally in the schools, and therefore is alone considered in the following pages. 
 
 Other divisions of the general subject of Therapeutics employed in 
 professional literature and conversation are those entitled “ Empirical” 
 and “ Rational Therapeutics.” 
 
 Empirical Therapeutics is a term applied to the use of medicinal or 
 other therapeutical agents for the sole reason that they have been tried 
 previously with successful results in cases apparently identical with the one 
 under treatment. By those who advocate this method it is styled the 
 Therapeutics of Experience, and claimed to be an accumulation of means 
 of combating disease simply by observation and experiment, independ¬ 
 ently of physio-pathological reasoning (Hartshorne). It was necessarily 
 the original method in Therapeutics, has conferred many rich gifts upon 
 medical science, and has been advocated by many great physicians, its 
 latest and ablest expounder being the eminent and lamented Niemeyer. 
 
 The use of Opium to relieve pain,—that of Cinchona for malarial fevers,—of Colchi- 
 cum in gout,—of Potassium Iodide in syphilis,—of the Bromides in epilepsy,—of Cod- 
 liver Oil in phthisis,—are examples of the empirical use of remedies. But, after all has 
 been said for it that can be said, the fact remains that it is essentially an unscientific 
 method, a mere elaboration of the prevailing popular habit of recommending Mrs. A. to 
 use pepper tea, because it cured Mrs. B. of “ the very same trouble.” Permitted to reign 
 supreme it would be destructive to all exactness in therapeutical progress. The so-called 
 “experience” of one observer is too often overbalanced by the experience of another 
 equally competent and trustworthy; and as few are encouraged to record their failures 
 with remedies, there can be no scientific comparison of the failures with the reported suc¬ 
 cesses. For this reason empirical methods would tend to a minimum degree of accuracy 
 in a science which, in the very nature of things, can never be an exact one;—though 
 undoubtedly such methods will always prevail to some extent. 
 
 Rational Therapeutics embraces the use of remedies for reasons 
 based on a knowledge (i) of the pathological conditions present in the 
 subject, and (2) of the physiological action of the agent employed. 
 This method is the very antithesis of empiricism, and has been the lead¬ 
 ing idea in every revolt against empirical therapeutics in the past. Humor- 
 alism, Chemicism, Solidism, Stimulism, Galenism in the 2d century, 
 Paracelcism in the 16th, and Hahnemannism in the 19th, all originated 
 in efforts to find a more rational system of administering medicines than 
 the prevailing empiricism of the day. 
 
 The illustrious Albrecht von Haller, the father of Physiology and the 
 author of the doctrine of Irritability, was the real originator of modern 
 physiological therapeutics. In the preface to his Swiss Pharmacopoeia 
 {circa A.D. 1755), occur the following remarkable directions,—the first 
 recorded of their kind :— 
 
 “Nempe primum in corpore sano medela tentanda est, sine peregrina ulla miscela: 
 odoreque et sapore ejus exploratis, exigua illius dosis ingerenda et ad omnes quae inde 
 contingunt afifectiones, quis pulsus, quis calor, quae respiratio, quaenam excretiones, attend- 
 endum. Inde adductum phenominorum in sano obviorum, transeas ad experimenta in 
 corpore aegroto.” 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 19 
 
 “ In the first place the remedy is to be tried on the healthy body , without any foreign 
 substance mixed with it; having been examined as to its odor and taste , a small dose is 
 to be taken , and the attention directed to all effecis which thereupon occur ; such as upon 
 the pulse, the temperature, the respiration , the excretions. Having thereby adduced their 
 obvious phenomena in health, you may pass on to experiment upon the sick body 
 
 Forty or more years after these rules were laid down ex cathedra by 
 Haller, the central idea contained in them was incorporated as one of 
 the main pillars, into a medical edifice then being erected in Germany. 
 In the course of construction this pillar became so hidden beneath a super¬ 
 structure of palpable absurdities, that the medical profession, in its anxiety 
 to steer clear of the whole mass, almost forgot the corner-stone of truth, 
 appropriated from the teachings of one of its own greatest, teachers. 
 While, however, the masses of the profession, blinded by prejudice, turned 
 away from everything which savored of drug-experiment, a few in every 
 country were quietly working on the lines of Haller’s dogma that Drug¬ 
 proving is the only true basis of Drug-using. As a result of their labor, 
 the present generation sees the development of an idea, announced 
 130 years ago, but now inspiring the minds of teachers and students all 
 over the civilized world. Medical Colleges are recognizing physiological 
 drug-experimentation as a part of their regular curricula ;—laboratories 
 are fitted up in many of the schools with costly instruments of precision, 
 for the more exact prosecution of this study; and under the direction of 
 such men as Wood, Ringer, Murrell, Brunton, Hildebrandt, Lieber- 
 meister, Husemann, Schmiedeberg, etc., systematic researches are being 
 conducted upon animals to ascertain the physiological action of every 
 agent hitherto used in medicine. The alkaloids, and other component 
 principles of vegetable drugs, are being subjected to the same rigid obser¬ 
 vation,—as also every new compound which chemistry gives to medicine. 
 Journals, in every civilized country, teem with the results of these labors ; 
 and no medical student is permitted to pass the graduating ordeal until he 
 has mastered the essential characteristics of the physiological action of 
 the important medicaments so far as established. What has hitherto 
 been the conviction of but a few, is daily growing into a fixed canon of 
 professional belief,—that physiological experimentation with drugs must 
 be the basis of their therapeutical employment, and that all real advance 
 towards the establishment of Therapeutics as a science, must be made 
 upon the lines laid down by Haller, i. e., drug-proving upon the healthy 
 human organism. Still, in the words of Brown-Sequard, “ Therapeutics 
 will cease to be empirical, only when this last kind of knowledge shall 
 be fully obtained; ”—but its fulness will never be fully realized, unless 
 the results have been thoroughly considered with full regard to the differ¬ 
 ences due to the action of drugs in different doses on the human organism 
 in health and disease. [ Compare pages yj, 54, infra. ] 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. 
 
 Medicines may be introduced into the circulation by various routes, as 
 the gastro-intestinal tract, the rectum, the respiratory tract, the veins and 
 arteries, the subcutaneous cellular tissue, and the integument itself. 
 
 The Gastro-intestinal Route is the one most frequently employed, 
 being the most convenient. The remedies, after being swallowed, find 
 their way into the current of the circulation, through the walls of the 
 gastro-intestinal bloodvessels and the lacteals. When the stomach is 
 empty and its mucous membrane healthy, crystalloidal substances in 
 solution pass through the walls of its vessels with great rapidity. Col¬ 
 loidal substances (fats, albumen, gum, gelatin, etc.) require to be digested 
 and emulsified before they can be absorbed. 
 
 The Rectum will absorb many substances applied in the form of 
 Enemata or Suppositories. Those most suited to this route are the salts 
 of the alkaloids in solution, especially those of Morphine, Atropine and 
 Strychnine, the latter being absorbed more rapidly per rectum than by the 
 stomach. Acid solutions, if not too frequently repeated, are also well 
 administered by this channel. 
 
 The Respiratory Tract admits of the rapid absorption of medicinal 
 substances through its extensive blood-supply. The inhalation of vapors 
 or atomized fluids, the insufflation of powders into the nares, fauces, 
 larynx, etc., and the use of a medicated nasal douche, are methods whereby 
 this channel may be utilized. 
 
 The Veins are only used as a route of medication in emergencies, 
 where the other channels are not available, and where immediate action 
 is necessary to the preservation of life, the operation being a highly 
 dangerous one. The injection intravenously of Saline Solutions in the 
 collapse of cholera, diabetic coma, etc .,—Blood or Milk as a last resort in 
 excessive hemorrhage, epilepsy, uraemia, the collapse of cholera, etc.,— 
 and a solution of Ammonia for the bites of venomous reptiles, Hydro¬ 
 cyanic-acid poisoning, Opium narcosis, Chloroform asphyxia, etc., are the 
 instances admitted in practice. 
 
 20 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 21 
 
 Arterial Transfusion has also been performed successfully in a 
 number of cases, and is considered safer than venous transfusion when 
 a large quantity of fluid has to be introduced into the circulation. A 
 special apparatus is employed for these purposes, known as Aveling’s 
 Transfusion Syringe, but the ordinary Dieulafoy’s aspirator slightly 
 modified, may be used with safety and convenience. The danger of the 
 operation lies in the liability of the introduction of air into the circu¬ 
 lation, an occurrence which causes instant death in the human subject. 
 
 The Hypodermic Method is the introduction of medicines into 
 the organism by injecting them into the subcutaneous areolar tissue, 
 from which they are quickly absorbed by the lymphatic and capillary 
 vessels. The great advantage of this method is the absolute certainty as 
 to the quantity of drug actively affecting the organism, a very essential 
 question when using small quantities, as with powerful alkaloids. Another 
 is the avoidance of reactions between the drug and the secretions of the 
 stomach, which may destroy the activity of the former, or seriously 
 change its character. The Medicines must be in solution, of neutral 
 reaction and freshly prepared, the usual menstruum being distilled water; 
 though spring water filtered will answer just as well, and much better 
 than distilled water which has been standing several days, and exposed 
 from time to time to the air. The solution is to be injected beneath the 
 skin, by a hypodermic syringe, care being taken to avoid puncturing a 
 vein. The most suitable localities for the injection are the external 
 aspect of the arms and thighs, the abdomen, the back, and the calves of 
 the legs. On the external aspect of the thigh, just in front of the great 
 trochanter, there is an area of some two inches square, over which the 
 insertion of a fine hypodermic needle is not felt, so barren is the skin 
 in that region of the sensitive nerve filaments. 
 
 After nearly filling the syringe with the solution to be used, the needle should be screwed 
 on tightly; and with the instrument held in a vertical position, point uppermost, the 
 excess of solution over the amount required should be ejected, thus expelling air-bubbles 
 and filling the needle itself. A portion of skin should be grasped by the thumb and fore¬ 
 finger at the site selected for the injection, into which the needle should then be quickly 
 inserted until its point has passed beneath the skin, when the piston may be pressed down 
 slowly, delivering the solution so gradually as to avoid rupturing the tissue. If the solu¬ 
 tions are freshly prepared with clean water, the needles kept clean and sharp, and the 
 injection be made beneath the skin not into it , there will be no risk of producing abscesses 
 with the agents ordinarily employed. Tablets for hypodermic use are prepared by the 
 prominent manufacturers, each containing one dose. They may be readily dissolved in a 
 teaspoon at the bedside, and are very convenient for the pocket, if put up in a case with 
 a good hypodermic syringe, as may be obtained from Parke, Davis and Co., of Detroit. 
 Their regular line of Hypodermic Tablets includes the agents named in the following list, 
 put up in tubes of 25 each. 
 
22 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 List of Hypodermic Tablets. 
 
 Aconitine (crystals), 
 Apomorphine Muriate, 
 Atropine Sulphate, . 
 Atropine Sulphate, . 
 Cocaine Hydrochlorate, 
 Conine Hydrobromate, 
 Colchicine, 
 
 Corrosive Sub. and Urea 
 Digitalin (soluble), . 
 Gelsemine Muriate, 
 Hyoscine Hydrobromate 
 Hyoscyamine, . 
 Morphine Sulphate, 
 
 [For Formulae for Hypodermic Solutions, see Appendix.] 
 
 Parenchymatous Injection is the delivery of a medicine deeply 
 into the tissues, either to affect a muscle itself or to locally influence some 
 important nerve-trunk. The principal agents used in this manner are 
 Strychnine for palsied muscles, Chloroform for sciatic and other neuralgias, 
 and Salts of Cocaine for local anaesthesia. 
 
 The Skin is an active absorbent of crystalloidal substances when its 
 epidermis or cuticle is removed. By this route there are four methods of 
 introducing medicaments into the circulation, viz.—the Enepidermic, 
 Epidermic and Endermic Methods, and Inoculation. 
 
 The Enepidermic Method consists in placing the medicine in 
 simple contact with the epidermis, no friction being used to hasten its 
 penetration. Chloroform and Oleic Acid solutions of the alkaloids pass 
 by osmosis in this manner with comparative ease, but aqueous solutions 
 act very slowly and alcoholic ones with great difficulty if at all. 
 
 The Epidermic Method consists in the use of friction to promote 
 the passage of the medicament between the cells of the epidermis. Mer¬ 
 curial Ointment, Cod-liver Oil, and other fats, Oleates, etc., are used in 
 this way for their local and systemic effects. 
 
 The Endermic Method obviates the difficulty of absorption through 
 the cuticle by removing the latter through the agency of a blister, and 
 then powdering the medicament over the surface of the denuded derma. 
 
 An ordinary Cantharides-plaster, followed by a poultice to raise the blister, may be 
 employed; but a quicker method is to place upon the skin a piece of lint soaked in Stronger 
 Water of Ammonia, covering it with a watch-glass or a piece of oiled silk to prevent evapo¬ 
 ration. The blister raises rapidly and should then be removed with scissors. Morphine, 
 Atropine, Quinine and Strychnine, are the agents generally used in this manner, but the 
 method is painful and unpopular. 
 
 Inoculation is the introduction of medicinal agents through the 
 scraped or punctured skin by an operation similar to that employed for 
 vaccination. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 
 
 In the present state of knowledge respecting the actions and uses of 
 medicinal agents, no really scientific classification of these substances is 
 possible. Some writers have adopted a system based on the natural rela¬ 
 tions of the various articles to each other, while many classify them 
 according to their effects on the human system, and others make no 
 attempt at arrangement but treat of them in alphabetical order. The 
 latter method has been followed in this work, from a conviction that every 
 medicine should'first be studied as an individual, both with respect to its 
 physiological actions and its therapeutical applications. When the student 
 has thus made himself familiar with the characteristic features of each 
 article of the Materia Medica, he may begin, by comparing one with 
 another, to seek acquaintance with their more delicate lights and shades. 
 Some system of classification then becomes imperative as an aid to the 
 memory, and as the titles of the groups to which the various agents belong 
 in any physiological classification are also used to express their actions 
 and uses, the following synopsis is inserted as an appropriate introduction 
 to the section on Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
 
 Stimulants and Sedatives. 
 
 These are general terms employed in various classifications with very 
 little discrimination. 
 
 Stimulant ( Stimulus , a goad),—is a term which is used in various 
 senses when applied to medicinal agents. Alcoholic preparations, which 
 are true narcotics, are commonly termed “ stimulants,” and the same 
 expression is employed to designate any agent which excites the organic 
 action of a part of the economy. 
 
 Diffusible Stimulants are those which have a prompt but transient effect, such as 
 Alcohol, Ammonia, Camphor, etc. Spinal Stimulants exalt the functions of the cord, as 
 Strychnine, Picrotoxin, Ergot, Atropine, Phosphorus. Cardiac Stimulants increase the 
 action of the heart, as Alcohol, Atropine and Morphine in small doses, Strychnine, etc., 
 also Squill, Convallaria, Cimicifuga and Digitalis, which slow but strengthen the cardiac 
 action. Vaso-motor Stimulants , as Alcohol, Chloroform, Ether, Ammonia, Strychnine, 
 Digitalis and Squill, acting on the vaso-motor centre; and the Nitrites, Belladonna, Elec¬ 
 tricity, Volatile Oils, etc., acting as local dilators of the vascular system. Cerebral Stimu¬ 
 lants , as Alcohol, Opium, Belladonna, Caffeine, Cocaine, Theine, Cannabis, Chloroform, 
 Ether, Tobacco, etc. Renal Stimulants , as the diuretic group. Stomachic Stimulants , 
 
 2 3 
 
24 
 
 AGENTS ACTING CHIEFLY ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 as the Aromatics, Volatile Oils, Vegetable Bitters, Mineral Acids, Nux Vomica, Mustard, 
 Capsicum, etc. Hepatic Stimulants , as Nitro-muriatic and Nitric Acids, and the chola- 
 gogue purgatives Podophyllum, Jalap, Leptandra, Euonymin, Iridin, etc. Intestinal 
 Stimulants , as Mercurials, Elaterium, Colocynth, Jalap, Scammony, Podophyllum, etc., 
 which affect the glandular apparatus,— and Belladonna, Physostigma, Nux Vomica, Rhu¬ 
 barb, Senna, Aloes, Frangula, Cascara, etc., which chiefly affect the muscular fibres and 
 the intestinal nerves. Ctitaneous Stimulants , as the diaphoretic group, and the rubefa¬ 
 cients Mustard, Capsicum, Turpentine, Ammonia, etc. All stimulation reacts into 
 depression, and most of the agents which stimulate the nerve centres at first soon depress 
 and finally paralyze them. 
 
 Sedatives (, Sedo , I allay),—are agents which exert a soothing influ¬ 
 ence on the system by lessening functional activity, depressing motility 
 and diminishing pain. 
 
 General Sedatives include the narcotics and anaesthetics. Local Sedatives include Aco¬ 
 nite, Opium, Ice, etc. Pulmonary Sedatives, as Hydrocyanic Acid, Veratrine, and the 
 nauseants and emetics. Spinal Sedatives, as Physostigma, Gelsemium, Potassium Bro¬ 
 mide. Stomachic Sedatives include Arsenic, Bismuth, Nitrate of Silver, Bicarbonate of 
 Sodium. Vascular Sedatives, as Digitalis, Tobacco, Aconite, Veratrum, and the emetics. 
 Nervous Sedatives, among which are Potassium Bromide, Tobacco, Lobelia, and the 
 group of spinal depressants. 
 
 Agents Acting Chiefly on the Nervous System. 
 
 Motor-Excitants are agents which increase the functional activity 
 of the spinal cord and the motor apparatus, producing disturbances of 
 motility, heightened reflex excitability, and tetanic convulsions when 
 given in large doses, their ultimate effect being motor paralysis from over- 
 stimulation. 
 
 The most important members of this class are Nux Vomica and Ignatia, with their 
 alkaloids Strychnine and Brucine, also Thebaine , the tetanizing alkaloid of Opium. It 
 also includes Morphine and Atropine, which, though at first sedative, when given in large 
 doses produce convulsions. The respiratory centre in the medulla is stimulated by Strych¬ 
 nine, Atropine, Ammonia, and small doses of Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform. The 
 motor convolutions in the brain are stimulated by Alcohol in moderate doses, as also for 
 a brief period by Ether and Chloroform. 
 
 The end-organs of the motor nerves are stimulated by the local use of Electricity, Strych¬ 
 nine and friction ; and are irritated by the internal administration of Aconitine, Nicotine, 
 Camphor, Pilocarpine and Pyridine. Other members of this class are embraced in the 
 following list:— 
 
 Nux Vomica. 
 
 Ignatia. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Brucine. 
 
 Thebaine. 
 
 Morphine.* 
 
 Atropine.* 
 
 Alcohol.f 
 
 Ether.f 
 
 Chloroform.f 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Absinthe. 
 
 Buxine. 
 
 Calabarine. 
 
 Ergot. 
 
 Ustilago. 
 
 Gossypium 
 
 Picrotoxin. 
 
 Aconitine. 
 
 Nicotine. 
 
 Camphor. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 Convallaria. 
 
 Cimicifuga. 
 
 Pilocarpine. 
 
 Pyridine. 
 
 Rhus Toxicoden. 
 Electricity. 
 
 Motor-Depressants lower the functional activity of the spinal cord 
 and motor apparatus, and in large doses paralyze them. Some act indi¬ 
 rectly by reducing the spinal circulation, as Digitalis, Aconite and large 
 
 * In large doses. 
 
 f In small doses. 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 25 
 
 doses of Quinine; others by a directly paralyzant action on the centres. 
 The principal members of this class may be enumerated as follows, viz.: — 
 
 Opium, Morphine. 
 
 Curare. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 Gelsemium. 
 
 Conium. 
 
 Sodium Nitrite. 
 
 Muscarine. 
 
 Chloral. 
 
 Methyl Strychnine. 
 
 Pulsatilla. 
 
 Ergot (at last). 
 
 Ethyl Strychnine. 
 
 Grindelia. 
 
 Arnica. 
 
 Methyl Thebaine. 
 
 Phytolacca. 
 
 Ailanthus. 
 
 Methyl Veratrine. 
 
 Physostigma. 
 
 Veratrum. 
 
 Methyl Conine. 
 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Alcohol.* 
 
 Other Methyl Compounds. 
 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Ether.* 
 
 Ammonium Cyanide. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Chloroform.* 
 
 Ammonium Iodide. 
 
 Pilocarpus. 
 
 Bromides. 
 
 Ethyl Ammonium Chloride. 
 
 Quebracho. 
 
 Potassium. 
 
 Amyl Ammonium Chloride. 
 
 Camphor. 
 
 Lithium. 
 
 Amyl Ammonium Iodide. 
 
 Aconite. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Amyl Ammonium Sulphate. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Prussic Acid. 
 
 Other Compound Ammonias. 
 
 Lobelia. 
 
 Potass. Cyanide. 
 
 Galvanism. 
 
 The motor centres in the medulla are powerfully depressed by Opium, Morphine, Aco¬ 
 nite, Conium, Chloral, Physostigma, and large doses of Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform. 
 The three last named are also paralyzers of the motor convolutions in the brain, arresting 
 all voluntary movements when administered in sufficient quantity. The anterior cornua 
 of the cord are greatly depressed by Physostigma and other agents, and the motor nerves 
 by Conium, Methyl-Strychnine, etc., both actions resulting in paralysis of the limbs. Cu¬ 
 rare , even in small doses, paralyzes the end-organs of the motor nerves, and Belladonna, 
 the compound Ammonias, Methyl compounds, etc., exercise a similar but less powerful 
 influence. Galvanism is also an effective local depressant of motor activity. 
 
 Local Stimulants increase common sensibility to the extent of pro¬ 
 ducing pain, chiefly by direct action upon the end-organs of the sensory 
 nerves in the skin, though some act probably by stimulating the local 
 circulation, as in inflammation. The principal members of this group 
 
 are— 
 
 Faradism. 
 
 Heat. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 Creasote. 
 Mineral Acids. 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Volatile Oils. 
 
 Acrid Essential Oils 
 Metallic Salts. 
 Veratrine (at first). 
 Cantharis (at first). 
 
 Local Anaesthetics and Anodynes {an, without, aistheysis, percep¬ 
 tion, odunay , pain),—reduce the functions of the sensory nerves until 
 they lose the power of receiving or conducting sensations. Some act by 
 direct depression of the end-organs in the skin, etc., others by impairing 
 the conductivity of the sensory nerves, while some act indirectly by 
 reducing the local circulation. The Anodynes diminish, and the Anaes¬ 
 thetics destroy, for a time, the sensibility of the skin or mucous membrane. 
 The chief agents of this class are— 
 
 Local Anodynes. 
 
 Aconite, Aconitine. 
 Belladonna, Atropine. 
 Opium, Morphine. 
 
 Local Ancesthetics. 
 
 Extreme Cold, Ice. 
 Ether Spray. 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 
 * In large doses. 
 
 j- In small doses. 
 
26 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Local Anodynes. 
 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Chloral. 
 
 Veratrum, Veratrine. 
 Volatile Oils. 
 Galvanism. 
 
 Local Anaesthetics. 
 
 Erythroxylon. 
 
 Cocaine. 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 Creasote. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine. 
 Iodoform. 
 
 Cerebral Excitants, —are remedies which increase the functional 
 activity of the cerebrum, without producing any subsequent depression, or 
 any suspension of the cerebral functions. They act partly by increasing 
 the action of the heart and consequently the rapidity of the circulation, 
 partly by a direct action upon the gray matter of the brain. The chief 
 members of this group are— 
 
 Alcohol (at first). 
 
 Ammoniac. 
 
 Asafetida. 
 
 Camphor. 
 
 Cannabis. 
 
 Valerian. 
 
 Ammonia (inhaled). 
 
 Coffee, Caffeine. 
 
 Tea, Theine. 
 
 Guarana, Guaranine. 
 Erythroxylon, Cocaine. 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Acetic Acid (inhaled). 
 
 Deliriants excite the functions of the higher brain to such a degree as 
 to disorder the mental faculties, producing intellectual confusion, loss 
 of will-power, delirium and even convulsions. They are all narcotics 
 (though all narcotics are not deliriants), and may be listed as follows, 
 viz.— 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Cannabis Indica. 
 Chloral. 
 
 Lupulus (at first). 
 Opium (at first). 
 
 Cerebral Depressants lower or suspend the functions of the higher 
 cerebrum after a preliminary stage of excitement. Under this head may 
 be included the Narcotics, General Anaesthetics, and several of the Anti- 
 spasmodics, all acting on the cells of the convolutions, at first stimu¬ 
 lating the brain-functions, they produce after a time stupor, coma and 
 insensibility. 
 
 The most useful of this class are the Bromides, Zinc and Caffeine, as they also diminish 
 reflex excitability and thus secure rest of the nervous system. Some of them are decidedly 
 dangerous, as they may paralyze the heart or the medulla and its centres of organic life 
 before the consciousness is much disturbed; such being Chloroform, Aconite, Opium, and 
 the irritant poisons. 
 
 Narcotics ( narkay , stupor),—are agents which, at first excitant to the 
 higher brain, produce profound sleep, characterized by stupor, and if the 
 dose be sufficient, coma, insensibility and death by paralysis of the medul¬ 
 lary centres governing respiration and other functions of organic life. 
 They are closely related to stimulants, Opium and Alcohol being good 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 2 7 
 
 illustrations, in the different stages of their action, of both stimulant and 
 narcotic effects. They give us the power of lowering perception, inducing 
 sleep and soothing the vital functions by rest, all of which are means of 
 great therapeutical value. The chief narcotics are— 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Opium, Morphine. 
 Belladonna, Atropine. 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Cannabis Indica. 
 Humulus. 
 
 Chloroform, Ether, etc. 
 
 Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 Croton-chloral. 
 
 Hypnotics (heupnos, sleep),—are remedies which produce sleep, and in 
 this wide sense of the term the class would include the Narcotics and the 
 Anaesthetics, as well as those agents which may be termed Pure Hypnot¬ 
 ics, which induce sleep by bringing the brain into a favorable condition 
 therefor, rather than by direct soporific action. In this sense the purest 
 hypnotics are the Bromides, but artificial sleep may be produced by 
 many other agents. The principal members of this class are the follow¬ 
 ing :— 
 
 Opium, Morphine, Narceine. 
 
 Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 Croton-chloral. 
 
 Cannabis. 
 
 Cannabin Tannate. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Paraldehyde. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 Sulphonal. 
 
 Chloralamid. 
 
 Methylal. 
 
 General Anaesthetics. 
 
 Urethane. 
 
 Sodium Bromide. 
 
 Calcium Bromide. 
 Lithium Bromide. 
 
 Zinc Bromide. 
 
 Potassium Bromide. 
 Monobromated Camphor. 
 Lettuce 
 Lactic Acid. 
 
 Amylene Hydrate. 
 Piscidia Erythrina. 
 
 Analgesics (an, without, algos , pain), or Anodynes (an, without, 
 odunay , pain),—are remedies which relieve pain either by direct depression 
 of the centres of perception and sensation in the cerebrum, or by impair¬ 
 ing the conductivity of the sensory nerve fibres. Opium is the most 
 efficient of all analgesics, because it arrests the afferent impressions at 
 every step of their track—at their formation, along the course of their 
 conduction, and at the point where they impinge on the sensorium. The 
 Local Anodynes have been described, and the list of General Anodynes 
 includes the following-named agents, viz.— 
 
 Opium, Morphine. 
 Belladonna, Atropine. 
 Cannabis Indica. 
 Stramonium. 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 Gelsemium. 
 
 Aconite. 
 
 Chloroform, Ether, etc. 
 
 Comum. 
 
 Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 Croton-chloral. 
 
 Lupulus. 
 
 Anaesthetics (an, without, aisthaysis, perception),—are agents which 
 destroy sensation. Local Aticesthetics have been described. General 
 Anceslhetics are certain volatile substances, mostly belonging to the class 
 
28 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 of alcohols and ethers, which when inhaled produce complete uncon¬ 
 sciousness and loss of sensation (anaesthesia), with lessened motor power. 
 
 Narcotics also produce anaesthesia, but the term is usually restricted to the effects of the 
 volatile agents referred to. The principal members of this group are— 
 
 Ether (Oxide of Ethyl). Nitrous Oxide. 
 
 Chloroform. Bromide of Ethyl. 
 
 Bichloride of Methylene. Bichloride of Ethylene. 
 
 Antispasmodics ( anti , against spasmos, a spasm),—are agents which 
 prevent or allay spasm of voluntary or involuntary muscles in any portion 
 of the organism. Some of the agents belonging to this class act by 
 stimulation of the higher nervous centres, the coordinating power, and 
 the circulation, as Alcohol and Ether in small doses, Camphor, Musk, 
 Valerian, etc. ; others by a depressant influence on the motor centres, as 
 the Bromides; and still others by paralysis of the end-organs of the vaso¬ 
 motor nerves, as Amyl Nitrite. A few depress all the vital functions, as 
 Aconite, Tobacco, Lobelia, Hellebore, and Prussic Acid; and a long list 
 stimulate the bowels to expel gaseous accumulations, namely, Asafetida, 
 Cajuput, Valerian, Musk, Aromatic Oils, etc. They are used in convul¬ 
 sive affections, especially asthma and other spasmodic diseases of the 
 respiratory organs, hysteria, chorea, angina pectoris, epilepsy, etc. The 
 principal antispasmodics are as follows, viz.— 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Aconite. 
 
 Ammoniac. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Lobelia. 
 
 Castor. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Musk. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 Hellebore. 
 
 Galbanum. 
 
 Nitrites. 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Sumbul. 
 
 Bromides. 
 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Ipecac. 
 
 Potassium Iodide. 
 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Senega. 
 
 Potassium Nitrate. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Silver Salts. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Prussic Acid. 
 
 Zinc Salts. 
 
 Valerian. 
 
 Physostigma. 
 
 Copper Salts. 
 
 Conium. 
 
 Curare. 
 
 Asafetida. 
 
 The Cerebellum is affected by a few drugs, their action upon its 
 several lobes producing various disturbances of equilibrium. 
 
 Alcohol is the principal agent acting upon this portion of the brain, and different pro¬ 
 ducts of the still seem to affect different portions of the cerebellum. For instance, intoxi¬ 
 cation by wine or beer is said to cause lateral falling, that by whiskey an inclination to fall 
 face downwards, cider a backward tendency (Brunton). Apomorphine in large doses 
 produces a tendency to move in a circle, and therefore probably affects the cerebellum or 
 the corpora quadrigemina. 
 
 Agents Acting on the Organs of Special Sense. 
 
 Mydriatics (meudos, moisture),—are agents which produce dilatation 
 of the pupil of the eye (mydriasis). Some act locally, others when given 
 internally, and the principal ones (Atropine and its congeners) act both 
 locally and internally, producing at the same time paralysis of the ciliary 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 2 9 
 
 muscle resulting in temporary loss of accommodation, the eye remaining 
 focussed for distant objects, and the intra-ocular tension being increased. 
 
 The dilating action of Atropine and its congeners is due to stimulation of the end- 
 organs of the sympathetic nerve, increasing the power of the radiating muscular fibres of 
 the iris, and also to paralysis of the end-organs of the motor oculi (3d cranial) nerve, 
 lessening the power of the circular fibres or sphincter iridis. When administered inter¬ 
 nally the drug is carried by the circulation to the eye, acting thereon locally as if instilled 
 directly upon the conjunctiva. The principal mydriatics are those named in the following 
 list, viz.: 
 
 Belladonna, Atropine. 
 Hyoscyamus, Hyoscyamine. 
 Stramonium, Daturine. 
 Duboisia, Duboisine. 
 
 Belladonnine (internally only). 
 Homatropine. 
 
 Gelsemine (locally only). 
 Anaesthetics (at last). 
 
 Cocaine. 
 
 Atropine, Duboisine and Homatropine are the mydriatics used by ophthalmologists. 
 
 Myotics ( meuo , I close),—are agents which produce contraction of 
 the pupil. The alkaloid of Physostigma, Eserine , is the chief local 
 myotic, and the only one used in ophthalmic practice. It acts by stimu¬ 
 lating the circular muscular fibres of the iris, at the same time contracting 
 the ciliary muscle so that the eye is accommodated for near objects only, 
 and diminishing intra-ocular tension; in all of which it exactly antago¬ 
 nizes the action of Atropine. 
 
 A/uscarine, Pilocarpine and Nicotine are also local myotics, acting upon the end- 
 organs of the oculo-motor nerve. Anaesthetics in the early stage of their action cause 
 contraction of the pupil by lessening reflex action; later, when they begin to paralyze 
 respiration the accumulation of venous blood irritates the centres and produces dilatation, 
 which is a sign of failing respiratory power during anaesthesia. The myotic action of 
 Opium is of central origin, probably the paralysis of the local reflex excitability. The 
 chief myotics are as follows :— 
 
 Physostigma, Eserine. 
 Opium, Morphine. 
 Pilocarpus, Pilocarpine. 
 Muscarine. 
 
 Gelsemine (internally). 
 Lobeline (internally). 
 Nicotine (locally). 
 Anaesthetics (at first). 
 
 The Sensibility of the Eye is increased by Strychnine, the field of 
 vision becoming extended, and the vision rendered more acute. If the 
 drug be administered hypodermically the improvement will be more 
 marked in the eye corresponding to the side of the body where the iujec- 
 tion was made. 
 
 The sensibility for color is affected by drugs, Strychnine increasing the field for blue, 
 Eserine diminishing it for red and green, and Santonin causing objects to appear at first 
 of a violet and afterwards of a greenish-yellow color. 
 
 Visions are produced by several drugs, their action being probably 
 on the cerebral sight-centres (angular gyrus and occipital lobes) rather 
 than on the eye. Alcoholic delirium is a familiar instance, while Canna¬ 
 bis Indica often causes pleasant visions, and Sodium Salicylate in some 
 persons produces very disagreeable ones. Digitalis may produce subjec¬ 
 tive sensations of the continued presence of light. Bromides in excess 
 
30 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON RESPIRATION. 
 
 may produce visions of such intensity that their subject remembers them 
 distinctly for years afterwards. 
 
 Amblyopia, or impairment of vision from nerve-changes, is produced 
 temporarily by Quinine, and may be permanently induced by Tobacco, 
 Alcohol, Lead and Urea. 
 
 v 
 
 The Ear is affected by several drugs. Strychnine and Morphine 
 increase the excitability of either the auditory nerve or the centre for 
 hearing (superior temporo-sphenoidal convolution), making that faculty 
 much more acute. Quinine , Antipyi'ine and Salicylates produce hypere¬ 
 mia of the auditory apparatus, causing subjective noises, as humming, 
 buzzing or ringing, which are very unpleasant. Hydrobromic Acid and 
 the Bromides , also Ergot , will diminish the congestion and to a great 
 extent will neutralize or prevent these noises. 
 
 Quinine in large doses is believed by some to have produced permanent injury of the 
 sight and the hearing, but authentic cases of such action are extremely rare, if indeed 
 they can be found at all. Temporary deafness is often caused by Quinine, but it usually 
 disappears soon after the administration of the drug is stopped. 
 
 The Sense of Smell is also increased by Stiychnine, and decreased 
 by all cerebral depressants and by those agents which produce changes 
 in the nasal mucous membrane, e. g ., Potassium Iodide. 
 
 The cerebral centre for this faculty is situated at the tip of the temporo-sphenoidal 
 lobe, and the terminal branches of the olfactory nerve are distributed upon the mucous 
 lining of the upper portion of the nasal fossae. Strychnine probably stimulates the 
 former, and all drugs acting upon the latter region would have more or less effect upon 
 the power of distinguishing smells. 
 
 The Taste is not much affected by drugs except as each makes its 
 peculiar impression on the nerves of taste, and may overcome that of 
 another agent. Smell has much to do with taste in many instances, the 
 expedient of holding the nose while swallowing Castor Oil being familiar 
 to every one. 
 
 The “ after-taste ” of drugs is often different to their original taste ; thus Bitters are said to 
 leave a sweet after-taste, and the same is claimed for Quinine if given in acid solution so 
 as to be entirely dissolved, and if washed out of the mouth with water immediately after 
 swallowing. Substances which are excreted from the system in the saliva (as Iodides) 
 leave a very persistent after-taste. 
 
 Agents Acting on Respiration. 
 
 The Respiratory Centre is situated in the medulla oblongata, close to 
 the termination of the calamus scriptorius. It probably consists of thoracic 
 and diaphragmatic Inspiratory centres, the act of expiration being consid¬ 
 ered normally a passive one, due to the natural contraction of the walls of 
 the air-vesicles, and the return of the diaphragm and thoracic walls to the 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON RESPIRATION. 
 
 31 
 
 position from which they were moved by the inspiratory effort. An Expi¬ 
 ratory Centre must also exist for the initiation of forced expiration, as in 
 the production of voice, cough, sneezing, etc. The chief Inspiratory 
 Nerves are the pulmonary branches of the vagus. The Expiratory Nerves 
 are the nasal branches of the fifth, the superior and inferior laryngeal, and 
 the cutaneous nerves of the chest and abdomen. 
 
 Respiratory Stimulants exalt the function of the respiratory centre, 
 quickening and deepening the breathing. Such agents, besides Opium in 
 small doses, are— 
 
 Chloralamid. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Atropine. 
 
 Duboisine. 
 
 Brucine. 
 
 Thebaine. 
 
 Apomorphine. 
 
 Emetine. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 Zinc salts. 
 Copper salts. 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Quebracho. 
 Tobacco (briefly). 
 Alcohol (briefly). 
 Ether (briefly). 
 
 Strychnine also stimulates the vagus tract. Electricity applied to the nerve-trunks or 
 to the inspiratory muscles, is a direct respiratory stimulant. Veratine , Eserine , and Mus¬ 
 carine stimulate the vagus terminations, quickening the respiration, but afterwards slow it 
 by depressing the respiratory centre. Aconite stimulates the end-organs of the vagus 
 when given in small doses. 
 
 Respiratory Depressants lower the activity of the respiratory centre, 
 rendering the respirations slow and shallow. The chief agents of this class 
 are— 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Physostigma. 
 
 Muscarine. 
 
 Lobeline. 
 
 Gelsemium. 
 Aconite. 
 Veratrine. 
 Prussic Acid. 
 Conium. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Chloral. 
 
 Saponine. 
 
 Caffeine. 
 
 Colchicine 
 
 Nicotine. 
 
 Quinine. 
 
 Camphor. 
 
 The ten last named first excite the centre for a brief period and then depress it. 
 
 Pulmonary Sedatives diminish cough and dyspnoea by lessening 
 the irritability of the respiratory centre or the nerves of respiration. Some 
 act by directly depressing the respiratory centre, as those enumerated 
 under the preceding head; others by removing some irritant from the 
 passages, or by lessening local congestion, as the expectorant group; and 
 others by lowering the excitability of the vagus end-organs in the lungs, 
 and other afferent filaments throughout the respiratory tract. 
 
 Opium has the most powerful influence as a sedative to the respiratory centre, and muci¬ 
 laginous or saccharine substances soothe the local irritation, hence the latter are so fre¬ 
 quently used as vehicles for the former in cough mixtures. Hydrocyanic Acid has a 
 similar sedative action, hence the use in coughs of Prunus Virginiana and other substances 
 containing it. Belladonna stimulates the respiratory centre, but at the same time lessens 
 the excitability of the vagus terminations in the lungs, and completely arrests secretion 
 from the bronchi. Stramonium acts similarly. The principal pulmonary sedatives may 
 be enumerated as follows :— 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Prussic Acid. 
 Amyl Nitrite. 
 Quebracho. 
 Cannabis. 
 
 Turpentine. 
 Ethyl Iodide. 
 Conium. 
 Tobacco. 
 
32 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON RESPIRATION. 
 
 Errhines and Sternutatories ( en , in, rhin , the nose; sternuto , I 
 sneeze),—are agents which produce increased nasal secretion and sneezing, 
 when locally applied to the mucous membrane of the nose. The first term 
 is usually applied to substances which cause increase of the mucus without 
 sneezing, the latter to those which invariably produce sneezing. The drugs 
 should be in powder for application. The stimulus produced by these 
 agents is transmitted by the nasal branches of the fifth nerve to the respi¬ 
 ratory centre, exciting the sudden and forcible expiratory effort called 
 sneezing; also to the vasomotor centre, contracting the smaller vessels 
 throughout the body and producing a general rise in the blood-pressure. 
 The principal agents of this class are— 
 
 Tobacco, as snuff. 
 Ipecacuanha. 
 Sanguinaria. 
 Veratrum Album. 
 
 Euphorbium. 
 Sassy Bark. 
 Saponine. 
 Ginger. 
 
 Capsicum. 
 
 Hellebore. 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Cubebs. 
 
 The last two named may be used as simple Errhines, as the vapor of dilute Ammonia- 
 water or the smoke of burning Cubebs do not excite sneezing generally. 
 
 Expectorants (<?jr, out of, pectus, the breast),—are remedies which 
 modify the secretion of the broncho-pulmonary mucous membrane, and 
 promote its expulsion. They may be divided into— 
 
 NauseatingExpectora?its ,—in large doses act mechanically by expelling 
 the mucus in the act of vomiting, in small doses by increasing osmosis 
 from the inflamed mucous membrane. The members of this subdivision 
 generally increase secretion and tend to lower the blood-pressure. The 
 chief of them are the following named : — 
 
 Antimony, Tartar Emetic. 
 Ipecacuanha, Emetine. 
 Lobelia, Lobeline. 
 Pilocarpus (Jaborandi). 
 
 Apomorphine. 
 Quebracho. 
 Potassium Iodide. 
 Alkalies. 
 
 Stimulant Expectorants ,—are largely eliminated by the bronchial 
 mucous membrane which they stimulate, altering the secretion and facili¬ 
 tating expectoration. These remedies generally diminish secretion and 
 increase blood-pressure. They are— 
 
 Acids. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride, and Carbonate. 
 Ammoniac. 
 
 Benzoin and Benzoic Acid. 
 
 Balsams of Peru and Tolu. 
 
 Wood Tar, and Tar. 
 
 Oleum Pini Sylvestris. 
 
 Turpentine. 
 
 Squill. 
 
 Garlic. 
 
 Onion. 
 
 Nux Vomica, Strychnine. 
 Senga, Saponin. 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 Liquorice. 
 
 Saccharine Substances. 
 
 Besides the above many other remedies may act as expectorants, some by relieving 
 bronchial spasm, as Opium, Stramonium and Tobacco,—others by soothing the irritable 
 respiratory centre, as Opium and Chloral,— and the ciliary excitants by reflex action 
 through their impression on the nerves of the mouth. 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE CIRCULATION. 
 
 33 
 
 Ciliary Excitants, —promote the expectoration of bronchial mucus 
 by their reflex excitation of the tracheal and bronchial cilia, when dis¬ 
 solved in the mouth. Gum Acacia, Ammonium Chloride, Potassium 
 Chlorate, and native Chloride of Sodium have this action. 
 
 Agents Acting on the Circulation. 
 
 Cardiac Stimulants rapidly increase the force and frequency of the 
 pulse in depressed conditions of the cardiac apparatus. One of the most 
 useful agents of this class is Alcohol in some form, its action being largely 
 due to a reflex influence excited through the nerves of the mouth and 
 stomach. It should therefore be given in but slightly diluted form, and 
 in small quantities frequently. Ether is next in value and still more rapid 
 in action, and Heat is one of the most powerful and available of the class. 
 Ammonia has an energetic action as a stimulant to the vaso-motor centre,, 
 as well as a reflex one upon the heart similar to that of Alcohol. The list 
 of cardiac stimulants includes the following, viz : — 
 
 Alcohol. 
 Ammonia. 
 Atropine. 
 Nitroglycerin. 
 Counter irritation. 
 
 Cocaine. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Heat. 
 
 Continuous Galvanic Current. 
 
 Sparteine. 
 
 Camphor. 
 
 Aromatic Oils. 
 Turpentine. 
 
 Opium, and Morphine, in 
 small doses. 
 
 Cardiac Tonics, when given in moderate doses, stimulate the cardiac 
 muscle, slowing and strengthening its contractions. In large doses they 
 are apt to produce irregular action of the heart, and some of them have 
 more or less of a tendency to cause sudden death by syncope if pushed to 
 any great extent. The most important of these agents are— 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 Convallaria. 
 
 Cimicifuga. 
 
 Squill. 
 
 Erythrophlceum. 
 
 Caffeine. 
 
 Strophanthus. 
 Strychnine. 
 Helleborein. 
 Adonis vernalis. 
 
 Digitalis acts partly by stimulation of the vagus end-organs in the heart, thus increasing 
 cardiac inhibition, and partly by direct stimulation of the cardiac centre in the medulla, as 
 well as by a direct influence on the heart muscle itself. Convallaria , Erythrophlceum , 
 Squill and Cimicifuga act similarly but less powerfully, and are correspondingly safer. 
 Strophanthus is still better, as it does not affect the vessels, and therefore does not raise 
 the blood-pressure. 
 
 Cardiac Sedatives lessen the force and the frequency of the heart’s 
 action and are used to control palpitation of that organ, and to slow the 
 pulse in febrile conditions in sthenic subjects, especially when local inflam¬ 
 mation is the exciting cause. The chief cardiac sedatives are— 
 
 Aconite. 
 Antimony. 
 Veratrum Viride. 
 Muscarine. 
 Pilocarpine. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 Senega, Saponin. 
 Prussic Acid. 
 Potassium Salts. 
 Cold. 
 
34 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 Aconite, Veratrum, Muscarine, Pilocarpine , Saponin and Prussic Acid are direct 
 cardiac poisons, depressing the heart muscle and the cardiac motor ganglia; Muscai-ine 
 and Pilocarpine also stimulate the inhibitory ganglia; Digitalis stimulates the vagus 
 centre and the cardiac muscle, and acts as a sedative in many cases by slowing the rate 
 and giving it a regular rhythm. Aconite is said by some authorities to relax inhibition, 
 by others to stimulate the vagus centre. Antimony depresses the motor ganglia, Potassium 
 the cardiac muscle. 
 
 Vascular Stimulants produce dilatation of the peripheral vessels, 
 and increase the rapidity of the circulation, thus equalizing the blood- 
 pressure and preventing internal congestions. The most useful are 
 Alcohol and Ether , as they stimulate the action of the heart simultaneously 
 with the vascular dilatation. The chief members of this group are— 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Nitrous Ether. 
 Nitroglycerin. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acetatis. 
 Opium, as Dover’s Powder. 
 Heat, as Poultices, etc. 
 
 The dilating action of Amyl Nitrite and other Nitrites is due to weakening either of 
 the muscular walls of the arterioles or to paralysis of the vaso-motor ganglia in them. 
 Alcohol , Ether and Opium probably depress the vaso-motor centre. 
 
 Vascular Tonics produce increased contraction of the arterioles and 
 consequently increased blood-pressure. The most important are— 
 
 Digitalis. Iron. Strychnine. 
 
 Squill. Ergot. Lead and Silver. 
 
 Opium, in small doses. 
 
 These agents act upon the local vaso-motor mechanism in the walls of the vessels, which 
 are also directly stimulated by cold produced in any way, as by Ether spray, or evaporat¬ 
 ing lotions containing Alcohol, Vinegar or Ammonium Chloride. 
 
 Vascular Sedatives increase the contraction of the vessels and lessen 
 the circulation through them. They are employed to check hemorrhage 
 and to cut short a local inflammation. The chief agents belonging to 
 this group are— 
 
 Cold. Hamamelis. Opium. 
 
 Ergot. Digitalis. Acetate of Lead. 
 
 Agents Acting on the Digestive System. 
 
 Dentifrices {dens, a tooth, frico , I rub),—are medicated powders or 
 pastes employed to cleanse the teeth and gums. Chalk is the basis gener¬ 
 ally used, for its mechanical action and its alkaline quality. Antiseptics, 
 as Borax, Quinine, Carbolic Acid, etc., should also be employed so as to 
 prevent the acid fermentation of food products between the teeth and the 
 consequent decay of the dentine. Tincture of Myrrh is an excellent 
 ingredient, being an aromatic local stimulant and disinfectant. 
 
 Many drugs affect the teeth injuriously, such being the Mineral Acids, Persalts of Iron 
 and Alum. The first two should be taken through a glass tube, and the mouth should 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 35 
 
 be afterwards rinsed with a weak alkaline wash. Opium, Chloral, Cocaine, Carbolic Acid, 
 Creasote, Chlorate of Potassium and Aconite are the agents used as local anodynes in 
 toothache from caries exposing a nerve filament. Chloral should never be used for this 
 purpose, as in solution sufficiently strong to be of any service, it will cause sloughing of the 
 gum, especially if injected thereinto with a hypodermic syringe, as is frequently done by 
 ignorant dentists. 
 
 Sialogogues ( seealon , saliva, ago, I carry off)—are agents which in¬ 
 crease the secretion and flow of saliva and buccal mucus, either by reflex 
 action from the local irritation produced when anything is taken into the 
 mouth, or by stimulating the glands during their elimination. The prin¬ 
 cipal sialogogues are divided into two classes, the first (topical) acting by 
 reflex stimulation, the second (general) acting through their systemic 
 influence on the glands or their secretory nerves. They are as follows: — 
 
 Topical Sialogogues. 
 
 Acids and Alkalies. 
 Ether, Chloroform, etc 
 Mustard, Ginger. 
 Pyrethrum, Mezereon. 
 Tobacco, Cubebs. 
 Capsicum, Rhubarb. 
 Horse-radish. 
 
 General Sialogogues. 
 
 Pilocarpus (Jaborandi). 
 Muscarine. 
 Physostigma. 
 Mercurials. 
 
 Iodine compounds. 
 Antimonials. 
 
 Tobacco, Ipecac. 
 
 Antisialics (anti, against, seealon, saliva),—are remedies which dimin¬ 
 ish the secretions of the salivary glands. Atropine is the principal agent 
 of this group, acting by paralyzing the terminations of the nerves of secre¬ 
 tion. Physostigma counteracts this paralysis, but in large doses acts as 
 an antisialic by lessening the blood supply to the glands. Opiui7i dimin¬ 
 ishes the reflex excitability of the reflex centre and also diminishes the 
 secretion. Others acting locally are— 
 
 Borax. Soda. Lithia. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate. Lime. Magnesia. 
 
 Insipid or nauseous articles of food or medicine. 
 
 Refrigerants ( refrigero, I cool),—are remedies which allay thirst and 
 impart a sensation of coolness. They include the Vegetable Acids, the 
 Mineral Acids (greatly diluted), Ice, Water, if cold, Effervescing drinks, 
 Fruit juices, and many diaphoretics. 
 
 Gastric Tonics or Stomachics, —are agents which increase the ap¬ 
 petite and promote gastric digestion. They include a number of sub¬ 
 stances, dietetic and medicinal, some acting by stimulation of the produc¬ 
 tion of gastric juice, others by stimulating the local circulation, and several 
 by exciting the activity of the nervo-muscular apparatus of the stomach. 
 
 The first indication is met by the use of dilute alkaline solutions before meals,—the 
 second by administering any of the pungent carminatives, as the Aromatic Oils, Pepper, 
 Mustard, etc., or by Alcohol and Ether in small doses, or by the Aromatic Bitters, as Gen¬ 
 tian, Orange, etc., or the simple bitters, as Calumba;—while the third desideratum is 
 
36 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 secured by the use of such agents as Nux Vomica, Hydrastis, Arsenic, the dilute Mineral 
 Acids, and the Volatile Oils. Adjuvants to gastric digestion are the various digestion- 
 ferments, Pepsin, Ingluvin and dilute HC1 Acid, which may be used to supplement the 
 gastric juice when deficient in quantity or quality. 
 
 Acids, —considered therapeutically and physiologically, are medicines 
 which in concentrated form act usually as caustics, and when given in 
 medicinal doses internally check the secretions of organs producing acid 
 secretions with which they come in contact, and increase those of organs 
 producing alkaline secretions. Thus a dilute acid given before meals will 
 check the production of the acid gastric juice, but will stimulate that of 
 the alkaline pancreatic juice. 
 
 The chief members of this group are the 
 dilute form:— 
 
 Acidum Aceticum. 
 
 Acidum Citricum. 
 
 Acidum Benzoicum. 
 
 Acidum Hydrochloricum. 
 
 following, which should be given in very 
 
 Acidum Nitricum. 
 
 Acidum Phosphoricum. 
 
 Acidum Sulphuricum. 
 
 Acidum Nitro-hydrochloricum. 
 
 Ant-acids or Alkalies, —from the same stand-point, are remedies 
 which neutralize acids, check alkaline secretions and stimulate acid secre¬ 
 tions, when in contact with the ducts of the organs producing them. Thus 
 a dilute alkali given before meals will stimulate the production of the acid 
 gastric juice and if applied to the mouth of the pancreatic duct will 
 check the secretion of the alkaline pancreatic juice. The principal 
 articles which belong to this group are the following, which should always 
 be administered in dilute solution : — 
 
 Liquor Potassje, Liquor Sodas. 
 
 Carbonates and Bicarbonates of Potassium, 
 Sodium, Lithium, Magnesium and Am¬ 
 monium. 
 
 Calcined Magnesia (Magnesia). 
 Lime-water, Chalk. 
 
 Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. 
 
 Potassium Acetate. 
 Potassium Citrate. 
 Potassium Tartrate. 
 Potassium Bitartrate. 
 Sodium Acetate. 
 Sodium Citrate. 
 Lithium Citrate. 
 
 The substances in the first list are direct antacids, lessening the acidity in the stomach, 
 and many of them also acting as remote antacids, lessening the acidity of the urine, as 
 Potash and Soda, and their Carbonates and Bicarbonates. Ammonia and its Carbonates 
 after absorption are eliminated as urea, and do not lessen the acidity of the urine. The 
 salts in the second list are remote antacids, do not lessen acidity in the stomach but do 
 that of the urine, being oxidized in the blood and excreted as Carbonates. 
 
 Emetics ( eemeo , I vomit),—are agents which produce vomiting. 
 They may be subdivided into two groups, (i) Local Emetics , or those 
 which act by irritating the end-organs of the gastric, pharyngeal or oeso¬ 
 phageal nerves, and (2) General or Systemic Emetics, which act through 
 the medium of the circulation. Both these classes produce the emetic 
 action by irritation of the vomiting centre in the medulla, the first by 
 reflex, the second by direct stimulation. The principal emetics are the 
 following named :— 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 3 7 
 
 Local Emetics. 
 
 Alum, Mustard, Salt. 
 Ammonium Carbonate. 
 
 Zinc and Copper Sulphates. 
 Subsulphate of Mercury. 
 Tepid Water, in quantity. 
 Vegetable Bitters, as Quassia, 
 in strong infusions. 
 
 General Emetics. 
 
 Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Emetine. 
 Apomorphine. 
 Tartar Emetic. 
 Veratrine. 
 
 Senega. 
 
 Squill. 
 
 Tartar Emetic , Ipecacuanha and probably Apomorphine, act locally as well as systemi- 
 cally, for if injected subcutaneously they are excreted by the stomach in part, thus irritat¬ 
 ing the gastric nerves as well as the vomiting centre. Pilocarpus is a local emetic, and 
 Digitalis and its congeners, also Muscarine , are systemic emetics, but none of these agents 
 are used medicinally for that purpose. Opium , Morphine and Codeine usually produce 
 emesis as one of their after-effects. 
 
 Anti-emetics, —are agents which diminish nausea and vomiting, some 
 by a local sedative action upon the end-organs of the gastric nerves, 
 others by reducing the irritability of the vomiting centre in the medulla. 
 The most efficient of the local sedatives is Ice, swallowed in small pieces. 
 Astringents are very useful when there is congestion of the gastric mucous 
 membrane, as in the vomiting of alcoholism and phthisis, where Silver 
 Nitrate and Alum are respectively effective. The most important anti¬ 
 emetics are the following, viz. :— 
 
 Local Gastric Sedatives. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Alum. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Carbonic Acid. 
 Cerium Oxalate. 
 Chloroform. 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 Potassium Nitrate. 
 
 Creasote. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Ice. 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Prussic Acid. 
 Silver Nitrate. 
 Calomel j small 
 Ipecac J doses. 
 Hot Water. 
 Cocaine. 
 
 General Sedatives. 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Morphine. 
 Prussic Acid. 
 Bromides. 
 Chloral. 
 Nitre-glycerin. 
 Food. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 Vomiting being set up by irritation of many afferent nerves from various regions of the 
 body, or by impulses from the brain excited through impressions on the nerves of special 
 sense, the measures for combating it are very diversified. (Compare the title Vomiting 
 in Part III.) 
 
 Gastric Pain is best treated by such local sedatives as Bismuth, Hydrocyanic Acid, or 
 small doses of Morphine, Arsenic and Belladonna. Cocaine is one of the most efficient 
 agents of this class, in 5 to 6 minim doses of a 4 per cent, solution, every hour. As its 
 general action is opposed to that of Opium, Bromides, etc., it must act locally, and 
 therefore should be given by the mouth. 
 
 Carminatives ( Carmino , I soothe),—aid the expulsion of gas from 
 the stomach and intestines, by increasing peristalsis, stimulating the 
 circulation, and relaxing the cardiac and pyloric orifices of the stomach. 
 They also act as diffusible stimulants, both of the bodily and mental 
 faculties. The principal carminatives belong to the aromatic oils, alcohols 
 or ethers, and are embraced in the following list: — 
 
 Asafetida. 
 
 Capsicum. 
 
 Cardamom. 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 Mustard. 
 
 Pepper. 
 
 Spirits. 
 
 Oil of Anise. 
 
 Oil of Eucalyptus. 
 Oil of Fennel. 
 
 Oil of Peppermint. 
 Oil of Spearmint. 
 
38 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Fennel. 
 
 Ginger. 
 
 Horse-radish. 
 
 Mace. 
 
 Oil of Cajuput. 
 Oil of Caraway. 
 Oil of Cinnamon. 
 Oil of Cloves. 
 
 Oil of Coriander. 
 
 Oil of Nutmeg. 
 Oil of Pimento. 
 Oil of Valerian. 
 Camphor. 
 Serpentaria. 
 
 Cathartics or Purgatives ( kaihairo, purgo, I cleanse),—are agents 
 which increase or hasten the intestinal evacuations. According to their 
 respective degrees and direction of action they are subdivided into several 
 groups, as follows: — 
 
 Laxatives (laxo , I loose), or Aperients (aperio , I open),—include 
 those which excite moderate peristalsis, and produce softened motions 
 without irritation. Sulphur is the typical laxative. 
 
 Simple Purgatives, —increase peristalsis actively, and stimulate the 
 secretions of the intestinal glands, producing one or more copious and 
 semifluid motions with some irritation and griping. Senna is the type of 
 this group. 
 
 Drastic Purgatives ( drao , I act),—act still more intensely, producing 
 violent peristalsis and watery stools, with much griping pain, tenesmus and 
 borborygmi. They irritate the intestinal mucous membrane, cause exos¬ 
 mosis of serum from its vessels, and in large dose set up inflammation and 
 symptoms of irritant poisoning. Jalap is a typical drastic. 
 
 Saline Purgatives, —consist of the neutral salts of metals of the alkalies 
 or alkaline earths. They stimulate the glands, increase peristalsis, promote 
 osmosis and cause free watery evacuations. Magnesium Sulphate is a 
 typical saline. 
 
 Hydragogue Purgatives (heudore, water, ago, I bring away),—include the 
 most active of the drastic and saline groups, those which remove a large 
 quantity of water from the vessels. Elaterium is a typical hydragogue. 
 
 Cholagogue Purgatives (kohlay, bile, ago, I bring away),—are those 
 agents which stimulate the flow of bile and produce free purgation at the 
 same time, the stools being green-colored, or “bilious,” and liquid. 
 Podophyllin is the type of this group. 
 
 The principal Cathartics are the following named :— 
 
 Laxatives. 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Cassia. 
 
 Manna. 
 
 Figs. 
 
 Prunes. 
 
 Tamarinds. 
 
 Honey. 
 
 Olive Oil. 
 
 Cascara Sagrada. 
 
 Physostigma. 
 
 Ergot. 
 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Laxatives. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Soap. 
 
 Almond Oil. 
 Taraxacum. 
 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Oatmeal. 
 
 Bran Biscuit. 
 
 Brown Bread. 
 
 Simple Purgatives. 
 
 Senna. 
 
 Aloes. 
 
 Rhubarb. 
 
 Castor Oil. 
 
 Simple Purgatives. 
 
 Rhamnus Frangula. 
 
 Ox-gall. 
 
 Calomel. 
 
 Small doses of drastics, sa¬ 
 lines or cholagogues. 
 
 Saline Purgatives. 
 
 Magnesium Sulphate. 
 Magnesium Citrate. 
 
 Potassium Sulphate. 
 Potassium Tartrate. 
 
 Potassium Bitartrate. 
 
 Sodium Sulphate. 
 
 Sodium Phosphate. 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 39 
 
 Saline Purgatives. 
 Sodium Chloride. 
 
 Pot. et Sodium Tartrate. 
 Manganese Sulphate. 
 
 Drastics. 
 
 Jalap. 
 
 Colocynth. 
 
 Elaterium. 
 
 Scammony. 
 
 Drastics. 
 
 Gamboge. 
 
 Croton Oil. 
 
 Cathartic Acid, hypodermi¬ 
 cally. 
 
 Hydragogues. 
 
 Elaterium. 
 
 Gamboge. 
 
 Potas, Bitartrate. 
 
 Hydragogues. 
 
 Croton Oil. 
 
 Salines in large doses. 
 
 Cholagogues. 
 
 Mercurials. 
 
 Aloes. 
 
 Rhubarb. 
 
 Euonymin. 
 
 Podophyllin. 
 
 Iridin. 
 
 Intestinal Astringents, contract the walls of the intestinal vessels, 
 diminishing the exudation therefrom, and lessening the fluidity of the 
 faecal discharges. The more powerful members of this group have also a 
 constringing action on the intestinal mucous membrane. The principal 
 agents of this class are the following :— 
 
 Astringents. 
 Phosphoric Acid. 
 Nitric Acid. 
 Sulphuric Acid. 
 Acetic Acid. 
 Acetate of Lead. 
 Nitrate of Silver. 
 
 - Diluted. 
 
 Constringents. 
 Tannic Acid. 
 Vegetable Astringents. 
 Alum. 
 
 Oxide of Zinc. 
 Sulphate of Copper. 
 Persalts of Iron. 
 
 Hepatic Stimulants and Cholagogues ( kohlay , bile, ago, I bring 
 away),—are two groups of agents acting upon the biliary secretion, the 
 first-named increasing the functional activity of the liver and the amount 
 of bile formed, the second removing the bile from the duodenum and 
 preventing its reabsorption into the portal circulation. Some hepatic 
 stimulants are also cholagogues, others are not, while cholagogues proper 
 generally act as hepatic stimulants by carrying off the bile and so indirectly 
 urging the liver to secrete more. The discovery of the entero-hepatic 
 circulation of bile has cleared up many of the discrepancies formerly 
 existing with regard to the action of drugs upon this gland and its secre¬ 
 tion. The following list includes the principal drugs belonging to both 
 
 groups:— 
 
 Hepatic Stimulants. 
 
 Aloes. 
 
 Podophyllin. 
 
 Mercuric Chloride. 
 Sodium Benzoate. 
 
 Phosphate. 
 
 Salicylate. 
 
 Nitro-hydrochloric Acid. 
 Euonymin. 
 
 Iridin. 
 
 Phytolaccin. 
 
 Sanguinarin. 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Colchicine. 
 
 Colocynth. 
 
 Rhubarb. 
 
 Potassium Sulphate. 
 Sodium Sulphate. 
 
 Bicarbonate. 
 Ammonium Benzoate. 
 
 Chloride. 
 
 Nitric Acid (dilute). 
 Benzoic Acid. 
 Baptisin. 
 
 Hydrastin. 
 
 Juglandin. 
 
 Leptandrin. 
 
 Jalapin. 
 
 Scammony. 
 
 Guaiac. 
 
 Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Physosligma. 
 
 Rochelle Salt. 
 
 Cholagogues. 
 
 Aloes. 
 
 Podophyllin. 
 Mercurous Chloride. 
 Pil. Hydrargyri. 
 Mercury with Chalk. 
 Sodium Phosphate. 
 Sulphate. 
 
 Potassium Sulphate. 
 
 Colchicum. 
 
 Colocynth. 
 
 Rhubarb. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Euonymin. 
 
 Scammony. 
 
 Baptisin. 
 
 Jalapin. 
 
 Iridin. 
 
40 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 Those in the first column are the most powerful of the stimulant group, the second 
 column including the less efficient agents. To secure the best cholagogue effect it is 
 advisable to combine an hepatic stimulant with an intestinal stimulant which shall pro¬ 
 duce increased secretion from the intestinal mucous membrane and excite peristalsis. 
 
 The Glycoge?iic Function of the liver, and the production of urea are 
 stimulated by the following-named drugs : — 
 
 Increasing Glycogen . 
 
 Nitrite of Amyl. 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 Nitro-hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Increasing Urea. 
 Arsenic. Iron. 
 
 Antimony. Phosphorus. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride. 
 
 Hepatic Depressants are agents which lower the functional activity 
 of the liver, reducing the quantity of bile secreted, and lessening the 
 production of glycogen and urea. They are as follows, viz. :— 
 
 Lessening Bile. 
 
 Opium. Morphine. 
 Many Purgatives. 
 Acetate of Lead. 
 Quinine (?) 
 
 Alcohol (?) 
 
 Diminishing Glycogen. 
 Opium. 
 
 Morphine. Codeine. 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 Lessening Urea. 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Morphine. 
 
 Colchicum. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Quinine. 
 
 Many purgatives act as hepatic depressants and diminish the secretion of bile by lower¬ 
 ing the blood pressure in the liver, and by carrying off the materials from which bile 
 might be formed. 
 
 Pancreatic Stimulation may be obtained by the administration of 
 Ether , or by Galvanism of the gland itself. The secretion is depressed 
 by Atropine and by inducing nausea and vomiting. 
 
 Anthelmintics (anti, against, helmins , a worm),—are agents which 
 destroy (vermicides) or cause the expulsion of intestinal worms (vermi¬ 
 fuges). The chief vermifuges are Castor Oil, Jalap and Scammony, 
 while the vermicides may be enumerated as follows, viz:— 
 
 Thread Worms 
 (Oxyuris Vermicularis.) 
 
 Alum. 
 
 Sulphate of Iron. 
 
 Lime Water. 
 
 Quassia. 
 
 Eucalyptol. 
 
 Sodium Chloride. 
 Tannin. 
 
 Veg. Astringents. 
 
 Round Worms 
 (Ascaris Lumbricoides .) 
 
 Santonica. 
 
 Santonin. 
 
 Spigelia. 
 
 Chenopodium. 
 
 Azedarach. 
 
 Senna. I with the 
 Calomel. j above. 
 
 Tape Worms 
 ( Tcenice , etc.) 
 
 Filix Mas. 
 Kamala. 
 Kousso. 
 Granatum. 
 
 Pelletierine. 
 
 Pepo. 
 
 Turpentine. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 The substances enumerated in the first column are all used locally by enema. Adjuncts 
 to these remedies are such agents as prevent the excessive secretion of intestinal mucus, 
 which affords a nidus for the worms. Such are Bitter Tonics and preparations of Iron, 
 abo Ammonium Chloride and Sodium Chloride. 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON METABOLISM. 
 
 41 
 
 Agents Acting on Metabolism. 
 
 Restoratives, —are agents which promote constructive metamorpho¬ 
 sis, including the Foods, Haematics, and Tonics, as well as many agents 
 called Stimulants in other classifications. 
 
 Foods ,—are substances which, when introduced into the body, supply 
 material to renew some structure or to maintain some vital process; being 
 distinguished from medicines in that the latter modify some vital action 
 but supply no material to sustain such. 
 
 The food of man is derived from all three of the kingdoms of nature, viz., the mineral, 
 vegetable and animal, and includes many substances treated of in the Materia Medica, 
 as Oils and Fats, Sugar, Starch, Gum, Alcohol, Beverages like Coffee and Tea, Water, 
 Phosphate of Lime, Chloride of Sodium, etc. 
 
 Hcematics (Jiaima , the blood),—are medicines which augment the quan¬ 
 tity of hsematin in the blood, and thus restore the quality of that tissue 
 by enriching its red corpuscles. They consist chiefly of Iron and Man¬ 
 ganese and their compounds. 
 
 Tonics ( tounos , tension),—are agents which improve the tone of the 
 tissues on which they have specific action, restoring energy and strength 
 to debilitated subjects, by a scarcely perceptible stimulation of all the 
 vital functions, their effects being apparent in an increased vigor of the 
 entire system. The chief tonics are enumerated in the foregoing lists 
 under the heads of the organs or tissues particularly affected by them. 
 (Compare the titles Stimulants, Respiratory Stimulants, Cardiac 
 Tonics, Vascular Tonics, Gastric Tonics, etc.) 
 
 The most typical medicinal agents which impart a general sense of tone and strength 
 are Strychnine, Quinine, Iron and Vegetable Bitters. Those especially acting upon the 
 stomach, are Arsenic, Bismuth, Cinchona, Hydrastis and Nux Vomica,—on the spinal cord 
 and general circulation, Strychnine,—on the heart, Digitalis, Squill, Convallaria and Cimi- 
 cifuga,—on the nervous system, Phosphorus, Quinine and the Valerianates,—on muscular 
 tissue, Tannin,—on the blood, Iron, Manganese, Cod-liver Oil, and other fats. 
 
 Alteratives, —are certain remedies which alter the course of morbid 
 conditions in some way not yet understood, perhaps by promoting meta¬ 
 bolism. They certainly modify the nutritive processes and thereby cure 
 many diseases of chronic type. Mercury and Iodine are the most promi¬ 
 nent agents of this class, the former being endowed with the power of 
 breaking up newly deposited fibrin, and disorganizing syphilitic deposits, 
 while the latter acts energetically upon the lymphatic system and promotes 
 absorption. Arsenic also is almost specific in many chronic skin affec¬ 
 tions, and has remarkable power over chronic pulmonary consolidations, 
 probably producing fatty degeneration and softening of the effusion, so 
 that it may be absorbed or expectorated. The principal alteratives are : — 
 
42 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON METABOLISM. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 Aurum. 
 
 Mezereum. 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 Sulphides. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Colchicum. 
 
 Guaiacum. 
 
 Sangu inaria. 
 Xanthoxylum. 
 Calcium Chloride. 
 
 Iodine. 
 
 Iodides. 
 
 Stillingia. 
 
 Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Cod-liver Oil. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Certain therapeutists of laboratory type have, of late years, seen fit to denounce the 
 term Alterative as “ a cloak for ignorance,” but have never been able to present a better 
 designation for a class of agents whose effects are among the most thoroughly established 
 of clinical facts. 
 
 A subdivision may be made of the Resolvents or Discutients (. Resolvo, 
 I unbind, Discutio, I dissipate),—agents which promote the absorption 
 of inflammatory products or other materials of morbid origin, apparently 
 by stimulation of the lymphatic system. They include Mercury, Arsenic, 
 Iodine, and Cadmium, as well as such local measures as Poulticing and 
 Counter-irritation. 
 
 The Destructive Metamorphosis of the tissues is promoted by 
 a number of agents, most of which are classed as Alteratives or as Astrin¬ 
 gents , the most important of which are the following-named:— 
 
 Alkalies. Sulphides and Iodides. 
 
 Vegetable Acids. Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Metals and their salts. Stillingia. 
 
 Colchicum. Xanthoxylum. 
 
 Tannic and Gallic Acids, and substances containing them. 
 
 On the other hand, Metabolism may be diminished by many substances, 
 the following named being the chief ones :— 
 
 Alcohol. Salicin. Resorcin. 
 
 Glycerin. Salicylates. Chinoline. 
 
 Oils and Fats. Quinine. Kairine. 
 
 Antipyretics {anti, against, peuritos , fever), are agents or measures 
 which reduce the body-temperature when abnormally high. This may be 
 done by two principal methods, and the agents doing either accomplish 
 the result by different actions, as follows, viz. :— 
 
 „ T . , tt j l f I. Diminishing tissue-change. 
 
 By Lessening the Production of Heat, by j ^ Reducing ,g e drcu l ation 5 . 
 
 or by 
 
 Promoting the Loss of Heat, by 
 
 f 3. Dilating cutaneous vessels, and producing increased 
 radiation. 
 
 4. Producing perspiration, and its evaporation. 
 
 [5. Abstracting heat from the body. 
 
 The following list contains nearly all the antipyretics, the number 
 following each referring to its proper method of action, as enumerated 
 above:— 
 
 Quinine. 1 
 Quinidine. 1 
 Cinchonine. 1 
 Cinchonidine. 1 
 Berberine. 1 
 
 Chinoline. 1 
 
 Resorcin. 1 
 
 Kairine. 1 - 4 
 
 Kairoline. 1 - 4 
 
 Antipyrine. 1 ’ 4 
 
 Acetphenitidin. 1 ’ 4 
 Aconite. 2 
 Antimonials. 2 ’ 4 
 Veratrine. 2 
 Colchicum. 2 
 
AGENTS ACTING UPON EXCRETION. 
 
 43 
 
 Benzoic Acid. 1 
 Carbolic Acid. 1 
 Picric Acid. 1 
 Salicin. 1 
 Salicylic Acid. 1 
 Sodium Salicylate. 1,4 
 Quinine Salicylate. 1 
 Methyl Salicylate. 1 
 
 (Oil of Gaultheria.) 
 Trimethylamine. 2 
 Antifebrin. 1 * 4 
 
 Hydroquinone. 1 
 
 Thallin. 1 - 4 
 
 Pyrocatechin. 1 
 
 Pheno-resorcin. 1 
 
 Camphor. 1 
 
 Eucalyptol. 1 
 
 Thvmol 1 
 
 j 
 
 Other Essential Oils. 1 
 
 Alcohol. 1 - 3 
 
 Digitalis. 2 
 
 Salol. 1 
 
 'Leeching. 2 
 Cupping. 2 
 Blistering. 2 
 Poulticing. 2 
 Nitrous Ether. 3 ' 4 
 Dover’s Powder. 4 
 Cold Bath. 5 
 Cold Drinks. 5 
 Ice to Surface. 5 
 Cold Sponging. 5 
 Wet Packing. 5 
 
 Purgation and Venesection produce antipyretic results, but their mode of action is doubt¬ 
 ful (Brunton). 
 
 Antiphlogistics (anti, against, pfleggo , I burn),—are measures and 
 medicines which are supposed to have some specific power in reducing 
 inflammation. The term is becoming obsolete, but frequent references 
 are seen yet to the influence of Mercury and Opium in inflammations of 
 serous membranes, Antimony and Aconite in inflammations of the respi¬ 
 ratory tract and organs, and to the power of Veratrum Viride over puer¬ 
 peral metritis. The chief antiphlogistics are the following : — 
 
 Aconite. 
 
 Veratrum Viride. 
 Tartar Emetic. 
 Mercury. 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Gelsemium. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 Ergot. 
 
 Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Potassium Nitrate. 
 
 Rest, recumbent position. 
 
 Venesection. 
 Local Depletion. 
 Purgation. 
 Counter-irritation. 
 Cold. 
 
 Antiperiodics are remedies which affect certain periodical febrile 
 diseases, lessening the severity of their paroxysms or preventing their 
 return. They act probably by arresting the development in the blood of 
 successive crops of pathogenic organisms, upon which the disorders are 
 supposed to depend. The principal antiperiodics are : — 
 
 Cinchona Bark and its Alkaloids. Arsenic. 
 
 Bebeeru Bark and its Alkaloid. Eucalyptol. 
 
 Salicin, Salicylic Acid, Salicylates. Iodine. 
 
 Agents Acting upon Excretion. 
 
 Diuretics (deeouraysis, urination),—are remedies which increase the 
 renal secretion. They may act in several ways, namely : — 
 
 1. By raising the general blood-pressure by contraction of efferent vessels or vessels in 
 
 other regions of the body. 
 
 2. By dilating the renal arteries and increasing the renal blood-supply, raising the pres¬ 
 
 sure in the glomeruli. 
 
 3. By stimulating the secreting nerves or cells of the kidney. 
 
 4. By simply washing out the kidneys, as by Water in quantity. 
 
 The following list contains the most important agents of this class, 
 which are usually subdivided into the two groups indicated by the sub¬ 
 titles. The numbers refer to the action of the drug in the above synopsis : 
 
44 
 
 AGENTS ACTING UPON EXCRETION. 
 
 Refrigerant Diuretics. Stimulant Diuretics. 
 
 Potassium Acetate. 3 
 
 Alcohol. 2 
 
 Gin. 2 
 
 Potassium Bitartrate. 3 
 
 Cantharides 3 
 
 Carrot. 3 
 
 Potassium Citrate. 3 
 
 Turpentine. 3 
 
 Fennel. 3 
 
 Potassium Chlorate. 3 
 
 Juniper. 3 
 
 Mustard. 3 
 
 Potassium Nitrate 3 
 
 Savine. 3 
 
 Asparagus 3 
 
 Sodium Acetate. 3 
 
 Copaiba. 3 
 
 Uva Ursi. 3 
 
 Calomel. 1 
 
 Cubebs. 3 
 
 Buchu. 3 
 
 Digitalis. 1 
 
 Pepper. 3 
 
 Sarsaparilla. 3 
 
 Erythrophloeum, 1 
 
 Matico. 3 
 
 Pareira. 3 
 
 Caffeine 3 
 
 Kava. 3 
 
 Chimaphila. 3 
 
 Broom. 8 
 
 Guaiac. 3 
 
 Santonica. 3 
 
 Squill. 1 ’ 2 
 
 Parsley. 3 
 
 Lobelia. 3 
 
 Nitrites. 2 
 
 Taraxacum. 3 
 
 Aconite. 3 
 
 Colchicum. 3 
 
 Jaborandi. 3 
 
 Tobacco. 1 - 3 
 
 Strychnine. 1 
 
 Dulcamara. 3 
 
 Volatile Oils. 3 
 
 Stigmata Maidis. 1 ’ 2 
 
 Bryonia. 3 
 
 Oleo-resins. 3 
 
 Diuretics are employed for the following purposes, namely, (i) to re¬ 
 move the excess of fluid in dropsies,—(2) to hasten the elimination of 
 waste products and other poisonous substances from the blood,—(3) to 
 dilute the urine. In— 
 
 Cardiac Dropsy ,—or other dropsies due to venous congestion, the best diuretics are 
 those which act on the general vascular system, as Digitalis, Squill, etc. Calomel is very 
 efficient here. 
 
 Dropsy from Renal Disease ,—Broom, Nitrous Ether, Oil of Juniper, Digitalis and Squill 
 are the most reliable diuretics in the order named. 
 
 Hepatic Dropsy ,—Copaiba is considered especially suitable. In this and the previous 
 farm a little Pil. Hydrargyri occasionally often aids the diuretic action of other agents. 
 
 To Eliminate Solids, —Potassium Nitrate and Bitartrate, Turpentine, Juniper, Caffeine, 
 etc., are the most efficient. [Compare Antilithics.] 
 
 To Dilate the Urine, —Water is the best diuretic, and the most efficient form is Dis¬ 
 tilled Water acidified with Carbonic Acid Gas. 
 
 Renal Depressants, —are such agents as directly diminish the ac¬ 
 tivity of the renal cells, and lessen or suspend the secretion of urine. 
 Morphine, Quinine and Ergot act in this way through the circulation, 
 and Digitalis, instead of acting as a diuretic, may arrest the renal circu¬ 
 lation by stimulating the vaso-motor centre and thus by contracting the 
 vessels may stop the secretion altogether (Brunton). The same is true of 
 Caffeine and Strychnine, hence it is well to combine these with other 
 diuretics (Nitrous Ether, Alcohol), which dilate the renal arteries. 
 
 Alkalinizers of the Urine, —are agents which produce an alkaline 
 reaction to the urine when taken internally. They include the alkalies, 
 particularly Potassium and Lithium salts, but excepting Ammonia, which 
 is broken up in the organism. Sodium salts, being partly excreted by 
 the bile and the bronchial mucus, and partly locked up in the system as 
 the neutral chloride, while the Urate of Sodium is insoluble, are not as 
 efficient in this regard as are other alkalies. Fruits, milk and fish also 
 act in the same manner by means of the salts which they convey into the 
 economy. 
 
AGENTS ACTING UPON EXCRETION. 
 
 45 
 
 Acidifiers of the Urine, —are Benzoic and Salicylic Acids, and 
 Vegetable Acids in excess, also excess of proteids, sugar and starch in 
 the food, and certain wines and spirits. The Mineral Acids have little or 
 no influence on the acidity of the Urine, being excreted as neutral sul¬ 
 phates, chlorides, phosphates, etc. 
 
 Vesical Sedatives, —are substances which lessen irritability of the 
 bladder, relieving pain and decreasing the desire to micturate. Opium, 
 Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stigmata Maidis, Cannabis, etc., lessen the 
 irritability of the nerves, Carbonate of lime that due to the presence of 
 calculi,—and mucilaginous drinks, such as Barley-water or Linseed tea, 
 also astringents like Buchu, Uva Ursi, Pareira, etc., diminish the irrita¬ 
 tion due to chronic cystitis, and antiseptics, as Copaiba, and Cubebs, also 
 act in like manner. 
 
 Vesical Tonics, —increase the contractile power of the muscular 
 fibres in the wall of the bladder. Cantharides, Potassium Bromide, 
 Strychnine and Belladonna are the most prominent members of this class. 
 
 Urinary Sedatives and Astringents, —act sedatively upon the 
 whole extent of the urinary tract through the medium of the urine charged 
 with them when administered internally. Some of the members of this 
 class may be administered locally, but only to the urethral and vesical 
 mucous membranes, which are accessible to direct local medication. 
 
 Instances of the application of these agents are in the use of Potassium and Lithium 
 Salts to diminish the acidity of the secretion,—Cubebs, Copaiba and Sandal-wood Oil as 
 antiseptics and astringents,—and urethral injections of Alum, Acetates of Zinc and Lead, 
 Boracic Acid, Chloral and Zinc Chlorides, etc., for a simple purpose. Copaiba is one of 
 the most efficient agents for rendering the urine antiseptic, and should be more employed 
 in cystisis and urethritis than it is. Oil of Eucalyptus is nearly as efficient, and Stigmata 
 Maidis (Corn Silk), in tincture, is beginning to be well thought of for a general alterative 
 influence on the urinary tract. 
 
 Antilithics or Lithontriptics ( anti , against, leethos , a stone, treebo , I 
 wear down),—are agents supposed to prevent the formation of concretions 
 in the excretory passages (antilithics) or to dissolve them when formed 
 (lithontriptics.) The terms are generally restricted to remedies affecting 
 the urinary calculi, but those directed against the biliary form are in¬ 
 cluded in this arrangement for the sake of consistent classification. The 
 chief agents coming under this title are— 
 
 Biliary Calculi . 
 
 Uric Acid or Urates. 
 
 Distilled Water. 
 
 Alkalies, Potash or Lithia. 
 Potassium Salts. 
 
 Lithium Salts. 
 
 Potassium Tartraborate. 
 Magnesium Citroborate. 
 
 Ether and Turpentine. 
 
 (Durande’s Solvent.) 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
 Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 Sodium Phosphate. 
 
 Castile Soap. 
 
 Alkaline Waters, especially Vichy. 
 
46 
 
 AGENTS ACTING UPON EXCRETION. 
 
 Oxalate of Calcium. 
 
 Dilute Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid. 
 Carbonated Water. 
 
 Lactic Acid (for digestion). 
 
 Phosphatic Calculi. 
 
 Ammonium Benzoate. 
 Benzoic Acid. 
 
 Dilute Nitric Acid. 
 
 There is probably little or no solvent value to the agents recommended for biliary 
 
 calculi. In the case of Uric Acid the administration of Potash or Lithia is based on 
 
 their combining with the acid forming the calculus, and forming Urate of Potassium or 
 
 Lithium, which salts are more soluble than the Uric Acid itself. 
 
 7 • 
 
 Diluents ( Diluo , I dilute),—are agents which, after their absorption 
 dilute the excretory fluids and enable the latter to hold more solid ma¬ 
 terial in suspension. Water is the one true diluent, whatever form it may 
 be disguised in, as teas, weak fluid foods, acid drinks, etc. 
 
 Diaphoretics and Sudorifics ( deeaphohreeo , I carry through; sudor , 
 sweat, facio , I make),—are remedies which increase the action of the 
 skin and promote the secretion of sweat. When they act energetically, 
 so that the perspiration stands in beads upon the surface they are known 
 as Sudorifics. They may be subdivided into the following groups, viz.— 
 
 1. Simple Diaphoretics , which enter the circulation and are eliminated by the sudori¬ 
 ferous glands, which they stimulate to increased action. 
 
 2. Nauseating Diaphoretics , which produce relaxation and the dilatation of the super¬ 
 ficial capillaries. 
 
 3. Refrigerant Diaphoretics , which reduce the circulation, at the same time acting 
 directly on the sweat centres in the spinal cord and medulla. 
 
 The principal diaphoretics are enumerated as follows, the figures refer¬ 
 ring to their supposed mode of action as indicated above, viz. :— 
 
 Jaborandi. 1 ’ 3 
 
 Pilocarpine. 1 - 3 
 
 Salicylic Acid. 1 
 
 Salicylates. 1 
 
 Ipecacuanha. 2 
 
 Tartar Emetic. 2 
 
 Sulphur. 1 
 
 Opium. 2 > 3 (large doses) 
 Camphor. 1 
 Tobacco. 2 - 3 
 Cocaine. 3 
 
 Ether. 2 - 3 
 Alcohol. 2 - 3 
 Nitrous Ether. 2 - 3 
 Ammonium Acetate. 1 
 Ammonium Citrate. 1 
 Dover’s Powder. 2 
 Aconite. 3 
 Veratrum Viride. 3 
 Potassium Salts. 3 
 Mezereon. 1 
 
 Lobelia. 2 - 3 
 Sarsaparilla. 1 
 Guaiacum. 1 
 Serpentaria. 1 
 Sassafras. 1 
 Senega. 1 
 Vapor Bath. 2 
 Turkish Bath. 2 
 Wet Pack. 2 
 Warm Drinks. 2 
 
 Anhidrotics (an, without, hidroce , sweat), are agents which check per¬ 
 spiration. They may act— 
 
 1. By depressing the action of the sweat-glands. 
 
 2. By depressing the excitability of the sweat-centres. 
 
 2. By reducing the circulation in the skin. 
 
 The most important agents of this class are the following-named, the 
 figures indicating their mode of action as above arranged, viz. : — 
 
 Belladonna. 1 
 
 Atropine. 1 
 Hyoscyamus. 1 
 Stramonium. 1 
 Muscarine. 2 
 Agaricus Albus. 2 
 Salvia (Sage). 
 
 Acids, locally. 3 
 
 Jaborandi. 
 
 Pilocarpine. 
 
 Nux Vomica. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Ergot. 3 
 
 Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Chloralamid. 
 
 Quinine ? 
 
 Picrotoxin. 
 
 Dover’s Powder. 
 Opium. 2 (small doses) 
 Zinc Salts. 3 
 Local Cold. 3 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 
 
 47 
 
 Strychnine, Atropine, Dover’s Powder, Jaborandi, Picrotoxin and Zinc Salts are all 
 respiratory stimulants, and very efficient against the sweating of phthisis, though most of 
 them are classed as diaphoretics. This is explained on the theory of accumulation of 
 Carbonic Acid in the blood by depressed respiration caused by severe coughing, this 
 stimulating the sweat centres, and being opposed by agents which stimulate the respiratory 
 centre. 
 
 Agents Acting on the Generative Apparatus. 
 
 Aphrodisiacs (Aphrohdeetay , Venus), are medicines which stimulate 
 the sexual appetite and power. They act by reflex or central action upon 
 either the cerebral or the spinal genital centre. Tonics are indirectly 
 aphrodisiac, as are all measures which promote the general bodily nutri¬ 
 tion. The chief agents used as direct aphrodisiacs may be enumerated as 
 follows, viz. :— 
 
 Nux Vomica. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Cannabis. 
 
 Cantharis. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Aurum. 
 
 Cimicifuga. 
 Serpentaria. 
 Sanguinaria. 
 Opium (at first). 
 Camphor (at first). 
 Damiana (?). 
 
 Ergot. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 Bitter Tonics. 
 Flagellation. 
 Meat Diet. 
 
 Strychnine acts by increasing general nutrition and exalting the reflex excitability of the 
 genital centres. Hemp probably only causes a mild delirium which may or may not take 
 a sexual direction. Cantharides acts by direct irritation of the mucous lining of the 
 urethra, and is dangerous in aphrodisiac doses. Alcohol in small doses excites the genital 
 centre in the brain; so, also Opium and Ca? 7 iphor, the latter being decidedly anaphro- 
 disiac after a time. The power of Dat?iiana is doubtful. Urtication and Flagellation of 
 the nates produce priapism by irritation of the genital centre in the cord through the 
 sensory nerves of the part. Ergot is considered useful by contracting the dorsal vein of 
 the penis, preventing its emptying too rapidly. 
 
 Anaphrodisiacs (an, without Aphrohdeetay , Venus),—are medicines 
 and measures which lower the sexual function and diminish the sexual 
 appetite. They act by lessening the excitability of the nerves of the 
 genital organs, by depressing the genital centres in the brain and cord, 
 or by decreasing the local circulation. The principal anaphrodisiacs 
 are enumerated as follows, viz : — 
 
 Potassium Bromide. 
 Ammonium Bromide. 
 Potassium Iodide. 
 Camphor (at last). 
 Opium (at last). 
 Lupulin. 
 
 Cocaine. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 Conium. 
 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Gelsemium. 
 
 Nauseants. 
 Purgation. 
 Venesection. 
 Ice, locally. 
 Cold Baths. 
 Vegetable Diet. 
 
 Emmenagogues ( emmayneeah, the menses, ago , I move)—are reme¬ 
 dies which restore the menstrual function, either directly by stimulation 
 of the uterine muscular fibre, or indirectly by improving the blood and 
 toning up the nervous system. The direct emmenagogues are ecbolic 
 in large doses. The principal members of this class are enumerated in 
 the following list, viz.:— 
 
4 8 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 
 
 Direct Emmenagogucs. Indirect Emtnenagogues. 
 
 Ergot. 
 
 Rue. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Quinine. 
 
 Apiol. 
 
 Manganese. 
 
 Savine. 
 
 Borax. 
 
 Cinnamon. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 Myrrh. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Cantharis. 
 
 Guaiacum. 
 
 Aloetic Purgatives. 
 
 Pulsatilla. 
 
 Polygonum Hydrop. 
 
 Cod-liver Oil. 
 
 Asafetida. 
 
 Potass. Permang. 
 
 Hot Hip-baths. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Cimicifuga. 
 
 Leeching the genitals. 
 
 Indigo. 
 
 Oxalic Acid. 
 
 Rubefacients to thighs. 
 
 Hydr. Biniod. 
 
 Hedeoma. 
 
 Tonic Remedies. 
 
 Caulophyllum. 
 
 Origanum. 
 
 
 Tansy. 
 
 Viscum Flavescens. 
 
 
 Oxytocics or Ecbolics (ockseus, quick, tokos, childbirth; ekbolay, 
 abortion),—are agents which stimulate the muscular fibres of the gravid 
 uterus to contraction, and produce abortion. In small doses the same 
 remedies are emmenagogue as a rule. Their mode of action has not been 
 clearly made known, but it is generally believed to be due in some cases 
 to direct stimulation of the uterine centre in the cord, in others to con¬ 
 gestion of the uterus producing reflex stimulation. The principal oxytocics 
 are those enumerated in the following list, viz. : — 
 
 Ergot. Quinine. Oil of Rue. 
 
 , Ustilago. Borax. Pilocarpine. 
 
 Savine. Cotton-root Bark. Viscum Flavescens. 
 
 Any drastic purgative, or gastro-intestinal irritant, may produce abortion by reflex 
 action. The Volatile Oils act in this manner, also Colocyiith and many other agents used 
 by women to produce abortion, as Tansy , Pennyroyal , etc., all of which are dangerous to 
 life in doses sufficient to excite the action of the gravid uterus. 
 
 Uterine Depressants lower the activity of the nervo-muscular appa¬ 
 ratus which controls the uterine contractions. The most important of 
 these agents are :— 
 
 Opium, 
 
 Bromides. 
 
 Cannabis. 
 
 Viburnum Prunifolium. 
 
 Chloral. 
 Chloroform. 
 Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Sulphate of Copper. 
 Emetics. 
 
 Piscidia Erythrina. 
 
 Uterine Tonics and Alteratives, —are medicines which are con¬ 
 sidered to have such specific influence over the uterus. Authorities differ 
 very much regarding the value of these agents, but those enumerated in 
 the following list are generally considered to have considerable value in 
 uterine therapeutics, viz. : — 
 
 Uterine Tonics. 
 
 Potassium Bromide. 
 Potassium Chlorate. 
 Pulsatilla. 
 
 Helonias Dioica. 
 Cimicifuga. 
 
 Savine. 
 
 Astringents (locally. 
 
 Uterine Alteratives. 
 
 Iodine. 
 
 Iodoform. 
 
 Iodized Phenol. 
 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Hydrastis. 
 
 Silver Nitrate. 
 Galvanism. 
 
 Those in the first list, except Astringents, are used internally; those in the second col¬ 
 umn as topical applications to the uterine cavity or cervix. 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON THE CUTANEOUS SURFACE. 
 
 49 
 
 Galactagogues ( galla , milk, ago, I bring away),—are medicines 
 which increase the lacteal secretion, as Ricinus, Tea, Anise, Fennel, 
 Potassium Chlorate, etc. The value of many so-called galactagogues is 
 extremely doubtful, the best being the local application of the leaves of 
 the Castor-oil plant {Ricinus communis), and a good black Tea internally, 
 with Milk, Beer or Porter as a beverage. Pilocarpus comes the nearest 
 to being a true galactagogue, but its influence is very transient. (Com¬ 
 pare Lactation in Part III.) 
 
 Agents Acting on the Cutaneous Surface. 
 
 Irritants are substances which, when applied to the skin, produce a 
 greater or less degree of vascular excitement. When used to produce a 
 reflex influence on a part remote from their site, they are termed Coun¬ 
 ter-Irritants, and may be subdivided into the following groups, viz.:— 
 
 Rubefacients (.Rubefacio , I make red),—produce temporary redness and 
 congestion of the skin, unless left too long in contact with the surface, 
 when they may cause exudation between the cuticle and the true skin 
 (vesicants), or may destroy the tissue and form a slough (escharotics). 
 They may induce muscular atrophy. 
 
 Vesicants, Epispastics or Blisters ,—produce decided inflammation of 
 the skin, and outpouring of serum between the epidermis and derma. 
 Cantharides is the agent generally used for this purpose. 
 
 Pustulants ,—affect isolated parts of the skin, as the orifices of the sudo¬ 
 riferous glands, giving rise to pustules. 
 
 The following list embraces the principal agents and measures belong¬ 
 ing to these groups, viz. :— 
 
 Rubefacients . 
 
 Rubefacients. 
 
 Vesicants. 
 
 Mustard. 
 
 Oil of Cajuput. 
 
 Cantharides. 
 
 Capsicum. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine. 
 
 Euphorbium. 
 
 Camphor. 
 
 Volatile Oils. 
 
 Mezereon. 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Pitch. 
 
 Iodine. 
 
 Mezereon. 
 
 Friction. 
 
 Rhus Toxicodendron. 
 
 Arnica. 
 
 Hot Water. 
 
 Ammonia (the confined vapor). 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 
 Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 Pustulants. 
 
 Volatile Oil of Mustard. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Croton Oil. 
 
 / Boiling Water. 
 
 \ Corrigan’s Hammer. 
 
 Iodine. 
 
 Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Menthol. 
 
 Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Escharotics or Caustics ( eskahrah , a slough or scab; kaioh , I 
 burn), are agents which destroy a tissue to which they are applied, and 
 produce a slough. They act usually in one of three modes, viz. : — 
 
 1. By abstracting the water of the tissue. 
 
 2. By combining with the albumen of the part. 
 
 3. By corrosive oxidation. 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE CUTANEOUS SURFACE. 
 
 The principal escharotics are enumerated in the following list, the 
 numbers affixed to each pointing out its mode of action as stated above. 
 
 Mineral Acids. 1 
 Glacial Acetic Acid. 1 
 Carbolic Acid. 1 
 Chromic Acid. 3 
 Arsenious Acid. 1 
 Antimony Chloride. 1 
 
 Caustic Potash. 1 
 Caustic Soda. 1 
 Lime. 1 
 
 Dried Alum. 2 
 Silver Nitrate. 2 
 Copper Sulphate. 2 
 
 Mercuric Chloride. 2 
 Mercuric Oxide. 2 
 Mercuric Nitrate. 2 
 Zinc Sulphate. 2 
 Zinc Chloride. 2 
 Bromine. 3 
 
 Astringents (ad, to, stringo, I bind),—are agents which produce 
 contraction of muscular fibre and condensation of other tissues, the first 
 probably by direct irritation, the second by precipitating its albumen and 
 gelatin. They also lessen secretion from mucous membranes. The 
 principal astringents may be enumerated as follows, viz. : — 
 
 Acids. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Alum. 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 Lime. 
 Creasote. 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 
 Tannic Acid. 
 Gallic Acid. 
 Catechu. 
 Galls. 
 
 Kino. 
 
 Oak-bark. 
 
 Uva-Ursi. 
 
 Bismuth Subnitrate, etc. 
 Cadmium Sulphate. 
 Copper Sulphate. 
 
 Ferric Chloride. 
 
 Lead Acetate. 
 
 Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Zinc Sulphate. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid, Gallic Acid and Acetate of Lead are examples of Remote Astringents, 
 acting on internal organs through the blood. Those which affect the part to which they 
 are applied are Local Astringents, and include most of those enumerated above. 
 
 Styptics and Hemostatics ( steuphoh , I contract; haimah , blood, 
 stahsis, a standing),—are agents which arrest hemorrhage, Styptics being 
 those which are applied locally, and Hemostatics those which are ad¬ 
 ministered internally. Some of the former act mechanically, by promoting 
 the formation of a clot in the mouths of the bleeding vessels; others cause 
 the vessels themselves to contract, checking the flow of blood. The 
 principal members of this class are the following-named : — 
 
 Styptics. 
 
 Acids. 
 
 Alum. 
 
 Cautery. 
 
 Collodion. 
 
 Ferric Chloride. 
 
 Ferric Sulphate. 
 
 Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Matico. 
 
 Spider’s-web. 
 
 Tannic Acid. 
 
 Lead Acetate. 
 
 Zinc Sulphate. 
 Vegetable Astringents. 
 
 Hemostatics. 
 
 Ergot. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 Gallic Acid. 
 
 Lead Acetate. 
 
 Dilute Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, 
 
 Hamamelis. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine. 
 
 Emollients ( Emollio , I soften),—are substances which soften and relax 
 the tissues to which they are applied. They relieve tension, dilate vessels, 
 diminish pressure on the nerves, and protect inflamed surfaces from the 
 air and from friction. The principal articles which may classed under 
 this heading are the following : — 
 
 Hot Fomentations. Linseed Oil. 
 
 Poultices. Olive Oil. 
 
 Glycerin. Spermaceti. 
 
 Lard. Almond Oil. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 Soap Liniment. 
 Starch. 
 
 Cacao Butter. 
 
AGENTS ACTING ON MICROBES, GASES, FERMENTS. 
 
 51 
 
 Demulcents (. Demulceo, I soothe),—are substances generally of a 
 mucilaginous nature, which soothe and protect the parts to which they 
 are applied. This term is generally used for substances employed for 
 mucous membranes, and the term Emollients for similar agents used on the 
 skin. The chief agents belonging to this class are : — 
 
 Acacia. 
 
 Cetraria. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Liquorice. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Flaxseed. 
 
 Gelatin. 
 
 Honey. 
 
 Marsh-mallow. 
 White of Egg. 
 Almond Oil. 
 
 Olive Oil. 
 Isinglass. 
 Tragacanth. 
 Bland Oils. 
 
 Protectives, —are agents of a mechanical nature employed to cover 
 and protect an injured part from the air, water, etc. Collodion and 
 Gutta-percha are those in general use, but certain plasters, as the Adhesive, 
 the Lead or the Soap Plaster, may be employed for this purpose, also 
 Cotton Wool. 
 
 Agents Acting on Microbes, Gases, Ferments, etc. 
 
 Antizymotics (anti, against, zeumohsis , fermentation),—are agents 
 which arrest fermentative processes, which may depend upon the action 
 of organic fer??ients (enzymes), as disease, ptyalin, pepsin, etc., or upon 
 that of organized ferments, as the yeast-plant, bacteria, etc. The Anti- 
 zymotics may be subdivided into two groups, Antiseptics and Disinfectants. 
 
 Antiseptics (anti, against, saypteekos, putrefaction),—prevent or retard 
 septic decomposition, by destroying the bacilli which produce it, or by 
 arresting their development. The chief antiseptics are : — 
 
 Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 Mercuric Iodide. 
 
 Mercuric Oxide. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate. 
 Sulphurous Acid. 
 
 Sulphites and Hyposulphites. 
 Sulpho- carbolates. 
 
 Potassium-Chlorate. 
 Zinc Chloride. 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 Creasote. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Eucalyptol. 
 
 Quinine. 
 
 Salicin. 
 
 Thymol. 
 
 Borax. 
 
 Chlorine. 
 
 Hydronaphthol, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Disinfectants destroy the specific germs of communicable diseases, 
 many of which belong to the microbe class, hence many antiseptics are 
 also disinfectants. They act in several modes, some as oxidizants, others 
 by combining with albumen, others by chemical combination forming 
 substitution-compounds, others by arresting molecular changes, and still 
 others by altering the reaction of the media containing the germs. The 
 principal disinfectants are :— 
 
 Heat, 230°-250° F. 
 Sulphurous Acid Gas. 
 Nitrous Acid Gas. 
 Chloride of Lime. 
 Mercuric Chloride. 
 Aluminium Chloride. 
 
 Zinc Chloride. 
 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 
 Potass. Bichromate. 
 Potass. Permanganate. 
 Iodine. 
 
 Chlorine. 
 
 Bromine. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 Osmic Acid. 
 Ferrous Sulphate. 
 Zinc Sulphate. 
 
 Condy's Fluid is an aqueous Solution of Potassium Permanganate, 2 parts in 100, or 
 gr. 176 in 25 xx. Burnett's Fluid is a solution of Zinc Chloride, containing about 50 per 
 cent, of the salt, and equivalent to the official Liquor Zinci Chloridi. Labarraque's 
 Solution is the official Liquor Sodce Chloratae. 
 
52 
 
 AGENTS ACTING UPON EACH OTHER. 
 
 Deodorants, —are agents which destroy foul odors. The Volatile 
 Deodorants are chiefly oxidizing and deoxidizing substances, acting 
 chemically on the obnoxious gases; while the Non-volatile ones are mainly 
 absorbents, which condense and decompose the effluvia. The deodorants 
 in general use are the following named : — 
 
 Chlorine Gas. Peroxide of Hydrogen. Charcoal. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid Gas. Potassium Permanganate. Earth, Lime. 
 
 Nitrous Acid Gas. Ozone. Ferrous Sulphate. 
 
 Parasiticides ( parrahseetos , a parasite, ccedo, I kill),—are agents 
 which destroy the animal and vegetable parasites found upon the human 
 body. They are generally applied in the form of lotions, ointments or 
 oleates, and include the following substances, viz.: — 
 
 Sulphur. 
 Sulphides. 
 Sulphurous Acid. 
 Iodide of Sulphur. 
 Iodine. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Ammoniated Mercury. 
 Mercuric Chloride. 
 Mercuric Nitrate. 
 Mercuric Oxide. 
 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 Petroleum. 
 Storax. 
 Staphisagria. 
 Balsam of Peru. 
 
 Agents Acting upon Each Other. 
 
 Antidotes and Antagonists are terms frequently confounded with 
 each other, and rarely defined with sufficient lucidity to enable a clear 
 distinction to be drawn between them. An Antidote is a substance which 
 affects a poison either physically or chemically, or both, and in such a 
 manner as to remove the poison from the body or to form with it an 
 insoluble salt or an inert compound, with the object of preventmg its 
 toxic action upon the organism. 
 
 Thus, Tannic Acid is an antidote to Digitalis , as it forms therewith a compound (tan- 
 nate), which is soluble with difficulty and therefore comparatively innocuous. But as 
 this tannate is not wholly inert, another antidotal measure must be employed, viz.:—evacu- 
 tion of the stomach, which may be accomplished by the administration of Zinc Sulphate 
 or any other emetic, or by the use of a stomach pump. 
 
 Antagonists, on the other hand, are agents which directly oppose each 
 other in some or all of their physiological actions, and may be used 
 against each other to cowiteract their effects on the system. Antidotal 
 action takes place in the alimentary canal, and is applicable to vegetable 
 as well as mineral poisons. Antagonism takes place in the blood and 
 tissues, and so far as antagonistic drugs are concerned, is applicable 
 almost wholly to vegetable poisons, as these produce their effects after 
 absorption. The heart and respiratory apparatus are the principal objec¬ 
 tive points for the antagonism of drugs, but the spinal cord, the cerebrum, 
 muscular tissue and the glandular system are also affected by most of 
 them. 
 
 Antagonistic Measures are such proceedings as may tend to antagonize 
 certain effects of poisons, and include Artificial Respiration,—Faradism 
 of the respiratory muscles,—Constant motion,—Douching,—Rest, etc. 
 
AGENTS ACTING UPON EACH OTHER. 
 
 53 
 
 Thus, to refer to the case of Digitalis again, Saponin and Senegin are its most complete 
 physiological antagonists, their counteraction extending throughout the whole range of its 
 effects. Aconite and Alorphine antagonize its cardiac action, the former being considered 
 the best antagonist to the effects of large doses, and the latter to those of its long-con¬ 
 tinued use. Alcohol is also indicated in Digitalis-poisoning, and absolute Rest in the 
 recumbent posture is an antagonistic measure of great importance, by reason of the liability 
 of the heart to cease its action on assuming the erect position, when much lowered by the 
 drug. 
 
 In the treatment of poisoning, whether from mineral or vegetable sub¬ 
 stances, the first indication is to administer the appropriate chemical anti¬ 
 dote, so as to render the poison harmless or comparatively so. Next, the 
 stomach should be emptied and washed out, lest the newly-formed com¬ 
 pound be absorbed after a time, and to remove any of the poison which 
 may have escaped the action of the antidote. Next, the antagonist should 
 be administered, in order to counteract the effects of such portion of the 
 poison as may have been absorbed. Lastly, the appropriate antagonistic 
 measures should be employed to sustain the action of any organic function 
 which may show signs of failure. In most cases of alkaloidal poisoning 
 absorption has proceeded so far before assistance is obtained that antidotes 
 are of no value, and reliance can only be placed upon the physiological 
 antagonist and such supporting measures as will tend to maintain vitality 
 until the poison has been eliminated by the natural channels. 
 
 In the following pages the antidotes and antagonists for each poisonous 
 substance in the Materia Medica are enumerated under their proper titles, 
 and in the Appendix the same agents are tabulated in a suitable form for 
 reference. A few examples are appended below, to illustrate the princi¬ 
 ples above stated, and to point out some of the most prominent instances 
 of physiological antagonism at present known. 
 
 Atropine, Belladonna, etc. 
 
 Antidotes, —Tannic Acid, to form an insoluble tannate. Zinc Sulphate, as an emetic, 
 or Apomorphine hypodermically, or the stomach-pump. Purgation. Antagonists ,— 
 Muscarine. Physostigmine. Pilocarpine. Morphine. Quinine. Aconite. A?iiagonistic 
 Measures ,—Artificial respiration. Faradism of respiratory muscles. 
 
 Strychnine, Nux Vomica and Ignatia. 
 
 Antidotes, —Animal Charcoal suspended in water. Emesis, as above-mentioned. An¬ 
 tagonists, —Chloral, or Chloroform, to muscular relaxation. Curare. Nitrite of Amyl. 
 Bromide of Potassium. Antagonistic Measures, —Artificial respiration. Perfect quiet. 
 
 Morphine and Opium. 
 
 Antidotes,— Emesis or stomach-pump. Antagonists, —Atropine. Strychnine. Black 
 Coffee. Caffeine. Ammonia, inhaled. Amyl Nitrite. Antagonistic Measures, —Cold 
 douche. Artificial respiration. Continued movement. 
 
 Potassium Cyanide. 
 
 Antidotes, —Sulphate of Iron, to form Prussian Blue. Emesis. Antagonists, —Atro¬ 
 pine. Ammonia. Alcohol. Antagonistic Measures, —Artificial respiration. Faradism. 
 
 Arsenic and its Compou?ids. 
 
 Antidotes, —Hydrated Oxide of Iron. Dialyzed Iron. Magnesia. Chalk. Lime-water. 
 Emetics, or stomach-pump. Oil or Mucilage to protect the mucous membranes. Diluents. 
 Iodide of Potassium, to promote elimination. Antagonists, —none. 
 
DOSAGE OF MEDICINES. 
 
 The Doses given throughout this book are for adults; for children the 
 following rule (Young’s) will be found the most convenient. Add 12 to 
 the age and divide by the age, to get the denominator of a fraction, the 
 numerator of which is 1. Thus, for a child two years old, 2+ 2 u = 7, 
 and the dose is one-seventh of that for an adult. Of powerful narcotics 
 scarcely more than one-half of this proportion should be used. Of mild 
 cathartics, two or even three times the proportion may be employed. 
 
 Children bear Opiates badly:—but on the other hand they stand comparatively large 
 doses of several other drugs; such being Arsenic, Belladonna, Calomel, Ipecacuanha, 
 Squills, Rhubarb, and several other purgatives. 
 
 For Hypodermic Injection, the dose should be two-thirds or three-fourths of that 
 used by the mouth ; by rectum five-fourths of the same. Strychnine acts more actively 
 when given per rectum than by the stomach. 
 
 Conditions which modify the action of medicines, and therefore 
 affect their dosage, are—age, body-weight, temperament and idiosyncrasy, 
 drug-habits, intervals between doses, time of administration, condition of 
 the stomach, temperature of the body, cumulative drug-action, mode and 
 form of drug-administration, disease, climate, race, etc. 
 
 The Dosage of Medicines is the weakest part of the therapeutic armament, the flaw in 
 our weapons which may be the cause of their failure at any moment, perhaps the most 
 critical one for a life. If the accumulated rubbish of ages, which has been called thera¬ 
 peutical knowledge, is ever to be given scientific shape, ever placed in process of becoming 
 a science, the question of dosage must form one of the principal corner-stones in the 
 foundation. Drugs have widely differing actions on the human organism in health and 
 in disease, according as they are administered in different doses, in different menstrua, and 
 during different conditions of the subject’s health. This difference, when between 
 extremes of dosage, is often so wide as to separate actions directly contrary to each other,— 
 that of the very large one opposing the action of the very small dose :—a truth hidden by 
 one set of dogmatists under their former “ doctrine,” now “ rule,” of “ similars,” and 
 avoided by the great mass of the medical profession, through dread of the bogy-name, 
 “ irregular.” 
 
 A thoroughly-prepared materia medica of half-a-dozen standard drugs, such as Aconite, 
 Arsenic, Belladonna, Mercury, Opium and Quinine,—based upon their actions and uses 
 in different doses and under different states of the organism,—would be of more real 
 value to the physician, who wishes to do his work accurately and with his eyes open, than 
 all the contents of the dispensatories, plus the entire literature of the “ new remedies,” 
 and every symptom in the ten quarto volumes of the largely discredited and partly 
 repudiated homoeopathic Materia Medica. 
 
 If our medical students would each devote but one month, of his annual college 
 vacation, to the personal investigation of some one feature of the action of some one 
 drug, under such safe-guards against error as would secure the acceptance of the resulting 
 observations,—what a mine of therapeutic gold would soon yield its solid truth to eager 
 eyes! Formally laid down by Haller fsee ante, page 18) in 1755, cultivated to some 
 extent by Alexander in 1768, Crumpe in 1793. Thommassina, Curtis, etc.,—urged by 
 John Hunter, Sir Thos. Watson, Dr. King Chambers, and many other luminaries of the 
 medical profession,—the scientifically guarded proving of drugs on the human organism 
 has lain, like the similar work of Jenner, neglected all these years, waiting for another 
 Koch, to re-inaugurate the work. 
 
 54 
 
PART I. 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 
 
 ABRUS, Jequirity (Unofficial),—is the seed of Abrusprecatorius , or 
 Wild Liquorice, a plant of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, indigenous in 
 India, but growing wild in most tropical countries. The seeds are small, 
 hard, of a bright scarlet color, with a black spot around the hilum, and 
 contain an alkaloid, some fixed oil, sugar, a principle resembling Gly- 
 cyrrhizin, and Abide Acid , C 12 H 2 4N 3 0 ; but neither of these is believed to 
 be the active principle. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Infusum Abri, Infusion of Jequirity (Unofficial),—prepared by macerating three pow¬ 
 dered seeds in g ss of cold water for twelve hours, adding g ss of boiling water, and 
 filtering when cold. It should be used while fresh, as after two or three days it is 
 worthless. 
 
 Another formula contains gr. ix of Jequirity to the g, with gr. iv of Boric Acid to 
 prevent decomposition. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Jequirity seeds, when moistened with water, become highly poisonous. 
 If applied to the conjunctiva, a severe inflammation is set up, with oedema 
 and false membrane, ulceration of the cornea, and extension to the lids, 
 face, neck and submaxillary glands. Inserted into a wound in cattle, 
 they cause death in a few hours. The irritant action is believed to result 
 from the presence in the seeds of some ferment, or perhaps great numbers 
 of gonidia, which develop rapidly on a suitable tissue. The infusion, in 
 a short time, swarms with bacteria. 
 
 Jequirity is used for the purpose of producing a purulent or croupous 
 conjunctivitis, by which to destroy old granulations (trachoma) and pan- 
 nus. A mild infusion is applied to the eye two or three times a day for 
 two days, and followed by weak solutions of Alum or Borax. This should 
 be repeated after three weeks if necessary. An emulsion of the seeds in 
 water is a useful application to unhealthy ulcers and lupus. 
 
 55 
 
56 
 
 ABSINTHIUM-ACETANILIDE. 
 
 ABSINTHIUM, Wormwood, —the leaves and tops of Artemisia 
 Absinthium , a perennial garden herb of the nat. ord. Composite, 
 indigenous in Europe, but cultivated in the United States. The leaves 
 are about 2 inches long, hoary, silky-pubescent, petiolate, pinnately two 
 or three-cleft; heads numerous, with small, pale-yellow florets, odor 
 aromatic, taste persistently bitter. It contains a volatile oil and a bitter 
 principle, Absinthin. Dose, gr. xx-xl, in infusion. There are no official 
 preparations, except Vinum Aromaticum (see Alcohol), of which Absin¬ 
 thium constitutes one per cent. 
 
 Absinthe , the French liqueur, is an alcoholic solution of the oil, containing also extracts 
 of Anise, Marjoram, and Angelica. Its continued use produces various nervous symptoms, 
 morning nausea and vomiting, also a tendency to epileptiform convulsions. 
 
 The bitter constituent of Absinthium is stimulant to the digestive 
 organs, but the oil is a narcotic poison, increases the cardiac action, and 
 produces tremor, stupor,epileptiform convulsions, involuntary evacuations, 
 and stertorous breathing. It is but little used in medicine, and only as a 
 stomachic tonic in dyspepsia. 
 
 ACACIA, Gum Arabic, —is a gummy exudation from Acacia Verek, 
 a small tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, indigenous in Africa—also from 
 other species of Acacia. It occurs in spheroidal tears of various sizes, 
 breaking with a glassy, sometimes iridescent fracture ; insoluble in alcohol, 
 but soluble in water, forming a thick and mucilaginous liquid. It consists 
 of Arabia or Arabic Acid , C 12 H 22 O n , combined with calcium, potassium, 
 and magnesium. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Mucilago Acacia ,—has of Acacia 34, Water to 100 parts. It should not be prescribed 
 with tinctures or spirits except in very small quantity. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Syrupus Acacia ,—has of the Mucilage 25, Syrup 75. Should be freshly made. Dose, 
 indefinite. 
 
 Acacia enters into the composition of Mistura Amygdalae, Mistura Glycyrrhizae Com- 
 posita, Pulvis Cretae Compositus, Trochisci Cretae, Trochisci Cubebae, and Trochisci 
 Glycyrrhizae et Opii. 
 
 Gum Arabic has no activity except the negative one of a demulcent, 
 and is chiefly used in coughs, sore throats, catarrhal inflammation of the 
 stomach and intestines, and irritant poisoning. It is much employed in 
 pharmacy to suspend insoluble powders in mixtures, for which purpose 
 the mucilage is generally used. 
 
 ACETANILIDE,—Antifebrin. Like the major number of the 
 newest antipyretics, which are related either to Chinoline or to Phenol, 
 Acetanilide is a derivative of Anilin , from which it is obtained by the 
 action thereon of glacial acetic acid, substituting the organic radical 
 
ACETANILIDE. 5 J 
 
 Acetyle for an atom of hydrogen. Chemically, it has the name Acetani¬ 
 lide or Phenyl-acetamide , and the formula C 6 H 5 .C 2 H 3 O.NH. 
 
 The name Antifebrin is copyrighted by its original promoters for trade purposes, and 
 therefore should be dropped from professional usage. 
 
 It is a pure white and crystalline powder, of neutral reaction, odorless, 
 but of slightly burning taste. It melts at 235 0 F., and distils at 557 0 F., 
 —is soluble freely in alcohol, wine, etc.,—but very sparingly (1 in 190) 
 in cold water, and a little more readily in hot water. It is a neutral sub¬ 
 stance, being unaffected by hydrochloric or sulphuric acids, and ordinarily 
 so by alkalies. 
 
 The dose ranges from gr. ij to gr. xv, repeated twice, but not exceeding gr. xxx in the 
 24 hours. As much as 5 jj has been swallowed without ill effects supervening. It may 
 be administered in the very convenient form of compressed tablets;—also in powders, or 
 in dilute alcoholic solution, gj may be dissolved in 3 ivss of brandy, to which, if we 
 add 3 vj each of simple syrup and water, we get a six-ounce mixture, of which a table¬ 
 spoonful (,3 ss) contains 5 grains of Acetanilide, a fair adult dose. As an antipyretic, gr. 
 iij may be administered every ^ to ]/ 2 hour, until 12 or 15 grains have been given, which 
 will usually be a sufficient quantity, especially if given at the acme of the febrile move¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Acetanilide is a very efficient antipyretic, besides being strongly anal¬ 
 gesic and antispasmodic, lessening the reflex action of the spinal cord, and 
 inhibiting the sensibility of sensory nerves. It raises the arterial tension 
 somewhat, and slows the heart in a corresponding degree. 
 
 Compared with the action of Antipyrine, the effect of Acetanilide on 
 the body-temperature is manifested more slowly (1 hour against */£ hour), 
 —but lasts a longer time (6 against 2 hours). It is markedly diuretic, 
 somewhat diaphoretic; is a cerebral, muscular and vaso-motor stimulant, 
 and leaves no ill after-effects;—while Antipyrine is powerfully diaphoretic, 
 a cerebral sedative, and produces great depression. Furthermore, Ace¬ 
 tanilide produces the same degree of reduction of body-temperature as 
 Antipyrine, with the ingestion of but th the dose; and, like the latter 
 agent, it has little or no effect on the normal temperature, and its con¬ 
 tinued use begets tolerance of its action. 
 
 Its Antipyretic action corresponds, in degree and in duration, to the 
 size of the dose,—the pulse is slowed, and quiet sleep often follows. There 
 is neither vomiting nor diarrhoea afterwards, but there is a tendency, in 
 some few cases, to collapse, with chills and cyanosis, especially the latter, 
 during the period of depressed temperature. 
 
 A toxic dose destroys the ozonizing function of the blood, decolorizing 
 it, and forming methyl-haemoglobin. The heart, liver and kidneys are 
 found in a state of acute fatty degeneration, in animals poisoned 
 thereby. Its continued use in large doses is highly injurious to the blood, 
 especially in diseases (as typhoid fever) which are themselves destructive 
 to the blood. 
 
58 
 
 ACIDUM ACETICUM. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Besides being one of the most efficient antipyretics, this drug has 
 marked analgesic and antispasmodic powers; and these, together with its 
 great advantages of a small dose, efficiency and safety, and the absence of 
 the severe rigors and cardiac depression which mark the chinoline deriva¬ 
 tives,—combine to make it one of a wider therapeutical range than most 
 of its analogues. It is especially useful in phthisis and typhoid fever, for 
 the hyperpyrexia, thereby relieving wakefulness, lessening delirium, and 
 upholding a failing heart; but if long used in large doses in the latter 
 disease it may increase the liability to serious sequelae, especially periostitis 
 of the ribs, gangrene of tissues, etc. For the pains of locomotor ataxia, 
 and in those of rheumatic origin, sciatica, lumbago, etc., it is a most 
 efficient remedy. In acute rheumatism, it is highly praised ; though its 
 efficiency is herein disputed by Salol. In epilepsy, it is being tried, with 
 the view of moderating reflex excitability. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETICUM, Acetic Acid, —is a liquid composed of 
 36 per cent, of absolute Acetic Acid, HC 2 H 3 0 . 2 , and 64 per cent, of water. 
 It is a clear, colorless liquid, of a distinctly vinegar odor, a purely acid 
 taste, and a strongly acid reaction; sp. gr. 1.048 at 59 0 F. ; miscible in 
 all proportions with water and alcohol, and wholly volatilized by heat. 
 It is prepared from wood by destructive distillation and purification. 
 Acetic Acid is also official in two other degrees of concentration, viz. : — 
 
 Acidum Aceticum Glaciate, Glacial Acetic Acid, HC 2 H 3 0 2 ,—is nearly or quite abso¬ 
 lute Acetic Acid, solid below 59 0 F., above that temperature a colorless liquid of sp. gr. 
 1.056 to 1.058. Is strongly escharotic and only used locally. 
 
 Acidum Aceticum Dilutum , Diluted Acetic Acid,—consists of Acetic Acid 17, Dis¬ 
 tilled Water 83 parts, contains 6 per cent, of absolute Acetic Acid, and has a sp. gr. of 
 1.0083. Dose, 3j-ij. 
 
 Acetum , Vinegar (Unofficial),—is an impure diluted Acetic Acid, produced by the 
 acetous fermentation of any liquid susceptible of the vinous fermentation. 
 
 Diluted Acetic Acid is used in the preparation of the four official Aceta (Vinegars). 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Acetic Acid, like the other vegetable acids, in concentrated form is 
 escharotic and produces gastro-enteritis if swallowed. In dilute form it 
 acts as a refrigerant, diminishing thirst and allaying restlessness. It 
 forms salts in the stomach, thus enters the blood, and is there oxidized, 
 producing carbonic acid, and thereby increasing the acidity of the urine. 
 It is also diuretic. Long used, it causes emaciation and poverty of the 
 blood, producing a general scorbutic condition. It is hemostatic and 
 anthelmintic, and the vapor inhaled causes reflex contraction of the vessels 
 and raises the blood-pressure. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The glacial acid is used as a caustic in many skin affections, as warts, 
 condylomata, etc., and to destroy the parasite in ringworm and pityriasis. 
 
ACIDUM BORICUM. 
 
 59 
 
 It has been employed locally in carcinoma, with the view of dissolving 
 the supposed cancer-cells. The dilute acid is used locally in superficial 
 inflammations of the skin, and may be sponged over the body to check 
 perspiration and reduce the surface temperature in fevers. It is often 
 administered internally to reduce obesity, which it does by impairing 
 digestion. Locally, it may be employed to arrest slight hemorrhages, 
 as epistaxis; and is occasionally used by enema for the destruction of 
 ascarides. 
 
 ACIDUM BORICUM, Boric or Boracic Acid, H 2 Bo 3 ,—is a 
 
 weak acid occurring in transparent, colorless, six-sided plates, of unctuous 
 touch, odorless, of a cooling and slightly bitter taste, soluble in 25 of 
 water and in 15 of alcohol at 59 0 F., in 3 of boiling water and in 5 of 
 boiling alcohol. It is produced from Borax by the action of Sulphuric 
 Acid. Dose, gr. v-xx. There is only one official Borate, viz. : — 
 
 Sodii Boras, Borate of Sodium, Borax, Na 2 B 4 0 7 , ioH 2 0, —colorless, 
 transparent prisms, of cooling and sweetish, afterwards alkaline taste and 
 alkaline reaction, soluble in 16 of water at 59 0 F., and in 0.5 of boiling 
 water; insoluble in alcohol. Occurs.native in ancient lake beds in various 
 parts of the world. Dose, gr. v-xl. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Boro-glyceride ,—is a solid chemical compound, prepared by heating together Boracic 
 Acid and Glycerin. It is soluble in water, but is generally used in solution of equal parts 
 of pure Glycerin and Boro-glyceride. It combines readily with Chrysarobin, Carbolic 
 Acid, Atropine and Morphine, and is used as a local application in eye diseases and skin 
 affections. 
 
 Boracic Ointment ,—has of Boracic Acid 1, White Wax 1, Paraffin 2, Almond Oil 2, 
 thoroughly mixed together. 
 
 Boracic Lotion ,—is a saturated solution of the acid in water. 
 
 Boracic Lint ,—prepared by steeping lint in a boiling saturated solution and drying. It 
 contains nearly one-half its weight of the acid. 
 
 Magnesii Boro-citras, Borocitrate of Magnesium,—prepared extemporaneously thus,— 
 R. Magnesii Carbonatis gj, Acidi Citrici ^ij, Sodii Biborat. gij, Aqurn Bullientis ^viij. 
 A tablespoonful three or four times daily as a solvent of uric acid calculi. 
 
 Polassii Tartra-boras, Tartraborate of Potassium,—is a better solvent of uric acid 
 calculi than the Magnesium salt, and is soluble in 2 parts of cold water. Prepared by 
 heating together Boracic Acid 1, Potassii Bitrartras 4, Water 10 parts. Dose, gr. xx, 
 largely diluted with water, three or four times a day. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Boracic Acid is an efficient antiseptic, disinfectant and deodorant, 
 arresting fermentation and putrefaction, and very destructive to low 
 organisms. A solution of 1 in 133 arrests the activity of bacteria. It is 
 feebly acid and but slightly irritant, and is used as a surgical dressing for 
 its antiseptic and unirritating qualities. Its lotion and ointment have 
 been successfully employed in ulcers, eczema, burns and scalds, pruritus 
 ani, fetid perspiration, wounds, tinea tonsurans, and tinea circinata. 
 
6o 
 
 ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. 
 
 The Borate of Sodium is antiseptic and disinfectant, as it also destroys 
 low vegetable organisms. It removes the epidermis when locally applied, 
 has power to increase uterine contraction, and aids the solution of Benzoic 
 Acid. It is employed as a wash to remove the epidermis from the skin, 
 and as a lotion in acne, freckles, chloasma, leucorrhcea, aphthae, etc., and 
 to allay itching in urticaria, psoriasis, impetigo, and in pruritus pudendi, 
 scroti et ani. It has been used internally in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, 
 puerperal fever and puerperal convulsions, for its supposed specific action 
 on the uterus. 
 
 Boro-glyceride in solution (i to 40) is also a powerful antiseptic, and 
 is used as a lotion in purulent ophthalmia and in the treatment of wounds, 
 also as a local application to diphtheritic membranes. It is an efficient 
 preservative of milk and food against putrefactive changes, and is entirely 
 harmless. 
 
 An elegant cosmetic cream may be made by dissolving Boracic Acid in 
 Glycerin, and then incorporating it with White Wax and Almond Oil. 
 
 ACIDUM CARBOLICUM, Carbolic Acid, Oxy-benzene, 
 Phenic Acid, Phenylic Alcohol, Phenol, C 6 H 5 HO,—is an alcoholic 
 product of the distillation of coal-tar between the temperature of 356° 
 and 374 0 F. It occurs in needle-shaped crystals of tarry odor and burn¬ 
 ing taste, is liquefied by about 5 per cent, of water, soluble in 20 of water at 
 59 0 F., and very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, oils, etc. 
 
 Peculiarities about Carbolic Acid are that about 5 per cent, of water liquefies it, a further 
 addition of water renders it turbid, until 2000 parts of water to 100 of the acid have been 
 added, when a stable and clear solution is formed. One volume of liquefied Carbolic 
 Acid containing 5 per cent, of water forms with one volume of Glycerin a clear mixture 
 which is not rendered turbid by the addition of three volumes of water (absence of Crea- 
 sote and Cresylic Acid). It does not redden blue litmus paper, but combines freely with 
 alkalies and other salifiable bases, the products having an alkaline reaction and being 
 decomposed by the feeblest acids (carbonic, etc.) Dose, gr. 
 
 Acidum Carbolicum Crudum, Impure Carbolic Acid,—is obtained as 
 above stated, but at a lower heat (338° to 374 0 F.), and contains Carbolic, 
 Xylic and Cresylic Acids in varying proportions, together with other 
 impurities. It is used as a disinfectant. 
 
 Preparations . 
 
 Unguentum Acidi Carbolici , —strength 10 per cent., Ointment 90. 
 
 Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici (Unofficial),—Carbolic Acid I, Glycerin 4- 
 
 Aqua Acidi Carbolici (Unofficial),—has of the Glycerite^ x to Aquoe Oj. Dose gj-3 ss. 
 
 Carbolic Acid Gauze (Unofficial),—medicated with Ac. Carbol. I, Resin 5, Paraffin 7. 
 
 Carbolic Acid Plaster (Unofficial),—has of Carbolic Acid 25, Shellac 75, coated with 
 Gutta-Percha dissolved in Carbon Disulphide. 
 
 Carbolic Acid Solutions , for antiseptic surgery, are : — 
 
 5 per cent, in Water, as a spray or wash. 
 
 2^/2 per cent, in Water, for sponges, hands, or as a lotion. 
 
 5 per cent, or less in Olive Oil, as a special dressing. 
 
 Phenol Sodique is composed of Carbolic Acid gr. 188, Caustic Soda gr. 31, Distilled 
 Water 3 iv. 
 
ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. 
 
 6 I 
 
 Official Derivative Salts. 
 
 Sodii Sulpho-Carbolas, Sulpho-Carbolate of Sodium, NaC fi H 5 S 0 4 . 2 H 2 0 ,—prepared by 
 dissolving Carbolic Acid i, in strong Sulphuric Acid I, thus forming Sulpho-carbolic Acid, 
 which is then neutralized with Carbonate of Sodium. Transparent, rhombic prisms, 
 soluble in 5 of water at 59 0 F., less freely in alcohol and glycerin. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Analogues. 
 
 Creasotum, Creasote,—is a similar product, obtained from wood-tar, but by the action 
 of Nitric Acid it is converted into Oxalic Acid chiefly, while by the same reagent Carbolic 
 is converted into Picric Acid. Creasote does not coagulate albumen (?) or collodion, 
 Carbolic Acid does. Creasote is described under its own title. 
 
 Resorcin (Unofficial), C 6 H 6 0 2 ,—is also a phenol, obtained from certain resins by the 
 action of fusing alkalies. [Described under its own title.] 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Carbolic Acid is a powerful antiseptic and antiferment, being destruc¬ 
 tive to all low forms of life. It is a local anaesthetic and a superficial 
 escharotic, coagulating albumen and also the blood when out of the body. 
 Taken internally undiluted it produces violent gastritis, rtp vj of the pure 
 acid having caused dangerous symptoms. It stimulates the cardiac inhibi¬ 
 tion, first slowing, then depressing, and finally paralyzing the heart. Respi¬ 
 ration, at first increased, is soon depressed, the pupils are contracted, and 
 both brain and spinal cord are directly affected ; stupor, coma, suspended 
 reflexes, impaired motility and sensibility being produced. It is rapidly 
 absorbed and diffused, many fatal cases having occurred from its external 
 use. It is partly oxidized in the blood, and partly eliminated by the 
 lungs and kidneys, imparting to the urine a peculiar olive-green or smoky 
 color. 
 
 Locally applied Carbolic Acid produces on the skin or mucous membrane 
 a white superficial eschar which succeeds to burning pain of short duration. 
 
 Antidotes and Antagonists. 
 
 Liquor Calcis Saccharatus, or the official Syrupus Calcis, given freely; or Sulphate of 
 Sodium or Magnesium to form a Sulpho-carbolate, are the chemical antidotes. Vegetable 
 demulcents (but no oils or glycerin) to protect the mucous surfaces. Atropine is a very 
 complete physiological antagonist to the systemic symptoms, maintaining the heart and 
 respiration until elimination occurs. Of Magnesium Sulphate nearly 3 ozs. were used in 
 a case where x / 2 oz. of 95 per cent, acid had been taken, resulting in full recovery from 
 an apparently hopeless condition. Cider Vinegar may prove to be an antidote, as it 
 removes the effects of the local application of the strong acid. Soap , in strong watery 
 mixture (suds), is said to be almost a perfect antidote. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Carbolic Acid owes its prominence to its having been the principal 
 agent used in the antiseptic method of treating wounds; but lately its 
 employment in that connection has become much restricted, and many 
 of the most prominent surgeons have abandoned it altogether in favor of 
 other germicides. • For nausea and vomiting it is an excellent remedy in 
 
 -grain doses, and in many chronic pulmonary affections it is used with 
 benefit by spray. It may be employed locally in acute and chronic 
 
62 
 
 ACIDUM CHROMICUM. 
 
 catarrhs, parasitic skin diseases, uterine and other ulcers, abscesses, boils, 
 and carbuncles, endo-metritis, and perhaps in pulmonary phthisis. It has 
 proven of temporary benefit in diabetes of hepatic origin. It has been 
 injected parenchymatously (2 per cent, solution) in erysipelas, pleuro¬ 
 pneumonia, intermittents, synovitis, lupus, chancroid, hydrocele, etc. 
 
 The Sulpho-carbolates of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium, have been 
 employed advantageously in the septic diseases (as the exanthemata, diphtheria, puerperal 
 fever), the object being to obtain the antiseptic and antipyretic actions of Carbolic Acid 
 without its dangers. They may be used locally with good results in aphthae, tonsillitis, 
 otorrhoea, gonorrhoea, and inflamed mucous membranes generally. 
 
 ACIDUM CHROMICUM, Chromic Acid, Cr 0 3 ,—is obtained 
 by the action of Sulphuric Acid upon Potassium Chromate, and occurs in 
 small crimson needle-shaped crystals, deliquescent and very soluble in 
 water. Brought in contact with alcohol mutual decomposition takes place. 
 A similar result and perhaps sudden combustion results when it is placed 
 in contact with other easily oxidizable substances, such as Glycerin, Spirit 
 of Nitrous Ether, etc. It is not used internally. 
 
 Potassii Bichromas, Bichromate of Potassium, Iv 2 Cr 2 0 7 ,—large, orange-red prisms of 
 disagreeable, metallic taste and acid reaction, soluble in 10 of water at 59 0 F., and in 1 y 2 
 of boiling water, insoluble in alcohol. Used locally in aqueous solution (gr. v-^j to the 
 ^), and internally in doses of gr. T C-ij in trituration. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Chromic Acid is a powerful escharotic, penetrating deeply, but slow 
 of action and not very painful. It coagulates albumen and parts readily 
 with its oxygen, oxidizing organic matter and decomposing ammonia and 
 sulphuretted hydrogen. It is therefore an energetic disinfectant and 
 deodorizer. When used as a caustic it is mixed with sufficient water to 
 make a paste, which may be employed for the destruction of warts, hem¬ 
 orrhoids and other superficial growths, the neighboring parts being pro¬ 
 tected by cotton soaked in a strong alkaline solution. For syphilitic warts 
 and condylomata, lupus, tinea tonsurans, etc., a solution of 100 grains to 
 the 5 of distilled water is generally used. A solution of 1 in 40 is an 
 excellent and inexpensive antiseptic lotion for putrid sores and wounds, 
 syphilitic affections of the tongue, mouth and throat, ozaena, leucorrhcea, 
 and gonorrhoea. In uterine catarrh and hemorrhages a solution of 120 
 grains to the 5 has been injected into the uterine cavity with good results. 
 
 Bichromate of Potassium is a good antiseptic and an escharotic of 
 milder action than the acid. In doses of o'j-iv it has proved fatal to life 
 in adults, with symptoms of gastro-enteritis, suppression of urine, and 
 cardiac paralysis. It is chiefly employed as a local application in satu¬ 
 rated solution to warts and venereal condylomata; and in dilute solution 
 (gr. j-x to the 5) for catarrhal conditions of the nasal, buccal, or vaginal 
 
ACIDUM FLUORICUM-ACIDUM GALLICUM. 
 
 63 
 
 mucous membrane. Internally it has been employed with benefit in loco¬ 
 motor ataxia and in dyspepsia simulating gastric cancer; also in chronic 
 gastric catarrh, the tongue having a thick yellow coat, in chronic diarrhoea 
 from intestinal ulceration, and in chronic ulcers of the pharynx and mouth. 
 It is a good remedy in syphilitic sore throat, local rheumatism of the 
 fibrous tissues, periosteal and syphilitic rheumatism, and acute catarrh and 
 influenza, chronic nasal catarrh chronic laryngitis, and chronic catarrhal 
 affections of the bronchial mucous membrane, especially when the expecto¬ 
 ration is tough and stringy. It has also been used with some success in 
 membranous croup and diphtheria. In pharmacy it is employed in the 
 preparation of Chromic Acid and Valerianic Acid, and as a test solution. 
 Most of the medical galvanic and faradic batteries are run by a mixture 
 of this salt with Sulphuric Acid. Poisoning by it should be treated as 
 directed for that by mineral acids. 
 
 ACIDUM FLUORICUM, Fluoric Acid, HF (Unofficial),—is a 
 strong escharotic, acting deeply and leaving a dry and painful slough. 
 The dilute acid (1 in 200) is prepared by acting on fluor spar by Sulphuric 
 Acid, the resulting gas being dissolved in water. Its dose is n^xx-xxx, 
 well diluted. 
 
 Dilute Fluoric Acid has been successfully used as an internal remedy in 
 goitre, and the gas has been inhaled with benefit in diphtheria and mem¬ 
 branous croup. 
 
 ACIDUM GALLICUM, Gallic Acid, HC 7 H 5 0 5 .H, 0 ,—is a 
 nearly colorless solid in long needles or triclinic prisms, having a slightly 
 acid and astringent taste, soluble in too of water and in 4^ of alcohol 
 at 59 0 F., and in 3 of boiling water. It is prepared from a paste of pow¬ 
 dered galls (see Galla), by fermenting for six weeks, boiling and reboil¬ 
 ing in water, filtering and crystallizing. According to some authorities the 
 Tannic Acid of the galls is split up into Gallic Acid and glucose by fer¬ 
 mentation ; but according to others the glucose is an impurity and the 
 Tannic Acid is simply converted into two parts of Gallic Acid, C u H 10 O 9 -f- 
 H ,0 = (HC 7 H 5 0 5 ) 2 . Dose, gr. v-xv, in solution, pill or powder. 
 
 Acidum Pyrogallicum, Pyrogallic Acid, Pyrogallol, Tri-hydroxv- 
 benzene, C 6 H 3 (HO) 3 (Unofficial),—is obtained from Gallic or Tannic 
 Acid by careful heating. Dose gr. j-ij. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Unguentum Acidi Gallici ,—is a 10 per cent, ointment, with a basis of Benzoinated 
 
 Lard. 
 
64 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM. 
 
 Vegetable Astringents depend for their medicinal value upon the Gallic and Tannic 
 Acids contained in them. Such are— 
 
 Alnus, Alder Bark. 
 Castanea, Chestnut Leaves. 
 Catechu, Catechu. 
 Diospyros, Persimmon. 
 Galla, Nut Galls. 
 Geranium, Cranesbill. 
 Granatum, Pomegranate. 
 Hamamelis, Witch Hazel. 
 Hrematoxylon, Logwood. 
 
 Heuchera, Alum Root. 
 Kino, Kino. 
 
 Krameria, Rhatany. 
 Myrica, Wax Myrtle. 
 Nymphsea, Pond Lily. 
 Quercus Alba, Oak Bark. 
 Rosa Gallica, Red Rose. 
 Rubus, Blackberry. 
 Statice, Alarsh Rosemary. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Gallic Acid, and its congener Tannic Acid, are astringents, the former 
 being the more feeble of the two. They differ in that Tannic Acid coagu¬ 
 lates albumen and gelatin, while Gallic does not. Tannic Acid is con¬ 
 verted by the organism into Gallic and Pyrogallic Acids, in which forms 
 it is absorbed and excreted. According to some authorities the difference 
 between Gallic and Tannic Acids is one of oxidation, according to others 
 of hydration; the latter assuming Tannic Acid to be simply Gallic Acid 
 Anhydride. They constringe the muscular tissue in the walls of the 
 minute vessels, thus checking secretion and hemorrhages and cutting 
 short local inflammations. Except in enormous doses they are harmless. 
 [Compare Acidum Tannicum.] 
 
 Pyrogallic Acid may act as an intense poison, having been absorbed 
 from the surface with fatal results, preceded by vomiting and diarrhoea, 
 rigors, and fever, black urine full of globulin, and disorganization of the 
 blood-corpuscles. It has great affinity for oxygen and may be used as an 
 antiseptic and disinfectant in i to 2per cent, solutions. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Mineral acids, alkalies, per-salts of iron, and salts of antimony, lead, and silver are 
 chemically incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Gallic Acid is preferred to Tannic Acid when an astringent action is 
 desired upon remote parts, as the lungs, kidneys, etc., which can only be 
 reached through the circulation. In hematuria, distant passive hemor¬ 
 rhages, albuminuria, diabetes insipidus, bronchorrhoea, night-sweats, 
 chronic diarrhoea, and chronic cystitis, it is a most useful remedy. 
 
 Pyrogallic Acid has been used internally in two-grain doses for inter¬ 
 nal hemorrhages. As an ointment (5j _ Sj) it is next to Chrysarobin as 
 an efficient palliative in psoriasis, and has been used with good results in 
 lupus and epithelioma, being supposed to attack the diseased nodules only,, 
 leaving the adjacent skin uninjured. 
 
ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. 
 
 65 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM, Diluted Hy- 
 drobromic Acid, —is composed of 10 per cent, of absolute Hydro- 
 bromic Acid (HBr), and 90 per cent, of water. It is a clear, colorless, 
 and odorless liquid, of a pungent acid taste, produced by decomposing 
 Potassium Bromide by Sulphuric Acid and distilling. Dose, npxx- 3 ij, 
 every three hours. 
 
 Hydrobromic Acid has identical action on the nervous system and cir¬ 
 culation with that of the Bromides. Added to a mixture of Quinine and 
 water (rr^ij to each grain of Quinine) it will produce a clear solution. 
 
 In hysteria, congestive headaches, neuralgia, and nervous exhaustion, 
 Hydrobromic Acid has been found useful. Used as a solvent of Quinine 
 it retards cinchonism, and prevents the headache resulting from the full 
 action of Quinine and Iron. As a substitute for the Bromides of Sodium 
 and Potassium it is highly recommended, being much less depressant. 
 It has been especially recommended in tinnitus aurium. Fothergill uses 
 it for coughs of reflex or spasmodic nature, also for simple continued fever 
 where there is cerebral disturbance. 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM, Hydrochloric Acid, 
 Muriatic Acid, —is a liquid composed of about 32 per cent, of absolute 
 Hydrochloric Acid Gas, HC 1 , and 68 per cent, of water. It is colorless 
 and fuming, of specific gravity 1.160, pungent odor,, intensely acid 
 reaction and taste, and is obtained by the action of Sulphuric Acid upon 
 Sodium Chloride, the resulting gas being carried through water which 
 dissolves it. It is sometimes used as a caustic. Its union with basic 
 substances forms salts, called Hydrochlorates (Muriates), of which four 
 are official, viz. : the Hydrochlorates of Apomorphine, Morphine, Pilo¬ 
 carpine, and Quinine, described under the titles of their respective bases. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilntum, —is a 10 per cent, solution of the absolute acid in 
 water. Dose, rrp iij-x. 
 
 Acidum A r itro-hydrochloricum, —see under Acidum Nitricum. 
 
 Physiological Action of the Mineral Acids. 
 
 The mineral acids (Hydrochloric, Sulphuric, Nitric, Nitro-hydrochloric, 
 and Phosphoric) resemble each other in general action so closely that they 
 may all be described in this place. 
 
 The strong acids are escharotic, abstracting the water of the tissues, 
 combining with the albumen and other bases, and destroying the proto¬ 
 plasm. They are very diffusible, redissolving the albumen after precipi¬ 
 tating it (except Nitric Acid). Sulphuric and Phosphoric have a strong 
 affinity for water, completely decomposing tissues to which they are 
 5 
 
66 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. 
 
 applied, and are therefore the most powerfully escharotic. Nitric Acid 
 does not readily redissolve the albumen precipitated by it, which thus 
 forms a barrier against the deep action of the acid. Sulphuric Acid 
 chars or carbonizes the tissues black, while Nitric and Hydrochloric tan 
 them yellow. 
 
 The dilute acids produce a peculiar taste in the mouth and a sensation 
 of roughness on the teeth. They stimulate the flow of saliva from the 
 parotid and submaxillary glands, but have no action on the sympathetic 
 saliva. They promote the alkaline intestinal secretions and excite the 
 flow from ducts having an alkaline secretion (bile, etc.), but check that 
 from those whose secretion is acid (gastric, etc.). Secretion generally is 
 promoted by Nitric Acid, and lessened by Sulphuric, Hydrochloric 
 acting between the other two. Given before meals, in small doses, they 
 relieve acidity of the stomach by checking the production of the acid 
 gastric juice. At first they aid digestion, being synergistic to the action 
 of pepsin, but if continued they impair digestion by lessening the produc¬ 
 tion of the gastric juice. They check fermentation and constipate the 
 bowels, except Nitric Acid, which relaxes them. They render the urine 
 slightly more acid than its normal reaction, but do not acidify alkaline 
 urine as the vegetable acids do. They are all astringent to the tissues, 
 Hydrochloric being weakest and Sulphuric the strongest in this respect. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Alkalies to neutralize the acid ; oil, albumen, or milk, to protect the mucous membrane ; 
 stimulants, Opium, Ammonia (intravenously) to combat the resulting depression of the 
 vital powers. 
 
 Therapeutics of the Mineral Acids. 
 
 All the members of this group are useful in fevers, if well diluted, 
 Hydrochloric being usually preferred, especially in typhoid. In atonic 
 dyspepsia, acidity of the stomach, and locally in ulcerations of the throat, 
 Hydrochloric Acid is best used. Nitric is the acid generally preferred as 
 a caustic, its action being effectual and superficial. As such it is applied 
 undiluted to phagedenic ulcers and sloughs, warty growths, and to the 
 cavity of the womb in chronic inflammation thereof. Dilute Nitric Acid 
 is used internally in oxaluria and lithemia, intermittent and remittent 
 fevers, and aphonia of singers. Dilute Nitro-hydrochloric is more suitable 
 in chronic hepatic disorders due to malaria; Sulphuric in hemorrhages, 
 diarrhoeas, colliquative sweating, and as a prophylactic against lead¬ 
 poisoning. Dilute Sulphuric Acid is used as an acid drink in fevers, and 
 before meals in acidity of the stomach. It is very doubtful whether the 
 latter has any special influence on the nervous or osseous systems. 
 
 All these acids act injuriously on the teeth, by attacking the enamel. 
 They should always be administered largely diluted, taken through a straw 
 
ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM. 67 
 
 or glass tube, and the mouth should at once be thoroughly rinsed with an 
 alkaline solution. 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM, Diluted Hy¬ 
 drocyanic Acid, Prussic Acid, —is a liquid composed of 2 per cent, 
 of absolute Hydrocyanic Acid, HCN, and 98 per cent, of alcohol and 
 water. It is colorless, faintly acid, of peculiar odor, and is prepared 
 by distilling solutions of Potassium Ferrocyanide and Sulphuric Acid 
 together, or extemporaneously by adding 6 parts of Cyanide of Silver to 
 a solution of 5 parts of Hydrochloric Acid in 55 of distilled water, shak¬ 
 ing together and pouring off the supernatant liquid, npxl have proved 
 fatal. Dose, npj-v. 
 
 Preparations containing Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 Aqua Laurocerasi , Cherry-laurel Water (Unofficial),—is a water distilled from the 
 fresh leaves of Primus laurocerasus , the common Laurel or Cherry Laurel, a small tree 
 of the nat. ord. Rosacese, sub-order Amygdaleoe. The leaves contain a variable amount 
 of Hydrocyanic Acid and a volatile oil. Dose, ttp v-xxx, cautiously. 
 
 Scheele's Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid (Unofficial),—is a 4 or 5 per cent, solution, and is 
 highly dangerous even by inhalation. 
 
 Amygdala Amara, Bitter Almond (see its title), and its essential oil; also, various 
 other members of the sub-order Amygdaleae, including the official Prunus Virginiana , 
 perhaps the unofficial Prunus laurocerasus , and the leaves and kernels of the peach and 
 cherry trees, contain a proximate principle Amygdalin, and a ferment Emulsin, which in 
 the presence of water react with each other, forming Hydrocyanic Acid, a volatile oil, 
 and glucose. C 20 H 27 NO U (Amygdalin) -|- 2 H 2 0 = C 7 H 6 0 (Oil of Bitter Almond) 
 HCN (Hydrocyanic Acid) -f- 2C 6 H 12 0 6 (Glucose). 
 
 Other Cyanogen Compounds. 
 
 Potassii Cyanidum , Cyanide of Potassium, KCN,—a white, opaque salt, of alkaline 
 reaction, bitter-almond taste and a peculiar odor when moist; soluble in 2 of water at 
 59 0 F., sparingly soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. 2 L-i. Locally a solution of gr. j-v to 
 
 the o • 
 
 Potassii Ferrocyanidum , Ferrocyanide of Potassium, K 4 Fe(CN 6 ) 6 3H 2 0,— large, 
 lemon-yellow prisms or tablets, efflorescent, odorless, of sweetish taste and neutral reac¬ 
 tion, soluble in 4 of water, insoluble in alcohol. Employed in pharmacy as a test solu¬ 
 tion, and in the preparation of Ferrocyanide of Iron, Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid and 
 the Cyanides of Potassium and Silver. Rarely used medicinally. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Prussic Acid is one of the most powerful and rapid poisons known, 
 half a grain having proved fatal. Its action on the organism is one 
 peculiar to itself, the inhalation of a strong preparation producing rapid 
 insensibility and almost immediate exhaustion;—death from a full dose 
 occurring by sudden paralysis of the heart, from a less but still a fatal 
 dose, by paralysis of respiration. The symptoms are those of sudden 
 and complete asphyxia, and some volitional movements may be made 
 before death, unless the dose be very large. In cases in which the dose, 
 though fatal, permitted of the observance of its effects, they were usually 
 divisible into two marked stages, viz. : (t) Dyspnoea, slow and full pulse, 
 giddiness, loss of muscular power. (2) Vomiting, dilated pupils, uncon- 
 
68 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM. 
 
 sciousness, spasms, muscular rigidity, and cessation of the heart’s action. 
 In poisonous, but not fatal doses, the following effects have been observed : 
 feeble pulse, dilated pupils, turgid and dusky face, insensibility, convul¬ 
 sions or rigidity, but no paralysis. Large medicinal doses may produce 
 salivation, irritation of the throat, dizziness, buzzing in the ears, head¬ 
 ache, numbness, dusky countenance, staggering gait, sense of constriction 
 of the chest, palpitation of the heart, a frequent or an abnormally slow 
 pulse, a sense of great weariness and drowsiness. Post-mortem examina¬ 
 tion shows usually dilated pupils, the eyes having a marked glassy lustre, 
 the cadaveric rigidity very great. The blood, in cases which have been 
 rapidly fatal, may show the arterial color in both the arterial and the 
 venous systems; but in slower cases it is dark and fluid, engorging both 
 sides of the heart, the venous trunks, and the cerebral sinuses. The par¬ 
 alyzant action of the drug is chiefly exercised on the nerve-centres in the 
 medulla; next on the peripheral afferent nerves, the spinal cord, the 
 motor nerves, and finally on the muscular tissue. It stops the heart by 
 irritation of the vagus-roots in the medulla, as well as by paralyzing the 
 cardiac motor ganglia. It is said to form with haemoglobin a compound 
 (cyan-haemoglobin), which does not readily give up oxygen. The odor 
 of the acid is fragrant, resembling that of bitter almonds or peaches, and 
 may be detected in the lungs shortly after death. The effects of a medi¬ 
 cinal dose pass off in an hour at farthest. 
 
 Locally applied to the skin, Hydrocyanic Acid penetrates the epider¬ 
 mis and paralyzes the end-organs of the sensory nerves in the derma. It 
 is rapidly absorbed from mucous surfaces. 
 
 Cyanide of Potassium has similar action, but in addition has some 
 few peculiar to itself. Locally used it produces dermatitis, with an ecze¬ 
 matous eruption, and if applied to an abraded surface freely may cause 
 fatal effects. Internally it has proved fatal in doses of 3 to 5 grains, with 
 all the symptoms of Prussic Acid poisoning, but its action is less rapid. 
 It is much used in photography, and many cases of poisoning by it have 
 occurred in persons employed in that art. 
 
 Antagonists and Antidotes. 
 
 Atropnie has antagonistic action, but is too slowly diffused to be of any value. Ammonia 
 by inhalation, by the stomach, and by intra-venous injection, with cold affusion to the 
 spine, and artificial respiration, are the measures most likely to avail in casesof poisoning 
 where there is time to do anything. In poisoning by Potassium Cyanide give the Sulphate 
 of Iron , producing Ferrocyanide of Iron (Prussian Blue). Then evacuation of the 
 stomach, artificial respiration, and Ammonia by intra-venous injection. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid is used for its antispasmodic and sedative effects. 
 In vomiting, whooping-cough, and coughs of spasmodic character, in 
 asthma and other neuroses of the respiratory organs, in affections involving 
 
ACIDUM LACTICUM. 
 
 69 
 
 the pneumogastric nerve, vertigo and headache from stomachal derange¬ 
 ments, gastralgia, painful dyspepsia, vomiting, etc., it is very efficient as 
 a palliative. In acute mania and melancholia it has been used with 
 advantage ; and in various skin diseases, accompanied by itching, tingling, 
 etc., its use as a lotion (n^xxx- 5 j ad 3 j Aquae Rosae) to the unbroken 
 surface is prompt in relieving the pruritus and other distressing sensations. 
 
 Cyanide of Potassium in ointment (gr. v ad 5 j) is used to allay 
 pruritus, and in solution (gr. iij-v ad 5j) is applied locally with benefit 
 in reflex headaches, and is used as a wash to remove nitrate of silver stains. 
 It has been used internally in doses of gr. j for acute articular rheumatism, 
 but such employment of it is highly dangerous. 
 
 Ferrocyanide of Potassium has been used in doses of 8 to 15 grains 
 as an astringent and anodyne, but it is seldom employed in medicine. 
 
 Cherry-laurel Water has been extensively used as a flavoring agent, 
 having a very agreeable taste. It is official in the British Pharmacopoeia, 
 and is supposed to be a rather elegant mode of administering Prussic Acid ; 
 but the uncertainty of its strength is such that it should never be used 
 internally, except in very small quantities. It has been employed as an 
 anaesthetic injection into the urethra prior to catheterization, and was 
 formerly employed by ophthalmologists as an eye-wash in painful affections 
 of that organ. 
 
 ACIDUM LACTICUM, Lactic Acid, —is a liquid composed of 
 75 per cent, of absolute Lactic Acid (HC 3 H 5 0 3 ) and 25 per cent, of water; 
 nearly colorless, syrupy, odorless, of acid taste and reaction, freely mis¬ 
 cible with water, alcohol and ether, but nearly insoluble in chloroform. 
 It is produced by the fermentation of sugar of milk, has a sp. gr. of 1.212, 
 and is difficult to obtain pure. It enters into Syrupus Calcii Lactophos- 
 phatis. . Dose, 5 ss- 3 ss, well diluted. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Lactic Acid is found in the stomach as a product of the food, and com¬ 
 bines with bases in the blood, forming lactates, which, being oxidized, 
 are converted into carbonates. It aids digestion and promotes the appe¬ 
 tite, but, in large doses, causes flatulence and much epigastric pain. 
 Injected into the peritoneal cavity of animals, it excites endocarditis, and 
 given in diabetes, it has produced acute rheumatism and rheumatic endo¬ 
 carditis. Hence its supposed causation of acute rheumatism when in 
 excess and free in the blood. It dissolves false membranes and the 
 phosphate of calcium. 
 
 It is used with benefit in diabetes, atonic dyspepsia, oxaluria, and in 
 the lithic and phosphatic diatheses when due to imperfect digestion and 
 
70 
 
 ACIDUM NITRICUM. 
 
 assimilation. As a solvent of false membrane in croup and diphtheria it 
 is unquestionably of great service. In chronic cystitis it arrests the 
 ammoniacal decomposition of the urine. As the acid found in the shops 
 is generally of poor quality, disappointment in its use may be expected. 
 
 ACIDUM NITRICUM, Nitric Acid, —is a liquid composed of 
 69.4 per cent, of absolute Nitric Acid, HN 0 3 , and 30.6 per cent, of water. 
 It is colorless, fuming, very caustic and corrosive, of sp. gr. 1.420, strongly 
 acid in reaction, and is obtained by the action of Sulphuric Acid on 
 Nitrate of Potassium. Is only used externally as a caustic. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Acidum Nitricum Dilutum , Diluted Nitric Acid,—has of the above I part in 6 of 
 Distilled Water, and contains 10 per cent, of absolute Nitric Acid. Dose rip iij-xv, well 
 diluted. 
 
 Acidum Nitrokydrochloricum, Nitrohydrochloric Acid, Nitromuriatic Acid, Aqua 
 Regia,—a golden yellow, fuming, corrosive liquid, composed of Nitric Acid 4 parts, 
 Hydrochloric Acid 15 parts. Is wholly volatilized by heat, readily dissolves gold-leaf, and 
 a drop added to test-solution of Potassium Iodide liberates Iodine in abundance. Dose, 
 rrpj-viij, well diluted. 
 
 Aciduni Nitrokydrochloricum Dilutum , Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid,—consists of 
 Nitric Acid 4, Hydrochloric Acid 15, Water 76 parts. Dose, rtp v-xx, well diluted. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The action and uses of these agents are herein described with those of 
 the other mineral acids, under the title Acidum Hydrochloricum (see 
 ante , page 65). Some special properties are as follows : — 
 
 Nitric Acid is an exceedingly powerful escharotic, but, as it coagulates 
 and does not redissolve the albumen of the tissues, it forms a barrier to 
 its own excessive action. The vapor may cause oedema of the glottis, 
 intense bronchitis, etc., and death from suffocation. It is used for the 
 destruction of chancres, warts, hemorrhoids, phagedenic ulcers, etc. ; and 
 internally in dilute form for bilious affections, as it is supposed to have a 
 selective action on the liver. It also lessens phosphatic deposits in the 
 urine, and acts as an astringent in the system, diminishing profuse secre¬ 
 tion in bronchorrhoea and phthisis. 
 
 Nitrohydrochloric Acid is also supposed to specially affect the liver. 
 It is usefully employed in jaundice, dyspepsia, and the so-called bilious 
 condition; also in frontal headache, situated just above the eyebrows, 
 when unaccompanied by constipation, and in acidity of the stomach. 
 In hepatic disorders it may be used in dilute form as baths, or applied to 
 the hepatic region on compresses. The official dilute acid is of little use 
 therapeutically, as it rapidly deteriorates, and the same may be said of the 
 strong acid when standing long enough for the color to change to a lemon- 
 yellow. The most efficient preparation is the strong acid freshly pre¬ 
 pared, when it is of an orange-red color. This should be properly diluted 
 when required for use, and should be constantly protected from light. 
 
ACIDUM OLEICUM-ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM. 
 
 71 
 
 ACIDUM OLEICUM, Oleic Acid, HC I8 H 33 0 2 , is one of the 
 constituent acids of oils and fats, obtained commercially as a secondary 
 product in the manufacture of stearin candles. It is a yellowish oily liquid, 
 semi-solid at 57 0 F., odorless, tasteless, and of neutral reaction, insoluble 
 in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, benzin, turpentine, 
 and the fixed oils. It dissolves most of- the metallic oxides and the un¬ 
 combined alkaloids, forming the so-called Oleates, which, however, are 
 not pure chemical compounds, but merely compounds of the oxides or 
 alkaloids, as the case may be, with oleic acid, dissolved in great excess 
 of the latter. Two of these are official, viz.— 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleatum Hydrargyri, Oleate of Mercury—has 10 per cent, of the Yellow Oxide of 
 Mercury, with 90 of Oleic Acid. 
 
 Oleatum Veratrince , Oleate of Veratrine—has 2 per cent, of Veratrine in 90 of Oleic 
 Acid. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Oleates (Oleata) of Aconitine (2 per cent.), Atropine (2 per cent.), Morphine (10 per 
 cent.), Morphine and Alerctiry (2 per cent, morphine and 20 per cent, mercuric oxide), 
 Quinine (25 per cent.), Strychnine (2 per cent.), Arsenic ('gr. xx of oleate of arsenic to 
 the £ ), Aluminium , Bismuth , Copper , Iron , Lead , Silver , Zinc , etc., are prepared by 
 the manufacturing pharmacists, and are to be obtained in the shops. Most of them answer 
 to the description given above, but several are Oleo-palmitates, or double salts of Oleic 
 and Palmitic Acids, being prepared from oils which yield the latter acid in considerable 
 quantity. Drs. Shoemaker and Wolff, of Philadelphia, have introduced, under the above 
 names, several solid or semi-solid preparations, which they claim to be chemically true 
 oleates, salts having no excess of either their acid or basic radicals. They are produced 
 by the double decomposition of sodium oleate with solutions of neutral salts, the precipi¬ 
 tates, washed and dried, being the oleates required. These oleates are claimed to be more 
 stable than the official oleic solutions, and using less oleic acid are much less costly. Many 
 of them may be used as dusting powders, or mixed with oil or lard to form ointments., 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Oleic Acid is only used in making the Oleates, which were introduced 
 by Marshall, in 1872, as substitutes for ointments, being cleaner, more 
 elegant, and more penetrating, but decidedly more irritating if applied with 
 friction. Their medicinal properties depend upon the bases employed, 
 hence their actions and uses will be described under the corresponding 
 basic heads. They should usually be diluted with an equal bulk of vase¬ 
 line or olive oil before being rubbed into the skin, or they may produce a 
 cutaneous eruption or even pustulation. As a rule they should be lightly 
 spread over the surface with the finger or a brush. As parasiticides, the 
 Oleates of Copper and Mercury are most efficient, and in skin diseases 
 generally these preparations are rapidly coming into favor. 
 
 ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM, Phosphoric Acid,— is a liquid 
 composed of 50 per cent, of Orthophosphoric Acid, H 3 P 0 4 , and 50 per 
 cent, of water, and is obtained by oxidizing Phosphorus by Nitric Acid. 
 It is strongly acid, odorless, colorless, and of sp. gr. 1.347. 
 
72 
 
 ACIDUM PICRICUM-ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Acidum Phosphoricum Dilution, Diluted Phosphoric Acid, has of Phosphoric Acid 
 20 parts in 80 of Distilled Water, sp. gr. 1.057, and contains 10 per cent, of Orthophos- 
 phoric Acid. Dose, Tip v-xxx, in sufficient water. 
 
 Phosphates of Ammonium, Ferrum, and Sodium, and the Syrupus Ferri, Quininse et 
 Strychninae Phosphatum, are described under Phosphorus. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The action and uses of Phosphoric Acid are described with those of 
 the other Mineral Acids under Acidum Hydrochloricum (see ante, page 
 65). It may be given in larger doses than the other acids without derang¬ 
 ing digestion, and is therefore preferred in cases requiring acid treatment 
 for a long period, as in diabetes, etc. It is considered of especial value 
 in strumous affections, and it is thought to diminish the growth of osseous 
 tumors, and to dissolve phosphatic deposits. As it contains no free phos¬ 
 phorus, it cannot be used to obtain the effects of that drug. 
 
 ACIDUM PICRICUM, Picric Acid, Carbazotic Acid, Trini- 
 trophenol, C 6 H :i (N 0 2 )^0 (Unofficial),—is obtained by the action of 
 Nitric Acid on Carbolic Acid, or many other substances. It has recently 
 been introduced as a test for albumen and sugar in the urine. A saturated 
 aqueous solution has been used locally in erysipelas with some advantage. 
 Some of its salts (Picrates of Ammonium, Iron, etc.) have been tried 
 therapeutically, without any particular results. Powers as an antiperiodic 
 and anthelmintic and against trichinae have been urged for it, but expe¬ 
 rience has not supported these claims. Dose, gr. v-xv per diem. 
 
 Ammonium Picrate, in doses of gr. A to gr. jss, in pill, four times daily, has been used 
 in the malarial fevers of India, in over 10,000 cases with most effective results. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM, Sulphuric Acid,— is a strongly 
 caustic and corrosive liquid, oily, inodorous, of strong acid reaction, 
 composed of not less than 96 per cent, of absolute Sulphuric Acid 
 (H 2 S 0 4 ) and 4 per cent, of water. It is obtained by the combustion of 
 Sulphur and its oxidation by nitrous fumes. Its specific gravity should 
 not be below 1.840, and it is miscible in all proportions with water and 
 alcohol, with evolution of heat. Occasionally used as a caustic. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Acidum Sulphuricum Dilution, Diluted Sulphuric Acid,—has of the strong acid I part 
 to 9 of distilled water. Dose, rr\, v-xv, well diluted. 
 
 Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum, Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, Elixir of Vitriol,—is 
 Sulphuric Acid 20 per cent., diluted with Alcohol and flavored with Cinnamon and 
 Ginger. It is not an acid, but rather an ether formed by reaction between the acid and 
 the alcohol. Dose, Tip v-xv, well diluted. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The action and uses of Sulphuric Acid generally are described with 
 those of the other Mineral Acids under Acidum Hydrochloricum (see 
 
ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM. 
 
 73 
 
 ante, page 65). Its chief use internally is in lead-poisoning, to form the 
 insoluble sulphate, and as a remote astringent in diarrhoea, hemorrhoids, 
 hemorrhages, night-sweats, and mucous discharges. In choleraic diar¬ 
 rhoea and lead poisoning it is generally administered in combination with 
 Opium. The hemorrhages in which it is efficient are only those from 
 mucous surfaces. It is exerted chiefly by the kidneys, part escaping by 
 the bowels as sulphates, part also by the skin. Like the other mineral 
 acids, it does not increase the acidity of the urine to any considerable 
 extent. Its principal actions are those of an astringent, an anhydrotic 
 and a hemostatic. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM, Sulphurous Acid, —is a color¬ 
 less liquid, of sulphurous taste and very acid reaction, composed of about 
 3^ per cent, of Sulphurous Acid Gas (S 0 2 ) and 96^ per cent, of water. 
 It is prepared by heating Sulphuric Acid with charcoal and dissolving the 
 gas produced in distilled water. Dose, rrp v—oj> largely diluted with water. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Potassii Sulphis, Sulphite of Potassium, Iv 2 S 0 3 . 2 H 2 0 .—white, opaque, octahedral 
 crystals, or a crystalline powder, somewhat deliquescent, of bitter, saline, and sulphurous 
 taste, and a neutral or feebly alkaline reaction ; soluble in 4 of water at 59 0 F., and in 5 
 of boiling water; sparingly soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. iij-x. 
 
 Sodii Sulphis, Sulphite of Sodium, Na 2 S 0 3 . 7 H 2 0 , colorless, transparent, monoclinic 
 prisms, efflorescent in dry air, of cooling, saline, and sulphurous taste, and neutral or 
 feebly alkaline reaction; soluble in 4 of water at 59 0 F., and in 0.9 of boiling water, 
 very slightly soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Sodii Bisulphis, Bisulphite of Sodium, NaHS 0 3 ,—opaque prismatic crystals, or a 
 crystalline or granular powder, slowly oxidized in the air; of faint, sulphurous odor, a 
 disagreeable taste, and an acid reaction ; soluble in 4 of water and in 72 of alcohol at 
 59 0 F., in 2 of boiling water, and in 49 of boiling alcohol. By strong heat it is con¬ 
 verted into sulphur and sulphate of sodium. Dose, gr. iij-x. 
 
 Sodii Hyposulphis, Hyposulphite of Sodium, Na 2 S 2 Q 3 . 5 H 2 0 ,—large, colorless, mono¬ 
 clinic prisms or plates, efflorescent in dry air, of cooling and bitter taste, and neutral or 
 faintly alkaline reaction; soluble in 1.5 of water at 59 0 F., and in 0.5 of boiling water, 
 which partly decomposes it; insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Alagnesii Sulphis, Sulphite of Magnesium, Mg,S 0 3 . 6 H 2 0 ,—a white, crystalline pow¬ 
 der, gradually oxidized in the air, of bitter and sulphurous taste, and neutral or slightly 
 alkaline reaction; soluble in 20 of water at 59 0 F., and in 19 of boiling water ; insoluble 
 in alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 All oxidizing substances change the Sulphites into Sulphates, and the mineral acids 
 decompose them. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid has great affinity for oxygen, and is a powerful dis¬ 
 infectant and deodorizer, and very destructive to all plant life. The gas 
 inhaled is irritant to the glottis, and may produce dangerous inflammation 
 of the respiratory passages. 
 
 The Sulphites and Hyposulphites are partly decomposed by the acid 
 of the stomach, sulphurous acid being given off, and the balance being 
 converted into sulphates act as purgatives, and are absorbed, undergoing 
 
74 
 
 ACIDUM TANNICUM. 
 
 elimination as sulphates by the kidneys and bowels. They were formerly 
 supposed to enter the blood and tissues as sulphites, and to arrest morbid 
 processes of the zymotic character, but both these assumptions have 
 proven erroneous. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid Gas (Sulphurous Anhydride) is extensively used as 
 a disinfectant, being the most powerful and convenient agent for this pur¬ 
 pose. Sulphur is burned on a shovel or plate in the room to be fumigated, 
 all outlets having been carefully closed. It is injurious to many fabrics. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid is used locally in many throat affections as a spray 
 or by a mop. In diphtheria, stomatitis, aphthae, ulcers of the tonsils, 
 syphilitic and tuberculous laryngitis, chronic bronchitis, etc., it may be 
 thus applied with great benefit. Morbid fermentation in the stomach with 
 growth of penicillium and sarcinae is quickly stopped by 5 to 60-minim 
 doses in water, or by the sulphites in 20-grain doses. In parasitic skin 
 diseases and foul wounds these agents are extremely useful as local appli¬ 
 cations. , 
 
 The Sulphites were used in zymotic and septic fevers as internal anti¬ 
 septics on theoretical grounds, but their supposed value has not been 
 realized. 
 
 ACIDUM TANNICUM, Tannic Acid, Tannin, C u H 10 O 9 ,—is 
 a solid body in light-yellowish scales, of strongly astringent taste and acid 
 reaction, obtained from powdered galls (see Galla), by exposure for three 
 days in a damp atmosphere, then macerating with ether, pressing, and 
 drying the liquid portion. It is soluble in 6 parts of water, in 0.6 of 
 alcohol, and in 6 of glycerin at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. j-xx in water, pill or 
 capsule. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Unguentum Acidi Tannici i —is a 10 per cent, ointment made with Benzoinated Lard. 
 
 Trockisci Acidi Tannici, —each troche contains one grain of Tannic Acid. 
 
 Collodium Stypticum. —Styptic Collodion,—has of Tannin 20, Alcohol 5, Ether 20, 
 Collodion 55 parts. 
 
 Suppositoria Acidi Tannici (Unofficial),—have Tannin I part to 5 of Cacao Butter. 
 
 Glyceritum Acidi Tatinici (Unofficial),—has Tannin 1 part in 4 of Glycerin. 
 
 Vegetable Astringents contain some form of tannic acid, as Quercitanic Acid from 
 Oak-bark , Rhatania-tannic Acid in Rhatany, etc. (For list, see page 64.) The official 
 acid is Gallo-tannic Acid , being that produced from Galls. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Mineral acids, alkalies, persalts of iron, and salts of antimony, lead and silver, are 
 chemically incompatible. Vegetable alkaloids and gelatin form insoluble precipitates 
 with Tannic Acid. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Tannic Acid is a powerful astringent. It precipitates pepsin and 
 coagulates albumen, impairs digestion, stops peristalsis, and causes con¬ 
 stipation. A part of that taken into the stomach unites with the pepsin 
 
ACIDUM TARTARICUM-ACONITUM. 
 
 75 
 
 and albumen, while a part is converted into Gallic and Pyro-gallic Acids, 
 and in this form is both absorbed and excreted. It is a crystalloidal body, 
 but combines with colloids, and is a valuable antidote in poisoning by the 
 alkaloids and tartar emetic, with which it forms tannates which are nearly 
 insoluble. Its continued use disorders digestion, irritates the mucous 
 membranes, and produces emaciation. Injected into the veins it forms 
 emboli and thus may cause death, but by the stomach it is non-toxic. 
 Some authorities hold that Tannic Acid is merely Gallic Acid Anhydride ; 
 others believe that the difference between them is one of oxidation. Gallic 
 Acid does not coagulate albumen or gelatin, while Tannic Acid does. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Tannic Acid is a more powerful astringent than Gallic Acid, and hence 
 is preferred for local use and for astringent effect on the intestinal canal. 
 It is well employed in hemorrhoids and hemorrhages from the lower bowel, 
 in hematemesis, epistaxis, rectal ulcers or fissures, catarrhs and chronic 
 affections of the mucous membranes, endocervicitis, conjunctivitis, dysen¬ 
 tery and diarrhoeas, eczema, impetigo and other forms of skin-disease, 
 otorrhoea, bed-sores, prolapsus ani, and many other affections. 
 
 Styptic Collodion is used to stanch the bleeding from an open wound, 
 to unite and protect incised or lacerated wounds, and to cover and change 
 the character of foul ulcers. 
 
 ACIDUM TARTARICUM, Tartaric Acid, H 2 C 4 H 4 0 6 is a 
 crystalline acid, prepared from Acid Tartrate of Potassium (Cream of 
 Tartar), by neutralizing a solution thereof with Chalk and Calcium Chlor¬ 
 ide, then decomposing the Tartrate of Lime thus formed by Sulphuric 
 Acid, evaporating and purifying. It occurs in colorless, transparent 
 prisms, which are odorless, of acid taste and reaction, and soluble in 0.7 
 of water and in 2^ of alcohol at 59 0 F. Twenty grains exactly neutral¬ 
 ize 27 of Potassium Bicarbonate, 22 of Sodium Bicarbonate, or 15^ of 
 Ammonium Carbonate. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tartaric Acid is an ingredient of the Effervescing Powders (see under Potassium), and 
 is used in making all the preparations of Aconite. Five Tartrates are official (see 
 Index). 
 
 The actions and uses of Tartaric Acid are similar to those of the other 
 Vegetable Acids, as described under Acidum Aceticum {ante, page 58). 
 It is chiefly employed in preparing refrigerant drinks. 
 
 ACONITUM, Aconite ,—is the tuberous root of Aconitum Napel- 
 lus , a perennial plant of the nat. ord. Ranunculaceae, found in mountain- 
 
;6 
 
 ACONITUM. 
 
 ous regions of Europe, Asia and N. America. This plant has deep-blue, 
 helmet-shaped flowers, and leaves which have deeply-cut, wedge-shaped 
 segments, exciting slowly when chewed a sensation of tingling in the 
 tongue and lips. The root is conical and tapering, from 2 to 3 inches 
 long, dark-brown externally, whitish internally, having a thick bark enclos¬ 
 ing a seven-rayed, star-shaped pith, odorless, taste sweetish at first, soon 
 becoming acrid. A minute portion, cautiously chewed, causes prolonged 
 tingling and numbness. Its active principle is the alkaloid Aconitine {see 
 below), which it contains in the proportion of .03 per cent. It also con¬ 
 tains gum, sugar, Aconitic Acid , and several other principles, viz.— Aco- 
 nine , Napelline , Pseudaconitine , Lyctonine , etc., concerning which there 
 is much diversity of opinion. Dose, gr. y 2 - ij. 
 
 Other aconite-roots are those of A. Cammarum , A. ferox, and the 
 Chinese or Japanese Aconite, A. Chinense vel Japonicum. From the latter 
 an alkaloid is obtained, named Japaconitinc , which is even more poisonous 
 than pseud-aconitine. The Indian variety (. A . ferox ) contains pseud¬ 
 aconitine but does not yield aconitine. The former is considered to be 
 more active than the latter, and Japaconitine more so than either the 
 other two. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abstraction Aconiti ,—is twice the strength of the powdered drug or its fluid extract. 
 Dose, gr. %-). . 
 
 Extraction Aconiti ,—is at least four times as strong as the extract official in the U. S. 
 P., 1870, which was prepared from the leaves, and is yet to be found in'the shops. Dose, 
 
 £ r - Ve-'A- 
 
 Extraction Aconiti Fluidum ,—each drop represents nearly one grain of the powdered 
 drug: an alcoholic preparation. Dose, ttyy^-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Aconiti, —Aconite 40, Tartaric Acid 0.4, Alcohol to 100 parts. Is about 
 twenty-eight times as strong as the former tincture of the leaf. Dose, ttyy£-iv. 
 
 Tinctures of Aconite root vary greatly in strength. In Fleming’s Tincture 79 parts of 
 aconite are used in preparing 100 of the tincture, in that of the Br. P. 16, the French 20, 
 the German 10, while the Linimentum Aconiti (B. P.) is really a very strong tincture, of 
 the strength of 1 to I y z . Probably the best and safest preparation for ordinary use is a 
 10 per cent, tincture, of which the maximum single dose lor an adult is stated in the P. 
 Ger. at tty ix, and the maximum daily dose at tty xxxv. 
 
 The best rule for the administration of aconite preparations is to give the minimum dose 
 at intervals of 15 to 20 minutes, until the desired effect is produced. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations . 
 
 Aconitina, Aconitine, C 33 H 43 N 0 12 ,—a white, and usually amorphous solid, of alka- • 
 ine reaction, soluble in 150 of cold and in 50 of hot water; much more soluble in alco¬ 
 hol and ether. Is difficult to obtain of constant strength, some samples being all but inert, 
 others extremely active. As obtained in the shops it is usually a mixture of several alka¬ 
 loids. The Aconitine Crystalisee of Duquesnel, which, according to Squibb, is a nitrate 
 
 of aconitine, is considered to be the most active of those in the market. Dose, gr. 
 
 1 _ i_ 
 
 2 0 6 _ t . . . 
 
 Oleatum Aconitine?, Oleate of Aconitine, —is a 2 per cent, solution in Oleic Acid, for 
 
 external use. Duquesnel’s crystals will not dissolve in Oleic Acid (Squibb). 
 
 Napellina, Napelline,—is weaker than Aconitine, and has been used in doses of gr. 
 
 It has lately been studied by Laborde, who claims for it most valuable hypnotic 
 properties, and proposes to use it as a substitute for opium and chloral. 
 
 St. Jacob's Oil (a patent medicine),—is a weak Aconite Liniment, which also contains 
 Ether, Alcohol, Turpentine, red coloring matter and water (Squibb). See Appendix. 
 
ACONITUM. 
 
 77 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Aconite is a powerful depressant of the sensory nerve ends, the heart, 
 the respiration and the spinal system. It is also antipyretic, diaphoretic 
 and diuretic. It acts chiefly on the peripheral ends of the sensory nerves, 
 but paralyzes both the motor and sensory nerves—the sensory being 
 affected first and from the periphery inwards, while the motor nerves are 
 affected from the centres outwards. It relaxes the inhibitory apparatus of 
 the heart, and paralyzes the cardiac muscle and its contained ganglia, the 
 respiratory centres, and the spinal cord in all its functions—sensory, reflex 
 and motor ; but does not affect the cerebrum. 
 
 Its taste is bitter, acrid and pungent. Soon after the ingestion of even 
 a small quantity, a sensation of numbness and a persistent tingling are 
 felt in the tongue and lips. Full medicinal doses cause a sense of con¬ 
 striction in the fauces, irritation of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane 
 with increased secretion; sometimes nausea and vomiting, and severe 
 pains in the joints and muscles; always more or less salivation, diaphoresis 
 and diuresis ; reduced respiratory power, cardiac rate and force ; lowered 
 arterial tension and temperature. 
 
 A lethal dose produces great muscular weakness, dim sight, dilated 
 (sometimes contracted) pupils; shallow, irregular, and labored respiration, 
 slow and weak pulse, cold surface, clammy sweat, great anxiety, numbness 
 and tingling in the extremities, lowered body-temperature (2 0 to 3 0 ), 
 abolished sensation, impaired reflexes and motility, and finally death from 
 paralysis of the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, con¬ 
 sciousness being preserved until near the end, when C 0 2 narcosis sets in. 
 
 Aconite is rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, the effects of a full 
 medicinal dose continuing for three or four hours. Applied externally, 
 it paralyzes the sensory nerves of the part, producing its characteristic 
 numbness and tingling. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 Caffeine , Atropine, Morphine , Ether , Ammonia and Amyl Nitrite antagonize its 
 effects on the heart and respiration. Digitalis counteracts its heart action and the relaxa¬ 
 tion of cardiac inhibition. In Aconite poisoning, the stomach should be evacuated, 
 warmth applied to the extremities, stimulants administered, artificial respiration if neces¬ 
 sary, and the recumbent posture strictly maintained. Caffeine maybe administered hypo¬ 
 dermically and per orem. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Aconite antagonizes the fever process, and rightly used is therefore one 
 of the most valuable drugs we possess. It has well been called the 
 “ therapeutic lancet,” and is certainly responsible to a great extent for the 
 disuse of venesection. Its power over the circulation, respiration and 
 transpiration renders it of the greatest value in all affections characterized 
 by high resisting pulse, dry hot skin, and elevated body-temperature. It 
 is especially useful in acute throat affections, the early stage of acute 
 
78 
 
 ADEPS-ETHER. 
 
 inflammations of the respiratory organs, catarrhal croup, acute pleuritis 
 and peritonitis before the stage of effusion, simple and eruptive fevers, 
 puerperal and surgical fevers, facial erysipelas, acute rheumatism, cardiac 
 affections with overaction or hypertrophy and without valvular lesion, 
 diarrhoea and dysentery from cold or exposure, menstrual suppression 
 from chill, and neuralgia of the 5th (externally and internally), it having 
 a very positive and selective influence on that nerve. It is also highly 
 recommended in otitis, nervous palpitations, restlessness, and sick head¬ 
 ache, as also in the acute stage of gonorrhoea. 
 
 Aconite is best administered in small doses frequently repeated ; from 
 half a drop to a drop of the tincture every fifteen minutes in a teaspoon¬ 
 ful of water as a rule give better results than do proportionately larger 
 doses at longer intervals. 
 
 Aconitine has been remarkably efficient in trigeminal neuralgia;—so 
 also has Napelline been in the same affection, and as an hypnotic it is 
 well mentioned by several observers of authority. 
 
 ADEPS, Lard ,—is the prepared internal fat of the abdomen of 
 Sits scrofa (Pig), purified by washing, melting and straining. A soft, 
 white, unctuous solid, of bland taste and neutral reaction, entirely soluble 
 in ether, benzin, and bisulphide of carbon; composed of 38 per cent of 
 stearin and margarin, and 62 per cent, of olein. Lard forms 70 per 
 cent, of Ceratum, and 80 per cent, of Unguentum, and enters into the 
 composition of several of the official cerates. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Adeps Benzoinatus, Benzoinated Lard,—has 2 per cent, of Benzoin in powder incor¬ 
 porated by stirring. 
 
 Oleum Adipis, Lard Oil,—is a fixed oil expressed from lard at a low temperature. 
 
 The actions of the Oils and Fats will be described under Morrhu/E 
 Oleum (which see). 
 
 Lard is only used as an ingredient of ointments and cerates. Lard 
 Oil is used in making the Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis, but has been 
 proposed as an inferior substitute for Cod-liver oil in cases where the 
 taste of the latter is particularly offensive. 
 
 ./ETHER, Ether, Ethyl Oxide (C,H 5 ) 2 0 ,—in its absolute form is 
 not official, the strongest preparation containing 6 per cent, of alcohol 
 and some water. Considered as a generic term, an ether is analogous to 
 a salt, as an alcohol is to a metallic hydrate. The particular ether 
 officially so named is Ethyl Oxide, prepared from Ethyl Hydrate (Ethylic 
 Alcohol) by a dehydrating agent with the aid of heat, and then purified 
 by various processes. The agent used is Sulphuric Acid, hence this ether 
 is improperly called “Sulphuric Ether,” but the acid simply dehydrates 
 
/ETHER. 
 
 79 
 
 the alcohol and remains in the retort, becoming constantly more diluted 
 by the abstraction of water from the alcohol. Consequently H 2 0 is the 
 difference between Alcohol and Ether. (C 2 H 6 0 ) 2 — H 2 0 = (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0 . 
 The official ethers are the three following, viz.— 
 
 /Ether, Ether,—is a liquid composed of about 74 per cent, of Ethyl 
 Oxide, and about 26 per cent, of Alcohol containing a little water; an 
 inflammable, thin, very diffuse, clear and colorless liquid, having a 
 burning, sweetish taste, and a neutral reaction, of sp. gr. about 0.750 at 
 59 0 F. Its vapor is heavier than air and forms therewith a highly explo¬ 
 sive mixture. Ether is freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, oils, 
 and in 8 volumes of water at 59 0 F. It boils at the temperature of the 
 body (98.6°), and is a solvent of oils, fats, resins, caoutchouc, gutta¬ 
 percha, and many other substances. It has chiefly a pharmaceutical value. 
 
 /Ether Fortior, Stronger Ether,—is a liquid composed of about 94 
 per cent, of Ethyl Oxide, and about 6 per cent, of Alcohol containing a 
 little water. Sp. gr. not above 0.725 at 59 0 F. It is the preparation 
 employed for anaesthetic use, and is generally though improperly called 
 “ Sulphuric Ether,” a term which belongs to Ethyl Sulphate (C 4 H 10 SO 4 ). 
 The dose of /Ether Fortior for internal administration is npx- 5 j, in syrup. 
 
 /Ether Aceticus, Acetic Ether, Acetate of Ethyl, C 2 H 5 C 2 H 3 0 ,—is an 
 inflammable liquid, transparent and colorless, of ethereal and acetous 
 odor, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and 17 of water. Sp. gr. 
 0.889 t0 0*897* Is a constituent of Sp. Odoratus and Tr. Ferri Acetatis. 
 Dose, rrp x- 3 j. 
 
 Hydrobromic Ether, Ethyl Bromide, C 2 H 5 Br (Unofficial),—is not 
 inflammable. Dose, internally and hypodermically, rtp x- 5 j* 
 
 Hydriodic Ether, Ethyl Iodide, C 2 H 3 I (Unofficial),—is a colorless 
 liquid, non-inflammable, and insoluble in water. Dose, inhaled, up xv. 
 
 [For the Chlorinated Ethers see under Chloroform.] 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum ASthereum, Ethereal Oil,—is a volatile liquid, consisting of equal volumes of 
 heavy Oil of Wine and Stronger Ether. Used to prepare the Spt. Etheris Comp., and 
 as it occurs in commerce is usually a worthless preparation. 
 
 Spirilus sEtheris, Spirit of Ether,—has of Stronger Ether 30 parts, Alcohol 70. 
 Dose, np x- 3 j. 
 
 Spiritus AEtheris Compositus , Hoffman’s Anodyne,—contains Stronger Ether 30, Alco¬ 
 hol, 67, Ethereal Oil 3 parts. Dose, Tipv-^j. 
 
 Spiritus AEtheris Nitrosi, Spirit of Nitrous Ether, Sweet Spirit of Nitre,—is an alco¬ 
 holic solution of Ethyl Nitrite, C 2 H 5 N 0 2 , containing 5 per cent, of the crude ether. It 
 turns acid with age, and should not be kept long. It is a constituent of Mist. Glycyrrhizae 
 Co. (3 per cent.), Dose, ^ss-^ss. Its incompatibles are Potassic Iodide, Ferric Sul¬ 
 phate, Tr. Guaiaci, Tannic and Gallic Acids, and Antipyrine. 
 
 Ancesthetic Mixtures. 
 
 Nussbaum's has—Ether 3 parts, Chloroform 1, Alcohol 1. 
 
 Vienna General Hospital uses—Ether 9, Chloroform 30, Alcohol 9. 
 
 The “ Vienna Mixture ,”—Ether 3, Chloroform 1. 
 
 Medico- Chirurgical Society of London (1864) proposed—Ether 3, Chloroform 2, Alco¬ 
 hol I. 
 
8o 
 
 TiTHER. 
 
 Physiological Action of Ether. 
 
 Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and anthelmintic; a 
 cardiac and cerebral stimulant, an anaesthetic, and a narcotic poison. 
 Given internally, it is one of the most powerful stimulants of the secre¬ 
 tions, acting especially on the secretions of the stomach, salivary glands 
 and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the motor and sensory nerves its 
 action is similar to that of alcohol, but more prompt and less protracted. 
 It is eliminated rapidly, chiefly by the lungs. Externally it is a powerful 
 refrigerant and local anaesthetic; also rubefacient when rubbed into the 
 skin. 
 
 Inhaled Ether produces at first faucial irritation, a sense of strangula¬ 
 tion and cough; then a stage of excitement (cerebral intoxication), in 
 which the face is flushed and the respiration and pulse are accelerated. A 
 tetanic convulsive stage generally follows, the face being cyanosed, the 
 muscles rigid, and the respiration stertorous. This soon subsides, and 
 complete insensibility is established, the muscles being then relaxed, the 
 reflexes abolished, and the cerebral functions suspended, the lower centres 
 in the medulla carrying on the processes of respiration and circulation. 
 If the inhalation be continued, these also become paralyzed, death usually 
 resulting from slow paralysis of respiration, the heart pulsating long after 
 breathing has ceased. [Chloroform usually paralyzes the heart.] If the 
 inhalation be discontinued before the lower centres are affected, the 
 patient gradually emerges from the condition of insensibility, and, as the 
 narcosis subsides, vomiting is usually experienced. 
 
 Ether Compared with Chloroform. 
 
 Ether is less irritant than Chloroform to the mucous membranes when 
 swallowed, but its vapor is more irritant to the air-passages. It is more 
 of a general stimulant, and less depressant to the heart and circulation. 
 It does not clot the blood. Its vapor is very inflammable, less pleasant to 
 inhale, slower in action, has a longer stage of excitement, and a less pro¬ 
 found narcosis, and causes a greater degree of vomiting. It is much less 
 dangerous than Chloroform, death from the inhalation of Ether occurring 
 slowly and usually by paralysis of respiration—from Chloroform, it is 
 almost always sudden, and by paralysis of the heart. Ether has undoubt¬ 
 edly caused a number of deaths, besides several which occurred some 
 hours after the anaesthesia. The reported cases of fatal Chloroform nar¬ 
 cosis number about 500, those from Ether about 20. 
 
 Modes of Dying from Ancesthetics. 
 
 (I.) From sudden paralysis of the cardiac ganglia, early in the inhalation, by reflex 
 action proceeding from some peripheral injury before complete anaesthesia is produced. 
 Thus, in the extraction of teeth, a small quantity of Chloroform having been administered, 
 the heart is enfeebled, and the action of the cerebral hemispheres suspended, but not those 
 
.ETHER. 
 
 8l 
 
 of the basal or medullary ganglia. If at this stage the 5th nerve be irritated, by the inti¬ 
 mate relation of its nucleus with that of the pneumogastric reflex inhibition may be trans¬ 
 mitted over the latter, arresting the cardiac ganglia. The stage of incomplete anaesthesia 
 is always a dangerous one in which to perform any operation around the distribution of the 
 5th nerve. 
 
 (2.) In the stage of rigidity, from tetanic fixation of the respiratory muscles, the blood 
 backing up on the venous side, and the arresting of the heart’s action, respiration ceasing 
 before the cardiac action is stopped. 
 
 (3.) In the stage of complete relaxation, by paralysis of respiration; or by paralysis of 
 the tongue, causing obstructed respiration. 
 
 (4.) In the same stage, by paralysis of the motor ganglia of the heart. 
 
 (5.) From depression of the functions by chloroform narcosis, and from shock,—and 
 may occur in the anaesthetic state, or afterwards. 
 
 Contraindications for Anaesthesia are—fatty degeneration or dilata¬ 
 tion of the heart, renal and pulmonary disease, enlarged tonsils, cerebral 
 tumor, and chronic alcoholism—particularly the first and last named. 
 
 Dangerous Symptoms should be met by withdrawing the vapor and 
 inverting the patient head downwards, drawing the tongue forwards, and 
 applying a cold douche to the face and chest. Atropine hypodermically 
 is an agent of great value in combating the cardiac failure,—artificial res¬ 
 piration and faradization of the respiratory muscles if breathing ceases. 
 Amyl Nitrite by inhalation, or Ammonia hypodermically. Heat to the 
 body and limbs. 
 
 Notes on Other Ancesthetics. 
 
 A comparison of these agents in respect to their safety has been lately made by Dr. 
 Richardson, who considers Methylic Ether to be the safest of all, and the others as follows : 
 
 Safe are—Ethyl Bromide, Ethyl Chloride, Ether, Ethene (olefiant gas), Ethene Chlo¬ 
 ride, Methyl Bromide, Methyl Chloride, Methyl Ether, Methene Chloride, Methane 
 (marsh gas), Nitrous Oxide. 
 
 Of doubtful value are—Amylene, Amyl Chloride, Butyl Chloride, Benzene (benzol), 
 Carbon Disulphide, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Tetrachloride, Methyl Alcohol, Methylal, 
 Spirits of Turpentine. 
 
 Dangerous are—Amyl Hydride, Butyl Hydride, Carbon Monoxide, Ethyl Hydride. 
 Chloroform and Ethene Dichloride are considered useful, but requiring care. 
 
 Physiological Action of Other Ethers. 
 
 Hydriodic Ether is an antispasmodic and a general stimulant; also 
 an anaesthetic if inhaled for a sufficiently long time. Its use as a medicinal 
 agent is chiefly to bring the system rapidly under the influence of iodine. 
 It increases appetite, stimulates the action of the heart, gives vivacity to 
 the general feelings and activity to the intellect. 
 
 Hydrobromic Ether has a not unpleasant odor, produces but little 
 irritation of the air-passages, has very brief stages of excitement and 
 rigidity, and but a short stage of insensibility, with prompt awakening 
 and but little of the mental confusion and excitement consequent on the 
 use of the other anaesthetics. It is not inflammable, acts quickly, and is 
 a good local anaesthetic. Its actions in other respects correspond with 
 those of Ether. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 .ETHER. 
 
 Nitrous Ether is a mild diaphoretic, a diffusible stimulant, a carmin¬ 
 ative, and an efficient diuretic. On the blood it acts similarly to Amyl 
 Nitrite, diminishing oxygenation, relaxing the peripheral vessels, accel¬ 
 erating the heart’s action, and thus lowering arterial tension. Relaxing 
 the renal and cutaneous vessels, it is diuretic and diaphoretic. 
 
 Acetic Ether has a pleasant odor and taste, forming agreeable combi¬ 
 nations with other carminatives as a stimulant and antispasmodic. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 When diluted with alcohol Ether mixes readily with water, and may be 
 administered internally with advantage in indigestion of fats, and to aid 
 the digestion of Cod-liver Oil. It is also given in hysteria to relieve the 
 paroxysm and flatulence, and in hepatic colic from calculi, Ether with 
 Turpentine (Durande’s solvent remedy), which acts only as an anodyne 
 and antispasmodic, is considered by some as of great value. 
 
 Subcutaneously Ether is used in the algid stage of cholera, sudden car¬ 
 diac depression, neuralgia, and in the adynamia of hemorrhage, pneu¬ 
 monia and the eruptive fevers.' 
 
 Local anaesthesia by the Ether-spray affords great relief in neuralgia of 
 superficial nerves, lumbago, chorea, and spinal irritation. In minor sur¬ 
 gical operations it is a valuable method. 
 
 As an Anaesthetic the vapor of Ether is less prompt than that of 
 Chloroform, but is equally efficient and much safer. It should be inhaled 
 in as concentrated a form as possible, and will then produce insensibility 
 in from 5 to 10 minutes. If a light be in the room it should be high 
 above the patient. A grate-fire or gas-stove in the vicinity is very dan¬ 
 gerous. [Compare Chloroform.] Besides its surgical uses ether-anaesthesia 
 is employed in neuralgia, cancer, tetanus, chorea, colic, delirium, puer¬ 
 peral mania and convulsions, infantile convulsions, hystero-epilepsy, epi¬ 
 leptic seizures, laryngismus stridulus, whooping-cough, and asthma. The 
 unpleasant after-effects may be greatly modified if not entirely prevented 
 by the previous administration of Morphine (gr. yV - i) an d Atropine 
 (gr. y|~o) subcutaneously. 
 
 Hydrobromic Ether had a short period of popularity as an anaesthetic, 
 but fell into disrepute after a few cases of death under its influence, which 
 were probably not due to the agent used (Levis’ and Sims’ cases). Its 
 action is less prolonged than that of Ether, but it has many advantages, 
 requiring only 5 j to 5 ij rapidly given, and being uninflammable. Its 
 inhalation has been of especial value in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea and 
 other spasmodic disorders ; and it has been employed subcutaneously in 
 place of Ether in the treatment of such spasmodic affections as whooping- 
 cough, chorea, etc. 
 
AGARICUS ALBUS—AGARICUS CHIRURGORUM. 
 
 83 
 
 The Compound Spirit of Ether (Hoffman’s Anodyne) is an admi¬ 
 rable agent in gastralgia, colic, flatulence, syncope, etc., also in the various 
 manifestations of the hysterical paroxysm. In combination with the 
 camphorated tincture of Opium it is often remarkably efficient in checking 
 the diarrhoea of hot weather. 
 
 Spirit of Nitrous Ether is used as a diaphoretic, a diuretic and a 
 carminative; also in expectorant mixtures, as an antipyretic in febrile 
 affections, and to relieve pain in angina pectoris, dysmenorrhoea and 
 asthma. 
 
 Hydriodic Ether may be obtained in glass capsules containing five 
 minims each, and is used by inhalation in chronic pulmonary disorders, 
 cardiac dyspnoea, spasmodic affections of the bronchi and larynx, asthma, 
 and in catarrhal laryngitis with dyspnoea. It is not employed as an anaes¬ 
 thetic. 
 
 AGARICUS ALBUS, Purging Agaric (Unofficial),—is a fungus, 
 occurring in large white spongy pieces, obtained from the European larch. 
 It contains Agaricin , a crystalline substance, and Agaric Acid; also from 
 40 to 70 per cent, of resins. 
 
 The taste of Purging Agaric is first sweetish, then becoming very acrid 
 and bitter. The powder inhaled causes violent sneezing, and taken inter¬ 
 nally in full doses it produces watery stools. Small doses check diarrhoea 
 and dysentery, and diminish the secretions of the bronchi and mammae. 
 
 Agaricus Albus was formerly employed as a drastic purgative, in doses 
 of gr. xxx to 3 j. It has lately been used, with much success, in 15-grain 
 doses of the powder, or 3 grains of the alcoholic extract, to check the 
 night-sweats of phthisis. 
 
 AGARICUS CHIRURGORUM, Surgeon’s Agaric (Unoffi¬ 
 cial),—is the interior portion of the fungus Poiyporus fome?itarius , which 
 grows on the trunks of beeches, birches, and oaks in Europe. It is pre¬ 
 pared for use by boiling in weak lye and beating with mallets, and then 
 occurs in light, thin, yellowish-brown pieces, soft and pliable, without 
 odor or taste. It is almost pure cellulose. It was formerly used as a 
 mechanical hemostatic, and for the purpose of moxa. When soaked in a 
 strong solution of Potassium Nitrate or Potassium Chlorate and dried, it. 
 is very inflammable, and is then called Spunk. 
 
8 4 
 
 AGARICUS MUSCARIUS. 
 
 AGARICUS MUSCARIUS, Amanita Muscaria, Fly-Agaric 
 
 (Unofficial),—is a poisonous mushroom, of a disagreeable odor and a 
 burning, acrid taste, used in infusion with milk for poisoning flies, and 
 used by the Tartars as an intoxicant. It contains an actively toxic alkaloid, 
 Muscarine C 5 H 13 N 0 2 , of syrupy consistence, odorless and tasteless, 
 soluble in water and alcohol, and readily dissolved out by water and 
 dilute acetic acid, so that a doubtful mushroom may be easily rendered 
 innocuous. It may also be produced synthetically, but it is doubtful 
 whether the article so prepared is as active as the natural product. It has 
 been made from Choline by Schmiedeberg. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Muscarina, Muscarine (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. T It ma y b e used hypodermic¬ 
 
 ally in watery solution. 
 
 Muscarince Nitras, Nitrate of Muscarine (Unofficial),—may be used hypodermically, 
 in doses of from gr. T b to gr. f. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Muscarine is a powerful respiratory and cardiac depressant, paralyzing 
 the respiratory centre and arresting the heart in diastole by paralyzing 
 its motor ganglia while stimulating its inhibitory apparatus. It lowers the 
 arterial tension, produces profound salivation, lachrymation and sweating, 
 contracts the pulmonary vessels, causing intense dyspnoea, and increases 
 the intestinal, hepatic and pancreatic secretions, but markedly diminishes 
 the renal. It disturbs the gastro-intestinal tract, causing tetanic intesti¬ 
 nal contractions, severe colic, vomiting and purging. It produces spasm 
 of the accommodation, marked myosis and contraction of the pupil when 
 given internally, but dilates the pupil widely when locally applied. [Gel- 
 semium does so also.] Under its action the body temperature is decid¬ 
 edly reduced, and the excretion of waste-products is lessened. It is 
 eliminated unchanged by the kidneys. 
 
 Agaricus acts as an intoxicant to the cerebrum, producing more vertigo 
 and delirium than Alcohol, followed by profound sopor with lowered re¬ 
 flexes, perhaps coma and death. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 Atropine exactly opposes Muscarine, and vice versa; no example of physiological 
 antagonism being so complete in all particulars. When a frog’s heart is arrested by the 
 topical action of a minute quantity of Muscarine, the application of a little Atropine will 
 immediately paralyze the inhibition and restore the pulsations. An equally prompt 
 antagonism runs through their entire spheres of action. Digitaline is to some extent an¬ 
 tagonistic ; so also is Eserine. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Muscarine has been as yet little used in medicine, but it will probably 
 prove to be a valuable drug. It has been long used, with marked benefit, 
 in the night-sweats of phthisis. A tincture of Agaricus has been found 
 beneficial in ataxic typhus, chorea, and chilblains. Muscarine promises 
 
AILANTHUS-ALCOHOL. 
 
 85 
 
 to be of great value in inflammations characterized by copious exudation, 
 especially eye-inflammations, catarrhal jaundice, recent hemorrhoids, 
 acute bronchitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, incipient pulmonary congestion, 
 diabetes of both forms, and in constipation due to intestinal torpor and 
 deficient secretion, accompanied by a torpid liver and difficult digestion 
 of fats. In the latter affection it should be given in small doses, gr. -gh-, 
 thrice daily. 
 
 AILANTHUS, Tree of Heaven (Unofficial),—is the bark of 
 Ailanthus glandulosa , a well-known shade tree, of the nat. ord. Simaru- 
 bacese, indigenous to China, but cultivated elsewhere. It contains an 
 oleo-resin and a volatile oil, on which its properties probably depend. 
 Dose, gr. x- 3 j* 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Ailanthus Fluidum (Unofficial),—Dose, up x- 3 j. 
 
 Tinctura Ailanthus (Unofficial),—Dose, up x-3 ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Ailanthus is a decided nauseant, and a drastic purgative, causing also 
 vertigo, weakness, cold sweats, dull headache, pains in the back, numb¬ 
 ness and tingling in the limbs. It paralyzes the cerebrum and spinal cord 
 of animals, impairment of motility beginning in their hind extremities. 
 The cardiac action, at first increased, soon slows, the pulse becoming 
 small and weak, and the respiration depressed, death occurring from 
 paralysis of respiration. It is a good taeniafuge. 
 
 Ailanthus is used against tapeworm, a decoction of the fresh bark ( 5 j 
 ad 5 iv), or the oleo-resin in drachm doses, being very efficient. It has 
 also been well employed in malignant scarlatina, with dark and partial 
 eruption, insensibility, delirium and other cerebral symptoms. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ALCOHOL ,—is a liquid composed of 91 per cent, by weight (94 per 
 cent, by volume) of Ethyl Alcohol , C 2 H 5 HO, and 9 per cent, by weight 
 (6 per cent, by volume) of water. Sp. gr. 0.820 at 6o° F., and 0.812 at 
 77 0 F. An inflammable, transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile 
 liquid, of agreeable odor and burning taste. Obtained by the distilla- 
 ' tion of fermented saccharine fluids. Used in making all the Tinctures 
 and Spirits; also in some of the Liniments, Liquors and Mixtures. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Alcohol Dilutum, Diluted Alcohol,—consists of Alcohol and Distilled Water, equal 
 parts of each. Sp. gr. 0.928 at 6o° F. 
 
 Spirilus Frumenti , Whiskey,—obtained from the distillation of fermented grain, rye 
 or corn (U. S.), barley (Scotch), and at least two years old. Sp. gr. 0.917 to 0.930. Has 
 an alcoholic strength of 44 to 50 per cent, by weight; also Ethers developed by the action 
 
86 
 
 ALCOHOL. 
 
 of acetic and butyric acids on the alcohol, and traces of Amylic Alcohol (fusel-oil) even in 
 the best. 
 
 Spirilus Vini Gallici , Brandy,—obtained from the distillation of fermented grapes, and 
 at least four years old. Sp. gr. 0.925 to 0.941. Has an alcoholic strength of 39 to 47 
 per cent, by weight, and (Enanthic and other Ethers developed by age. Pale Brandy is 
 colored by the cask, the dark has caramel to color it. Is often prepared artificially by 
 adding to high wines Acetic or Nitric Ether, Caramel, and Logwood or Catechu for 
 astringency. 
 
 Spiritus Odoratus. Perfumed Spirit, Cologne-water,—prepared by adding to 800 parts 
 of Alcohol, Water 158, Acetic Ether 2, Oil of Bergamot 16, Oil of Lemon 8, Oil of Rose¬ 
 mary 8, Oil of Lavender Flowers 4, and Oil of Orange Flowers 4 parts. A perfume or 
 ingredient of lotions. 
 
 Vinum Album, White Wine,—should contain from 10 to 12 per cent, by weight ot 
 absolute alcohol, and is made by fermenting the unmodified juice of the grape, freed from 
 seeds, stems and skins. 
 
 Vinum Albtim Fortius , Stronger White Wine,—should contain 20 to 25 per cent, by 
 weight of absolute alcohol, and is made by adding 1 part of Alcohol to 7 of Vinum Album. 
 Is simply a formal recognition of the fact that the stronger sherries are artificially made. 
 Used to prepare the official Vina (Wines). 
 
 Vinum Rubrum, Red Wine,—should contain from 10 to 12 per cent, by weight of 
 absolute alcohol, and is made by fermenting the juice of colored grapes in presence ot 
 their skins. 
 
 Vinum Aromaticum, Aromatic Wine,—consists of Stronger White Wine 94 per cent., 
 with Lavender, Origanum, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage and Wormwood, of each I per 
 cent. 
 
 Unofficial Alcoholic Preparations. 
 
 Rectified Spirit , sp. gr. 0.835,—has 85 per cent, by weight of absolute alcohol, and no 
 fusel oil. Is often spoken of as “ 56 over proof,” meaning that to reduce 100 volumes of 
 it to the strength of proof spirit, requires 56 volumes of water. 
 
 Proof Spirit , sp. gr. 0.920,—contains 49 per cent, by weight of absolute alcohol, with a 
 peculiar oil and other foreign matters. 
 
 Rum ,—is obtained from the distillation of fermented molasses, and has about 42 per 
 cent, by weight of alcohol. 
 
 Gin, —has about the same alcoholic strength as rum, and approaches very nearly to the 
 official Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. It is usually distilled from rye or barley, and flavored, 
 in Holland, with juniper berries and hops, in England, often with oil of turpentine, various 
 cheap aromatics, acetate of lead, sulphate of zinc, cayenne pepper, etc. Pure gin is slightly 
 diuretic, from the oil of juniper contained in it. 
 
 Vinum Portense, Port Wine,—is not a natural wine, spirit being added during the pro¬ 
 cess of manufacture, and the alcoholic strength raised to 30 or 40 per cent. 
 
 Vinum Xericum, Sherry Wine,—a dry, spirituous white wine, generally made to order 
 by the dealers, and having from 20 to 35 per cent, of alcohol. 
 
 Sparkling Wines, as Champagne, Hock, Catawba,—are more or less sweet, and charged 
 with carbonic acid, being bottled before fermentation is completed and the grape sugar all 
 converted into alcohol. They contain 8 to 10 per cent, of absolute alcohol. 
 
 Sweet Wines, as Burgundy, Tokay, Muscatel, Malaga, Angelica, Madeira, etc.,—are of 
 low alcoholic strength, 6 to 7 per cent., unless fortified. 
 
 Light Red Wines, as Claret, Red Rhine, Concord,—have 5 to 7 per cent, alcohol, tan¬ 
 nic acid, grape coloring matter, etc. 
 
 Dry Acid Wines, as Rhine and Moselle wines, California Hock, Ohio, and Kelley- 
 Island Catawba,—in these fermentation is complete, and the alcoholic strength from 5 to 
 7 per cent. 
 
 Beer, Ale and Porter, —are fermented liquors, made from malted grain, with hops and 
 other bitters added. Beer is made by slow fermentation, the yeast sinking; Ale by rapid 
 fermentation, the yeast floating. Their alcoholic strength is from 2 to 3 per cent, in beer, 
 to 4 to 6 per cent, in ale and porter,—and they also contain malt extract, carbonic acid, 
 lactic acid, various aromatics, potassium and sodium salts, etc. 
 
 Koumiss, —is obtained by the fermentation of milk, that of the mare being used in 
 Tartary, where it is largely employed as a food. It contains from I to 3 per cent, of alco¬ 
 hol, sugar, lactic acid, casein, fat, salts, carbonic acid and ethers. (See page 262.) 
 
ALCOHOL. 
 
 87 
 
 Principal Alcohols. 
 
 Ethylic Alcohol, Ethyl Hydrate, C 2 H 6 0 ,—Grain-spirit. 
 
 Methylic Alcohol, Methyl Hydrate, CH 4 0 ,—Wood-spirit. 
 
 Amylic Alcohol, Amyl Hydrate, C 5 H r2 0 ,—Potato-spirit, Fusel Oil. 
 Occurs also in the excessive distillation of fermented grain, after the 
 ethylic alcohol has distilled over. 
 
 Phenylic Alcohol, Phenol, Carbolic Acid, C 6 H 6 0 ,—from coal-tar 
 (see page 60). 
 
 Composition, etc., of Alcohols. 
 
 An Alcohol is a volatile organic compound, which contains no N, has a great affinity 
 for water, and reacts with acids, forming H 2 0 and ethers. Alcohols are therefore analo¬ 
 gous to the metallic hydrates, and Ethers to salts. They are obtained by distillation from 
 the fermented product of grape-sugar, or some substance (as starch) easily converted into 
 grape-sugar, which, in the presence of certain low vegetable organisms (as the yeast- 
 plant), splits up into Alcohol and C 0 2 ; and may be made synthetically by shaking Ole¬ 
 fiant gas (C 2 H 4 ) with strong Sulphuric Acid), then diluting and distilling. C 2 H 4 -f- 
 H 2 0 = C 2 H 6 0 , Ethylic Alcohol. Absolute Ethylic Alcohol, which is only used for 
 chemical testing, is made by shaking Rectified Spirit with Potassium Carbonate, decant¬ 
 ing, and distilling with slaked lime. 
 
 Alcohol very slowly oxidized forms Aldehyde (C 2 H 4 0 ), if less slowly, Acetic acid 
 (C 2 H 4 0 2 ), if quickly as in burning, C 0 2 and H 2 0 , which are in all cases the ultimate 
 products of its continued oxidation. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Alcohol is a cerebral excitant and depressant and a narcotic poison. It 
 is anaesthetic, antiseptic, and antiparasitic, a mild counter-irritant, and it 
 coagulates albumen by abstracting its water. It is very diffusible, and is 
 partly oxidized by the organism, part being excreted unchanged. 
 
 In small doses, Alcohol relaxes the vessels, stimulates the gastric glands, 
 promotes appetite and digestion, lessens the elimination of waste-products 
 (urea and C 0 2 ), causes a subjective sensation of heat, and slightly raises 
 the body temperature. It briefly stimulates the heart, prolonging its sys¬ 
 tole and reducing the length of the diastole, and increases the functional 
 activity of all the organs. A portion is oxidized by the organism (about 
 Sjss in twenty-four hours), yielding force which is utilized as nervous, 
 muscular and glandular power. 
 
 The continued use of small or moderate doses congests the stomach 
 and liver, over-stimulating the gastric glands and the hepatic cells to the 
 production of pathological secretions, causing gastric catarrh and morn¬ 
 ing-vomiting of mucus, and impairing digestion. By irritation it sets up 
 hyperplasia of the submucous connective tissue (sclerosis), especially in 
 the stomach, brain, kidneys and liver (cirrhosis) ; produces fatty degen¬ 
 eration (steatosis) of the blood, the arterial walls, and the various organs, 
 and depresses the heart and the arterial tension. Epilepsy, paraplegia, 
 amaurosis and insanity may result from the long-continued use of spirits, 
 alcohol having an especial affinity for the nervous system. The malt 
 liquors (beer, ale, etc.) are less prone than the spirituous to affect the 
 
88 
 
 ALCOHOL. 
 
 brain, but are even more apt to set up fatty degeneration of the liver and 
 heart. 
 
 In large doses Alcohol precipitates pepsin and destroys its activity as a 
 ferment, arrests digestion, produces exhilaration, intoxication, hallucina¬ 
 tions, delirium, muscular incoordination, depression of the heart, lowered 
 arterial tension and body temperature, abolished reflexes and coma. 
 
 A toxic dose, after a very brief period of excitement, produces insensi¬ 
 bility, stertorous breathing, dilated or contracted pupils, complete mus¬ 
 cular resolution, and death by paralysis of the heart and respiration. 
 
 Acute Alcoholism may be confounded with apoplexy, opium narcosis, 
 concussion of the brain, and even acute pneumonia,—the differential 
 diagnosis being impossible to make in the stage of deep coma. The 
 pupils are not a trustworthy indication, as in alcoholism they may be 
 either dilated or contracted. 
 
 Alcohol is a food within narrow limits, Sjss per diem being the prob¬ 
 able quantity which the adult organism can oxidize, more than this being 
 probably poisonous, as it sets up structural changes in the various organs, 
 and lowers the power of resistance to morbific influences. It has frequently 
 caused an intractable form of phthisis. The very young and the very old 
 stand more alcohol relatively than the adult. It has been proven to exist 
 normally in the human organism. 
 
 Treatment of Acute Alcoholism. 
 
 The stomach should be evacuated, Ammonia by inhalation cautiously, warmth applied 
 to the extremities, cold affusion to the head, faradism of the muscles of respiration. Milk, 
 mucilaginous drinks, black coffee, are useful afterwards. Lupuline as a substitute stimu¬ 
 lant, Chloral (cautiously) to secure sleep, but is dangerous in old topers. Capsicum is 
 excellent for the same purpose in 20 to 30-grain doses. Nutritious, digestible diet in fluid 
 form and small quantity frequently repeated. The Chloride of Ammonium, about g ss 
 in half a pint of water at one draught, has a marvellous effect in generally straightening 
 up the victim, antagonizing stupor, and restoring faculties. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Though Alcohol is decidedly injurious in health, in disease it is a most 
 useful agent. It is invaluable in diphtheria, poisoning by cardiac depres¬ 
 sants and snake-venom, adynamic fevers and cardiac failure from any 
 cause. It is an excellent dressing to wounds and bed-sores, may prevent 
 colds from exposure by relaxing the peripheral vessels and restoring the 
 balance of the circulation, and in phthisis it does good if it promotes 
 digestion and assimilation. In atonic indigestion of nervous and depressed 
 subjects, cholera infantum, diarrhoea, etc., brandy is universally found to 
 be beneficial. In the vomiting of yellow fever or of sea-sickness iced 
 champagne is very efficient. In anaemia and chlorosis good red wines 
 are almost indispensable, as also in convalescence from acute diseases, 
 sudden and profuse hemorrhage, and in many other morbid conditions. 
 
 Koumiss is an excellent food and stimulant in feeble digestion, phthisis, 
 chronic bronchitis, and in all adynamic states in which the effects of 
 
ALLIUM-ALNUS-ALOE. 
 
 89 
 
 alcohol and nutrients are indicated. The stomach is very tolerant of kou¬ 
 miss even when it will bear nothing else, and as it increases the body 
 nutrition remarkably it is of great value in the treatment of all the 
 cachexise. Each quart is estimated to contain 4 ounces of solid food, be¬ 
 sides 1 to 3 per cent, of alcohol. (See also under Kumyss, page 262.) 
 
 ALLIUM, Garlic ,—is the bulb of Allium sativum , a plant of the 
 nat. ord. Liliacese, indigenous to Asia, but cultivated in Europe and 
 America. It is sub-globular and compound, consisting of eight bulblets, 
 covered by dry, membranous scales. Its odor is pungent and disagreeable 
 and its taste is warm and acrid. It contains a Volatile Oil, which consists 
 mainly of the Sulphide of Allyl (C 3 H 5 ) 2 S, on which its qualities depend. 
 Allied species are Allium Cepa, the Onion, and Allium Porrum, the 
 Leek. 
 
 Syrnpiis Allii , Syrup of Garlic,—contains 15 per cent, of Garlic, Sugar 60, Dilute 
 Acetic Acid 40 parts. Dose, gj-iv, according to age. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Garlic, Leeks and Onions are stimulant to the digestion and to the 
 nervous system, and are supposed to have a special influence upon the 
 bronchial secretion. Garlic is also thought to be emmenagogue and an¬ 
 thelmintic. It promotes diaphoresis and diuresis, and acts as a tonic and 
 carminative. Many persons use it as a condiment. Large doses will often 
 produce gastric irritation, flatulence, hemorrhoids, headache and fever. 
 In domestic practice it is frequently employed as an external application 
 in the cutaneous eruptions of children, and as a poultice or liniment in 
 infantile disorders of many kinds. Internally it is of real benefit in feeble 
 digestion and flatulence, chronic catarrhal affections of children, in ner¬ 
 vous and spasmodic coughs and in nervous vomiting. 
 
 ALNUS, Alder-Bark (Unofficial), is the bark of Alnus serrulata ,. 
 the common American Alder, a small tree of the nat. ord. Betulaceae. 
 It has similar properties to those of A. glutinosa, the European Alder, and 
 A. urcana, the Tag Alder, and contains a tannic acid, an oil and a resin. 
 The bark and leaves are astringent and bitter, and are chiefly used as 
 gargles for the throat, as local applications to wounds and ulcers, and to 
 restrain the secretion of milk. Dose of the powdered bark gr. x, in 
 decoction or infusion, several times a day. The Tag Alder is highly 
 recommended as a hemostatic. 
 
 ALOE, Aloes, —is the inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe soco- 
 trina, a plant of the nat. ord. Liliaceae, inhabitating the island of Socotra 
 and the eastern coast of Africa near the southern shore of the Red Sea. 
 It has orange-colored flowers and resembles in appearance the American 
 
90 
 
 ALOE. 
 
 aloe or century-plant (. Agave cunericana). It occurs in soft masses, hard 
 exteriorly, of a yellowish-brown color, fragrant odor and bitter taste, solu¬ 
 ble in alcohol and in boiling water, and containing a peculiar volatile 
 oil, a resin and Soa/oin, C 15 H 16 0 7 , a variety of the principle Aloin , which 
 is common to all varieties of aloes,—also Aloetic and Chrysammic Acids. 
 Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Other varieties are Aloe Barbadensis, Barbadoes Aloes, from Aloe 
 vulgaris; and Aloe Capensis, Cape Aloes, from Aloe ferox , the first of 
 which is official in the Br. Phar. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Aloe Purificata , Purified Aloes,—prepared by heating with alcohol, straining and 
 evaporating. Is almost entirely soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 • Extraction Aloes Aquosum, Watery Extract of Aloes,—prepared by mixing I with io 
 parts of Boiling Distilled Water, standing 12 hours, decanting, straining and evaporating. 
 Dose, gr. ss-v. 
 
 Tinctura Aloes, Tincture of Aloes,—has of Aloes 10, extract of Glycyrrhiza 10, Di¬ 
 luted Alcohol to 100 parts. Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhce , Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh,—Aloes 10, Myrrh 10, 
 Alcohol to 100 parts. Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Vinum Aloes, Wine of Aloes,—has of Aloes 6, Cardamom 1, Ginger 1, Stronger White 
 Wine to 100 parts. Dose, ^j-iv. 
 
 Pilulce Aloes, Pills of Aloes,—each has of Aloes gr. ij with the same quantity of Soap. 
 
 Pilulce Aloes et Asafetidce , Pills of Aloes and Asafetida,—each contains gr. iy£ of each 
 ingredient. 
 
 Pilulce Aloes et Ferri, Pills of Aloes and Iron,—each pill contains gr. j each of Aloes, 
 Sulphate of Iron and Aromatic Powder, with Confection of Rose. 
 
 Pilulce Aloes et Mastiches, Pills of Aloes and Mastic, Lady Webster’s Pill,—each has 
 of Aloes gr. ij, Mastic gr. ss, Red Rose gr. ss. 
 
 Pilulce Aloes et Myrrhce, Pills of Aloes and Myrrh,—each contains of Aloes gr. ij, 
 Myrrh gr. j, Aromatic Powder gr. ss, mixed with Syrup. 
 
 Pulvis Aloes et Canellce, Powder of Aloes and Canella (Unofficial),—contains the pow¬ 
 dered bark of Canella alba. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Aloes is also a constituent of Pilulae Rhei Compositae and Tinctura Benzoini Composita— 
 (which see, pages 336 and 129 respectively). 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Aloes is a tonic-astringent and resin-bearing purgative, an emmena- 
 •gogue and an anthelmintic against the thread-worm. As a cathartic it acts 
 chiefly on the lower half of the large intestine, in doses of gr. j-iv producing 
 in about 10 hours copious soft evacuations with some griping pain. This 
 effect is produced whether the drug be taken internally or absorbed from 
 an exposed surface, so that it probably diffuses into the blood and is 
 eliminated by the mucous membrane of the colon. It is a stomachic tonic 
 in small doses, a stimulant of the hepatic functions, and an excitant of 
 the pelvic circulation. It may cause abortion in the female and priapism 
 in the male, and is said to have frequently produced hemorrhoids, which 
 if existing it will certainly aggravate. Given to nursing mothers it im¬ 
 parts a purgative quality to their milk. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Aloes is chiefly used in combination with Iron, Myrrh, Nux-vomica, 
 etc., for amenorrhoea and chronic constipation with atonic dyspepsia and 
 
ALTHAEA-ALUMEN. 
 
 91 
 
 hypochondriasis. It is curative in certain forms of hemorrhoids, especially 
 those occurring after delivery and where the condition is not one of 
 active pelvic congestion. It is also used internally and as an injection 
 in gonorrhoea, and for simple atonic jaundice. It must be avoided in 
 irritable rectum, hemorrhoids of active form, menorrhagia and pregnancy, 
 unless given in small doses and with care. The Pil. Aloes et Ferri is 
 perhaps the most generally useful agent in anaemia, amenorrhoea and con¬ 
 stipation of girls at the period of puberty. 
 
 ALTHAEA, Marsh-Mallow, —is the peeled root of Althcea offici¬ 
 nalis , a European plant of the nat. ord. Malvaceae, occurring in dry 
 cylindrical pieces, of white color, without pith, of faintly aromatic odor 
 and sweetish mucilaginous taste. It contains about 35 per cent, each of 
 vegetable mucus and starch, with 2 per cent, of Asparagin, also pectous 
 matter, sugar, fixed oil, but no tannin. It is a constituent of Massa 
 Hydrargyri and Pilulae Phosphori, and is much used as an excipient in 
 extemporaneous pharmacy. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Syrupus Alihcra, Syrup of Althcea,—has of Althcea 4 per cent., and should be freshly 
 made. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Althaea is one of the best mucilaginous drugs, but has no active medi¬ 
 cinal properties. It is used in Europe to make pectoral teas and syrups, 
 and is extensively employed as a mucilaginous demulcent. The powdered 
 root makes a good emollient poultice. In the German Pharmacopoeia a 
 Compound Althaea Tea is official, which under the common name, “ Ger¬ 
 man Breast Tea,” is a popular demulcent drink in bronchial affections, 
 coughs, colds, etc. 
 
 Asparagin is an organic principle, occurring in large rhombic crystals, 
 and found in many other plants, as in the shoots of asparagus, vetches, 
 potatoes, liquorice, the sweet almond, the root of the locust, etc. It is 
 considered a derivative of Succinic Acid , and has diuretic properties, 
 besides being sedative to the circulation. It may be used in ascites, espe¬ 
 cially in children, in the anasarca of Bright’s disease, and in gout. Dose, 
 gr. ij-iij, in water. 
 
 ALUMEN, ALUM, Potassa-alum, —is the Sulphate of Potassium 
 and Aluminium, K 2 A 1 . 2 (S 0 4 ) 4 .24H 2 0, which, when the 24 molecules of water 
 are driven off, becomes Alumen Exsiccatum , Dried Alum , K 2 A 1 2 (S 0 4 ) 4 . 
 Alum occurs in large, octahedral crystals, or cubebs, of sweetish astringent 
 taste and acid reaction. It is soluble in 10 y 2 parts of water at 59 0 F., 
 and in 0.3 part of boiling water, but is insoluble in alcohol. The 
 Ammonia-alum (Aluminii et Ammonii Sulphas) was formerly official, 
 and is still sold and dispensed as “Alum.” Dose, gr. x-xx,—as an 
 metic 3j for a child. 
 
92 
 
 ALUMINIUM. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Alumen Exsiccatum , Dried Alum,—is a white, granular powder, slowly soluble in 20 
 parts of water at 59 0 F., and quickly soluble in 0.7 of boiling water. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 > 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Alum is an astringent, coagulating albumen and stimulating muscular 
 contraction. At first it excites the flow of saliva and then markedly 
 diminishes it. It coagulates pepsin and arrests digestion, stops peristalsis, 
 and usually causes constipation, though sometimes inducing diarrhoea. 
 Although coagulating albumen, even in weak solution, it enters the blood, 
 constricts the capillaries, arrests secretions, especially those of mucous 
 surfaces, and stops capillary hemorrhage. 
 
 In teaspoonful doses Alum is an efficient and non-depressant emetic. 
 In large doses it is a gastro-intestinal irritant, gj $/% of dried Alum having 
 caused the death of an adult in 8 hours. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Alum is used locally as an astringent in chronic catarrhs, leucorrhoea, 
 gonorrhoea, hemorrhoids, bed-sores, ulcers, relaxed throat, colliquative 
 sweats, catarrhal ophthalmia and granular lids. The dried powder is 
 escharotic, destroying granulations and warty growths, and is used by 
 insufflation in chronic nasal catarrh. 
 
 Internally it is beneficial in gastric catarrh, gastralgia, enteralgia, pas¬ 
 sive hemorrhages, lead colic and constipation. As an emetic it is em¬ 
 ployed in croup, and it is a good antidote in lead-poisoning. 
 
 Alum is best administered alone, as it forms precipitates with a large 
 number of drugs. 
 
 ALUMINIUM. —This metal is not official, though of its salts two 
 are, besides Alum. They are— 
 
 Aluminii Hydras , Hydrate of Aluminium, Hydrated Alumina, A 1 2 H 0 6 ,—is a white, 
 light, amorphous, tasteless powder, insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in strong 
 alkaline or acid solutions. Dose, gr. iij-xx in powder or mixture. 
 
 Aluminii Sulphas , Sulphate of Aluminium, A 1 2 (S 0 4 ) 3 . t 8 H 2 0 ,— is a white crystalline 
 powder, soluble in 1.2 of water at 59 0 F., almost insoluble in alcohol. Used locally. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The Hydrate is a feebly astringent and desiccant powder, occasionally 
 used in inflammatory skin affections as a local application, and internally 
 in diarrhoea. 
 
 The Sulphate is antiseptic and astringent. It has been used internally 
 in diarrhoeas, but is chiefly employed in a 5 per cent, solution locally to 
 ulcers, or in stronger solution (5iij ad 5vj) in foul discharges from mucous 
 surfaces. A saturated solution is a mild caustic, and may be used daily 
 as a local application to the enlarged tonsils, nasal polypi, ulceration of 
 
AMMONIACUM-AMMONIUM. 93 
 
 os uteri, and various chronic enlargements. The Benzoinated Solution 
 of Alumina is an unofficial preparation used for the same purposes. 
 
 AMMONIACUM, Ammoniac, —is a gum-resin, obtained from 
 Dorema Ammoniacum , a Persian plant of the nat. ord. Umbelliferae, 
 occurring in yellowish-brown tears of peculiar odor, and bitter, acrid and 
 nauseous taste. When triturated with water it readily yields a milk-white 
 emulsion, and contains a Volatile Oil , which differs from that of Asafoetida 
 in that it is neither sulphuretted nor phosphoretted. It also contains 
 resin, gum, gluten, etc. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Mistura Ammoniaci, Ammoniac Mixture,—is an emulsion with water of 4 per cent, 
 strength, the resin being suspended by the contained gum. Dose, ^ss-j. 
 
 Emplastrum Ammoniaci, Ammoniac Plaster.—Ammoniac 100 parts, digested with 140 
 of Dilute Acetic Acid until emulsionized, then strained and evaporated. 
 
 Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro, Ammoniac Plaster with Mercury.—Am¬ 
 moniac 72, Mercury 18 per cent., and contains also Lead-plaster, Sulphur, Olive Oil, and 
 Dilute Acetic Acid. 
 
 Ammoniac is a stimulating expectorant and a laxative, and has a mildly 
 irritant action on the skin. Its actions are similar to those of Asafoetida, 
 but much less powerful. It is not much used, but may be employed with 
 benefit in chronic bronchial affections, especially of the aged, the mix¬ 
 ture with the Chloride or Carbonate of Ammonium facilitating expectora¬ 
 tion and lessening wheezing. It is also recommended in asthma, and in 
 glandular enlargements and indolent swellings the plasters are employed 
 as stimulating alteratives and resolvents. 
 
 AMMONIUM, NH 4 , —is a hypothetical compound radical, which 
 does not exist in the free state, but which in combination with acids forms 
 salts which closely resemble those of the elements Potassium and Sodium. 
 Many of its salts are official, as well as the aqueous solutions of the gas 
 Ammonia, NH 3 , which is produced during the putrefaction of all organisms 
 and of many organic nitrogenous compounds existing in the air and in the 
 soil in the free state. The chief commercial source of Ammonium salts 
 is the ammoniacal liquor from gas-works and bones. 
 
 Preparations of Ammonia. 
 
 Aqua Ammonice, Water of Ammonia,—is an aqueous solution of Ammonia, contain¬ 
 ing y<jtfi b y weight of the gas. It is a colorless liquid of pungent odor, acrid taste and 
 strongly alkaline reaction. Sp. gr. 0.959 at 59 ° F. Dose, rtpv-gss, well-diluted. 
 
 Aqua Ai 7 imonice Fortior , Stronger Water of Ammonia,—contains 28 per cent, by 
 weight of the gas. Sp. gr. 0.900 at 59 0 F. 
 
 Spiritus Ammonice , Spirit of Ammonia —is a 10 per cent, solution of the gas in alco¬ 
 hol. Sp. gr. about 0.810. Dose, rr^x-^j, diluted. 
 
 Spiritus Ammonice Aromaticus, Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia,—contains Ammonium 
 Carbonate, Aqua Ammonite, Oils of Lemon, Lavender, and Pimenta, Alcohol and 
 Water. Used in the Tinct. Guaiaci Ammoniata and the Tinct. Valeriante Ammoniata. 
 Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 Linimentum Ammonice, Ammonia Liniment,—has of Aqua Ammonite 30 parts, Cotton- . 
 
 seed Oil 70. 
 
94 
 
 AMMONIUM. 
 
 ' Ammonium Salts and their Preparations . 
 
 Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, Solution of the Acetate of Ammonium, Spirit of Mindere- 
 rus,—is prepared by neutralizing Dilute Acetic Acid with Carbonate of Ammonium, and 
 contains about 7 y 2 per cent, of the Acetate. It should be freshly made. Used in Mis- 
 tura Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis. Dose, j. 
 
 Ammonii Benzoas, Benzoate of Ammonium, NH 4 C 7 II 5 0 2 ,—in minute four-sided 
 laminar crystals, soluble in 5 of water and 28 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
 
 Ammonii Bromidum , Bromide of Ammonium, NH 4 Br,—in prismatic crystals or as a 
 granular salt, soluble in I x / 2 of water and 150 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. x-^ss, 
 well diluted. 
 
 Ammonii Carbonas, Carbonate of Ammonium, NH 4 HC 0 3 .NH 4 NH 2 C 0 2 ,—occurs 
 in white masses consisting of both the bicarbonate and carbonate, which on exposure to 
 air becomes a white powder (acid carbonate). Soluble in 4 parts of water at 59 0 F. 
 Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridum, Chloride of Ammonium, Sal-ammoniac, HN 4 C 1 ,—a white, 
 crystalline powder, of saline taste, and slightly acid reaction ; soluble in 3 of water and 
 very sparingly in alcohol. Dose, gr. j-xx. 
 
 Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi , Troches of Chloride of Ammonium,—each contains 2 
 grains of the chloride. 
 
 Ammonii Iodidum , Iodide of Ammonium, NH 4 I,—a deliquescent, granular, white 
 salt, soluble in I of water and 9 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Ammonii Nitras, Nitrate of Ammonium, NH 4 N 0 3 .—in colorless crystals or fused 
 masses, soluble in 0.5 of water and 20 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Only used to prepare Nitrous 
 Oxide Gas by heating to 365° F., for anaesthesia. 
 
 Ammonii Phosphas , Phosphate of Ammonium (NH 4 ) 2 HP 0 4 ,—in colorless prisms, 
 soluble in 4 of water, insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Ammonii Sulphas , Sulphate of Ammonium (NH 4 ) 2 S 0 4 ,—is only used for the prepara¬ 
 tion of other ammonium salts. 
 
 Ammonii Valerianas, Valerianate of Ammonium NH 4 C 5 H 9 0 2 ,—in white, quadrangu¬ 
 lar plates, deliquescent; very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 RaspaiPs “ Eau Sedative ” (Unofficial),—consists of Aqua Ammonke 3 ij, Sodii Chlori¬ 
 dum ^ij, Spiritus Vini Camphorat. ^iij, Aqua ^xxxij. For local use. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The gas Ammonia is intensely alkaline and irritant to mucous mem¬ 
 branes ; inhaled producing spasmodic cough and a sense of suffocation. 
 Its prolonged inhalation will induce violent inflammation of the air- 
 passages and oedema of the glottis. It stimulates the nasal branch of the 
 fifth nerve, exciting the vaso-motor centre by reflex action, and thus rais¬ 
 ing the arterial tension. Applied to the skin and allowed to evaporate, 
 it has a slight rubefacient effect, but if evaporation be prevented it pene¬ 
 trates the epidermis and has a powerfully vesicant action. The Aqua, 
 swallowed undiluted, may cause death quickly by suffocation from the 
 action of its vapor upon the air passages; if not, it may excite gastro¬ 
 enteritis accompanied by coma, differing in the latter respect from 
 potassium or sodium poisoning. After absorption it stimulates both the 
 respiration and the circulation by direct action on their respective nerve- 
 centres. Ammonia exists normally in the circulation, where it keeps the 
 fibrin in solution and thus maintains the fluidity of the blood. It in¬ 
 creases the glycogenic function of the liver, and is converted finally into 
 urea. It is a powerful irritant to muscular tissue, causing tetanic contrac¬ 
 tion and subsequent rigor mortis when directly applied. 
 
 Ammonium Salts all stimulate and finally paralyze the spinal cord. 
 
AMMONIUM. ' 
 
 95 
 
 motor nerves and muscles, in animals, but the order and readiness of the 
 action vary with the salts employed, some having a predominating influence 
 on the cord, others on the motor nerves. In general they may be said to 
 form a series, of which the members at one end stimulate the cord, and 
 those at the other paralyze both the cord and the motor nerves. At the 
 stimulant end are Ammonia and the Chloride ; at the paralyzant end the 
 Iodide; the Bromide, Phosphate and Sulphate lying between (Brunton). 
 In medicinal doses they act on man as stimulating expectorants, in large 
 quantity they injure the structure of the red blood-corpuscles, and if long- 
 continued they produce rapid emaciation by impairing digestion and 
 increasing-tissue-waste. 
 
 The Chloride has decided cholagogue powers, increases the excretion 
 of urea, in 20-grain doses is purgative, and is considered to have a select¬ 
 ive action upon the gastric mucous membrane. The Carbonate is a 
 powerful and very diffusible stimulant; when administered internally in 
 moderate doses, it is probably decomposed by the HC 1 of the gastric 
 juice, nascent ammonia being set free and absorbed. It stimulates the 
 respiratory centre, acts as a stimulating expectorant, and in very small 
 doses stimulates the secretion of the gastric juice. It is also emetic, and 
 has been supposed to prevent iodism when administered conjointly with 
 Iodide of Potassium. The Solution of the Acetate is an active dia¬ 
 phoretic if the body be warm, or a diuretic if it be cool. In wineglassful 
 doses it will counteract many of the immediate effects of alcohol. The 
 Phosphate is diuretic, and is believed to decompose the insoluble Urate 
 of Sodium in the blood, converting it into the soluble salts Urate of Am¬ 
 monium and Phosphate of Sodium, and thus promoting its elimination. 
 The Benzoate is also diuretic, and like Benzoic Acid passes out of the 
 system in the urine as Hippuric Acid. It acidifies the urine where there 
 is phosphatic tendency of the same. The Nitrate and Sulphate are 
 only used for the preparation of other salts, while the Iodide, Bromide 
 and Valerianate correspond in action to that of their titular bases, and 
 are described under their respective titles, Iodum,Bromium and Valeriana. 
 
 Antagonists to Ammonia. 
 
 When inhaled, give HC 1 vapors by inhalation to form the chloride; if taken in solu¬ 
 tion, give Vegetable Acids , and demulcents to protect the mucous surfaces. Its physio¬ 
 logical antagonists are the cardiac sedatives, Aconite, Digitalis, Veratrum, etc. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The strong solution of Ammonia may be used as a rubefacient and 
 vesicant, and its vapor, by cautious inhalation, in syncope and the results 
 of shock. Locally, it is a good application to bites of the less venom¬ 
 ous reptiles and to the stings of insects. The Carbonate is used inter¬ 
 nally in the eruptive fevers, delirium tremens, continued fevers, pneu¬ 
 monia, etc., where much depression exists; as a stimulating expectorant 
 
9 6 
 
 AMMONIUM. 
 
 in chronic bronchitis, in the broncho-pneumonia of children, and in 
 cardiac asthma. It is highly recommended in scarlet fever in doses of 3 
 to 5 grains every one, two or three hours, all acid drinks or fruits being 
 prohibited while it is being administered. With ten-minim doses of tinc¬ 
 ture of capsicum in an ounce of some bitter infusion it is exceedingly 
 efficient, in 5-10-grain doses, for the sinking sensations and craving for 
 stimulants experienced by subjects of alcoholism. It may be used as an 
 emetic in bronchitis, when the tubes are choked with mucus and the cir¬ 
 culation of the patient is weak. It may also be employed by inhalation, 
 and administered internally, for similar purposes as Liquor Ammoniae. 
 
 The Chloride has a high repute in catarrh of the stomach, with anorexia, 
 bad taste in the mouth, flatulence, coated tongue, etc., in short, the 
 symptoms of so-called “ biliousness also, in chronic congestion of the 
 liver, jaundice from catarrh of the bile-ducts, nervous and sick headaches, 
 myalgia, amenorrhoea, muscular rheumatism and neuralgia. In the latter 
 affection it should be given in 30-grain doses several times a day. It 
 is also efficient in bronchial catarrh without fever, and in chronic bron¬ 
 chitis when the secretion is scanty and tough. It is remarkably efficient 
 in straightening up a victim of acute alcoholism; to one almost on the 
 verge of delirium tremens, a T / 2 drachm in half a pint of water, swallowed at 
 one draught, will restore the patient’s faculties so quickly as to astonish 
 one who has never seen it so employed. Locally, in solution, it has 
 been well employed in inflammatory swellings, as sprains, inflamed joints, 
 orchitis, etc., as a lotion ; also, to allay itching in prurigo, to remove 
 ecchymoses and glandular enlargements. Edit Sedative is often a good 
 local application in headaches. 
 
 The Solution of the Acetate is especially beneficial in the exanthe¬ 
 mata, influenza, coryza, anomalous febrile conditions of children, acidity 
 and vomiting; also, in erysipelas when there is feeble circulation, cyan¬ 
 osis and delirium. It is frequently combined with Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 
 as a diuretic and diaphoretic in febrile affections. The Phosphate is 
 particularly applicable to gout and lithaemia, and is a very efficient chola- 
 gogue. The Benzoate is useful in cystitis with alkaline urine and phos- 
 phatic deposits, as it acidulates the urine, at the same time stimulating 
 and disinfecting the mucous coat of the bladder. 
 
 Aqua Ammonite has been administered by intra-venous injection, with 
 efficacy and safety, in sudden or threatened thrombosis, cardiac paralysis 
 from Chloroform, and in poisoning by Hydrocyanic Acid and other car¬ 
 diac depressants. In the same manner, it has been employed, but unsuc¬ 
 cessfully, in poisoning by the bite of venomous reptiles. Ten drops of the 
 strong Liquor are diluted with three parts of water, and carefully injected 
 into a vein, all air being rigorously excluded from entrance thereinto. 
 
 The therapeutics of the Iodide, Bromide and Valerianate are enume¬ 
 rated under the titles Iodum, Bromum and Valeriana respectively. 
 
AMYGDALA. 
 
 97 
 
 AMYGDALA, Almond,—the seeds of two varieties of Amygdalus 
 communis (nat. ord. Rosaceae), namely Amygdala amara and Amygdala 
 dulcis, are official, together with several preparations, some prepared from 
 one variety, some from another, while one is from either and one from 
 both. An important point is the reaction between Amygdalin and 
 Emulsin in the presence of water producing Hydrocyanic Acid (see ante, 
 page 67). Amygdalin, C 2 oH 27 NO n , is a crystalline glucoside, existing in 
 Amygdala amara but not in Amygdala dulcis ; while the ferment Emulsin 
 is common to both varieties. 
 
 Amygdala Amara, Bitter Almond,—is the seed of Amygdalus commu¬ 
 nis, var. amara, a tree of the nat. ord. Rosaceae, indigenous to Western 
 Asia, but cultivated in many other parts of the world. The seed is lanceo¬ 
 late in shape, brownish in color, about an inch long, having a white, oily 
 embryo of bitter taste, which, when triturated with water, emits an odor of 
 Hydrocyanic Acid. Cultivated chiefly in Spain and the Balearic Islands. 
 
 Amygdala Dulcis, Sweet Almond,—is the seed of Amygdalus commu¬ 
 nis, var. dulcis, a tree of the nat. ord. Rosaceae. The bitter and sweet 
 almond trees are identical botanically, and the fruits and seeds of the two 
 varieties resemble each other closely, only differing in taste and the pres¬ 
 ence of Amygdalin (see above). The sweet almond is largely cultivated 
 about Malaga and in California. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Aqua Amygdalce Amarce , Bitter Almond Water,—is a weak solution of the Oil of 
 Bitter Almond in Distilled Water (1 to 1000). Is only a flavored water. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Oleum Amygdalce Amarce, Oil of Bitter Amond,—is a volatile oil, of peculiar and 
 aromatic odor, bitter, burning taste, and neutral reaction ; soluble in 300 of water, but 
 freely in alcohol and ether. Dose rrp^-j, in mixture. 
 
 This essential oil, one of the products of the reaction between Amygdalin and Emulsin 
 (see ante, p. 67), contains a varying quantity of Hydrocyanic Acid (3 to 14 per cent.), 
 which may be removed by distillation with caustic potash. Nitrobenzol, or “ Oil of Mir- 
 bane,” closely resembles the oil of bitter almond, and like it is used for flavoring. It con¬ 
 tains no Hydrocyanic Acid, but is a dangerous poison, producing toxic effects when 
 inhaled, even in small doses. 
 
 Syrupus Amygdalce, Syrup of Almond,—has of Bitter Almond 3 per cent., of Sweet 
 Almond 10. Dose indefinite. 
 
 Mistura Amygdalce, Mixture of Amygdala, — made of Sweet Almond 6 per cent., 
 with Acacia, Sugar and Water. A demulcent drink, used as a vehicle for cough mix¬ 
 tures. Dose, 3 ij- 3 ss. 
 
 Oleum AmygdaUe Expression, Expressed Oil of Almond,—is the fixed oil which is 
 expressed from either Bitter or Sweet Almond. Used in Unguentum Aquae Rosae, and 
 as a bland local application in skin affections. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The bitter and sweet varieties of the species Amygdalus communis differ 
 in action only through the agency of the principle Amygdalin contained 
 in the former. The Sweet Almond is demulcent and nutritive, while the 
 fixed oil expressed from either variety is a bland application, having the 
 same action as Olive Oil. The action of the Bitter Almond and its oil is 
 due to the Hydrocyanic Acid contained in them (see ante, p. 67). 
 
 7 
 
9 8 
 
 AMYL NITRIS. 
 
 The Expressed Oil of Almond is demulcent, and in doses of 3 j-ij a 
 mild laxative. It is used externally for excoriations, chapped hands, and 
 inflammatory skin affections, and is applied to the ear in earache. The 
 cake remaining after the expression of the fixed oil from the sweet almond 
 is ground into flour, and used in the form of biscuits for diabetics as a 
 substitute for bread, as it contains no starch. 
 
 The Oil of Bitter Almond is used as a flavoring agent, and may be 
 employed locally or internally in lieu of Hydrocyanic Acid. The Syrup 
 is somewhat sedative, but is generally used as a demulcent or for flavoring 
 purposes. The Mixture is used in catarrhal affections and as a vehicle for 
 cough-mixtures. The poisonous character of the Bitter Almond and its 
 essential oil (Oleum Amygdalae Amarae) should be kept in mind. 
 
 AMYL NITRIS, Nitrite of Amyl, C 5 H n N0 2 ,—is a clear, yellow¬ 
 ish liquid, of ethereal and fruity odor, aromatic taste, and neutral or 
 slightly acid reaction, extremely volatile, insoluble in water but freely 
 soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzin. It is produced by 
 the action of Nitric or Nitrous Acid upon Amylic Alcohol, and when 
 impure may have Nitric or Hydrocyanic Acid in it. Dose internally 
 updissolved in alcohol,—by inhalation upij-v; but larger doses are 
 probably safe. 
 
 Unofficial Analogue. 
 
 Nitroglycerinum, —Nitroglycerin, Glonoin, Trinitrin, Trinitrate of Glyceryl, C 3 H 5 - 
 (N 0 3 ) 3 ,—is a clear, oily liquid, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, oils, 
 etc., produced by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids upon glycerin. Is a dangerous 
 explosive, and should not be kept in stronger solution than i per cent. Dose, n\Ho to off 
 or more, according to susceptibility. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations of Nitroglycerin. 
 
 Tindura Nitroglycerini, Tincture of Nitroglycerin,—a I per cent, solution in alcohol. 
 Dose, rrp^-x. The strong tincture sold by the homoeopathic pharmaceutists and official 
 in their American Pharmacopoeia is a io per cent, solution, or ten times the strength of 
 the above. It is an extremely dangerous preparation, both as an explosive and as a 
 medicine. (See American Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia , 2d ed., Boericke & Tafel, 18S3, 
 page 235.) 
 
 Tabellce Nitroglycerini , B. P.,—Tabellae Trinitrini,—are tablets of chocolate, each con¬ 
 taining gr. of pure Nitroglycerin. Dose, j-ij. 
 
 Other Nitrites. 
 
 Sodii Nitris, Nitrite of Sodium, and Potassii Nitris, Nitrite of Potassium (both unoffi¬ 
 cial), are used as substitutes for Amyl Nitrite and Nitroglycerin. The former is a white, 
 granular powder, deliquescent, with a cool, saline taste, very soluble in water, is made by 
 heating Sodium Nitrate, and has the formula NaN 0 2 . Dose, gr. } 4 -v, according to indi¬ 
 vidual susceptibility. 
 
 Ethyl Nitrite , C 2 H 5 N 0 2 ,—constitutes 5 per cent, of Spiritus Albheris Nitrosi. (See 
 ante , page 79.) 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Nitrite of Amyl and the other Nitrites agree closely in their general 
 action, producing great vascular dilatation by paralyzing either the sym¬ 
 pathetic system, the vaso-motor centre or the muscular coat of the arteri- 
 
AMYL NITRIS. 
 
 99 
 
 oles,—which, is yet undecided. They cause tumultuous action of the heart 
 by relaxing its inhibition;—lowered respiration, from paralysis of the re¬ 
 spiratory muscles and impairment of the ozonizing function of the blood; 
 —diminution of sensation, motility and reflexes ;—a sense of heat, but 
 lowered body-temperature; also throbbing pain in the head, beating 
 carotids, quickened pulse, flushed face and vertigo. 
 
 The effect of an ordinary inhalation of Amyl Nitrite on man is very 
 transitory, excepting the headache, which may last several hours. Of the 
 nitrites it is the most prompt but least enduring in action, and is best 
 administered by inhalation. It causes sugar to appear in the urine and 
 increases the quantity voided. Mixed with blood it forms methgemoglobin, 
 which is not so readily deoxidized as haemoglobin, and under its influence 
 the blood in the body becomes of a dark chocolate color both in the 
 arteries and in the veins. 
 
 Nitroglycerin acts similarly, but less promptly, and its action is more 
 enduring. Its headache is of intensely frontal character, and persists for 
 hours after the other effects have passed off. It is more suitable for internal 
 administration. 
 
 Nitrite of Sodium is also slower in action than Amyl Nitrite, and does 
 not cause so much throbbing headache as Nitroglycerin. It may be 
 given in solution with water. 
 
 The action of all these agents is probably due to the Nitrous Acid con¬ 
 tained in them. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 Ergot, Belladonna, Strychnine, Brucine, Digitalis, Picrotoxin, and all other agents 
 which increase the functional activity of the spinal cord and sympathetic are antagonistic, 
 though by reason of their slower rate of diffusion the antagonism may not be always avail¬ 
 able. Stimulants, artificial respiration, the alternate cold and hot douche, with cold to the 
 head, and Ergotin or Atropine subcutaneously, are the best means to be used in cases of 
 poisoning by the Nitrites. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The inhalation of Amyl Nitrite is a useful palliative in angina pectoris, 
 epilepsy, tetanus, and many of the respiratory neuroses, as spasmodic 
 asthma, whooping-cough, laryngismus stridulus, etc. It is also indicated 
 in migraine of the pale-face form, and in the cold stage of intermittents 
 and pernicious remittents, to prevent internal congestion,—also in convul¬ 
 sions of various kinds, including the puerperal. It has been sometimes 
 used in threatened death from chloroform anaesthesia, and in poisoning 
 by strychnine. 
 
 Nitroglycerin has been used with benefit in neuralgic dysmenorrhoea, 
 sea-sickness, and in chronic interstitial nephritis, by redistributing'to the 
 kidneys their blood-supply cut off by degeneration of the renal ganglionic 
 centres. It promptly relieves hiccough, migraine of spasmodic character, 
 and has afforded immediate relief in neuralgia of the fifth. Its administra¬ 
 tion in angina pectoris, though not producing such prompt results as that 
 
IOO 
 
 AMYLUM—ANISUM. 
 
 of Amyl Nitrite, gives excellent and much more lasting effects. It is 
 useful in the weak heart of the aged, or that from fatty degeneration, or 
 when, as in Bright’s disease, the arterial tension is above normal; also in 
 irritable and overacting heart, which it relieves by lowering arterial 
 tension. 
 
 Nitrite of Sodium has been successfully employed in angina pectoris, 
 hemicrania, and in asthma of purely bronchial and neurotic origin. It 
 has also proved decidedly beneficial in the abnormally high arterial ten¬ 
 sion of chronic desquamative nephritis, especially when complicated with 
 a weakened and dilated heart. 
 
 AMYLUM, Starch, C 6 H 10 O 5 ,—is the fecula of the seed of Triticum 
 vulgare , common wheat, a plant of the nat. ord. Graminaceae. Though 
 wheat-starch is the official kind, any other might be properly used, as the 
 starch occurring in barley, oats, arrow-root, sago and tapioca, all of which 
 foods were official in the U. S. P. of 1870. The last three are entirely com¬ 
 posed of starch ; wheat contains about 70 per cent., and rice 90 per cent. 
 
 Starch is a carbo-hydrate, and occurs in distinct grains, forming irregular, angular masses, 
 white, inodorous and tasteless, easily pulverized, of neutral reaction, and insoluble in 
 alcohol, ether or cold water. Under the microscope the granules are seen to be lenticular 
 in form and concentrically striated. When boiled with water it yields a whitish jelly of 
 bluish tinge, which when cool gives a deep blue color with test-solution of iodine, the 
 color disappearing on warming and returning on cooling. 
 
 By boiling with dilute mineral acids starch is converted into glucose, 
 dextrin being formed as an intermediate product. Hot concentrated nitric 
 acid converts it into oxalic acid, but cold fuming nitric acid dissolves it, 
 forming an explosive compound. Diastase, ptyalin and pancreatin con¬ 
 vert it into glucose. [For Glycogen, Dextrin, Cellulose and other allied 
 substances see the article Saccharum in the following pages.] 
 
 Amylum Iodatum , Iodized Starch,—has of Starch 95 parts, Iodine 5, triturated with 
 distilled water and dried. Used as a method of giving Iodine (see Iodum). Dose, 
 
 3j _ 5 ss> 
 
 Glyceritum Amyli , Glycerite of Starch,—has of Starch 10 parts, Glycerin 90, tritu¬ 
 rated and heated to a transparent jelly. Used as a vehicle for external applications. 
 
 Starch, though a nutritive of the first order, may be regarded as inert 
 medicinally. It serves as a protective and absorbent if dusted over the 
 skin, as a vehicle for enemata, and as an antidote in iodine-poisoning. 
 Mixed with glue it makes an excellent stiff bandage for surgical purposes. 
 
 ANISUM, Anise ,—is the fruit of Pimpinella Anisutn , a European 
 plant of the nat. ord. Umbelliferae. It occurs in ovate bodies, ^5 inch 
 long, hairy, of grayish color, aromatic odor, and sweet, spicy taste, 
 resembling conium fruit in appearance. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
ANTHEMIS. 
 
 IOI 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oletim Anisi, Oil of Anise,—is a volatile oil distilled from Anise or from Illicium 
 anisatum (the star-anise), and represents the medicinal qualities of the plant. That from 
 Anise congeals at 50° to 59 0 F., and is soluble in an equal part of alcohol. That from 
 Illicium congeals at about 2 >S l A° F. The oil is an ingredient of Tinctura Opii Cam- 
 phorata, Trochisci Glycyrrhizee et Opii, and of the two following preparations. Dose, 
 
 "lj- v - . . ...... 
 
 Aqua Anisi, —has in 500 parts 1 of Oil of Anise mixed with distilled water by the aid 
 of cotton. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Spiritus Anisi, —is a 10 per cent, solution of the oil in alcohol. Dose, £j-ij. 
 
 The Volatile Oil is the active constituent of Anise. It has a slightly 
 stimulant action on the heart and the digestive organs, and liquefies the 
 bronchial secretion, being probably in part excreted by the bronchial 
 mucous membrane. It is a favorite flavoring ingredient of cough-mix¬ 
 tures, and relieves slight intestinal colic and flatulence in children. In 
 full doses it has a weak narcotic power. 
 
 ANTHEMIS, Chamomile, —the flower-heads of Anthemis nobilis, 
 a European perennial of the nat. ord. Compositae, collected from culti¬ 
 vated plants. Chamomile-flowers are sub-globular, about ^ inch broads 
 having numerous white, three-toothed florets on a conical, solid receptacle, 
 a strong but agreeable odor, and an aromatic, bitter taste; and contain a 
 volatile oil, a camphor and a bitter principle but no alkaloid. There are 
 no official preparations. An infusion ( 5 iv to Oj) may be given in doses 
 of gj-ij. 
 
 Oleum Anthemidis, Chamomile Oil (Unofficial),—the volatile oil is of a dark blue or 
 green color, and is composed of various ethers, the Angelates and Valerianates of Butyl 
 predominating. Dose, rtpij-x, on sugar. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Chamomile is a stomachic tonic. It improves the appetite and aids 
 digestion by increasing the vascularity of the gastric mucous membrane. 
 In large doses the warm infusion is emetic, and perhaps diaphoretic, 
 though the latter action is chiefly due to the hot water. The oil is re¬ 
 markably efficient in reducing reflex excitability in frogs, even after its 
 excitation by Strychnine or Brucine. 
 
 Chamomile is popular in domestic practice. An infusion is used by 
 nurses for many infantile complaints, and externally as a fomentation to 
 relieve pain, as in colic, etc. The oil is very efficient in reflex cough, 
 pulmonary catarrh, acute dyspepsia, diarrhoea of children, spasmodic 
 asthma, whooping-cough, colic, and the spasmodic and pseudo-neuralgic 
 affections of hysterical women. It should prove extremely useful in poi¬ 
 soning by Strychnine, from its power over reflex excitability. 
 
 The Chamomile of the homoeopaths is the Matricaria Chamomilla , or 
 German Chamomile, official in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia as “Matri¬ 
 caria,” which see. 
 
102 
 
 ANTIM0N1UM. 
 
 ANTI MON IUM, Antimony, Sb.—Metallic Antimony is not 
 official, nor is it used in medicine. It is represented, however, by the 
 following official salts and preparations, viz. : 
 
 Compounds of Antimony and their Preparations. 
 
 Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, Tartrate of Antimony and Potasssium, Tartar Emetic, 
 2KSb0C 4 H 4 0 6 .H 2 0,—small white crystals or a granular powder of sweet, disagreeable 
 metallic taste, soluble in 17 of water at 59 0 F., and in 3 of boiling water, insoluble in 
 alcohol. Dose, gr. yL-i, but after tolerance is established as high as gr. ij may be given. 
 Is an ingredient of the two following, viz. : 
 
 Vinum Antimonii, Wine of Antimony,—has of Tartar Emetic 4, Boiling Distilled 
 Water 60, Stronger White Wine to 1000 parts. Contains about 2 grains of Tartar 
 Emetic to the £ , and is an ingredient of Mistura Glycyrrhizse Composita. Dose, as a 
 febrifuge and expectorant, rrpv-xv. 
 
 Syrupus Scillce Compositus, Cox’s Hive Mixture, Hive Syrup (see under Scilla ),—con¬ 
 tains about y grain of Tartar Emetic to the 3 , or more accurately 3 parts in 2000, with 
 Squill, Senega, etc. Dose, cautiously in children. 
 
 Antimonii Oxidum, Oxide of Antimony, Sb 2 0 3 ,—a heavy, gray powder, insoluble in 
 water of alcohol, but readily and wholly soluble in Hydrochloric or Tartaric Acids. 
 Dose, gr.j-iij. It constitutes Jjd of— 
 
 Pulvis Antimonialis , Antimonial or James’ Powder,— consists of the Oxide of Anti¬ 
 mony 33 parts, with 67 of Calcium Phosphate. Dose, gr. iij-viij, every 3 hours as a dia¬ 
 phoretic, larger doses for emetic and cathartic effects. 
 
 Antimonii Sulphidum, Sulphide of Antimony, Sb 2 S 3 ,—is the native sulphide, purified 
 by fusion, and as nearly free from Arsenic as possible,—steel gray masses, or a black, 
 lustreless powder, insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose, gr. X~j. 
 
 Antimonii Sulphidum Purification, Sb 2 S 3 ,—is purified by maceration in Aq. Ammo¬ 
 nia, washing and drying. Dose, gr. %-]. 
 
 Antimonium Sulphuratum, Sulphurated Antimony,—is chiefly Sb 2 S 3 , with a very 
 small amount of Sb 2 0 3 . A reddish-brown, odorless and tasteless powder, insoluble in 
 water or alcohol. Is a constituent of Pil. Antimonii Compositae. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Pilules Antimonii Composites, Plummer’s Pills,—each pill containing gr. y 2 each of 
 Calomel and Sulphurated Antimony. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Tartar Emetic in its action represents the other official antimonial 
 preparations, being a cardiac, arterial and general depressant, a proto¬ 
 plasmic poison, a systemic and local emetic, a specific gastro-intestinal 
 irritant, an expectorant and a diaphoretic. Like Aconite, Arsenic, Hy¬ 
 drocyanic Acid and Potassium, it is destructive to protoplasm, destroying 
 function in all nitrogenous tissue, and paralyzing the spinal cord, the motor 
 nerves, the muscles and the sensory nerve terminations. It is especially 
 depressant to the heart-muscle and the cardiac motor ganglia; it combines 
 with the red blood-corpuscles, lessening their oxidizing power, lowering 
 the blood-pressure and reducing the body-temperature. Its taste is styp¬ 
 tic and one of its earliest effects is the production of constriction of the 
 fauces. It promotes waste and rapid excretion of waste-products, carbonic 
 acid and urea being especially increased. Being eliminated by all the 
 excretory organs, including the skin, it excites follicular inflammation at 
 the points of elimination ; resulting in an eruption which is papular at 
 first, then becomes vesicular, and finally pustular, the pustules being um- 
 bilicated, like those of variola. This same eruption is also produced by 
 the application of the drug to the skin with friction. Aphthous ulcerations, 
 
ANTIMONIUM. IO3 
 
 extending from the mouth to the stomach, with salivation and painful 
 deglutition, may also result from its continued use. 
 
 In small doses Tartar Emetic stimulates secretion in the bronchial and 
 salivary glands, the stomach, intestinal canal, liver and pancreas. In 
 larger doses it excites nausea, vomiting and purging, with evacuations 
 like the “ rice-water discharges” of cholera, and great prostration of the 
 vital powers. Toxic doses produce similar symptoms, besides epigastric 
 pain, cyanosis, delirium, cramps, motor and sensory paralysis, suppression 
 of urine and collapse,—much the same phenomena as observed in Asiatic 
 cholera. 
 
 The Sulphide occurs native, and is the source from which the other 
 compounds are prepared. It seems to be inert medicinally. Sulphurated 
 Antimony owes its efficacy to the small quantity of the Oxide contained 
 in it, and as this is variable, the action of the preparation is uncertain. 
 The Oxide has a similar action to that of Tartar Emetic, but being in¬ 
 soluble in water, it is of much less certain activity. 
 
 Antidotes ana Antagonists. 
 
 Tannic Acid , or any substance containing it, is the antidote, forming the insoluble tan- 
 nate. Opium, Alcohol, Ether, and other antispasmodics are physiological antagonists. 
 Demulcent drinks should be freely administered to protect the mucous membranes. Al¬ 
 kalies and Salts of Lead decompose Tartar Emetic. 
 
 t 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Tartar Emetic was formerly much employed as an antiphlogistic on 
 account of its power to cut short acute inflammations of sthenic type, and 
 its use was very much abused, so that it has now gone out of fashion as a 
 remedy. The contra-stimulant treatment of pneumonia and other inflam¬ 
 matory diseases by large doses of this salt after tolerance was established, 
 is only worthy of reference as an historical fact. The same may be said 
 of its external use as a counter-irritant as well as of its employment as an 
 emetic, in both of which capacities it is too severe, while its emesis is too 
 tardy in action to be of any value in poisoning. It is, however, a very 
 efficient agent in many grave affections, if used in small doses (gr. eV-^) ; 
 being highly recommended in acute inflammatory affections of the respi¬ 
 ratory tract, especially pneumonia, broncho-pneumonia, acute oedema of 
 the lungs, feverish and catarrhal colds, bronchitis, laryngitis and tonsil¬ 
 litis. In many respects it acts like Aconite in these and kindred affections, 
 producing copious diaphoresis, slowing the pulse and allaying restlessness. 
 It is considered a good remedy in puerperal peritonitis, mammitis and 
 orchitis, in lumbago and other muscular rheumatisms, also in photophobia 
 and in gastric indigestion after beer-drinking. In still smaller doses 
 (gr. hourly) it is particularly efficient in catarrhal inflammations of 
 the respiratory mucous membrane in children, accompanied by rattling 
 breathing and much mucus, which is expelled with difficulty. Such cases 
 
104 
 
 ANTIPYRINA. 
 
 often simulate asthma, the attacks being marked by cough, wheezing, and 
 difficult respiration, also sibilant rales in the chest, and usually follow on 
 severe colds or on measles. The Compound Syrup of Squill is commonly 
 used as an expectorant and nauseant in the treatment of bronchitis and 
 croup. The quantity of Tartar Emetic in it (gr. ^ to the 5) should be 
 remembered in administering it to children. (See Scilla.) 
 
 The Oxide is chiefly employed in the form of James’ Powder (Pulvis 
 Antimonialis) for its mild diaphoretic qualities. The Sulphide is not 
 used in medicine. Sulphurated Antimony is very uncertain in action 
 and is but little used. The Compound Pill of Antimony (Plummer’s 
 Pill) was devised to obtain mercurial results without writing Hydrargyrum 
 on a prescription. 
 
 ANTIPYRINA, Antipyrine, Dimethyl - oxy - chinicine,— 
 
 C 20 H 18 N 4 O 2 (Unofficial),—is an alkaloidal product of the destructive dis¬ 
 tillation of Coal-tar (compare Chinolina), and prepared by a patented 
 and complicated process. It may also be obtained synthetically by heat¬ 
 ing Methyl-oxy-chinicine with Phenyl-hydracine, and collecting the 
 powder. It is a grayish or reddish-white crystalline powder, which com¬ 
 bines with acids to form salts, is somewhat bitter, and soluble in one-half 
 its weight of hot water, and in its own weight of cold water; but is still 
 more so if the water is acidulated with dilute nitro-hydrochloric acid. It 
 is less soluble in alcohol, chloroform or ether, gives an intensely red color 
 with Ferric Chloride, and a beautiful green with Nitric Acid. It is not 
 irritant to either the stomach or the tissues, and may be administered 
 hypodermically. 
 
 The full antipyretic dose for an adult was at first stated at 30 grains hourly for three 
 hours, or 90 grains for the antipyretic effect. For children, gr. j for each year of age as 
 a dose, to be repeated twice, or thrice, with the same intervals between each dose. That 
 such dosage was far too great, soon became evident from the many reports of alarming 
 symptoms of collapse resulting in numerous instances; and the tendency has lately been 
 towards a decreased size of dose at shorter intervals, which should be lengthened as soon 
 as the drug-effects begin to be manifested. An average adult dose is now placed at 10 
 grains, for children % grain per year of age between 2 and 5, ]/ 2 grain per year from 5 to 
 10; not exceeding 5 grains at a dose for any child under 15 years of age. 
 
 Antipyrine has but little flavor, is not unpleasant, and is therefore readily taken by chil¬ 
 dren, in which respect it is greatly superior to Quinine. It may be administered in com¬ 
 pressed tablets, each having from I to 5 grains;—or in Elixir Aurantii,— say gr. lxxx 
 in 5 iv, of which solution each 3 contains gr. ijss. If vomiting result, the same dose may 
 be dissolved in half its weight of hot water, and injected hypodermically while warm. 
 
 Antipyrine may be decomposed when brought into contact with Nitrous compounds, a 
 new and poisonous substance being supposed to be formed, of uncertain composition, but 
 resembling the Anilin greens. The mixture of this drug with Spiritus Etheris Nitrosi is, 
 therefore, highly dangerous, if this supposed reaction is at all likely to occur. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Antipyrine is a powerful antipyretic, a local anaesthetic, and a general 
 analgesic,—and also possesses diaphoretic, mydriatic, antiseptic, disinfec- 
 
ANTIPYRINA. 
 
 105 
 
 tant, hemostatic and slightly hypnotic powers. After the ingestion of a 
 full medicinal dose, (gr. xxx), there is a stimulant stage of short duration, 
 in which the heart’s action is increased, and a subjective sense of heat is 
 experienced, with flushing of the face. This is soon followed by profuse 
 sweating, coldness of the surface, slowed pulse, considerable depression, 
 and if fever be present by lowered temperature; the latter coming on 
 within half an hour after taking the drug and its degree being in direct 
 ratio to the quantity administered, as also its continuance,—the former 
 being usually from 3 to 5 degrees, and the latter from 1 to 10 hours, a fair 
 average being about 2 hours. In one case a fall of 12 0 F. was observed. 
 
 When given with Kairine, the mixture of the two drugs has been found to produce a 
 much greater fall of temperature, with longer continuance down, than that produced by 
 an equal quantity of either drug given alone. 
 
 After the antipyretic effect of the dose has passed off, the temperature 
 (in fever) commences to rise again,—the onset being usually preceded by 
 a chill, which is of slight degree when compared with the severe rigors 
 and dangerous depression occurring under the action of Kairine, Chino- 
 line, and other members of the group. 
 
 In health its administration gives rise to slight nausea, singing in the 
 ears, and a reduction of the body temperature of scarcely any extent, 
 about F. It slightly raises the arterial tension and blood-pressure ;— 
 sometimes (but seldom) induces vomiting, also a peculiar eruption on the 
 skin;—and (very rarely) such a degree of depression as to amount to 
 collapse. It has no effect upon the respiration, but acts as a sedative 
 upon the cerebrum, leaving behind a somewhat depressant influence on 
 the brain. It dilates the pupils and is eliminated by the kidneys, appear¬ 
 ing in the urine some three hours after its ingestion. The profuse sweat¬ 
 ing which it causes may be prevented by giving in advance a small dose 
 of Atropine or Agaricine. 
 
 In toxic dose its principal influence is exerted upon the blood, altering 
 the shape of the red corpuscles, separating the hematin, and causing 
 decomposition of that fluid. 
 
 As an Antipyretic , Antipyrine, like Alcohol, acts by a double mode of 
 operation,—(1), by diminishing oxidation, and (2) by promoting heat- 
 loss. The latter is attained by dilating the cutaneous vessels, allowing 
 free radiation from the surface, and by the refrigerant action of the evapo¬ 
 ration of the sweat. 
 
 As an Analgesic , Antipyrine has a very considerable degree of power, 
 in common with all the Chinoline derivatives; but its property in this 
 respect is found to act almost entirely upon pain due to manifestations 
 of the rheumatic diathesis. In general anodyne action, it is not to be 
 compared with the derivatives of Opium. Its hemostatic power is 
 claimed to be superior to that of Ergotine. 
 
io6 
 
 APIOL. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 By far the most popular of the modern antipyretics, Antipyrine deserves 
 its rank in professional esteem, being the most certain, the most powerful 
 and the least dangerous;—but devoid of any other influence upon the course 
 of any febrile disorder. Its principal applications are as follows, viz. : — 
 
 In hyperpyrexia from any cause, it is efficient. In acute rheumatism, 
 it has held the first place as a remedy, for some time ; a claim which is 
 now disputed in favor of Salol. In typhoid fever and other febrile con¬ 
 ditions, wherein hyperpyrexia occurs, as phthisis, erysipelas, pleuritis, 
 pneumonia, surgical fever, etc. In neuralgias, neuritis, and other painful 
 affections, especially when of rheumatic origin,—as lumbago, sciatica, 
 hemicrania, supra-orbital neuralgia, etc., in which io-grain doses are gen¬ 
 erally sufficient, and may be given hypodermically. In painful affections 
 of hysterical persons;—pain from cerebral tumors and from cardiac dis¬ 
 eases,—also painful menstruation ;—all of which are often relieved by it. 
 In acute paroxysms of gout, a dose of io grains every two hours, preceded 
 by a commencing dose of 25 grains, promptly relieved the pain and short¬ 
 ened the duration of the attack in one very thoroughly observed and 
 carefully reported case. In chronic gout, very remarkable results are 
 reported from the use of this agent, indicating a specific action thereon 
 of curative character. 
 
 It has seemed to render efficient service in dysmenorrhoea, carbuncle, 
 and cerebro-spinal meningitis; and affords valuable aid in the pyrexia of 
 intermittents, in which stage the slow action of Quinine prevents its 
 availability for immediate relief. 
 
 APIOL (Unofficial),—is a non-volatile, oily liquid, of acid reaction 
 and pungent taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and in glacial 
 acetic acid. It is extracted from the fruit of Petroseli?ium sativum (Pars¬ 
 ley), a biennial plant of the nat ord. Umbelliferae, which also contains a 
 gelatinous substance named Apiin, and a Volatile Oil which is by some 
 considered to be the true emmenagogue principle of the plant. Apiol is 
 probably a mixture of several substances, and as found in commerce is 
 often an impure oleoresin. Dose, rr^iij—x in capsule two or three times a 
 day ; as an emmenagogue, rrpxv in one daily dose. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 In small doses (npiij-v) Apiol is carminative, diuretic, diaphoretic, ex¬ 
 pectorant and stimulant to the circulation. In full doses (rrpxv) it is 
 decidedly emmenagogue and feebly antiperiodic,’ producing headache, 
 tinnitus aurium, intoxication, giddiness, etc., its action generally resem¬ 
 bling that of Quinine. Large doses (npxxx- 5 j) are decidedly narcotic. 
 
 It has had some reputation in intermittents and in malarial neuralgiae, 
 but is most frequently employed in amenorrhcea and dysmenorrhoea, 
 
APOCYNUM—APOMORPHINA. 
 
 107 
 
 being of especial advantage in the amenorrhoea of anaemia, also when 
 the menstrual discharge is fetid. It is becoming fashionable as a supposed 
 abortifacient, but is useless for this purpose, and if freely used may produce 
 decided narcotism, especially if the preparation employed should happen 
 to be an active one. The capsules of Apiol put up in France and sold in 
 this country over the counters of drug-stores to any applicant are gen¬ 
 erally inert; hence cases of poisoning by this drug are seldom observed. 
 They are, however, an important source of revenue to the retailers, as, 
 being “imported” preparations, they command a high price, which is 
 readily paid by gullible women who wish to “bring around their courses.” 
 
 APOCYNUM, Canadian Hemp ,—is the root of Apocynum can- 
 nabinum , an indigenous perennial plant of the nat. ord. Apocynaceae, 
 and inodorous but of bitter, disagreeable taste. It contains a peculiar 
 active principle, Apocynin , also tannic and gallic acids, resin, wax, ca¬ 
 outchouc, etc. Dose of the powdered root, gr. v-xxx. A decoction 
 (Sss to the pint) may be given in doses of 3j - ij thrice daily. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Apocynum is powerfully emetic and cathartic in full doses, also diapho¬ 
 retic, expectorant and sometimes actively diuretic. It lowers the pulse- 
 rate, produces much nausea, and induces drowsiness. It should not be 
 confounded with Indian or American Hemp (Cannabis sativa), which 
 have entirely different qualities. 
 
 The only condition in which Apocynum has proven of much value is 
 dropsy, especially the anasarca of Bright’s disease and ascites, in which 
 15-grain doses are indicated. The active principle, Apocynin, is a good 
 expectorant, in doses of gr. to gr. 
 
 APOMORPHINA, Apomorphine, —is an artificial alkaloid, pre¬ 
 pared from Morphine or Codeine by the action of strong acids or zinc 
 chloride. The Hydrochlorate (C 17 H 17 N 0 2 HC 1 ) is official, and occurs in 
 minute, colorless crystals, odorless, of bitter taste, and neutral or faintly 
 acid reaction ; soluble in 7 of water and 50 of alcohol at 59 0 , F., almost 
 insoluble in ether or chloroform; decomposed by boiling water or boil¬ 
 ing alcohol. 
 
 Dose,gr. to ^ hypodermically, gr. T L- to £ by the mouth. For young children, gr. 
 
 to jL should not be exceeded. Solutions should be fresh when used, and as they alter 
 rapidly by keeping, should have a few drops of hydrochloric acid added to them, to pre¬ 
 vent decomposition. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Apomorphine is a systemic emetic, acting directly on the vomiting 
 centre, and is the quickest, most certain and least irritating of all emetics, 
 acting in from five to twenty minutes with but moderate nausea. In large 
 dose it is very depressant to the heart (gr. T *y having caused death in a 
 
io8 
 
 AQUA. 
 
 weak adult by cardiac failure), and produces paralysis of the motor and 
 sensory nerves, delirium, convulsions, and depression of respiratory 
 power. Small doses (gr. are expectorant. 
 
 The Hydrochlorate is the preparation usually employed, and the only 
 official one. It is the best emetic to use in many cases of poisoning, par¬ 
 ticularly when swallowing is difficult, but is useless in narcotic poisoning 
 after narcosis has blunted the vagus centre. It is a very desirable agent 
 in any case where time is of great importance. 
 
 As an expectorant it is highly recommended but has not yet been much 
 used. In catarrhs the ^ of a grain every 3 hours will prove of great 
 advantage, but it must be used with caution especially in young children, 
 who bear this remedy very badly. 
 
 In hacking coughs without expectoration it has proven a very efficient 
 agent, given in minute doses, gr. N to in the 24 hours. 
 
 AQUA, Water, H 2 0 ,—is natural water, in its purest attainable state, 
 a colorless, limpid liquid, devoid of odor or taste, of neutral reaction, and 
 containing not more than 1 part of fixed impurities in 10,000 parts. 
 Besides entering into the composition of most of the official extracts, fluid 
 extracts, and many other pharmaceutical preparations, from it are pre¬ 
 pared the 13 official Waters (Aquae), and also the official— 
 
 Aqua Destillata, Distilled Water, H 2 0 ,—1000 parts of water are distilled, the first 
 50 parts obtained being thrown away, 800 parts are preserved. It is as near chemically 
 pure water as can be obtained. 
 
 Aqua Carbonata, Carbonated Water, Soda-water, is water highly charged with car¬ 
 bonic acid gas, C 0 2 , the excess of gas being dissolved in the water by pressure, and 
 escaping in bubbles when the pressure is taken off. It was official in the U. S. P., 1870, 
 under the title Aqua Acidi Carbonici, the formula requiring that the water be charged 
 with five times its volume of gas, for which a pressure of five atmospheres is required. 
 The materials usually employed by soda-water manufacturers for producing the gas, are 
 either Sodium Bicarbonate or Marble-dust, and Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Nomenclature 
 
 Aqua Fluvialis, River-water. 
 
 Aqua Pluvialis, Rain-water. 
 
 Aqua Fontana, Spring or Well-water. 
 Aqua Marina, Sea-water. 
 
 Aqua Carbonata, Carbonated Water, Soda 
 Water. 
 
 of Water. 
 
 Aqua Destillata, Distilled Water. 
 Aqua Bulliens, Boiling Water. 
 Aqua Fervens, Hot Water. 
 
 Aqua Communis, Common Water. 
 Balneum Maris, Warm-water Bath. 
 Balneum Vaporis, Vapor Bath. 
 
 Mineral Waters. 
 
 Natural Water differs from Distilled in containing saline and other con¬ 
 stituents in varying proportions,—from common water (Aq. Communis), 
 in which they are so small in quantity as not to alter the taste, color, etc., 
 up to the Sea-water, having 3)^ per cent., and that of the Dead Sea with 
 2^/2 per cent. Spring waters, impregnated with foreign substances so as 
 to have a decided taste and a marked action on the human system, are 
 called Mineral Walers, which may be subdivided into various groups, 
 according to their prevailing constituents, as Carbonated , Alkaline , Saline , 
 Sulphuretted , Silicious, etc. Full analyses of all the principal mineral 
 
AQUA. 
 
 IO9 
 
 waters of Europe and America are given in the United States Dispensa¬ 
 tory , 16th edition, but a few of the most prominent will be mentioned 
 here. 
 
 Carbonated Mineral Waters. 
 
 Selters, Nassau, Germany,.30 cubic inches 
 
 Apollinaris, Nuenahr, Prussia,.47 “ of C 0 2 
 
 Old Sweet Spring, West Virginia,.II “ | to the pint. 
 
 Sweet Chalybeate Spring, Virginia,.13 “ 
 
 These waters are cold, contain generally Carbonates of Calcium, Magnesium and 
 Sodium (in some, Iron), which are held in solution by the excess of Carbonic Acid, also 
 Chlorides of Sodium and Potassium, Sulphates, Phosphates, etc. 
 
 Alkaline Alineral Waters. 
 
 Ems, Germany. 
 Salzbrunn, Germany. 
 Gleickenberg, Austria. 
 Vichy, France. 
 
 Vais, France. 
 
 Bladon Spring, Ala. 
 Congress Spring, Cal. 
 Seltzer Spring, Cal. 
 
 Perry Spring, Ills. 
 
 St. Louis Spring, Mich. 
 Buffalo Lithia Spring, Va. 
 Plot Spring, Va. 
 
 Warm Spring, Va. 
 Berkeley Spring, Va. 
 Bethesda Spring, Wis. 
 Gettysburg Spring, Pa. 
 
 These waters are generally cold, those of Vichy and Ems being warm. They contain 
 a considerable amount of Sodium Carbonate, also Sodium Chloride and Sulphate, and 
 various other Chlorides, Carbonates and Sulphates, with Carbonic Acid gas in varying 
 quantity. Vichy and Vais waters depend for their efficacy almost wholly on the quantity 
 of Sodium Carbonate contained in them, which is for Vichy from 26 to 50 grains and for 
 Vais about 60 grains to the pint. 
 
 Saline Mineral Waters. 
 
 Friedrichshall, Germany. 
 
 Hunyadi Janos, Hungary. 
 Baden-Baden, Germany. 
 Wiesbaden, Germany. 
 
 Carlsbad, Bohemia. 
 
 Pullna, Bohemia. 
 
 Seidlitz, Bohemia. 
 
 Marienbad, Bohemia. 
 
 St. Catherine’s, 
 
 Cheltenham, England. 
 Kissengen, Bavaria. 
 Reichenhall, Bavaria. 
 Adelheidsquelle, Bavaria. 
 Kreutznach, Prussia. 
 Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
 Ballston, N. Y. 
 
 Hot Springs, Arkansas, 
 io, Canada. 
 
 These waters are of more complex composition, the various waters of Saratoga contain¬ 
 ing more than thirty constituent salts. Those usually present are the Sulphates and Car¬ 
 bonates of Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, etc. ( Magnesian waters); Chlorides of Sodium, 
 Potassium and Lithium ( Chlorinated waters); Ferrous salts ( Chalybeate waters ), with 
 Iodine, Bromine, Manganese salts, and Phosphates in some few. Carbonic Acid gas is 
 present in all. Most of them are purgative, some are considered alterative, and many are 
 warm (ioo°-i6o°). 
 
 The most powerful member of the saline group is Hunyadi Janos, which contains about 
 150 grains each of Magnesium and Sodium Sulphates to the pint, and is, therefore, effec¬ 
 tively purgative. Nearly as strong is Pullna water, with 124 grains of Sodium Sulphate 
 and 93 grains of Magnesium Sulphate to the pint. Friedrichshall is less powerful, but 
 perhaps a better aperient water in doses of 6 to 10 fluid ounces. Marienbad contains 
 no Magnesium Sulphate, but has 36 grains of Sodium Sulphate, 9 of Sodium Carbonate, 
 II of Sodium Chloride, and a small quantity of Ferrous Carbonate to the pint; in trans¬ 
 portation, however, it loses its Carbonic Acid and deposits the Iron. It is not aperient in 
 ordinary doses. Carlsbad water contains 20 grains of Sodium Sulphate and 9 each of 
 Sodium Carbonate and Chloride to the pint. The so-called “Carlsbad Salt ” is simply 
 Sodium Sulphate with a trace of the Carbonate. Hartnack gives the following formula 
 for its artificial preparation : Sodium Sulphate loo parts, Sodium Bicarb. 80, Sodium Chlo¬ 
 ride 40; a dessertspoonful in water as a mild saline purgative. These waters are imported 
 into the United States in large quantities, and may be ordered through any druggist. 
 
I IO 
 
 AQUA. 
 
 Sulphurous Mineral Waters. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia. Blue Lick Spring, Ky. 
 
 Bareges, S. France. Sharon Spring, N. Y. 
 
 Eux-Bonnes, S. France. Yellow Sulphur Spring, Va. 
 
 Llandrindod, Wales. White Sulphur Spring, W. Va. 
 
 Harrowgate, England. Salt Lake Warm Springs, Utah. 
 
 These waters all contain Sulphuretted Hydrogen gas, also Carbonic Acid gas and Car¬ 
 bonates, Chlorides and Sulphates of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium ; some¬ 
 times Carbonate and Oxide of Iron, Iodide and Bromide of Sodium. 
 
 Silicious Mineral Waters. 
 
 Hot Springs, Iceland. Geysers of Yellowstone Park. 
 
 The constituents of these waters are chiefly alkaline Silicates. 
 
 Physiological Action of Water. 
 
 Water is an essential constituent of all the tissues of the body, form¬ 
 ing from 0.2 per cent, of the enamel of the teeth to 77 per cent, of the 
 ligaments. In the liquids of the organism it is contained in the propor¬ 
 tions of 78 per cent, of the blood to 93 per cent, of the urine, and 99 
 per cent, of the tears. In moderate quantity it is necessary to digestion, 
 but in large amount it weakens digestion by diluting the gastric juice. 
 Ice-cold water, if freely used, suspends the action of the pepsin, depresses 
 the nerves of the stomach, and lowers its blood supply. The free use of 
 water internally produces increased cutaneous and renal excretion, and 
 promotes the elimination of some of the products of tissue-change, as 
 urea, phosphoric acid, etc. In some subjects it favors the deposition of 
 fat. 
 
 Cold Water applied externally, as by a bath (4o°-6o° F.), abstracts 
 a portion of the body-heat, lowering the surface temperature and depress¬ 
 ing the cutaneous nerves, producing spasmodic breathing and a quick¬ 
 ened pulse. If the temperature of the water is not too low and the 
 bodily vigor is good, reaction soon occurs, and the general effect is tonic 
 to the muscular power, circulation and respiration. If this does not take 
 place a secondary chill occurs, and serious depression may result. 
 
 Warm Water ( 95 °-ioo° F.) applied to the surface of the body, as by 
 baths of water or steam, packing, etc., acts in the opposite manner at 
 first, increasing the circulation in the skin, the rapidity of the pulse and 
 respiration and the body temperature. Rapid tissue-change occurs, the 
 waste products being eliminated chiefly by the skin and the pulmonary 
 mucous membrane. If long-continued, precordial oppression, giddiness 
 and muscular debility are experienced. 
 
 Hot Water (iio°-ii 2 ° F.) at first dilates the vessels of the part to 
 which it is applied, and soon afterwards contracts them. It is a valuable 
 means of relieving congestion and inflammation, and is a most effective 
 hemostatic when the bleeding is from small vessels or of capillary charac- 
 
AQUA. 
 
 I I I 
 
 ter. Whether generally or locally applied it is one of the most reliable 
 means of relieving spasm. 
 
 Hot Vapor applied to the surface accelerates the circulation and pro¬ 
 duces profuse sweating. Its general action is similar to that of warm water. 
 
 Mineral Waters taken internally act chiefly by virtue of the water, 
 partly in accordance with the effects of their various constituents. As 
 baths, their action is doubtless entirely due to their temperature. 
 
 Therapeutics of Water. 
 
 Cold Water or Ice has many external applications of value in the 
 treatment of disease. As a wet pack it is used in tonsillitis, diphtheria 
 and croup. Cold baths are the most effective antipyretic in the high tem¬ 
 perature of fevers, and the cold wet pack is used for the same purpose. 
 Ice or cold water is applied to the head in acute cerebral congestion, and 
 to the spine in chorea, etc .; also locally in hemorrhoids, bubo, orchitis, 
 and to the uterus in post-partum hemorrhage. Cold affusion to the body 
 is employed as a preventive of spasmodic croup, as well as to lessen the 
 tendency to taking cold. 
 
 Hot Water externally as fomentations, hot wet pack, baths, etc., is 
 most effective in reducing local congestion and setting up resolution of 
 local inflammation. Hot fomentations to the renal region are useful in 
 functional inactivity of the kidneys. The hot spinal douche is used in 
 affections of the spinal cord and meninges, and in the backache of women. 
 The hot wet pack is highly esteemed in inflammations of the chest organs, 
 and hot injections for chronic inflammation of the uterus. Hot water 
 dressings for wounds are strongly recommended by many high surgical 
 authorities. Vapor and Turkish baths are used as diaphoretics in advanced 
 kidney disease, in acute and chronic rheumatism, mineral poisoning, and 
 syphilis. Warm baths, with cold applications to the head, are esteemed 
 as of value in infantile convulsions and chorea. 
 
 Internally, water is chiefly of value as a diuretic, and if hot as a dia¬ 
 phoretic. A glass of cold water before breakfast daily is often an effective 
 means of overcoming constipation, while the drinking of hot water an 
 hour before each meal has been of great value to many dyspeptics. The 
 value of the popular teas in chronic diseases is almost entirely due to the 
 diluent, diuretic and diaphoretic actions of the hot water used. 
 
 Carbonated Water, or “ Soda-water,” as it is popularly called, is 
 employed as a grateful beverage in hot weather, being flavored with various 
 syrups. It is also an agent of great value for febrile cases, as it allays thirst, 
 lessens nausea, and promotes the secretion of urine. It forms an excellent 
 vehicle for the administration of the saline cathartics, especially Magne¬ 
 sium Sulphate, and of the various carbonates. It is one of the numerous 
 agents which have been found efficacious in the vomiting of pregnancy. 
 
I 12 
 
 ARGENTUM. 
 
 Therapeutics of the Mineral Waters. 
 
 An undue value is placed by the laity and interested proprietors on the 
 medicinal value of mineral waters, causing the various localities of the 
 best advertised springs to become resorts for invalids and idlers from every 
 civilized country. The benefit derived is in most instances due to the 
 change of climate and scene, freedom from home cares and business worry, 
 regularity of life and diet, drinking of water in quantity, and in many 
 cases the substitution of water for alcoholic beverages. In order to get 
 the worth of their money, people will gladly submit to rigid hygienic and 
 dietetic restrictions at a watering-place which they would totally ignore 
 at home. The same may be said of the treatment at the so-called 
 “ hydropathic” or “ water-cure ” establishments. As a rule, those springs 
 will prove of most value which are furthest removed from the patient’s 
 residence, for “ distance lends enchantment ” in these matters as well as 
 in many others. Invalids whose homes are in the vicinity of some 
 wonder-working spring will not usually derive much benefit from its water, 
 but will by that of another spring, similar in constituents, but located 
 several hundred miles away. 
 
 The principal affections in which mineral waters are esteemed most 
 highly are the following: dyspepsia, cirrhosis of the liver, gout, rheu¬ 
 matism, lithiasis, diabetes of hepatic origin, constipation, strumous 
 disorders, obesity, plethora of the pelvic organs, hypochondriasis, skin 
 diseases, especially those dependent on gastric derangement, phthisis, 
 constitutional syphilis, metallic poisoning, etc., in all of which the influ¬ 
 ences above mentioned are especially efficacious, and are no doubt the 
 chief factors in producing any benefit which maybe attainable. Aperient 
 and purgative waters are useful in many cases where a prejudice exists 
 against purgative medicine, but none against the same agents in a natural 
 water. The strong saline-aperient waters, as Carlsbad, Hunyadi, Fried- 
 richshall, etc., have considerable repute in the treatment of the uric-acid 
 diathesis and calculous affections, and the waters of St. Catherine’s Wells 
 are credited with decided influence upon local and chronic rheumatism. 
 
 The special therapeutics of mineral waters are to be found in this volume under the 
 heads of their principal constituents, as Sodium Chloride, Sodium Sulphate, Magnesium 
 Sulphate, etc., also in the therapeutical part of the work. 
 
 ARGENTUM, Silver, Ag,—is represented by the following four 
 official salts, viz.: — 
 
 Compounds of Silver and their Preparations. 
 
 Argenti Nitras , Nitrate of Silver, AgN 0 3 ,—occurs in colorless rhombic crystals, of 
 bitter caustic taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 0.8 of water and 25 of alcohol at 59 0 F. 
 Is best given in pill or distilled water; never with tannin or a vegetable extract, lest an 
 explosive compound result. Dose, gr. Ye-fz ,—if watched, up to gr. j may be given. 
 When melted with 4 per cent, of Hydrochloric Acid, it makes— 
 
 Argenti Nitras Pusus, Moulded Nitrate of Silver, Lunar Caustic,—for local use as a 
 
ARGENTUM. 
 
 I 13 
 
 mild caustic and an astringent. Argenti Nitras Dilutus, Diluted Nitrate of Silver, Miti¬ 
 gated Stick,—is the same melted with an equal weight of Potassium Nitrate. Is used 
 locally by ophthalmologists. 
 
 Argenti Cyanidum , Cyanide of Silver, AgCN,—has no medicinal use except for the 
 extemporaneous preparation of Hydrocyanic Acid. (See ante , page 67.) 
 
 Argenti Iodidum, Iodide of Silver, Agl,—a greenish yellow powder insoluble in water 
 or alcohol. Is used instead of the nitrate internally, as it is supposed not to discolor the 
 skin. Dose, gr. %-) in pill. 
 
 Argenti Oxidum , Oxide of Silver, Ag 2 0 ,—a brownish black powder, nearly insoluble 
 in water and insoluble in alcohol. It should not be triturated with readily oxidizable or 
 combustible substances, and should not be brought into contact with ammonia. Dose, gr. 
 y z -ij in pill. Is not dangerous. 
 
 All the silver salts should be protected from light in dark amber-colored vials. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Nitrate of Silver is a powerful astringent and a limited escharotic. 
 Applied to the skin or mucous membrane it combines with the albumen 
 of the tissue, excites superficial inflammation, which is soon followed by 
 an altered condition of the part, and stains the same black under the 
 influence of light. The stains may be removed by washing with a strong 
 solution of Potassium Cyanide. Given internally in small doses it 
 increases secretion, stimulates the heart, promotes nutrition, and acts as 
 a nerve tonic. Its continued use produces symptoms which are collec¬ 
 tively termed Argyria, and are as follows: gastro-intestinal catarrh, 
 tissue waste, uraemia, albuminuria, fatty degeneration of the heart, liver 
 and kidneys, hemorrhages, fluidity of the blood, a slate-colored line 
 along the margin of the gums, and a similar discoloration of the skin 
 and mucous membranes, with centric impairment of the nervous system 
 producing paralysis on a large scale, loss of coordination power, convul¬ 
 sions, and finally death by paralysis of respiration. Large doses produce 
 violent gastro-enteritis, also ulcer of the stomach from thrombosis of its 
 veins, and destruction of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. 
 
 The Iodide and Oxide are sometimes used to produce the same con¬ 
 stitutional effects, they being supposed not to discolor the skin, but this 
 has been found to be fallacious. The oxide is much the least irritant of 
 the silver salts. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Common Salt freely used is the antidote, precipitating the insoluble chloride of silver 
 and acting as an emetic. The nitrate is exceedingly sensitive to organic material and 
 light, which decompose it readily. Incompatibles are all the soluble chlorides (hence it 
 should be used in distilled water), most of the mineral acids and their salts, alkalies and 
 their carbonates, lime water and astringeut infusions. 
 
 A course of silver medication should be regulated by suspending the remedy after 5 
 or 6 weeks’ use, and then promoting elimination by purgatives, diuretics and baths. To 
 prevent the general discoloration Potassium Iodide should be given conjointly with the 
 silver, and baths of Sodium Hyposulphite used frequently. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Locally the Nitrate is much used as a stimulant application, an astrin¬ 
 gent, a caustic, an alterative and an antiphlogistic. To ulcers and in 
 throat affections the solid stick may be used, but solutions of various 
 8 
 
ARNICA. 
 
 I 14 
 
 strengths from gr. j to gr. xl to the 3 are much better. The mildest 
 solutions are employed in conjunctivitis (never over the cornea), the 
 stronger in throat and mouth affections, and the strongest in lupus, ery¬ 
 sipelas and other skin diseases. A solution in Nitrous Ether (gr. xl to 
 the 3) is said to abort superficial inflammations if applied early to the 
 neighboring integument, and in erysipelas a solution of gr. xx to the 3 
 is often used over the inflamed surface and beyond, after careful washing 
 and drying, in the hope of preventing the extension of the disease, which 
 it will not do. The mucous membranes of the conjunctiva, fauces, 
 larnyx, urethra, bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum, have all been sub¬ 
 jected to the local action of this salt. 
 
 Internally the silver salts are used in dyspepsia with vomiting of yeasty 
 fluid, chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer, dysentery of chronic type, espe¬ 
 cially if rectal ulcer (the Nitrate internally and by enema), the diarrhoea 
 of phthisis and typhoid fever (Nitrate with Opium), chronic spinal in¬ 
 flammations causing locomotor ataxia or paraplegia, and epilepsy, in the 
 latter affection the Nitrate having occasionally given good results. 
 
 The Oxide has been used internally for gastric neuralgia, irritative 
 dyspepsia, pyrosis, gastric and pulmonary hemorrhages, and menorrhagia. 
 The Iodide is used to obtain the constitutional effects of silver, but has 
 no advantage over the other preparations. 
 
 ARNICA ,—is the plant Arnica monta?ia or Leopard’s Bane, a peren¬ 
 nial of the nat. ord. Compositse, indigenous to the mountains of Northern 
 Europe and Siberia, and said to have been also found in the mountains 
 about the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. It has large 
 orange-yellow flowers, and a small, curved rhizome with several rootlets. 
 Both the flowers and the root are official. Its most important constituent 
 is Trimethyl amine, C 3 H y N, an ammoniacal alkaloidal principle which is 
 probably the active ingredient. It also contains Arnicin, Inulin, Capro- 
 nic and Capiylic Acids, tannin, mucilage, resins, and two essential oils, 
 one of which exists in the flowers, the other in the root. 
 
 Arnic^e Flores, Arnica Flowers,—the flower-heads of Arnica i?iontana, 
 large, yellow, having 14 to 16 strap-shaped florets in the ray, twice as 
 long as the disk, which consists of numerous tubular florets. The odor is 
 feebly aromatic, the taste bitter and acrid. Used in Tincture and Infusion. 
 
 Arnioe Radix, Arnica Root,—the rhizome and rootlets of Arnica 
 montana , is about 2 inches long and to inch thick, externally brown 
 and rough from leaf-scars, internally whitish, with a thick bark contain¬ 
 ing a circle of resin-cells and a large, spongy pith. Odor somewhat aro¬ 
 matic, taste pungent, aromatic and bitter. Resembles Valerian, which is 
 distinguished by its smell; Serpeniaria, which has many contorted root¬ 
 lets ; and Veratrum Viride, which has thicker rootlets. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
ARNICA. 
 
 I 15 
 
 Preparations of the Floivers. 
 
 Tinctura Arnicce Florum ,—20 per cent. Dose, rrpv-xxx. 
 
 Infusion Arnicce (Unofficial),—Arnica flowers 20 in 100 parts of water, is thought by 
 many observers to be the best form for local use, as it does not excite dermatitis, probably 
 from containing none of the Volatile Oil, or the insoluble principle Arnicin. 
 
 Preparations of the Root. 
 
 Extractum Arnicce Radicis, —Dose, gr. j-iij. 
 
 Extractum Arnicce Radicis Fluidum ,—Dose, ir^v-xx. 
 
 Tinctura Arnicce Radicis ,—10 per cent. Dose, TT^v-xxx. 
 
 Emplaslrum Arnicce , — contains Extract of Arnica Root 50 parts to 100 of Lead 
 Plaster. 
 
 Derivative. 
 
 Trimethylamina, Trimethylamine, C 3 H 9 N (Unofficial),—is a thin, colorless, strongly 
 alkaline liquid, boiling at 50° F., and at ordinary temperatures is a colorless, inflammable 
 gas. The Hydrochlorate is the most stable salt, crystallizing in white or colorless prisms, 
 nearly odorless, of pungent taste, very deliquescent, and freely soluble in water and in 
 alcohol. Dose, gr. ij-iij in syrup every 2 hours. 
 
 Trimethylamine has been obtained from Arnica flowers and those of several other 
 plants, from Ergot, Hops, Codeine, Cod-liver Oil, and decomposing albuminous sub¬ 
 stances, such as human urine, herring-pickle, and the residue left in making sugar from 
 beets. It is sometimes incorrectly named Propylamine, a term also applied to an impure 
 trimethylamine, but in reality an allied and isomeric compound. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Arnica is irritant, stimulant, depressant, antipyretic, diuretic and vul¬ 
 nerary. It irritates the gastro-intestinal tract, and in some persons the 
 local use of an alcoholic preparation of the flowers will excite erysipela¬ 
 tous inflammation of the skin, though those of the root have not been 
 observed to do so. In small doses internally it increases the action of the 
 heart, raises the arterial tension and stimulates the action of the skin and 
 the kidneys. Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed by 
 depression of the circulation, respiration, and nerve-centres; headache, 
 unconsciousness, and even convulsions being induced, the body-tempera¬ 
 ture lowered, the pupils dilated, and muscular paresis produced. A toxic 
 dose paralyzes the nervous systems of animal and organic life, causing 
 collapse and death. 
 
 Trimethylamine is an active escharotic and a gastro-intestinal irritant. 
 It lowers the rate and force of the heart, decreases the body-temperature, 
 and diminishes (though sometimes increases) the excretion of urea. The 
 Hydrochlorate is a powerful antipyretic in doses of gr. ij every 3 hours. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Arnica is a popular remedy with those who patronize the so-called 
 homoeopathic school of practice, but like many other agents which the 
 homceopathists claim to have given to medicine, it is a remedy much 
 older than homoeopathy, and was investigated originally by regular physi¬ 
 cians, notably by Van der Kolk in the sphere of mental affections. 
 
 Externally, the tincture in water has a popular reputation in sprains, 
 bruises, etc., though an infusion is better for local use. Ecchymoses are 
 
ARSENIUM. 
 
 116 
 
 rapidly dispersed by its administration internally as well as externally; 
 and, in internal bruises from shocks or concussions, its internal use has 
 proven very efficacious. The aqueous preparation locally promotes the 
 rapid union of cut surfaces. 
 
 Internally, besides its value as noted above, Arnica is undoubtedly 
 effectively employed in typhus and typhoid fevers as a stimulant and 
 antipyretic, also in delirium tremens, rheumatism and rheumatic gout, 
 hemorrhages, epistaxis, haemoptysis, amaurosis, concussion of the brain, 
 chronic dysentery, and paralysis of the bladder. 
 
 In idiopathic mania, after the first excitement has diminished, Arnica, 
 in aqueous preparation internally, has given great satisfaction. It has 
 often checked an exhausting diarrhoea after many other remedies have 
 failed. 
 
 Trimethylamine has been found useful in acute rheumatism and gout, 
 relieving pain, reducing temperature, and diminishing the frequency of 
 the pulse. In chronic rheumatism, as a limiment (i to 3 of Glycerin), 
 it is said to give relief equal to that produced by any anodyne. It has 
 also been used with benefit in chorea, moderating the spasmodic move¬ 
 ments when not suspending them entirely. 
 
 ARSENIUM, Arsenic, As.—The metal Arsenic is not used in 
 medicine, but is represented by one of its Oxides, a salt of another Oxide, 
 and the Iodide, which are official; together with four preparations of 
 these compounds, or of their salts, viz. :— 
 
 Arsenic Compounds and their Preparations. 
 
 Acidum Arseniosum , Arsenious Acid, Arsenious Oxide, White Arsenic, As 2 0 3 ,—is a 
 heavy, white solid, occurring as an opaque powder, or in semi transparent masses having 
 usually a striated appearance, soluble in 30 to 80 of water at 59 0 F., the solubility varying 
 with its physical condition, also soluble in 15 of boiling water, in alkalies and their carbo¬ 
 nates, hydrochloric acid and in glycerin. It is volatilized at 424.5 0 F., without melting, 
 and when thrown on ignited charcoal it emits an alliaceous odor. Arsenious Acid is 
 obtained by roasting native arsenides, and condensing the fumes in a long horizontal 
 chimney. Dose, gr. to y 1 ^. 
 
 Liquor Acidi Arseniosi, Solution of Arsenious Acid (Liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus, 
 B. P.), is a 1 per cent, solution of Arsenious Acid in Hydrochloric Acid and Distilled 
 Water. Dose, rrpij-x. 
 
 Liquor Potassii Arsenilis, Solution of Arsenite of Potassium, Fowler’s Solution,—is 
 prepared by boiling together Arsenious Acid 1, Bicarbonate of Potassium I, and Distilled 
 Water 10; then adding Compound Tincture of Lavender 3, and Distilled Water up to 
 100 parts. Dose, rrpij-x. 
 
 Sodii Arsenias, Arseniate of Sodium, Na 2 HAs 0 4 . 7 H 2 0 ,.—is a salt of the second oxide, 
 Arsenic Acid, As 2 0 5 . It is in colorless, prismatic crystals, of feebly alkaline taste and a 
 faintly alkaline reaction, soluble in 4 of water at 59 0 F., very soluble in boiling water, 
 hardly soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. y g -|; of the dried salt, gr. yy-yV 
 
 Liquor Sodii Arseniatis, Solution of Arseniate of Sodium, Pearson’s Solution,—has of 
 the Arseniate dried 1 part in 100 of Distilled Water. Dose, Tipij-xv. 
 
 Arsenii Iodidtim, Iodide of Arsenic, Asl 3 ,—in glossy, orange-red, crystalline masses 
 or scales, gradually losing iodine by exposure to the air, soluble in 3^ of water and in 
 10 of alcohol at 50° F., is gradually decomposed by boiling water and by boiling alcohol, 
 and is completely volatilized by heat. Dose, gr. Aj~ s'. 
 
ARSENIUM. 
 
 ii 7 
 
 Liquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri lodidi, Solution of Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury, 
 Donovan’s Solution,—has of Iodide of Arsenic I, Red Iodide of Mercury i, in ioo parts 
 of Distilled Water. Dose, rr^ij-x. 
 
 Unofficial Salts of Arsenious Acid. 
 
 Cupri Arsenis , Arsenite of Copper,—occurs in the various cupro-arsenical pigments, 
 Scheele’s green, Mineral green, Paris green, etc., used for wall-paper coloring, and as 
 insect poison. It is highly poisonous. 
 
 Arsenii Bromidum, Bromide of Arsenic. Liquor Bromi Arsenitis, Solution of the 
 Arsenite of Bromine, Clemen’s Solution. Dose, rtpj-v, in water, twice daily after meals. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Arsenious Acid, when applied to the skin denuded of its epidermis, 
 acts as a painful escharotic, producing violent inflammation and resulting 
 in a slough which forms a barrier to its absorption. If applied in dilute 
 solution over a large surface, it will be absorbed, and may produce the 
 systemic effects to be described. 
 
 In small doses it is a stomachic and general tonic, promoting the 
 appetite and digestion, increasing the cardiac action, the respiratory 
 power, and the intestinal secretions,—stimulating peristalsis, exalting 
 mental activity and the sexual appetite, and producing a fair skin and a 
 rotund form. When tolerance of the drug is established, large doses are 
 used with impunity, as by the arsenic-eaters of Styria, who can swallow 
 at once as much as 5 grains with safety. They are careful, however, not 
 to take any water into the stomach at the same time, so that the dose is 
 slowly absorbed, and probably eliminated rapidly. Not all those who 
 begin its use can acquire tolerance of it, but those who do so seem to 
 continue it without injury, and live to an old age, undergoing great 
 exertion without exhaustion, and being enabled to ascend steep moun¬ 
 tains without difficulty of respiration. 
 
 In full medicinal doses , continued for some time, it causes itching and 
 oedema of the eyelids, ptyalism, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea or dysen¬ 
 tery, epigastric pain and soreness, feeble and irritable heart, dyspnoea, 
 disordered sensibility, herpes zoster, urticaria, eczema and other skin 
 eruptions, jaundice and albuminuria. 
 
 In large doses , it is a powerful irritant to the gastro-intestinal and 
 bronchial mucous membranes. Toxic doses may produce either symptoms 
 of gastro-enteritis, or those of profoundly narcotic character. In the 
 first and most usual form of acute arsenical poisoning, there is burning 
 pain in the throat and stomach extending over the abdomen, vomiting, 
 thirst, bloody stools, strangury, suppressed, albuminous or bloody urine, 
 rapid and feeble heart, great anxiety, cold breath, finally exhaustion and 
 collapse,—a group of symptoms much resembling cholera. Autopsy shows 
 erosions, ecchymoses, and softening of the gastro-intestinal mucous mem¬ 
 brane, congestion of the lungs and bronchi, and fatty degeneration of the 
 liver, kidneys and cardiac muscle. The poison is found in the urine, 
 
118 
 
 ARSENIUM. 
 
 saliva, tears, sweat, etc., and maybe detected even in the parenchymatous 
 tissues. In the nervous form of poisoning by Arsenic, profound coma and 
 insensibility come on suddenly without any gastro-intestinal symptoms. 
 
 Arsenical preparations are generally classed as alteratives, but they are 
 valuable tonics and antiseptics, and possess antiperiodic powers second 
 only to those of Quinine. 
 
 Chrotiic Arsenical Poisoning may occur from the inhalation of arsenical 
 vapors or dust arising from wall-papers or other substances containing the 
 poison. The quantity necessary to produce symptoms of poisoning 
 when inhaled seems to be very small. The most prominent symptoms 
 are, at first increased appetite, next colicky pains, mucous or dysenteric 
 stools, irritation of the eyes, coryza, a short, dry cough, and a white and 
 silvery tongue, all accompanied by great bodily prostration. 
 
 To avoid arsenical poisoning during a course of the drug, full doses 
 (up x of Fowler’s Solution) should be used at the commencement, and 
 always taken on a full stomach. The dose should then be steadily re¬ 
 duced. Susceptible persons often tolerate it better if a few drops of 
 Tinctura Opii are administered with each dose. 
 
 • Antidotes and Incompatibles. 
 
 Poisoning by Arsenic is treated by prompt evacuation of the stomach, and washing it 
 by means of the stomach pump, then Magnesia, Chalk and Lime-water freely, or better 
 still, the chemical antidote to Arsenic in solution, viz., the Hydrated Oxide of Iron, 
 freshly precipitated and in a soft magma, in the proportion of gr. viij for each grain of the 
 poison ingested. (See Ferri Oxidum Hydratum for the preparation of this antidote.) 
 Oil or mucilaginous drinks should be given to protect the mucous membranes, and di¬ 
 luents, alkaline mineral waters or Iodide of Potassium to promote elimination. Dialyzed 
 Iron has been shown to be quite efficient as an antidote, and is more easily obtained 
 than the hydrated oxide. It has rendered good service in many cases of poisoning from 
 inhalation of arsenical fumes. 
 
 Incompatibles are salts of iron, magnesia and lime, and astringents. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Externally, Arsenic has been employed in the form of paste as a depila¬ 
 tory, and as an escharotic in cancers, but is excessively painful. Most of 
 the secret “ cancer-cures ” have arsenious acid for their basis. Internally, 
 it is used as a tonic and astringent to the intestinal canal, as a tonic and 
 antispasmodic in nervous diseases, and for its action on tissue change. It 
 is of especial value in irritative dyspepsia, gastralgia, pyrosis, gastric 
 ulcer or cancer, regurgitation of food without nausea, diarrhoea coming 
 on immediately after taking food, vomiting of drunkards and chronic 
 alcoholism. It has proven of signal service in the commencement of 
 phthisis, and in catarrhal pneumonia, probably by causing fatty degen¬ 
 eration of the exudation in the alveolar cavities, thus breaking it up and 
 quickening its absorption. It is often very serviceable in chronic bron¬ 
 chitis with copious expectoration, in acute catarrh, hay-fever, whooping- 
 cough, asthma, chorea, epilepsy, angina pectoris and other spasmodic 
 
ASAFCETIDA. 
 
 I 19 
 
 nervous disorders. In many forms of neuralgia, it often gives prompt 
 and permanent relief, especially in cases due to malarial poisoning. As 
 an antiperiodic, it has high rank, being, however, of particular value in 
 chronic malarial poisoning, and as an adjunct to Quinine in the intervals 
 between the paroxysms of intermittents. Anaemia and chlorosis are re¬ 
 markably benefited by it, and in rheumatic arthritis and chronic rheuma¬ 
 tism it is sometimes of great service. In chronic scaly and papular skin 
 diseases its value is very great, but it is not serviceable in acute forms, 
 and the more chronic the cutaneous affection the more likely is it to be 
 amenable to Arsenic. Epithelioma may be retarded by small doses long 
 continued, and it has certainly been useful in delaying the progress of 
 other cancers, particularly scirrhus of the stomach and uterine carcinoma. 
 Hypodermically its solutions have been extremely efficient in histrionic 
 spasm, local chorea of the head and neck, obstinate cases of general 
 chorea, and in lymphadenoma. 
 
 The Bromide of Arsenic is much in favor, in the form of Clemen’s 
 Solution, as a remedy for diabetes of hepatic origin. 
 
 ASAFCETIDA, Asafetida, — a gum-resin obtained by incision 
 from the living root of Ferula Narlhex and Ferula Scorodosma, peren¬ 
 nial herbs of the nat. ord. Umbelliferae, and natives of Persia and 
 Afghanistan. It occurs in whitish tears embedded in a grayish sticky 
 mass, of alliaceous odor and taste, soluble in alcohol to at least 60 per 
 cent., and triturated with water it yields a milk-white emulsion. Its 
 principal constituent is a Sulphuretted Volatile Oil, consisting chiefly of 
 Sulphide of Allyl, C 6 H 10 S; it also contains a gum and a resin, with 
 ferulaic, malic, acetic, formic and valerianic acids. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Asafcetidce, —strength 20 per cent. Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Mistura Asafcetidce ,— a watery emulsion of strength 4 per cent. Dose, ^ss-^ ij. 
 
 Emplastrum Asafcetidce ,—Asafetida 35, Lead Plaster 35, Galbanum 15, Yellow Wax 
 15, and Alcohol 120 parts. 
 
 Pilulce Asafcetidce ,—each has gr. iij with gr. j of Soap. Dose. j-iv. 
 
 Pilulce Aloes et Asafcetidce ,—each has gr. iff of each ingredient. 
 
 Pilulce Galbani Coinpositce, —each has gr. of Asafetida, and gr. jss each of Gal¬ 
 banum and Myrrh, with syrup. Dose, j-iv pills. 
 
 Mistura Magnesia et Asafcetidce , Dewees’ Carminative,—Magnesium Carbonate 5, 
 Tinct. Asaf. 7, Tinct. Opii 1, Sugar 10, Aqua Dest. q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose, ^ss-^ss. 
 
 Spiritus Afnmonice Fcetidus (Unofficial),—Asafetida 1 1 / 2 , Liquor Ammonise Fortior 2, 
 Spirit 20 parts. Dose, gss-j. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Asafetida is a powerful antispasmodic, a stimulant to the brain and 
 nervous system, a stimulating expectorant, also tonic, laxative, diuretic, 
 diaphoretic, emmenagogue, aphrodisiac and anthelmintic in action. Its 
 odor and taste are extremely nauseous and persistent. 
 
120 
 
 ASCLEPIAS. 
 
 In small doses continued it is said to cause impaired digestion, alliace¬ 
 ous eructations, acrid sensation in the fauces, gastralgia, flatulent disten¬ 
 tion, fetid flatulence, burning urination, diarrhoea and tenesmus. Full 
 doses produce various nervous or hysterical phenomena, with nausea, 
 vomiting and purging. 
 
 The Volatile Oil diffuses into the blood and tissues, and is excreted in 
 the urine, sweat, breath, etc. By its action the circulation is stimulated, 
 the arterial tension raised, the power of the cardiac motor ganglia is 
 increased and the inhibition relaxed. Asafetida also stimulates the brain 
 even to a very pleasant intoxication, and produces a subjective sensation 
 of warmth without any rise of body temperature. It stimulates the 
 nervous system, the secretions and excretions, the menstrual flow and the 
 sexual appetite. In Asia it is used as a condiment with food, and though 
 at first it is extremely nauseous to most people, a taste for it may be 
 readily acquired. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The disgust which is generally felt for this remedy makes its use very 
 restricted, though a valuable medicine. The Mixture is extremely service¬ 
 able in the flatulent colic of infants, and as an enema in infantile con¬ 
 vulsions. There is no better remedy in hysteria and hypochondriasis 
 with indigestion and flatulence,—in constipation with amenorrhoea of 
 anaemic subjects, due to ovarian and intestinal torpor,—in bronchial 
 affections, cough of habit, chronic catarrhs, and flatulent indigestion. 
 
 ASCLEPIAS, Pleurisy Root, —is the root of Asclepias tuberosa , 
 a plant of the nat. ord, Asclepiadaceae and a native of the Eastern and 
 Southern States. Two other species of Asclepias are used in medicine 
 and were formerly official. There are no official preparations, but a fluid 
 extract is in the market, the dose of which is about 5j every four hours. 
 An infusion or decoction may be made in the proportion of 5 j of the 
 powdered root to a quart of water, and given in teacupful doses every 2 
 or 3 hours. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Asclepias contains two resins, a peculiar principle, tannic and gallic 
 acids, albumen, pectin, gum, various salts and a volatile, odorous, fatty 
 matter. It is emetic and cathartic in full doses, also diaphoretic and 
 expectorant, as well as depressant to the action of the heart, and prob¬ 
 ably slightly sedative and astringent. It is a popular remedy in the 
 Southern States for pleurisy (hence its common name), and has been used 
 in medicine for catarrh, pneumonia, phthisis, diarrhoea, dysentery, rheu¬ 
 matism, gastralgia, and to promote the eruption in exanthematous fevers. 
 It is undoubtedly a powerful diaphoretic. 
 
ASPIDIUM-AURANTIUM. 
 
 I 2 I 
 
 ASPIDIUM,—is the rhizome of Aspidium Filix-mas (Male Fern) 
 and of Aspidium marginale (Marginal Shield Fern), plants of the nat. 
 ord. Filices, the former found in most parts of the world, the latter indi¬ 
 genous to N. America. It is 3 to 6 inches long, thick, scaly, having 
 fibro-vascular bundles within, arranged in an interrupted circle; odor 
 slight but disagreeable, taste sweetish and bitter, astringent and nauseous. 
 The above principle is Filicic Acid, C u H 18 0 5 , which is extracted in the 
 oleo-resin. It also contains a green, fatty oil, a volatile oil, resin, tannin, 
 etc. Dose, 3 ss- 5 jss in a single dose fasting, or in divided doses at short 
 intervals, followed by a purgative. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Oleoresina Aspidii ,—is an ethereal extract and deposits Filicic Acid on standing. It 
 should be well shaken before being used. Dose, gss-^j, in capsules, repeated every 
 3 hours for 2 or 3 doses. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Aspidium is an efficient vermicide against tape-worm, particularly the 
 unarmed variety (Bothriocephalus latus). The oleoresin is the best form 
 in which to use it, the patient having fasted for the previous day, or only 
 used a milk diet, 5 j may then be given in 4 doses hour apart. This 
 may be repeated the next morning and followed by three drops of croton 
 oil in emulsion. This is one of many methods. Brayera (Kousso) may 
 be combined with it advantageously. A formula for a mixed treatment 
 by Aspidium, Pomegranate and Pumpkin-seed is given under the title 
 Granatum. 
 
 AURANTIUM, Orange ,—occurs in two official varieties of fruit 
 * and flowers, viz., those of Citrus vulgaris , the Bitter Orange, and Citrus 
 Aurantium , the Sweet or Portugal Orange, both trees of the nat. ord. 
 Aurantiaceae, cultivated in almost all warm climates. Other varieties are 
 described under Limon. The official titles are— 
 
 Aurantii Amari Cortex, Bitter Orange Peel,—the rind of the fruit 
 of Citrus Vulgaris , characteristics well known. Contains a Volatile Oil 
 isomeric with Oil of Turpentine, C 10 H 16 , and a bitter, crystalline principle, 
 Hesperidin or Aurantiin. 
 
 Aurantii Dulcis Cortex, Sweet Orange Peel,—is the rind of the 
 fruit of Citrus Aurantium. It contains a Volatile Oil differing from that 
 of the bitter orange, and less of the bitter principle. 
 
 Aurantii Flores, Orange Flowers,—the partly expanded fresh flowers 
 of Citrus vulgaris and Citrus Aurantium. They contain an aromatic 
 Volatile Oil (the official Oleum Aurantii Florum), and a trace of bitter 
 principle. 
 
122 
 
 AURUM. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Aurantii Amari Fluidum ,—Bitter Orange Peel ioo, Alcohol and Water. 
 Used as flavoring. Dose, ^ss-j. 
 
 Tinctura Aurantii Amari ,—Bitter Orange Peel 20, Diluted Alcohol q. s. ad ioo. A 
 flavoring preparation. Dose, sjj-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis, —Sweet Orange Peel 20, Diluted Alcohol q. s. ad ioo. For 
 flavoring. Dose, ^j-ij. 
 
 Syrupus Aurantii ,—Sweet Orange Peel 5, Alcohol 5, Calcii Phosphas Praecip. 1, Sugar 
 60, Water q. s. ad ioo. Flavoring. 
 
 Oleum Aurantii Corticis ,—a volatile oil, extracted by mechanical means from fresh 
 orange peel. Is soluble in 2 of alcohol, and is an ingredient of Bay Rum (Sp. Myrciae). 
 Dose, gtt. j-v. 
 
 Elixir Aurantii , Simple Elixir,—Oil of Orange Peel I, Sugar 100, Alcohol and Water 
 q. s. ad 300. An excipient for extracts and tinctures, designated to replace the unofficial 
 elixirs. 
 
 Spiritus Aurantii ,—Oil of Orange Peel 6, Alcohol 94 parts. Dose, to be regulated by 
 the quantity of alcohol desired. 
 
 Aqua Aurantii Florum , Recent Orange Flowers 40, Water 200 parts distilled to ioo 
 parts. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Oleum Aurantii Florum , Oil of Neroli,—a volatile oil, distilled from fresh orange 
 flowers. Is the most important constituent of Cologne Water (Spt. Odoratus). Dose, 
 gtt. j-v. 
 
 Syrupus Aurantii Florum , Orange-flower Water 35, Sugar 65. A delicate flavoring 
 agent, but having to some persons an extremely sickish taste. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Orange is aromatic and tonic, also more or less bitter, but has little 
 action except a mild influence on the nervous system due to its volatile 
 oil. Persons much exposed to its fumes are liable to cutaneous eruptions 
 and various nervous disorders. The oil may produce violent colic and 
 convulsions in children, one case being reported in which death resulted 
 from eating the rind. Its use in medicine is confined to flavoring pur¬ 
 poses, though the preparations of the Bitter Orange may be used as mild 
 tonics and stimulants to the digestion, but they are usually combined with 
 more energetic agents for these purposes. 
 
 AURUM, Gold, Au,—is represented by but one official preparation. 
 The Chloride is found in the shops, being much used by photographers ; 
 and triturations of the metal itself may be prepared according to the 
 general formula therefor. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Auri et Sodii Chloridum ,—is a mixture composed of equal parts of dry Chloride of 
 Gold and Chloride of Sodium, AuC 1 3 4- NaCl. An orange-colored powder, soluble in 
 water. Dose, gr 
 
 Auri Chloridum (Unofficial),—occurs in needle-shaped prisms, of an orange-yellow 
 color, deliquescent, freely soluble in water. Dose, gr. •sWir- Is best given in solution. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Locally used the Chloride of Gold is escharotic ; administered inter¬ 
 nally its action closely resembles that of the Bichloride of Mercury. In 
 small doses, it promotes appetite and digestion, and stimulates the func¬ 
 tions of the brain, producing marked mental exhilaration and a general 
 
AZEDARACH. 
 
 123 
 
 sense of well-being. Continued, it induces aphrodisiac effects in both 
 sexes, and in women increases the menstrual discharge. Full doses cause 
 nausea and vomiting, glandular irritation, salivation without loosening of 
 the teeth or sore gums, increased urinary discharge, sweat and fever (the 
 auric fever) ; nutrition is impaired and rapid waste set up. A toxic dose 
 produces effects similar to those from corrosive sublimate, namely, violent 
 gastro-enteritis, mental disturbance, priapism, tremor, convulsions and 
 paralysis. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 Poisoning is treated by albumen (eggs) or flour, and evacuation of the stomach—just 
 as in the case of Corrosive Sublimate. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Chloride of Gold is a useful remedy in irritative dyspepsia, gastro¬ 
 duodenal catarrh, hypochondriasis, amenorrhoea, functional impotence, 
 chronic metritis, habitual abortion, ovarian dropsy, vertigo and vertigin¬ 
 ous sensations from disordered stomach. It is especially recommended 
 in chronic albuminuria, hepatic sclerosis, granular and fibroid kidney, as 
 it prevents hyperplasia of connective tissue. In syphilis its utility is 
 proven beyond doubt, particularly in the tertiary manifestations and syphi¬ 
 loma of the bones, in which it is fully as efficacious as the Bichloride of 
 Mercury, with incomparably less inconvenience to the patient. 
 
 AVENA SATIVA, —the common Oat, a plant of the nat. ord. 
 Graminacese,—was official in the U. S. P. 1870, as Avence Faritia , or 
 Oat-meal. A concentrated tincture or fluid extract has recently been 
 extensively advertised by drug manufacturers as a nerve stimulant and 
 tonic, especially efficacious in the treatment of chorea, epilepsy, insomnia, 
 nervous exhaustion, alcoholism and the Opium-habit. The seeds contain 
 starch, gluten, gum, etc.,and form a nutritious food, the meal being made 
 into a porridge, or gruel. In the latter form it is a good demulcent for 
 coughs. The pericarp contains an amorphous alkaloid, which has doubt¬ 
 less some stimulant and narcotic power; but the claims advanced for it, 
 as a specific remedy for the cure of the opium-habit, have been strenu¬ 
 ously denied by many competent observers, Dose of the concentrated 
 tincture or fluid extract, may be stated at npx-5ij- 
 
 AZEDARACH, —is the bark of the root of Mclia Azedarach , or 
 Pride of China, a handsome tree of the nat. ord. Meliacese, indigenous 
 to China and India, but naturalized in the Gulf States. It occurs in 
 curved pieces or quills, which are almost inodorous and have a sweetish 
 taste, afterwards becoming bitter and nauseous. There are no official 
 preparations, but a decoction of the fresh bark ( 5 (j to Oj boiled to 0 } 4 ) 
 may be used in tablespoonful doses. 
 
124 
 
 BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM-BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 This drug is known to produce symptoms of narcotic poisoning, as 
 giddiness, dimness of sight, mental confusion, stertorous breathing, dilated 
 pupils and stupor. Large doses are necessary to cause these effects, and 
 some authorities question their occurrence. It is, however, a gastro¬ 
 intestinal irritant, producing vomiting and purging, and an anthelmintic 
 against the round-worm. Its active principle has not been isolated. It 
 is only employed as an althelmintic against lumbricoid worms, and as the 
 fresh bark is difficult to obtain in any region where it does not grow, 
 other agents will be more generally used. It is given to horses affected 
 with “ bots.” 
 
 BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM, Balsam of Peru,— is a bal¬ 
 sam obtained from Myroxylon Pereira , a Central American tree, of the 
 nat. ord. Leguminosie. Occurs as a thick, brown-black liquid, its odor 
 reminding of benzoin and vanilla, soluble in 5 of alcohol, almost 
 insoluble in water, which only extracts from it some Cinnamic Acid and 
 Cinnamein. It is not a true balsam, as it contains no volatile oil. Com¬ 
 position is, — Cinnaniein (Benzyl Cinnamate, C 16 H 14 0 2 ) 60 per cent., 
 Cinnamic Acid 6 per cent., Resins 30 per cent ; also Benzoic Acid, and 
 other bodies. Dose, rrpx-xxv, in emulsion. There are no official pre¬ 
 parations. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The actions of Balsam of Peru are those of its several constituents, 
 namely, antiseptic, disinfectant, stimulant to the circulation, and sedative 
 to the nervous system; acting chiefly on the mucous membrane, it is tonic 
 and expectorant, diuretic and diaphoretic. In large doses, it causes gas- 
 tralgia, nausea and vomiting, colic and diarrhoea. It closely resembles in 
 physiological action its congeners, Styrax and Benzoin. 
 
 Balsam of Peru is used locally in chronic skin diseases of inflammatory 
 type and sore-nipples, to relieve itching, cleanse bed-sores, promote the 
 healing of wounds and sores, and to kill the acarus scabiei, being consid¬ 
 ered by some authorities the best of all applications in itch. Internally, 
 it is used as a stimulant and disinfectant expectorant in chronic bronchitis, 
 asthma, etc., as well as in gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, and other dis¬ 
 charges from mucous membranes. Incorporated with Iodoform it par¬ 
 tially covers the odor of that drug. 
 
 BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM, Balsam of Tolu,— is a balsam 
 obtained from Myroxylon toluifera , a tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosse, 
 native in Venezuela and New Granada. Its composition and properties 
 are similar to those of Balsamum Peruvianum, except that it is of lighter 
 
BAPTISIA-BELLADONNA. I 2 5 
 
 color, more agreeable odor, and contains a volatile oil, Tolene, in the pro¬ 
 portion of about i per cent. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Tolulana, Tincture of Tolu,—contains io per cent, of the balsam dissolved 
 in 90 of alcohol. Dose, npx-xxx. 
 
 Syrupns Tolutanus , Syrup of Tolu,—has of the balsam 4 parts in 100 of sugar and 
 water. Dose, 3 j—ij- Much used in cough mixtures. Covers the taste of Chloral well. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Balsam of Tolu has similar actions to those of Balsam of Peru, but 
 being more agreeable in flavor it is used internally more than the latter. 
 It is chiefly employed as a pleasant excipient in cough-mixtures, and is a 
 constituent of the compound Tincture of Benzoin. 
 
 BAPTISI A, Wild Indigo (Unofficial),—is the root bark of Baptisia 
 tinctoria , a plant of the nat. ord. Leguminosse, native in North America, 
 and contains an alkaloid and a resin, neither of which have been examined 
 critically. The so-called Baptisin is an impure resinoid, obtained by 
 precipitation from the alcoholic extract with water. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Baptisia , Extract of Baptisia (Unofficial). Dose, gr. j-x. 
 
 Extraction Baptisice Pluidum, (Unofficial). Dose, rtpij-xx. 
 
 Tinctura Baptisice , (Unofficial). Dose, npv-xxx. 
 
 Baptisin (Unofficial),—the resinoid. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Baptisia has a bitter and acrid taste; in small doses it is laxative, in 
 large violently emeto-cathartic, and may excite severe gastro-intestinal 
 inflammation. It is a decided stimulant of the liver, and increases the 
 secretions of all the glandular appendages of the gastro-intestinal mucous 
 membrane. It has considerable power as an antiseptic. 
 
 Baptisia has been used locally in decoction or cataplasm to obstinate 
 and painful ulcers, in threatened or exciting gangrene, and gangrenous 
 sores. Internally, it is a useful remedy in amenorrhoea, typhoid and 
 typhus fevers, variola, scarlatina, and epidemic dysentery. In the common 
 continued-fever, or in the first stage of typhoid, it will be found of great 
 service in drop-doses of a fresh tincture, repeated every hour. 
 
 BELLADONNA, Deadly Nightshade ,—is an herbaceous, peren¬ 
 nial plant, of the nat. ord. Solanaceae, having dark-purple, bell-shaped 
 flowers, and glossy, purplish-black berries about the size of cherries. It 
 is indigenous in the mountainous districts of Central and Southern Europe 
 and Asia, and is cultivated in Europe and in the United States. It con¬ 
 tains two alkaloids,—the official Atropine (see below), and Belladonnine, 
 the latter being considered by many authorities as identical with Hyoscy- 
 
126 
 
 BELLADONNA. 
 
 amine, Daturine, and Duboisine. These exist in the plant in combination 
 with Malic Acid. The plant also contains the usual vegetable constituents, 
 as albumen, gums, etc., and a coloring principle named Atrosin. The 
 official titles are as follows : 
 
 Belladonna Folia, Belladonna Leaves,—ovate and tapering, brownish- 
 green above, grayish-green below, of slight odor and bitter, disagreeable 
 taste. Stramonium leaves are more wrinkled, Hyoscyamus leaves are 
 more hairy. Dose, gr. j, gradually increased. 
 
 Belladonna Radix, Belladonna Root,—cylindrical, tapering, wrinkled 
 pieces, ^ to i inch thick, nearly odorless, taste bitter and acrid. Dose, 
 gr. j, cautiously increased. 
 
 Preparations of the Leaves. 
 
 Extraction Belladonnce Alcoholicum ,—Dose, gr. xV~K- 
 
 Tinctura Belladonnce , —15 per cent. Dose, trpj-xxx. 
 
 Unguentum Belladonnce ,— has of the Alcoholic Extract 10, Diluted Alcohol 6, Ben- 
 zoinated Lard 84. 
 
 Preparations of the Root. 
 
 Abstraction Belladonnce, — Dose, gr. A-j. 
 
 Extraction Belladonnce Fluidum ,—Dose, rtpj-v. 
 
 Emplastrum Belladonnce, —made with Resin Plaster. 
 
 Linimentum Belladonnce, — Fluid Extract 95, Camphor 5. 
 
 Atropine and its Derivatives. 
 
 Atropina, Atropine, C 17 H 23 N 0 3 ,—in white, acicular crystals, odorless, of bitter taste 
 and alkaline reaction; very soluble in alcohol and in chloroform, also in 600 of water at 
 50° F. Is decomposed by prolonged contact with caustic alkalies and is resolvable into 
 Tropin and Tropic Acid. 
 
 Atropime Sulphas, Sulphate of Atropine (C 17 H 23 N 0 3 ) 2 H 2 S 0 4 ,—a white powder of 
 bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 0.4 of water and in 6.5 of alcohol at 50° F. 
 Dose, gr. t^Wo- 
 
 Homatropina, Homatropine, C 16 H 21 N 0 3 (Unofficial),—is a derivative alkaloid 
 obtained by the action of dilute HC 1 on Amygdalate of Tropin. The Hydrobromate of 
 Homatropine is used by ophthalmologists as a mydriatic, its effects passing off much 
 sooner than those of Atropine. Homatropine slows the heart, Atropine quickening it. 
 
 Tropeius (Unofficial),—is a result of the action of a mineral acid on Tropin. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Belladonna is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, an antispasmodic and 
 an anodyne ; in small doses a cardiac, respiratory and spinal stimulant— 
 in large doses a paralyzer of the cardiac and respiratory centres, the 
 spinal cord, the motor nerves and involuntary muscles. It produces con¬ 
 gestion and dryness of the mucous membrane of the throat, mouth, nose 
 and larynx, and at first lessens the gastric and intestinal secretions, but 
 soon reproduces these in large quantity. The heart rate is at first slowed, 
 but soon becomes very rapid and vigorous, the pulse being doubled in 
 rapidity; the arterial tension being at the same time raised, the circula¬ 
 tion is greatly increased. This is accomplished by stimulation of the 
 cardiac sympathetic, and paralysis of the pneumogastric, thus stimulating 
 the accelerator apparatus while lessening the inhibitory. [Digitalis 
 increases both.] The vasomotor ganglia are stimulated all over the body, 
 
BELLADONNA. 
 
 127 
 
 but are afterwards paralyzed by over-stimulation, the heart weakens, the 
 vessels relax, and the blood-pressure becomes greatly reduced. Complete 
 motor paralysis follows, delirium, stupor, and finally death, which usually 
 occurs by asphyxia. 
 
 The pupils are dilated by the local or systemic use of the drug, it stimu¬ 
 lating the end-organs of the sympathetic and paralyzing those of the 
 motor oculi, thus increasing the power of the radiating iris fibres and 
 lessening the action of its circular ones. Atropine locally also paralyzes 
 accommodation and increases the intraocular pressure. The least quantity 
 of Atropine which will affect the pupil is stated at gr. (Wood) gr. 
 
 mrW (Roosa), gr. (Ely), gr. (Trousseau), gr. ^Vinr 
 
 (Loring), gr. (Donders). 
 
 The brain is congested by Belladonna, headache, vertigo, busy delirium, 
 hallucinations, etc., being produced, the latter from a selective action on 
 the cells of the gray matter. The spinal cord is stimulated from the 3d 
 cervical to the 10th dorsal vertebra, resulting in complete motor paralysis, 
 central and peripheral, power being lost first in the lower extremities. 
 Sensation is also impaired somewhat, but the muscular irritability is not. 
 Respiration is increased and the body temperature elevated. Metamor¬ 
 phosis is greatly promoted by the increased activity of the circulation. 
 
 A diffused eruption of scarlet color, greatly resembling the eruption of 
 scarlet fever, is often produced on the skin and fauces by Belladonna, 
 with dysphagia and sore throat, and is sometimes followed by desquama¬ 
 tion of the epidermis. It is due to capillary congestion caused by the 
 greatly increased circulation. 
 
 Belladonna is rapidly diffused and quickly eliminated, particularly by 
 the kidneys. The urine of an animal under the action of the drug will 
 dilate the pupil of another animal. Herbivorous animals and birds are 
 scarcely susceptible to it, and pigeons are not affected by it at all. 
 
 Atropine has the same actions as above described, being the active 
 principle of the plant. Belladonnine was long supposed to be inert, 
 but has recently been shown to be identical with Hyoscyamine. It is a 
 mydriatic when given internally, but not when used locally. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Opium is the physiological antagonist to the effects of Belladonna on the cerebrum, 
 pupil, heart, respiration, arterial tension and kidneys. Physostigmine, Aconite, Pilocar¬ 
 pine and Quinine are each antagonistic to some of its effects, Muscarine to most of them. 
 In poisoning by this drug, Tannic Acid and emetics should be used, then Morphine, 
 Physostigmine or Pilocarpine for the nervous disturbances. Caustic alkalies decompose 
 Atropine and are therefore incompatible with the preparations of Belladonna. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Belladonna is one of the most valuable drugs in the Materia Medica, 
 ranking with Aconite, Arsenic and Opium in efficacy and wide range of 
 
128 
 
 BENZINUM. 
 
 use. It is especially useful in the pain of inflammation, particularly that 
 of rheumatism, gout, neuralgia due to peripheral disturbance, sciatica, 
 cancer and pelvic affections. In cerebral and spinal hyperaemia, conges¬ 
 tive headaches, encephalitis, meningitis and myelitis it proves one of the 
 very best remedies. In erysipelas of superficial and non-vesicular charac¬ 
 ter and when cerebral, it is really curative locally and internally adminis¬ 
 tered. Inflammations of the lungs, iris, bladder, kidneys and breasts, are 
 all amenable to it. In constipation from atony of the bowels it is 
 remarkably efficient, and in the enuresis of children it is equally so if used 
 freely, io to 20 drops of the tincture thrice daily. In recent cystitis 
 from chill, spasm of the urethra, bladder and sphincter ani, typhus and 
 typhoid fevers, acute nasal catarrh, sore throat with fever, inflammation, 
 and swollen tonsils, many skin diseases, asthma and whooping-cough, 
 epileptic and puerperal convulsions, spermatorrhoea and seminal losses, 
 Belladonna is often a highly useful agent. Its local application is effi¬ 
 ciently used in ulcers of the rectum, anal fissure, abscesses, boils carbun¬ 
 cles, and other superficial inflammations. In scarlet fever it relieves 
 many of the symptoms, and is especially indicated in this disease when 
 the rash is imperfect, the pulse feeble and the condition one of adynamia. 
 Its prophylactic power against scarlet fever is believed in by many of our 
 best practitioners, though questioned by many others. 
 
 Atropine is used in poisoning by Opium, Physostigma, and Prussic 
 Acid ; in ptyalism from mercury, pregnancy, etc.; in the sweats of phthisis, 
 sudden cardiac failure, and by eye-surgeons to paralyze accommodation, 
 dilate the pupil, contract the vessels, lessen pain, and diminish (?) intra¬ 
 ocular tension. In opium-poisoning, it should be given in very small doses, 
 and repeated for effect, as most of the unsuccessful cases of its use in this 
 connection were due to overdosing with the antagonist, superinducing 
 belladonna-narcosis upon the opium-narcosis. In cases of heart-failure 
 from Chloroform or Ether inhalation, the hypodermic injection of Atro¬ 
 pine has, in the writer’s hands, saved several lives when all other methods 
 of resuscitation had failed. 
 
 BENZINUM, Benzin, Petroleum Ether, —is a purified distil¬ 
 late from American petroleum, consisting of hydro-carbons, chiefly of the 
 marsh-gas series, having a specific gravity from 0.670 to 0.675, and boil¬ 
 ing at 122 0 to 140° F. It is a transparent, colorless liquid, highly inflam¬ 
 mable, very diffusive, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, etc. 
 It should be distinguished from Benzol , which is called Benzene by Eng¬ 
 lish chemists. In pharmacy it has many uses, on account of its powers 
 as a solvent for oils, fats, resins, caoutchouc and some alkaloids. Dose, 
 gtt. v-x, on sugar or in mucilage. 
 
BENZOINUM. 
 
 129 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Benzin is reported to have caused death in one case from gastro-enteritis, 
 but ordinarily it does not produce vomiting or diarrhoea. It has been 
 used with some success externally as a remedy for rheumatic pain, neural¬ 
 gia, itch and prurigo ; and internally as a vermicide against tapeworm. 
 Its chief value is that of a solvent in cleaning old clothing and in phar¬ 
 maceutical operations. 
 
 BENZOINUM, Benzoin, —is a balsamic resin obtained from Styrax 
 Benzoin , a tree of the nat. ord. Styraceae, native in Sumatra and Siam, by 
 incision of its bark. It occurs in agglutinated tears or a brown, mottled 
 mass, is soluble in alcohol and solution of potassa, and is composed of 
 Resins 80 per cent., Benzoic Acid 10 to 20 per cent., and a trace of 
 Volatile Oil. Some varieties of benzoin yield also Cinnamic Acid. 
 
 Preparations of Benzoin. 
 
 Adeps Benzoinatus , Benzoinated Lard,—has of Benzoin 2 parts in 100 parts of Lard. 
 
 Tinctura Benzoini , Tincture of Benzoin,—has of Benzoin 20 parts, Alcohol q. s. ad 
 100. Dose, 5 ss-j. 
 
 Tinctura Benzoini Composita, Friar’s Balsam,—has of Benzoin 12, Aloes 2, Styrax 8, 
 Balsam of Tolu 4, Alcohol q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 Preparations of Benzoic Acid. 
 
 Acidum Benzoiaim, Benzoic Acid, HC 7 H- 0 2 ,—occurs in light, feathery plates and 
 needles, and is obtained from Benzoin by sublimation. It is soluble in 500 of water, and 
 in 3 of alcohol at 95 0 F., but its solubility in water is aided by Borax, one part of each 
 being soluble in 100 parts. It is a constituent of Tinctura Opii Camphorata. Dose, gr. 
 x-xxv, in wafers. 
 
 Ammonii Benzoas, Benzoate of Ammonium,—is soluble in 5 parts of water and in 28 
 of alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Lithii Benzoas, Benzoate of Lithium,—soluble in 4 parts of water and in 12 of alcohol. 
 Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Sodii Benzoas, Benzoate of Sodium,—is efflorescent on exposure to air, soluble in 2, 
 parts of water and in 45 of alcohol. Dose, gr. v-gj. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Benzoin is decidedly antiseptic and disinfectant, and when used exter¬ 
 nally is somewhat stimulant to the vessels. Its actions are due to its 
 Benzoic Acid, which taken internally produces slight epigastric heat, 
 increases the pulse-rate, and stimulates the action of the skin, the salivary 
 glands, and of the bronchial mucous membrane. It is chiefly excreted 
 by the kidneys, in part as hippuric acid by combination with glycocoll, 
 and in part unchanged. It renders the urine acid and increases its quan¬ 
 tity. Benzoin is irritant to the fauces, and the powder inhaled excites 
 sneezing and coughing. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Benzoin is principally used as a stimulant expectorant, especially in the 
 chronic bronchitis of the aged, and by atomization in laryngeal affections. 
 The compound tincture, 5 j to 3 j in a pint of boiling water, is a useful 
 9 
 
130 
 
 BERBERIS. 
 
 sedative inhalation for the irritation and cough of subacute laryngitis and 
 tracheitis. It has also been used beneficially in chlorosis and some 
 uterine disorders. The compound tincture is a good local application 
 (i to 4 of glycerin and water) for sore nipples and chaps of the hands 
 and lips. For use as a cosmetic, either tincture is mixed with 20 parts 
 of water, and employed to remove freckles and other skin affections, 
 especially urticaria. They are excellent applications to foul-smelling 
 wounds, and form the basis of all the proprietary preparations sold for 
 that purpose. 
 
 Benzoic Acid and its salts are the only certain means we possess, by 
 which to neutralize morbid alkalinity of the urine. In cystitis, with 
 phosphatic deposits and alkaline urine, they are extremely valuable, acid¬ 
 ulating the secretion, and stimulating and disinfecting the mucous sur¬ 
 faces involved. Phosphatic calculi are said to be dissolved by the long- 
 continued use of Ammonium Benzoate. 
 
 Benzoate of Sodium has been largely used as a substitute for the 
 salicylates in the septic diseases, being equally antiseptic and antipyretic. 
 Though slower in action, its effects are more permanent, and it is capable 
 of being used in larger doses ( 3 ij-iij daily). In diphtheria and scarlet 
 fever it has been highly efficient, and in acute rheumatism, typhoid and 
 the malarial fevers, it has rendered good service. In phthisis, its use by 
 inhalation to the extent of °f body-weight daily has seemed to 
 be of value in some cases. It has also proven very efficient in whooping- 
 cough. 
 
 Benzoate of Lithium is intended for use in gout and the uric 
 
 acid diatheses, with the object of forming the very soluble urate of 
 
 lithium in the system, as also on the theory that, as benzoic acid is 
 
 • * 
 
 converted into hippuric acid at the expense of nitrogenous material 
 which would otherwise become uric acid, the latter product will be 
 lessened. 
 
 BERBERIS, Barberry (Unofficial), is the root of several species 
 of the nat. ord. Berberidaceae, the one generally used being the Berberis 
 aquifolium , or Oregon grape, which grows on the Pacific slope of the 
 United States. Its value is probably due to its alkaloid, Berberine , 
 C 20 H 17 NO 4 , a yellow, crystalline body, soluble in hot water and alcohol, 
 but not in ether, which is found also in several other plants, as Hy¬ 
 drastis, Coptis, Podophyllum, Menispermum, Calumba, Xanthoxylum, 
 etc. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Berberidis Fluidum (Unofficial),—Dose, rrpv-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Berberidis (Unofficial),— 1 to 5. Dose, npx-3j. 
 
 Berberina , Berberine (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. j-x. Usually occurs in commerce as 
 “ Hydrastin,” which is a Muriate of Berberine, prepared from Hydrastis. 
 
BERGAMII OLEUM-BISMUTHUM. 
 
 I 31 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Berberis is an astringent bitter, a tonic and stomachic in small doses, 
 but in large doses it is cathartic, producing watery diarrhoea with abdom¬ 
 inal pain. It is also believed to possess considerable alterative powers. 
 
 Berberine has some antiseptic and antiperiodic value, and in large 
 doses is a gastro-intestinal irritant. 
 
 Berberis has been successfully used as a local application in conjunc¬ 
 tivitis, and internally as a remedy for intermittent remittent and typhoid 
 fevers, diarrhoea and dyspepsia. As an alterative and tonic it has been 
 found useful in syphilitic and strumous affections, and in pain, soreness 
 and burning sensations along the biliary or urinary tracts with a tendency 
 to gravel or gall-stones it will be found a useful remedy. 
 
 The Muriate of Berberine is a useful injection in gonorrhoea, in which 
 it acts by virtue of its antiseptic and astringent powers. 
 
 BERGAMII OLEUM, Oil of Bergamot, —is a volatile oil, 
 extracted from the rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus Bergamia, an orange- 
 tree of the nat. ord. Aurantiacese, native in Southern Europe. It is of 
 greenish color, faintly acid, sp. gr. 0.87, and is soluble in alcohol, glacial 
 acetic acid and liquor potassse. It contains several hydrocarbons of the 
 formula C 10 H 16 , together with Bergaptene or Bergamot Camphor. It is 
 an ingredient of Spiritus Odoratus, and is exclusively used as a perfume 
 in the manufacture of toilet articles. 
 
 BISMUTHUM, Bismuth, Bi,—is represented by three of its salts, 
 and one combination of the Citrate with Aqua Ammonise. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Bismuthi Citras , Citrate of Bismuth, BiC 6 H 5 0 7 ,—is a white, amorphous powder, 
 odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in water of ammonia. 
 Used only for pharmaceutical purposes. 
 
 Bismuthi et Aimnonii Citras , Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonium,—is not proven to 
 have any definite composition. Small, pearly scales, very soluble in water. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Bismuthi Subcarbonas , Subcarbonate of Bismuth (Bi 0 ) 2 C 0 3 .II 2 0 , is a white or 
 yellowish-white powder, tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose, gr. x-^j, in pow¬ 
 der or emulsion. 
 
 Bismuthi Subnitras, Subnitrate of Bismuth, Bi 0 N 0 3 .H 2 0 ,—a heavy, white powder, 
 odorless and almost tasteless, slightly acid, insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose, gr. x-sjj. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The action of the last two Bismuth salts is chiefly a local one, being 
 sedative to the end-organs of the nerves, though a minute quantity passes 
 into the blood and acts as a tonic, promoting constructive metamorphosis 
 by increasing the appetite and digestion. They are also feebly astringent, 
 and produce constipation after a time, coloring the stools and tongue a 
 dark clay color, from their conversion in part into the sulphide. Toxic 
 
132 
 
 BOLDUS-BRAYERA. 
 
 effects when occurring are due to Arsenic, with which the commercial 
 preparations are usually contaminated. 
 
 The Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonium, being soluble, is more rapid 
 in action, more astringent and probably more irritant, though it is prob¬ 
 ably precipitated in the stomach by the hydrochloric acid of the gastric 
 juice. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The insoluble Bismuth salts are used internally in many forms of dis¬ 
 ordered digestion, gastralgia, vomiting and diarrhoea, especially in chil¬ 
 dren, but large doses are necessary for efficiency. The best vehicle for 
 them is milk. Locally they are used with advantage in acne rosacea, 
 stomatitis, nursing sore mouth, eczema, intertrigo, ulcers, conjunctivitis, 
 coryza, gonorrhoea, gleet and leucorrhoea. The Citrate is not used 
 except for pharmaceutical purposes, and the Citrate of Bismuth and 
 Ammonium is only serviceable in diarrhoea without irritation of the 
 intestinal mucous membrane, but rather with relaxation thereof. 
 
 The Subiodide of Bismuth makes an excellent antiseptic dressing for 
 ulcers and wounds. 
 
 BOLDUS, Boldo (Unofficial),—the leaves and stems of Peutnus 
 Boldus , an evergreen shrub of the nat. ord. Monimiaceae, found in Chili. 
 It contains a volatile oil and a bitter alkaloid, Boldine. A tincture is 
 made (i to 5), of which the dose is n^v-viij, gradually increased, but 
 large doses have a somewhat narcotic effect, besides causing vomiting 
 and purging. 
 
 Boldo is used in anaemia, rheumatism, dyspepsia and general debility, 
 also in catarrhal affections of the urinary passages, and as a substitute for 
 Quinine. In France it is employed as a tonic, especially for cases with 
 chronic torpor of the liver; and in South America it is much used in 
 gonorrhoea and in chronic cystitis. 
 
 BRAYERA, Kousso ,—is the female inflorescence of Brayera 
 anthelmintic a , an Abyssinian tree of the nat. ord. Rosaceae. It occurs 
 in bundles or rolls, of fragrant, tea-like odor, and bitter, nauseous taste, 
 and contains tannic acid, a volatile oil, and a crystalline principle named 
 Koussin , which by itself is apparently inert. Dose of Brayera 5 ij~oj- 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Brayera Flnidum ,—Dose, 3 ij- 3 j. 
 
 Infusum Brayera ,—6 per cent. Dose, 3 iv-viij or more. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Kousso has little or no effect except the nausea, vomiting, colic and 
 slight diarrhoea produced by large doses. Its chief action is anthelmintic 
 
BROMUM. 
 
 133 
 
 against both varieties of tape-worm, but it rarely expels' the head of the 
 parasite, and is very nauseous to the taste and difficult of retention by 
 the stomach in the large doses necessary to efficiency. 3ij to 5j of the 
 flowers infused in %\v of boiling water is the usual dose, and should be 
 taken on an empty stomach and followed by a castor-oil or saline purge 
 after 3 or 4 hours. An emulsion of the official infusion with castor-oil, 
 yolk of egg, a few drops of ether and oil of anise with 10 to 20 drops of 
 Oleoresin of Male-fern, is more agreeable and efficient than the infusion 
 alone. 
 
 BROMUM, Bromine, Br.,—is a dark, brownish-red, volatile 
 liquid, evolving an irritant vapor of peculiar and suffocating odor. It is 
 soluble in 33 of water at 59 0 F., very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro¬ 
 form and carbon disulphide ; is a non-metallic element found in sea¬ 
 water, and in the mother-liquor of certain salt-works, usually in combi¬ 
 nation. It is only used by inhalation and as an escharotic. 
 
 Bromides and their Preparations. 
 
 Potassii Bromidum , Bromide of Potassium, KBr,—colorless, cubical crystals, soluble 
 in 1.6 of water, and 200 of alcohol. Dose, gr. v-^j. 
 
 Sodii Bromidum, Bromide of Sodium, NaBr,—colorless, monoclinic crystals, soluble 
 in 1.2 of water, and 13 of alcohol. Dose, gr. v-gj. 
 
 Lithii Bromidum, Bromide of Lithium, LiBr,—a white, granular, deliquescent salt, 
 very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Ammonii Bromiduni, Bromide of Ammonium, NH 4 Br,—colorless, prismatic crystals, 
 soluble in 1.5 of water, and 150 of alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Calcii Bromidum, Bromide of Calcium, CaBr 2 ,—a white, granular, deliquescent salt, 
 very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose, gr. v-^j. 
 
 Zinci Bromidum, Bromide of Zinc, ZnBr 2 ,—a white, granular, deliquescent powder, 
 very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose, gr. y z - ij. 
 
 Arsenii Bromidu 7 ii, Bromide of Arsenic,—see under Arsenium, ante, page 117. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Bromidi, Syrup of Bromide of Iron,—is a syrupy liquid containing 10 
 percent, of Ferrous Bromide, FeBr 2 , prepared by acting on Iron Wire 35 parts with 
 Bromide 75, adding Sugar 600 and Water up to 1000 parts. A translucent, pale-green, 
 odorless liquid of sweet, ferruginous taste and neutral reaction. Dose, gss-j. 
 
 \_Hydrobromic Acid is described on page 64, Ethyl Bromide on page 79, and Cam- 
 phora Monobromata under Camphora.~\ 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Bromide is an active and very painful escharotic, a deodorant and an 
 antiseptic, setting free ozone. Its vapor is highly irritant to the respira¬ 
 tory mucous membrane and the eyes, producing cough, hoarseness and 
 dyspnoea. Internally, it is an active, corrosive poison, causing violent 
 gastritis, depression and collapse. 
 
 The Bromides are preeminently depressants of the cerebral and spinal 
 functions, also alterative, antispasmodic and hypnotic. The Potassium 
 salt is especially a cardiac and muscular paralyzant. 
 
 They have a saline taste, and are very diffusible, but slowly eliminated. 
 They are decomposed in the blood, and reformed at the points of elimi¬ 
 nation (fauces, bronchi, intestines, skin and kidneys), where they irritate 
 
134 
 
 BROMUM,-BROMIDES. 
 
 the mucous membranes. Continued for some time, they produce severe 
 gastric catarrh. They reduce the number of the respirations, and the 
 heart’s action and force; and though diminishing the calibre of the arte¬ 
 rioles, they lower arterial tension. They lessen the activity of the brain 
 cells, producing somnolence; diminish the sensibility of the peripheral 
 nerves, causing anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes. They 
 impair motility and the sexual function, cause great pallor and emacia¬ 
 tion, lowered body-temperature, acne on the face and upper extremities, 
 fetid breath, dysphagia, sluggish reflexes and defective coordination ; and 
 if long continued may even impair the mental faculties, producing hallu¬ 
 cinations in some cases, in others melancholia with suicidal tendency ; 
 also incompetence of the sphincters and paralysis, beginning at the pe¬ 
 riphery and extending to the centres. They sometimes cause maniacal 
 excitement, as in the case of a physician who committed suicide in a 
 frenzy caused by bromidizing himself for sea-sickness. 
 
 The general result of their action is termed “ Bromism,” and is her¬ 
 alded by the acne and lowered faucial sensibility. It is probably due to 
 the sedative influence of these agents on the sympathetic system, causing 
 general anaemia of the brain, spinal cord, sexual organs, and skin. 
 
 Difference in Action between the Bromides. 
 
 Potassium Bromide is the most toxic to the heart and the muscular 
 system, and is the least hypnotic. It contains 66 per cent, of Bromine. 
 
 Sodium Bromide is the least toxic, but the most hypnotic, and acts 
 most energetically on the circulation. It contains 78 per cent, of Bromine. 
 
 Ammonium Bromide resembles the Potassium salt in action, except that 
 it exerts less influence on the heart and muscular system, and is somewhat 
 more stimulating. 
 
 Lithium Bromide contains the most Bromine, 92 per cent., and resem¬ 
 bles the sodium salt in action. It has proved better than the others in 
 some cases of epilepsy, and is by several authorities considered to be the 
 
 best hypnotic of the series. 
 
 * 
 
 Calcium Bromide is an efficient hypnotic, but otherwise much less 
 active than the other salts. 
 
 Zinc Bromide, in large doses, is violently irritant. It is supposed to 
 combine the tonic effects of zinc with the sedative actions of the bromides. 
 
 Ferrous Bromide is official only in the Syrup. It is supposed to 
 combine the actions of iron and the bromides, and to produce the effects 
 of a sedative chalybeate tonic. It is not an eligible chalybeate. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Vaso-motor stimulants, as Digitalis, Ergot, Belladonna, antagonize many of the effects 
 of the Bromides, but Morphine is the most efficient antagonist, especially for the mental 
 symptoms. Nitrous Ether is incompatible with the Bromide of Ammonium, and Acids 
 and metallic salts are so with all the Bromides. 
 
BRYONIA. 
 
 135 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The Bromides are used as sedatives to the nervous system, to lower 
 reflex activity, to produce sleep, to subdue excitement of the genital appa¬ 
 ratus, and to antagonize congestion of the brain. Their use is terribly 
 abused, by patients, nurses, and even by physicians,—as Dr. Hammond 
 well elucidates in the last chapter of his book on Nervous Diseases. 
 They should not be used in anaemic conditions, and never for any length 
 of time without the daily supervision of a physician. The combination 
 of Potassium Bromide with Chloral is very unsafe in cases where fatty or 
 weak heart exists, both drugs being active cardiac depressants. In con¬ 
 vulsive and spasmodic affections the bromides are very efficient, and in 
 epilepsy, especially when the seizures are diurnal, the sodium salt is used 
 with great advantage over a long period, in sufficient quantity to maintain 
 anaesthesia of the fauces. It requires occasional purgation to prevent its 
 accumulation, and arsenic to combat the acne. In diabetes of nervous 
 origin, the ammonium salt, long used, has proved curative by its sedative 
 influence on the medulla; and in acute rheumatism it is an excellent 
 alkali. In muscular rheumatism, rheumatic arthritis and myalgia, also in 
 the uric acid diathesis, and the various affections due to undeveloped gout, 
 the lithium salt gives good results. In tetanus and strychnine-poisoning 
 the potassium salt, in large doses, is antagonistic. The agents are gen¬ 
 erally efficient in nervous erethism, insomnia with congestion, infantile 
 colic, cholera infantum, vomiting of cerebral origin, cardiac irritability 
 when not due to anaemia, delirium tremens, melancholia, whooping-cough 
 and other reflex coughs, seminal losses when plethora exists, and nympho¬ 
 mania. The potassium salt is, by some writers, considered almost spe¬ 
 cific in subinvolution of the womb, and uterine hemorrhage not due to a 
 mechanical cause. 
 
 Bromine is not much used. Its vapor may be inhaled from hot water 
 in acute coryza, hay-asthma, etc., and in chancre and hospital gangrene 
 it is the best escharotic. In diphtheria and membranous croup, a solution 
 of t0 the used internally, and inhalation of the vapor have been 
 
 used successfully in the most severe cases. 
 
 The Syrup of the Bromide of Iron has been reported by some observers as 
 very efficient in chorea, and its usefulness as strenuously denied by others. 
 
 [The therapeutics of Hydrobromic Acid are detailed on page 65, ante.~\ 
 
 BRYONIA, Bryony ,—is the root of Bryonia alba and of Bryonia 
 dioica, European perennial plants of the nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae. It occurs 
 in transverse sections about 2 inches in diameter, having numerous small 
 wood-bundles arranged in circles and projecting lines in the central por¬ 
 tion, which is white or grayish. Its taste is acrid and bitter, but it is 
 
136 
 
 BRYONIA. 
 
 inodorous. The active principle is the glucoside Bryonin , C 48 H 80 O 19 , which 
 is intensely bitter, and soluble in water and in alcohol, but insoluble in 
 ether. Dose, of the powdered root, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Bryonia, Tincture of Bryonia,—a 10 per cent, solution of the root in alcohol. 
 Dose, rrpv-5 ss. 
 
 Bryonin (Unofficial),—is a violent poison in doses of from 3 to 4 grains. Dose, as a 
 drastic purgative, gr. y&-y $. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Bryonia is a pure irritant, setting up local inflammation wherever 
 applied, with febrile phenomena. It has a vesicant action on the skin, 
 and is violently irritant to the serous and mucous membranes. Taken 
 internally, it has caused fatal gastritis; introduced into the pleura, fatal 
 pleuritis has resulted with fibrinous effusion. It has a specific determina¬ 
 tion to serous and synovial membranes, especially the pleurae, and is also 
 irritant to muscular fibre, and to the bronchial mucous membrane, causing 
 dry, continuous, shaking cough, with soreness behind the sternum. It 
 produces cerebral congestion, with frontal headache, vertigo, and epis- 
 taxis; also, hepatic and renal congestion, burning pain and tenderness 
 in the hepatic region with bilious disturbance amounting sometimes to 
 severe jaundice, vesical tenesmus, and depression of the action of the 
 heart. It is a drastic purgative and a powerful diuretic. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Bryonia is a very old medicine, its most ancient reputation having been 
 in epilepsy, hysteria and mania, conditions in which it is now superseded 
 by other agents. It is a most valuable drug in the second stage of serous 
 inflammations, especially in pleurisy, pleuro-pneumonia, and pericarditis, 
 after Aconite has reduced pyrexia, to limit the extent of the effusion and 
 to promote its absorption. For this, small doses frequently repeated are 
 required. Also, in rheumatic fever, after the swelling of the joints has 
 been reduced by other means, Bryonia is extremely efficient for the pain 
 and stiffness. It is one of the best remedies for a “ cold-on-the-chest,” 
 with dry, shaking cough, soreness, or shooting pains. It has been used 
 with success in common, continued, or “ gastric ” fever, relapsing fever, 
 congestive headaches increased by stooping, bilious headache with vomit¬ 
 ing, gastralgia with pyrosis and soreness of the epigastrium, constipation, 
 cholera infantum during dry, hot weather, congestion of the liver, croup, 
 and threatened mammitis. Pains of shooting or tearing character, which 
 are increased by movement, are often quickly relieved by this drug. In 
 dropsies of various forms it is used as a drastic purgative and diuretic to 
 remove the accumulated fluid. 
 
BUCHU-CADMIUM. 
 
 137 
 
 BUCHU ,—is the leaf of Barosma betulina , B. crenulata, and B serra- 
 tifolia , S. African shrubs, of the nat. ord. Rutaceae, each species having 
 differently-shaped leaves, but all the leaves having crenated or serrated 
 margins, and conspicuous oil-glands at the edges and on their under sur¬ 
 face. They contain a Volatile Oil, which is probably the active principle, 
 and gives them a peculiar and penetrating odor, resembling that of pepper¬ 
 mint; also, Barosmin , a bitter extractive, and resin, gum, lignin, etc. 
 Dose, of the leaves, gr. xv-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Rxtractum Buchu Fluidum ,—Dose, tr^x— ^ j. 
 
 Infusum Buchu (Unofficial),— to the pint. Dose, J;ss-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Buchu in small doses causes a sense of heat in the stomach, which is 
 gradually diffused over the body. It increases the pulse-rate, stimulates 
 the appetite, and produces slight moisture of the skin. It increases the 
 flow of urine, which becomes of darker color and strongly aromatic odor, 
 and deposits a brownish sediment. 
 
 In large doses, it produces vomiting, purging, and strangury, with a 
 burning sensation at the stomach. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Buchu is of especial value in chronic affections of the genito-urinary 
 mucous membrane, on which the volatile oil acts topically, being elimi¬ 
 nated by the kidneys. It is a very useful remedy in pyelitis, cystitis, and 
 urethritis ; also, in lithiasis, chronic bronchitis, and affections of the 
 prostate gland. It is recommended in atonic dyspepsia, chronic rheuma¬ 
 tism, affections of the skin, and for dropsy, but it is not so actively 
 diuretic as to be very efficient in the latter condition. 
 
 The infusion makes an excellent vehicle for saline diuretics. 
 
 CADMIUM, Cd (Unofficial).—This metal was official in the Phar¬ 
 macopoeia of 1870, but is no longer so. In its physiological action it 
 resembles both Antimony and Zinc, being escharotic, astringent, and a 
 very depressant emetic. In over-doses, its salts act as irritant poisons, 
 with cerebro-spinal symptoms, such as coma and convulsions. It is never 
 used internally. Its salts in general use are—• 
 
 Cadmii Sulphas (Unofficial),—transparent oblique prisms, efflorescent, and very soluble 
 in water. Used externally in a solution of gr. ss-iv ad aq. destil., or as an ointment 
 (1 to 40 of fresh lard). 
 
 Cadmii Iodidum (Unofficial),—large, white, pearly crystals, soluble in water and alco¬ 
 hol. Used as an ointmen*-, 1 to 8 of lard. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The Sulphate has been used almost exclusively as a stimulating 
 astringent in gonorrhoea and diseases of the eye. Corneal opacities are 
 
133 
 
 CAFFEA. 
 
 absorbed under the use of a solution of gr. ij to the and in gonorrhoea 
 a mild injection (gr. ^ ad 3 j) is very beneficial. The ointment of the 
 Iodide has been usefully employed for enlarged glands, chronic joint 
 affections, cutaneous diseases, nodes and chilblains. 
 
 CAFFEA, Coffee, the seed of Coffea Arabica , is officially repre¬ 
 sented only by its active principle, Caffeine. The coffee-plant is a small 
 tree, of thenat. ord. Rubiaceae, 15 to 30 feet high, native of South Arabia 
 and Abyssinia, but cultivated in various parts of the world. Its seeds 
 contain Caffeine (partly free, partly as a tannate), tannic and caffeic 
 acids, sugar, legumin, etc. By roasting them, part of the caffeic acid is 
 converted into methylamin, the sugar is changed into caramel, and several 
 volatile substances are formed, which give to coffee its peculiar aroma and 
 some of its stimulant qualities, and are collectively known as Caffeone 
 one of them being called Caffeol. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Caffeina, Caffeine, C 8 Hj 0 N 4 O 2 .H 2 O. The U. S. Phar. of 1880 defines Caffeine as 
 “ a proximate principle of feebly alkaloidal power, generally prepared from the dry leaves 
 of Camellia Then , * * or from the dried seeds of Coffea arabica , * * or from Guarana, 
 and occurring also in other plants.” According to this, the principles severally named 
 Caffeine, Theine and Guaranine, were officially declared identical, and such was the 
 general opinion until very recently; their composition being expressed by the formula 
 C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 , and the physiological action of one being accepted for the others. Recent 
 investigations, however, leave no doubt as to the non identity of the first two, and some 
 observers maintain that Guaranine also is a separate body, distinct from either of the 
 others. For the present, however, we must look upon it as identical with Caffeine. The 
 Caffeine of commerce is usually obtained from old tea-leaves, and is in reality Theine. 
 It contains more nitrogen than almost any other proximate vegetable principle. It occurs 
 in colorless, flexible crystals, which are soluble in 75 of water and 35 of alcohol at 59 0 F. 
 Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Extraction Caffece Viridis Fluidum (Squibb), Fluid Extract of Green Coffee (Un¬ 
 official),—is intended as a substitute for the Fluid Extract of Guarana. Dose, ^ ss—ij. 
 [Compare the title Guarana.'] 
 
 CaffeincB Citras , Cirate of Caffeine (B. P.). A very uncertain mixture, not considered 
 a definite compound. Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Theina, Theine,—that from Merck the most reliable. Its solubility in water is much 
 increased by adding an equal part of Sodium Benzoate, say 3 j of each to the fluid 3 , 
 with gr. x of Sodium Chloride. Of this, n\vj equals gr. y z of Theine. Dose, gr. j 4 -j, 
 hypodermically, several times a day, for relief of pain. 
 
 Theine is contained in the leaves of Camellia Thea , the tea-plant, a native of China 
 and Japan, and a member of the nat. ord. Ternstromiacese. The tea-plant also contains 
 tannic acid, and a volatile oil, the latter being most abundant in green teas. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Coffee is a cerebro-spinal stimulant, a stomachic tonic, and a laxative. 
 It is decidedly diuretic, and is somewhat antiperiodic and highly anti¬ 
 septic. The green bean produces very different effects from those of the 
 roasted one, exhibiting the action of Caffeine alone, unmodified by that 
 of the empyreumatic products. A tincture of green coffee, besides being 
 an efficient diuretic, has marked anti-lithic powers, and promotes the 
 elimination of the poison of gout from the system. 
 
 
CAFFEA. 
 
 139 
 
 As a beverage, if used with moderation Coffee assists digestion, promotes 
 intestinal peristalsis, allays the senses of fatigue and hunger, lessens 
 tissue-waste and consequently decreases the formation and excretion of 
 urea (?). Used to excess it disorders digestion, and causes functional dis¬ 
 turbances of the nervous system, shown by headache, vertigo, mental con¬ 
 fusion, and palpitation of the heart. 
 
 It increases secretion, blunts sensation, exalts reflex excitability, in¬ 
 creases mental activity, and may produce insomnia and great nervous 
 restlessness. It first briefly stimulates the heart and raises arterial tension, 
 but soon depresses both. The wakefulness is usually preceded by a brief 
 period of drowsiness. 
 
 The brief stimulation of the intellect, consequent on drinking a cup of 
 good coffee, cannot be obtained from an infusion of raw coffee, and is 
 probably due to the volatile constituents developed in roasting. Caffeone 
 opposes Caffeine in its action on the circulation, as it quickens the pulse 
 and lowers arterial tension. Its action, however, is of brief duration, and 
 soon gives way to the influence of the principal constituent. The Tannin 
 is the ingredient which enables it to produce dyspepsia, and is most abun¬ 
 dant in those infusions which are kept a long time on the stove before 
 being served. 
 
 The Common Stimulant Beverages Compared. 
 
 The Qualities possessed in common by these substances, and for which 
 they are so universally esteemed by mankind, are three-fold. They all 
 (1) retard the retrograde metamorphosis of the body-tissues (tissue- 
 waste) ;—thereby enabling the work of the individual to be done upon a 
 smaller supply of reparative material (food), and with less fatigue. 
 Furthermore, when used in moderation, they are all (2) more or less stimu¬ 
 lating to the mental processes, and (3) sedative to the nervous system. 
 
 This similarity of action they owe to the possession of principles, which, if not iden¬ 
 tical, are so closely related to each other that until very recently they have been so con¬ 
 sidered both by chemists and pharmacologists. Their divergence from each other, in the 
 finer shades of their action, depends most probably on the existence in each of differing 
 aromatic and volatile principles, which modify the action of the alkaloid in some degree. 
 Similar principles are developed in them by the various processes of preparation (as 
 roasting, drying, etc.), all of which have some part in determining the general action of 
 the beverage containing them. 
 
 Coffee is more stimulating than Coca, and less sustaining. It is apt 
 to cause severe palpitations of the heart; and may disorder digestion, if 
 long stewed. The Coffee-bean contains only 0.2 to 0.8 per cent, of 
 Caffeine. 
 
 Tea (Camellia Thea) is the most refreshing and stimulating member of 
 the group. Used to excess, it powerfully affects the stability of the motor 
 and the vaso-motor nerves, the action of the heart, and the digestive 
 function,—producing flatulent dyspepsia, tremulousness of the limbs, 
 
140 
 
 CAFFEA. 
 
 pallor of the surface, irregular cardiac action, and feeble impulse, hallu¬ 
 cinations, night-mare, anorexia, headache, nausea and vomiting, obstinate 
 neuralgiae—especially of the supra-orbital and occipital nerves; also con¬ 
 stipation, and a pain in the left side are not infrequent. The condition 
 of chronic tea-poisoning is termed “Theism,”—and is very often seen 
 among women of the lower class in cities, who do not indulge in alcoholic 
 beverages, but freely accept the dominion of the “cup that cheers ” and 
 worse than inebriates. 
 
 Mate ( Ilex Paraguayensis, Paraguay tea), is supposed to be inter¬ 
 mediate in its effects between tea and coffee. It also contains Caffeine, 
 in the proportion of 1.2 per cent. 
 
 Guarana (. Paullinia sorbilis of Brazil), contains an alkaloid — Guara- 
 ?iine , in the proportion of 5 per cent., which is probably identical with 
 Caffeine, though some think it more analogous to Theine. It is especially 
 noted for relieving a nervous headache, for which purpose the official fluid 
 extract may be used in doses of n^xx, three or four times daily, when the 
 basis of that preparation happens to be of good quality. 
 
 Coca, or Cuca ( Erythroxylon Coca), is more sustaining and less of a 
 direct stimulant, than either tea or coffee. The proportion of Cocaine 
 in the leaves varies greatly in different samples, as they occur in commerce. 
 
 Cocoa ( Theobroma Cacao , the Chocolate-tree), is more directly nutri¬ 
 tious than any of the group, containing a large quantity of fat, Oleu?n 
 Theobromce (cacao-butter), which makes it difficult of digestion to many 
 persons. Its alkaloid, Theobromine , is closely allied to Caffeine, the latter 
 being considered a Methyl-theobromine. The various preparations of 
 this agent are made from the seeds, after the oil has been expressed from 
 them. They are ground in a mill, mixed with rice, barley, sugar, flour, 
 etc., and put up in powdered form, called Cocoa ,—but if flavored with 
 vanilla and pressed into a cake, the product is Chocolate. The thin husks 
 which envelope the seeds are known as “ Shells,' 1 ' and are used to make 
 a beverage similar to but milder than cocoa or chocolate. 
 
 Caffeine in general terms is a stimulant at first, and subsequently a 
 paralyzant, to the nerve-centres in the cerebrum, medulla and cord. In 
 small doses it quickens the action of the heart and raises arterial tension; 
 stimulates the cerebral functions, by increasing the supply of blood to the 
 brain; increases the respiration rate and the secretion of urine. Larger 
 doses (gr. v-viij), often over-stimulate the cerebral circulation, causing 
 threby great heaviness of the head, flashes of light before the eyes, 
 tinnitus aurium, insomnia, restlessness, and even delirium,—the pulse 
 becoming rapid, feeble, irregular and intermittent, and the general body- 
 temperature elevated, though that of the periphery may be lowered. 
 Large doses depress the heart and respiration, and lower the blood-pres¬ 
 sure ;—in the smaller animals exalting the reflex excitability of the cord 
 
CAFFEA. 
 
 141 
 
 and producing tetanic convulsions;—and in lethal doses paralyzing the 
 cardiac muscle as well as its motor ganglia, but causing death by paralysis 
 of respiration. It powerfully affects muscular fibre, both voluntary and 
 involuntary kinds, throwing it into a state of tetanic contraction resem¬ 
 bling rigor mortis. If administered in sufficient quantity it would doubt¬ 
 less prove fatal to man,—but its lethal dose for him would be very large, 
 Caffeine is excreted unchanged in the bile and urine, and is a reliable 
 hydragogue diuretic ; acting by stimulation of the secreting apparatus in 
 the kidney, as well as by generally raising the arterial tension. (Brunton.) 
 
 Theine, upon the smaller animals, agrees in most respects with Caffeine, 
 except that it requires much larger doses to produce the same effects. It 
 differs, however, in some important particulars. Theine chiefly affects 
 the sensory, Caffeine the motor system. Theine causes spasms and con¬ 
 vulsions, and impairs the nasal reflex, early in the course of the poisoning 
 process;—while Caffeine does so late, if at all. Theine decreases the 
 body-temperature,—Caffeine increases it. Theine causes convulsions in 
 frogs, a power now denied to Caffeine, though hitherto ascribed to it. 
 Both alkaloids tend to produce muscular contraction, but Theine causes 
 a peculiar rhythmical contraction in voluntary muscles, which lasts for 
 several hours, and seems to act transversely across the fibre, as the muscle 
 is elongated at each contraction. In man, the principal action of the 
 hypodermic injection of Theine is the production of a profound local 
 anaesthesia at and below the point of injection,—acting therefore outwards 
 along the nerve-trunk, and not towards the centre. It does not affect the 
 motor apparatus, nor does it seem to produce narcosis. 
 
 Guaranine is generally considered as identical with Caffeine, though 
 some few observers find in its action a closer analogy to Theine. It affects 
 both sensory and motor nerves, the sensory first, paralyzing them from the 
 centres outwards. [1 Cocaine and Brucine act from the periphery inwards.] 
 It causes general hypersesthesia, and subsequently convulsions of spinal 
 origin,—at first increases and afterwards depresses respiration and the action 
 of the heart. It seems to have a stronger affinity for the sensory than for 
 the motor nerves, and hence resembles Theine more than Caffeine. 
 
 Theobromine has the formula C 7 H 8 N 4 0 2 , and is closely allied to Caf¬ 
 feine, physiologically and chemically. In fact, Caffeine maybe considered 
 a Methyl-theobromine, C 7 H 9 (CH 3 )N 4 0 2 . During roasting the cocoa-bean 
 develops an aromatic principle which gives to chocolate its peculiar flavor. 
 In large doses Theobromine is fatal to small animals. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Although without a very extensive range of usefulness, Caffeine is a 
 valuable stimulant in many forms of nervous and cardiac depression, and 
 has proved especially efficacious in headaches of neuralgic or nervous 
 
142 
 
 CAJUPUTI OLEUM. 
 
 type, the pain being general over the head, gr. j of Caffeine every half 
 hour, or the fluid extract of Guarana, in 20-minim doses every 2 or 3 
 hours. In choleraic diarrhoea, and that of phthisis, it checks outward 
 osmosis by stimulating the depressed nervous apparatus. In dropsy, car¬ 
 diac and renal, Caffeine is a diuretic and cardiac stimulant. In cervico- 
 brachial neuralgia, Caffeine hypoder., gr. j, increased to gr. v. In 
 lithaemia and gout, a tincture of the green bean has marked diuretic 
 and antispasmodic powers, and is very useful in these conditions. In 
 insomnia of chronic alcoholism, gr. of Caffeine hypodermically. For 
 adynamic fevers, it may well be used in place of alcoholic stimulants. 
 In intermittents, Coffee has a curative reputation among the inhabitants 
 of the Philippines, which is corroborated by the Dutch physicians. In 
 asthma, if not used habitually, Coffee is valuable in the paroxysm. In 
 opium narcosis, Caffeine hypodermically, or better still strong black 
 coffee, to antagonize the increasing torpor of the nervous centres. 
 
 Therapeutics of Theine. 
 
 This alkaloid is a valuable analgesic, especially so by reason of its pro¬ 
 longed influence over sensation. Its great field of employment is in neu¬ 
 ralgia of any kind, cervico-brachial, sciatic, etc., doses of gr. to gr. y 2 
 hypodermically, are efficient, and may be kept up as long as required. 
 To make a cure, however, the nutrition of the nerves must be attended to. 
 In locomotor ataxia, lumbago, etc., it has been used with prompt benefit, 
 in the same manner, promptly relieving pain, without producing any 
 narcotic effect. (Mays.) 
 
 CAJUPUTI OLEUM, Oil of Cajuput, —is a volatile oil distilled 
 
 from the leaves of Melaleuca Cajuputi , a tree of the nat. ord. Myrtaceae, 
 native of the Molucca Islands. It is a bluish-green or colorless liquid, 
 of camphoraceous odor, and neutral reaction. Specific gravity about 
 0.920, freely soluble in alcohol. It contains Cajuputol or Bihydrate of 
 Cajuputene, which forms 2 /i of it, the other yi being another oil. Dose, 
 
 "lj-v. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Cajuput Oil resembles Oil of Turpentine, and has similar actions to 
 those of the other volatile oils, being a stimulant carminative, somewhat 
 diuretic and diaphoretic, antiseptic, parasiticide and anthelmintic. Exter¬ 
 nally used, it is irritant to the skin. Swallowed, it produces a sense of 
 warmth in the stomach and accelerates the pulse. 
 
 It is not much used internally, though it has been given with benefit 
 in flatulent colic, dropsy, hysteria, chronic rheumatism, scrofula, syphilis, 
 elephantiasis and other cutaneous disorders. Externally, as a strong, 
 
CALAMUS-CALCIUM. 143 
 
 stimulating rubefacient, it is efficient in chilblains, muscular rheumatism 
 and nervous headaches. 
 
 CALAMUS, Sweet Flag ,—is the rhizome of Acorus Calamus , a 
 plant of the nat. ord. Araceae, native in Europe and North America, 
 having an aromatic odor and pungent taste. The unpeeled root should 
 only be used, peeled or bleached calamus being almost inert. It contains 
 a volatile oil and Acorin , which is a nitrogenous, bitter principle, also 
 benzoic acid, starch, etc. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extractum Calami Fluidum ,—is made with Alcohol as a menstruum. Dose, 
 
 "l*v-3j. 
 
 Calamus is an aromatic bitter, and stomachic tonic, increasing the 
 appetite and stimulating digestion. It is one of the constituents of the 
 preparations termed “bitters,” and is chewed as an appetizer. 
 
 CALCIUM, Ca, —is the metal characteristic of Lime, Chalk, and all 
 calcareous substances, and though itself unofficial is represented by several 
 official salts and preparations. 
 
 Official Salts of Calcium. 
 
 Calcii Carbonas Prcecipitatus , Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium, CaC 0 3 ,—a fine im¬ 
 palpable, white powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in 
 mineral acids or acetic acid with effervescence. Creta (chalk) is the native carbonate of 
 calcium (see below). Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Calx, Lime, Oxide of Calcium, CaO,—hard, white masses, gradually resolving to a 
 white powder in the air, odorless, of sharp, caustic taste and alkaline reaction, soluble in 
 750 of water and 1300 of boiling water, insoluble in alcohol. Not used internally except 
 in solution. Is a constituent of Potassa cum Calce. (See under Potassium.) 
 
 Calcii Chloridum , Chloride of Calcium, CaCl 2 ,—hard, colorless masses, deliquescent, 
 of sharp, saline taste, soluble in \ l / z of water and 8 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. x-xx 
 in solution. 
 
 Calcii Bromidum ,—described under Bromides, ante page 133. 
 
 Calcii Hypophosphis, —described under Phosphorus. 
 
 Calcii Phosphas Prcecipitatus ,—described under Phosphorus. 
 
 Calcii Sulphidum ,—described under Sulphur. 
 
 Preparations of the Carbonate. 
 
 Creta Preparata , Prepared Chalk,—is native carbonate of Calcium freed from most 
 of its impurities by elutriation; a white, amorphous powder, odorless and tastless, insol¬ 
 uble in water or alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xx. Is a constituent of Hydrargyrum cum Creta, 
 and also of the following : 
 
 Pulvis Cretce Compositus, Compound Chalk Powder,—has of Prepared Chalk 30, 
 Acacia 20, Sugar 50 parts. Dose, gr. v-^j. 
 
 Mistura Cretce , Chalk Mixture,—has of the preceding 20 parts, Cinnamon Water 40, 
 Water 40, rubbed together and made fresh as required. Dose, 35s. 
 
 Trochisci Cretce , Troches of Chalk,—each contains of Prepared Chalk 4 grains, Acacia 
 1, Sugar 6, with a little Nutmeg. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Testa Preparata , Prepared Oyster-shell (Unofficial),—contains animal matter intimately 
 mixed with the carbonate of calcium. Dose, gr. x-xx or more. 
 
144 
 
 CALCIUM. 
 
 Preparations of the Oxide. 
 
 Liquor Calcis , Solution of Lime, Lime-water,—contains about 0.15 per cent, oi Cal¬ 
 cium Hydrate, Ca(HO) 2 . A clear, colorless liquid, of saline taste and alkaline reaction. 
 Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 Syrupus Calcis , Syrup of Lime, Saccharated Solution of Lime,—contains 5 per cent, 
 of Lime, 30 of Sugar, the latter aiding the solvent powder. Dose, 3 ss—ij. Is the antidote 
 to poisoning by carbolic or oxalic acid. 
 
 Linimentum Calcis , Lime Liniment,—contains equal parts of Liquor Calcis and Cotton¬ 
 seed Oil. Is nearly the same as the application known as “ Carron Oil.” 
 
 Calx Chlorata ,—described under Chlorine. 
 
 Calx Sulphurata ,—described under Sulphur. 
 
 Potassa cum Calce, —described under Potassa. 
 
 Preparations of the Phosphate and Hypophosphite. 
 
 Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis, ] 
 
 Syrsipus PLypophosphitum, [ are described under Phosphorus. 
 
 Syrtipus Hypophosphitu m cum Ferro , J 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Lime before it assumes the condition of Hydrate is irritant and caustic, 
 and if inhaled or swallowed may produce dangerous inflammation. The 
 preparations of Lime and Chalk are feebly alkaline and astringent; they 
 neutralize the acid of the gastric juice and are sedative to the mucous mem¬ 
 brane of the stomach. A small quantity of the oxide passes into the blood 
 and promotes constructive metamorphosis,—but if used in large quantity 
 or for a long time it will act in the opposite manner, producing waste. 
 
 Calcium Chloride is a gastro-intestinal irritant, very diffusible and 
 remarkably alterative, being apparently a powerful antagonist to the 
 strumous diathesis. 
 
 [The actions of the other salts of Calcium are described under the titles 
 of their respective bases.] 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 The preparations of Lime and Chalk are incompatible with acids and metallic salts. 
 In poisoning by Lime the antidote is a dilute vegetable acid, followed by demulcents or 
 the fixed oils to protect the mucous membrane. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Lime may be used as a caustic and depilatory, but is better known as 
 an agent for hastening decomposition which it does by its affinity for water, 
 the resulting Hydrate absorbing many of the products. Chlorinated 
 Lime is an excellent antiseptic and disinfectant, but as it owes its 
 energy entirely to its chlorine it will be noted under that title. Lime- 
 water is a favorite remedy for vomiting, especially in children, and is 
 added to milk to increase its digestibility. It is also efficient for acid 
 dyspepsia and mucous enteritis, as an antacid and astringent. Locally it 
 is usefully employed as an enema against thread-worms, as a lotion in many 
 mucous and purulent discharges, and in aphthae. The vapor of slaking 
 
CALENDULA-CALUMBA. 
 
 145 
 
 lime or lime-water as spray are often very serviceable inhalations in diph¬ 
 theria. Syrup of Lime contains more lime in solution than lime-water, 
 and may be used instead of the latter where a diluent is not advisable. 
 It is the antidote for poisoning by Carbolic or Oxalic Acid, while lime in 
 any form (as wall-plaster) is a valuable antidote for poisoning by any 
 mineral acid. 
 
 Chalk-mixture is used in the diarrhoeas of children with sour-smelling, 
 watery stools; and maybe conveniently prescribed in combination with 
 other astringents. Lime Liniment is used on cotton or lint as a dressing 
 for burns. 
 
 Calcium Chloride has been advantageously employed in the various 
 manifestations of the strumous diathesis. It sometimes resolves glandular 
 enlargements, calcifies tubercular deposits, aids the cicatrization of ulcer¬ 
 ating cavities, and has been curative in eczema and lupus. It is strongly 
 recommended in chorea, phthisis and in the colliquative diarrhoea of 
 strumous children. In solution externally as a fomentation it will hasten 
 the maturation of boils. 
 
 [The therapeutics of the other salts of Calcium are included under those 
 of their respective bases.] 
 
 CALENDULA, Marigold ,—is the fresh, flowering herb of Calen¬ 
 dula officinalis , the common Garden Marigold, a plant of the nat. ord. 
 Compositse, frequently cultivated for ornament. The tincture (20 per 
 cent.) is also official, and is exclusively used as a local application to pro¬ 
 mote the healing process in wounds, ulcers, burns and other breaches of 
 tissue. Extravagant views of its powers as a vulnerary are promulgated 
 by the so-called “ homoeopathic surgeons,” and serve as one of their 
 excuses for professing an exclusive position in the art of surgery. 
 
 CALUMBA, Columbo, —is the root of Jateorrhiza Calumba , a plant 
 of the nat. ord. Menispermacese, native in southeastern Africa, but culti¬ 
 vated in the East Indian Islands. It occurs in nearly circular disks, 
 having two or three interrupted circles of projecting wood-bundles, odor 
 slight, taste mucilaginous, aromatic and bitter. It contains the alkaloid 
 Berberine (see under Berberis, ante , page 130), a bitter principle named 
 Calumbin , also Calumbic Acid and Starch, but no Tannin. Dose, gr. 
 v-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraclum Calumba Fluidum. —Dose, rrpv-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Calumba ,— 1 in 10. Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Calumba is the first in alphabetical order of the simple bitters, having 
 no astringency or aroma, and its action, as herein described, will apply 
 10 
 
146 
 
 CAMBOGIA. 
 
 to the other members of that class (Quassia, Gentian, Cornus). It stimu¬ 
 lates the nerves of taste, increases the flow of saliva, excites the flow of the 
 gastric juice and the gastric circulation, thus increasing the appetite and 
 promoting digestion, and so promoting the constructive metamorphosis. 
 As it also increases the gastric mucus, its continued use will set up catarrh 
 of the stomach, and interfere with digestion, though it is one of the 
 least irritant of stomachic tonics. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 As Calumba contains no Tannin, it may be administered with the salts 
 of Iron, and is often prescribed with the sub-carbonate. It is useful in 
 atonic dyspepsia with pain after eating, in the convalescent stage of dis¬ 
 ease to promote appetite and digestion, in diarrhoea and dysentery, 
 vomiting, sea-sickness, cholera morbus and cholera infantum. An Infu¬ 
 sion of Calumba with Ginger and Senna is effective in flatulence, and the 
 same preparation is a good vehicle for the administration of acids and 
 alkalies, tonics, aromatics and mild cathartics. Having little or no irritant 
 quality, it is an excellent tonic in the hectic of phthisis. 
 
 CAMBOGIA, Gamboge, —is a gum-resin, obtained from Garcinia 
 Ha?iburii , a Siamese tree of the nat. ord. Guttiferse. It occurs in cylin¬ 
 drical pieces, of orange-red color, but yellow when powdered. Its taste 
 is very acrid. It contains 73 per cent, of Gambogic Acid , a resinous 
 substance, also 25 per cent, of gum and 2 of water. It is partly soluble 
 in alcohol and ether. The only official preparation is the Pil. Catharticae 
 Co. (described under Colocynthis), each pill containing gr. % of Gam¬ 
 boge. Its dose, as a cathartic, is gr. ij-v,—as a diuretic, gr. j at short 
 intervals. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Gamboge is an irritant purgative, decidedly diuretic, and its powder 
 is sternutatory. Its catharsis is accompanied by vomiting and colic, and 
 the stools produced are watery, but not so much so as generally believed. 
 It has no cholagogue action. Full doses are liable to produce violent 
 gastro-enteritis, and incautiously used (as in Morrison’s pills) it has fre¬ 
 quently caused death. On the other hand, large doses have been given 
 continuously in some cases, without producing any dangerous symptoms. 
 
 Gamboge was formerly much used as a hydragogue cathartic and diuretic 
 in dropsies, but its irritant qualities have caused it to be superseded by 
 other agents (elaterium, digitalis, etc.). However, for dysentery, espe¬ 
 cially when in young subjects, very small doses (gr. y 1 ^) at short intervals, 
 up to gr. ^ in 24 hours, have proven to be remarkably efficacious. 
 
CAMPHORA. 
 
 147 
 
 CAMPHORA, Camphor, C 10 H 16 O,—is a stearopten (solid volatile 
 oil), derived from Cinnamomum Camphora , a tree of the nat. ord. Laura- 
 ceae, and purified by sublimation. Occurs in white, translucent, waxy 
 masses, of penetrating odor and pungent taste, lighter than water, in which 
 it is sparingly soluble (1 to 1300), but dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, 
 chloroform, benzin, oils, etc. The camphor-tree is indigenous in China, 
 Japan, Formosa and other parts of eastern Asia. Borneo Camphor has 
 the formula C 10 H 18 O bears the same relation to Japanese Camphor as 
 alcohol bears to aldehyde, and is heavier than water. Dose, gr. j-xx. 
 
 Derivatives of Camphor are— Camphor-cymol which is obtained by 
 its distillation with zinc chloride,— Camphoric a?ui Camphretic Acids, 
 which result respectively from its lesser or greater oxidation. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Aqua Camphorce , Camphor-water,—Camphor 8, Alcohol 16, Distilled Water q. s. ad 
 1000 parts. Used externally or as a vehicle. Dose, ^j-iv. 
 
 Spiritus Camphorce , Spirit of Camphor,—Camphor 10, Alcohol 70, Water 20 parts. 
 Dose, rrpv-xx. 
 
 Linimentum Camphorce , Camphor Liniment,—Camphor 20, Cotton-seed Oil 80 parts. 
 For external use. 
 
 Ceratum Camphorce , Camphor Cerate,—has of the Liniment 3, Olive Oil 12, Cerate 
 85 parts. Used for itching skin-affections. 
 
 Camphora Monobromata , Monobromated Camphor, C 10 H 15 BrO,—colorless, prismatic 
 needles or scales, of mild camphoraceous odor and taste, and neutral reaction, almost 
 insoluble in water, slightly in glycerin, freely in alcohol, ether, oils, etc. Dose, gr. j-x, 
 in emulsion. 
 
 Rubin?s Tincture of Camphor (Unofficial),—is a saturated solution in alcohol, $} in 
 °f which the dose is from 4 to 10 drops, rrpvij have caused toxic symptoms in 
 an adult. 
 
 RaspaiVs “Eau Sedative ” (Unofficial),—contains Aq. Ammoniae 3 ij, Sodii Chlori- 
 dum Jij, Camphorated Spirits of Wine ^iij, Water Oij. Used externally. 
 
 Camphor is also an ingredient of Linimentum Saponis, Linimentum Sinapis Composi- 
 tum, and Tinctura Opii Camphorata. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Camphor is antispasmodic, anodyne, antiseptic, diaphoretic, a stimu¬ 
 lant expectorant, a cerebral excitant, a gastro-intestinal irritant, and a 
 rubefacient. It has an acrid, hot taste, and irritates the skin and mucous 
 membranes, in quantity exciting severe gastric inflammation with all the 
 effects of an irritant poison. In medicinal doses, it stimulates the vaso¬ 
 motor system and the cardiac motor ganglia, and lessens the influence of 
 the pneumogastric,—thus increasing the circulation and raising arterial 
 tension. It also stimulates respiration and mental activity, even produc¬ 
 ing intoxication; promotes diaphoresis, allays pain, and increases the 
 menstrual flow and the sexual appetite, but its continued use depresses 
 the generative function. “ Camphora per nares castrat odore mares.” 
 
 Large doses cause gastro-intestinal inflammation, depress the heart and 
 lower arterial tension, diminish the reflex function of the spinal cord, 
 produce coldness of the surface, insensibility, coma, convulsions and 
 perhaps death. 
 
148 
 
 CAMPHORA. 
 
 As many as 200 grains have been taken without fatal result, yet 6 or 7 
 grains have produced extreme drowsiness and weakness of the pulse, and 
 20 grains laid an Alpine guide up for a day. 
 
 It is eliminated by the bronchial mucous membrane, skin and kidneys, 
 and has often caused dysuria. 
 
 Monobromated Camphor resembles the bromides in action, but is not 
 identical therewith. In mammals it produces muscular weakness passing 
 into paralysis, lowered temperature and respiration, stupor and death. In 
 some cases its use by man has been followed by epileptiform convulsions. 
 It is a nervous sedative and hypnotic, and a gastric irritant. 
 
 Antagonists and I?ico?npatibles. 
 
 Arterial sedatives coffee, cold, etc., antagonize its action. Water precipitates it from 
 the alcoholic solution, alkalies and earthy salts precipitate even the small quantity which 
 is soluble in water. Emetics to remove as much as possible. Opium and Bromides for 
 the convulsions. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Camphor was much used by the older physicians as an antispasmodic, 
 and is yet greatly valued in China and Japan. It has a reputation for 
 uncertainty of therapeutic action, but is usefully administered in cholera 
 and choleraic diarrhoea, summer diarrhoea and that of infants, vomit¬ 
 ing, gastralgia, cardiac depression, nervousness and nervous headache, 
 nymphomania, capillary bronchitis, typhoid and eruptive fevers, dysmen- 
 orrhcea, afterpains, chordee, strangury, and catarrhal colds. Locally it is 
 effective in myalgia, lumbago, toothache, gangrene, and other conditions 
 where counter-irritation or a local anodyne are required. A solution in 
 ether has been found to be a beneficial application in erysipelas. 
 
 Monobromated Camphor is used as a nerve sedative and hypnotic, 
 but is not particularly efficient in this regard. It has been used with 
 advantage in whooping-cough, neuralgia, chorea, hysteria, delirium tre¬ 
 mens and epilepsy. 
 
 Camphora Carbolata is a name given to a mixture of 2 y 2 parts of 
 camphor with one each of carbolic acid and alcohol. This preparation, 
 mixed with olive-oil, is a good non-irritating and antiseptic dressing for 
 wounds and breaches of surface. 
 
 Camphor-Chloral is a fluid obtained by triturating together equal 
 parts of camphor and chloral hydrate. It has decided solvent powers, 
 dissolving sulphate of morphine readily (gr. xx in 5ij)> and many other 
 salts of alkaloids. It is often a serviceable application in superficial 
 neuralgia, and is said to allay spasmodic cough if painted over the larynx. 
 
 Camphora Salicylata is obtained by heating together 11 parts of 
 salicylic acid and 14 of camphor. An ointment prepared from this sub¬ 
 stance has been used with very satisfactory results in the treatment of 
 phagedena, spreading syphilitic sores, epithelioma, lupus, etc. 
 
CANNABIS. 
 
 149 
 
 CANNABIS, Hemp ,—is Cannabis sativa, the hemp-plant, a 
 coarse, pubescent, somewhat viscid annual of the nat. ord. Urticaceae, 
 having an erect, branching stem 3 to 6 feet high, with alternate or oppo¬ 
 site digitate leaves on long, weak petioles; and dioecious flowers, the 
 staminate clusters being lax, drooping, leafless at the base ; the pistillate 
 clusters erect and leafy at the base. It is indigenous to Asia, but is culti¬ 
 vated in most civilized countries for its textile bast-fibres and its oily 
 fruit. The two official varieties are specifically identical with each other, 
 differing only in the degree of their action, that grown in India being 
 the most powerful. They contain a resin named Cannabin , and a Vola¬ 
 tile Oil , from the latter of which are obtained Cantiabene , a light hydro¬ 
 carbon, and Hydride of Cannabene , a crystalline body. Cannabis should 
 not be confounded with the so-called “ Indian or Canadian Hemp,” 
 Apocynum cannabinum (see ante , page 107). The official varieties of 
 Cannabis are as follows :— 
 
 Cannabis Americana, American Cannabis,—is Cannabis sativa , grown 
 in the Southern United States and collected while flowering, having a stem 
 about six feet long and rough, leaves petiolate and digitate, opposite 
 below, alternate above, flowers dioecious, odor heavy, taste bitter and 
 slightly acrid. No official preparations. 
 
 Cannabis Indica, Indian Cannabis, Indian Hemp,—the flowering tops 
 of the female plant of Cannabis sativa , grown in the East Indies. Is 
 about two inches long, branching, compressed and brittle, having a few 
 digitate leaves with linear-lanceolate leaflets, and numerous bracts, each 
 containing two small pistillate flowers, sometimes with the nearly ripe 
 fruit, the whole agglutinated with a resinous exudation. Color brownish, 
 odor peculiar and narcotic, taste slightly acrid. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extradum Cannabis Indices ,—Dose, gr. £-j, if active. 
 
 Extractum Cannabis Indices Fluidum , —an alcoholic preparation which in mixtures 
 must be emulsified with Gum Acacia, otherwise the resin will separate and float to the 
 top or adhere to the sides of the bottle. Dose, rrp j-v, but the author has frequently taken 
 of a good fluid extract without experiencing untoward effects. Whatever may be the 
 reason, it is a fact which he has often verified, that if the precipitate, formed when the 
 alcoholic preparation is added to water, be of a brownish hue, a dirty, yellow-brown, the 
 sample will prove to be almost inert;—but if of a decided olive-green color, the prepara¬ 
 tion will be active. The activity will be found to increase almost in direct proportion to 
 the decided green of the precipitate. Samples from the same manufacturer show this 
 difference, often seen between two bottles in the same shipment. The active principle 
 seems to be intimately connected with the chlorophyll or other coloring matter present, 
 and to be destroyed therewith by whatever injures the latter. 
 
 Tindzira Cannabis Indices , —strength 20 per cent. Dose, rtpxx- ^j. The above re¬ 
 mark on mixtures containing the fluid extract applies also to the tincture. 
 
 Similar preparations of Cannabis Americana are prepared by the manufacturers and 
 may be used in larger quantities. The dosage of all preparations of hemp is uncertain, 
 as specimens of the plant vary very much in activity. The best rule is to begin with a 
 small dose, gradually testing the activity of the drug and the susceptibility of the patient 
 by carefully increased doses. 
 
 Cannabin Tannate (Unofficial),—is a yellowish-brown permanent powder, insoluble in 
 water and ether, slightly soluble in alcohol, having a not unpleasant odor and a bitterish, 
 astringent taste. No formula has been published for it, but it is claimed to be the tannate 
 
CANNABIS. 
 
 150 
 
 of a glucoside by Merck of Darmstadt, who placed it on the market. Dose, as a hyp¬ 
 notic, gr. v-x. 
 
 Preparations used in the East. 
 
 Churrus is an impure resin, prepared by rubbing the leaves of the plant together and 
 scraping off the adhering resin. 
 
 Gunjah is the dried leaf and tops as sold in the bazaars for smoking purposes. 
 
 Hashish , Bhang or Siddhi is a confection consisting of the leaves and small stalks 
 coarsely broken and mixed with fruits and aromatics. It is employed in the preparation 
 of various electuaries and beverages, and is also smoked with or without tobacco. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Cannabis is an antispasmodic, analgesic, anaesthetic and narcotic, a 
 cerebro-spinal stimulant and a powerful aphrodisiac. It increases intel¬ 
 lectual and motor activity, stimulates the vaso-motor nerves raising arterial 
 tension, depresses sensation, and strengthens the energy of the uterine 
 muscular fibre, but has no power to initiate uterine contractions. In 
 large doses it causes a pleasurable intoxication during which the peculiar 
 traits of the individual are exalted, and the ideas follow each other so 
 rapidly as to produce a sense of great prolongation of time, minutes seem¬ 
 ing as if hours or even days. With this occurs increased sexual desire, 
 great uterine activity, and sensations of double consciousness and enor¬ 
 mous dimensions. The sight and hearing are exalted, pupils dilated, 
 anaesthesia sets in, the reflexes are lowered by stimulation of inhibition 
 (Setchenow’s centre?), and if the dose be a heavy one a cataleptic state 
 is induced. Sleep or coma follows according to the size of the dose, but 
 death has never been produced by this drug. 
 
 After-effects are dullness, heaviness, vertigo, headache, and confused 
 thought, anaesthesia of the skin, and marked diuresis,—but no nausea, 
 no vital depression, no constipation. Repeated use of the drug causes 
 mental weakness and impotence, the result of over-stimulation. A raven¬ 
 ous appetite is usually one of its effects. 
 
 Antagonists and hicompatibles. 
 
 Strychnine and faradism are antagonistic. Caustic alkalies are incompatible. In 
 poisoning by it the stomach should be evacuated, stimulants given cautiously, and respira¬ 
 tion maintained. The effects of a large dose last over 24 hours. Lemon-juice is said to 
 antagonize its effects. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Cannabis was formerly much employed as an anodyne and hypnotic, 
 also as an anaesthetic during surgical operations. It is now somewhat out 
 of fashion. In migraine it is useful to prevent recurrence of the attack, 
 and in neuralgia it is often very efficient. Uterine affections, as—chronic 
 metritis, subinvolution, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, etc., are greatly 
 benefited by its anodyne quality and its power over the uterine muscular 
 fibre. It is the best hypnotic in delirium tremens, and in traumatic 
 tetanus and paralysis agitans large doses will lower the reflex activity. 
 Dysuria and retention of urine are often relieved by it, while in spasm of 
 the bladder and other painful affections of that organ it will be found a 
 most efficient remedy. It is useful in functional impotence, especially if 
 
CANTHARIS. 
 
 15 I 
 
 combined with Ergot and Nux-vomica. In gonorrhoea it lessens the 
 discharge, relieves the inflammation, burning pain and restlessness, and 
 allays chordee. The tincture of C. Americana is the most useful in this 
 affection, being fully as efficient as Copaiba or Sandal Oil, and much 
 more agreeable. It should, however, be prepared from the fresh plant, 
 and be given in 3 to 5 drops doses 3 or 4 times daily after the subsidence 
 of the acute symptoms. Full doses of the tincture of the Indian plant are 
 extremely efficient in many cases of headache at the menopause, but 
 should be used cautiously until the activity of the sample and the suscep¬ 
 tibility of the patient are tested. 
 
 Tannate of Cannabin is recommended as a powerful hypnotic, not 
 in any degree dangerous and neither disturbing the secretions nor leaving 
 unpleasant after-effects. It has been used with benefit in acute mania. 
 
 CANTHARIS, Cantharides, Spanish Flies, —is the dried beetle 
 Cantharis vesicatoria , an insect of the nat. ord. Coleoptera, about an inch 
 long, of a shining green color, the powder being grayish-brown, with 
 green particles, odor very disagreeable. Contains Cantharidin , C 10 H 12 O 4 , 
 the active principle,—also a greenish volatile oil and peculiar fatty bodies. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tindura Cantharidis, —strength 5 per cent. Dose, TT\J-xx. 
 
 Ceratum Cantharidis, Cantharides Cerate, Blistering Cerate,—Cantharides 35, Yellow 
 Wax 20, Resin 20, Lard 25 parts. 
 
 Ceratum Extradi Cantharidis, —Cantharides 30, Resin 15, Yellow Wax 35 parts, 
 Lard 35 parts, Alcohol q. s. 
 
 Charta Cantharidis , —Cantharides I, Canada Turpentine I, Olive Oil 4, Spermaceti 3, 
 White Wax 8, Water 10 parts—spread on paper. 
 
 Linimentnm Cantharidis, —Cantharides 15, Oil of Turpentine q. s. ad 100. 
 
 Efnplastrum Picis cum Cantharide , Pitch Plaster with Cantharides, Warming Plaster, 
 —Burgundy Pitch 92 parts, Ceratum Cantharidis 8 parts. 
 
 Collodium cum Cantharide, Cantharidal Collodion,—Cantharides 60, Flexible Collo¬ 
 dion 85, Commercial Chloroform q. s. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Cantharis applied to the skin is a rubefacient and vesicant, acting more 
 slowly than mustard but much more severely. Internally it is also irri¬ 
 tant, causing heat of stomach, gastralgia, nausea, and vomiting, the circu¬ 
 lation is stimulated, temperature elevated, urine becomes scanty and 
 irritating, is voided with difficulty and pain, and often contains blood and 
 albumen. Afterwards the pulse falls, temperature and arterial tension are 
 lowered, and depression ensues. A toxic dose produces severe gastro¬ 
 enteritis, abdominal tenderness, tenesmus, mucous or bloody stools, pain 
 in the stomach and loins, dysphagia, ptyalism, strangury, priapism, hema¬ 
 turia, swollen genitals, abortion, muscular tremor, convulsions, coma and 
 insensibility. Post-mortem shows evidences of violent metritis, gastro¬ 
 enteritis and general peritonitis. Cantharis is aphrodisiac by causing 
 vascular turgescence of the genital apparatus, but only in doses which 
 
152 
 
 CANTHARIS. 
 
 produce dangerous symptoms. It is only abortive in toxic dose. In 
 small doses it is diuretic and emmenagogue. 
 
 Counter-irritation by rubefacients or blisters acts on disease probably 
 through the nervous system. Its influence is explained by the theory that 
 the peripheral extremities of the nerves supplying the skin of the part to 
 which the agent is applied undergo some molecular change, which extends 
 to the nerve centre and is thence radiated to centrifugal or trophic nerves, 
 effecting various changes in nutrition and secretion over the areas to which 
 they are distributed. In addition to this method of action, neighboring 
 parts are affected by direct extension of the inflammation produced, and 
 distant parts are also affected by absorption through the vesicated surface 
 of agents having special affinities for certain organs. 
 
 Blisters act primarily as a stimulant to the body generally as well as to 
 the organs in its vicinity, but if permitted to remain long enough to pro¬ 
 duce large blebs, the result is a depression proportionate to the amount 
 of serum abstracted, the serum containing nearly as much albumen as the 
 blood itself. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 There is no chemical or physiological antagonist to Cantharis. Evacuation of the 
 stomach, mucilaginous drinks freely, Opium for the gastro-enteritis, are the best measnres 
 in poisoning by this agent. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 As a counter-irritant and vesicant Cantharis is of great value in neu¬ 
 ralgia if applied close to the emergence of the nerve from the spinal 
 column, also in sciatica and neuritis, and in acute rheumatism around the 
 affected joints. A blister at the nape of the neck controls many head¬ 
 aches, and one behind the ear will modify inflammatory affections of the 
 eye. In pleuritic effusions a succession of small blisters (flying-blisters) 
 will promote absorption of the pleural contents, and a blister applied to 
 the perineum will often cure a rebellious gleet. Though valuable as a 
 therapeutic measure in very many conditions, blistering is going out of 
 fashion except in hospitals and among people who believe in heroic 
 treatment. 
 
 As an internal remedy Cantharis must be employed in very small doses 
 (npj-iij of the tincture) in order to be efficient. When so used it is an 
 admirable agent in acute desquamative nephritis after the active inflamma¬ 
 tion and fever have subsided, to reduce the albumen and blood in the 
 urine. Drop-doses are particularly useful in irritable bladder with frequent 
 desire to micturate, so often observed in women, also in the incontinence 
 of the aged and of children, and in cystitis, gonorrhoea and gleet. The 
 same dose thrice daily will generally abate chordee. In spermatorrhoea, 
 prostatorrhoea, scanty menstruation and menorrhagia in subjects of lax 
 fibre and general want of tone it is often very serviceable. Cutaneous 
 squamae and vesiculae are greatly improved by small doses frequently ad¬ 
 ministered and gradually increased, and it is one of the best remedies for 
 
CAPSICUM. 
 
 153 
 
 psoriasis. For alopecia areata it is of the utmost value as an external 
 application, and the tincture, greatly diluted, is an ingredient of all the 
 hair-renewers in common use. In pleurisy, after effusion has taken place, 
 it will be found admirable in 1 to 2 drop doses every 2 or 3 hours, and in 
 the after prostration of diphtheria it proves a serviceable stimulant. One 
 of the best applications to burns or scalds is a cloth dipped in a lotion of 
 the tincture one part to thirty or forty of water. The same lotion is an 
 efficient application to vesicular erysipelas and herpes zoster. 
 
 CAPSICUM, Cayenne Pepper, —is the fruit of Capsicum fasti- 
 giatum, a plant of the nat. ord. Solanaceae, native in tropical Africa and 
 America. Occurs in small red pods, enclosing two cells containing flat, 
 yellowish seeds, and has a peculiar odor and an intensely hot taste. It 
 contains Capsicin, which is a thick, red liquid, and is the active principle, 
 —also a volatile alkaloid having the odor of Conine. Dose of the pow¬ 
 dered drug, gr. v-x. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Capsici Fluidum, —alcoholic. Dose, nyv-3 j. 
 
 Tinctura Capsici ,—5 per cent, strength. Dose, rtpx-^j. 
 
 Oleoresina Capsici , prepared by ether. Dose, tip j-v. 
 
 Emplastrutn Capsici , Capsicum Plaster,—prepared from the oleoresin of capiscum and 
 resin plaster. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Capsicum is irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. Externally 
 used for sufficient length of time it will produce vesication, internally in 
 quantity it will excite gastritis. In medicinal doses it increases the saliva, 
 excites a sensation of warmth in the stomach, promotes appetite and 
 digestion, and produces more easy and copious alvine evacuations. It 
 stimulates the action of the heart, is diaphoretic and diuretic, also 
 decidedly aphrodisiac. It is a general stimulant to the nervous system, 
 but in repeated doses produces a slight narcotic effect upon the brain. 
 On the vascular system it acts like ergot, powerfully constringing the 
 vessels by influencing the unstriped muscular fibre in their walls, either 
 directly or through the vaso-motor nerves. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Capsicum is an excellent stomachic tonic in atonic dyspepsia and in 
 that of chronic alcoholism with tremor and insomnia. In acute dipso¬ 
 mania and delirium tremens large doses are efficient in producing sleep 
 and promoting appetite. It is the best substitute for alcohol and opium 
 in attempts to cure those habits. It is well used in intermittents, chiefly 
 as an adjuvant to more active drugs,—in flatulent colic especially when 
 occurring in hysterical women and hypochondriacs,—also in low fevers 
 and cholera as a stimulant. It gives good results in functional impotence, 
 in spermatorrhoea from loss of tone, in chronic parenchymatous nephritis 
 
154 
 
 CARBO. 
 
 to check the waste of albumen, and is beneficial in chronic cystitis and in 
 prostatorrhoea. The tincture internally and a plaster externally over the 
 loins are efficient in cases of renal congestion with habitual pain in the 
 back and a trace of albumen in the urine. 
 
 Locally the tincture diluted ( 5 j to Sviij) or the powder with honey, 
 form excellent gargles for relaxed throat and its accompanying cough, 
 relaxed uvula, inflammatory sore throat, and the cynanche of scarlet fever, 
 but they must be used with caution as such applications are sometimes 
 very irritating. 
 
 The Capsicum-plaster is a mild counter-irritant, of great value in lum¬ 
 bago and other muscular rheumatisms as a palliative application. 
 
 CARBO, Carbon ,—exists in nature in many forms, of which two 
 are official, namely, the charcoals specified below. 
 
 Carbo Animalis, Animal Charcoal,—prepared from bone, occurring 
 in dull black fragments or powder, odorless and nearly tasteless, insoluble 
 in water or alcohol. 
 
 Carbo Ligni, Charcoal,—prepared from soft wood, is black, shining, 
 brittle, inodorous, tasteless and insoluble. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Carbo Animalis Purificatus, Purified Animal Charcoal,—the bone-phosphate and cal¬ 
 cium carbonate being removed by digesting with Hydrochloric acid and washing. Dose, 
 
 gr- xx-3j. 
 
 Carbonei- Bi-sulphidum , Bisulphide of Carbon, CS 2 ,—is a clear, colorless, diffusive 
 liquid, of strong, offensive odor, aromatic taste and neutral reaction; soluble in alcohol, 
 ether, chloroform and oils, insoluble in water; vaporizes at ordinary temperatures, and is 
 highly inflammable. Dose, Tr^ss-p 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Charcoal is an efficient deodorant and disinfectant, as it absorbs and 
 condenses many gaseous bodies and vapors. It is evacuated unchanged 
 by the bowel and exerts no specific action on the body. 
 
 Carbon Bisulphide is largely used in the arts, hence its effects are fre¬ 
 quently observed. Persons exposed to its fumes are affected by headache, 
 vertigo, over-excitement of the nervous system, emaciation, incoordination 
 of movement, depression of all the special senses with impairment of sen¬ 
 sation and motility and perhaps insanity. Inhaled directly, it excites vio¬ 
 lent coughing and produces anaesthesia characterized by great muscular 
 rigidity. Being a powerful cardiac paralyzant, it is extremely dangerous 
 as an anaesthetic. In 3-drop doses, it produces severe nausea and vomit¬ 
 ing, with a sense of heat in the stomach and a weak and rapid action 
 of the heart. It is a good solvent for Caoutchouc and many other 
 substances. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Charcoal is used in pharmacy for decolorizing vegetable principles, 
 
CARDAMOMUM-CARDUUS. I 5 5 
 
 removing alkaloids from infusions of plants, and making several prepara¬ 
 tions, as acidum sulphurosum, potassii iodidum, etc. 
 
 Externally, it makes an efficient disinfectant, absorbent and deodorant 
 application to cancerous discharges, foul ulcers and gangrenous wounds. 
 Having no odor it is not open to the charge of substitution of one smell 
 for another. A small quantity added to water will keep it sweet for a long 
 time. It is an excellent dentifrice if finely powdered. 
 
 Internally, it is used for the same purposes, namely, to absorb gases and 
 offending products of indigestion. In flatulent dyspepsia, gastralgia, 
 pyrosis, diarrhoeas, nausea of pregnancy, epidemic cholera, and consti¬ 
 pation, it has warm advocates. When used internally for any time, an 
 occasional purgative should be given to prevent its accumulation in the 
 intestines. It has been proposed as an antidote for several alkaloidal poi¬ 
 sons on theoretical grounds, but its efficacy in this respect is doubtful. 
 
 Carbon Bisulphide has such a horribly offensive odor that it will never 
 be used for any purpose for which another agent can be found. It relieves 
 the pain of gastric cancer, and in ^-drop doses will alleviate nausea and 
 vomiting, also gastralgia. Locally it has been used as a counter-irritant 
 and a local anaesthetic, for deafness due to want of nervous energy, in 
 facial neuralgia and various local pains. 
 
 CARDAMOMUM, Cardamon, —is the fruit of Elettaria Carda- 
 momum , a plant of the nat. ord. Zingiberaceae, cultivated in Malabar. 
 Occurs as dried capsules, containing small, reddish-brown seeds, of warm? 
 aromatic taste and agreeable odor. Contains about 4^ per cent, of a 
 Volatile Oil , C 10 H 16 , isomeric with Oil of Turpentine, which oil is the 
 active principle, also a fixed oil, coloring matter, etc. It is an ingredient 
 of Pulvis Aromaticus and of Extractum Aromaticum Fluidum (see under 
 Cinnamomum), as well as of several compound preparations. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Cardai?iomi ,—15 per cent, strength. Dose, gj-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, —Cardamon 20, Cinnamon 20, Caraway 10, Cochi¬ 
 neal 5, Glycerin 60, Diluted Alcohol q. s. ad 1000. Dose, ^i-ij. 
 
 Infusum Cardamomi (Unofficial),—may be made in the strength of gj to 0 ) 4 , and 
 used in wineglassful doses. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Cardamon is aromatic, carminative and stomachic, and is used as an 
 agreeable flavoring for bitter mixtures in dyspepsia and other stomach 
 affections. It is especially useful when combined with purgatives to check 
 flatulence and griping, and it makes the best flavoring for saline solutions 
 or mineral waters. 
 
 CARDUUS (Unofficial),—the seeds of Carduus tnarianus , or St. 
 Mary’s thistle, an annual European plant of the nat. ord. Compositae. A 
 decoction (^ij ad Oj) is the preparation usually employed. It is an old 
 
156 
 
 CARUM-CARYOPHYLLUS. 
 
 remedy recently revived as a hemostatic, and reported as very efficient in 
 hemoptysis, uterine hemorrhage, melaena and amenorrhoea connected with 
 derangement of the portal circulation. It has proved curative in conges¬ 
 tion of the liver and simple jaundice, and in Germany it has long been 
 popularly deemed efficacious in gall-stones, and liver affections generally. 
 Dose of the decoction, 5 j- 3 ss,—of a tincture, npx-xx. 
 
 Carduus Benedictus, the “blessed thistle,” also called Cnicus bene- 
 dictus and Centaurea benedicta, is another plant of the same order, formerly 
 held in high esteem as a popular “cure-all.” It contains Cnicin , an 
 amorphous bitter principle, which has been used as an antiperiodic in 
 doses of gr. v-x, but generally produces burning sensations and pharyn¬ 
 geal constriction, with nausea, vomiting, colic and diarrhoea. It acts 
 chiefly as a bitter tonic, resembling Calumbaand Taraxacum most closely. 
 
 CARUM, Caraway, —is the fruit of Carum Carvi, a European plant, 
 of the nat. ord. Umbelliferae, and is of oblong shape, i^th of an inch in 
 length, separating into two parts, each having 5 ribs and 6 oil-tubes. Its 
 odor and taste are aromatic and agreeable. The active principle is the 
 Volatile Oil, which is also official. Caraway is an ingredient of Tinct. 
 Cardamomi Composita. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Cari ,— is the volatile oil distilled from Caraway, and is resolvable into Caruen y 
 C 10 H 16 , isomeric with Turpentine, and Caruol , C 10 H n O, isomeric with Thymol. It is 
 an ingredient of Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. Dose, rrpj-v. 
 
 Infusum Cari (Unofficial),— £j-ij ad Oss. Dose, Jjss-ij. 
 
 The Oil of Caraway is fatal to small animals, and in one case 5 j pro¬ 
 duced cerebral congestion, delirium and rigors in man. The chief use 
 of Caraway is as a flavoring agent, but it is efficient in the flatulent colic 
 of children, and to prevent griping from the use of purgatives. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLUS Cloves, —are the unexpanded flowers of 
 Eugenia caryophyllata , a handsome evergreen tree of the nat. ord. Myr- 
 taceae, cultivated in the East and West Indian Islands. They are about 
 ^4-inch long, of a dark-brown color, consist of a calyx-tube terminated 
 by four teeth and surmounted by a globular head formed by four petals, 
 which cover numerous curved stamens and one style. They emit oil 
 when scratched, have an aromatic odor, and a pungent, spicy taste, and 
 are contained in Tinctura Lavandulae Composita, Tinctura Rhei Aromatica 
 and Vinum Opii. They contain a heavy Volatile Oil, which is official,— 
 also Eugenin , CioH^O.,,, a crystalline body ; Caryophyllin , C 10 H 16 O, a 
 camphor; Caryophyllic Acid, and tannin, gum, etc. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Caryophylli , Oil of Cloves—a volatile oil distilled from Cloves, soluble in alcohol, 
 and of sp. gr. 1.050. It consists of a light and a heavy oil, the latter containing Eugenol, 
 CiqHiA a phenol like compound, and Caryophyllin , C 10 H 16 O, which yields as a product 
 of its oxidation Caryophyllinic Acid, C. 20 H. V2 O 6 . Dose of the oil, rrpj-iv. 
 
 Infusum Caryophylli (Unofficial), may be made of strength I to 40, and used in doses 
 of one to two fluid ounces. 
 
CASCA BARK-CASCARA AMARGA. 
 
 157 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Cloves may be considered as a type of several agents yielding aromatic 
 oils, which as a rule consist of terpenes with camphors, resins, fatty and 
 other acids, etc., closely allied to phenol and benzoic acid, the balsams 
 and gum-resins. Such are Orange, Lemon, Allspice, Cajuput, Caraway, 
 Peppermint, etc. Their oils are antiseptic, locally anaesthetic, stimulant 
 and irritant, antispasmodic, stomachic and carminative. Internally they 
 inarease circulation and temperature, promote digestion and nutrition 
 (in quantity may cause inflammation), relieve pain and spasm, and are 
 excreted by the kidneys, skin, liver and the bronchial mucous membrane, 
 stimulating and disinfecting their routes through the organism. 
 
 These agents are used to flavor pharmaceutical preparations, to correct 
 the griping tendency of many purgatives, to correct flatulence, to relieve 
 pain in the stomach and bowels, and to promote the flow of saliva and 
 gastric juice. As external applications they are efficiently employed for 
 anaesthetic and counter-irritant purposes, to relieve pain in chronic rheu¬ 
 matism, myalgia, lumbago, superficial neuralgia, toothache, etc. The 
 Oil of Cloves is an effective deodorizer for sponge-tents, a good applica¬ 
 tion to a painful tooth, and is occasionally applied over the course of an 
 aching nerve with relief to the pain. 
 
 CASCA BARK, Sassy Bark, Ordeal Bark, (Unofficial)—is the 
 bark of E 7 ythrophl(ziim Guinense , an African tree used by the negroes as 
 an ordeal in trials for witchcraft. It contains a poisonous glucoside, 
 Erythrophlein , and when used in quantity produces nausea and vomiting, 
 stricture across the brow, severe cephalalgia, narcosis and death. It is 
 used as a remedy in Africa for intermittent fever, dysentery, diarrhoea and 
 colic, and in England is considered to resemble Digitalis in action and 
 uses. A tincture is made (§ij ad Oj) of which the dose is up x, or a watery 
 Extract may be used in doses of gr. j. 
 
 Erythrophlcein, the active principle, is a glucoside, and is said to be a local anaesthetic 
 of extraordinary power, even surpassing Cocaine. It is found in Africa in a red mass, 
 called “ Hayah,” which is proven to be identical with an extract of the original plant 
 described by CErtel early in this century, and deposited by him in the Berlin museum. It 
 closely resembles Digitalis in action, being a cardiac tonic and a hydragogue diuretic. 
 
 CASCARA AMARGA, Honduras Bark (Unofficial,)—is the 
 bark of a Mexican tree of the nat. Ord. Simarubaceae, which has been 
 used with apparent success as an alterative tonic and diuretic in syphilis 
 and various chronic skin affections. The use of tobacco and alcohol 
 seems to counteract its usefulness. It is certainly a very powerful tonic 
 and has been employed by competent observers with uniformly good 
 results in syphilis and syphilodermata, chronic liver complaints, chronic 
 eczema, chronic nasal catarrh and psoriasis. A Fluid Extract is on the 
 market of which the dose is 5ss-j thrice daily. 
 
158 CASCARA SAGRADA-CASCARILLA-CASSIA FISTULA. 
 
 CASCARA SAGRADA, Chittem Bark, Sacred Bark (Un¬ 
 official),—is the bark of Rhanmus Purshiana , or California Buckthorn, a 
 small tree of the nat. ord. Rhamnaceae growing on the Pacific coast of 
 the United States. It contains a Volatile Oil , a neutral crystalline sub¬ 
 stance, several Resins , with tannic, malic and oxalic acids. A Fluid 
 Extract is on the market, of which the dose is 5 ss-j, two or three times 
 a day. It has been found very serviceable in the treatment of chronic 
 constipation, given in gradually diminished doses. It produces large, 
 soft and painless evacuations, and the bowels are said to act naturally and 
 regularly after its disuse. 
 
 Cascara Cordial is a trade preparation, intended as a remedy for 
 constipation, dyspepsia and hemorrhoids, and as a pleasant excipient for 
 nauseous and bitter drugs. A similar preparation may be made by com¬ 
 bining the fluid extract with the official Elixir Aurantii in the proportion 
 of 5j to §ij, of which teaspoonful doses or more may be administered. 
 
 Another species of the same genus, Rhamnus Frangula , is official 
 under the title Frangula, which see. 
 
 CASCARILLA ,—is the bark of Croton Eluteria , a shrub or small 
 tree of the nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae, growing in the Bahamas. It occurs 
 in grayish-brown quills, having a warm, bitter taste, and a fragrant odor 
 when burned. Contains Cascarillin a crystalline principle, two resinoid 
 extracts, aromatic volatile oils, with tannic acid, etc. There are no 
 official preparations, but an Infusion (1 to 10) or a Tincture (1 to 10) 
 may be prepared and given in doses of 5j - 3j- 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Cascarilla is an aromatic bitter. It increases appetite and digestion, 
 the mucous secretion, the flow of saliva and gastric juice, stimulates the 
 intestinal secretions, and acts as a mild astringent by the influence of its 
 tannin. Large doses produce nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, and in 
 medicinal doses continued it will set up gastric catarrh and consequently 
 indigestion. It has slight antiperiodic powers. 
 
 It has been used with success in epidemic dysentery, flatulent dyspepsia, 
 debility, chronic bronchitis, intermittents, and low nervous fevers. It is 
 difficult to dispense, as the infusion decomposes quickly, and acids pre¬ 
 cipitate the resin from the tincture. 
 
 CASSIA FISTULA, Purging Cassia, —is the fruit of Cassia 
 Fistula , a tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, growing in tropical regions 
 of Asia, Africa and America. It occurs in long, brown pods which are 
 divided into numerous transverse cells, each containing a dark pulp in 
 which is a glossy seed. No active principle has been isolated as yet. 
 The pulp is the only valuable part of the drug. There are no official 
 preparations, but it is one of the ingredients of Confectio Sennae. 
 
CASTANEA-CATECHU-CAULOPHYLLUM. 
 
 159 
 
 Cassia-pulp is laxative in doses of 5 j-ij> and purgative in large quan¬ 
 tities, producing nausea, flatulence and griping. It is rarely prescribed 
 alone, owing to its tendency to cause colic and flatulence. 
 
 CASTANEA, Chestnut, —the leaves of Castanea vesca, a stately 
 tree of the nat. ord. Cupuliferae, and should be collected while green. 
 Chestnut leaves are 5 to 10 inches long and about 2 broad, have a slight 
 odor and somewhat of an astringent taste. They contain tannic and 
 gallic acids, salts, gum, etc. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extractum Castanece Fiuidum, —Dose, ^ss-^ij. 
 
 This drug has not been studied as to its physiological actions, if it has 
 any. It is classed among the vegetable astringents by reason of its con¬ 
 taining tannin. Its only reputation therapeutically is as a remedy for 
 whooping-cough, in which it is said to be very efficacious. An infusion 
 or decoction of the leaves has been used in indefinite doses. 
 
 CATECHU ,—is an extract prepared from the wood of Acacia Cate¬ 
 chu , a tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosse, native of the East Indies. 
 Occurs in irregular masses, dark brown and brittle, nearly inodorous, but 
 of astringent and sweetish taste, soluble in alcohol, and partly so in water. 
 It contains Catechutannic Acid 50 per cent., and Catechuic Acid which is 
 converted into the former by heat. Dose, gr. j- 3 ss. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Catechu Composita, —contains Catechu 12, Cinnamon 8, Diluted Alcohol q. s. 
 ad 100 parts. Dose, nux-^j. 
 
 Trochisci Catechu ,—each troche contains of Catechu 1 grain, mixed with Sugar, 
 Tragacanth and Orange-flower water. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Catechu is a powerful astringent, acting by virtue of its tannic acid, 
 (See ante , page 74, for actions and incompatibles). Its uses depend en¬ 
 tirely on its astringency. In the diarrhoea of children the Tincture with 
 Chalk-mixture is very serviceable, and with Opium it is efficient in dysen¬ 
 tery. It is also used as a gargle and mouth-wash in relaxed conditions of 
 the pharyngeal mucous membrane, as an injection in leucorrhoea, and to 
 control passive hemorrhages, spongy gums, etc. 
 
 CAULOPHYLLUM, Blue Cohosh,- is the rhizome and rootlets 
 of Caulophyllum thalictroides , a plant of the nat. ord. Berberidaceae 
 growing in Canada and the northern United States. Rhizome about 4 
 inches long, thick and bent, rootlets numerous and matted, taste sweetish, 
 bitter and acrid. Contains Saponin a glucoside, and two resins. Dose, 
 gr. v-xx. There are no official preparations. The eclectic preparation 
 Caulophyllin is a resinous precipitate obtained by pouring an alcoholic 
 extract into water. 
 
i6o 
 
 CERA-CERII OXALAS. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Caulophyllum is a new addition to the pharmacopoeia, and has not yet 
 been made the subject of experimental work by reliable observers. It 
 was much used by the aborigines of this country in all affections to which 
 their women were peculiarly subject, and was known among them by the 
 name “squaw-root.” It is said to produce intermittent contractions of 
 the gravid uterus, to have diuretic, emmenagogue and antispasmodic 
 powers ; and is used as a remedy for deficient labor-pains, spasmodic after- 
 pains, spasmodic pains in the uterus at any time, spasmodic dysmenorrhoea, 
 and pains in other organs seemingly in sympathy with uterine affections. 
 It has somewhat of a reputation in acute rheumatism of the hands and 
 fingers, and as a preparative medicine for labor. 
 
 CERA, Wax ,—is a mixture of Myricin, Cerotic Acid and Cerolein , 
 is formed by the honey-bee, and exists in the pollen and leaves of many 
 plants, particularly in Myrica cerifera , the wax myrtle. That produced 
 by the bee is alone official. 
 
 Cera Alba, White Wax,—is yellow wax bleached. 
 
 Cera Flava, Yellow Wax,—is a peculiar concrete substance prepared 
 by Apis mellifica, the honey-bee. It is a yellowish solid, of agreeable 
 odor and faint, balsamic taste, melting at 145.4 0 to 147 0 F., of sp. gr. 
 0.955-0.967, insoluble in water and almost so in cold alcohol, but soluble 
 in 35 of ether, n of chloroform, boiling alcohol, fixed and volatile oils. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Ceratum, Cerate,—consists of White Wax 30, Lard 70. 
 
 Unguentum, Ointment, consists of Yellow Wax 20, Lard 80. 
 
 Wax is also a constituent of the 7 compound Cerates, 5 of the 25 compound Ointments, 
 and 8 of the 17 Plasters. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Wax owes its value to its power of resistance to decomposition and to 
 many chemical agents. Its fusibility at a moderate degree of heat, and 
 its solidity at the temperature of the body, together with its unirritating 
 quality, make it a valuable ingredient of the cerates and ointments to 
 give them consistence. 
 
 Ceratum and Unguentum may be used as simple protective applica¬ 
 tions. They form the bases of most of the compound preparations so 
 named. 
 
 CERII OXALAS, Oxalate of Cerium, Ce 2 (C 2 0 4 )3.9H 2 0,— 
 is a white, slightly granular powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in 
 water or alcohol, but soluble in hydrochloric acid. Dose, gr. j-x, in 
 pill. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Oxalate of Cerium is a gastric sedative (like Bismuth), and is thought 
 
CETACEUM-CETRARIA-CHAULMOOGRA OIL. 1 6 1 
 
 to have selective action as a sedative to the motor distribution of the 
 pneumogastric nerve. It is considered to be particularly useful in vomit¬ 
 ing of reflex origin, especially in the vomiting of pregnancy, but it often 
 fails, probably because not given in sufficient doses. To be effective at 
 least 4 or 5 grains should be given 3 times a day to adults, and no results 
 promised until after it has been used several days. It is also recom¬ 
 mended in the vomiting of phthisis and bronchitis, cough with vomiting, 
 gastralgia, chorea and diarrhoea. 
 
 CETACEUM, Spermaceti, —is a peculiar, concrete, fatty sub¬ 
 stance obtained from Physeter macrocephcihis , the sperm whale. Occurs 
 in white, pearly masses, odorless, of bland taste, and neutral reaction, 
 becoming rancid in the air, soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon bisul¬ 
 phide and boiling alcohol. Is a constituent of Unguentum Aquae Rosae, 
 and Charta Cantharidis. 
 
 Ceratian Cetacei , Spermaceti Cerate,—consists of Spermaceti 10, White Wax 35, 
 Olive Oil 55 parts. 
 
 Spermaceti consists of Cetin or Palmitate of Cetyl with several other 
 fats in small quantities. Its action is solely that of an emollient, and it 
 is rarely used internally. The Cerate is used as a bland ointment in 
 blisters, abrasions, and ulcers. 
 
 CETRARIA, Iceland Moss, —is the lichen Cetrai'ia islandica , 
 found in northern latitudes. Occurs about 2 to 4 inches long, brown 
 above, whitish beneath, taste mucilaginous and bitter. Contains Lichenin 
 or lichen starch, which forms as a jelly when the plant is boiled in water; 
 —also Ceiraric Acid. 
 
 Decodum Cetrarice ,—5 per cent, strength. Dose, 3 ij-iv. 
 
 Cetraria is nutrient, demulcent and feebly tonic. It has a popular 
 reputation in pulmonary affections, and is of value in chronic catarrhs, 
 chronic bronchitis, purulent discharges from mucous surfaces generally, 
 also in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. 
 
 CHAULMOOGRA OIL (Unofficial),—is a fixed oil expressed 
 from the seeds of Gynocardia odorata , an East Indian tree of the nat. ord. 
 Bixaceae. It is nauseous and bulky, solid at 62.6° F., and soluble in 
 alcohol, ether, choloform, etc. Its active principle, Gynocardic Acid , 
 is the best preparation for use, and may be given internally in doses of 
 gr. ss-iij, or applied as an ointment, gr. xx ad 5 j of Petrolatum. Dose 
 of the oil, gtt. v-x, in capsules. 
 
 Chaulmoogra Oil is credited with a few cures of leprosy, and several 
 cases improved by its use both internally and externally. It is recom¬ 
 mended as an external application in scaly eczema, psoriasis, syphilitic 
 
162 
 
 CHELIDONIUM-CHENOPODIUM-CHIMAPHILA. 
 
 skin-diseases, chronic rheumatism, rheumatic arthritis and tabes mesen- 
 terica. 
 
 CHELIDONIUM, Celandine ,—is the plant Chelidonium majus , 
 nat. ord. Papaveraceae, which grows in Europe, and N. America about 
 rocky places. It has a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and a pungent, acrid 
 taste. Contains 2 alkaloids, Chelidonine , C 19 H 17 N 3 0 3 , and Chelerythrine , 
 the latter being identical with Sanguinarine : also Chelidoxanthin , a yellow, 
 crystalline substance, and Chelidonic Acid, supposed to be identical with 
 Succinic Acid. Dose of the plant, gr. x-xxx,—of the fresh juice Tipv-xx. 
 There are no official preparations. 
 
 Chelidonium used externally is irritant, internally it is a drastic purga¬ 
 tive but an unreliable one. It is also perhaps diuretic, diaphoretic and 
 expectorant. In overdoses it is considered poisonous. It is an old remedy 
 for jaundice and liver affections, but has been obsolete for some time. 
 The fresh juice is a popular application for warts and corns, and a tincture 
 in whiskey is used in Indiana as a remedy for phthisis, the menstruum 
 being probably the most useful agent. It seems to be of real service in 
 simple jaundice, whooping-cough, right-sided pneumonia with hepatic 
 involvement, and the catarrhal pneumonia of children. 
 
 CHENOPODIUM, American Wormseed, —is the fruit of 
 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides, var. anthelminticum, a plant of the nat. ord. 
 Chenopodiaceae, indigenous in the United States. It is about y 1 ^ inch in 
 diameter, and contains a glossy, black seed, has a peculiar, terebinthinate 
 odor, and a pungent, bitter taste. Its active principle is a Volatile Oil 
 which is official. 
 
 Oleum Chenopodii ,—a thin, colorless or yellowish liquid, of aromatic odorand pungent, 
 bitter taste. Dose, rrpv-xv. 
 
 % 
 
 The Oil is the only preparation used and that rarely, its odor and taste 
 being very disagreeable. It increases the cardiac rate, and promotes the 
 secretions of the skin, bronchi and kidneys. It is an efficient anthel¬ 
 mintic against the round worm in doses of gtt. x three times a day for 
 two days and followed by a cathartic. It seems to possess some tonic 
 properties, and certainly is a diffusible stimulant. As such it has been 
 used with benefit in chorea, hysteria, flatulent dyspepsia, and chronic 
 malaria. 
 
 CHIMAPHILA, Pipsissewa ,—the leaves of Chimaphila umbellata, 
 or Prince’s Pine, an evergreen plant of the nat. ord. Ericaceae, indigenous 
 in all parts of the United States. The leaves are about 2 inches long, 
 serrate above, wedge-shaped towards the base, having an astringent and 
 bitter taste. Contains Chimaphilin , a yellowish crystalline principle, 
 Arbutin, also crystalline but colorless, with tannic acid, etc. 
 
CHINOLINA. 
 
 Extradum Chimaphilce Fluidittn, —Dose, gss-ij. 
 
 Decodum Chimaphilce (Unofficial),—i to 17. Dose, ^j-iij. 
 
 Chimaphila is a tonic, astringent diuretic, belonging to the same group 
 as Buchu, Uva Ursi, Pareira and Scoparius. It is probably the most 
 active diuretic among them, stimulating all the excretory organs but 
 especially the kidneys. It is an agreeable tonic, excites the appetite and 
 promotes digestion. The fresh leaves, bruised and applied to the skin, 
 are rubefacient and vesicant, showing the presence of some irritant prin¬ 
 ciple. 
 
 Chimaphila is a good diuretic in dropsy, and is efficient in several forms 
 of chronic kidney disease with albuminuria, and in chronic catarrhal 
 affections of the urinary passages, as hematuria, ischuria, dysuria and 
 gonorrhoea. It is believed to check the secretion of uric acid, and should 
 prove useful in gout and rheumatism. Externally, it has been applied to 
 ulcers and tumors with benefit. 
 
 CHINOLINA, Chinoline, Leucoline, C 9 H 7 N (Unofficial), a 
 constituent of coal-tar oil—but may be obtained from Quinine or Cin¬ 
 chonine by their destructive distillation with potassium hydrate,—and 
 may be artificially prepared by heating Anilin or Nitro-benzol with gly¬ 
 cerin in the presence of a dehydrating agent. Chemically, it is consid¬ 
 ered to be formed by a union of Benzene and Pyridine atoms. (Compare 
 the article Cinchona.) It is a colorless, oily liquid, strongly refractive, 
 boiling at 460° F. without decomposition, turns dark on exposure to the 
 air; soluble in alcohol, ether and carbon disulphide, sparingly so in 
 water. It combines, like an alkaloid, with acids to form crystalline salts ; 
 all of which, except the tartrate, are very deliquescent. 
 
 Chinolince Tartras ,—a white, micaceous, crystalline powder, of pungent odor and sharp 
 taste, stable in the air and soluble in water. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Chinoline is a valuable antiseptic, and antipyretic, being nearly as 
 effective in this respect as Quinine, which it closely resembles in chemical 
 character and physiological action. It is one of the most powerful anti¬ 
 pyretics of all the substances which have been discovered in the search 
 for an artificial quinine (Hydroquinoine, Antipyrin, Pyrocatechin, Resor¬ 
 cin, Thallin, Kairine, etc). Chinoline has a very disagreeable taste and 
 smell, and is irritant in action, hence the tartrate is preferred for medi¬ 
 cinal use. It has been extensively used as an antipyretic in pneumonia, 
 typhus, diphtheria, typhoid and other fevers, with varying success. In 
 diphtheria, a 5 per cent, solution in weak alcohol is painted on the 
 affected surface with great benefit. The tartrate has been used bene¬ 
 ficially in neuralgia and whooping-cough, and as an antiperiodic in inter- 
 mittents. 
 
164 
 
 CHIRATA-CHLORAL. 
 
 CHIRATA, Chiretta, —is the Indian plant Ophelia Chirata, nat. 
 ord. Gentianacese, occurring in bundles composed of all but the coarser 
 woody stems. It is inodorous but intensely bitter, and contains Chiratin 
 and Ophelic Acid , two amorphous, bitter principles, but no tannin. 
 Dose of the powdered plant, gr. xv-xxx. 
 
 Extractum Chirata Flaidum, —made with glycerin and diluted alcohol. Dose, 
 rt\xv -XXX. 
 
 Tinctura Chirata, —10 per cent. Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 The action of this plant is that of a simple bitter, like its congener 
 Gentian. It is an excellent tonic, in this respect rivalling Cinchona, and 
 is used in India as a substitute for the latter. It is laxative and stomachic, 
 diminishes flatulency and acidity, and is particularly serviceable in the 
 dyspepsia of gouty subjects. As it contains no tannin, it may be admin¬ 
 istered with preparations of Iron. 
 
 CHLORAL, Hydrate of Chloral, C 2 HC 1 3 0 ,H 2 0 ,—is inaccurately 
 named, the hydrate being the official preparation. Chloral , properly 
 so-called, is Tri-chlor-aldehyde , C 2 HC 1 3 0 , an unstable, oily, colorless 
 fluid, formed by the action of Chlorine upon Alcohol, whence its name 
 Chlor-al. Its hydrate, the official Chloral, is a colorless, crystalline solid, 
 which slowly evaporates on exposure to the air, of aromatic and acrid 
 odor, bitter and caustic taste, and neutral reaction. It is freely soluble 
 in water, alcohol, ether, glycerin, oils, etc., liquefies when mixed with 
 camphor or carbolic acids, melts at 136° F. and is decomposed by alkalies 
 into chloroform and a formiate of the alkaline base. Its aqueous solu¬ 
 tion becomes acid, but the alcoholic solution remains neutral. 
 
 Dose varies much with individual susceptibility and with the presence or absence of 
 cardiac and pulmonary disease. Death has been caused in several instances by gr. xxx, 
 in one case by gr. x, and in another gr. vijss produced alarming symptoms, all being 
 adults. On the other hand several hundred grains have been ingested at one time with¬ 
 out lethal effects, and where tolerance has been established by habital use, ^ij-^iij are 
 frequently taken without poisonous symptoms. An average dose for a healthy adult is 
 gr. xv, for a child gr. j for each year of age up to gr. vj. It is best given in Syrup of 
 Tolu. 
 
 Caution is necessary when prescribed in combination with alcoholic preparations, 
 as Chloral Hydrate is then very apt to separate as an alcoholate, especially if the 
 Bromides of Potassium or Sodium are used in the same mixture and if the solutions are 
 at all concentrated. In this way great danger is incurred of giving a heavy overdose, as 
 the alcoholate floats on the surface of the mixture, and the entire Chloral contained therein 
 may be taken at a single dose. 
 
 Unofficial Analogues of Chloral. 
 
 Amylene Hydrate, C 5 H 12 0 , Di-niethyl-ethyl-corbinol, —a tertiary alcohol, occurring 
 as a clear, colorless fluid, of peculiar odor, soluble in 8 of water and readily miscible with 
 alcohol. It is one of the most valuable hypnotics, in power standing between chloral 
 and paraldehyde, but being much more agreeable to the taste and safer than either of 
 those agents. Its action is exerted chiefly on the cerebrum in doses sufficient to produce 
 profound narcosis; and in medicinal doses it leaves behind no unpleasant effects, and has 
 no perceptible influence on the heart or respiration. By very large dosage the medullary 
 centres are paralyzed, including those governing respiration and cardiac action. Dose, 
 
 3j-3J ss - 
 
CHLORAL. 
 
 165 
 
 Cannabini Tannas, Tannate of Cannabin ,— (see ante, page 149),—is not more 
 reliable than the Extract of Cannabis Indica, though devoid of the exciting qualities of 
 the latter preparation. Dose, as a hypnotic, gr. ij-x, the average being gr. v. Fron- 
 miiller considers it a very useful hypnotic, powerful and not dangerous, not disturbing the 
 secretions, nor leaving unpleasant after-effects, if used in proper doses. 
 
 Chloralamid, Chloral Formidate, —is chemically a union of Chloral anhydride (C 2 H 
 C 1 3 0 ) with Formamide (CHO.NH 2 ). It is a proprietary drug, having been both patented 
 and trade-marked, wherever possible, by its proprietor and exclusive manufacturer, 
 Schering, of Berlin. It occurs as colorless, faintly bitter, odorless crystals, which are de¬ 
 composed in hot water or warm solutions. Soluble in 20 parts of cold water, or in 1^ 
 of alcohol;—rapidly decomposed by caustic alkalies and slowly by alkaline carbonates. 
 
 The Dose is put at from 10 to 60 grains. The average adult hypnotic quantity about 
 30 grains, given in a teaspoonful of whiskey or brandy, or in any alcoholic compound ;— 
 for example, 30 grains in 2 drachms each of Tinct. Cardamom. Co. and Elixir Simplex, 
 as one dose. By some observers a 45-grain dose is considered the limit of safety and 
 equal to 30 grains of Chloral hydrate; by others this amount is considered necessary for 
 its certain hypnotic action. Sixty grains have frequently been administered without pro¬ 
 ducing unpleasant symptoms;—but, as Dr. Steele has pointed out, the slow solubility of 
 the drug in the watery contents of the stomach must be taken into account, and when 
 considering its action, the menstruum and the condition of the gastric mucous mem¬ 
 brane should be known. 
 
 The Action of Chloralamid is essentially a hypnotic one, and it is extensively advertised 
 as the least depressant and most efficient sleep-producer at our command,—without un¬ 
 pleasant after-effects from ordinary doses, except in 2 per cent, of the cases in which used, 
 I per cent, having gastric and the other I per cent, having cerebral symptoms; while 
 these were always slight unless the dose of 30 grains had been exceeded. The more 
 severe and unusual effects (from doses above 30 grains) are vertigo, thirst, nausea, dry 
 mouth, vomiting, anorexia, slight delirium, cardiac weakness, rapid and feeble pulse, 
 and restlessness. The drug does not seem to have any cumulative action, nor any tend¬ 
 ency to provoke a habit of using it. It is also credited with considerable analgesic power 
 in certain conditions (see below), as well as with anti-dyspnoeic and anti-hydrotic action. 
 
 Therapeutically the main field of Chloralamid has been in the treatment of inso?nnia , 
 particularly the simple or idiopathic form, and when not due to excitement or severe pain, 
 but from nervousness, hysteria, chronic alcoholism, and similar states; also in that ac¬ 
 companying typhoid fever, asthma (both cardiac and bronchial), organic heart disease, the 
 opium habit, and diabetes mellitus (Steele). It is less effective in organic nervous affec¬ 
 tions and mental disorders, and is useless in these conditions when the insomnia is due to 
 excitement,hallucinations, or severe pain. 
 
 As an analgesic, it has lessened and checked the pains of aneurism, carcinoma of the 
 stomach and liver, sarcoma of a rib, erysipelas, rheumatic fever, gall-stone, etc. ;—and in 
 dysmenorrhoea has given entire relief, used just as the painful period approached, in a 
 single dose of 30 grains. It has been reported curative of chorea, in doses of gr. 15 thrice 
 daily for five days, in a boy of eleven years ; and in a girl who had resisted all other treat¬ 
 ment for the same affection, it was successful in 8 days. 
 
 Compared with Sulphonal, Chloralamid is preferred for all cases in which collapse is 
 feared, by reason of its apparent freedom from depressant action on the cardiac centres or 
 the respiratory mechanism. In phthisis it has proven efficient against the most obstinate 
 night-sweats, while at the same time securing rest in cases in which the cough was not very 
 violent. To secure the best results as a hypnotic, the drug should be given about an 
 hour and a half before sleeping-time, in a dilute alcoholic menstruum, and on a stomach 
 containing little or no watery fluids to interfere with its solution and absorption. 
 
 Croton - chloral, C 4 H 5 C 1 3 0 ,H 2 0 , Butyl-chloral Hydrate (B. P.),—a crystalline 
 body formed by acting on Aldehyde with Chlorine. It is sparingly soluble in water (1 in 
 100), but is readily so in glycerin (1 in 4). In action it closely resembles Chloral, but is 
 feebler, less depressant to the heart, and generally less poisonous, but more disagreeable 
 to the taste. It is said to specifically affect the fifth nerve, and to cause anaesthesia over 
 its distribution long before producing general anaesthesia (Liebreich). Dose, as hypnotic, 
 gr. v-xx. 
 
 Hyoscinae Hydrobromas, Ilydrobromate of Hyoscine ,—is an efficient hypnotic, 
 with the advantage of being tasteless, and having a very small dose, (gr so that it 
 may be given in tea, coffee, etc. It is apt to affect the head afterwards, and soon loses its 
 power by repetition. In large doses it is a dangerous respiratory depressant. 
 
 Hypnone, C 6 H 5 (CO)(CH ;j ), Phenyl-methyl-acetone ,—a member of the Ketones, 
 occurring above 70° F. as a colorless, mobile liquid, having a strong almond and orange 
 
CHLORAL. 
 
 166 
 
 odor. It is insoluble in water or glycerin, and is best given in capsules. It is a hypnotic, 
 of only moderate intensity, but said to be especially useful in the insomnia of alcoholism. 
 Its use is devoid of danger, and leaves behind no unpleasant effects, except a disagree¬ 
 able odor of the breath, the drug being eliminated by the lungs as well as by the kidneys. 
 In very large dosage it has induced coma, followed by paralysis of the heart and respira¬ 
 tion. Dose, npv-x, in capsule, rr^vij to rryvlij being usually required. 
 
 Methylal, CH 2 (OCH 3 ) 2 , Methylene-di-methyl Ether ,—one of the products of the 
 oxidation of Methylic Alcohol, occurring as a volatile, mobile liquid of pleasant, aro¬ 
 matic odor and taste, readily soluble in water, alcohol, etc. It is a local anaesthetic, and 
 an efficient hypnotic, producing a deep sleep of short duration, with more or less general 
 anaesthesia and lowered reflex excitability. It is depressant to the heart, respiration and 
 body temperature, but in medicinal doses does not leave any bad after-affects. Dose, per 
 orem, rrpiv-v, repeated thrice at short intervals. 
 
 Paraldehyde, C 6 H 12 0 3 ,—a polymeric form of Aldehyde, if represented thus 
 (C 2 H 4 0 ) 3 . Occurs as a strong-smelling, bad-tasting fluid, soluble in 8 parts of water. 
 It is a reliable hypnotic of about one-half the power of chloral, leaving behind no 
 unpleasant effects except a very disagreeable odor to the breath. In medicinal doses it 
 slows and strengthens the heart, but in very large dosage it is paralyzant to both heart 
 and respiration. It occasionally causes an erythematous eruption, and may give rise to 
 cerebral congestion and vaso-motor paralysis, if used for any long period. Dose, rtpxxx- 
 3 j in water, syrup, etc,—rtpxl being about the average hypnotic dose. 
 
 Sulphonal, (CH 3 ) 2 C(C 2 H 2 S 0 2 ) 2 , belongs to the group of Disulphones, and has the 
 chemical name Di-ethyl-sulphon-di methyl-methan. It is a whitish, crystalline substance 
 without odor or taste, very slightly soluble in cold water, more so in warm water, and 
 still more so in alcohol, ether, etc. The dose is gr. xv-xlv, in hot soup or milk, coffee, 
 tea, etc., administered two hours before the effect is desired. 
 
 Sulphonal is said to have no intoxicant or narcotic action, and no unfavorable effect on 
 the heart or circulation, even in full doses. It is an admirable hypnotic in many cases, 
 but its efficacy decreases with use. 
 
 Urethane, NH 2 C 0 2 C 2 H 5 , Ethyl Carbamate ,—occurs in crystals which are readily 
 soluble in water, with scarcely any taste or odor. It is devoid of irritant action, and may 
 be administered hypodermically. It is a pure hypnotic, but not so reliable as paralde¬ 
 hyde or chloral; neither does it affect the circulation nor depress (but rather stimulates) 
 the respiration. It acts directly on the cerebrum, causing a sleep which closely resembles 
 the normal, and has no unpleasant after-effects. In very large doses it slows the heart, 
 lowers the temperature, and induces muscular resolution and general anaesthesia. In 
 small animals it effectually antagonizes the action of Strychnine. Dose, gr. xv- ^j, an 
 average hypnotic dose being gr. xxx ; but it is best given in 5-grain doses repeated fre¬ 
 quently, as a large dose may cause vomiting. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Chloral is a powerful hypnotic, also an antispasmodic, an antiferment, 
 a preventive of the coagulation of fibrin, indirectly an anaesthetic, and 
 especially a depressant of the cerebral, medullary and spinal centres and 
 of the cardiac muscle. It is more hypnotic than chloroform but less of an 
 anaesthetic. Applied to the skin or mucous membranes a 1 per cent, solu¬ 
 tion (gr. v ad 3j) is antiseptic, but strong solutions are irritant and vesi¬ 
 cant, may produce sloughing ulcers, and if taken internally may excite 
 gastritis with nausea and vomiting. 
 
 After a brief period of stimulation a medicinal dose depresses the heart 
 and lowers arterial tension, diminishes oxidation and decreases the body 
 temperature. On the brain cells it has a selective action, producing a 
 deep sopor very like normal sleep, from which the patient may be awak¬ 
 ened, but immediately falls asleep again, and which is not followed by 
 headache or depression. This effect is considered by some authorities to 
 be the result of cerebral anaemia produced by the drug. In some persons, 
 
CHLORAL. 
 
 167 
 
 instead of sleep it causes headache, insomnia and delirious excitement. 
 It is not an anodyne, as it does not affect the conductivity of the sensory 
 nerves, and does not interrupt the transmission of pain ; but by over¬ 
 whelming the centres it drowns the consciousness of pain, and is therefore 
 only indirectly anaesthetic. A toxic dose produces profound narcotism, 
 abolishment of reflexes and sensibility, complete muscular relaxation and 
 a great fall of body temperature. Death may result in the chloral sleep 
 from paralysis of the respiratory centre or the cardiac motor ganglia, or 
 by sudden failure of the heart-muscle in cases of fatty degeneration or in 
 old drunkards. 
 
 The Chloral-habit produces a state of marked anaemia and muscular 
 weakness, especially of the legs (DaCosta) ; its subject presenting a weak, 
 irritable, often irregular heart, deranged hepatic functions, jaundice, 
 bileless stools, perhaps purpura and sloughing of a finger from decreased 
 blood-supply. Its votaries are on the border of insanity, excitable, un¬ 
 controllable in speech and action, talking in a silly manner and very 
 volubly, and showing a marked loss of power of the limbs, so much so as 
 to simulate paralysis thereof. Many cases of insanity have their origin in 
 chloralism. 
 
 On the blood its action is to increase the fluidity, crenate the red corpus¬ 
 cles, and to destroy the leucocytes if used in large quantity. It is rapidly 
 diffused, and is excreted by the kidneys partly unchanged, but chiefly as 
 urochloralic acid, producing some diuresis,—also by the skin, causing 
 various eruptions if used for any lengthened period. It has been held that 
 the blood, being an alkaline fluid, decomposes it, setting free chloroform, 
 but there are many facts against this theory. 
 
 Chloral and Atropine, though antagonistic in their action on the 
 spinal cord, both produce motor paralysis, the former by paralyzing the 
 cord, the latter by direct paralysis of the motor nerves. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Atropine antagonizes its cardiac, respiratory and spinal depression, and should be injected 
 in small doses frequently repeated, until its effects are apparent. Morphine administered 
 with Chloral antagonizes the tendency to cardiac failure, while synergistic to the hypnotism. 
 While Chloral is the antagonist to Strychnine, opposing the spinal action of that drug, the 
 reverse is only true to a very limited extent. Heat is a necessary application, to maintain 
 the body-temperature, and artificial respiration should be practiced if required. All 
 alkalies are incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate is of great value as a hypnotic and antispasmodic, but 
 must be cautiously used if at all in old alcoholics or persons with weak or 
 fatty hearts, atheromatous vessels or advanced pulmonary disease. In 
 combination with Potassic Bromide it is much used in asylum and general 
 practice, and equally abused, both drugs being active cardiac poisons. It 
 is highly serviceable in fevers, when high temperature exists with excite¬ 
 ment, restlessness and a sthenic condition, as it lowers temperature and 
 
168 
 
 CHLORAL BUTYLICUM—CHLOROFORMUM. 
 
 prevents the coagulation of fibrin. In the algid stage of cholera and in 
 violent cases of cholera morbus it may be injected hypodermically in 
 15-grain doses with extraordinary efficacy. In sea-sickness small doses 
 (gr. v) two or three times a day are generally very efficient. In obstetrics 
 it is used to relieve suffering, relax the os uteri, palliate convulsions and 
 to relieve after-pains. For nocturnal epilepsy a full dose at bedtime is a 
 useful palliative. In neuralgia it may be triturated with camphor and 
 applied over the course of the affected nerve. Tetanus is best treated by 
 chloral and potassic bromide. It is an excellent remedy for infantile 
 convulsions and colic, chorea, spasmodic asthma, whooping-cough, laryn¬ 
 gismus stridulus, and the first stage of diphtheria, but not when the heart 
 is weak. In acute mania and delirium tremens it is the best hypnotic, 
 but has been too incautiously employed. In cancers and ulcers a 25 per 
 cent, solution is a good antiseptic and anodyne application. In strych¬ 
 nine-poisoning Chloral is the antagonist. It is generally given by the 
 mouth in dilute solution with some simple elixir or cinnamon-water, but 
 is well absorbed by the rectum. Its hypodermic administration is liable 
 to result in great local irritation and even sloughing ulcers. 
 
 The mixture of Chloral and Camphor is a good local application in 
 superficial neuralgia, and may be painted over the larynx for spasmodic 
 cough. It makes a good remedy for internal use in colic, cholera and 
 cholera morbus, especially if combined with Morphine. 
 
 CHLORAL BUTYLICUM, Butyl-chloral Hydrate, Croton- 
 
 chloral, C 4 H 5 C 1 3 0 ,H 2 0 (Unofficial),—is formed by the action of Chlo¬ 
 rine upon Aldehyde, then adding to the Butyl-Chloral thus produced the 
 necessary water. It occurs in crystalline scales, insoluble in chloroform, 
 sparingly soluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol, hot water and 
 glycerin. Dose gr. v-xx, in syrup or pill. But the best method is to give 
 5 grains every half-hour until 20 grains have been taken or relief afforded. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Croton-chloral so far as is ascertained has an action parallel to that of 
 Chloral Hydrate, but feebler and less certain. It is said to have a specific 
 paralyzant power over the 5th nerve, and to have no paralyzant effect on 
 the heart. It has been used with benefit in various neuralgiae, especially 
 tic-douloureux, also in sciatica and dysmenorrhcea. All statements of 
 the action and therapeutics of this drug are to be received with hesitation, 
 as wide differences are reported by the best authorities. 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM, Chloroform, CHC 1 3 or CHC 1 2 C 1 ,—the 
 
 Terchloride of Methyl , or the Chloride of Bichlorinated Methyl (Di-chlor- 
 methyl Chloride),—is formed by the substitution of 3 atoms of Chlorine 
 
CHLOROFORMUM. 
 
 169 
 
 for 3 of Hydrogen in Methyl Hydride (marsh-gas, CHJ. In practice it 
 is obtained from Ethylic Alcohol or Methylated Spirit by the action of 
 Chlorinated Lime, or from Chloral by an alkaline hydrate, and is known 
 chemically as Normal Chloroform. If prepared from Methylic Alcohol 
 (wood-spirit) it is called Methylic Chloroform , and is purified with great 
 difficulty. The object of purification is to remove the chlorinated pyro- 
 genous oil. Absolute Chloroform has a sp. gr. of 1.500, and decomposes 
 easily in sunlight or diffused daylight, but when reduced to a sp. gr. of 
 1.485 to 1.490 by alcohol it will keep well. It is official in two forms, 
 viz.— 
 
 Chloroformum Venale, Commercial Chloroform,—is a liquid con¬ 
 taining at least 98 per cent, of Chloroform, and having a sp. gr. not lower 
 than 1.470. It contains sundry Hydrocarbons, free Chlorine, Aldehyde 
 and Hydrochloric Acid, and is used only for external applications, or to 
 make the purified article. It is a constituent of Linimentum Chloroformi. 
 
 Chloroformum Purificatum, Purified Chloroform,—is a heavy, clear, 
 colorless, diffusive liquid, of characteristic odor, sweet, burning taste and 
 neutral reaction, soluble in 200 of water, freely so in alcohol or ether, 
 also in oils, benzol or benzin. Sp. gr. 1.485 to 1.490 at 59 0 F., and 
 contains ^ to 1 per cent, of alcohol. Dose, internally, npij-xx, for in¬ 
 halation about 3j> repeated until the desired effect is produced. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Mistura Chloroformi ,—contains of Purified Chloroform 8, Camphor 2, fresh Yolk 
 of Egg 10, Water 80 parts. Dose, 3 j-^j. 
 
 Spiritus Chloroformi , —contains of Purified Chloroform 10, Alcohol 90 parts. Dose, 
 npx-^j, well diluted. 
 
 Linimentum Chloroformi, —Commercial Chloroform 40, Soap Liniment 60 parts. 
 
 Linimentum Chloroformi Compositum (Unofficial),—Chloroform ^j, Oil of Turpentine 
 ^j, Tincture of Opium giv, Tincture of Aconite gij. 
 
 Chlorodyne (Unofficial),—a celebrated secret mixture, put forth by Dr. J. Collis 
 Browne, of London, and since imitated by many others. It is supposed to contain 
 Chloroform, Ether, Morphine, Cannabis Indica, Hydrocyanic Acid, Capsicum, etc., and is 
 powerfully anodyne, antispasmodic and narcotic, and therefore highly dangerous in non¬ 
 professional hands. Dose, rtpx-xxx, according to the quantities of Morphine and Chloro¬ 
 form present, these being the active agents in the preparation. A comparison of the 
 principal formulae which have been used in imitation of Browne’s Chlorodyne is given in 
 the appendix, and will show the wide differences between them. A list of 25 formulae for 
 Chlorodyne was published in the Therapeutic Gazette for October, 1883. 
 
 Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphines (B. P.),—has been recently made official as a sub¬ 
 stitute for Chlorodyne. Each dose of 10 minims contains of Chloroform npi^, Ether 
 TT^i, Alcohol rtpi|-, Morphine Hydrochlorate gr. Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid TT^I, Oil 
 of Peppermint Fluid Extract of Liquorice Treacle and Syrup q. s. 
 
 Tinctura Chloroformi Composites (B. P.),—has of Chloroform 2, Alcohol 8, and Com¬ 
 pound Tincture of Cardamoms 10. Dose, rr^xx-gj. 
 
 Ancssthetic Mixtures containing Chloroform,—see under tEther, ante , page 79. 
 
 Some Chlorinated Ancssthetic Compounds. 
 
 Ethylene Bichloride , Dutch Liquid, Chloric Ether, C 2 H 4 C 1 2 ,—is a rapid and powerful 
 anaesthetic, probably safer than Chloroform and less so than Ether. It always paralyzes 
 the respiratory centre before the heart, so that its effects may be easily watched and con¬ 
 trolled. This is the substance which Guthrie supposed he had obtained when he dis¬ 
 covered Chloroform. 
 
lyo 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM. 
 
 Ethylidene Chloride, Chlorinated Muriatic Ether, CH 3 ,CHC 1 2 ,—is a mixture of 
 varying sp. gr., and is not inflammable. It closely resembles Chloroform both physically 
 and physiologically, but is less depressant to the heart, consequently safer, and recovery 
 from its effects is very prompt. 
 
 Methyl Chloride, CH 3 C 1 ,—a colorless gas, slightly soluble in water, of sweetish odor 
 and taste, inflammable, burning with a greenish flame. Cold liquefies it, and the liquid 
 boils at—7.6°F. It is used locally in neuralgia to produce intense cold, and with re¬ 
 markable success. 
 
 Methylene Bichloride, Dichloro-methane, CH 2 C 1 2 ,—is an effective anaesthetic which 
 it was supposed would displace Chloroform as being much safer. Dr. Richardson intro¬ 
 duced it and Mr. Spencer Wells advocates its use, but though little used as compared 
 with other anaesthetics several deaths have occurred from its employment. It kills by 
 paralyzing the heart. 
 
 Carbon Tetrachloride, CC 1 4 ,—is less irritant than Chloroform, but far more dangerous 
 to the heart. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The action of Chloroform is similar to that of Ether (see a?ite, page 80) 
 with several important differences, as follows : It is more irritant to the 
 mucous membranes, and if swallowed undiluted it produces violent gastro¬ 
 enteritis, which becomes apparent after the subsidence of the profound 
 narcotism which at first follows its ingestion in quantity. A dose of 3 j 
 internally will cause death. It is less of a stimulant than Ether, and more 
 depressant to the heart and circulation. It clots blood outside the body, 
 making a mass like sealing wax. 
 
 Inhaled for anaesthetic purposes it is considered much more dangerous 
 than Ether from its direct paralyzant effect on the heart. Its vapor requires 
 admixture with g 6 j 4 per cent, of air to produce anaesthesia with safety 
 according to the authorities on the subject. As compared with Ether its 
 vapor is less irritant to the air-passages, uninflammable, more pleasant, 
 more prompt in action, has a shorter stage of excitement and a more pro¬ 
 found narcosis, and produces much less vomiting. Its mortality is greater, 
 being i in 3000, against 1 in 16,000 for Ether, about 500 fatal cases being 
 reported, none of which, however, were in obstetrical practice. Death 
 from Chloroform-inhalation is almost always sudden and by cardiac paraly¬ 
 sis,—from Ether it is slow and usually by paralysis of respiration. 
 
 [For modes of death from anaesthetic vapors and the treatment of dan¬ 
 gerous symptoms, see ante , page 81.] 
 
 A ntagonists. 
 
 There is no chemical antidote. If swallowed, the stomach should be evacuated and 
 the case treated as one of poisoning by an irritant. Amly Nitrite by inhalation, and 
 Atropine hypodermically, to sustain the heart. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Chloroform is used for the same condition as is Ether, and is much 
 employed in liniments as a rubefacient and anodyne application, as in 
 pruritus, rheumatic and neuralgic pains, etc. Internally it is advanta¬ 
 geously administered in true cholera, in which it has been more efficacious 
 than any other single remedy, in cholera morbus, vomiting, colic, dys- 
 
CHLOROFORMUM. 
 
 171 
 
 menorrhcea, hepatic colic, and other pains of internal and spasmodic 
 character. In sciatica, tic-douloureux and other neuralgiae of important 
 nerves the deep injection of npv-xv of pure Chloroform in the vicinity of 
 the nerve is highly recommended, though it may cause dangerous local 
 disturbance. The writer has, in several cases of severe supra-orbital neu¬ 
 ralgia, injected two or three minims of Chloroform into the vicinity of 
 the supra-orbital nerve just above its foramen of exit, with the most grati¬ 
 fying results, though severe local pain and considerable swelling were 
 experienced for several days. The vapor in small quantities inhaled from 
 warm water is useful in many neuroses, as hay-fever, spasmodic asthma, 
 reflex cough. 
 
 As an Anesthetic the use of Chloroform is decreasing every year in 
 favor of Ether, except for young children and in obstetrical practice. Its 
 vapor being four times denser than air, and the rule for its effective use 
 requiring fully 96^ per cent, of air with it, its administration according 
 to the orthodox fashion requires most careful management, and should 
 never be attempted in any but the recumbent posture. An ounce of 
 Brandy and a hypodermic injection of Morphine, gr. -J-, with Atropine, 
 gr. given 20 minutes before commencing the inhalation, are means 
 of great utility in sustaining the heart and respiration, as well as in ren¬ 
 dering the anaesthesia more profound. No operation, especially on parts 
 supplied by the fifth nerve, should be undertaken during partial chloro¬ 
 form anaesthesia, for the reasons given on page 81. 
 
 Dr. Sayre administers Chloroform in a manner which is calculated to 
 strike terror to the heart of an emotional observer who is impressed by the 
 orthodox rule of 96*^ per cent, air with 3^ per cent, of the anaesthetic 
 as the only safe proportion. Having been made familiar with the prac¬ 
 tice of Dr. Sayre through observance of the method employed by some of 
 his pupils, the writer sought for more direct instructions from that distin¬ 
 guished surgeon, and received from him a letter from which the following 
 paragraphs are extracted. 
 
 “ I have employed no other method for more than twenty years, have used it in this 
 manner in some thousands of cases without the least appearance of danger, and can there¬ 
 fore speak with confidence as to its safety. 
 
 “ My plan is simply to anaesthetize the patient with the smallest amount of Chloroform 
 possible; and as Oxygen is the Antidote to the anaesthetic I exclude all air that is not 
 i?npregnated with the ancesthetic. 
 
 “ In this manner a very few inspirations will produce immediate anaesthesia without 
 the muscular struggling which always follows when pure air is admitted with the chloro¬ 
 form. I always measure my dose with the same care as if I were administering Arsenic, 
 Strychnine, Corrosive Sublimate, or any other potent agent; and then I know what I am 
 doing. If by accident there should be some peculiarity about the patient, making him 
 unduly susceptible, a few artificial respirations would soon remove the influence of the few 
 drops which had been inhaled, and thus all danger can be avoided. Five, ten or twenty 
 drops of Chloroform administered in this manner is all that is requisite to produce imme¬ 
 diate and profound anaesthesia. I have explained my method hundreds of times at my 
 clinical lectures in Bellevue Hospital, many of which have been published at different 
 times in different medical journals by various persons who have made stenographic re- 
 
172 
 
 CHLORUM. 
 
 ports of my lectures. In the ‘ Transactions of the International Medical Congress,’ held 
 in Philadelphia in 1876, is a verbatim report of my remarks on this subject made while 
 I was performing an exsection of the hip-joint in the hospital before the Congress.” 
 
 I remain yours truly, 
 
 Lewis A. Sayre. 
 
 The writer can add his testimony to that of the above letter respecting 
 the thorough anaesthetic effect and freedom from unpleasant symptoms 
 observed in a large number of cases in which Chloroform was administered 
 in the manner described under his observation during the past six years. 
 As to the safety of this method over the ordinary way no conclusion can 
 be reached without the results of many thousands of examples in the 
 hands of many different observers. 
 
 CHLORUM, Chlorine, Cl,—is a greenish-yellow gas having a suffo¬ 
 cating odor and belonging to the group of Halogen elements, so named 
 (from oM, the sea) because its most important members Chlorine, Bro¬ 
 mine and Iodine are derived from the ocean, Chlorine being obtained 
 from sea-salt, Bromine from sea-water, and Iodine from sea-weed. Chlo¬ 
 rine itself is not official, but is represented in medicine by 2 Chlorates 
 and 8 Chlorides (of Potassium, Sodium, Ammonium, Calcium, Iron, 
 Gold, Zinc and Mercury), which are described under the titles of their 
 respective bases; also by Hydrochloric Acid, Chloral, Chloroform, etc., 
 and by the following preparations which furnish it. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Aqua Chlori, Chlorine Water,—is an aqueous solution of Chlorine, containing at least 
 0.4 per cent, of the gas; and is prepared by heating together Black Oxide of Manganese 
 10 parts and Hydrochloric Acid 40 parts, then saturating 400 of distilled Water with the 
 gas so obtained. It is a clear, greenish-yellow liquid, of suffocating odor and disagreeable 
 taste. Dose, ^j-^ss, well diluted, as a lotion or spray; internally, rtpx-xx in water. 
 
 Chlorine Water may be extemporaneously prepared by mixing in a mortar Chlorate of 
 Potassium 40 grains and Hydrochloric Acid ounce, and adding a pint of distilled 
 water by agitation during the evolution of the vapors. If done in a closed vessel danger 
 may arise from the explosive gas, C 1 2 0 4 which is liberated at the same time. It should 
 be quickly bottled. 
 
 Calx Chlorata, Chlorinated Lime, Chloride of Lime,—is a compound resulting from 
 the action of Chlorine upon Calcium Hydrate, and containing at least 25 per cent, of 
 available Chlorine. It is obtained by exposing slaked Lime to the action of Chlorine gas 
 as long as the latter is absorbed, and should not be confounded with Chloride of Calcium 
 (see ante , page 143). It occurs as a whitish, dry powder or friable lumps, gradually 
 decomposing in the air, of saline, disagreeable taste and a feeble Chlorine odor, partially 
 soluble in water and in alcohol, and when dissolved in dilute Hydrochloric acid gives off 
 Chlorine gas. Dose, gr. iij-yj in water; for external use a I to 3 per cent, solution. 
 Liquor Calcis Chlorates , B. P., is a solution of I pound in I gallon of water. 
 
 Liquor Sodce Chloratce , Solution of Chlorinated Soda, Labarraque’s Solution,—a pale- 
 greenish liquid, of faint Chlorine odor, and alkaline taste and reaction ; prepared by add¬ 
 ing together watery solutions of Sodium Carbonate 100 parts and Calx Chlorata 80, each 
 in 400 parts of water, then adding Water up to 1000. Contains Sodium Hypochlorite 
 and Chloride. Dose, rr^x-^j in 20 parts of water. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Chlorine is actively irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. Locally 
 applied it produces heat, burning and even vesication. Inhaled in any 
 
CHLORUM. 
 
 173 
 
 quantity it causes cough, sneezing and spasm of the glottis, also inflam¬ 
 mation of the air-passages and of the lungs. It is the most powerful of 
 all disinfectants and deodorants, also an antiseptic and antifermentative 
 agent of the highest activity. Its power in all these respects is due to its 
 affinity for hydrogen, decomposing all bodies in which hydrogen enters 
 as a molecular constituent, forming chlorhydric acid and setting oxygen 
 free in its nascent form (ozone). Used internally it has the same local 
 action on the parts with which it comes in contact, and on reaching the 
 stomach in dilute solution it is converted into hydrochloric acid and 
 chlorides, losing all further action on the body in its own character. 
 
 A ntidotes . 
 
 Ammoniacal vapors inhaled after Chlorine from Ammonium Chloride. Ammonium 
 Sulphide has a similar reaction, but should be inhaled in great moderation. Albumen is 
 the antidote if Chlorine preparations have been taken into the stomach, and a little Aqua 
 Ammoniae, sufficiently diluted, may also be administered with advantage. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The chlorinated preparations are used as disinfectants and deodorizers 
 of rooms, drains and discharges from the body. They are rarely used 
 about the person or clothing of patients by reason of the irritation pro¬ 
 duced by them when inhaled, and their power to destroy the color of 
 fabrics. In dilute solution they are well employed as local applications 
 in aphthae, gangrene, scarlet fever and diphtheria, in which their principal 
 action is to destroy fetor. The same may be said of their use in sloughing 
 ulcers and gangrenous wounds, foul discharges, etc., as they are rarely 
 employed about the person in sufficient strength to have any destructive 
 effect on disease-germs. A strong solution of Chlorinated Soda is a good 
 application to bites of serpents and insects, to prevent infection by the 
 syphilitic poison, and to wash the hands after contact with infectious 
 material. 
 
 A combination of Potassium Chlorate and Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, 
 makes a solution of Chlorine, Euchlorine, Potassum Chloride and Ferric 
 Chloride, when diluted with water, and gives one of the best and most 
 innocuous solutions of antiseptics. It makes an excellent gargle for sore 
 throats, simple or diphtheritic. Glycerin should never be added to it, as 
 the resulting mixture will be liable to explode violently. 
 
 These preparations have been administered internally in septic 
 diseases, low fevers, etc., but without producing any marked bene¬ 
 ficial results. 
 
 To disinfect unoccupied rooms all means of exit should be stopped up, 
 then a pound of Chlorinated Lime sewed loosely in a strong canvas bag 
 is immersed in a mixture of a pint and a half of common muriatic acid 
 with 4 y 2 pints of water, and left 24 hours. 
 
174 
 
 CHONDRUS—CHRYSAROBINUM-CIMICIFUGA. 
 
 CHONDRUS, Irish M oss, —consists of two sea-algse, Chondrus 
 crispus and Chondrus mammilosus , dried and bleached. Is horny, trans¬ 
 lucent, pale yellowish-white, swelling in water, of sea-weed odor and 
 mucilaginous, saline taste. On boiling with 30 parts of water for ten 
 minutes it yields a solution which gelatinizes on cooling. It contains 90 
 per cent, of mucilage with traces of Iodine and Bromine, also 1 per cent, 
 of Nitrogen. There are no official preparations. A jelly or blanc mange 
 may be prepared by boiling S’j in Sxxxiv of water for an hour, straining 
 and adding %\\] of sugar while hot. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Irish Moss is a demulcent and nutrient substance of some slight value 
 in bronchial and catarrhal affections. Having no starch in its composi¬ 
 tion it is not so valuable as Iceland moss (Cetraria) as an article of food 
 for the sick. 
 
 CHRYSAROBINUM, Chrysarobin, —is a mixture of proximate 
 principles extracted from Goa-powder , a substance found in cavities 
 formed by decay in the wood of the trunk of Andira Araroba , a Brazil¬ 
 ian tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosse. It is commonly misnamed 
 “ Chrysophanic Acid” (which is one of the constituents of Rheum)— 
 though easily converted into that substance. Occurs as an orange-yellow 
 powder, odorless and tasteless, nearly insoluble in water and alcohol, but 
 readily soluble in ether, solutions of alkalies and sulphuric acid. Dose, 
 gr. xx. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Unguentum Chrysarobini ,—Chrysarobin 10, Benzoinated Lard 90 parts. Should be 
 diluted for average use from 3 to 5 times. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 In 20-grain doses Chrysarobin is a gastro-intestinal irritant, producing 
 large, watery, bilious stools, with repeated vomiting but not much nausea. 
 Locally it produces diffuse dermatitis often followed by follicular and fu¬ 
 runcular inflammation. It stains the skin a dark yellowish-brown color, 
 which may be removed by a weak solution of chlorinated lime. The use 
 of this remedy is confined to superficial parasitic skin diseases of vegeta¬ 
 ble origin, and for psoriasis, in the latter affection it being the best 
 remedy known. It may be used in weak ointment locally, and internally 
 in yi -grain doses. 
 
 % 
 
 CIMICIFUGA, Black Snake-root, Black Cohosh, —is the 
 
 rhizome and rootlets of Cimicifuga racemosa, a plant of the nat. ord. 
 Ranunculacese, native in the United States. Rhizome horizontal, 2 
 
CIMICIFUGA. 
 
 175 
 
 inches long or more, about 1 inch thick, with numerous upright ,or curved 
 branches. Rootlets numerous, containing a ligneous cord which branches 
 into four or five rays. Contains a Volatile Oil when fresh, resin, tannic 
 and gallic acids, also an acrid, crystallizable, neutral principle. Cimi- 
 cifugin or Macrotin is an impure resin obtained by precipitation from a 
 concentrated tincture by the addition of water. The active principle has 
 not been isolated. 
 
 Preparations of the Fresh Root. 
 
 Extraction Cimicifugce Fluidum ,—alcoholic. Dose, TTpv-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Cimicifugce ,—20 per cent. Dose, nyxv- 3 j. 
 
 Macrotin (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. j^-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Cimicifuga is stomachic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, diu¬ 
 retic and expectorant. Its taste is bitter and nauseous, resembling that 
 of Opium. It acts on the heart and circulation similarly to Digitalis, and 
 on unstriped muscular fibre like Ergot, but is much feebler in activity 
 than either of these agents. Small doses stimulate digestion and secre¬ 
 tion, the generative function and the menstrual flow, and especially the 
 secretions of the bronchial mucous membrane and the kidneys. Full 
 doses slow the heart while increasing its force, raise arterial tension and 
 stimulate uterine contraction. Large doses dilate the pupils and produce 
 dimness of vision, vertigo, intense headache, nausea, vomiting, and in 
 some persons soporific and anodyne effects. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Cimicifuga closely resembles Digitalis in action, but it is safer, and 
 should be more frequently used when the latter drug is indicated. In 
 cardiac diseases it is very efficient, especially in weak or fatty heart where 
 Digitalis would be dangerous. It is a good stomachic tonic particularly 
 in the irritable dyspepsia of alcoholism. As an expectorant it is used in 
 acute and chronic bronchitis. It is a good nerve-tonic in delirium tre¬ 
 mens, and in functional impotence it is remarkably efficient. In rheuma¬ 
 tism of the localized muscular variety, as lumbago, torticollis, pleuro¬ 
 dynia, intercostal rheumatism, etc., it is one of the most efficacious 
 remedies, having a strong affinity for the muscular system. Neuralgias of 
 various kinds are benefited by it, particularly ovarian neuralgia. Chorea 
 about the age of puberty is one of the affections in which it is most effi¬ 
 cient, and the same may be said of the hysterical form of this disease. 
 
 Many uterine disorders are remarkably benefited by Cimicifuga, such 
 as amenorrhcea, neuralgic and congestive dysmenorrhcea, subinvolution, 
 spinal irritation due to some obscure sympathetic or neuralgic affection 
 of the womb, sympathetic pains and neuralgise arising from the so-called 
 irritable womb, passive menorrhagia, etc. In obstetrics it gives excel- 
 
176 CINCHONA. 
 
 lent results when used to initiate uterine contractions, check hemorrhage, 
 allay afterpains and nervousness after delivery. In puerperal mania and 
 peritonitis its good effects are frequently remarkable, and in puerperal 
 hypochondriasis it is strongly recommended by very high authority. 
 
 CINCHONA, Peruvian Bark .— The Cinchona tree belongs to 
 the nat. ord. Rubiaceae and is a native of the eastern slope of the Andes, 
 but has been largely planted in India, Ceylon, Java and Burmah, with 
 the result of improving the quinine-yielding value of many species by 
 cultivation. In late years the test of appearance has given way to that of 
 assay in judging of the various barks of commerce, and only those are 
 official which yield 3 per cent, of total alkaloids of which at least 2 per 
 cent, must be Quinine. Yellow bark contains most Quinine (as high as 
 9 per cent, having been obtained from one specimen), pale bark contains 
 most Cinchonine and least Quinine, while red bark contains these alka¬ 
 loids in about equal proportions. The Columbian varieties afford the 
 largest percentage of Cinchonidine. 
 
 The principal varieties of the sub-order Cinchoneae, the barks of 
 which are found in commerce and used by manufacturers of the alka¬ 
 loids, are— 
 
 Cinchona Calisaya , Yellow Bark,—from Peru, Bolivia and India. 
 
 Cinchona Succirnba, Red Bark,—from Ecuador, Java and Ceylon. 
 
 Cinchona Condaitiinea , Pale Bark,—from Ecuador and Peru. 
 
 Cinchona Pitayensis , Pitaya Bark,—from New Granada. 
 
 Cinchona Micrantha , Gray Bark,—from Peru and Bolivia. 
 
 Altogether there are some 31 species acknowledged by botanists, and 
 the list is constantly increasing from the tendency of the different trees 
 to hybridize. Several trees formerly acknowledged as Cinchonas are now 
 placed in the genus Cascarilla, but their barks are to be found on the 
 market. Cuprea bark is from trees of the genus Remijia, growing in 
 Columbia; it contains Quinine and a peculiar alkaloid, Cinchonamine , 
 but no Cinchonidine. 
 
 Official Species. 
 
 Cinchona, —is the bark of any species of Cinchona which contains at 
 least 3 per cent, of its peculiar alkaloids, as determined by assay accord¬ 
 ing to a prescribed rule. 
 
 Cinchona Flava , Yellow Cinchona, Calisaya Bark,—is the bark of Cinchona Calisaya , 
 containing at least 2 per cent, of quinine. Occurs in tawny-yellow flat pieces or quills, 
 ridged exteriorly, finely striated on inner surface, breaking with a transverse fracture 
 showing numerous rigid fibres in bundles or radial rows. 
 
 Cinchona Rubra , Red Cinchona,—the bark of C. succirnba , containing at least 2 per 
 cent, of Quinine. Occurs in brown-red quills and flat pieces of various sizes, with ridges 
 and warts on outer surface, coarsely striated on inner surface. 
 
 Bark may be administered in doses of gr. x-^j, but it is never used now in substance, 
 being too bulky and disagreeable. 
 
CINCHONA. 
 
 1 77 
 
 Composition of Cinchona. 
 
 The bark contains 21 natural alkaloids (of which 4 are official), 8 arti¬ 
 ficial alkaloids, 2 simple acids, 2 tannic acids, a resinoid and coloring- 
 matter, as follows:— 
 
 * 
 
 Quinine , C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ,—a strong base, fluorescent, the most valuable of all the alka¬ 
 loids; heated with glycerin to 374 0 F., it is converted into the isomeric base Qianicine. 
 
 Quinidine , C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ,—isomeric with Quinine, fluorescent, probably the most 
 powerful as an antiperiodic, but existing in very small quantity. 
 
 Cinchonine , C 20 H 24 N z O,—the least active of the official four, having about half the 
 therapeutic power of Quinine. Not fluorescent. 
 
 Cinchonidine , C 20 H 24 N 2 O,—isomeric with Cinchonine, not fluorescent, one of the 
 most powerful of the alkaloids. 
 
 Kinic and Kinovic Acids ,—are combined in the bark with the alkaloids. The former 
 is used to make a Kinate of Quinine, and the latter occurs in non-official pharmacy as 
 Kinovate of Lime, an ingredient in Deloudre’s Extract, which is used in Europe and 
 India for dysentery. 
 
 Kino-tannic and Kinovo-tannic Acids, —give to bark its peculiar and powerful astrin¬ 
 gent qualities. They have not been fully studied. 
 
 Kinovin ,—is a bitter, amorphous resinoid, which is resolvable into Kinovic Acid and 
 sugar. It is soluble in alcohol, but not in water. 
 
 Cinchona Red, —a reddish-brown, insipid, inodorous substance. 
 
 [The other alkaloids are of no interest medicinally.] 
 
 Preparations of the Bark. 
 
 Extradum Cinchonce, —made from Yellow Cinchona. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Extractum Cinchonce Fluidum ,—from Yellow Cinchona, Dose, TT^x- % j . 
 
 Tindura Cinchonce ,—Yellow Cinchona, strength 20 per cent. Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Cinchonce Composita ,—made from Red Cinchona, strength 10 per cent. 
 Contains Bitter Orange-peel 8, and Serpentaria 2 per cent. Dose, ^j-^ss. 
 
 Infusum Cinchonce ,—made from any official bark. Cinchona 6, Aromatic Sulphuric 
 Acid 1, Water 93 parts. Is the only official infusion containing this acid. Dose, gj-^ j or 
 more. 
 
 Huxham's Tincture of Bark, 1788 (Unofficial),—is still used. Red Cinchona 5 iv, 
 Orange peel ^ iij, Serpentaria gr. lxxx, Spanish Saffron gr. clx, Cochineal gr. lxxx, Brandy 
 3 x 1 , digested for 4 days, expressed and filtered. Dose, gss-ij. 
 
 Quinine and its Salts. 
 
 Quinina, Qjuinine, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 .3H 2 O,—a white, amorphous or minutely crystalline 
 powder, of alkaline reaction and very bitter taste, soluble in 1600 of water and 6 of alcohol 
 at 59 0 F., in 25 of ether, 5 of chloroform, and readily in dilute acids. Dose, gr. j-xx, or 
 xl in special cases. Is insoluble in saliva. 
 
 Quinines Sulphas , Sulphate of Quinine (C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ) 2 .H 2 SO 4 .7H 2 O,—very light, 
 snow-white, fragile crystals, of very bitter, persistent taste, soluble in 700 of water and 65 
 of alcohol at 59 0 F., in 30 of boiling water, 3 of boiling alcohol, also in acidulated water. 
 Dose, gr. j-xx, or even gr. xl in special cases. 
 
 Quinines Bisulphas, Bisulphate of Quinine, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 .H 2 SO 4 7lI 2 O,—clear, color¬ 
 less, efflorescent crystals or small needles, of very bitter taste and strongly acid reaction, 
 soluble in 10 of water with blue efflorescence, and in 32 of alcohol, at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. 
 j-xxx, or even gr. lx in special cases. 
 
 Quinines Hydrobromas, Hydrobromate of Quinine, C 20 II 24 N 2 O 2 IIBr.2H 2 O,—color¬ 
 less needles, of very bitter taste, soluble in 16 of water and in 3 of alcohol at 59 0 F., and in 
 I of boiling water or alcohol. Is the best salt for hypodermic use, gj of water dissolving 
 gr. iv, which may be injected every 4 hours without causing irritation. Dose, gr. j-xx. 
 
 Quinines Hydrochloras, Muriate of Quinine, C 2(j H 24 N„ 0 4 HC 1 . 2 li 2 0 ,—white needles 
 in tufts, of very bitter taste, soluble in 34 of water and 3 of alcohol at 59 0 F., in I of boil¬ 
 ing water or alcohol. Is used hypodermically. Dose, gr. j-xx. An excellent salt which 
 should be more generally used; 5 to 10 gr. doses are antipyretic. 
 
 Quinines Valerianas, Valerianate of Quinine, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 C 5 II 4 0 O 2 .H 2 O,—white, 
 pearly crystals, of valerianic odor and bitter taste, soluble in 100 of water and in 5 of 
 
 12 
 
i7« 
 
 CINCHONA. 
 
 alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. j-iij. It is the only salt of Quinine supposed to be affected 
 by the constituent acid. 
 
 Quinince Hydrochloras Carbamidata, Carbamide Hydrochlorate of Quinine (Unofficial), 
 —is a new compound salt of Quinine and Urea, soluble in equal parts of water and there¬ 
 fore admirably adapted for hypodermic administration in a 50 per cent, solution. It is 
 almost unirritating to the tissues, and is given subcutaneously in doses of gr. j-iij. 
 
 Chininum Amorphum Boricum, Amorphous Borate of Quinine (Unofficial),—is a new 
 preparation, soluble in an equal quantity of water, and claimed by its introducers to be 
 equally as satisfactory as any other Quinine salt, and much better borne by the stomach 
 than any other one. It is also said to cause little or no congestion of the membrana tym- 
 pani. 
 
 Tinctura Pyrexialis, Warburg’s Tincture (Unofficial),—is a celebrated preparation, 
 formerly secret, but published in 1875 by the originator, whose formula is as follows:— 
 fit . Aloes soc. ft j ; Rad. rhei (chinens), Sem. angelicae, Confec. Damocratis,* aa 3 iv ; 
 Rad. helenii (s. enulae), Croci sativi,Sem. foeniculi, Cretae, prep., aa 3 ij; Rad. gentianae, 
 Rad zedoariae, Pip. cubebae, Myrrhae elect., Camphoroe, Bolet. laricis, aa 3 j. Digest the 
 whole with 500 oz. of proof spirit in a water-bath for 12 hours, express, add sj x Bisul¬ 
 phate of Quinine, dissolve by aid of a water-bath, cool and filter. Dose, %j, in two 
 doses 3 hours apart. Hager’s modification of the original formula is— fit. Quininae sulph. 
 part, j, Spt. camphorae part, ij, Elix. proprietatis (Tinct. aloes et myrrhae) part, xxij, Alco- 
 holis part. xvj. The evidence published in favor of this preparation goes to show that its 
 power does not wholly lie in the quinine, camphor, aloes or rhubarb, but in some of the 
 aromatic plants contained in it. 
 
 Other Official Alkaloids and their Preparations. 
 
 Cinchonina, Cinchonine, C 20 H 24 N 2 O,—white, lustrous prisms or needles, of bitter 
 after-taste, almost insoluble in water, readily so in dilute acids and no of alcohol at 59 0 
 F. Dose, gr. j-xxx or more. 
 
 Cinchonince Sulphas, Suphate of Cinchonine (C 2 0 H 2 4 N 2 0 ) 2 H 2 S 0 4 . 2 H 2 0 ,—white, 
 shining prisms, of very bitter taste, soluble in 70 of water and in 6 of alcohol at 59 0 F., 
 and readily soluble in dilute acids. Dose, gr. v-xxx or more. 
 
 Cinchonidince Sulphas , Sulphate of Cinchonidine (C 20 H 24 N 2 O) 2 H 2 SO 4 .3H 2 O,— 
 white, silky crystals, of bitter taste, soluble in 100 of water and in 71 of alcohol at 59 0 F., 
 freely soluble in acidulated water. Dose, gr. j-xx or more. 
 
 Quinidince Sulphas, Sulphate of Quinidine (C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ) 2 H 2 SO 4 .2H 2 O,—white, 
 silky needles, of bitter taste, soluble in 100 of water and in 8 of alcohol, readily in acidu¬ 
 lated water, at 59°F. Dose, gr. j-xx or more. It is not so bitter as Quinine, is less 
 expensive, and is a valuable antipyretic and antiperiodic. 
 
 Chinoidinum, Chinoidin, Quinoidin,—a mixture of alkaloids, mostly amorphous, 
 obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of the crystallizable alkaloids from Cinchona. 
 A black solid when cold, plastic when warmed, of bitter taste, almost insoluble in water, 
 freely soluble in alcohol and in dilute acids. It contains the 4 alkaloids in amorphous 
 condition, and has about x / 2 the therapeutic power of Quinine. Dose, gr. v-xxx or more. 
 
 Non- Official Preparations. 
 
 Quinquinina, or Quinetum ,—is an Indian preparation containing the total alkaloids 
 extracted from bark by acidulated water, then precipitated by soda and dried. In India 
 it is called “ febrifuge.” 
 
 Cinchonidince Salicylas, Salicylate of Cinchonidine,—has anti-malarial power only 
 inferior to the salts of Quinine. 
 
 Substitutes for Quinine. 
 
 The synthetical production of Quinine has been the “ philosopher’s 
 stone” of the modern chemists, who have prosecuted with untiring energy 
 the search for an artificial product possessing all its properties. Though 
 in this they have as yet been unsuccessful, they have discovered several 
 
 * For the formula for this ingredient see the article on Confections in the section on 
 Extemporaneous Pharmacy, Part II. 
 
CINCHONA. 
 
 179 
 
 organic bodies, which closely resemble each other and also quinine, both 
 in chemical constitution and physiological action. These substances 
 belong to the aromatic series of carbon compounds, all of which are de¬ 
 rivatives of Benzene or Benzol , C 6 H 6 , the Hydride of the organic radical 
 Phenyl, C 6 H 5 . The distinctive action of the lower members of this series 
 is their antiseptic and antipyretic powers, —as that of the fatty series of 
 carbon compounds is stimulant and ancesthetic (Brunton). Many of these 
 agents are obtained from coal-tar oil (petroleum) by fractional distilla¬ 
 tion, etc.,—and they are all derivatives of Benzene (Benzol), either 
 directly or from some of the products formed therefrom, by substitution ; 
 various radicals replacing the different constituent atoms of H and C. 
 
 Thus, by the ring-arrangement of atoms peculiar to this series, there are formed from 
 Benzene (C 6 H 6 ), the following substances, viz.— 
 
 Phenol , or Carbolic Acid, C 6 H 5 OH—by replacing H by OH, (hydroxyl). 
 
 Pyrocatechin , or Ortho- ) C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . 
 
 Rescorcin , or Meta- 1 - di-hydroxy-benzene ,—by replacing 2H by 2OH. 
 
 Hydroquinone, or Para- J C 6 H 4 (OII) 2 . 
 
 Pyrogallol, Pyrogallic Acid, Tri-hydroxybenzene, C 6 H 3 (OH) 3 ,—3H by 3OH. 
 
 Amido-benzene, or Anilin, C 6 H 5 .NH 2 —by replacing H by NH 2 (amidogen.) 
 
 Nitro-benzene , C 6 H 5 .N 0 2 —by replacing H by N 0 2 (nitroxyl). 
 
 Benzoic Acid, C 6 H 5 CO.OH—by replacing H by CO.OH (carboxyl). 
 
 Salicylic Acid, HC 7 H 5 0 3 —by replacing 2H by OH and CO.OH. 
 
 Naphthaline, C 10 H g —by uniting two Benzines in an over-lapping ring. 
 
 Pyridine , C 5 H 5 N—by replacing tetrad C by triad N. 
 
 Chinoline, C 9 H 7 N—uniting Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) and Pyridine (C 5 H 5 N). 
 
 Derived from Chinoline is the hypothetical base. 
 
 Chinicine or Quinicine, C 9 H 9 N 2 ,—represented in Antipyrine. 
 
 Also Kairine , Thalline, and other compounds. 
 
 The most important of these are Antipyrine, Acetanilide, Resorcin, 
 Chinoline and Naphthaline, which are respectively described in separate 
 articles. Others of the same class are the following, viz.— 
 
 Some Unofficial Antipyretics. 
 
 Kairina, Kairine (Hydrochlorate of Oxy-ethyl-chinoline-hydride), C x0 H X 3 NO.HCl. 
 H 2 0 ,—is an artificial alkaloid prepared from Chinoline, belonging to the phenol group 
 of carbon compounds, and a powerful antipyretic in 8-grain doses hourly. It stains the 
 urine a deep green, and has not proven fatal though 220 doses have been administered in 
 one case. In some cases of typhus it has caused cyanosis and collapse. It produces 
 profuse sweating and vomiting, and the subsequent rise of temperature after its antipyretic 
 influence has worn off is generally ushered in by a severe rigor. It is by many authorities 
 considered to be the most certain, most powerful and most rapid antipyretic drug we 
 possess, though this claim is now disputed by the advocates of Antipyrine. It occurs in 
 white crystals, which are freely soluble in water, but is best given in wafer-paper or cap¬ 
 sules. Dose, gr. iij-xxx. 
 
 Kairolina, Kairoline (Sulphate of Tetra-hydromethyl-chinoline),—is antipyretic, but 
 much less efficient than Kairine. 
 
 Thalline (Parachinanisols),—is a synthetically prepared alkaloid, having the chemical 
 name Tetra-hydro-paramethyl-oxy-chinoline. It occurs as a colorless powder, which is 
 soluble in water, and enters into combination with acids, forming salts, of which the 
 tartrate and sulphate are the most eligible, especially the latter. The dose of Thalline or 
 its Sulphate ranges from gr. ij to gr. xv, a mean average dose being about 5 grains, given 
 in the form of compressed tablets. Thalline is an antipyretic of very great power, doses 
 of 5 to 12 grains lowering the temperature in typhoid fever 4 0 to 5 0 , in 2 hours’ time, the 
 effect lasting nearly 3 hours. In tuberculosis similar results were obtained. Large doses, 
 
i8o 
 
 CINCHONA. 
 
 however, produce very profuse sweating and a dangerous degree of depression ; so that 
 this agent is not a favorite remedy for hyperpyrexia. 
 
 Hydroquinone (Para-di-hydroxy-benzene) C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 ,—is isomeric with Resorcin 
 (see ante , page 179). It crystallizes in rhombic, colorless prisms which are slightly 
 soluble in water, readily so in alcohol and in ether, and is obtained from Arbutin , a glu- 
 coside constituent of Uva Ursi and other Ericaceae. It is an efficient antipyretic, without 
 injurious effects so far as observed, but its influence is only temporary. The action of 
 this drug on animals is summarized in the N. Y. Medical Record for August 15th, 1885, 
 and its influence on pyrexia elucidated in the same journal for May 30th, 1885. Dose, as 
 an antipyretic, gr. xv-xx, best given in alcohol. Gr. xl have been given without disagree¬ 
 able effects. 
 
 Pyrocatechin , Catechol (Ortho-di hydroxy-benzene), C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 ,—is also isomeric 
 with Resorcin, and is one of the acid constituents of coal-tar, also obtained from wood-tar 
 and from kinic acid. It is a good antipyretic, but much inferior to Quinine or Rescorcin. 
 
 Phenacetine (Para-Acetphenetidine),—a white and glossy, crystalline powder, in chem¬ 
 ical constituent analogous to Acetanilide. It is tasteless, and but slightly soluble in 
 water, more so in glycerin, and still more so in alcohol and in lactic acid. It is a very 
 efficient antipyretic and antineuralgic, with no disagreeable after effects. The dose is 
 about one-half that of Antipyrine, or gr. x-xx. 
 
 Pheno-resorcin ,—is a mixture of Carbolic Acid 67 with Resorcin 33 and Water 10, 
 forming a liquid which mixes readily with water. It is supposed to combine the virtues 
 of both its ingredients. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The action of Cinchona in sufficient dose is generally that of its alka¬ 
 loid Quinine, except that bark is decidedly astringent, more of a gastric 
 irritant, and by reason of its bulk its active principles are more slowly 
 absorbed. In large doses (oij) the powdered bark has produced flatu¬ 
 lence and eructation, and in many well-authenticated instances has pro¬ 
 duced a well-marked febrile paroxysm, beginning with chill, then fever 
 and headache, which gradually subsided in slight perspiration. So also, 
 Quinine, while incapable of producing intermittent fever in a healthy 
 person, will, if taken in large doses unnecessarily, throw the nervous 
 system into high commotion, and if untimely used by a malarial subject 
 may reproduce the paroxysm with greater or less severity. 
 
 Cinchona is an astringent bitter and a stomachic tonic. At first it 
 promotes appetite, digestion, the flow of saliva and of gastric juice; long- 
 continued it sets up a gastric catarrh, impeding digestion and causing 
 constipation. 
 
 Quinine is a bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic, antimiasmatic and 
 antipyretic, a diminisher of reflex action, a protoplasmic poison, a cardiac 
 depressant and perhaps an oxytocic. It is rapidly diffused and slowly ex¬ 
 creted, being found in the urine in 15 minutes after its administration and 
 for two or three days afterwards. Its action on the stomach is similar to 
 that of cinchona. It arrests the movements of the white blood-corpus¬ 
 cles though increasing their number, and prevents acetification and decay 
 of the blood. It is actively destructive of lowly organized life, a solution 
 of 1 to 500 being fatal to infusoria and fungi, while one of double this 
 strength prevents alcoholic fermentation and checks putrefactive decom¬ 
 position. The heart and arterial tension are somewhat stimulated by 
 small doses, but depressed by large ones (gr. xl-lxxx), which slow and 
 
CINCHONA. 
 
 181 
 
 enfeeble the pulse by direct action on the cardiac ganglia. The brain is 
 rendered hypersemic and exhilarated by small or moderate doses, but 
 large ones produce a sense of fulness and constriction in the head, cere¬ 
 bral anaemia, pallor, tinnitus aurium, vertigo, staggering gait, amaurosis 
 and deafness, great headache, dilated pupils, delirium, coma, and in ani¬ 
 mals convulsions. The eyes and ears are very rarely injured permanently. 
 These symptoms collectively are termed Cinchonism. It reduces the size 
 of the spleen when enlarged, and lowers the temperature of pyrexia, 
 though it does not depress the body temperature in health. Large doses 
 lower the reflex function of the spinal cord. In some subjects it produces 
 sexual excitement, in others cutaneous eruptions sometimes followed by 
 desquamation. It lessens the excretion of uric acid, but not that of urea, 
 and is a uterine stimulant in labor, but its power to initiate uterine con¬ 
 tractions is a much debated question. 
 
 Quinidine and Cinchonidine correspond in action with Quinine both 
 qualitatively and quantitatively, the latter however producing less severe 
 head symptoms. 
 
 Cinchonine also corresponds in effect, but is much the least active of 
 the four alkaloids. It is said to produce greater headache, and much pre¬ 
 cordial pain and muscular weakness, but to have little effect on sight or 
 hearing. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Horpiiin>e antagonizes its cerebral action. Atropine its nervous, cardiac and antipyretic 
 powers. Free Tannic Acid is incompatible with the Infusion of Cinchona. Iodine 
 preparations, Alkalies, Alkaline Carbonates and Earths, are incompatible with solutions of 
 the alkaloids, the first-named forming insoluble compounds, the latter precipitating them. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Cinchona is used as a tonic and has many applications. The Infusion 
 or Compound Tincture with a mineral acid is extremely serviceable in 
 atonic dyspepsia, gastric catarrh of alcoholics, adynamia, convalescence, 
 asthma, chronic bronchitis, and generally in weak subjects of flabby flesh 
 and perspiring skin. 
 
 Quinine finds its principal field of action in the malarial diseases, over 
 which its power is that of a specific. In intermittents, a ten-grain dose 
 of the sulphate should be given in the sweating stage and again 5 hours 
 before the expected time of the next paroxysm. In the intervals Arsenic 
 is better used, as Quinine will cause a daily exacerbation of temperature 
 if long continued. In remittents 20- to 30-grain doses should be admin¬ 
 istered once or twice a day until the temperature is reduced to the normal 
 point. In pernicious remittents large doses (gr. xxx to lx) are necessary 
 to the safety of the patient. In chronic malarial poisoning Quinine has 
 considerable power, but Chinoidin is more effective. Small doses of 
 Quinine (gr. ij-iij per diem) are efficient as a prophylactic against 
 malaria. 
 
182 
 
 CINNAMOMUM. 
 
 As an antipyretic Quinine is used with the best results, especially in 
 typhus, typhoid, variola, pneumonia and acute rheumatism. Inflamma¬ 
 tions may, at their inception, be aborted by 15- or 20-grain doses, com¬ 
 bined with Morphine, which in this respect is synergistic to Quinine. 
 Acute tonsillitis and acute catarrh may sometimes be aborted by a full 
 dose. In surgical fevers, pyaemia and exhausting suppurative conditions, 
 also in septicaemia, hectic fever, and before surgical operations, Quinine 
 is much employed. Neuralgias of malarial origin are amenable to it, as 
 also neuralgia of the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve. In eruptive 
 fevers, especially scarlet fevers, erysipelas and measles, it is advantageously 
 administered throughout their course. In some skin diseases, particularly 
 erythema nodosum, it is quite efficient, also in whooping-cough and hay- 
 fever. In the latter affection a solution of gr. vj to the S of the neutral 
 hydrochlorate is a very useful local application. 
 
 Antipyresis has of late received considerable attention, particularly in 
 the German hospitals. The most certain and safe of all antipyretics is 
 undoubtedly the cold bath, but it is not always the most practicable, 
 especially in private practice. Internal antipyretics are therefore of great 
 value, and of these the safest and best is Quinine, next in order being 
 Antipyrine. 
 
 Warburg’s Tincture has obtained a very high reputation in the 
 hands of Indian army-surgeons in the treatment of remittent and other 
 malarial fevers of the most malignant types, in malarial neuralgiae, acute 
 nervous exhaustion and sudden collapse without organic disease. The 
 most pronounced testimony to its value is that of Dr. Maclean (. Med . Ti?nes 
 and Gazette , Nov., 1875), whose authority will not be questioned by the 
 most captious. He affirms that the influence of this combination to arrest 
 an exacerbation of remittent fever is far more powerful than that of Qui¬ 
 nine alone. The remedy has become much less of a favorite since its 
 originator was induced to make public the secret of its composition. 
 
 A dministration. 
 
 The persistently bitter taste of Quinine and its salts is best obviated by administering 
 them in pill form, made with glycerin as an excipient, or by using Liquorice, Eriodyction 
 or Chocolate to cover the taste if given in solution or powder. The taste is extremely 
 well covered by using as a vehicle a combination of Glycyrrhizin and Fluid Extract of 
 Eriodyction, named “ Veloutine but the Quinine must be suspended therein by the aid 
 of mucilage, as when an acid is used to dissolve it the bitter taste cannot be disguised. 
 
 For hypodermic use the best salt is the Hydrobromate, it being the most soluble,— 
 gr. xij in of distilled water gives gr. j in Ttpv. The Carbamide Hydrochlorate is 
 coming into favor for hypodermic administration by reason of its solubility and freedom 
 from irritating qualities. 
 
 CINNAMOMUM, Cinnamon, —is the inner bark of the shoots 
 of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Ceylon), or the bark of the shoots of sev¬ 
 eral species of Cinnamomum (nat. ord. Lauraceae) grown in China 
 
coccus. 
 
 183 
 
 (Cassia Bark). The former occurs in light, yellowish-brown quills, con¬ 
 sisting of several pieces rolled together, each very thin, while the Chinese 
 variety comes in single quills of irregular form and rougher texture. The 
 taste is warm and aromatic, and the odor very fragrant. The active prin¬ 
 ciple is a Volatile Oil , and it also contains a resin, tannic and cinnamic 
 acids. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Cinnamomi ,—is the volatile oil, a yellowish-colored liquid of sp. gr. 1.040 to 
 I.060, becomes dark by age, of slightly acid reaction. The oil of Chinese Cinnamon is 
 not so agreeable in odor or taste. Dose, gtt. j-v. 
 
 Aqua Cinnamomi, Cinnamon-Water,—has of the oil 2 parts in 1000, percolated through 
 cotton. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Spiritus Cinnamomi ,—contains 10 per cent, of the oil. Dose, npv-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Cinnamomi, contains 10 per cent, of the powdered bark. Dose, gss-ij. 
 
 Pulvis Arojnaticus, Aromatic Powder,—Cinnamon 35, Ginger 35, Cardamom 15, 
 Nutmeg 15, rubbed together in fine powder. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Extraction Aromaticum Fluidum , —has of Aromatic Powder 100 grammes, Alcohol 
 q. s. ad 100 cubic centimeters. Dose, rtqx-xxx. 
 
 Cinnamon is an agreeable carminative, somewhat astringent and stimu¬ 
 lant, also highly aromatic and antiseptic. The oil is not astringent but 
 is a pleasant stimulant to the nervous and vascular systems, and is by some 
 believed to exercise a specific action on the uterus, particularly as a 
 hemostatic. 
 
 The various preparations are in general use as flavoring excipients, and 
 the aqua is a pleasant vehicle for extemporaneous prescriptions. The 
 bark and its preparations are used to check diarrhoea in combination with 
 opium, chalk, or some vegetable infusion. The oil is a good stimulant 
 in flatulence, paralysis of the tongue, cramp of the stomach, enteralgia, 
 etc., and is sometimes used to check nausea and vomiting. Cinnamon 
 was formerly used with success in uterine hemorrhage, generally in com¬ 
 bination with sulphuric acid, which of itself is an efficient uterine hemo¬ 
 static. It has lately been employed in France as an internal germicide, 
 with great satisfaction; and has given particularly good results in the 
 treatment of typhoid fever, against the supposed bacillus of which disease 
 it is believed, by its advocates, to have specific and destructive powers. 
 
 COCCUS, Cochineal ,—is the dried female of Coccus cacti , an 
 insect of the order Hemiptera, which feeds on the cactus plants of Mexico 
 and Central America. Occurs in ovate, plano-convex form, of a purple- 
 gray or purple-black color, yielding when crushed a dark-red powder, 
 which contains Carminic Acid , or Carmine , the red coloring-matter, 
 which is soluble in water and alcohol, but not in oils. Cochineal is an 
 ingredient of Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, and is used in pharmacy 
 solely as a coloring material. 
 
 The only therapeutic use of Cochineal is in whooping-cough and neu¬ 
 ralgia, in which affections it is supposed to have considerable influence, 
 especially in the former. Its dose to an infant is about gr. thrice d /. 
 
184 
 
 COLCHICUM. 
 
 COLCHICUM, Meadow Saffron, —is the corm and seed of the 
 Colchicum autumnale , a European plant of the nat. ord. Melanthaceae. 
 It contains an intensely bitter, poisonous alkaloid, Colchicine , Ci 7 H 19 N 0 5 , 
 which by the action of acetic and mineral acids is converted into Col- 
 chiceme and a resin,—also tannic and gallic acids, resin, starch, sugar, 
 etc. It is official in two forms, namely— 
 
 Colchici Radix, Colchicum Root,—the corm, about 1 inch long, 
 white internally, grooved on one side, inodorous, taste sweetish, bitter 
 and acrid. Is less active than the seed. Dose, gr. ij-viij. Contains of 
 Colchicine, 0.45 per 1000. 
 
 Colchici Semen, Colchicum Seed,—about inch thick, sub-globular, 
 resembling black mustard seed but larger, very hard and tough, inodor¬ 
 ous, of bitter and acrid taste. Dose, gr. j-v. Contains of Colchicine, 
 3.35 per 1000. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Colchici Radicis, —made with Acetic Acid 35 parts to 100 of the root, and 
 sufficient water. Dose, gr. *^-ij. 
 
 Extractum Colchici Radicis Fluidum ,—Dose, ITLij—x. 
 
 Extractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum, —Dose, 1T\j-v. 
 
 Vinu?n Colchici Radicis, —strength 40 per cent. Dose, rtpv-xv. 
 
 Vinui?i Colchici Seminis, —strength 15 per cent. Dose, Tryx-xxx. 
 
 Tindura Colchici. —from the seed, strength 15 per cent. Dose, rrpx-xxx. 
 
 Colchicina, Colchicine, C n H 19 N 0 5 (Unofficial),—a white or yellowish, amorphous 
 powder, of saffron-like odor and bitter taste, soluble in water and in alcohol. Dose, gr. 
 
 I s suitable for hypodermic injection. 
 
 Laborde and Houde condemn all preparations made with acetic acid, also those made 
 from the tubers and all wines. The best preparation is Colchicine, in granules or in a 
 wine; or a strong tincture made from fresh seed with the shell on, the latter containing a 
 very volatile but active oil. Of this seed to ]/ 2 pint of highest proof alcohol, standing 
 for 2 weeks. Of this 3 v to water q. s. ad O x / 2 , of which the dose is 3 ss every 4 hours 
 night and day, avoiding acids, until nausea, vomiting and purging set in. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Colchicum is emetic, diuretic and diaphoretic, a drastic purgative, a 
 gastro-intestinal irritant and a cardiac depressant. In small doses it in¬ 
 creases secretion, especially the urine and the sweat. In full doses its 
 action is emeto-cathartic, producing profuse watery discharges, great 
 nausea and extreme muscular feebleness. In large doses it is a powerful 
 irritant of the gastro-intestinal tract, causing severe griping, choleraic dis¬ 
 charges, lowered arterial tension and depression of the heart by reflex 
 action over the distribution of the pneumogastric,—then great prostration, 
 convulsions and collapse, death occurring from exhaustion, with con¬ 
 sciousness preserved until carbonic acid narcosis sets in. On the excretion 
 of uric acid and urea its influence is very much disputed, but it probably 
 increases the flow of bile, and certainly unloads the portal circulation. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Tannic Acid to retard absorption. Emetics and cathartics, also warm demulcent drinks 
 freely. Morphine hypodermically to antagonize the cardiac depression, also Alcohol. 
 
COLOCYNTHIS. 
 
 185 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Colchicum is a specific palliative in gout of acute form, in which it 
 should be given with an alkali, and kept short of emeto-catharsis. It does 
 not prevent relapses, and its power in this disorder is weakened by repe¬ 
 tition. In ascites from obstructive disease of the liver it is most effective, 
 given in full doses to establish a profuse drain, with opium to sustain the 
 heart. In acute cerebral congestion and in portal congestions it is well 
 given as a drastic purgative. It is often used with marked success in 
 acute rheumatism, but frequently fails, and in no case should it be con- 
 tinued long in this affection. It has been used with good results in the 
 treatment of gonorrhoea and chordee. The alkaloid is probably the best 
 preparation for general use, and is admittedly superior to the other pre¬ 
 parations in acute gout. 
 
 COLOCYNTHIS, Colocynth,— is the fruit of Citrullus Colccyn- 
 this, deprived of its rind. The plant is a native of Spain and Asiatic 
 Turkey and belongs to the nat. ord. Cucurbitacese, the fruit being of the 
 size of a small orange, white, light, spongy, inodorous, very bitter, con¬ 
 taining many flat, brown seeds which should be rejected before the pulp 
 is used. Its active principle is Colocynthin , C 56 H 81 0 23 , an amorphous but 
 crystallizable bitter glucoside, readily soluble in water. It also contains 
 Colocynthein, a resin, and Colocynthitin , which is a tasteless, crystalline 
 powder, soluble in ether but not in water, and devoid of purgative 
 action. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extradum Colocynthidis ,—alcoholic. Dose, gr. jj-ij. 
 
 Extractum Colocynthidis Composition ,—contains of the preceding 16 parts, Aloes 50, 
 Cardamom 6, Resin of Scammony 14, Soap 14, Alcohol 10. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Pilulce Catharticce Compositee, Compound Cathartic Pills,—each has of the preceding 
 gr. 1.3, Abstract of Jalap gr. j, Calomel gr. j, Gamboge gr. Dose, j-iij pills. 
 
 Laville " 1 s Anti-Goat Remedy ,—is a proprietary medicine prepared in France and pur¬ 
 porting to be “ a mixture of prepared Kino-colocynthine.” The published formula is as 
 follows: Active principle of Colocynth 2]/ z , Quinine and Cinchonine 5, Spanish Wine 
 800, Alcohol 100, Water to 1000 parts; but there is good reason for believing that it 
 contains Colchicine instead of Colocynthin. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Colocynth is classed among the tonic-astringent and resin-bearing 
 purgatives. In moderate doses it increases peristalsis and the intestinal 
 glandular secretions, producing bilious, watery evacuations with much 
 colicky griping pain. Its purgative action is specific, and may be ob¬ 
 tained by its application to the skin over the abdomen. In large doses it 
 is a violent irritant of the gastro-intestinal tract, and has frequently pro¬ 
 duced fatal gastro-enteritis. It is popularly supposed to be abortifacient, 
 but this is only true of quantities sufficient to endanger life. It is an in¬ 
 direct diuretic. 
 
CONIUM. 
 
 186 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Colocynth is too severe an agent to be administered alone for constipa¬ 
 tion, but it makes a useful factor in compound purgatives, as the com¬ 
 pound cathartic pill. In cerebral congestion it may be used to produce 
 rapid derivation, and in ascites to set up a profuse drain from the intes¬ 
 tinal canal. In certain cases of chlorotic amenorrhoea it stimulates the 
 pelvic nerves and vessels with excellent results. There seems to be abun¬ 
 dant evidence that in very small doses to a tincture) colocynth 
 
 is an efficient remedy in colic, sciatica, ovarian and other neuralgiae, as 
 well as in the pain of glaucoma. These actions may be due to its two 
 non-purgative principles, which may prove to possess powers not hereto¬ 
 fore suspected, an example of which is seen in the recently-discovered 
 cardiac influence of Convallaria, a drug until recently only known as a 
 purgative and a diuretic. 
 
 CONIUM, Hemlock ,—is the full-grown fruit, gathered while green, 
 of Conium maculatum , the spotted hemlock (nat. ord. Umbelliferae). It 
 is smaller than anise-fruit, of a gray-green color, slight odor and taste, 
 and contains 3 alkaloids, namely,— Coniine, C 8 H 15 N, liquid and volatile, 
 Methyl-coniine, C 8 H U NCH 3 , and Conhydrine, C 8 H n NO, solid and vola- 
 tilizable ;—also Coniic acid and a volatile oil. Paraconiine, is an artificial 
 substance produced by the reaction between Butyric Aldehyd and an 
 alcoholic solution of Ammonia, and isomeric with Coniine but not iden¬ 
 tical with it. The leaves of Conium are no longer official. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abstraction Conii ,—made from 200 parts of Conium, 6 of Dilute HC 1 acid, Sugar of 
 Milk and Alcohol to make 100 parts; each grain representing 2 grains of the powdered 
 drug. Dose, gr. ss-iij. 
 
 Extraction Conii Alcoholicum ,—each grain represents a grain of the crude drug. 
 Dose, gr. ij-v-xl. 
 
 Extraction Conii Fluidum ,—of the same strength as the alcoholic extract. Dose, 
 Ttpij-v-xl. 
 
 Tinctura Conii ,—strength 15 per cent. Dose, rtpx-gj, beginning with the 10-minim 
 dose and gradually increasing until physiological effects are manifest. 
 
 Coniina Coni'ine, C 8 Ii 15 N (Unofficial),—an oily, limpid, volatile liquid, of acrid taste, 
 alkaline reaction, and an odor compared to that of the urine of mice. It is quickly 
 decomposed by heat, and if exposed to the air soon becomes inert. Dose, gr. do~T$’ or 
 in minim-doses, Iff, to - *)- to ° irritant for hypodermic use, unless carefully neutralized 
 by acetic acid. The Ilydrobromate in watery solution of gr. viij to the 3, of this rtpx-i, 
 is a good form for subcutaneous or stomachal administration, and may be given in doses 
 of gr. t ! z to gr. j, as it is not actively toxic. 
 
 All the preparations of Conium are uncertain in action, particularly the extract and 
 abstract, as the active principle is very volatile. Any specimen must be carefully tested 
 before deciding on its dosage, and if the powerful mouse-like odor of the drug be absent, 
 it is probably worthless. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The special action of Conium and Coniine is the production of motor 
 paralysis without loss of consciousness or sensation. It paralyzes the 
 
CONVALLARIA MAJALIS. 
 
 187 
 
 motor nerves, the action commencing at the peripheral end-organs and 
 extending upwards, involving the nerve-trunks and finally the centres, 
 but the muscular irritability remains unaffected. Methyl-Coniine acts 
 similarly but reversely, affecting first the motor columns of the cord. 
 The sensory nerves are not affected, but the general sensibility is, a feel¬ 
 ing of numbness being experienced in the extremities. 
 
 Gastric irritation is usually the first sensation produced by a full dose of 
 Conium, nausea and vomiting being its symptoms. Then weakness of 
 the legs, numbness and fatigue, drooping eyelids, diplopia, slightly 
 dilated pupils, vertigo, impaired utterance, slow and labored breathing, 
 and if the dose be a lethal one, paralysis of the voluntary muscles, those 
 of the lower limbs being first affected, speech and vision are lost, and 
 finally death occurs from paralysis of the muscles of respiration. The 
 heart is not affected and the mind remains clear, but torpid and indiffer¬ 
 ent, until carbonic acid narcosis sets in. 
 
 Muscular movement counteracts the effects of the drug to a very great 
 extent. 
 
 Conium is believed to have been the state poison of the Athenians, by 
 the juice of which Socrates and Phocion died. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Nux Vomica and its alkaloids, Picrotoxin and other tetanizers are antagonistic. 
 Tannic acid and caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Conium is especially indicated in diseases characterized by excessive 
 motor activity. Large doses are required as some physiological action is 
 necessary. Children bear it well, their constant activity preventing its 
 full action. In chorea it palliates by depressing the motor nervous sys¬ 
 tem. In acute mania and delirium tremens to quiet motor excitement 
 and prevent exhaustion, it is remarkably efficient, especially when given 
 conjointly with Morphine. When pain and spasm are present, it will 
 prove a useful agent; and in tetanus, blepharospasm, asthma, whooping- 
 cough, and other spasmodic affections it is frequently used with great 
 benefit. The pain of cancer seems to be especially amenable to its influ¬ 
 ence when locally applied, and Coniine-vapor is an admirable palliative 
 of the tickling cough of phthisis and the irritability of the air-passages 
 in acute bronchitis. In pneumonia and pleurisy the hypodermic use of 
 Coniine to afford the organs rest by inducing a paretic state of the respira¬ 
 tory muscles has been followed by a marked decrease in the temperature 
 and pulse-rate. 
 
 CONVALLARIA MAJALIS, Lily of the Valley (Unofficial), 
 — is a stemless perennial of the nat. ord. Liliacese, indigenous to Europe, 
 
188 
 
 CONVALLARIA MAJALIS. 
 
 Northern Asia and the Southeastern portion of the United States. All 
 parts of the plant are used, but the preparations vary in action according 
 to the quantity of the Resin present, it being emeto-cathartic. Convalla- 
 ria contains two glucosides, namely, Convallamarin , on which the cardiac 
 action depends, and Convallarin , a crystalline, purgative principle, insol¬ 
 uble in water;—also an acrid Resin which probably contains the latter 
 glucoside. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Convallarice (Unofficial), prepared from the flowers and stalks with yl of 
 the leaves and root ; is a black solid, freely soluble in water and alcohol. Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Extraction Convallarice Fluidum (Unofficial),—as found in the shops is an alcoholic 
 preparation of the whole plant, and is likely to contain Convallarin, which is not present 
 in aqueous preparations, being insoluble in water. Dose, rrpij-x. 
 
 Infusion Convallarice (Unofficial),—prepared from the flowers, leaves and stems 25, in 
 water 75. Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 Convallamarinum , Convallamarin, C 23 H 44 0 12 (Unofficial),—an amorphous, white, 
 bitter powder, freely soluble in water and in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Dose, gr. 
 
 X-ffi 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Convallaria has long been known as a decided cathartic and a prompt 
 and powerful diuretic, but its cardiac action has only lately excited atten¬ 
 tion, and it is now considered a close analogue of Digitalis, while free 
 from the cumulative action which makes the latter drug so frequently a 
 dangerous remedy. 
 
 Preparations of the root have a powerful emeto-cathartic action, prob¬ 
 ably due to a preponderance of the resin. Those freed from this ingre¬ 
 dient correspond in action with Convallamarin, stimulate the appetite 
 without impairing digestion, increase peristalsis without producing cathar¬ 
 sis, slow the heart and raise the arterial tension, also slowing and deepen¬ 
 ing respiration. Lethal doses at first produce irregularity of the cardiac 
 action and spasm of the respiratory muscles, high arterial tension and a 
 very rapid pulse,—followed by lowered blood-pressure, very slow and 
 deep breathing, and finally arrest of the heart in systole. Its mode of 
 action is by direct stimulation of the pneumogastric, the motor and 
 sensory nerves retain their irritability, the muscles preserve their contrac¬ 
 tility, and the cerebral functions and the pupil are unaffected. 
 
 Convallarin is a drastic purgative in 3-grain doses. Convalla¬ 
 marin is an emetic even in small quantity, and the powdered root is 
 sternutatory. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Convallaria is a heart-tonic like Digitalis, and is indicated in the same 
 class of cases as is that drug, with the advantage that having no cumula¬ 
 tive action it is not dangerous to the heart in medicinal doses, and does 
 not disturb the stomach or the functions of the cerebro-spinal axis. In 
 doses of gr. xv-xxv of the extract it slows the action of the heart and 
 increases the force of its contractions, raises arterial tension, augments 
 
COPAIBA. 
 
 189 
 
 the force and volume of the respiration, and produces prompt diuresis 
 without altering the composition of the urine. It is a most valuable 
 remedy in mitral stenosis or insufficiency with venous stasis, dilatation of 
 the heart, palpitation, vehement cardiac action or disordered rhythm, 
 and in all valvular affections accompanied by dropsy and a weak heart. 
 It has also been used with benefit in pneumonia, typhoid fever and renal 
 dropsy. Its action is maintained for several days after its use has been 
 suspended. 
 
 COPAIBA, Balsam of Copaiba, —is the oleoresin, of Copaifera 
 Langs do rffii, and other species of Copaifera , a S. American tree of the 
 nat. ord. Leguminosse, growing chiefly in the valley of the Amazon. It 
 is a translucent, viscid liquid, of yellow color, aromatic odor, acrid and 
 bitter taste, not fluorescent, soluble in alcohol and benzol. Is not a bal¬ 
 sam as it contains no cinnamic acid. Its constituents are a Volatile Oil 
 and a Resin in about equal proportions, the latter containing nearly 99 
 per cent, of Copaibic Acid. Dose, hbx-oj. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Copaibce, C 10 II 16 ,—the volatile oil, a pale yellow liquid, of sp. gr. 0.890,0! 
 bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in an equal weight of alcohol. Dose, ripx-xv. 
 
 Resina Copaibce ,—is the residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from Copaiba, a 
 yellowish, brittle body, of acid reaction, soluble in alcohol, benzol or amylic alcohol. 
 Consists mainly of Copaibic Acid, which is crystallizable, also 1^ per cent, of a viscid 
 resin. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Massa Copaibce ,—consists of Copaiba 94, fresh Magnesia 6 parts, mixed and set aside 
 to concrete into a pilular mass. Dose, npx-^j. 
 
 Mistura Copaibce Composila, Lafayette’s Mixture (Unofficial),—R. Copaibse £vij, 01 . 
 Cubebse 3 j, Glyceriti Vitelli 3 vij. Triturate and add gradually while triturating Syrupi 
 Aq. Menth. Piperitoe ^ ijss. Then add with constant stirring Liq. Potasste ss, Tr. 
 Cardamomi Co. gij, Spt. Etheris Nitrosi ^ ss, Aq. Menthae Pip. q. s. ad ^ viij. Dose, 
 
 3j"3 ss - 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Copaiba is a stimulant diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, and a gastro¬ 
 intestinal irritant. Its taste is bitter and nauseous. In the stomach it 
 causes heat, unpleasant eructations, heaviness, frequently anorexia and 
 diarrhoea, and if continued for any length of time gastro-intestinal catarrh 
 and desquamative nephritis may result. The oil and resin diffuse into the 
 blood and are excreted by the bronchial mucous membrane, skin and 
 kidneys, producing increased secretion at the points of elimination. 
 The various secretions have the odor of the drug, especially the urine. 
 In medium doses it increases the quantity of urine and its solid con¬ 
 stituents, but large doses will cause scanty urine, containing albumen, 
 casts and blood, with pain in the loins and other signs of renal con¬ 
 gestion. On the skin it often produces itching and several forms of 
 eruption. 
 
190 
 
 CORIANDRUM-CORNUS. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Copaiba has been largely used in gonorrhoea after the acute symptoms 
 have subsided, also in chronic cystitis, acute and chronic bronchitis, and 
 in dropsies, particularly ascites. In all these affections is a useful rem¬ 
 edy, but its nauseous taste and irritant effects on the stomach are driving 
 it out of fashion, especially in private practice. One eminent surgeon de¬ 
 clares that not only is it useless in gonorrhoea but that it does more harm 
 than good, often prolonging the disease beyond its natural limit. In 
 psoriasis and urticaria, and in cutaneous affections characterized by torpid 
 peripheral circulation, this drug has been administered internally with 
 excellent results. In long-standing cystitis in the female Copaiba has 
 been injected into the bladder with great benefit. The resin is the most 
 active ingredient, especially for diuretic purposes. 
 
 CORIANDRUM, Coriander, —is the fruit of Coriandrum sativum , 
 a European plant of the nat. ord. Umbelliferse. It is a minute, globular, 
 brownish-yellow body finely ribbed, of aromatic odor and taste, and con¬ 
 tains a volatile and a fixed oil. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Oleum Coriandri ,—the volatile oil. Dose, rtpij-v. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Coriander is stimulant, aromatic and carminative. It is used almost 
 wholly as a flavoring to other remedies, or as a corrective against the 
 griping effects of certain purgatives. Its flavor covers the taste of Senna 
 and Rhubarb, and it is an ingredient of the official Confectio Sennae. 
 
 CORNUS, Dog-wood, —is the bark of the root of Cornus florida , 
 a small tree of the nat. ord. Cornaceae, indigenous in the U. S. Occurs 
 in reddish-brown, curved pieces, of astringent, bitter taste, and contains 
 a bitter principle named Cornin , which is crystallizable and soluble in 
 water and alcohol ; also a resin and tannic acid. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extraction Cornus Fluidum ,—Dose, npx— "Z j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Cornus is a simple bitter, having stomachic and other qualities similar 
 to those of Calumba (which see). In addition it is possessed of con¬ 
 siderable antiperiodic power, and has a good deal of reputation in the 
 Southern States as a remedy in malarial fever, the physicians of that sec¬ 
 tion considering it as next to Quinine in efficiency. Heat destroys its 
 active principle, consequently a decoction is a useless preparation. 
 
COTO—CREASOTUM. 
 
 I 9 I 
 
 COTO, Coto Bark (Unofficial),—is the bark of some unknown tree 
 growing in Bolivia, from whence it comes in brownish pieces of aromatic 
 odor and acrid, bitter taste. It contains an acrid, bitter principle, of 
 yellow color, crystalline and soluble in hot water and alcohol, named 
 Cotoin , C 22 H 18 0 6 ; also Piperonylic Acid , C 8 H 6 0 4 , and a volatile oil, resin, 
 etc., but no tannin. Dose, gr. j-xv. 
 
 Paracoto Bark, or False Coto,—is thicker than the true bark, has a 
 fainter odor and taste, and is marked by whitish furrows on its surface. 
 Its principle, Paracotoin , C 19 H 12 0 6 , has a strong similarity to Cotoin thera¬ 
 peutically, but is less active. 
 
 A fluid extract of the official strength is prepared, also a tincture (10 per cent.), which 
 may be administered in doses of from rqj-xx. Cotoin is used in doses of gr. j-iv, and 
 Paracotoin in somewhat larger quantities. 
 
 The physiological action of Coto has not been studied, all that is known 
 about it being that it is decidedly irritant to the skin and mucous mem¬ 
 branes. After its internal administration the urine takes a dark-red color 
 with Nitric Acid. Ferric Chloride blackens a dilute solution of Cotoin, 
 but has no reaction with Paracotoin. 
 
 The bark and both principles are highly recommended in diarrhoeas of 
 various forms, especially those of phthisis, typhoid fever, and cholera. In 
 Asiatic cholera Paracotoin has been used hypodermically in 3-grain doses 
 with success. Where there is any tendency to acute inflammation of the 
 gastro-intestinal tract this agent must be used with caution. Small doses 
 of the tincture (rrpj—v) are said to be very effective in the diarrhoea of 
 children. 
 
 CREASOTUM, Creasote, —is a product of the distillation of 
 wood-tar, chiefly consisting of the four phenols, GuiacolCreasol, Methyl- 
 creasol and Phlorol , in varying proportions. It is a nearly colorless, 
 inflammable, oily liquid, of smoky odor, caustic taste and neutral reaction, 
 soluble in 80 of water at 59 0 F., in 12 of boiling water, and in all pro¬ 
 portions in alcohol, ether, chloroform and acetic acid. It does not 
 coagulate albumen (?) or collodion, Carbolic Acid does. It was named 
 from its remarkably preservative power over meat creas , flesh, and sohzoh , 
 preserve. Much of the commercial Creasote is an impure Carbolic 
 Acid, or a heavy oil distilled from coal-tar and containing Carbolic and 
 Cresylic Acids. Dose, iqj-iij, well diluted. 
 
 Aqua Creasoti ,—a I per cent, solution, containing TTyv T ^ in each fluidounce. Dose, 
 
 3 D 1V - 
 
 Morson's Beechwood Creasote ,—is best for internal use. Dose, try every 3 hours, in 
 wine or whiskey, well diluted. 
 
 Creasote is expectorant, astringent, antiseptic, styptic, escharotic, an¬ 
 aesthetic and narcotic. Its action is practically the same as that of Car- 
 
192 
 
 CREOLIN-CROCUS. 
 
 bolic Acid (see ante , page 60), especially upon the heart, respiration and 
 nervous system, but differs from that of the latter in not causing convul¬ 
 sions, and in increasing the coagulability of the blood. It is eliminated 
 by the kidneys and bronchial mucous membrane, which it stimulates, 
 being quite a good expectorant. In small doses it seems to have a selec¬ 
 tive sedative influence on the terminal nerve-filaments in the gastric 
 mucous membrane. In large doses it is a powerful poison, resembling 
 Carbolic Acid in its symptoms, except that its nervous effects are even 
 more marked. It explodes when combined with Oxide of Silver in pill, 
 unless previously diluted with an inert powder. 
 
 Being a very complex substance of varying composition Creasote as a 
 therapeutic agent has been almost entirely supplanted by Carbolic Acid. 
 It is used internally with success in reflex nausea and vomiting, as from 
 sea-sickness, pregnancy, cholera, etc., also as an aseptic and expectorant 
 in chronic basilar cavity, in which it seems to have greater efficacy than 
 any other remedy. As an astringent it has been employed in intestinal 
 hemorrhage, gonorrhoea and gleet, and generally in the same affections as 
 Carbolic Acid. Externally it is a good application in eczema, pruritus, 
 ulcers and scaly skin diseases, and it effectually relieves the pain of an 
 exposed dental nerve if applied thereto. It is a good agent by inhalation 
 in chronic bronchitis and gangrene of the lung, and it has lately been 
 administered internally in phthisis with decided benefit. 
 
 CREOLIN, (Unofficial)—is a coal-tar product of uncertain compo¬ 
 sition, occurring as a semi-fluid, black substance, of the consistence of 
 honey. It forms a white cloud when added to water, with which, how¬ 
 ever, it is miscible, as an emulsion, up to about 10 or 12 per cent, 
 strength. The Solutions in general use vary from ^ to 2 per cent.; the 
 Ointments to 5 per cent., and Creolin Gauze is prepared of 10 per cent, 
 strength of the drug. 
 
 Creolin was highly vaunted, by Professor v. Esmarch and other authorities, as the 
 ideal antiseptic for external use, being possessed of great germicidal power, and a most 
 efficient deodorant and disinfectant, while its absorption caused no toxic results whatever. 
 Experience has justified these claims in the main, but the drug has, however, given rise to 
 serious symptoms, when used to excess. As a vaginal wash, in puerperal cases, the 2 per 
 cent, solution is reported as fully equal to sublimate solutions, while better as a deodorant, 
 and free from danger by absorption. The weaker solutions have given satisfaction as local 
 applications in the treatment of otorrhoea, nasal ulcers, rhinitis (1 to 1000), blepharitis, 
 keratitis, etc.; and in female cystitis a I per cent, solution as a vesical wash, gradually 
 increased to 2 per cent, is highly praised by Parvin. The Ointments and Gauze are used 
 for wounds and other solutions of continuity, in the same manner as carbolized prepara¬ 
 tions, and with better satisfaction, Creolin being less volatile than Carbolic Acid, and of 
 a more agreeable, though powerful, odor. 
 
 CROCUS, Saffron, —the stigmas of Crocus sativus, a plant of the 
 nat. ord. Iridacese, cultivated in Europe, containing a volatile oil and 
 coloring matter. Occurs as separate stigmas or three attached to the style, 
 
CUBEBA. 
 
 193 
 
 of orange-brown color, peculiar, aromatic odor, and bitter taste. So- 
 called American Saffron is not Crocus but the flowers of Carthamus tinc- 
 torius. True Saffron is expensive, as it requires about 60,000 flowers to 
 furnish one pound of the stigmas. Dose, gr. v-xx, in infusion. 
 
 Tinctura Croci ,—10 per cent. Dose, 3 j-ij. 
 
 Saffron Tea , so much used in domestic practice, is an infusion of Carthamus tinc- 
 orius , or Safflower. 
 
 Crocus is a stimulant aromatic, having some antispasmodic and anodyne 
 qualities. The hot infusion produces diaphoresis, probably by virtue of 
 the hot water alone. It is said to have caused death with narcotic symp¬ 
 toms. On the continent of Europe it is employed as a stimulant and 
 emmenagogue, but in this country its only use is as a coloring agent. The 
 miscalled Saffron Tea noted above is used in domestic practice for measles 
 and other exanthemata. 
 
 CUBEBA, Cubeb , —is the unripe fruit of Cubeba officinalis , a plant 
 of the nat. ord. Piperacese, cultivated in Java. Occurs as a blackish-gray, 
 wrinkled, globular body, about the size and shape of black pepper, of 
 strong, spicy odor, and aromatic, pungent taste. Contains a Volatile Oil , 
 which is official, an acrid resin composed in part of Cubebic Acid, also a 
 fatty oil, gum, and Cubebin , which is an insoluble, neutral, odorless and 
 tasteless body. The volatile oil may be separated into Cubebene a cam¬ 
 phor, and Cubeben a liquid portion. The active principles are the volatile 
 oil and the cubebic acid, both of which are contained in the oleoresin. 
 Cubeb should be kept whole and not pulverized until wanted for use. 
 Dose of the powdered drug, gr. x— 3 ij- 
 
 Extractum Cubebce Fluidum, —alcoholic. Dose, rtqv-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Cubebce ,—10 per cent. Dose, npx-^iij. 
 
 Oleoresina Cubebce ,—extracted by ether. Dose, nqv-xxx. 
 
 Trochisci Cubebce ,—each contains of the Oleoresin gr. Oil of Sassafras gr. 0.15, 
 Extract of Glycyrrhiza gr. iv, Acacia gr. ij, and Syrup of Tolu q. s. to form a mass. 
 Dose, j-iij. 
 
 Oleum Cubebce , C 15 H 24 ,—is the volatile oil, a colorless or pale greenish-yellow liquid, 
 of sp. gr. 0.920, warm, aromatic taste, odor of cubeb and a neutral reaction. Is soluble 
 in an equal weight of alcohol. Dose, up v-xx. 
 
 Cubeb belongs to the pepper family, and like black pepper is an 
 aromatic stomachic and a stimulant diuretic in small or medium doses, 
 but large doses derange digestion and may act as a gastro-intestinal irri¬ 
 tant. Its constitutents are eliminated by the bronchial mucous membrane, 
 the skin and the kidneys, stimulating and disinfecting the genito-urinary 
 passages, increasing the bronchial mucus, sweat and urine, and frequently 
 causing an urticarial or vesicular eruption. It increases the action of the 
 heart and of the vascular system, stimulates the venereal appetite, and 
 promotes the menstrual discharge. 
 
 Cubeb is particularly useful in affections of the bladder and urethra. 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 CUPRUM. 
 
 It is used in the acute stage of gonorrhoea, chronic cystitis, prostator- 
 rhcea and chronic bronchitis with excellent results. The powder is a 
 good application in hay-fever, chronic nasal catarrh and follicular pharyn¬ 
 gitis, blown on to the' mucous membrane by an insufflator. It may also 
 be smoked in cigarettes with temporary relief in cases of acute nasal 
 catarrh with “ stuffed ” nasal passages. In some subjects the continued 
 use of cubeb produces nausea, hemorrhoids, hematuria and severe head¬ 
 ache. The troches are a useful preparation in chronic irritability of the 
 fauces, pharynx and air-passages, and are much employed by singers and 
 public speakers for their tonic effect on these parts and for the relief or 
 prevention of hoarseness. 
 
 CUPRUM, Copper, Cu,—is not official, but two of its salts are, 
 namely the Acetate and the Sulphate. The metal itself is inert, but in 
 combination it is actively poisonous. Copper has been found in the 
 normal human blood in very minute quantity. 
 
 Saifs and Preparations of Copper. 
 
 Cupri Acetas , Acetate of Copper, Cu(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 .H 2 0 ,—forms green, prismatic crys¬ 
 tals, efflorescent, of nauseous, metallic taste and acid reaction, soluble in 15 of water and 
 135 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Its aqueous solution is of a blue color. Dose, gr. • 
 
 Cupri Sulphas , Sulphate of Copper, CuS 0 4 . 5 H 2 0 ,—blue, translucent crystals, efflor¬ 
 escent, of nauseous, metallic taste and acid reaction, very soluble in water, insoluble in 
 alcohol. Its solution is blue by transmitted light, green by reflected light. Dose, as an 
 emetic, gr. ij-v, every 10 or 15 minutes,—as a tonic, gr. ]/(,—%• 
 
 Solution of Potassio-Cupric Tartrate , Fehling’s Solution (Unofficial), used as a reagent for 
 glucose, may be made as follows,—Dissolve 70 grains of Sulphate of Copper in 400 minims 
 of Distilled Water. Also Dissolve 488 grains of Rochelle Salt (Pot. et Sodti Tart.) in 
 1600 minims Solution of Soda (Liq. Sodae), sp. gr. 1.12. When required for use pour 
 the copper solution into the other, and add distilled water to make 2720 minims (3 5^3). 
 
 Ctiprum Ammoniatum , Ammoniated Copper (Unofficial),—is made by triturating 3 
 parts of Ammonium Carbonate with 4 of Cupric Sulphate until effervescence has ceased, 
 then drying. A deep-azure blue powder, of ammoniacal odor, a styptic, metallic taste, 
 and alkaline reaction, soluble in water. Dose, gr. l /e-)- 
 
 Cupri Arsenis, Arsenite of Copper, See ante, page 117. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The salts of Copper are gastro-intestinal irritants, producing a metallic 
 taste, nausea with greenish vomited matter, purging of blood and mucus, 
 constricted fauces, depressed heart-action, hurried respiration and fever. 
 Or, as with Arsenic, gastro-enteritis may not occur, but instead profound 
 nervous symptoms, as headache, defective coordination, coma and con¬ 
 vulsions. The symptoms of chronic poisoning are bronchial irritation 
 . and catarrh, gastro-intestinal catarrh, colic with diarrhoea [Lead produces 
 colic with constipation], dysentery, nausea, emaciation, anaemia, saliva¬ 
 tion, and a green line (sulphide) along the margin of the gums in those 
 who do not clean their teeth. The nervous symptoms above mentioned 
 are also usually well marked. The liver becomes atrophied from irrita¬ 
 tion of its connective tissue and fatty degeneration of the hepatic cells. 
 The lungs are congested, even pneumonic consolidation may be set up, 
 
CUPRUM. 
 
 195 
 
 the metal seeming to have a selective affinity for the parenchyma of these 
 organs. These effects are often produced by the inhalation of cuprous 
 fumes, and by eating acid fruits cooked in a copper vessel. 
 
 Sulphate of Copper is a simple, irritant emetic, producing prompt 
 and continued vomiting with but little nausea or depression. In small 
 doses it is a nerve-tonic and astringent to the gastro-intestinal tract. 
 Externally applied in solution it is a useful stimulant and astringent to 
 diseased mucous surfaces, and is mildly caustic if used in substance. The 
 Acetate is possessed of the same general action as above described. Its 
 local action is stimulant and escharotic. The impure acetate (verdigris) 
 is a violent irritant poison. Ammoniated Copper has no special action 
 other than above noted 
 
 Antagonists and Antidotes. 
 
 Ferro-cyanide of Potassium is the antidote to Copper salts, but albumen or magnesia 
 may be used. Any chemical antidote should be followed by prompt evacuation of the 
 stomach, then Opium and demulcents for gastro enteritis, and Potassium Iodide even to 
 saturation of the system. Alkalies and their carbonates, lime water, iodides, mineral 
 salts except the sulphates, are all incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The Sulphate is a prompt and efficient emetic, and is so used in croup 
 and narcotic poisoning. In phosphorus poisoning it forms a comparatively 
 insoluble phosphide of copper besides producing emesis. Fifteen or 
 twenty grains may be dissolved in 5iv of water, and a teaspoonful or 
 more, according to age, given every ten minutes until vomiting is pro¬ 
 duced. In acute diarrhoea and chronic dysentery it is the best metallic 
 astringent in doses of gr. y 1 ^ to y 1 ^ with Opium, and in gastro-intestinal 
 catarrh it is equally efficient. Locally, it is used with benefit in throat 
 affections, gonorrhoea, granular lids and corneal ulcers, indolent granula¬ 
 tions and chronic inflammations of mucous membranes. In most of these 
 affections weak solutions (gr. ^ to ^ to the 5) are best, but in granular 
 conjunctivitis the smooth crystal may be rubbed quickly over the surface 
 once daily. 
 
 In various nervous diseases, as epilepsy, chorea, hysteria, etc., the salts 
 of copper are sometimes beneficial, the Ammoniated Copper being con¬ 
 sidered the most efficient preparation in these cases. In Germany a tinc¬ 
 ture of the Acetate was official and has been used successfully in the 
 treatment of pneumonia. Ammoniated Copper has lately been highly 
 recommended for facial neuralgia, but requires pushing to the production 
 of some physiological action. 
 
 Ointments or lotions of the Acetate are useful applications in eczema, 
 herpes, tinea sycosis, mentagra and herpes circinatus. 
 
 Villate's Solution has been successfully used as a local injection for the 
 cure of caries. It is composed of Sulphate of Copper, Sulphate of Zinc 
 of each 15 parts, Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis 30, Vinegar 200. The solu¬ 
 tion is thoroughly injected into the sinuses leading to the carious bone. 
 
196 
 
 CURARE. 
 
 CURARE, Woorara (Unofficial),—is a vegetable extract obtained 
 from various members of the Strychnos family and from Paulinia curare 
 and other plants. It is used in S. America as an arrow-poison under 
 various names, as Caroval , Vao , etc. Its active principle is the crystal- 
 lizable alkaloid Curariue , which contains no oxygen. 
 
 The dose of Curare is gr. hypodermically,—of Curarine, gr. hypoder¬ 
 mically, or gr. b y the stomach, but as the samples vary greatly in activity they 
 
 should first be tried on some inferior animal before being administered to man. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Curare is a paralyzer of the voluntary muscles, affecting them through 
 the end-organs of the motor nerves. It does not at first act upon the 
 brain or spinal cord, but if life be prolonged by artificial respiration the 
 cord, sensory nerves and even the muscular tissue all become affected. 
 The heart, at first quickened, becomes depressed, and the blood-pressure 
 is lowered, the eyelids droop, the eye-balls protrude, vision is disordered, 
 intestinal peristalsis and sensibility to stimuli are greatly increased, and 
 an artificial glycosuria (curare-diabetes) is set up. The limbs are paralyzed 
 first, death occurring by paralysis of respiration. The absorption of the 
 drug by the stomach is very slow, as its active principle passes with diffi¬ 
 culty through animal membranes, and its elimination, which takes place 
 by the kidneys, being more rapid and complete than that of any other 
 agent, no marked effect may be produced when administered internally. 
 When hypodermically injected its action is very prompt. The urine of a 
 curarized animal will poison another, and that of the second will paralyze 
 a third. 
 
 As compared with other motor depressants Curarine and Coniine para¬ 
 lyze the end-organs of the motor nerves, Gelsemine and Methyl-coniine 
 paralyze the motor centres. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Strychnine , though from a member of the same family, is antagonistic as to the action 
 on the heart and respiration. So also is Atropine. Artificial respiration is the most 
 efficient antagonist, maintaining life until elimination occurs. Evacuation of the bladder 
 repeatedly is important to prevent reabsorption. The caustic alkalies destroy Curarine as 
 they do all other alkaloids. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Curare is chiefly used for experimental purposes on the lower animals. 
 It has an historical interest from its having been the means by which Ber¬ 
 nard demonstrated the existence of muscular contractility as an essential 
 endowment of that tissue. It has been used with some success in spas¬ 
 modic nervous affections, particularly in tetanus, both idiopathic and 
 traumatic, in hydrophobia, chorea and epilepsy. It does not promise 
 well as a therapeutic agent, but two undoubted cases of hydrophobia are 
 reported by high authority as cured by this drug. 
 
CYDONIUM-CYPRIPEDIUM-DA MI ANA. 
 
 I 9 7 
 
 CYDONIUM, Quince Seed, —is the seed of Cydonia vulgaris , a 
 tree of the nat. ord. Rosaceae, native in Crete and Austria, and cultivated 
 elsewhere. The seeds are about inch long, triangularly compressed, 
 covered with a whitish epithelium, and in water they swell up forming a 
 mucilaginous mass. The mucilage is the only constituent of importance 
 and is contained in the epithelial cells. It has been named Cydonin, and 
 considered to be a compound of gum and cellulose. 
 
 Preparation . 
 
 Mucilago Cydonii ,—prepared by macerating 2 parts of Cydonium in 100 of Distilled 
 Water. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Cydonium is of value for its mucilage, which is used as a bland, de¬ 
 mulcent application in conjunctivitis, abrasions of the skin, fissures of the 
 mucous membranes, and as a vehicle for injections in gonorrhoea. In¬ 
 ternally it may be used as a soothing remedy for the throat, stomach, or 
 intestines. The preparation known as Bandolitie , used as a hair-dressing, 
 is identical with the mucilage of Cydonium. 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM, Ladies’ Slipper , —is the rhizome and rootlets 
 of Cypripedium pubescens , and of C. parvifiorum , the Moccasin-plant, or 
 American Valerian (nat. ord. Orchidaceae). Is dark or orange-brown in 
 color, of strong, heavy odor, and bitter, pungent taste. It contains a 
 volatile oil, a volatile acid, resins and tannin. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Cypripedii Fluidum ,—Dose, rtpx-xxx. 
 
 Cypripedin (Unofficial),—is an impure alcoholic extract. Dose, gr. ss-iij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Cypripedium is antispasmodic, tonic, stimulant and diaphoretic, pos¬ 
 sessing the same general properties as Valerian, whence one of its common 
 names. 
 
 It is a popular remedy in some parts of the U. S. for nervous hyper- 
 sesthesia unaccompanied by organic lesion, especially morbid sensibility 
 of the eye. It is reported to have even cured epilepsy, and to be highly 
 useful in neuralgia, hysteria, nervous headache and insomnia. 
 
 DAMIAN A (Unofficial) ,—the leaves of Turnera aphrodisiaca , a 
 plant of the nat. ord. Turneraceae, growing in Mexico and Lower Cali¬ 
 fornia. Several varieties of so-called Damiana are in the market, but the 
 true leaf is of a light-green color, small, lanceolate, and dentate along the 
 margin. It contains a volatile oil and a resin. Dose, 5] daily. 
 
198 
 
 DATURA TATULA-DIGITALIS. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Damiance (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Extractum Damiance Fluidum (Unofficial),—Dose, Ttyx-^ j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Damiana is said to be a powerful aphrodisiac in cases of sexual atony, 
 but the published reports of its use since its introduction vary greatly as 
 to its efficacy. It is probably a stimulant diuretic, a bitter tonic, and a 
 purgative in sufficient doses. 
 
 Besides its use as an aphrodisiac Damiana has been administered with 
 benefit in some forms of cerebral exhaustion and general atony of the 
 nervous system, also in sick headaches and in some few cases of paralysis. 
 It forms the chief stock in trade of the numerous charlatans who fill the 
 daily papers with advertisements of 11 manhood-restorers.” 
 
 DATURA TATULA (Unofficial),—is an indigenous plant of the 
 nat. ord. Solanaceae, resembling Stramonium very closely, with which it 
 generally agrees in its physiological action and therapeutics. It is distin¬ 
 guished by its purple stem, purple flowers and anthers, and the darker 
 green of its leaves. It probably contains the alkaloid Daturine (see 
 Stramonium),— and has been smoked in asthma, in a few cases giving 
 continued relief when Stramonium had failed to render any service. 
 
 DIGITALIS, Fox-glove, —Digitalis consists of the leaves, col¬ 
 lected from plants of the second year’s growth, of Digitalis purpurea , 
 the Purple Foxglove, a plant of the nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae, which 
 grows wild in Europe, and is cultivated in this country, often in private 
 gardens for its beautiful spike of purple flowers, and largely by the Shakers 
 for the drug market. 
 
 The British Phar. directs that the official drug shall consist of “ the dried leaf, collected 
 from the wild, indigenous plant, when about two-thirds of the flowers are expanded.” 
 Much of the leaf found in our shops is of very poor quality, a large proportion being 
 inert; but whether this is due to our Phar. not restricting the official drug to the wild 
 plant, or to careless treatment in gathering and drying, is not definitely known. When, 
 however, the leaves are imperfectly dried, a process of decomposition sets in, which 
 destroys the active principles, and may produce new and poisonous ones. A similar 
 decomposition is said to occur whenever the tincture of Digitalis is mixed with watery 
 or syrupy solutions. Certain it is, at any rate, that Digitalis is one of the most unreliable 
 drugs, in respect of the physiological activity of any particular sample or preparation. 
 The seeds are known to contain the active principle in much greater proportion than the 
 leaves, but they are never used. 
 
 The active principle of Digitalis has been designated by the term Digi¬ 
 talin, (Digitalinum), under which name a substance was official in the 
 U. S. and Br. Phar. and a process was given therein for its extraction, until 
 their last revision, when it was struck from both lists. It was an amorphous 
 product, of complex composition, and did not represent Digitalis. 
 
DIGITALIS. 
 
 I99 
 
 In 1871 Nativelle received the Orfila prize from the French Academy for the discovery 
 of a crystalline principle in Digitalis, which he named Digitaline. This was supposed 
 to be the active principle of the plant, until Roucher, (1872) and Schmiedeberg, (1875) 
 found it to be a complex body, consisting of a mixture of Digitoxin and Digitalin. 
 Schmiedeberg’s latest analysis is now accepted as the most accurate determination yet 
 obtained of this vexed question. He enumerates five principles at least as contained in 
 Digitalis, viz. :—(i) Digitalin, amorphous, insoluble in water, but readily soluble in 
 alcohol ; the active ingredient of Homolle’s French Digitaline and the Digitalin of the 
 U. S. and Br. Pharmacopoeias;—(2) Digitoxin , insoluble in water and sparingly soluble 
 in alcohol; the most active of all, and the principal constituent of Nativelle’s prize Digi¬ 
 taline ; — (3) Digitalein , soluble in both water and alcohol;—(4) Digitonin, readily soluble 
 in water, sparingly so in alcohol;—active, but acts like Saponin, forming a solution which 
 froths easily and antagonizes the other three;—(5) Digitin, which seems to be entirely 
 inert. The first three are cardiac poisons, the fourth antagonizes them; and all five are 
 non-nitrogenous, and except Digitoxin, are glucosides. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 These vary greatly in results, by reason of the different solubilities and actions of the 
 active principles. 
 
 Digitalis , Folia Digitalis, Digitalis Leaves. Dose, gr. ss-iij. 
 
 Abstraction Digitalis , Abstract of Digitalis. Dose, gr. j^-ij. 
 
 Extraction Digitalis , Extract of Digitalis,—Al. 2, Aq. 1. Dose, Ye-fz- 
 
 Extr. Digitalis Eluidnm, FI. Ext. of Digitalis,—Al. 3, Aq. I. Dose, Trpj-iij. 
 
 Tinctura Digitalis, Tincture of Digitalis,—15 per cent. Dose, rrpv-^j. 
 
 Infusum Digitalis, Infusion of Digitalis,—1^ per cent. Dose, ^ss-j. Is flavored 
 with Cinnamon, and has 7per cent, of Alcohol. 
 
 Digitalinum, Digitalin,—the complex product of the process in the U. S. and Br. 
 Phar., but no longer official. Dose, gr. -%^-jo" 
 
 Note on the Preparations. —Of the above, the Tincture and Eluid Extract, being 
 alcoholic preparations, contain a large proportion of Digitalin and Digitalein, with a small 
 proportion of Digitonin; the Digitoxin going to the bottom as an insoluble precipitate. 
 The Infusion contains a larger proportion of Digitonin than of the others, some Digitalein, 
 and little or no Digitoxin or Digitalin. It is the best for diuretic action, the Tincture for 
 acting upon the heart; but to obtain the action of the plant itself, the powdered leaves 
 must be used in pill or capsule. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Digitalis is a cardiac tonic and a vascular stimulant, an excito-motor, 
 also emetic, diuretic, hemostatic, anaphrodisiac, and paralyzant. In over¬ 
 doses it irritates the mucous membranes, causing sneezing, severe gastric 
 disturbances, nausea, vomiting, colic and purging, the discharges being 
 of a grass-green color. It lowers temperature, probably by lessening the 
 blood-supply to the tissues, produces headache, irregularity of the heart’s 
 action, vertigo and an appearance of vibratory fringes of color around 
 objects. 
 
 The Heart is slowed by Digitalis, but its force is at the same time 
 increased. The drug stimulates the cardiac motor ganglia, the inhibitory 
 apparatus, and the vaso-motor centres, contracting the arterioles; and 
 thereby greatly raising the arterial tension. Full doses continued exhaust 
 the irritability of the motor ganglia and paralyze the cardiac muscle itself. 
 The recumbent posture must be maintained when Digitalis is given for its 
 full cardiac effects. Its general effect on striped muscular tissue is to 
 lessen the contractile power, causing great weakness and languor. Under 
 
200 
 
 DIGITALIS. 
 
 it, the excretion of urea is at first increased, but soon decidedly dimin¬ 
 ished. It lessens the sexual appetite and impairs the venereal function. 
 
 The Diuretic Action of Digitalis is due to its peculiar influence upon 
 the general and renal circulation, it increasing the force of the ventricular 
 contractions, while at the same time one of its constituents, Digitalin , 
 contracts the blood vessels of the body, and two others, Digitoxin and 
 Digitale'in , dilate the renal arteries. The effect of this combined action 
 is to greatly raise the arterial tension and the blood-pressure in the 
 glomeruli, their afferent vessels being contracted ;—while the rapidity of 
 the renal circulation is increased and its volume augmented by the greater 
 force of the heart-beat and the dilatation of the afferent vessels. No other 
 drug known has this double power, and therefore, so far as vascular action 
 is concerned, Digitalis is the ideal diuretic. Still, while its power to pro¬ 
 duce diuresis in cardiac disease is unquestioned, most observers deny that 
 it has any such power in health. 
 
 Lethal Doses lessen the reflexes by stimulation of Setschenow’s centre, 
 and paralyze the muscles and the peripheral nerves, motor and sensory. 
 Respiration, at first slowed, becomes rapid and feeble; cyanosis, coma 
 and convulsions follow, and death by sudden paralysis of the heart, which 
 is arrested in systole. 
 
 Compared with Aconite, both it and Digitalis slow the heart, but other¬ 
 wise their actions are antagonistic. Aconite relaxes inhibition and 
 depresses the cardiac motor ganglia,—Digitalis increases inhibition and 
 stimulates the motor apparatus. Both drugs finally paralyze the cardiac 
 ganglia, Aconite by direct depression, Digitalis by over-stimulation. 
 Both depress the cardiac muscle. Under Aconite the heart is arrested in 
 diastole, under Digitalis in systole. The arterial tension is lowered by 
 Aconite, raised by Digitalis. Aconite acts quickly, Digitalis very slowly, 
 —a fact which makes the latter drug of little value in poisoning by the 
 former. 
 
 During the use of this drug for any length of time the motor apparatus 
 of the heart is so nearly paralyzed by over-stimulation that on suddenly 
 assuming the erect position the cardiac energy may fail, more especially 
 if the doses used are administered too closely together to admit of the 
 elimination of one before the ingestion of the next. This is the expla¬ 
 nation of the so-called cumulative action of Digitalis, which is not now 
 recognized in the sense in which the term was formerly applied. 
 
 Antidotes , Antagonists and Incompatibles . 
 
 Tannic Acid is the chemical antidote, but as the tannate is not inert the stomach 
 should be evacuated. Aconite is the best antagonist to the effects of large doses, Opium 
 to those of its long-continued use. Saponin and Senegin are considered to be its most 
 complete physiological antagonists. Incompatibles are Cinchona, Sulphate of Iron, Tinc¬ 
 ture of the Chloride of Iron, and Acetate of Lead, also syrupy and watery solutions 
 which may decompose the active principles of the plant. 
 
DIOSCOREA. 
 
 201 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The chief use of Digitalis in disease is based on its property as a heart 
 tonic. Its great sphere is in mitral disease, when the heart is rapid and 
 feeble, it moderating pulmonary hypersemia and engorgement by giving 
 the auricle time to empty itself through the obstructed orifice. In aortic 
 disease it gives relief when the compensatory hypertrophy has not set in, 
 otherwise it is contraindicated. It is particularly useful in dilatation of 
 the right side of the heart with incompetence of the tricuspid. The 
 rational symptoms which indicate its use are—rapid and feeble cardiac 
 action, low arterial tension, cough, dyspnoea, pulsating jugulars, a dusky 
 face, scanty and high-colored urine and general dropsy. In the irritable 
 heart of soldiers Digitalis is frequently curative, and palpitation, cardiac 
 failure, and venous engorgement are well treated by it. It should not be 
 used in simple hypertrophy when compensatory, aortic stenosis with com¬ 
 pensatory hypertrophy, pericarditis or fatty heart, except temporarily for 
 some special indication. It is a useful remedy in dropsy, both cardiac 
 and renal, in the first stage of pneumonia and other inflammations, in the 
 early stage of scarlet fever and when the kidneys strike work in that 
 disease, in exophthalmic goitre, congestive headaches, and hemicrania, in 
 mania, delirium tremens and other congestive conditions of the brain. 
 As a hemostatic it may be used in hemorrhage from a large surface, in the 
 hemorrhagic diathesis, hemoptysis, and menorrhagia. As an antipyretic 
 it has been much used in fevers, but a reaction is setting in against this 
 employment of so powerful a heart-depressant. In rheumatic fever it 
 lowers the temperature, shortens the duration of the disease, and is par¬ 
 ticularly indicated for any cardiac complications. In spermatorrhoea of 
 the plethoric it may be well combined with Potassium Bromide, and when 
 this affection is complicated with an atonic condition, shown by feeble 
 erections, frequent emissions and cold feet and hands, it is a serviceable 
 anaphrodisiac. Finally, Digitalis is said by high authority to be particularly 
 adapted to blondes and persons of sanguine and indolent temperament. 
 
 DIOSCOREA, Wild Yam, Colic-root (Unofficial),—is the rhi¬ 
 zome of Dioscorea villosa , a creeping plant of the nat. ord. Dioscoraceae, 
 indigenous to the eastern U. S. It contains an acrid resin, and is re¬ 
 ported to be expectorant and diaphoretic in action, as well as stimulating 
 to the intestinal canal, and in large doses to cause general neuralgic pains 
 with erotic excitement. It is used with great success in bilious colic; 
 and in the cramps of cholera morbus, spasmodic hiccough, dysmenorrhoea 
 and nocturnal emissions of sthenic type it is said to be very efficient. A 
 powdered extract named Dioscorein is on the market, of which the dose 
 is gr. j-iv. A fluid extract made according to the pharmacopoeial rule 
 may be administered in doses of rrLxv-xxx. 
 
202 
 
 DITA BARK-DROSERA-DUBOISIA. 
 
 DITA BARK (Unofficial) ,—is the bark of Alstonia scho/aris , a tree 
 of the nat. ord. Apocynaceae, growing in the Philippine Islands. It con¬ 
 tains two active alkaloids, Ditaine and Ditamine , the former of which 
 has an action identical with that of Curare. The bark is considered tonic 
 and antiperiodic, and is used in the East as a remedy for intermittents. 
 It may be given in doses of 3j~iv, in powder or as fluid extract. 
 
 DROSERA, Sundew (Unofficial).—A fluid extract of Drosera 
 rotundifolia , the round-leaved Sundew, is said to have been successfully 
 used in phthisis pulmonalis. It is certainly a most useful agent in whoop¬ 
 ing-cough and other spasmodic coughs; especially when marked by vio¬ 
 lent paroxysms, the cough being loud and harsh, and followed by bleed¬ 
 ing from the nose or mouth, and perhaps by vomiting of the contents of 
 the stomach. The expressed juice has been applied to warts and corns, 
 for the purpose of curing them. Dose of the fluid extract, ffpv-xx. 
 
 DUBOISIA (Unofficial),—is the leaf of Duboisia myoporoides , an 
 Australian tree of the order Solanaceae. It contains a poisonous alkaloid, 
 Duboisine , which is believed to be identical with Hyoscyamine, and 
 strongly resembles Atropine. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Duboisia (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. -g-X* 
 
 Tinctura Duboisia (Unofficial),—Dose, rtpv-xx. 
 
 Duboisina Sulphas (Langenberg’s), Unofficial,—Dose, gr. t£o~6V 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The actions of Duboisia are in all respects similar to those of its con¬ 
 gener, Belladonna, except that Duboisine is more soluble in water than 
 Atropine, is less irritating to mucous membranes, and more prompt in 
 mydriatic action, but its effects are of shorter duration. It is also less of 
 a cerebral excitant and more of a calmative and hypnotic. On man its 
 action is said by some authorities to be more powerful than that of Atro¬ 
 pine, but less powerful on frogs. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 These are the same as for Belladonna, for which see ante , p. 127. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Duboisine has not been much used except by ophthalmologists who 
 employ it as a mild mydriatic. Its advantages over Atropine in ocular 
 therapeutics are its more rapid action in paralyzing accommodation and 
 effecting mydriasis, the shorter duration of its effects and its slight irrita¬ 
 tion of the conjunctiva. It has been well employed in puerperal mania, 
 and may be used in place of Atropine in many conditions, especially the 
 night-sweats of phthisis, respiratory neuroses and cardiac failure. It is an 
 efficient antagonist to Morphine. 
 
DULCAMARA-ELATERINUM. 
 
 203 
 
 DULCAMARA, Bittersweet, —the young branches of Solatium 
 Dulcamara , or Woody Night-shade, a shrub of the nat. ord. Solanaceae, 
 growing in Europe and N. America. Occurs in short sections inch 
 thick, covered with a pale green bark, of slight odor, and taste at first 
 bitter, afterwards sweet. It contains the glucoside Dulcamarin, a pecu¬ 
 liar principle named Plcroglyclon, and the alkaloid Solanlne, which exists 
 in the stems of other species of Solanum, viz.— S. tuberosum (potato), S. 
 Lycopersicum (tomato), and S. nigrum (black nightshade). Solanine is 
 of bitter taste, alkaline reaction, crystalline in minute prisms soluble in 
 125 of boiling alcohol but very insoluble in water. It is a narcotic 
 poison, but exists in very small quantity in the plant. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extradum Dulcamarce Fluidum ,—Dose, 3 j. 
 
 Decodum Dulcamarce (Unofficial),—may be made of the official 10 per cent, strength 
 and given in doses of ^j-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Dulcamara is but imperfectly understood. In overdoses it has pro¬ 
 duced nausea and vomiting, vertigo, convulsive muscular movements, 
 pruritus and erythematous eruptions on the skin, languid circulation with 
 a dusky color of the face and hands. In children who have eaten the 
 berries there have been observed signs of severe enteralgia, abdominal 
 tenderness, nausea, thirst, heat in the throat and chest, great prostration, 
 rapid pulse, quick and painful respiration. In very large doses it is a 
 narcotic poison, causing paralysis by depression of the central nervous 
 system, with lowered activity of the heart and respiration. It is believed 
 by some authorities to be anaphrodisiac, diaphoretic and diuretic. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Dulcamara was formerly used in a variety of affections, as herpetic 
 diseases, chronic rheumatism, gout, jaundice, etc. It is now chiefly 
 employed in obstinate scaly skin diseases, as psoriasis and pityriasis, in 
 which it is unquestionably serviceable. It is also serviceable in the diar¬ 
 rhoea of children when produced by exposure to cold and damp, in 
 mania with strong venereal propensities, chronic bronchitis and whooping- 
 cough. As a diaphoretic it has been used with benefit in rheumatic and 
 venereal disorders, and is often beneficial in nasal, pulmonary and vesical 
 catarrhs. It is said to be particularly useful in affections of a rheumatic 
 or catarrhal nature when caused by exposure to damp weather. 
 
 ELATERINUM, Elaterin, C 20 H 28 O 3 ,—is a neutral principle ex¬ 
 tracted from Elaterium , a substance deposited by the juice of the fruit of 
 Ecballium Elaterium , or Squirting Cucumber, a cultivated European 
 
204 
 
 ERGOTA. 
 
 plant of the nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae. Elaterium is no longer official by 
 reason of its variable quality. Elaterin occurs in small, colorless scales 
 or prisms, of bitter taste and neutral reaction, insoluble in water, soluble 
 in 125 of alcohol and in solutions of the alkalies. Dose, gr. —rV 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Trituratio Elaterini, —Elaterin 10, Sugar of Milk 90 parts, thoroughly mixed by tritu¬ 
 ration. Dose, gr. ss-j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Elaterin is the most powerful of the hydragogue cathartics, causing 
 profuse, watery stools, and when given in large doses great prostration 
 and gastro-intestinal irritation, nausea and vomiting. On the lower ani¬ 
 mals it does not produce purgation, but profoundly impresses the nervous 
 system, causing irregular breathing, convulsions and death. 
 
 Its chief use is to produce free watery discharges in ascites, anasarca, 
 uraemia and cerebral disorders, but while the most efficient agent we 
 possess for this purpose it must be used with great caution in the aged and 
 feeble, as it is very depressant. 
 
 ERGOTA, Ergot, Ergot of Rye, —is the sclerotium (compact 
 mycelium or spawn, intermediate fibrous stage) of Claviceps purpurea 
 (nat. ord. Fungi), growing within the flower and replacing the grain of 
 Secale cereale , Rye (nat. ord. Graminaceae). It occurs in fusiform, 
 curved, grain-like bodies, about an inch long, three-furrowed, obtuse at 
 the ends, of purplish-black color, peculiar and heavy odor, and oily, dis¬ 
 agreeable taste. It should be preserved in a dry place, and should not 
 be kept longer than a year. Dose, gr. x- 5 j- 
 
 Composition of Ergot. 
 
 The composition of Ergot and the nomenclature of its supposed con¬ 
 stituents is a subject upon which there exists a great diversity of opinion, 
 and about which there is nothing settled. The following synopsis gives 
 the views of the different persons who have examined into the matter. 
 
 Wenzell (1864) named two alkaloids, Ecboline and Ergotine, which he claimed to be 
 the active principles, and to be combined with Ergotic Acid, a volatile body yielding 
 crystallizable salts. He also claimed the presence of Trimethylamine as a Phosphate. 
 
 Tanret (1877) isolated a crystallized alkaloid, which he named Ergotinine, 
 C 35 H 40 N 4 O 6 (dose, gr. ^L—jL), also a volatile camphoraceous substance. 
 
 Dragendorff and his pupils (1875-1879) stated the active principles to be two in 
 number, Sclerotinic Acid , a very powerful body, yellow-brown, amorphous, tasteless and 
 well adapted for hypodermic use in doses of gr. and Scleromucui , a colloid sub¬ 
 
 stance, also quite active. Besides these they held that Ergot contained various coloring 
 matters (Sclererythrin, Scleroxanthin, etc.), also a non-drying Oil, a peculiar sugar 
 (Mykose), a number of alkaloids (Trimethylamine, etc.), and other principles, all inert. 
 
 Robert (1885) announces that Ergot contains three active principles, viz., Ergotinic 
 Acid, the chief constituent of Sclerotinic Acid, having no ecbolic action, but affecting the 
 nervous system, the heart and the respiration ;— Sphace/inic Acid, which is non-nitrogen- 
 
ERGOTA. 
 
 205 
 
 ous and soluble in alcohol, stimulates the vaso-motor centre and is the active agent in 
 producing gangrenous ergotism ;— Cornytine , an alkaloid, produces convulsions and peri¬ 
 staltic contractions of the uterus, and is the active agent in causing convulsive ergotism. 
 
 Tanret’s Ergotinine has been proven to have no action on the uterus. 
 The Ergotin of Bonjean, Wiggers and Tanret is not a fixed compound, 
 but a mixture. The Ecboline of Wiggers is also a mixture. Sclerotinic 
 Acid is said by many authorities to act on the uterus, but this is positively 
 denied by many others. It is probably a very uncertain preparation. 
 For the Ergotin of commerce see below. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Ergotce Fluidum, —prepared with diluted Hydrochloric Acid, Alcohol and 
 Water. Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 Extractum Ergotce , Extract of Ergot, commonly called Ergotin ,—is prepared by 
 evaporating 5 parts of the fluid extract at a temperature not above 122 0 F. until reduced 
 to I part. Dose, gr. ij-xx. 
 
 Vinum Ergotce ,—strength 15 per cent. Dose, 3j-^j. Is made by an improved 
 method and is more reliable than that formerly official. 
 
 Ergotin (Unofficial),—is the name of several watery extracts found on the market, 
 and varying much in action both from each other and from the parent drug. That made 
 by Squibb is about the same strength as the official extract, and represents the general 
 powers of Ergot. It may be used hypodermically in doses of gr. %-gr. v. The Ergotin 
 of Bonjean is also an aqueous extract, but is very variable in quality and frequently inert. 
 Wiggers’ Ergotin is insoluble in the ordinary menstrua, and inert on the vascular appa¬ 
 ratus, but causes colic and gastro-enteritis. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Ergot is an excito-motor and a hemostatic, chiefly affecting the spinal 
 cord, circulation, respiration, intestinal and uterine muscular fibres. Its 
 principal actions are the production of an artificial anaemia, and tetanic 
 contraction of unstriped muscular fibre. Its phenomena are divided into 
 two sets, named respectively Acute and Chronic Ergotism , according as 
 the drug is administered in large doses, or in small quantity for a consid¬ 
 erable length of time. 
 
 Acute Ergotism. In large doses Ergot acts as a gastro-intestinal 
 irritant, causing nausea and vomiting, gastralgia, colic, thirst, difficult 
 micturition and purging. It slows the heart, raises the arterial tension 
 greatly, dilates the pupils and produces pallor, vertigo and frontal head¬ 
 ache. Its action on the circulation is due to its inducing arterial anaemia, 
 but whether this is done by contraction of the arterioles through direct 
 action on their muscular fibres or by central stimulation of the vaso-motor 
 system, or by producing active venous dilatation, thus draining the arte¬ 
 rial system, is a much disputed question. It certainly stimulates the con¬ 
 traction of unstriped muscular fibre, especially affecting the sphincters 
 and the uterus, causing continuous labor pains and tonic contraction of 
 the sphincter vesicae, making micturition difficult if not impossible. It 
 also produces cerebral and spinal anaemia, coldness of the surface, tetanic 
 spasms and violent convulsions, but very large doses (several ounces) are 
 
206 
 
 ERGOTA. 
 
 necessary to such results. As much as 3 iij of the fluid extract has been 
 given daily for a week or more, without producing any marked effect. 
 
 Chronic Ergotism occurs in two forms, (i) the Convulsive , (2) the 
 Gangrenous ,—either usually excluding the other. The convulsions are 
 tetanoid spasms of the flexor muscles, the uterus, the intestinal fibres, and 
 the muscles of respiration, ending in coma and death by asphyxia. The 
 gangrenous form begins with coldness and numbness of the limbs, formi¬ 
 cation of the skin all over the body, loss of sensibility and abolishment 
 of the special senses, bullae of blood and ichor, followed by dry or moist 
 gangrene of the lower extremities, buttocks and other parts, epileptiform 
 convulsions, coma and death. Autopsies show changes in the posterior 
 columns of the cord, resulting probably from the spinal anaemia. 
 
 Experiments with the various derivatives of Ergot show that no one 
 of its constituents represents the power of the drug itself. Those which 
 come nearest to it in action are the Ergotinine of Tanret and Sclerotinic 
 Acid. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite, Aconite, Veratrum Viride, Tobacco and Lobelia antagonize its action 
 on the circulation. Caustic alkalies and metallic salts are chemically incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Ergot has a wide field of application. Its most familiar use is to pro¬ 
 mote uterine contraction in labor, but as the contractions produced by it 
 are continuous instead of the natural intermittent ones, it is highly dan¬ 
 gerous when there is any obstacle in front of the child, the probable 
 results being rupture of the uterus, paralysis of the foetal heart, and severe 
 laceration of the perineum. At the end of the second stage, when the 
 head is born, is the best time for its use (if employed in labor at all), in 
 order to promote firm uterine contraction, thereby guarding against post¬ 
 partum hemorrhage, and promoting the expulsion of the placenta. The 
 tendency, however, of obstetrical teaching, is against its employment at 
 all in labor; while, in practice, the teaspoonful of Ergot is almost in¬ 
 variably administered as soon as possible after the child is born. In 
 many uterine affections, as chronic metritis, subinvolution, congestive 
 dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, fibroids and polypi, Ergot is well em¬ 
 ployed, producing firm contraction of the womb and promoting absorp¬ 
 tion of inflammatory products. It is extremely useful in amenorrhoea 
 due to plethora, and in the atonic form of spermatorrhoea. In con¬ 
 junctivitis, gonorrhoea, and inflammations of mucous membranes gen¬ 
 erally, it is of striking benefit, if used both locally and internally. It 
 is also an excellent remedy in acute and chronic dysentery, chronic diar¬ 
 rhoea, atonic hemorrhages of arterial type, mania due to cerebral hyper- 
 temia, headache and migraine of congestive form, myelitis, spinal con¬ 
 gestion, cerebro-spinal meningitis, splenic enlargement, lax sphincters of 
 
ERIGERON-ERIODYCTION. 
 
 207 
 
 rectum and bladder, and in incontinence of urine from paralysis of the 
 sphincter vesicse. Hemorrhoids are well treated by its local application, 
 but here it should not be used internally as it promotes venous congestion. 
 In aneurism it aids coagulation by slowing the blood-current, and in car¬ 
 diac hypertrophy without valvular lesion it acts well by slowing the heart. 
 In diabetes insipidus full doses of Ergot are often curative, and it has 
 been used with benefit in diabetes mellitus. 
 
 Hypodermically, the aqueous extract dissolved in water and free from 
 alcohol or any other irritating substance, is in many cases much more 
 prompt in action than when given per orem, especially if injected near to 
 the seat of the affection. This is particularly true in post-partum and 
 other hemorrhages, prolapse of the rectum, chronic metritis and subinvo¬ 
 lution of the womb, uterine fibroids, varicocele and varicose veins. When 
 so administered it will frequently so contract the sphincter of the bladder 
 as to produce retention of urine, and require the use of the catheter. 
 
 ERIGERON, Fleabane (Unofficial),—is the flowering plant Eri¬ 
 geron canadense , a weed of the nat. ord. Compositae, growing in N. 
 America. It contains a Volatile Oil, which is official, also tannic acid 
 and a bitter extractive. 
 
 Oleum Erigerontis , Oil of Fleabane,—a pale yellow liquid, of sp. gr. about 0.850, 
 becoming darker by age and exposure to air, of peculiar and persistent odor, pungent 
 taste and neutral reaction, readily soluble in alcohol. Dose, rtpx-^ss. 
 
 Oil of Erigeron has the same action as Oil of Turpentine but is less 
 irritant and less efficient. It has considerable reputation as a hemostatic, 
 especially in menorrhagia and intestinal hemorrhage of passive form, as 
 in typhoid fever. It is also used with benefit in diarrhoea and dysentery, 
 and in hemoptysis without fever or other evidence of irritation it is a very 
 valuable remedy. 
 
 ERIODYCTION, Yerba Santa (Unofficial),—the leaves of Erio- 
 dyction glutinosum , a Californian shrub of the nat. ord. Hydrophyllacese. 
 They are from 2 to 4 inches long, shining green as if varnished on the 
 upper surface, white and hairy beneath, of fragrant odor, aromatic taste, 
 and contain an acrid Resin and an aromatic Volatile Oil. 
 
 Extractum Eriodyctii Fluidum (Unofficial),—Dose, rtyxv-^j. 
 
 Extractum Eriodyctii (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Eriodyction is expectorant, and covers the taste of Quinine in a re¬ 
 markable manner, for which purpose it is combined in mixture with Gly- 
 cyrrhizin, under the title 11 Veloutine" as a proprietary preparation (see 
 ante , page 182). It is used with fair success in bronchial and laryngeal 
 affections, also in asthma. Combined in syrup with Grindelia it is very 
 efficient for coughs. 
 
208 
 
 ERYTHROXYLON. 
 
 ERYTHROXYLON, Coca, Cuca, —the leaves of Erythroxylon 
 Coca , a small shrub of the nat. ord. Erythroxylaceae, indigenous to the 
 mountains of Peru and Bolivia, and extensively cultivated in those and 
 other S. American states. It has numerous purplish-brown branches; 
 small, yellowish, 5-petalous flowers, and a scarlet-red, oblong fruit, con¬ 
 taining a single seed. The leaf resembles a large tea-leaf, being 2 to 3 
 inches long, oval-shaped, obtuse at the apex, reticulate on both sides, 
 with a prominent midrib, on either side of which is seen a curved line on 
 the leaf from base to apex; odor tea-like, taste slightly bitter and aro¬ 
 matic. It contains a crystalline alkaloid Cocaine , C 17 H 21 N 0 4 , which when 
 heated with HC 1 is split up into Benzoic Acid, Methylic Alcohol and 
 another alkaloid Ecgoni?ie. Other constituents are a volatile, liquid 
 alkaloid of herring-brine odor, alkaline reaction and burning taste, named 
 Hygrine , an aromatic Oil, and Coca-tannic Acid. Coca should not be 
 confounded with Cocoa, the seed of the chocolate-tree, Theobroma Cacao. 
 Dose of the leaves, 5 j-iv. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Erythroxyli Fluidum, —Dose, 3 ss-ij. Leaves of good quality are so 
 difficult to be obtained that Dr. Squibb, the well-known pharmaceutist, recently omitted 
 the fluid extract from his trade-list, with the explanation that “it is impossible to get Coca 
 of proper quality for medical use.” 
 
 Cocaina, Cocaine, C 17 H 21 N 0 4 (Unofficial),—crystalline, colorless and of bitter taste, 
 very soluble in ether, almost insoluble in water or alcohol, and of decided basic proper¬ 
 ties, combining with acids to form salts. It exists in the leaves in very small quantity, 
 viz.—from 0.02 to 0.04 per cent. Dose, gr. y%- ij. 
 
 Cocaines Hydrochloras , Hydrochlorate of Cocaine, C 17 H 21 N 0 4 C 1 (Unofficial),—more 
 properly Chloride of Cocaine.—is used in aqueous solutions of 2 to 5 per cent, as a local 
 anaesthetic to mucous surfaces or by subcutaneous injection. Dose, internally, gr. ij. 
 
 Cocaince Oleas , Oleate of Cocaine (Unofficial),—a 10 per cent, solution of the alka¬ 
 loid in Oleic Acid, for external use. 
 
 Wines, Lozenges, Elixirs, Glyceroles, Pastes, etc., of Coca are being manufactured and 
 marketed in great variety. The Citrate and Salicylate of Cocaine are recent products of 
 the laboratory and may be obtained in the shops. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Coca is an aromatic bitter tonic, a diuretic and a cerebral and nervous 
 stimulant, though locally used one of the most efficient nerve sedatives. 
 Small doses improve digestion, stimulate respiration, increase the heart’s 
 action after a brief depression, raise the arterial tension, and increase the 
 excitability of the sensory nerves. It stimulates the brain by increasing 
 its blood-supply, producing wakefulness, a sense of well-being, and a 
 marked diminution of the senses of fatigue, hunger and thirst. Under 
 its daily use a considerable amount of labor and want of sleep can be 
 borne without suffering. Though diuretic, it lessens the quantity of urea 
 eliminated by checking the processes of waste. Very large doses produce 
 impaired coordination, hallucinations and delirium. 
 
 Cocaine acts upon the lower animals similarly to Caffeine. It tetanizes 
 frogs, and in large doses paralyzes their sensory nerves and the' posterior 
 
ERYTHROXYLON. 
 
 209 
 
 columns of the spinal cord. It kills rabbits and dogs by paralysis of the 
 respiratory centre. In proper doses it raises arterial tension by stimulating 
 the vaso-motor centres and the cardiac motor system. 
 
 On man, in small doses Cocaine is a cerebral, cardiac, respiratory and 
 nervous stimulant, and a diuretic. It improves digestion, stimulates res¬ 
 piration, increases the heart’s action, raises the arterial tension, and exalts 
 the irritability of the sensory nerves. It stimulates the brain by increasing 
 its blood-supply, producing wakefulness and marked diminution of the 
 senses of fatigue and hunger. Though decidedly diuretic, it lessens the 
 quantity of urea, by checking the processes of waste, thus acting as an 
 indirect nutrient, and enabling the body to maintain its energy on a 
 lessened supply of food. It increases the cutaneous circulation, flushing the 
 surface, exciting perspiration, and a sense of heat, and does actually raise 
 the body-temperature. It dilates the pupil, both when locally applied 
 and when taken systemically,—and stimulates intestinal peristalsis as well 
 as the evacuation of the bladder in a few minutes after its ingestion. 
 
 A?i Overdose produces symptoms of cardiac and respiratory embarrass¬ 
 ment in a very short time. The pulse, at first quick and forcible, becomes 
 small, rapid and intermitting ;—the heart apparently standing still in 
 systole once in every 10 or 12 beats. Respiration is slow and shallow, 
 and a sense of “ tightness” about the chest is very marked;—the skin 
 grows cold and clammy, and the subject is seized with a sense of impend¬ 
 ing dissolution. Death occurs in animals by paralysis of respiration,— 
 but in man there seems to be a tetanoid spasm of the cardiac muscle, which 
 is equally dangerous to life. Other symptoms are impairment of coordi¬ 
 nation, hallucinations and delirium. Lethal Doses paralyze the intra¬ 
 cardiac motor ganglia, the posterior columns of the cord and the sensory 
 nerves, and the respiratory centre. 
 
 As a Local Ancesthetic the power of Cocaine is very great over a limited 
 area. Applied to such structures as the Schneiderian membrane, mucous 
 covering of the glans penis ; or injected hypodermically in other locations, 
 it blanches the structures and causes a profound but temporary anaesthesia 
 throughout a small space. Applied to the tongue it temporarily destroys 
 both taste and tactile sensibility;—to the ocular conjunctiva, it produces 
 profound anaesthesia of that membrane, together with dilatation of the 
 pupil, partial paralysis of accommodation, enlargement of the palpebral 
 fissure, slight lachrymation, and sometimes temporary ptosis. This pro¬ 
 found degree of anaesthesia is thought by some to be caused by its para¬ 
 lyzing the terminal twigs of the sensory nerves,—by others to be due to 
 vaso-motor action rendering the nerves bloodless and therefore unable to 
 transmit sensory impressions. It produces mydriasis by stimulation of the 
 ends of the sympathetic in the iris, and does not affect the third nerve or 
 the sympathetic centre. 
 
 14 
 
210 
 
 ERYTHR0XYL0N. 
 
 In general action, Cocaine resembles Atropine very closely, especially 
 in its influence upon the pulse and blood-pressure, the respiration, pupils, 
 salivary- and sweat-glands and intestinal peristalsis. In its symptoms, 
 both from large and small doses, it exactly parallels Sparteine , another 
 cardio-inhibitory depressant. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite combats the earliest symptoms of cardiac depression,—then Alcohol and 
 Opium as stimulants to the heart, also Artificial Respiration. The most direct antago¬ 
 nist is Chloral , so also are Chloroform and Ether. Morphine is also directly antagonistic 
 at almost all points. 
 
 The Cocaine-Habit. 
 
 Cocainism, or the Cocaine-habit, is now presenting itself to observation, numerous 
 instances of persons addicted to its excessive use being met with. Loss of digestive power, 
 absolute insomnia, enfeeblement of the intellect, great emaciation, ascites, general maras¬ 
 mus, nausea, decay of the teeth, an excessively fetid breath, amblyopia, visual hallucina¬ 
 tions and complete anorexia form a consensus of symptoms which rival the worst effects 
 of the opium habit. Some observers report the most extraordinary mental changes result¬ 
 ing from Cocainism, and exceeding those produced by any other drug. The most intense 
 selfishness, utter disregard of all social and domestic duties, the most debasing habits, 
 complete destruction of all noble qualities, and a general condition of depravity, are some 
 of the results which are being charged to this drug. The habit is acquired, in almost all 
 cases, by persons previously addicted to the use of Morphine, who go to Cocaine in the 
 hope of finding help in their struggle against* the tyranny of the former drug. In this 
 hope, however, they are always disappointed, especially when the drugs are in their own 
 hands. The victim soon finds that one of these agents antagonizes the other to a great 
 extent, while, at the same time, it sets up peculiar troubles of its own : and that there is a 
 constant need of more Morphine to counteract the Cocaine-symptoms, and of more Cocaine 
 to antagonize the increased amount of Morphine. The result of any such attempt will be 
 that one who is only using a moderate daily amount of Morphine, will, if Cocaine be 
 added, soon be using a very great amount of Morphine, as well as of Cocaine, and “the 
 last state of that man is worse than the first.” 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Coca-leaves are chewed by the Peruvians for the purpose of sustaining 
 them during arduous labors and long journeys, and were so highly 
 esteemed as to have been represented on the coat-of-arms of that nation, 
 by whom they are used much as we do tea, coffee or tobacco. This 
 example was imitated by Weston the pedestrian, who is said to have been 
 detected chewing the coca-leaf during one of his protracted walks. 
 Cocaine is a useful stimulant to the brain and the nervous system in 
 many morbid conditions, particularly cerebral and spinal anaemia, neuras¬ 
 thenia, melancholia, hysterical and hypochondriacal insanity, and in 
 protracted mental depression with suicidal tendency. It maybe employed 
 with benefit in wasting diseases to retard waste and to stimulate digestion, 
 in convalescence from fevers and other acute maladies, and in migraine 
 and neuralgia due to depression of the nervous system. It is very beneficial 
 in some cases of the vomiting of pregnancy, in stomatitis and gastralgia, 
 and in functional impotence due to general atony of the system. 
 
 A wine of the leaves is thought by singers and speakers to relieve hoarse¬ 
 ness, to tense the vocal cords and improve the timbre of the voice. Coca- 
 
ERYTHROXYLON. 
 
 21 I 
 
 leaves may be smoked in cigars or cigarettes to obtain the exhilarating 
 effects of the drug, and for the relief of asthma, hay-fever and many 
 irritable throat affections. The Oleate of Cocaine is an efficient palliative 
 application to painful hemorrhoids, fissures of the anus, burns, boils, and 
 irritable ulcers ; also in pruritus pudendi et ani and skin diseases attended 
 with intolerable itching. 
 
 Hydrochlorate of Cocaine has achieved notoriety as a local anaes¬ 
 thetic, and promises to be of the greatest value in many operations on the 
 eye and ear, nasal passages, uterus and urethra. A 2 to 4 per cent, solu¬ 
 tion is brushed lightly over the mucous surface or injected into the ure¬ 
 thral canal, the application being repeated within 5 or 10 minutes if 
 profound local anaesthesia is required. After about fifteen minutes any 
 superficial operation may be performed without giving the slightest pain. 
 Its anaesthetic action is so entirely local and generally free from unpleas¬ 
 ant after-effects that it is considered the most efficient and desirable agent 
 of the kind which is known. It has been used in the same manner with 
 decided benefit in congestion of the nasal passages from acute catarrh 
 and hay-fever; and has been applied to the cervix uteri to relieve the first 
 pains of labor, to the ear for tinnitus aurium, and by inhalation to 
 strengthen the vocal cords, relieve hoarseness and cough, and to improve 
 the quality of the voice. It is injected hypodermically around the pre¬ 
 puce to prevent pain during circumcision, into the vicinity of the supra¬ 
 orbital and infra-orbital foramina to cut short neuralgia of those nerves, 
 and into hemorrhoids previous to their ligation. It may be injected into 
 the bladder before lithotrity, into the urethra before the passage of sounds 
 or catheters or to relieve chordee, and it is an excellent application to the 
 gums of teething infants. To be efficient it must reach the terminal fila¬ 
 ments of the sensory nerves in sufficient concentration. Rhus poisoning, 
 by either the oak or ivy, is promptly controlled by the application of a 5 
 per cent, solution of oleate, freely over the affected surface. It gives 
 instant relief from the burning and itching, and speedily reduces the 
 dermatitis. 
 
 As a Mydriatic for ophthalmological use, Cocaine has peculiar qualities 
 which make it the most serviceable of the class. The dilatation produced 
 by it is great, is quickly attained, lasts only 12 to 20 hours, is promptly 
 overcome by the application of Eserine, and is not accompanied by much 
 photophobia. The latter is due to the fact that the cocainized pupil is 
 not rigidly dilated (as with Atropine), but reacts to light. The accom¬ 
 modation, moreover, is greatly reduced, but not entirely paralyzed, and 
 is quickly regained. 
 
 As an Antagonist Cocaine is of especial value in narcotic poisoning by 
 Chloral or Opiates, where depression of the cardiac and respiratory cen¬ 
 tres exists. It is also indicated in chronic depressant poisoning from the 
 
212 
 
 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Bromides, and in spinal paralyses. In these cases it has all the advantages 
 of Strychnine without its poisonous character. It has no value in the 
 proper treatment of Morphinism except to antagonize certain heart 
 symptoms, for which purpose it should be administered only by the phy¬ 
 sician in charge of the case; and never, by him, as a regular remedy, at 
 regular intervals of time. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS, —the leaves collected from rather old trees, of 
 Eucalyptus globulus, or Blue Gum-tree (nat. ord. Myrtacese), a native of 
 Australia, now grown in California, Italy, etc. The leaves are 6 to 12 
 inches long, gray-green, lanceolately scythe-shaped, studded with oil- 
 glands; of camphoraceous odor and bitter, aromatic taste. They contain 
 tannic acid, a resin, a fatty acid and a Volatile Oil. The latter consists 
 of three different oils which distil over at different temperatures, the first 
 product being named Eucalyptol, C 12 H 20 O, which by the action of Phos¬ 
 phoric Acid is converted into Eucalyptene, a substance allied to Cymene, 
 and Eucalyptoleti. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Eucalypti Fluidum ,—alcoholic. Dose, npx-^j. 
 
 Oleum Eucalypti ,—the volatile oil, distilled from various species of Eucalyptus, that 
 from E. amygdalina being considered wanting in Eucalyptol. Dose, rtpv-xxx in capsules 
 or emulsion. 
 
 Tinctura Eucalypti (Unofficial),—Dose, g ss-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The taste of Eucalyptus is warm, aromatic, bitter and camphoraceous. 
 It increases the flow of saliva, the gastric juice and the intestinal secre¬ 
 tions, and in small doses promotes appetite and digestion, increases the 
 heart’s action and lowers arterial tension. In large doses it produces 
 eructations, indigestion, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, lowered tempera¬ 
 ture, great muscular weakness, and if continued will irritate and congest 
 the kidneys, and induce a feverish state with symptoms of cerebral con¬ 
 gestion, and great constitutional disturbance. Toxic doses are fatal by 
 paralysis of respiration through direct action on the spinal cord. 
 
 It is powerfully antiseptic, and destructive to low forms of life, a stimu¬ 
 lating expectorant and an efficient diaphoretic. By some authorities it is 
 believed to reduce the size of an enlarged spleen, and to possess anti- 
 malarial properties by absorbing noxious germs as well as by draining the 
 soil of its water, and by its aseptic emanations purifying the atmosphere 
 in its vicinity. It is largely cultivated in malarial districts for these 
 properties, and is reported to have rendered habitable a portion of the 
 deadly Roman Campagna. 
 
 Eucalyptus is eliminated by the skin, bronchial mucous membrane 
 and the kidneys, imparts its odor to the breath and the urine, and is more 
 or less irritant at the points of its elimination. 
 
EUONYMUS-EUPATORIUM. 
 
 213 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Eucalyptus is an efficient stomachic in atonic dyspepsia, chronic gastric 
 and intestinal catarrh, and in conditions of the intestinal canal which 
 favor the development of worms. In chronic catarrhal conditions of the 
 genito-urinary organs, the broncho-pulmonary mucous membrane, and 
 especially the bladder, it is very useful, acting as a stimulant and disinfec¬ 
 tant to the mucous membranes. It is equally beneficial in chronic bron¬ 
 chitis and bronchorrhoea, in cachectic states generally, and in convales¬ 
 cence from acute diseases. In hysteria, chorea and asthma it is beneficial, 
 in the latter affection being advantageously smoked in cigarettes with 
 Stramonium or Belladonna Leaves. In malaria as a reconstructant it is 
 better than Quinine, and it has considerable utility in obstinate intermit- 
 tents where it is desirable to stop the use of Cinchona preparations. As 
 an antiseptic it is highly valued in dilute solution for application to ulcers, 
 and as a substitute for Carbolic Acid on gauze in the antiseptic treatment 
 of wounds. It is also used in dilute solution locally as a stimulating dis¬ 
 infectant in stomatitis and in the subacute stages of pharyngitis and ton¬ 
 sillitis. An aqueous preparation is highly recommended as a vehicle for 
 alkaloids in solutions for hypodermic use, to prevent the development of 
 the penicillium which rapidly destroys the alkaloid present. 
 
 EUONYMUS, Wahoo ,—is the bark of Euotiymus atropurpureus , 
 a shrub of the nat. ord. Celastraceae, growing in the U. S. Occurs in 
 quills or curved pieces, about inch thick, of ashy-gray color and acrid, 
 sweetish taste. It contains an amorphous, bitter principle named Euony - 
 min , also Resins, Euonic Acid, and Asparagin , fixed oil, etc. 
 
 Extraction Euonvnii, —Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Euonymin (Unofficial),—the eclectic preparation, consists of the fixed oil and resin, 
 and is given in doses of gr. ss-v. 
 
 Euonymus is classed with Rhubarb, Jalap, Aloes, etc., as a tonic-astrin¬ 
 gent and resin-bearing purgative. It is said to be also diuretic and expec¬ 
 torant, and a very efficient cholagogue. Its cathartic action is similar to 
 that of Rhubarb but milder. It has been employed with benefit in some 
 cases of dropsy, also in habitual constipation, torpid liver, and pulmonary 
 affections. In overdoses it will set up considerable gastro-intestinal irri¬ 
 tation. 
 
 EUPATORIUM, Thorough-wort, Boneset, —the leaves and 
 flowering tops of Eupatorium perfoliaium , an American plant of the nat. 
 ord. Compositae, having lanceolate leaves, two united at the base, each 4 
 to 6 inches long, of weak, aromatic odor and bitter, astringent taste. It 
 
214 
 
 EUPHRASIA-FEL BOVIS. 
 
 contains a neutral, bitter principle, named Eupatorin , tannic acid, a vola¬ 
 tile oil, etc. 
 
 Extracti Eupatorii Fluidum ,—Dose, tiyx-^j. 
 
 Boneset is a bitter tonic and efficient diaphoretic, also in full doses 
 emetic and aperient. It has been supposed to have antiperiodic and 
 taeniafuge powers. A warm infusion (Boneset tea) is a popular diapho¬ 
 retic in remittent and typhoid fevers, and at the onset of an attack of 
 acute catarrh or general cold. As a bitter tonic it may be used with ad¬ 
 vantage in dyspepsia and general debility. Its common name is derived 
 from its supposed power to relieve the bone pains of dengue or the “ break- 
 bone fever.” 
 
 Another variety of Eupatorium, E. puipureum , or Gravel-root, is 
 reputed to have decided power over the uric acid diathesis. 
 
 EUPHRASIA, Eye-bright ,—is a small annual plant of the nat. 
 ord. Strophulariaceae, growing in Europe and the U. S., odorless, of 
 astringent taste, and containing Euphrastic Acid , tannin, etc. It was 
 formerly of great repute in various eye-affections, and may be of utility as 
 a mild astringent in catarrhal conjunctivitis. Its chief value, however, is 
 to abort an attack of acute nasal catarrh with lachrymation, for which 
 purpose a few drops of the tincture every two hours is remarkably effi¬ 
 cient. In hay-fever also it is of decided utility in mitigating the catarrhal 
 symptoms, and in the acute coryza of measles it will be found an excel¬ 
 lent remedy. A tincture (i to 9) of the fresh plant should be used, and 
 given in doses of Rlj-v. 
 
 FEL BOVIS, Ox-gall, —the fresh gall or bile of Bos Taurus , is a 
 dark-green, viscid liquid, of peculiar odor, bitter taste, and neutral or 
 faintly alkaline reaction. Sp. gr. 1.018 to 1.028. It contains Glyco- 
 cholate of Sodium, Taurocholate of Sodium, Cholesterin and coloring 
 matter. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Eel Bovis Inspissatum, Inspissated Ox-gall,—100 parts of fresh Ox-gall evaporated to 
 15 parts, after straining. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
 
 Eel Bovis Purificatu?n , Purified Ox-gall,—3 of Ox-gall and I of Alcohol evaporated 
 to pilular consistence, after standing 24 hours, decanting, filtering, etc. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Bile is tonic, antiseptic and purgative. It assists in the emulsification of 
 fats, and stimulates the absorbent powers of the mucous membrane. In 
 the stomach it neutralizes the gastric juice, precipitating the pepsin, and 
 is apt to cause nausea and vomiting. Recently it is found to act well in 
 stimulating the resolution of hypertrophies when locally applied to the 
 
FERRUM. 
 
 215 
 
 part, as the mammae, tonsils, pannus, etc. It is used as a laxative in con¬ 
 stipation when the natural secretion of bile is deficient, but has no advan¬ 
 tage over other purgatives. 
 
 FERRUM, Iron, Fe, — is metallic Iron in the form of fine, bright 
 and non-elastic wire. 
 
 Ferrum Reductum, Reduced Iron, — consists of metallic Iron in fine 
 powder, obtained by reducing the Sesquioxide by hydrogen at a dull red 
 heat. It is a very fine, gray-black, lustreless powder, odorless, tasteless, 
 and insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in dilute sulphuric acid 
 with the evolution of nearly odorless hydrogen gas. Dose, gr. j-v, after 
 meals. 
 
 Iron Compounds and their Preparations. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Acetatis, —is an aqueous solution of Ferric Acetate, containing 33 per 
 cent, of the anhydrous salt. A dark red-brown transparent liquid of acetous odor, sweet 
 ish and faintly styptic taste, reaction slightly acid. Action,—stimulant, ferruginous, little 
 if any astringency. Used to prepare the following tincture. 
 
 Tinctura Ferri Acetatis, —has of the preceding 50 parts, Alcohol 30, Acetic Ether 20. 
 A clear, dark red-brown liquid, of acetous odor, acidulous and slightly astringent taste, 
 and slight acid reaction. Miscible with water in all proportions. Dose, rqx-spj. 
 
 Svrupi Ferri Bromidi ,—is a syrupy liquid containing 10 per cent, of Ferrous Bro¬ 
 mide, FeBr 2 . A pale green, odorless liquid, of sweet ferruginous taste and neutral reac¬ 
 tion. Action,—a sedative chalybeate tonic, especially recommended in nervous disorders, 
 and by Da Costa in chorea. Irritant in large doses. Dose, npv-xxx. 
 
 Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus, —has at least 15 per cent, of ferrous carbonate. A green¬ 
 ish-gray powder, of sweetish taste at first, changing to ferruginous. Partially soluble in 
 water, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid with evolution of C 0 2 . Action,—slightly 
 stimulant to digestive tract. Dose, gr. ij-x with food. 
 
 Massa Ferri Carbonatis ,—Vallet’s Mass,—Sulphate of Iron 100, Carbonate of Sodium 
 no, Honey 38, Sugar 25, Syrup, Distilled Water, each q. s. ad 100 parts. Has 42 per 
 cent, of ferrous carbonate. Action,—non-astringent, unirritating, ferruginous tonic. Dose, 
 gr. iij-v after food. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Co?nposita, Griffith’s Mixture,—Sulphate of Iron 6, Myrrh 18, Sugar 18, 
 Carbonate Potassium 8, Spirit of Lavender 50, Rose water 900 parts. Is really a solu¬ 
 tion of the carbonate, with sulphate of potassium to suspend the iron salt. Is an excel¬ 
 lent mixture, but disagreeable. Dose, ^ss. 
 
 Pilulce Ferri Coniposita , Griffith’s Pills,—Sulphate of Iron gr. 3 ^f, Carbonate of Sodium 
 gr.^f, Myrrh gr. jss, Syrup q. s. in each pill answering in composition to the preceding. 
 Dose, ij-vj. 
 
 Ferri Chloridum , Perchloride of Iron, Fe 2 Cl 6 .i2pI 2 0,—orange-yellow, deliquescent, 
 crystalline pieces, of styptic taste and acid reaction, freely soluble in water, alcohol or 
 ether. Action,—strongly astringent, hemostatic. Never used internally. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Chloridi, —an aqueous solution of the preceding, containing 37.8 per 
 cent, of the anhydrous salt, with some free HC 1 acid. Action,—strongly astringent and 
 styptic. Rarely used internally. Dose, rrpij-x, well diluted. 
 
 Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, —has of the preceding 35 parts in 65 of Alcohol. A bright, 
 brownish liquid, of ethereal odor, styptic taste and acid reaction. Is used in Mistura 
 Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis. One of the best preparations of iron. Action,—ferruginous 
 tonic. Dose, rrpv-xx, in water, syrup or glycerin. 
 
 Ferri Citras, Fe 2 (C 6 H 5 0 7 ) 2 . 6 II 2 0 ,—garnet-red, transparent scales, slowly soluble in 
 water, not in alcohol. Action,—mildly stimulant. Dose, gr. ij-v. Formed by evapor¬ 
 ating the following: 
 
 Liquor Ferri Citratis, —is an aqueous solution of the preceding, containing about 3 S /4 
 per cent, of the anhydrous salt. A dark-brown liquid, of slightly ferruginous taste and 
 acid reaction. Action,—as Ferri Citras. Dose, rrpv-xv. 
 
 Vinum Ferri Citratis, —made from the Citrate of Iron and Ammonium 4, Tincture of 
 
2l6 
 
 FERRUM. 
 
 Sweet Orange-peel 12, Syrup 12, stronger White Wine 72 parts. An iron elixir. Dose, 
 
 3Hj- 
 
 Fern Hypophosphis , Fe 2 (H 2 P 0 2 ) 6 , Ferric Hypophosphite,—a white or grayish-white 
 powder, odorless, tasteless, slightly soluble in water, freely so in HC 1 acid or in a solution 
 of sodium citrate. Action, ferruginous tonic. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Ferri Iodidum Saccharatum ,—a yellowish-white powder, very hygroscopic, odorless, 
 of sweetish, ferruginous taste, and slightly acid reaction, soluble in 7 of water at 59 0 F., 
 insoluble in alcohol. Action,—ferruginous tonic. Dose, gr. v-xxv in pill or elixir. 
 
 Piluhe Ferri lodidi, —made with Reduced Iron, Iodine, Licorice, Sugar, Acacia and 
 Water, covered with a coating of Balsam of Tolu in Ether. “ Blancard’s Pills ” only 
 differ from these by being covered with a coating of reduced iron to protect the interior 
 from oxidation, but it also protects them from the solvent action of the gastric juice. 
 Dose, I or 2 pills ter in die. 
 
 Syruptis Ferri lodidi ,—is a syrupy liquid containing 10 per cent, of ferrous iodide. A 
 transparent, pale-green liquid, of sweet, ferruginous taste and neutral reaction. Action,— 
 ferruginous tonic. Dose, trpv-xxx. 
 
 Ferri Ladas, Fe(C 3 H 5 0 3 ) 2 . 3 H 2 0 , Ferrous Lactate,—pale, greenish-white, crystal¬ 
 line grains, soluble in 40 of water at 59 0 F., freely in citrate of sodium, almost insoluble 
 in alcohol. Action,—feebly ferruginous tonic Dose, gr. j-iij in pill or syrup. Is a 
 constituent of Syrupus Hypophosphitum cum Ferro. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Adtratis, —is an aqueous solution of Ferric Nitrate, Fe 2 (N 0 3 ) 6 , con¬ 
 taining about 6 per cent, of the anhydrous salt. A transparent, amber colored liquid, of 
 acid, styptic taste, and acid reaction. Action,—medium as to irritation, astringent and 
 hemostatic. Dose, rrpv-xv, well diluted. 
 
 Ferri Oxalis, Ferrous Oxalate, FeC 2 0 4 .PI 2 0 ,—a pale yellow, crystalline powder, very 
 slightly soluble in water. Dose, gr. ij in a pill. 
 
 Ferri Oxidutfi Hydratum , Ferric Hydrate, Fe (HO) 6 , is a brown-red magma wholly 
 soluble in HC 1 acid without effervescence. Should be freshly prepared from the Solution 
 of Tersulphate of Iron 10 parts and Water of Ammonia 8 parts. Is the chemical anti¬ 
 dote for Arsenic. Dose, a teaspoonful in water frequently repeated. The solutions 
 should be kept ready for use. 
 
 Ferri Oxidum Hydratum cum Magnesia, —is made by mixing when required for use 
 (1) Solution of Tersulphate of Iron 1000 grains, Water, 2000 grains. (2) Magnesia 150 
 grains, Water Sj xxxij. This should be administered as directed under the preceding 
 head. It is more convenient and a more efficient antidote for Arsenic than the simple 
 ferric hydrate, as the excess of the alkaline precipitant is non-irritant and is itself an anti¬ 
 dote to arsenic. 
 
 Emplastrum Ferri , Strengthening Plaster,—has of Hydrated Oxide of Irion, dried, 10 
 parts, Canada Turpentine 10, Burgundy Pitch 10, Lead Plaster 70. 
 
 Trochisci Ferri ,—each has of Hydrated Oxide of Iron, dried, gr. v, Vanilla gr. yo> 
 Sugar, and Mucilage of Tragacanth. Dose, j-iij, ter die. 
 
 Ferri Phosphas ,—Bright-green, transparent scales, of acidulous, saline taste, soluble in 
 water, not in alcohol. Used as an adjuvant to laxative pills to prevent the after reaction¬ 
 ary constipation. Dose, gr. v-x. Made by reaction between the Citrate of Iron and the 
 Phosphate of Sodium. 
 
 Ferri Pyrophosphas, —Green, transparent scales, of acidulous taste, soluble in water 
 but not in alcohol. Is almost tasteless and unirritating, and non-constipative. Dose, gr. 
 ij-v. Made by reaction between the Citrate of Iron and the Pyrophosphate of Sodium. 
 
 Ferri Sulphas , Ferrous Sulphate, FeS 0 4 - 7 H 2 0 ,—large, pale bluish-green prisms, efflo¬ 
 rescent, of saline, styptic taste, and acid reaction, soluble in 1.8 of water at 59 0 F., 
 insoluble in alcohol. Is chiefly used to make the Dried Sulphate and other preparations. 
 
 Ferri Sulphus Exsiccatus , Dried Ferrous Sulphate, FeS 0 4 .II 2 0 ,—a grayish-white 
 powder, nearly soluble in water, consisting of the preceding salt, heated gradually to 300° 
 F., until it ceases to lose weight. The mod astringent and irritating ferrous salt, but an 
 excellent one in small doses. Is a constituent of Pil. Aloes et Ferri. Dose, gr. ss-ij 
 in pill. 
 
 Ferri Sulphas Prcecipitatus , Precipitated Ferrous Sulphate, FeS 0 4 . 7 PI 2 0 ,—is the 
 same salt as above described, precipitated by Alcohol from solution in dilute sulphuric 
 acid. Dose, gr. ss-ij. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Suhsulphatis, Monsel’s Solution,—is an aqueous solution of Basic Ferric 
 Sulphate, Fe 4 0 (S 0 4 ) 5 , containing 43.7 per cent, of the salt. A dark reddish-brown, 
 almost syrupy liquid, of very astringent but not caustic taste, and acid reaction, mixing 
 with water or alcohol in all proportions without decomposition. Is but slightly irritating 
 
FERRUM. 217 
 
 and powerfully astringent, chiefly used locally as an astringent and hemostatic, but may 
 be given internally in doses of rtyij-x, well diluted. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis, —is an aqueous solution of Normal Ferric Sulphate, 
 Fe 2 (S 0 4 ) 3 , containing 28.7 per cent, of the salt. Has the same properties as described 
 for the preceding, but a less sp. gr. Is used to make other preparations of Iron. 
 
 Ferri Valerianas , Fe 2 (C 5 H 9 0 2 ) 6 ,—a dark, tile-red, amorphous powder, of faint, 
 valerianic odor, and mildly styptic taste, insoluble in cold water, decomposed by hot 
 water, readily soluble in alcohol. Of doubtful value as a valerianate. Dose, gr. j-iij in 
 pill. 
 
 Preparations of Compound Iron Salts. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Citras, Ammonio-ferric Citrate,—prepared from Solution of Citrate 
 of Iron 3 parts, Water of Ammonia I, mixed and evaporated. Transparent, garnet-red 
 scales, deliquescent, soluble readily in water, insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas , Ammonio-ferric Alum,—pale, violet crystals, efflorescent, 
 of styptic taste and slightly acid reaction, soluble in 3 of water at 59 0 F., insoluble in 
 alcohol. Is the least astringent of the sulphates of iron, but more so than any of the salts 
 formed by vegetable acids. Dose, gr. iij-xv. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Tartras, Ammonio-ferric Tartrate,—made from Liq. Ferri Tersul¬ 
 phatis 90, Tartaric Acid 60, Aq. Ammonise 72, Ammonium Carbonate, Water q. s. 
 Transparent, reddish brown scales, slightly deliquescent, of sweetish and slightly ferru¬ 
 ginous taste, very soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. Contains an equivalent of about 
 25 per cent, of Ferric Oxide, and has but slight irritant qualities. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Ferri et Potassii Tartras , Potassio-ferric Tartrate,—made from Liq. Ferri Tersulphatis 
 12, Potassii Bitart. 4, Aq. Destil. 32, Aq. Ammonias, et Aquae q. s. Transparent, garnet- 
 red scales, slightly deliquescent, of sweetish and slightly ferruginous^ taste, very soluble in 
 water, insoluble in alcohol. Is the least disagreeable in taste of all the iron preparations, 
 and contains a little more ferric oxide than the preceding salt. Is but slightly astringent 
 and is not constipating. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Ferri et Quinince Citras ,—prepared from Ferri Citras 88, Quinine, dried, 12, Aq. 
 Destil. q. s. ad ICO, mixed and evaporated. Thin, transparent yellowish-brown scales, 
 slowly deliquescent, of bitter taste, slowly soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. 
 Contains 12 per cent, of dry quinine. Action,—astringent and stimulant to the digestive 
 tract. Dose, gr. iij-v. 
 
 Liquor Ferri et Quinince Citratis, —made directly from Ferri et Ammonii Citras 65, 
 Quinine, dried, 12, Ac. Citric. 28, Alcohol 30, Aq. Destil. q. s. ad 200. A greenish- 
 brown liquid, of bitter taste and slightly acid reaction. Contains 6 per cent, of quinine. 
 Is very slowly soluble and of doubtful value. Dose, tt^v-xv. 
 
 Vinum Ferri Amarum , Bitter Wine of Iron,—has of the preceding 8 parts, Tinct. 
 Aurantii Dulcis 12, Syrup 36, Stronger White Wine 44. May replace the various 
 “ elixirs of iron and calisaya.” Dose, gj-iv. 
 
 Ferri et Strychnines Citras ,—Ferri et Ammonii Citras 98, Strychninse I, Ac. Citric 1, 
 Aq. Destil. 120, mixed and evaporated. Transparent, garnet-red scales, deliquescent, 
 readily soluble in water, slightly so in alcohol. Contains 1 per cent, of Strychnine. 
 Action,—astringent and stimulating. Dose, gr. j-iij. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri , Quinince et Strychnines Phosphatum , Syrup of the Phosphates of Iron, 
 Quinine and Strychnine. [Described under Phosphorus .] 
 
 Syrupus Ffypophosphitum cum Ferro , Syrup of Hypophosphites with Iron. [Described 
 under Phosphorus .] 
 
 Mistura Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, Basham’s Mixture,—is properly a Liquor, and is 
 prepared from Tr. Ferri Chloridi 2, Ac. Acet. Dil. 3, Liquor Ammonii Acet. 20, Elixir 
 Aurantii 10, Syrup 15, Water 50 parts. An elegant and agreeable preparation, having 
 some power as a diuretic and a diaphoretic. Dose, 3 ij-v, well diluted. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations of Lron. 
 
 Ferri Albuminas, Albuminate of Iron,—a cinnamon-brown powder, soluble in water 
 acidulated slightly with IICl. Dose, gr. x-xxx, in simple aqueous solution, or in pill. 
 
 Ferri Arsenias , Ferrous Arseniate, Fe 3 As 2 0 8 ,—a green, tasteless powder, insoluble in 
 water, soluble in HC 1 acid. Its activity is due to the arsenic alone. Dose, gr. 
 
 Ferrum Dialysatum , Dialysed Iron,—composition varies from Fe 2 Cl 6 .i2Fe 2 0 3 to 
 Fe 2 Cl G . 95 Fe 2 0 3 , and is a 10 per cent, solution of Ferric Oxychloride in water. Prepared 
 by treating a solution of Chloride of Iron with Ammonia, ferric hydrate being precipitated, 
 
21 8 
 
 FERRUM. 
 
 this being dissolved by agitation is placed in a dialyzer and suspended in water, which is 
 renewed as long as it shows a trace of HC 1 acid. It is a reddish-brown liquid, free from 
 astringent, styptic taste, but is a very feeble chalybeate, incapable of absorption except by 
 change into a hydrated sesquioxide in the alimentary canal. Is used as a chalybeate, and 
 as an antidote to Arsenic, but is not considered an eligible preparation. Dose, TTLx-xxx. 
 
 Svrupus Ferri et Manganesii Iodidi, Syrup of the Iodide of Iron and Manganese,—is 
 a pale, straw colored liquid, containing a little sulphate of potassium, and in each fluid 5 
 has 50 grains of the mixed iodides in the proportion of Iodide of Iron 3 parts, to 1 of 
 Iodide of Manganese. Dose, rtyx-xxx-gj 
 
 Syrupus Ferri et Manganesii Phosphatis, Syrup of the Phosphate of Iron and Man¬ 
 ganese,—as used by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh, contains in each 3 of syrup 2 grains of 
 the Phosphate of Iron and I grain of Phosphate of Manganese. Dose, ^j. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Aromatica, —Pale Bark 4, Calumba 2, Cloves 1, Iron wire 2, Tr. Car- 
 damomi Co. 12, Tr. Aurantii Cort. 2, Aq. Menth. Pip. 50,—Macerate the first 4 in the 
 last one for 3 days, filter, add the tinctures and make up to 50. Dose, sjj-ij. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Laxans, —Ferri Sulph. gr. ij, Magnesii Sulph. £j, Ac. Sulphurici Dil. 
 rtyij, Spt. Chloroformi rr^xx, Aq. Menth. Pip. ad f ) ). 
 
 Mistura Ferro-salina ,—Magnesii Sulph. ^j, Potassii Bitart, ^j, Ferri Sulph. Exsic. 
 gr. x, Aquae quart j. Dose, a wineglassful. 
 
 Notes on the Preparations. 
 
 Oxides and Carbonates, including Ferrum Reductum, Ferri Car- 
 bonas Saccharatus, Mistura Ferri Composita, Pil. Ferri Comp., Massa 
 Ferri Carb., Ferri Oxidum Hydratum, Ferri Oxidum Hyd. cum Mag¬ 
 nesia, and Mist. Ferri Aromatica,—possess the haematinic action of iron 
 with but little astringency, and are therefore selected to restore the blood 
 in anaemia, chlorosis and amenorrhoea, with tendency to dyspepsia and 
 constipation. The Hydrated Oxides are only used as antidotes in 
 arsenical poisoning. Ferrum Reductum is one of the best forms for 
 internal use, but gives rise to sulphuretted or phosphoretted eructations 
 which are very disagreeable. The Subcarbonate is little more than the 
 Red Oxide, but in the Massa Ferri Carb. the oxidation is prevented by 
 the sugar. 
 
 Mineral Acid Salts and their preparations comprise the Sulphate in 
 its 3 forms, the solutions of the Subsulphate and Tersulphate, the Phos¬ 
 phate, Pyrophosphate and Hypophosphite, the Chloride and its prepara¬ 
 tions and the Liquor Ferri Nitratis. They are characterized by their 
 astringent and corrugating action, and are used locally especially as 
 hemostatics, the Solution of the Subsulphate being preferred for topical 
 use as it is powerfully styptic but not corrosive. The Tincture of the 
 Chloride is one of the best preparations for internal use, and is most 
 agreeable in the form of Creuse’s tasteless preparation, which is made as 
 follows,—Liq. Ferri Chloridi 3 j> Acidi Citrici 544 grains, Sodii Carb. 
 1000 grains or q. s., Aquae Destil. 3 j> Alcoholis q. s. Dissolve the citric 
 acid in the distilled water and heat to the boiling point, gradually adding 
 sodium carbonate until the acid is saturated ; mix this with the iron solu¬ 
 tion and make up to 'Siv with alcohol. Of the Phosphates the best is 
 the Pyrophosphate, which is easily assimilated, readily soluble and entirely 
 unirritating. 
 
FERRUM. 
 
 219 
 
 Vegetable Acid Salts and their preparations comprise the Lactate, 
 Citrate and its preparations, Oxalate, and the preparations of the Acetate 
 and the Tartrate. They are the least irritating to the stomach but are 
 also the least efficient as chalybeates. They may be administered in 
 white wines, or with alkalies and vegetable acids in effervescing mix¬ 
 tures. 
 
 The Albuminate is considered by several authorities to be the most 
 readily assimilated of all the iron preparations. 
 
 Other Compounds are those in which Iron is combined with bodies 
 equally active, as the Syrup of the Bromide, the preparations of the 
 Iodide, those with Quinine, Strychnine, etc. Generally these prepara¬ 
 tions are used for a two-fold purpose, namely to relieve anaemia and at 
 the same time act upon the specific ailment on which the anaemia 
 depends. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Metallic Iron is not inert, for in the stomach it acquires molecular 
 activity through its oxidation, setting hydrogen free. It is a normal con¬ 
 stituent of the blood (1 part to 230 of red corpuscles), existing probably 
 as an oxide in combination with haematin, which is not formed without 
 it. It is also found in the bile, lymph, chyle, gastric juice, in the pigment 
 of the eye, in the milk and the urine. Given medicinally in small doses 
 it promotes appetite and digestion, and improves the quality of the blood, 
 increasing the number of the red corpuscles. In the stomach all the salts 
 of iron are converted into the Chloride and in the duodenum into an alka¬ 
 line albuminate, entering the blood along the whole length of the ali¬ 
 mentary canal. Large doses, or small ones long-continued are directly 
 unfavorable to digestion, nausea and vomiting are produced by the soluble 
 preparations, the per-salts are actively irritant, the Iodide, Chloride, 
 Nitrate and Sulphate being active poisons, highly astringent, and act 
 injuriously on the teeth. Only a small portion of iron is absorbed, the 
 rest being eliminated by the intestinal canal, blackening the faeces by 
 conversion into a sulphide. Of the portion absorbed from the alimentary 
 canal, only a small part reaches the systemic circulation and is eliminated 
 by the kidneys, the greater part being excreted by the liver with the bile. 
 
 Locally most of the iron salts are more or less constringing to the 
 tissues and the mucous membranes, acting as hemostatics and astringents 
 by virtue of their power to coagulate albumen, and acting injuriously on 
 the teeth. The Tincture of the Chlorate is considered diuretic. 
 
 Incompatibles. 
 
 Alkalies and their carbonates, acids, acidulous salts and vegetable astringents are 
 incompatible with most preparations of iron, the latter group being so by virtue of their 
 tannic and gallic acids which form a deep blue-black precipitate (tannate of iron) with 
 the per-salts. The Tincture of the Chloride is decomposed by alkalies, alkaline earths 
 
220 
 
 FERRUM. 
 
 and their carbonates, astringent vegetable infusions, and by mucilage of acacia, which 
 latter produces therewith a brown, semi-transparent jelly. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The chief indication for the internal administration of Iron is anaemia ; 
 when plethora exists it is contraindicated. It should always be given 
 after meals, and occasionally suspended for a time, to avoid deranging 
 the stomach. When appetite and digestion are promoted by Iron it will 
 do the greatest amount of good, many authorities holding that the prin¬ 
 cipal benefit derived from its use, even in anaemia, is due to its stimulating 
 digestion and the primary assimilation. The Sulphate is here probably 
 the most efficient salt and is well used in combination with aloes when 
 there exists any intestinal torpor, especially as it increases the cathartic 
 power of the latter drug, economizing it, and conferring upon it a 
 permanence of action, which alone it does not possess. In pseudo-leuco- 
 cythaemia, chorea of anaemic girls at the age of puberty, epilepsy and 
 neuralgia of the anaemic, amenorrhcea and other menstrual disorders of 
 the same class of subjects, and in acute rheumatism of pale, cachectic 
 persons, the chalybeates are generally very efficient remedies, especially 
 the Tincture of the Chloride. The same preparation is extensively 
 employed in erysipelas and diphtheria with good results. In albumi¬ 
 nuria with chronic disease of the kidneys the Tinctures of the Chloride 
 and of the Acetate are useful as chalybeate diuretics. In many cardiac 
 diseases of the anaemic, fatty heart, weak heart, dilatation, mitral disease, 
 etc., ferruginous preparations are often of signal advantage. In the 
 syphilitic cachexia, chancroid, and sloughing phagedena, the Iodide 
 gives good results, particularly when the subject is one of debilitated 
 constitution. In the nocturnal incontinence of children the Syrup of the 
 Iodide is one of the most efficient remedies. In all chronic affections of 
 the respiratory organs, when hemorrhage is not existing or threatened, 
 the Phosphate of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine is used with much benefit. 
 In passive hemorrhages, especially when due to anaemia, the Tincture of 
 the Chloride is very effective, and in all active bleeding the Solution of 
 the Subsulphate locally used is a prompt and efficient hemostatic. A weak 
 solution of this preparation (5j ad Sviij) used in the form of spray is the 
 most serviceable astringent in obstinate epistaxis, and in hematemesis the 
 same solution maybe swallowed in small quantities at short intervals. In 
 chronic diarrhoea and dysentery the Solution of the Nitrate is an efficient 
 astringent, and a weak solution of the Chloride is used as a rectal injection 
 against thread-worms. 
 
 In arsenical poisoning the most effective antidote is the Hydrated Oxide, 
 which forms with Arsenious Acid an almost insoluble compound. The 
 solutions used in its preparation should be kept on hand and only mixed 
 when wanted for use. 
 
FICUS-FCENICULUM-FRANGULA. 
 
 221 
 
 FICUS, Fig ,—is the fleshy receptacle of Ficus Carica , bearing fruit 
 upon its inner surface. The fig-tree is a member of the nat. ord. Urtica- 
 cese and a native of the shores of the Levant, but is cultivated in Southern 
 Europe and in other warm countries. Figs contain about 62 per cent, of 
 grape sugar, also gum, fat, etc., and are a constituent of the official 
 Confectio Sennae. 
 
 Figs are demulcent, laxative and nutritious. They are used in their 
 fresh state as an aliment, but if eaten in quantity may produce flatulence, 
 enteralgia and diarrhoea. They are chiefly used as an article of diet in 
 habitual constipation, but maybe employed as an ingredient of demulcent 
 decoctions, and locally as a poultice to gum-boils. 
 
 FCENICULUM, Fennel, —is the fruit of Fceniculum vulgare , a 
 European cultivated plant of the nat. ord. Umbelliferae. It is ^ to yi 
 of an inch long, oblong, slightly curved, separable into 2 mericarps, and 
 having 5 ribs, and several oil-tubes, odor and taste aromatic. It contains 
 a volatile oil, united with a terpene, and is a constituent of Pulvis Glycyr- 
 rhizae Compositus. 
 
 Oleu?n Fozniculi ,—the volatile oil a light-yellow colored liquid, having the odor of 
 fennel, a warm taste and neutral reaction, soluble in alcohol. It is an ingredient of Spiri- 
 tus Juniperi Compositus. Dose, rrpij-v. 
 
 Aqua Fceniculi ,—contains 2 parts of the oil in 1000 of distilled water percolated through 
 cotton. Dose, ^ss-^j. 
 
 Fennel is an aromatic stomachic and a mild stimulant. It is chiefly 
 used as an agreeable carminative in flatulence and colic, and as a corri- 
 gent to Senna, Rhubarb, and other disagreeable medicines. An infusion 
 is often used as an enema to expel flatus in infants. 
 
 FRANGULA, Buckthorn, —the bark, collected at least one year 
 before being used, of Rhamnus Frangu/a, or Alder Buckthorn, a Euro¬ 
 pean shrub of the nat. ord. Rhamnaceae. Occurs in quilled pieces .j 1 -- inch 
 thick, outer surface of gray-brown color, with numerous small warts. It 
 contains several principles, of which the only important one is Frangulin, 
 or Rhamnoxanthin , a lemon-yellow, odorless and tasteless glucoside, in¬ 
 soluble in water and but sparingly so in alcohol or ether, and thought to 
 be identical with Cathartin, the active principle of Senna. Another 
 species of the genus Rhamnus is described under the title Cascara 
 Sagrada, see ante , p. 158. 
 
 Extractum Frangulce Fluiduni ,—Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 * 
 
 Frangula-bark when fresh is a violent irritant to the gastro-intestinal 
 tract, producing vomiting, purging, and much pain. The old dried bark 
 
222 
 
 FUCHSIN—FUCUS VESICULOSUS-GALBANUM. 
 
 is a safe purgative without irritant qualities, and is much used in the con¬ 
 stipation of pregnancy, and other conditions requiring purgation. The 
 fluid extract is the best form for administration. 
 
 FUCHSIN, Roseine, Magenta, Anilin Red (Unofficial),—is 
 the Hydrochlorate of Rosanilin, C 20 H 10 N 3 . HC 1 , occurring in brilliant, 
 elongated crystals having a green lustre, readily soluble in water and 
 therein making a bright red solution. Given internally it has produced 
 salivation, vomiting, and diarrhoea; and when injected intravenously it 
 has caused trembling, staggering, albuminuria and fatty degeneration of 
 the kidneys, symptoms which are thought to be possibly due to the 
 presence of Arsenic or Anilin as impurities. It imparts a magenta color 
 to the urine, and is excreted by the kidneys, liver and salivary glands. It 
 has been found to be very efficient in reducing albuminuria, in many 
 instances having entirely arrested it. It is best administered in pill with 
 a vegetable extract as Licorice or Gentian, and in doses of gr. j^-iv, 
 according to age. 
 
 FUCUS VESICULOSUS, Bladder-wrack, Sea-wrack (Un¬ 
 official),—is a perennial plant of the nat. ord. Algae, growing on the 
 shores of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as a sea-weed. It has a flat leaf, 
 with a midrib throughout its length, and small spherical vesicles, filled 
 with air, in the leaf. It contains mucilage and much Soda in saline com¬ 
 bination, also Iodine, but less of the latter than other algae growing in 
 deeper water. A decoction of the fresh plant is the best form for admin¬ 
 istration. 
 
 Fucus Vesiculosus is one of a number of marine plants which are 
 used in various parts of the world as food for man and cattle and as 
 manure. The species under consideration is considered alterative and 
 tonic, and has been employed in goitre, glandular and joint enlargements 
 and psoriasis, but especially to produce absorption of adipose tissue in the 
 obese. An extract is sold under the title “Anti-fat.” 
 
 GALBANUM, —is a gum-resin obtained from Ferula galbaniftua , 
 an Asiatic plant of the nat. ord. Umbellifene, and probably from other 
 allied plants. It occurs in minute tears, agglutinated into a hard mass, 
 of balsamic odor and acrid, bitter taste. It contains a Volatile Oil iso¬ 
 meric with Turpentine, a Gum, and a mixture of Resins which yield by 
 dry distillation a blue oil and Umbelliferon, a tasteless substance in satiny 
 crystals. Dose, gr. x-xx, in pill or emulsion. 
 
GALLA-GAULTHERIA. 
 
 223 
 
 Pilulce Galbani Composites ,—each pill contains of Galbanum i 1 /, grain, Myrrh 1 y z 
 grain, Asafetida y 2 grain, and Syrup. Dose, ij-iij. 
 
 Emplastrum Galbani ,—Galbanum 16, Turpentine 2, Burgundy Pitch 6, and Lead- 
 plaster 76 parts. 
 
 Galbanum is also an ingredient of Emplastrum Asafcetidae. 
 
 Galbanum is stimulant, expectorant and antispasmodic, acting much 
 like Ammonia and Asafetida, and usually given with either of these sub¬ 
 stances. It is used in chronic bronchitis and catarrh of mucous mem¬ 
 branes generally, in amenorrhoea and chronic rheumatism. The plaster 
 is used as a stimulant application to indolent swellings. 
 
 GALLA, Nutgall ,—is an excrescence on Quercus lusitanica , the 
 Dyer’s Oak, a shrub of the nat. ord. Cupuliferae, growing in Western 
 Asia, and is caused by the puncture and deposited ova of the insect Cynips 
 Gallce tinctorice. Galls are hard, globular bodies, from ^ to ^ inch in 
 diameter, of blackish-gray color, tuberculated on the surface, having a 
 central cavity, and an intensely astringent taste. They contain from 15 
 to 75 per cent, of Tannic Acid, about 5 percent, of Gallic Acid, and 
 other unimportant constituents. Dose, gr, v-xv. 
 
 Tinctura Gallce ,—strength 20 per cent. Dose, ^ss-iij. 
 
 LJnguentum Gallce ,—strength 10 per cent. 
 
 The action of Nut-galls is powerfully astringent, due to the Tannic and 
 Gallic Acids contained in them. Having no special action or use of 
 their own, their qualities may be learned by consulting the articles 
 Acidum Tannicum and Acidum Gallicum, a?ite, pages 74 and 63. 
 
 GAULTHERIA, Wintergreen ,—is the leaf of Gaultheria pro- 
 cutnbens, an American evergreen plant of the nat. ord. Ericaceae, having 
 a peculiar flavor, a fragrant odor, and an aromatic and astringent taste. 
 Its active principle is the Volatile Oil, which is official. It also contains 
 Tannic Acid, Arbutin, Urson, Ericolin, etc. 
 
 Oleum Gaidtherice, Oil of Wintergreen,—is the volatile oil, a liquid of peculiar and 
 aromatic odor, sweetish, warm taste, and a slightly acid reaction. It is readdy soluble in 
 alcohol, and consists of Methyl Salicylate 90 per cent., and Gaullherilene, a hydrocarbon, 
 10 per cent. Dose, npiij-x. 
 
 Spiritus Gaultheriee, —has of the oil 3 per cent., dissolved in 97 of alcohol. Used for 
 flavoring. Dose, 3 ss—ij. 
 
 Gaultheria is stimulant and slightly astringent. Its chief value is as 
 one of the sources of the oil named after it, which is also found in the 
 sweet birch and many other plants, and, containing so large a proportion 
 
224 
 
 GELSEMIUM. 
 
 of Methyl Salicylate or Methylsalicylic Acid, is powerfully antiseptic and 
 antipyretic. In large doses it is irritant to the stomach, in one case 5 j 
 having caused death by violent gastritis. 
 
 Oil of Gaultheria is used successfully as a substitute for Salicylic Acid 
 in many conditions, especially in rheumatic and gouty disorders. The 
 plant has been used as an emmenagogue and a galactagogue, but its prin¬ 
 cipal employment is in the form of the spirh as an agreeable flavoring 
 agent. 
 
 GELSEMIUM, Yellow J asmine, —is the rhizome and rootlets of 
 Gelsemium sempervirens , a climbing plant of the nat. ord. Loganiaceae, 
 with showy yellow flowers, which grows in the forests of the southern 
 U. S. forming festoons from one tree to another. The rhizome is cylin¬ 
 drical, long, about an inch thick, of a light yellowish-brown color, an 
 aromatic, heavy odor and a bitter taste. It contains a volatile oil, a resin 
 and an alkaloid Gelsemine in combination with Gelse?nic Acid. Dose, 
 gr. ij-xx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractnt 7 i Gelsemii Fluidum, —alcoholic. Dose, tipij-xx. 
 
 Tinctura Gelsemii ,—strength 15 per cent. Dose, ttyx-^j. 
 
 Gelsemina, Gelsemine, C n Hj 9 N 0 2 (Unofficial),—an amorphous, colorless, inodorous, 
 nearly insoluble solid, of intensely bitter taste, and strong basic properties, neutralizing 
 the strongest acids and with them forming soluble salts. Dose, gr. gVsV 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Gelsemium is a powerful motor-depressant, causing paralysis of motility 
 and depression of sensibility by central action on the spinal cord. It is 
 also antispasmodic and diaphoretic. In moderate doses it produces 
 languor, slowing of the cardiac rate, enfeebled muscular action, impaired 
 sensibility, drooped eyelids and dilated pupils, with some diaphoresis. 
 In toxic dose, as a teaspoonful of the fluid extract, it produces vertigo, 
 diplopia, drooped eyelids and dilated pupils (paralysis of 3d nerve), 
 labored respiration, slow and feeble heart, dropped jaw, staggering gait, 
 extreme muscular weakness and almost complete anaesthesia, profuse 
 diaphoresis, loss of articulation, and death by asphyxia from paralysis of 
 the muscles of respiration, consciousness being preserved until C 0 2 nar¬ 
 cosis sets in. Convulsions occur in animals with backward movements, 
 but not in man. Motion is affected before sensibility in warm-blooded 
 animals, sensibility before motion in frogs. 
 
 Gelsemium is not an arterial depressant, although it lowers the heart- 
 rate, and is not irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract, but it produces a 
 decided lowering of the body temperature. The effects of a moderate 
 dose pass off in about three hours. 
 
GENTIANA. 
 
 225 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Morphine is the most complete antagonist, so are also Digitalis, Ammonia, Alcohol, 
 and to some extent the tincture of Xanthoxylum fraxineum. Emetics, heat, faradization 
 of the respiratory muscles and artificial respiration are measures of prime importance. 
 The caustic alkalies and tannic acid are chemically incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Gelsemium is indicated in all conditions of exalted nerve function, and 
 contra-indicated whenever there is a weak heart. It is best used in 
 cerebro-spinal meningitis, mania with great motor excitement and persist¬ 
 ent insomnia, delirium tremens, many forms of sleeplessness, pneumonia 
 and pleurisy if the heart be strong, coughs of convulsive and spasmodic 
 character, neuralgia of the fifth nerve, remittent fever, after-pains, ovarian 
 neuralgia, dysmenorrhoea, irritable bladder of women, and incontinence 
 of urine from spasm of the vesical muscular fibres. In most of these 
 affections the remedy must be pushed to the inducing of some physio¬ 
 logical symptoms, but its action should not be carried beyond the produc¬ 
 tion of drooped eyelids, diplopia and muscular debility. It has also been 
 used with varying success in intercostal neuralgia, myalgia, sciatica, 
 spasmodic asthma, sick headache, eczema, pruritus and tetanus. Its espe¬ 
 cial field, however, is in remittent and typho-malarial fevers and cerebro¬ 
 spinal meningitis. It is not suitable to low fevers and has not sufficient 
 power as a cardiac depressant to be of much use in sthenic forms. 
 
 There is much evidence for the claim made for the drug Gelsemine, 
 of singular efficiency in antagonizing the mental condition occasionally 
 manifested by an unusual degree of dread , in regard to some approach¬ 
 ing ordeal, or ordinary trial of life ; as for example, that of a woman 
 concerning her impending confinement, or of a student in reference to 
 his examinations. In very many such cases, the use of Gelsemine, in 
 small doses frequently repeated (gr. yiy ter die), has seemed to remove 
 the state of abnormal fear entirely. 
 
 GENTIANA, Gentian ,—is the root of Gentiana lutea , the Yellow 
 Gentian, one of a numerous family of plants (nat. ord. Gentianaceae), 
 which inhabit the mountainous districts of Europe. An American species, 
 G. Catesbcei , Blue Gentian, is considered nearly equal in value to the 
 official species. Gentian occurs in cylindrical pieces or longitudinal 
 slices of the root, which is to 1 inch thick and several inches long, 
 brown externally, yellowish-brown within, of faint, peculiar odor, and 
 taste at first sweetish, afterwards persistently bitter. It contains an active, 
 bitter glucoside, Gentopicrin or Gentianin , which is crystalline 
 
 15 
 
226 
 
 GERANIUM. 
 
 and soluble in water, also an inert, amorphous body Gentia?iic or Gentesic 
 Acid , gum, considerable sugar, and a trace of a volatile oil, but no tannin. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Gentiance ,—aqueous. Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Extraction Gentiance Fluidnm, —Dose, gss-j. 
 
 Tinctura Gentiance Composita, —Gentian 8, Bitter Orange Peel 4, Cardamom 2, Di¬ 
 luted Alcohol to 100. Dose, 3 ss—ij. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Infusion Gentiance Composition ,—contains Gentian 10, Bitter Orange Peel 2*4, Cori¬ 
 ander 2 y z . Alcohol 40, Water to 320. Dose, ^j-gj. 
 
 Mistura Gentiance Alkalina, —Ac. Hydrocyan. Dil. rtpuj, Sodii Bicarb, gr. xv, Infusum 
 Gentiance Co. to gj. One dose. 
 
 Mistura Gentiance et Sennce, —Infusum Sennae ^iij, Tr. Cardamomi Co. gj, Infusum 
 Gentianae Co. 3 vj. One dose. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Gentian is a simple bitter without astringency or aroma, its action cor¬ 
 responding to that of Calumba (see ante , page 145), but it is more apt to 
 disagree with the stomach. In addition, like Cornus, a member of the 
 same class, it has considerable repute as an antiperiodic and febrifuge. 
 
 Gentian has been considered a valuable tonic throughout all Europe 
 from the earliest historical times. It is highly esteemed as a stomachic 
 tonic in dyspepsia connected with a gouty diathesis, in hysteria, jaundice, 
 and in convalescence from acute diseases and from malarial fever. The 
 compound tincture is an excellent vehicle for cod-liver oil, and the now 
 unofficial infusion is a good vehicle for the administration of chalybeates, 
 mineral acids and neutral salts. The discoloration which iron salts make 
 with gentian preparations is probably due to Gentesic Acid and not to 
 tannin, as it contains none of the latter. 
 
 GERANIUM, Cranesbill-root, —is the rhizome of the indigenous 
 perennial Geranium maculatum (nat. ord. Geraniaceae). It is 2 or 3 
 inches long, horizontal, contorted and tuberculated, with thin, fragile 
 rootlets, inodorous, taste astringent. Its active constituents are tannic and 
 gallic acids. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extraction Geranii Fluidum, — Dose, ripv-3 j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Geranium is an efficient astringent, and its action corresponds with that 
 of Tannic Acid (see ante , page 74). Having no unpleasant taste it is a 
 useful agent for infants and others having delicate stomachs, and is a very 
 popular domestic remedy in many parts of the country. It is especially 
 used in diarrhoeas, dysentery, cholera infantum, hemorrhages, relaxed 
 conditions of mucous membranes, gleet and leucorrhoea. 
 
GLYCERINUM. 
 
 227 
 
 GLYCERINUM, Glycerin, —is a liquid obtained by the decom¬ 
 position of fats or fixed oils, containing not less than 95 per cent, of 
 absolute Glycerin, C 3 H 5 (HO) 3 , which exists in fats and fixed oils in com¬ 
 bination with the fatty acids. 
 
 Glycerin is clear and colorless, of syrupy consistence, hygroscopic, non-drying, odorless, 
 of warm and very sweet taste, neutral reaction, sp. gr. 1.250, soluble in water and alcohol, 
 but insoluble in ether, chloroform and fixed oils. It dissolves tannin, gallic acid, carbolic 
 acid, salicylic acid, bromine, iodine, etc., and with the aid of heat metallic salts and 
 oxides, alkaloids, etc. With strong Nitric Acid it forms Nitro-glycerin, and it reduces 
 potassium permanganate, chromic acid and chlorinated lime with great violence. An 
 impurity frequently present in it is Acrolein , formed by the use of too high a heat in its 
 manufacture, and which is very acrid and poisonous. Glycerin is a constituent of Glvce- 
 ritum Amyli, Glyceritum Vitelli, Piluloe Phosphori, Mucilago Tragacanthae, Massa Hy- 
 drargyri, and several extracts and fluid extracts. Dose, ^j-ij, diluted. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Glycerin is highly antiseptic, abstracts water from tissues with which it 
 comes in contact, and unless pure is often very irritating to the skin. It 
 is freely absorbed by all surfaces, cutaneous and mucous, and is decom¬ 
 posed in the system, passing out as formic and other acids. On the 
 stomach it has no particular action, but in large quantities it is laxative 
 and is said to cause the solution of the red blood corpuscles and haemo- 
 globinuria. The urine of persons using glycerin contains a body which 
 acts like sugar in the copper and fermentation tests, but is not sugar. 
 Glycerin is a good emollient and is considered nutritive by many au¬ 
 thorities. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Glycerin has been used as a substitute for Cod-liver Oil in wasting dis¬ 
 eases, but with little benefit. It has also been tried as a remedy in 
 diabetes, but with unsatisfactory results so far as reported, except as a 
 sweetening substitute for sugar in the dietary of those afflicted with that 
 disease. It is said to be fatal to intestinal trichinae, and to be an efficient 
 internal remedy in acne and flatulence. In chronic constipation, most 
 excellent results are obtained from rectal enemata of Glycerin, or from 
 suppositories thereof made with soap or gelatin (y 1 ^) to give them consis¬ 
 tency. As a vehicle it is used for many drugs, and is a good ingredient 
 of solutions for hypodermic use, promoting the solubility of many alka¬ 
 loids and acting as an antiseptic. It is also employed to preserve and 
 aid the action of the digestive ferments, Pepsin and Pancreatin, as well as 
 to prevent the decomposition of vaccine lymph. 
 
 Locally it is valuable in many cutaneous affections as an emollient and 
 softening agent. In acute coryza it gives great relief if applied by a 
 brush or as a spray to the nasal mucous membrane. It is used on cotton 
 to the cervix uteri as a depleting agent, and mixed with an infusion of 
 flaxseed as an enema to relieve tenesmus in acute dysentery. With tine- 
 
228 
 
 GLYCYRRHIZA. 
 
 ture of Benzoin it is an excellent application to chapped hands or lips and 
 fissured nipples. In the external auditory canal it is usefully employed 
 to soften cerumen, diminish the secretion of pus, deplete the tissues, and 
 keep the surface moist. [For other uses of Glycerin in combination see 
 Glyceritum Vitelli, Glyceritum Amyli, and Glyceritum Acidi Tannici, 
 under the titles of their respective bases.] 
 
 GLYCYRRHIZA, Liquorice Root, —is the root of Glycyrrhiza 
 glabra , a plant of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, native in southern Europe 
 and Asia, but largely cultivated in many other parts. It occurs in long 
 pieces, ] to i inch thick, longitudinally wrinkled, of a grayish-brown 
 color externally, tawny-yellow internally, pliable and tough, and of a 
 somewhat acrid, sweet taste. It contains a yellow, amorphous glucoside, 
 Glycyrrhizin , C 24 H 36 09, also Glycyrrhizic Acid, Asparagin, sugar, resin, 
 gum, etc. Glycyrrhizin when boiled with dilute acids yields glucose and 
 a very bitter substance named Glycyrretin. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Glycyrrhiza, —is the commercial extract of the root, occurring in glossy- 
 black rolls, of sweet, peculiar taste. Not less than 60 per cent, of it should be soluble in 
 cold water. 
 
 Extraction Glycyrrhiza Purum ,—made with Aqua Ammonia and Water, by percola¬ 
 tion and evaporation to a pilular consistence. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Extractum Glycyrrhiza Eluidum ,—made with Aqua Ammonia and diluted Alcohol. 
 Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Mistura Glycyrrhiza Composita, Brown Mixture,—has of the Pure Extract 3 parts, 
 Sugar 3, Acacia 3, Tr. Opii Carnph. 12, Vinum Antimonii 6, Spt. ZEtheris Nitrosi 3, and 
 Water 70. Dose, ^j-^ss. 
 
 Pulvis Glycyrrhiza Compositus, —Senna 18, Glycyrrhiza 16, Fennel 8, Washed Sul¬ 
 phur 8, Sugar 50 parts. Dose, a teaspoonful. 
 
 Trochisci Glycyrrhiza et Opii ,—each has of Extract of Glycyrrhiza gr. ij, Extract of 
 Opium gr. Jq > Acacia, Sugar and Oil of Anise. Dose, j-ij every hour. 
 
 Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum , Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin,—the sweet principle of 
 Liquorice rendered soluble and therefore tasteable by Ammonia, believed to be the form 
 in which Glycyrrhizin exists in the root. Occurs in brownish-red scales, very sweet, and 
 soluble in water or in alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xv. Is a constituent of Veloutine, for which 
 see page 182. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Liquorice is demulcent and mildly laxative. It has an agreeable taste, 
 and increases the flow of saliva and mucus when slowly chewed or sucked, 
 the increased secretions acting as emollients to the throat. It is used in 
 many pharmaceutical preparations, covering the taste of Senna, Senega, 
 Hyoscyamus, Turpentine, Chloride of Ammonium, bitter Sulphates, and 
 to some degree the bitterness of Quinine. The powdered extract or root 
 is used as an excipient in pills and troches. The Compound Mixture is 
 an efficient expectorant, much employed in acute bronchitis and catarrhal 
 laryngitis, but owing its power over cough mainly to the Opium contained 
 in it. The Compound Powder is a gentle laxative, of which Senna is the 
 
GOSSYPIUM. 
 
 229 
 
 most active ingredient. The Troches are used for cough, but must be 
 carefully prescribed to children as they contain gr. of Extract of 
 Opium in each. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM, Cotton, —is the hair of the seed of Gossypium her- 
 baceum , and of other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae), freed 
 from adhering impurities and deprived of fatty matter. In this form it is 
 known as Purified or Absorbent Cotton , is insoluble in water, alcohol or 
 ether, but is soluble in an ammoniacal solution of Cupric Sulphate. Cot¬ 
 ton-fibre is familiar in appearance to every one, but when examined 
 microscopically, it shows as flattened, hollow and twisted bands, spirally 
 striate, and slightly thickened at the edges. It is a modification of Cel¬ 
 lulose, C 12 H 10 O 10 , and corresponds therewith in all its ordinary chemical 
 properties. 
 
 Preparations of the Cotton Plant. 
 
 Gossypii Radicis Cortex, Cotton Root Bark,—thin bands or quilled pieces, brownish 
 yellow exteriorly, white interiorly, of slightly acrid and astringent taste. Dose, gr. 
 
 xxx -3i- 
 
 Extraction Gossypii Radicis Fluidum ,—made with Glycerin and Alcohol, by macera¬ 
 tion and percolation. Dose, rr^xxx-^j. 
 
 Oleuin Gossypii Seminis, Cotton-seed Oil,— the fixed oil expressed from the seeds and 
 purified. Is yellow, odorless, of bland taste and neutral reaction, soluble in ^ether, but 
 slightly soluble in alcohol. Is introduced into the pharmacopoeia for the reason that it 
 constitutes most of the “ Olive Oil ” sold in foreign-shaped bottles and under foreign- 
 appearing labels. It is directed to be used in the official Liniments of Ammonia, Lime, 
 Camphor, and Sub-acetate of Lead. * 
 
 Pyroxylinum, Pyroxylin, Soluble Gun cotton,—is official for the purpose of making 
 Collodium. It is prepared by macerating Cotton in a mixture of Sulphuric and Nitric 
 Acids, washing, draining and drying. 
 
 Collodium , Collodion,—made by dissolving Pyroxylin 4, in Ether 70 and Alcohol 26 
 parts. 
 
 Collodium Flexile, Flexible Collodion,—Collodion 92, Canada Turpentine 5, Castor 
 Oil 3 parts. 
 
 Collodium Stypticum, Styptic Collodion,—Collodion 55, Ether 20, Alcohol 5, Tannic 
 Acid 20 parts. 
 
 Collodium cum Cantharide , Cantharidal Collodion,—Cantharides 60, Flexible Collo¬ 
 dion 85, Chloroform q. s. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Cotton-root is believed to be an efficient emmenagogue and oxytocic 
 by Southern practitioners, also somewhat of a galactagogue, but experi¬ 
 ments on pregnant animals have not confirmed this view of its action. 
 The Oil of the seed is very bland and may be applied to all the purposes 
 for which Olive Oil is used. Cotton itself, when freed from oily matter, 
 is remarkably absorbent of water, and is a good agent for excluding air 
 from injured surfaces. Pvroxylin is highly inflammable, and explosive 
 at 300 F. Collodion is also inflammable, and rapidly dries on exposure 
 to the atmosphere by evaporation of its ether, leaving a transparent film 
 of Pyroxylin on the surface to which it has been applied ; which film, if 
 the flexible collodion be used, does not contract on drying or readily 
 
230 
 
 GRANATUM. 
 
 crack, making it an excellent protective application. Styptic Collodion 
 is a solution of Tannin, and is an excellent hemostatic. Cantharidal 
 Collodion is a convenient blistering agent, suitable for cases where the 
 patient is inclined to remove a blister if applied in the ordinary way. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Absorbent Cotton is a valuable agent in surgical practice, being em¬ 
 ployed as an application in burns and scalds, erysipelas, articular rheuma¬ 
 tism, etc., to exclude the atmosphere, allay pain, and when covered with 
 oiled-silk or rubber cloth to keep up local perspiration. It may be car- 
 bolated, borated or salicylated by soaking in the respective solutions, and 
 then used as an antiseptic dressing for wounds, ulcers, etc. It is employed 
 by the pharmacist in funnels to filter oils, and for the preparation of the 
 official waters. 
 
 Cotton-root Bark is much employed by the negroes of the southern 
 states in decoction as a supposed abortifacient, oxytocic and emmena- 
 gogue. It is used in the south for intensifying uterine action in normal 
 labor, in dysmenorrhoea and amenorrhcea. A decoction of 5 iv in a 
 quart of water boiled to a pint is the favorite preparation, administered in 
 wineglassful doses. 
 
 Collodion is used as a protective covering for superficial burns, ulcers 
 and wounds, slight cuts, cracked nipples, anal fissures, and erysipelas. 
 For these affections the flexible collodion should be used, but where it is 
 desirable to produce pressure on the part .the ordinary form is best, as it 
 contracts in drying with considerable force. This property makes it 
 highly useful in drawing the edges of wounds together, bringing pressure 
 on buboes, incipient boils, carbuncles, etc. 
 
 Styptic Collodion has many uses as a hemostatic and protective which 
 will suggest themselves, and the Cantharidal form is a convenient epi- 
 spastic for uneven surfaces, the therapeutics of which are detailed under 
 Cantharis. (See ante , page 152.) 
 
 GRANATUM, Pomegranate, —is the bark of the root of Putiica 
 Granatum , a small tree of the nat. ord. Granataceae, cultivated in sub¬ 
 tropical countries. It occurs in thin quills of yellowish-gray color, warty 
 or ridged on the external surface, inodorous, of astringent and slightly 
 bitter taste. It contains Tannic and Punico-tannic Acids, Mannite and 
 an active liquid alkaloid Pelleiierine , C 8 H 13 NO, which is soluble in water, 
 alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc., and has strong basic properties. There 
 are no official preparations. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Granati Fluidum ,—Dose, 3 ss-jss. 
 
 Decoctum Granati ,— 3 xvij of bark from the fresh root in 5 xvij of boiling water, 
 
GRINDELIA. 
 
 231 
 
 boiled down to xij and strained. Dose, 3iv-vj every hour, preceded and followed in 
 a few hours by a brisk cathartic. The decoction of the Br. Phar. is of I to 8 strength 
 and is given in doses of ^ ij-iv. 
 
 Pelletierince Tannas, Tannate of Pelletierine,—Dose, gr. v-xx, taken fasting and fol¬ 
 lowed in 15 minutes by a sharp purgative. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Granatum and its alkaloid are taeniafuge, and very efficiently so, rarely 
 failing to bring away the whole worm. The decoction is usually em¬ 
 ployed, but lately Pelletierine has been coming into fashion, a proprietary 
 form being sold as “Tanret’s Pelletierine” in bottles containing one 
 adult dose at three dollars each. The decoction, in full doses, causes 
 nausea and vomiting, flatulence, purging, and sometimes cramps in the 
 legs, giddiness, dimness of vision, general numbness of the limbs and in¬ 
 crease of the quantity of urine. 
 
 For the expulsion of tape-worm a mixed treatment by Pomegranate- 
 root bark, Pumpkin seeds and Oleo-resin and Male-fern is preferred by 
 many practitioners. The following formula has proved very efficient. 
 R. Granati 5 ij> Aquae Ojss, boiled to 5 vij; Pepinis 5 j> deprived of 
 outer coats and beaten to a paste with fine-powdered sugar; Oleoresinse 
 Aspidii, gr. xxx, made into emulsion with Acacia and the above decoction 
 of Granatum, then added to the paste of Pepo, and flavored with Syrups 
 up to Six, one-third of this to be taken in the morning after a light diet 
 and a laxative on the previous day. If not successful the second and 
 third portions may be taken at intervals of 3 hours. The worm should 
 be passed sitting in a tepid sitz-bath to prevent the expelled portion 
 tearing off the head by its weight. 
 
 GRINDELIA, —the leaves and flowering tops of Grindelia 7 'obusta , 
 an herbaceous Californian plant, of the nat. ord. Compositae, having a 
 branched stem, lower leaves spatulate and tapering at the base, upper 
 leaves oblong, pointed and have broad bases, flowers yellow, odor bal¬ 
 samic, taste pungently aromatic and bitter. It contains a resin, a volatile 
 oil, and an alkaloid with basic properties. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extractum Grindelioe Fluiditm, —Dose, npx-gj. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Grindelia is antispasmodic and a motor-depressant, inducing paralysis 
 in small animals beginning in the hind extremities. It slightly slows the 
 heart and respiration, and produces mydriasis and hypnotic effects if 
 given in sufficient quantity, with reduced cutaneous sensibility and slug¬ 
 gish reflexes. It has a pungent taste, creates a sense of warmth in the 
 stomach, and in small doses promotes appetite and digestion. It is elimi- 
 
232 
 
 GUAIACUM. 
 
 nated by the pulmonary mucous membrane and the kidneys, and is 
 markedly diuretic. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Grindelia has been used chiefly in spasmodic asthma, bronchitis and 
 whooping-cough, which it greatly relieves. It is a useful remedy in spas¬ 
 modic coughs, dyspnoea of various pulmonary and cardiac affections, 
 hay-fever, and chronic cystitis. Locally it is highly efficient as a sedative 
 lotion (i part of the fluid extract to io of water) in poisoning by Rhus 
 toxicodendron, and in skin diseases attended with itching and burning 
 sensations. 
 
 GUAIACUM, Lignum Vitae ,—is official in two forms, Guaiaci 
 Lignum, the heart-wood, and Guaiaci Resina, Guaiac, the resin of the 
 wood of Guaiacum officinale , a large West Indian tree of the nat. ord. 
 Zygophyllacese. The Resin is the important constituent, and itself con¬ 
 sists of three resins, namely ,—Guaiaconic Acid, C 19 H 20 O 5 , 70 per cent., 
 Guaiac Acid, C 6 H 8 0 3 , resembling Benzoic Acid, and Guaiarec Acid, 
 C 20 H 26 O 4 ; also an indifferent resin. The wood also contains a yellow 
 coloring matter, gum, etc. 
 
 Guaiaci Lignum, Guaiacum Wood,—generally used in the form of 
 raspings of greenish-brown color containing whitish particles, of resinous 
 odor, taste slightly acrid. Is a constituent of Decoctum Sarsaparillse 
 Compositum. 
 
 Guaiaci Resina, Guaiac,—occurs in large masses of a greenish-brown 
 or reddish-brown color, feebly aromatic, taste somewhat acrid, fracture 
 having a glassy lustre, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, 
 chloroform and alkaline fluids. Dose, gr. v-xxx, in wafer. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Guaiaci ,—Guaiac 20 per cent. Dose, in mucilage or syrup, as the 
 
 resin is precipitated by water. 
 
 Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata ,—Guaiac 20, Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia 80 parts. 
 Dose, npv-^ss. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Guaiac is diaphoretic, expectorant and alterative. Its taste is acrid and 
 very disagreeable. Internally it is a local stimulant, producing salivation, 
 an acrid sensation in the throat, warmth in the epigastrium, increase of 
 • the gastric and intestinal secretions and the flow of bile, and reflex stimu¬ 
 lation of the heart. Its continued use causes gastric catarrh, and in large 
 doses it is a gastro-intestinal irritant, causing vomiting, purging and 
 severe congestive headache. Though a colloidal body it enters the blood, 
 stimulates the liver and other excretory glands and the production of 
 bronchial mucus, and causes increased circulation and diaphoresis. 
 Sometimes it fails to act on the skin and then is markedly diuretic. 
 
GUARANA—GURJUN BALSAM. 
 
 233 
 
 Incompatibles. 
 
 Mineral Acids and Spirit of Nitrous Ether are chemically incompatible with Guaiac 
 preparations. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Guaiacum was first used as an antisyphilitic, being used in decoction 
 and in large quantity, with a spare diet and external warmth. It acquired 
 a great reputation in this disease during the 16th century, but it is now 
 abandoned for this purpose except as an ingredient of the Compound 
 Decoction of Sarsaparilla. It is a very efficient remedy in tonsillitis, 
 given in 5 ss doses of the tincture in emulsion with mucilage or yolk of 
 egg, to abate the inflammation and abort the disease. It has considerable 
 reputation in neuralgic dysmenorrhcea, amenorrhoea, chronic rheumatism, 
 gout, lumbago and sciatica. The ammoniated tincture in water makes a 
 cleanly and not very disagreeable gargle. 
 
 GUARANA, —is a dried paste prepared from the crushed or ground 
 seeds of Paullinia sorbilis , a climbing plant of the nat. ord. Sapindaceae, 
 growing in Brazil. It occurs in brown cakes or sticks, having an odor of 
 chocolate and a bitter, astringent taste, partly soluble in water and in 
 alcohol. It contains 25 per cent, of tannic acid, gum, albumen, starch, 
 and a greenish fixed oil, also an alkaloid Guaranine (5 per cent.), which 
 is identical with Caffeine. The specimens of Guarana in the market are 
 very untrustworthy, unequal in quality and expensive, it being a secret 
 mixture prepared in Brazil. Hence it has been omitted from the list of 
 Squibb’s preparations, and a fluid extract of green coffee substituted in 
 its place. 
 
 Preparation. • 
 
 Extraclum Guarance Fluidum ,—Dose, ppx-gij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Guarana has similar actions to those of Coffee, the active principles of 
 both plants being identical, both chemically and physiologically. It is 
 chiefly employed in the treatment of nervous sick-headache (migraine) 
 administered in half-drachm doses of the fluid extract when the attack is 
 developing. It has been used in the diarrhoea of phthisis, convalescence 
 from acute diseases, and generally in conditions requiring tonic treatment. 
 
 GURJUN BALSAM, Wood Oil, Balsamum Dipterocarpi 
 
 (Unofficial),—is an oleoresin obtained from incisions in various trees of 
 the genus Dipterocarpus, growing in India. It is thick, opaque and 
 grayish-brown by reflected light, soluble in chloroform and partly so in 
 alcohol, ether and volatile oils, odor balsamic, taste bitter. It contains 
 
234 
 
 GUTTA PERCHA—HtEMATOXYLON. 
 
 from 40 to 70 per cent, of a Volatile Oil, a Resin and Gurjunic Acid. 
 Dose, npx- 5 ij, in emulsion, or in capsules. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The properties of this balsam are similar to those of Copaiba, but it is 
 less disagreeable and less apt to upset the stomach, also less actively diu¬ 
 retic. It has been used with good success in leprosy, given internally in 
 full doses and used locally at the same time. Mixed with 4 parts of Lime- 
 water it is well applied in chronic eczema, lupus and psoriasis. 
 
 GUTTA-PERCHA ,—is the concrete exudation of Isonandra Gutta, 
 a large tree of the nat. ord. Sapotacese, growing in the Malay peninsula 
 and adjoining islands. Occurs in tough but somewhat flexible pieces, of 
 grayish or yellowish color, plastic above 140° F., soft at 212 0 F., insol¬ 
 uble in water or alcohol, soluble in chloroform, oil of turpentine, carbon 
 bisulphide, benzin and benzol. It contains a hydrocarbon Gutta , Ci 0 H 16 
 (80 per cent.), two Resins named Fluavil and Albau , also a volatile oil, 
 salts, fat and coloring matter. 
 
 Preparations.. 
 
 Liquor Gutta-Perchce ,—a solution of Gutta-Percha 9, Carbonate of Lead 10, in Chlo- 
 roformum Venale 91 parts. Used as a protective application to eruptions and slight 
 wounds, the evaporation of the menstruum leaving behind a thin adhesive and non-irrita¬ 
 ting pellicle. 
 
 Traumaticine (Unofficial),—is the name given to a 10 per cent, solution of Gutta-percha 
 in Chloroform, which forms on drying a permanent, unirritating, adhesive, flexible and 
 non-contractile skin for the treatment of skin affections and slight wounds. It forms an 
 excellent basis for the application of Chrysarobin to psoriasis. 
 
 . Uses. 
 
 Gutta-Percha has neither physiological action nor therapeutics, being 
 used for its physical qualities alone. In surgical practice it has several 
 applications, making a good material for splints, as it can be softened in 
 hot water and adapted to any surface while pliable. From it are manu¬ 
 factured pessaries, specula, stethoscopes and other instruments. The 
 solution may be used as a protective covering for excoriations and slight 
 wounds, to prevent pitting in small-pox, and to paint over the line of 
 suture after post-mortem examinations. 
 
 HiEMATOXYLON, Log-wood,—is the heart-wood of Hczma- 
 toxyloji campechianum , a tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, native of 
 tropical America, but naturalized in the West Indies. It occurs in chips 
 or powder of a dark brown-red color, often with a greenish lustre, of 
 feeble and agreeable odor, taste sweet and astringent, and colors the saliva 
 a dark pink when chewed. It contains tannic acid, and a sweet, crystal- 
 
HAMAMELIS. 235 
 
 line coloring principle named Hczmatoxylin, C 10 H u O 6 , which is colorless 
 when pure, but turns red on exposure to light. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Hcematoxyli, —Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Decoctum Hcematoxyli (Unofficial),—strength 1 in 17. Dose, !|j-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Logwood is mildly astringent, its properties depending on the tannin 
 contained in it. As it is devoid of irritating qualities it is well adapted 
 to the diarrhoeas and hemorrhages of young children. It does not pro¬ 
 duce constipation nor disorder the bowels, but colors the urine and stools 
 blood-red, and has caused phlebitis. It has been used as an hemostatic 
 in bleeding of the lungs, and hemorrhages from the uterus and intestines, 
 and as an astringent in leucorrhoea. 
 
 HAMAMELIS, Witch-hazel, —the leaves, collected in autumn, 
 of Hamamelis virginica , a shrub of the nat. ord. Hamamelaceae, growing 
 in the United States, having yellow flowers and oval-shaped leaves about 
 4 inches long, which are inodorous, but of a bitter and astringent taste. 
 They contain about 8 per cent, of tannic acid, a bitter principle and 
 probably some volatile matters, but the chemistry of the plant has not 
 been fully studied. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Hamamelidis Fluidum ,—Dose, is the only official preparation, and 
 
 is prepared from the leaves. 
 
 Hamamelin (Unofficial),—is an uncertain extract of very indefinite composition. Dose, 
 
 gr-j-T 
 
 Distilled Extracts , so-called, but really Waters distilled from the bark, are sold by 
 various manufacturers, and are said by the vendors to contain the volatile principles 
 of the plant. Pond's Extract is such a preparation, said to be made by distilling the 
 bark with a very dilute alcohol, and is a proprietary medicine of uncertain composition. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 No trustworthy experimentation has yet been made with this drug. It 
 is tonic, astringent, styptic and sedative, owing most of its properties to 
 its tannin, but appears to possess some special influence over the venous 
 circulation similar to that of Aconite on the arterial system. In full 
 doses it may produce severe throbbing pain in the head. It is used both 
 internally and locally with great benefit in hemorrhoids, particularly those 
 of the bleeding variety, varicose veins and ulcers, varicocele, venous con¬ 
 gestions and threatening local inflammations. It is highly recommended 
 in hemorrhages from the nose, stomach, lungs, rectum and kidneys, 
 threatened abortion, and externally for sprains and bruises, foul ulcers, 
 the pruritus of eczema, leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea. An Ointment of 
 Witch-hazel is found in the shops, and suppositories may be prepared 
 
236 
 
 HEDEOMA-HELLEBORUS. 
 
 extemporaneously by evaporating the fluid extract and incorporating the 
 residue with cocoa-butter. 
 
 HEDEOMA, Pennyroyal, —the leaves and tops of Hedeoma pule- 
 gioides , a plant of the nat. ord. Labiatae, common to all parts of the U. S., 
 having a four-sided, hairy stem, pale blue flowers, leaves *4 inch long, 
 glandular on the under surface, odor strong and mint-like, taste pungent. 
 Its only important constituent is the Volatile Oil, which is official. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Hedeoma , Oil of Pennyroyal,—is the volatile oil, readily soluble in alcohol. 
 Dose, rtyij-x. 
 
 Spiritns Hedeomee (Unofficial),—contains I part of the oil in 9 of alcohol. Used ex¬ 
 ternally or as spray. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Hedeoma is a stimulant aromatic, also somewhat carminative and 
 emmenagogue. Its odor is extremely repulsive to insects, especially fleas 
 and mosquitoes. In warm infusion it is a popular remedy for amenorrhoea 
 and flatulent colic. It may be used as a corrective with other medicines, 
 and the spirit is well employed on the hands and face to keep away mos¬ 
 quitoes. The writer has known death by narcosis to result from an over¬ 
 dose of the oil taken to produce an abortion. 
 
 HELLEBORUS, Hellebore (Unofficial),—the rhizome and root¬ 
 lets of Helleborus niger (Black Hellebore) and Helleborus viridis (Green 
 Hellebore), plants of the nat. ord. Ranunculaceae, natives of Europe. A 
 third variety, Helleborus occidentalism growing in Greece, is probably the 
 true Hellebore of the ancients. The rhizome is 1 to 3 inches long, 
 knotty, with transverse rings, of rancid odor when freshly bruised, and 
 bitter, acrid taste. Its most important constituents are two glucosides, 
 Helleborin and Helleborein , both crystalline and very poisonous. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Hellebori Ni^ri (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. j-x, cautiously. 
 
 Extraction Hellebori Nigri Fluidutu (Unofficial),—Dose, npij-xv. 
 
 Helleborin , C 36 H 42 0 6 (Unofficial),—crystalline, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol 
 and chloroform. 
 
 Helleborein , C 26 H 44 0 15 (Unofficial),—crystalline, very’soluble in water, slightly so in 
 alcohol, insoluble in ether. Dose, gr. A--L. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Black Hellebore is a drastic, hydragogue cathartic, and an emmen¬ 
 agogue. In overdoses it is a violent gastro-intestinal irritant, producing 
 vomiting, hypercatharsis, vertigo, cramps and convulsions, which may re¬ 
 sult fatally. Locally applied, the fresh root is violently irritant to the 
 skin, producing inflammation and vesication. 
 
HOANG-NAN. 
 
 237 
 
 Helleborin is an active poison, acting on the tongue like Aconite, 
 and on the nervous system as a narcotic, producing in animals paresis of 
 motion and sensation, cerebral and spinal congestion, dilated pupils and 
 death. It is less irritant than Helleborei'n to the mucous membranes. 
 
 Helleborein is less actively toxic to animals, but is very irritant, 
 producing conjunctivitis, sneezing, salivation, nausea, vomiting and 
 purging. It affects the heart like Digitalis, small doses frequently re¬ 
 peated slowing its action, but large ones quicken it and then suddenly 
 paralyze it through the pneumogastric nerve. Respiration is at first 
 accelerated, then slowed and rendered laborious. Diuresis is a constant 
 result, the kidneys and uterus are congested, gradual paralysis and severe 
 convulsions follow, and death occurs by paralysis of the heart. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Black Hellebore is an old remedy, having been highly esteemed by 
 the early physicians in insanity, dropsies, worms, cutaneous affections and 
 amenorrhcea. It has at present gone out of fashion, but might be usefully 
 employed in dropsies and as a revulsant in acute cerebral affections. 
 Recently Helleborein has come into notice as a substitute for Digitalis in 
 cardiac affections, as being of less bulk and more definite composition. 
 Its action on the heart is obtained by doses much smaller than those 
 necessary for its irritant effects on the gastro-intestinal canal. Its solu¬ 
 bility in water and the freedom with which it can be used hypodermically 
 are important qualities to recommend it. 
 
 HOANG-NAN, or Hwang-Nao, —is the bark of Strychnos Gaul- 
 theriana , or Tropical Bind-weed, a creeping vine of the nat. order 
 Loganiaceae, found in the mountains of Tonquin. It contains the alka¬ 
 loids Strychnine and Brucine , thus resembling in composition its con¬ 
 geners Nux-Vomica and Ignatia, but differing from them, as they do from 
 each other, in the proportional quantities in which the alkaloids are 
 contained,—Brucine predominating in this plant, as Strychnine does 
 in the other two. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Like the other members of the Strychnos family, Hoang-Nan is an 
 active tetanizer, its action generally corresponding with that of Nux- 
 Vomica. It was first brought into notice by the missionary fathers 
 stationed in the French colonies in Asia, they having found its employ¬ 
 ment general among the natives for leprosy and hydrophobia. Along the 
 coast of Tonquin and Cochin-China, and in Pondicherry, Trinidad, 
 
238 
 
 HUMULUS. 
 
 Venezuela, etc., it has an established reputation in the two terrible 
 diseases mentioned, also as a remedy for the bites of venomous serpents 
 and other reptiles, scrofulous and syphilitic ulcers, indolent sores, etc. 
 It has been used successfully for malarial fevers, in lieu of quinine, and is 
 highly spoken of by Father Brosse, as a stimulant to the intellect, without 
 producing any subsequent depression. 
 
 The Dose of the powdered drug is about gr. iij-v;—of the aceto- 
 alcoholic Extract, gr. —and of the concentrated Tincture, rqj-v. 
 
 HUMULUS, Hops, —the strobiles (fruit-cones) of Humulus Lupu- 
 lus , a cultivated creeping plant of the nat. ord. Urticaceae. They are 
 ovate, 1 to inch long, and consist of a hairy, undulating axis and several 
 membranous, greenish scales, odor aromatic, taste bitter, aromatic and 
 slightly astringent. Its constituents are wax, resins (50 per cent.), tannin 
 (5 per cent.), a liquid volatile alkaloid Lupuline , a Volatile Oil (2 per 
 cent.) which consists in part of Valerol and Trimethylamine , and a crys¬ 
 talline, bitter principle Lupulinic Acid (n per cent.). These, except 
 tannin, are more abundant in the glandular powder of the strobiles, 
 which is named Lupulin. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Humuli, —strength 20 per cent. Dose, gj-ij. 
 
 Infusum Hnmuli (Unofficial),— ^ssto the pint. Dose, 5j-iv. 
 
 Lupulinum , Lupulin,—is the glandular powder separated from the strobiles, of bright 
 brownish-yellow color, aromatic and bitter taste. The Volatile Oil resides in the Lupulin 
 grains, and contains Valerol , which is changed into Valerianic Acid by long exposure, 
 giving a disagreeable odor to old hops. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
 
 Extraction Lupulini Fluidum, —alcoholic. Dose, rtpx- %j. 
 
 Oleoresina Lupulini ,—an ethereal extract. Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Tinctura Lupulini (Unofficial),—strength Dose, ^ss-ij. 
 
 Mineral acids and metallic salts are chemically incompatible with preparations of 
 Hops. 
 
 Humulus is a bitter tonic, a feeble hypnotic, and somewhat diaphoretic, 
 astringent and anaphrodisiac. It increases the cardiac action and the 
 cutaneous circulation. After slight cerebral excitement it produces calm 
 and a soporific disposition, especially if the solution administered be 
 strongly alcoholic. The stomachic and tonic effects are due to the bitter 
 principle, lupulinic acid, and are found in bitter ale. The primary 
 stimulant and secondary sedative effects are due to the volatile oil and 
 are also possessed by ales and beer. 
 
 Hops are used as a tonic and calmative in delirium tremens, in which a combination of 
 the tincture with Tr. Capsici is very efficient and is an excellent substitute for alcohol. In 
 dyspepsia of atonic form Humulus is an excellent stomachic tonic, and in nervous 
 irritability the fluid extract of Lupulin may be used as a calmative and hypnotic, 
 or the hop-pillow, which certainly exercises considerable influence, imaginary or other- 
 
HYDRANGEA-HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 239 
 
 wise. A poultice of hops is a favorite domestic application in inflammations and pain. 
 Lupulin has been used with benefit in irritable bladder, alcoholism, and as an ana- 
 phrodisiac in the treatment of chordee, gonorrhoea, spermatorrhoea and other affections 
 of the genito-urinary organs. 
 
 HYDRANGEA (Unofficial) ,—is the root of Hydrangea arborescens , 
 a plant of the nat. ord. Saxifragaceae, growing in the southeastern U. S. 
 It is a white, tough root, having a thin brown bark which peels off in 
 spots, inodorous, taste insipid, afterwards pungent. It contains gum, 
 albumen, starch, resin, and a ferrous salt, with other salts. Dose, 
 3ss-5ij, best in fluid extract. A decoction of the root may be used 
 in doses of 3j~ij- 
 
 Hydrangea has been long used by the Cherokee Indians in calculous affections, and 
 reports of cases by competent observers show that it is of unquestionable utility in this 
 class of disorders, promoting the removal of gravel from the bladder, and relieving pain 
 during the passage of renal concretions through the ureters. Large doses produce vertigo, 
 oppression of the chest, and considerable cerebral disturbance. 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM, Mercury, Quicksilver, Hg,—is a shining, 
 silver-white metal, fluid and slowly volatile at ordinary temperatures, 
 solidifies at —40° F., boils at 662° F., volatilizes without residue, 
 insoluble in ordinary solvents, wholly soluble in nitric acid, of sp. gr. 
 13.5, odorless and tasteless. 
 
 Preparations of Mercury. 
 
 Hydrargyrum cum Creta , Mercury with Chalk, Gray Powder,—has of Mercury 38, 
 Sugar of Milk 12, Prepared Chalk 50, Ether and Alcohol, triturated together to a uniform 
 gray powder. Dose, gr. ss-x. 
 
 Massa Hydrargyri , Blue Mass, Blue Pill,—contains of Mercury 33 parts, Liquorice 5, 
 Althaea 25, Glycerin 3, Honey of Rose 34. Each grain contains gr. U °f Mercury. 
 Dose, gr. ss-xx. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri , Mercurial Ointment, Blue Ointment,—Mercury 450, Lard 
 225, Suet 225, Compound Tincture of Benzoin 40, Old Mercurial Ointment 100 parts, 
 triturated until globules of Mercury cease to be visible under a magnifying power of 10 
 diameters. 
 
 Emplastrum Hydrargyri , Mercurial Plaster,—Mercury 30, Olive Oil 10, Resin 10, 
 Lead Plaster 50 parts. 
 
 Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro ,—see ante, page 93. 
 
 Chlorides and their Preparations. 
 
 Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum , Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, Bichloride, Mercuric 
 Chloride, Corrosive Sublimate, IIgCl 2 ,—heavy colorless crystals, of acrid, metallic taste, 
 acid reaction, soluble in 16 of water and 3 of alcohol at 59 0 F., in 2 of boiling water, 
 1.2 of boiling alcohol and in 4 of ether. Dose, gr. A~tV 
 
240 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite , Mild Chloride of Mercury, Subchloride, Mercurous 
 Chloride, Calomel, Hg 2 Cl 2 ,—a heavy, white, impalpable powder, insoluble in water, 
 alcohol or ether, odorless and tasteless. Is an ingredient of Pil. Antimonii Co. and Pil. 
 Catharticae Co. Dose, gr. J^-x. 
 
 Hydrargyrum Ammonia turn, Ammoniated Mercury, White Precipitate, Mercur- 
 ammonium Chloride, NH 2 HgCl,—is a white, insoluble powder, odorless and tasteless. 
 Only used externally. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati , White Precipitate Ointment,—Ammoniated 
 Mercury io, Benzoinated Lard 90 parts. 
 
 Oxides and their Preparations. 
 
 Hydrargyri OJcidum Flavian, Yellow Oxide of Mercury, Precipitated Oxide, HgO,— 
 an orange-yellow, heavy, impalpable powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water or 
 alcohol, but wholly soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid. Used to prepare: 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi, —strength 1 to 9 of Ointment. 
 
 Oleatujn Hydrargyri ,—Yellow Oxide 10, Oleic Acid 90. 
 
 Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum , Red Oxide of Mercury, HgO,—a heavy, orange red 
 crystalline powder, having the same properties as the yellow oxide, from which it differs 
 only in being crystalline and not in such a minute state of subdivision. Dose, gr. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri ,—strength 1 to 9 of Ointment. 
 
 Iodides and their Preparations. 
 
 Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum , Red Iodide of Mercury, Biniodide, Mercuric Iodide, 
 Hgl 2 ,—a scarlet-red, crystalline powder, almost insoluble in water, soluble in 130 of 
 alcohol, in solution of iodide of potassium or of mercuric chloride. Prepared by double 
 decomposition between Iodide of Potassium 11 parts and Mercuric Chloride 9 parts. 
 Dose, gr. ^-tV 
 
 Liquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri Iodidi , Solution of Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury, 
 Donovan’s Solution,—see ante , page 117. 
 
 Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride , Green Iodide of Mercury, Protiodide, Mercurous Iodide, 
 Hg 2 I 2 ,—a dull green or greenish-yellow powder, insoluble in alcohol or ether and almost 
 so in water. Dose, gr. T L-i. 
 
 Acid Combinations and their Preparations. 
 
 Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis, Solution of Mercuric Nitrate,—a liquid containing in 
 solution about 50 percent, of Mercuric Nitrate, Hg(N 0 3 ) 2 , with some free Nitric Acid. 
 Prepared from the Red Oxide of Mercury 40, by Nitric Acid 45, and Distilled Water 15 
 parts. Used as a caustic. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis, Citrine Ointment,—prepared by dissolving Mercury 
 7, in Nitric Acid 17, and adding Lard Oil 76. 
 
 Hydrargyri Subsulphas Flavus , Yellow Subsulphate of Mercury, Basic Mercuric 
 Sulphate, Turpeth Mineral, Hg(PIg 0 ) 2 S 0 4 ,—a heavy, lemon-yellow powder, insoluble in 
 water or alcohol, soluble in nitric acid and in 20 parts of hydrochloric acid without residue. 
 Dose, as an emetic, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Sulphide and Cyanide. 
 
 Hydrargyri Sulphidum Rubrum , Red Mercuric Sulphide, Cinnabar, HgS,—Red, 
 crystalline masses, or a fine, scarlet powder, insoluble in ordinary solvents, but soluble in 
 nitro-hydrochloric acid with separation of sulphur. Used only for mercurial fumigation. 
 Hydrargyri Cyanidum, Mercuric Cyanide, Hg(CN) 2 ,—colorless, prismatic crystals, of 
 
 bitter, metallic taste, soluble in 12.8 of water and in 15 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. 
 
 1_i_ 
 
 100 To* 
 
 Ti'iturations. 
 
 These maybe prepared according to the general formula under “ Triturationes ” in 
 the Pharmacopoeia, 10 parts of the substance to 90 of Sugar of Milk. Mercury itself 
 or any of its salts may be so treated with excellent results, the particles being much 
 finer and therefore more easily absorbed than if rubbed up with any other agent. 
 
HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 241 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Lotio Hydrargyri Flava, Yellow Wash,—prepared by adding Corrosive Sublimate gr. 
 xviij to Lime-water 5X, producing the yellow oxide, a favorite application for syphilitic 
 sores. 
 
 Lotio Hydrargyri Nigra, Black Wash,—prepared by adding Calomel gr. xxx, to Lime- 
 water 5 x, producing the black oxide, and used as an application to syphilitic sores. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis Rubrnm ,—Red Ointment of Mercuric Nitrate, Brown 
 Citrine Ointment,—differs from the official ointment only in being made with Cod-liver 
 Oil, which gives it a brown color, and a more agreeable odor. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Mercury is tonic, purgative, alterative, antiphlogistic and sorbefacient, 
 but not directly cholagogue. Some of its salts are corrosive poisons, 
 others are local caustics, all produce by long-continued administration the 
 peculiar cachexia termed Hydrargyrism. The metal itself is inert, but by 
 combination with the acids and fluids of the body becomes active, and is 
 easily absorbed in any form, passing into the blood from the skin, mucous 
 membranes, lungs and stomach, in each case probably as an Oxyalbuminate 
 of Mercury. Entering the stomach in any form it is first converted into a 
 double Chloride of Sodium and Mercury, then uniting with the albuminous 
 juices to form a complex molecule of Mercury, Sodium, Chlorine and 
 Albumen, which being soluble in an excess of sodium chloride or albumen, 
 exists in solution, and is easily absorbed, being decomposed in the blood 
 and changed to the oxyalbuminate. Entering the intestines a purgative 
 action is soon set up, of more or less severity according to the preparation 
 used, a small portion only is absorbed, the rest being converted into a 
 Sulphide and excreted with the faeces, unless combined with opium which 
 delays its progress through the intestines and permits of its greater ab¬ 
 sorption. In the blood its effects are tonic in small doses, but in quantity 
 it indirectly produces impoverishment thereof, impairs the ozonizing 
 function, diminishes the red corpuscles, and consequently disorders nutri¬ 
 tion and deranges digestion. From the blood it enters the tissues, where 
 it remains for an indefinite period, exerting a peculiar influence, termed 
 “ alterative ” on all processes characterized by growth of young cells, but 
 not producing any definite anatomical changes either in the viscera or the 
 nervous tissue, though in the latter a low form of inflammation arises, 
 resulting in loss of coordination-power. It stimulates most of the glands 
 of the body, especially the salivary glands and the pancreas, to the pro¬ 
 duction of pathological secretions, and is excreted with comparative 
 slowness by all the secretory organs, being found in the saliva, sweat, milk, 
 urine and bile. It tends to accumulate in the liver, while stimulating its 
 cells, and is not a cholagogue, though stimulating the flow of bile already 
 secreted by reflex action on the bile-ducts due to its direct purgation of 
 the duodenum. Its excretion is hastened and completed by the use of the 
 iodide of potassium. 
 
 In small doses administered for a short time the mercurial preparations 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 are blood-tonics, improving its general condition, increasing the number 
 of red corpuscles and the body weight. They soon begin to promote 
 waste by stimulating the lymphatic system, and if the small doses are long 
 continued or the quantity is increased, symptoms of mercurial poisoning 
 being to manifest themselves. 
 
 The first symptoms of Hydrargyrism are fetid breath, swollen and 
 spongy gums having a bluish line along their margins, stomatitis, sore and 
 loosened teeth, inflamed and tender salivary glands pouring out a peculiar, 
 thin saliva of foul odor in large quantity, and a metallic taste in the mouth. 
 Anorexia, diarrhoea and fever follqw, also ulceration and in some cases even 
 gangrene of the lips and tongue. If the use of the drug be continued 
 nutrition will be greatly impaired through the extreme promotion of ret¬ 
 rograde metamorphosis, and various nervous disturbances will follow, the 
 effects being emaciation, pallor, oedema, ulcerated skin, erythematous, 
 vesicular or pustular eruptions, headache, insomnia, neuralgia, tremor 
 through paresis of the muscles of the head and extremities, epilepsy, coma 
 and convulsions. In pregnant women abortion will occur by reason of 
 the impoverishment of the blood. Indeed, as Dr. Ringer said in the 
 earlier editions of his Handbook of Therapeutics , the phenomena produced 
 by mercury are singularly similar to those which will result from syphilis, 
 and the serious symptoms known as secondary and tertiary syphilis can be 
 produced both by syphilis and by mercury. The drug is probably a true 
 vital antidote against the syphilitic virus, and is capable of bringing about 
 a radical cure of the disease, if introduced into the system in considerable 
 quantity and its use protracted over a very long time, the action of the 
 drug in all cases being kept short of ptyalism or any pronounced physio¬ 
 logical effects. 
 
 Salivation is most readily produced by Blue Mass, next by Calomel, 
 and less easily by Gray Powder. Individuals differ greatly in their sus¬ 
 ceptibility to the action of mercury, some persons having been affected 
 after a single moderate dose. Children are not easily salivated. Inhala¬ 
 tion of mercurial vapors is apt to affect the nervous system most, its 
 internal administration and that by inunction are more likely to produce 
 salivation. 
 
 The observations on the antiphlogistic and sorbefacient actions of 
 Mercury are clinical rather than physiological, but it is generally agreed 
 that exhibited in inflammation mercurials antagonize the increase of the 
 haemic fibrin which is so constant an effect of the inflammatory process, 
 and that in chronic diseases attended by the formation of semi-organized 
 deposits, a mild mercurial course will almost insensibly remove the new- 
 formed material. 
 
 A not uncommon result of full doses of Blue Pill is an acute coryza of 
 very severe character, which the writer has frequently observed to follow 
 
HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 243 
 
 on neglect of the old-fashioned precaution to “work off” the mercurial 
 by a saline cathartic. The symptoms produced are those of a severe 
 attack of influenza, epistaxis, conjunctivitis and obstinate muco-purulent 
 discharge from the nasal passages being especially marked. Similar effects 
 have been observed during physiological experiments with mercury on 
 animals by Overbeck and Bennett. 
 
 Notes on The Action of the Preparations. 
 
 Metallic Mercury is not used internally except in the finely-divided 
 form obtained in Blue Pill and Gray Powder, which are capable of pro¬ 
 ducing all the effects above described. Mercurial Ointment is the pre¬ 
 paration generally used for inunction, a piece the size of a small nut being 
 daily rubbed into the soft skin at the flexures of joints. The Oleate painted 
 over the surface is a more cleanly method of making the same application. 
 Both these preparations are efficient parasiticides. 
 
 The Bichloride is the most actively toxic of the mercurial salts. It is 
 probably the most active zymoticide and parasiticide, a solution of 1 part 
 in 2000 being efficiently antiseptic for use as injections or dressings, and 
 one of 1 to 250 being the usual strength for use against epizoa and parasitic 
 skin affections. It is a very active gastro-intestinal irritant, in toxic dose 
 producing nausea, retching and vomiting, a metallic taste, constriction of 
 the fauces, burning pain in the stomach, suppression of urine, bloody 
 diarrhoea, collapse and death often preceded by convulsions. It affects 
 specifically the lower bowel [Calomel preferring the upper intestine], and 
 produces inflammation and ulceration of the rectum. It is, however, one 
 of the most manageable and efficient of the mercurials when used in proper 
 doses. 
 
 The Subchloride (Calomel) is very insoluble and unirritating, taste¬ 
 less, laxative in grain doses, decomposed by the alkaline contents of the 
 intestines, the Oxide of Mercury being formed, and acts especially on 
 the excrementitious glandular appendages of the upper intestine, stimu¬ 
 lating the liver by indirect reflex action as a duodenal purgative. In the 
 presence of alkaline chlorides it is converted into the Bichloride, but not 
 in sufficient quantity to render it dangerous in the gastro-intestinal canal. 
 Externally applied it is very sedative to the mucous membranes and the 
 skin. Calomel is a very efficient diuretic. 
 
 Ammoniated Mercury is an Ammonio-Chloride, and a useful stimu¬ 
 lant and parasiticide when used locally in the form of ointment. 
 
 The Iodides are actively poisonous, the Red being much the most 
 irritant, in overdoses producing symptoms and results very similar to 
 those caused by the Bichloride. The Cyanide is also actively poisonous. 
 The Yellow Subsulphate is a prompt and usually harmless emetic, but 
 has occasionally produced fatal results by local irritant action. The 
 
244 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 Oxides are irritant, the Red being the most so, and are rarely used inter¬ 
 nally. The Acid Nitrate is a good escharotic, the pain caused by it 
 being transient though severe, and its caustic action being comparatively 
 superficial. The Ointment of the Nitrate (Citrine Ointment) is more 
 irritant than that of the Ammoniated Mercury, and generally needs dilu¬ 
 tion. All these preparations may produce the constitutional effects of 
 mercury, and their administration should be carefully watched for the first 
 symptoms of mercurialization. 
 
 Antidotes and Incompatibles. 
 
 Albumen in some form, the white of one egg to gr. iv of the bichloride, forms the 
 albuminate, which must be at once evacuated by emesis or the stomach pump, as it is 
 soluble in excess of albumen or in the alkaline contents of the intestines. 
 
 The Chlorides are incompatible with very many agents, and the Bichloride should be 
 administered in distilled water or pill by itself, being easily decomposed. Calomel is 
 decomposed by alkaline Iodides or Bromides. The combination of Calomel with Hydro¬ 
 chloric Acid or Chlorides is apt to produce Corrosive Sublimate. In the “ mixed treat¬ 
 ment ” of syphilis, a mercurial is combined in solution with Iodide of Potassium, and the 
 Red Iodide is the preparation usually selected, as the Bichloride is decomposed by the 
 Potassic Iodide, Red Iodide of Mercury being precipitated. All trouble regarding incom¬ 
 patibility can be avoided by using sugar of milk triturations according to the general 
 official formula. In this form, says Piffard, “ a larger proportion of the drug is utilized for 
 specific purposes, while but a small amount remains to give rise to local irritation.” 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Mercury is undoubtedly a specific in syphilis, but is not applicable to 
 the tertiary form of that disease. It is best administered in very small 
 doses carefully watched and stopped just short of ptyalism, but renewed 
 and so continued for a long time. Fumigation by Calomel volatilized by 
 heat, or inunction by the Oleate or by Mercurial Ointment may be used 
 when the stomach will not bear any mercurial. The hypodermic method 
 is also used, employing a solution of the Bichloride gr. j to 5 j each of 
 glycerin and distilled water, of which the dose is up x once daily; or the 
 Albuminate in solution with Sodium Chloride. The Green Iodide in 
 doses of gr. to -J- thrice daily with Opium is the best preparation for 
 internal use. Accuracy of diagnosis is an absolutely necessary prelimi¬ 
 nary to the administration of Mercury, for where there is no syphilitic 
 virus to be antagonized the constitutional effects of mercurials will become 
 manifest sooner and may do great harm in feeble subjects, besides the risk 
 of mistaking them for the results of the disease supposed to be present. 
 
 Tonsillitis, parotitis and other acute glandular inflammations of the 
 throat and neck may often be rapidly cured by Calomel gr. 2V or Gra y 
 Powder gr. -3- every two hours. In irritable stomach with obstinate vom¬ 
 iting the same small doses of Calomel every half hour are very efficient. 
 The dysentery of adults with slimy and bloody stools is best treated by 
 small doses (gr. y^) of the Bichloride, and in the diarrhoea and dysen¬ 
 tery (ileo-colitis) of infants Gray Powder gr. -5- or Calomel gr. will be 
 
HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 245 
 
 found very effective. In gastric ulcer and in the first stage of hepatic 
 cirrhosis, the Bichloride in doses of gr. to ^ thrice daily is a good 
 remedy. Typhoid fever is treated in Germany by daily doses of Calomel, 
 gr. x, for three days as an antipyretic. Diphtheria is by many practition¬ 
 ers considered to be best antagonized by Calomel in large doses, and in 
 this affection the Cyanide has many advocates, given in doses of gr. T -I-g— 
 -5^ every hour, a weak solution being at the same time used as a gargle. 
 Asiatic cholera is frequently treated by small, repeated doses of Calomel 
 with Opium from the start. Inflammations of sthenic character in the 
 stage of exudation, especially when affecting serous membranes, are con¬ 
 sidered by many authorities to be best met by the free use of mercurials, 
 but this treatment is fast going out of favor, excepting in cases of iritis, 
 which, however, is very often of syphilitic causation, and pneumonia, 
 which is frequently treated according to the best American authorities 
 with sedative doses (gr. xv-xx) of Calomel. 
 
 In the general condition known as “biliousness,” manifested by 
 whitish or clay-colored stools, constipation, nausea, anorexia, coated 
 tongue, slight jaundice, etc., mercurial purgatives have long been a rou¬ 
 tine remedy, but mild saline purgatives are by many authorities considered 
 equally efficient. As an antiseptic to the gastro-enteric tract in many 
 forms of stomach and intestinal disorders (dyspepsia septica), the admin¬ 
 istration of minute doses of the Yellow Oxide of Mercury will be found 
 remarkably efficient. It is best used in trituration with sugar of milk, 1 
 to 1000, and in daily doses of gr. g-V^V By the use of these small 
 doses failing digestion and nutrition may almost certainly be improved. 
 
 In membranous laryngitis or true croup the Subsulphate as an emetic 
 is by many considered to have some specially beneficial influence. 
 
 Locally, an ointment of Calomel 5 j to 3 j of Lard is an excellent 
 antipruritic, and ointments of the Chlorides and Iodides are much used 
 in skin diseases, particularly psoriasis, herps, acne, and pityriasis. In 
 parasitic affections a lotion of the Bichloride, gr. ij to 5 j of distilled 
 water, or a 5 per cent. Oleate with ^th part of Ether, are very efficient. 
 The Oleate is a serviceable application to syphilitic indurations, but is not 
 deemed advisable when ulceration exists. In conjunctivitis Calomel may 
 be used as a sedative application, or still better an Ointment of the Yellow 
 Oxide, gr. x to 5 j of Vaseline, triturated to the utmost fineness before 
 mixing. Goitre and enlarged spleen are often speedily reduced by rubbing 
 into the skin covering them the Ointment of the Red Iodide somewhat 
 diluted and applied before a hot fire or in the direct sunlight. The Acid 
 Nitrate Solution is one of the best caustics for destroying chancroid and 
 syphilitic warts and vegetations. Black and Yellow Wash are used as 
 applications to syphilitic erosions and ulcerated indurations. 
 
 As an antiseptic injection or application to dressings a solution of the 
 
246 
 
 HYDRASTIS. 
 
 Bichloride, gr. vijss in a quart of hot water (y uV tt)* P r °bably the most 
 efficient that can be used, and still weaker solutions (yoVoO are sufficiently 
 antiseptic for most purposes. 
 
 HYDRASTIS, Golden Seal, —the rhizome and rootlets of Hydrastis 
 canadensis , a small plant of the nat. ord. Ranunculaceae growing in most 
 parts of the U. S. The rhizome is 1^2 inch long, rough, bent and branched, 
 externally of a yellowish-gray color, internally a bright reddish-yellow, 
 having numerous thin, brittle rootlets, a slight odor and a bitter taste. 
 It contains an unnamed Resin and 3 alkaloids, Hydrastine , C 22 H 23 N 0 6 , 
 white and crystalline, soluble in alcohol, ether, etc., Berberine , c 20 h 17 no 
 yellow crystals soluble in hot water and alcohol, but not in ether (see page 
 130), and Xanthopuccine , also yellow and crystalline. All these alkaloids 
 unite with acids to form salts. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Hydrastis Fluidum ,—Dose, rrpv-xxx. 
 
 Tindura Hydrastis, —strength 20 per cent. Dose, £ ss-ij. 
 
 Hydrastin (Unofficial),—an impure extract precipitated by Hydrochloric Acid from the 
 alcoholic solution, chietly consisting of Muriate of Berberine. Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Hydrastis is a simple bitter and a stomachic tonic. It promotes appetite 
 and digestion and increases the secretions of the gastro-intestinal tract and 
 the flow of bile, but if long used it will derange digestion and produce 
 constipation. It is possessed of antiperiodic powers, and is a protoplasmic 
 poison, arresting the movements of the white blood-corpuscles. By many 
 observers it is also considered alterative to the mucous membranes, deob¬ 
 struent to the glandular system, cholagogue, diuretic and antiseptic. The 
 alkaloid Hydrastine produces effects on the nervous system somewhat 
 similar to those caused by Quinine, but seems to be devoid of toxic power, 
 large doses only producing a sense of warmth in the epigastric region, 
 and noises of a rushing character in the ears. 
 
 Incompatibles. 
 
 Tannic Acid, Hydrochloric Acid and the Alkalies are chemically incompatible with 
 preparations of Hydrastis. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Hydrastis is chiefly used as a stomachic tonic, an antiperiodic, a mild 
 laxative and an antiseptic. Its alkaloid (Hydrastine) and extract 
 (Hydrastin) are ranked high in the treatment of intermittents and chronic 
 malaria, though much less efficient than Quinine. It is an excellent 
 remedy locally and internally in all forms of catarrh, especially that of 
 the stomach, duodenum, gall-ducts, bladder, uterus and vagina. Internally 
 it is efficient in many glandular swellings, in chronic constipation due to 
 
HYDROCOTYLE-HYOSCYAMUS. 
 
 247 
 
 a sluggish state of the liver or deficiency of the other intestinal secre¬ 
 tions, in chronic dyspepsia, and as a substitute for alcohol in dipsomaniacs 
 when a catarrhal state of the stomach has been induced. In gonorrhoea, 
 gleet, and chronic nasal catarrh it is locally employed with much benefit, 
 also in syphilitic affections of the mouth, throat and nares. As a local 
 alterative and antiseptic application it is highly recommended for unhealthy 
 ulcers and sores, cancerous ulcerations, mercurial and aphthous stomatitis, 
 rectal fissure, fistula and prolapse, internal and external hemorrhoids, 
 cracks, fissures and abrasions of the nipples, erosion and ulceration of the 
 cervix uteri, and in conjunctivitis with muco purulent discharge. In 
 gonorrhoea a very efficient injection is an infusion of Hydrastis, 5 j of the 
 powdered root to Sviij of boiling water, or the fluid extract diluted 
 in the proportion of 5ss or 5j to the pint of water, but it should not be 
 used until the acute stage has subsided. 
 
 HYDROCOTYLE, Pennywort (Unofficial),—is the leaf of 
 Hydrocotyle asiatica , a small plant of the nat. ord. Umbelliferae, a native 
 of southern Africa and India. It contains a peculiar, oleaginous sub¬ 
 stance Vellarine , which has a bitter, persistent taste, and is thought to be 
 the active principle. It has long been used in its native countries as an 
 alterative to purify the blood, and has lately been found of great service 
 in eczema, lupus, psoriasis, syphilitic and scrofulous sores, and in leprosy. 
 An ounce of the dried plant or leaves is given daily in infusion. It causes 
 great itching over the whole body, ovarian pain in females, and urinary 
 irritation. In one case in which the drug was being given for lupus of 
 the hand a severe orchitis was set up without any other apparent cause. It 
 certainly exerts a markedly special influence on the genito-urinary tract. 
 
 HYOSCYAMUS, Henbane, —the leaves, collected from plants of 
 the second year’s growth, of Hyoscyamus niger , a biennial plant of the 
 order Solanaceae, growing in Europe and the northern U. S. The 
 leaves are ovate, often 10 inches long and 4 broad, of grayish-green color, 
 glandular-hairy, midrib prominent, odor heavy and narcotic, taste bitter 
 and acrid. It contains an alkaloid Hyoscyamine , C 17 H 23 N 0 3 , which is 
 isomeric with Atropine and identical with Daturine and Duboisine, occur¬ 
 ring as an oily liquid or in tufted crystals of silky lustre and yellow color, 
 soluble in hot water, alcohol or ether. Another substance, Hy os cine, is 
 by some authorities considered a derivative of Hyoscyamine, by others a 
 second alkaloid. It is semi-liquid, isomeric with Atropine, and yields 
 Tropic Acid and Pseudoiropine. Hyoscyamus leaves also contain a fatty 
 Oil and much Potassic Nitrate, while from their destructive distillation an 
 empyreumatic Oil is obtained which is a powerful narcotic. 
 
248 
 
 HYOSCYAMUS. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abstraction Hyoscyami, —Dose, gr. iij-v. 
 
 Extraction Hyoscyami Alcoholicum ,—Dose, gr. j, when active. 
 
 Extraction Hyoscyami Eluidum ,— Dose, rrpv-xx. 
 
 Tinctura Hyoscyami ,—strength 15 per cent. Dose, gj-iv; as a hypnotic 3 ss-j is 
 necessary. 
 
 All the preparations of Hyoscyamus are uncertain in strength and in activity, so much 
 so that the effective dose of the extract (no longer official) ranged from 2 to 250 grains. 
 
 Hyoscyamime Sulphas ,—Sulphate of Hyoscyamine (C 17 H 23 N 0 3 ) 2 .H 2 S 0 4 ,—occurs 
 in small, yellow scales or crystals, which are deliquescent, of bitter taste, and very soluble 
 in water and in alcohol. It varies much in purity of the base and consequently in 
 activity. A grain of the commercial article, which was formerly very impure, has been 
 given with impunity, but gr. of the pure alkaloid has produced violent poisoning. 
 Dose, hypodermically, should not exceed gr. -fa ; by the mouth gr. y(-j may be given in 
 urgent cases. 
 
 Hyoscyamine of good quality is difficult to procure and is very expensive, while 
 Duboisine is easily obtained in any quantity, so that if these alkaloids prove to be physio¬ 
 logically as well as chemically identical as is now claimed, the latter will be used to the 
 exclusion of the former. 
 
 Hyoscina Hydrobromas , Hydrobromate of Hyoscine (Unofficial).—Merck’s is the only 
 
 reliable preparation on the market. Dose, hypodermically, gr. ; by the mouth gr. 
 1_1 
 
 8T) 50 * 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Hyoscyamus has similar action to that of Belladonna, Duboisia and 
 Stramonium, except that it is the least powerful and irritant of the group, 
 but the most calmative and hypnotic. The delirium produced by it is 
 never furious and is without hypersemia, but is accompanied by insomnia. 
 It is more stimulant to the vaso-motor system and to the cardiac accele¬ 
 rator apparatus than is Stramonium, but is less active on the pneumo- 
 gastric. It has decidedly laxative and carminative effects on the intestines 
 and a very marked sedative influence on the urinary passages. 
 
 Hyoscyamine corresponds in action to the plant and its congeners, 
 being considered by many authorities as almost identical with Atropine, 
 but less powerful. No death has directly resulted from it. Except in 
 very large doses it is more an anodyne or anaesthetic than a narcotic 
 or soporific. It is a mydriatic, excites the cerebral functions and 
 depresses the spinal. Many observers deny that it has any soporific 
 influence. 
 
 Hyoscine is a powerful hypnotic, lowers the pulse-rate and lessens the 
 frequency of the respirations. It especially affects the motor tract of the 
 spinal cord and the cerebral cortex, slightly depresses the heart, but para¬ 
 lyzes respiration. It is free from irritant qualities and may be used 
 hypodermically. Its habitual use brings on muscular paralysis and 
 delirium of violent character. It is coming into use as a hypnotic by 
 alcoholics and nervous subjects, and will probably ere long be responsible 
 for many deaths. As a mydriatic its reputation is doubtful, some observ¬ 
 ers claiming greater power for it in this respect than that of Atropine, 
 while others say that mydriasis may follow its use but is not always pro¬ 
 duced by even large doses. 
 
ICHTHYOCOLLA. 
 
 249 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 These are the same as for Belladonna (see ante page 127). Liquor Potassoe though 
 incompatible is frequently prescribed in combination with Hyoscyamus. All the fixed 
 caustic alkalies decompose its alkaloid as also those of the allied plants. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Hyoscyamus is a valuable narcotic and is chiefly used as a hypnotic and 
 anodyne when Opium is contraindicated, and for children. It is by far 
 the best agent to use in acute mania with high motor excitement, obsti¬ 
 nate insomnia and varied hallucinations. Chronic mania has been more 
 benefited by it than by any other drug, and it is very efficient in insanity 
 characterized by frequent delusions. In delirium tremens and the delir¬ 
 ium of fevers it is an excellent hypnotic, and the monomania of hypo¬ 
 chondriacs is alleviated and often cured by it. Whooping cough, nervous 
 coughs, and especially a dry, tickling night-cough, are greatly alleviated 
 by full doses of Hyoscyamus. It is also efficient in colic of various forms, 
 to palliate the trembling of paralysis agitans and mercurial tremor, and 
 to relieve the pains and disordered coordination of locomotor ataxia. In 
 constipation it is a good remedy, the extract being much employed in 
 combination with other purgatives to render them more efficient and less 
 drastic, but the quantity used is generally too small to be of any particu¬ 
 lar benefit. The tincture is an efficient remedy in irritability of the 
 bladder from any cause. 
 
 Hyoscyamine may be used for the same purposes as Atropine, but 
 being liable to considerable variation in purity and activity, it is not a 
 popular agent with the profession. 
 
 Hyoscine has been used in neuralgia, whooping-cough, insomnia from 
 cerebral excitement, delirium tremens, asthma and enteralgia, also in 
 ophthalmic practice as a mydriatic. Doses of gr. are given by the 
 stomach, gr. y-Jy hypodermically. 
 
 ICHTHYOCOLLA, Isinglass, —is the swimming-bladder of Aci- 
 penser Huso , and of other species of Acipenser (Sturgeon). It occurs in 
 horny sheets, semi-transparent, iridescent, soluble in 24 parts of boiling 
 water, forming on cooling a transparent jelly. It is the purest form of 
 Gelatin known. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Emplastrum Ichthyocollce, Court Plaster,—consists of Isinglass 10, Glycerin 1, Alcohol 
 40, Water and Tincture of Benzoin, spread on taffeta and allowed to dry. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Isinglass is slightly nutritious, but has no advantage over any other form 
 of gelatin. It is used for clarifying liquids, and in solution as a test for 
 tannin. The plaster is a common protective application. 
 
250 
 
 IGNATIA-ILLICIUM. 
 
 IGNATIA, St. Ignatius’ Bean, —is the seed of Strychnos Ignatii y 
 a small tree of the nat. ord. Loganiaceae, native in the Philippine Islands, 
 and also called Igjiatia Amara. The seed is about an inch long, ovate, 
 irregularly angular, hard and horny, enclosing an irregular cavity con¬ 
 taining an oblong embryo, inodorous, taste very bitter. It contains the 
 alkaloids Strychnine and Brucine , about 1 per cent, of each, for a descrip¬ 
 tion of which see the title Nux Vomica. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abslractum Ignaties ,—Dose, gr. ss-j. 
 
 Tinctura Ignaties ,—strength 10 per cent. Dose, nVj-x. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Ignatia closely resembles Nux Vomica in action, a poisonous dose pro¬ 
 ducing the same exaltation of the spinal functions, muscular writhing, te¬ 
 tanic spasms, and death by asphyxia through tetanic fixation of the respi¬ 
 ratory muscles, but containing a greater quantity of Strychnine than the 
 latter it is more powerful in the same dose. It especially exalts the sus¬ 
 ceptibility of the sensory nerves, and of the nerves of special sense, for a 
 time, but an opposite condition soon succeeds, manifested by numbness 
 and torpor with great mental depression. It causes a feeling of constric¬ 
 tion about the throat and a sensation of intense anguish at the pit of the 
 stomach. Its antagonists and incompatibles are the same as for Nux 
 Vomica. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Ignatia is recommended for hysteria, to control the general hypersesthe- 
 sia, insomnia, clavus hystericus, mental excitement or depression, aphonia, 
 diseased appetite, convulsive crying or laughing, etc. It will often re¬ 
 move the intercostal neuralgia of hysterical subjects and the sensation as 
 of a ball rising to the throat (globus hystericus). Cerebro-spinal irrita¬ 
 bility is diminished by small doses though excited by large ones, Ignatia 
 being probably the most efficient controller of functional phenomena of 
 the cerebro-spinal axis. In the convulsions of children from intestinal 
 irritation without cerebral congestion, and in insomnia from nervous 
 erethism, small doses of Ignatia are used with the happiest results. It is 
 by many practitioners preferred to Nux Vomica as a stomachic tonic, and 
 is useful in the treatment of dyspepsia, hyphochondriasis and various ner¬ 
 vous affections. 
 
 ILLICIUM, Star Anise,—is the fruit of Illicium anisatum, an 
 Asiatic shrub of the nat. ord. Magnoliaceae, and is formed by 8 boat¬ 
 shaped carpels arranged in a star-shaped whorl around a central axis which 
 is the top of the stalk. Each carpel contains a single seed, flat, oval, 
 glossy, and of a brownish-yellow color. It contains a Volatile Oil which 
 
INULA-IODUM. 
 
 251 
 
 is chemically and practically identical with the Oil of Anise. Another 
 species, Illicium religiosum , is very poisonous, causing vomiting, epilepti¬ 
 form convulsions, dilated pupils and cyanosed countenance. Its carpels 
 are more woody, shrivelled and wrinkled, and end in a curved beak. Illi¬ 
 cium is recognized officially as a source of the Oil of Anise, and has simi¬ 
 lar actions and uses to those of Anisum (see ante , page 101). 
 
 INULA, Elecampane, —is the root of Inula Helenium , a plant of 
 the nat. ord. Compositae, growing in Europe and N. America. It occurs 
 in slices or sections, externally grayish-brown, internally white, fleshy and 
 full of resin cells, of peculiar, aromatic odor, pungent and bitter taste. 
 It contains a volatile oil, a resin, a crystalline substance named Helenin , 
 C 6 H 8 0 , and a peculiar principle resembling starch, Inulin , C 6 H 10 O 5 , which 
 is found in Arnica, Taraxacum and other plants. Having the same chem¬ 
 ical composition as starch, Inulin differs from the latter in being colored 
 yellow by iodine, and depositing from its solution in hot water as the solu¬ 
 tion cools. It is contained in Elecampane in large quantity, from 19 to 
 44 percent., the latter in autumn. There are no official preparations, but 
 a decoction (Sss to Oj) may be given in doses of Sj-ij. Dose of the 
 powdered root, gr. xx-3j- 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Inula is a gentle stimulant to the secretory organs, and is said to be ex¬ 
 pectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic. In large doses it causes nausea and 
 vomiting. It was formerly supposed to be emmenagogue and was much 
 used in amenorrhoea. It is now chiefly employed as a domestic remedy in 
 chronic bronchitis and dyspepsia, and to promote the eruption in exanthe¬ 
 matous fevers. 
 
 IODUM, Iodine, I, —is a non-metallic element, existing in sea-weed, 
 sea-water, some fresh waters and fresh-water plants, also in sponge, 
 oysters, eggs, cod-liver oil, rock salt and several ores. It occurs in bluish- 
 black rhombic plates, of metallic lustre, peculiar odor, acrid taste and 
 neutral reaction, sparingly soluble in water (1 in 7000), readily so in 
 ether, and in n of alcohol at 59 0 F., also in a solution of potassic iodide 
 or sodic chloride. It volatilizes slowly at ordinary temperatures, and 
 produces a dark-blue color with gelatinized starch in a cold solution. 
 Internally it is generally administered in the form of an Iodide or as the 
 Compound Solution of Iodine. Dose, gr. ss-j. 
 
 Preparations of Iodine. 
 
 Tinctura Iodi ,—strength 8 per cent. Dose, try-v, but it is generally used as a local 
 application or for injection into cavities. 
 
252 
 
 I ODUM. 
 
 Liquor lodi Compositus, Lugol’s Solution,—is a solution of Iodine 5 and Iodide of 
 Potassium 10 in Distilled Water 85 parts. Dose, rr\j-x,well diluted. 
 
 Uguentum lodi, —has of Iodine 4, Iodide of Potassium 1, Water 2, Benzoinated Lard 
 93 P arts - 
 
 Amylum Iodatum, Iodized Starch,—contains of Starch 95, Iodine 5, Distilled Water 
 q. s. ad 100 parts, triturated together, dried, and rubbed to a fine powder. Intended to 
 enable Iodine to be given without irritating the stomach. Dose, 
 
 Iodized Phenol, Carbolate of Iodine (Unofficial),—a mixture of Iodine and crystallized 
 Carbolic Acid in varying proportions, generally I of the former to 4 of the latter, for 
 local use. 
 
 Iodides and their Preparations. 
 
 Ammonii Iodidum, NIIJ,—a deliquescent, granular, white salt, soluble in I of water 
 and in 9 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Potassii Iodidum, KI,—a colorless, deliquescent, crystalline salt, of saline and bitter 
 taste, soluble in 0.8 of water and in 18 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. v-^j. 
 
 Unguentum Potassii Iodidi, —has of the Iodide 12, Hyposulphite of Sodium I, Boil¬ 
 ing Water 6, Benzoinated Lard 81 parts. 
 
 Sodii Iodidum, Nal,—deliquescent, minute crystals, soluble in 0.6 of water and in 1.8 
 of alcohol. Dose, gr. v-jij. 
 
 Iodoformum, Iodoform, Iodide of Formyl,—small lemon-yellow crystals, of saffron- 
 like and penetrating odor, unpleasant and iodine-like taste, sp. gr. 2000, soluble in 80 of 
 alcohol at 59 0 F., and in chloroform, ether, benzol, benzin, carbon bisulphide, fixed and 
 volatile oils, not perceptibly soluble in water. Its solutions have a neutral reaction. To 
 remove its odor without forming a compound the best agents are Thymol (gtt. ij ad ^ j), 
 Oil of Mirbane (gtt. vj ad gr. xv), Oil of Bitter Almonds, or Oil of Rose (gtt. j ad ^j). 
 Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Unguentum Iodofor?n, —Iodoform, finely pulverized, 10, Benzoinated Lard 90 parts, 
 thoroughly mixed by trituration. 
 
 Iodol, Tetra-iodo-pyrol (Unofficial),—is a grayish-yellow powder, insoluble in water, 
 tasteless and odorless, and contains 85 to 90 per cent, of Iodine in combination with 
 Pyrol, a constituent of mineral oil. Dose, gr. ss-v, in tablet. 
 
 Other Iodides and preparations thereof are—Argenti Iodidum, Arsenii Iodidum, Liquor 
 Arsenii et Hydrargvri Iodidum, Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, Plydrargyri Iodidum Vi- 
 ride, Syrupus Ferri Iodidi, Pilulae Ferri Iodidi, Plumbi Iodidum, Sulphuris Iodidum and 
 Zinci Iodidum. As these preparations are allied in action and uses less to Iodine than to 
 the other elements in their composition, they are described under other titles. (See Ar¬ 
 gentum, Hydrargyrum, etc.) The Iodide of Ethyl or Hydriodic Ether is described 
 under yEther (see ante, page 81.) 
 
 Preparation of Hydriodic Acid. 
 
 Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici, —contains 1 per cent, of absolute Hydriodic Acid, HI. 
 Dose, 5J-iv, well diluted. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Iodine is irritant to the mucous membranes and to the skin. Applied 
 to the latter it stains a deep yellowish-brown color and combines with the 
 albumen of the tissue, causing considerable pain and subsequent exfolia¬ 
 tion of the epidermis. Vesication may be quickly produced if the quan¬ 
 tity used be large. Inhaled its vapor irritates the respiratory mucous 
 membrane, producing sneezing, cough, dyspnoea, also pain in the chest 
 and over the frontal sinuses. In the gastro-intestinal canal it is equally 
 irritant, but is gradually converted into the iodide or iodate of sodium, 
 in which form or as an albuminate it is absorbed into the blood. Iodine 
 decomposes organic molecules, and in the presence of phosphoretted or 
 sulphuretted gases it acts like chlorine but more feebly, uniting with their 
 hydrogen and thus breaking up those noxious compounds it is disinfectant 
 and deodorant. 
 
IODUM. 
 
 253 
 
 The Iodides of Sodium, Potassium, etc., are very diffusible and are as 
 rapidly excreted; setting free nascent oxygen (Ozone) and Iodine at the 
 points of their elimination, they are remotely irritant to the mucous mem¬ 
 branes, setting up violent coryza, with soreness of the throat, acute con¬ 
 junctivitis, profuse mucous discharges, headache and irritation of the 
 kidneys and the skin. If used for any length of time they induce great 
 waste and rapid elimination of waste products, causing anaemia, emacia¬ 
 tion and mental depression. They combine with certain poisons in the 
 system, particularly Lead, Mercury, and the products of the syphilitic 
 disease, hastening their elimination. Iodism is the term applied to the 
 general condition produced by these agents, and comprises the symptoms 
 above noted together with frontal headache, ptyalism, a saline taste in 
 the mouth, dysphagia, temporary impotence, and an acneform eruption 
 on the face and limbs. Sometimes the eruption is furuncular or even 
 purpuric. Copiously diluting these salts with water promotes their excre¬ 
 tion and to a great extent prevents the development of these results. 
 
 Iodoform contains from 94 to 97 per cent, of Iodine and naturally 
 resembles the latter in action. Locally its action is anaesthetic and pow¬ 
 erfully antiseptic. It is one of the best agents to prevent decomposition 
 and to destroy the germs of putrefaction and of disease, but must be 
 carefully employed, as when used in quantity on an extensive raw surface 
 it has often produced fatal results with symptoms of narcotic poisoning. 
 The first sign of its dangerous absorption is increase of temperature, which 
 may reach 104° or more, then headache, quick and feeble pulse, marked 
 anxiety and restlessness, and suddenly collapse and death may supervene. 
 The quantities which have produced fatal results from local absorption 
 have varied from 525 to 4500 grains. In small doses internally it is con¬ 
 sidered to be a tonic and alterative, wasting does not occur, but the body 
 weight increases and the general condition improves. In these respects 
 its action markedly differs from that of Iodine or the Iodides. 
 
 Iodol has the same action as Iodoform, but is odorless and is said to 
 be devoid of toxic power. Though insoluble in water it dissolves readily 
 in the gastric juices, and is rapidly absorbed and as quickly diffused 
 through the system. 
 
 Ethyl Iodide (see ante , pages 79 and 81) is used by inhalation to bring 
 the system rapidly under the influence of Iodine. It is a good antispas- 
 modic and general stimulant and a very slow anaesthetic. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Restorative agents and vaso-motor tonics, Quinine, Digitalis, etc., are therapeutically 
 antagonistic. Starch is the antidote to free Iodine, but the stomach must be evacuated as 
 the Iodide of Starch is not inactive. The mineral acids, metallic salts, ammonia and 
 vegetable alkaloids are incompatible with Iodine, and if the Potassium salt be prescribed 
 with Potassium Chlorate a poisonous compound will result. In chronic poisoning by the 
 iodides a free salivary flow induced by chewing Pyrethrum root will hasten the elimina¬ 
 tion of the drug. 
 
254 
 
 IODUM. 
 
 Therapeutics of Iodine. 
 
 The tincture or the compound solution are much employed locally as 
 counterirritants and by injection into cavities as alterative applications, 
 instances of which are their use in glandular tumors, hypertrophied ton¬ 
 sils, cervical and ovarian cysts, empyema, hydrocele, etc. In various 
 skin diseases, as chloasma, lentigo, lupus, etc., the tincture or a glycerite 
 is well applied, and in many splenic and hepatic disorders of chronic type 
 the ointment or tincture is a favorite counterirritant application. In sores, 
 ulcers, fissures, etc., the Iodide of Starch or a mixture of Iodoform and 
 Tannin, are strongly recommended, and the tincture is much used locally 
 to promote absorption of the products of acute inflammations. In acute 
 catarrh and hay-fever inhalations of iodine-vapor, or that from Iodized 
 Phenol are very serviceable, and in the vomiting of pregnancy i to 5 
 drop-doses of the tincture every hour are often efficient. The compound 
 solution well diluted is given thrice daily in typhoid fever with good 
 results in many cases, and in malarial fevers the same preparation com¬ 
 bined with Carbolic Acid has remarkably curative power. In strumous 
 conditions Iodine internally is much more efficient than any of the 
 Iodides. 
 
 Therapeutics of the Iodides. 
 
 The Iodide of Potassium is the most frequently used, and is the form 
 in which Iodine is generally administered internally. It is usually admin¬ 
 istered in simple solution or in the compound infusion or syrup of Sarsa¬ 
 parilla. Though its mode of action has never been explained satisfactorily, 
 it is known by clinical experience to counteract many pathological condi¬ 
 tions, to promote the absorption of morbid products, and the elimination 
 of several metallic poisons. It is almost of specific rank in tertiary 
 syphilis and its results, as neuralgise, paralyses from gummata, ulcerations, 
 syphiloma of the internal viscera, lupus, chronic rheumatism and sciatica, 
 in all of which when of syphilitic origin this iodide in large doses (50 to 
 150 grains daily) to saturation of the system will speedily cause improve¬ 
 ment. So in mercurial poisoning and other chronic metallic toxaemise, 
 the best treatment is by rapid saturation with Potassic Iodide. The pro¬ 
 ducts left behind by pneumonia, pleurisy and pericarditis often yield to 
 moderate doses (5 grains), which if used for a prolonged period seem to 
 retard the changes of chronic nephritis. It is the best remedy for the 
 early stage of hepatic cirrhosis, and acts as a most efficient expectorant in 
 chronic bronchitis. Aneurisms are often cured by large doses (20 to 30 
 grains) of Potassic Iodide, the sac becoming perfectly solid by fibrinous 
 deposit. In acute catarrh and hay-fever, it is useful with Arsenic, the 
 Iodized Phenol being at the same time used locally in weak solution. In 
 tonsillitis and simple sore throat a weak solution (gr. ij-v ad 5) is a good 
 gargle, and in large doses it is often very efficient in spasmodic asthma 
 when induced by bronchial catarrh. 
 
IODUM. 
 
 255 
 
 The Iodide of Ammonium in grain dose repeated frequently is an ex¬ 
 cellent remedy in acute catarrh, hay fever, duodenal catarrh and its 
 accompanying jaundice, in chronic and capillary bronchitis, and in 
 catarrhal pneumonia to prevent caseation of the products. In the first 
 stage of hepatic cirrhosis and in chronic malarial poisoning it is equally 
 efficient administered in conjunction with Arsenic. Being somewhat 
 more irritating than the other iodides it is usually given in smaller quan¬ 
 tity, but being less stable it is more energetic in action. 
 
 The Iodide of Sodium may be used instead of the potassium salt, and 
 the same may be said of the Syrup of Hydriodic Acid if freshly prepared. 
 
 Hydriodic Acid is used as a substitute for Iodine and the Iodides. As 
 an alterative it is believed by some to possess all the powers of Iodine 
 while it is much less offensive to the taste and the stomach. It has been 
 used with benefit in asthma and bronchitis. The acid itself is not now 
 official, as it is liable to change by the development of free Iodine. 
 
 Therapeutics of Iodoform and Iodol. 
 
 Iodoform is chiefly employed in local diseases as an antiseptic, anaes¬ 
 thetic and alterative agent. It may be dusted in fine powder over a wound 
 or sore, or used in ethereal solution to saturate gauze or absorbent cotton. 
 It is particularly useful as an application to sloughing and phagedenic 
 ulcers, gunshot wounds, chancroids, fistulae, sinuses and painful affections 
 of the rectum or uterus. Internally it may be used as a general tonic and 
 alterative in syphilis and other cachexise, also for neuralgia, and is fre¬ 
 quently prescribed with Iron. Triturated with Tannin it forms a useful 
 application to the cervix uteri in erosions and ulcerations thereof, or an 
 Iodo-tannin may be prepared by saturating the Tincture of Iodine with 
 Tannic Acid, and applied on a cotton tent to the uterine mucous mem¬ 
 brane in many chronic affections of that organ. 
 
 Iodol, if equally efficient, as is claimed, will doubtless replace Iodoform 
 largely as a topical application. Internally they are both highly esteemed 
 as remedies in chronic gastric catarrh, and intestinal catarrh, ulceration 
 of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, etc. Iodol may be given 
 midway between meals. In bronchitis, bronchial catarrh, and various 
 respiratory neuroses, Iodol has been found highly useful. Tuberculosis 
 is successfully treated by Iodoform, which certainly does check the 
 activity of the bacillus of that disease, also by Iodol in many cases. 
 
 Diabetes has been apparently cured by Iodoform. 
 
 Syphilis will be combated successfully by Iodoform or Iodol, in lieu of 
 the Iodide of Potassium. 
 
 Hydriodic Acid is used as a substitute for Iodine and the Iodides, 
 being less offensive to the taste and stomach. It is official only as the 
 Syrup, the Acid itself not being a stable preparation. 
 
256 
 
 IPECACUANHA. 
 
 IPECACUANHA, Ipecac, —is the root of Cepha’elis Ipecacuanha, 
 a small shrubby plant of the nat. ord. Rubiaceae, growing in Brazil. The 
 root is of the thickness of a small quill and about 4 inches long, of dull 
 gray-brown color, contorted and finely wrinkled, internally white, tough 
 and ligneous; odor slight but nauseous, taste acrid, bitter and nauseating. 
 It contains starch, gum, a trace of volatile oil, a crystalline alkaloid, 
 Emetine , C 2 oH 30 N0 5 , and a glucoside named Ipecacuanhic Acid. Dose of 
 the powdered root, as an expectorant gr. ss-ij, as an emetic gr. xv-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Ipecacuanha Fluidum ,—Dose, TTpj-v. 
 
 Syrupus Ipecacuanha, —strength 5 percent. Dose, gj-^ss. 
 
 Vinum Ipecacuanha ,— strength 7 per cent. Dose rr\j-£j. 
 
 Trochisci Ipecacuanha ,—each contains gr. of Ipecac. 
 
 Trochisci Morphina et Ipecacuanha ,—each contains of Morphine Sulphate gr. -p G , of 
 Ipecac gr. T V, with oil of Gaultheria, Sugar, etc. 
 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii, Dover’s Powder,—consists of Ipecac 10, Pulvis Opii 10, 
 Sugar of Milk, 80 parts. Dose. gr. ij-xv. 
 
 Tinctura Ipecacuanha et Opii ,—Deodorized Tincture of Opium 100 parts evaporated 
 to 85, Fluid Extract of Ipecac 10, Alcohol q. s. ad 100. Dose, rtpv-xxx. 
 
 Emetina, Emetine (Unofficial),—a crystalline alkaloid, white becoming yellow, odor¬ 
 less, bitter, nearly insoluble in water, but forming with acid salts which are readily 
 soluble. Is powerfully poisonous in large doses. Dose as an expectorant, gr. ; 
 
 as an emetic, gr. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Ipecac isnauseant, emetic, expectorant, cholagogue, diaphoretic, hemo¬ 
 static, sternutatory and counterirritant. Applied to the skin it produces 
 pustulation, and used as snuff it excites violent sneezing and reflex 
 mucous secretion, in some persons the smallest inhalation of the dust ex¬ 
 citing an asthmatic paroxysm. Internally small doses (gr. act as 
 
 a stomachic tonic and increase the gastric secretions; larger doses 
 (gr. v-xx) are nauseant and emetic in from 20 minutes to half an hour, 
 but the emesis produced is not violent nor is it followed by much depres¬ 
 sion. If these doses are repeated a tolerance of the stomach to the drug 
 becomes established and a cathartic action is produced, the stools having 
 a peculiar bilious character. The circulation is only slightly affected by 
 Ipecac, but it relaxes the skin and increases the broncho-pulmonary 
 mucus, being diaphoretic and expectorant. In large doses it is decidedly 
 irritant to the intestinal canal, but here also it is capable of the same tol¬ 
 erance as in the stomach. In poisonous doses it has frequently produced 
 hemoptysis and other hemorrhages. 
 
 Emetine, the active principle, causes death in animals by cardiac 
 paralysis, and the autopsies show evidences of gastro-intestinal irritation 
 and hypenemic lungs with patches of hepatization. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Narcotics generally antagonize the emetic action, so also do Bismuth, Carbolic and 
 Hydrocyanic Acids. The salts of Lead and Mercury, Vegetable Acids and astringent 
 infusions are incompatible with Ipecac. 
 
IRIS. 
 
 257 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Ipecac is much used as an emetic, being safe, efficient and non-depres¬ 
 sant, though slow of action. It is the best agent of the kind to relieve 
 the stomach in acute indigestion and bilious sick-headache, and an ipecac- 
 vomit is frequently very serviceable at the commencement of eruptive, 
 continued and periodical fevers. The syrup is a favorite domestic emetic 
 to cut short an attack of spasmodic laryngitis, and it may be used bene¬ 
 ficially in membranous croup and capillary bronchitis. 
 
 Dysentery is a disease in which large doses of Ipecac (gr. xx every 4 
 hours) are used with great success, especially in the epidemic form, and 
 in the summer dysentery of teething children. Tolerance must be estab¬ 
 lished to produce its curative action. In small doses (npj of the wine) 
 frequently repeated, it will relieve many kinds of vomiting, especially 
 those of nervous origin, perhaps through a sedative action on the pneu- 
 mogastric. As an antihemorrhagic it has been efficiently employed in 
 post-partum hemorrhage, menorrhagia, epistaxis, hemoptysis, etc., and it 
 is considered very useful in night coughs, acute catarrh and bronchitis, 
 spasmodic asthma and hay fever. In most of these affections slightly 
 nauseating doses must be used. 
 
 IRIS, Blue Flag, —is the rhizome and rootlets of Iris versicolor , an 
 indigenous plant of the nat. ord. Iridaceae, growing in moist meadows 
 and on the borders of swamps, having large blue flowers and a horizontal 
 rhizome, 2 to 4 inches long, with long rootlets, slight odor but an acrid, 
 nauseous taste. It contains tannin, sugar, starch, gum, an acrid resin, 
 fixed oil and traces of an alkaloid. Dose of the powdered root, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Iridis ,—Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Extraction Iridis Fluidum ,—Dose, npv- ’Zy 
 
 Iridin or Irisin (Unofficial),—is a so-called resinoid found in the shops, of undetermined 
 composition, but probably an oleoresin precipitated by water from an alcoholic preparation. 
 Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Iris when fresh is actively purgative, emetic and diuretic, producing 
 severe nausea and prostration. Iridin has been the subject of experimen¬ 
 tation upon dogs, and is shown to be a powerful hepatic stimulant with 
 considerable influence on the intestinal glands, being more purgative than 
 Euonymin and less irritant than Podophyllin. In very small doses it 
 causes obstinate constipation by producing rectal inactivity. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Iris is very serviceable in duodenal catarrh with obstruction of the bile- 
 ducts and consequent jaundice, also in malarial poisoning, bilious remit¬ 
 tents, and jaundice of malarial origin. It is used in many hepatic and 
 
 17 
 
258 
 
 JALAPA. 
 
 intestinal disorders as a cholagogue and purgative of mild but efficient 
 action, also as a diuretic in dropsies. In small doses (npj of a tincture) it is 
 strongly recommended in a peculiar blinding headache in the right supra¬ 
 orbital region with nausea or vomiting, supposed to be of hepatic origin. 
 
 JALAPA, Jalap ,—is the tuberous root of Exogonium purga , a Mexi¬ 
 can plant of the nat. ord. Convolvulacese. It is large, turnip-shaped, 
 externally dark-brown and wrinkled, internally grayish-brown with numer¬ 
 ous concentric circles composed of small resin-cells, odor slight, taste 
 sweetish and acrid. It contains 1 15 to 20 per cent, of the official Resin, 
 which is composed of two resins, Jalapin , soft, soluble in ether, and 
 Convolvulin, C 31 H 50 O 16 , which is hard, insoluble in ether, and the most 
 active of the two. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abstraction Jalapce,—vs> an ingredient of Pil. Catharticae Compositae, gr. j in each. (See 
 ante , page, 185.) Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Resina Jalapce ,—prepared by precipitation by water from a tincture. Insoluble in water, 
 soluble in alcohol, Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Pulvis Jalapce Compositus, —Jalap 35, Potassium Bitartrate 65 parts, triturated together. 
 Dose, gr. x-^j. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Jalap is an active cathartic, producing copious and watery stools, with 
 considerable tormina and tenesmus, also sometimes nausea. It does not 
 produce hemorrhoids, but does increase the secretions of the intestinal 
 canal and the flow of bile. Its action is not due to any one of the contained 
 principles, but all the active constituents are found in the resin. Com¬ 
 pared with other agents of the same class its action most resembles that of 
 Scammony. It is more drastic than Senna and less irritant than Gam¬ 
 boge, but in overdoses may produce dangerous hypercatharsis. 
 
 Convolvulin in sufficient dose is an active irritant poison, producing 
 gastro-enteritis and narcotism. Its action as a purgative seems to be 
 wholly local, as from its intravenous injection no catharsis results, yet it 
 exerts little if any irritant action on the conjunctiva, nasal mucous mem¬ 
 brane or skin. It is not eliminated in the urine or the faeces, and is there¬ 
 fore probably destroyed in the system by oxidation. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 In olden bowel-moving times Jalap and Calomel were used together in 
 doses of gr. x each (“ ten and ten ”), asa routine purgative prescription. 
 Less ponderous doses are now considered equally efficient, and one grain of 
 each agent with the same quantity of Extract of Hyoscyamus as a correct¬ 
 ive may be used with advantage at the onset of fevers and inflammations. 
 As the compound powder it is much employed to produce free watery evacu¬ 
 ations in ascites and anasarca. Being nearly tasteless it is a useful cathartic 
 for children, and may be administered in Syrup of Rhubarb (gr. ij-v in 
 
JUGLANS-JUNIPERUS. 
 
 259 
 
 Bss). As a vermifuge it is efficient as an adjunct to more powerful agents, 
 and is employed with Calomel and Santonin for the expulsion of lumbrici. 
 Jalap is contraindicated in all inflammatory conditions of the intestinal 
 mucous membrane, but in proper doses it is one of the most manageable 
 and efficient cathartics. 
 
 JUGLANS, Butternut, —is the inner bark of the root, collected in 
 autumn, of Juglans cinerea , the Butternut or White Walnut, an indigenous 
 forest tree of the nat. ord. Juglandaceae. It occurs in flat or curved 
 pieces, the outer surface smooth, dark-brown, mottled, and nearly free 
 from corky remnants of the outer bark, odor feeble, taste bitter and acrid. 
 It contains an orange-yellow, crystalline and acrid substance named Ju- 
 glandic Acid or Nucin, resembling Chrysophanic Acid, also some resin, 
 volatile acid, etc., but neither tannin nor any alkaloid. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extractum Juglandis, —Dose, gr. v-xx or more. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Juglans is a mild cathartic operating without the production of pain or 
 irritant symptoms. It is never used in substance, but the extract is a 
 good laxative in doses of gr. v-x, and a purgative in larger doses. It has 
 considerable reputation in dysentery and chronic constipation. 
 
 JUNIPERUS, Juniper, —is the fruit of Juniperus communis , an 
 evergreen shrub of the nat. ord. Coniferae, growing in Europe and N. 
 America. The fruit or berry is dark-purple with a bluish-gray bloom, 
 having a three-rayed furrow at the apex, internally pulpy, containing 3 
 triangular, bony seeds. It contains a Volatile Oil which is official and 
 consists of terpenes and camphors in complex combination, also a non- 
 crystallizable principle named Juniper in, and grape sugar, resin, formic, 
 acetic and malic acids, etc. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Juniperi ,—thevolatile oil, a colorless or faintly greenish-yellow liquid, of sp. gr. 
 about 0.870, of terebinthinate and sweetish taste, and the odor of juniper, soluble in 12 
 of alcohol. Dose, rtyv-xx. 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi ,—has of the oil 3 parts in 97 of alcohol. Dose, 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi Composi/us ,—approximates closely to the best grade of “ Gin ” (see 
 ante, page 86). It contains Oil of Juniper 10, Oil of Caraway 1, Oil of Fennel 1, Alco¬ 
 hol 3000, and Water sufficient to make 5000 parts. Dose, jijss-j. 
 
 Infusum Juniperi (Unofficial)—Juniper Berries ^j in Oj of boiling water. Dose, 
 
 3 SS ~T 
 
 Oleum Cadini, Oil of Cade (Unofficial),—is a tar obtained by the destructive distilla¬ 
 tion of Juniper wood, but is of uncertain purity. The official Oleum Picis Liquid® (Oil 
 of Tar) is just as efficient for all purposes to which the Oil of Cade has been applied. 
 
26 o 
 
 KAMALA. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Juniper is a stomachic tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic and aphrodisiac. 
 The oil is the active principle, and is readily diffused, exciting increased 
 cardiac action, stimulating the renal functions and the action of the skin, 
 and causing a subjective sense of heat throughout the system. It is elimi¬ 
 nated chiefly by the kidneys, and may set up renal irritation, in large 
 doses producing stranguary, priapism, hematuria, suppression of the urine ? 
 and uraemic convulsions. It imparts a violet odor to the urine, and will 
 produce diuresis when inhaled. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The Oil of Juniper is used to flavor gin and to impart the diuretic power 
 popularly ascribed to that liquor. The medicinal use of the juniper 
 preparations (spirit and compound spirit) is restricted to their employ¬ 
 ment as vehicles for less irritant diuretics. The oil acts therapeutically 
 like the Oil of Turpentine, and may be used in chronic pyelitis and cys¬ 
 titis, prostatorrhoea, gleet, etc., but it is contraindicated in all cases where 
 acute inflammation of the kidneys exists. 
 
 Oil of Cade is used locally in chronic skin diseases as a stimulant 
 application. It is too active for acute eruptions, but has been used with 
 benefit in chronic eczema and psoriasis. The official Oil of Tar (see Pix) 
 is equally efficient. 
 
 KAMALA, Rottlera, —the glands and hairs from the capsules of 
 Mallotusphilippinensis , or Rottlera tinctoria , a small tree of the nat. ord. 
 Euphorbiacese, growing in Abyssinia, Arabia, India, China, etc. It 
 occurs as a granular, mobile, brick-red powder, inodorous and nearly 
 tasteless, partly soluble in alcohol and ether. It contains several resins, 
 one of which is named Rottlerin , C n H 10 O 3 , also tannin, starch, gum, red 
 coloring matter, etc. There are no official preparations. Dose, 3 ss-iij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Kamala is anthelminitic and purgative, sometimes causing nausea and 
 colic, seldom vomiting. It is used as a tseniafuge and to expel lumbrici 
 and ascarides vermiculares. One or two drachms are given suspended in 
 water, mucilage or syrup, and repeated in 4 hours if necessary. A tinc¬ 
 ture (Svj in xvj of alcohol) may be used in doses of 5 j _ 3 ss. In India 
 it is used locally in scabies and other skin affections, and has been found 
 of especial service in herpetic ringworm. As a remedy against tapeworm 
 it is perhaps next after Male-fern in efficiency, and requires no preparatory 
 treatment. 
 
KINO-KRAMERIA. 
 
 26l 
 
 KAVA-KAVA, Ava-Kava (Unofficial),—the root of Piper methys- 
 ticum, a shrub of the nat. ord. Piperacese growing in South America and 
 the South Sea Islands. The root is large, weighing from 2 to 20 pounds, 
 fibrous, light and spongy, and contains a crystalline principle, Kavahin 
 or Methysticin , which is analogous to Piperin, an acrid, greenish-yellow 
 resin Kawin , which is probably the active principle, also a Volatile Oil. 
 Dose, 3 ss-j, macerated in water, or the same quantity of a fluid extract. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Kava is intoxicant, diuretic and motor-depressant. A beverage is pre¬ 
 pared in the Sandwich Islands by chewing the root and then infusing it in 
 water or cocoanut milk, which produces a drowsy intoxication with 
 pleasant dreams often of erotic character, and followed by severe head¬ 
 ache. A moderate dose is tonic and stimulant, lessening the sense of 
 fatigue and sharpening the mental faculties. It is highly recommended 
 in gonorrhoea and gout, also in chronic gleet and obstinate cystitis. 
 
 KINO ,—is the inspissated juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium , a tall tree 
 of the nat. ord. Leguminosse, growing in India. It occurs in angular, 
 brown-red pieces, shining and brittle, inodorous, taste astringent and 
 sweetish, soluble in alcohol. It contains 75 per cent, of a variety of tan¬ 
 nin named Kino-tannic Acid, C 18 H 18 0 8 , which gives a greenish precipitate 
 with persalts of iron, also a crystalline, neutral substance, Kinoin , C 14 H 12 0 6 , 
 and Kino-red, formed from Kino-tannic Acid by oxidation, besides gum, 
 pectin, etc. There are several other varieties of Kino in the market, 
 brought from S. America, Africa, Australia, etc., which are products of 
 other trees than the official one. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Kino ,—strength 10 per cent. Dose, TT^x- g ij. 
 
 Pulvis Kino Compositus (Unofficial)—Kino 15, Opium 1, Cinnamon 4 (has of Opium 
 1 in 20). Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The action of Kino is the same as that of Tannic Acid, though less 
 powerful (see ante, page 74), and may be used for the same purposes, both 
 internally and locally. It is chiefly employed as an astringent gargle and 
 as a constituent of diarrhoea-mixtures. 
 
 KRAMERIA, Rhatany, is the root of Krameria triandra and 
 Krameria iomentosa, shrubs of the nat. ord. Polygalacete, growing in S. 
 America, the first-named in Peru and the latter in New Granada. It is 
 about an inch thick, branched below, more or less knotty, covered with 
 
262 
 
 KUMYSS. 
 
 a brownish bark which is very astringent; and contains 20 to 45 per cent, 
 of Rhatania-tannic Acid, C 54 H 24 0 21 , and Rhatanine , C 10 H 13 NO 3 , an alka¬ 
 loid,—also wax, gum, etc. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Krainerice ,—aqueous. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Extraction Krainerice Fluidum ,—Dose, rrpv-^ss. 
 
 Tinctura Krainerice ,—20 per cent. Dose, rrpv-gj. 
 
 Syrupus Krainerice ,—Fluid Extract 35, Syrup 65. Dose, 3SS-5SS. 
 
 Trochisci Krainerice ,—each troche contains gr. j of the extract, with Tragacanth, Sugar 
 and Orange-Flower Water. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Krameria possesses the same astringent qualities as Tannic Acid (see 
 ante , page 74), and may be employed for the same purposes except as an 
 antidote to Antimony. It has long had a high reputation as an injection 
 for fissure of the anus, as a local application to spongy gums, and as a 
 tonic for debilitated subjects. 
 
 KUMYSS, Koomiss (Unofficial),—is an effervescing fermented 
 liquor originally prepared by the Tartars from mare’s milk, but now 
 imitated with cow’s milk by adding sugar of milk, fermenting in open 
 tanks, skimming off the casein and butter, then bottling during active 
 fermentation. Wolff’s formula for its preparation in small quantity is as 
 follows,— 
 
 Dissolve ;jss (a tablespoonful) of grape sugar in t ^iv of water. Dissolve gr. xx (a 
 teaspoonful) of Fleischmann’s compressed yeast or well washed and pressed-out brewer’s 
 yeast in 3 ij of cow’s milk. Mix the two solutions in a quart champagne bottle, and fill 
 to within 2 inches of the top with good cow’s milk. Cork well, secure the cork with 
 wire, keep it in a cellar or ice chest, maintaining a temperature of 50° F. or less, and 
 agitate thrice daily. In three or four days it is ready for use, but should not be kept 
 longer than four or five days. Draw it with a champagne tap. 
 
 The following table of analysis shows the average composition of milk, 
 koumiss and kefir :— 
 
 
 Cow’s milk. 
 
 Koumiss. 
 
 Kefir. 
 
 Albumen,. 
 
 . 48 
 
 II .2 
 
 38 
 
 Butter,. 
 
 . 38 
 
 20.5 
 
 20 
 
 Sugar of milk, . . . . 
 
 . 41 
 
 22. 
 
 20 
 
 Lactic acid,. 
 
 . — 
 
 11 5 
 
 9 
 
 Alcohol,. 
 
 , . . . . — 
 
 16.5 
 
 8 
 
 Water and salts, . . . . 
 
 .... 873 
 
 918.3 
 
 905 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The taste of Kumyss is acidulous and peculiar. In large quantity it 
 takes the place of food, each quart equalling four ounces of solids. It is 
 said to be a powerful diuretic especially in cold weather, and in warm 
 weather to produce free diaphoresis. It is stimulating and tonic, increases 
 the body nutrition and produces considerable somnolence. The stomach 
 
' LACTUCARIUM-LANOLINUM. 263 
 
 is very tolerant of it, and retains it when any other food will be rejected. 
 It is easily assimilated and very nutritious. 
 
 Kumyss is an invaluable article of diet in many wasting diseases, espe¬ 
 cially phthisis. It is also of great benefit in dyspepsia, the diarrhoea of 
 children, convalescence from acute maladies, chronic affections of the 
 kidneys, chronic bronchitis, and other cachexiae. In cases of feeble 
 digestive power 5j every hour is sufficient, but as its digestion and assimi¬ 
 lation increase it may be given almost ad libitum , and when used with 
 other food a half-pint may be taken after each meal. 
 
 Kefir is the name of a fermented drink prepared from the milk of a 
 cow or mare by the addition of a mushroom-like ferment found near the 
 snow-line in the Caucasian mountains. It is used by the natives of the 
 Asiatic plains as a remedy for struma, anaemia, lung and stomach diseases. 
 Kefir is richer in albumen than Kumyss, is less alcoholic and less acid. 
 
 LACTUCARIUM, Lettuce ,—is the concrete milk-juice of Lactuca 
 virosa , or Acrid Lettuce, a biennial European plant, of the nat. ord. 
 Compositae. It occurs in sections of cakes or irregular pieces showing the 
 form of the vessel in which it hardened, externally reddish-brown, internally 
 white or yellowish and of waxy lustre, odor heavy and narcotic, taste 
 bitter, partly soluble in alcohol and in ether, and yielding a turbid mixture 
 when triturated with water. Lactucarium is a mixture of several substances, 
 the most important being Lactucerin , 42 per cent., a crystalline, tasteless 
 body, resembling caoutchouc, insoluble in water and probably inert; 
 Lactucin , 0.3 per cent., a neutral principle, crystallizing in pearly scales, 
 insoluble in cold water, persistently bitter; Lactucic Acid , bitter, amor¬ 
 phous, but crystallizes after long standing. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Lactucarii Fluidum ,—Dose, for a child TT\j-iij, for an adult rrpx- 3 j, 
 according to the activity of the drug. 
 
 Syrupus Lactucarii ,—5 per cent. Dose, gj-^j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Lactucarium is feebly hypnotic, somewhat sedative and diuretic. It is 
 supposed to act similarly to Opium, but very feebly and without depressing 
 after-symptoms. Its preparations are very uncertain in activity, and are 
 chiefly used as placebos, to allay cough and quiet nervous irritability. 
 The syrup is a good vehicle for expectorants and antispasmodics. 
 
 LANOLINUM, Lanolin, —is a cholesterin fat obtained from the 
 suds from the washing of sheep’s wool, by a process patented in the United 
 States by Prof. Liebreich, the discoverer of Chloral; and though a very old 
 medicament, being mentioned by Ovid, Herodotus, Pliny and Aristo- 
 
264 
 
 LAPPA-LAVANDULA. 
 
 phanes, it is now being introduced to the medical world as the best basis 
 for ointments. It contains 25 to 30 per cent, of water, and readily unites 
 with no percent, of its own weight of water; differing from all other fatty 
 substances, chiefly in resisting saponification and the action of water, having 
 no tendency to become rancid. It readily passes through the integument, 
 carrying with it any medicament with which it is charged. It is a perfectly 
 neutral base, and hence is not liable to decompose any ordinary substance. 
 The difficulty about its use has been its very disagreeable sheepy smell, 
 but recent samples, exhibited to the British Medical Association, seem 
 to have been devoid of this objectionable quality. It is particularly useful 
 in chronic skin diseases where there is infiltration, and a penetrative 
 action is desired for medicaments. In a few cases of acute and subacute 
 eczema it has proved irritating, but as a rule it is perfectly bland. Where 
 a simple protective action is desired it is inferior to Lard, Vaseline or 
 Cold Cream. 
 
 LAPPA, Burdock ,—is the root of Lappa officinalis , the common 
 Burdock, acoarse-looking biennial weed of the nat. ord. Compositae, found 
 in waste places and along roadsides in Europe, Asia and N. America. Three 
 varieties are recognized ,—Lappa 7 najor Z. tomentosa and Z. minor , of 
 which the first-named is most frequently met with in this country. The 
 root about a foot long, an inch thick, has a feeble odor and a muci¬ 
 laginous, bitterish taste, and contains a bitter principle, traces of a volatile 
 oil, also inulin, resin, tannin, mucilage, sugar, etc. There are no official 
 preparations. Dose, 5 j-ij> in infusion, decoction or tincture. Dr. Squibb 
 recommends a tincture of the seed, lb j of ground seed to gall, j of whiskey, 
 allowed to stand for 2 weeks before decanting, and used in doses of 3ij-iij 
 before meals. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Lappa promotes all the secretions and is considered aperient, diuretic 
 and diaphoretic, without irritating qualities. In decoction it has been a 
 popular domestic remedy for many morbid conditions, especially rheuma¬ 
 tism, gout, pulmonary catarrhs and chronic cutaneous affections. By 
 several practitioners it is praised as an alterative in constitutional diseases, 
 as syphilis and scrofula, also as an external application to swellings, 
 hemorrhoids and chronic sores. A tincture of the seed has proved re¬ 
 markably efficient as a stomachic tonic and has cured several cases of 
 psoriasis inveterata. (See Squibb’s Ephemeris , vol. i, page 116.) 
 
 LAVANDULA, Lavender, —the flowers of Lavandula vera, a 
 small European shrub of the nat. ord. Labiatae, largely cultivated in 
 England. They have a bluish-gray tubular calyx, a violet-blue corolla, a 
 
LEPTANDRA-LICOPERDON GIGANTEUM. 
 
 265 
 
 fragrant odor, and an aromatic, camphoraceous taste, and contain resin 
 and tannin, also a Volatile Oil which is official. Lavender is a constitu¬ 
 ent of Vinum Aromaticum. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Lavandula, —is a volatile oil distilled from the flowering tops or the whole herb. 
 It is much coarser than the oil of lavender flowers and more stimulant. Dose, rrpj-v. 
 
 Oleum Lavandula Florum ,—is a volatile oil distilled from fresh Lavender, and having 
 the fragrant odor of the flowers. Sp. gr. 0.890, soluble in alcohol and in acetic acid of 
 90 per cent. It is a constituent of Spiritus Odoratus. (See ante, page 86.) Dose, ff\j-v. 
 
 Spiritus Lavandula —has of the Oil of Lavender Flowers 3 parts in 97 of Alcohol. 
 A perfume and flavoring, Dose, gss-j. 
 
 Tinctura Lavandula Co?nposita ,—an aromatic stimulant composed of Oil of Lavender 
 8, Oil of Rosemary 2, Cinnamon 18, Cloves 4, Nutmeg 10, Red Saunders 8, Alcohol 680, 
 Water 270, Diluted Alcohol q. s. add 1000 parts. Dose, 3 ss-ij. Is a constituent of 
 Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Lavender is aromatic, stimulant and carminative, but is rarely used 
 alone as a medicine. It is an agreeable flavoring and perfume, in the 
 form of the official spirit, which is sold under the name of “ Lavender- 
 water,” after the addition of Oil of Bergamot and Essence of Ambergris. 
 The compound tincture, formerly called the compound Spirit of Lavender, 
 is a very agreeable compound of spices, and is much used as a remedy for 
 gastralgia, nausea, flatulence, etc., and as an adjuvant or corrigent of 
 other medicines. 
 
 LEPTANDRA, Culver’s Root, —is the rhizome and rootlets of 
 Leptandra virginica, an indigenous perennial plant of the nat. ord. Scrofu- 
 lariaceae. The rhizome is horizontal, about 5 inches long and inch 
 thick, bent and branched, with thin, wrinkled rootlets, inodorous, taste 
 bitter and feel acrid. It contains a glucoside named Leptandrin , which 
 is probably the active principle, also Saponin, resin, tannin, etc. The 
 Leptandrin of the shops is an impure alcoholic extract. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Leptandra, —Dose, gr. j-iij. 
 
 Extractum Leptandra Fluidum, —Dose, TT^xx-^j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Leptandra is tonic, laxative, and like other resin-bearing purgatives is 
 decidedly cholagogue. The recent root is a violent cathartic, but in the 
 dried state it is less active. It is indicated in duodenal indigestion and 
 chronic constipation with insufficiency of the biliary and intestinal se¬ 
 cretions. 
 
 LICOPERDON GIGANTEUM, Puff-Ball, —is a common 
 fungus of the nat. ord. Trichogastres, found in hilly and wooded districts. 
 
266 
 
 LIMON. 
 
 The dust, which consists of the capillitium and spores, is a valuable 
 hemostatic, and dusted over bleeding surfaces acts promptly in arresting 
 hemorrhage. It has been proposed as a surgical dressing, but while use¬ 
 ful in emergencies where other agents are unattainable, the fetor which 
 * results from its application to wounds will prevent its use becoming general 
 for this purpose. It may prove of value as an internal hemostatic in 
 hematemesis and the hemorrhage of typhoid fever. 
 
 LIMON, Lemon, —is the fruit of Citrus Limonum , a tree of the 
 nat. ord. Aurantiacese, native in Asia but cultivated in southern Europe 
 and many other countries. It is official in the two forms described below. 
 The Orange ( Citrus vulgaris and C. Aurantium ), the Citron ( Citrus med¬ 
 ico), and the Lime ( Citrus acris), all belong to the same genus as the 
 Lemon ( Citrus Limonum ). 
 
 Limonis Cortex, Lemon Peel,—is the rind of the recent fruit, and 
 contains a Volatile Oil , C 10 H 16 , which is official, and a bitter crystalline 
 glucoside, Hesperidin , C. 22 H 26 0 12 , chiefly contained in the white portion of 
 the rind. 
 
 Limonis Succus, Lemon Juice,—is the freshly expressed juice of the 
 ripe fruit, each lemon yielding from ^ to i fluid ounce. It contains 
 about 7 percent, of free Citric Acid, besides Phosphoric and Malic Acids, 
 Citrates of Potassium and of other bases, etc. Dose, Sss-iv. 
 
 Acidum Citricum, Citric Acid, H 3 C 6 H 5 0 7 .H 2 0 ,—is obtained from the 
 juice of the Lemon or the Lime by adding chalk to form the Citrate of 
 Calcium, which is then decomposed by dilute Sulphuric Acid. It occurs 
 in colorless, rhombic crystals which are very soluble in water. A solution 
 of gr. xvij in 3ss of water corresponds to 3ss of fresh lemon-juice, and 
 this quantity of either will neutralize of Potassium Bicarbonate gr. xxv, 
 of Sodium Bicarbonate gr. xx, and of Ammonium Carbonate gr. xivss. 
 Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Citrates of Bismuth, Bismuth and Ammonium, Iron, Iron and Ammo¬ 
 nium, Iron and Quinine, Iron and Strychnine, Lithium, Potassium, eight 
 in all, are official. They are described under their respective bases, to 
 which rather than to the acid their medicinal qualities are due. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Limonis , Oil of Lemon, C 10 H 16 ,—is the volatile oil, isomeric with oil of tur¬ 
 pentine, and extracted from fresh lemon peel by mechanical means. It is used for flavor¬ 
 ing and is an ingredient of Spiritus Limonis, Spiritus Odoratus, and Spiritus Amrnoniae 
 Aromaticus. Dose, rqj-v. 
 
 Spiritus Limonis , Essence of Lemon,—prepared by macerating 6 parts of the oil and 
 4 of the peel in 90 of alcohol. Used for flavoring. Dose, according to the alcohol 
 required to be given. 
 
 Syrupus Limonis ,—Lemon-juice 40, Lemon-peel 2, Sugar 60, Water q. s. ad 100 
 parts. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Syrupus Acidi Citrici, —Citric Acid 8, Water 8, Spirit of Lemon 4, Syrup 980 parts. 
 Dose, indefinite. 
 
LINUM. 
 
 267 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Lemon-Peel is bitter and probably tonic to the stomach, but is only 
 used for flavoring purposes. Lemon-Juice, on the other hand, is refrig¬ 
 erant and antiscorbutic, entering the blood as alkaline citrates, potassium 
 salts and phosphoric acid, the citrates being therein partly oxidized into 
 C 0 2 and H 2 0 , while the potassium salts and phosphoric acid probably act 
 upon the red corpuscles. 
 
 Citric Acid has the same general action as Acetic and the other vege¬ 
 table acids (see Acidum Aceticum, ante , page 58). It is wholly decom¬ 
 posed in the blood, and appears to be non-toxic in man, but used inter¬ 
 nally it may precipitate uric acid and thus promote the formation of 
 calculi. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Lemon-juice is employed largely in the treatment and prevention of 
 scurvy, in which disease it possesses powers of specific rank, but whether 
 its action therein is due to the citric acid, the phosphoric acid or the salts 
 of potassium is not known. Lime-juice is equally efficient but Citric 
 Acid itself is not so. 
 
 As refrigerants and diuretic mixtures in fevers, Lemon-juice and Citric 
 Acid are much used, entering into the composition of lemonades, efferves¬ 
 cing draughts, etc., to allay thirst and subdue restlessness, and to pro¬ 
 mote the action of the skin and the kidneys. For acidity of the stomach 
 they are efficient if given in small doses before meals, but the mineral 
 acids are usually preferred for this purpose. Long-continued they will 
 impair digestion and impoverish the blood. Atheromatous degeneration 
 of the vessels is said to be retarded by the daily use of lemon-juice, which 
 is supposed to dissolve the excess of organic matter and to aid its excre¬ 
 tion. Obesity may be reduced by using the juice of limes or lemons in 
 large quantity, but it will be done at the expense of the digestion. Lemon- 
 juice has been found of service in acute rheumatism, probably through the 
 alkalies which it conveys into the blood. As a local application it has 
 been found efficient in pruritus scroti, sunburn, post-partum hemor¬ 
 rhage, and as a gargle in diphtheritic sore throat. 
 
 LINUM, Flaxseed, Linseed, —is the seed of Linum usitatissimum 
 (flax), a cultivated annual plant of the nat. ord. Linaceae. The seeds are 
 small, flattened, oblong-ovate bodies, brown and glossy, inodorous, taste 
 mucilaginous and bitter; and contain 15 per cent, of Mucilage in the 
 epithelium, also 30 to 40 per cent, of Fixed Oil in the embryo. Ground 
 Flaxseed should yield not less than 25 per cent, of the fixed oil. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Lini , Linseed Oil,—the fixed oil expressed from flaxseed without the use of 
 heat. A yellow, oily liquid, of slight odor, bland taste, and neutral reaction, soluble in 
 
268 
 
 LITHIUM. 
 
 5 of absolute alcohol and in i of ether. Consists chiefly of the Glyceride of Linoleic 
 Acid C 16 1 I 28 0 4 , which having a powerful affinity for oxygen becomes resinoid on expo¬ 
 sure to the air, making it a “ drying oil.” Dose, 5 ss-ij. 
 
 Infusum Lini, Linseed Tea (Unofficial),—Flaxseed giij, Liquorice-root gj, Boiling 
 Water 5 x, infused for 4 hours and strained. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Carron Oil (Unofficial),—is made by emulsifying equal parts of Linseed Oil and Lime- 
 water. The official Linimentum Calcis is intended for the same purposes. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Flaxseed is demulcent, emollient, expectorant and diuretic. The oil is 
 laxative in a dose of %], and in smaller doses is oxidized in the system 
 and excreted as a resinoid body by the kidneys, which it stimulates 
 slightly. The infusion contains the mucilaginous principle and a small 
 portion of the oil, and is advantageously used in inflammations of the 
 mucous membrane of the throat, the gastro-intestinal tract and the urin¬ 
 ary passages. It is an excellent demulcent in coughs of various kinds, 
 and will be found very serviceable in cystitis, irritable bladder, renal 
 colic, strangury, etc. The oil may be administered internally as a laxa¬ 
 tive but is usually given as an enema, and has considerable reputation as 
 a remedy for hemorrhoids in doses of Sij twice daily. Externally it is a 
 favorite application to burns when made into an emulsion with lime- 
 water. The ground seed (flaxseed meal) is one of the best agents for use 
 in poultices, and is universally employed for that purpose. 
 
 LITHIUM, Li ,—is represented in the Pharmacopoeia by five of its 
 salts, of which the Carbonate is but slightly soluble while the others are 
 readily so. The.low atomic weight of this metal (7) makes its saturating 
 power greater than that of other alkaline metals, hence the value of 
 its salts in medicine. 
 
 Salts of Lithium. 
 
 Lithii Benzoas , Benzoate of Lithium, LiC 7 H 5 0 2 ,—is classed with the Benzoates and 
 described under Benzoic Acid. (See ante , page 129.) 
 
 Lithii Bromidum , Bromide of Lithium, LiBr,—is classed with the Bromides and 
 described under Bromine. (See ante , page 133.) 
 
 LAthii Carbonas , Carbonate of Lithium, Li 2 C 0 3 ,—a light, white powder, permanent 
 in the air, odorless, of alkaline taste and reaction, soluble in 130 of water, insoluble in 
 alcohol. Dose, gr. ij-xv. 
 
 Lithii Citras , Citrate of Lithium, Li 3 C 6 H 5 0 7 ,—a white, deliquescent powder, odor¬ 
 less, of faintly alkaline taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 5)4 of water, slightly in 
 alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Lithii Salicylas , Salicylate of Lithium, 2 LiC 7 H 5 0 3 .H 2 0 ,—is classed with the Salicy¬ 
 lates and described under Salix. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The Lithium salts have strong alkaline qualities and act on the system 
 in the same manner as other alkalies (see under Potassium). The high 
 saturating power of this metal makes its salts more alkaline than those of 
 Potassium, Sodium or Calcium, hence more efficient in alkalinizing the 
 
LOBELIA. 
 
 269 
 
 urine. The Urate of Lithium is the most soluble of the urates, hence the 
 value of lithium salts in the uric acid diathesis. The Carbonate and 
 Citrate are the salts referred to in this connection, the others partaking 
 more of the qualities of their acid factors. Both these salts are antacid 
 and strongly diuretic, the Carbonate being but slightly soluble is given in 
 wafer or in carbonic acid water, and the Citrate in solution. The latter 
 may be extemporaneously prepared by adding Citric Acid to an aqueous 
 solution of the Carbonate, and in the organism is decomposed, the citric 
 acid being oxidized and the carbonate formed. Many mineral waters 
 contain small quantities of the carbonate, varying from a mere trace to 
 0.01 grain to a pint, an amount so minute as to be practically inert in 
 comparison with the much greater quantities of potassium and sodium 
 salts in the same waters. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The Carbonate and Citrate of Lithium are extensively used in gout 
 and the lithcemic diathesis, for the purpose of holding the uric acid in 
 solution as urate of lithium, and preventing its deposit in the tissues as 
 urate of sodium which is less soluble. Their prolonged administration is 
 so efficient in this affection that they have been credited with the power 
 of dissolving uric acid calculi and called lithontriptics. They are also 
 highly useful in the indigestion and rheumatism of obese subjects, and in 
 irritable bladder from excess of acid in the urine. Lithiated Arsenical 
 Water has been lately praised as a remedy in diabetes. 
 
 LOBELIA, Indian Tobacco, —the leaves and tops of Lobelia 
 inflata (nat. ord. Lobeliacese), collected after a portion of the capsules 
 have become inflated. The plant is a common annual weed growing on 
 roadsides throughout the United States, having pale-green, alternate 
 leaves, a single, erect and very hairy stem, with hairy branches and small, 
 pale-blue flowers, odor slight but irritating, taste at first mild, afterwards 
 burning and acrid. It contains gum, resin, fixed oil, wax, lignin, salts of 
 lime, potassium and iron, a liquid alkaloid Lobeline , which is the narcotic 
 principle of the plant, also Lobelic Acid , and an acrid substance named 
 Lobelacrin. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Lobelia Fluidum ,—Dose, rrpj-x. 
 
 Tinctura Lobelia ,—20 per cent. Dose, npv-xxx. 
 
 Acetum Lobelia ,—10 per cent. Dose, rrpv-^j. 
 
 Infusum Lobelia (Unofficial),— 3j to a pint. Dose, gj-gj. 
 
 Lobelin (Unofficial),—an impure resinoid. Dose, gr. ss-j. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Lobelia has an acrid, nauseous taste, and a heavy, unpleasant odor. It 
 is expectorant, diaphoretic, emetic, purgative, antispasmodic, motor- 
 
2/0 
 
 LYCOPODIUM. 
 
 depressant and narcotic. It excites an abundant flow of saliva, much 
 gastric mucus, profuse urination and sweating, with nausea, vomiting and 
 great depression. The heart’s action is enfeebled, and the blood-pressure, 
 at first increased, soon falls; muscular debility, reduced temperature and 
 coma follow, and death occurs by paralysis of the respiratory apparatus. 
 The drug produces paralysis of the motor nerve-trunks, the peripheral 
 vagi, and probably the respiratory and vaso-motor centres also. It 
 strongly resembles tobacco in its action, and is highly dangerous in full 
 medicinal doses, having caused many deaths when administered thera¬ 
 peutically, the most important instance of its fatal results being the case 
 of Ezra Lovett, Jr., who in 1809 was poisoned by Lobelia administered 
 by the founder of the Thomsonian sect of medical practitioners. The 
 responsible party escaped conviction on the plea that he gave the drug in 
 ignorance of its qualities. 
 
 Antidotes and Incompatibles. 
 
 Tannic Acid to form the insoluble tannate. Strychnine, Picrotoxine and Thebaine 
 antagonize its action on the nervous system ;—the vaso-motor excitants, as Alcohol, 
 Digitalis, Belladonna, Ergot, etc., antagonize its effects on the circulation. Caustic 
 alkalies are incompatible, decomposing the alkaloid. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Lobelia was a favorite remedy with the Indians at the time of the first 
 settlement of the LTiited States, and was introduced into regular practice 
 as an anti-asthmatic, after having served as the main stock-in-trade of the 
 irregular practitioners for many years. Its principal therapeutic action is 
 that of an antispasmodic, and in cautious hands it is extremely useful in 
 paroxysmal spasmodic asthma, as well as in dry cough with constant tick¬ 
 ling in the throat. As an enema in cases of strangulated hernia the infu¬ 
 sion is much safer than Tobacco and fully as efficient, and may overcome 
 the obstruction in intussusception, while the tincture in 2-drop doses every 
 hour will often relieve a case of impacted caecum. In constipation from 
 atony and deficient secretion a 10-minim dose of the tincture at bed¬ 
 time acts excellently, and in the poison-oak eczema the infusion is a good 
 local application. As an emetic it is entirely too depressant for child¬ 
 ren’s use. 
 
 LYCOPODIUM ,—is a very mobile, pale-yellow, fine powder, con¬ 
 sisting of the sporules or seeds of the Club-moss, Lycopodium ciavatum, 
 and of other species of Lycopodium (nat. ord. Lycopodiaceae). The 
 plant is a native of Europe and the U. S., has a trailing stem several feet 
 long, with smooth, deep-green, pointed leaves, flowers in terminal spikes, 
 and yellow capsules which contain the seeds. Lycopodium is odorless, 
 tasteless, floats on water, which does not wet it, and burns quickly when 
 
MAGNESIUM. 
 
 271 
 
 thrown on a flame. It should be free from pine-pollen, starch, sand and 
 other impurities, which are detected by means of the microscope, the 
 seeds being about of an inch in diameter, four-sided and reticulated, 
 with short projections on the edges. They contain about 47 per cent, of 
 a bland, fixed oil. 
 
 Physiological Actions and Therapeutics. 
 
 The plant was formerly considered to be diuretic and anti-spasmodic, 
 and was used in rheumatism, epilepsy and pulmonary and renal disorders. 
 The powder is now employed quite extensively in pharmacy to facilitate 
 the rolling of a pill-mass and to prevent adhesion of pills to each other. 
 It makes an excellent absorbent and protective powder when dusted over 
 an excoriated surface, as seen between the thighs of infants. 
 
 By the homoeopathic practitioners Lycopodium is elevated to the rank 
 of an active drug when triturated with sugar of milk sufficiently long to 
 break up the seeds and liberate their oily contents. In their first centesi¬ 
 mal trituration (yxro) it is said to have produced symptoms of high excite¬ 
 ment of the circulation and irritation of the urinary organs, and they 
 profess to use it with benefit in many affections of the mucous tracts, dys¬ 
 pepsia, pyrosis, flatulence, constipation, ileo-colitis of infants, hepatic 
 congestion, aneurism, chronic affections of the lungs and bronchi, diph¬ 
 theria, lithiasis, intertrigo, porrigo capitis, plica polonica and pruritus 
 ani, in all of which as an internal remedy and in high attenuation. 
 
 MAGNESIUM, Mg.—This metal is represented by its Oxide, Car¬ 
 bonate, Citrate, Sulphate and Sulphite, of which the Sulphate occurs 
 native in sea-water, caves, etc., the others being prepared from it. The 
 first two are almost insoluble in water or alcohol. Its salts are either white 
 or colorless, and those which are official are as follows: — 
 
 Official Salts of Magnesium. 
 
 Magnesia , Light Magnesia, Oxide of Magnesium MgO,—made by heating the light 
 carbonate in a crucible to expel nearly all the carbonic acid. A white, light and very tine 
 powder, almost insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, and gelatinizes with 15 of water 
 after standing y z hour, having become hydrated. Is a constitutent of Pulvis Rhei Com- 
 positus, Massa Copaibae and Ferri Oxidum Hydratum cum Magnesia. Dose, gr. x- t 4j. 
 
 Magnesia Ponderosa, Heavy Magnesia, Oxide of Magnesium, MgO,—is a white, dense 
 and very fine powder, corresponding in other properties and reactions with Magnesia, ex¬ 
 cept that it does not gelatinize with water. It is made by calcining the heavier variety of 
 the carbonate, and is much slower in action than the light magnesia. Dose, gr. x-^j. 
 
 Magnesii Cardonas , Carbonate of Magnesium, (MgC0 3 ) 4 Mgi H 0 ) 2 . 5 H 2 0 ,—light, 
 friable masses, or powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in alcohol, almost insoluble in 
 water. Dose, gr. x-^j. 
 
 Magnesii Sulphas, Sulphate of Magnesium, Epsom Salt, MgS 0 4 - 7 H 2 0 ,—colorless 
 prisms or acicular needles, slowly efflorescent, odorless, of cooling, saline taste, and neu¬ 
 tral reaction, very soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. Is a constituent of Infusum 
 Sennas Compositum. Dose, 3 j— 3 j. 
 
 Magnesii Sulphis, Sulphite of Magnesium, MgS 0 3 . 6 H 2 0 ,—a white, crystalline pow- 
 
272 
 
 MAGNESIUM. 
 
 der, becoming oxidized on exposure to air, of sulphurous and slightly bitter taste, and 
 neutral or slightly alkaline reaction, soluble in 20 of water, insoluble in alcohol. Dose, 
 gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Magnesii Citras Granulatus, Granulated Citrate of Magnesium,—prepared from the 
 Carbonate with Citric Acid, Sugar, Bicarbonate of Sodium, Alcohol and Distilled Water. 
 A coarsely granular, white salt, deliquescent, of acidulous taste and acid reaction, soluble 
 with copious effervescence in 2 of water, insoluble in alcohol. Dose, :^ij-2-j. 
 
 Liquor Alagnesii Citratis ,—prepared from the Carbonate gr. 200, Citric Acid gr. 400, 
 Syrup of Citric Acid gr. 1200, Potassium Bicarbonate gr. 30, Water q. s. ad 5 xij. Dose, 
 3 iv-vj, repeated for catharsis. 
 
 Trochisci Magnesii ,—each troche contains of Magnesia gr. 3, Nutmeg gr. 0.15, with 
 Sugar and Mucilage of Tragacanth. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Mistura Magnesice et Asafcetidce , Dewees’ Carminative,—contains of the Carbonate 5 
 per cent., Tincture of Asafoetida 7, Tincture of Opium I, Sugar 10, and Distilled Water 
 77. Dose, g ss-iv. Used for flatulent colic and diarrhoea in infants. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Magnesia and the Carbonate of Magnesium are mildly laxative and 
 antacid, neutralizing free acids in the stomach and forming therewith lax¬ 
 ative salts. If used in large quantity for any length of time it may 
 become hydrated and produce intestinal concretions. The freshly-pre¬ 
 cipitated hydrate (see above, Magnesia) is an antidote to Arsenic in 
 solution, but less effective than the Hydrated Sesquioxide of Iron, with 
 which it is combined in the official Ferri Ox. Hydratum cum Magnesia. 
 (See ante , page 216.) Magnesia may also be used in acid or phosphorus¬ 
 poisoning. 
 
 The Citrate and Sulphate are saline cathartics, the latter being the 
 most powerful, producing prompt and free watery discharges, with but 
 little griping or irritation, but frequently a sense of coldness and depres¬ 
 sion. The purgative action is chiefly due to increase of the intestinal 
 fluids by an outward osmosis from the vessels, and not from increase of 
 the secretions of the glandular appendages. If the purgative action 
 should not take place a diuretic one will result, but to secure the desired 
 catharsis the drug should be administered in a considerable quantity of 
 water. Sulphate of Magnesium is the principal aperient constituent of 
 many of the popular laxative mineral waters, as Friedrichshall, Piillna, 
 Hunyadi, etc. 
 
 The Sulphite shares the actions and uses of the other sulphites, and is 
 more properly considered with them. (See ante , page 73.) 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Magnesia and the Carbonate are used as antacids and laxatives, in acid¬ 
 ity, sick headache, flatulent colic, etc., and as antidotes in poisoning by 
 acids, arsenic, phosphorus, mercuric and cupric salts. The Citrate is an 
 agreeable laxative, cooling and acceptable to the stomach. The Sulphate 
 is the most efficient of the saline cathartics and has a wide field of appli¬ 
 cation. In acute inflammatory conditions, renal and cardiac dropsy, 
 
MAGNOLIA-MALTUM. 
 
 273 
 
 ascites from obstruction of the portal circulation, increased blood-pressure 
 within the cranium, intestinal obstruction without acute inflammation, the 
 constipation of lead poisoning, and habitual constipation from deficiency 
 of the intestinal secretions, this agent will be found to be exceedingly 
 serviceable. Acute dysentery is well treated by Magnesium Sulphate 
 combined with diluted Sulphuric Acid, and followed by Opium and starch 
 enemata. Bleeding from hemorrhoids and uterine hemorrhage are often 
 relieved by the same combination when other agents fail. The ferro- 
 saline mixture (see ante , page 218) is a very useful laxative in the consti¬ 
 pation of anaemic women. The bitter taste of Epsom Salt is best covered 
 by coffee. 
 
 MAGNOLIA ,—is the bark of Magnolia glauca (Sweet Bay, Swamp 
 Sassafras), A/, acuminata (Cucumber-tree), and M . tripetala (Umbrella- 
 tree), all of which belong to the nat. ord. Magnoliaceae, and are indi¬ 
 genous to the eastern and southern States. It occurs in quilled or curved 
 pieces, of orange-brown color externally, whitish or a pale-brown inter¬ 
 nally, taste astringent, pungent and bitter. It contains a crystalline prin¬ 
 ciple named Magnolin , which is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, 
 ether, etc. Dose of the powdered bark, 5 ss—j. There are no official 
 preparations. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Magnolia is an aromatic bitter tonic and diaphoretic, usefully employed 
 in chronic rheumatism, remittent and intermittent fevers. In the latter 
 affection it will arrest the paroxysms if used freely. 
 
 MALTUM, Malt ,—is the seed of Hordeum distichum , Barley (nat. 
 ord. Graminacese), caused to enter the incipient stage of germination by 
 artificial means and dried. The germination is allowed to go far enough 
 to develop the maximum amount of Diastase , the peculiar ferment by 
 which the starch of the grain is converted into Glucose. Malt is the 
 source of beer, ale and whiskey, and is composed .of the germinated, dead 
 grains with their acrospires and radicles. It should be fresh, not darker 
 in color than a pale amber, and of agreeable odor and sweet taste. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum. Malti ,—a liquid of the consistence of thick honey, containing all the 
 soluble principles of malt in permanent form. It consists chiefly of diastase and glucose. 
 Dose, ^j-iv. 
 
 Ilorlick's Food (Unofficial),— is like Mellin’s and many other foods for children, a 
 granulated Extract of Malt. Hoff's Malt Extract is another such preparation, contain¬ 
 ing alcohol, and corresponding to a concentrated beer. 
 
 18 
 
MANACA-MANGANUM. 
 
 274 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Malt Extract is directly nutritive, containing good food elements, and 
 indirectly so from the presence of the ferment Diastase, which converts 
 the starch of bread or other farinas into sugar. It is usefully employed 
 in wasting diseases, and mixed with milk or oleaginous foods it aids their 
 digestion and assimilation. It may be used to form a syrupy mixture 
 with preparations of Iron or Cinchona. 
 
 MANACA (Unofficial),—is the root of Franciscea utiiflora , a shrub 
 of the nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae, indigenous to Brazil, where it is known 
 as Mercurio-vegetal, or Vegetable Mercury, a name applied by charlatans 
 to a number of widely differing plants. Very little is known about 
 Manaca, but it is extensively advertised as an unfailing remedy for sub¬ 
 acute and chronic rheumatism. It is also considered purgative, diuretic, 
 emmenagogue and antisyphilitic, being official in the Brazilian Dispensa¬ 
 tories, and noticed as follows in the Diet . de Botan. Brazileira. 
 
 “ This whole plant, but especially the root, excites powerfully the lymphatic system, 
 eliminating morbid matter by the skin and kidneys. It is antisyphilitic; the interior bark 
 is nauseating and stimulates the throat. In small doses it is resolvent; in larger purga¬ 
 tive, diuretic and emmenagogue. In large doses it is an acrid poison.” 
 
 A fluid extract is on the market, the average dose of which is 14, x three 
 or four times daily. 
 
 MANGANUM, Manganese, Mn.—This metal is represented in 
 the Pharmacopoeia by two of its salts, viz.—the native Black Oxide and 
 the Sulphate, as follows,— 
 
 Alangani Oxidum Nigrum , Black Oxide of Manganese, Dioxide of Manganese,—is 
 native, crude Binoxide of Manganese, containing at least 66 per cent, of the pure Oxide, 
 Mn 0 2 . A heavy, grayish black powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water or alco¬ 
 hol, giving off oxygen gas at a red heat, and if heated with hydrochloric acid it causes 
 the evolution of chlorine gas. Is used in preparing Chlorine Water. Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Alangani Sulphas , Sulphate of Manganese, MnS 0 4 - 4 H 2 0 .—colorless prisms, of 
 slightly bitter and astringent taste, faintly acid reaction, very soluble in wafer, insoluble in 
 alcohol. Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Potassii Permanganas , Permanganate of Potassium, K 2 Mn 2 0 8 ,—deep, purple-violet 
 prisms, of sweet and astringent taste, neutral reaction, soluble in 20 of water with a 
 scanty, brown residue, decomposed by alcohol. It should be kept in well-stoppered 
 bottles, and should not be triturated nor combined in solution with organic or readily 
 oxidizable substances. Dose, gr. ss-ij, in distilled water. 
 
 Syrupus Alangani Iodidi , .Syrup of the Iodide of Manganese (Unofficial),—contains 
 about 3j of the iodide in each 3. Dose, rtpx-xxx. For formula see U. S. D., page 
 1691. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri et Alangani Iodidi , Syrup of the Iodide of Iron and Manganese (Un¬ 
 official),—each 3 contains gr. 50 of the mixed iodides in the proportion of 3 of the 
 Iodide of Iron to 1 of that of Manganese. Dose, npx-xxx. For formula see U. S. D., 
 page 1692. 
 
MANGANUM. 
 
 275 
 
 Fern’ et Mangani Carbonas Saccharatits , Saccharated Carbonate of Iron and Man¬ 
 ganese (Unofficial),—is a tasteless, reddish-brown powder. Dose, gr. v-xx. For formula 
 see U. S. D., page 1693. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The salts of Manganese in small doses improve the appetite and the 
 digestion and stimulate the action of the heart. Used in larger doses and 
 for considerable length of time they lower the heart’s action, paralyze the 
 muscular system, especially the muscular coat of the arteries, causing pro¬ 
 gressive wasting, paraplegia, and acute fatty degeneration of the liver. 
 They are gastro-intestinal irritants, and the Sulphate is emeto-cathartic 
 and decidedly cholagogue. Manganese is closely associated with Iron in 
 the blood, bile, etc., in the proportion of about 1 to 20. The Black 
 Oxide is an efficient emmenagogue. 
 
 Permanganate of Potassium is an active oxidizer, containing as it 
 does a large proportion of oxygen which it yields very readily in the form 
 of ozone, and then becomes the binoxide of manganese. This property 
 gives it the qualities of an antiseptic, a disinfectant and a deodorant. It 
 is considered by some authorities to be an efficient emmenagogue. Used 
 internally it must be instantly decomposed in the stomach, and probably 
 is not absorbed in its own state. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The salts of Manganese are used by those practitioners who affect to see 
 a manganese-anaemia in cachectic subjects, and they are always combined 
 with ferric preparations. In amenorrhoea, gastrodynia and pyrosis the 
 purified oxide is a good remedy in doses of 10 to 15 grains, and the same 
 preparation is used as an ointment in many skin diseases. In jaundice of 
 malarial origin or catarrh of the biliary passages the sulphate gives good 
 results. 
 
 Permanganate of Potassium is used as an antiseptic and oxidizing agent 
 in diphtheria, scarlatina, septicaemia, erysipelas, etc., given internally and 
 used locally at the same time. It is given with apparent benefit in dys¬ 
 pepsia, flatulence, lithaemia and obesity, and has often seemed to be of 
 service in acute rheumatism. In amenorrhoea it is reported to be very 
 efficient, and has lately been used with success as a remedy for the bites 
 of venomous serpents and for other animal poisons. Locally it is fre¬ 
 quently employed (5 j to the pint) to correct fetor in cancer, ulcer, caries, 
 abscesses, ozaena, and it will destroy the odor of a foul breath or that of 
 the fetid perspirations of the feet. It is used both as a test and as a cor- 
 rigent for organic impurities in drinking-water. 
 
 Manganese is becoming more of an acknowledged remedy in derange¬ 
 ments of the menstrual function, as irregular or scanty menstruation, amen¬ 
 orrhoea, menorrhagia, and even metrorrhagia. By some authorities, the 
 emmenagogue power of Potassium Permanganate is ascribed to its large 
 
276 
 
 MANGO-MANNA. 
 
 proportion of Oxygen, which it is supposed to give up to the uterus; as, 
 until recently, Potassium Chlorate was supposed to do by the system at 
 large. According to the views of others who have studied its action, Man¬ 
 ganese should be classed with the excito-motors , increasing arterial ten¬ 
 sion, and specifically acting upon the uterus. The best preparation is the 
 Binoxide , in freshly-made pills of two grains each, of which 1 to 3 or 5 
 pills may be taken twice or thrice daily. The Permanganate of Potassium 
 has generally been the preparation given when the effects of Manganese 
 were desired; but as it causes great gastric irritability, with abdominal 
 pains and burning sensations, besides other decidedly unpleasant symp¬ 
 toms, it is a difficult matter to get patients to take it for any length of 
 time. 
 
 MANGO (Unofficial),—is the bark of Mangifera indica, an Indian 
 tree of the nat. ord. Guttiferae. It is supposed to be an astringent with 
 special tonic action upon mucous membranes. It is highly recommended 
 by its vendors for nasal catarrh, hemorrhages, and muco-purulent dis¬ 
 charges from the intestines, uterus, vagina and bronchi. A fluid extract 
 is sold, which may be used in doses of npx-5j. 
 
 Mango-Fruit or- Mangosteen, is the fruit of Garcinia mangostana, nat. ord. Guttiferae, 
 also from India. It is a powerful astringent, and is used for nasal catarrh, diarrhoeas, 
 dysentery, leucorrhoea, etc. 
 
 MANNA ,—is the concrete, saccharine exudation of Fraxinus Ornus, 
 or Flowering Ash, a tree of the nat. ord. Oleacese, growing in Southern 
 Europe. Manna is produced also by several other trees, and substances 
 resembling it are exuded by many plants. The official Manna occurs in 
 three-edged, fiattish pieces, brownish-white and glutinous externally, white 
 and crystalline internally, odor honey-like, taste sweet, slightly bitter and 
 faintly acrid. It contains from 40 to 90 per cent, of Mannit , C 6 H u 0 6 , 
 or Manna-sugar, which does not undergo vinous fermentation, and is 
 chemically allied to the alcohols and to glycerin. Manna also contains 
 glucose, mucilage, some acrid resin, and a small quantity of the fluores¬ 
 cent glucoside Fraxin , C 16 H 18 O 10 . There are no official preparations, but 
 Manna itself may be given in doses of 3 j—ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Manna is a mild laxative, with some tendency to produce flatulence 
 and colic. It is usually combined with other purgatives, as Senna, Rhu¬ 
 barb, Magnesia, etc., to disguise the taste and increase the effect. It is 
 a constituent of the official Infusum Sennse Compositum. Manna may 
 be eaten by children if of good quality, or may be readily dissolved in 
 milk and so administered. 
 
MARRUBIUM-MASTICHE-MATICO. 
 
 277 
 
 MARRUBIUM, Horehound, —the leaves and tops of Marrubiutn 
 vulgare, a plant of the nat. ord. Labiatae, native in Europe, but natural¬ 
 ized in America. It contains a bitter principle named Marrubiin , also a 
 volatile oil, resin, tannin, lignin, etc. There are no official preparations. 
 Dose, 3 ss-j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Horehound in large doses is laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic, and in 
 ordinary dosage it is a gentle tonic and stomachic. It is generally used 
 in catarrhal states of the air-passages, over which it seems to have a sooth¬ 
 ing effect, and is much employed in confectionery as an ingredient in 
 “ cough-drops.” 
 
 MASTICHE, Mastic, —is a concrete, resinous exudation from 
 Pistacia Lentiscus , a tree of the nat. ord. Terebinthaceae, growing in the 
 island of Scio. It occurs in globular tears, covered with a whitish dust, 
 of weakly resinous odor and slightly terebinthinate taste. Alcohol dis¬ 
 solves about 90 per cent, including the resin Mastichic Acid , C 20 H 32 O3, 
 the remainder consisting of another resin Mastichin , which is soluble in 
 ether and resembles copal. There are no official preparations, but Mastic 
 is an ingredient of the official Pil. Aloes et Mastiches (see ante , page 90). 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Mastic was formerly used for supposed properties analogous to those of 
 other oleo-resins, but now its application is confined to dentistry, being 
 employed as a temporary filling for carious teeth, a solution in ether being 
 applied on cotton with moderate pressure, and remaining as a firm plug 
 after evaporation of the solvent. 
 
 MATICO, —the leaves of Artanthe elongata (Piper angustifolium), a 
 Peruvian shrub of the nat. ord. Piperaceae. They are 4 to 6 inches long, 
 and prominently venated on the under surface, the veins forming deep, 
 angular meshes. Matico contains a crystallizable acid named Artanthic 
 Acid , also resin, tannin, and a volatile oil. Its odor is aromatic, and its 
 taste astringent, spicy and somewhat bitter. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Matico Fluidum ,—Dose, g ss-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Matico ,—10 per cent. Dose, ss-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Matico is an aromatic tonic and stimulant, also aphrodisiac, vulnerary 
 and hemostatic. It acts, like cubebs, on the urinary passages, and is an 
 excellent alterative stimulant to mucous membranes. It has been used 
 
278 
 
 MATRICARIA-MEL. 
 
 with considerable success in mucous catarrhs, as gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea, 
 chronic cystitis, etc., also in epistaxis, hemorrhoids menorrhagia, hemop¬ 
 tysis, hematemesis and other hemorrhages. The under surface of the leaf 
 is so formed as to promote coagulation of blood if applied to a bleeding 
 surface, and therefore it is a good local hemostatic for trivial cuts or 
 wounds. 
 
 MATRICARIA, German Chamomile, —the flower-heads of 
 Matricaria Chamomilla , a European annual plant of the nat. ord. Com¬ 
 posite. They are small, yellow flowers, with white rav-florets, the recep¬ 
 tacle being hollow, naked and conical, of strongly aromatic odor and 
 bitter taste ; and contain *^th per cent, of a blue Volatile Oil (the color 
 of which is due to Azulen ), also a bitter extractive, tannin, etc. There are 
 no official preparations, but the flowers maybe eaten or a decoction or in¬ 
 fusion used almost ad libitum . 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Matricaria is a mild tonic, in large doses emetic, anthelmintic and 
 antispasmodic. It is much used in Germany, and in this country is a 
 popular domestic remedy among German people, who use it in infusion as 
 a diaphoretic, etc. This plant is the “ Chamomilla ” of the homoeopaths, 
 who find in it remarkable power over morbid impressionability of the 
 sensory and excito-motor nerves, and administer it in various pains, aggra¬ 
 vated at night and by warmth, clonic spasms of pregnancy, irritability of 
 teething-children, flatulent colic, etc. 
 
 MEL, Honey, —is a saccharine secretion deposited in the honey¬ 
 comb by Apis mellifica , the honey-bee ; occurring as a pale-yellowish, 
 syrupy liquid, gradually becoming crystalline and opaque, of peculiar and 
 heavy odor, and a very sweet, faintly acrid taste. It is a strong aqueous 
 solution of several sugars (cane and grape sugar, levulose), with wax- 
 pollen, coloring and odorous matters, etc. The sugars, which may be 
 resolved into Levulose and Dextrose, amount to 70 or 80 per cent. 
 Honey is frequently adulterated with starch and artificial glucose, which 
 maybe detected by the official tests (see U. S. Phar.). Dose indefinite. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Mel Despumatum, Clarified Honey,—is honey heated, skimmed and strained. It 
 is an ingredient of Confectio Rosie, Mel Rosie, and Massa Ferri Carbonatis. Dose, 
 indefinite. 
 
 Mel Rosa, Honey of Rose,—Red Rose 8, Clarified Honey 93, Diluted Alcohol q. s. 
 Dose, indefinite; generally used as a local application to the throat for its astringency and 
 flavor, in combination with more active agents. 
 
MELISSA-MENISPERMUM-MENTHA PIPERITA. 
 
 279 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Honey is emollient, nutritive and laxative, in some persons giving rise 
 to pyrosis, flatulence and colic, and in others to an eruption of urticaria, 
 but generally constituting an agreeable article of diet. It is sometimes 
 actually poisonous from the presence of toxic agents extracted by the bee 
 from certain plants, in this country generally the Mountain Laurel 
 (.Kalmia Latifolia). Honey is chiefly used as an emollient in diseases of 
 the throat, to relieve dryness, pain, cough and dysphagia. A mixture of 
 Honey 8 parts to 1 each of Acetic Acid and Water is official in the Br. 
 Phar. under the title Oxymel, and forms a pleasant addition to gargles or 
 a vehicle for expectorant medicines. Honey of Rose is somewhat astrin¬ 
 gent, and is used in gargles for the throat and in mouth washes. 
 
 MELISSA, Balm, —the leaves and tops of Melissa officinalis , a 
 European plant of the nat. ord. Labiatae, growing also in America. It 
 has a perennial root, which annually gives forth several stems from 1 to 2 
 feet high, with leaves about two inches long, deeply serrate, hairy and 
 glandular, and white or yellowish flowers in axillary whorls of four or five 
 around half the stem. It contains gum, tannin, bitter extractive, and a 
 fragrant essential oil in very small quantity {pffi to per cent.). There 
 are no official preparations. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Balm has little or no action, except to flavor hot water for use as a 
 beverage or a mild diaphoretic. 
 
 MENISPERMUM, —is the rhizome and rootlets of Menispermum 
 canadense , or Canadian Moonseed, a woody, climbing plant of the nat. 
 ord. Menispermaceae, native of the eastern U. S., having peltate three- to 
 seven-lobed leaves, greenish-yellow flowers in small clusters, and a kidney¬ 
 shaped fruit. The rhizome is several feet long, % inch thick, finely 
 wrinkled, rootlets numerous, taste bitter. It contains starch, Berberine, 
 and a white alkaloid which is soluble in alcohol and in ether. There are 
 no official preparations. Dose, gr. v-xx, in infusion. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Menispermum is reputed to have tonic properties, and is used in some 
 of the Southern States in domestic practice as a substitute for Sarsa¬ 
 parilla in scrofulous conditions. Little is known about it of a definite 
 character. 
 
 MENTHA PIPERITA, Peppermint, —the leaves and tops of 
 Mentha piperita , a perennial herbaceous plant, of the nat. ord. Labiatae, 
 
28 o 
 
 MENTHA PIPERITA. 
 
 native of Britain, but largely cultivated elsewhere. The leaves are about 
 2 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, of aromatic odor, and 
 pungent, cooling taste. They contain i to per cent, of a Volatile 
 Oil which is official, and a little tannin. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Menthce Piperitce, Oil of Peppermint,—is the volatile oil distilled from the fresh 
 herb ; a colorless or pale yellow fluid of sp. gr. about 0.900, having the odor of pepper¬ 
 mint, a strongly aromatic taste followed by a cold sensation when air is drawn into the 
 mouth. It consists of a liquid terpene, and a stearoptene named Menthol or Peppermint 
 Camphor , C 10 H 20 O. Dose, rr\j-v. 
 
 Aqua Menthce Piperitce , Peppermint Water,—has of the oil 2 parts in 1000 of Distilled 
 Water. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Spiritus Menthce Piperitce , Essence of Peppermint,—is an alcoholic solution containing 
 10 per cent, of the Oil and 1 per cent, of the powdered herb. Is an ingredient of Mistura 
 Rhei et Sodae. Dose, rtpx-xxx. 
 
 Trochisci Menthce Piperitce, Peppermint Troches,—each troche contains gr. yLL- of the 
 Oil, with Sugar and Mucilage of Tragacanth. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Menthol, Peppermint Camphor, C 10 H 20 O (Unofficial),—is a stearoptene deposited by 
 Oil of Peppermint on exposure to cold. Used externally. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Peppermint is an aromatic stimulant, carminative and antispasmodic. 
 The oil possesses these qualities in greater degree and is also a local ano¬ 
 dyne and anaesthetic when applied locally, especially if its evaporation be 
 prevented. The Chinese oil is particularly anodyne and contains a large 
 quantity of Menthol. The oil is best administered internally in its 
 alcoholic solution, the spirit. Menthol is antiseptic and locally 
 anaesthetic, but not corrosive, and acts also as a vascular stimulant when 
 applied to the surface. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Peppermint is used internally for the relief of nausea and colic, and 
 to expel flatus by its local stimulant and after sedative action on the 
 bowels. It is an agreeable corrigent for combination with purgatives to 
 prevent griping, and efficiently covers the taste of many nauseous sub¬ 
 stances. The spirit is the best form for internal use. The oil is used 
 locally to relieve the pain of superficial neuralgia, a cloth being wet with 
 it, laid along the course of the affected nerve, and covered with oiled silk 
 to restrain evaporation. It is also efficient in rheumatism as an anodyne 
 counterirritant. Menthol is highly vaunted as an external application in 
 various neuralgiae, sciatica, pleurodynia, toothache, etc. For neuralgia it 
 is used in saturated alcoholic solution painted over the affected nerve. 
 For toothache a crystal introduced into the carious cavity is promptly ano¬ 
 dyne. As an antiseptic it promises well as an application in parasitic skin- 
 diseases. As the Chinese have used their Oil of Peppermint for ages as an 
 application in neuralgiae, and as this oil contains a large quantity of Menthol, 
 the latter preparation will probably prove a very efficient agent in these affec¬ 
 tions if the cupidity of the manufacturers will allow of its being obtained pure. 
 
MENTHA VIRIDIS-MEZEREUM. 
 
 28l 
 
 MENTHA VIRIDIS, Spearmint,- the leaves and tops of Men¬ 
 tha viridis, the “mint” of the kitchen garden, a plant of the nat. ord. 
 Labiatse, indigenous to England, but naturalized in many countries. Its 
 constituents and properties are identical with those of peppermint, but its 
 odor and taste differ therefrom. 
 
 Preparations . 
 
 Oleum Menthce Viridis, Oil of Spearmint,—is the Volatile Oil distilled from the plant. 
 Dose, rtpij-v. 
 
 Aqua Alenthce Viridis, Spearmint Water,—has 2 parts of the Oil in 1000 of Distilled 
 Water. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Spiritus Menthce Viridis, Essence of Spearmint,—is an alcoholic solution containing 
 10 per cent, of the Oil and 1 per cent, of the powdered herb. Dose, npx-xl. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Spearmint corresponds in action to Peppermint, but is generally less 
 powerful. It is usually employed to correct flatulence and to relieve 
 colic, and makes an agreeable flavoring for many mixtures. 
 
 MEZEREUM, Mezereon, —is the bark of Daphne Mezereum and 
 of other species of Daphne, plants of the nat. ord. Thymelaceae, growing 
 in mountainous districts of Europe and Asia and cultivated as a garden 
 shrub in Britain. The bark occurs in long, thin bands, rolled into disks, 
 brownish-yellow on the surface, whitish and silky within, inodorous, very 
 acrid. It contains an inert, fixed oil, an inactive glucoside Daphnin and 
 an acrid Resin, which is the anhydride of a resinous acid named Meze - 
 reinic Acid. Mezereum is an ingredient of the compound decoction and 
 the compound fluid extract of Sarsaparilla. Dose, gr. j-x. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Mezerei ,—is only used to prepare the Linimentum Sinapis Compositum. 
 
 Extractum Mezerei Fluidum, —is too acrid for internal use, but from it is prepared the 
 following. 
 
 Unguentum Mezerei, —has of the preceding 25 parts, Lard 80, Yellow Wax 12. An 
 irritant ointment. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Mezereon is a sialogogue, and an intensely acrid, irritant poison, pro¬ 
 ducing violent vomiting, purging, nephritis and gastro-enteritis. In small 
 doses it is laxative and diuretic, and has had considerable reputation as 
 an alterative. Externally the recent bark is a powerful local irritant, 
 speedily producing vesication. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Mezereon is rarely used internally by itself, but is employed in mix¬ 
 tures with Sarsaparilla, etc., as an alterative in syphilis, rheumatism and 
 some skin diseases of chronic type, but with doubtful efficacy. It has 
 been used with good effect in toothache and as a masticatory in paralysis 
 
282 
 
 MORRHU/E OLEUM. 
 
 of the tongue. Its principal use is as a local irritant to keep up the dis¬ 
 charge from issues or blisters, and to stimulate indolent ulcers. 
 
 MORRHUiE OLEUM, Cod-liver Oil, —is a fixed oil obtained 
 from the fresh livers of Gadus Morrhua (Cod-fish) or other species of 
 Gadus. It is a colorless or pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, of slightly fishy 
 odor and taste, and faintly acid reaction, soluble in ether; sp. gr. 0.920 
 to 0.925. It consists chiefly of Olein and Margarin , with a peculiar prin¬ 
 ciple named Gaduin , also Trimethylamine, free fatty Acids (oleic, pal¬ 
 mitic, stearic), traces of Iodine, Bromine, Sulphuric and Phosphoric Acids, 
 the ordinary inorganic salts of animal tissue and products, and perhaps 
 bile constituents. When saponified it does not yield Glycerin but Oxide 
 of Propyl. Three kinds or varieties are found in the market, the pale, 
 the light-brown and the dark. The pale is the official oil and the purest. 
 Dose, 3 j-ij> o n a full stomach, increased as assimilated. 
 
 Unofficial Preparation. 
 
 Glyconin Et?mlsion of Cod-liver Oil, — 01 . Morrhuse 3 iv, Glyceritum Vitelli 3 ix, 
 Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia ^j, Sherry Wine ^ij, Diluted Phosphoric Acid 3iv, Es¬ 
 sence of Bitter Almond (3j of the Volatile Oil in Oss Alcohol) £ij. The Cod-liver Oil 
 is to be added to the Glyconin very slowly with brisk stirring, and the other ingredients 
 added in the order named. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The action of Cod-liver Oil is that of any other fat, except that it is 
 more easily assimilated than any member of the class. Fats in small quan¬ 
 tity are necessary for the digestion of nitrogenous food, and form the 
 molecular basis of the chyle, being prepared for absorption by the pancre¬ 
 atic juice and the bile, especially by the latter. Fat is an essential con¬ 
 stituent of the products of tissue formation, whether physiological or path¬ 
 ological, and is the principal material concerned in the production of 
 force. After oxidation it is excreted as carbonic acid and water. Lo¬ 
 cally applied fats reduce the body temperature. 
 
 Cod-liver Oil is the most easily digestible of fats, penetrating animal 
 membranes with comparative ease after being emulsified by the pancreatic 
 and biliary secretions, hence entering the lacteal vessels readily and ap¬ 
 pearing to bring with it the oily and nitrogenous elements of the food. 
 The result is facilitation of the digestive process, increase of the red 
 blood-corpuscles and of the body-weight, and stimulation of healthy cell- 
 formation throughout the tissues. The properties of this oil have been 
 ascribed to its contained biliary constituent, Iodine, free Oleic Acid, etc., 
 but no satisfactory explanation has yet been offered for the difference be¬ 
 tween its action and that of other animal or vegetable oils. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The use of Cod-liver Oil is that of a nutrient wholly, this action being 
 
MOSCHUS. 
 
 283 
 
 most marked in wasting diseases. In high febrile states or catarrhal con¬ 
 ditions of the gastro-intestinal tract its use is contraindicated, but in 
 phthisis a slight degree of fever will not interfere with its beneficial em¬ 
 ployment. It is found to be of most value in chronic forms of phthisis, 
 chronic bronchitis and emphysema, chronic rheumatic disorders, atheroma 
 of the arteries, strumous skin diseases and diarrhoea, syphilodermata, neu¬ 
 ralgia, chorea and epilepsy. In many disorders referable to exhaustion 
 or debility of the nervous centres it is of great value as a nerve tonic, and 
 in convalescence from acute diseases it is of marked benefit. It should 
 always be considered as a supplementary food, and if its use endangers the 
 appetite for other food it should be abandoned. 
 
 The administration of this valuable agent is a serious matter, as many 
 patients cannot overcome their repugnance to its taste and smell. Various 
 emulsions are on the market, but they are objectionable because in no case 
 do they conceal the taste, and the efficacy of the oil is seriously impaired 
 by the processes used in their preparation. Moreover, the temptation is 
 very great to employ an inferior grade of the oil or to adulterate it with 
 other fish-oils in the manufacture of these preparations, and when the 
 commercial spirit of gain is remembered one can never be sure of the 
 quality of the oil so prepared. The oil itself is the best form for use, in 
 small doses, say a teaspoonful thrice daily for an adult, after meals, in black 
 coffee, beer or lemon-juice. The essential Oil of Eucalyptus in the pro¬ 
 portion of 1 part to 100 of cod-liver oil will effectually extinguish the 
 odor and taste to many persons. Alkaline stomachics given before meals, 
 the oil after, and a teaspoonful of the “ Liquor Pancreaticus ” given half 
 an hour afterwards, would be a good routine in most cases, the latter agent 
 preventing the fishy eructations which often give so much trouble. Ex¬ 
 temporaneous emulsions may be prepared with Glycerite of Yolk of Egg 
 (see ante , page 282), White of Egg, Mucilage of Tragacanth, Extract of 
 Malt, or any syrup, and flavored with Lemon, Cinnamon or Bitter 
 Almond. The addition of rr^iv of Ether to each 5 of the oil promotes 
 its digestion by stimulating the pancreatic secretion, and enables a patient 
 to take it with whom it had previously disagreed. 
 
 Inunction by Cod-liver Oil is a method of value in the wasting diseases 
 of children. A tablespoonful may be rubbed into the skin of the abdo¬ 
 men twice a day, and covered with a flannel binder with oiled silk or 
 mackintosh-cloth outside. It readily passes through the skin and is ab¬ 
 sorbed, producing valuable and lasting results. 
 
 MOSCHUS, Musk ,—is the dried secretion from the preputial 
 follicles of Moschus moschiferus (the Musk Deer), an animal inhabiting 
 the mountainous region of Central Asia. It occurs in irregular, unctuous 
 grains, of a reddish-brown color, peculiar and penetrating odor and 
 
284 
 
 MYRCI/E OLEUM-MYRISTICA. 
 
 bitterish taste, contained in oval sacs about 2 inches in diameter, mem¬ 
 branous on one side, hairy on the other. About 10 per cent, is soluble in 
 alcohol, 50 per cent, in water. Chinese Musk in the pods or sacs is the 
 most valuable, but all varieties are much adulterated, the price of the 
 drug being very high. The odor is destroyed by drying, but returns 
 again on the addition of moisture. Tr.ituration with Camphor or Hydro¬ 
 cyanic Acid also destroys it. The odorous principle has not been isolated, 
 it is probably a product of decomposition which is constantly being 
 formed. The constituents of Musk are a bitter resinous substance, 
 ammonia, fat, cholesterin, etc. Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Tinctura Moschi ,—10 per cent. Dose, npss- 3 jss. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Musk is a very diffusible stimulant, acting directly on the nervous and 
 circulatory systems, but without much energy. It is also an antispasmodic, 
 and is used with benefit in general prostration of the system with nervous 
 agitation or irregular muscular action. It has been used with advantage 
 in laryngismus stridulus, insommia, the collapse of typhoid and typhus 
 fevers, spasmodic affections of the stomach, obstinate hiccough and con¬ 
 vulsions of children due to intestinal spasms. The pure Musk is very 
 difficult to obtain, and its high price makes it an extremely expensive 
 medicine, so that it is seldom used except as a perfume. 
 
 MYRCI./E OLEUM, Oil of Myrcia, Oil of Bay, —is a volatile 
 
 oil distilled from the leaves of Myrcia acris, or Bayberry, a tree of the 
 nat. ord. Myrtacese, native of the West Indian Islands. It is a dark- 
 brown liquid, of aromatic odor, pungent taste, slightly acid reaction, and 
 soluble in an equal weight of alcohol. Sp. gr. about 1.040. It contains 
 a hydrocarbon and Eugenic Acid. Used as a perfume. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Spiritus Myrcia , Spirit of Myrciae, Bay Rum,—contains in 1800 parts Oil of Myrcia 
 16, Oil of Orange-peel 1, Oil of Pimento 1, Alcohol 1000, Water 782 parts, filtered 
 through Carbonate of Magnesium. Used as a wash or perfume. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The Oil of Bay is an agreeable perfume used to prepare bay-rum and 
 in other cosmetic preparations. The spirit, known as “Bay-rum,” is 
 used principally as a refreshing perfume, and is thought to relieve head¬ 
 ache, faintness, etc., by application to the forehead or to the nostrils. 
 
 MYRISTICA, Nutmeg, —is the kernel of the seed of Myristica 
 fragratis deprived of its testa. The nutmeg tree is cultivated extensively 
 
MYRRHA. 
 
 285 
 
 in the East and West India Islands, belongs to the nat. ord. Myristicaceae, 
 and is a native of the Banda Islands in the Malayan Archipelago. The 
 Nutmeg is about an inch long, oval or roundish-ovate, reticulately fur¬ 
 rowed, internally pale-brown or grayish-red with dark-brown veins, hav¬ 
 ing a strongly aromatic odor and a somewhat bitter taste. It contains 4 
 to 9 per cent, of the official Volatile Oil, and 30 per cent, of a concrete 
 oil, commonly called “Oil of Mace,” which is a compound of fluid 
 glycerides of Oleic and Butyric Acids, and the solid glyceride of Myrisiic 
 Acid , some resin and volatile oil. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Macis, Mace,—is the arillus or fleshy covering of the fruit of Myristica 
 fragrans , the Nutmeg-tree. It occurs in narrow bands about an inch 
 long, branched and lobed, of brownish-orange color, fragrant odor, warm 
 and aromatic taste. It yields a fixed oil by pressure and a volatile oil by 
 distillation, the latter being probably identical with Oil of Nutmeg. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Myristicce, Oil of Nutmeg,—is the volatile oil, and consists chiefly of a terpene 
 and an oxygenated oil Alyristicol. It is colorless or pale-yellow, of hot, spicy taste and 
 neutral reaction, and is soluble in alcohol. Dose, rr\j-v. 
 
 Spiritus Myristicce, Spirit or Essence of Nutmeg,—is a 3 per cent, solution of the oil 
 in alcohol. Dose, gj-ij. 
 
 Nutmeg is an ingredient of Acetum Opii, Pulvis Aromaticus, Tr. Lavandulae Co., Syr. 
 Rhei Aromat., Trochisci Cretae, Trochisci Magnesiae and Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Nutmeg is an aromatic stomachic of agreeable flavor. In small doses 
 it stimulates the production of gastric juice, and thus promotes digestion 
 and increases appetite. It also relieves intestinal spasm and flatulence. 
 In large doses it is powerfully narcotic, acting directly on the cerebrum, 
 and producing stupor and delirium. It is used chiefly for flavoring pur¬ 
 poses, and generally in substance, grated as required, but has been 
 employed as a carminative, anodyne and astringent in diarrhoeas and 
 dysentery, as well as to relieve nausea and vomiting. The Volatile Oil is 
 decidedly rubefacient when used externally, and has narcotic powers if 
 used internally in sufficient quantity. It is occasionally employed as an 
 external stimulant in paralysis and chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Mace is stimulant, carminative and aromatic. It is used solely as a 
 spice or condiment. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 MYRRHA, Myrrh ,—is a gum resin obtained from Balsamodetidron 
 Myrrha , an Arabian tree of the nat. ord. Burseraceae, collecting spon¬ 
 taneously upon the bark, and occurring in roundish tears, having a waxy 
 fracture, a balsamic odor, and an acrid and bitter taste. Triturated with 
 water it yields a brownish-yellow emulsion; with alcohol it yields a 
 brownish-yellow tincture which turns purple on the addition of nitric 
 
286 
 
 NAPHTHALINE. 
 
 acid. It contains 60 per cent, of gum, 35 per cent, of Myrrhin 
 a resin, and about 2 per cent, of an oxygenated ethereal oil Myrrhol , 
 C 10 H n O. Dose, gr. x.-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Myrrhce ,—20 per cent. Dose, n^x-xxx. 
 
 Myrrh is also contained in Mist. Ferri Co., Pil. Aloes et Myrrhse, Pil. Ferri Co., Pil. 
 Galbani Co., Pil. Rhei Co., and Tr. Aloes et Myrrhae. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Myrrh in small doses stimulates the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane ; 
 in large doses it is an irritant thereunto, producing vomiting and purging. 
 It quickens the action of the heart and diminishes the bronchial secretion. 
 It is a uterine stimulant and emmenagogue, a stimulant expectorant, and is 
 thought to increase the number of leucocytes in the blood. Locally it is 
 stimulant and disinfectant to mucous membranes and ulcerated surfaces. 
 
 Myrrh is used internally in the various combinations noted above for 
 anaemia and amenorrhcea, bronchial catarrh, etc. It has been supposed 
 to diminish excessive secretion from the mucous surfaces of the uterus, 
 vagina, bladder, and bronchi, and to have an especially beneficial in¬ 
 fluence on chronic pharyngitis. Locally, the tincture has a good tonic 
 action on diseased mucous surfaces, and is applied to spongy gums, relaxed 
 throat, aphthous patches and unhealthy ulcers. The tincture diluted with 
 water makes an excellent disinfectant and stimulant gargle in ulcerated 
 sore-throat. Myrrh has long been used as an ingredient of dentifrices. 
 
 NAPHTHALINE, C 10 H 8 (Unofficial),—is one of the many products 
 of the distillation of coal-tar, and is one of the benzene derivatives, being 
 formed by the union of two benzene groups in an overlapping ring. 
 (See ante , page 179.) It occurs as colorless, micaceous crystals, obtained 
 from the destructive distillation of coal-tar, having a peculiar smell,—in¬ 
 soluble in water, dilute acids or alkalies, and but sparingly so in alcohol. 
 
 The dose of Naphthaline is from gr. ij—gr. viij, up to gr. lxxx per diem 
 for adults;—and for chilren gr. j—gr. iij, every three hours. Being quite 
 insoluble in water it must be given in emulsion, or as a powder with sugar 
 in wafers or capsules. It is best flavored with oil of bergamot. 
 
 Derivatives. 
 
 From Naphthaline we have these unofficial substances— 
 
 Naphthol, Ci 0 H 7 OH, Beta- or Iso-naphthol,—one of several kinds of 
 Naphthol: is sparingly soluble even in hot water, but is soluble in alco¬ 
 hol, ether, chloroform, olive oil and vaseline. Used as ointment, 1 to 5 
 for adults, but for children not over 2 per cent. 
 
 Hydronaphthol, C 16 H 7 OH,—glistening, micaceous scales, sparingly 
 
NUX VOMICA. 
 
 287 
 
 soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, oils, etc. Used as an anti¬ 
 septic, and in ointment or powder locally, diluted with oxide of zinc, 1 
 to 50. 
 
 Physiological Actions. 
 
 Naphthaline is destructive to all forms of low life, and hence is anti¬ 
 septic in a high degree, but must be intimately mixed with the substances 
 upon which it is to act. Internally it is a stimulant expectorant of decided 
 power, and disinfects the contents of the intestinal canal. Being so spar¬ 
 ingly soluble, but little of it is absorbed, and hence it does no injury to 
 the organism. What is taken up by the blood is excreted by the urine, 
 partly unchanged, partly as naphthol and perhaps some as phenol. Naph- 
 thol is more easily absorbed, and causes vomiting, hematuria, convul¬ 
 sions, and unconsciousness. Hydronaphthol is a powerful and non¬ 
 irritating antiseptic, non-poisonous, non-corrosive, freely soluble in alcohol, 
 glycerin, fixed oils, etc., in cold water, 1 to 2000; and in hot water 1 
 to 100, precipitating as the water cools, but leaving a saturated solution 
 of 1 to 1000, which is perfectly inhibitive of the germs of putrefaction in 
 all putrescible fluids (Levis.) The claims made for it are that it is 12 
 times as effective as carbolic acid, 30 times as potent as salicylic acid, 60 
 times as efficient as boric acid, 600 times as antiseptic as alcohol, and that 
 it is entitled, as a true antiseptic, to stand next to mercuric chloride in 
 the comparative tables (Levis.) 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Naphthaline is employed as an antiseptic for the intestinal canal in 
 typhoid fever, diarrhoea, both acute and chronic, tubercular diarrhoea, etc. 
 It renders the urine aseptic and may be employed in vesical catarrh. It 
 is also used internally for humoral asthma, verminous affections, and the 
 chronic pulmonary catarrh of the aged. Locally, it has high value as an 
 antiseptic, for indolent ulcers, sloughing wounds, open cancers, pus cavi¬ 
 ties, etc. Painted over organic remains it effectually prevents the rav¬ 
 ages of insects. Naphthol is employed like tar for a therapeutic action 
 upon the skin, in hyperidrosis, scabies, eczema and local sweating, in 
 to 5 per cent, alcohol solution, or as a 10 per cent, ointment. Hydro¬ 
 naphthol is also highly esteemed for antiseptic purposes generally, by 
 those who have used it, and is of benefit as an external application in 
 many skin diseases. Its non-toxic and non-irritant qualities render it the 
 most useful and most generally available of the three. 
 
 NUX VOMICA ,—is the seed of Strychnos Nux-vomica , an East 
 India tree of the nat. ord. Loganiacese, having white, funnel-shaped 
 flowers, and a fruit about the size of an orange, with many seeds in a 
 juicy pulp. The seeds are flattened and nearly circular, about one inch in 
 
288 
 
 NUX VOMICA. 
 
 diameter, ashy-gray in color, covered with short, satiny hairs, internally 
 translucent, tough and horny, with a large cavity, inodorous, taste in¬ 
 tensely bitter. It contains two alkaloids, Strychnine , 0.2 to 0.5 per cent., 
 and Brucine , 0.1 to 1.0 per cent., with a crystalline acid, Igasuric or 
 Strychnic Acid, and a yellow coloring matter, a concrete oil, gum, starch, 
 wax, earthy phosphates, etc. A third alkaloid, Igasurine , is claimed to 
 exist by some authorities and is denied by others. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abstraction Nucis Vomica, —Dose, gr. l / 2 , gradually increased. 
 
 Extraction Nucis Vomica, —Dose, gr. ]/%-)• 
 
 Extraction Nucis Vomica Fluidum, — Dose, TT\j-v. 
 
 Tinctura Nucis Vomica ,—20 per cent. Dose, TTpv—xx. 
 
 Strychnina , Strychnine, C 21 H 22 N 2 0 2 ,—is an alkaloid prepared from Nux Vomica, 
 Ignatia, and other plants of the order Loganiacese; crystalline, intensely bitter even in I 
 to 700,000 solution, of alkaline reaction, soluble in 6 of chloroform, no of alcohol, 6700 
 of water, almost insoluble in ether. It is a constituent of Ferri et Strychninse Citras, and 
 of Syrupus Ferri Quininse et Strychninae Phosphatum. Dose, gr. do~do- 
 
 Strychnina Sulphas, Sulphate of Strychnine (C 21 H 22 N 2 0 2 ) 2 H 2 S 0 4 . 7 lI 2 0 ,—crys¬ 
 talline, efflorescent, odorless, of intensely bitter taste even in 1 to 700,000 solution, neu¬ 
 tral reaction, soluble in 10 of water and 60 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. do~do' 
 
 Brucina Brucine, C 23 FI 26 N 2 0 4 (Unofficial),—colorless prisms, pearly flakes, or 
 masses, soluble in water, less so in alcohol; as compared with Strychnine it is less bitter, 
 12 times weaker and three times slower physiologically. Is thought to be a compound of 
 strychnine and resin, corresponding with the other alkaloid both physiologically and 
 therapeutically. Is seldom used. Dose, gr. T L-l. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The actions of Nux Vomica are those of its alkaloid Strychnine. In 
 small doses, it acts as a bitter tonic, stimulates respiration, secretion, 
 appetite and digestion, and sharpens the vision. It increases peristalsis, 
 stimulates both the motor and the inhibitory apparatus of the heart, and 
 raises the arterial tension by stimulating the vaso-motor centres, thus con¬ 
 tracting the arterioles, though by full doses the arterioles are relaxed. By 
 a full dose (Strychnine, gr. T V), the pupils are dilated, the limbs jerk, 
 respiration becomes spasmodic and the lower jaw stiff, a sensation of 
 cerebral tension, sudden shuddering and anxiety follow, the face wearing 
 an unmeaning smile. A toxic dose (Strychnine gr. y 2 for an adult) on 
 an empty stomach quickly produces heightened reflexes; tonic spasms, 
 especially of the extensor muscles, on the least irritation quickly succeed 
 each other with intervals of repose, resulting after two or three hours 
 at most in death by asphyxia, from tetanic fixation of the muscles of 
 respiration, consciousness being preserved until carbonic acid narcosis 
 sets in. 
 
 Strychnine exalts all the functions of the spinal cord,—reflex, motor, 
 vaso-motor and sensory,—the latter being the least affected. It has a 
 selective action on the large multipolar ganglia in the anterior columns, 
 which it first stimulates and then paralyzes by over-stimulation. A large 
 dose destroys the spinal functions as by one blow. It does not affect the 
 
NUX VOMICA. 289 
 
 brain directly. Thebaine, one of the alkaloids of Opium, is a powerful 
 spinal exaltant and acts very similarly to Strychnine. 
 
 From the spasms of tetanus those of Strychnine may be differentiated 
 by their intermittency, the former being constant. Moreover, the mean¬ 
 ingless smile, the less marked trismus, the absence of a wound, and the 
 rapid course of the symptoms, all point to the action of Nux vomica. 
 
 The excretion of Strychnine takes place very slowly, and by the urinary, 
 salivary and cutaneous channels. Rapidly absorbed but very slowly 
 excreted, it accumulates in the system if even a small dose be frequently 
 repeated. 
 
 On the eye Strychnine has marked effects, augmenting the excitability 
 of the retinal elements, increasing the sharpness of vision and enlarging 
 the visual field. 
 
 Antagonists and Inconipatibles. 
 
 The antidote is Tannic Acid, to form the very insoluble tannate, or a soluble salt of 
 Iodine. Then emetics or the stomach pump, followed by perfect quiet which is very im¬ 
 portant. Antagonists are Chloral, Tobacco, Chloroform inhalations or Ether, and Potas¬ 
 sium Bromide, the latter being almost too slow of action to be of much use in practice. 
 Chamomile oil should antagonize the reflex excitability. The bladder must be frequently 
 evacuated to prevent re-absorption of the poison, and artificial respiration maintained as 
 necessary. 
 
 Incompatibles are Bromides, Chlorides and Iodides in the same solution, the Strychnine 
 being precipitated as hydrobromate, hydriodate, etc. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Nux Vomica and its chief alkaloid are used as a stomachic tonic and 
 as a respiratory, cardiac, muscular and nervous stimulant. As the quan¬ 
 tity of Strychnine in Nux Vomica varies greatly, it is best to use the alka¬ 
 loid when its physiological action is desired, as more definite dosage may 
 thus be obtained. The tincture in 5-drop doses is excellent in atonic 
 dyspepsia and gastric catarrh, especially in drunkards, and in constipation 
 from atony of the bowels it may be given in io-drop doses with good 
 results, not as a purgative but to increase peristalsis. The extract is much 
 used in laxative pills for habitual constipation. In the vomiting of preg¬ 
 nancy the tincture is frequently an efficient remedy, and in the vomiting 
 of phthisis Strychnine is one of the very best agents. Nux vomica is a very 
 useful remedy in many nervous derangements, such as periodical coughs, 
 especially night-coughs, irregular cardiac action and over-action of the 
 heart, in asthma, the nervous movements of pregnancy, hypochondriasis, 
 etc. Its undoubted action upon the pneumogastric makes it very valuable 
 in all sorts of coughs, whether from bronchitis, pneumonia, phthisis or em¬ 
 physema. Epidemic diarrhoeas and dysentery are well treated by Strych¬ 
 nine, and in anaemia and chlorosis it is invaluable, combined with Iron 
 and Quinine. In neuralgiae, especially the visceral, tetanus of the idio¬ 
 pathic type, cardiac failure from any cause, and in intermittents as an 
 adjunct in Quinine, it is always a useful drug. Local paralyses of various 
 
 19 
 
290 
 
 NYMPH/EA ODORATA-OLIVAi OLEUM. 
 
 forms are well treated by injecting Strychnine hypodermically into the 
 affected muscles, and diphtheritic paralyses are almost invariably cured by 
 it. Strychnine is an excellent remedy in hemiplegia when degeneration 
 has not yet set in, and when the paralyzed muscles are completely relaxed; 
 but it is of no avail in recent cases, nor when the muscles have lost elec¬ 
 trical contractility. In amaurosis from lead, tobacco or alcohol, it has 
 proved remarkably useful, and in the dyspnoea of pulmonary affections it 
 may be employed with benefit as a respiratory stimulant. Strychnine is 
 a physiological antagonist to Chloral, Physostigmine and Morphine, and 
 may be carefully administered in poisoning by these substances while the 
 ordinary methods are also employed. 
 
 In many eye diseases Strychnine is injected into the tissues about the 
 temple with great benefit, especially in amblyopia due to functional dis¬ 
 order of the retina without lesions, and in atrophy of the optic nerve. 
 Used in the same manner it is highly recommended in infra-orbital neu¬ 
 ralgia, and in other neuralgise characterized by debility and anaemia. 
 
 NYMPHiEA ODORATA, Sweet scented Water-lily, (Un¬ 
 official),—is a well-known American plant of the nat. ord. Nymphaeaceae, 
 the root of which is very bitter and highly astringent, containing much 
 Gallic and Tannic Acids, to which its actions and uses are due. A de¬ 
 coction of S j to the pint may be used in doses of 3 ss-j, or a fluid extract 
 in doses of 3 ss-j. For the physiological actions and therapeutics of this 
 vegetable astringent see Tannic Acid, ante page 74. 
 
 OLIVu® OLEUM, Olive Oil, Sweet Oil, Salad Oil,— is a fixed 
 
 oil expressed from the ripe fruit of Olea europcea, the olive tree (nat. ord. 
 Oleaceae), which is cultivated in southern Europe, California and Austra¬ 
 lia. It is a pale-yellow or greenish-yellow, oily liquid, of nutty, oleagin¬ 
 ous taste, and neutral reaction, sparingly soluble in alcohol but readily 
 soluble in ether. Sp. gr. about 0.916. 
 
 Olive Oil consists of 72 per cent, of Olein (a fluid oil) and 28 per cent, of Palmitin 
 (a solid oil or stearoptene), which are compounds of the base Glyceryl , C 3 H 5 with Oleic 
 Acid, Cj 9 H 34 0 2 , and Palmitic Acid, C 17 H 31 0 2 , respectively. It is frequently adul¬ 
 terated with cheaper fixed oils, especially poppy oil, lard oil, and cotton-seed oil, quan¬ 
 tities of the latter being exported every year to Italy, whence it is returned to us as Olive 
 Oil under a French label. (See Gossypium, ante , page 229.) It is an ingredient of Ce- 
 ratum Camphoroe, Ceratum Cetacei, Emplastrum Plumbi and Unguentum Diachylon, and 
 is the source of the official Soap. Dose, 5 ss-j. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Externally used Olive Oil is a good protective from the air, and ren¬ 
 ders the skin soft and flexible. If rubbed into the integument it is ab¬ 
 sorbed by the lymphatics and is directly nutritive in effect. Internally it 
 
OPIUM. 
 
 29I 
 
 is also nutritious and mildly laxative, and in quantity acts as a protective 
 to the mucous membrane against acrid or poisonous substances. Like 
 other oils it is partly emulsified, partly saponified in the intestines, its gly¬ 
 cerin being set free and its fatty acids combining with the free alkalies to 
 form soap, which with the emulsion forms the molecular basis of the chyle, 
 entering the blood through the lacteals and being finally oxidized into 
 carbonic acid and water, though an excess will appear unchanged in the 
 urine. Oils are therefore a food within certain limits, increase the fat of 
 the tissues, furnish force, and save the waste of nitrogenous tissue, but are 
 unable of themselves to support life. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Olive Oil possesses no very marked therapeutic power above any other 
 bland oil or fat. It is a good laxative for infants administered internally, 
 and may be used as an enema followed by warm water. Its chief employ¬ 
 ment is as a local application. Applied to burns and acute inflammations 
 of the skin it is an excellent protective, coating the surface and excluding 
 the air; and as an ingredient of liniments it acts as a diluent for more 
 active agents. It is used to facilitate friction over enlarged or stiff joints, 
 and in the desquamative stage of scarlet fever is a very useful and grateful 
 application. As an antidote in corrosive poisoning it acts mechanically by 
 protecting the mucous membrane of the stomach and preventing absorp¬ 
 tion. In pharmacy its bland, unirritating qualities have procured its 
 common employment as an ingredient of liniments, plasters, ointments 
 and cerates, but the foreign article is so frequently adulterated with 
 inferior oils that Cotton-seed Oil is now directed in its place in many 
 official preparations. 
 
 OPIUM, —is the concrete, milky exudation, obtained in Asia Minor 
 by incising the unripe capsules of the White Poppy, Papaver somniferum , 
 an annual herb of the nat. ord. Papaveraceae, indigenous to Western Asia 
 but cultivated extensively elsewhere. Its capsules are globular, two or 
 three inches in diameter, and are crowned by a sessile, stellate stigma, 
 which distinguishes them from Colocynth and Bael fruits. Opium occurs 
 in irregular lumps or cakes, of dark-brown color, sharp, narcotic odor, 
 and bitter taste; and in its normal, moist condition should yield not less 
 than 9 per cent, of Morphine when assayed by the process official in the 
 Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Composition of Opium. 
 
 Opium contains 17 alkaloids, 2 neutral substances and 2 organic acids, 
 together with sugar, gum, resin, pectin, extractives, odorous principles, 
 water and other constituents of plants. Its most important alkaloids are 
 the following: 
 
292 
 
 OPIUM. 
 
 Morphine, C 17 H 19 N 0 3 , 5 to 20 per cent.—the principal alkaloid, occurring in the 
 drug in the form of the tribasic meconate. Its properties are anodyne, hypnotic and nar¬ 
 cotic. From it by a process of dehydration by heat and hydrochloric acid is prepared the 
 artificial alkaloid Apomorphine , a powerful emetic. (See ante, page 107.) 
 
 Codeine, C 18 H 21 N 0 3 , 0.3 to 0.5 per cent.,—is calmative and when pure a not very 
 active alkaloid, but is frequently contaminated with other alkaloids. Apomorphine may 
 be prepared also from it. 
 
 Narcotine, C 22 H 23 N 0 7 , 2 to 10 per cent.,—is antiperiodic and a tetanizer, but wholly 
 devoid of narcotic properties. 
 
 Thebaine or Paramorphine, C 19 H 21 N 0 3 , 0.15 to 0.20 per cent.,—is a powerful spinal 
 exaltant and tetanizer, resembling Strychnine in its action. 
 
 Narceine, C 22 H 29 N 0 9 , 0.02 per cent.,—closely resembles Morphine in action, but is 
 probably more hypnotic, and is not followed by many of the disagreeable after-effects of 
 Morphine. It is extremely difficult to obtain this alkaloid pure. 
 
 Papaverine , C 21 H 21 N 0 4 , 1 per cent.,—is reported inert on man by some observers, a 
 narcotic and convulsant by others. 
 
 Other Alkaloids at present acknowledged are—Cryptopine, Pseudomorphine, Protopine, 
 Hydrocotarnine, Laudanine, Codamine, Rhoeadine Meconidine, Laudanosine, Lan- 
 thopine and Gnoscopine. Many of them are probably to be regarded as derivatives from 
 Morphine. 
 
 Besides the above-named alkaloids the most important of the constitu¬ 
 ents of Opium are the following acids and neutral principles, viz. ; 
 
 Acids are —Meconic Acid, C.H 4 0 7 , 4 per cent., and Lactic Acid , C 3 H 6 0 3 , 1per 
 cent., which exist in combination with the alkaloids as meconates, bimeconates, etc. The 
 second acid is generally called Thebolactic , but has been recently shown to be identical 
 with lactic acid. 
 
 Neutral Principles are— Meconin , C 10 H ]0 O 4 , o.oi per cent., white, crystalline, neutral, 
 but very acrid; Meconoiosin , C 8 H 10 O 2 , also crystalline, and Porphyroxin , which is now 
 said not to be a proximate principle but a very complex combination of several alkaloids. 
 
 Smyrna, Turkey or Levant Opium is the best grade. Constantinople 
 Opium is of uncertain quality, while of the other varieties in the market 
 Egyptian, Persian and Indian samples are those most frequently met with. 
 All varieties are more or less adulterated with fruits and leaves of other 
 plants, starch, pitch, clay, wax, gum, liquorice, etc. 
 
 Preparations of Opium. 
 
 Pulvis Opii, Powdered Opium,—is Opium dried at a temperature not exceeding 185° 
 F., and reduced to a moderately fine powder. It should contain not less than 12 nor 
 more than 16 per cent, of Morphine when assayed by the official process. Dose, gr. 
 ss-iij, an average adult dose being about one grain. 
 
 Opium Denarcotisaium, Denarcotized Opium,—is powdered Opium freed from the 
 constituents which are soluble in ether, namely—the odorous matters and Narcotine, 
 which are supposed to cause the unpleasant after-effects of Opium. It should yield 14 
 percent, of Morphine, and therefore is by no means “ denarcotized,” but is a good prepa¬ 
 ration, being a purified Opium having a fixed Morphine standard. Dose, gr. ss-iij, an 
 average adult dose being about one grain. The proprietary article named Svapnia is a 
 similar preparation. 
 
 Extraction Opii ,—an aqueous extract containing Glycerin to keep it soft, and freed 
 from some disturbing principles which are insoluble in water. Dose, gr. 
 
 Pilulce Opii ,—each pill containing gr. j of powdered Opium with gr. ^ of Soap. Dose, 
 
 Hb-. 
 
 Tinctura Opii, —Laudanum,—Opium-strength 10 per cent., average Morphine- 
 strength gr. vj, (equaling gr. vijss of the Sulphate) to the fl 3 . Has about gr. xliv of Opium 
 to the rr^xj (gtt. xxij) = gr. j of Opium or gr. *4 °f Morphine .Sulphate. Sixty 
 minims yield on the average 120 drops. Dose, IT^v-xx as per effect required. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Deodorata, Deodorized Tincture of Opium,—an aqueous extract 
 shaken with ether, which being separated the residue is dissolved in water, and enough 
 
OPIUM. 
 
 293 
 
 alcohol is added to preserve it. An excellent liquid preparation, being freed from all the 
 noxious and useless ingredients soluble in alcohol and ether. McMunn's Elixir is a 
 similar preparation, so also is a recent nostrum named Papine. Opium-strength 10 per 
 cent., average Morphine-strength gr. vj to the fl £ . Dose, as Tinct. Opii. Drops of this 
 preparation nearly equal minims. 
 
 Vinurn Opii , Wine of Opium, Sydenham’s Laudanum,—Opium-strength 10 per cent., 
 with the aromatics Cinnamon and Cloves of each 1 per cent., in Stronger White Wine. A 
 vinous tincture decreased somewhat in strength from the wine of 1870. Dose, as Tinct. 
 Opii. Drops of this preparation are larger than those of the tincture. 
 
 Acetum Opii , Vinegar of Opium, Black Drop,—Opium-strength 10 per cent., with Nut¬ 
 meg and Sugar in Dilute Acetic Acid. Is now y weaker than formerly, having the 
 same strength and dose as Tinct. Opii. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Camphorata , Camphorated Tincture, Paregoric,—has of Powdered 
 Opium 4, Benzoic Acid 4, Camphor 4, Oil of Anise 4, Glycerin 40, Diluted Alcohol q. s. 
 ad 1000 parts. 3 ss contains nearly one grain of powdered Opium, and is about ^th 
 the strength of Laudanum. Dose, for an infant gtt. v-xx, for an adult ^j-iv. 
 
 [Note. —According to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1880 the official dried Opium should 
 contain 12 to 16 per cent, of Morphine instead of 10 per cent, as required by the Pharma- 
 copaeia of 1870. The liquid preparations, except Paregoric, are now directed to be of 
 the uniform Opium-strength of 10 per cent, by weight, making the Wine less strong by 
 2 per cent., the Acetum fully^3 less in strength, and the other liquid preparations stronger 
 by ]/ 2 in Morphine than formerly. So that if the full anodyne dose of Tincture or Deo¬ 
 dorized Tincture be taken at 24 minims, equalling gr. y of Morphine Sulphate, the cor¬ 
 responding dose under the new system will be 16 minims.] 
 
 Liquor Opii Compositus , Compound Solution of Opium (Squibb), Unofficial,—has the 
 same strength as the official tinctures, namely gr. vj of Morphine, (equalling gr. vijss of the 
 Sulphate) to each fluidounce. rtb xv j — g r - X °f Morphine Sulphate. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Composila, Squibb’s Diarrhoea Mixture (Unofficial),—has of Tinct. Opii, 
 Spt. Camphorse and Tinct. Capsici of each, Purified Chloroform ^iij, Stronger 
 Alcohol q. s. ad %v. Each fig or teaspoonful contains about 100 drops or rrpxij of each 
 of the first three ingredients and rrpivss or 18 drops of Chloroform. Dose, for infants gtt. 
 j-x, for children gtt. x-xxx, for adults gj. 
 
 Emplastrum Opii ,—Extract of Opium 6, Burgundy Pitch 18, Lead Plaster 76 parts. 
 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanhcc et Opii , Dover’s Powder,—Ipecac 10, Powdered Opium 10, Sugar 
 of Milk 80, triturated to a fine powder. Dose, gr. v-xv, ten grains equalling one grain 
 each of Ipecac and Opium. 
 
 Tinctura Ipecacuanhce et Opii ,—Deodorized Tincture of Opium 100 parts evaporated 
 to 85, Fluid Extract of Ipecac 10, Diluted Alcohol q. s. ad 100. Intended to represent 
 Dover’s Powder in a liquid form. Dose, rrpv-xv. 
 
 Trochisci Glycyrrhizce et Opii ,—each troche contains Extract of Opium gr. Jq with 
 Extract of Liquorice, Acacia, Sugar and Oil of Anise. Dose, j-iv. 
 
 Preparations of Morphine. 
 
 Morphina, Morphine, C 17 H 19 N 0 3 .H 2 0 ,—white, prismatic crystals or a crystalline 
 powder, odorless, of bitter taste and alkaline reaction, almost insoluble in water, soluble 
 in 100 of alcohol. Its comparative insolubdity makes the salts preferable for use, and as 
 a very small proportion of acid neutralizes it, the dosage is about the same for the alkaloid 
 and its salts, viz., gr. ^-gr. j■ Gr. is about equal to one grain of Opium of 
 
 medium Morphine-strength. [Compare Morphince Sulphas , below.] 
 
 Alorphince Acetas, Acetate of Morphine,—a white, crystalline or amorphous powder, of 
 faintly acetous odor, bitter taste, neutral or faintly alkaline reaction, soluble when fresh in 
 12 of water and in 68 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. ^ 0 -j. 
 
 Morphinoe Ilydrochloras, Hydrochlorate of Morphine,—white, feathery crystals of silky 
 lustre, of bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 24 of water and in 63 of alcohol at 
 59 0 F. Dose, gr. ^-j. 
 
 Morphince Sulphas , Sulphate of Morphine,—white, feathery, acicular crystals of silky 
 lustre, of bittei taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 24 of water and in 702 of alcohol at 
 59 0 F., and in 0.75 of boiling water. Contains about 80 per cent, of Morphine. Dose, 
 gr. J 5 being a small dose for an adult, a moderate one, a 
 
 dose, and y~) a large one. 
 
 Pulvis Morphina Compositus , Tully’s Powder,—has of Morphine Sulphate I part to 20 
 each of Camphor, Liquorice and Calcium Carbonate. A similar preparation to Dover’s 
 
294 
 
 OPIUM. 
 
 Powder minus the Ipecac. Dose, gr. v-xv, ten grains containing gr. | of Morphine Sul¬ 
 phate. 
 
 Trochisci Morphines et Ipecacuanha, —each troche contains gr. 0 f Morphine Sul¬ 
 phate with about gr. yU of Ipecac, also Sugar, Oil of Gaultheria and Mucilage of- Traga- 
 canth. Dose, one every hour or so, cautiously with children. 
 
 Injectio Morphines Hypodermica (B. P.),—is a solution of the Acetate, containing gr. j 
 in each ten minims, being thrice as strong as Magendie’s solution. Dose, rt\j-iij. 
 
 Liquor Morphines Sulphatis, Magendie’s Solution (Unofficial),—has gr. xvj of Mor¬ 
 phine Sulphate in each fl^ , or gr. j in rtpxxx, or gr. in rtpvijss. If made with Benzoic 
 Acid, the solution will not spoil, and is not irritant hypodermically. The same result is 
 attained by adding of Carbolic Acid, rtpiij to the 3 . 
 
 Tinctura Chloroformi ei Morphines (B. P.),—a substitute for Chlorodyne. See ante, 
 page 169. 
 
 Oleatum Morphines, Oleate of Morphine (Unofficial),—Morphine-strength 10per cent, 
 with Oleic Acid 90. For local use. 
 
 Preparations of Other Alkaloids. 
 
 Codeina, Codeine, C 18 H 21 N 0 3 .H 2 0 ,—white or yellowish-white, rhombic prisms, 
 efflorescent in warm air, of bitter taste and alkaline reaction, soluble in 80 of water at 
 59 0 F. and in 17 of boiling water, very soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether. This 
 alkaloid is official. Dose, gr. ss-ij, but gr. i has caused alarming symptoms in children. 
 
 The Phosphate of Codeine is sufficiently soluble for hypodermic use, and comparatively 
 unirritant. One part in twenty of water forms the usual solution for hypodermic employ¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Narcotines Hydrochloras , Hydrochlorate of Narcotine (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. ij-x, as 
 an antiperiodic. 
 
 The Tincture of Opium is an ingredient of Mistura Magnesiae et Asafoetidae, and the 
 Camphorated Tincture is an ingredient of Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. (See ante , 
 pages 272, 228.) 
 
 Children bear Opium badly, and for them its proportionate dosage 
 should be much below that for other agents. Morphine should not be 
 given to children below 10 years of age, and never hypodermically to 
 those beneath the age of 15. Opium given to a nursing mother will 
 affect the child, being partly excreted in the milk. 
 
 Reactions and Incompatibles. 
 
 An aqueous or alcoholic preparation of Opium reddens litmus paper (free meconic 
 acid) ;—gives a deep red color with Perchloride of Iron (meconic acid);—forms precipi¬ 
 tates with Acetate and Subacetate of Lead, Nitrate of Silver, Zinc, Copper, and Arsenic 
 (meconates, sulphates and coloring matter);—forms a precipitate with tincture of Galls or 
 astringent preparations (tannates of morphine and codeine) ; and becomes turbid with 
 the fixed Alkalies, Carbonates, Alkaline Earths, and Ammonia (precipitated morphine and 
 narcotine). 
 
 Tests for Morphine. 
 
 Nitric Acid produces a blood-red, turning orange, then yellow, then disappearing. 
 Test-solution of P'erric Chloride gives a blue color changing to green with excess of the 
 reagent, and destroyed by free acids or alcohol, but not by alkalies. Iodic Acid liberates 
 Iodine which may be tested by starch. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and narcotic. 
 It first stimulates then depresses the cerebrum, heart and respiratory appa¬ 
 ratus, and is classed among the cerebral depressants. • 
 
 In medium dose (gr. j) it arrests all the secretions except the milk and 
 sweat, the latter being increased ; producing dryness of the mouth and 
 throat, retarded digestion from stoppage of the gastric juice, and decided 
 
OPIUM. 
 
 295 
 
 loss of appetite. The action of the heart is increased, arterial tension 
 raised and the pupils slightly contracted. The cerebral faculties are 
 stimulated by increased blood-supply to a pleasant activity, ideas follow 
 each other rapidly through the mind, and an exhilaration bordering on 
 mild intoxication is experienced, succeeded by a calm of variable length. 
 Sleep generally follows, disturbed, however, by dreams, and after waking 
 headache, malaise, constipation, digestive disturbance and some depression 
 result. The conductivity of the nerves is not affected. Frequently the 
 stage of mental activity is absent, but in persons habituated to the use of 
 Opium it is usually well marked. In some subjects a lengthened period of 
 calm repose takes the place of sleep, in others neither calm nor sleep 
 occurs, but the stimulant action of the drug prevails, the spinal func¬ 
 tions as well as the cerebral are exalted, and great restlessness is the result. 
 
 In full dose (gr. iij-v) the same symptoms are produced but in greater 
 intensity; the stage of stimulation is much shorter, digestion is arrested, 
 nausea and vomiting produced, also profuse diaphoresis. The conduc¬ 
 tivity of the nerves is more or less impaired, the heart and circulation 
 depressed, oxidation being interfered with and the body-temperature 
 lowered. The pupils are contracted by stimulation of the motor oculi 
 through the basal ganglia, intense pruritus is produced especially at the 
 nose, and often spasmodic retention of the urine. Profound sopor soon 
 comes on, with irregular and slow respiration, but in some subjects this is 
 replaced by coma-vigil and delirium. After-effects are nausea, depression, 
 constipation, racking headache, vertigo, anorexia, nasal pruritus, and fetid 
 pathological secretions. 
 
 A toxic dose produces cold and clammy sweat, very slow pulse, slow 
 and stertorous respiration gradually becoming feeble and irregular, cyanosed 
 face, abolished reflexes, coma gradually deepening, the pupils minutely 
 contracted but dilating as the end approaches, and finally death by 
 paralysis of the respiratory centre due to direct action on the medulla. 
 Post-mortem shows only a wet brain, congested lungs, and engorgement 
 of the venous trunks and of the right heart. 
 
 The principal action of Opium is exerted upon the nervous system, 
 first affecting the cerebral convolutions which are briefly stimulated and 
 soon depressed,—next the perceptive and sensory centres in the higher 
 brain are more or less blunted and the conductivity of the afferent nerves 
 impared,—soon the ganglia at the base of the brain are involved, evinced 
 by the contraction of the pupils, vomiting, and slowing of respiration,— 
 the cardiac, vascular and other centres are depressed but to a less degree 
 than the respiratory and perceptive,—the gray matter of the cord, at first 
 stimulated, as shown by the increase of reflex excitability, is also 
 depressed, and locomotion becomes difficult, the motor nerves becoming 
 paralyzed from the centre outwards, but muscular irritability is never lost. 
 
296 
 
 OPIUM. 
 
 Death generally occurs by paralysis of the respiratory centre rarely by 
 sudden cardiac failure. 
 
 Metabolism is greatly reduced in activity by Opium, the quantity of 
 urea excreted being markedly lessened, and the biliary and glycogenic 
 functions of the liver being affected, resulting in whitish stools, perhaps 
 jaundice, and certainly decided decrease of the sugar excreted by dia¬ 
 betics, when given by the stomach. 
 
 On the uterine and generative functions Opium exerts a marked influ¬ 
 ence, stopping menstruation if its use be continued, and in men causing 
 impotence. Both male and female functions, however, return as soon as 
 the drug is discontinued. 
 
 The hypnotic action of Opium is now believed to be produced by a 
 double influence, (1) on the vascular system, causing anaemia of the brain, 
 (2) on the cerebral cells, diminishing their activity, and consequently 
 lessening their demand for blood. 
 
 Its constipating action is shown experimentally to be produced by 
 stimulation of the inhibitory nerves of the intestines through the splanch- 
 nics. 
 
 Morphine acts similarly to Opium in general, being the principal alka¬ 
 loid therein, but when used alone its influence is not complicated with 
 that of the convulsant alkaloids (Thebaine, Codeine, Narcotine), which 
 must affect to a considerable degree the action of Opium. Consequently, 
 as compared with the latter, Morphine acts more quickly, and for a 
 shorter time, has less influence on the intestines and skin, is less constipa¬ 
 ting, less stimulating, less convulsant and less diaphoretic, but more seda¬ 
 tive, more anodyne and hypnotic and produces more intense pruritus. 
 Its excretion commences quickly but may not be completed for as much 
 as 48 hours, and is affected by most of the secretions, especially by the 
 urine. It is probably retained in the system when the action of the 
 kidneys is defective, and hence when given in renal disease may accumulate 
 with fatal results. 
 
 Codeine may chemically be considered a Methyl-morphine, and like 
 all methyl compounds, has an action like that of Curare, viz.,—a motor- 
 paralyzant. It exalts the spinal cord more than Morphine and affects the 
 cerebrum less, producing muscular tremor in excess of the sedative action. 
 It is anodyne and analgesic,. especially to abdominal and pelvic pain, 
 also hypnotic with less general disturbance than produced by Morphine. 
 It markedly reduces the amount of sugar excreted by diabetics, and has 
 a special sedative influence on the pneumogastric nerve. 
 
 Narcotine should be named Anarcotine, as it has little or no narcotic 
 power. It is a convulsant in animals and an antiperiodic in man. 
 
 Narceine is said by some observers to be remarkably hypnotic, and 
 free from convulsant action—by others equally deserving of credit it is 
 
OPIUM. 
 
 29 7 
 
 considered almost inert. This alkaloid is difficult to obtain pure; hence 
 the samples heretofore used have probably been contaminated with other 
 alkaloids. 
 
 Thebaine is a powerful convulsant, exalting the spinal cord almost like 
 Strychnine and Brucine. It is not used medicinally. 
 
 Fatal Doses. 
 
 In a child one day old npj of Laudanum caused death. A medicinal 
 dose given to a nursing mother proved fatal to the infant. A few drops 
 of Paregoric have killed a child of nine months. In the adult gr. ^ of 
 Morphine in one case, and gr. iv of crude Opium in another, have proved 
 fatal. 
 
 Antagonists and Treatment of Poisoning. 
 
 Atropine antagonizes the cerebral action of Morphine, also its action on the pupils, 
 respiration, heart and arterial tension, but if given too freely will endanger the case by 
 substituting Belladonna-narcosis for Opium-narcosis. Gr. hypodermically every 15 
 minutes for three doses, is generally sufficient. Caffeine is also physiologically antago¬ 
 nistic, and is generally used in the form of strong black coffee frequently administered. 
 The chief indications in Opium-poisoning are—to evacuate the stomach, maintain respira¬ 
 tion and keep up the circulation. Faradization of the chest muscles, cold affusion, and 
 artificial respiration are of great value, and evacuation of the bladder is important. Fla¬ 
 gellation is a very dangerous procedure, from the exhaustion which maybe produced; 
 strong faradic currrents are much more efficient. The anode should be placed over the 
 lowest conjoined root of the phrenic nerve—the cathode three inches below the ensiform 
 cartilage, and a little to the left of the median line. 
 
 Strychnine is an efficient antagonist to the respiratory paralysis, and may be used in 
 lieu of Atropine, or in connection therewith. Amyl Nitrite should also be used when 
 the heart shows signs of failure. 
 
 Some of the cerebral effects of Opium, as vertigo and mental confusion, are removed 
 by a full dose of Potassium Bromide, others are antagonized by Quinine, and the general 
 intra-cranial effects of the drug are to some extent opposed by Digitalis and Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Atropine may be advantageously combined with Morphine in solution for hypodermic 
 injection, in the proportions of gr. to of the former to gr. of the latter, pre¬ 
 venting the sickness and depression and many other unpleasant after-effects of Morphine 
 while increasing its anodyne, hypnotic and antispasmodic powers. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The chief indications for the use of Opium are (1) to relieve pain from 
 any cause except acute inflammation of the brain,—(2) to produce sleep, 
 particularly in the insomnia of low fevers with delirium, in which the 
 combination of Morphine and Chloral is very efficient,—(3) to allay irri¬ 
 tation in the various forms of acute nervous erethism,—(4) to check ex¬ 
 cessive secretion, as in diarrhoeas, dysentery, diabetes, ptyalism, etc.,— 
 (5) to support the system in low fevers and other adynamic conditions, 
 when sufficient food cannot be retained,—(6) as a sudorific, to produce 
 sweating in coryza, etc. It is considered of especial value in any irrita¬ 
 tion of the stomach, bladder or bronchi, in severe vomiting, both forms 
 of diabetes, gastralgia, colic and muscular spasm. In diabetes mellitus 
 Morphine per orem reduces the sugar promptly, but when used hypodermi¬ 
 cally it has little or no effect thereon, even in the same case. In perito¬ 
 nitis and inflammations of other serous membranes, used freely even to 
 
298 
 
 OPIUM. 
 
 narcotism it has often saved life. In cerebro-spinal meningitis it is the 
 one remedy if given early, before exudation has set in. Cholera morbus 
 and dysentery are efficiently treated by Morphine and Atropine hypoder¬ 
 mically (gr. with gr. y^oO after the ingesta have been removed by purg¬ 
 ing. In acute uraemia its use in large doses is recommended by Loomis 
 to control convulsions and promote diuresis, but here it is a dangerous 
 agent. In muscular rheumatism and acute colds Dover’s powder as a 
 diaphoretic, conjoined with hot drinks and foot-baths, is old but excel¬ 
 lent treatment. In delirium tremens, acute and chronic mania and melan¬ 
 cholia, nervous prostration and the delirium of fevers, Opium is probably 
 the best hypnotic. Severe pain from any cause (except cerebritis) is 
 relieved by Opium with an efficiency possessed by no other drug, as the 
 pain of sciatica, neuralgia, lumbago, cancer, renal and hepatic colic from 
 calculi, etc. Cough of harassing and frequent character with but little 
 secretion is best treated by Opium, but when there is profuse expectora¬ 
 tion it should not be used, as the lowering of excitability of the respira¬ 
 tory centre which it produces would in such a case be dangerous. In 
 nearly all acute inflammations it is valuable, especially where it becomes 
 advisable to lock up the bowels. Its tranquillizing power over the circu¬ 
 lation makes it invaluable in the various forms of hemorrhage, while in 
 that from uterine fibroids and cancer the implanting of the Opium-habit 
 is deserving of serious consideration as a most beneficial measure, as it 
 checks and even stops the bleeding, as soon as established. Dyspnoea 
 from any cause is relieved by Morphine, especially that of cardiac disease. 
 “ It gives the power to breathe ” (Huchard). In cardie disease, especially 
 aortic stenosis or insufficiency, with dyspnoea, paroxyms of angina pectoris, 
 or signs of cerebral anaemia,—Morphine hypodermically presents the great¬ 
 est advantages. 
 
 Applications of the Various Preparations. 
 
 Intense pain, as from the passage of calculi, is best met by hypodermic 
 injection of Morphine Sulphate in full doses (gr. with Atropine 
 
 Sulphate (gr. y-J-^). Either the solution of Morphine or the liquid prepa¬ 
 rations of Opium may be given by the mouth in corresponding doses for 
 the same purpose. Severe pain enables the system to resist the action of 
 Opium, which in such cases should be repeated at short intervals for effect 
 regardless of dosage. 
 
 Superficial pain is often alleviated by the Plaster or by extemporaneous 
 liniments containing Laudanum or some other fluid preparation. It is, 
 however, very doubtful whether such applications are of direct value, as 
 Morphine is not absorbed by the unbroken integument; but the Oleate 
 of Morphine is said to be very penetrating. 
 
 To produce sleep the most efficient preparations are the Deodorized 
 
OPIUM. 
 
 299 
 
 Tincture, the Solution of Morphine, Pil. Opii and Dover’s Powder, in 
 doses corresponding to the degree of insomnia and restlessness present. 
 
 Cough is relieved by the two Trochisci, the Deodorized and Camphor¬ 
 ated Tinctures, and by the Solution of Morphine in small doses with 
 Syrup of Wild Cherry or Syrup of Tolu. 
 
 Diaphoresis is best obtained by the use of Dover’s Powder in either of 
 its three forms. 
 
 Sedative action is obtained by different preparations for different organs. 
 The stomach is best affected by the Solution of Morphine in effervescing 
 mixtures, the Extract in a small pill, or Morphine hypodermically over 
 the epigastrium. The intestines may be influenced by Laudanum in a 
 starch enema, or internally by Dover’s Powder, Pulvis Opii, or Pil. Opii, 
 especially the latter with or without Calomel, as an astringent when the 
 bowel must be paralyzed, as in peritonitis, hernia, intussusception, etc. 
 The rectum and other pelvic organs are promptly affected by a suppository 
 of the Extract of Opium, gr. % with gr. of the Extract of Belladonna. 
 The ovaries and the abdominal and pelvic organs generally are markedly 
 susceptible to the analgesic action of Codeine in doses of gr. ss to gr. j for 
 an adult in severe pain. 
 
 Administration. 
 
 Probably no drug in the Materia Medica is so useful as Opium, or has 
 so wide a range of application. At the same time no drug requires such 
 careful handling, by reason of the many influences which modify its action 
 and uses. As before pointed out, children are extremely susceptible to its 
 narcotic action, and women are more easily affected by it than men. 
 Many persons are found with idiosyncrasies in respect to Opium, some 
 being easily narcotized, others being remarkably insusceptible to its action, 
 and many suffer from a decided shock after its hypodermic administration, 
 which may even produce alarming symptoms of collapse. In subjects of 
 kidney disease it may accumulate and act more powerfully than expected, 
 and generally it may be said to be contraindicated or to be used with great 
 care in alcoholism, congestion of the brain, and advanced disease of the 
 respiratory organs, heart and kidneys. 
 
 The conjoint administration with opiates, of the Spiritus zEtheris, 
 Spiritus ^Etheris Comp., or Spiritus ^Etheris Nitrosi, an equal part with 
 Tinctura Opii Deodorata, will prevent the nausea often excited by the latter, 
 and correct the “drying-up ’ ’ effects of opium, due to its checking secretion. 
 
 Morphine and Atropine are sufficiently antagonistic to each other to make their 
 combination extremely valuable as a therapeutic measure, and their use as mutual antidotes 
 in poisoning by either a most efficient procedure if employed with due precautions. When 
 Morphine is given as a hypnotic or an anodyne, Atropine should always be administered 
 at the same time in the proportion of gr. yIo“t^o Liter to gr. % of the former. 
 
 By this means the anodyne and hypnotic qualities of Morphine are increased, while the 
 nausea and depression with the subsequent dyspepsia and constipation due to it are avoided. 
 Moreover, as in the doses above mentioned Atropine is a cardiac and respiratory stimu¬ 
 lant, it will counteract the depressing tendency of Morphine on the heart and respiration 
 in subjects who have undue susceptibility to its action. 
 
300 
 
 ORIGANUM-PANCREATJNUM-PAPAIN. 
 
 ORIGANUM, Wild Marj oram, —is the plant Origanum vulgare f 
 a perennial herb of the nat. ord. Labiatae, native of Europe and America, 
 having a stem branched above, petiolate leaves about an inch long and 
 hairy beneath, pale purple flowers, aromatic, pungent and bitterish. It 
 contains a Volatile Oil, some tannin, resin, and a bitter principle. The 
 oil was formerly much used and was official, but it is now entirely super¬ 
 seded by the Oil of Thyme. Origanum is an ingredient of Vinum Aro- 
 maticum. There are no official preparations. Dose, 5 j - ij> in infusion. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Origanum is gently tonic, also carminative, stimulant and emmena- 
 gogue. It was formerly much employed as a diaphoretic, etc., but is now 
 rarely administered. 
 
 PANCREATINUM, Pancreatin, (Unofficial),—is the juice of the 
 pancreas, and consists of four ferments : (i) Pancreatic Diastase , the 
 amylolytic ferment, (2) Trypsin , the proteolytic ferment, (3) a fat emulsi¬ 
 fying and (4) a milk-curdling ferment. It is marketed in various forms, 
 named Pancreatine, Pancreatic Emulsion, and Liquor Pancreaticus, of 
 which the last-named is the most efficient preparation. 
 
 Liquor Pancreaticus, Pancreatic Solution (Unofficial),—prepared by digesting a finely- 
 chopped pig’s pancreas with 4 times its weight of dilute alcohol. Is a nearly clear 
 alcoholic solution, with little taste or smell. Dose, ^j-^ss. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Pancreatic preparations are active digestives of proteid and amyloid 
 foods, converting proteids into peptones, and emulsifying fats, in the 
 presence of an alkaline solution (Pepsin requiring an acid one). Pan¬ 
 creatin is digested by Pepsin, and hence probably never passes into the 
 duodenum in its own character. Trypsin affects albuminoids even in a 
 slightly acid solution. Liquor Pancreaticus is used to partially digest 
 (peptonize) milk, gruel, soups and other foods, before their administra¬ 
 tion in cases of great digestive debility. These peptonized foods may be 
 administered per orem vet rectum , and are valuable in intestinal dyspepsia, 
 wasting diseases, and convalescence from acute affections. A teaspoon¬ 
 ful taken after the administration of Cod-liver Oil will prevent the dis¬ 
 agreeable eructations which are so offensive to some patients, and will aid 
 in the digestion of the oil. 
 
 Trypsin, unlike Pepsin, will dissolve mucin, and like Pepsin it is inert 
 towards nuclein, horny tissues and amyloid matter. Used as a spray on 
 diphtheritic membrane it has proved a very efficient solvent. 
 
 PAPAIN, Papaiva (Unofficial),—is a ferment obtained from the 
 milky juice of Carica Papaya , a S. American fruit-tree of the nat. ord. 
 
PARALDEHYDE-PAREIRA. 
 
 301 
 
 Papayacese. It is soluble in water but not in alcohol, and has active 
 digestive powers. It softens and dissolves fibrin in liquids which may 
 be either acid, or neutral, or slightly alkaline, in this respect differing 
 greatly from Pepsin. It also acts at higher temperatures and more rapidly 
 than Pepsin. It is a rapid solvent of false membranes and intestinal 
 worms. It has been injected into tumors, dissolving the tissues in its 
 vicinity, but with much pain and considerable febrile reaction. It is not 
 used internally, as it is feared that it may digest the gastro-intestinal 
 mucous membrane as well as its contents. 
 
 Papaw Milk is the milky juice of the fruit, coagulating into two parts, a pulpy mass 
 and a liquid serum. When mixed with alcohol an amorphous powder is precipitated, 
 which when dried forms Papain. 
 
 PARALDEHYDE, C 6 H 12 0 3 (Unofficial),—is a polymeric modifi¬ 
 cation of Aldehyde, fluid above 51 0 F., solidifying below that tempera¬ 
 ture, soluble in 50 of water. Dose, npxx- 5 j. It is powerfully hypnotic 
 and diuretic, but has no diaphoretic action. It possesses many of the 
 qualities of Chloral with none of its dangers, strengthening and slowing 
 the heart, instead of weakening it. A toxic dose paralyzes the medulla 
 and the respiratory centre. As compared with Chloral its action is 
 not so persistent and it requires more frequent repetition, but it is un¬ 
 questionably safer, As a hypnotic it has been used with great benefit 
 in fevers, rheumatism, acute mania, hysteria, and insomnia from various 
 causes. The above-mentioned maximum dose has frequently been 
 given without any ill-effect, and with no digestive or cerebral dis¬ 
 turbances afterwards. 
 
 For formula see under Insomnia, in Part III. 
 
 PAREIRA, Pareira Brava, —is the root of Chondodendron tomen- 
 tosum , a climbing, woody vine of the nat. ord. Menispermaceae, with 
 very large leaves and grape-like fruit, inhabiting Peru and Brazil. Occurs 
 in sub-cylindrical, tortuous pieces, 4 to 6 inches long, dark brownish- 
 gray externally, with transverse ridges, fissures and furrows; internally 
 pale-brown, interior woody, porous, in concentric circles with medullary 
 rays. It contains Pelosine or Cissampeline , an alkaloid identical with the 
 Berberine of Nectandra and the Buxine of Buxus semperviretis (Box¬ 
 wood). 
 
 Several other Pareiras are on the market, that from the West Indies 
 (Cissampelos Pareira ) being the plant formerly official in the Br. Phar¬ 
 macopoeia. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extradum Pareirce Fluidum ,—Dose, 3 ss- 3 j. 
 
 Infusum Pareira: (Unofficial),— 1 in 17. Dose, ^j-ij. 
 
302 
 
 PEPO-PEPSINUM. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Pareira is diuretic and laxative, stimulating peristalsis and the action of 
 the kidneys. It is eliminated by the renal secretion, and passing over the 
 mucous membrane of the genito-urinary tract, it acts thereon in a tonic 
 and soothing manner, especially on the bladder. 
 
 It is particularly useful in chronic cystitis, suppurative kidney diseases, 
 gonorrhoea and gleet, but must be used internally, as when injected locally 
 for gonorrhoea and cystitis it has not proved successful. Formerly Pareira 
 was considered an efficient lithontriptic, and in Brazil it is used as a cure 
 for bites of poisonous serpents, being employed both internally and locally 
 to the wound. 
 
 PEPO, Pumpkin-seed, —is the seed of Cucurbita Pepo, or common 
 Pumpkin (nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae), about inch long, white, flat, oval, 
 inodorous, bland and oily. The active principle is a resin contained in 
 the endopleuron or envelope immediately surrounding the embryo. It 
 also contains an alkaloid Cucurbitine , a fixed oil, starch, sugar, etc. There 
 are no official preparations. Dose, of the resin, gr. xv; of the seeds, 
 5j-ij, beaten up in emulsion with sugar and water. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Pumpkin-seed is an efficient agent for the removal of tapeworm (taenia- 
 fuge), and its use is not followed by unpleasant symptoms. The outer 
 coat of the seed should be removed, and an emulsion then made by tritu¬ 
 ration with sugar and water. This, if taken on an empty stomach and 
 followed by a brisk cathartic, will generally prove effective. Dr. Squibb 
 maintains that the seeds should not be decorticated, but that husks and 
 all should be swallowed. According to some observers the expressed oil 
 is equally efficient in doses of ^ss repeated twice or three times, and fol¬ 
 lowed by a cathartic. 
 
 PEPSINUM, Pepsin ,—is a hypothetical name for the digestive 
 principle of the gastric juice, and as a definite body is unknown, the vari¬ 
 ous preparations, official and unofficial, being mere approximations, and 
 vary much from each other. They are usually obtained from a solution 
 prepared by digesting the mucous membrane scraped from the rennet-bags 
 of sheep or the stomach of the pig in acidulated water for several days. 
 The so-called “Pepsin” is then precipitated by Chloride of Sodium 
 (, Scheffer ), Acetate of Lead (. Boudault ), or by drying the peptones on glass 
 plates ( Beale ). It may also be precipitated by alcohol. By Scheffer’s 
 process it occurs as a tough, gray, leathery substance, partially soluble in 
 water, one grain dissolving 3000 grains of albumen in a few days. Jen- 
 
PEPSINUM. 
 
 303 
 
 sen’s “Crystal Pepsin,” probably prepared after Beale’s method, is in 
 yellowish, translucent scales, soluble in water, and reputed to be many 
 times stronger than any other preparation yet obtained. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Pepsinutn Saccharatum , Saccharated Pepsin,—is Pespin obtained from the mucous 
 membrane of the hog, and mixed with powdered Sugar of Milk. One part dissolved in 
 500 of water acidulated with 7^ of Hydrochloric Acid, should digest at least 50 parts of 
 hard-boiled egg-albumen in 5 or 6 hours at a temperature of ioo° to 104° F. Dose, gr. 
 v-^j, soon after meals. 
 
 Liquor Pepsini, Liquid Pepsin,—contains of Saccharated Pepsin 40 parts, Hydrochloric 
 Acid 12, Glycerin 400, Water q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose, 3 ij—iv, after meals. 
 
 Lactopeptine (Unofficial),—claimed to contain Pepsin, Diastase or Ptyalin, Pancreatin, 
 Lactic and Hydrochloric Acids, and that 3 j will digest 5 viij-x of albumen, fibrin, casein, 
 or gelatin, will emulsionize 3 xvj of cod-liver oil, and convert 3 iv of starch into glucose. 
 A proprietary preparation. Dose, gr. v-xv. Is said to break a glass, if stirred therein 
 with water. 
 
 Ingluvin (Unofficial),—is a preparation obtained from the gizzard of the domestic 
 fowl, which owes its activity to no ferment corresponding to Pepsin, but to a peculiar 
 bitter principle. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 [Every manufacturer has his own preparation of Pepsin, and his peculiar name there¬ 
 for, such as “ Liquid Pancreopopsine,” “ Lacto-peptine,” “ Gluco-pepsine,” “ Golden 
 Scale Pepsin,” “ Peptogenic Milk Powder,” etc. They vary considerably in their prop¬ 
 erties, but all have the power in some degree of digesting albumen or fibrin. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Pepsin is not a solvent but a ferment, and is a normal constituent of 
 the gastric juice, converting albuminoids (casein, albumen, fibrin, etc.) 
 into peptones for assimilation, with the aid of the Lactic and Hydro¬ 
 chloric Acids associated with it. This it will do out of the body or in 
 cavaties as the rectum, if warmth, acidity and moisture be present. Pan¬ 
 creatin, on the other hand, is destroyed by acids and requires an alkaline 
 medium in which to exercise its powers. As the food passes out of the 
 stomach in 2 or 3 hours, Pepsin should be administered within, and Pan¬ 
 creatin after that period to be effective. 
 
 Incompatibles. 
 
 Alcohol destroys the activity of Pepsin. Alkalies and many mineral salts precipitate it. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Dyspepsia in its various forms is the malady for which Pepsin is chiefly 
 employed, but it is also extremely useful in the apepsia of infants, gas- 
 tralgia, anaemia, chlorosis, gastric ulcer and cancer, the diarrhoea of 
 infants and vomiting of pregnancy. It is added to nutritive enemata, 
 the rectum not being a digestive organ, and is injected into the substance 
 of morbid growths which are homologous to the tissues, particularly fatty 
 tumors, for the purpose of arresting their growth and promoting their 
 absorption. It has been injected into the bladder to break down a blood- 
 clot, and has been suggested as an atomized inhalation in diphtheria and 
 croup to digest the membrane without injuring the living tissues. 
 
304 
 
 PETROLATUM-PHOSPHORUS. 
 
 Ingluvin is particularly useful against vomiting and has been found 
 exceptionally efficient in the vomiting of pregnancy, given in 20-grain 
 doses before meals. [Compare Pancreatin, ante , page 300.] 
 
 PETROLATUM, Petroleum Ointment, —is a semi-solid sub¬ 
 stance, consisting of hydrocarbons, obtained from Petroleum by distil¬ 
 ling off the lighter portions and purifying the residue. It is a yellowish, 
 fat-like mass, somewhat fluorescent, amorphous, odorless and tasteless, of 
 neutral reaction, insoluble in water or alcohol, soluble in ether, chloro-^ 
 form, fixed and volatile oils, benzin, etc. Its melting point is from 104° F. 
 to 125 0 F., the first being the softer, and the second the firmer variety. 
 Commercially, it is known as Cosmoline , Vaseline , etc., and is largely 
 prepared from residuums or sediments deposited in tanks containing 
 crude petroleum. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Petrolatum is a valuable protective dressing, and an excellent basis for 
 ointments, having no acridity and no liability to become rancid. It is 
 readily miscible with many active agents, as the alkaloids, phenol com¬ 
 pounds, etc., but it does not penetrate the skin as readily as animal fats 
 and fixed oils. Uncombined, it forms an excellent bland application in 
 all irritated conditions and injuries of the skin. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS, Phosphites and Phosphates, —are best 
 studied together, as the supplying of the element Phosphorus to the body 
 is the aim of the administration of these agents. 
 
 Phosphorus, P,—is a non-metallic element obtained from bones, 
 and occurs as a translucent, nearly colorless solid, of waxy lustre, and 
 usually the consistence of beeswax, insoluble in water, soluble in 50 parts 
 of any fatty oil, in 80 of absolute ether, 350 of absolute alcohol, and 
 freely in carbon bisulphide. It has a disagreeable odor and taste, melts 
 at 1 ii° F., is luminous in the dark, ignices in the air, and should be kept 
 under water in a cool place, protected from light. It usually contains 
 Arsenic and sometimes Sulphur, the limits of which are fixed by the phar- 
 macopoeial tests. Dose, gr. yo o~iV , thrice daily. 
 
 Preparations of Phosphorus. 
 
 Pilules Phosphoric Pills of Phosphorus,— each contains gr. of Phosphorus, dis¬ 
 solved in Chloroform, mixed with Althaea and Acacia in Glycerin and Water, and coated 
 by shaking with a solution of Balsam of Tolu in Ether. Dose, j-v. 
 
 Oleum Phosphoratum , Phosphorated Oil,—has of Phosphorus 1 part, ^Ether Fortior 
 8, Expressed Oil of Almond q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose, j-v thrice daily. 
 
 Acidicm Phosphoricum and Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum ,—are described on page 
 71, ante. 
 
 Tinctura Phosphori (Thompson’s), Unofficial.—Phosphorus gr. j, Absolute Alcohol 
 
PHOSPHORUS, PHOSPHITES AND PHOSPHATES. 305 
 
 £v, Glycerin Alcohol 3 ij, Spt. Menthse Piperitse rr^xl. Of this gj contains gr. 
 
 f s of Phosphorus. 
 
 Tincturi Phosphori (Bellevue Hospital), Unofficial,—Phosphorus gr. xxxij, Absolute 
 Alcohol ^xlvj, Essence of Vanilla Oil of Orange 3 iij, Alcohol q. s. ad 3 xlviij. 
 Of this 3 j contains gr. T L of Phosphorus. 
 
 Zinci Phosphidum , Phosphide of Zinc, Zn 3 P 2 ,—crystalline fragments or a gray-black 
 powder, insoluble in water or alcohol, but completely soluble in hydrochloric or sulphuric 
 acids with evolution of phosphoretted hydrogen. Is very irritant to the stomach. Dose, 
 
 § r - T)V — 2V* 
 
 Preparations of Phosphites. 
 
 Calcii Hypophosphis, Hypophosphite of Calcium, Ca 4 (P 0 2 ) 3 ,—colorless prisms, or 
 thin, pearly scales, of nauseous taste, soluble in 6.8 of water, insoluble in alcohol. Is an 
 ingredient of the Syrupus Hypophosphitum. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Ferri Hypophosphis, Ferric Hypophosphite, Fe 2 (H 2 P 0 2 ) 6 ,—a white or grayish-white 
 powder, odorless and tasteless, slightly soluble in water, freely so in hydrochloric acid or 
 a solution of sodium nitrate. Dose, gr. v-x. A ferruginous tonic. 
 
 Potassii Hypophosphis , KH 2 P 0 2 ,—white masses, or a white, granular powder, deli¬ 
 quescent, odorless, of saline taste and neutral reaction. Soluble in 0.6 of water and in 
 7.3 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Sodii Hopophosphis, NaH 2 P 0 2 H 2 0 ,—small plates, or a white, granular powder, deli¬ 
 quescent, odorless, of sweetish, saline taste, and neutral reaction. Soluble in I of water 
 and 30 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose gr. v-x. 
 
 Syrupus Hypophosphitum , Syrup of Hypophosphites,—has of the calcium salt 35, of 
 the Sodium and Potassium salts each 12, Citric Acid 1, Spirit of Lemon 2, Sugar 500, 
 Water q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose, £j-i|j. 
 
 Syrupus Hypophosphitum cuth Ferro, Syrup of Hypophosphites with Iron,—has of the 
 preceding 99 parts with I of the Lactate of Iron, dissolved by trituration. Dose, :jj-3 j. 
 
 Preparations of Phosphates. 
 
 Calcii Phosphas Prcecipitatus, Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, Ca 3 (P 0 4 ) 2 ,—a light, 
 white, amorphous powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water or in alcohol. Dose, 
 gr. ij-x. 
 
 Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis , has of the preceding 22 parts, Lactic Acid 33, Orange- 
 flower Water 80, Sugar 600, Hydrochloric Acid, Water of Ammonia, Water, aa q. s. ad 
 1000. The Phosphate of Calcium is dissolved by the acid, but does not enter into the 
 chemical combination suggested by the title. Dose, ^ j— 3 j. 
 
 Sodii Phosphas, Na 2 HP 0 4 I 2 H 2 0 ,—large, monociinic prisms, efflorescent, of saline 
 taste and alkaline reaction. Soluble in 6 of water at 56° F., insoluble in alcohol. Dose, 
 
 3 i~ ,5 J- 
 
 Sodii Pyrophosphas, Na 4 P 2 0 7 .ioH 2 0 ,—colorless, monoclinic prisms, of saline taste 
 and alkaline reaction. Soluble in 12 of water at 59 0 F., insoluble in alcohol. Dose, 3 ss- 
 
 3 SS - 
 
 Syrupus Ferri, Quimnce et Strychnince Phosphatum, —has of the Phosphate of Iron 
 133, Quinine 133, Strychnine 4, Phosphoric Acid 800, Sugar 6000, Distilled Water q. s. 
 ad 10,000 parts. A powerful tonic. Dose, ^ j —ij. 
 
 Syrupus Phosphatum Compositus, Compound Syrup of Phosphates, Parrish’s Chemical 
 Food (Unofficial),—has in each 3 Phosphate of Iron gr. 2^, Phosphate of Calcium gr. j. 
 Dose, 3j-ij. 
 
 Ammonii Phosphas, Fern Phosphas and Ferri Pyrophosphas are respectively described 
 on pages 94 and 216. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Phosphorus in small doses stimulates the brain and circulation, the 
 functions of the stomach and the genital organs, and the growth of bones. 
 It aids digestion by irritating the end-organs of the gastric nerves, and 
 produces eructations of Hydrogen Phosphide. Its fumes cause necrosis 
 of the upper or lower maxillae, especially in those whose teeth are decayed, 
 but they may be prevented by the inhalation of fumes from old acid tur¬ 
 pentine. In poisonous doses it is a powerful irritant of the gastro-intestinal 
 
 20 
 
3°6 
 
 PHOSPHORUS, PHOSPHITES AND PHOSPHATES. 
 
 tract, causing vomiting and purging with great depression of the vital 
 forces. Reaching the blood as Phosphorus, it is partly oxidized at the 
 expense of the oxygen of the red corpuscles, causes acute hemorrhages 
 from fatty degeneration of the arterial walls, rapid steatosis of the stomach, 
 liver and heart, with deep jaundice,—then delirium, convulsions, coma 
 and death usually from gradual failure of the respiration and circulation. 
 Acute yellow atrophy of the liver resembles acute phosphorus poisoning 
 so much that it is generally impossible to distinguish between them. 
 
 Its effect on metabolism is to increase the nitrogenous products, to 
 diminish the excretion of carbonic acid, reduce the glycogen of the liver 
 to almost nothing, and to raise the temperature. While generally increas¬ 
 ing metabolism it so influences that process as to arrest it at the stage of 
 conversion of proteids into urea and oil, instead of allowing it to proceed 
 to the final oxidation of oil into carbonic acid and water, hence leading 
 to fatty degeneration of epithelial, glandular and muscular protoplasm 
 throughout the body. 
 
 Phosphate of Calcium is an essential ingredient of all the tissues and 
 fluids of the body, and forms more than 50 per cent, of the bones. Lactic 
 and Hydrochloric acids dissolve it in small quantities. It increases the 
 alkalinity of the blood as well as its power of holding Carbonic Acid, and 
 diminishes the excretion of urea. 
 
 Phosphate of Sodium acts on the blood and on the excretion of urea 
 similarly to the calcium salt. It increases secretion generally, especially 
 of the bile, being an excellent cholagogue and thereby aiding in the 
 digestion of fats. In ounce doses it is laxative. It is a normal constituent 
 of the blood, and possesses the property of increasing the capacity of any 
 fluid to hold Carbonic Acid in solution. 
 
 The Hypophosphites are generally tonic, and are supposed to con¬ 
 stitute a safer form in which to administer Phosphorus than in the unoxid¬ 
 ized state. They are probably converted into phosphates in the stomach. 
 
 Antidotes and Antagonists. 
 
 Antidotes are hydrated magnesia, lime-water, powdered charcoal, sulphate of copper 
 and old acid turpentine. Sulphate of Copper is the best emetic, forming a comparatively 
 insoluble phosphide of copper; 3-grain doses should be given every 5 minutes in dilute 
 solution until emesis occurs. Hydrated Afagnesia as a quickly-acting purgative. Lime- 
 water or Charcoal to prevent the action on the tissues. Crude French Acid Turpentine 
 is the best antidote, which may be given rapidly in an emulsion of gum. Opium to 
 counteract the depression of the heart and system. Transfusion has proved efficient 
 where the blood is affected. No oils or fats should be used, as they dissolve Phosphorus 
 and promote its absorption. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Phosphorus is chiefly used to promote the nutrition of osseous and 
 nervous tissue. It is useful in chronic nervous exhaustion when the nerve 
 centres are implicated, in osteomalacia, rachitis and progressive locomotor 
 ataxia. In threatened cerebral softening it affects the nerve centres as no 
 
PHYSOSTIGMA. 
 
 307 
 
 other drug does, and in paraplegia of myelitic origin from excessive venery 
 it is often very efficient. Progressive pernicious anaemia has sometimes 
 been arrested by Phosphorus in very small doses, while in impotence of 
 functional character there is no remedy so effective. In wakefulness of the 
 aged and that due to cerebral anaemia small doses of the pill or tincture 
 are sometimes remarkably beneficial. In certain skin diseases (acne, 
 psoriasis, lupus), it is an excellent substitute for Arsenic. Neuralgia is 
 often cured by Phosphorus, but large doses are necessary, at least gr. -Jj 
 every 4 hours. 
 
 Phosphate of Calcium and the Hypophosphites are used with benefit 
 in all diseases of mal-nutrition, and where the repair or development of 
 the bones is required. They are particularly useful in protracted suppu¬ 
 ration, osteomalacia, rachitis, caries, scrofulosis, chronic phthisis, and in 
 the anaemia and bone-softening of lactation. The Hypophosphites are 
 much employed in nervous and general debility and in chronic lung dis¬ 
 eases, and are supposed to act in the same manner as free Phosphorus, but 
 without irritation. They are probably converted into Phosphates in the 
 stomach, and hence may be expected to promote the growth and healing 
 of bones, to stimulate the hepatic and intestinal secretions, and to affect 
 the lymphatic glands and adenoid tissue. The Compound Syrup of the 
 Hypophosphites is an excellent remedy in acne indurata. 
 
 Phosphate of Sodium in drachm-doses thrice daily for adults, gr. 
 x-xxx for children, is extremely useful as a laxative in conditions depend¬ 
 ing on catarrh of the bile-ducts and duodenum, as headache, jaundice, 
 chalky stools, etc. Gall-stones may be prevented from forming by 
 scruple or drachm doses before meals for months at a time. It is also 
 an efficient agent in obesity, hepatic diabetes, incipient hepatic sclerosis, 
 chronic infantile diarrhoea, cerebral debility, bilious sick headache, and 
 the pasty, white stools of ill-conditioned children. Vichy-water contains 
 this salt in the proportion of gr. to the pint, and is considered a valu¬ 
 able water in hepatic colic and kindred conditions. Finally for the con¬ 
 dition of the system producing a crop of boils, Phosphate of Sodium is 
 probably the best remedy. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMA, Calabar Bean, —is the seed of Physostigma 
 venenosum (nat. ord. Leguminosae), a woody creeper of Calabar, West 
 Africa, where it is used by the natives as an ordeal for witches, etc., vom¬ 
 iting after its ingestion being held to establish the innocence of the 
 accused. It is about an inch long, irregularly kidney-shaped, with two 
 flat sides and a furrow along its convex margin ending in an aperture near 
 one end. It contains an alkaloid, variously named Eserine , Physostig- 
 mine , and Calabarine , C 15 H 21 N ;{ 0 2 , which is obtained as a crystalline, an 
 amorphous or a syrupy body. Some authorities apply the above names 
 
3°8 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMA. 
 
 to different bodies, but acknowledge that they agree in physiological action 
 though not in physical qualities. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Physostigmatis ,—an alcoholic extract, of which the dose is from gr. to 
 S r - j- 
 
 Tinctura Physostigmatis ,—strength io per cent. Dose, TT\v-xx. 
 
 Physostigmince Salicylas, Salicylate of Physostigmine,—colorless, columnar crystals, of 
 bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 130 of water and in 12 of alcohol at 59 0 F. 
 Dose, gr. -j ^ o~6V* 
 
 Eserina , Eserine (Unofficial),—perhaps the same as Physostigmine, but is considered 
 as representing the powers of the plant. Dose, gr. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Physostigma is a direct spinal paralyzer, producing complete general 
 paralysis, and abolished reflexes, but not affecting muscular irritability or 
 the cerebral functions. It stimulates secretion, excites nausea and vomit¬ 
 ing, salivation and diaphoresis, and is laxative by stimulating the muscular 
 coat of the intestines to increased peristalsis as well as by increasing the 
 intestinal secretions. If first lowers then raises arterial tension, increases 
 the frequency of the heart-beat, but depresses the power of the cardiac 
 muscle though not destroying it. It produces dyspnoea by a tetanic ac¬ 
 tion on the respiratory muscles, causing carbonic acid narcosis and death 
 by paralysis of respiration. It contracts the pupil (how, is disputed), and 
 the ciliary muscle, producing marked myosis. It is eliminated chiefly by 
 the kidneys, the urine of the animal affected poisoning another. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Atropine is antagonistic as to the effects on the respiration, heart and pupils. Chloral 
 is also antagonistic and over a greater field of action, but to be effective must be admin¬ 
 istered before the ingestion of the Physostigma. The vegetable astringents, tannic acid 
 and the caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The applications of Physostigma are not many. It is efficient in con¬ 
 stipation due to torpor of the bowels, in which condition it is usually 
 combined with Belladonna and Nux-vomica. In tetanus it has been used 
 with advantage to diminish reflex excitability in grain-doses of the extract 
 repeated every 2 hours and the dose modified according to the effect pro¬ 
 duced. Progressive paralysis of the insane is apparently retarded by it, 
 and while antagonistic theoretically in atropine and strychnine poisoning, 
 practically it is not of much value. 
 
 Eserine is now used locally by ophthalmologists for many purposes in 
 affections of the eye. In a solution of gr.' ij to the 3 of water dropped 
 into the eye, it is efficient in breaking up or preventing adhesions of the 
 iris, diminishes intraocular tension, prevents suppuration after operations, 
 contracts the pupil, diminishing the entrance of light in photophobia, 
 etc., and empties the vessels of the eye. It is very useful in keratitis, 
 
PHYTOLACCA. 
 
 309 
 
 glaucoma, strumous ophthalmia, and neuralgia of the eye-ball. The 
 salts of Eserine or Physostigmine in neutral solution may be used for 
 these purposes, as well as to counteract the effects of Atropine on the 
 pupil. Gelatin disks medicated with Eserine may be obtained in the 
 shops, and are a convenient form in which to use the drug for ophthalmic 
 purposes. 
 
 PHYTOLACCA, Poke ,—is official under two forms, the berry and 
 the root of Phytolacca decandi'a , a plant of the nat. ord. Phytolaccaceae, 
 found in all parts of the United States. It contains a neutral principle 
 Phytolaccin , and an acid Phytolaccic Acid , also tannin, starch, fixed oil, 
 etc. There are no official preparations. 
 
 Phytolaccae Bacca, Poke Berry,—dark-purple, depressed globular, 
 about Yi inch in diameter, composed of 10 carpels, each containing one 
 black seed ; juice purplish-red, sweet and slightly acrid. 
 
 Phytolaccae Radix, Poke Root,—large, conical, branched, fracture 
 fibrous, wood-bundles in concentric circles, inodorous, sweetish and acrid. 
 Dose, as emetic, gr. x-xxx,—as an alterative, gr. j-v. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Phytolacca Fluidum (Unofficial),—Dose, rtpv-3j. 
 
 Tinctura Phytolaccae (Unofficial),—Dose, npx- gj. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Phytolacca is an emeto-cathartic, acting slowly but persistently, with 
 great nausea and considerable depression. It lowers the rate of respira¬ 
 tion and of cardiac action, and is a motor depressant, paralyzing the 
 spinal cord and the medulla, death occurring from paralysis of respira¬ 
 tion, preceded by tetanic convulsions. Several cases of poisoning by 
 this plant have occurred. Its action is antagonized by Alcohol, Ether, 
 Opium, Digitalis, etc. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Alterative powers have been ascribed to Phytolacca, and competent 
 observers have reported curative results from its use in malignant tumors, 
 varicose and other ulcers, obstinate eczema, sycosis, favus and other skin 
 affections, employing it both internally and externally. It is a very 
 serviceable remedy in chronic rheumatism, and given internally has 
 undoubtedly cured cases of granular conjunctivitis. Mastitis is some¬ 
 times aborted and suppuration of the breasts prevented by the use of the 
 fluid extract internally while a solid extract is locally applied to the seat 
 of the impending inflammation. In tonsillitis and diphtheritic sore 
 throat, also in chronic follicular pharyngitis, it has been much used with 
 good results, especially when there is high fever and pains in the head, 
 back and limbs. In true adynamic diphtheria it will do little good. 
 
3io 
 
 PICHI-PICR 0 T 0 XINUM. 
 
 PICHI is the shrub Fabiana imbricata , a member of the nat. ord. 
 Solanaceae, and a native of S. America. Among the Chilians it has been 
 much prized as a remedy in cystitis with calculi and gravel, and in 
 chronic catarrh of the bladder. It seems to have considerable power 
 over the hematuria and pain of renal calculus. It is also highly praised 
 in dyspeptic disorders. Its medicinal virtues reside in oleo-resinous con¬ 
 stituents which are insoluble in water. An extract is prepared from the 
 leaves, of which the dose is gr. v-x in capsules. Dose of the fluid 
 extract, 5j> but it should not be added to water. 
 
 PICROTOXINUM, Picrotoxin, Picrotoxic Acid, C 9 H 10 O 4 ,—is 
 a poisonous, neutral principle obtained from the seeds contained in the 
 berries ( Coccuius Indicus , Fish-berries), of Anamirta paniculata (Ana- 
 mirta Cocculus, Menispermum Cocculus), a climbing shrub of the nat. ord. 
 Menispermaceae, a native of the East Indies. The berries are somewhat 
 kidney-shaped, of blackish-brown color, wrinkled, brittle, inodorous and 
 nearly tasteless, except the shrivelled embryo which is bitter. They con¬ 
 tain, besides Picrotoxin, a large quantity of fixed oil and other substances 
 of less interest. In the shell are found Menispertnin , an alkaline princi¬ 
 ple, Paramenispermin , which is neutral and crystalline, and Hypopicrotoxic 
 A cid. 
 
 Picrotoxin occurs in colorless, flexible crystals, of prismatic form, 
 bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 150 of water and in 10 of 
 alcohol at 59 0 F., also in acids and in alkaline solutions. Dose by the 
 stomach, gr. cautiously. For hypodermic use a solution in water 
 
 of gr. ij in 5j may be used, in doses of gr. of the principle, npiv 
 
 equalling gr. ¥ V 
 
 Unofficial Preparations of Cocculus. 
 
 Tinctura Cocculi, — 1 in 8. Dose, rtpij-xv. 
 
 Extraction Cocculi Fluidum, —Dose, tT\j-iij. 
 
 Planat's Tincture of Cocculus ,—I in 4. Dose, TT\j—v. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Picrotoxin is a cerebro-spinal exaltant, affecting especially the centres 
 in the medulla oblongata, and in its action representing the combined 
 actions of Belladonna and Nux-vomica. It stimulates all the secretions, 
 especially the cutaneous, the salivary and intestinal ; produces nausea and 
 vomiting, and slows the heart and the respiration after transiently ac¬ 
 celerating both. It causes muscular twitching, incoordination, stupor, 
 delirium, epileptiform convulsions, tonic spasms of the flexor muscles 
 alternating with clonic ones, exalted reflexes and trembling,—then coma, 
 insensibility and death by paralysis of the heart, which is arrested in dias¬ 
 tole. The action of the drug is on the spasm and vagus centres in the 
 medulla, and on Setchenow’s inhibitory centre, as well as on the cere- 
 
PILOCARPUS. 
 
 31 1 
 
 bellum and spinal cord, paralyzing the first-named centres and stimulating 
 the reflex centres in the cord. It is eliminated by all the excretory chan¬ 
 nels, chiefly by the kidneys. 
 
 The spasms caused by Picrotoxin are choreic and chiefly affect the flexor 
 muscles,—those from Strychnine are tetanic, affecting principally the 
 extensors. The order, succession and character of the phenomena pro¬ 
 duced by Picrotoxin resemble in marked degree those of the epileptic 
 paroxysms. 
 
 Cocculus berries are used to stupefy fish, being thrown into ponds con¬ 
 taining them. They are also employed to adulterate beer and porter in 
 order to make these drinks more intoxicating. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 Chloral is antagonistic to its cerebral and spinal actions, but synergistic to its depressant 
 power over the heart and the respiration. Acetic Acid gives relief in overdosing, and 
 may have some antidotal power. Ancesthetics antagonize its spasm-producing action. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Picrotoxin is used chiefly in nervous diseases. Epilepsy is amenable to 
 it, especially when the attacks are nocturnal, and in anaemic cases and 
 those attributable to onanism. Paralyses of several forms have been 
 greatly benefited by it, especially paralysis of the sphincters, hemiplegia 
 from cold, glosso-labio-laryngeal paralysis, and paralysis agitans. Chorea 
 is well treated by it but requires full doses. It is remarkably efficient in 
 controlling the night sweats of phthisis, and in flatulent colic, also in dys¬ 
 pepsia with flatulence and severe epigastric pain, and in vomiting with 
 giddiness, headache and intolerance of light and sound. Dysmen- 
 orrhoea is often benefited by Cocculus administered for two days before 
 the period; and leucorrhoea, when the discharge is sero-purulent with 
 lumbar pains, is frequently controlled by it. Parasitic skin diseases are 
 well treated by an ointment of Picrotoxin (gr. x to the 5 )> which will 
 also kill pediculi, but it must be used cautiously and with special care to 
 avoid an abraded surface. The tincture of Cocculus may be used as a 
 wash to kill body-lice, undiluted. 
 
 PILOCARPUS, Jaborandi ,—the leaflets of Pilocarpuspennatifo- 
 lius, a Brazilian plant of the nat. ord. Rutacese. They are about 4 inches 
 long, ovate-oblong, coriaceous, pellucid-punctate, mostly smooth, some¬ 
 what pungent and bitter. It contains two alkaloids,— Pilocarpine , C u 
 Hi G N 2 0 2 , soft and viscous, slightly soluble in water but soluble in alco¬ 
 hol, ether and chloroform ; Jaborine , isomeric with Pilocarpine, to which 
 it is antagonistic in action ; also a Volatile Oil and probably a peculiar 
 acid. 
 
312 
 
 PILOCARPUS. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Pilocarpi Fluidum, —Dose, upv-3 j. 
 
 Pilocarpines Hydrochloras ,—minute, white, deliquescent crystals, very soluble in water 
 and in alcohol, almost insoluble in ether or chloroform. Dose, gr. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Pilocarpus is a paralyzer of the vaso-motor system, and a stimulant of 
 the peripheral terminations of nerves supplying glands and involuntary 
 muscular fibre, subsequently paralyzing the latter. It is therefore a power¬ 
 ful diaphoretic and sialogogue, a cardiac depressant by stimulation of the 
 vagus ends,—also myotic, emetic, and under some circumstances aborti- 
 facient. Its taste is hot and pungent. It causes prompt and profuse 
 perspiration (Six-xv, in quantity) and salivation (3x-xxvij), after a pre¬ 
 liminary flushing of the skin. The nasal, bronchial and lachrymal secre¬ 
 tions are much increased ; sometimes watery diarrhoea occurs; the action 
 of the heart, at first increased, is afterwards lowered, the arterial tension 
 is reduced, and the temperature falls from i° to 4 0 . Drowsiness, pallor, 
 chilliness and debility succeed, and last several hours; the pupil is con¬ 
 tracted and accommodation impaired. The elimination of urea is greatly 
 increased, but not the quantity of urine. The respiratory power is low¬ 
 ered, and apnoea may occur, from increase of the bronchial mucus. 
 
 Pilocarpus is rapidly diffused, and is eliminated by the skin and the 
 salivary glands. Its effects pass off usually in from three to six hours. 
 Children are less affected than adults, by proportionate doses. It causes 
 contractions of the bladder, uterus and spleen, in the latter case whether 
 the organ is enlarged or of normal size. 
 
 Pilocarpine is the principle to which the foregoing actions are due, 
 but Jaborine, though chemically identical, is perfectly antagonistic 
 thereto in its effects on the heart, pupils, lungs and salivary glands, acting 
 precisely like Atropine on these organs. The difference is probably due 
 to a different molecular arrangement. 
 
 Antagonists and Inco??ipatibles. 
 
 Atropine is the antagonist to Pilocarpine in dose of gr. T l^ for gr. L of the latter. The 
 antagonism between these two alkaloids extends over the whole range of their action, 
 and is the most complete known to physiological experimentation. Conversely Pilocar¬ 
 pine is exactly antagonistic to Atropine, but Jaborine acts similarly to the latter drug. 
 Morphine controls the nausea and vomiting. Caustic alkalies, the persalts of Iron and 
 salts of the metals generally, are chemically incompatible. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Jaborandi is used with great benefit in dropsies, especially the renal 
 form, also in eclampsia of renal origin, in uraemia, pleuritis, meningitis 
 and other inflammations of serous membranes, but it is contraindicated 
 when from any cause there is weak heart. In diabetes insipidus it reduces 
 the quantity of urine remarkably, relieving the kidneys by throwing the 
 
PIMENTA-PIPER. 
 
 313 
 
 work on the skin. In the acute and chronic forms of Bright’s disease it 
 has been used with great advantage, but being so depressant it must be 
 employed with great caution in this disorder. For alopecia it is the most 
 efficient remedy known, stimulating the skin and improving the color 
 and condition of the hair. In agalactia it stimulates the secretion of the 
 milk, and it often gives prompt relief in parotitis. Ptyalism is frequently 
 relieved by minute doses of Pilocarpine (gr. -fa), which acting on the 
 same gland antagonizes the morbid action ; and similar doses used thrice 
 daily will check profuse perspiration. The hypodermic use of Pilocar¬ 
 pine will arrest a paroxysm of spasmodic asthma, and is equally efficient 
 in hiccough. Atropine-poisoning is best combated by the use of Pilo¬ 
 carpine hypodermically. 
 
 Ophthalmologists employ Pilocarpine with most excellent results in the 
 amblyopia of alcoholism and that from the abuse of tobacco, in detach¬ 
 ment of the retina, chronic iritis, keratitis, glaucoma, hemorrhage into 
 the vitreous, atrophic choroiditis, white atrophy, to promote resolution 
 and absorption in inflammatory conditions with exudation, and instead 
 of Eserine as a myositic. 
 
 Erysipelas and diphtheria are diseases in which Pilocarpine has recently 
 proved very efficient, but its depressant action on the heart and respira¬ 
 tion must not be lost sight of. In the writer’s experience the fluid extract 
 is one of the best agents for breaking up a common cold. It may be 
 given in doses of trpx- 3 j, according to age, at bedtime. Children bear 
 the drug well in respect to all its physiological actions. 
 
 PIMENTA, Allspice ,—is the nearly ripe fruit ot Eugenia Pimenta , 
 a West Indian tree of the nat. ord. Myrtaceae. The berries are nearly 
 globular, about ]/^ inch in diameter, crowned with the remnants of the 
 calyx, two-celled, each cell containing one reniform seed, odor and taste 
 pungent and aromatic. They contain a Volatile Oil which is official, 
 a green fixed oil, fat, tannin, gum, resin, etc. Dose, gr. x-xl. 
 
 Oleum Pivientce, the volatile oil, colorless or pale-yellow, of aromatic odor, pungent 
 taste and slightly acid reaction. Is a constituent of Bay Rum (Spt. Myrcise). Dose, 
 
 "Vj-d- 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Allspice is a warm, aromatic stimulant, very useful as a condiment, im¬ 
 proving digestion by increasing the vascularity of the gastric mucous mem¬ 
 brane and by stimulating the salivary secretion. The oil is an agreeable 
 remedy for flatulence, nausea and intestinal colic, and is used to prevent 
 the griping of purgatives and to cover the taste of nauseous medicines. 
 
 PIPER, Pepper, Black Pepper, —is the unripe fruit of Piper 
 nigrum , or Pepper-vine, a perennial plant of the nat. ord. Piperaceas, grow- 
 
3H 
 
 PISCIDIA. 
 
 ing in India, Siam, Java, Borneo, etc. It is about inch in diameter, 
 of globular shape, reticulately wrinkled, aromatic, of pungent, spicy taste, 
 and contains an alkaloid, Piperine , which is official, also a green, acrid 
 concrete oil, a balsamic volatile oil, starch, lignin, gum, extractive, etc. 
 Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleoresina Piperis , Oleoresin of Pepper,—contains almost all the volatile oil and acrid 
 resin extracted by ether, with little of the Piperine. Dose, 
 
 Piperina , Piperine, C n H 19 N 0 3 ,—a proximate principle of feeble alkaloidal power, 
 prepared from Pepper, and occurring also in other plants of the natural order Piperacese. 
 Occurs in colorless or pale-yellowish prisms, of neutral reaction, almost insoluble in water, 
 slightly so in ether, but soluble in 30 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. j-x. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Pepper when applied to the skin acts as an irritant; internally its effects 
 are similar to those of other aromatics, being a warm carminative and 
 stimulant, increasing slightly the action of the heart, stimulating the kid¬ 
 neys somewhat, and toning up the mucous membrane of the urinary and 
 intestinal passages, by which channels it is eliminated. It has been 
 thought to possess antiperiodic powers, and was formerly much employed 
 in intermittents. Its chief medical use is to correct flatulence, and to 
 excite action of the stomach, being very commonly taken as a condiment 
 with food. It is occasionally employed in gleet, but more extensively in 
 hemorrhoids and other diseases of the rectum. Its active constituents are 
 the concrete oil of resin and the volatile oil, the alkaloid having very 
 slight action on the system, except as an antiperiodic and antipyretic, 
 qualities which it certainly possesses. 
 
 PISCIDIA, J amaica Dogwood (Unofficial), is the bark of the root 
 of Piscidia eryihrina , a tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosae growing in the 
 West Indies. It occurs as a tough, fibrous bark, externally blackish, in¬ 
 ternally greenish, of a heavy, narcotic odor, and a bitter, acrid and astrin¬ 
 gent taste, containing a yellowish, resinoid substance named Piscidin. 
 Its active principle has not yet been isolated. A fluid extract is on the 
 market, of which the dose is 3ss—j, carefully increased. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Piscidia has a narcotic effect on many animals, and has been used in 
 Jamaica for many years to stupefy fish, that they may be easily taken. It 
 produces muscular relaxation, incoordination of movement, lowered sensi¬ 
 bility, increased action of the heart and increase of the arterial tension by 
 stimulation of the vaso-motor centre. Soon, however, the heart is weak¬ 
 ened, vascular tension falls, and a tetanoid state results from stimulation 
 of the spinal cord, with reduced reflex action. On the brain its effects 
 resemble those of Opium, causing deep sleep without any unpleasant after 
 
PIX. 
 
 315 
 
 results. It relieves pain in less degree, however, than Opium does, but its 
 hypnotic action is greater. It also relieves cough and spasm, produces 
 diaphoresis and salivation, and dilates the pupil. From toxic doses death 
 occurs by asphyxia. In man it probably causes the same effects but in 
 decidedly less marked degree. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Jamaica Dogwood is used chiefly as a general nervous sedative. Its 
 hypnotic and anodyne powers are somewhat uncertain, but have in many 
 cases been very decided. It is useful in whooping-cough and spasm, and 
 has proved almost specific in many cases of neuralgia, while in others it 
 has caused great gastric distress without the least anodyne effect. 
 
 PIX, Pitch ,—is a resinous exudation from the stem of certain trees 
 of the genera Pinus (Pines) and Abies (Firs and Spruces) ; and may also 
 be obtained by the evaporation of wood-tar. [See Pix Liquida below.] 
 The following varieties are official, viz. : 
 
 Pix Burgundica, Burgundy Pitch,—the prepared, resinous exudation 
 of Abies excelsa or Norway Spruce (nat. ord. Coniferae), a native of 
 Europe and Northern Asia. Occurs in hard, brittle, opaque or translu¬ 
 cent mass, with a shining, conchoidal fracture, reddish-brown color, 
 aromatic and somewhat empyreumatic, not bitter, almost entirely soluble 
 in glacial acetic acid. It is very fusible, and at the body-heat it softens 
 and becomes adhesive. Used for plasters. 
 
 Pix Canadensis, Canada or Hemlock Pitch,—the prepared resinous 
 exudation of Abies canadensis (nat. ord. Coniferae), the Hemlock Spruce 
 of the U. S. and Canada. Its properties are much the same as those of 
 the preceding. 
 
 Pix Liquida, Tar,—is an empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained by the 
 destructive distillation of the wood of Pinus palustris and other species 
 of Pinus (nat. ord. Coniferae). Is thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish- 
 brown, of acid reaction, terebinthinate odor, and sharp, empyreumatic 
 taste, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, oils, and in solution of 
 potassa or of soda. By distillation it yields an acid liquor named Pyro¬ 
 ligneous Acid and an empyreumatic oil called Oil of Tar (see Ol. Picis 
 Liquids, below), the residue being pitch. Its granular appearance is 
 due to crystals of Pyrocatechin , C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 , which occur either in the 
 Pyroligneous Acid or in the tarry mixture. Dose, 3 j~ij daily, in ten- 
 grain doses. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Picis Liquidce , Oil of Tar,—a volatile oil distilled from Tar. Dark, reddish- 
 brown (almost colorless when fresh), of tarry odor and taste and acid reaction, readily 
 soluble in alcohol. Contains a great variety of compounds, including Hydrocarbons, 
 Phenols, Paraffin, etc., among the phenols being Creasote and Carbolic Acid. Is used 
 locally and as an atomized inhalation. 
 
316 
 
 PIX. 
 
 Syrupus Picis Liquid#, Syrup of Tar,—has of Tar 6 per cent., and is a sweetened 
 Tar-water. Dose, ^ij-^ss. 
 
 Unguentum Picis Liquid#, Tar Ointment,—contains equal parts of Tar and Suet. 
 
 Emplastrum Picis Burgundic#, Burgundy Pitch Plaster,—has of Burgundy Pitch 90, 
 Yellow Wax 10 parts. 
 
 Emplastrum Picis Canadensis, Canada Pitch Plaster,—has of Canada Pitch 90, Yel¬ 
 low Wax 10 parts. 
 
 Emplastrum Picis cum Cantharide, Warming Plaster,—has of Burgundy Pitch 92, 
 Cerate of Cantharides 8 parts. 
 
 Lnfusum Picis Liquid#, Tax Water (Unofficial),—made by shaking Tar I with Water 
 4 frequently during 24 hours, decanting and filtering. Is stimulant and diuretic. Dose, 
 Oj-ij daily. 
 
 Vinum Picis Liquid#, Wine of Tar (Unofficial),—Tar ^xvj, Glycerin, White Wine, 
 Honey, aa ^ viij, Acetic Acid j, Boiling Water Ovj, shaken together and digested in a 
 close vessel for two hours at 150° to 160°, then macerated for a few days, frequently 
 shaken, strained and filtered. 
 
 Oleum Pini Sylvestris, Oil of Scotch Fir (Unofficial),—a colorless, fragrant oil, dis¬ 
 tilled from the leaves of Pinus sylvestris, resembling Turpentine in action. Used by 
 inhalation ( g ss to Oj of boiling water), or locally. 
 
 Concentrated Extract of Pinus Canadensis (Unofficial),—is an aqueous, non-irritant 
 astringent, prepared from the Abies Canadensis ox Hemlock Spruce. It is said to have a 
 specific tonic action upon mucous membranes. Two kinds are sold, one being called 
 the “ White ” Extract.—in reality a golden yellow,—and the other the “ Dark” Extract, 
 —the former intended for use when it is desirable to avoid staining the linen. This 
 preparation received the endorsement of Dr. J. Marion Sims, and has been extensively 
 employed both locally and internally, as a topical application in uterine and vaginal 
 catarrhs, and as a systemic remedy in catarrhal inflammation of the gastro-intestinal and 
 broncho-pulmonary mucous membranes. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Pitch is a gentle rubefacient when applied to the skin, but in some 
 constitutions the Burgundy variety causes a vesicular and pustular inflam¬ 
 mation if used extensively. It is generally employed as a basis for 
 plasters, and is of benefit in lumbago, rheumatism, chronic pleurisy, pain¬ 
 ful joints, superficial neuralgise, etc., protecting the part from variations 
 of temperature, and perhaps by the gentle pressure exercised stimulating 
 the lymphatics and promoting absorption. It is supposed to have a 
 special influence on the rectum, and in pill with Tar has been employed 
 as a remedy for hemorrhoids. In applying adhesive plasters the hair 
 should first be shaved off, and when about to be removed the plaster 
 should be warmed, and a little Oil of Turpentine inserted between its 
 edge and the skin. 
 
 Canada Pitch is too soft for plasters, but is employed for the same 
 purposes as the preceding. A volatile oil obtained from the same tree 
 (Oil of Spruce, Oil of Hemlock) has been used for abortifacient pur¬ 
 poses, endangering the life of the subject. 
 
 Tar is a complex mixture of resins and hydrocarbons, containing 
 Creasote and Carbolic Acid which give to it irritant qualities. Internally 
 it is expectorant and produces gastro-intestinal irritation, sometimes 
 severe headache, giddiness and febrile phenomena. It is eliminated by 
 tlue kidneys chiefly, which it stimulates, and may cause their congestion 
 and increased diuresis. Externally it is a decided stimulant to the skin, 
 
PLANTAGO-PLUMBUM. 3 I / 
 
 often giving rise to considerable irritation and pain. It is also antiseptic, 
 and in most of its effects it resembles the turpentines. 
 
 Tar is used as a local application in chronic scaly skin diseases, 
 especially psoriasis and chronic eczema. As an atomized inhalation it is 
 of decided benefit in bronchitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis and winter cough. 
 Internally it may be employed with advantage in these affections, in 
 hemorrhoids, bronchial catarrh, and phthisis. The best preparation for 
 internal administration is the syrup, which is a sweetened tar-water, the 
 sugar forming with the Tar a soluble compound. 
 
 PLANTAGO, Plantain (Unofficial) ,—is the leaf of Plantago major , 
 and Plantago laneeolata (nat. ord. Plantaginacese), the common “ Ribbed 
 Grass.” The pounded leaves applied as a paste, or the dry leaf powdered, 
 are actively hemostatic, stopping hemorrhages speedily. Among the 
 ancients it had a good reputation as a remedy for toothache and earache, 
 which still adheres to it in Switzerland and many other parts of Europe. 
 In many other painful affections it is extremely efficient, especially in 
 mastitis, rhus-poisoning, erysipelas, burns, scalds, wounds and bruises. A 
 poultice of the leaves may be applied to the affected part, and an infusion 
 administered internally. A fluid extract is sold in the shops, of which 
 the dose is rrpv-xv. 
 
 PLUMBUM, Lead, Pb ,—is not official, but several of its salts are, 
 namely,—the Acetate, Carbonate, Iodide, Nitrate and Oxide, of which 
 the Acetate is the only one administered internally, the solutions of the 
 Subacetate are the only liquid preparations, the Oxide (Litharge) is used 
 as Emplastrum Plumbi, the Nitrate is used as a local stimulant or escha- 
 rotic, the Iodide as an ointment for absorbent purposes, and the Carbonate 
 as an astringent locally to inflamed surfaces. The metal occurs in nature 
 chiefly as a Sulphide named Galena , also as an Oxide rarely, and in various 
 saline combinations. 
 
 Official Salts of Lead. 
 
 Pluvibi Acetas , Acetate of Lead, Sugar of Lead, Pb(C 2 Fl 3 0 2 ) 2 . 3 Fr 2 0 ,—colorless, 
 shining, prismatic crystals or scales, efflorescent, of faintly acetous odor and acid reaction, 
 and a sweetish, astringent and metallic taste. Soluble in 1.8 of water and in 8 of alcohol 
 at 59 0 F., in 0.5 of boiling water and in 1 of boding alcohol. Dose, gr. ss-v. 
 
 Plumbi Carbonas , Carbonate of Lead, White Lead, (PbC 0 3 ) 2 Pb(HO) 2 ,—a heavy, 
 white, opaque powder, odorless, tasteless and insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble 
 with effervescence in dilute nitric acid. Used locally as ointment, powder, or white paint. 
 
 PlumbiIodidum, Iodide of Lead, Pbl 2 ,—a heavy, bright citron-yellow powder, odor¬ 
 less and tasteless, fusible and volatilizable by heat, soluble in about 2000 of water at 59 0 
 I'., and in about 200 of boiling water. Used externally as an ointment. May be given 
 internally in doses of gr. I twice daily. 
 
 Plumbi Nitras , Nitrate of Lead, PbfN 0 3 ) 2 ,—colorless, opaque, octahedral crystals, 
 odorless, of sweetish, astringent and metallic taste and acid reaction, soluble in 2 of water 
 at 59 0 F., almost insoluble in alcohol. Used locally as an astringent and deodorizer in 
 solutions up to 1 per cent., also as an escharotic and a disinfectant. 
 
318 
 
 PLUMBUM. 
 
 Plumbi Oxidum , Oxide of Lead, Litharge, PbO,—a heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow 
 powder, odorless, tasteless and insoluble in water or alcohol, but almost wholly soluble 
 with slight effervescence in dilute nitric acid. When heated in contact with charcoal it is 
 reduced to metallic lead. Used as Lead-Plaster and sometimes with oil as an external 
 application. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, Solution of Subacetate of Lead, Goulard’s Extract,—an 
 aqueous solution containing about 25 per cent, of the salt, prepared from Acetate of Lead 
 170, Oxide of Lead 120, and Distilled water q. s. ad 1000 parts. It is a clear, colorless 
 liquid, of sweetish, astringent taste and alkaline reaction, of sp. gr. 1.228, and when added 
 to a solution of acacia it produces a dense, white precipitate. Used locally as an astrin¬ 
 gent and cooling lotion, diluted usually with an equal quantity of water. 
 
 Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus , Lead Water,—has of the preceding 3 parts to 97 
 of Distilled Water. Used locally as a mild astringent and cooling lotion. 
 
 Linimentum Plumbi Subacetatis ,—contains of Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis 40 parts to 
 60 of Cotton-seed Oil. Used as an anodyne application for itching, etc. 
 
 Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis , Goulard’s Cerate,—has of the same solution 20 parts with 
 80 of Camphor Cerate, freshly prepared, as it becomes rancid easily. Used as an astrin¬ 
 gent and protective application. 
 
 Etnplastrum Plumbi, Lead-plaster, Diachylon Plaster,—Oxide of Lead 32, Olive Oil 
 60, rubbed together and boiled with 10 parts of water. Is white, pliable and tenacious, 
 free from greasiness or stickiness, and should be entirely soluble in warm oil of turpentine. 
 A good protective in abrasions and bed-sores, and the basis of many other plasters. 
 
 Unguentum Diachylon, Diachylon Ointment,—has of Lead Plaster 60, Olive Oil 39, 
 Oil of Lavender 1. Used locally in eczema and other cutaneous disorders. 
 
 Unguentum Plumbi Carbonatis, —has of the Carbonate in very fine powder 10, Benzo- 
 inated Lard 90. Used as a dressing for burns. 
 
 Unguentum Plumbi Lodide, —has of the Iodide in very fine powder 10, Benzoinated 
 Lard 90. Used locally to promote absorption of glandular tumors. 
 
 Oleation Plumbi, Oleate of Lead (Unofficial),—a 20 per cent, solution of Oxide of Lead 
 in Oleic Acid. A soft, yellowish ointment, for local use. 
 
 Physiological Actions. 
 
 Lead-salts are all more or less poisonous, but metallic Lead is inert 
 until converted into a soluble salt by the acids of the stomach. The 
 Acetate in large doses is emetic, so that acute lead-poisoning is rare. Its 
 chief phenomena are intense gastro-intestinal irritation, vomiting, paraly¬ 
 sis, coma and collapse. 
 
 Chronic lead-poisoning (plumbism) has its principal sources in pure 
 water conveyed by leaden pipes, the use of hair-dyes, handling of print¬ 
 ing-type, working in the smelting of lead ores, etc. It produces loss of 
 appetite, emaciation, pallor and constipation, followed by slowing of the 
 heart’s action, and accompanied by violent colic (enteralgia), muscular 
 impairment evinced by paralysis of the extensor muscles of the forearm 
 (drop-wrist), impaired sensibility and albuminuria. Occasionally apho¬ 
 nia, vertigo, gastralgia, headache, stupor and convulsions are manifested. 
 Rheumatism without fever or tenderness in the joints, which however are 
 red and swollen, is a frequent symptom. A blue line (sulphide) is seen 
 along the margin of the gums in those who do not clean their teeth. 
 Neuralgic troubles may arise, and amaurosis often occurs from impairment 
 of the optic nerve. The metal becomes deposited in the affected muscles 
 and other tissues, and probably acts by impairing the isolating power of 
 the nerve-fibres, thus enfeebling the nerve-currents. It also produces con- 
 
PLUMBUM. 
 
 319 
 
 traction of the smaller vessels, and may affect any muscles of the body, 
 also the brain, producing delirium, coma and convulsions. Abortion is 
 a frequent result, either through an influence on the muscular tissue of the 
 uterus, or from a toxic action on the foetus. Death may occur from ex¬ 
 tension of the paresis to the muscles of respiration, from gradual impair¬ 
 ment of nutrition, or from convulsions and coma, a form of disease known 
 as Lead-encephalopathy. 
 
 Astringency is the chief quality of the lead salts ; they lessen secretion, 
 contract muscular tissue and then destroy its contractile power, slow both 
 the heart and the respiration, and in time destroy the red blood-corpus¬ 
 cles. Lead enters the blood as an albuminate, in which form also it is 
 retained by the tissues. It is slowly excreted by the liver, kidneys, skin 
 and mammary glands. That which escapes by the bile is reabsorbed by 
 the bowel, is again excreted by the intestinal glands, escaping with the 
 faeces as a sulphide. It lessens the excretion of uric acid. 
 
 Antidotes and Inconipatibles: 
 
 In acute poisoning, as by the Acetate, the antidotes are Sulphate of Sodium or of Mag¬ 
 nesium, and Phosphate of Sodium. The stomach should be evacuated, and albuminous 
 drinks and Opium given to allay irritation. Chronic poisoning is best treated by Iodides 
 to saturation of the system. Sulphurated Potassa baths (^j or more in water) are also 
 very useful. Incompatibles are mineral acids and salts, vegetable acids, alkalies, vege¬ 
 table astringents, Iodide of Potassium, albuminous solutions, Opium, and all natural waters 
 containing lime, sulphates, carbonates and Carbonic Acid. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Lead salts are chiefly used as astringents and hemostatics. The solu¬ 
 tion of the Subacetate diluted with 4 parts of glycerin and water is locally 
 employed in many skin-diseases, especially in eczema, lichen, impetigo 
 and erythema; also in catarrhal discharges of muco-purulent character 
 from the ear, vagina and the urethra, particularly in gonorrhoea and leu- 
 corrhoea. Inflammations of external parts are constantly treated by the 
 lotion of “ Lead water and Laudanum” (Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Di- 
 lutus, 7 parts to 1 of Tinctura Opii). Though the constituents of this 
 lotion are chemically incompatible, it is a valuable sedative and astringent. 
 The Acetate, in 5 -grain doses every three hours, is an efficient internal 
 styptic in various hemorrhages, particularly in hemoptysis, hematemesis 
 and gastric ulcer, lowering the action of the heart and constringing the 
 vessels. Its astringent action is well manifested in bronchorrhoea and 
 other pulmonary affections with excessive secretion. It is well used in 
 diarrhoeas, gr. ij with gr. j of pulverized Opium in choleraic diarrhoea, 
 and smaller doses for the summer complaint of children. In caseous 
 pneumonia the Acetate is highly recommended as the best remedial agent, 
 combined with Opium and Digitalis; and in cardiac hypertrophy it may 
 be often used to lower the action of the heart. It is also serviceable in 
 whooping-cough with profuse bronchial secretion, and in humid asthma. 
 
PODOPHYLLUM. 
 
 320 
 
 Carbonate of Lead is only used externally to protect irritated sur¬ 
 faces, as erythema, erysipelas, intertrigo, etc., in which it may be dusted 
 over the surface if unbroken. The official ointment, or white paint mixed 
 with linseed oil, is an excellent application to burns or scalds, but if ap¬ 
 plied on the broken cuticle it may prove rapidly poisonous. 
 
 The Iodide is employed externally as an ointment to enlarged lym¬ 
 phatic glands and enlarged spleen, also to chronic eczema and psoriasis. 
 It has been used internally to reduce a malarial spleen. 
 
 The Nitrate is an efficient application to fissured nipples, gr. x to 5 j 
 of glycerin. In powder, dusted over unhealthy granulations, and sani- 
 ous ulcers resulting from onychia, it gives prompt relief after a brief period 
 of pain. It is said to have cured cases of epithelioma when used in the 
 same manner. In solution (gr. x to the 3 ) it is a most efficient deodor¬ 
 izer against the fetor from gangrenous sores, ozsena and other offen¬ 
 sive discharges. Pharmaceutically it is used in the preparation of the 
 Iodide. 
 
 The Oxide is used in the preparation of plasters, most of the other 
 salts of lead, and Digitalin. It is not employed internally, but may be 
 used as an external application mixed with sweet oil in superficial burns, 
 but care should be taken that it is only applied to the unbroken skin. 
 
 PODOPHYLLUM, May Apple, —is the rhizome and rootlets of 
 Podophyllu??i peltatum (Mandrake), an herbaceous perennial of the nat. 
 ord. Berberidaceae, growing in the woodlands of Canada and the U. S., 
 having a pale-green stem about a foot high, with a single white flower at 
 its summit. The rhizome is horizontal, -J- inch thick, consisting of joints 
 about 2 inches long, of orange-brown color externally, white and mealy 
 internally, inodorous, taste bitter and acrid. Its active principle is a 
 Resin which is official, and is a compound of several resins. It probably 
 contains the alkaloid Berberine , which is also found in Berberis, Hydrastis 
 and several other plants. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abstraction Podophylli, — Dose, gr. %-). 
 
 Extraction Podophylli , —Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Extraction Podophylli Fluidum, —Dose, TTjJ-xxx. 
 
 Resina Podophylli , Podophyllin,—is precipitated from a concentrated tincture by acidu¬ 
 lated water. Soluble in alkaline liquids and partly so in ether. Contains Podophyllotoxin , 
 Picropodophyllin, Podophyllinic and Protocatechuic Acids. Dose, gr. )/%-], in pill. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Podophyllum is a tonic-astringent and resin-bearing purgative, having 
 an action similar to that of Jalap but slower, like Calomel, taking 6 to 10 
 hours to produce its cathartic effect. It increases the intestinal secretions 
 and the flow of bile, causing copious watery stools, with considerable 
 
POLYGONUM HYDROPIPEROIDES-PONGAMIA. 32 I 
 
 griping pain and some nausea. The powder is irritant to the respiratory 
 passages and the skin. 
 
 Resina Podophylli is an excellent purgative in cases of habitual con¬ 
 stipation or portal congestion, and is a useful cholagogue. Laxative 
 effects are produced by small doses (gr. but grain-doses are 
 
 necessary for its full action. It should be combined with Hyoscyamus, 
 Belladonna or Cannabis Indica, in order to counteract its griping ten¬ 
 dency. It is an efficient derivative in cases of catarrhal or malarial jaun¬ 
 dice, and is recommended in very small doses for prolapse of the rectum, 
 remittent fevers of children, dyspepsia, hepatic derangement, bilious 
 vomiting and headache, and in the vomiting and diarrhoea of gastro¬ 
 enteritis. 
 
 POLYGONUM HYDROPIPEROIDES, Water - pepper, 
 Smart-weed (Unofficial),—is a plant of the nat. ord. Polygonaceae, 
 indigenous to the U. S., having narrow, lanceolated leaves and slender 
 spikes of whitish flowers. It contains Tannin and an active principle, 
 Polygonic Acid , which is green, crystallizable, insoluble in water, but 
 soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Polygoni Fluidum (Unofficial),—Dose, TT^x-^ j. 
 
 Extraction Polygoni (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. j-v. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Smart-weed has a pungent, acrid taste, producing a sensation of heat 
 in the stomach, and a peculiar tingling throughout the system. It stimu¬ 
 lates the action of the heart, raises the arterial tension, increases the 
 warmth of the surface, promotes the cutaneous, bronchial and renal secre¬ 
 tions and the menstrual flow. It is an efficient diuretic, emmenagogue 
 and aphrodisiac. The juice applied to the skin excites inflammation and 
 vesication. 
 
 Amenorrhoea from functional inactivity of the uterine system is remark¬ 
 ably benefited by this remedy in 5ss doses of the fluid extract four times 
 daily for a week before the expected period. It has considerable influ¬ 
 ence over functional impotence, but produces aching pains in the hips and 
 loins, and a sense of weight and fullness within the pelvis. It has also 
 been used with benefit in diarrhoea, dysentery, gravel, and locally in mer¬ 
 curial salivation and the sore mouth of nursing women. 
 
 PONGAMIA, Kurung Oil (Unofficial), is a yellow oil expressed 
 from the seeds of Pongatnia glabra , an Indian tree of the nat. ord. Legu- 
 minosse. It has been used for many years in India for skin affections, 
 
POTASSIUM. 
 
 3 22 
 
 and in professional hands has proven an excellent application in pityriasis 
 versicolor, rubbed in twice daily. It promises to be a valuable remedy 
 in parasitic diseases of the skin, is not irritating and does not discolor the 
 surface to which it is applied. 
 
 POTASSIUM, Kalium, K,—is represented by a number of official 
 salts, which are colorless or white, sometimes anhydrous, and generally 
 readily soluble in water. The metal itself is not official. The chief 
 source of its salts is the ash remaining after the combustion of plants or 
 trees, which contains the Carbonate, from which most of the others are 
 prepared. There are also two subsidiary sources, viz.—the Nitrate, 
 which is found native; and the Bitartrate, which, under the name of 
 Crude Tartar or Argol, is deposited during the fermentation of wine. It 
 is distinguished from all other bases (except Magnesium, Sodium and 
 Ammonium) by not being precipitated by Ammonium Sulphide or Am¬ 
 monium Carbonate. It is positively known by the violet color it imparts 
 to flame, by its very sparing solubility when converted into the Bitartrate, 
 and by its precipitation by Platinum Perchloride. 
 
 Potassium Compounds and their Preparations. 
 
 Poiassa, Potassium Hydrate, Caustic Potash, KHO,—a very deliquescent, white, hard 
 and dry solid, of very acrid and caustic taste and strongly alkaline reaction, soluble in 
 0.5 of water and in 2 of alcohol. It is a powerful and deeply-acting escharotic, and 
 should be kept in well-stoppered bottles made of hard glass. 
 
 Potassa cum Calce , Potassa with Lime, Vienna Paste,—a grayish-white, deliquescent 
 powder, consisting of equal parts of Potassa and Lime rubbed together. A milder and 
 more manageable caustic than the preceding. 
 
 Liquor Potassce , Solution of Potassa,—contains about 5 per cent, of Potassium Hy¬ 
 drate, and is prepared by dissolving 90 parts of Potassium Bicarbonate in 400 of Dis¬ 
 tilled Water, 40 of Lime in the same quantity of Distilled Water, boiling, mixing the 
 solutions gradually, again boiling, and when cold adding Water up to 1000 parts, strain¬ 
 ing, settling, and decanting the clear solution. Or, by dissolving 56 of Potassa in 944 of 
 Distilled Water. Is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid of acrid and. caustic taste, and 
 strongly alkaline reaction. Dose, rrpv-^ss, well diluted with water. 
 
 Potassii Ace/as, Acetate of Potassium, KC 2 H 3 0 2 ,—a white, satiny, crystalline mass, 
 or a granular powder, very deliquescent, odorless, of pungent, saline taste, and a neutral 
 or faintly alkaline reaction, soluble in 0.4 of water and in 2.5 of alcohol at 59 0 F. Dose, 
 
 s r - v- 3i\ 
 
 Potassii Carbonas, Carbonate of Potassium, (K 2 C0 3 ) 2 .3H 2 0,—a white, crystalline or 
 granular powder, very deliquescent, odorless, of alkaline taste and reaction, soluble in 
 1 of water at 59 0 F., insoluble in alcohol. It is a constituent of Unguentum Sulphuris 
 Alkalinum. Dose, gr. ij-xx. 
 
 Potassii Bicarbonas, Bicarbonate of Potassium, KHC 0 3 ,—colorless prisms of saline 
 and alkaline taste and alkaline reaction, soluble in 3.2 of water at 59 0 F., decomposed by 
 boiling water, almost insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Potassii Chloras , Chlorate of Potassium, KC 10 2 ,—colorless prisms or plates, of pearly 
 lustre, of cooling, saline taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 16.5 of water at 59 0 F. and 
 in 2 of boiling water; slightly soluble in alcohol. It should not be triturated with 
 readily oxidizable or combustible substances, nor combined with glycerin in the presence 
 of a free acid. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Trochisci Potassii Chloratis ,—each troche contains gr. v of Potassium Chlorate, with 
 Sugar, Tragacanth and Spirit of Lemon. Dose, j-iij, slowly dissolved in the mouth. 
 
 Potassii Citras , Citrate of Potassium, K 3 C 6 H 5 0 7 .H 2 0 ,—a white, granular, deliques- 
 
POTASSIUM. 323 
 
 cent powder, of cooling, alkaline taste, and a neutral or faintly alkaline reaction, soluble 
 in 0.6 of water at 59 0 F., slightly soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Liquor Potassii Citratis, —contains about 9 per cent, of the salt, with some free Citric 
 Acid and Carbonic Acid gas. Prepared by dissolving 6 of Citric Acid and 8 of Potas¬ 
 sium Bicarbonate each in 40 of water, filtering and adding to the filters in each case 
 enough water to bring to 50 parts, then mixing the two solutions. Dose, ^ss-^j. 
 
 Mistura Potassii Citratis , Neutral mixture,— Lemon-juice, fresh and strained 100, Bi¬ 
 carbonate of Potassium about 10 parts or enough to neutralize the Lemon-juice. Should 
 be freshly made. Dose, j^ss-^j. 
 
 Potassii Nilras, Nitrate of Potassium, Saltpetre, Nitre, KNO s ,— colorless, transparent 
 prisms or a crystalline powder, of pungent, cooling and saline taste and neutral reaction ; 
 soluble in 4 of water at 59 0 F. and in 0.4 of boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol. 
 Is a constituent of Argenti Nitras Dilutus. Dose, gr. v-xx, well diluted. 
 
 Charta Potassii Niiratis, Nitrate of Potassium Paper,—is unsized paper immersed in 
 a solution of 20 parts of the salt in 80 of distilled water, and dried. Used for inhalation, 
 the fumes from the burning paper being inhaled in asthma. 
 
 Potassii Sulphas , Sulphate of Potassium, K 2 S 0 4 ,—colorless, hard, rhombic prisms, of 
 sharp, saline and bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 9 of water at 59 0 F., and in 
 4 of boiling water, insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. xx-^ss, well diluted. 
 
 Potassii Tartras , Tartrate of Potassium (K 2 C 4 H 4 0 6 ) 2 .H 2 0 ,—small, transparent 
 crystals, or a white powder, somewhat deliquescent, of saline, bitter taste, and neutral 
 reaction, soluble in 0.7 of water, almost insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. xx-^ss. 
 
 Potassii Bitartras, Bitartrate of Potassium, Acid Tartrate of Potash, Creamor Tartar 
 Cream of Tartar, KHC 4 H 4 0 6 ,—colorless rhombic crystals, or a white, gritty powder, of 
 acidulous taste and acid reaction; soluble in 210 of water at 59 0 F., and in 15 of boiling 
 water, very slightly soluble in alcohol. Is a constituent of Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. 
 Dose, gr. xx-3 ss. 
 
 Potassii et Sodii Tartras, Tartrate of Potassium and Sodium, Rochelle Salt,— 
 KNaC 4 H 4 0 6 . 4 H 2 0 ,—colorless, rhombic crystals, or a white powder, of cooling and 
 slightly saline and bitter taste, and neutral reaction; soluble in 2.5 of water at 59 0 F., 
 very soluble in boiling water, almost insoluble in alcohol. Is a constituent of the follow¬ 
 ing preparation. Dose, 5 ss-j- 
 
 Pulvis Effervescens Compositus , Compound Effervescing Powder, Seidlitz Powder,— 
 each has of the preceding salt 120 grains, of Sodium Bicarbonate 40 grains, mixed in 
 one paper; and of Tartaric Acid 35 grains in another paper. Dose, 1 or 2 pair, dissolved 
 separately in water and the solutions poured together. 
 
 Potassii Silicas, Silicate of Potassium, Soluble Glass, Iv 2 Si 0 3 (Unofficial),—is used 
 in solution of a syrupy consistence for the preparation of immovable dressings for frac¬ 
 tured limbs, etc. (See under Silicates.) 
 
 [The Arsenite of Potassium is described under Arsenic, page 1 16;— the Bromide 
 under Bromum, page 133 ;—th z Bichromate under Acidum Chromicum, page 62;— 
 the Iodide under Iodum, page 252 ;— the Cyanide and Ferrocyanide under Acidum 
 Hydrocyanicum, page 67 ; —the Hypophosphite under Phosphorus, page 305, — the 
 Permanganate under Manganum, page 274;— the Sulphite under Acidum Sulphu- 
 ROSUM, page 73;—the Nitrite under Amyl Nitris, page 98;— and Sulphurated 
 Potassa under Sulphur.] 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Caustic Potash, like other caustic alkalies, destroys the tissues by 
 combining with their water, dissolving the albumen and saponifying the 
 fats, and converting the tissue to which it is applied into a moist, gray 
 slough, with considerable surrounding inflammation. Internally it acts as 
 a powerful corrosive poison, destroying the mucous membrane of the parts 
 with which it comes in contact, and giving rise to intense pain, diarrhoea, 
 convulsions and delirium. Unless speedily rejected or neutralized it 
 causes death from inflammation of the larynx, the gastro-intestinal lesions, 
 or after some time from stricture of the oesophagus. Liquor Potass^e, 
 containing over 5 per cent, of the pure Potash, possesses in a degree the 
 
324 
 
 POTASSIUM. 
 
 same caustic properties, and should never be administered undiluted. It 
 neutralizes the acids in the stomach, and in the blood exists chiefly as the- 
 Carbonate, being eliminated with the urine, which it renders alkaline. If 
 its use be continued too long it impairs the blood, and renders the subject 
 anaemic. 
 
 Potassium Salts in large doses are cardiac poisons, muscular para- 
 lyzers, poisonous to protoplasm, especially nerve-tissue, and destructive to 
 the ozonizing function of the blood. They increase the saliva, promote 
 oxidation and stimulate retrograde metamorphosis; and are therefore 
 waste-producers. In small doses on an empty stomach they promote the 
 formation of acid gastric juice by favoring the outward osmosis of its con¬ 
 stituents from the blood ; in larger doses they act chemically on the 
 stomach contents, neutralizing its free acids, and disordering digestion. 
 The Bicarbonate, given on an empty stomach, enters the blood unchanged, 
 meets the neutral phosphate of sodium and is decomposed, acid phosphate 
 of sodium being formed, which renders the urine more acid. On a full 
 stomach it is decomposed by the acids of the gastric juice, increases the 
 alkalinity of the blood and makes the urine less acid. The Salts of 
 Potassium with Vegetable Acids (Acetate, Citrate, Tartrate, etc.) 
 enter the blood in their own form, are there decomposed, forming free 
 C0 2 , and are converted into alkaline carbonates, in which form they are 
 eliminated, alkalinizing the blood and the urine. They are diuretics also, 
 increasing the urinary water and solids, but decreasing the uric acid by 
 causing increased oxidation. The Mineral Salts (Nitrate, Chlorate, 
 etc.) are not decomposed in the blood, but are eliminated in their own 
 form, the Nitrate being a most active diuretic, the Chlorate irritating the 
 kidneys, depressing the heart, causing albuminuria, and impairing the 
 ozonizing function of the blood. In large doses these salts decompose 
 the red blood-corpuscles and paralyze the motor ganglia of the heart. 
 The Chlorate does not part with its oxygen in the system, as generally 
 believed. The Sulphate is chiefly purgative in its action, but acts 
 harshly, and in overdoses has caused death. 
 
 [The action of the remaining Potassium salts is described under the 
 titles of their acid and other constituents, to which their effects are chiefly 
 referable.] 
 
 Antago 7 iists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Poisoning by caustic alkalies is treated by the dilute Vegetable Acids, as vinegar, cider, 
 lemon-juice;—then demulcent drinks and oils to protect the mucous membrane, and the 
 usual measures to support vitality. The alkalies and their carbonates are incompatible 
 with the acids and also with metallic salts, and the caustic alkalies decompose most of the 
 alkaloids. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Caustic Potash is used locally to destroy morbid or cicatrical tissue, 
 to cauterize the wounds resulting from bites of animals or stings of insects, 
 to form issues or to open deep-seated abscesses, and to destroy chancres, 
 
POTASSIUM. 
 
 325 
 
 malignant pustules, naevi, warts, etc. Its action is deep and severe, and 
 it is best employed in the form of Potassa cum Calce, which is far more 
 manageable. 
 
 Liquor Potass/E is used internally as a free alkali to neutralize excess 
 of acid in the stomach, blood and secretions, as an antilithic in the uric 
 acid diathesis, also for acne, boils, and obesity. Locally it is employed 
 to soften the nail in in-growing toe-nail, and diluted to relieve pruritus 
 and remove scales in various skin-diseases. In small doses with a vegetable 
 bitter tonic before meals it acts well in atonic dyspepsia, increasing the 
 flow of the gastric juice by direct stimulation of the gastric mucous mem¬ 
 brane. If given after meals in acid dyspepsia large doses are necessary 
 for temporary alleviation by neutralizing the food acids. These remarks 
 concerning acidity and dyspepsia apply equally well to the Bicarbonate, 
 which is used for the same purpose, and while possessing all the virtues of 
 the potassium salts, is without any corrosive or irritant action. It is also 
 useful in simple gastralgia or cardialgia; and in cystitis, gonorrhoea, etc., 
 where there is acid urine, it renders the urine less irritating and soothes 
 the inflamed surfaces. Acute and chronic rheumatism and rheumatoid 
 arthritis are much benefited by an alkaline treatment in patients of suffi¬ 
 cient bodily vigor to sjtand its lowering effects. The Bicarbonate is also 
 used to alkalinize the blood and secretions in lithaemia, jaundice, many 
 cutaneous eruptions, and in diabetes ; also locally as a lotion for fetid 
 perspiration of the feet and axillae, acne and acute eczema. The Car¬ 
 bonate is diuretic, antacid and antilithic, but is seldom used internally, 
 being too irritant, and the Bicarbonate having all its virtues without its 
 objectionable qualities. Locally a solution (5j to the 5) is said to be 
 effectual as a remedy for pruritus vulvae, and one of half the above strength 
 is used in freckles, sunburn and tan of the epidermis, in moist eczema and 
 the itching of urticaria. 
 
 The Acetate, Citrate and Tartrate are good purgatives in doses of 
 5 ij to £iv, and in smaller doses are much employed as alkalinizers of the 
 blood and urine, diuretics, etc. Of these vegetable potassium salts the 
 Acetate is the most certain diuretic, the Bitartrate is the most active ca¬ 
 thartic, while the Citrate is the most reliable diaphoretic and the best 
 agent to use to alkalinize the urine for any length of time, it having the 
 least injurious effect on the blood or on the digestion. In lithaemia these 
 salts are given to promote oxidation, and by keeping the urine alkaline 
 they may reduce small calculi of the uric acid variety. In acute rheuma¬ 
 tism and fevers they act as antacids in the blood, as febrifuges by promot¬ 
 ing diaphoresis, and as sedatives to the general nervous system. As an 
 agreeable laxative no preparation surpasses the Bitartrate in 2 to 4 drachm 
 doses made into a paste with orange marmalade or any other conserve. 
 It is also used in Infusion of Juniper as a diuretic in general cardiac dropsy, 
 and without the Juniper in acute desquamative nephritis. 
 
326 
 
 POTASSIUM. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate is much employed locally in solution ( 5 ss to the 3) 
 as a deodorizer and detergent wash in inflamed, ulcerated and aphthous 
 conditions of the mouth. On unhealthy mucous membranes generally it 
 exercises an alterative action for the better, but if too long used it will 
 keep up a state of chronic irritation. In mercurial salivation it is of great 
 benefit, and in dilute solution (gr.x to the 3) it is an efficient application 
 to unhealthy sores and ulcers, as a wash for foul sinuses or cavities, and as 
 an injection in chronic affections of the bladder. The powdered salt may 
 be applied to aphthae, and dusted over epithelioma will alter the action, 
 diminish the pain, check the growth and promote cicatrization. Inter¬ 
 nally this salt has been administered in the mistaken idea that it parts 
 with its oxygen in the system, but it is now shown that it is excreted un¬ 
 changed. Setting up congestion and irritation of the kidneys it is highly 
 dangerous in large doses or if used for any length of time, but is constantly 
 administered in diphtheria, chronic bronchitis, purpura, hematuria, ova¬ 
 rian tumor, pseudo-membranous laryngitis, scarlatina, typhoid fever, 
 chronic cystitis, etc. When used internally it should be given in small 
 doses (gr. xx in 24 hours for an infant, gr. xxx in 24 hours for a child of 
 
 2 to 4 years, and 5iss for an adult in the same time), and the action of 
 the heart and the kidneys should be carefully watched. It should never 
 be prescribed with the Iodide of Potassium lest the poisonous Iodate be 
 formed, nor with the Syrup of the Iodide of Iron, lest it liberate the 
 Iodine, and cause severe gastritis. Strong acids and acid sulphates de¬ 
 compose it, and it forms explosive compounds with easily oxidizable sub¬ 
 stances as Sugar, Sulphur, Tannin, Sodium or Potassium Hypophosphites, 
 Catechu, Glycerin, etc. 
 
 For the combination of the Chlorate of Potassium with the Tincture of 
 the Chloride of Iron, as a gargle, see ante , page 173, under Chlorum. 
 
 Potassium Nitrate has been much employed as a refrigerant diapho¬ 
 retic and diuretic, in febrile and inflammatory affections, especially in 
 inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, pneumonia and rheumatism, but 
 its action is uncertain and it is now giving place in these disorders to more 
 efficient agents. The fumes of burning nitre paper (Charta Potassii Ni- 
 tratis) are a useful inhalation in some forms of spasmodic asthma. 
 
 Potassium Sulphate is used in teaspoonful doses in water as an hepatic 
 stimulant and a mild cathartic, increasing the secretions of the intestinal 
 glandular apparatus. Its action is sometimes harsh, and death has resulted 
 from overdoses. 
 
 The Tartrate of Potassium and Sodium, or Rochelle Salt, is the 
 chief aperient agent in Seidlitz Powders. In doses of 3 ss-j it is a gentle 
 and cooling laxative, and in drachm doses frequently repeated it is used 
 to render the urine alkaline, and as an antilithic. 
 
 [The uses of the other Potassium Salts are described as noted on page 
 
 3 2 3 -] 
 
PRINOS—PRUNUM—PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. 
 
 327 
 
 PRINOS, Black Alder, —is the bark of Pidnos verticillatus or Win¬ 
 ter-berry, a shrub of the nat. ord. Aquifoliaceae, indigenous in Canada and 
 the U. S., having small, white flowers, and a globose, six-seeded, bright- 
 red berry, which grows in clusters and is persistent all winter. The bark 
 occurs in thin, slender fragments, of a brownish-ash color externally, and 
 a pale-green or yellow internally; taste bitter and slightly astringent. It 
 contains an amorphous, yellow and bitter principle, also tannin, sugar, 
 starch, wax, resin, etc. There are no official preparations, but the bark 
 may be given in substance in doses of 5 ss, or a decoction ( 3 ij in Oiij 
 boiled to a quart) in doses of Sj-ij- 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Black Alder is astringent and tonic, and has been used in intermittent 
 fever, diarrhoea, and chronic cutaneous diseases. In the latter class of 
 disorders it may be applied locally. 
 
 PRUNUM, Prune ,—is the fruit of Prunus domestica , the Plum 
 tree (nat. ord. Rosaceae), indigenous to Western Asia, but cultivated in 
 most countries of temperate climate. The dried fruit (Prune) is oblong, 
 shrivelled, of blackish-blue color, having an almond-shaped seed. Prunes 
 contain sugar, pectin, albumen, malic acid and salts. They are a constitu¬ 
 ent of Confectio Sennse. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Prunes are laxative and nutritious, and are freely used as a food and 
 sweetmeat, but in excess may give rise to flatulent colic from the indiges¬ 
 tibility of their skins. Stewed Prunes is an excellent dish for constipation 
 in children, and may be made more effective by the addition of a little 
 Senna. 
 
 PRUNUS VIRGINIANA, Wild Cherry,— is the bark of 
 Primus serotina , or Wild Cherry, a large forest tree of the nat. ord. 
 Rosaceae, growing in Canada and the U. S. The bark should be col¬ 
 lected in autumn from the large branches only, and comes in curved 
 pieces inch or more thick, of greenish or yellowish-brown color exter¬ 
 nally, and astringent, aromatic and bitter taste. On maceration in water 
 it develops a distinct odor of bitter almonds. It contains tannin, gallic 
 acid, resin, starch, etc., also Amygdalin and Emulsin , which by their 
 mutual reaction in the presence of water, produce Hydrocyanic Acid and 
 a Volatile Oil resembling that of Bitter Almond. [See arite, Amygdala, 
 page 97, and Acidum Hydrocyanicum, page 67.] Dose of the powdered 
 bark, 3ss—j. 
 
328 
 
 PULSATILLA. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Pruni Virginians Fluidion, —Dose, 3 ss-j. 
 
 Infusion Pruni Virginians ,—4 per cent. Dose, 3 ss-ij. Should be made with 
 cold water. 
 
 Syrupus Pruni Virginians ,—12 per cent. Dose, 3 j-iv. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Wild Cherry is an aromatic bitter tonic, increases appetite, aiding 
 digestion, and thus promoting constructive metamorphosis. The presence 
 of a volatile oil gives it a local stimulating action on the alimentary 
 canal in common with Serpentaria, Cascarilla and other members of the 
 same class. Hydrocyanic Acid being yielded by it in the presence of 
 cold water, results in imparting a sedative action to its preparations, calm¬ 
 ing irritation and diminishing nervous excitability. Very large doses 
 reduce the action of the heart. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The preparations of Wild Cherry are used in catarrhal conditions of 
 the bronchial mucous membrane, in the hectic of phthisis and scrofula, 
 palpitation of the heart, and debilitated stomach, a collection of symp¬ 
 toms often observed in consumptive subjects, to whom it is a very useful 
 palliative. Cough is supposed to be especially amenable to its influence, 
 and hence it has become a matter of daily routine to prescribe the syrup 
 as an ingredient of cough-mixtures. The infusion is an excellent stom¬ 
 achic tonic, and may be administered with great benefit in dyspepsia and 
 in convalescence from acute disease. 
 
 PULSATILLA, Pasque-flower, Meadow Anemone, —is the 
 
 herb, collected soon after flowering, of Anemone Pulsatilla and Anemone 
 pratensis (Pulsatilla nigricans), and of Anemone patens (Pulsatilla Nuttal- 
 liana), small herbal plants of the same natural order (Ranunculaceae) to 
 which Aconite belongs. The first-named species inhabit Europe and 
 Siberia, and have large, purple flowers; the last-named is an inhabitant 
 of the United States, and sometimes has whitish-colored flowers; all are 
 inodorous and very acrid. Pulsatilla contains a very acrid yellow oil, 
 which in the presence of water is gradually changed to Anemonin , C 15 H 12 0 6 , 
 a volatile, crystallizable, camphoraceous principle, soluble in chloroform, 
 nearly insoluble in ether or water; and Anemotiic Acid , C 15 H u 0 7 , a 
 white, crystalline, tasteless powder, which may be formed also by the 
 action of alkalies on Anemonin. 
 
 There are no official preparations, but a tincture may be made according to the phar- 
 macopoeial directions for Tinctune Herbarum Recentium (1 in 2), of which the dose is 
 rrL T L-rrpx. The imported homoeopathic tincture has equal parts of the expressed juice 
 and alcohol, and is generally a very good preparation. 
 
 Anemoninum, Anemonin (Unofficial),—the active principle. Dose, gr. y^-ij in pill. 
 
PULSATILLA. 
 
 329 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Pulsatilla is a local irritant, the fresh juice producing numbness and 
 tingling in the part to which it is applied, and may excite violent inflam¬ 
 mation of the skin with vesicular or pustular eruption, and if swallowed 
 severe irritation of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. On the 
 tongue it produces symptoms like those from Aconite, viz.—tingling and 
 burning, followed by numbness. Internally it lowers the heart and 
 arterial tension, reduces respiration and temperature, dilates the pupils, 
 produces nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis and diuresis, and paralyzes 
 motion and sensibility. Stupor, coma and convulsions may be caused by 
 a toxic dose. Most of these effects have been observed on rabbits. The 
 active principle (Anemonin) is volatile, hence the herb must be fresh to 
 be suitable for medicinal use. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Alcohol, Opium and Digitalis are the physiological antagonists. Incompatibles are 
 the caustic alkalies, Tannic Acid and the metallic salts. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Pulsatilla is a very efficient remedy if a fresh preparation be employed. 
 It was highly praised by Storck for amenorrhoea, corneal opacities, cata¬ 
 ract, paralyses, rheumatism, old ulcers, constitutional syphilis and scaly 
 skin diseases. On the generative organs it seems to have a specific action, 
 and is an excellent remedy in functional amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, 
 menstrual suppression from fright or chill, leucorrhoeal discharges with 
 back-pains and nervous depression. Epididymitis and orchitis are often 
 controlled and even dissipated by very small doses (tip ) ever y 2 
 
 hours. It quickly relieves dyspepsia or subacute gastritis, with white- 
 coated tongue, no taste or a greasy sensation in the palate, nausea, flatu¬ 
 lence, heartburn, etc. Many acute inflammations of mucous surfaces 
 with mucous or muco-purulent discharges, as coryza, otitis (externa and 
 interna), rhinitis, bronchitis, conjunctivitis, etc., are greatly benefited by 
 5 to io-drop doses every 4 hours and locally 5j~ij of tincture to 5 iv 
 water as a lotion. A similar use of this remedy has proven of great bene¬ 
 fit in many cutaneous affections, especially eczematous eruptions, syphil- 
 ides, and ulcers of indolent character. It is also said to be efficiently 
 employed in acute cerebral and spinal meningitis, subacute rheumatism 
 of the small joints, rheumatic gout, chronic vesical and nasal catarrhs, 
 gastro-enteric symptoms of remittent fever and measles, ophthalmia neona¬ 
 torum, strumous ophthalmia with profuse but bland discharge, acute and 
 subacute inflammations of the middle ear, and in left-sided clavus, hemi- 
 crania and infra-mammary pain. An extract of the root has proved effi¬ 
 cient against tapeworm. 
 
 Coughs which are loose by day but dry and tickling on lying down at 
 
330 
 
 PYRETH RUM-QUASSIA. 
 
 night are greatly benefited by Pulsatilla, and Anemonin in doses of gr. 
 y 2 -) has been found extremely useful in whooping-cough and other coughs 
 of irritative character. 
 
 PYRETHRUM, Pellitory, —is the root of Anacyclus Pyrethrum, 
 a plant of the nat. ord. Compositae, native of Northern Africa, but culti¬ 
 vated in Europe. The root is 2 to 4 inches long, y 2 inch thick, annu¬ 
 late above, wrinkled below, externally a dark grayish-brown, internally 
 brownish-white; the bark thick, containing two circles of resin-cells sur¬ 
 rounding slender wood-bundles and medullary rays; inodorous, pungent 
 and acrid. It contains an alkaloid Pyrethrine , also inulin, tannin, mucil¬ 
 age, etc., with a brown Resin and two fixed oils. Dose, as a mastica¬ 
 tory, 5 ss-j. 
 
 Pyrethrum Roseum, Persian Pellitory (Unofficial),—is indigenous to 
 Western Asia, and resembles Chamomile in appearance. The flower- 
 heads are used in powder to kill insects, 4 grains killing a fly in a vial in 
 2 or 3 minutes. 
 
 Preparation . 
 
 Tinctnra Pyrethri ,—20 per cent. Not used internally. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Pellitory is an irritant sialogogue. When chewed it causes a pricking 
 sensation in the tongue and fauces with heat, acridity, pungency and a 
 copious flow of saliva and buccal mucus. Large doses may cause bloody 
 diarrhoea, tetanoid spasms, accelerated pulse, and profound stupor. Ap¬ 
 plied to the skin it acts as a rubefacient, the powder inhaled as a sternuta¬ 
 tory. It stimulates the local nerves and vessels of the mouth and salivary 
 glands by direct irritant action, but soon depresses the nerves and blunts 
 their sensibility. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Pellitory is chewed as a masticatory and sialogogue in paralysis of the 
 tongue, rheumatic and neuralgic affections of the head and face, and pain 
 from carious teeth. Its powder has been recommended as a sternutatory 
 in chronic catarrh of the frontal sinuses. As a gargle or lotion ( 5 iij to 
 Oj) it is very useful for relaxed uvula and as a mouth-wash. When used 
 for toothache a few drops of the tincture should be inserted into the 
 cavity on cotton or wool. Used as a sialogogue it is an efficient agent 
 to secure the rapid elimination of Iodine from the system in chronic poi¬ 
 soning thereby. 
 
 QUASSIA ,—is the wood of Picrcena excelsa, a large tree of the nat. 
 ord. Simarubacese, indigenous to Jamaica and other West Indian islands. 
 Surinam Quassia, used in Europe, is the wood of Quassia amara. Both 
 
QUEBRACHO. 
 
 331 
 
 varieties, as met with in the shops, are in the form of chips or raspings, 
 of a yellowish-white color, inodorous but of intensely bitter taste. The 
 wood is also turned into cups, which are sold under the name of quassia- 
 or bitter-cups. It contains a bitter principle, Quasstn, C 31 H 42 0 9 , which is 
 crystalline, soluble in hot alcohol and in chloroform, slowly in cold water, 
 faster in alkaline or acidulated water. Dose of the powdered wood, gr. 
 xx-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Quassice, —aqueous. Dose, gr. j —iij. 
 
 Extraction Quassice Fluidum ,—Dose, 3 ss-j. 
 
 Tinctura Quassice ,—strength 10 per cent. Dose, nqv-^j. 
 
 Infusum Quassice (Unofficial),—made with cold water 5 x, Quassia chips 3 j, macerated 
 for y z hour and strained. Or water poured into a quassia-cup and left standing will give 
 a good infusion. Dose, ^j-iij. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Quassia is a simple bitter, having no flavor, but is intensely bitter and 
 less agreeable than either Gentian or Chiretta. It is fatal to flies and fish, 
 and makes an excellent anthelmintic enema against the thread-worm. A 
 concentrated preparation is poisonous to rabbits and dogs, and has pro¬ 
 duced very alarming narcotic symptoms in a four-year old child. As usually 
 administered its action is that of a bitter stomachic tonic, as described 
 under Calumba (see ante , page 145). 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The preparations of Quassia contain no tannin and hence may be pre¬ 
 scribed with salts of Iron. It is chiefly employed in atonic dyspepsia with 
 pain after eating, and vomiting or regurgitation of food, also in atonic 
 diarrhoea depending on indigestion or an irritable condition of the intesti¬ 
 nal mucous membrane. It is useful in convalescence to promote the 
 appetite and digestion, and with Sodium Bicarbonate in gastric vertigo. 
 As an enema the strong infusion is an effective remedy for ascarides of the 
 rectum. It has been used as a feeble antiperiodic, and in hysteria its 
 repulsiveness is an aid to its medicinal action. 
 
 QUEBRACHO (Unofficial),—is the bark of Aspidosperma Que¬ 
 bracho , a large evergreen tree of the nat. ord. Apocynaceae, growing in 
 Chili and the Argentine Republic. The name is one given in S. America 
 to any very hard wood (quebrar hacho , to break the axe), and the par¬ 
 ticular tree above named is known as Quebracho bianco , from the white 
 color of its wood. It contains several alkaloids, no one of which repre¬ 
 sents the action of the bark itself; the most important being Aspidosper- 
 mine , C 22 H 30 N 2 O 2 , and Quebrachine , C 21 H 26 N 2 0 3 . Several false Quebrachos 
 are found on the market, that most frequently seen being the bark of 
 
332 
 
 OUERCUS ALBA. 
 
 Loxopterygium lorentzii , or Quebracho Colorado , an Argentine tree of the 
 order Terebinthaceae. 
 
 Preparations . 
 
 Tinctura Quebracho (Unofficial),—20 per cent. Dose, sQ-^ss. 
 
 Extractum Quebracho Fluidum (Unofficial),—Dose, rr^v-^j. 
 
 Vinum Quebracho (Unofficial),—Quebracho 1, Alcohol 2, White Wine 16 parts. Dose, 
 
 3K?j- 
 
 Extractum Quebracho (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. ij-viij. 
 
 Physiological x 4 ction. 
 
 Quebracho is a bitter tonic of disagreeable taste, promoting appetite 
 and increasing digestion. It lowers the action of the heart, reduces arte¬ 
 rial tension, and slows respiration, also decreasing the sensation of need 
 of air after active exercise. In large doses it causes severe salivation, 
 nausea, vomiting, vertigo and headache. In animals it paralyzes the motor 
 nervous system and lowers the reflexes, producing great dyspnoea and 
 finally death apparently from asphyxia. 
 
 Aspidospermine is actively poisonous to the respiratory apparatus and 
 circulation in both cold- and warm-blooded animals, in the former the 
 respiration being chiefly affected, in the latter the motor ganglia of the 
 heart. Lowered temperature, dyspnoea, stupor and convulsions occur 
 before death. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Quebracho has long been used in Chili as an antiperiodic, a stomachic 
 tonic, and a remedy for dyspnoea. In the latter condition it is reported 
 to be remarkably palliative, especially when due to emphysema, uraemic 
 and spasmodic asthma, spasmodic cough and chronic bronchitis. It is 
 not efficient in dyspnoea from organic disease of the heart, nor in that of 
 aged subjects of atheroma. 
 
 Aspidospermine has been used as an antipyretic, also in cardiac neu¬ 
 roses and in asthma. Its salts are freely soluble in water, but the alkaloid 
 itself is only soluble in oils and fats, 6 to 8 parts being readily incorpo¬ 
 rated with 100 of cod-liver oil by the aid of heat. Its average dose is 
 
 gr- j-ij. 
 
 QUERCUS ALBA, White Oak, —is the bark of Quercus alba , 
 the White-oak tree (nat. ord. Cupuliferae), and occurs in nearly flat pieces 
 deprived of the corky layer, of pale-brown color, tan-like odor, and 
 strongly astringent taste ; or as a coarse, fibrous powder, which does not 
 tinge the saliva yellow. It contains a variety of Tannin named Querci- 
 tannic Acid , C 28 H 24 0 12 , also Pectin and a bitter principle named Quercin , 
 but no Gallic Acid. There are no official preparations, but a decoction 
 (Sj ad Oj) may be used in doses of 5ss-j. 
 
QUILLAIA. 
 
 333 
 
 Quercus Tinctoria , Black Oak Bark,—was formerly official. It contains a coloring 
 principle Quercitrin, which stains the saliva yellow when the bark is chewed, also Quer- 
 citannic Acid, etc. 
 
 Quercus Lusitanica is the source of Galls (see ante, Galla, page 223). 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Oak-bark is astringent and tonic, but is seldom used internally. Its 
 action and uses are those of Tannic Acid (see ante, page 74). The decoc¬ 
 tion is much used in country practice as a cheap astringent application for 
 injection in leucorrhoea, prolapsus ani, hemorrhoids, etc., and as a gargle 
 in faucial inflammation and prolapsed uvula. It has also been used as an 
 injection into dropsical cysts, and as a lotion for flabby ulcers and suppu¬ 
 rating wounds. The powdered bark as a poultice has proved an excellent 
 application in gangrene, and in finely pulverized state it is a useful ingre¬ 
 dient of tooth-powders. A concentrated fluid extract is used in the Hea- 
 ton-Warren operation for the radical cure of hernia, by injection into the 
 tissues around the margin of the ring, with the object of exciting inflam¬ 
 mation and occlusion of the opening. 
 
 QUILLAIA, Soap-Bark, —is the inner bark of Quillaia Saponaria, 
 a tree of the nat. ord. Rosaceae, indigenous to Peru and Chili. It occurs 
 in large, flat pieces, about -J- inch thick, of a brownish-white color exter¬ 
 nally, very acrid and sternutatory, but inodorous. It contains Calcium 
 Sulphate crystals, starch, and the glucoside, Saponin , C 3 . 2 H 54 0 18 , a white, 
 amorphous, sternutatory powder, soluble in water and in dilute alcohol. 
 There are no official preparations, but a tincture may be prepared by ex¬ 
 hausting one part of the bark with sufficient dilute alcohol to make 5 parts 
 of tincture. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Quillaia in powder is sternutatory and causes the water in which it is 
 macerated to froth, making emulsions of oils, and being used instead of 
 soap for washing purposes in various affections of the skin, and to stimu¬ 
 late the growth of the hair in alopecia. Its properties are due to the glu¬ 
 coside Saponin, which is found also in Senega and in a number of other 
 plants, and is a violent irritant of the respiratory passages, a local anaes¬ 
 thetic, an antipyretic, a powerful paralyzant of the heart and respiration, 
 and a poison to the voluntary muscles. It has not been made use of in 
 practical medicine. 
 
 A decoction of the bark (5 to 200) has been employed in doses of 5 j-ij 
 according to age, as a substitute for Senega in the treatment of diseases of 
 the respiratory organs where a pleasant expectorant is indicated. Its ex¬ 
 pectorant properties are well established, and children take it readily. It 
 does not provoke diarrhoea or vomiting, and has a sweetish, agreeable 
 taste. 
 
334 
 
 RESINA—RESORCINUM. 
 
 RESINA, Resin, Rosin, Colophony, C 44 H 62 0 4 ,—is the residue 
 left after distilling off the volatile oil from Turpentine. It is a transparent, 
 amber-colored substance, of sp. gr. 1.070 to 1.080, hard and brittle, with 
 a glossy and shallow conchoidal fracture, and a faintly terebinthinate odor 
 and taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed or volatile oils, and in its own 
 weight of oil of turpentine. Chemically it is considered as the Anhydride 
 of Abietic Acid, C 44 H 64 0 5 , into which acid it is converted by agitation with 
 warm diluted alcohol. Silvic, Pinic and Palmaric Acids are decomposi¬ 
 tion products, not constituents of the resin as formerly taught. Other 
 official resins are Resina Copaiba, Resina Jalap^e, Resina Podophylli 
 and Resina Scammonii, which are severally described under the titles of 
 the plants forming their respective sources. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Ceraium Resince, Resin Cerate, Basilicon Ointment,—consists of Resin 35, Yellow Wax 
 15, and Lard 50 parts. It forms 65 per cent, of Turpentine Liniment, and is a constitu¬ 
 ent of Savine Cerate. 
 
 E 7 iiplastrum Resince, Resin Plaster, Adhesive Plaster,—consists of Resin 14, Lead 
 Plaster 80, Yellow Wax 6 parts. Is the common adhesive plaster of surgery, and an 
 ingredient of the official Arnica, Belladonna and Capsicum Plasters. 
 
 Resin itself is an ingredient of Mercurial Plaster, Cantharides Cerate, and Cerate of 
 the Extract of Cantharides. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Resin gives consistence and adhesiveness to plasters and cerates, and 
 generally acts as a mild local stimulant, but the writer has seen persons 
 with so susceptible a skin that the ordinary adhesive plaster would pro¬ 
 duce on them a high degree of cutaneous irritation. It is never employed 
 internally, but in chronic bronchial catarrh the fumes from boiling resin 
 are inhaled with considerable advantage. Resin Cerate is one of the 
 most commonly used applications to promote the healing of indolent 
 ulcers, blistered surfaces, burns, scalds, chilblains, etc. 
 
 RESORCINUM, Resorcin, Meta - di - hydroxy - benzene, C 6 H 4 - 
 (HO) 2 (Unofficial),—is a diatomic phenol, isometric with Pyrocatecliin 
 and Hydroquinone (see ante , page 180), obtained by fusing certain resins 
 with a caustic alkali, but best prepared by fusing Potassium Benzol-disul- 
 phonate with Caustic Potassa, the salt being decomposed into Potassium 
 Sulphite and Resorcin. It crystallizes in colorless, rhombic prisms or 
 plates of neutral reaction, odorless, and of sweetish, acrid taste, soluble 
 in of water, also in alcohol, ether, etc. Dose, gr. v-xv ;—as an anti- 
 pyretic 5j> not repeated for several hours, or gr. v every 2 hours. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Resorcin is closely allied to Carbolic Acid, but possesses the advantage 
 over the latter in that it is odorless, more soluble and almost non-irritant. 
 
RESORCINUM. 
 
 335 
 
 It is equally powerful as an antiseptic and antiferment, arresting decom¬ 
 position and destroying low organisms. Injected beneath the integu¬ 
 ment in solution it produces very little irritation, and never causes 
 inflammation or abscess. Vesication results from its application to the 
 mucous membrane. Internally a 30- to 60-grain dose causes a sense of 
 heat, discomfort and oppression, followed by profuse perspiration and 
 languor; if fever be present the temperature of the body is lowered sev¬ 
 eral degrees, but rises again after a rigor in from 2 to 4 hours. Larger 
 doses (150 grains) have produced deafness, dizziness, salivation, confused 
 vision, vertigo, unconsciousness, general clonic convulsions, and tetanic 
 rigidity of the muscles of the neck, with no decline of temperature in 
 feverless subjects. Toxic doses (gr. xv to each 5 xxxv of weight) cause 
 in animals trembling succeeded by epileptiform convulsions, which 
 increase in severity and then decline, the respiration is quickened and 
 enfeebled, the heart’s action becomes rapid, weak, and irregular, and 
 death results from paralysis of respiration, the drug paralyzing the motor 
 tracts in the spinal cord, but not affecting the general sensibility. It is 
 eliminated chiefly by the urine, which it colors a bluish-violet hue and 
 with great rapidity, about one hour serving for its excretion. The best 
 test of its presence is the solution of the Perchloride of iron, which 
 produces with it a dark-violet, almost black color. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 Atropine and other cardiac and respiratory stimulants, cerebral excitants and agents 
 which raise the arterial tension are physiologically antagonistic. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Resorcin is employed as an antipyretic and antiseptic, being preferred 
 to Carbolic Acid for internal and subcutaneous use. A 3 per cent, solu¬ 
 tion gives good results in stomach complaints, as gastralgia, gastric catarrh, 
 gastric ulcer, fermentative indigestion, etc. It has given great satisfac¬ 
 tion to some observers in intermittent fevers and malarial diseases gener¬ 
 ally, while others have been much disappointed with its action therein. 
 As an antipyretic it has been used in erysipelas, puerperal fever, septicae¬ 
 mia and diphtheria, and in the latter disease it has been employed locally 
 in crystals with decided benefit. A 2 per cent, solution has given great 
 satisfaction as a local antiseptic application to wounds, parasitic skin dis¬ 
 eases, cystitis, gonorrhoea, anthrax, and spyhilitic sores of unhealthy 
 character. As spray a similar solution is well applied to catarrhal or ulcer¬ 
 ative affections of the respiratory passages. As a caustic it may be applied 
 in undiluted form to chancres, papillomata, carbuncles, etc. A saturated 
 ethereal solution is a good application where the caustic action of the 
 drug is required. 
 
RHEUM. 
 
 336 
 
 RHEUM, Rhubarb ,—is the root of Rheum officinale, a perennial 
 plant of the nat. ord. Polygonacese, a native of Thibet, and of other 
 undetermined species of Rheum , many of which are cultivated in Europe 
 and America, their leaf-stalks being used as a fruit. The commonly 
 accepted medicinal Rhubarb is the Chinese variety, and is imported from 
 Shanghai and Canton. It occurs in cylindrical or conical segments, 
 sometimes flattened and bored with a hole, of a dirty-brown-yellow color 
 externally, internally marbled with fine waving lines, of peculiar odor, 
 gritty between the teeth, and of a bitter astringent taste. It imparts its 
 virtues to water and alcohol, and contains several substances of greater 
 or less activity, the least important being Phceoretin, C 32 H 32 0 14 , the rhu¬ 
 barb-resin,— Erythroretin , C 38 H 36 0 14 , and Chrysophan , C 27 H 30 O 14 , the latter 
 of which is split by acids into Sugar and Chrysophanic Acid. (See ante, 
 Chrysarobinum, page 174.) It also contains Rheo-tannic Acid, C 52 H 52 0 28 , 
 Rheumic Acid, C 40 H 32 O 18 , and probably a principle which is identical 
 with Cathartic Acid (see Senna), on which its purgative activity may 
 depend. Dose of Rhubarb as a stomachic, gr. j-v; as a purgative, gr. 
 x-xx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Rhei ,—Dose, gr. x-xv. 
 
 Extraction Rhei Fluidum, —Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Pilules Rhei ,—composed of Rhubarb 3, Soap 1 ; each pill containing gr. iij of pow¬ 
 dered Rhubarb. Dose, j-iij. 
 
 Piluhs Rhei Composites ,—each contains of Rhubarb gr. ij, Aloes gr. \]/ 2 , Myrrh gr. j, 
 Oil of Peppermint gr. T C. Dose, ij-v. A safe and efficient laxative. 
 
 Tinctura Rhei ,—has of Rhubarb 12, Cardamom 2, with diluted Alcohol to 100 parts. 
 Dose, gj-^ss. 
 
 Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, —has of Rhubarb 20, Cinnamom 4, Cloves 4, Nutmeg 2, 
 Diluted Alcohol to 100 parts. Dose, gj-giij. 
 
 Tinctura Rhei Dulcis, —has of Rhubarb 8, Licorice 4, Anise 4, Cardamom 1, Diluted 
 Alcohol to 100 parts. Dose, 5 ss-^ ij. 
 
 Syrupus Rhei ,—has of Rhubarb 90, Cinnamon 18, Potassium Carbonate 6, Sugar 600, 
 Water to 1000 parts. Or, it may be made extemporaneously thus:—Fluid Extract 5 iij, 
 Simple Syrup 3 xxix. Dose for an infant ^j; for older children ^ ij— 3 ss. 
 
 Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus ,—has of the Aromatic Tincture 10, Syrup 90 parts. Dose, 
 as the Syrup. 
 
 Vinum Rhei, —has of Rhubarb 10, Calamus 1, Stronger White Wine to 100 parts. 
 Dose, £ j ~3 ss. 
 
 Pulvis Rhei Compositus, —has of Rhubarb 25, Magnesia 65, Ginger 10. Dose, a tea¬ 
 spoonful. 
 
 Mistura Rhei et Sodcs ,—Sodium Bicarbonate 30, Fluid Extract of Rhubarb 30, Spirit 
 of Peppermint 30, Water to 1000 parts. Dose, 3 ij—^ij. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Rhubarb is classed among the tonic-astringent and resin-bearing pur¬ 
 gatives, which increase the secretions of the glandular appendages of the 
 intestinal canal, and stimulate the muscular layer of the bowel. In small 
 doses (gr. j-v) its action is that of a stomachic and intestinal astringent, 
 the influence of the bitter principle and the rheo-tannic acid probably 
 predominating. In larger doses (gr. xxx-lx), its cathartic action prevails, 
 
RHINACANTHUS-RHUS AROMATICA. 
 
 337 
 
 producing in 6 to 8 hours copious yellow, pultaceous stools, with some 
 griping and considerable hepatic stimulation. After the cathartic prin¬ 
 ciple is expelled, the astringent quality of its tannin asserts itself and 
 constipation is likely to result. The yellow color of the stools is partly 
 due to the rhubarb pigment and partly to excess of bile, the drug having 
 marked cholagogue properties, in all probability due to its resin, Phaeore- 
 tin. Its pigment stains the milk, urine and sweat, the milk acquiring a 
 bitter taste and purgative properties. The cathartic action of Rhubarb 
 may be obtained from its application locally to ulcers, by being rubbed 
 into the moist skin, or applied to the abdomen as a poultice. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Rhubarb is highly esteemed as a cathartic for children, from the mild¬ 
 ness of its action, as, though occasionally producing quite severe griping, 
 it never inflames the gastro-enteric mucous membrane. Its tonic and 
 astringent action following its catharsis makes it a valuable agent in 
 diarrhoeas due to the presence of irritating matter in the bowel, and to 
 correct atonic indigestion accompanied by diarrhoea. For hemorrhoids 
 with constipation its gentle action makes it peculiarly suitable, its astrin¬ 
 gent after-effect being entirely overcome by 2 to 4 drachm doses of olive 
 oil nightly. It may be combined with a mercurial or with Bicarbonate 
 of Sodium, the latter being supposed to overcome its astringent action 
 and to disguise its taste in some degree. In small doses the tincture is 
 a very efficient stomachic tonic, improving appetite, increasing the flow 
 of the gastric juice, assisting digestion, and promoting the action of the 
 liver without producing any cathartic results. The preparations most in 
 use for children are the Aromatic Syrup and the Mistura Rhei et Sodae. 
 
 RHINACANTHUS (Unofficial),—the leaves and root of Rhina- 
 canthus communis , a shrub of the nat. ord. Acanthaceae, indigenous to 
 India and China. The root contains a quinone-like body named Rhina- 
 canthin , C U H 18 0 4 , which forms with alkalies intensely red compounds 
 which are decomposed by benzin. It is known in China as Hong-Pang- 
 Chong, and is employed as a local remedy for ringworm and parasitic 
 skin diseases, the leaves being bruised and mixed with lime-juice. Used 
 internally a tincture of the root has some reputation as a feeble tonic and 
 antiperiodic. The same preparation is applied locally in chronic eczema, 
 tinea and psoriasis. 
 
 RHUS AROMATICA, Sweet Sumach (Unofficial),—is an in¬ 
 digenous shrub of the nat. ord. Terebinthaceae, growing about 5 feet 
 high, and having yellow flowers in spikes. The root-bark contains a 
 
333 
 
 RHUS GLABRA-RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 
 
 volatile oil, several resins, fat, tannin, etc. A fluid extract is prepared 
 from the bark of the root according to the general pharmacopoeial rule, 
 and may be given in doses of trpx-xxx, every 2 or 3 hours. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Rhus Aromatica has astringent properties, and seems to possess a selec¬ 
 tive action upon the urinary tract. Its action is not yet clearly made out. 
 Therapeutically it has been used with advantage in cystitis, night-sweats, 
 hematuria, menorrhagia, diabetes insipidus, diarrhoea and dysentery. As 
 a remedy for incontinence of urine in children it has attracted consider¬ 
 able attention, having been extremely efficient in doses of npxv of a good 
 fluid extract four times daily, administered in glycerin and water, or any 
 other suitable excipient. It is reported to be equally effective in hysteri¬ 
 cal enuresis of adults, but larger doses (rrpxx-xxx several times a day) are 
 required. Diabetes insipidus is remarkably benefited by its continued 
 use, and even in diabetes mellitus its employment has occasionally seemed 
 to have been followed by curative results. 
 
 RHUS GLABRA, Smooth Sumach, —is the fruit of Rhus 
 glabra , an indigenous shrub of the nat. ord. Terebinthaceae, growing in 
 rocky and barren soil to a height of 8 to 12 feet. The berries are about 
 yi inch in diameter, subglobular, densely hairy, of crimson color and 
 acidulous taste, but inodorous. The leaves and bark have an astringent 
 and bitter taste, and are also used medicinally. It contains tannin, col¬ 
 oring matter, potassium and calcium malates. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extraction Rhois Glabrce Flnidum , —Dose, 3 i-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Sumach-berries form a useful acidulous and astringent drink or gargle 
 in catarrhal pharyngitis, stomatitis, aphthae, etc. An infusion ( 3 j to the 
 pint) may be used, or the official fluid extract as a wash and dressing for 
 ulcers and wounds. Internally they are useful remedies for mild catarrhal 
 affections of the stomach and bowels. 
 
 RHUS TOXICODENDRON, Poison Sumach,— is the fresh 
 leaf of Rhus Toxicodendron , the poison Oak, and of Rhus radicans, the 
 Poison Ivy, shrubs of the nat. ord. Terebinthaceae, indigenous to Canada 
 and the greater part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 The climbing plant (R. radicans) is not a distinct species, but a variety 
 of the erect form, both when wounded exuding a poisonous, acrid, milky 
 juice which turns dark on exposure. The leaves are trifoliate, on peti- 
 
RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 
 
 339 
 
 oles 4 or 5 inches long, the lateral leaflets sessile, entire and glabrous in 
 R. radicans (or variously notched, toothed or lobed, downy beneath, in 
 R. Tox.J, inodorous, astringent and acrid. They may be confounded 
 with the leaves of the hop-tree, Ptelea trifoliata , which are quite similiar 
 in appearance, but all its leaflets are sessile. The poisonous principle of 
 the plant is Toxicodendric Acid, which is volatile, and also exists in Rhus 
 venenata or Swamp sumach, Rhus pumila , and Rhus diversiloba , the 
 former of which is probably the most poisonous of the four species. Dose 
 of the leaves is generally placed at gr. j-iv, but if old and dry they will 
 generally prove to be inert. There are no official preparations. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Rhois Toxicodendri (Unofficial),—maybe prepared according to the formula 
 of the Pharmacopoeia for Tincturae Herbarum Recentium (Tinctures of Fresh Herbs), one 
 part of the fresh leaves to two of Alcohol. Dose, 
 
 Extractum Rhois Toxicodendri ,—has been used in France in large doses. It is prob¬ 
 ably inert. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The effects of Rhus Toxicodendron upon the skin are familiar to all 
 who have suffered from contact with poison-oak or ivy. Some persons 
 are so susceptible to the poison that the exhalations from the plant will 
 produce on them its characteristic action. Others are apparently insus¬ 
 ceptible to its influence, and can with impunity rub the juice into their 
 skin, or even chew its leaves. 
 
 The action of the plant when locally applied is that of a cutaneous 
 irritant, causing redness and swelling of the affected parts, with a vesicu¬ 
 lar eruption and intolerable itching, which may spread rapidly over the 
 surface of the body and extend to the mucous membranes, producing 
 conjunctivitis, redness and tumefaction of the mouth and throat, thirst, 
 cough, nausea and vomiting, vertigo, stupefaction, etc. Colicky pains 
 are experienced in the abdomen, are worse at night and are aggravated 
 by food or drink. Diarrhoea may occur, with tenesmus and bloody 
 stools, also diuresis, bloody urine, or even complete retention. Fever 
 with delirium is frequently present, and may be typhoid in character, or 
 intermittent with profuse perspiration. Pains of rheumatoid type are ex¬ 
 perienced throughout the body, but particularly in the joints and lumbar 
 region, apparently intensified by rest and heat. The fibrous structures 
 are evidently the seat of its selective action, and a sensation of numb¬ 
 ness in the lower extremities is frequently experienced. Similar phe¬ 
 nomena attend its internal administration, but fatal results have not fol¬ 
 lowed in any case of poisoning recorded. The effects of the poison 
 usually last from ten to fifteen days, and are then followed by desquama¬ 
 tion of the epidermis. 
 
 Antidotes. 
 
 Grindelia Robusta is the best local application in cases of Rhus poisoning, but a solu¬ 
 tion of Mercuric Chloride is also a very serviceable lotion, and Lime-water with Linseed- 
 
340 
 
 RICINI OLEUM. 
 
 oil, solution of Plumbum Acetate, solution of Chlorinated Soda, and Alum-curd are all 
 very useful. Rest, low diet and laxatives are appropriate, and Opium or strong black 
 coffee to relieve the irritability of the nervous system. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Rhus Toxicodendron was used medicinally by Dufresnoy in France and 
 by Alderson in England about the close of the eighteenth century. The 
 attention of the former was attracted to it by the accidental poisoning of 
 a student who was afflicted with chronic eczema, which disappeared on 
 the subsidence of the Rhus symptoms. It is a favorite remedy with the 
 so-called homoeopathists, who ascribe to it extraordinary virtues in acute 
 cutaneous affections of vesicular type, subacute and chronic rheumatism, 
 vesicular erysipelas and typhoid fever. Among regular authorities it meets 
 with very little favor as a remedial agent, but Dr. Phillips recommends it 
 strongly in rheumatic affections of the fibrous tissues, erythema and ery¬ 
 sipelas, eczema, herpes zoster and pemphigus. Dr. Piffard corroborates 
 these opinions of its therapeutical value, and states that when rheumatic 
 pain is “ worse at night ” prompt relief may be expected from Rhus. It 
 was used by Dufresnoy in paralyses with a certain degree of success, and 
 Eberle reports a case of paralysis in which it proved curative. It is ad¬ 
 mitted by many observers to be a useful remedy in paralytic affections of 
 the lower extremities depending on a rheumatic diathesis, or resulting 
 from exposure to cold and wet. As an external application it is efficacious 
 in sprains and other affections of ligaments and tendons, also to extensive 
 but superficial burns, stings of insects and chilblains. For these affections 
 a lotion of about 5ss of the strong tincture to a pint of water is usually 
 employed. 
 
 RICINI OLEUM, Castor Oil, —is a fixed oil expressed from the 
 seeds of Ricinus communis , a tree of the nat. ord. Euphorbiacese, indigen¬ 
 ous to India, but extensively cultivated in the United States, where it is 
 an annual plant about 5 or 6 feet high, bearing ovate seeds, smooth and 
 shiny, of gray color marbled with brownish spots and stripes, three con¬ 
 tained in a pod. The oil is an almost colorless, transparent, viscid liquid, 
 of faint odor, bland or slightly acrid taste, neutral reaction, sp. gr. 0.950 
 to 0.970, soluble in an equal weight of alcohol, and congealing at about 
 0.4 0 F. It consists mainly of Ricmoleic Acid , C 18 H 34 0 3 , combined with 
 glycerin, but palmitin, stearin, cholesterin, and probably a resin and an 
 alkaloid also occur in small quantities. Dose, 5 j~ 5 j- It is contained in 
 Collodium Flexile (3 per cent.) and in Linimentum Sinapis Co. (15 per 
 cent.). 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Used externally pure Castor Oil is perfectly bland. Internally admin¬ 
 istered it is non-irritant until it reaches the duodenum, where it is decom- 
 
RICINI OLEUM. 
 
 341 
 
 posed by the pancreatic juice, setting free the Ricinoleic Acid, which pro¬ 
 duces purgation by a mildly irritant action on the bowel, stimulating the 
 intestinal glands and muscular coat, but not the liver. It is a simple pur¬ 
 gative, acting in four to six hours, producing one or more liquid stools 
 without pain or tenesmus, and followed by a sedative effect on the intes¬ 
 tines. The leaves are believed to possess galactagogue properties when 
 locally applied as a poultice to the breasts. Ricinoleic Acid enters the 
 blood and the tissues, and is excreted with the various secretions of the 
 body, imparting its purgative qualities to the milk of the nursing mother. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Castor Oil is the best of simple purgatives, and is used where a free 
 evacuation of the bowels is alone indicated, or when only a laxative action 
 is desired, as in the constipation of typhoid fever, in pregnancy and post¬ 
 partum conditions, diarrhoea from the presence of irritating matter in the 
 bowels, and after operations on the abdominal or pelvic organs. It is 
 often used as a purgative for children, also for the aged and infirm. In¬ 
 fants bear a larger relative dose than adults, probably from their ability to 
 digest a larger quantity of what is taken. It is employed with great benefit 
 as a laxative in irritation or inflammation of the bowels, in hemorrhoids, 
 inflammatory or spasmodic affections of the genito-urinary organs, ne¬ 
 phritis or cystitis, gonorrhoea, calculi, and stricture of the urethra and 
 rectum. In cases of dysentery 10 to 20 drops of Laudanum may be added 
 to each dose to counteract the pain, tenesmus and exhaustion resulting 
 from the frequency of the passages. If much depression exists, as shown 
 by lowered arterial tension and a dry, glazed tongue, 5 drops of Turpen¬ 
 tine should also be added. 
 
 Castor Oil is much used in the puerperal state and greatly abused. 
 There is considerable evidence in support of the charge that it induces 
 hemorrhoids by congesting the rectal vessels. Its purgative action is 
 milder in proportion to the purity of the sample employed. Externally, 
 the pure oil is employed as a local sedative and protective, as in neutraliz¬ 
 ing the effects of lime upon the conjunctiva. 
 
 The leaves of the castor-oil plant are used to promote the secretion of 
 milk. They may be applied to the breast in poultice, and a decoction or 
 fluid extract given internally at the same time. 
 
 A dministration . 
 
 The nauseous smell is best concealed by the Essential Oil of Bitter Almonds. Emul¬ 
 sions are not a success. Capsules containing the requisite dose are easily obtained. In 
 the absence of these the best way to administer a dose of oil is to smear the sides of a 
 clean wineglass with very thick cream, then to pour in the oil, covering it with a little 
 more cream. A teaspoonful of cream being then taken into the patient’s mouth, he is 
 directed to bolt the dose at one gulp. Some prefer it floated on orange-juice, strong 
 coffee, gruel or wine. One of the best vehicles for it is foaming beer. Glycerin increases 
 its purgative power, when given conjointly. 
 
342 ROSA CENTIFOLIA-ROSA DAMASCENA-ROSA GALLICA. 
 
 ROSA CENTIFOLIA, Pale Rose, —the petals of Rosa centifolia , 
 the Cabbage Rose, a well-known cultivated shrub of the nat. ord. Rosaceae. 
 They are of pink color, fragrant odor, sweetish taste changing to slightly 
 bitter and fairly astringent. The odor is due to a minute quantity of a 
 Volatile Oil (Oil of Rose), besides which, the petals contain tannin, fat, 
 resin, sugar, etc. If it is desired to keep Pale Rose fresh for any length 
 of time, it should be mixed with half its weight of Sodium Chloride, 
 pressed into a jar and kept, well closed, in a cool place. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Aqua Rosce, Rose-water,—Pale Rose 40, Water 200 parts, mixed and distilled by steam 
 to 100 parts. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Unguentuvi Aquce Rosce, Cold Cream,—has of Expressed Oil of Almond 50 parts, 
 Spermaceti 10, White Wax 10, Rose-water 30. If Glycerin and Benzoic Acid were 
 added, it would keep better and be much more efficient as an emollient and protective. 
 
 Pale Rose is also an ingredient of the Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Pale Rose is only used for odoriferous and flavoring purposes. Rose¬ 
 water has no strictly medicinal properties, but is an agreeable excipient 
 for lotions, urethral injections and collyria. The ointment, commonly 
 termed “ cold cream,” is an agreeable emollient and protective in chapped 
 hands and other superficial skin affections. 
 
 ROSA DAMASCENA, —is not official, but is the source of the 
 official Oil of Rose. It is largely cultivated in Roumelia on the southern 
 slope of the Balkan Mountains, from whence almost all of the product is 
 supplied to commerce. 
 
 Oleum Rosce, Oil of Rosa, Attar of Rose,—is a volatile oil distilled from the fresh 
 flowers of Rosa damascena. It is a pale-yellowish, transparent liquid, having a strong 
 odor of rose, a sweetish taste and a slightly acid reaction, but slightly soluble in alcohol, 
 of sp. gr. about 0.860. Slowly cooled to 50° F., it congeals to a transparent solid, inter¬ 
 spersed with slender, iridescent, scale-like crystals. Rapidly cooled to 54 0 F., it congeals 
 to a solid mass of feathery scales or plates. It consists of an aromatic oxygenated elaeop- 
 ten and an odorless solid stearopten (rose-camphor). Being very expensive it is much 
 adulterated with other volatile oils. It is used chiefly for perfuming cosmetic preparations, 
 ointments and lotions. 
 
 ROSA GALLICA, Red Rose, —the petals of Rosa gallica (nat. 
 ord. Rosaceae), collected before expanding. They occur in small cones 
 of roseate odor, and a bitter, slightly acid and distinctly astringent taste, 
 and contain an aromatic oil, tannic and gallic acids, quercitrin, coloring 
 matter, salts, etc. 
 
 Preparations . 
 
 Extraction Rosce Fluid uni, —Dose, TT^v- 3 ij. 
 
 Confectio Rosce, —has of Red Rose 8 parts, Sugar 64, Honey 12, Rose-water 16. 
 A basis for pills. 
 
ROSMARINUS-RUBUS. 
 
 343 
 
 Mel Rosce, Honey of Rose,—has of Red Rose 8, Honey 92, Diluted Alcohol to 100 
 parts. For local use. 
 
 Syrupus Rosce ,—has of the Fluid Extract of Rose 10 in Syrup 90. Dose, ^j-ij, for 
 flavoring. 
 
 Red Rose is also an ingredient of Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Rosa Gallica is classed among the astringents as it contains an appre¬ 
 ciable amount of Tannic and Gallic Acids. A compound infusion, con¬ 
 taining sugar and dilute Sulphuric Acid, was formerly official, and is used 
 as an agreeable gargle for the throat and mouth in inflamed and ulcerated 
 conditions. The chief uses of the rose preparations, however, are as 
 vehicles for other agents, or to impart flavor and odor to extemporaneous 
 prescriptions. 
 
 ROSMARINUS, Rosemary ,—the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis , 
 a shrub of the nat. ord. Labiatse, cultivated in gardens for the sake of its 
 large pale-blue flowers. The leaves are pungently aromatic and some¬ 
 what camphoraceous, containing, besides the official volatile oil, a little 
 tannin, resin and a bitter principle. They constitute one per cent, of 
 the ingredients of Vinum Aromaticum (see ante , page 86). 
 
 Oleum Rosmarini ,—is the volatile oil distilled from Rosemary, a colorless or yellowish 
 liquid, of sp. gr. about 0.900, having the characteristic odor of the plant, a camphoraceous 
 taste, and is readily soluble in alcohol. It consists of a terpene, isomeric with Turpen¬ 
 tine, C 10 H 1(J , and a body allied to Camphor. It is an ingredient of Linimentum Sapo- 
 nis, Spiritus Odoratus and Tinctura Lavandulae Composita. Dose, TT\j-v. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Rosemary was formerly considered emmenagogue, galactagogue and 
 diuretic, but is now never employed in substance. Its oil is somewhat 
 stimulant and carminative, and in excessive quantity has caused death. 
 It is chiefly employed as an external stimulant in liniments and lotions, 
 especially to the scalp in alopecia, where it is supposed to increase the 
 blood-supply to the hair-bulbs, and is usually combined with cantharides. 
 Inhaled it reduces the body temperature and gives the urine a violaceous 
 odor. 
 
 RUBUS, Blackberry-Bark ,—is the bark of the root of Rulus vil- 
 losus , the common Blackberry, Rubus canadensis , the Dewberry, and 
 Rubus trivialis , the Bush Blackberry of the Southern States, all of the 
 nat. ord. Rosaceae. It occurs in thin, tough, flexible bands, blackish- 
 gray externally, pale-brown internally, inodorous, strongly astringent and 
 of somewhat bitter taste. It contains over 10 per cent, of Tannin. 
 Dose, gr. xv-xxx. 
 
344 
 
 RUBUS IDyEUS-RUMEX. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Rubi Fluidum ,—Dose, npx-g j. 
 
 Syrupus Rubi has of the Fluid Extract 20 parts, Syrup 80. .Dose, 
 
 Syrupus Rubi Aromaticus (Unofficial),—contains the root bark, cinnamon, cloves and 
 mace. Each has gr. xxx of the drug. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Blackberry-bark derives its virtues from its tannin. It is strongly 
 astringent, and may be used in decoction, wine or the above-named 
 official preparations. It is highly esteemed in summer and infantile 
 diarrhoeas. 
 
 RUBUS ID./EUS, Raspberry, —is the fruit of Rubus idceus, the 
 Raspberry bush, Rubus occidentalism the Thimbleberry, or Rubus strigosus, 
 the wild Red Raspberry, all of the nat. ord. Rosaceae. It contains sugar, 
 malic and citric acids, proteids, pectin, etc., also a Volatile Oil consist¬ 
 ing of compound ethers, to which the odor is due. Its sole use in medi¬ 
 cine is to prepare a pleasantly flavored syrup. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Syrupus Rubi Idcei , Raspberry Syrup,—has of Raspberries and Sugar any convenient 
 quantity, boiled (but not in tinned vessels) and strained. Dose, ad libitum. It has a 
 bright-red color, a fruity, agreeable odor, a pleasant, acidulous taste and an acid reaction. 
 It has no special medicinal virtues, but forms an agreeable flavoring for mixtures, and 
 mixed with water a pleasant drink in febrile conditions. 
 
 The leaves of the wild Red Raspberry [R u ^ us strigosus) are considerably astringent, 
 and in infusion, 3 j to the pint, are a popular domestic remedy for diarrhoeas. 
 
 RUMEX, Yellow Dock, —is the root of Rumex crispus , and of 
 other species of Rumex, plants of the nat. ord. Polygonacese, growing 
 as common weeds along roadsides. Several species of Rumex have sour 
 leaves, and are popularly called Sorrel to distinguish them from the 
 others which are called Dock. The official root is 8 to 12 inches long, 
 y 2 inch thick, somewhat fusiform and fleshy, annulate above, deeply 
 wrinkled below, externally rusty-brown, internally whitish, with fine 
 medullary rays; fracture short, odor slight, taste bitter and astringent. 
 It contains tannin, mucilage, starch, calcium oxalate, and two principles 
 named Rumicin and Lapathin , which are shown to be identical with 
 Chrysophanic Acid. (See ante, page 336). Its constituents are nearly 
 identical with those of Rhubarb. Dose, gr. xv- 5 j. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Rumicis Fluidum ,—Dose, upxv-gj. 
 
 Decoctimi Rumicis (Unofficial),— 5 ij of the fresh root, or 5j of the dry root to Oj of 
 water. Dose, 3 j—ij - 
 
RUTA. 
 
 345 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Rumex is astringent, tonic and laxative. It has also been considered 
 alterative and anti-scorbutic. It has been employed chiefly in chronic 
 cutaneous disorders, glandular swellings, and other symptoms of the stru¬ 
 mous diathesis. It seems to possess a selective action on the mucous 
 membrane of the larynx, and in many cases of laryngeal irritation with 
 catarrhal symptoms, dry, violent cough, and a sense of soreness behind 
 the sternum, it will give prompt relief. The Rumex Acetosa has a popu¬ 
 lar reputation as a local application for cancer. 
 
 RUTA, Rue ,—is the source of the official Oil of Rue, which is dis¬ 
 tilled from the leaves of Ruta graveolens, an herbaceous perennial of the 
 nat. ord. Rutaceae, growing wild throughout Southern Europe, and fre¬ 
 quently cultivated in gardens for its yellowish flowers. The fresh leaves 
 only should be used, and as drying impairs their qualities the oil is gen¬ 
 erally employed. 
 
 Oleum Rutce. Oil of Rue,—the volatile oil distilled from Ruta graveolens ; a colorless, 
 or greenish-yellow liquid, of disagreeable but aromatic odor, pungent acrid taste and neu¬ 
 tral reaction, sp. gr. about 0.880, soluble in an equal weight of alcohol. Dose, rqj-v, in 
 mucilage. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Rue is an active irritant, locally a rubefacient, the oil producing heat, 
 inflammation and vesication. In the ordinary dose it causes a sensation 
 of heat in the stomach and skin, increases the action of the heart, and 
 stimulates the bronchial, cutaneous and renal secretions, the odor of the 
 oil being distinctly perceptible in the breath, sweat and urine. After 
 toxic doses of the oil violent gastro-enteritis results, with extreme pros¬ 
 tration, convulsions, strangury and suppression of the urine. Abortion 
 maybe produced by large doses, but with great danger to life. Rue is an 
 efficient emmenagogue, and in men aphrodisiac; it is also considered 
 antispasmodic and carminative. 
 
 The Oil of Rue is employed internally in amenorrhoea, menorrhagia and 
 metrorrhagia, hysteria, convulsions and flatulence. As an emmenagogue 
 it is very efficient when the condition is one of functional inactivity of 
 the uterus and ovaries. In small doses it has been well used in metror¬ 
 rhagia from debility and after abortion. A decoction of the fresh leaves 
 is often employed by injection against ascarides, and internally to remove 
 lumbricoid worms. Externally the same preparation has been applied to 
 the chest in chronic bronchitis, also in various scaly eruptions and 
 glandular enlargements. Used as an abortifacient it has frequently 
 caused death, preceded by symptoms of narcotic and irritant poisoning. 
 Even in poisonous doses its abortifacient action is very uncertain, so that 
 only the most ignorant criminals employ it with such purpose. 
 
346 
 
 SABINA. 
 
 SABINA, Savine, —the tops of Juniperus Sabina , a small ever¬ 
 green shrub of the nat. ord. Coniferae, growing in Northern Europe, 
 Asia and America. It closely resembles Red Cedar (_Juniperus virginiana ), 
 but is distinguished from the latter by its smaller size and by its larger 
 fruit. It occurs in short, thin branchlets, having oveo-lanceolate leaves 
 in four rows; of peculiar, terebinthinate odor, and nauseous, bitter, 
 resinous taste. It contains a Volatile Oil (which is official), also tannin, 
 resin, extractive matters, chlorophyll, etc. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Sabina Fluidum, —Dose, ffyv-xv. 
 
 Ceratum Sabina ,—has of the Fluid Extract 25, Resin Cerate 90 parts, melted and 
 cooled. 
 
 Oleum Sabina ,—a volatile oil distilled from Savine existing in the fresh tops in the 
 proportion of 2]/ z per cent., and in the berries 10 per cent. It is a colorless,or yellowish 
 liquid, isomeric with oil of turpentine, C 10 H 16 , having a peculiar, terebinthinate odor, a 
 pungent camphoraceous taste, and neutral reaction, of sp. gr. about 0910 and soluble in 
 an equal weight of alcohol. Dose, try-v. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Externally the action of Savine resembles that of Turpentine, except 
 that it is more irritant, the oil producing vesication if applied sufficiently 
 long. Internally a full medicinal dose causes heat sensations, nauseous 
 eructations, flatulence, increased cardiac action, stimulation of the cuta¬ 
 neous, bronchial and renal secretions, irritation of the kidneys, hyperae- 
 mia of the ovaries and uterus and increased menstrual activity. In large 
 doses it produces hematuria, dysuria, and intense gastro-enteritis, with 
 violent vomiting and purging. It may originate uterine contractions in 
 the pregnant female, but its abortifacient effect can only be produced by 
 a quantity sufficient to endanger life. The oil diffuses into the blood 
 and is excreted by the various excretory channels. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 As an emmenagogue Savine is highly esteemed by many authorities, 
 Dr. Phillips considering it “ one of the most certain and powerful” agents 
 of this class, “ with the additional advantage that it can be given with 
 perfect freedom from risk of doing harm.” So irritant an agent, however, 
 requires the exercise of great caution in its use. It has been found 
 extremely efficient in dysmenorrhoea when not due to mechanical causes; 
 also, in menorrhagia and hemorrhage after abortion. In chronic gout 
 and the joint affections of chronic rheumatism, it was formerly much em¬ 
 ployed. Externally the cerate is used to prolong the discharge from 
 blisters, setons or issues, and to stimulate the healing of indolent ulcers. 
 For these purposes it is considered safer than Cantharides, as its prolonged 
 employment does not bring on strangury or vesical irritation. As a 
 caustic it is efficient for the destruction of warts and other excrescences, 
 and the moistened powder is used as a paste on venereal condylomata, in 
 
SACCHARINA—SACCHARUM. 347 
 
 combination with burnt alum or cupric subacetate. The oil is the most 
 efficient preparation for internal administration. 
 
 SACCHARINA, Saccharine, —is a recently discovered derivative 
 of a coal-tar product, Toluene , from which it is prepared by a complicated 
 process. It has the chemical title Benzoyl-sulphonic-imide , and the for¬ 
 mula C 6 H 4 (C 0 )(S 0 . 2 )NH. It occurs as a white amorphous powder, with 
 a very sweet taste, and a faint flavor of bitter almonds, soluble in alcohol 
 and in ether [Sugar is not soluble in ether], sparingly in cold water, more 
 so in hot water. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Saccharine is 220 times sweeter than sugar to the taste, and is also an 
 efficient antiseptic. It is not a food, like sugar ; and has no injurious 
 action on man. It may prove of use as a substitute for sugar in cases of 
 diabetes, but it has no curative action upon that disease. 
 
 SACCHARUM, Sugar, Cane-Sugar, C 12 H 22 O u ,—is the refined 
 sugar of Saccharum officinarum , or Sugar-cane, a perennial plant of the 
 nat. ord. Graminacese, indigenous to India and adjoining countries, but 
 cultivated in tropical regions throughout the world. This sugar is also 
 present in several grasses (as Zea Mays , maize, Sorghum saccharatum , etc.), 
 in the juice of various trees (maple, birch, palm, etc.), and in many roots, 
 particularly Beta vulgaris , the sugar-beet, which contains 12 per cent. 
 
 Cane-sugar occurs in white, dry, hard, crystalline granules, permanent in the air, odor¬ 
 less, of purely sweet taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 0.5 of water and in 175 of 
 alcohol at 59 0 F., in 0.2 of boiling water and in 28 of boiling alcohol, insoluble in ether. 
 The aqueous solution, saturated at 59 0 F.,has the sp. gr. 1.345, and is miscible with alco¬ 
 hol in all proportions. Its freedom from Grape-sugar (glucose) and from more than a 
 slight quantity of Inverted Sugar (glucose plus levulose) is ascertained by dissolving I 
 gram in 10 c.c. of boiling water, then mixing with the solution 4 or 5 drops of test- 
 solution of Silver Nitrate and about 2 c.c. of Aqua Ammoniae, and quickly heating to 
 boiling, when not more than a slight coloration, but no black precipitate should appear 
 after standing at rest for 5 minutes. 
 
 Other Sugars. 
 
 Saccharum Lactis, Sugar of Milk, Lactose, C 12 H 2 2 0 n .H 2 0 ,—described on next page. 
 
 Glucose , Dextrose, Grape-sugar, Starch-sugar, C 6 II 12 0 6 , or hydrated C 6 H 12 0 6 .H 2 0 
 (Unofficial), also known as liver-sugar, diabetic sugar,—forms yellowish nodules or crys¬ 
 tals, very soluble in water and in alcohol, has a sweet taste, less marked than that of cane- 
 sugar, may be obtained artificially from cane-sugar or from starch, by boiling with a dilute 
 mineral acid, or by the action of Diastase, a vegetable ferment formed during the germi¬ 
 nation of grain. Boiling solutions of the alkalies convert it into a brown substance 
 (melassic acid). 
 
 Levulose, Fruit-sugar, C c H 12 0 6 (Unofficial),—frequently found with grape-sugar in 
 fruits, also in honey. 
 
 Inosit, Phaseo-mannit, C 6 Hj 2 0 6 . 2 ll 2 0 (Unofficial),—exists in the juice of some meats, 
 in asparagus, etc. Is very sweet, but does not undergo alcoholic fermentation. 
 
 Allied Substances. 
 
 Theriaca, Treacle, Sugar-house Molasses (Unofficial),—is the uncrystallizable residue 
 of the process for refining sugar,—a thick, brown, fermentable syrup, very sweet, and of 
 sp. gr. about 1.40. It is official in the B. P., and is used in making up some of the official 
 pills of that pharmacopoeia. 
 
34§ 
 
 SACCHARUM LACTIS. 
 
 Amylurn, Starch, C 6 H 10 O 5 ,—when boiled with dilute mineral acids or when subjected 
 to the action of diastase, ptyalin or pancreatin, starch is converted into glucose. (See ante , 
 article Amylum. page ioo.) 
 
 Cellulose , C 6 H 10 O 5 , (Unofficial),—forms the basis of all vegetable fibre, and is isomeric 
 with starch. It exists almost pure in cotton and in Swedish filter paper. Pyroxylin (see 
 ante , page 229), or gun-cotton, is dinitro-cellulose. 
 
 Glycogen (Unofficial),—closely resembles starch in its properties, being converted into 
 glucose by the same agents which so act on starch. It exists in the liver of all animals. 
 
 Dextrin (Unofficial),—is produced by the action of dilute acids on starch, and is an 
 intermediate product in the conversion of starch into glucose. It is a transparent, brittle 
 solid, looking like gum, soluble in water and dilute alcohol, is not fermentable, nor is it 
 colored by Iodine. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Sugar is an ingredient of Pil. Ferri Carbonatis, Pil. Ferri Iodidi, Ferri Carbonas Saccha- 
 ratus, Mistura Ferri Composita, Pulvis Cretae Compositus, Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus, 
 and the Troches, Syrups, Compound Syrups, etc. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Sugar is employed in pharmacy and therapeutics chiefly as a vehicle, a 
 corrigent, a preservative and an antiseptic. Syrups protect the active 
 ingredients against putrefaction, but not always against fermentation. 
 They also protect certain ferruginous preparations against oxidation. As 
 an ingredient in troches, powders and extemporaneous mixtures sugar is 
 used to cover the taste or to make insoluble substances more easily mis¬ 
 cible with water. It increases the solubility of Lime in water. As a food 
 it possesses well-known properties, being a nutrient to adipose tissue and 
 a respiratory fuel, and is decidedly diuretic in its action upon healthy 
 kidneys. 
 
 SACCHARUM LACTIS, Sugar of Milk, Lactose,— 
 
 C 12 H 22 0 n .H 2 0,—is one of the constituents of the milk of mammals, and 
 is officially described as a peculiar, crystalline sugar obtained from the 
 whey of cow’s milk by evaporation and purified by re-crystallization. 
 Occurs in white, hard, crystalline masses, yielding a gritty, white powder, 
 odorless, permanent in the air, of faintly sweet taste and neutral reaction, 
 soluble in 7 of water at 59 0 F. and in 1 of boiling water, insoluble in alco¬ 
 hol, ether or chloroform. On adding to a solution of sugar of milk in an 
 equal weight of boiling water some solution of soda, the liquid turns brown¬ 
 ish, and on further addition of test-solution of Cupric Sulphate a brick- 
 red precipitate separates. 
 
 Sugar of Milk is the least soluble of all sugars in water and is insoluble in alcohol. It 
 enters into alcoholic fermentation with difficulty. In the presence of decomposing albu¬ 
 minous matter and under certain other influences, it undergoes the lactic fermentation , 
 which results in the formation of Lactic Acid, Carbon Dioxide and Alcohol. It readily 
 reacts with the reduction tests. 
 
 Lactose has been shown to act as a powerful diuretic, especially in cardiac dropsy, in 
 which Dr. See considers it “ the best and most certain diuretic we possess, the excretion 
 of urine caused by it being greater than that due to any other drug.” He found that it 
 acts similarly to, though more powerfully than, Caffeine, while possessing none of the 
 
salix. 349 
 
 disadvantages of the latter. Its diuretic action is but very little in cases where extensive 
 renal disease exists, and it has no power over dyspnoea. 
 
 Sugar of Milk is used in the Triturations, also in the Abstracts, Dover’s 
 Powder, Denarcotized Opium, etc., as a diluent. Being much harder 
 than cane-sugar it is considered a valuable excipient for powders requiring 
 fine trituration and the minute subdivision of their medicinal constituent. 
 It is less sweet than cane-sugar, and being less apt to ferment in the stom¬ 
 ach and bowels is better than the latter for use with infants’ food. 
 
 SALIX, Willow ,—is the bark of Salix alba , the common White 
 Willow, and of other species of Salix, trees of the nat. ord. Salicaceae. 
 It occurs in fragments or quills, inodorous, bitter or astringent, and con¬ 
 tains a large proportion of tannin, besides resin, gum, wax, lignin, etc., 
 and the characteristic constituent Salicin , which is official. Dose of the 
 bark, gr. x-3j, or more, in infusion. 
 
 Salix Nigra, the Pussy Willow , grows along streams in the Southern 
 States. A fluid extract is on the market, and may be used in doses of 5 ss 
 thrice daily, as a sexual sedative. 
 
 Salicin, C 13 H 18 0 7 , is a crystalline glucoside, consisting of Saligenin and 
 glucose ; found in Gaultheria procumbens (Wintergreen), and in the bark 
 of several species of Salix (willow). Salicylic Acid, HC 7 H 5 0 3 , is a deriva¬ 
 tive of Salicin, probably by double oxidation; but may also be considered 
 as a substitution-derivative of Benzene, formed by replacing 2 atoms of its 
 hydrogen, the one by hydroxyl, and the other by carboxyl. (See page 
 179, a?itel) It is obtained, therefore, either synthetically by combining 
 the elements of Carbolic Acid with those of Carbonic Acid, and subse¬ 
 quent purification,—or from natural salicylates as the oils of wintergreen 
 and sweet-birch,—or from salicin, by heating with caustic potash and 
 treating the mass with hydrochloric acid. The acid prepared from natu¬ 
 ral sources is purer and more efficient than that prepared artificially, and 
 will often be tolerated by a patient who cannot bear the latter. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Salicinutn, Salicin, C 13 H 18 0 7 ,—a neutral principle prepared from the bark of Salix 
 Helix and of other species of Salix. White, shiny, silky crystals, odorless, of very bitter 
 taste and neutral reaction;—soluble in 28 of water and in 30 of alcohol at 50° F., in 0.7 
 of boiling water and in 2 of boiling alcohol; insoluble in ether or chloroform. Dose, 
 gr. x-^ij. 
 
 Acidum Salicylicu?n , Salicylic Acid, IIC 7 H 5 0 3 ,—occurs in fine, white, needle-shaped 
 crystals, of sweetish-acrid taste and acid reaction, soluble in 450 of water and in of 
 alcohol at 59 0 F.; loo parts may be dissolved in 100 of water by the aid of 8 parts of 
 Borax. Dose, gr. v-g j. 
 
 Sodii Salicylas , Salicylate of Sodium, 2 NaC 7 H 5 0 3 .H 2 0 ,—is soluble in 1 y z parts of 
 water. Dose, gr. v-^j. 
 
 Lithii Salicylas , Salicylate of Lithium, 2 LiC 7 H 5 0 3 .II 2 0 ,—is very soluble in water or 
 alcohol. Dose, gr. v- f 3j. 
 
 Physostigmince Salicylas ,—is described under Physostigma, ante , page 308. Dose, 
 
 S r> T$TF“sV . r . -r^ 
 
 Oleum Gaultheria?, Oil of Wintergreen. Doss, ttyv-xv. (See ante, page 223.) 
 
350 
 
 SALIX. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Salol, Salicylate of Phenol,—consists of 60 parts by weight of Salicylic Acid and 40 of 
 Carbolic Acid. Is insoluble in water, almost tasteless and odorless. Dose, gr. v-^j, in 
 compressed tablet. 
 
 Salipyrin, C ]8 H 18 N 2 0 4 ,—is a combination of Salicylic Acid 57.7 parts, and Antipyrine 
 42.3 parts; a white, odorless powder, very soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water. Thera¬ 
 peutically, it is an antipyretic and antirheumatic of considerable value, according to Dr. 
 Guttmann. Dose, gr. x-xx, every two hours. 
 
 Physiological Actions. 
 
 Willow-bark is highly astringent and antiperiodic and feebly tonic, 
 but is never employed medicinally, owing to its bulk. Salicin is a bitter 
 tonic, an antiferment, antiseptic, and is highly destructive to low organ¬ 
 isms. It has slight antiperiodic power and is feebly antipyretic. It pre¬ 
 vents the reaction between Amygdalin and Emulsin (see page 67), and 
 also that of Ptyalin, etc., on Starch (see page 100). It seems to be devoid 
 of toxic power on man, and is mainly excreted as Salicylic, Salicyluric 
 and Salicylous acids, being first changed in the bowel into Saligenin and 
 Glucose. Salicin is well borne by the stomach. 
 
 Salicylic Acid has properties similar to the above, but is much more 
 energetic in its action, being a powerful antipyretic and antiseptic. It is 
 also anhydrotic, checking local perspiration when locally applied. Inhaled 
 it causes irritation of the respiratory passages, producing sneezing and 
 cough. In small doses it stimulates the stomach, heart and respiration, 
 but moderate quantities derange the stomach, causing nausea and vomit¬ 
 ing, while large doses depress the heart’s action and the respiration after 
 a primary excitation of both, lower the arterial tension, relax the vessels, 
 produce free perspiration, and reduce the temperature in fever. It causes 
 vertigo, dilated pupils, tinnitus aurium, a sensation of tension in the 
 frontal cerebrum, delirium, and may produce bed-sores from depression 
 of the circulation, but does not affect the peripheral nerves as to either 
 motion or sensation. In the blood it is first changed to Salicylate of 
 Sodium, but a portion is again set free and uniting with glycocoll forms 
 Salicyluric Acid (HC 9 H 8 N 0 4 ), coloring the urine green. It is slowly 
 excreted through the secretions generally, especially in the urine, sweat, 
 saliva and bile. It stimulates the kidneys, at the same time disinfecting 
 them and increasing the acidity of the urine, but may so irritate the kid¬ 
 neys as to produce albuminuria and hematuria. 
 
 Salicylic Acid is destructive to the torula, prevents alcoholic fermenta¬ 
 tion, also that caused by the organic ferments, (pepsin, ptyalin, etc.). In 
 solutions containing bacteria, it will prevent their development, if in the 
 proportion of 1 per cent. ; and in that of 1 in 60 it will destroy them 
 when in full activity. 
 
 Salicylate of Sodium is remarkably antipyretic in doses of gr. xv, 
 given 4 or 5 times in 24 hours. It is a powerful diaphoretic, and an effi¬ 
 cient cholagogue, and it is supposed to possess the curious property of 
 
SALIX. 
 
 351 
 
 increasing the fluidity of the bile, at the same that it promotes its 
 secretion,—other cholagogues increasing the proportion of solids therein. 
 (Brunton.) It has no antiseptic power unless in association with a strong 
 mineral acid, which will liberate the salicylic acid. 
 
 Salol is antiseptic, antipyretic, and germicide, in a higher degree than 
 either of its constituents. As an antipyretic in fever it stands next after 
 Antipyrine, and it acts with such force as to frequently depress the tem¬ 
 perature a degree or two below normal. It is sedative to the cerebro¬ 
 spinal system, and somewhat analgesic. It causes profuse sweating, and 
 in a few cases considerable depression has accompanied its antipyretic 
 employment; but it is not toxic, and may be used freely in its proper 
 dosage, which ranges from 5 to 60 grains, up to 2 or 3 drachms in the 24 
 hours. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Salicin and its derivatives are chiefly used in acute rheumatism, to 
 lower temperature, relieve pain, and reduce articular swelling. They 
 are most suitable to strong, vigorous patients, and if not promptly efficient 
 they should be abandoned. The acid is much used as an antipyretic in 
 fevers, especially those of septicsemic character. It is a useful local appli¬ 
 cation in gangrenous wounds, eczema of the hands or feet, cancer, burns, 
 and in fetid perspirations, in the last affection being used in solution 
 with borax. 
 
 Salicylate of Sodium is more soluble than the acid and less irritant 
 to the stomach, while in doses about 50 per cent, larger it is equally effi¬ 
 cient. It is employed in 3- to 5-grain doses internally after meals, to 
 arrest gastric fermentation, and to prevent acidity and flatulence. It is 
 used instead of the acid in acute and chronic rheumatism, to relieve head¬ 
 aches, and for phlegmasia alba, it which it is considered very efficient,— 
 also in cases where there is a tendency to the formation of gall-stones. 
 It is considered a very efficient remedy to cut short an attack of ton¬ 
 sillitis, a “bad cold,” and also other acute affections of the respira¬ 
 tory mucous membrane. 
 
 Salicylate of Lithium is also non-irritant and is supposed to act 
 towards uric acid in the same manner as the other salts of this metal. It is 
 expected to be of especial value in acute rheumatism and rheumatic gout. 
 
 Salol is a most efficient remedy for duodenal catarrh, catarrh of the 
 bile-ducts and catarrhal jaundice; also in the bilious form of sick-head - 
 ache, and in some forms of neuralgia. Its greatest power is manifested 
 over acute rheumatism, in which disease many clinicians maintain that it 
 has no superior, if given in 15- to 30-grain doses, up to 2 drachms, in the 
 24 hours, and continued for some time after the acute symptoms have 
 subsided. It should prove an efficient disinfectant in catarrh of the blad¬ 
 der, as its constituents are excreted with the urine, and come in contact 
 with the vesical mucous membrane for a considerable period of time. 
 
352 
 
 SALVIA-SAMBUCUS-SANGUINARIA. 
 
 SALVIA, Sage, —the leaves of Salvia officinalis , the common gar¬ 
 den sage, a perennial plant of the nat. ord. Labiatae, native in Southern 
 Europe, but cultivated in our gardens for its strong, fragrant odor. The 
 leaves are about 2 inches long, finely crenulate, grayish-green, thick and 
 wrinkled ; soft, hairy and glandular beneath, of aromatic odor and bitter¬ 
 ish, astringent taste. They contain tannin, resin, etc., and a volatile oil 
 which consists of Salviol (C 10 Hi 6 O), camphor and terpenes. Sage is a 
 constituent of Vinum Aromaticum. There are no official preparations. 
 Dose of the powdered leaves, g. xx-xxx, in infusion. 
 
 Sage is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, astringent, and a vulnerary. It was 
 highly esteemed in ancient times, and even yet is popular as a domestic 
 cure-all with many people. In an infusion it may be used as a beverage 
 in febrile conditions and to check sweating, also for the night-sweats of 
 phthisis. Like other members of the same class it has a slight influence 
 over enteralgia and flatulence. It makes a good astringent and stimulat¬ 
 ing gargle. 
 
 SAMBUCUS, Elder, —the flowers of Sambucus canadensis , the 
 common elder, a shrub of the nat. ord. Caprifoliaceae, from 6 to 10 feet 
 high, having small white flowers disposed in loose cymes of five divisions, 
 the cream-colored corolla being whorl-shaped with five stamens on the 
 tube. The berries are small, globular, and when ripe of a deep purple 
 color. The plant contains a small quantity of a volatile oil, also a resin 
 and valerianic acid. The common elder of Europe (S. nigra) is more of 
 a tree, and is official in the B. P. There are no official preparations. 
 Dose, gr. xxx- 5 j, in hot infusion. 
 
 Elder-flowers are stimulant and diaphoretic, also perhaps diuretic in 
 some degree. The berries are diaphoretic and laxative, while the inner 
 bark is a hydragogue cathartic and in large doses emetic. Formerly the 
 inspissated juice of the berries was employed as an alterative in rheuma¬ 
 tism and syphilis, but at present the flowers are used only for flavoring 
 purposes. Elder-flower Water (Aqua Sambuci, B. P.) is a nice vehicle 
 for collyria and lotions. 
 
 SANGUINARIA, Blood-root, —is the rhizome, collected in 
 autumn, of Sanguinaria canadensis , a perennial plant of the nat. ord 
 Papaveraceae, which grows abundantly throughout the U. S., being one of 
 the earliest and most beautiful of the spring flowers. It has a single white 
 flower on an erect stalk, the petals often tinged with rose or purple. Leaf 
 reniform, smooth, deeply lobed, yellow-greenish above, paler beneath, 
 and strongly marked with orange-colored veins. The rhizome is about 2 
 inches long and -|ths inch thick, cylindrical, horizontal, wrinkled, red- 
 
SANGUINARIA. 
 
 353 
 
 dish-brown, fracture short, waxy, with numerous small red resin-cells, 
 bark thin, odor slight, taste very bitter and acrid. It contains 3 alkaloids, 
 — Sanguinarine , C 17 H 15 N 0 4 , which is probably identical with Chelery- 
 thrine (see Chelidonium), Porphyroxine , and Puccine , combined with 
 Chelidonic and Sanguinarinic Acids,—also resin, gum, albumen, sugar, 
 etc. The salts of its alkaloids are of brilliant red and orange colors and 
 are all soluble in water. Dose of the powdered root as expectorant, 
 gr. j-v ; as emetic, gr. x-xx, best given in pill. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Sangninarice Fluidum ,—Dose, npj-v as expectorant and stimulant; npx-lx 
 as emetic, cautiously. 
 
 Tindura Sangninarice ,—strength 15 per cent. Dose, as expectorant, rrpv-^j, as 
 emetic ^j-iij. 
 
 Acetum Sangninarice ,—has of Sanguinaria 10, in Diluted Acetic Acid 90. Dose, 
 n\x -xxx ; as an emetic, sjij-^ss. 
 
 Sanguinarina, Sanguinarine, C 17 H 15 N 0 4 , (Unofficial),—is the chief alkaloid and 
 probably the active principle of the plant. Dose, as an expectorant, gr. yL-i ; as an 
 emetic, gr. x / z repeated in 10 minutes will produce vomiting after the second or third dose. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Sanguinaria is sternutatory, sialagogue, expectorant and emmenagogue, 
 a systemic emetic, a cardiac paralyzer, a violent irritant, an acro-narcotic 
 and an alterative. Its taste is bitter and acrid. It causes violent sneez¬ 
 ing when inhaled, increases secretion by irritating the secretory organs 
 as it is eliminated, and in full doses produces salivation, catharsis and 
 vomiting with great depression. Overdoses are violently irritant, the 
 heart’s action being at first increased, together with the arterial tension, 
 then markedly depressed, and finally paralyzed by stimulation of its in¬ 
 hibition. The reflexes are lowered by paralysis of the spinal centres, 
 muscular contractility impaired, the pupils dilated, temperature lowered, 
 cold sweats, great thirst and collapse supervene, and death occurs by 
 paralysis of the cardiac and respiratory centres, often preceded by con¬ 
 vulsions. Locally used, Sanguinaria is a feeble escharotic. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Opium, Amyl Nitrite, Atropine, etc., to antagonize the depression of the circulation and 
 the local irritant action. Incompatibles are alkalies, tannin, and most of the metallic 
 salts. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 As a tonic to the stomach and a stimulant to the liver Sanguinaria or 
 its active principle is well employed in small doses (gtt. iij of the tinc¬ 
 ture or gr. -Aj of the alkaloid) for atonic dyspepsia, duodenal catarrh and 
 catarrh of the biliary ducts with jaundice. Respiratory affections are 
 often remarkably amenable to its influence, particularly chronic nasal 
 catarrh, asthma and acute bronchitis. In these affections expectorant 
 doses are the best, namely, gtt. x of the tincture, and in the former the 
 23 
 
354 
 
 SANTALUM ALBUM—SANTALUM RUBRUM. 
 
 powder locally as a sternutatory. A decoction is a very efficient gargle 
 in the sore-throat of scarlet fever. Sanguinaria is a very serviceable 
 remedy in chronic bronchitis and in amenorrhoea of functional charac¬ 
 ter, also in functional impotence from irritability of the organs, with 
 daily losses and relaxation of the genitalia. By many practitioners it is 
 considered a specific emetic in croup, but others look upon it with dis¬ 
 favor as too uncertain and harsh in its action. It has been thought to 
 have alterative properties, and hence is frequently used with Stillingia and 
 other plants in the treatment of strumous and syphilitic affections. In 
 pneumonia of typhoid type and in pleuro-pneumonia it has undoubtedly 
 been of great service in many cases. 
 
 Locally, the powdered root is well employed as an application to foul 
 ulcers and fungous granulations, and by insufflation to nasal polypi, and 
 for chronic hypertrophy of the nasal mucous membrane. 
 
 Sanguinarine has been used with good results in pneumonia, bronchitis 
 and atonic dyspepsia. Doses of gr. ~ to are expectorant without irri¬ 
 tating the stomach; and still smaller doses (gr. to are stimulating 
 to the gastric and intestinal secretions. 
 
 SANTALUM ALBUM, White Sandalwood, —is the source 
 of the official Oil of Santal (see below), but is not itself official. It is a 
 tree of the nat. ord. Santalaceae, having its habitat in India but now nearly 
 exterminated there ;—Santalum citrinum , the yellow sandalwood, from 
 the Sandwich and Feejee Islands, is more commonly met with in commerce. 
 
 Preparations . 
 
 Oleu 7 n Santali, Oil of Santal, Oil of Sandalwood,—a volatile oil distilled from the 
 w T ood of Santalum album ; a pale-yellow liquid, of sp. gr. about 0.945, soluble in alcohol, 
 . of peculiar and aromatic odor, pungent taste and acid reaction. Dose, npx-xxx, in 
 emulsion or capsule. 
 
 Extractum Santali Fluidum (Unofficial),—made with alcohol as a menstruum. Dose, 
 
 3 J-iij ■ 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Sandalwood is a very agreeable perfume. The Oil is astringent to 
 mucous membranes, producing dryness of the fauces, thirst, colic, and a 
 sense of fulness in the renal regions. In concentrated form it is a local 
 irritant, but the effects of large doses have not been studied. It is exten¬ 
 sively used in chronic bronchitis and in gonorrhoea, forming the contents 
 of proprietary capsules which are sold for the cure of the latter disease in 
 all drug stores. As found in the shops it is extensively adulterated with 
 Oil of Cedar, and hence is a very unreliable remedy. 
 
 SANTALUM RUBRUM, Red Saunders, —is the wood of 
 Pterocarpus santa/inus, a tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, native in 
 India. It comes as a dark reddish-brown, heavy, coarse wood, in chips 
 
SANTONICA. 
 
 355 
 
 or as a coarse powder, nearly inodorous and tasteless, not imparting any 
 red color to water when macerated in it, but coloring alcohol, ether and 
 alkaline solutions a bright red. The wood has no medicinal properties 
 and is employed solely for the purpose of coloring alcoholic preparations. 
 It is a constituent of Tinctura Lavandulae Compositus. 
 
 SANTONICA, Levant Wormseed, —the unexpanded flower- 
 heads of Artemisia maritima , var. Stechmanniana , a small, perennial plant 
 of the nat. ord. Compositae, which grows in Asia Minor, Turkestan, etc., 
 and contains a volatile oil and the peculiar, crystalline principle Santonin 
 (see below). 
 
 Flowerheads about inch long, pale greenish-brown, smooth, resem¬ 
 bling seeds in appearance, but consisting of imbricated involucral scales 
 with a green midrib, enclosing 4 or 5 tubular florets; odor strong and 
 peculiar, somewhat camphoraceous, taste aromatic and bitter. Dose, gr. 
 x-lx. 
 
 Preparations . 
 
 Santoninum, Santonin, C 15 H 18 0 3 ,—the neutral principle prepared from Santonica. 
 Occurs in colorless, prismatic crystals, turning yellow on exposure to light, odorless, of 
 bitter after-taste, and neutral reaction, nearly insoluble in cold water, but soluble in 250 
 of boiling water, in 40 of alcohol, 3 of boiling alcohol, 160 of ether, 4 of chloroform, also 
 in solutions of the alkalies. Dose, gr. j for a child, gr. j-v for an adult, not repeated 
 too soon, as the action of the drug is slow. 
 
 Sodii Santoninas , Santoninate of Sodium, 2NaC 15 H 19 0 4 .7H 2 0,—colorless, rhombic 
 crystals, turning yellow on exposure to light, slightly efflorescent, of saline taste and 
 slightly alkaline reaction, soluble in 3 of water and in 12 of alcohol at 59 0 F., in 0.5 of 
 boiling water and in 3.4 of boiling alcohol. Dose, gr. ij-x, as per age. 
 
 Trochisci Sodii Santoninatis ,—each troche contains of the preceding gr. j, with sugar, 
 tragacanth and orange-flower water. Dose, ij-x, as per age. 
 
 Trochisci Santonini (Unofficial),—each troche contains gr. ss of Santonin. Dose, j-v, 
 as per age. 
 
 Santonin and its preparations are sensitive to light and should be kept in amber-colored 
 bottles tightly corked. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Santonin is anthelmintic to the round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides), 
 also but in less degree to the thread-worm (Oxyuris vermicularis). It is 
 taken into the blood as Santoninate of Sodium, and affects the cerebral 
 faculties and the vision, objects appearing at first blue, green or red, then 
 yellow (chromatopsia), often succeeded by blindness for a week or more. 
 Large doses disturb the consciousness of the patient, produce a sort of 
 intoxication, tremors, weakness, with enfeebled respiration and slowing 
 of the pulse, coldness of the surface, vomiting, sweating, mydriasis, con¬ 
 vulsions and death from failure of respiration. A dose of 2 grains is said 
 to have proved fatal to a feeble child of five years old. It is excreted by 
 the kidneys, coloring the urine if acid a greenish-yellow, if alkaline a red¬ 
 dish-purple, and produces considerable enuresis. 
 
 Santoninate of Sodium acts similarly,' but being more soluble it is 
 
356 
 
 SAPO. 
 
 more rapidly absorbed and eliminated, and does not produce the consti¬ 
 tutional symptoms of the drug in so marked a degree. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 As an anthelmintic Santonin is the most certain agent against the round- 
 worm, and is best administered in powder with Calomel at bedtime after 
 a day of fasting, a Senna-draught or a dose of Castor Oil being used the 
 following morning. It also acts fairly well in suppository against the 
 thread-worm, but is inoperative against tape-worm. Some observers con¬ 
 sider that it is more promptly efficient when given in Castor Oil, and that 
 the oil lessens the risk of evil after-effects. It has also been prescribed 
 with great benefit for nocturnal incontinence of urine, and for certain eye 
 affections, particularly amaurosis from atrophic or inflammatory changes 
 in the retina and optic nerve. It should never be given to children during 
 a fever, nor when the bowels are constipated, for fear of toxic results. 
 
 SAPO, Soap, —is soap prepared from Soda and Olive Oil; a white 
 solid, hard yet easily cut when fresh, of slight, peculiar odor free from ran¬ 
 cidity, a disagreeable, alkaline taste, and an alkaline reaction, readily solu¬ 
 ble in water and in alcohol. It is well represented by the best “white 
 Castile soap.” 
 
 • 
 
 Sapo Viridis, Green Soap,—is soap prepared from Potassa and fixed 
 oils; a soft, greenish-yellow unctuous jelly, having a peculiar odor and 
 an alkaline reaction, soluble in water and in alcohol, does not impart an 
 oily stain to paper. Incinerated it yields an ash which is very deliques¬ 
 cent. Green Soap is a bad name for it, as its color is usually brown. 
 
 Saponification is a process of double decomposition between a fat (stearate, palmi- 
 tate or oleate of glyceryl) and an alkali, in which glycerin and the metallic salt of the 
 fatty acid are formed. The glycerin, not being saponifiable, is set free, but the fatty acid 
 (stearic, palmitic or oleic) unites with the salifiable base to form soaps, which are there¬ 
 fore mixed stearates, oleates and palmitatesof various bases. Nearly all soaps are oleates 
 or palmitates (or both) of sodium or potassium (or both). Hard soaps are soda soaps, 
 soft soaps are potassium soaps. [Compare the articles Oleum Olivte, Adeps, Acidum 
 Oleicum, Glycerinum, etc.] 
 
 Insoluble Soaps are combinations of the oily acids with earths and 
 metallic oxides. Two of them are official, viz.,—the Soap of the Mon¬ 
 oxide of Lead (Emplastrum Plumbi) and the Soap of Lime (Linimentum 
 Calcis). 
 
 Unojficial Soaps. 
 
 Sapo Mollis, Soft Soap,—official in the Br. Phar., is made with Olive Oil and Potash, 
 the solution of the alkali being present in excess. It is often adulterated with starch. 
 
 Sapo Animalis , Curd Soap,—official in the Br. Phar.,—is made with Soda and a puri¬ 
 fied animal fat, consisting chiefly of Stearin. Used in pills and suppositories. 
 
 Sapo Medicatus ,—official in the Fr. Codex,—is a Soda soap prepared from expressed 
 Almond Oil. 
 
SARSAPARILLA. 
 
 357 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Emplastrum Saponis, Soap Plaster,—has of Soap io parts, Lead Plaster 90, Water q. s. 
 Linimentum Saponis, Soap Liniment,—has of Soap 10 parts, Camphor 5, Oil of Rose¬ 
 mary I, Alcohol 70, Water q. s. ad 100 parts. Opodeldoc is a similar preparation. 
 
 Tinctura Saponis Viridis ,—has of Green Soap 65 parts, Oil of Lavender 2, Alcohol 
 q. s. ad 100 parts. For external use. 
 
 Soap is also an ingredient of Chloroform Liniment and several of the official pills. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Soap is a laxative, antacid and antilithic; externally it is a stimulating 
 discutient, and is used for cleansing the skin, removing fatty substances 
 and softening the epidermis, but if too long applied it may prove de¬ 
 cidedly irritant. It is a good antidote in poisoning by acids, and should 
 be administered freely in such cases until more energetic alkalies can be 
 obtained. In aqueous solution it makes a useful enema for constipation, 
 or a plug of soap may be inserted into the rectum. 
 
 Green Soap is a powerful detergent stimulant and is much employed 
 in skin diseases, especially eczema rubrum, in which the tincture is well 
 rubbed on, the diseased skin well washed and then covered with a bland 
 ointment. The tincture is the most elegant form for use, and may be 
 diluted with three parts of alcohol for shampooing the scalp. 
 
 The Liniment is used with friction in sprains, bruises and stiff joints, 
 being a little more stimulating than Camphor-liniment. It makes a good 
 basis for extemporaneous liniment prescriptions. 
 
 SARSAPARILLA , —is the root of Smilax officinalis, Smilax medica, 
 and of other undetermined species of Smilax , plants of the nat. ord. 
 Smilacese, growing in Mexico, Central America, Brazil, etc. There are 
 six commercial varieties on the market, which are generally put up in 
 differently formed bundles. The roots are about as thick as a goose-quill, 
 reddish-brown, several feet in length, covered with rootlets and folded in 
 bundles about 18 inches long, taste mucilaginous, bitter and acrid. It 
 contains starch, resin, oxalate of calcium, an essential oil, and an acrid 
 neutral principle named Parilliti or Smilacin , which when acted on by 
 dilute sulphuric acid affords another principle, Parigenin. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Sarsaparilla Eluidum. —Dose, 'Z ss- g j. 
 
 Ext. Sarsaparilla Composition Eluidum, —contains Sarsaparilla 75, Glycyrrhiza 12, 
 Sassafras bark 10, Mezereum 3, Glycerin 10, Water and Alcohol up to 100. Dose, 
 3SS-3J. 
 
 Syrupus Sarsaparilla Compositus ,—Sarsaparilla 150, Guaiacum Wood 20, Pale Rose 
 12, Glycyrrhiza 12, Senna 12, Sassafras 6, Anise 6, Gaultheria 6, Sugar 600, Alcohol and 
 Water up to 1000 parts. Dose, ^j- ^ss. A good vehicle for Potassium Iodide. 
 
 Decoctum Sarsaparilla Compositum ,—Sarsaparilla 10, Sassafras 2, Guaiacum Wood 2, 
 Glycyrrhiza 2, Mezereum 1, Water q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose, gj-iv. 
 
 Syrup of Sarsaparilla (Unofficial),—so much used in flavoring soda-water, is a mixture 
 of the oils of sassafras and gaultheria. 
 
358 
 
 SASSAFRAS. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Those who believe that Sarsaparilla has any action ascribe to it prop¬ 
 erties as a diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic and alterative. So far careful 
 physiological experiments with the drug and its principle have given nega¬ 
 tive results. It has been used as a so-called “blood-purifier ” in scrofula, 
 chronic abscesses, necrosis, old ulcers, many cutaneous diseases, etc., 
 but is generally combined with other agents of undoubted activity. The 
 compound decoction is considered a good agent in tertiary syphilis, espe¬ 
 cially in debilitated subjects; while the other preparations are commonly 
 employed as vehicles for Iodide of Potassium and Bichloride of Mercury in 
 syphilis of any form. Whenever used, the compound decoction will give 
 the best results, the hot water and its other constituents being each of 
 medicinal value. 
 
 SASSAFRAS ,—is the root-bark of Sassafras officmalis , a tree of the 
 nat. ord. Lauraceae, growing throughout the U. S., and occurs in irregular 
 fragments of a bright, rust-brown color, strongly fragrant, taste sweetish, 
 aromatic and somewhat astringent. The volatile oil is official. 
 
 Sassafras Medulla, Sassafras Pith,—is the pith of the tree described 
 above. Occurs in slender cylindrical pieces, often curved or coiled, 
 light, spongy, white, inodorous, insipid. Macerated in water it forms a 
 mucilaginous liquid which is not precipitated on the addition of alcohol. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Mucilago Sassafras Medulla ,—has of the pith 2 parts in too of water. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Oleum Sassafras ,—is a volatile oil distilled from Sassafras,—a colorless or yellowish 
 liquid, having the odor of Sassafras, a warm, aromatic taste and a neutral reaction, readily 
 soluble in alcohol. Sp. gr. about 1.090. Treated with cold nitric acid it becomes of a 
 dark-red color, and is finally converted into a red resin. Dose, rt\j-iv. 
 
 Infusum Sassafras (Unofficial),— a popular “ tea” which may be drank ad libitum. 
 
 Sassafras is a constituent of the three compound Sarsaparilla preparations. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Sassafras is a stimulant diaphoretic when used in quantity of the hot 
 infusion. It enjoys a popular reputation as a “blood-purifier,” and has 
 a destructive influence on infusoria. It is employed chiefly in combina¬ 
 tion with Sarsaparilla and Guaiacum in cutaneous disorders and rheumatic 
 and syphilitic affections. The mucilage of the pith is an excellent demul¬ 
 cent drink in acute gastritis or enteritis, or in poisoning by irritant or 
 corrosive agents. It may also be used in extemporaneous prescriptions to 
 hold insoluble substances in suspension and for flavoring purposes. The 
 oil is chiefly used for flavoring in mixtures and confectionery. The syrup 
 popularly known as “Sarsaparilla” is composed of Oil of Sassafras and 
 Oil of Gaultheria. 
 
SCAMMONIUM—SCILLA. 
 
 359 
 
 SCAMMONIUM, Scammony,—is a resinous exudation from the 
 root of Convolvulus Scammonia , a plant of the nat. ord. Convolvulaceae, 
 growing chiefly in Syria and Asia Minor. It occurs in irregular, angular 
 pieces or circular cakes, of a greenish-gray or blackish color, a peculiar, 
 cheese-like odor, and a slightly acrid taste ; easily triturated into a dirty- 
 gray powder, and with water yields a smooth, greenish emulsion. It con¬ 
 tains about 80 per cent, of Resin , with gum, sugar, starch, etc. The 
 active principle, Jalapin , is probably identical with the Convolvulin of 
 Jalap, and is contained in the root, the resin, etc. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Resina Scammonii , Resin of Scammony,—is wholly soluble in ether. Dose, gr. iij-viij. 
 
 Extraction Colocynthidis Composition, —(see ante, page 185) contains 14 per cent, of 
 Resin of Scammony, and is an ingredient of the Compound Cathartic Pill. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Scammony is an active cathartic, stimulating the liver and the intestinal 
 glands, and causing free purgation in a few hours, with considerable 
 griping. Its solution in the bile is necessary to its action, and it combines 
 with the soda in that secretion. Though quite drastic in action it is 
 somewhat uncertain as a purgative and is generally employed in combina¬ 
 tion with similarly acting agents. It is anthelmintic against the tapeworm, 
 and in overdoses produces a high degree of irritation. 
 
 It is used as a drastic purgative for children with Calomel or Potassium 
 Sulphate, when an active cathartic is indicated. In the same way it is 
 the appropriate agent on the principle of derivation in dropsies and 
 cerebral affections, also in torpid states of the intestines with much slimy 
 intestinal mucus; but it is contraindicated in cases attended by irritability 
 of the stomach and bowels. 
 
 SCILLA, Squill ,—is the sliced bulb of Urginea Scilla, or Scilla 
 maritima , a perennial plant of the nat. ord. Liliaceae, growing on the 
 shores of the Mediterranean. It comes in narrow segments about two 
 inches long, of yellowish-white or reddish color, slightly translucent, 
 inodorous, mucilaginous, bitter and acrid to the taste. Its active prin¬ 
 ciple has not yet been definitely isolated, but it is probably the acrid, 
 bitter glucoside Scillitoxin. Other principles have been obtained and 
 named Scillipicrin , Scillitin and Scillin, also Sinistrin, a peculiar carbo¬ 
 hydrate or mucilage, and the usual constituents of plants. Dose, in 
 powder, gr. j-iij. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Scillce Fluidum, —Dose, rry-v. 
 
 Tinctura Scillce, —15 per cent. Dose, rr^v-xxx. 
 
 Acetum Scilla ,—10 percent. Dose, TTLx-^j. 
 
 Syrupus Scillce ,—has of the Acetum 40 parts with Sugar 60 and Water. Dose, 
 
 3 ss_ ij • 
 
360 
 
 SCOPARIUS. 
 
 Syrupus Scillce Compositus ,—has of Squill 120, Senega 120, Tartar Emetic 3, Sugar 
 1200, Calcium Phosphate 9, Diluted Alcohol and Water up to 2000 parts. Is known as 
 Coxe's Hive Mixture, and each fluid ounce contains about gr. ^ of Tartar Emetic. 
 Dose, rr\,v-gj, for children, the latter being an emetic dose; as an expectorant for adults 
 TTLxx-xxx. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 In small doses Squill is expectorant, in larger doses emetic and diuretic, 
 and in overdoses it is a violent irritant poison, producing nausea, vomit¬ 
 ing, purging, gastro-enteritis, strangury, bloody urine, perhaps suppression 
 of urine, paralysis and convulsions, with death by paralysis of the heart in 
 systole. Medicinal doses slow the heart, making the pulse stronger and 
 slower, raising the arterial tension, and increasing the flow of urine (like 
 Digitalis). Its active constituents diffuse into the blood, and its systemic 
 effects follow on its application to the skin and seem to be exerted upon 
 the mucous membrane of the secretory organs, especially affecting the 
 bronchial, gastro-intestinal and genito-urinary. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Squill is employed in medicine for its expectorant and diuretic effects. 
 It is especially applicable in cardiac dropsy, combined with Digitalis or 
 the saline diuretics, and in chronic bronchitis associated with Ipecac or 
 Ammonia, Asafoetida, Benzoin, etc. It is also used in croup, but is 
 usually combined in this affection with some other emetic, as Tartar 
 Emetic in the Compound Syrup, a mixture which may produce very 
 depressing effects and should be used with caution. In whooping-cough 
 and other irritant coughs with tickling sensations in the throat the Syrup 
 or Vinegar of Squill is often of great service. 
 
 The actions and uses of Squill should be studied in connection with 
 those of Digitalis and Ipecacuanha. 
 
 SCOPARIUS, Broom, —the tops of Saroihamnus Scoparius , or 
 Broom-plant, a common garden shrub of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, 
 having small, downy leaves and numerous large golden-yellow flowers. 
 It occurs in thin, flexible twigs, usually free from leaves, nearly smooth, 
 tough, of a peculiar odor when bruised and a disagreeably bitter taste. 
 It contains Scoparin, C 21 H 22 O 10 , a neutral, crystallizable principle; and 
 Sparteine , C 15 H 26 N 2 , a volatile, liquid alkaloid, having no oxygen, but 
 possessing very decided basic qualities and being highly poisonous. 
 There are no official preparations, but a decoction may be prepared in 
 the proportion of 5j to the pint, and administered in doses of 5j every 
 three hours until its diuretic effect is produced. 
 
 Sparteine Sulphas, Sulphate of Sparteine, Dose, gr. ^ - 3 , hypo¬ 
 dermically;—gr. ^-ij per orem. Small doses, gr. T y—every 5 hours, 
 for cardiac action;—larger, gr. j-ij, for diuresis. (Clarke.) Larger 
 doses are necessary, say gr. iss-iij, ter die. (Prior.) 
 
SCOPARIUS. 
 
 361 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Broom-tops are diuretic and laxative, also emetic and cathartic in large 
 doses. In the form of decoction they have long been a favorite diuretic 
 and vehicle for other diuretics, in the treatment of dropsies both cardiac 
 and renal, but are considered most reliable in the dropsy of renal origin. 
 
 Sparteine has been thought to resemble Coniine in its action, paraly¬ 
 zing the end-organs of the motor nerves and vagi, lowering the reflex ex¬ 
 citability of the cord, and causing death by paralyzing the respiratory 
 centre in the medulla. Recent observations, however, place it in the 
 Digitalis group, and in the front rank among the members thereof. 
 
 In small doses Sparteine slows and strengthens the heart-beats, and 
 raises arterial tension, at the same time increasing the cutaneous and renal 
 circulation, so that the surface becomes flushed and moist, and in some 
 cases marked diuresis and diaphoresis occur. The respiration, at first 
 quickened, is soon slowed and deepened,—the patient having a sense of 
 increased warmth and well-being, and if suffering from irregular cardiac 
 action, praecordial distress and dyspnoea, these symptoms are promptly 
 relieved. If the pulse has been abnormally slow Sparteine will quicken 
 it, though its general action is to slow the cardiac rate. An overdose 
 brings on marked palpitation, a small and rapid pulse of very high ten¬ 
 sion, praecordial pain and a sense of “ tightness ” about the chest, with 
 anxiety, and a feeling of intense debility, perhaps even muscular tremor. 
 Death occurs by asphyxia from depression of both the centre and the 
 muscles of respiration. 
 
 The action of Sparteine upon the circulation is manifested quickly as 
 compared with that of other similarly-acting drugs. In hour after its 
 ingestion the pulse is markedly slower,—in another ^ hour the arterial 
 tension rises, and both effects last from 5 to 6 hours. When taken regu¬ 
 larly for several days or weeks its influence remains for nearly a week after 
 its discontinuance. There is, however, no danger of cumulative action, 
 and though the dosage employed has varied from gr. — every 4 hours, to 
 gr. xij in 24 hours, no toxic action was observed, nor was there any evi¬ 
 dence of accumulation, even when given continuously for 3 to 4 months. 
 (Clarke.) Only from a dose of gr. xxxj were evil effects observed. (Prior.) 
 
 Its diuretic power on healthy persons is denied by some observers and 
 affirmed by others, though all acknowledge it in disease. It is accompa¬ 
 nied by increased excretion of urea,—is due to the increase of blood- 
 pressure both behind and in front of the renal circulation,—and is 
 produced only by large doses, gr. yi~gr. ij. 
 
 Sparteine acts directly on the cardiac muscle, as well as upon the inhib¬ 
 itory apparatus, thus giving greater force to the cardiac contractions, and 
 regulating (generally slowing) the pulse-rate. It also stimulates the vaso¬ 
 motor centre to contract the vessels throughout the splanchnic area, thus 
 
362 
 
 SCUTELLARIA. 
 
 increasing the circulation in the skin and kidneys, and raising arterial 
 tension generally. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Broom-tops are a favorite remedy for dropsies of cardiac origin, and 
 for the general anasarca of chronic kidney disease, but are inadmissible 
 in acute renal affections or where there is pulmonary congestion or in¬ 
 flammation. 
 
 Sparteine has been employed with very great benefit in cardiac affec¬ 
 tions requiring stimulation of the heart’s action with the smallest possible 
 increase of arterial tension, relief of dyspnoea, praecordial pain, palpita¬ 
 tion and oedema. In such cases small doses, gr. are best, and as 
 
 the influence of the drug is remarkably sustained, they need not be 
 repeated oftener than once in 5 or 6 hours. It has given the most marked 
 satisfaction in mitral regurgitation, in which it relieves all the symptoms; 
 also in mitral stenosis, when the pulse is small, weak and irregular. In 
 aortic regurgitation, it quiets excited action of the heart, without unduly 
 prolonging the systole, and is of great value. Used in chronic Bright’s 
 disease, with hypertrophy and high arterial tension, it stimulates the 
 heart without increasing the tension. In exophthalmos, it gives remark¬ 
 able relief to all the symptoms. For cardiac palpitation and arhythmia, 
 small doses are of great service. In asthma it is of signal benefit, cutting 
 short the paroxysms, and rendering their recurrence much less frequent. 
 In the opium-habit it is used at periods of depression during the treatment, 
 to overcome the “ plateau ” shown in the sphygmograph trace, by stimu¬ 
 lating the cardiac action. (Jennings.) For this purpose, doses of gr. 
 iss-iij three or four times daily are necessary. (Prior.) 
 
 SCUTELLARIA, Skull-cap, —is the plant Scutellaria lateriflora , 
 an indigenous, perennial herb of the nat. ord. Labiatae, growing in moist 
 places and along ditches ; having small, pale-blue flowers disposed in long, 
 leafy racemes, of slight odor and bitterish taste. It contains a little vola¬ 
 tile oil, traces of a bitter principle, besides fat, tannin, sugar, etc. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extractum Scutellarice Ftuidum ,—Dose, g ss-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Scutellaria produces no very obvious effects when taken internally. By 
 some practitioners it is said to have tonic, nervine and antispasmodic 
 powers, and it has been used in domestic practice to calm the nervous 
 system in diseases characterized by restlessness, tremors, spasms, twitch¬ 
 ing of the muscles, hyperresthesia, etc., as chorea, delirium tremens, nerv¬ 
 ous exhaustion from fatigue or over-excitement, hydrophobia, hysteria and 
 
SENEGA. 
 
 363 
 
 epilepsy. The Scutellarin of the Eclectics is not a proximate principle, 
 but an extract precipitated by alum from a concentrated aqueous tincture. 
 It is given in dose of from one to four grains. 
 
 SENEGA ,—is the root of Polygala Senega , an indigenous, perennial 
 plant of the nat. ord. Polygalaceae, having small, white flowers in a close 
 spike at the summit of the stem. The root is about 4 inches long, with a 
 knotty crown and tortuous, spreading branches, thick bark inclosing a 
 porous, yellowish wood ; odor slight but unpleasant, taste at first sweetish, 
 afterwards acrid. Its principal constituent is the glucoside Senegin, 
 C 32 H 54 0 18 , which is identical with Saponin, and closely allied to Digitonin. 
 It is a white, amorphous powder, readily soluble in alcohol and hot water, 
 forming a soapy emulsion when mixed with boiling water, and decom¬ 
 posed by HC 1 into sugar and Sapogenin , C 14 H 22 0 2 . 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Abstractum Senega, —Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Extradum Senega Fluidum ,—Dose, npx-xx. 
 
 Syrupus Senega ,—has of the fluid extract 160, Aqua Ammonite 4, Sugar 600, Water 
 to 1000 parts. Dose, ^j-ij. 
 
 Syrupus Scilla Compositus ,—contains 6 per cent, of Senega. (See page 360.) Dose for 
 children, f° r adults as an expectorant, rr^xx-^ss. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Senega is a stimulating expectorant, a diuretic and a diaphoretic. It 
 causes irritation of the throat, with some salivation and gastro-intestinal 
 irritation, an inclination to cough, increased bronchial secretion, and 
 perhaps some diuresis and diaphoresis. Inhaled as a snuff it is very irri¬ 
 tant to the mucous membrane of the nose, causing cough, sneezing and 
 nasal catarrh. Senegin is violently irritant and a powerful depressant to 
 the heart, vessels, nervous and muscular systems. It is excreted by the 
 bronchial mucous membrane, the kidneys and the skin, all of which it 
 stimulates and in large quantity irritates. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The use of Senega is chiefly that of a stimulating expectorant in chronic 
 bronchitis, the second stage of acute bronchitis, typhoid pneumonia, 
 asthma, croup, and as a diuretic in dropsy due to renal disease. It re¬ 
 moves the tightness and oppression experienced in subacute chest affec¬ 
 tions, relieves the cough and rapidly promotes expectoration. When the 
 mucus is tough and scanty this remedy is of no value. It has been used 
 with great benefit in amenorrhoea, given in saturated decoction for two 
 weeks before the expected period. In chronic rheumatism and in rheu¬ 
 matic paralysis its stimulating and diaphoretic powers have been of great 
 value. Senegin has been successfully used in 2-grain doses as a remedy 
 for uterine hemorrhage. 
 
3 6 4 
 
 SENNA. 
 
 SENNA,—the leaflets of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandria Senna), and of 
 Cassia e/ongata (Indian Senna), shrubs of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, 
 growing in Egypt and India. The leaflets are from i to 2 inches long, 
 lanceolate, brittle, dull green, of peculiar odor, and nauseous, bitter taste. 
 They contain an amorphous glucoside, Cathartic Acid , C 180 H 192 N 2 SO 82 , 
 which forms salts with bases and may be decomposed into glucose and 
 Cathartogenic Acid. Other constituents are Sennapicrm and Sennacrol, 
 both glucosides;— Catharto-mannite , a peculiar unfermentable sugar ; also 
 a coloring matter allied to Chrysarobin (see page 174), and various vege¬ 
 table salts. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Sennce Fluidum. —Dose, gj. An excellent preparation. 
 
 Syrupus Sennce., —has of Senna 33 parts, Sugar 60, Alcohol 4, Oil of Coriander and 
 Water to 100 parts. Dose, gss-ij. 
 
 Confectio Sennce ,—has of Senna 10, Coriander 6, Cassia Fistula 16, Tamarind 10, 
 Prune 7, Fig 12, Sugar 50, Water 60 parts. Is sold under the titles “ Tamar-Indien,” 
 “ Tropical Fruit Laxative,” etc. Dose, 
 
 Infusum Sennce Composition , Black Draught,—has of Senna 6, Manna 12, Magnesium 
 Sulphate 12, Fennel 2, Water 100 parts. Dose, 3 j—iij. 
 
 Pulvis Glycyrrhizce Compositus, (see ante , page 228),—contains 18 per cent, of Senna. 
 Dose, gr. xx- ^j. 
 
 Syrupus Sarsaparillce Compositus (see ante , page 3 57), —contains 12 per 1000 of Senna. 
 Dose, 3 j—iv. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Senna is a very efficient and safe cathartic, producing, when taken in¬ 
 ternally, copious yellow stools in about 4 hours, with considerable griping 
 and flatulence, which may, however, be lessened by combining it with 
 carminatives. Its action is chiefly expended on the small intestine, and 
 it increases both peristalsis and secretion. It has no irritant qualities in 
 ordinary medicinal doses, and does not produce hypercatharsis, nor leave 
 constipation as an after result. Its infusion injected into the veins causes 
 both vomiting and purging; and in large doses per orem it produces nau¬ 
 sea, vomiting, flatulence, excited pulse, drastic purgation with severe tenes¬ 
 mus, but its effects are never poisonous. It may produce hemorrhoids 
 and increase the menstrual flow in women. Given to a nursing mother 
 her milk will acquire purgative powers. In some very susceptible per¬ 
 sons the odor of the leaves or of the infusion will cause an evacuation of 
 the bowels. Its odor and taste are particularly disagreeable, especially 
 when administered in infusion. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Senna would probably take rank as our best and safest cathartic but for 
 the nauseousness of its smell and taste. It is a favorite laxative in Eng¬ 
 land for children, and is used with great benefit in habitual constipation 
 or where prompt evacuation of the bowels is required. In hemorrhoids 
 and anal fissures it is employed to produce soft and easy motions; but if 
 a tendency to hemorrhoids exists, the use of this drug in cathartic doses 
 
SERPENTARIA. 
 
 365 
 
 will cause irritation of the part and induce an acute attack. For the 
 same reason it is contraindicated in any such conditions as hemorrhage 
 or inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, hemorrhoids, menor¬ 
 rhagia, abortion, etc. The least disagreeable of its preparations are the 
 Confection of Senna and the Compound Liquorice Powder. 
 
 SERPENTARIA, Virginia Snake-root ,—is the rhizome and 
 rootlets of Aristolochia Serpentaria and of Aristolochia reticulata , indi¬ 
 genous herbaceous plants of the nat. ord. Aristolochiaceae, growing in 
 rich, shady woods, with purple flowers arising from joints near the root. 
 The rhizome is about an inch long, thin and bent, having on the upper 
 side short stem-remnants, on the lower side numerous thin, branching 
 rootlets ; odor and taste are aromatic and camphoraceous. It contains a 
 volatile oil, a camphor-resin and a bitter principle named Aristolochine , 
 which is soluble in both alcohol and water. All its preparations should 
 be made from the fresh root, as it deteriorates by keeping. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Serpentarice Fluidum, —Dose, rtyx-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Serpentarice ,—10 per cent. Dose, gss-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Cinchonce Composita ,—has 2 parts of Serpentaria in 100. (See ante, page 
 177). Dose, 3j-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Serpentaria is a stimulant expectorant and tonic, also a cardiac stimu¬ 
 lant, a diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, and somewhat 
 of an antiperiodic. Its taste is warm and pungent, its odor characteris¬ 
 tic. Small doses promote appetite and digestion, increase the bronchial 
 and intestinal secretions, the action of the heart, the cutaneous circula¬ 
 tion and the surface temperature, and produce considerable mental exhila¬ 
 ration. Large doses are irritant, causing nausea and vomiting, vertigo 
 and headache, colic, borborygmi, rectal tenesmus, flatulent distention and 
 frequent but not watery stools. The irritant action seems to produce gas 
 rather than fluid. Pruritus ani and hemorrhoids are occasionally caused 
 by its use. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Serpentaria is chiefly employed as a vehicle for other stimulant drugs, 
 but has many uses of its own. In bronchial affections it is extremely 
 valuable as a stimulating expectorant. In typhoid pneumonia it is a good 
 vehicle for carbonate of ammonium, and in the exanthemata is extremely 
 useful when much depression exists. It is indicated in typhoid condi¬ 
 tions generally, and in the amenorrhoea of anaemia and chlorosis it is an 
 efficient emmenagogue in many cases. It will often restore the waning 
 sexual power in functional impotence, while in bilious vomiting it fre¬ 
 quently checks the nausea and settles the stomach. It is used as a 
 
366 
 
 SESAMI OLEUM-SEVUM-SILICATES. 
 
 vehicle for Cinchona in remittent fever. In diphtheria, scarlatina, etc., 
 the infusion forms an excellent gargle. Its diaphoretic and diuretic prop¬ 
 erties, though slight, are sometimes of avail in chronic rheumatism. 
 
 SESAMI OLEUM, Oil of Sesamum, Benne Oil, —is a fixed 
 oil expressed from the seeds of Sesamum indicum , or Benne plant (nat. 
 ord. Pedaliaceae), which is a native of India, but is cultivated in the 
 southern portion of the U. S. It is a yellowish or yellow, oily liquid, 
 inodorous or nearly so, having a bland, nut-like taste and a neutral reac¬ 
 tion. It is a bland fixed oil, very similar in its properties to olive oil, 
 and may be used for the same purposes. It is rich in Olein (76 percent.) 
 and keeps better than olive oil. It is chiefly employed as a hair-oil. 
 
 SEVUM, Suet , —is the internal fat of the abdomen of Ovis Aries 
 (the Sheep), purified by melting and straining. It should be kept in 
 well-closed vessels and not used after it has become rancid, as it will on 
 exposure to air. It is a white, smooth, solid fat, of bland taste and neu¬ 
 tral reaction, soluble in 24 of boiling alcohol, 60 of ether, and slowly in 
 2 of benzin. It consists chiefly of Stearin, but also has Palmitin and 
 Olein, and is a constituent of Unguentum Hydrargyri and Unguentum 
 Picis Liquidae. It is a harder fat than lard and more liable to turn rancid. 
 It is used in ointments and liniments to give them greater consistency, 
 but may be applied alone as a dressing to ulcers. In physiological 
 action and therapeutics it follows the other oils and fats (see ante , pages 
 282, 290). 
 
 SILICATES of Sodium (Na 2 Si 0 3 ) of Potassium (K 2 Si 0 3 ), and of 
 Magnesium (2Mg03Si0 2 ) are used in medicine and surgery, a solution of 
 the Silicate of Sodium being official. 
 
 Liquor Sodii Silicatis, Soluble Glass Solution—is a semi-trans¬ 
 parent, colorless or yellowish, viscid liquid, odorless, of sharp saline and 
 alkaline taste and alkaline reaction, of sp. gr. 1.300 to 1.400. A small 
 quantity should not produce any caustic effect when applied to the skin. 
 It usually contains about 20 per cent, of Silica and 10 per cent, of Soda, 
 and is used on bandages to make immovable dressings, being lighter than 
 plaster-of-Paris and stronger than starch. 
 
 Liquor Potassii Silicatis (Unofficial),—also known as Soluble Glass Solution,—is used 
 for immovable dressings in the same manner as the preceding. A mixture of 2 parts of 
 this solution with one of the soda salt solution is said to set more quickly and firmly than 
 either solution separately. Diluted (1 to 4) the solution of the Potassium Silicate has 
 been applied locally in erysipelas, gonorrhoea, cystitis, vaginitis, etc., as an antiseptic, and 
 with good results. 
 
SINAPIS. 
 
 367 
 
 Magnesii Silicas Hydratus, Hydrated Silicate of Magnesium, Meerschaum, 2MgO, 
 3Si0 2 + 2 H 2 0 (Unofficial),—a mineral used for the manufacture of smoking-pipes, and 
 employed in France as a substitute for Bismuth Subnitrate in obstinate choleraic diarrhoea, 
 to protect the intestinal mucous membrane or as an absorbent. It is given in fine powder 
 and in doses of sjj-iv per diem. 
 
 SINAPIS, Mustard ,—is official under the two following titles, 
 but all the pharmacopoeial preparations are made from Black Mustard 
 only. 
 
 Sinapis Alba, White Mustard,—the seed of Sinapis Alba , an annual 
 plant of the nat. ord. Cruciferae, cultivated in our gardens. It has yellow 
 flowers in racemes, and ribbed pods with a long, ensiform beak. The 
 seeds are about y 1 ^ inch in diameter, yellowish, hard, almost globular with 
 a circular hilum; embryo oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, 
 one folded over the other; inodorous, taste pungent and acrid. 
 
 White Mustard contains Myrosin , a ferment, and Sinalbin, a crystalline substance, 
 which reacting on each other in the presence of water produce Sulpho-cyanate of Acrinyl, 
 a rubefacient principle allied to the volatile oil of black mustard. It also contains Sin- 
 apine , an alkaloid, Erucic or Brassic Acid , and a bland, fixed oil, all three contained 
 also in Black Mustard. 
 
 1 
 
 Sinapis Nigra, Black Mustard,—is the seed of Sinapis nigra , an 
 annual plant of the nat. ord. Cruciferae, native of Europe but naturalized 
 in the U. S. It has small, yellow flowers standing closely together on 
 peduncles at the end of the branches, also smooth, erect pods with a 
 short beak. The seeds are about one-half the size of those from white 
 mustard, black and hard, almost globular with a circular hilum; embryo 
 as in Sinapis Alba; inodorous when dry, but when moist of a pungent, 
 irritating odor ; taste pungent and acrid. 
 
 Black Mustard contains Myrosin , a ferment, and Sinigrin (Potassium Myronate), 
 which reacting on each other in the presence of water produce the Snlpho-cyanide of 
 Allyl, or Volatile Oil of Mustard. It also contains Sinapine, an alkaloid, Erucic or 
 Brassic Acid, and a bland, fixed oil; all three of which are contained also in White 
 Mustard. 
 
 Commercial Flour of Mustard (Unofficial),—is a mixture of white 
 and black mustard seeds ground to a fine powder. It may be employed 
 in lieu of either variety. Dose, as emetic, 3 ij—iv. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Sinapis Volatile , Sulpho-cyanide of Allyl, C 4 H 5 NS,—a colorless or pale yellow 
 liquid, of very pungent and acrid odor and taste and neutral reaction, sp. gr. i.oiyto 
 1.021, almost insoluble in water but freely soluble in alcohol and ether. Dose, 
 
 Charta Sinapis , Mustard Paper,—consists of Black Mustard, the fixed oil removed by 
 percolation with Benzin, mixed with Solution of Gutta-Percha and spread on paper. 
 Each square inch should contain about gr. vj of Mustard. For local use. 
 
 Linimentum Sinapis Composition, —has of the Volatile Oil 3, Extract of Mezereum 2, 
 Camphor 6, Castor Oil 15, Alcohol to 100 parts. For local use. 
 
368 
 
 SODIUM. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Locally used, Mustard is rubefacient, counter-irritant, and a nervous 
 stimulant, causing heat, redness and severe burning pain. Its prolonged 
 application produces vesication by inducing local inflammation. Inter¬ 
 nally it is a local emetic in full doses, in smaller a condiment and carmi¬ 
 native. Its irritant effect on the gastric mucous membrane is much less 
 powerful than on the skin. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Mustard is commonly used as a local application to relieve local pain, 
 to stimulate the viscera, and to produce counter-irritation. These objects 
 find their application in muscular rheumatism, neuralgia, colic, gastralgia, 
 inflammation of the throat, larynx, bronchi, lungs, pleurae and peri¬ 
 cardium, also as a derivative in headache, cerebral congestion, and sup¬ 
 pressed menstruation. It may also be used as a stimulant to the heart, 
 vascular system and respiratory apparatus. When action of a mild cha¬ 
 racter is desired it may be diluted with flaxseed or flour. 
 
 Internally it may be employed as an emetic in indigestion or narcotic 
 poisoning. Its use as a condiment is familiar, acting by stimulation of 
 the gastric mucous membrane. In overdoses it may excite severe gastritis. 
 White mustard seed, unground, has been used as a laxative, as it pro¬ 
 duces no irritation. 
 
 The Oil is one of the most irritant of the volatile oils, producing severe 
 gastro-enteritis. It is used chiefly as an ingredient of stimulating lini¬ 
 ments, but may be employed internally in small doses. 
 
 SODIUM, Natrium, Na.—This metal is not official, but is repre¬ 
 sented by a number of official salts, which are generally colorless or white, 
 and with very few exceptions are readily soluble in water. Some of them 
 are found native, as the Chloride (in sea-water, salt lakes, salt mines),— 
 the Nitrate (in Peruvian deserts, etc.) and the Borate (in lakes of Persia, 
 California, etc.). The Carbonate is found in the ashes of marine plants. 
 From the Chloride is prepared the Sulphate, from this the Carbonate, and 
 from the latter most of the other salts are prepared. All sodium salts 
 impart a yellow color to flame, which should not appear more than tran¬ 
 siently red when observed through a blue glass, which cuts off the yellow 
 rays but allows the violet ones of Potassium to be seen. 
 
 Sodium Compounds and their Preparations. 
 
 Soda, Sodium Hydrate, Caustic Soda, NaHO,—a white, hard, opaque solid, deliques¬ 
 cent in moist air, efflorescent in dry air, odorless, of intensely acrid and caustic taste and 
 strongly alkaline reaction, soluble in 1.7 of water at 59 0 F.,and in 0.8 of boiling water, 
 very soluble in alcohol. Is a powerful caustic but milder than Potassa, and should be 
 kept in well-stoppered bottles made of hard glass. 
 
 Liquor Sodce, Solution of Soda,—contains about 5 per cent, of the hydrate, and is pre 
 pared by dissolving 180 parts of Sodium Carbonate in 400 of boiling Distilled Water, 
 
SODIUM. 
 
 369 
 
 also 60 of Lime in the same quantity of Distilled Water, boiling, mixing the solutions 
 gradually, again boiling and when cold adding water up to 1000 parts, straining, settling, 
 and then removing the clear solution. Or, by dissolving 56 of Soda in 944 of Distilled 
 Water. It is a clear, colorless liquid, odorless, of acrid and caustic taste and strongly 
 alkaline. Dose, rqv-^ss, well diluted with water. 
 
 Sodii Acetas, Acetate of Sodium, NaC 2 H 3 0 2 . 3 H 2 0 ,—large, transparent prisms, efflo¬ 
 rescent in dry air, odorless, of saline, bitter taste, and a neutral or faintly alkaline reaction, 
 soluble in 3 of water and in 30 of alcohol at 59 0 F., in 1 of boiling water and in 2 of 
 boiling alcohol. Dose, gr. xx-^j. 
 
 Sodii Carbonas, Carbonate of Sodium, Na 2 C 0 3 .ioH 2 0 ,—large, colorless crystals, 
 rapidly efflorescent, with a harsh alkaline taste and strongly alkaline reaction ; very solu¬ 
 ble in water, insoluble in alcohol. By heat it undergoes aqueous fusion and then dries 
 up, losing 63 per cent, of its weight. Of it 20 grains will neutralize 9.7 grains of Citric 
 Acid, or io *4 grains of Tartaric Acid. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Sodii Carbonas Exsiccatus , Dried Carbonate of Sodium,—is the Carbonate 200 parts 
 dried at a heat of 113 0 F., until it is converted into a white powder weighing 100 parts. 
 Is chiefly used for pharmaceutical purposes. 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonas, Bicarbonate of Sodium, NaHC 0 3 ,—an opaque, white powder,perma¬ 
 nent in the air, odorless, of cooling, saline taste, and a slightly alkaline reaction ; soluble in 
 12 of water at 59 0 F., insoluble in alcohol, decomposed by hot water. It is distinguished 
 from the Carbonate by its solution in cold water giving a white and not a colored precip¬ 
 itate with solution of perchloride of mercury. Of it 20 grains neutralize 16.7 grains of 
 Citric Acid, or 17.8 grains of Tartaric Acid. It is a constituent of Mistura Rhei et Sodae 
 (see page 336) and of Pulvis Effervescens Compositus (see page 323). Dose, gr. x-^j. 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonas Venalis , Commercial Bicarbonate of Sodium,—should contain 95 
 per cent, of pure bicarbonate, which it resembles in appearance and properties. It is 
 employed solely for external applications. 
 
 Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis, —each troche contains of the Bicarbonate 3 grains, with 
 Sugar, Nutmeg and Mucilage of Tragacanth. Dose, as of the bicarbonate. 
 
 Sodii Chloras , Chlorate of Sodium, NaC 10 3 ,—colorless, transparent tetrahedrons of 
 the regular system, permanent in dry air, odorless; of cooling, saline taste and neutral 
 reaction, soluble in I.i of water and in 40 of alcohol at 59 0 F., also in 0.5 of boiling 
 water and in 43 of boiling alcohol. When heated it melts and then gives off a portion 
 of its oxygen, leaving a residue of sodium chloride. Should be kept in well-stoppered 
 bottles, and should not be triturated with readily oxidizable or combustible substances. 
 Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Sodii Chloridum , Chloride of Sodium, Common Salt, NaCl,—white, hard, cubical crys¬ 
 tals or a crystalline powder, permanent in the air, odorless, of a purely saline taste and 
 neutral reaction; soluble in 2.8 of water at 59 0 F., and in 2.5 of boiling water. Almost 
 insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. x-^j. 
 
 Sodii Niiras, Nitrate of Sodium, Cubic Nitre, Chili Nitre, Chili Saltpetre, NaN 0 3 ,— 
 colorless, transparent crystals, slightly deliquescent, odorless, of cooling, saline and bitter 
 taste, and neutral reaction ; soluble in 1.3 of water at 59 0 F., and in 0.6 of boiling water, 
 scarcely soluble in cold alcohol. Dose, ^j-ij. 
 
 Sodii Sulphas , Sulphate of Sodium, Glauber’s Salt, Na 2 S 0 4 .ioH 2 0 ,—large, colorless, 
 transparent, monoclinic prisms, rapidly efflorescent in air; of cooling, saline taste and 
 neutral reaction; soluble in 2.8 of water at 59 0 F., in 0.25 of water at 91.4 0 F., and in 
 0.4 of boiling water, insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. v-xx; as purgative ^ss—j or a 
 third of a teaspoonful in a large glass of water. 
 
 Sodii Ethylas , Ethylate of Sodium, Caustic Alcohol, C 2 H 5 NaO (Unofficial),—is a 
 white powder, often having a brownish tinge, dissolving in water with a hissing sound. 
 Upon contact with the smallest quantity of water or moist living tissue it splits into alco¬ 
 hol and caustic soda. An alcoholic solution is made by dissolving sodium in absolute 
 alcohol, and is used as a caustic. Chloroform decomposes it at once into ether and chlo¬ 
 ride of sodium. It should be kept in a cool place as it is liable to explode. 
 
 The Arseniate of Sodmm is described under Arsenic, page 116 ;— the Benzoate under 
 Benzoin, page 129;— the Borate under Ac. Boricum, page 59;— the Bromide under 
 Bromum, page 133; —the Solution of Chlorinated Soda under Chlorum, page 172; — 
 the Iodide under Iodum, page 252; —the Hypophosphite , Phosphate and Pyrophosphate 
 under Phosphorus, page 305 ;—the Salicylate under Salicin, page 349; —the Santoni- 
 nate and its Troches under SANTONICA, page 355 ;—the Sulphite , Bisulphite and Hyposul¬ 
 phite under Acidum Sulphurosum, page 73 ; and the Sulpho-carbolate under Carholic 
 Acid, page 61. 
 
 24 
 
370 
 
 SODIUM. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The action of the Sodium salts is similar to that of the Potassium salts, 
 except that the former are feebler as alkalies, are not so depressant, and 
 are not so poisonous to the cardiac muscle or the nerves. They are dif¬ 
 fused more slowly, are neither absorbed nor excreted so readily, and have 
 not so marked a diuretic action. Locally applied in large doses to mus¬ 
 cular and nervous tissue they are paralyzant, but not so powerfully as 
 potassium salts. Urate of Sodium is not soluble like the urates of lithium 
 or potassium, being therefore much less readily excreted, and forming 
 the masses called “ chalk-stones ” in gouty subjects. Soda is a less 
 active escharotic than potash, having less affinity for water. Liquor 
 Sod^e renders the blood and secretions more alkaline, but does not alter 
 nutrition to the extent that liquor potassse does. The Acetate is con¬ 
 verted into the Carbonate in the blood, and is a less active diuretic than 
 the corresponding potassium salt. The Carbonate is chiefly used in 
 the preparation of the other salts. The Bicarbonate is slightly irritant, 
 stimulates the secretion of gastric juice, acts as an antacid and will 
 increase the alkalinity of the blood. The Chloride is a most important 
 food. It exists normally in the blood, where it keeps the fibrin and 
 albumen in solution, and plays an important part in tissue change. In 
 inflammation, being thus needed, it accumulates at the seat of the morbid 
 action, disappearing from the urine; its reappearance therein being a 
 sign of improvement. A solution of 0.65 part to 100 of water does not 
 destroy animal tissues like water alone, and may be mixed with blood 
 without destroying the corpuscles, though strong solutions are intensely 
 irritating. Internally used in quantity it is emetic and hemostatic. As 
 an enema it is destructive to ascarides. 
 
 Nitrate of Sodium is a mild cathartic, and in solution is a solvent of 
 false membranes. The Sulphate is generally cathartic in action, though 
 in small doses and with little water it may be passed off by the kidneys. 
 It is mixed with the Bicarbonate to imitate the salts obtained by evapora¬ 
 tion of Carlsbad water. The Ethylate is antiseptic, and a powerful 
 but almost painless caustic. 
 
 [The actions of the other Sodium salts are respectively described under the 
 titles of their other constituents, to which their effects are mainly referable.] 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Poisoning by caustic alkalies is treated by the dilute Vegetable acids, as vinegar, cider, 
 lemon-juice; then demulcent drinks and oils to protect the mucous membrane, and the 
 usual vital supporters. The alkalies and their carbonates are incompatible with the acids 
 and also with metallic salts, and the caustic alkalies decompose most alkaloids. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The Sodium salts treated of in this article are not much used internally, 
 the corresponding Potassium salts being preferred, especially when it is 
 desired to alkalinize the urine or to promote oxidation. In the alkaline 
 
SOMNAL. 
 
 371 
 
 treatment of stomach affections the Sodium salts are the most efficient, 
 especially the Bicarbonate before meals or on an empty stomach to 
 increase the secretion of the gastric juice. This same salt is used in 
 diabetes to lessen the amount of sugar, in frontal headache with constipa¬ 
 tion, the pain being seated at the junction of the forehead with the hairy 
 scalp,—also as a wash (gr. ij ad 3j) in itching skin-affections and as a 
 lotion in burns and eczema. The Chloride is used internally as an 
 antidote in poisoning by Nitrate of Silver and as an emetic, and will 
 often relieve hemoptysis and migraine. In bilious diarrhoea it is employed 
 in doses of gr. x- 5 j, thrice daily. Locally in baths it is a good stimu¬ 
 lant to the skin, and in solution to 1 per cent.) to wash wounds in 
 place of water, to cleanse the nasal cavities, or to destroy ascarides, in 
 which case it is given by enema of the strength of two tablespoonfuls to 
 the pint. The Carbonate may be used in dilute solution locally to pre¬ 
 vent itching, but is chiefly employed in the preparation of the other 
 salts. The Sulphate is a good purgative, either alone or with the Bicar¬ 
 bonate in imitation of Carlsbad Salts, for bilious disorders, gouty affec¬ 
 tions, chronic constipation, obesity and diabetes mellitus. The Chlo¬ 
 rate has similar uses to those of the Potassium Chlorate, but being more 
 soluble can be used in stronger solutions, but this is of doubtful benefit 
 for internal use as it has all of the irritating power on the kidneys and 
 destructive action on the blood possessed by the other salt. (See a?ite , 
 page 324.) The Nitrate is employed as a mild cathartic, and in solu¬ 
 tion by atomization to destroy the false membrane in croup. . The 
 Ethylate has been of service as a caustic in cancer, lupus and naevi, for 
 the latter affection being painted over the growth with a glass rod. 
 Caustic Soda is a better caustic than Potassa as it has less affinity for 
 water and hence does not destroy the tissues so deeply, nor has it the 
 same tendency to run over adjacent parts. 
 
 [The therapeutics of the other Sodium Compounds are described as 
 noted on page 370.] 
 
 SOMNAL, QH12CI3O3N, isa new hypnotic, introduced by a German 
 manufacturer, and formed by the union of Chloral, Alcohol and Urethan, 
 the result being a complex body, and not a simple mixture. It is a color¬ 
 less liquid, resembling chloroform in its behavior with cold water, with 
 which it forms globules and refuses to mix or dissolve. It is soluble in 
 hot water in alcoholic solutions and in alcohol, 3 parts in 1. The ad¬ 
 vantage claimed for Somnal is that when administered in 20-grain doses 
 it induces within half an hour a quiet sleep lasting from six to eight 
 hours without any inconvenient after- or by-effects. 
 
 Doses of 45 and even 60 minims produced no depression of the circulation or respira¬ 
 tion. In doses of 3 ss its action is usually very prompt, the dose is well borne always, 
 easily taken (in a little syrup of tolu or whiskey), and entirely without deleterious effect. 
 
372 
 
 SPIGELIA-STAPHISAGRIA. 
 
 The effects are much more striking and certain than those of urethane, and far less de¬ 
 pressing than those of chloral; and there is no vertigo or depression, as may follow the 
 use of Sulphonal. In drachm-doses, this drug is not powerful enough to decidedly con¬ 
 trol delirium tremens, maniacal delirium or severe pain. (Dr. Gilman Thompson.) 
 
 SPIGELIA, Pink-root ,—is the rhizome and rootlets of Spigelia 
 marilandica , the Carolina Pink, an herbaceous perennial of the nat. ord. 
 Loganiaceae, native of the southern states ; having large, showy flowers, 
 scarlet or crimson externally, yellow within. The rhizome is 2 inches 
 long, inch thick, horizontal, bent and branched; having cup-shaped 
 scars above and numerous thin rootlets below. It contains a bitter prin¬ 
 ciple and a volatile oil, also tannin, wax, resin, lignin and salts. Dose, 
 5j-ij for an adult, gr. x-xx for a child of 3 years. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Spigelice Fluidum ,—Dose for an adult, z j-ij; for a child of 3 years, ttyx-xx. 
 
 Infusum Spigelice Composition, Worm Tea (Unofficial),—has of Spigelia 15, Senna 
 10, Fennel 10, Manna 30, Water 500. Dose, 3 iss-v. 
 
 Spigelia is anthelmintic against the round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides), 
 and is in popular use as a vermifuge, administered usually with Senna. In 
 large doses it is an uncertain cathartic, and may produce quite serious 
 symptoms, as vertigo, dimness of vision, dilated pupils, spasms and even 
 convulsions. These effects are most apt to occur when the drug fails to 
 produce purgation, hence it is usually administered with an active 
 cathartic. 
 
 Spigelia Anthelmia, the Demarara Pink-root, or Worm-grass, pro¬ 
 duces vomiting, dilated pupils, dyspnoea, convulsions, and death. If 
 eaten by cattle they perish in great agony. It has been used with real 
 benefit in cardiac affections of rheumatic origin, also in rheumatic fever, 
 and in cardiac palpitation with dyspnoea, due to mitral and aortic disease. 
 A tincture (1 to 8) may be used in doses of upv-xx. 
 
 STAPHISAGRIA, Stavesacre, —is the seed of Delphinium Sla- 
 phisagria , an annual or biennial plant of the nat. ord. Ranunculaceae, a 
 native of Europe, having bluish or purple flowers, in terminal racemes; 
 and seeds in straight, oblong capsules. The seeds contain an alkaloid 
 Delphinine, probably 3 other alkaloids, a bitter principle, a volatile oil and 
 a fixed oil, etc. There are no official preparations. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Unguentum Staphisagrice (Unofficial),—contains of the powdered seeds 1 part with 2 
 each of olive oil and lard. 
 
 Delphinina, Delphinine, C 22 H 35 N 0 6 (Unofficial),—is the active alkaloid, and exists in 
 the fatty oil which is extracted by ether. Dose, gr. A-j. 
 
 Stavesacre is a violent emetic and cathartic, also parasiticide. The 
 alkaloid is irritant to the skin if locally used, producing tingling, burn¬ 
 ing, and inflammation. Internally, it lowers the activity of the heart 
 
STILLINGIA. 
 
 373 
 
 and respiration and produces a most profound adynamia, and may prove 
 fatal from paralysis of the spinal cord and asphyxia. In many respects 
 its alkaloid resembles Aconitine and Veratrine. 
 
 The ointment is often employed as a parasiticide against pediculi and 
 the acarus scabies. The fixed oil is probably equally effective. Delphi- 
 nine has been used internally in asthma, rheumatism and neuralgia, and 
 in the latter affection is well employed as an ointment (gr. xx to 5j)> 
 applied over the course of painful superficial nerves. It has been sug¬ 
 gested as an antipyretic and for dropsy. A tincture or fluid extract is a 
 very efficient application against pediculi. 
 
 STILLINGIA, Queen’s Root, —is the root of Stillingia sylvatica, 
 or Queen’s Delight, an indigenous, perennial plant of the nat. ord. 
 Euphorbiacese, with yellow flowers on a spike, and a large, thick and 
 woody root, of peculiar and unpleasant odor, and an acrid, pungent, 
 bitter taste. It contains a resin and a volatile oil, but its active principle 
 has not yet been isolated. The fresh root should be used in making the 
 preparations, as those from the dried root are almost inactive. Dose of 
 the powdered root, gr. x-5j. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Stillingice Fluidum, —Dose, rrpx-^j. 
 
 Tindura Stillingice (Unofficial),—Dose, 3 ss—ij. 
 
 Decodum Stillingice (Unofficial),— ad Oj. Dose, 5j-ij. 
 
 Syrupus Stillingice Compositus (Unofficial),—is composed of Stillingia, Corydalis, Iris, 
 Chimaphila, Coriander, Xanthoxylum, Sambucus, Sugar, Water and Alcohol. For the 
 formula, see U. S. Disp., page 1363. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Stillingia in large doses is emetic and cathartic, in smaller doses it is 
 expectorant, diaphoretic, diuretic, sialagogue and cholagogue, possessing 
 the various properties which are considered “alterative.” Its taste is 
 acrid and pungent, and it increases the action of the heart, skin, kidneys, 
 and bronchial mucous membrane; and the gastric, hepatic, intestinal and 
 salivary excretions. Full doses often excite epigastric pain, nausea and 
 vomiting. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Stillingia is much employed with Sarsaparilla and similar acting drugs 
 as an alterative in syphilitic affections, particularly in chronic cases of 
 the tertiary form, in which the system is greatly reduced by the abuse of 
 mercurials and iodides. In these cases it possesses considerable power 
 and frequently cures. It is also valuable in strumous affections, in ascites 
 due to hepatic changes, portal congestions with jaundice following mala¬ 
 ria, habitual constipation, hemorrhoids from hepatic obstruction, and 
 intermittents. In the latter affection the fluid extract with Quinine or 
 Arsenic is a very useful combination. A strong decoction is used toward 
 off an impending paroxysm of ague. 
 
374 
 
 STRAMONIUM. 
 
 STRAMONIUM, Thornapple. —The plant Datura Stramonium, 
 Jamestown Weed or Thornapple (nat. ord. Solanaceae), is official in two 
 forms, the leaves and the seed. It is an annual, of rank and vigorous 
 growth, having a green stem with large white flowers, and numerous seeds 
 in a large, fleshy, four-celled capsule, open at the summit. It grows wild 
 in Southern Russia and the middle United States, and contains an alka¬ 
 loid, Daturine , which is generally considered identical with Atropine 
 both physiologically and chemically,—also malic acid, albumen, gum, 
 resin, etc. 
 
 Stramonii Folia, —the leaves of Datura Stramoniutn, are about 6 
 inches long, smooth, petiolate, ovate, pointed, unequal at the base, coarsely 
 toothed, of bitter and nauseous taste. Dose, gr. ij-xx. 
 
 Stramonii Semen, —the seed of Datura Stramonium, is about 
 inch long, reniform, flattened, pitted and wrinkled, the testa blackish 
 and hard, enclosing a curved embryo embedded in whitish, oily albu¬ 
 men ; of unpleasant odor when bruised and an oily, bitter taste. Dose, 
 gr. j. The official preparations are all made from the seed. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Stratnonii, —Dose, gr 
 
 Extraction Stramonii Fluidum ,—Dose, TT\j-v. 
 
 Tinctura Stramonii ,—io per cent. Dose, ftp v-xxx. 
 
 Unguentum Stramonii ,—has of the Extract io, Water 5, Benzoinated Lard 85 parts. 
 
 Daturina, Daturine, C 17 H 23 N 0 3 (Unofficial),—is the alkaloid found in all parts of 
 the plant, also in Datura Tatula. It is a Tropate of Tropin, isomeric and identical with 
 Atropine. Dose, gr. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 The action of Stramonium is similar to that of Belladonna in almost 
 every particular, except that Stramonium is more powerful and chiefly 
 influences the sympathetic nervous system, not affecting the motor or sen¬ 
 sory nerves. It excites a greater degree of cardiac irregularity and a 
 more furious delirium, and seems to have a special affinity for the gen¬ 
 erative apparatus, being decidedly aphrodisiac in full doses. [Compare 
 Belladonna, ante, page 126.] 
 
 As previously stated the alkaloids, Atropine, Daturine, Hyoscyamine, 
 and Duboisine are chemically alike and almost identical physiologically. 
 They all produce dilatation of the pupil, increase the cardiac action, the 
 pulse and respiration rate, and cause delirium. Poisoning by one of them 
 is indistinguishable from that by another. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 These are the same as for Belladonna. Poisoning by Stramonium is not uncommon, as 
 children may eat the seeds, which should be evacuated by an emetic. If physiological 
 symptoms follow Opium must be exhibited as the antagonist, but cautiously, lest opium- 
 narcosis be substituted. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Stramonium is chiefly used as an antispasmodic and to relieve pain. In 
 asthma the leaves are smoked with advantage at the commencement of a 
 
STROPHANTHUS. 
 
 375 
 
 paroxysm, the smoke being drawn into the lungs. In other spasmodic 
 affections, as hepatic colic, laryngeal cough, chorea and stammering, it is 
 very beneficial. In dysmenorrhcea and neuralgia it is used in combina¬ 
 tion with Opium and Hyoscyamus, and in tic douloureux and sciatica it 
 is often very efficient. In nymphomania with great mental depression it 
 is often very effective, and in mania of furious character, particularly the 
 puerperal form with suicidal tendency, it is highly serviceable in 10-20 
 minim doses of the tincture every 3 or 4 hours. The ointment is much 
 used in irritable ulcers, and as an anodyne application in painful hemor¬ 
 rhoids and certain cutaneous diseases. 
 
 STROPHANTHUS, —is the seed of Strophanthus hispidus , an Af¬ 
 rican climbing plant (nat. ord. Apocynacese), from which the natives 
 extract a toxic preparation known as the Kombd arrow-poison. It con¬ 
 tains a crystalline glucoside, named Strophanthin , the active principle, 
 which is bitter, slightly acid, soluble in water and in alcohol, but almost 
 insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzin, etc. It is very plentiful in the 
 seeds (8 to 10 per cent.), and is an agent of great energy, the frog being 
 killed by a solution of 1 in 10,000,000. (Denian.) 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Professor Frazer recommends the tincture. 
 
 Tinclura Strophanthi (1 in 20),—Dose, rr^v-x, or rrp^-ij frequently repeated. A 
 stronger tincture (i in 8) is on the market. 
 
 Strophanthinum, Strophanthin,—Dose, gr. hypodermically, gr. has been 
 
 used, the influence of the one injection upon the circulation lasting at least 8 days. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Strophanthus acts primarily upon muscular tissue, by direct contact 
 through the blood, and with great energy. It increases the contractile 
 power of all striped muscle, and in poisonous quantity it fixes the muscu¬ 
 lar contraction into a condition of tetanic permanence, the muscle being 
 unable to resume its normal condition of partial flexibility. As the heart 
 receives much more blood in a given time than any other muscle in the 
 body, it is quickly and markedly affected by the strophanthus-charged 
 fluid, and by regulating the dosage, the cardiac muscle may alone be 
 affected, by a quantity which would not influence the other muscles. 
 
 Small doses stimulate the cardiac contractions, increasing the force of 
 the ventricular systole, and lowering the rate of the heart-beats. At the 
 same time the general blood-pressure is raised, and diuresis produced, 
 both being due to the vis a tergo ,—the direct stimulation of the circulation 
 from behind. Large doses paralyze the heart in systole, and leave the 
 cardiac muscle in a state of contraction resembling cadaveric rigidity. It 
 does not act through the nervous system, but paralyzes muscular tissue, 
 striated and non-striated, by direct contact;—and when contractility has 
 
376 
 
 STYRAX. 
 
 been once destroyed thereby, no stimulus will re-excite it. It does not 
 affect the vascular system directly. 
 
 Compared with Digitalis, then, we have in Strophanthus a much more 
 powerful cardiac stimulant, differing from Digitalis in not producing any 
 vaso-motor constriction of the arterioles. It reduces the pulse, lowers 
 body-temperature somewhat, is not cumulative in action, and does not 
 cause any gastro-intestinal disturbance. It is diuretic, by direct stimula¬ 
 tion of the renal circulation ; and has power over rigors, by its rapid 
 cardiac action, stopping them, and preventing their recurrence. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Strophanthus is the most valuable of the cardiac stimulants, from the 
 rapidity and permanence of its action, as well as its non-interference with 
 the calibre of the peripheral vessels. It relieves cardiac dyspnoea in a few 
 minutes, in less than an hour it modifies the pulse-rate, and the influence 
 of a single dose upon the circulation persists for a very long time. It is 
 certain to replace Digitalis in the treatment of chronic Bright’s disease 
 and valvular lesions of the heart, where it is important that the work of 
 the heart should not be increased by any additional resistance in the 
 arterial system. 
 
 Strophanthus has been exceedingly useful in the treatment of Bright’s 
 disease, for the dyspnoea, orthopnoea, dropsy and uraemia ; also in mitral 
 insufficiency, with great anasarca and dyspnoea; in palpitation, exagge¬ 
 rated cardiac action, and in weak heart, and for exophthalmos, with 
 tumultuous action of the heart; also pulmonary oedema, due to valvular 
 lesions, or to pneumonia. It is useful in endocarditis, also in atheroma 
 of the arteries; in reflex palpitation of neurasthenia, hysteria and chlo¬ 
 rosis, and for rigors due to catheterization, or operations on the urethra. 
 
 STYRAX, Storax ,—is a balsam prepared from the inner bark of 
 Liquidambar orientalis , the Oriental Sweet-gum, a tree of the nat. ord. 
 Hamamelaceae, growing in Asia Minor. It is semi-liquid, sticky, opaque 
 and gray-colored, of agreeable odor and balsamic taste, completely 
 soluble (except accidental impurities) in an equal weight of warm alcohol. 
 It consists of a volatile oil named Styrol , C 8 H 8 ,—a crystalline solid 
 Styracin , which is a cinnamate of cinnamic ether,—two peculiar resins, 
 one hard, the other soft,—and Cinnatnic Acid , C 9 H 9 0 2 , a colorless, odor¬ 
 less, crystalline body, closely allied to Benzoic Acid, excreted in the 
 urine partly as Hippuric Acid, and occurs also in the Balsams of Peru and 
 Tolu. Dose of Storax, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Tinctura Benzoini Composita , Friar’s Balsam,—contains 8 per cent, of Storax. (See 
 ante, page 129.) Dose, gss-ij. 
 
SUCCINUM-SULPHUR AND SULPHIDES. 
 
 377 
 
 Storax is a stimulant expectorant, an antiseptic and a disinfectant, 
 acting both locally and remotely, like Benzoin and the Balsams of Tolu 
 and Peru. It is used with benefit in chronic bronchitis and other affec¬ 
 tions of the respiratory organs, also in chronic catarrhs of the genito¬ 
 urinary passages, in gonorrhoea and in amenorrhcea. Externally it is 
 employed in ointment as a detergent for foul ulcers, and as a parasiticide 
 for scabies and phthiriasis. 
 
 SUCCINUM, Amber,— the source of the official Oil of Amber, is 
 a fossil resin, occurring in alluvial deposits, chiefly in Prussia, Bohemia, 
 and Courland. It is usually associated with lignite, sometimes encloses 
 insects and parts of vegetables, and consists of a volatile oil, a yellow 
 resin, another resin, succinic acid and a bituminous principle. Its 
 source is thought to be an extinct coniferous tree, the Pinites succinifer , 
 of which amber represents the exudation. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Oleum Succini , Oil of Amber,—is a volatile oil obtained by the destructive distillation 
 of Amber, and purified by subsequent rectification;—a colorless or pale yellow, thin 
 liquid, of sp. gr. about 0.920, of empyreumatic and balsamic odor, a warm, acrid taste, 
 and a neutral or faintly acid reaction, and readily soluble in alcohol. Dose, gtt. v-x. 
 
 Oil of Amber is stimulant, antispasmodic and diuretic, when used 
 internally. Externally it is irritant and rubefacient. It has been em¬ 
 ployed with benefit in epilepsy, hysteria, convulsions, amenorrhcea, 
 whooping-cough, etc. As a liniment it is often used in chronic rheuma¬ 
 tism, and has been applied along the spine in infantile convulsions, mixed 
 with an equal part of laudanum and diluted with olive oil or brandy. 
 
 SULPHUR, and SULPHIDES. —The non-metallic element Sul¬ 
 phur, S, is a brittle solid of a pale yellow color, permanent in the air, of 
 crystalline texture and susceptible of several allotropic states, which are 
 for the most part induced by heat. It is obtained native in several vol¬ 
 canic districts, or from the native Sulphides of Iron and Copper (iron 
 and copper pyrites) by roasting, as it sublimes at about 238° F. It is 
 official in three forms, viz.: 
 
 Sulphur Sublimatum, Sublimed Sulphur, S,—is prepared from 
 crude Sulphur by sublimation and condensation. It is a fine citron-yel¬ 
 low powder, of faintly acid taste and acid reaction, insoluble in water or 
 alcohol. Ignited it burns with a blue flame, forming sulphurous acid gas, 
 and leaving no residue or only a trace. Dose, gr. x-xx-lx. 
 
 Sulphur Lotum, Washed Sulphur, S,—prepared by digesting sub¬ 
 limed Sulphur with dilute Water of Ammonia, thoroughly washing with 
 water and passing through a No. 30 sieve. In this process the Ammonia 
 
37 § 
 
 SULPHUR AND SULPHIDES. 
 
 dissolves out any Sulphide of Arsenic which may be present and neutral¬ 
 izes any Sulphurous or Sulphuric Acid. [For solubility and dose see S. 
 Pr^cipitatum, below.] 
 
 Sulphur Praecipitatum, Precipitated Sulphur, Lac Sulphuris, Milk 
 of Sulphur, S,—prepared by boiling sublimed Sulphur with slaked lime 
 and water, thus forming the Sulphide and Hyposulphite of Calcium. 
 These are then decomposed by HC 1 , and Sulphur is precipitated as a very 
 fine powder which is next washed until the washings are tasteless, and it 
 is dried with a gentle heat. The result is a very fine, yellowish-white, 
 amorphous powder, odorless and almost tasteless, insoluble in water or 
 alcohol, but completely soluble in disulphide of carbon or a boiling solu¬ 
 tion of soda. By heat it is completely volatilized. Dose, gr. x- 3 j. 
 
 Preparations of Sulphur. 
 
 Unguentum Sulphuris, —has of Sublimed Sulphur 30, Benzoinated Lard 70 parts, 
 rubbed together. 
 
 Unguentum Sulphuris Alkalinum ,—has of Washed Sulphur 20, Potassium Carbonate 
 10, Water 5, Benzoinated Lard 65 parts, thoroughly rubbed together. 
 
 Pulvis Glycyrrhizce Compositus (see ante , page 228) contains 8 per cent, of Sulphur 
 Lotum; and Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro (see ante, page 93) contains I 
 per 1000 of Sulphur Sublimatum. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid is described under Acidum Sulphuricum, ante, page 72; Sulphurous 
 Acid and the Sulphites under Acidum Sulphurosum , ante, page 73. The Sulphates are 
 noted under the titles of their respective bases. 
 
 Ichthyol, —is a preparation obtained from a bitumen found in the Tyrol, and regarded as 
 the residue of extinct fishes. It contains Sulphur in the proportion of about 10 per cent., 
 is soluble in a mixture of Ether and Alcohol mixes with vaseline, oils and lard, and is 
 non-irritant to the skin. For local use, in a 10 to 20 per cent, ointment. 
 
 Sulphides and their Preparations. 
 
 Calcii Sulphidum, Sulphide of Calcium, CaS (Unofficial),—is the preparation named 
 “ Hepar Sulphuris, Liver of Sulphur,” by the homceopathists, who prepare it by mixing 
 equal parts of powdered oyster-shell and sublimed sulphur, and heating at a white heat 
 in a crucible hermetically sealed. It is a constituent of the following official compound, 
 viz.: 
 
 Calx Sulphurata , Sulphurated Lime,—is commonly misnamed Sulphide of Calcium. 
 It is a mixture of Calcium Sulphide and Calcium Sulphate, CaS -f- CaS 0 4 , in varying pro¬ 
 portions, but containing not less than 36 per cent, of the former, and is prepared by heat- 
 ing together in a closed crucible Powdered Lime 100 parts and Precipitated Sulphur 90 
 parts, at a low red heat for one hour. The result, rubbed to powder, is grayish-white, of 
 offensive taste and alkaline reaction, very slightly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. 
 Dose, gr. ^4. 
 
 Potassa Sulphurata, Sulphurated Potassa,—formerly called Hepar Sulphuris,—is a 
 mixture of Potassium Trisulphide with small quantities of Potassium Hyposulphite and 
 Sulphate, formed by heating together 1 part of Sublimed Sulphur with 2 of Potassium 
 Carbonate, until melted. Of a liver-brown color gradually changing with age to a greenish- 
 or brownish-yellow, of disagreeable odor, alkaline and repulsive taste and alkaline reaction. 
 Soluble in 2 of water, excepting a small residue, partly soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. 
 ij-x, in pill or solution. 
 
 Sulphuris Iodidum, Iodide of Sulphur, Iodine Disulphide, I. 2 S 2 ,—is prepared by fusing 
 together Washed Sulphur 1 part, and Iodine 4. It is a grayi>h-black crystalline solid, having 
 the odor of iodine, an acrid taste and a faintly acid reaction, insoluble in water, but very 
 soluble in disulphide of carbon and in about 60 of glycerin. Alcohol and ether dissolve 
 out the iodine, leaving the sulphur. Only used as ointment, gr. xxx to the 5. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide, Sulphuretted Hydrogen, Id 2 S (Unofficial),—is used only as a 
 test. It is a colorless gas having the smell of rotten eggs, prepared by the action of dilute 
 Sulphuric Acid on Sulphide of Iron ; the gas being passed into water a solution is obtained. 
 
SULPHUR AND SULPHIDES. 
 
 379 
 
 It precipitates most of the metals from acid solutions as sulphides, that with Arsenic 
 being yellow; with Antimony, orange; with Cadmium, yellow; with Copper, Lead, 
 Mercury and Silver, black; with Bismuth, brown ; with Gold and Platinum, brownish- 
 black. 
 
 Bisulphide of Carbon is described under Carbo, ante, page 154 ; Sulphide of Antimony 
 and Sulphurated Antimony under Antimonium, ante , page 102. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Sulphur is a mild laxative and a diaphoretic. In contact with living 
 protoplasm it enters into combination and produces either sulphuretted 
 hydrogen or sulphurous acid; taken into the intestinal canal a large por¬ 
 tion passes out unchanged, some of it being converted by the alkaline bile 
 into sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphides. The former is excreted by 
 the lungs, giving to the breath the smell of rotten eggs, and by the skin, 
 discoloring silver articles carried about the person by forming a sulphide 
 of silver. The Sulphides are partly absorbed into the blood, and are 
 excreted in the urine, chiefly as sulphates, and in the faeces, which they 
 blacken and render soft. Given in full doses they are irritant to the 
 stomach and intestines, extremely nauseous to the taste and smell, increase 
 the secretions of the intestinal glands, and peristaltic action, and if used 
 for any length of time they impair the blood, causing anaemia, emacia¬ 
 tion, tremor and great debility. 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen is very destructive to plant life, and in ani¬ 
 mals it destroys the tissue functions, decomposing the blood and para¬ 
 lyzing the nervous and the muscular systems. The symptoms of poisoning 
 are those of asphyxia; muscular tremors occur and are followed by con¬ 
 vulsions and death. This gas is often found in cesspools in large quantities, 
 but in one case poisoning occurred from its excessive formation in the 
 intestines and subsequent absorption into the blood. 
 
 Calx Sulphurata and Potassa Sulphurata act like the sulphides as 
 local irritants and in large doses as irritant poisons, producing narcotic 
 symptoms and convulsions. In small doses they act like sulphur and are 
 supposed by many observers to have a peculiar influence on suppuration 
 to limit or prevent it if given in small doses frequently repeated. 
 
 The Iodide is believed to possess some of the properties of both its 
 elements. It is doubtful whether it is a distinct chemical compound or 
 merely a physical mixture. As a parasiticide it is very efficient, and has 
 been found remarkably alterative in many local affections of chronic char¬ 
 acter, but may prove very irritant to the skin if improperly prepared. 
 
 [The actions of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphurous Acid and the Sulphites 
 are respectively described on pages 72 and 73, ante.~\ 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. 
 
 Solutions of the Sulphides are decomposed by the mineral acids and by solutions of 
 metallic salts. Antidotes are Chlorine-water, Chlorides of Sodium and Potassium, Sul¬ 
 phate of Iron, etc. Poisoning by Sulphuretted Hydrogen is best treated by artificial 
 respiration. 
 
SUMBUL. 
 
 38O 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Sulphur is chiefly used as a laxative when pultaceous rather than liquid 
 stools are required, as in hemorrhoids, anal fissure, or constipation. 
 Scabies has long been treated by its local and internal use, but sulphur 
 alone does not kill the itch insect. The older sulphur ointments were 
 made with sublimed sulphur, and probably contained a considerable 
 amount of sulphurous acid on which their parasiticide property depended. 
 The recent ointments, made with purified sulphur, all contain an alkaline 
 ingredient and develop sulphides which are powerful insect poisons. 
 Sulphur fumigations are practically applications of volatile sulphurous 
 acid, while most of the sulphur baths and mineral waters are solutions of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen or of the alkaline sulphides. They are of value in 
 lead poisoning to favor the elimination of that metal, in chronic consti¬ 
 pation, chronic rheumatism and sciatica, and many skin diseases, especially 
 chronic psoriasis, eczema, pityriasis and prurigo. The Ointment and the 
 Alkaline Ointment are both used in scabies. 
 
 The Iodide has been used internally in scrofula, glanders and cutaneous 
 disorders, but it is chiefly employed as an ointment in lupus and parasitic 
 skin diseases, especially herpes circinatus. 
 
 Calx Sulphurata is extremely efficient as an internal remedy in crops 
 of boils, scrofulous sores, glandular enlargements, acne, etc., and will 
 prevent or limit suppuration. For these purposes it must be used in small 
 doses (gr. d_) frequently repeated. 
 
 Potassa Sulphurata is only used externally as baths or ointment in 
 skin diseases and mucous discharges, also in chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Ichthyol has been introduced by Dr. Unna, of Hamburg, the cele¬ 
 brated dermatologist, as a promptly efficient remedy in certain chronic 
 skin diseases, particularly eczema and psoriasis. It mixes with vaseline, 
 lard and oils, is soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol, and is not irri¬ 
 tant locally, even if covered with oiled silk. 
 
 In one case of eczema infantile, an ointment was applied containing 1 
 part of Ichthyol to 5 of Vaseline, resulting in the child’s sinking into a 
 stupor which lasted for 12 hours. Though recovery was complete, the 
 result of the application shows that care must be used in the employment 
 of the remedy, as it is not devoid of danger (Sinclair). 
 
 SUMBUL ,—is the root of Ferula Sumbul, a very large plant of the nat. 
 ord. Umbelliferse, which grows to the height of 8 feet in the mountains of 
 Northern Asia. The root occurs in transverse segments of a strong and 
 musk-like odor and a bitter, balsamic taste, and contains Angelic Acid, 
 C 5 H 8 0 ..j, Valerianic Acid, C 5 H 10 O 2 , also a volatile oil, two balsamic resins, a 
 bitter substance, etc. Dose, gr. xxx- 5 j or more in infusion, decoction, etc. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Tinctura Sumbul, 10 per cent. Dose, gj-iv. 
 
TABACUM. 
 
 3 Sl 
 
 Sumbul is an efficient nerve tonic, having qualities closely resembling 
 musk and valerian. It is used by the Russian physicians in very many 
 morbid conditions, and seems to be a favorite remedy in that country for 
 almost any disease. It is probably of some value in hysteria and other 
 nervous derangements of delicate females, and may be used as a substitute 
 for musk in typhoid conditions and fevers, asthma, delirium tremens and 
 perhaps in epilepsy. 
 
 TABACUM, Tobacco, —the commercial, dried leaves of Nicotiana 
 Tabacum , an annual plant of the nat. ord. Solanaceae, native of tropical 
 America, but cultivated in several parts of the world, especially in Cuba 
 and Virginia. The leaves are large, as long as 20 inches, mottled-brown, 
 ovate or lanceolate, glandular-hairy; having a heavy, peculiar odor, and 
 a nauseous, bitter and acrid taste. It contains a very powerful and poi¬ 
 sonous fluid alkaloid named Nicotine , C 10 H U N 2 , also a concrete, campho- 
 raceous, volatile oil, Nicotianin , besides alkaline salts (nitrates, phos¬ 
 phates), and other less important substances. Its combustion gives rise 
 to several empyreumatic products, of which Pyridine , C 5 H 5 N, and its com¬ 
 pounds are the chief, having somewhat the same action as Nicotine, but of 
 less severity. Besides these products, tobacco-smoke contains Creasote, 
 Hydrocyanic and Hydrosulphurous acids, etc., but little or no Nicotine. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Enema Tabaci ,—gr. xx infused in ^ viij Boiling Water, and administered as one 
 enema. 
 
 Vinum Tabaci ,— 3j to the pint. Dose, npv-^j. 
 
 Oleum Tabaci ,—is an empyreumatic product, obtained by distillation at a temperature 
 above that of boiling water, and a most virulent poison. 
 
 Nicotina, Nicotine, Cj qHj 4 N 2 ,—the alkaloid and active principle; a colorless, oily- 
 looking fluid, having the odor of tobacco and an acrid taste ; readily soluble in water, and 
 forming soluble salts with acids. Dose, TT^^j—rV m strychnine-poisoning, up to ttpij in 2 
 hours. 
 
 [Other Liquid Alkaloids besides Nicotine are—Coniine, Muscarine, Sparteine, Lobe¬ 
 line, Lupuline, and Pyridine.] 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Tobacco is a very depressant nauseant, an emetic by irritant as well as 
 systemic action, and an antispasmodic ; also sternutatory, diuretic, dia¬ 
 phoretic, cathartic, sedative and narcotic. It paralyzes the motor nerv¬ 
 ous system, its action commencing at the periphery and extending to the 
 spinal cord. It increases the salivary and intestinal secretions, and pro¬ 
 duces diuresis, tremor, clonic spasms and a tetanic stage followed by pa¬ 
 resis. It contracts the pupils, depresses the heart, lowers arterial tension, 
 reduces body-temperature, and causes profuse sweating, cold and clammy 
 skin, collapse and death usually by paralysis of respiration, sometimes by 
 
382 
 
 TAMARINDUS. 
 
 paralysis of the heart. It does not impair the muscular irritability, nor 
 does it act upon the cerebrum directly. Its empyreumatic products act 
 similarly but less powerfully. Fatal results have followed on the inhalation 
 of its vapor into the lungs. 
 
 Nicotine is almost as rapidly fatal as Prussic Acid, death having oc¬ 
 curred from a toxic dose in three minutes, with no symptoms except a 
 wild stare and a deep sigh. 
 
 The continued use of Tobacco in excess by smoking or chewing pro¬ 
 duces granular inflammation of the fauces and pharynx, atrophy of the 
 retina, dyspepsia, lowered sexual power, nervous depression, and occa¬ 
 sionally angina pectoris. Used by the young it hinders the development 
 of the higher nerve centres, and impairs the body nutrition by interfering 
 with the processes of digestion and assimilation. 
 
 Strychnine is the true physiological antagonist to Nicotine (or Tobacco) and vice versa. 
 Alcohol, Ammonia, Ergot, Digitalis, Belladonna, etc., antagonize its action on the circu¬ 
 lation. In poisoning by Tobacco the means resorted to are evacuation of the stomach, 
 Tannin, Iodides, and artificial respiration. A curious synergism has been observed by the 
 author between Opium and Tobacco. If a person, habituated to the use of the latter, 
 either by smoking or chewing, begins to use Morphine, the smallest quantity of Tobacco 
 will make him sick, the symptoms being those experienced by a novice in its use. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Tobacco is now but little used in medicine; the dangers attending its 
 employment either internally or externally have caused it to be super¬ 
 seded by less violently acting agents. The chief indications for its use 
 are to relax spasm and to relieve local pain. It may be employed with 
 advantage in habitual constipation, for the dyspnoea of spasmodic asthma 
 and emphysema, and in nymphomania and chordee. Intestinal affections 
 like impaction of the caecum, intussusception and strangulated hernia may 
 be overcome by a tobacco-enema to relax spasm, but it is a dangerous ex¬ 
 pedient. In dropsy, especially the renal form, it makes a very efficient 
 diuretic. In tetanus there is no more effective remedy than minim doses 
 of the alkaloid every two hours by the stomach, or npij by the rectum, 
 or better still the wine in io-minim doses repeated for effect. Strych¬ 
 nine-poisoning is best met by minute doses of Nicotine (gr. hypoder¬ 
 mically, as a physiological antagonist. 
 
 The use of Tobacco in moderation, when under excessive exertion, aids 
 in supporting the system and lessening the sense of fatigue. Smokers 
 rarely suffer from constipation, but generally experience an immediate 
 laxative result from their morning cigar. 
 
 TAMARINDUS, Tamarind, —is the preserved pulp of the fruit of 
 Tamarindus indica, a large tree of the nat. ord. Leguminosae, native in 
 the East and West Indies. It occurs as a reddish-brown, sweet-acid and 
 
TANACETUM-TARAXACUM. 
 
 383 
 
 pulpy mass, containing strong, branching fibres and brown, quadrangular 
 seeds, each enclosed in a tough membrane. It contains citric, tartaric 
 and malic acids, sugar, gum, potassium bitartrate, etc. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Confectio Senna (see ante , page 364),—contains Tamarind to the amount of 10 per 
 cent. Dose, gj-ij. 
 
 Tamarind is a laxative and refrigerant fruit. In infusion it may be 
 used by convalescents as a pleasant acidulous drink, or the pulp may be 
 boiled with milk as a whey for the same purpose. As a laxative it is 
 usually prescribed in connection with other agents having the same 
 action. 
 
 TANACETUM, Tansy ,—the leaves and tops of Tanacetum vul- 
 gare, a perennial, herbaceous plant of the nat. ord. Compositae, having 
 yellow flowers in dense terminal corymbs, indigenous in Europe, but 
 cultivated in our gardens, and growing wild in roads and old fields. It 
 contains a volatile oil, a bitter principle named Tanacetin , a tannic acid, 
 etc. There are no official preparations, but a fluid extract may be pre¬ 
 pared according to the general rule and administered in doses of TTpx-oj. 
 The dose of the volatile oil (Oleum Tanaceti) is 1 to 3 drops. An infu¬ 
 sion (Tansy Tea) may be made in the proportion of gj to the pint, and 
 used in doses of gj-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Tansy is emmenagogue, diuretic and anthelmintic, an aromatic bitter • 
 and an irritant narcotic. Fatal results have frequently followed upon 
 overdoses of the oil (gss-j), or strong decoctions, preceded by clonic 
 spasms, disturbed respiration and cessation of the heart’s action. It is a 
 useful remedy in amenorrhoea, but is in popular repute as an abortifacient, 
 a virtue which it does not possess except in quantity dangerous to life. 
 
 TARAXACUM, Dandelion ,—is the root, gathered in autumn, of 
 Taraxacum Dens-leonis , an herbaceous plant of the nat. ord. Compositae, 
 with a perennial fusiform root, long, sinuate-toothed or runcinate leaves, 
 and slender peduncles, each bearing a single head of yellow flowers. All 
 parts of the plant contain a bitter, milky juice, exuding from any break 
 or wound. Its constituents are a bitter amorphous principle named 
 Taraxacin , a crystalline principle Taraxacerin , with potassium and cal¬ 
 cium salts, inulin, and resinoid bodies, etc. The French name for the 
 plant is “ Pissenlit.” 
 
3 §4 
 
 TEREBINTHINA. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Taraxaci ,— Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Extractum Taraxaci Fluidum ,— Dose, £ j- 5 j. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Taraxacum is a bitter tonic, a diuretic and an aperient It has been, 
 supposed to act especially on the liver, and is chiefly used in dyspepsia 
 with hepatic torpor. As found in the shops it is usually inert. The ex¬ 
 tract is probably only of value as an excipient for pills. 
 
 TEREBINTHINA, Turpentine, —means a vegetable exudation, 
 liquid or concrete, which consists of resin combined with a peculiar 
 essential oil named Oil of Turpentine (C 10 H 16 ), and generally procured 
 from various species of the nat. ord. Coniferae (cone-bearers). Of the 
 many turpentines two only are official, viz : — 
 
 Terebinthina, Turpentine,—a concrete oleoresin obtained from Pimts 
 australis , the Yellow Pine, and from other species of Pinus , nat. ord. 
 Coniferae. Occurs in tough, yellowish masses, brittle when cold, crummy- 
 crystalline interiorly, of terebinthinate odor and taste. Dose, gr. v-xxx 
 as a stimulant, antispasmodic or diuretic; 3ij—iv as an anthelmintic. 
 
 Terebinthina Canadensis, Canada Turpentine, Balsam of Fir,—a 
 liquid oleoresin obtained from Abies balsamea , the Silver Fir, or Balm of 
 Gilead, a tree of the nat. ord. Coniferae. A yellowish, transparent, viscid 
 liquid, of agreeable, terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish and slightly acrid 
 taste, slowly drying on exposure, forming a transparent mass; completely 
 soluble in ether, chloroform or benzol. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 [For Pitch and its preparations, see ante , page 315.] 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Oleum Terebinthince, Oil of Turpentine, Spirits of Turpentine,—is a volatile oil distilled 
 from Turpentine, any variety furnishing it. Dose, as a stimulant or diuretic, rr^v-xv, in 
 emulsion, 3 to 6 times daily;—as a cathartic or anthelmintic ^ ss or more, combined with 
 other cathartics. A little glycerin and oil of gaultheria will disguise the taste. 
 
 A thin, colorless liquid, of characteristic odor and taste, having the sp. gr. 0.855 to 
 0.870, soluble in 6 of alcohol, mixes with other volatile and fixed oils, and dissolves resins, 
 wax, sulphur, phosphorus and iodine. Bromine and powdered Iodine act violently on it, 
 and when brought into contact with a mixture of Nitric and Sulphuric Acids it takes fire. 
 It is isomeric with a number of volatile oils, has the formula C 10 H 16 —but constantly 
 absorbs oxygen from the air when exposed, becoming thicker and less active, from forma¬ 
 tion of resin. It is a mixture of several hydrocarbons, each having the same formula as 
 itself, viz.:—C 10 II 16 . 
 
 Linimentum Terebinthince , Turpentine Liniment,—has 35 parts of the oil with 65 of 
 Resin Cerate. 
 
 Linimentum Cantharidis, contains the oil in the proportion of 85 per cent., the other 
 15 being Cantharides; making a very powerful and unmanageable application unless 
 closely watched. See ante, page 151. 
 
 Unofficial Turpentines. 
 
 Chian Turpentine ,—from the Pistacece Terebinthus , a small larch tree growing in the 
 islands of Chio and Cyprus, a thick, tenacious, greenish-yellow liquid, concreting on 
 exposure to the air into a translucent solid. Dose, gr. iij-v in emulsion. 
 
TEREBINTHINA. 
 
 385 
 
 Venice Turpentine ,—procured in Switzerland from the Larix Europcea or European 
 Larch;—a viscid liquid of the consistence of honey, does not concrete on exposure, and 
 is entirely soluble in alcohol. The Venice Turpentine of commerce is usually prepared 
 by dissolving Resin in Oil of Turpentine. 
 
 Thus Americanum , Common Frankincense, (B. P.),—the concrete turpentine which 
 is scraped off the trunks of Pinus australis and Finns Tceda , Southern States of N. 
 America. An ingredient of the Emplastrum Picis of the B. P. 
 
 Analogues of Turpentine. 
 
 Oleum Succini, Oil of Amber,—a volatile oil obtained by the 
 destructive distillation of Amber (Succinum), a fossil resin, occurring in 
 alluvial deposits in Bohemia, etc., and thought to be the exudation of 
 Pinites succinifer , an extinct coniferous tree. Dose, gtt. v-x. See ante , 
 page 377. 
 
 Oleum Thuj^e, —a volatile oil, which is given in doses of ny-v. A 
 saturated tincture may be used in drachm-doses. Obtained from Thuja 
 occidentalism the Arbor Vitae, a coniferous tree. See infra , page 388. 
 
 Derivatives of Turpentine. 
 
 Resina, Resin, Colophony,—is the residue left after distilling off the 
 volatile oil from turpentine; the portion of turpentine which is fixed by 
 oxidation; consisting in greater part of Abietic anhydride (C44H 62 0 4 ). 
 See ante , page 334. 
 
 Terebene, C 10 H 16 ,—is a hydrocarbon obtained by the oxidation of oil 
 of turpentine by means of sulphuric acid. A colorless liquid, of hot 
 taste, soluble in alcohol. Dose, npv-xx on sugar, or suspended in 5 ss of 
 water by the aid of gr. xx of light carbonate of magnesium. 
 
 Terebinthene, C 10 H 16 , — another isomeric hydrocarbon, obtained by 
 distilling oil of turpentine with an alkali. This by hydration, is con¬ 
 verted into Terpine , commonly called “ Hydrate of Terpine f instead of 
 Hydrate of Terebinthene , a solid, crystalline body, soluble in glycerin. 
 Acting on this by an acid, we get an oily body, named Terpinolm the dose 
 of which is gr. ij-v, while that of Terpine is gr. v-x. None of these 
 bodies are soluble in water, but all are in alcohol. 
 
 Sanitas, —is a disinfecting solution obtained by the action of water 
 upon oxidized turpentine, its active principle being Peroxide of Hydrogen. 
 It is not poisonous, and does not stain the linen,—two qualities which 
 strongly recommend it. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Turpentines are stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic, and hemostatic ; 
 in large doses laxative and irritant, and externally used are rubefacient 
 and antiseptic. Their virtues depend entirely on the volatile oil. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine in small doses causes a sense of heat at the epigas¬ 
 trium, burning in the mouth, and by reflex action salivation. In moderate 
 
 25 
 
3 86 
 
 TEREBINTHINA. 
 
 doses it at first stimulates the vaso-motor nervous system, afterwards 
 paralyzing these centres, thus causing a rise and then a fall of the arterial 
 tension. It lowers the functions of the brain, spinal cord and medulla in the 
 order stated, causing diminution of voluntary movement and reflex action, 
 dilatation of the vessels, lowered blood-pressure, and slowed respiration, 
 the latter often becoming spasmodic. The pulse is sometimes slowed, some¬ 
 times quickened. Large doses produce gastro-enteritis, with vomiting and 
 diarrhoea, suppression of urine, pain in the lumbar regions, burning in 
 the urethra, hematuria, and strangury. The muscular power is diminished, 
 coordination impaired, and a state of intoxication induced. Toxic doses 
 cause complete muscular relaxation, profound insensibility, with abolished 
 reflexes, dilated pupils, cyanosed face, labored and stertorous breathing 
 and death by paralysis of respiration. It is excreted by the various organs 
 of excretion, all of which are highly irritated, the kidneys suffering par¬ 
 ticularly. Its vapor inhaled produces nasal and renal irritation, frontal 
 headache, and frequently strangury and hematuria. Locally to the skin 
 it is rubefacient, and even vesicant if applied for any length of time or if 
 evaporation be prevented. 
 
 Turpentine-oil when exposed to the air readily absorbs oxygen in the 
 form of ozone, which it retains tenaciously. This Ozonized Oil of Tur¬ 
 pentine is an antidote to Phosphorus, preventing the formation of phos¬ 
 phoric acid, and converting the phosphorus into an insoluble substance 
 resembling spermaceti. Worn about the neck in an open vial it is believed 
 to prevent necrosis of the jaw and steatosis of the organs in workmen 
 exposed to phosphorus-fumes. It is also supposed to dissolve gall-stones. 
 
 Antagonists. 
 
 In cases of poisoning the stomach should be emptied, anodynes and demulcents admin¬ 
 istered, elimination favored, and special symptoms met as they arise. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 The Oil of Turpentine is employed externally as a rubefacient and 
 counter-irritant in many conditions producing pain and inflammation. 
 Cloths wrung out of hot water and then sprinkled with the oil (turpen¬ 
 tine stupes), are useful applications in sciatica and other neuralgiae, lum¬ 
 bago, chronic rheumatism, chronic bronchitis, peritonitis with tympanites, 
 pleurisy, renal colic, etc. It is one of the most efficient agents in hos¬ 
 pital gangrene applied in full strength to the part affected. The liniment 
 is in constant use for sprains, neuralgia, and other slight local affections. 
 
 Internally it is best employed in ulceration and hemorrhage of the 
 intestines and in hemorrhages of a passive character from other organs. 
 Active bleeding with a plethoric condition and hematuria are states in 
 which it is contraindicated. It is often used with Ether (i to 3) in biliary 
 and flatulent colic, as an anodyne and antispasmodic. As a vermifuge, 
 
THEOBROMtE OLEUM. 
 
 387 
 
 against tape-worm it must be employed in large doses (Sss-ij), with 
 Castor oil to promote its rapid passage through the intestinal canal. The 
 French acid oil, which is old and contains ozone, is used in phosphorus 
 poisoning. It is well employed as a stimulant to the heart and vaso¬ 
 motor system in puerperal fever, yellow fever, traumatic erysipelas, pneu¬ 
 monia, capillary bronchitis, etc. It is also useful in chronic bronchial 
 catarrh, chronic cystitis, subacute gonorrhoea and similar affections of 
 the mucous surfaces generally. 
 
 Inhalations of the vapor or atomized oil are extremely beneficial in 
 chronic affections of the larynx and bronchi. The pure vapor is too irri¬ 
 tating for inhalation, but it may be diluted with steam from a steam atom¬ 
 izer. 
 
 Chian Turpentine is one of the many remedies which have been used 
 for cancer. 
 
 Terebene has been extensively used by Dr. Murrell, with excellent re¬ 
 sults, as a remedy for obstinate winter-cough and emphysema of the lungs, 
 in flatulence, and flatulent dyspepsia, also in cystitis and in gleet. He has 
 employed it with benefit as a spray in phthisis and post-nasal catarrh, also 
 with Cocaine in solution as a spray for coryza and hay-fever. Other 
 observers, of several years’ experience with this remedy in England, 
 praise it highly as an inhalant remedy in phthisis, bronchiectasis, chronic 
 bronchitis, and other pulmonary affections characterized by profuse, puru¬ 
 lent expectoration. Dr. Rieu employs it extensively in bronchitis and 
 bronchorrhoea, in doses internally of gr. xv-xxx per diem,—but says that 
 it does not affect the muco-purulent expectoration of phthisis (. Bull . Gen. 
 de Therapy April 30, 1886). It probably has no superior efficacy to 
 Creasote, Venice Turpentine, etc., except that it is without much odor, 
 and has no taste. 
 
 Terpine Hydrate is praised very highly in chronic and recurrent 
 bronchitis, night-cough from habit, cold, catarrhs and kindred affections. 
 In fact, all acute and many chronic affections of the respiratory passages 
 form the field for the therapeutical action of this preparation. 
 
 THEOBROMiE OLEUM, Oil of Theobroma, Cacao-but¬ 
 ter, —is a fixed oil expressed from the seed of Theobroma Cacao , the 
 Chocolate-tree, nat. ord. Sterculiacese, growing in Mexico, the West 
 Indies and South America. The oil is a yellowish-white solid, of faint 
 odor, bland taste and neutral reaction, and melting at 86° to 95 0 F. 
 
 The seeds are oval, about the size of almonds, and consist of shells and kernels, in 
 both of which is found the alkaloid Theobromine C T H 8 N 4 0 2 , which closely resembles 
 Caffeine, the latter being its methyl derivative. Chocolate is prepared by roasting the 
 seeds, removing the shells, then crushing or grinding the kernels to a smooth paste, which 
 is cast in molds. 
 
 Cacao-butter consists chiefly of Stearin with a little Olein. Its action 
 
388 
 
 THUJA. 
 
 is demulcent, and it does not become rancid on exposure to the air. Its 
 chief use is as a basis for making suppositories. A cerate is prepared by 
 melting together Cacao-butter 35, White Wax 35, Oil of Almond 30, 
 adding a drop of Oil of Rose and coloring with a minute quantity of 
 Carmine previously triturated with a drop of Water of Ammonia. This 
 is known as Red Lip-salve. 
 
 Theobromine has the same action and uses as Caffeine. (See ante , 
 page 140.) 
 
 THUJA, Arbor Vitae, —the fresh tops of Thuja occidentalis , a tree 
 of the nat. ord. Coniferse, commonly though incorrectly called White 
 Cedar, and growing in swampy ground in Canada and the northern U. S. 
 Its twigs are flattish and two-edged, with scale-like leaves appressed and 
 closely imbricate in four rows, rhombic-ovate, obtusely pointed, having a 
 roundish gland upon the back; of a balsamic, somewhat terebinthinate 
 odor, and a pungently aromatic, camphoraceous and bitter taste. They 
 contain a volatile oil, tannin, wax, resin, etc. ; also Pinipicrin , C 22 H 18 0 n, 
 a bitter principle, and Thujin , C 20 H 22 O 12 , a yellow, astringent and crystal- 
 lizable coloring principle, which is separable into glucose and Thujetin , 
 C 14 H 14 0 8 . 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 There are none official. The dose of a saturated, fresh tincture or fluid 'extract is 
 3 j 3-6 times daily. The Volatile Oil may be given in doses of rt\j-v. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Thuja resembles Savine in action very closely. It is stimulant, irritant, 
 astringent, also aromatic, diuretic and emmenagogue. The oil is a 
 gastro-intestinal irritant, and produces epileptiform convulsions in warm¬ 
 blooded animals, and paralysis in cold-blooded ones. It causes rhythmi¬ 
 cal contraction and dilatation of the vessels, lowers the temperature, and 
 is anthelmintic. Thuja is indirectly an abortifacient when given in doses 
 sufficient to cause violent gastro-enteritis, and is reported to have pro¬ 
 duced an acute urethritis resembling gonorrhcea. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Thuja in decoction has been usefully employed in coughs, rheumatic 
 and arthritic pains, dropsy and amenorrhoea. It has also been given with 
 benefit in intermittent fever and as an alterative blennorrhetic in chronic 
 catarrh and bronchorrhoea. It is highly praised by Dr. Phillips for the 
 cure of warts with narrow base and pendulous body, a strong tincture 
 being applied locally and given internally at the same time in 5-minim 
 doses twice daily. Dr. Piffard speaks strongly in its favor as a valuable 
 agent for non-syphilitic warts (condylomata acuminata) of the penis and 
 
THYMI OLEUM. 
 
 389 
 
 vulva, for papillomatous growths in general, and for gleets dependent 
 on granular urethritis. It has been used in chronic gonorrhoea and pros¬ 
 tatitis with asserted success, and is said to have cured epithelioma. The 
 oil has been employed as a vermifuge. 
 
 THYMI OLEUM, Oil of Thyme, —is a volatile oil distilled 
 from Thymus vulgaris , Garden Thyme, a common shrub of the nat. ord. 
 Labiatae, indigenous in France but cultivated in our gardens. The oil is 
 a pale yellow or colorless, thin liquid, having a strong odor of thyme, a 
 warm, pungent and afterward cooling taste, and a neutral reaction, of sp. 
 gr. about 0.880, and readily soluble in alcohol. It consists of two por¬ 
 tions, the more volatile being a mixture of the hydrocarbons Cymene and 
 Thymene , the less volatile being chiefly Thymol , which is official. 
 
 Thymol, C 10 H 13 HO,—is a stearoptene contained in Oil of Thyme and 
 in the volatile oils of several other plants. It occurs in large, colorless, 
 hexagonal crystals, of aromatic odor, pungent taste and neutral reaction ; 
 soluble in 1200 of water, 900 of boiling water, and in 1 of alcohol at 59 0 
 F., freely in fats and oils, solutions of chloral and alkalies, ether, chloro¬ 
 form, etc. It liquefies with camphor. Dose, gr. ss-ij. 
 
 Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Thymol Solution ,—for antiseptic spray, 1 in 1000. 
 
 Thymol Gauze ,—contains 1 per cent, of Thymol. 
 
 Thymol Oint?nents ,—vary from 5 to 30 grains to the ^. 
 
 Thymol Inhalation ,—Thymol gr. xx, Alcoholis 3 iij, Magnesium Carbonate gr. x, 
 Water to ^ iij. A teaspoonful to a pint of water 150° F. for each inhalation. 
 
 Volkmann's Antiseptic Fluid ,—has of Thymol I, Alcohol 10, Glycerin 20, and Water 
 100 parts. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Oil of Thyme has the same properties as the oils of other mints, and 
 containing a large quantity of Thymol it is similar to the latter in action. 
 
 Thymol in its action stands between Carbolic Acid and Oil of Tur¬ 
 pentine. Like the former it is a powerful antiseptic and disinfectant. It 
 is a local irritant and anaesthetic to the skin and mucous membranes, 
 paralyzing the end-organs of the sensory nerves. When absorbed it para¬ 
 lyzes the nerve-centres in the spinal cord and in the medulla, lessening 
 reflex action, slowing respiration, lowering the temperature and the 
 arterial tension, and in poisonous doses causing weakness, coma and 
 death. Internally administered in doses of 20 to 30 grains per diem it 
 produces a sensation of epigastric heat, sweating, singing in the ears, 
 deafness, a sense of constriction in the forehead, and increase of the 
 urinary discharge, which assumes a dark, greenish hue. It is eliminated 
 by the respiratory and urinary organs which it irritates considerably 
 during the process of its excretion. As an antiseptic it is much more 
 powerful and permanent than Carbolic Acid and much less poisonous. 
 
390 
 
 TIGLII OLEUM. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Thymol is chiefly employed in lieu of Carbolic Acid as an antiseptic 
 for dressing wounds; as a gargle, spray or inhalation in laryngitis and 
 diphtheria; as an ointment in ringworm, eczema and psoriasis, and as an 
 injection in ozsena. A solution of i part in 1000 is the strength usually 
 employed. Internally it has been used with success in diphtheria, typhoid 
 fever, and other intestinal affections, diabetes, phthisis and vesical catarrh. 
 Its fragrant odor renders it a very agreeable antiseptic application for 
 ulcerated conditions of the mo'uth and fauces, but makes it very attractive 
 to flies; which fact, together with its high price, will prevent it becoming 
 a favorite in hospital practice. A solution, used as a mouth-wash, is very 
 efficient in removing the odor of tobacco from the breath. 
 
 TIGLII OLEUM, Croton Oil, —is a fixed oil expressed from the 
 seed of Croto 7 i Tiglium , a small tree of the nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae, a 
 native of India. The oil is of a pale or brownish-yellow color, somewhat 
 viscid and slightly fluorescent, of fatty odor, acrid taste and slightly acid 
 reaction; sp. gr. 0.940 to 0.955, soluble in 60 of alcohol, freely in ether, 
 chloroform, or carbon disulphide. Its composition is very complex and 
 has not been thoroughly made out, but it is known to contain the gly¬ 
 cerides of several fatty acids, also a peculiar acid named Tiglinic Acid , 
 C 5 H 8 0 2 , which is isomeric with Angelic Acid. Dose of the oil, rr^ ^<3—ij, 
 in pill, emulsion or tincture. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Externally Croton Oil is highly irritant, producing a pustular eruption 
 which heals by scabbing and may leave unsightly cicatrices. Internally 
 it is a powerful drastic cathartic, producing in one or two hours copious 
 watery stools, in overdoses causing great congestion of the intestinal canal 
 and perhaps death from gastro-enteritis. Vomiting usually occurs after 
 large doses, so that the irritant hyper-catharsis is not always observed. It 
 is absorbed into the blood, and produces glandular hyperaemia as well as 
 direct inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, together with in¬ 
 creased peristaltic action. Its cathartic power is increased by the addi¬ 
 tion of an alkali, and is manifested, though in less degree, when applied 
 to the integument. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Croton Oil is used as a hydragogue carthartic when a speedy and com¬ 
 plete evacuation of the bowels, diminution of arterial pressure and prompt 
 derivative action are desired, as in apoplexy, impaction of the intestines, 
 dropsy, lead constipation, paralysis, etc. It is contraindicated where 
 there is debility, organic obstruction, and inflammatory conditions of the 
 
TONGA-TRAGACANTHA. 
 
 391 
 
 stomach and bowels. The smallness of the dose makes it a very easily 
 administered and manageable purgative. A considerable fraction of a 
 drop is absorbed by a pellet of sugar, and may be given thus in repeated 
 doses until the desired effect is obtained. It has been used as a vermi¬ 
 fuge against tapeworm. 
 
 Externally it is used as a counter-irritant in ovaritis, bronchitis, pleu¬ 
 risy, rheumatism, neuralgia, glandular swellings, and in laryngeal and 
 pulmonary diseases. The Linimentum Crotonis of the British Pharma¬ 
 copoeia contains 1 part of the oil in 3)4 each of Alcohol and Oil of Caju- 
 put, and is a useful pustulant preparation, being more manageable than 
 the oil itself. 
 
 TONGA (Unofficial) ,—is a mixed drug said to be obtained from the 
 Fiji Islands, consisting of thin barks, root-fibres and leaves tied into long 
 bundles. The fibrous material is believed to be derived from Rhaphido- 
 phora vitiensis, a creeping plant of the nat. ord. Aracese, containing starch, 
 potassium chloride and a volatile alkaloid Tongine. The barky portion is 
 referred to Premna tatiensis , a shrub or tree of the nat. ord. Verbenaceae, 
 and contains a little volatile oil, sugar, pectin, etc. A fluid extract is 
 prepared by Parke, Davis & Co. of Detroit, and may be given in doses 
 of npxxx-3j thrice daily. 
 
 Tonga was introduced by Dfs. Ringer and Murrell as a remedy for neu¬ 
 ralgia in 1880, stating that they had used it with gratifying results. Since 
 then reports have differed considerably in regard to its efficacy, and from 
 the fact that Dr. Ringer does not mention it in the last edition of his 
 Handbook of Therapeutics, it may be inferred that his further experience 
 with it has not borne out the claims first made. 
 
 
 TRAGACANTHA, Tragacanth, —is a gummy exudation from 
 Astragalus gummifer and from other species of Astragalus, shrubs of the 
 nat. ord. Leguminosae, growing chiefly in the mountainous regions of 
 Asia Minor and Persia. It occurs in shell-like, curved or contorted 
 bands, translucent, faintly yellowish, horn-like, tough, swelling with water 
 to a gelatinous mass, which is tinged blue by test-solution of iodine, and 
 consists of a mixture of Arabia, or gum-arabic, which is soluble in water, 
 and Bassorin, a gum which is insoluble in water but swells up in it, also 
 a little starch. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Mucilago Tragacanthce ,—Tragacanth 6, Glycerin 18, Water to 100 parts. Dose, 3 j 
 or more. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Tragacanth is demulcent, but in large quantities it may cause indiges¬ 
 tion. It is chiefly employed to suspend resins and heavy powders in 
 
392 
 
 TRLTICUM—ULMUS—UVA URSI. 
 
 emulsion. The mucilage may be used as a vehicle for active agents in 
 gargles for pharyngitis, and to cause cohesion in the preparation of pills, 
 troches, etc. It is a constituent of 13 of the 16 official troches, and is a 
 better agent than acacia for making emulsions of cod-liver oil. 
 
 TRITICUM, Couch-grass, —is the rhizome, gathered in the spring 
 and deprived of its rootlets, of Triticum repens , the Couch-grass, a peren¬ 
 nial plant of the nat. ord. Graminaceae, abounding in meadows and cul¬ 
 tivated grounds, where it ranks as a weed, though of the same genus as 
 wheat. The rhizome is very long, but as met with in the shops is cut into 
 two sections about J-ths inch in length and y 1 ^ inch thick, creeping, 
 smooth, hollow in the centre, of straw color, and sweet taste. It contains 
 much sugar and a gum-like principle Triticin. Dose, 5 j - oj> i n infusion or 
 decoction. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extractum Tritici Fluidum ,—Dose, 3j-3 j, well diluted. 
 
 Couch-grass is demulcent, emollient and a feeble diuretic. It is chiefly 
 used in cystitis and irritable bladder. The infusion is a popular fever- 
 drink in Europe, and has had of old a considerable reputation in dysuria. 
 
 ULMUS, Elm, Slippery Elm ,—is the inner bark of Ulmus fulva , 
 and indigenous tree of the nat. ord. Urticaceae, and occurs in flat pieces 
 of various sizes, having a slight, peculiar odor and a mucilaginous, insipid 
 taste. It contains a large quantity of mucilage which it readily parts with 
 to water. 
 
 Preparation . 
 
 Mucilago Ulmi ,—Elm 6, Boiling Water 100 parts, macerated for two hours and 
 strained. Dose, ad libitum. 
 
 Slippery-elm bark is demulcent, slightly astringent and somewhat tonic. 
 It is used internally in diarrhoea, dysentery and affections of the urinary 
 passages, and externally in the form of poultice as an emollient applica¬ 
 tion in cases of inflammation. It is also employed in the dilatation of 
 fistulae, strictures and the os uteri. 
 
 UVA URSI, Bearberry, —the leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva-urst, a 
 low, evergreen shrub, of the nat. ord. Ericaceae, inhabiting the northern 
 latitudes and high mountains of Europe, Asia and America. The leaves 
 are small, obovate, nearly sessile, shining, reticulated beneath, of a faint 
 but hay-like odor, and a strongly astringent taste. They contain Tannic 
 
VALERIANA. 
 
 393 
 
 and Gallic Acids and 3 principles, viz.— Arbutin, C 24 H 32 0 14 , a bitter 
 glucoside, neutral, crystalline, soluble in warm water and resolvable into 
 glucose and Hydroquinone , C 6 H 6 0 2 ;— Ericolin , C 34 H 56 0 2 , bitter and 
 amorphous ;— Ursone , C 20 H 34 O 2 , resinous, neutral, crystalline and tasteless. 
 The Californian Manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) is an allied plant 
 and also contains Arbutin and Tannin. Dose of the powdered leaves, 
 gr. x-3j in infusion or decoction. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extractum Uvoe-ursi Fluidum, —Dose, tr^x- 3 j. 
 
 Infusum Uvce-ursi (Unofficial),— ^j-Oj. Dose, ^j-ij. 
 
 Arbutinum, Arbutin (Unofficial),—Dose, gr. iij-v. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Uva-ursi is astringent, tonic and feebly diuretic. Used in large quan¬ 
 tity it produces vomiting and purging, and is alleged to have oxytocic 
 power. Arbutin is an efficient diuretic, and is decomposed in the body, 
 yielding Hydroquinone which is excreted by the kidneys as Hydroqui- 
 none-sulphuric Acid. This is non-toxic, imparts a brown color with 
 antiseptic and slightly irritant qualities to the urine. 
 
 Bear-berry was formerly used in all calculous affections and chronic 
 disorders of the urinary passages. It has some reputation as an antilithic, 
 and is no doubt useful in gravel, chronic nephritis, cystitis, urethritis, 
 and kindred diseases. It relieves incontinence of urine, dysuria and 
 strangury, and has proved serviceable even in uterine hemorrhages. Ar¬ 
 butin has been successfully employed in cardiac dropsy as a diuretic, 
 also in urethritis. 
 
 VALERIANA, Valerian, —is the rhizome and rootlets of Valeri¬ 
 ana officinalis , a large, herbaceous plant of the nat. ord. Valerianacese, 
 having small, white, or rose-colored flowers, and opposite pinnate leaves 
 on an erect, round and channeled stem. The plant is a native of 
 Europe but is cultivated in Vermont and New York. The root is peren¬ 
 nial, its rhizome about an inch long, upright, truncate at both ends, 
 internally whitish or pale-brownish with a narrow circle of white wood 
 under the thin bark. Odor peculiar, taste camphoraceous and bitter. It 
 contains a complex Volatile Oil, from which are developed by oxidation 
 Valerene C 10 H 16 , which is a terpene, Valerol or Baldrian Camphor, 
 C 12 H 20 O, and Valerianic Acid, C 5 H 10 O 2 , which occurs also in many other 
 plants and in cod-liver oil. The Valerianic Acid of pharmacy is obtained 
 as a product of oxidation of Amylic Alcohol, and from it are formed 
 the various Valerianates. It is, however, not identical with the natural 
 acid. Dose of the powdered root, gr. x-xxx. 
 
394 
 
 VALERIANA. 
 
 Preparations of Valerian. 
 
 Abstractum Valeriana, —Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Extractum Valeriana Fluidu?n, —Dose, ffpx-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Valeriana ,—Strength 20 per cent. Dose, ^ ss-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Valeriana Ammoniata, —Valerian 20, Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia to 100 
 parts. Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Oleu?n Valeriana ,—the volatile oil, sp. gr. about 0.950, a greenish or yellowish, thin 
 liquid, having the odor of valerian, an aromatic taste and a slightly acid reaction, readily 
 soluble in alcohol. Dose, rrpij-v. 
 
 The Oil is by far the best preparation for use, as the tinctures are extremely nauseous 
 and the fluid extract is too bulky. The taste is best covered by Cinnamon. 
 
 Preparations of Valerianic Acid. 
 
 Ammonii Valerianas, Valerianate of Ammonium, NH 4 C 3 H 9 0 2 ,—described on page 
 94. Dose gr. ij-x. 
 
 Ferri Valerianas, Valerianate of Iron, Fe 2 (C 5 H 9 0 2 ) 6 ,—described on page 217. Dose, 
 
 Quinina Valerianas , Valerianate of Quinine, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 C 5 H l0 O 2 .H 2 O,—described on 
 page 177. ^ Dose, gr. j-iij. 
 
 Zinci Valerianas, Valerianate of Zinc, Zn(C 5 H 9 0 2 ) 2 .H 2 0 ,—described on page 404. 
 Dose, gr. 
 
 The Valerianates are made with the acid produced from Amylic Alcohol, and do not 
 represent the action of the plant, but rather that of the bases from which they are pre¬ 
 pared. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Valerian is antispasmodic, and a gentle stimulant to the nervous and 
 circulatory systems. It is sedative to reflex excitability, antagonizing the 
 action of Strychnine, Brucine, Thebaine, etc., and is laxative, diapho¬ 
 retic and anthelmintic. 
 
 Its taste and odor are very disagreeable, but cats are extravagantly 
 fond of it. In these animals it greatly excites the sexual appetite, prob¬ 
 ably from a resemblance between its odor and theirs when under vene¬ 
 real excitement. After a time it produces in them violent spasms and 
 convulsions. 
 
 In full doses it increases the action of the heart and raises the tempera¬ 
 ture, in most persons producing exhilaration (in some, slight mental dis¬ 
 turbance), with formication of the hands and feet. Long used it induces 
 a condition of low melancholy and hysterical depression. Large doses 
 cause hiccough, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, frequent micturition 
 with tenesmus of the bladder and lithates in the urine, mental disturb¬ 
 ance even to delirium, reduced motility and sensibility, and lessened 
 reflex excitability. The oil in large doses is paralyzant to the brain and 
 the spinal cord, lowers the blood-pressure and slows the pulse. 
 
 The Valerianates follow their bases in general action, but are sup¬ 
 posed to combine therewith some of the sedative qualities of the acid. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Valerian was formerly much used in epilepsy, but it was probably only 
 useful in the hysterical form of that disease (hystero-epilepsy). It is a 
 valuable remedy in all forms of hysteria, especially when occurring in 
 
VANILLA-VERATRUM VIRIDE. 
 
 395 
 
 young and delicate women. It is also useful in flatulence of infants 
 and in that of hypochondriacal and hysterical subjects, and in coughs of 
 nervous type, whooping-cough, diabetes insipidus, convulsions due to 
 worms and in delirium with vital depression. In the coma of typhus 
 fever the oil proved remarkably efficient in a series of 135 cases out of 
 172 cases treated by it. 
 
 Valerianate of Ammonium is used in the same class of disorders as is 
 Valerian. It is often a good remedy for nervous headache, administered 
 in 10-grain doses and in an elixir. 
 
 Valerianate of Zinc has been supposed to combine the antispasmodic 
 power of valerian with the nerve-tonic effect of a zinc salt. It has been 
 used in cholera, epilepsy and neuralgia, frequently with considerable 
 success. 
 
 The Valerianates of Iron and Quinine are used as the salts of their 
 respective bases. 
 
 VANILLA ,—is the fruit of Vanilla planifolia , a perennial, climbing 
 plant of the nat. ord. Orchidaceae, a native of the West Indies and trop¬ 
 ical America, but cultivated in Java, etc. It has dark green, tough leaves, 
 pale greenish-yellow sessile flowers, and long pods (6 to 10 inches), 
 wrinkled, warty, one-celled, containing a blackish-brown pulp with 
 numerous small seeds and acicular crystals, of peculiar and fragrant odor 
 and taste. Its characteristic odorous principle is Vanillin , or the methyl- 
 ether of protocatechuic aldehyd, which oxidizes slowly in damp air to 
 Vanillic Acid , and may be resolved into methyl chloride and proto¬ 
 catechuic acid. Vanillin may be made synthetically from Coniferin 
 or from Eugenol. Dose, indefinite. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Tinctura Vanilla ,—10 per cent. Dose, a few drops according to the strength of flavor 
 desired. 
 
 Trochisci Ferri ,—contain about ^ per cent, of Vanilla. 
 
 Vanilla is an aromatic stimulant, with considerable influence on the 
 nervous system. It is chiefly employed as a perfume and for flavoring 
 purposes, but has been used in hysteria and low fevers. 
 
 VERATRUM VIRIDE, American Hellebore, —is the rhizome 
 and rootlets of Veratrum viride , or Indian Poke, Poke-root, Swamp 
 Hellebore, an indigenous plant of the nat. ord. Melanthaceie, having 
 a solid, round stem, furnished with bright green leaves, and terminating 
 in a panicle of greenish-yellow flowers. The root is perennial, upright, 
 
396 
 
 VERATRUM VIRIDE. 
 
 externally blackish-gray, internally grayish-white, 2 to 3 inches long, with 
 numerous, shriveled rootlets, inodorous but sternutatory when powdered, 
 taste bitter and very acrid. It contains several alkaloids, fervine , 
 C 26 H 43 N0 2 , Pseudo-jervine , C 29 H 43 N0 7 , Cevadine , C 32 H 49 N0 9 , a very little 
 Rubijervine , C 26 H 43 N0 2 , and traces of Vera/rine, C 37 H 53 NO n , and Vera- 
 tralbine , C 28 H 43 N0 5 . Veratroidine , formerly regarded as one of its alka¬ 
 loids, is now thought to be Rubijervine and Resin. Veratrum Viride 
 also contains Gallic Acid and Sugar. 
 
 Allied Plants. 
 
 Veratrum Album, White Hellebore,—is a native of the mountainous 
 regions of continental Europe, and so closely resembles V. Viride in 
 appearance and characteristics that it may be considered a variety of 
 the same plant. The rhizome was official in the U. S. P. 1870 . It con¬ 
 tains the alkaloids Jervine , Pseudo-jervine , Rubijervine , traces of Cevadine ,' 
 and another powerful alkaloid Veratralbine , C 28 H 43 N0 5 . 
 
 Veratrum Sabadilla, Cevadilla, Asagraea officinalis,—is a bulbous 
 plant of the nat. ord. Melanthaceae, indigenous in Mexico and Central 
 America. It contains the alkaloids Cevadine (formerly called Veratrine), 
 Cevadilline and Veratrine , with Veratric and Sabadillic or Cevadic Acids. 
 It is the source of the official Veratrine (see below). The seeds are 
 official in the Br. Phar. under the title Sabadilla. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 - Extractum Veratri Viridis Fluidum ,—Dose, Tty-iv. 
 
 Tindura Veratri Viridis ,—50 per cent. Dose, rtpij-x. 
 
 Nonvood's Tindure of Veratrutn Viride , has a very high reputation for efficiency,— 
 Dose, 11\v, increased by TT\j every 3 hours, until pulse is down to 65, when the original 
 dose will hold it there. 
 
 Veratrina , Veratrine,—is an alkaloid or mixture of alkaloids prepared from the seeds 
 of Asagrcea officinalis (see above). A white, or grayish-white, amorphous powder, highly 
 irritant to the nostrils, of very acrid taste, producing tingling and numbness of the tongue 
 and constriction of the fauces; slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in 3 of alcohol at 
 59 0 F., in 6 of ether, 2 of chloroform, 96 of glycerin and in 56 parts of olive oil. Dose, 
 
 <rr 1 _ 1 
 S r - 70 To- 
 
 Unguentum Veratrince ,—Veratrine 4, Alcohol 6, Benzoinated Lard 96 parts. For 
 local use. 
 
 Oleatiun Veratrince ,—Veratrine 2, Oleic Acid 98 parts. For local use. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Veratrum Viride is in action closely allied to Aconite, being a pow¬ 
 erful cardiac depressant and spinal paralyzant. It differs from Aconite in 
 affecting the respiration to a much less degree,—in being a systemic 
 emeto-cathartic—in paralyzing the motor system centrally, impairing the 
 reflexes, but leaving sensation unimpaired,—and in having little or no 
 diaphoretic or diuretic action. It causes great depression, but is seldom 
 fatal; when death does result from its use it usually occurs by paralysis of 
 the heart. 
 
VERATRUM VIRIDE. 
 
 397 
 
 In small doses Veratrum reduces the force of the pulse, but does not at 
 first affect its rate. If continued for some time, the pulse becomes very 
 slow, soft and compressible ; rising, on the least exertion, to be very 
 rapid and feeble. At the same time there is great muscular weakness, 
 and frequently nausea and vomiting. Large doses increase these symp¬ 
 toms very much, the pulse becoming very rapid and so small as to be 
 almost imperceptible ; the skin is cold and clammy, and constant vomit¬ 
 ing, extreme debility, giddiness, impaired vision, and partial unconscious¬ 
 ness ensue. 
 
 Jervine represents in part the depressant action on the circulation and 
 on the central nervous system. It does not, however, affect the vagus, 
 and but very slightly the voluntary muscles or the motor nerves. It irri¬ 
 tates the motor centres in the brain, causing convulsions ; and lowers the 
 functions of the cord, of the centres in the medulla, especially the vaso¬ 
 motor, and those of the cardiac ganglia,—slowing the heart by direct 
 depression either of the cardiac muscle or its motor apparatus. It always 
 causes salivation, but never vomiting or purging; and kills by asphyxia, 
 the heart beating after respiration has ceased. 
 
 Veratroidine, on the contrary, always causes emeto-catharsis, and 
 produces less violent convulsions. It stimulates the vagus centre and 
 paralyzes the vagus ends, depresses the cord, and paralyzes the respiratory 
 centre,—but at the same time increases the excitability of the vaso-motor 
 centre. The result is great slowing of the pulse-rate and of respiration, 
 and lowering of blood-pressure, until the carbonized blood irritates the 
 vaso-motor centre, when the blood-pressure rises greatly. It probably 
 consists of Rubijervine and a toxic resin. 
 
 Veratrum Album contains a very powerful alkaloid, Veratralbine , and 
 also an irritant poisonous resin (?). Its general action is similar to that 
 of its congener, but it is much more irritant to the gastro-intestinal 
 mucous membrane, causing violent vomiting and purging, intense abdom¬ 
 inal and oesophageal pain, greatly reduced temperature and pulse, collapse, 
 and death from cardiac and respiratory paralysis. 
 
 Veratrine is an acrid, intensely irritant powder, probably consisting 
 of a mixture of alkaloids. It causes violent sneezing, a burning sensa¬ 
 tion, and free salivation. It affects the heart and circulation similarly to 
 the other Veratrise and in addition seems to be a direct poison to muscular 
 tissue, and to cause violent convulsions before the muscular paralysis sets 
 in. The alkaloids Jervine and Rubijervine both depress the circulation, 
 while the latter produces the emeto-catharsis. 
 
 Antagonists and Inco?npatibles. 
 
 Alcohol, Opium, Belladonna and Ammonia counteract the cardiac depression. Mor¬ 
 phine and Atropine should be administered hypodermically, or Laudanum internally with 
 alcoholic stimulants, the recumbent position should be enforced, and dry heat applied to 
 the body. Caustic alkalies are incompatible, as they decompose the alkaloids. 
 
39 s 
 
 VERBASCUM. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Veratrum Viride is inferior to Aconite in most of the fevers and 
 inflammations, by reason of its lacking power over excretion. It renders 
 good service, however, in the early stages of many parenchymatous and 
 serous inflammations when occurring in sthenic subjects, especially in 
 pneumonia. It is highly esteemed in puerperal fever and in many cardiac 
 disorders, as simple hypertrophy, irritable heart, etc. It has been used 
 with remarkably good results in many cases of acute mania and puerperal 
 convulsions, and it is of service in aneurism to depress the circulation to 
 the lowest point, but in this case the recumbent position must be strictly 
 observed in order to secure safety. It should always be administered in 
 small doses and its effects carefully watched. 
 
 In puerperal eclampsia large doses have been administered without 
 danger and with decided benefit, as much as 20 drops of Norwood’s 
 tincture having been administered every hour for 5 consecutive days and 
 nights in one case, the patient making a good recovery. The same pre¬ 
 paration may be given hypodermically, in doses of npij-iv. 
 
 Veratrum Album is the “ Hellebore ” of the ancient physicians, and 
 was much used by them as a derivative in insanity. It is rarely used at 
 present except by the homceopathists, who give it in the cold stage of 
 cholera, in colic, in the vomiting and purging of summer diarrhoea, in 
 whooping-cough and asthma. 
 
 Veratrine is chiefly used externally. The ointment or oleate may be 
 used with benefit in many cases of superficial neuralgia, myalgia and 
 headaches, a small quantity being rubbed in over the seat of the pain. It 
 may be absorbed through an abrasion of the cuticle and give rise to dan¬ 
 gerous symptoms. Internally it has been employed as a cardiac sedative 
 in fevers and inflammation, also in acute articular rheumatism, dropsies, 
 dysmenorrhoea and various nervous affections, but its uncertainty of action 
 and the dangerous depression which it may produce have caused it to lose 
 favor as an internal remedy. 
 
 VERBASCUM, Mullein (Unofficial),—the leaves of Verbascuni 
 Thaspus , the Mullein-weed, a common plant of the nat. ord. Scrophu- 
 lariacse, having large woolly leaves and yellow flowers in dense spikes. 
 Its chief constituent is mucilage, though the flowers contain an essential 
 oil in very small proportion. An infusion of q\v of fresh leaves to the 
 pint of milk is the form in which it has generally been given; this quan¬ 
 tity to be taken thrice daily. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Mullein is emollient and demulcent, perhaps also slightly anodyne. 
 It has long been a popular Irish remedy in pulmonary affections, as under 
 
VIBURNUM-VIOLA TRICOLOR. 
 
 399 
 
 its use the weight steadily increases in phthisis and other wasting dis¬ 
 orders, while expectoration is rendered more easy, cough is palliated and 
 the general condition improved. It is also recommended in cystitis, 
 irritable bladder, and diarrhoea, and is employed as an enema in dysen¬ 
 tery and as a poultice for hemorrhoids. The dried leaves may be smoked 
 with benefit in aphonia from laryngeal irritation. 
 
 VIBURNUM, Black Haw ,—is the bark of Viburnumprunifolium , 
 an indigenous shrub or small tree of the nat. ord. Caprifoliacese, having 
 sharply serrulate leaves, and small, white flowers in terminal cymes. The 
 bark occurs in glossy, purplish-brown, thin pieces or quills covered with 
 scattered warts and minute black dots; inner surface whitish and smooth, 
 inodorous, somewhat astringent and bitter. It contains tannic, oxalic, 
 citric and malic acids, sulphates and chlorides ; also two resins, one of 
 which is named Viburnin , and Viburnic Acid, which is identical with 
 Valerianic Acid. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extradum Viburni Fluidum ,—Dose, 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Viburnum is considered to possess nervine, antispasmodic, astringent, 
 diuretic and tonic properties, and to be especially useful in preventing 
 abortion in the nervous diseases of pregnancy, and in dysmenorrhoea. It 
 may be administered with cannabis indica, morphine, nerve-sedatives or 
 simple aromatics. No exact observations have been made regarding its 
 action, and its therapeutical claims are denied by many who have used it. 
 It often excites nausea and vomiting. 
 
 Viburnum Opulus, Cramp-bark , Cranberry-tree ,—another shrub of 
 the same genus, is highly valued by many practitioners as a remedy in 
 uterine and other abdominal pains, but is not official. The so-called 
 “ Viburnum Compound of Dr. Hayden ,” is stated by its manufacturers to 
 consist of “ the active principles of the Viburnum Opulus, Dioscorea Vil- 
 losa, Scutellaria Lateriflora, and a combination of aromatics, prepared by 
 a process peculiar to ourselves.” This they call publishing the formula 
 of the preparation. 
 
 VIOLA TRICOLOR, Pansy,— is the wild-grown, flowering herb 
 of Viola tricolor , the Heart’s-ease Pansy, a plant of the nat. ord. Violaceae, 
 native in Europe, but naturalized in the southern U. S. It has an angu¬ 
 lar and nearly smooth stem; leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate or oblong 
 and crenate; flowers with an obtuse spur and variegated petals, inodor¬ 
 ous, taste somewhat bitter and acrid. It contains an active alkaloid 
 
400 
 
 VISCUM—VITELLUS. 
 
 Violine , allied in many respects to Emetine, and poisonous. There are 
 no official preparations. Dose, gr. x- 5 j, in decoction. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Viola is mucilaginous, emollient, expectorant and slightly laxative. Its 
 active principle is emeto-cathartic, but exists in very small quantity in the 
 plant. A decoction of the fresh herb in milk, with a poultice of the 
 same was formerly highly recommended in crusta lactea and impetigo. It 
 is used with benefit in some forms of eczema, especially in that of the 
 head and face, and has had some reputation in bronchitis and constitu¬ 
 tional syphilis. 
 
 Viola Cucullata, the common Violet, is used in Pennsylvania with 
 success as an internal antidote against rattlesnake venom. The leaves 
 are eaten, and a poultice of salt and indigo is applied to the wound. 
 
 VISCUM, Mistletoe (Unofficial),—occurs in two species (i) Vis¬ 
 cum album , the European Mistletoe, a small, parasitic, evergreen shrub, 
 of the nat. ord. Loranthaceae, growing chiefly on deciduous-leaved trees, 
 and (2) Viscum flavescens, the American species, growing on oaks, elms, 
 etc. They contain mucilage, starch, fixed oil, resin, salts, etc., and 
 Viscin , or Bird-lime, which occurs also in Ilex aquifolium, Gentiana 
 lutea and other plants. Dose, gr. x- 5 j in decoction, or npv-xxx of a 
 ten per cent, tincture. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The berries of the mistletoes have produced emeto-catharsis, with great 
 thirst, tenesmus, bloody-stools, convulsions and even death in young chil¬ 
 dren. The leaves and twigs have been used in epilepsy, hysteria, chorea, 
 asthma and other nervous affections. The American plant is asserted to 
 possess qualities similar to those of Digitalis, and to incite uterine con¬ 
 tractions. It has been used in cardiac affections, dropsies, uterine 
 hemorrhages and amenorrhoea, also as an abortifacient. 
 
 VITELLUS, Yolk of Egg, —is the yolk of the egg of the domes¬ 
 tic fowl, Gal/us Bankiva , var. do?nesticus. It is a viscid, reddish-yellow, 
 opaque liquid, of bland taste, alkaline reaction, odorless, and may be re¬ 
 garded as a dense emulsion of oil suspended in water by means of albu¬ 
 men. It is coagulated by heat or by alcohol and contains Vitellin, which 
 is a proteid related to casein, Cholesterin and Albumin , besides fat, inor¬ 
 ganic salts, sugar, etc. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Glycerituni Vitelli , Glycerite of Yolk of Egg, Glyconin,—consists of Vitellus 45, Gly¬ 
 cerin 55 parts rubbed together until thoroughly mixed. 
 
XANTHOXYLUM. 
 
 401 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Yolk of Egg is highly nutritive and forms a useful article of diet in 
 exhausted conditions of the system, but its chief use in medicine is for 
 emulsionizing oils and camphors. The Glycerite has the consistence of 
 honey and forms an opaque emulsion with water. It is a very good 
 vehicle for cod-liver oil (see ante , page 282), and an excellent protective 
 application for burns, erysipelas, fissure of the nipples and many cutane¬ 
 ous disorders. It is also used as a cosmetic, and may be employed as an 
 aliment. 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM, Prickly Ash,— is the bark of Xanthoxylum 
 fraxineum , the northern species, and of Xanthoxylum carolinianum , the 
 southern species of an indigenous shrub of the nat. ord. Rutacem, having 
 small, greenish flowers, alternate unequally pinnate leaves, leaflets punc¬ 
 tate with pellucid dots, stems and leafstalks armed with prickles. The 
 bark of both species comes in curved or quilled fragments, of a brownish- 
 gray color externally with whitish patches, and minute black dots, faintly 
 furrowed, inodorous, bitter and pungent. That of X. fraxineum is about 
 Jg- inch thick, has several two-edged spines each % inch long, the bark 
 of X. carolinianum is twice as thick as the other and is marked by many 
 conical, corky projections, and by stout brown spines, arising from corky 
 bases. It contains a volatile oil, a fixed oil, resin, gum, coloring matter 
 and an alkaloid, Xanthoxyline , which is identical with Berberine (see ante, 
 page 130). Dose, of the powdered bark, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Xanthoxyli Fluidum ,—Dose, 3 ss-j. 
 
 Decoctum Xanthoxyli (Unofficial),— to the quart. Dose, a pint during 24 hours in 
 
 divided doses. 
 
 Physiological Action. 
 
 Xanthoxylum is a stimulant and aromatic bitter, a local and systemic 
 sialagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue. Its taste is aromatic, 
 soon becoming acrid and bitter and causing profuse salivation, tingling in 
 the tongue and increased secretion from stomach, intestines, liver and 
 pancreas. It also increases the cardiac action and raises the arterial ten¬ 
 sion, and is classed among the vegetable alteratives, with Mezereum, 
 Guaiac, Stillingia, etc. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Xanthoxylum has a high reputation in chronic rheumatism, myalgia, 
 lumbago and similar disorders, also in jaundice from catarrh of the bile- 
 ducts, in dropsies, chronic pharyngitis and constitutional syphilis. In 
 old cases of pharyngitis, the mucous membrane being glazed and dry, the 
 decoction should be used as a gargle and npx-xxx of the fluid extract 
 26 
 
402 
 
 ZEA MAYS. 
 
 taken internally thrice daily. The bark, used as a masticatory, is a popu¬ 
 lar remedy for toothache, and has been frequently successful in paralysis 
 of the tongue. 
 
 ZEA MAYS, Maize, Indian Corn. —This well-known species of 
 the nat. ord. Graminacese, though itself unofficial, is the source of two 
 drugs one of which is official, viz.:— 
 
 Ustilago, Corn Smut,—Ustilago Maydis, nat. ord. Fungi, grown upon 
 the stems, the pistils and the male inflorescence (tassel) of Zea Mays. It 
 occurs in irregular, globular masses, sometimes 6 inches thick, and con¬ 
 sisting of a blackish membrane, inclosing numerous globular, minute 
 spores, their surfaces covered with echinulate warts. Its odor and taste 
 are unpleasant, and it contains fixed oil, resin, pectin, gluten, sugar, an 
 acid resembling the Sclerotic Acid of Ergot, and a volatile principle 
 called Secaline, which is supposed to be identical with Trimethylamine. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extraction Ustilaginis Flnidum (Unofficial),—may be made according to the general 
 rule. Dose, rr^xv-^j. 
 
 Stigmata Maydis, Stigmata of Maize, Corn Silk (Unofficial),— 
 should be gathered when the tassel has well shed its pollen. Its active 
 principle is said to be Maizenic Acid. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Extraction Stigviatarum Alaydis Fluidum (Unofficial),—made by the general rule for 
 fluid extracts. Dose, gj-ij- 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 The properties of Ustilago, so far as examined, resemble those of 
 Ergot and Nux-vomica combined. It is a spinal excitant, exalts sensibil¬ 
 ity and reflex action, producing tonic convulsions on the least irritation 
 of the skin. It slows the heart by stimulation of the pneumogastric, 
 dilates the pupils, causes muscular paresis, and death by tetanus of the 
 respiratory muscles or by exhaustion. Experiments on its reputed oxy¬ 
 tocic action have not substantiated the claims made for it in this respect, 
 though it is said to have produced abortion in cows and other animals, 
 after they had eaten the diseased grain. As a therapeutic agent Ustilago 
 has been very little used, and when employed it has been as a substitute 
 for Ergot. 
 
 Stigmata Maydis is a certain but mild diuretic when given in full 
 doses at short intervals. It is by some observers considered demulcent 
 and anodyne, and is generally believed to have a specific or alterative 
 influence over many disorders of the genito-urinary passages and the 
 
ZINCUM. 
 
 403 
 
 urinary bladder. It has been used with considerable success in inconti¬ 
 nence of urine, uric and phosphatic gravel, gout, rheumatism, urethritis, 
 pyelitis, acute and chronic cystitis, cardiac dropsy and obstructive valvu¬ 
 lar disease of the heart. 
 
 ZINCUM, Zinc, Zn,—is metallic Zinc, in the form of thin sheets, or 
 irregular, granulated pieces, and is a bluish-white metal, having the sp. 
 gr. 6.9. It occurs native as a Sulphide ( Blende ), as a Carbonate and a 
 Silicate ( Calamine ), as a Red Oxide (Zincite), and as a mixture of Zinc 
 Oxide with Oxide of Iron and Manganese (. Franklinite ). Zinc is soluble 
 in the weakest acids, and therefore should never be used for culinary ves¬ 
 sels. Its salts are all more or less active poisons. Metallic Zinc is not 
 employed as a medicine. 
 
 Zinc Compounds and their Preparations. 
 
 Zinci Acetas, Acetate of Zinc, Zn(C 2 H 32 0 ) 2 . 3 H 2 0 ,—soft, white, micaceous or pearly, 
 six-sided tablets or scales, somewhat efflorescent in dry air, of faintly acetous odor, sharp 
 metallic taste and a slightly acid reaction; soluble in 3 of water and in 30 of alcohol at 
 59 0 F., in 1 y z of boiling water and in 3 of boiling alcohol. Used locally as an astrin¬ 
 gent in solution of gr. j or ij to ^j, or internally in doses of gr. ij. 
 
 Zinci Carbonas Prcecipitatus , Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc, (ZnC 0 3 ) 2 . 3 Zn(H 0 ) 2 ,— 
 a white, impalpable powder, permanent in the air, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in 
 water or alcohol, but soluble in acids with copious effervescence. When strongly heated 
 it loses water and carbonic acid gas, leaving a residue of oxide of zinc. Used locally 
 as a protective. 
 
 Zinci Chloridum, Chloride of Zinc, ZnCl 2 ,—a white, crystalline powder, deliquescent, 
 odorless, of caustic, saline, and metallic taste and acid reaction, very soluble in water and 
 in alcohol, forming a clear or only faintly opalescent solution. Tonic and escharotic. For 
 internal use a solution in Spirit of Ether is the most convenient form, of the strength 
 of ^ss-^iij, of which from 4 to 8 drops maybe given twice daily. Strength of injec¬ 
 tions and collyria, gr. j-ij ad ^j. 
 
 Liquor Zinci Chloridi, —an aqueous solution of Zinc Chloride containing about 50 per 
 cent, of the salt. A clear, colorless, odorless liquid, of a very astringent, sweetish taste 
 and an acid reaction. A powerful disinfectant for sinks, drains, etc. Used also as an 
 injection in gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, etc., in dilute solution, y z to I per cent. Burnett's 
 Disinfecting Fluid is similar to the above but slightly stronger. 
 
 Zinci Iodidum, Iodide of Zinc, Znl 2 ,—a white, granular powder, very deliquescent, 
 odorless, of sharp, saline and metallic taste and acid reaction, very soluble in water and 
 in alcohol. Dose, gr. ss-ij in syrup. 
 
 Zinci Oxidum, Oxide of Zinc, ZnO,—a soft, pale-yellowish powder, permanent in the 
 air, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in acids without effer¬ 
 vescence. Dose, gr. j-x, in pill. 
 
 Unguentum Zinci Oxidi ,—strength 20 per cent., made with Benzoinated Lard, thor¬ 
 oughly mixed. 
 
 Zinci Sulphas , Sulphate of Zinc, ZnS 0 4 , 7 H 2 0 ,—small colorless prisms or acicular 
 needles, slowly efflorescing in dry air, odorless, of sharp, saline, nauseous and metallic 
 taste and acid reaction, soluble in 0.6 of water, insoluble in alcohol. Dose, as emetic, 
 gr. x-xxx,—as a tonic and astringent, gr. j^-ij, in pill. For Villate's Solution , see ante, 
 page 195. 
 
 Zinci Valerianas, Valerianate of Zinc, Zn(C 5 H 9 0 2 ) 2 .H 2 0 ,—soft, white, pearly scales, 
 of sweet and styptic taste and acid reaction; soluble in 100 of water and in 40 of alco¬ 
 hol at 59 0 F. Dose, gr. 4 <j—ij> in pill. 
 
 [The Bromide of Zinc is described under Bromum, see page 133, and the Phosphide 
 under Phosphorus, on page 305.] 
 
404 
 
 ZINCUM. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Zinc Salts are astringents, but milder ones than the salts of Lead. Its 
 soluble compounds (the Chloride, Iodide, Sulphate and Acetate) are cor¬ 
 rosive poisons, causing violent gastro-enteritis, and in some cases pro¬ 
 found nervous depression. The Chloride is a very powerful and pain¬ 
 ful escharotic or rather mummifier of the tissues, having great affinity for 
 water, coagulating albumen and shrivelling the vessels. It is a very 
 active disinfectant. The Sulphate is also escharotic and a specific 
 emetic, acting promptly by direct irritation of the stomach, and without 
 much depression or after-nausea. In small doses it is tonic and astrin¬ 
 gent, in larger it would be a severe irritant but for its causing prompt 
 emesis. The Acetate resembles the sulphate in action. The Oxide 
 used externally is a mild, soothing astringent; used internally it enters 
 the blood as a lactate or chloride, and acts as a mild astringent and as a 
 nervous sedative. Being almost insoluble in the stomach, it has but feeble 
 diffusive power and consequently but slight activity. The Carbonate 
 resembles the Oxide in action. The Iodide locally is a powerful eschar¬ 
 otic and has been supposed to possess some alterative powers when given 
 internally in addition to its astringent qualities as a zinc salt. The 
 Valerianate acts as a nervous sedative, but its properties are in all proba¬ 
 bility due to its base and not to the acid combined with it. 
 
 Continued use of zinc salts produces symptoms similar to those of 
 chronic lead-poisoning, but of much less gravity. They manifest much 
 less tendency to accumulate in the system than other metallic salts, and 
 are excreted much more rapidly. Elimination takes place chiefly by the 
 liver and intestinal glands. 
 
 [The actions of the Bromide and Phosphide are described respectively 
 on pages 134 and 305.] 
 
 Antidotes and Incompatibles. 
 
 Lime-water, mucilaginous drinks, soap, tannic acid, milk, Potassium and Sodium Car¬ 
 bonates if given early, are the antidotes in poisoning by the salts of zinc. Incompatibles 
 are—lime-water, alkalies and their carbonates, nitrate of silver, and vegetable astringents. 
 Acetate of Lead produces double decomposition with zinc salts, but it is often used in 
 solution with the sulphate as an injection. 
 
 Therapeutics. 
 
 Zinc salts are chiefly employed in weak solution as mild astringent 
 applications in catarrhs of mucous membranes, such as conjunctivitis, 
 gonorrhoea, etc., and as unguents and lotions in skin-diseases, particularly 
 eczema, impetigo, herpes, and erythema. The Chloride is made into a 
 paste with flour and glycerin for the destruction of lupus, epithelioma and 
 other morbid growths, and for opening abscesses in locations where punc¬ 
 ture or incision might be dangerous. The cuticle, if unbroken, should 
 be removed by strong water of ammonia before the paste is applied, as it 
 
ZINGIBER. 
 
 405 
 
 will not act through the epidermic tissue. It is a commonly used disin¬ 
 fectant and deodorant, and in weak solution iij—v of the Liquor to 5 j 
 of water) makes a good lotion for putrid ulcers, and still weaker (gr. j-ij to 
 the pint), is an excellent injection for gonorrhoea. The Iodide is not em¬ 
 ployed as an escharotic, nor has it ever been a favorite remedy for internal 
 use. It is chiefly employed in solution as an application to enlarged tonsils, 
 and as an ointment (1 part to 8 of lard) for the reduction of glandular 
 enlargements. The Sulphate is used locally as an astringent to mucous 
 surfaces generally, internally as an emetic in narcotic poisoning and croup, 
 and in small doses as a tonic and antispasmodic in convulsive diseases, as 
 chorea, hysteria, epilepsy, angina pectoris, asthma, etc. In diarrhoeas 
 and dysentery it is a good astringent, and is frequently combined with 
 Opium and Ipecac. The Acetate is used for the same purposes as the 
 Sulphate, but is usually preferred for collyria. The Oxide may be used 
 as a dusting powder in intertrigo, and as an ointment in eczema and 
 excoriated surfaces generally. In combination with Bismuth and Pepsin 
 it is an excellent remedy for the summer diarrhoea of children, and with 
 Aromatic Powder and Morphine it is very efficient in gastralgia. It is a 
 good remedy in 3-grain doses for the night-sweats of phthisis, and has 
 been successfully employed in epilepsy and neuralgia, in whooping-cough, 
 hysteria, nervous headache and in bronchorrhoea to check the profuse 
 secretion. It is much employed as an ingredient of cosmetics. The 
 Carbonate is by some preferred to the oxide for local use in skin diseases. 
 Calamine Ointment , which is a mixture of the impure carbonate (cala¬ 
 mine) with the oxide and an unguent basis, was until recently a favorite 
 application as a soothing protective to abrasions and inflammations of the 
 integument. The Valerianate has been used in chorea, epilepsy, neu¬ 
 ralgia and various anomalous nervous affections, such as the nervous head¬ 
 ache of hysterical women, nervous coughs and aphonia due to uterine and 
 ovarian irritation. 
 
 [The Bromide and Phosphide are used entirely with reference to their 
 respective non-metallic bases, under which titles their therapeutics are 
 described.] 
 
 ZINGIBER, Ginger ,—is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale , a plant 
 of the nat. ord. Zingiberaceae, having dingy-yellow flowers on a leafless 
 flower-stalk, and long, lanceolate leaves on a separate stem. The plant is 
 a native of Hindostan, but is cultivated in Jamaica, Sierra Leone, etc. 
 The rhizome is about inch broad, flattish, on one side lobed or clavately 
 branched, of a pale-buff color, striate, agreeably aromatic and of a warm, 
 pungent taste. It breaks with a mealy, fibrous fracture showing numerous 
 small resin-cells and fibro-vascular bundles. It contains an aromatic, vola¬ 
 tile oil and a resin. 
 
406 
 
 ZINGIBER. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Extraction Zingiberis Fluidum, —Dose, ttpx- g ss. 
 
 Tinctnra Zingiberis ,—20 per cent. Dose, rtpxx- g ij. 
 
 Syrupus Zingiberis ,—has of the fluid extract 2 per cent, in sugar and water. Dose, 
 3 ss-ij. 
 
 Trochisci Zingiberis ,—each troche contains of the tincture 2 grains, with Tragacanth, 
 Sugar and Syrup of Ginger. 
 
 Oleoresina Zingiberis ,—contains all the virtues of the root, and is extracted by ether. 
 Dose, rrp^-j, well diluted. 
 
 Ginger is also a constituent of Pulvis Aromaticus, Pulvis Rhei Compositus and Vinum 
 Aloes. 
 
 Physiological Action and Therapeutics. 
 
 Ginger is sialagogue when chewed, sternutatory when inhaled, and 
 externally a rubefacient. Internally it is a grateful stimulant and carmina¬ 
 tive, produces a sensation of warmth at the epigastrium and promotes the 
 expulsion of flatus. It is employed as a carminative in colic, as a masti¬ 
 catory to increase the secretion of saliva and in relaxed conditions of the 
 throat, also internally in atonic dyspepsia, to relieve flatulence, and as an 
 adjunct to purgative agents to correct their griping properties. The syrup 
 is in common use as a flavoring adjuvant in prescriptions. 
 
PART II. 
 
 PHARMACY AND PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
 
 Pharmacy (<pdp[±azov, a medicament),—may be defined as the art of 
 selecting and preserving medicines, and preparing them for administra¬ 
 tion. It may be divided into— 
 
 Official or Galenical Pharmacy ,—dealing with the processes and prepa¬ 
 rations of the Pharmacopoeia; and— 
 
 Extemporaneous or Magistral Pharmacy ,—which includes the opera¬ 
 tions of compounding and dispensing remedies as directed by the prescrip¬ 
 tions of physicians. 
 
 Pharmacopoeias and Dispensatories. 
 
 A Pharmacopoeia is an official list of the drugs and their prepara¬ 
 tions recognized by the medical profession of a certain country. In 
 foreign countries the Pharmacopoeias are published under government 
 auspices and have the force of a legal standard ; in the United States its 
 publication is left to the medical and pharmaceutical professions and is 
 revised every ten years by a convention called for that purpose. The 
 principal official Pharmacopoeias, with their dates of latest revision or 
 additions, are the following, viz.— 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America, 1882. 
 
 British Pharmacopoeia , 1885. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia Germanica , 1882. 
 
 Codex Medicamentarius (.Pharmacopke Franfaisef 1884. 
 
 Besides the above there are the Russian (P. Rossica, 1880); the Austrian (P. Austriaca, 
 1869); the Swedish (P. Suecica, 1869); the Norwegian (P. Norvegica, 1879); the 
 Danish (P. Danica, 1868, 1874, 1876); the Belgian (P. Belgica, 1881); the Swiss 
 (P. Helvetica, 1872, 1876); the Spanish (F. Espanola, 1865); the Portuguese (P. 
 Portugueza, 1876); the Hungarian (P. Ilungarica, 1871); the Netherlands (P. Neer- 
 landica, 1871); the Roumanian (P. Romana, 1862); the Finnish (P. Fennica, 1863); 
 the Greek (P. Hellenica, 1868); the Mexican (Nueva Farmacopea Mexicana, 1884); 
 and the Pharmacopoeia of India, 1868, 1869. Italy, Chili and Japan are each about 
 to issue a national pharmacopoeia. 
 
 A Dispensatory is a commentary on one or more pharmacopoeias, 
 giving in extenso the physical and medicinal history of the drugs and 
 
 407 
 
408 
 
 THE CONSTITUENTS OF VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
 
 preparations, together with their doses, physiological action and therapeu¬ 
 tics, and includes similar information about many drugs which are not 
 official in any pharmacopoeia, but are of occasional use or general interest. 
 A dispensatory is a private publication, of authority according to the 
 reputation of its author. The principal dispensatories are veritable drug- 
 encyclopaedias, so elaborately do they deal with every subject embraced 
 therein. Those of acknowledged value are— 
 
 The Dispensatory of the United States of America, by Drs. Wood and Bache, of Phila¬ 
 delphia, 16th edition, edited by Wood, Remington and Stadtler. Philadelphia, The J. B. 
 Lippincott Company. 1888. 
 
 The National Dispensatory , edited by Drs. Stille and Maisch. 4th edition. Philadel¬ 
 phia, Lea, Bros. & Co. 1887. 
 
 The American Dispensatory , by King & Lloyd, Cincinnati, is the recognized authority 
 of the “ eclectic ” practitioners. 
 
 A Companion to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia , by Drs. Oldberg and Wall. 2d edition, New 
 York, Wm. Wood & Co.—is an excellent book, but not so exhaustive as the others in its 
 method of treating the subjects embraced in it. 
 
 A Companion to the British Pharmacopeia, by Peter Squire, is the standard student’s 
 text-book on drugs in England, but in no degree compares with the United States or 
 National Dispensatories. 
 
 THE CONSTITUENTS OF VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
 
 The constituents of vegetable drugs may be classified as soluble and in¬ 
 soluble, the first group containing those ingredients which maybe extracted 
 by suitable menstrua, the second such as resist the action of all ordinary 
 solvents. 
 
 The Soluble Constituents comprise both inert and active principles , 
 the inert being chiefly starch, gum and pectin, which may be readily 
 separated by water. The active principles are alkaloids, acids, salts, glu- 
 cosides and other neutral principles, volatile oils, resins, etc. Some few 
 of these may be extracted by Water alone (<?. g. Morphine), and in some 
 cases the addition of acids or alkalies to the water will effect the chemical 
 solution of many ingredients which are insoluble in water alone. As a 
 rule, however, Alcohol is the most generally applicable of all simple sol¬ 
 vents, but from its hardening the cell-membranes instead of softening 
 them it prevents the osmosis of their contents. Drugs subjected to alco¬ 
 holic or ethereal menstrua should have their cells thoroughly broken or 
 torn, so that the solvent may be brought into actual contact with the 
 principles contained in them. The degree of disintegration required 
 depends upon the size of the cells, ducts, tubes, intercellular spaces, etc., 
 in which the active principles are enclosed. A very finely powdered state 
 is however open to objection from the packing of the particles together 
 into an almost impenetrable mass when treated by the solvent. The 
 average size of vegetable cells is about -g-J-y of an inch, while resin cells 
 and other cavities are larger, averaging perhaps about inch. The 
 Pharmacopoeia prescribes in each instance the degree of fineness of the 
 
THE CONSTITUENTS OF VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
 
 409 
 
 powdered drug employed in making certain of its preparations, or its 
 bruising, slicing,'etc., when such operations will answer. [Compare the 
 article on Comminution in the following section.] 
 
 Alkaloidea , Alkaloids, (termination, — ina , — ine, ) are natural principles 
 existing in plants, and extracted therefrom by chemical art. They are 
 organic bases, forming salts with acids,and regarded as compound ammonias, 
 products of albuminous decomposition in the plant-cells during the process 
 of growth. Like ammonia, they all contain N, with C and H; most of 
 them also contain ing O, though a few are devoid of the latter element, occur¬ 
 ring as oily liquids,— e. g. Nicotine, Coniine, Sparteine, Piperidine, Lupu- 
 line, Lobeline, Muscarine. Alkaloids are generally insoluble in water, 
 but soluble in alcohol; and their salts are more soluble in water than in 
 any other liquid. They are easily decomposed by alkalies or alkaline car¬ 
 bonates ; and are precipitated from their solutions by a solution of Iodine 
 in Iodide of Potassium, by Potassio-mercuric Iodide, and by Picric, Phos- 
 pho-molybdic and Phospho-tungstic Acids. They generally have a power¬ 
 ful physiological action, and their official names always end in — ina , 
 (— ine). 
 
 There are 15 alkaloids official, either under their own names or under 
 those of one or more of their salts. Of the latter there are 8 Sulphates, 4 
 Hvdrochlorates, and 1 each Bisulphate, Acetate, Hydrobromate, Salicylate 
 and Valerianate. The official alkaloids are as follows, viz.— 
 
 Apomorphina. 
 
 Codeina. 
 
 Piperina. 
 
 Atropina. 
 
 Hyoscyamina. 
 
 Quinidina. 
 
 Caffeina. 
 
 Morphina. 
 
 Quinina. 
 
 Cinchonidina. 
 
 Physostigmina. 
 
 Strychnina. 
 
 Cinchonina. 
 
 Pilocarpina. 
 
 Veratrina. 
 
 but Important Alkaloids are the following, viz.— 
 
 
 Aconitine. 
 
 Colchicine. 
 
 Gelsemine. 
 
 Antifebrine. 
 
 Coniine. 
 
 Homatropine. 
 
 Antipyrine. 
 
 Curarine. 
 
 Katrine. 
 
 Berberine. 
 
 Daturine. 
 
 Muscarine. 
 
 Chinoline. 
 
 Duboisine. 
 
 Pelletierine. 
 
 Cocaine. 
 
 Emetine. 
 
 Thalline. 
 
 Glucosidea, Glucosides, (terminations, — inum , — in), —are organic com¬ 
 pounds, belonging to the group of Neutral Principles which exist in plants ; 
 and which are resolved m\.o glucose and some other principle, by the action 
 of reagents or natural ferments. Few, if any, of these compounds, con¬ 
 tain any N,—but among them are some very active agents. The official 
 glucosides number six, and like other neutral principles, are designated by 
 titles which end, in Latin in — inum , (English, — in), viz.— 
 
4io 
 
 OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 Chrysarobinum, (Chrysarobin). Picrotoxinum, (Picrotoxin). 
 
 Elaterinum, (Elaterin). Salicinum, (Salicin). 
 
 Glycyrrhizinum, (Glycyrrhizin). Santoninum, (Santonin). 
 
 Besides these, there are several other substances recognized by pharmacopoeial names 
 which terminate in — inum , — in, but which have no relationship to the group of Gluco- 
 sides. They are the following, viz.— 
 
 Benzinum, Benzin,—A distillate consisting of hydrocarbons. 
 
 Benzoinuin, Benzoin,—A balsamic resin. 
 
 Chinoidinum, Chinoidin,—A mixture of Cinchona alkaloids. 
 
 Glycerinum , Glycerin,—A liquid obtained from fats or fixed oils. 
 
 Lupnlinum, Lupulin,—A glandular powder from the hop. 
 
 Pepsinum, Pepsin,—A digestive principle. 
 
 Pyroxylinu?n, Pyroxylin,—Soluble gun-cotton. 
 
 The Insoluble Constituents are cellulose, lignin and sclerogen, 
 which make up the cell-walls of vegetable substances, and are extremely 
 intractable. 
 
 OFFICIAL PHARMACY. 
 
 OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 The official operations are those processes which are directed in the 
 pharmacopoeia to be used in the preparation of medicines. Many of them 
 are processes which are common to both chemistry and pharmacy, as pre¬ 
 cipitation and crystallization,—while others are peculiar to pharmacy, as 
 percolation, trituration, etc. The most important of the pharmaceutical 
 operations are briefly described below; for full details of the various 
 apparatus used the student is referred to the more exhaustive treatises on 
 Pharmacy. 
 
 Vaporization includes the various operations by which volatile mat¬ 
 ters are separated from fixed substances or from other matters which are 
 less volatile, heat at varying temperatures being the agent used. The 
 operations under this head are— Evaporation , Distillation , Desiccation , 
 and Sublimation. 
 
 Evaporation in Pharmacy is the process by which the more volatile 
 constituents of a liquid are driven off by heat for the purpose of reducing 
 its volume or of purifying it, as in the preparation of extracts and fluid 
 extracts, the crystallization of salts, etc. The vessels used should be shal¬ 
 low so as to expose a large surface of the liquid to the atmosphere. The 
 heat used may be regulated by a water-bath, a steam-bath or sand-bath, 
 and ordinarily should be kept below but near to the boiling point of the 
 liquid treated. As organic substances are usually injured by long heating, 
 small portions only of vegetable preparations should be subjected to this 
 process, and the liquid should be frequently stirred in order to hasten the 
 
OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 41 I 
 
 operation. In large laboratories vacuum-pans are employed to remove 
 the atmospheric pressure, enabling the evaporation to be accomplished at 
 a much less degree of heat than if the liquid were exposed to the air. 
 Ebullition or Boiling is a form of evaporation. 
 
 Spontaneous Evaporation is the evaporation of a liquid without the direct applica¬ 
 tion of strong heat, but at the temperature of the room or closet used for the purpose. 
 It is especially applicable to cases in which the residue is liable to injury or loss from 
 much heat, or to secure finer crystals than can be obtained by quick evaporation of their 
 solution. 
 
 Distillation consists of two processes, (1) the evaporation of a liquid, 
 (2) the condensation of the vapor into a liquid in a separate vessel. The 
 agent used in the first part of the operation is heat, in the second part 
 cold. Its object is to separate mixed volatile and fixed substances, or to 
 combine volatile substances which cannot otherwise be mixed, as in the 
 preparation of some of the official Waters. The apparatus used is of 
 great variety, from the simple retort and receiver to the elaborate and 
 costly stills. 
 
 Destructive or Dry Distillation is a process of decomposing an organic sub¬ 
 stance by heat into volatile products which are collected in a separate vessel, the residue 
 being said to be carbonized. It is only employed by large manufacturers, for the prepara¬ 
 tion of Acetic and Succinic Acids, Oil of Amber, Wood-tar, etc. 
 
 Fractional Distillation is the separation by distillation of substances which are 
 volatile at different temperatures, each being separately driven over and received in a 
 vessel by itself. Different degrees of heat are successively employed in accordance with 
 the volatilizing points of the substances to be obtained. 
 
 Sublimation is the distillation of a volatile solid, the product being 
 termed a sublimate . Its objects are to purify volatile solids from impuri¬ 
 ties, and to collect such as result from chemical action at high tempera¬ 
 tures. The operation is carried on in iron, glass or stoneware retorts, and 
 results in cake sublimates or powder sublimates according as the temperature 
 of the condensing surface is high or low. 
 
 Desiccation is the process of removing moisture from solids, and has 
 for its object either the preservation of the substance, the reduction of its 
 bulk or the facilitation of its comminution. The operation should be 
 conducted at as low a temperature as possible. Roots, leaves and seeds 
 are generally dried by being placed in trays of wire net-work and exposed 
 to a uniform temperature in a room heated by steam. A better method is 
 to suspend organic substances from the ceiling of an attic during warm 
 weather; a slow process, but one which does not result in much loss of 
 the active volatile principles. Crystals and precipitates require a higher 
 temperature and are usually dried on a water-bath. When the water of 
 crystallization is to be expelled, as in desiccating Alum and Sulphate of 
 Iron, a temperature of about 400° F. is required. In absorbing water from 
 alcohol Carbonate of Potassium and slaked Lime heated are employed, 
 and in several instances Sulphuric Acid is the desiccator used. 
 
412 
 
 OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 Fusion is the process of liquefying solids by the application of high 
 heat without the use of a solvent. It is employed in making ointments, 
 plasters, etc., in purifying resins, and for the purpose of decomposition. 
 The degree of heat required varies from a temperature of 90° F., suffi¬ 
 cient to melt lard in an open vessel, to one of 8oo° F., employed in fusing 
 Zinc in an earthen crucible; and may be regulated by the aid of the 
 water-, steam- or sand-bath. The two former appliances limit the degree 
 of heat applied, while the sand-bath prevents sudden changes in the tem¬ 
 perature. Oil-baths and glycerin baths are employed in fractional distil¬ 
 lation on a large scale. 
 
 Exsiccation or Calcination is the process of depriving a solid of its 
 moisture or other volatile constituents by the application of heat without 
 fusion. The term Exsiccation is usually applied to the vaporization of 
 the water of crystallization from a crystalline body, Calcination , to such 
 operations as the expulsion of carbonic acid and water from carbonates, 
 as in the manufacture of Lime, Magnesia, etc. 
 
 Carbonization is the heating of organic substances without exposure 
 to the air until the volatile constituents are driven off, and the residue 
 assumes the characteristic appearance of carbon. 
 
 Incineration is the heating of organic substances with access of air until 
 the carbon is consumed, the ashes remaining being the product desired. 
 
 Ignition in pharmacy means the process of strongly heating solids or 
 semi-solid substances, the residue left being the product desired. It is 
 used in the official quantitative tests for Phosphoric Acid, Phosphate of 
 Ammonium and purified Sulphide of Antimony. 
 
 Deflagration is the heating of an inorganic substance with another 
 which yields oxygen (usually a nitrate or a chlorate), the result being the 
 decomposition of the body, with violent and sudden combustion. 
 
 Torrefaction or Roasting is the application of heat, in a less 
 degree than for carbonization, to an organic substance for the purpose of 
 modifying some of its constituents, as in the roasting of coffee and 
 rhubarb. The latter substance when subjected to this process, loses its 
 cathartic properties but retains its astringency, and is known as Torrefied 
 Rhubarb. 
 
 Comminution is the process by which the aggregation of the particles 
 of a solid body is overcome, and the body is reduced to pieces of varying 
 sizes. Its object is to increase the surface exposed to the action of solvents, 
 and it includes the mechanical operations of cutting, rasping, grating, 
 crushing, stamping, grinding, pulverizing, triturating, levigating, elutriat- 
 
OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 413 
 
 ing, granulating, etc. Apparatus of various kinds, as cutters, mortars and 
 pestles, mills, etc., are used for the comminution, while spatulas are em¬ 
 ployed to loosen the particles, and sieves to sift the coarser from the finer. 
 These last-named contrivances are of five sizes, designated by the number 
 of their meshes to the inch, 80, 60, 50, 40 and 20, respectively permitting 
 the passage of powders termed very fine, fine, moderately fine, moderately 
 coarse and coarse. 
 
 Trituration is the comminution of a solid to an extremely fine powder 
 by continued rubbing in a wedgewood mortar with an inert and gritty 
 powder, Sugar of Milk being the substance directed to be used. The pro¬ 
 duct is called a Trituration (see that title under Official Preparations). 
 The surfaces of the mortar and pestle-head should coincide closely, and 
 the thorough comminution of the trituration is best accomplished by a 
 circular motion of the pestle in gradually increasing circles, until the side 
 of the mortar is reached, then reversing the motion, and gradually lessen¬ 
 ing the circles until the pestle reaches the centre again. The process is 
 greatly facilitated by having the pestle attached to a long handle playing 
 in an opening made in a piece of wood which is nailed at a convenient 
 height. A weight may be fixed on top of the handle if a greater degree 
 of friction be desired. 
 
 Pulverization by Intervention is only another name for trituration when performed 
 in a mortar and with solid bodies, the foreign substance used being subsequently removed. 
 Potassium Sulphate may be employed as the medium for the pulverization of Gold, and 
 is then dissolved out with water. Alcohol or Chloroform may be added to Camphor to 
 aid its pulverization, and then removed by evaporation. Phosphorus may be pulverized 
 by placing it in water, gently heating the latter until the phosphorus is melted, and agitat¬ 
 ing the whole while cooling. 
 
 Levigation is trituration of a substance made into paste with water or some other 
 liquid, and resembles the old process of grinding oil-paints by hand on a slab of stone The 
 process is used for coarse materials, as chalk, etc., where the refuse is rejected, or for such 
 substances as Red Oxide of Mercury, Oxide of Zinc, etc. When performed with a por¬ 
 phyry slab and muller it is termed Porphyrization. 
 
 Elutriation is a water-sifting process for separating the coarser particles of insoluble 
 substances from the finer. The substance is mixed with water and after the larger par¬ 
 ticles have fallen to the bottom, the liquid is decanted into another vessel, in which the 
 light and powdery particles are collected. 
 
 Solution is the dissolving of a solid or a gaseous substance in a liquid, 
 and may be simple when the substance undergoes no alteration, being 
 recovered unchanged on evaporation, or chemical , when the dissolved 
 body is chemically altered by the solvent of some other substance present, 
 and cannot be recovered on evaporation. Simple Syrup is an instance 
 of simple solution, the Syrup of Lime one of chemical solution. The 
 liquid employed is termed a solvent before the substance is added to it, 
 after the operation is completed the combined preparation is called a solu¬ 
 tion. If fully charged with the dissolved substance so that it will retain 
 no more, it is known as a saturated solution. One liquid may be dissolved 
 in another, or a gas may be dissolved in a liquid. The solution of solids 
 
414 
 
 OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 is greatly facilitated by pulverization and by stirring the menstruum. Heat 
 generally aids solution, most substances being more soluble in hot liquids 
 than in cold ones. A saturated solution of one substance may still be 
 capable of dissolving others. Rapid solution of solids without chemical 
 change causes reduction of temperature, while chemical solution produces 
 elevated temperature. Circulatory Solution is performed by suspending 
 the substance to be dissolved near the surface of the solvent in a gauze bag 
 or on a porous shelf. The portion first acted on descends and produces 
 a circulatory movement in the fluid, facilitating the solution of the whole. 
 
 Solvents employed are chiefly Water, Alcohol, Glycerin, Acids and Oils. Others less 
 frequently used are Ether, Chloroform, Benzin and Carbon Disulphide. 
 
 Washing is a simple mechanical process for separating soluble from 
 insoluble matter, by pouring upon it a liquid which will dissolve the solu¬ 
 ble portion. Various methods of doing this is in vogue and are often 
 dignified with very high-sounding terms, as Lotion, Affusion, Ablution, 
 etc. An ordinary wash-bottle, with the two glass tubes perforating the 
 cork, is a convenient implement for directing a continuous stream upon a 
 precipitate, while for continuous washing a combination of bottles with a 
 funnel may be used. 
 
 Decantation is the pouring or drawing off a supernatant liquid into 
 another vessel. If done by pouring, a guiding-rod for the liquid to run 
 on is an effective adjuvant; if by drawing, the siphon in some form is 
 usually employed. 
 
 Colation, or Straining is another very simple operation, so familiar 
 to every one of ordinary experience as to be scarcely worth describing. 
 The strainers are made of cotton flannel, fine muslin, gauze, woollen felt 
 and other fabrics. 
 
 Filtration is a process of straining through a medium so fine as to 
 deliver the filtrate in transparent condition. The filters are made of paper 
 usually, though charcoal, asbestos, sand and other articles are sometimes 
 employed, and are supported in a funnel of glass or other material held by 
 the ring of a retort-stand. The best filtering-paper is made in Sweden by 
 Munktell, and is white; but a good paper for ordinary use is the “ Prat 
 Dumas White,” which should always be employed for filtering alkaline or 
 alkaloidal solutions. The gray French papers answer well enough for 
 fluid extracts, tinctures or colored liquids, but should never be used for 
 solutions containing free alkali. 
 
 Filtering-paper is folded by doubling a sheet upon itself, and then folding it again 
 directly in the middle. When opened four distinct sections appear, one of which is 
 separated from the other three, and the filter thus formed is placed in a funnel. This 
 arrangement is known as a plain filter, which by repeated creasing is converted into 
 the plaitedfilter; the latter being the form generally used in pharmaceutical operations 
 
OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 415 
 
 of small extent. In large laboratories special processes of filtration are employed with 
 apparatus of more or less complexity for hot filtration, rapid filtration, etc. 
 
 Clarification is the separation from liquids of solid matter, which pre¬ 
 vents their being transparent, without using filters or strainers. It may 
 be effected by heat (as in the case of Mel Despumatum), by adding 
 a lighter liquid, by adding albumen, gelatin, milk, or paper-pulp, by fer¬ 
 mentation, or by subsidence of the particles in the form of a sediment 
 through long standing. 
 
 Decoloration, or the removal of coloring-matter from liquids or from 
 solids in solution, is effected by the use of animal charcoal, which in small 
 operations may be arranged in a funnel or a percolator, and the liquid 
 placed thereon. It should not be forgotten that charcoal absorbs many 
 other principles besides coloring-matter, especially alkaloids, bitters, and 
 astringents, so that the process of decoloration may be one of serious 
 injury to the efficiency of the preparation. 
 
 Separation of liquids which do not mix with each other is a simple 
 mechanical process performed with pipettes of various forms, or with fun¬ 
 nels having stop-cocks in their necks. Special forms of receivers are used 
 for the separation of volatile oils from the water which may accompany 
 them during distillation. 
 
 Precipitation is the process of separating solids from their solutions, 
 and is usually effected by chemical reaction, though it may be accom¬ 
 plished by other methods, as by adding a second liquid in which the sub¬ 
 stance is insoluble, by heating albuminous solutions, or by exposing 
 solutions of silver salts to the action of light. The most familiar example 
 of chemical precipitation is the addition of a solution of Mercuric 
 Chloride to one of Potassium Iodide, the result being a double decompo¬ 
 sition of the salts and the formation of Mercuric Iodide, which falls to 
 the bottom of the vessel as a brilliant, red, insoluble and crystalline pow¬ 
 der. The precipitate is the separated substance, which is usually thrown 
 down, but it remains suspended in some cases, and in others it rises to the 
 top. The precipitant is the substance which is added to produce the pre¬ 
 cipitation. A magma is a thick, tenacious precipitant remaining behind 
 after the supernatant liquid is removed by decantation or otherwise. Pre¬ 
 cipitates are termed flocculent,gelatinous, curdy , granular, crystalline , etc., 
 according to the forms assumed. In small operations they are usually 
 collected on plain filters, and washed by the repeated addition of water. 
 
 Crystallization is the process which bodies undergo in passing from 
 the liquid or the gaseous state to the geometrical forms called crystals. 
 Six systems of crystals are recognized by crystallography, which has 
 assumed the dignity of a separate science. Bodies which are not capable 
 
416 
 
 OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 of crystallization are termed amorphous. Every crystallizable body 
 assumes its own peculiar form, or some other form directly derived from 
 or related to it. The process of crystallization is effected (i) by fusion 
 and partial cooling, as in the cases of some metals and Sulphur; (2) by 
 sublimation, as Benzoic Acid, Mercuric Chloride, etc. ; (3) by deposition 
 from hot saturated solutions while cooling ; (4) by deposition from a solu¬ 
 tion during evaporation ; (5) by deposition caused by passing a galvanic 
 current through the solution; (6) by precipitation, as in the case of the 
 Mercuric Iodide; (7) by the addition to the solution of a substance 
 having a strong affinity for water, as in the adding of Calcium Chloride 
 to an aqueous solution of Sodium Chloride, or Alcohol to a solution of 
 Potassium Nitrate, or to an aqueous syrup. In a few cases amorphous 
 solids may crystallize without undergoing liquefaction, as Sulphur, Barley- 
 sugar, Iron or Brass wire. The methods most frequently employed are 
 those by deposition from supersaturated solutions, and by deposition during 
 evaporation. The more slowly the process is carried on the larger and 
 more regular will be the crystals. The process is facilitated by use of 
 foreign bodies as nuclei around which the crystals are deposited ; a familiar 
 instance being the thread in the centre of a mass of rock-candy. 
 
 The IVater of Crystallization is the H 2 0 with which most substances combine in the 
 act of crystallization, and the number of molecules thereof differs for each body and for 
 the same body frequently under different conditions. Exsiccation is the driving off of this 
 combined water by heat, the crystals assuming thereby the form of a dry powder. Efflo- * 
 rescence is a similar process occurring spontaneously on exposure of the crystals to the air, 
 the effloresced portion appearing as a dry powder on the surface of the crystals. Deliques¬ 
 cence , on the other hand, is the act of absorbing water from the atmosphere, a property 
 possessed by some substances which are therefore said to be hygroscopic. 
 
 Granulation is a process of reducing a coarsely crystalline substance 
 to a granular powder by dissolving it in water and evaporating the solu¬ 
 tion with constant stirring until the product becomes perfectly dry. Many 
 salts are thus treated for convenience in dispensing, as the Bromide, the 
 Iodide, the Carbonate and the Citrate of Potassium. Sulphate of Iron, 
 though generally dispensed in the exsiccated powder, may be granulated 
 into minute crystals by filtering an aqueous solution of it into alcohol. 
 
 Dialysis is a process by which crystallizable substances are separated 
 from non-crystallizable ones, by suspending a solution containing both 
 upon a porous diaphragm having its under surface in contact with water. 
 The crystalloids pass through the diaphragm, while the non-crystalline 
 remain above it, and are termed colloids. Examples of the latter class are 
 gelatin, gum, glue, starch, dextrin, albumen and extractive matters, which 
 are generally the inert and valueless constituents of vegetable drugs. 
 Parchment-paper and bladders are used for the diaphragm; the whole 
 apparatus being termed the dialyzer , while the water into which the crys¬ 
 talloids pass is called the diffusate. 
 
OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 417 
 
 The unofficial preparation known as Dialyzed Iron or Ferrum Dialysatum is a col¬ 
 loidal substance obtained by treating Ferric Chloride in solution with Ammonia, whereby 
 Ferric Hydrate is precipitated and then dissolved by agitation. The mixture being placed 
 on a dialyzer, the crystalloids formed (Ammonium Chloride and Ferric Chloride), together 
 with any free acid present, pass into the diffusate, leaving the neutral colloidal liquid 
 (solution of Ferric Oxychloride) above on the septum. 
 
 Maceration is one of the processes of extracting the soluble princi¬ 
 ples from drugs, and consists in steeping or soaking the comminuted sub¬ 
 stance in a suitable liquid called the menstruum , generally alcohol, for a 
 period varying from 2 to 14 days, during which it is occasionally agitated. 
 The liquid is then poured off, the residue is expressed, and the mixed 
 liquors are filtered. Several of the official tinctures are prepared by this 
 method, and many others are subjected to maceration first and perco¬ 
 lation afterwards. 
 
 Expression is the forcible separation of liquids from solids, by sub¬ 
 jecting them to pressure. Hand-pressure through straining-cloths may be 
 employed, but mechanical presses are more efficient and are coming into 
 general use. Oils obtained in this manner are called expressed or fixed 
 oils , to distinguish them from the volatile oils obtained by distillation. 
 
 Percolation or Displacement is a process of obtaining the soluble 
 constituents of a substance in powder by the descent of a solvent through 
 it. Though an ancient process for the making of lye from wood-ashes 
 (lixiviation), it has only within the last forty years been adopted as an 
 official process in pharmacy, and it is gradually taking the place of macera¬ 
 tion as a means of extracting the soluble principles of drugs. The vessel 
 used to hold the powdered drug is called the percolator , of which there 
 are many forms employed by the manufacturers. The liquid used as a 
 solvent is called the menstruum , and when coming from the percolator it 
 is termed the percolate. The U. S. Pharmacopoeia gives the following 
 directions concerning this process : — 
 
 “ The process of percolation, or displacement, directed in this Pharmacopoeia, consists 
 in subjecting a substance, or substances, in powder, contained in a vessel called a percolator, 
 to the solvent action of successive portions of menstruum in such a manner that the liquid, 
 as it traverses the powder in its descent to the recipient, shall be charged with the soluble 
 portion of it, and pass from the percolator free from insoluble matter. 
 
 “ When the process is successfully conducted, the first portion of the liquid,or percolate, 
 passing through the percolator will be nearly saturated with the soluble constituents of the 
 substance treated; and if the quantity of menstruum be sufficient for its exhaustion, the 
 last portion of the percolate will be destitute of color, odor, and taste, other than that 
 possessed by the menstruum itself. 
 
 “ The percolator most suitable for the quantities contemplated by this Pharmacopoeia 
 should be nearly cylindrical, or slightly coriical, with a funnel-shaped termination at the 
 smaller end. The neck of this funnel-end should be rather short, and should gradually 
 and regularly become narrower toward the orifice, so that a perforated cork, bearing a 
 short glass tube, may be tightly wedged into it from within until the end of the cork is 
 flush with its outer edge. The glass tube, which must not protrude above the inner surface 
 of the cork, should extend from one and one-eighth to one and one-half inch (3 to 4 cen¬ 
 timeters) beyond the outer surface of the cork, and should be provided with a closely fit- 
 27 
 
4 iS 
 
 OFFICIAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 ting rubber tube, at least one-fourth longer than the percolator itself, and ending in another 
 short glass tube, whereby the rubber tube may be so suspended that its orifice shall be 
 above the surface of the menstruum in the percolator, a rubber band holding it in position. 
 
 “ The dimensions of such a percolator, conveniently holding five hundred grammes of 
 powdered material, are preferably the following: Length of body, fourteen inches (36cen¬ 
 timeters) ; length of neck, two inches (5 centimeters); internal diameter at top, four 
 inches (10 centimeters) ; internal diameter at beginning of funnel-shaped end, two and 
 one-half inches (6.5 centimeters); internal diameter of the neck, one-half inch (12 milli¬ 
 meters), gradually reduced at the end to two-fifths of an inch (10 millimeters). It is best 
 constructed of glass, but unless so directed, may be constructed of a different material. 
 
 “ The percolator is prepared for percolation by gently pressing a small tuft of cotton into 
 the space of the neck above the cork, and a small layer of clean and dry sand is then 
 poured upon the surface of the cotton to hold it in place. 
 
 “The powdered substance to be percolated (which must be uniformly of the fineness 
 directed in the formula, and should be perfectly air-dry before it is weighed) is put into 
 a basin, the specified quantity of menstruum is poured on, and it is thoroughly stirred with 
 a spatula, or other suitable instrument, until it appears uniformly moistened. The moist 
 powder is then passed through a coarse sieve—No. 40 powders, and those which are finer, 
 requiring a No. 20 sieve, whilst No. 30 powders require a No. 15 sieve for this purpose. 
 Powders of a less degree of fineness usually do not require this additional treatment after 
 the moistening. The moist powder is now transferred to a sheet of thick paper and the 
 whole quantity poured from it into the percolator. It is then shaken down lightly and 
 allowed to remain in that condition for a period varying from fifteen minutes to several 
 hours, unless otherwise directed ; after which the powder is pressed, by the aid of a plunger 
 of suitable dimensions, more or less firmly, in proportion to the character of the powdered sub¬ 
 stance and the alcoholic strength of the menstruum ; strongly alcoholic menstrua, as a rule, 
 permitting firmer packing of the powder than the weaker. The percolator is now placed in 
 position for percolation, and the rubber tube having been fastened at a suitable height, the 
 surface of the powder is covered by an accurately fitting disk of filtering paper, or other 
 suitable material, and a sufficient quantity of menstruum poured on through a funnel reach¬ 
 ing nearly to the surface of the paper. If these conditions are accurately observed, the 
 menstruum will penetrate the powder equally until it has passed into the rubber tube and 
 has reached, in this, the height corresponding to its level in the percolator, which is now 
 closely covered to prevent evaporation, and the apparatus allowed to stand at rest for the 
 time specified in the formula. 
 
 “ To begin percolation, the rubber tube is lowered and its glass end introduced into the 
 neck of a bottle previously marked for the quantity of liquid to be percolated, if the per¬ 
 colate is to be measured, or of a tared bottle, if the percolate is to be weighed; and by 
 raising or lowering this recipient, the rapidity of percolation may be increased or lessened 
 as may be desirable, observing, however, that the rate of percolation, unless the quantity 
 of material taken in operation is largely in excess of the pharmacopoeial quantities, shall 
 not exceed the limit of ten to thirty drops in a minute. A layer of menstruum must con¬ 
 stantly be maintained above the powder, so as to prevent the access of air to its interstices, 
 until all has been added, or the requisite quantity of percolate obtained. This is conveni¬ 
 ently accomplished, if the space above the powder will admit of it, by inverting a bottle 
 containing the entire quantity of menstruum over the percolator in such a manner that its 
 mouth may dip beneath the surface of the liquid, the bottle being of such shape that its 
 shoulder will serve as a cover for the percolator. 
 
 “ When the dregs of a tincture, or similar preparation, are to be subjected to percola¬ 
 tion, after maceration with all or with the greater portion of the menstruum, the liquid 
 portion should be drained off as completely as possible, the solid portion packed in a per¬ 
 colator, as before described, and the liquid poured on, until all has passed from the sur¬ 
 face, when immediately a sufficient quantity of the original menstruum should be poured 
 on to displace the absorbed liquid, until the prescribed quantity has been obtained.” 
 
 Modification of the above Process. 
 
 “ Authority is given to employ, in the case of Fluid Extracts, where it may be applica¬ 
 ble, the process of Repercolation, without change of the original menstruum.” 
 
 Testing is directed by the Pharmacopoeia in convenient cases, for the 
 purpose of ascertaining the identity and purity of its preparations ; and 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 419 
 
 a List of Reagents used is given at the end of the book, which is divided 
 into three parts,— (1) Articles used in Testing, (2) Test-solutions , (3) Volu¬ 
 metric Solutions. The analysis directed under the title of each prepara¬ 
 tion is frequently Qualitative, but often Quantitative, and of the latter both 
 the Gravimetric and the Volumetric methods are used. Pharmacopoeial 
 testing and volumetric analysis are necessary to the work of the practical 
 pharmacist, and as the apparatus used is simple and the operations are 
 those in the line of his daily work, he should be familiar therewith. On 
 the other hand the proximate analysis of organic substances for their prin¬ 
 ciples, and the ultimate analysis of the same bodies for their elements, 
 require a high degree of skill and long experience, and should be left to 
 the professional chemist. 
 
 The apparatus used in testing consists of graduated flasks and jars, 
 burettes, pipettes, funnels, beakers, test-tubes, capsules, crucibles, reagent- 
 bottles, etc. The metric system is directed for all analytical work, and 
 the apparatus employed should be graduated accordingly. 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 The pharmacopoeial preparations may be presented under various 
 methods of classification, one of the simplest being that which divides 
 them into liquids and solids, the former being subdivided into groups 
 named after their principal bases, viz. :— 
 
 Liquid Preparations. 
 
 Aqueous ,—Waters, Solutions, Infusions, Decoctions, Syrups, Honeys, Mucilages, Mix¬ 
 tures; the last four containing sweet or viscid substances. 
 
 Alcoholic ,—Fluid Extracts, Tinctures, Wines, Spirits, Elixirs. 
 
 Ethereal ,—Oleoresins, Collodions. 
 Oleaginous ,—Liniments, Oleates. 
 Acetous ,—Vinegars. 
 
 . 
 
 Glycerines ,—Glycerites. 
 
 Extracts. 
 
 Solid 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 Troches. 
 
 Ointments. 
 
 Abstracts. 
 
 
 Confections. 
 
 Cerates. 
 
 Resins. 
 
 
 Powders. 
 
 Plasters. 
 
 Masses. 
 
 
 Triturations. 
 
 Papers. 
 
 Pills. 
 
 
 Suppositories. 
 
 In the following descriptions of the pharmacopoeial groups the compo¬ 
 sition and dosage of the various preparations are omitted, as they are 
 fully detailed in the section on Materia Medica, under the title in each 
 case of the principal constituent. 
 
 Aqueous Preparations. 
 
 Aquae, Waters,—are aqueous solutions of volatile substances, which 
 may be either solids, liquids, or gases, dissolved either by solution in cold 
 or hot water, by filtration through an absorbent powder, by percolation 
 
420 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 through cotton saturated with the substance, or by distillation. The offi¬ 
 cial waters number 15, including the two forms of Aqua itself, as follows, 
 viz. : — 
 
 Aqua. 
 
 Aqua Destillata. 
 
 Aqua Ammoniae. 
 
 Aqua Ammoniae Fortior. 
 
 Aqua Amygdalae Amarae. 
 
 Aqua Anisi. 
 
 Aqua Aurantii Florum. 
 
 Aqua 
 
 Aqua Chlori. 
 
 Aqua Cinnamomi. 
 
 Aqua Creasoti. 
 
 Aqua Foeniculi. 
 
 Aqua Menthae Piperitae. 
 Aqua Menthae Viridis. 
 Aqua Rosae. 
 
 orae. 
 
 Of the above-named two are made by simple solution (A. Amygdalae 
 Amarae and A. Creasoti), three are made by passing gases through water 
 (A. Ammoniae, A. Ammoniae Fortior, and A. Chlori), three are made by 
 distillation (A. Aurantii Florum, A. Destillata and A. Rosae), and the 
 other six are made by percolation through cotton impregnated with the 
 substance. All waters deteriorate when long kept, microscopic plants 
 being propagated in them from spores from the atmosphere. They should 
 be prepared only in such quantities as are needed for use within a reason¬ 
 able time. 
 
 Liquores, Solutions,—comprise all aqueous solutions of non-volatile 
 substances except the syrups, infusions and decoctions, which naturally 
 form distinctive classes. Included among the Liquores is the Solution of 
 Gutta-percha, the solvent of which is Chloroform ; all the others being 
 made with water. There are 28 official solutions, as follows,—the first n 
 being simple aqueous solutions; the next 16 being chemical aqueous solu¬ 
 tions, in which the properties of the dissolved substances are altered by 
 chemical action ; and the last-named being a solution in Chloroform. 
 
 Liquor Acidi Arsenici. 
 
 Liquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri Iodidi. 
 Liquor Calcis. 
 
 Liquor Ferri et Quininae Citratis. 
 Liquor Iodi Composilus. 
 
 Liquor Pepsini. 
 
 Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus. 
 Liquor Potassae. 
 
 Liquor Sodae. 
 
 Liquor Sodii Arseniatis. 
 
 Liquor Sodii Silicatis. 
 
 Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Acetatis. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Chloridi. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Citratis. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Nitratis. 
 Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis. 
 Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis. 
 Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis. 
 Liquor Magnesii Citratis. 
 Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. 
 Liquor Potassae. 
 
 Liquor Potassii Citratis. 
 Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. 
 Liquor Sodae. 
 
 Liquor Sodae Cnloratae. 
 Liquor Zinci Chloridi. 
 Liquor Gutta-Perchae. 
 
 Syrupi, Syrups,—are concentrated solutions of Sugar in Water or in 
 aqueous liquids. They sometimes contain Acetic Acid, and occasionally 
 Alcohol; and are termed simple , medicated or flavored , according as they 
 are simple solutions of sugar in water alone, or contain soluble medicinal 
 substances, or flavoring ingredients. The Sugar used should be very dry. 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 421 
 
 and its official description corresponds with the granulated sugar of com¬ 
 merce. The permanency of these preparations chiefly depends on their 
 possessing the proper relative proportions of sugar and water. They are 
 prepared either by solution with heat, by agitation without heat, by add¬ 
 ing a medicated liquid to simple syrup, by digestion or maceration, or by 
 cold percolation; these processes being all officially directed except the 
 last. They are best preserved by being poured while hot into pint bottles, 
 which should be corked securely while full, and the tops dipped into 
 melted sealing-wax. Fermented syrups are useless for dispensing pur¬ 
 poses. The number of official syrups is 34, as follows, viz.— 
 
 Syrupus. 
 
 Syrupus Acacise. 
 
 Syrupus Acidi Citrici. 
 
 Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici. 
 
 Syrupus Allii. 
 
 Syrupus Althese. 
 
 Syrupus Amygdalae. 
 
 Syrupus Aurantii. 
 
 Syrupus Aurantii Florum. 
 
 Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis. 
 Syrupus Calcis. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Bromidi. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Iodidi. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Quininae et Strychninae 
 Phosphatum. 
 
 Syrupus Hypophosphitum. 
 
 Syrupus Hypophosphitum cum Ferro. 
 
 Syrupus 
 
 Syrupus Ipecacuanhse. 
 
 Syrupus Krameriae. 
 
 Syrupus Lactucarii. 
 
 Syrupus Limonis. 
 
 Syrupus Picis Liquidae. 
 
 Syrupus Pruni Virginianae. 
 Syrupus Rhei. 
 
 Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus. 
 Syrupus Rosae. 
 
 Syrupus Rubi. 
 
 Syrupus Rubi Idaei. 
 
 Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus. 
 Syrupus Scillae. 
 
 Syrupus Scillae Compositus. 
 Syrupus Senegae. 
 
 Syrupus Sennae. 
 
 Syrupus Tolutanus. 
 
 >eris. 
 
 Mellita, Honeys,—differ from syrups merely in their being prepared 
 with honey as a base. The Oxy?nel and Oxymel Scillce of the B. P. are 
 similar preparations, containing also Acetic Acid. There are 3 official 
 Honeys, including two forms of honey itself, viz.— 
 
 Mel. Mel Despumatum. Mel Rosae. 
 
 Mucilagines, Mucilages,—are thick, viscid liquids prepared by dis¬ 
 solving gum in water, or by extracting with water the mucilaginous prin¬ 
 ciples from certain plants. They are easily spoiled and should be kept 
 only in small quantities. The official Mucilages number 5, as follows, the 
 three first-named being prepared without heat, the two last-named with 
 heat, viz.:— 
 
 Mucilago Acaciae. Mucilago Sassafras Medullae. 
 
 Mucilago Cydonii. Mucilago Tragacanthae. 
 
 Mucilago Ulmi. 
 
 Misturae, Mixtures,—in official pharmacy are aqueous preparations of 
 insoluble substances held in suspension by a suitable vehicle. In extem¬ 
 poraneous pharmacy the term mixture has a wider signification, as ex¬ 
 plained under that head. They are generally prepared extemporaneously 
 upon prescriptions, as few of them are of the stability necessary to insure 
 
422 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 their preservation beyond a few days. The official Mixtures number n, 
 of which one (Mistura Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis) is misnamed, and 
 should be entitled a Solution, as it does not contain any insoluble sub¬ 
 stance. Their names are as follows, viz.: — 
 
 Mistura Ammoniaci. 
 Mistura Asafcetidae. 
 Mistura Amygdalae. 
 Mistura Chloroformi. 
 Mistura Cretae. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Composita. 
 
 Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. 
 Mistura Magnesii et Asafoetidae. 
 Mistura Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, 
 Mistura Rhei et Sodae. 
 
 Mistura Potassii Citratis. 
 
 Of the above-named, the first two are simple gum-resin emulsions, the 
 third is a seed-emulsion, the fourth an egg-emulsion ; the next four contain 
 insoluble powders in suspension by the aid of gum arabic, sugar, etc., the 
 next two do not contain insoluble powders in suspension, while the last is 
 an effervescing mixture. 
 
 Infusa, Infusions,—are prepared by treating vegetable substances 
 with hot or cold water without boiling. Cold water is preferred when the 
 drug contains a desirable volatile principle, or when its active ingredient 
 is injured by heat. The drug should be coarsely comminuted, sliced or 
 bruised, and treated by maceration or percolation with the proper quan¬ 
 tity of water, which in the absence of specific directions to the contrary 
 should be io parts by weight to i of the drug. These preparations 
 should be freshly made when required, as they are very prone to decom¬ 
 position. The number of official Infusions is 5, viz.: — 
 
 Infusum Brayerae. Infusum Digitalis. 
 
 Infusum Cinchonae. Infusum Pruni Virginianae. 
 
 Infusum Sennae Compositum. 
 
 • 
 
 The proportions of drug to menstruum in the official infusions vary from 
 1 y 2 per cent, in the case of Digitalis to 4 per cent, in the case of Wild 
 Cherry and 6 per cent, in the case of the others. Alcohol is an ingre¬ 
 dient of the Infusion of Digitalis to prevent decomposition. 
 
 Many dispensing pharmaceutists are in the habit of making infusions 
 from concentrated alcoholic tinctures or from fluid extracts. It is a very 
 reprehensible practice, especially in those cases where the active ingre¬ 
 dients are of a resinous nature and therefore precipitated when the alco¬ 
 holic solution is added to water. 
 
 Decocta, Decoctions,—are made by boiling vegetable substances with 
 water. As very few drugs contain active ingredients which are not 
 injured by heat, these preparations have never obtained favor with scien¬ 
 tific physicians. There are only 2 official Decoctions, viz.: — 
 
 Decoctum Cetrarise. 
 
 Decoctum Sarsaparilla; Compositum. 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 423 
 
 The general official formula prescribes that an ordinary decoction, the 
 strength of which is not directed by the physician, nor specified by the 
 Pharmacopoeia, shall be prepared in the proportion of 1 part of the sub¬ 
 stance to 9 of water. Decoctum Cetrariae is one-half the aforesaid strength, 
 while the Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla is of the full strength as to 
 its chief ingredient. 
 
 Alcoholic Preparations. 
 
 Extracta Fluida, Fluid Extracts,—are permanent concentrated solu¬ 
 tions of vegetable drugs, of uniformly definite strength if the crude drugs 
 are so, a cubic centimeter (11^16.23) in each case representing the medi¬ 
 cinal powers of one gramme (gr. 15.43) of the drug, or approximately a 
 minim of the finished preparation representing the active constituents of a 
 grain of the drug. They are officially directed to be prepared by perco¬ 
 lation and partial evaporation, the menstrua employed being usually Alco¬ 
 hol, diluted Alcohol, or Alcohol and Water in various proportions, though 
 a few are percolated with water, the alcohol being afterwards added. In 
 several instances Glycerin in different proportions is added to the first 
 menstruum, -and in the menstruum used for the extraction of Aconite 
 root Tartaric Acid is an ingredient. In the preparation of the fluid 
 extract of Prunus Virginiana, the extraction is preceded by maceration 
 with water and glycerin, in order to permit of the formation of Hydro¬ 
 cyanic Acid by the reaction of the amygdalin and emulsin of the bark upon 
 each other, which takes place only in the presence of water. The glycerin 
 aids to keep the dissolved matters in perfect solution, and also to better re¬ 
 tain the acid and volatile oil formed during the process. The fluid extract 
 of Glycyrrhiza is prepared with a first menstruum containing Ammonia, and 
 that of Lactucarium is first treated with Ether and then put through an 
 elaborate process in order to obtain a preparation which will make a clear 
 mixture with water, syrup or glycerin. The menstruum directed to be 
 used in each case is intended to be that which will throughly extract all 
 the active constituents of the drug and at the same time will leave the inert 
 soluble matters behind in the rejected portion, known as the marc . In 
 manufacturing fluid extracts on a large scale, modifications of the official 
 processes are necessary, and the methods used are generally percolation 
 and maceration with hydraulic pressure, vacuum maceration followed by 
 percolation, percolation with incomplete exhaustion, or repercolation. 
 The number of official Fluid Extracts is 79. They are named in the fol¬ 
 lowing list, the letters following each one in parentheses showing the char¬ 
 acter of its menstruum, and representing Alcohol, Diluted Alcohol, 
 Alcohol and Water, or Glycerin, by their respective initials. 
 
 Extractum Aconiti Fluidum (A). 
 Ext. Arnicae Radicis FI. (HA). 
 Ext. Aromaticum FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Aurantii Amari FI. (A 2 Wj). 
 Ext. Belladonnae FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Brayerae FI. (A). 
 
424 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Ext. Buchu FI. (A 2 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Calami FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Calumbae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Cannabis Indicae FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Capsici FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Castanese FI. (WA). 
 
 Ext. Chimaphilge FI. (DA g G x ). 
 Ext. Chiratae FI. (DA 9 Gj). 
 
 Ext. Cimicifugae FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Cinchonas FI. (DjA 6 Gj). 
 
 Ext. Colchici Radicis FI. (A 2 W X ). 
 Ext. Colchici Seminis FI. (A 2 W X ). 
 Ext. Conii FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Cornus FI. (DA 4 G X ). 
 
 Ext. Cubebae FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Cypripeaii FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Digitalis FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Dulcamarae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Ergotae FI. (A 3 W 4 ). 
 
 Ext. Erythroxyli FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Eucalypti FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Eupatorii FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Frangulae FI. (A X W 2 ). 
 
 Ext. Gelsemii FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Gentianae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Geranii FI. (DA 9 G X ). 
 
 Ext. Glycyrrhizae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Gossypii Radicis FI. (A 3 G 7 ). 
 Ext. Grindeliae FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Guaranae FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Hamamelidis FI. (A X W 2 ). 
 Ext. Hydrastis FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Ipecacuanhae FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Iridis FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Krameriae FI. (DA 4 G X ). 
 
 Extractum Z 
 
 Ext. Lactucarii FI. (A X W 3 ). 
 
 Ext. Leptandrae FI. (DA n G 3 ). 
 
 Ext. Lobeliae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Lupulini FI. (A), 
 
 Ext. Matico FI. (A X5 W 5 G 2 ). 
 
 Ext. Mezerei FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vomicae FI. (A g W x ). 
 
 Ext. Pareirae FI. (DA 4 G X ). 
 
 Ext. Pilocarpi FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Podophylli FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Pruni Virginianae FI. (W 2 G X ). 
 Ext. Quassiae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Rhei FI. (AjW)). 
 
 Ext. Rhois Glabrae FT (DA 9 G X ). 
 Ext. Rosae FI. (DA 9 G X ). 
 
 Ext. Rubi FI. (A 9 W 7 G 4 ). 
 
 Ext. Rumicis FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Sabinae FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Sanguinariae FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Sarsaparillae Co. FI. (A 5 W 6 G X ). 
 Ext. Sarsaparillae FI. (A 3 W 6 G X ). 
 
 Ext. Scillse FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Scutellariae FI. (A X W 2 ). 
 
 Ext. Senegae FI. (A 2 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Sennae FI. (A 3 W 4 ). 
 
 Ext. Serpentariae FI. (A 3 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Spigeliae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Stillingiae FI. (DA). 
 
 Ext. Stramonii FI. (A S W X ). 
 
 Ext. Taraxaci FI. (A 2 W 3 ). 
 
 Ext. Tritici FI. (WA). 
 
 Ext. Uvae Ursi FI. (DA 9 G X ). 
 
 Ext. Valerianae FI. (A 2 W X ). 
 
 Ext. Veratri Virdis FI. (A). 
 
 Ext. Viburni FI. (A 2 W X ). 
 
 Ext Xanthoxyli FI. (A). 
 
 ■is Fluidum (A). 
 
 In nine instances only does the Pharmacopoeia direct the making of 
 other preparations from corresponding fluid extracts, these nine being the 
 Syrups of Krameria, Lactucarium, Rubus, Senega, and Ginger, the Extract 
 of Ergot, the Liniment of Belladonna, the Ointment of Mezereum, and 
 the Mixture of Rhubarb and Soda. Notwithstanding this fact it is a com¬ 
 mon practice for dispensing pharmaceutists to make tinctures, syrups, 
 infusions, etc., from fluid extracts; and some manufacturers put a label 
 on the bottles containing their fluid extracts, giving the formulae for so 
 preparing other preparations. This practice is illegitimate, and tends to 
 still further degrade the profession of pharmacy into a mere trade, so far 
 as all dispensing is concerned. 
 
 A large number of unofficial fluid extracts are manufactured and for sale, one house 
 alone carrying over 400 such on their catalogue. Normal Liquids are a class of superior 
 fluid extracts introduced by Parke, Davis & Co., which are claimed to be adjusted to a 
 maximum strength by accurate assays for alkaloidal strength made at each stage of their 
 manipulation, irrespective of the amount of material required, which in the case of official 
 fluid extracts is prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia, regardless of the varying quality of drugs 
 in the market. This firm prepares Normal Liquids of Aconite, Veratrum Viride, Bella¬ 
 donna (root or leaves), Cannabis Indica, Cinchona Calisaya, Cinchona Rubra, Colchicum 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 42 5 
 
 {root or seed), Conium, Ergot, Digitalis, Gelsemium, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Podo¬ 
 phyllum, Nux Vomica, Rhubarb, and Stramonium (seed or leaves). Of these prepara¬ 
 tions one cubic centimeter is equivalent to one gramme of the corresponding drug of 
 standard alkaloidal strength. A fluid extract of Belladonna leaves may contain .25 or 
 .45 per cent, of atropine, according to the quality of the drug employed ; a Normal 
 Liquid will contain invariably .4 per cent, of the alkaloid, so that in a given dose it may 
 be relied upon to produce a certain effect. 
 
 Tincturse, Tinctures,—are alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances; 
 and with one official exception (Tincture of Iodine), are made from non¬ 
 volatile bodies. They are prepared by percolation, maceration, solution 
 or dilution ; the menstrua employed being chiefly Alcohol, and diluted 
 Alcohol of various strengths, though in a few cases the Aromatic Spirit 
 of Ammonia, and mixtures of Alcohol, Water and Glycerin are directed 
 to be used. The Pharmacopoeia prescribes a general formula for Tinctures 
 of Fresh Herbs , according to which, when not otherwise directed, these 
 preparations are to be made by macerating 50 parts of the Fresh Herb, 
 bruised or crushed, with 100 parts of Alcohol for 14 days, then expressing 
 the liquid and filtering. Of the 72 official Tinctures 2 are made with 5 
 per cent, of the ingredient, 20 with 10 per cent., 9 with 15 per cent., 23 
 with 20 per cent., 1 with 35 per cent., 1 (Aconite) with 40 per cent., 3 
 with 50 per cent., and 1 (Soap) with 65 per cent.; the others varying in 
 strength from 0.4 per cent, in the case of Paregoric to 26 per cent, in that 
 of the Compound Tincture of Benzoin. Fifty-four are made by percola¬ 
 tion, a few by solution or dilution, and the rest by maceration. The offi¬ 
 cial Tinctures are as follows, the figures placed after each giving the num¬ 
 ber of grains of the active ingredients in each fluid-drachm, viz.— 
 
 Tinctura Aconiti, 19. 
 
 Tinctura Aloes, io{{. 
 
 Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhse, 10*4. 
 Tinctura Arnicse Florum, 10 ) 4 . 
 Tinctura Arnicse Radicis, 5 
 Tinctura Asafoetidse, 10 
 Tinctura Aurantii Amari, io) 4 « 
 Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis, lo l f. 
 Tinctura Belladonnse, 8^4. 
 
 Tinctura Benzoini, io) 4 - 
 Tinctura Benzoini Composita, 13^. 
 Tinctura Bryonise, 4^. 
 
 Tinctura Calendulse, io) 4 - 
 Tinctura Calumbse, 5 y%. 
 
 Tinctura Cannabis Indicse, io) 4 - 
 Tinctura Cantharidis, 2y(. 
 
 Tinctura Capsici, 2)/(. 
 
 Tinctura Cardamomi, 8 ) 4 - 
 Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, 2{{ 
 Tinctura Catechu Composita, 10 
 Tinctura Chiratse, 54^. 
 
 Tinctura Cimicifugae, io) 4 - 
 Tinctura Cinchonse, 10 
 Tinctura Cinchonse Composita, io )4 
 Tinctura Cinnamomi, 5 l /%. 
 
 Tinctura Colchici, 8 ) 4 - 
 
 Tinctura Conii, 8^. 
 
 Tinctura Croci, 5 l /%. 
 
 Tinctura Cubebse, $ l /%. 
 
 Tinctura Digitalis, 8)4* 
 
 Tinctura Ferri Acetatis. 
 
 Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. 
 
 Tinctura Gallae, 10)4* 
 
 Tinctura Gelsemii, 7 ]/ 2 . 
 
 Tinctura Gentianse Composita, 7)4- 
 Tinctura Guaiaci, 10 'f. 
 
 Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata, lof. 
 Tinctura Humuli, 10 
 Tinctura Hydrastis, \o l f. 
 
 Tinctura Hyoscyami, 8)4- 
 Tinctura Ignatise, gr. ]/ 2 of Extract. 
 Tinctura Iodi, 4. 
 
 Tinctura Ipecacuanhse et Opii, io)4- 
 Tinctura Kino, 5 *4- 
 Tinctura Kramerise, io^f- 
 Tinctura Lavendulse Composita, 2 'f. 
 Tinctura Lobeliae, lo l f. 
 
 Tinctura Matico, 5)^. 
 
 Tinctura Moschi, 5 {4- 
 Tinctura Myrrhse, 10 
 Tinctura Nucis Vomicse, 10)4- 
 Tinctura Opii, S/4- 
 
426 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Camphorata, 
 Tinctura Opii Deodorata, 5 y 2 . 
 Tinctura Physostigmatis, 4 
 Tinctura Pyrethri, 101^. 
 Tinctura Quassise, 51^. 
 
 Tinctura Rhei, 7 j£- 
 Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, 16 ]/ 2 . 
 Tinctura Rhei Dulcis, 9. 
 Tinctura Sanguinavfce, 8j^. 
 Tinctura Saponis Viridis, 36^. 
 
 Tinctura Scillse, 8 
 Tinctura Serpentarice, 5 l /%. 
 
 Tinctura Stramonii, 5 y$. 
 
 Tinctura Sumbul, 4^. 
 
 Tinctura Tolutana, 5 y%. 
 
 Tinctura Valerianae, 10yf. 
 
 Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata, ioj^ 
 Tinctura Vanillae, 5 y%. 
 
 Tinctura Veratri Viridis, 24. 
 
 Tinctura Zingiberis. 
 
 Vina, Wines,—when medicated are practically the same as Tinctures, 
 White Wine brought to a definite alcoholic strength (Vinum Album For¬ 
 tius), being the menstruum used. The official Wines number 14, of which 
 3 are not medicated, 4 are made by solution or admixture, 3 by macera¬ 
 tion and 4 by percolation. They are as follows, viz.— 
 
 Vinum Album, 10-12. 
 
 Vinum Album Fortius, 20-25. 
 Vinum Rubrum, 10-12. 
 Vinum Aloes, 6. 
 
 Vinum Antimonii, 0.4. 
 
 Vinum Aromaticum, 6. 
 
 Vinum Colchici Radicis, 40. 
 
 Vinum Colchici Seminis, 15. 
 Vinum Ergotse, 15. 
 
 Vinum Ferri Amari, 8. 
 Vinum Ferri Citratis, 4. 
 Vinum Ipecacuanha, 7. 
 Vinum Opii, 10. 
 
 Vinum Rhei, 10. 
 
 The figures placed after the first three show the percentage of absolute 
 alcohol which is required in each; those placed after the other members 
 of the group show the quantity of the active ingredient used in preparing 
 100 parts of the Wine. 
 
 Spiritus, Spirits,—are alcoholic solutions of volatile substances, which 
 may be solids, liquids or gases. They are officially prepared either by 
 simple solution, by solution with maceration, by gaseous solution, by 
 chemical reaction, or by distillation. The number of official Spirits is 
 22, as follows, viz.— 
 
 Spiritus /Etheris. 
 
 Spiritus /Etheris Compositus. 
 Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus. 
 Spiritus Anisi. 
 
 Spiritus Aurantii. 
 
 Spiritus Camphorm. 
 
 Spiritus Chloroformi. 
 
 Spiritus Cinnamomi. 
 
 Spiritus Gaultheriae. 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi. 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. 
 
 Spiritus Lavandulae. 
 Spiritus Myrciae. 
 
 Spiritus Myristicae. 
 Spiritus Odoratus. 
 
 Spiritus Limonis. 
 
 Spiritus Menthae Piperitae. 
 Spiritus Menthae Viridis. 
 Spiritus Ammoniae. 
 Spiritus Altheris Nitrosi. 
 Spiritus Frumenti. 
 
 Spiritus Vini Gallici. 
 
 Of these, the first fifteen are prepared by simple solution, the next three 
 by solution with maceration, the next one by gaseous solution, the next 
 one by chemical reaction, and the last two by distillation. 
 
 Elixiria, Elixirs,—are sweetened, aromatic, spirituous preparations con¬ 
 taining active medicinal substances in small quantities. There is but one 
 official Elixir (Elixir Aurantii), which is intended as a type of the class 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 427 
 
 of unofficial elixirs so largely employed in extemporaneous pharmacy. It 
 is practically a flavored alcoholized syrup, designed for use as an excipient 
 with extracts, salts and tinctures. 
 
 Ethereal Preparations. 
 
 Oleoresinae, Oleoresins,—are liquid preparations consisting principally 
 of natural oils and resins extracted from vegetable substances by percola¬ 
 tion with Stronger Ether. They differ from fluid extracts in not bearing 
 any uniform relation to the drug of gramme to cubic centimeter, in con¬ 
 taining principles which though soluble in ether are not in alcohol, and in 
 some instances being devoid of principles which are insoluble in ether 
 but soluble in alcohol. They are the most concentrated liquid prepara¬ 
 tions of drugs which can be produced, and are prepared by percolating 
 the powdered drug with Stronger Ether until exhausted, recovering the 
 greater part of the ether by distillation, and exposing the residue in a 
 capsule to spontaneous evaporation until the remaining ether has evapo¬ 
 rated. There are 6 official Oleoresins, viz.— 
 
 Oleoresina Aspidii (10-15). Oleoresina Lupulini (50). 
 
 Oleoresina Capsici (5). Oleoresina Piperis (5). 
 
 Oleoresina Cubebae (18-25). Oleoresina Z'ngiberis (6-8.) 
 
 The figures in parentheses show the percentage of oleoresin yielded by 
 each drug. 
 
 Collodia, Collodions,—are liquid preparations having for their base 
 a solution of Pyroxylin in a mixture of Ether and Alcohol. They are 
 intended for external use, being applied to the skin by means of a brush, 
 and producing a film on the surface after the evaporation of the men¬ 
 struum. There are 4 official Collodions, viz.— 
 
 Collodium. Collodium Flexile. 
 
 Collodium cum Cantharide. Collodium Stypticum. 
 
 The Flexible Collodion contains 5 per cent, of Canada Turpentine, and 
 3 per cent, of Castor Oil. Styptic Collodion contains 20 per cent, of 
 Tannic Acid. 
 
 Oleaginous Preparations. 
 
 Linimenta, Liniments,—are very thin ointments for external applica¬ 
 tion and intended to be applied with friction to the skin. They are solu¬ 
 tions of various substances in oily liquids or in alcoholic liquids contain¬ 
 ing fatty oils. Of the following to official Liniments the first 4 have 
 Cotton-seed Oil, the next 4 have Alcohol and the last 2 have Oil of Tur¬ 
 pentine as their respective bases. 
 
 Linimentum Ammoniae. Linimentum Belladonnae. 
 
 Linimentum Calcis. Linimentum Chloroformi. 
 
 Linimentum Camphorae. Linimentum Saponis. 
 
 Linimentum Plumbi Subacetatis. Linimentum Sinapis Comp. 
 
 Linimentum Cantharidis. 
 
 Linimentum Terebinthinae. 
 
428 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Oleata, Oleates,—are liquid solutions of metallic salts or alkaloids in 
 Oleic Acid, intended for external administration. They are not definite 
 chemical compounds, though the term is also employed in trade to desig¬ 
 nate certain solid preparations which are claimed to be chemical com¬ 
 pounds of the same acid with various bases. [See under Acidum Olei- 
 cum, ante , page 71.] There are 2 official Oleates, as follows, viz.— 
 Oleatum Hydrargyri (10 per cent.). Oleatum Veratrinse (2 per cent.). 
 
 Acetous Preparations. 
 
 Aceta, Vinegars,—are solutions of the active principles of certain 
 drugs in Diluted Acetic Acid. They are made by percolation and each 
 contain the soluble principles from 10 per cent, of drug. Acidulous 
 menstrua form soluble salts with the alkaloids and possess antiseptic 
 qualities. The official Vinegars number 4, viz.— 
 
 Acetum Lobelise. Acetum Sanguinariae. 
 
 Acetum Opii. Acetum Scillae. 
 
 Glycerin Preparations. 
 
 Glycerita, Glycerites,—are mixtures of medicinal substances with 
 Glycerin. In the U. S. Phar. of 1870 there were 5 official Glycerites, 
 which were solutions of Carbolic, Gallic, and Tannic Acids, Tar, and 
 Sodium Borate, in Glycerin. They were very useful preparations for dis¬ 
 pensing purposes, as they could be readily diluted with water or alcohol 
 without precipitation. Only 2 Glycerites are now official, viz.— 
 Glyceritum Amyli. Glyceritum Vitelli. 
 
 Solid Preparations. 
 
 Extracta, Extracts,—are solid or semi-solid preparations obtained by 
 evaporating solutions of vegetable principles. The drug is first powdered, 
 then percolated with the appropriate menstruum to exhaustion. The first 
 third of the percolate is reserved, the remainder is evaporated at a tem¬ 
 perature not above 122 0 F. until its weight is ten per cent, of that of the 
 drug used, then mixed with the reserved portion, and both are evaporated 
 to a pilular consistence. The above is the general rule, but in several 
 instances maceration is directed for 1 to 4 days before percolation ; and 
 in other cases, instead of reserving a portion of the percolate, the whole 
 quantity is distilled until the alcohol is removed, and the residue is evapo¬ 
 rated to a pilular consistence. The menstrua used are,—in 5 cases 
 Alcohol, in 15 cases Diluted Alcohol of varying strength, in 8 Water, in 
 1 Water with 5 per cent, of Aqua Ammoniae, and in 1 a diluted Acetic 
 Acid. One extract is an inspissated juice (Ext. Taraxaci) ; one is made 
 by evaporating a fluid extract (Ext. Ergotae), and one by mixing extracts 
 with aromatics (Ext. Colocynthidis Comp.). Five per cent, of Glycerin 
 is added to 10 to prevent their becoming hard. The official Extracts 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 429 
 
 number 32, and are named as follows, the letters in parentheses showing 
 the nature of the menstruum used in extraction in each case, viz.— 
 
 Extractum Aconiti (A). 
 
 Ext. Aloes Aquosum (W). 
 
 Ext. Arnicae Radicis (DA). 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae Alcoholicum (A 2 W X ). 
 Ext. Cannabis Indicae (A). 
 
 Ext. Cinchonas (AgWj). 
 
 Ext. Colchici Radicis (W). 
 
 Ext. Colocynthidis (DA). 
 
 Ext. Colocynthidis Compositum. 
 
 Ext. Conii Alcoholicum (DA). 
 
 Ext. Digitalis (A 2 W 1 ). 
 
 Ext. Ergotae (A 3 W 4 ). 
 
 Ext. Euonymi (DA). 
 
 Ext. Gentianae (W). 
 
 Ext. Glycyrrhizae (W). 
 
 Ext. Glycyrrhizae Purum (W). 
 
 Extractum Haematoxyli (W). 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami Alcoholicum (AAV.). 
 Ext. Iridis (AgWj). 
 
 Ext. Juglandis (A). 
 
 Ext. Krameriae (W). 
 
 Ext. Leptandras (AjWA. 
 
 Ext. Malti (W). 
 
 Ext. Mezerei (A). 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vomicae (AAV,). 
 
 Ext. Opii (W). 
 
 Ext. Physostigmatis (A). 
 
 Ext. Podophylli (AgWj). 
 
 Ext. Quassias (W). 
 
 Ext. Rhei (A^Wj). 
 
 Ext. Stramonii (DA). 
 
 Ext. Taraxaci. 
 
 The proximate principles which are generally present in extracts, 
 besides the peculiar principles of plants, are sugar, tannin, extractive, 
 chlorophyll, coloring-matter, and salts. When an alcoholic solvent is used 
 there are also present resins, fats and often volatile oil, and when the 
 menstruum is not purely alcohol there is more or less gum and starch. 
 One of these ingredients, named Extractive or Apotheme, is a deposit, 
 soluble in water and alcohol, which has the singular property of passing 
 into an insoluble substdnce under the influence of the atmospheric air 
 with heat. It also has a tendency, when precipitated from solutions, to 
 unite with other principles carrying them down with it. It is frequently 
 present in extracts, hence its name. 
 
 Abstracta, Abstracts,—are solid, dry, powdered preparations, con¬ 
 taining the soluble principles of the drugs from which they are made, 
 and each representing twice the strength of the corresponding drug or its 
 fluid extract. They are prepared by spontaneous evaporation of an alco¬ 
 holic tincture at a low temperature (not exceeding 122 0 F.), mixing with 
 it enough dried Sugar of Milk to make the product weigh one-half the 
 weight of the drug, and then reducing it to a fine and uniform powder. 
 They are permanent and portable preparations, not subject to variation 
 in strength, nor to become hard and brittle. They were first introduced 
 into the U. S. Pharmacopoeia in the edition of 1880, and are n in 
 number, viz.— 
 
 Abstractum Aconiti. 
 Abstractum Belladonnae. 
 Abstractum Conii. 
 Abstractum Digitalis. 
 Abstractum Hyoscyami. 
 
 Abstractum Jalapae. 
 Abstractum Podophylli. 
 Abstractum Senega?. 
 Abstractum Valerianae. 
 Abstractum Ignatiae. 
 
 Abstractum Nucis Vomicae. 
 
 The menstrua used for these are Alcohol 8, Water 1 for the two last-named, 
 
430 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 and Alcohol for the others; but 2 per cent, of Tartaric Acid is added in 
 the case of Aconite, and 6 per cent, of HC 1 in the case of Conium. 
 
 Resinse, Resins,—are solid preparations obtained by precipitating the 
 resinous principle of plants from their alcoholic solution by the agency of 
 water. They differ from alcoholic extracts in containing only those prin¬ 
 ciples which are soluble in alcohol and insoluble in water, while the 
 extracts contain all principles which are soluble in alcohol. There are 4 
 official Resins, viz.— 
 
 Resina Copaibae. Resina Podopbylli. 
 
 Resina Jalapae. Resina Scammonii. 
 
 M assae, Masses,—are Pill-masses prepared as described in the next 
 paragraph. The official Masses number 3, viz.— 
 
 Massa Copaibae. Massa Ferri Carbonatis. 
 
 Massa Hydrargyri. 
 
 Pilulae, Pills,—are spherical masses composed of medicinal agents and 
 intended to be swallowed whole. The “ mass ” consists of the active 
 ingredients and the excipient , the latter being the substance which gives to 
 the mass its adhesive and plastic qualities. In official pharmacy the excipi¬ 
 ents are specified both as to composition and quantity in each case, and 
 those directed to be used in the preparation of the 3 official Masses and 
 the 15 official Pills are as follows, viz,— 
 
 5 are made with Soap and Water, viz.—Pil. Aloes, Pil. Aloes et Asafoetidae, Pil. Asa¬ 
 foetidae, Pil. Opii, Pil. Rhei. 
 
 3 are made with Water alone, viz.—Pil. Aloes et Mastiches, Pil. Catharticae Comp., 
 Pil. Rhei Comp. 
 
 3 are made with Syrup , viz.—Pil. Aloes et Myrrhae, Pil. Ferri Comp., Pil. Galbani 
 Comp. 
 
 I with Mucilage of Tragacanth , viz.— Pil. Antimonii Comp. 
 
 I with Acacia and Water, viz.—Pil. Ferri Iodidi. 
 
 I with Glycerin and Water, viz.—Pilulae Phosphori. 
 
 1 with Confection of Rose, viz. — Pilulae Aloes et Ferri. 
 
 1 with Honey Syrup and Water, viz.—Massa Ferri Carbonatis. 
 
 I with Glycerm and Honey of Rose, viz.—Massa Hydrargyri. 
 
 1 has no excipient, viz.—Massa Copaibae. 
 
 The pharmacopoeial directions for the formation of the pill-mass vary 
 in each case, but in general they prescribe that the ingredients shall be 
 mixed intimately, then beaten with the excipient to form a mass and 
 divided into a certain number of pills. Two of the official pills are 
 directed to be coated with an ethereal solution of the Balsam of Tolu, 
 viz.—Pilulae Ferri Iodidi and Pilulae Phosphori. Full descriptions of the 
 various details of pill-making are given in the section on Extemporaneous 
 Pharmacy. The number of official pills is 15, for the composition of 
 which the student is referred to their several titles in the section of Materia 
 Medica. They are named as follows, viz.— 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 431 
 
 Pilulae Aloes. 
 
 Pilulae Aloes et Asafoetidae. 
 
 Pilulae Aloes et Ferri. 
 
 Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches. 
 
 Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae. 
 
 Pilulae Antimonii Compositae. 
 
 Pilulae Asafoetidae. 
 
 Pilulae Rhei 
 
 Pilulae Catharticae Compositae. 
 Pilulae Ferri Compositae. 
 Pilulae Ferri Iodidi. 
 
 Pilulae Galbani Compositae. 
 Pilulae Opii. 
 
 Pilulae Phosphori. 
 
 Pilulae Rhei. 
 
 Compositae. 
 
 Trochisci, Troches,—also called Pastilles, Tablets or Lozenges,—are 
 small flattened cakes of medicinal substances, prepared from a mass 
 made with a basis of Sugar, some having Mucilage of Tragacanth, others 
 Orange-flower Water, Syrup of Tulu, etc., as excipients. They are con¬ 
 venient preparations for the pocket-case, and are especially useful when 
 the active ingredients are intended to come into contact with the mucous 
 surface of the throat. There are 16 official Troches, named as follows, 
 viz.— 
 
 Trochisci Acidi Tannici. 
 Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi. 
 Trochisci Catechu. 
 
 Trochisci Cretae. 
 
 Trochisci Cubebae. 
 
 Trochisci Ferri. 
 
 Trochisci Glycyrrhizae et Opii. 
 Trochisci Ipecacuanhae. 
 
 Trochisci Krameriae. 
 
 Trochisci Magnesiae. 
 
 Trochisci Menthae Piperitae. 
 Trochisci Morphinae et Ipecac. 
 Trochisci Potassii Chloratis. 
 Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis. 
 Trochisci Sodii Santoninatis. 
 Trochisci Zingiberis. 
 
 Confectiones, Confections,—consist of medicinal substances formed 
 into a mass with Sugar, Honey, Water, etc., with the object of rendering 
 them palatable and of preserving them from change. Electuaries are 
 similar preparations, but this term is now obsolete. There are only two 
 official Confections, viz.— 
 
 Confectio Rosae. Confectio Sennae. 
 
 Pulveres, Powders,—are usually prepared extemporaneously, but a 
 few compound ones have been made official, the ingredients being simply 
 directed to be rubbed together until reduced to a fine powder and thor¬ 
 oughly mixed. Special directions are given for the preparation of two,— 
 the Compound Effervescing Powder and the Compound Powder of Mor¬ 
 phine. There are 9 official Powders, named as follows, viz.— 
 
 Pulvis Antimonialis. Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus. 
 
 Pulvis Aromaticus. Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii. 
 
 Pulvis Cretae Compositus. Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. 
 
 Pulvis Effervescens Compositus. Pulvis Morphinae Compositus. 
 
 Pulvis Rhei Compositus. 
 
 The composition of each of these preparations will be found in the 
 section on Materia Medica, and under the title from which its name is 
 derived, except that of the Compound Effervescing Powder which is 
 placed under the title Potassium. Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii is really 
 a trituration. 
 
432 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Triturationes, Triturations,—form a class of powders having for their 
 diluent Sugar of Milk, and possessing a definite relation between the 
 active ingredient and the diluent. The Pharmacopoeia prescribes a gen¬ 
 eral formula for these preparations, according to which io parts of the 
 Substance and 90 parts of Sugar of Milk are to be well mixed by a spatula, 
 the latter being added in successive quantities, and both triturated in a 
 mortar until the substance is intimately mixed with the diluent and finely 
 comminuted. There is but one official Trituration (Trituratio Elaterini), 
 though the Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii practically belongs to this class, 
 except in respect of the proportions prescribed. For a further discussion 
 of this subject see the article Triturations under the heading Extempo¬ 
 raneous Preparations. 
 
 Suppositoria, Suppositories,—are solid bodies containing medicinal 
 substances, and intended for introduction into the vagina, rectum or ure¬ 
 thra. There are no official suppositories enumerated, but the Pharma¬ 
 copoeia prescribes a general formula for their preparation, according to 
 which the medicinal portion should be incorporated with Oil of Theo- 
 broma by rubbing them together at a temperature of 95 0 F. The mixture 
 should then be poured into suitable moulds, and cooled on ice or in ice- 
 cold water. Unless otherwise specified they shall be made to weigh about 
 15 grains each. 
 
 Unguenta, Ointments,—are soft, fatty mixtures of medicinal agents 
 with a basis of lard, petrolatum, or fixed oils with a solid fat such as wax 
 or spermaceti. They are intended for application to the skin by inunc¬ 
 tion, and have a melting point which is below the ordinary temperature 
 of the human body. Of the 26 official Ointments 1 is prepared by chemi¬ 
 cal reaction, viz.—Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis; 5 by fusion and 20 
 by incorporation of the ingredients with each other by mixing them 
 through the agency of a spatula and a porcelain slab. Unguentum itself 
 is prepared by fusing together 80 parts of Lard and 20 of yellow Wax, 
 and is the basis of 3 other ointments, while 16 have Benzoinated Lard as 
 their basis. 
 
 Unguentum. 
 
 Unguentum Acidi Carbolici (10). 
 Unguentum Acidi Gallici (10). 
 Unguentum Acidi Tannici (10). 
 Unguentum Aquae Rosae. 
 Unguentum Belladonnae (10). 
 Unguentum Chrysarobini (10). 
 Unguentum Diachylon. 
 
 Unguentum Gallae (10). 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri (45). 
 
 Ung. Hydrargyri Ammoniati (10). 
 Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis. 
 
 Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi (10). 
 
 Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri (10). 
 Unguentum lodi (4). 
 
 Unguentum Iodoformi (10). 
 Unguentum Mezerei (25). 
 Unguentum Picis Liquidae (50). 
 Ung. Plumbi Carbonatis (10). 
 
 Ung. Plumbi Iodidi (10). 
 
 Ung. Potassii Iodidi (12). 
 Unguentum Stramonii (10). 
 Unguentum Sulphuris (30). 
 
 Ung. Sulphuris Alkalinum (20). 
 Unguentum Veratrinae (4). 
 Unguentum Zinci Oxidi (20). 
 
OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 433 
 
 The figures in parentheses show the percentage of extract or other active 
 ingredient in the ointment. The composition of each may be found in 
 the section on Materia Medica under the title from which the preparation 
 is named, except Unguentum , which will be found under the title Adeps, 
 and Unguentum Diachylon under Plumbum. 
 
 Cerata, Cerates,—are unctuous preparations similar to ointments but 
 of a much firmer consistence. They all contain Wax (Cera), and do not 
 melt at temperatures below 104° F. They are intended for external use, 
 and are generally spread on lint before being applied. There are 8 official 
 Cerates, including Ceratum itself, which is made by fusing together 30 
 parts of White Wax and 70 of Lard. The composition of the others 
 may be found in the section on Materia Medica under the appropriate 
 titles, but the figures in parentheses below give the percentage of drug to 
 basis in each. Of the following-named 6 are prepared by fusion and 2 by 
 incorporation. 
 
 Ceratum. 
 
 Ceratum Camphoroe (0.6). 
 Ceratum Cantharidis (35). 
 Ceratum Cetacei (10). 
 
 Ceratum Extracti Cantharidis (30). 
 Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis (5). 
 Ceratum Resinse (35). 
 
 Ceratum Sabinae (25). 
 
 Emplastra, Plasters,—are solid compounds, insoluble in water, of a 
 tenacious but pliable consistence and intended for external application to 
 limited areas of the body surface. They are prepared by incorporating 
 medicinal substances with certain bases, which are usually Lead Plaster 
 (Oleate of Lead), a Gum-resin, or Burgundy Pitch. The heat employed 
 should be low so as to avoid decomposing the active agents, and should 
 not be continued long enough to drive off any volatile constituents. The 
 plaster mass is then spread evenly on chamois skin, kid skin or muslin. 
 The constituents of the following-named 17 official Plasters maybe found 
 in the section on Materia Medica under their appropriate headings. 
 
 Emplastrum Ammoniaci. 
 
 Emp. Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro. 
 Emplastrum Arnicas. 
 
 Emplastrum Asafoetidae. 
 Emplastrum Belladonnae. 
 Emplastrum Capsici. 
 
 Emplastrum Eerri. 
 
 Emplastrum Galbani. 
 
 Emplastrum Saponis. 
 
 Emplastrum Hydrargyri. 
 Emplastrum Ichthyocollae. 
 Emplastrum Opii. 
 
 Emp. Picis Burgundicae. 
 Emp. Picis Canadensis. 
 
 Emp. Picis cum Cantharide. 
 Emplastrum Plumbi. 
 Emplastrum Resinae. 
 
 Of the foregoing only two are directed to be spread, viz.—Emp. Cap¬ 
 sici upon muslin, and Emp. Ichthyocollae upon taffeta, the others having 
 no pharmacopceial prescription for the material to be used. Plasters 
 after being spread should remain soft, pliable and adhesive, without melt¬ 
 ing at the heat of the body. To soften the surface, if old, it should be 
 brushed with a small portion of Tincture of Camphor. 
 
 28 
 
434 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PHARMACY. 
 
 Chartae, Papers,— consist of strips of paper medicated by impregna¬ 
 tion of its fibres with medicinal substances, or by being coated therewith. 
 Of the 3 official Papers 2 are made with sized paper, and are intended for 
 external application as vesicants or counter-irritants; the third (Charta- 
 Potassii Nitratis) is unsized paper impregnated with Nitre and intended 
 for the inhalation of its fumes while burning. Those officially recognized 
 are— 
 
 Charta Cantharidis. Charta Sinapis. 
 
 Charta Potassii Nitratis.. 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PHARMACY. 
 
 This is the most important division of the whole subject of Pharmacy, 
 embracing as it does the preparation and dispensing of those medicines 
 which are designed for immediate use and which are compounded on the 
 prescriptions of physicians. Hence it comprises the chief portion of the 
 daily work of the pharmacist, and can only be learned at the dispensing 
 counter and under the personal supervision of a competent master. In 
 the following pages are given the most important of the general directions 
 pertaining to this subject, with the object of enabling the young medical 
 practitioner to familiarize himself with the compounding and dispensing 
 of drugs so far as the limits of the book will admit of. The drug-store of 
 the present day has degenerated so far from its legitimate business that ere 
 long physicians will be compelled in self-defence to dispense their own 
 medicines, thereby protecting themselves and their patients from the 
 patent-medicine vending, the counter-prescribing, and the many other 
 nefarious methods which have degraded the pharmacist from his old pro¬ 
 fessional position to that of a mere trader in drugs and nostrums. The 
 first outfit of every young doctor should include a few pharmaceutical 
 instruments and a small stock of drugs. By daily handling of these, the 
 tools of his profession, he will insensibly become familiar with the tech¬ 
 nique of the art, and even if he does not continue to dispense his medi¬ 
 cines in after years he will never regret the practical knowledge which 
 such a course will give him. 
 
 Compounding means the mixing or preparing of the drugs ordered 
 in a prescription, and comprises all the operations of official pharmacy 
 together with many other manipulations which will be described in their 
 appropriate places. 
 
 Dispensing is the operation of putting up and issuing the drugs 
 ordered in a prescription, and may apply to the already compounded prepa¬ 
 rations of official pharmacy as well as to those prepared extemporaneously. 
 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 435 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 The working formulae of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia are constructed on 
 the system of parts by weight for all articles, whether solids or fluids, ex¬ 
 cept in the case of fluid extracts, for which the metric weights and measures 
 are employed. On this system it really makes no difference what unit 
 of weight is adopted in official pharmacy. However, the weights and 
 measures referred to by physicians in prescribing and used by pharmacists 
 in dispensing medicines are in the United States those of the Apothe¬ 
 caries’ or Troy System of Weights (having 480 grains to the ounce and 
 5760 grains to the pound) and the Wine Measure, or those of the Metric 
 System. On the other hand, the British Pharmacopoeia recognizes only 
 the Imperial Standard (Avoirdupois) weights, having 487^4 grains to the 
 ounce and 7000 grains to the pound. The drachm (60 grains) and the 
 scruple (20 grains) are intermediate units which are still used but are rap¬ 
 idly becoming obsolete. The units of the Wine Measure are the minim 
 (up), which in. water at its maximum density equals gr. 0.95; the flui- 
 drachm (60 minims) and the fluidounce (8 fluidrachms or 480 minims). 
 The signs used to denote these units are np minim, D scruple, 5 drachm, 
 % ounce, and in the case of liquids an f to denote fluid is often placed 
 before the sign, thus f 5 for fluidrachm, f 5 for fluidounce. The relations 
 between these units of weight and measure are as follows: — 
 
 Measure. Weight. 
 
 lip j, One minim = 0.95 grains, 
 
 f 3 j, One fluidrachm = 56.96 “ 
 
 f ^j, One fluidounce = 455.69 “ 
 
 Weight. 
 
 grain j = 
 
 ,3 J = 
 
 % J = 
 
 Measure. 
 1.05 minims. 
 63.20 “ 
 
 505.60 
 
 
 Table of Troy 
 
 or Apothecaries' Weight. 
 
 • 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Ounce. 
 
 Drachm. Scruple. 
 
 Grain. 
 
 Libra. 
 
 Uncia. 
 
 Drachma. Scrupulus. 
 
 Granum. 
 
 II 
 
 £ ** 
 
 II If 
 
 3 d 
 
 96 = 288 
 
 8 = 24 
 
 1 = 3 
 
 g r - 
 
 = 5760 
 
 = 480 
 
 = 60 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 = 20 
 
 
 Table of British Pharviacopceial Weight. 
 Troy grain, Avoirdupois ounce and pound. 
 
 
 Pound 
 
 
 Ounce. 
 
 Grain. 
 
 Libra. 
 
 
 Uncia. 
 
 Granum. 
 
 It) 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 H-J O 
 
 H ^. N 
 
 II II 
 
 gr- 
 
 7000 
 
 437 ^ 
 
 The Troy ounce contains 42)4 grains more than the avoirdupois ounce, 
 but the Troy pound contains 1240 grains less than the avoirdupois pound. 
 The grain is the only unit common to both. 
 
436 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 Table of Apothecaries' or Wine Measure. 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 Pint. 
 
 Fluidounce. 
 
 Fluidrachm. 
 
 Minim. 
 
 Congius. 
 
 Octarius. 
 
 Fluiduncia.- 
 
 Fluidrachma. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 c. 
 
 0 . 
 
 *3 
 
 f 3 
 
 
 I — 
 
 8 = 
 
 128 
 
 = 1024 = 
 
 61440 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 16 
 
 — 128 = 
 
 7680 
 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 == 8 = 
 
 480 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 Table 
 
 of British Imperial or Pharmacopceial Measure. 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 Pint. 
 
 Fluidounce. 
 
 Fluidrachm. 
 
 Minim. 
 
 Congius. 
 
 Octarius. 
 
 Fluiduncia. 
 
 Fluidrachma. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 floz. 
 
 fldr. 
 
 min. 
 
 I = 
 
 8 = 
 
 l6o 
 
 = 1280 = 
 
 76800 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 20 
 
 = 160 = 
 
 9600 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 = 8 = 
 
 480 
 
 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 60 
 
 The Metric, or Decimal System of Weights and Measures, 
 
 is generally used on the continent of Europe, and also by French and 
 Germali physicians in the United States. Its three standard units are 
 the following, viz.— 
 
 A Meter , the standard unit of linear measure and also of the whole system, is the ten- 
 millionth part of the quadrant of the earth, i. e., the forty millionth part of the earth’s 
 circumference around the poles. One-tenth of the meter is the Decimeter, one hundredth 
 is the Centimeter, and one-thousandth is the Millimeter. 
 
 A Liter , the unit of measure of capacity, is the cube of a decimeter. One-thousandth 
 of a liter is the Cubic Centimeter, which measure of pure water at its maximum density 
 weighs one Gramme 
 
 A Gramme , the unit of weight, is the weight of the one thousandth part of a liter of 
 water at its maximum density. Its tenth is the Decigramme, its hundredth is the Centi¬ 
 gramme, and its thousandth part is the Milligramme. 
 
 The metric measures above noted are those used chiefly in pharmaceu¬ 
 tical practice, but the system embraces many other terms of increase which 
 are set forth in the following table. 
 
 1 0000 
 
 Myriameter. 
 
 10000 
 
 Myrialiter. 10000 
 
 Myriagramme. 
 
 IOOO 
 
 Kilometer. 
 
 1000 
 
 Kiloliter. 
 
 1000 
 
 Kilogramme. 
 
 100 
 
 Hectometer. 
 
 100 
 
 Hectoliter. 
 
 100 
 
 Hectogramme. 
 
 IO 
 
 Dekameter. 
 
 10 
 
 Dekaliter. 
 
 10 
 
 Dekagramme. 
 
 I 
 
 .1 
 
 .01 
 
 .001 
 
 Meter. 
 
 Decimeter. 
 
 Centimeter. 
 
 Millimeter. 
 
 1 
 
 Liter. 
 
 .1 Deciliter. 
 
 .01 Centiliter. 
 
 .001 Cubic Centimeter, 
 or Milliliter. 
 
 1 
 
 Gramme. 
 
 .1 Decigramme. 
 .01 Centigramme. 
 .001 Milligramme. 
 
 The relations between the Metric Weights and Measures and the Apothe¬ 
 caries’ are as follows, viz.— 
 
 I meter = 39.370432 inches. 
 
 1 liter = 2.113433 pints. 
 
 1 gramme = 15.43234874 grains. 
 
 1 grain = 7 06479895 gramme. 
 
 1 minim = 0.0161613 cubic centimeter. 
 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 437 
 
 The Metric System is making way but slowly in this country although 
 its progress is aided by every process of forcing which scientific bodies can 
 bring into action, and it remains to be seen how much its adoption in the 
 last edition of the U. S. Pharmacopeia will influence the medical profes¬ 
 sion in its favor. 
 
 With all the influence brought to bear in its favor it certainly has not 
 yet been adopted by any considerable proportion of native-born and 
 home-educated physicians and pharmaceutists. Its chief disadvantage is 
 one which is inherent to any decimal system, viz.—that the number ten 
 cannot be divided more than once without producing a fraction. This is 
 partly compensated for by the practice of dividing five into the three 
 parts of 2, 2 and i, and on this principle metric weights are usually con¬ 
 structed. In writing or reading prescriptions it is sufficiently accurate to 
 consider a gramme as equivalent to 15 Troy grains, and a cubic centi¬ 
 meter (milliliter) as equivalent to 15 minims, or one-fourth of a flui- 
 drachm. All other terms, units or prefixes belonging to the metric 
 system maybe wholly ignored by the physician and the pharmacist. The 
 decimal point after the gramme or the cubic centimeter should always be 
 replaced by a line, so as to avoid errors which in many cases might prove 
 serious, from the misplacement of a point, the dropping of a spot of ink 
 or the intrusion of a fly-speck. The simplest method of writing a metric 
 prescription for one not practiced in the system is to first write for one 
 dose of the medicine in grains and minims , then by substituting the same 
 number of grammes and cubic centimeters ( fluidgrammes ) we get fifteen 
 doses in metric terms. Of course when a mixture or solution is desired 
 the proper quantity of vehicle must be added to give the dosage in such 
 measures as may be deemed convenient for administration. For ex¬ 
 ample,— 
 
 One dose. 15 doses metric. 
 
 R. Quininae Sulphatis, ..gr. j, 
 
 Strychninae Sulph.,.gr. ^ or 0.016, 
 
 Ext. Glycyrrhizae FI.,.rtpiv, 
 
 Syrupi,.ir\>, 
 
 1 
 
 016 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 This gives a two-ounce mixture approximately, of which the dose would be “ a tea¬ 
 spoonful thrice daily.” 
 
 One dose. 
 
 R. Quininae Sulphatis,.gr. j, 
 
 Massae Ferri Carb.,.gr. ij. 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vomicae,.gr. ^ or 0.25, 
 
 Ft. pil. No. xv. Sig.—One pill thrice daily after meals. 
 
 15 doses metric. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 5 - 
 
 The above rule will answer for all liquids except those which are very 
 heavy (as Syrups and Chloroform), or very light (as Ether). Measures 
 may be entirely discarded, and all fluid quantities expressed in grammes. 
 The average drop of water may be considered equivalent to 0.05 cubic 
 centimeter (or gramme), the average teaspoonful to 5 c. c., the tablespoon- 
 
438 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 ful to 20 c. c., the Troy % to 30 grammes, the fluidounce to 30 c. c., and 
 8 fluidounces to 250 c. c. 
 
 In prescribing Syrups or Chloroform, each Troy fluidounce should be 
 reckoned at something more than 30 grammes—say 40; and if this be 
 done, the difficulty of converting one scale into the other will be obviated. 
 As to Syrups, Chloroform, etc., the following table shows the actual 
 weight in grammes of each fluidounce of the substances named : 
 
 Fluid Oz. 
 
 Si- 
 
 31U 
 
 • 3 1V \ 
 
 5 viii. 
 
 Water. 
 
 (Grammes.) 
 
 29.52 
 
 59-°4 
 
 118.08 
 
 236.16 
 
 Tinctures. 
 (Grammes.) 
 28.00 
 56 OO 
 I 12.00 
 224.OO 
 
 Syrup. 
 
 (Grammes.) 
 
 38.OO 
 
 76.OO 
 
 152.00 
 
 304.OO 
 
 Chloroform. 
 (Grammes ) 
 
 4370 
 
 84.40 
 
 174.80 
 
 349.60 
 
 Ether. 
 
 (Grammes.) 
 
 22.14 
 
 44.28 
 
 88.56 
 
 177.12 
 
 A table of equivalents between Apothecaries’ and Metric Weights and 
 Measures will be found in the Appendix. 
 
 Approximate or Domestic Measures become necessary in appor¬ 
 tioning doses for a patient, when liquid medicines are used. Of these 
 the measure most commonly employed is the teaspoonful, which is gener¬ 
 ally taken as equivalent to a fluidrachm, though in most cases as now 
 manufactured the teaspoon contains about 75 minims, or 25 per cent, 
 more than the theoretical quantity. The dessertspoonful is about equal 
 to 2 teaspoonfuls, and the tablespoonful to about 4 teaspoonfuls or fgss, 
 while the wineglass is supposed to contain about f^ij. The use of gradu¬ 
 ated medicine glasses is strongly recommended instead of the above 
 approximate measures. They may be obtained at a trifling cost in any 
 well-stocked drug-store. 
 
 Drops (Guttae) are very variable in size, though popularly supposed to 
 equal minims, the variations in their relative dimensions being due to the 
 viscidity of the liquid, the shape and surface of the orifice from which 
 they escape, and sundry other circumstances. The Syrups and Mucilages 
 produce large drops while Bromine, Chloroform and other heavy mobile 
 liquids produce very small ones. These differences are well illustrated in 
 the following table which gives the number of drops in a fluidrachm of 
 several liquids of certain classes. [See the Appendix fora fuller table.] 
 
 Syrupus Acaciae, 44. 
 
 Syrupus Scillae, 75. 
 
 Aqua, 60. 
 
 Liquor Potassae,62. 
 
 Liquor Hydrargyri Nitrat., 131 
 Acetum Opii, 90. 
 
 Vinum Opii, 100. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deodorat., no. 
 Tinct. Opii Camph., no. 
 
 Tinct. Opii, 130. 
 
 Tinct. Iodi, 148. 
 
 Tinctura Aconiti, 146. 
 
 Alcohol Dilutum, 137. 
 
 Alcohol, 146. 
 
 Oleum Ricini, 77. 
 
 Oleum Copaibae, 123. 
 
 Oleum Juniperi, 148. 
 Spiritus Camphorae, 143. 
 Spiritus Chloroformi, 150. 
 Ext. Digitalis Fluid., 134. 
 Ext. Ipecac. Fluid., 120. 
 Ext. Cinchonae Fluid., 138. 
 Ext. Zingiberis Fluid., 142. 
 Ext. Buchu Fluid., 150. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami Fluid., 160. 
 ZEther Fortior, 176. 
 
 Bromum, 250. 
 
 Chloroform Purif., 250. 
 
PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 439 
 
 Specific Gravity is the relative weight of equal bulks of different 
 bodies. The specific gravity of water at a certain temperature (generally 
 59 0 F.) is taken as i, and that of all other substances is expressed in terms 
 of this unit. The Pharmacopoeia gives very complete tables of percentages 
 and specific gravities of Alcohol, Acetic, Hydrobromic, Hydrochloric, 
 Nitric, Sulphuric and Phosphoric Acids, and of aqueous solutions of Po- 
 tassa and Soda. The specific gravity of any substance is expressed by the 
 quotient obtained by dividing the weight of a given measure of the sub¬ 
 stance by the weight of an equal measure of water. In pharmacy the 
 specific gravity of solids is not of any importance, but that of liquids is a 
 matter of constant value, and is determined in most cases by means of a 
 specific gravity bottle or by a hydrometer, instruments which are described 
 in any standard work on chemistry or physics. Modifications of the 
 hydrometer with scales adapted to particular work are the urinometer, 
 saccharometer, lactometer, etc. 
 
 Specific Volume is the relative bulks of equal weights of different 
 bodies. In pharmacy it means the volume of the weight of a liquid com¬ 
 pared with the volume of all equal weight of water at 59 0 F. The specific 
 volume of a body is therefore inversely as its specific gravity, and is ex¬ 
 pressed by the quotient obtained by dividing unity by the specific gravity. 
 
 — S p. vol. and therefore sp. gr. X sp. vol. = 1. 
 
 [A table of the specific gravity and specific volume of several liquids 
 will be found in the Appendix.] 
 
 PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 Extemporaneous Prescriptions are formulae written by the phy¬ 
 sician on the instant (ex tempore) to meet the requirements of individual 
 cases. A prescription should begin with the name of the person for whom 
 it is designed, and the date on which it is written. Then follows the 
 Latin word Recipe , usually abbreviated to the sign R, and signifying 
 “Take,” or “Take thou;” next the names and quantities of the ingre¬ 
 dient to be used, which are also expressed in Latin; then the directions 
 to the compounder, followed by the directions to the patient, the last 
 being now usually expressed in English ; and finally the signature of the 
 prescriber. 
 
 A prescription then consists of four parts, viz. :—the 
 
 Superscription,— consisting of the name of the party, the date and the sign R . 
 Inscription,— the body of the prescription, which may consist of the— 
 
 Basis, —or chief, active ingredient. 
 
 Adjuvant —to assist the action of the basis. 
 
 Corrective ,—to correct some injurious quality of the other ingredients. 
 
 Vehicle or Excipient, —giving it a suitable form. 
 
440 
 
 PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 Subscription, —the directions for the compounder, usually expressed in contracted Latin. 
 Signature, —The instructions for the guidance of the one administering the medicine, in 
 English, followed by the signature of the prescriber. 
 
 A prescription may, however, contain the base alone, or the base with 
 the adjuvant, or the base with a simple vehicle or diluent, etc. A single 
 ingredient may serve a double or treble office, as the Syrupus Rhei Aro- 
 maticus with Quinine, in which case the syrup serves as an adjuvant to 
 increase the action of the quinine, as an excipient to cover the taste, and 
 as a vehicle to facilitate the administration of the dose directed. The 
 basis may not need any aid in doing its work, and may require no correc¬ 
 tive of its action nor any special vehicle. On the other hand there is no 
 limit to the number of ingredients which may be used, provided the 
 prescriber has a clear idea of something to be accomplished by each one, 
 and also provided that there is no chemical or medicinal incompati¬ 
 bility between them. In olden times prescriptions were very complex, 
 and contained a great many curious and incongruous ingredients. As 
 Dr. Piffard well says, “ the tendency of the present age is toward mono- 
 rather than poly-pharmacy, and prescriptions with the orthodox adjuvans 
 and corrigens are less frequently seen than formerly.” There is danger, 
 however, in carrying this simplicity too far, for there is no doubt but that 
 proper combinations of medicines will often produce effects for the 
 patient’s good, which could not be obtained from the use of any one 
 remedy. 
 
 An example will perhaps make the foregoing analysis more comprehen¬ 
 sive, and at the same time serve to indicate the style of abbreviation 
 usually employed. The following formula is that of the Pharmacopoeia 
 for the Compound Infusion of Senna, or the old-time “Black Draught,” 
 except that approximate weights and measures are substituted for the 
 pharmacopoeial parts : — 
 
 For Mrs. Steele. 
 Recipe , Take,— 
 
 July 6th , 1886. 
 
 Senna , semiunciam , 
 
 Of Senna, half an ounce; 
 
 Magnesii Sulphatis, 
 
 Magnesium Sulphate, 
 
 Alanna, ana unciani unam , 
 
 Manna, of each an ounce; 
 
 Fceniculi, drachmam una?n, 
 
 Of Fennel, one drachm ; 
 
 Aqua Bullientis, fluiduncias octo, 
 
 Of Boiling Water, eight fluid ounces. 
 
 Macera per horam in vase clauso , deinde cola. 
 
 Macerate for an hour in a closed vessel, then strain. 
 
 Signa, Mark, or Write thus— A wineglassful every four hours till it 
 operates. 
 
 T. F. mod , M.D. 
 
 } 
 
 (Basis.) 
 
 (Adjuvant.) 
 
 (Corrective.) 
 
 (Vehicle) 
 
 l 
 
 { 
 
 { 
 
 { 
 
 Superscription. 
 
 Inscription. 
 
 Subscription. 
 
 Signature. 
 
 Abbreviated in the style usual with physicians the above prescription 
 would read as follows, viz. : — 
 
PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 441 
 
 For Mrs. Steele. July 6th, 1886. 
 
 R 
 
 Sennce , 3 ss 
 
 Mngnes. Sulph., 
 
 Matinee, aa.3 j 
 
 Fceniculi, 3 j 
 
 Aq. Bull., f 5 viij 
 
 Mac. per hor. in vase clauso , deinde cola. 
 
 Sig.—A wineglassful every four hours till it operates. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 The above is given as an example of an ordinary compound prescrip¬ 
 tion, but as the result is nearly identical with an official preparation, we 
 might write the prescription simply as follows,— 
 
 R. Infusi Sennce Compos. 3viij. 
 
 and this is the manner of prescribing the official compound preparations. 
 It will be noticed that the term “ basis in the analysis of the formula 
 covers two ingredients ; but either of the two might be considered the 
 principal agent, and the other one classed as an adjuvant. 
 
 As Pareira says, “ These four parts of a formula are intended to accom¬ 
 plish the object of Asclepiades, curare cito , tute et jucunde; in other 
 words to enable the basis to cure quickly , safely and pleasantly. ’ ’ 
 
 The Principles of Combination are so well laid down by Dr. H. 
 C. Wood, that his words are appended verbatim , as follows,— 
 
 The art of combining medicines is not a difficult one; but in practice certain principles 
 should not be lost sight of. Chief of these are, to prescribe as few remedies as possible, 
 and to use no powerful drug without a very distinct idea of what it is intended to do. 
 Whenever it is desired to give a powerful remedy in increasing doses until its physiological 
 effect is produced, it should always be given by itself. Thus, it may be necessary to give 
 arsenic so as to impress the system, at the same time that iron is indicated; but the two 
 remedies should be given separately, so that the dose of either can be increased or dimin¬ 
 ished independently of the other. 
 
 The principles of combination formulated below were long ago enunciated by Dr. Paris, 
 but are to-day as imperative as ever. Medicines are combined— 
 
 First. To augment, correct, or modify the action of a medicine. Thus, purgatives act 
 much more kindly when a number of them are united together. The chief reason of this 
 probably is, that as different remedies affect different portions of the gut, the whole intes¬ 
 tine is best reached by a union of the diverse substances. It may take an intense irrita¬ 
 tion of the mucous membrane to purge as actively as does a mild irritation of both the 
 mucous membrane and the muscular coat. In the case of neurotics the principle has a 
 very limited action, because so many of this class of remedies are physiologically more or 
 less antagonistic; yet sometimes the principle can be advantageously applied ; thus, the 
 anaesthesia of Chloroform or Ether may be prolonged by a hypodermic injection of Mor¬ 
 phia; and Chloral and Morphia certainly make a mixture which is much more powerfully 
 hypnotic than is either of the substances separately. 
 
 Second. To obtain the joint action of two or more diverse remedies. Thus, in a cough 
 mixture Morphia may be included to quiet the cough, whilst Ipecacuanha and Squill (in 
 accordance with the first principle) are added to affect the mucous membrane. The 
 application of this principle requires caution, or the practitioner will be led into that chief 
 abomination—polypharmacy. It is worse than futile to attempt to prescribe for every 
 symptom. It is the underlying cause of the disorder or the under-stratum of bodily con¬ 
 dition which must be sought out and prescribed for simply. 
 
 7 bird. To obtain a special combination, which is really a new remedy, or which expe- 
 
442 
 
 PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 rience has shown acts almost as a new remedy. Thus, when to Iodide of Potassium in 
 solution Corrosive Sublimate is added, a new chemical compound is formed, which expe¬ 
 rience has shown to be of great value in syphilitic diseases. Griffith’s antihectic mixture 
 is another instance of the use of chemical changes, the Proto-carbonate of Iron being 
 formed out of the Sulphate of the metal and the Carbonate of Potassium. In the famous 
 Dover's powder no chemical change occurs, but the ordinary action of Opium upon 
 the skin is so enhanced that the combination may be looked upon almost as a new 
 remedy. 
 
 Fourth. To afford a suitable form. Thus, Acacia is added to make an emulsion, or 
 Confection of Rose to make a pill. In the choice of excipients care should be exercised 
 to select a substance free from medical properties, having no chemical incompatibility with 
 the medicinal agent, and of suitable physical character. Bread crumbs often make a good 
 basis for pills; but with Nitrate of Silver they are chemically incompatible, on account of 
 the chlorides in them. When writing a prescription, the utmost care should be taken to 
 use such excipients that the combination should not only be attractive to the eye, but also 
 as little repulsive to the palate as may be. Whenever possible, the pill-form should be 
 employed with bitter or disagreeable medicines. The pill may be readily coated with 
 silver-foil; tonic pills may be coated with Iron by shaking or rolling them in Ferri Pulvis 
 whilst soft and sticky. Sugar-coated pills and “compressed pills” are apt to get so hard 
 and insoluble that their use requires caution. In regard to mixtures, flavoring oils should 
 be freely used, and the power of Glycerin to conceal the disagreeable taste of many sub¬ 
 stances should be remembered. 
 
 In Writing an Extemporaneous Prescription, the first step is 
 to put down the superscription, consisting of the name, date and the 
 sign R. Next the name of each ingredient should be written in Latin 
 and in the genitive case, each one on a separate line. Then the quantity 
 of each article sufficient for one dose should be mentally determined and 
 multiplied by the number of doses which the mixture is to contain, and 
 the result set down in signs and Roman numerals. The directions to 
 pharmacist and to patient being added, and the prescriber’s name or 
 initials affixed, the prescription is completed ; but when very active agents 
 are used, it is a good plan to go over the calculations a second time before 
 letting it leave the hands of the person most responsible for its action. 
 For pills or powders the same process should be employed, slightly varied 
 according to the requirements of each case. Frequently the ingredients 
 and quantities for but one pill, powder or suppository are named, with 
 instructions to make a certain number after the formula. When an 
 unusually large dose of any poisonous drug is prescribed, it is cus¬ 
 tomary to underline the quantity, so as to call the attention of the 
 compounder to the fact that the prescriber is aware that the dose is above 
 the average. 
 
 There is no royal road to prescription-writing ; practice, care and 
 knowledge of the whole subject is necessary to enable one to turn out 
 habitually those elegant prescriptions which are properly termed “ magis¬ 
 tral,” being the work of a magister, or master of his business. A fair 
 knowledge of the Latin language is a sine qua tion to every professional 
 man, but especially to the physician. It is pitiable to see a Doctor write 
 ignorantly of even the genitive case-endings of the drug-names which he 
 uses. The teaching of Latin is not within the scope of this work, and 
 
PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 443 
 
 hence this part of the subject will be dismissed with the advice to the 
 physician who is ignorant of that language to write his prescriptions 
 wholly in English if he cannot write them in decent Latin. 
 
 Abbreviations, though very commonly used by physicians in pre¬ 
 scribing, are a source of much annoyance to the compounder, and fre¬ 
 quently one of great danger to the patient. Physicians who never knew 
 anything of the Latin grammar, or those who have forgotten its rules, 
 are very apt to use abbreviations to conceal their ignorance of case-end¬ 
 ings. Many others use them through sheer laziness, and some from force 
 of habit. The educated and conscientious man will take pride in turning 
 out a full and clear prescription, free from cabalistic letters and all ele¬ 
 ments of uncertainty. In the Appendix will be found a list of the Latin 
 terms used in prescriptions, with the abbreviations in vogue, and the 
 English meaning. Ambiguous contractions may result fatally to the 
 patient, as is readily seen by studying the following list, which gives a 
 few examples of the dangers of careless abbreviation. 
 
 Acid. Hydroc. —may mean 
 
 { 
 
 A conit. 
 Ammon. 
 
 Aq. Chlor. 
 Aq. Fontis. 
 
 Chlor. 
 
 Hyd. Chlor. 
 
 j Aconitine. 
 
 \ Aconitum. 
 f Ammonia. 
 
 \ Ammoniacum. 
 
 Hydr. 
 
 -< 
 
 j Aqua Chlori. 
 
 \ Aqua Chloroform! 
 j Might easily be read. 
 
 \ Aqua Fords. 
 
 Sod. Sulph. 
 
 •* 
 
 f Chlorine. 
 
 J Chloral. 
 
 [ Chloroform. 
 
 Sulph. 
 
 /* 
 
 - 
 
 ' Calomel. 
 
 - Corrosive Sublimate. 
 Hydrate of Chloral. 
 
 Zinci Phos. 
 
 { 
 
 Acidum Hydrochloricum. 
 
 Acidum Hydrocyanicum. 
 
 Hydrargyrum. 
 Hydras. 
 Hydriodas. 
 Hydrochloras. 
 Hydrocyanas. 
 Sodium Sulphate. 
 Sodium Sulphite. 
 Sodium Sulphide. 
 Sulphur. 
 
 Sulphide. 
 Sulphate. 
 Sulphite. 
 
 Zinc Phosphate. 
 Zinc Phosphide. 
 
 Prescription Blanks. After many years’ experience in prescribing 
 on blanks furnished by druggists, the writer has come to the conclusion 
 that it is much better, for many reasons, for the physician to have his own 
 blanks, without the address of any drug-store thereon. These blanks 
 should be furnished with stubs on which to write the prescription at first 
 in rough, afterwards copying it out cleanly on the main blank. A care¬ 
 ful prescriber always writes a formula twice before letting it go out of his 
 hands. If he does the first writing on the stub of a book of blanks he 
 will always have a copy of such prescription in his possession, for which 
 he will often be thankful. The blank used by the writer measures 4^ 
 inches by 3^, joined by a perforated edge to a stub 3^ inches by 2^ 
 inches. On the main blank the physician’s name and address are printed, 
 together with his office hours, and a place for number and date, also the 
 sign R., and a line for signature. On the stub there are printed the 
 
444 
 
 PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 words, “ Copy of Pres criptioji No .189 . . For . 
 
 and on the back of the main blank occurs the following printed legend 
 in red ink : 
 
 A Prescription written on this side 
 
 OF THE SHEET MUST NOT BE RENEWED 
 UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES WHATEVER, 
 
 WITHOUT MY ORDER. 
 
 ., M. D. 
 
 These blanks are bound up in books of 100 each, with a flexible morocco 
 cover, from which the book of stubs may be slipped and a fresh book in¬ 
 serted as required. The size is ample for all ordinary requirements, and 
 permits of the book being carried in the breast-pocket. 
 
 Renewals. —It would be advisable for physicians to always write the 
 words “ Non Repetaturf or some similar direction, on all prescriptions 
 which should not be repeated without their sanction. By so doing they 
 would doubtless cut off a good many renewal charges from the receipts 
 of druggists who would fear the legal consequences of disobeying the 
 mandate. This inconvenience to the drug-seller would be more than 
 compensated for in the protection to the drug-taker, who too frequently 
 carries in his pocket-book a stock of recipes for his various complaints ; 
 and in protection to the physician, who by giving up the dispensing of 
 his own medicines has placed it in the power of the druggist to connive 
 at a direct robbery of the just reward of professional skill and knowledge. 
 
 It is doubtless a fact familiar to every observer, that the old-time con¬ 
 fidential relations between the professions of physician and pharmacist 
 have almost passed into oblivion. In fact, the tendency of pharmacy 
 now-a-days is towards the position of a mere money-making trade, instead 
 of in the exalted direction of a profession. The indiscriminate renewing 
 of prescriptions, the open sale of quack nostrums and homoeopathic pel¬ 
 lets, the readiness with which counter-prescribing is indulged in, the 
 insinuations too frequently made over the drug-counter in reflection 
 on physicians, and many other similar practices, have caused the non- 
 combatant profession to regard the average druggist with suspicion. If 
 physicians boldly took the dispensing of medicines more into their own 
 hands many of these evils would soon eliminate themselves from the drug¬ 
 stores. Right here, it may be said that there is nothing unprofessional or 
 derogatory in the dispensing of his own medicines by the physician. In 
 England it has been the universal practice for centuries in all places 
 except the largest cities, and it has only been given up by a part of the 
 medical profession as a matter of convenience, not as a right. The homoeo¬ 
 paths fought for the reclamation of this practice as a right belonging to 
 the medical profession, and succeeded in its legal establishment, but not 
 from a worthy motive. They dispense their own medicines in order to 
 
PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 / 
 
 445 
 
 cover up the many frauds of which they are daily guilty, and to give them 
 the power of administering full doses of powerful drugs in a form which 
 is apparently “homoeopathic,” with no tell-tale prescription on file in a 
 drug-store to give mute but dangerous evidence against their honesty. In 
 this way they administer several grains of Calomel or eighth-grain doses 
 of Morphine, or correspondingly large quantities of active alkaloids, 
 triturated with sugar of milk, or dissolved, as many of the latter may be, 
 in alcohol. Chemistry, by isolating the active principles of plants, and 
 furnishing them to commerce in the form of soluble salts, has enabled the 
 homoeopath to practice this fraudulent method of dispensing drugs, which 
 the innocent and ignorant patient, who believes in the power of the mini¬ 
 mum dose, supposes to be infinitesimal in amount. But the physician of 
 the regular profession is too apt to think that if he adopts a practice which 
 charlatans have appropriated to themselves, he may be classed with them 
 by his professional competitors. Hence, many regular physicians are 
 absolutely afraid to use such drugs as Aconite, Belladonna, Gelsemium, 
 Arnica, Rhus, etc , all of which are official, and most of which are older 
 than homoeopathy in medicine; and avoid pocket-cases, drachm-vials 
 and triturations, as badges of charlatanism. It is high time that we 
 asserted our independence in all these matters, and made use freely of 
 those means which are recommended by our individual judgments as pro¬ 
 motive of the best results to our patients and to ourselves. With a small 
 stock of reliable fluid extracts, such as are manufactured by Parke, Davis 
 & Co., of Detroit, or Dr. Edward R. Squibb, of Brooklyn,—an equally 
 moderate supply of gelatin-coated pills and compressed tablets from the 
 best houses, such as McKesson & Robbins, Schieffelin & Co., Warner & 
 Co., Wyeth & Co., physicians could check-mate the unscrupulous prac¬ 
 tices of many druggists to a great extent, save their patients many dollars, 
 and retain many a dollar for their own pockets, which under the present 
 system goes to their enemies. The homoeopaths understand the money 
 part of the argument well. When their patients’ medicine is exhausted, 
 the doctor must be seen for a fresh supply, meaning of course another 
 consultation about symptoms, a change perhaps from Mercurius Dulcis 
 to Mercurius Vivus, and another fee. The expense is nothing, sugar 
 of milk being cheap, and there is no prescription in the patient’s pocket- 
 book, to be renewed scores of times (paying toll however every time 
 to the druggist), and finally to be copied by aunts, mothers and friends, 
 as a sovereign remedy for a cough, or a really wonderful receipt in a 
 case of croup. 
 
 Filling a Prescription means a combination of operations which 
 requires great care, undivided attention, and a special practical appren¬ 
 ticeship at the dispensing desk. In the following discussion of extempo- 
 
446 
 
 PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 raneous preparations such hints are incorporated as are particularly 
 applicable to the compounding of each article under consideration ; and 
 they may be prefaced by a few general suggestions which will serve to 
 point out the most approved method of dealing with this important part of 
 the druggist’s work. 
 
 The prescription should first be slowly read over in a critical spirit, but 
 no word or action of unfavorable criticism should reach the ears or eyes of 
 the messenger. To shrug the shoulders while scanning the items, to laugh 
 or even smile at the phraseology, to question the person offering it as to 
 whom it is for, or what complaint it is given for, are instances of such 
 flagrant treason to the prescriber as would justify his kicking the offender 
 with a copper-toed boot. The compounder has no business whatever with 
 the propriety of the recipe for its purpose. It might have been given as 
 a placebo for reasons eminently wise and judicious; or if not so consti¬ 
 tuted it has at least been ordered by one who is in possession of facts which 
 the druggist knows nothing about, even if by education and experience 
 he were competent to judge in the matter, which he seldom is. His criti¬ 
 cism should be directed only to the dosage and the pharmaceutical compati¬ 
 bility of the ingredients. Even in the latter case he must remember that 
 incompatibles are often prescribed with the view of forming another agent 
 from the chemical reaction produced. If he thinks that there is any mis¬ 
 take, and the drugs ordered are in any degree poisonous, it is his duty to 
 make an excuse for delay to the messenger and at once communicate with 
 the physician. This course, in these days of telephones, is nearly always 
 practicable. 
 
 After reading the prescription, it is well to number it and write the 
 label. This gives time for the label to dry, and avoids the use of blotting 
 paper, which often mars the writing and renders the directions all but 
 illegible. 
 
 A clearly defined method should next be decided on by which to 
 compound the prescription. Directions for such plans of procedure will 
 be found in the succeeding pages under the titles of the various prepa¬ 
 rations. Next, the ingredients should be carefully weighed or measured 
 out, each one being checked off so as to avoid the danger of its being 
 duplicated. In many cases the excipient is not specified, its choice 
 being left to the druggist; but in all such a note should be made on 
 the prescription to show the article used, in order that in the event of 
 a renewal there may be no difference perceptible. No alteration or addi¬ 
 tion should ever be made which would in any degree affect the medicinal 
 action of the prescription, or interfere with the obvious intention of the 
 prescriber. 
 
 The labelling of the package and the numbering and filing of the pre¬ 
 scription are matters of mechanical detail which are best learned at the 
 
PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 / 
 
 447 
 
 counter. Various devices for simplifying these operations are in vogue 
 and may be seen in any well-appointed drug-store. Poisonous articles 
 sold by the druggists should always be labelled “ Poison,” and the trans¬ 
 action entered in a book usually required by law to be kept for that pur¬ 
 pose ; but in the case of prescriptions the word “Poison” should not 
 appear on the package or label unless so directed by the prescriber. 
 
 Stock Solutions of the salts most frequently prescribed are kept in 
 many establishments for convenience in dispensing. Those most gener¬ 
 ally used are the following :— 
 
 Alum, — ^ijss in a quart of distilled water. Of this solution each fluidounce represents 
 3 ss of the salt. 
 
 Potassium Bicay'bonate, — ^j in f^iv of distilled water; of which 3 ss contains 3J of 
 the salt. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate, — I in 24 of distilled water, will not crystallize as the temperature 
 changes. 
 
 Potassiu?7i Bromide, — I in 3 of distilled water, makes a very convenient solution for 
 dispensing purposes. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate, — I in I of distilled water: of which each|minim contains a grain of 
 chloral. 
 
 Morphine Sulphate, —gr. xvj in 5 j of distilled water, with a grain of Salicylic Acid or 
 3 drops of Carbolic Acid to prevent change. Of this solution, known as Magendie’s, each 
 minim contains gr. A- of the salt, and rtpx contain gr. i. A safer solution is the Liquor 
 Morphiae Sulphatis of the U. S. P., 1870, which had one grain of the salt in each fluid- 
 ounce. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, — p ) ] in f^iv of glycerin, makes a convenient solution which will mix 
 with water in all proportions. npivss represent gr. j of the acid. 
 
 Tannic Acid, — ^j in f^iv of glycerin, dissolved by the aid of a gentle heat. rtpivss 
 represent gr. j of the acid. 
 
 The following rules for the pharmaceutical student are quoted from the 
 Chemist ' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 s and Druggist's Diary for 1885. They are well worth remem¬ 
 bering. 
 
 1. Read through a prescription, rapidly and in a manner suggesting no suspicion or 
 doubt. 
 
 2. Write directions invariably before dispensing. Avoid thus the use of blotting- 
 paper; a good dispenser uses almost none. 
 
 3. If a mixture contains readily soluble ingredients, never use a mortar. 
 
 4. Avoid effecting solution by heat, for fear of recrystallization. 
 
 5. With syrups and also ingredients not water, arrange in dispensing to rinse out the 
 measure and leave it clean; a skilled dispenser shows very little traces of his work. 
 
 6. Carefully clean and put away weights and scales after each operation. 
 
 7. Hold the scales firmly by the left hand, never lift them high above the counter, and 
 judge of the weight as much by the indicator as by the position of the scale. 
 
 8. Select glass pans for scales, preferably of heavy make, and discard flimsy brass 
 material, which corrodes speedily and becomes inaccurate. 
 
 9. Learn to judge of the quantity to be weighed with tolerable accuracy; train the eye 
 as well as the hand. 
 
 10. If in doubt, always begin with that about which you have no doubt. 
 
 11. Be rapid in manipulation. Finish wrapping, tying, or sealing quickly. Slow dis¬ 
 pensing is bad dispensing, and arises either from deficient practice or want of knowledge. 
 
 12. Never, when in a shadow of doubt, hesitate to ask advice from a fear of compro¬ 
 mising your own dignity. 
 
443 
 
 INCOMPATIBILITY. 
 
 INCOMPATIBILITY. 
 
 Incompatibility may be Chemical, Pharmaceutical or Therapeutical, 
 according to the prescribed combination results in chemical decomposi¬ 
 tion, physical disassociation or antagonistic action. In the first case the 
 incompatibility may be unintentional or intentional on the part of the 
 prescriber, for in many cases the result of the chemical action affords the 
 substance desired. 
 
 Instances of intentional incompatibility are the mixtures of Calomel and Corrosive Sub¬ 
 limate with Limewater, producing the Black and Yellow Oxides of Mercury respectively, 
 and commonly known as “Black Wash ” and “Yellow Wash.” Such combination 
 should not be filtered (as a novice might suppose), but should be dispensed with a 
 “ Shake-label,” that the precipitate may be uniformly distributed before using. 
 
 Chemical Incompatibility generally results from neglect on the part 
 of the prescriber of the most common chemical reactions, such as— 
 
 1. Acids tend to combine with bases and to form salts. 
 
 2. Weak acids or bases are displaced from their combinations by 
 stronger ones, so that salts in solution when brought together generally 
 exchange their radicles, especially if by doing so an insoluble compound 
 can be formed. 
 
 3. A salt in solution is easily decomposed by a strong alkali if the salt 
 is one having a weak or volatile base. 
 
 4. A substance in solution may be decomposed by another without pre¬ 
 cipitation, the product being soluble in the solution. 
 
 5. Alkaloidal salts are precipitated from their solutions by the addition 
 of fixed alkalies, their salts or salts which produce insoluble compounds. 
 Oxides of the fixed alkalies decompose salts of the metals proper, and 
 those of the alkaloids, precipitating their bases ; but the base may be 
 soluble in an excess of the alkali. 
 
 6. Tannic or Gallic Acids and vegetable substances containing them 
 precipitate albumen, alkaloids and most of the metallic oxides, and form 
 inky solutions when brought into contact with the persalts of Iron. 
 Tannic Acid precipitates gelatin. 
 
 7. Glucosides are incompatible with free acids or Emulsin. 
 
 Examples of the neglect of these principles are seen in the prescribing of Quinine Sul¬ 
 phate in mixture with Potassium Acetate, resulting in a voluminous precipitate of Quinine 
 Acetate which could not be poured from the bottle;—Vinegars or Syrups containing 
 Acetic Acid (Syr. Allii, Syr. Scillm) added to a solution of alkaline carbonates, causing 
 decomposition of the latter with evolution of C0 2 ;—the addition of Liquor Potassae to a 
 solution of Ammonia-alum, setting free gaseous ammonia;—the mixing of Strychnine 
 Sulphate and Potassium Bromide in solution, causing the decomposition of the alkaloid 
 sulphate and precipitation of Strychnine;—preparations of Cinchona with salts of Iron, 
 forming an inky tannate of iron; Elixir of Chloral with alkalies, causing the elimination 
 of Chloroform and its subsequent evaporation, etc., etc. 
 
 The following table shows the most important instances of solutions 
 
INCOMPATIBILITY. , 449 
 
 which mutually precipitate each other, the letter P meaning “ forms a 
 precipitate with — 
 
 Table of some Mutually Pre¬ 
 cipitant Solutions. 
 
 Alkaloidal Solutions 
 
 (generally). 
 
 1 
 
 Metallic Solutions 
 (generally). 
 
 Lead Solutions. 
 
 Silver Solutions. 
 
 Calcic Solutions. 
 
 Magnesic Solutions. 
 
 Albuminous Solutions. 
 
 Gelatinous Solutions. 
 
 Solutions of Alkalies,. 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 Tannic Acid,. 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 , # 
 
 # # 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 Carbonic Acid and Sol. of Carbonates, . . 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric Acid and Sol. of Sulphates, . . . 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 Phosph. Acid and Sol. of Phosphates, . . 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 Boric Acid and Sol. of Borates, . 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid and Sol. of Chlorides, . 
 
 . . 
 
 . , 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrobromic Acid and Sol. of Bromides, . 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydriodic Acid and Sol. of Iodides, . . . 
 
 P 
 
 . . 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solutions of Sulphides,. 
 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arsenical Solutions,. 
 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albumen,. 
 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 The following more or less insoluble salts will be formed whenever the 
 materials of which they are composed are brought together in solutions: 
 the Hydrates, Carbonates, Phosphates, Borates, Arseniates and Tan nates 
 of most earthy and heavy metals and alkaloids, and the metallic Sulphides; 
 the Sulphates of Calcium, and of Lead, and the subsalts of Mercury; the 
 Chlorides, Iodides, and Bromides of Bismuth, Silver, Lead, and subsalts 
 of Mercury; the Iodides of Quinine, Morphine and most alkaloids. 
 
 Instances are—Limewater or Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia with Tincture of Chloride 
 of Iron, or solutions of Mercury salts, or neutral solutions of Quinine or Morphine salts. 
 
 Ammonium, Potassium and Sodium carbonates or bi-carbonates with Limewater. 
 
 Solutions of Magnesium Sulphate, Alum, Zinc Acetate or Sulphate with solutions of 
 salts of Iron, Manganese, Bismuth, Antimony, Lead, and of most alkaloids. 
 
 Ammonium or Sodium Phosphates with solutions of Iron salts, with Limewater, solu¬ 
 tion of Magnesium Sulphate, of Alum, etc. 
 
 Liquor Potassii Arsenitis with Limewater, with solutions of basic salts of Iron, and of 
 neutral salts of Quinine and Morphine, etc. 
 
 Solutions, Decoctions, Tinctures and Extracts containing Tannic Acid with solutions of 
 salts of Iron, Mercury, Antimony, Lead (as also with solutions containing albuminous 
 substances and Gelatin). 
 
 Limewater with solutions of Quinine and Morphine Sulphates. 
 
 Solutions of Lead Acetate with Zinc Sulphate or Alum. 
 
 Sodium Chloride with Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Morphine Hydrochlorate with Lead Acetate. 
 
 Alkaline Iodides or Bromides with Bismuth Carbonate or Sub-nitrate, with Lead Ace¬ 
 tate, with Sub chloride of Mercury, or with neutral solutions of Quinine, Morphine and 
 Strychnine salts. 
 
 Explosive Compounds result from the admixture of powerful oxid¬ 
 izing agents with substances which are readily oxidizable. The most 
 important members of these two classes are as follows :— 
 
 29 
 
450 
 
 INCOMPATIBILITY. 
 
 Oxidizers. 
 
 Nitric Acid. Chromic Acid. 
 Free Hydrochloric Acid. 
 Nitro-hydrochloric Acid. 
 Potassium Chlorate. 
 Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Oxidizable or Combustible. 
 
 Glycerin, Sugar, Alcohols. 
 Oils and Ethers. 
 
 Sulphur and Sulphides. 
 
 Dry Organic Substances. 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Explosions have resulted from mixing Fluid Extract of Uva Ursi with certain samples 
 of Spirit of Nitre, Chromic Acid,with Glycerin, Permanganate of Potassium with Glycerin, 
 Nitric Acid with Glycerin, Nitrate of Silver with Creasote, Oxide of Silver in pill with 
 Extract of Gentian, Potassium Chlorate with Glycerin and Tincture of the Chloride of 
 Iron. Chloride of Lime triturated with Sulphur in a mortar has exploded, so also has 
 Calcium or Sodium Hypophosphite when triturated alone. Tincture of Iodine with Am¬ 
 monia forms the Iodide of Nitrogen, which is highly explosive, especially if triturated in 
 the presence of water. Catechu and Potassium Chlorate in a dentifrice have exploded in 
 the mouth from the friction produced by a dry tooth-brush. 
 
 Poisonous Compounds may be formed by the admixture of many 
 substances in solution, such as— 
 
 Potassium Chlorate with Potassium Iodide , in solution together do not 
 react at ordinary temperatures, but in the system they evolve a poisonous 
 agent, probably the Iodate of Potassium. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate with Syrup of Iodide of Iron , liberates Iodine from 
 the Iodide in the warm stomach, causing severe gastric irritation, perhaps 
 gastritis of dangerous degree. 
 
 Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid or Potassium Cyanide , with Calomel , forms 
 the Bichloride and Bicyanide of Mercury, both virulent poisons;—with 
 metallic hydrates, carbonates, sub-nitrates or sub-chlorides, cyanides of 
 the metals are formed which are even more poisonous than the acid itself 
 in its usual diluted form. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Incompatibility differs from chemical incompati¬ 
 bility in the absence of chemical action, and is generally produced by 
 adding one substance to another which, through differences in solubility, 
 causes a precipitation of solid matter or a separation of part of the liquid. 
 The constituents separated may be active and hence important, or inert 
 and therefore unimportant. 
 
 Instances of this are—the addition of an acid to a Quinine and Liquorice mixture, result¬ 
 ing in precipitation of the Glycyrrhizin (relied onto cover the taste of the Quinine) by the 
 acid;—or the use of Quinine, Tincture of Ferric Chloride and Liquorice together;—or 
 the prescribing of solutions of Chloral and Potassium Bromide with an alcoholic prepara¬ 
 tion, the Chloral separating to the top as an alcoholate, and therefore dangerously in 
 excess for the first few doses;—or the neglect to prescribe Acacia or some other emulsifier 
 in mixtures of an alcoholic fluid extract of a resinous body with an aqueous preparation, 
 which would result in the separation of the resin to the surface and an overdose with the 
 first teaspoonful. 
 
 When the fluid extracts are diluted with liquids differing in composition 
 from those used in the fluid extracts, the gum, albumen, resin and mucil¬ 
 age are often separated. In such a case as Fluid Extract of Cannabis 
 
INCOMPATIBILITY. 
 
 451 
 
 Indica the active resin would be thrown out of solution, and floating on 
 top might cause serious symptoms; but in many other instances the pre¬ 
 cipitate would be inert and filtration would be in order. Water is the 
 solvent for albuminous, gelatinous, gummy, and saccharine bodies and for 
 a large number of inorganic salts ; while Alcohol is the solvent for vola¬ 
 tile oil and resins, gum-resins, resinoids, balsams, and all drugs contain¬ 
 ing these as their active principles. The solvent power of either Alcohol 
 or Water for their particular substances decreases in proportion to the 
 amount of the other added. 
 
 Instances of Pharmaceutical Incompatibility. 
 
 Resinous tinctures or Fluid Extracts with aqueous solutions. 
 
 Tincture of Guaiac with spirit of nitric ether. 
 
 Compound Infusion of Gentian with infusion of wild cherry. 
 
 Compound Infusion of Cinchona with compound infusion of gentian. 
 
 Essential oils with aqueous liquids in quantities exceeding I drop to ^j. 
 
 Fixed oils and Copaiba with aqueous liquids (except excipients). 
 
 Tinctures made with Alcohol with those made with diluted alcohol. 
 
 Alcoholic tinctures and fluid extracts with aqueous preparations. 
 
 Spirit of Nitric Ether with strong mucilages. 
 
 Infusions generally with metallic salts. 
 
 Therapeutical Incompatibility arises when two agents are admin¬ 
 istered together which oppose each other in their action on the human 
 system,—as for instance Belladonna in any form with Physostigma. But 
 in many cases physiological antagonists are designedly prescribed together, 
 one as a guard against the action of the other, as in the hypodermic ad¬ 
 ministration of Morphine guarded by Atropine. The antagonists to each 
 of the active medicinal agents may be found in the section on Materia 
 Medica under their various titles; but they may be well summarized as 
 to the most important ones in the following list. 
 
 Physiological Antagonists. 
 
 Aconitine ,—Atropine, Digitalin, Strychnine. 
 
 Alcohol ,—Strychnine. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride ,—Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 Atropine ,—*Aconitine, *Bromal-hydrate, Chloral-hydrate, Hydrocyanic Acid, Jaborandi, 
 Muscarine, *Morphine, Physostigmine, Phytolacca, Pilocarpine, Quinine. [Those 
 marked * will not prevent death from a lethal dose of Atropine, though the latter will 
 prevent death from a lethal dose of either of them.] 
 
 Barium ,—Sodium Sulphate, Potassium salts. 
 
 Bromal-hydrate ,—Atropine. 
 
 Brucine ,—Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 Calabarine ,—Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, —Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 Chloral-hydrate ,— Ammonium Chloride, Atropine, Brucine, Calabarine, Carbolic Acid, 
 Codeine, Physostigma, Picrotoxine, Strychnine, Thebaine. 
 
 Chloroform ,—Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 Cocaine ,—Morphine. 
 
 Codeine ,—Chloral hydrate. 
 
 Digitalin ,—Aconitine, Muscarine, Saponin. 
 
 Gelsemium, —Opium, Atropine. 
 
452 
 
 INCOMPATIBILITY. 
 
 Morphine ,—Atropine, Caffeine, Chloroform, Cocaine, Daturine, Hyoscyamine, Nicotine, 
 Physostigma. 
 
 Muscarine ,—Atropine. 
 
 Opium ,—Atropine, Gelsemium, Veratrum Viride. 
 
 Physostigma ,—Atropine, Chloral, Morphine. 
 
 Saponin ,—Digitalin. 
 
 Strychnine ,—Alcohol, Chloral, Hydrocyanic Acid, Nicotine, Nitrite of Amyl. 
 
 Thebaine ,—Chloral-hydrate. 
 
 The Dangers of Incompatibility may in a great measure be 
 avoided by the use of the utmost simplicity in prescribing. The subject 
 can only be glanced at within these pages, but the following simple rules 
 may help the burdened memory of the student and the practitioner. 
 
 (1) . Never use more than one remedy at a time, if one will serve the 
 purpose. 
 
 (2) . Never use Strong Mineral Acids with other agents, unless you 
 know exactly what reaction will ensue. They decompose salts of the 
 weaker acids, and form ethers when combined with alcohol. Never com¬ 
 bine free acids with hydrates or carbonates. 
 
 (3) . Select the simplest solvent, diluent or excipient you know of, re¬ 
 membering that the solvent power of alcohol and of water for their 
 respective substances decreases in proportion to the quantity of the other 
 added. 
 
 (4) . Generally do not combine two or more soluble salts; for such 
 salts in solution, when brought together, usually exchange their radicles, 
 thereby forming an insoluble compound. 
 
 The following more or less insoluble salts will be formed whenever the materials of 
 which they are composed are brought together in solutions: the Hydrates, Carbonates, 
 Phosphates, Borates, Arseniates and Tannates of most earthy and heavy metals and alka¬ 
 loids, and the metallic Sulphides ; the Sulphates of Calcium, of Lead, and the subsalts of 
 Mercury; the Chlorides, Iodides, and Bromides of Bismuth, Silver, Lead, and Mercury; 
 the Iodides of Quinine, Morphine and most alkaloids. 
 
 (5 ). Never order a drug in combination with any of its Tests or Anti¬ 
 dotes. 
 
 (6) . Never prescribe a Glucoside , (as Santonin, Colocynthin, etc.), in 
 combination with free acids or with a substance containing Eitiulsin , as 
 these agents will decompose it. 
 
 (7) . Aconite should be ordered in water alone, Mercuric Chloride by 
 itself in water or in simple syrup. The latter drug is incompatible with 
 almost everything, even the Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla being said 
 to decompose it. 
 
 (8) . Iodide of Potassium decomposes most of the metallic salts, and is 
 one of the drugs which are best administered alone. 
 
 (9) . The following named substances are incompatible with so many 
 others that it is best to always prescribe them alone; they are best given 
 in simple solution :— 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 453 
 
 Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 Dilute Nitro-hydrochloric Acid. 
 Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Mercuric Chloride (Corr. Sub.). 
 
 Iodine and Iodides. 
 
 Syrup of the Iodide of Iron. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Potassium Acetate. 
 
 Potassium Bromide 
 Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Tincture of Guaiac. 
 
 Tannic and 
 
 Morphine Acetate. 
 
 Morphine Hydrochlorate. 
 Quinine Sulphate. 
 
 Liquor Calcis. 
 
 Liquor Potassae. 
 
 Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. 
 Liquor Ferri Nitratis. 
 
 Tinct. Ferri Chloridi. 
 
 Zinc Acetate. 
 
 Citrate of Iron and Quinine. 
 Free Chlorine in Solution. 
 Gallic Acids. 
 
 (io). Silver Nitrate and the Acetate and Sub-acetate of Lead, though 
 incompatible with almost everything, may be combined with Opium, the 
 latter forming with Opium a compound, which, though insoluble, is thera¬ 
 peutically active as an astringent and anodyne lotion. Silver Nitrate with 
 Creasote forms an explosive compound. 
 
 (n). Tannic and Gallic Acids, and substances containing them (as 
 the Astringent Bitters), precipitate albumen, alkaloids and most soluble 
 metallic salts. They may be prescribed with the proto-salts of Iron, but 
 not with its per-salts. Calumba is the best vegetable tonic to use with 
 ferric salts, as it contains neither tannic nor gallic acids. Tannic Acid 
 precipitates gelatin. 
 
 (12) . Iodine and the soluble Iodides are incompatible with the alkaloids 
 and substances containing them, also with most metallic salts. 
 
 (13) . Alkalies neutralize free acids, and precipitate the alkaloids and 
 the soluble non-alkaline metallic salts. Oxides of the Alkalies decompose 
 salts of the metals proper, and salts of the alkaloids, precipitating their 
 bases; but the base may be soluble in an excess of the alkali. 
 
 (14) . Resinous Tinctures or Fluid Extracts, (<?. g., Tinct. Cannabis 
 Indicae) when combined with aqueous solutions, should always have Aca¬ 
 cia or some other emulsifying agent added, to prevent the separation of 
 the resin, which otherwise will be deposited on the sides of the bottle or 
 will float on top of the mixture. 
 
 (15) . Tincture of Digitalis should not be mixed with aqueous or syrupy 
 solutions, for in such cases a decomposition of the active principles may 
 occur, forming new and poisonous ones. 
 
 LIQUID EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Mixtures (Misturce),—in official pharmacy are aqueous preparations 
 containing some insoluble ingredients held in suspension by an appropriate 
 vehicle. In extemporaneous pharmacy, however, the term Mixture is 
 applied to every fluid compound intended for internal use, except a few 
 which bear distinctive titles, such as Emulsions, Draughts, Enemas, Elixirs 
 and Drinks. The simplest form of mixture in this extended sense is that 
 
454 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 in which two or more liquids are mixed together; but a great variety of 
 substances may be prescribed in this form, chief among which are most of 
 the soluble salts, light insoluble powders, salts which may be diffused by 
 agitation, extracts, gum-resins, and the fixed essential oils. They are 
 generally ordered in 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12-ounce vials. 
 
 The substances suitable to the mixture-form, properly so called, are 
 those which, though more or less insoluble in water, will mix with it by 
 agitation, trituration, etc. Those most frequently ordered are as follows :— 
 
 Diffusion by Agitation ;— 
 
 Calcii Phosphas Praecip. 
 Cinchonae Pulvis. 
 
 Ipecacuanhae Pulvis. 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Quininae Sulphas. 
 
 Sulphur Praecipitatum. 
 
 Suspendible by Viscid Excipients :— 
 
 Essential Oils. 
 
 Oleum Amygdalae. 
 
 Oleum MorrUuae. 
 
 Oleum Olivas. 
 
 Oleum Ricini. 
 
 Copaiba. 
 
 Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus. 
 
 Miscible only by Trituration :■ 
 
 Ammoniacum. 
 
 Asafoetida. 
 
 Confectio Rosae. 
 Confectio Sennas. 
 Extractum Aconiti. 
 
 Ext. Beiladonnae. 
 
 Ext. Conii. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami. 
 
 Ext. Slramonii. 
 
 Ext. Glycyrrhizae. 
 
 Ext. Krameriae. 
 
 Ext. Taraxaci. 
 
 Guaiacum. 
 
 Scammonium. 
 
 Myrrha. 
 
 Best suspended by the aid of a fixed oil or yolk of egg :— 
 
 Ext. Cannabis Indicas. Oleum Terebinthinae. 
 
 Camphora. Chloroformum. 
 
 Solutions intended for internal administration are classed as Mixtures in 
 extemporaneous pharmacy, for the reason stated above. The following 
 list of acids and salts comprises most of the solids which are best adapted 
 for use in liquid form, by reason of their solubility in water. 
 
 Acidum Citricum. 
 
 Acidum Tannicum. 
 
 Acidum Tartaricum. 
 
 Alumen. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridum. 
 Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. 
 Barii Chloridum. 
 
 Calcii Chloridum. 
 
 Calcii Hypophosphis. 
 
 Ferri Pyrophosphas. 
 
 Ferri Sulphas. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Citras. 
 Ferri et Potassii Tartras. 
 
 Ferri et Quininae Citras. 
 Magnesii Sulphas. 
 
 Mangani Sulphas. 
 
 Potassii Acetas. 
 
 Potassii Bicarbonas. 
 
 Potassii Carbonas. 
 Potassii Citras. 
 
 Potassii Chloras. 
 
 Potassii Hypophosphis. 
 Potassii Tartras. 
 
 Potassii et Sodii Tartras. 
 Potassii Bromidum. 
 Potassii Iodidum. 
 
 Morph inae Acetas. 
 Morphinae Hydrochloras. 
 Morphinae Sulphas. 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonas. 
 
 Sodii Boras. 
 
 Sodii Carbonas. 
 
 Sodii Chloridum. 
 
 Sodii Hypophosphis. 
 Sodii Phosphas. 
 
 Sodii Sulphas. 
 
 A few require the use of viscid substances as vehicles or correctives. 
 They are as follows : — 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 455 
 
 Ammonii Carbonas. Potassa. 
 
 Plumbi Acetas. Potassii Cyanidum. 
 
 Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivutn. 
 
 Certain salts are best ordered by prescribing such agents as will when 
 in solution together react upon each other and produce the desired salt. 
 Instances of this may be found in the pharmacopoeial processes for most of 
 the official Liquores ; the salts so produced being the following: — 
 
 Ammonii Acetas. 
 Magnesii Citras. 
 Potassii Citras. 
 Ferri Citras. 
 
 Ferri Acetas. 
 
 Ferri Chloridum. 
 Hydrargyri Nitras. 
 
 Ferri Nitras. 
 Ferri Phosphas. 
 Potassii Arsenis. 
 Potassii Hydras. 
 Sodii Hydras. 
 Soda Chlorata. 
 Zinci Chloridum. 
 Arsenii et Hydrargyri Iodidum. 
 
 Certain other substances require the addition of other agents in order 
 to form eligible solutions. Such are the following :— 
 
 Quinince Sulphas, —requires acidulated water for its solution, the acid used being gen¬ 
 erally Sulphuric diluted, or the Aromatic Sulphuric. This method of prescribing this 
 salt develops its bitter taste to the utmost, and is often avoided by ordering the drug to be 
 suspended in a viscid liquid, such as Pulv. Acaciae in Syrup of Ginger. In such a case 
 an officious dispenser anxious to show his smartness may add some dilute Sulphuric Acid 
 to dissolve the Quinine and thus defeat the object of the prescriber. 
 
 Sulphate of Quinine may be prescribed with Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, Spirit of 
 Nitrous Ether, Tinctures or other alcoholic preparations together with Glycerin or Syrup 
 and Water. In such cases the salt should be first dissolved in the alcoholic portion of the 
 prescription; then the glycerin or syrup, and finally the aqueous portions should be added 
 gradually. It may also be ordered with dilute Sulphuric Acid and some vegetable infusion 
 containing Tannin, in which case a precipitate of Tannate of Quinine will be produced. 
 This of course should not be filtered, but should be dispensed with a “ Shake-label.” 
 
 [For the use of “ Veloutine ” as a vehicle for the use of Quinine Salts, see ante , pages 
 182, 207.] 
 
 Chinoidin, Cinchonine Sulphate and Quinidine Sulphate ,—also require the addition of 
 dilute mineral acid for their solution in aqueous mixtures. 
 
 Iodine, —requires the addition of Iodide of Potassium for its solution in a convenient 
 quantity of water, as in the case of the official Liquor Iodi Compositus. 
 
 Red Iodide of Mercury, —requires the addition of Iodide of Potassium or Mercuric 
 Chloride for its aqueous solution. 
 
 Potassii Bitartras , Cream of Tartar,—requires the addition of Borax or Boric Acid 
 for its solution in water. 
 
 Benzoic Acid, —requires the addition of Borax to aid its solubility in water, an equal 
 part of the latter making it 5 times more soluble than when alone. 
 
 Lime ,—is more soluble in sweetened water than in plain water, the sugar aiding its 
 solution. 
 
 Excipients are substances which give form and consistence to prescrip¬ 
 tions, and serve as vehicles for the exhibition of the other ingredients. 
 Some of the excipients are diluents , or agents which effect the dilution 
 or division of the active ingredients; while others act in the double capa¬ 
 city of diluents and flavoring agents. The excipients most generally used 
 in mixtures may be tabulated as follows, viz. : — 
 
 Diluents. True Excipients. 
 
 Water (Aqua). Acacia (Pulv). 
 
 Medicated Waters (Aquae). Tragacanth (Pulv). 
 
456 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Diluents. 
 
 True Excipients. 
 
 Syrups. 
 
 Mel Rosae. 
 Elixir Aurantii. 
 
 Sugars. 
 Confections. 
 Some Extracts. 
 
 Yolk of Egg (Vitellus). 
 
 Flavoring Agents. 
 
 Oleum Cari. 
 
 Ol. Caryophylli. 
 
 01 . Cinnamomi. 
 
 01 . Gaultherise. 
 
 01 . Sassafras. 
 
 01 . Amygdalae Amarse. 
 Tinctura Tolutana. 
 
 Tinct. Zingiberis. 
 
 Tinct. Cinnamomi. 
 
 Tinct. Cardamomi. 
 
 Tinct. Cardamomi Comp. 
 
 Tinct. Gentianse Comp. 
 Tinct. Aurantii Dulcis. 
 Tinct. Vanillae. 
 
 Spiritus Anisi. 
 
 Spiritus Limonis. 
 
 Spiritus Myristicse. 
 Spiritus Menthae Piperitae. 
 Spiritus Menthae Viridis. 
 Spiritus Lavandulae. 
 Syrupus Limonis. 
 
 Syrupus Tolutanus. 
 
 Syrupus Zingiberis. 
 
 Compounding the Mixture is a matter of no slight importance, and one 
 which is best learned at the dispensing counter, though a few directions 
 may not be out of place. In the case of the simplest form of mixture, 
 where two or more fluid preparations are prescribed together, the only 
 operations required are the measuring of the several ingredients and pour¬ 
 ing them into the designed vial. In doing this the compounder should 
 pursue a regular and definite order of procedure. Taking in his left hand 
 a graduate of sufficient capacity to hold the whole quantity prescribed, he 
 should walk along the shelves, and with the right hand pour from the 
 stock-bottles the requisite quantity of each ingredient in the order in 
 which they are entered on the prescription. A skillful clerk will hold 
 the graduate between the thumb and first finger, the prescription between 
 the second and third fingers, and the stopper of the stock-bottle between 
 the little finger and the hand, leaving his right hand free for the manipu¬ 
 lation of the bottles containing the ingredients. 
 
 When an actively poisonous agent is ordered it should always be the 
 last thing put into the mixture. Attention to this rule will prevent the 
 danger of the toxic substance being put in twice. 
 
 The order in which the ingredients are put together is not of so much 
 importance in compounding a simple mixture as in the case of an emulsion, 
 and the order of the prescription can usually be followed, with the excep¬ 
 tion noted in the preceding paragraph. Still, when several alcoholic 
 preparations, syrups and waters are ordered together, it is good practice to 
 first mix the alcoholic fluids, then to add the syrups and finally the water, 
 so as to avoid the precipitation of resinous principles which would occur 
 if the alcoholic solutions were added to the water. Distilled water should 
 always be used, in order to insure uniformity in taste and appearance, 
 and also as a matter of purity and cleanliness. All mixtures should be 
 well shaken before being labelled. 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 457 
 
 Solids which are comparatively insoluble or only slowly soluble require 
 to be rubbed up in a mortar with one or more of the fluid ingredients. 
 Glass mortars are much employed for this purpose, and many compounders 
 mix all the ingredients in such a mortar before transferring them to their 
 vial. Vegetable powders (as Rhubarb, Ipecac., etc.), or finely pulverized 
 inorganic substances, are often ordered in intimate mixture with water, 
 thickened with mucilage or syrup. In such cases the mixture should be 
 made in a porcelain or wedgewood mortar, enough mucilage or syrup 
 being added at first to make a thick paste, and after this is rubbed smooth 
 the water may be gradually added during the continued process of mixing. 
 This process will answer for all inorganic substances in powder, except 
 Magnesia, which is best mixed by being thrown on the surface of the 
 water, and after it has sunk to the bottom as a uniform sediment the other 
 ingredients may be added, and the whole well shaken. Froth upon the 
 surface of the liquid, which often arises after agitation, and may prevent 
 the corking of the bottle, will quickly subside on the addition of a few 
 drops of alcohol. 
 
 The following are samples of prescriptions for medicines to be admin¬ 
 istered in mixture form : — 
 
 Bismuth Alixture for Children. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subcarbonatis, . 3 ij. 
 
 Syrupi Acaciae, 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, aa^ij. 
 
 Misce. Signa,—A teaspoonful every 
 hour in choleraic diarrhoea. 
 
 Quinine Mixture for Children. 
 
 R. Quininae Sulphatis (pulv.), g ss. 
 Pulveris Acaciae, . . . . it ss. 
 
 S\ rupi Zingiberis, ... 5 iv. 
 
 Fiat mistura. Signa.—A teaspoonful 
 thrice daily. 
 
 Emulsions (Emulsiones),—are mixtures containing an oil or a resin¬ 
 ous substance in a state of minute subdivision, and suspended in water by 
 the aid of some viscid excipient, as gum, soap, alkali, or yolk of egg. 
 
 Natural Emulsions comprise two classes of substances,— (1) those 
 emulsions which exist ready formed in nature, as milk, yolk of egg, the 
 milky juices of plants, etc. ; and (2) the mixtures formed by rubbing up 
 gum-resins (as Ammoniacum, Myrrh, Asafetida) with water. Each of 
 the latter substances contains, together with its resin, enough gum to make 
 a perfect emulsion when triturated with water. The manufactured emul¬ 
 sions are simply imitations of the natural ones, sufficient gum being added 
 in case of a resinous substance to cause its suspension in the aqueous 
 diluent. 
 
 Emulsification consists in the division of the oily or resinous substance 
 into very minute globules, and surrounding each globule with a thin envel¬ 
 ope of the excipient. If properly done the globules will remain mechan¬ 
 ically suspended in the water, without any tendency towards recombination. 
 Milk is the best illustration of a natural emulsion, its butter existing in 
 the aqueous portion as very minute globules, each surrounded by a thin 
 
458 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 film of casein. Yolk of Egg is a dense emulsion, consisting of oil sus¬ 
 pended in water by means of albumen. 
 
 The Excipients which may be used for emulsification are the follow¬ 
 ing, arranged in the order of their most frequent employment, viz. : — 
 
 Mucilage of Acacia, —used for oils and resins. Powdered Acacia is even better, being 
 made into a mucilage by the process of emulsification; such a mucilage having the advan¬ 
 tage of being perfectly fresh when incorporated with the other ingredients. To give 
 uniformly good results the following proportions in parts by weight should be used, viz.:— 
 
 Gum Acacia. 
 
 I part of Fixed Oils or Copaiba requires,. y 2 
 
 I “ “ Balsam of Peru “ .2 
 
 I “ “ Oil of Turpentine, “ .I 
 
 Mucilage of Tragacanth , —may also be used for oils and resins, but it has not proved 
 so satisfactory as the preceding. The same may be said of powdered Tragacanth. 
 
 Vitellus, Yolk of Egg.—is an excellent agent for emulsifying oils, but mixtures made 
 with it must be used within a few days, as they will not keep long. One yolk will emul- 
 sionize an ounce of fixed oil, and is about equal to half an ounce of Acacia. It is best 
 suited to emulsions of cod-liver oil intended for immediate administration. The official 
 Mistura Chloroformi is an emulsion made with yolk of egg. Glyceritum Vitelli or Gly- 
 conin is an official preparation consisting of glycerin and yolk of egg. (See ante, page 
 400). One ounce of it will emulsify three ounces of fixed oil. 
 
 Liquor Potassce, —may be used for oils, the resulting compound being however a soap 
 rather than an emulsion. Copaiba is usually emulsified by using both a gum and an alkali; 
 a similar process being employed for many of the fixed oils. 
 
 Tincture of Senega, —wdl emulsify fats and oils very efficiently, and even in very small 
 quantities, npx emulsifying an ounce of fixed oil. 
 
 Tincture of Quillaia (Soap-bark),—is a good emulsifier for oils, and is much used in 
 Europe for this purpose. 
 
 Milk, —is used to emulsify Scammony in the Mistura Scammonii, which is official in 
 the British Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Syrups, Confections and Extracts, —may be used in making emulsions, but are rarely 
 so employed. 
 
 Soap, —is occasionally used for emulsifying Oil of Turpentine. 
 
 The Method of preparing an emulsion which experience has shown to 
 be the best, is as follows:—Add the oil, resin, etc., to a proper quantity 
 of the excipient, and mix both thoroughly in a wedgewood mortar. Then 
 add enough water to equal one-half the weight of the previous mixture, 
 and triturate the whole rapidly and unceasingly until the emulsion is homo¬ 
 geneous and of a whitish color. Next, add the remainder of the water 
 slowly, with continual stirring ; finally incorporating the other ingredients, 
 if any. 
 
 Emulsions are sometimes flavored and at the same time colored, with 
 such a preparation as the Compound Tincture of Cardamom ; but they 
 present a better appearance when perfectly white. Alcoholic preparations 
 should not be added in large quantity to emulsions made with Acacia or 
 Yolk of Egg, as alcohol will precipitate the emulsifying agent. Volatile 
 Oils require admixture with a fixed oil before being made into an emul¬ 
 sion. Soluble salts should never be prescribed with emulsions of oils. 
 Acids are incompatible with mixtures which have been emulsified by an 
 alkali. Mucilage used for emulsions should always be freshly prepared. 
 
 Water. 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 459 
 
 The following examples of prescriptions for emulsions will represent 
 those generally met with :— 
 
 Cod-Liver Oil Emulsion. 
 
 &. Olei Morrhuae,. £ ij. 
 
 Vini Albi,.5 iss. 
 
 Ac. Phos. Dil.,.^iij. 
 
 Syrupi,.3 v. 
 
 Vitellum,.j. 
 
 Aq. Amygd. Amar. ad., . . 3 viij. 
 Misce, et fiat emulsio. 
 
 Sig.—Tablespoonful doses. 
 
 Alkaline Emulsion of Copaiba. 
 
 R. Copaibae, 
 
 Liq. Potassae,.aa 3 ij. 
 
 Misce, et adde— 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae, 
 
 Pulv. Sacchari.aa % ij. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Viridis, ad, . . . ^iv. 
 Misce, et fiat etnulsio. 
 
 Sig.—Tablespoonful doses. 
 
 Elixirs (Elixiria),—are mixtures containing alcohol, water and sugar, 
 with certain medicinally active ingredients, and supposed to be so prepared 
 as to be particularly palatable, which is seldom true. There is one official 
 elixir, Elixir Aurantii (see ante, page 122), which may be used as a basis 
 for the extemporaneous prescribing of these preparations. The manufac¬ 
 turers have put on the market a great variety of elixirs, and most drug¬ 
 gists keep a stock of them on hand prepared in the shop ; but they may 
 be ordered by prescription just as any other mixture would be. The sub¬ 
 stances generally used in this form are as follows :— 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Bromide of Ammonium. 
 Bromide of Lithium. 
 Bromide of Potassium. 
 Calisaya Bark. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 Coca. 
 
 Gentian. 
 
 Guarana. 
 
 Iron, Tincture of the Chloride. 
 Iron, Phosphate. 
 
 Iron, Pyrophosphate. 
 
 Liquorice. 
 
 Pepsin. 
 
 Quinine. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Taraxacum. 
 
 Valerianate of Ammonium. 
 
 Many of these agents are combined with each other, as in the Elixir of Bismuth and 
 Strychnine; Elixir of Calisaya, Iron and Strychnine; Elixir of Gentian with Tincture of 
 Chloride of Iron ; Elixir of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine, etc., etc. 
 
 A Draught (Haustus),—is an extemporaneous mixture consisting of 
 a single dose, and usually ordered in a vial containing from one to two 
 fluidounces. 
 
 Effervescing Draught is one of the best known. It is prepared by neutralizing a watery 
 solution of Potassium Bicarbonate with Lemon-juice or Citric Acid, and may be drank 
 during effervescence. When the CO, 2 has escaped it is a solution of Potassium Citrate in 
 water, and corresponds to the official Mistura Potassii Citratis, or Neutral Mixture. (See 
 ante , page 323.) 
 
 Black Draught is another well-known preparation of this class. It is official as In- 
 fusum Sennae Compositum. (See ante, page 364.) 
 
 A Drink (Potus),—is a solution or a mixture intended to be used ad 
 libitum , and generally consists of a Potassium or Sodium salt; or a min¬ 
 eral acid, in dilute solution, sweetened and flavored. 
 
460 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 The “ Imperial Drink ” is made after the following formula : R . Potassii Bitartratis, 
 £ ij ; Olei Limonis, rtpv ; Aquae Bullientis, q. s. ad 3 xx. M. Fiat potus. Sig.—Use 
 as a drink. 
 
 A Gargle (Gargarysma),— is a mixture or solution for application to 
 the pharynx or the mouth (mouth-wash). It should never contain any 
 active drug, which would produce dangerous symptoms if swallowed ; 
 nor any agent which would injure the teeth or the mucous membrane. 
 Gargles are ordered and compounded in the same manner as mixtures. 
 They usually contain astringent or disinfecting salts (Alum, Borax, Sul¬ 
 phate of Zinc, Chlorate of Potassium), with a vegetable astringent, and 
 often Honey. The following formulae will illustrate prescriptions of this 
 class. 
 
 R. Tr. Guaiaci Ammoniatce, 
 
 Tr. Cinchonae Comp., aa . ^ij. 
 Mellis Despumat., . . . . % vj. 
 Bene simul agita, et adde— 
 
 Potassii Chloratis, . . . . gr. lxxx. 
 
 Aquae, q. s .ad .5iv. 
 
 Fiat gargarysma. Sig.—Gargle. 
 
 R. Aluminis,.£ij. 
 
 Granati Corticis,.^ iv. 
 
 Petal. Rosae Ruhr., . . . . 7 ,]. 
 Mellis Despumat., . . . .5 j. 
 
 Aquae Bullientis,.^ vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Gargle. 
 
 ( Goddard .) 
 
 A Lotion (Lotio) or Wash, —is a solution or mixture of medicinal 
 agents, intended for external application; and usually consists of some 
 soluble, astringent salt, dissolved in water, with perhaps some glycerin or 
 alcohol. A Fomentation (Fotus) is a similar preparation used hot. A 
 Collyrium is an eye-wash, and generally contains a soluble astringent salt 
 dissolved in rose-water or distilled water, in the proportion of gr. j-iv to 
 the 5. The only official preparation suitable for a lotion is the Liquor 
 Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus, or Lead-water. A well-known anodyne, re¬ 
 frigerant and astringent lotion is that represented by the first two of the 
 following prescriptions. 
 
 Lead-water and Laudanum. 
 
 R. Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis, . . ^j. 
 
 Tinct. Opii,.,^j. 
 
 Aquae, q. s. ad .3 viij. 
 
 M. Fiat lotio. Sig.—Lotion. 
 
 Gross. 
 
 Collyrium. 
 
 R. Sodii Boratis,.gr. x. 
 
 Aquae Camphorae, . . . . g ij. 
 Mucil. Cydonii, 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.aa ^ss. 
 
 M. Fiat collyrium. Sig.—Eye-water; 
 a few drops to be put into the eye three or 
 four times daily. 
 
 Lead and Opium Wash. 
 
 R . Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis, 
 
 Tinct. Opii, .aa £ j. 
 
 Aquae, q. s .ad .5 viij. 
 
 M. Fiat lotio. Sig.—Lotion. 
 
 Sturgis. 
 
 Collyriutfi of Four Sulphates. 
 
 R. Zinci Sulphatis, 
 
 Ferri Sulphatis, 
 
 Cupri Sulphatis, 
 
 Aluminis, .aa gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . . 3 j. 
 
 M. Fiat collyrium. Sig.—For use with 
 brush to palpebral conjunctivae, and to be 
 washed off with clean water. 
 
 Liniments (Linimenta),—are mixtures intended for external applica- 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 461 
 
 tion to the skin with friction. The official liniments are solutions of 
 various substances in oily liquids or in alcoholic liquids containing fatty 
 oils, and are enumerated on page 427. Extemporaneous liniments may 
 correspond to the official ones or they may be simple mixtures of fluids 
 without either fat or soap. A prescription for each kind is appended. 
 The official Linimentum Saponis (Soap Liniment) is a good basis for 
 extemporaneous preparations of this class. 
 
 Compound Chloroform Liniment. 
 
 fit. Extracti Belladon. FI., . . 5 ss. 
 
 Extracti Aconiti FI., 
 
 Chloroformi Venalis, . . aagij. 
 
 Spiritus Camphorse, . . . ,^j. 
 
 Alcoholis Diluti, ad . . . g vii 
 M. Fiat linimentum. 
 
 Sig.—Poison. To be rubbed on 
 painful part. 
 
 Anodyne Liniment. 
 
 R. Tinct. Aconiti,.£ij. 
 
 Tinct. Opii,.5 iv. 
 
 Tinct. arnicse,.;jj. 
 
 Chloroformi,.gij. 
 
 Linim. Saponis, ad . . . 5 iv. 
 
 M. Fiat linimentum. 
 
 Sig.—Poison. Liniment. 
 
 An Embrocation is a similar preparation, but of thinner consistence. 
 The term is almost obsolete. 
 
 Stokes' Liniment. 
 
 5 ss. 
 
 3J- 
 
 j- 
 
 S'T 
 
 Army Medical WagoJt Liniment. 
 
 fit. Liq. Ammonite, 
 
 01 . Terebinthinae, 
 
 01 . Olivae, 
 
 aa, partes aequales. 
 
 M. Fiat linimentum. 
 
 Sig.—Liniment. 
 
 T 
 
 the 
 
 bt. Olei Terebinth., . 
 Acidi Acetici, 
 
 Olei Limonis, 
 Vitellum, . . . 
 Aquae Rosae, . . 
 M. Fiat linimentum. 
 Sig.—Liniment. 
 
 Injections (Injectiones),—are liquid preparations intended for intro¬ 
 duction into the cavities of the body by means of a syringe. When 
 thrown into the rectum they are termed Enemas (Enemata), or Clysters , 
 and are usually prepared at the bedside. Enemata may be demulcent, 
 laxative, nutritive, stimulant, or vermifuge in character; and always have 
 warm or tepid water as their diluent, with which are incorporated such 
 medicaments as may be desired. They may consist simply of water to 
 act as a wash for the cleansing of the bowel. Injections are termed vagi¬ 
 nal, urethral , vesical , nasal , hypodermic , etc., according to the locality in 
 which they are employed. A special form of syringe is employed in each 
 case, the discussion of which belongs rather to the domain of surgery 
 than that of medicine. Those used for the nasal cavities are often 
 arranged with small holes or an atomizing attachment, so as to deliver 
 the injection in the form of a fine spray. A Collunarium is a nasal 
 douche or wash. In the Appendix will be found a list of formulae for 
 hypodermic injections ; a few prescriptions for other forms are appended 
 below. 
 
462 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Enema for Stricture of the Rectum. 
 
 R. Bismuth! Subcarb., . . . . Jjj. 
 Extracti Opii Aquosi, . . gr. ij. 
 Glycerini, Aquae, . . . aa^ij. 
 
 M. Fiat enema. Sig.—Two table- 
 
 spoonsful to be injected thrice weekly. 
 
 Demulcent Enema. 
 
 R . Tincturae Opii,.npxx. 
 
 Decocti Amyli, .... ^iv-vj. 
 M. Hat enema. 
 
 Vermifuge Enema. 
 
 R. Extr. Quassiae FI., . . . . ^jss. 
 Aquae, .5 ijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablespoonful with an equal 
 quantity of warm water, as an enema, to be 
 retained as long as possible. 
 
 Nasal Injection [Dobells). 
 
 R. Ac. Carbolici, .£jss. 
 
 Sodii Bicarb., 
 
 Sodii Boratis,.aa^iv. 
 
 Glycerini,. 3 xivss. 
 
 Aquae, q. s .ad .5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablespoonful diluted with 
 an equal quantity of tepid water to be used 
 thrice daily with a nasal sprayer. 
 
 Injection for Gonorrhoea. 
 
 (Injection Brou.) 
 
 R . Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. viij. 
 
 Plumbi Acetatis, . . . . gr. xv. 
 
 Tincturae Opii,.3 ij. 
 
 Tinct. Catechu,.^j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae, q. s .ad . .3 vj. 
 
 M. Fiat injectio. Sig.— Use with a 
 urethral syringe. 
 
 Injection for Chronic Urethritis. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chi. Corrosivi, . gr. l f. 
 
 Zinci Chloridi,.gr. ss. 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, ... .3 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful to be injected 
 well down into the urethra thrice daily, 
 through a gum-catheter. 
 
 Vaginal Injections for Leucorrhcea. 
 
 R. Aluminis,.^j. 
 
 Zinci Sulphatis,.gss. 
 
 Sodii Boratis,.gr. iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dissolve in half-a-pint of 
 warm water, and use with a vaginal sy¬ 
 ringe. 
 
 R. Acidi Tannici,. %j. 
 
 Glycerini,.3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-half with an equal quan¬ 
 tity of water to be injected twice daily. 
 
 Baths (Balnea), are often medicated, and then become medicinal 
 preparations. The ingredients only are ordered in a prescription, as per 
 the following examples, each of which is intended for a bath of 25 to 30 
 
 gallons: — 
 
 Balneum. Acidi Nitrohydrochlorici. 
 
 R. Acidi Nitrici, 
 
 Acidi Hydrochlorici, . . aa^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use with 30 gallons of hot 
 water, as a bath. 
 
 Balneum Sulphuris Composition. 
 
 R. Sulphuris Prsecip., . . . . ^ij. 
 Sodii Hyposulphitis, . . . gj. 
 Acidi Sulphurici Dil., . . 3 ss. 
 
 Aquse, .Oj. 
 
 M. Sig.—For a 30-gallon bath. 
 
 SOLID EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Pills (Pilulae),—are described on page 430, where also the official 
 pills are enumerated. They constitute a form of medicine very much used 
 in extemporaneous pharmacy, and one with the preparation of which the 
 compounder should be perfectly familiar, for it will constitute fully one- 
 third of his work at the dispensing counter. Pills should not exceed 5 
 grains in weight, unless the ingredients are very heavy, as Bismuth, Calo¬ 
 mel, Hydrargyrum cum Creta, etc., of which 6, 8, or 10 grains may be 
 made into a pill which may be readily swallowed. 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 463 
 
 A Bolus is a similar mass, but larger than a pill, while the names 
 Granule and Parvule are given to masses smaller than the average pill. 
 
 The Process of Pill-making is briefly as follows: The ingredients 
 ordered in the prescription are separately weighed out in the order of their 
 bulk, commencing with that one of which the smallest quantity is to be 
 used. If any require pulverization they should first be placed in the mor¬ 
 tar, and reduced to powder ; then the other dry ingredients, next the soft 
 extracts and the excipient selected, and the whole is worked up into a 
 mass, the Pill-mass , by the aid of the mortar and pestle. The perfect 
 pill-mass should be uniform throughout, should not show any particles of 
 any one ingredient, should have such a consistence that the pills made 
 from it will retain their shape, should not be too hard, nor too dry, nor 
 should it stick to the fingers. The mortar should be large and shallow, 
 of unpolished wedgewood ware; having a thick, smooth and well-formed 
 bottom, and a pestle which fits it. The operation of working up the mass 
 is one of kneading it between the end of the pestle and the side of the 
 mortar, and if proper ingredients and excipient are used, and if the work 
 is well done, the mass will eventually loosen itself from both mortar and 
 pestle. If it does not do so it should be removed with a spatula when suf¬ 
 ficiently worked, and may then be kneaded fora few minutes between the 
 fingers. It should then be placed upon the tile or slab previously dusted 
 with a little Lycopodium or Starch in fine powder, and rolled into a long 
 cylinder by the aid of a broad-bladed spatula, until the mass is of a length 
 corresponding to the divisions on the tile-scale which represent the number 
 of pills to be made. The mass should then be placed along the scale, and 
 a cut made through it with the spatula at each division of the scale, the 
 pieces being at once rounded separately into pills by the thumb and two 
 fingers of each hand. A pill-machine is often employed, consisting of 
 two metal plates having semicylindrical grooves on one side, and set into 
 wooden boards, the whole forming a convenient apparatus for rolling the 
 mass and then cutting it into the required number of pills by one move¬ 
 ment. The pills are then left to dry upon the slab while the label is being 
 written, after which they are placed in a pill-box, or in a wide-mouthed 
 bottle if they contain volatile ingredients, and surrounded by a consperga- 
 live powder (Lycopodium, powdered Chalk, dusted Talc), to prevent their 
 adhering together or losing their shape. 
 
 Excipients used in pill-making are seldom mentioned in the prescrip¬ 
 tion, but are usually left to the choice of the compounder. Some sub¬ 
 stances need no excipient, but may be madeat once into pills; such being 
 the softer Extracts and some Gum-resins, the former if too hard only 
 needing a little water, and the latter a few drops of spirit to soften them 
 to the required degree of plasticity. Every druggist has his favorite pill- 
 excipient, many using a paste made of powdered Tragacanth 1, Glycerin 
 
46 + 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 3^4 and Water i part, while others use Extract of Malt, or a mixture of 
 Syrup and powdered Acacia, for general use. Powdered Tragacanth to 
 give tenacity, Glycerin to keep the mass soft, and Water to develop the 
 adhesive qualities of many ingredients, will answer for fully nine-tenths 
 of all the cases which occur in practice. These three excipients should 
 stand on the dispensing counter ready for use, and all ready-made pastes 
 or mixtures should be discarded, as being slovenly, dirty and liable to 
 change. The excipients described below are those in general use, and are 
 arranged in the order of their comparative importance, viz. : — 
 
 Liquid Excipients. 
 
 Glycerin , —-is a very valuable excipient, as it continually attracts moisture from the 
 atmosphere, and pills made from it do not get hard. It should be used always for Qui¬ 
 nine pills. Glyceriles of Starch or Tragacanth are generally useful excipients. The 
 former is official, the latter is made in the proportion of g ss to the . 
 
 Glucose, —is a good excipient, being colorless, adhesive, and not readily volatilized at 
 ordinary temperatures. Since its introduction by Mr. Lascheid for this purpose it has 
 steadily grown in favor. 
 
 Honey , —may be used for dark-colored substances. It should be evaporated to one-half 
 its bulk, and then if mixed with a little Tragacanth, it makes an excellent excipient for 
 insoluble powders. 
 
 Extract of Malt, —is a pretty fair excipient, but has the disadvantage of its dark color. 
 
 Syrup ,—is a fair excipient for powders, but it should not be used for metallic salts, espe¬ 
 cially Calomel, which it reduces in a short time. Syrup of Acacia is good where there 
 is little room left for the excipient, but if kept too long, pdls made with it become very hard 
 and insoluble. 
 
 Mucilage of Acacia, —is very adhesive, but not a good excipient for the same reason 
 as given for the syrup. 
 
 Water, —is only used alone as an excipient when the ingredients possess sufficient adhe¬ 
 siveness to be developed by the water. Such are the following powders : Aloes, Rhubarb, 
 Kino, Tannic Acid, Opium, Squill, Asafetida,—also Citrate of Iron, Sulphate of Ber- 
 berine, etc. 
 
 Alcohol, —is used to soften Camphor, Compound Extract of Colocynth, Guaiac, resinous 
 extracts, gums, etc. 
 
 Solid Excipients. 
 
 Tragacanth, —is an excellent excipient, especially for substances which are too soft, 
 giving them body and elasticity. 
 
 Acacia, —is added to give more adhesiveness than can be obtained from viscid liquids 
 alone. Pills made with it are generally very hard. It is used for Nitrate of Silver, which 
 may explode if mixed with vegetable extracts or glucose. 
 
 Soap, —is the best for resinous and fatty substances, increasing the solubility of the former. 
 It is more employed in the official pills than any other excipient, but should not be used 
 for substances which are decomposed by an alkali, nor for Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Bread-crumb (Mica Panis),—is an excellent excipient for Croton Oil, or other powerful 
 liquid substances, as Volatile Oils. 
 
 Confection of Rose, —is too bulky for general use, but is a good excipient for very active 
 agents, like Strychnine, which are used in small quantity. 
 
 Althcea, —is good for absorbing and adhesive purposes, but is too bulky for general use. 
 
 Petrolatum, Cacao Butter and Resin Cerate, —are used for oxidizable substances, as 
 Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Kaolin, —is well adapted for Nitrate of Silver, and other substances which are easily 
 decomposed. 
 
 Liquorice ,—is an old excipient, but not much employed now. In powder it may be 
 used for oils. 
 
 Conspergatives,— are absorbent powders which are dusted upon the 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 465 
 
 finished pills and put around them in the box or vial in which they are 
 dispensed, to keep them from sticking together and losing their shape. 
 Powdered Liquorice was formerly much used for this purpose, but the best 
 conspergatives are Lycopodium , Talc , Altlicea, and Rice Flour , the latter 
 especially for white pills. 
 
 Substances Suitable for the pilular form of medicine are the follow¬ 
 ing:— 
 
 Those acting in small doses. Heavy, insoluble substances. 
 
 Those intended to act slowly. Fetid substances. 
 
 Those to act on the lower bowel. Vegetable extracts. 
 
 Gum-resins, Balsams, Turpentine. 
 
 When the basis is an unadhesive substance, one of the other ingredients 
 should be an extract or a vegetable powder, which will form a mass by 
 moisture alone. Attention to this rule in prescribing pills will often pre¬ 
 vent the increase of their size by inert excipients. 
 
 Difficult substances to combine, except by peculiar treatment, are 
 met with frequently. The following notes will cover most of these cases: — 
 
 Aloes, —is best treated on a heated slab with alcohol in very small quantity. Soap is 
 the excipient in the official Pilulae Aloes. 
 
 Butyl Chloral Hydrate, —should be treated with a little Confection of Rose and thick 
 mucilage. 
 
 Calcium Sulphide, —should be well triturated with an equal quantity of Sugar of Milk, 
 and then worked up with a little powdered Liquorice-root and Tragacanth Mucilage. 
 
 Camphor, —should be powdered with a little alcohol, and may be worked into a pill- 
 mass with Glycerite of Tragacanth after the evaporation of the alcohol. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, —requires nearly an equal part of wheaten flour or bread-crumb, with a 
 very minute quantity of Glycerite of Tragacanth. Creasote may be made into a mass by 
 the addition of powdered Liquorice with a very little bees’ wax. If made into a pill with 
 Oxide of Silver it will explode unless the silver salt be first diluted by trituration with 
 Liquorice, Gentian or some other inert powder. 
 
 Citrate of Iron and Quinine, —is very deliquescent with most excipients. Canada Bal¬ 
 sam is the best for it. 
 
 Copaiba, —may be made into pill-mass by the addition of a little Carbonate of Magne¬ 
 sium or Wax. 
 
 Croton Oil , —is best worked up with bread-crumb, though powdered Liquorice and 
 mucilage may be used. 
 
 Ferrum Iodide, —in pill form requires special manipulation and protection to remain 
 unoxidized. The official Pil. Ferri Iodidi is prepared with Iodine and Reduced Iron, has 
 Liquorice, Sugar and Acacia as excipients, and is protected by a coating of Balsam of 
 Tolu (see ante, page 216). In other formulae, Acacia, Althaea, Cocoa-butter, Elm-bark 
 and Liquorice are used as excipients. 
 
 Ferri Sulphas, —is used in Blaud’s Pill and in the official Pil. Ferri Compositae, with 
 Carbonate of Potassium, to form by mutual decomposition Ferrous Carbonate, which 
 quickly passes into the ferric salt by exposure. Myrrh in powder and Syrup are the ex¬ 
 cipients used for the official pill. 
 
 Gallic Acid ,—makes a good pill with a very small quantity of Glycerin. Tannic Acid 
 requires about one-fifth its weight of Glycerin and one-tenth of Mucilage. 
 
 Phosphorus, —presents the problem of combining it in pill without letting it oxidize. 
 This is believed to be accomplished by the pharmacopoeial directions for the Pil. Phos- 
 phori, according to which the Phosphorus is dissolved in Chloroform in a test-tube, then 
 quickly worked into a mass with Althaea, Acacia, Glycerin and Water, and finally the 
 pills are coated by shaking with an Ethereal solution of Balsam of Tolu. Carbon Bisul¬ 
 phide is a better solvent, but when it is used the pill-mass retains its disgusting odor. 
 
 30 
 
466 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Potassium Acetate ,— requires Canada Balsam to secure its stability in pill form. Potas¬ 
 sium Iodide is best manipulated by rubbing into a smooth paste with a very little water, 
 then adding a small quantity of Liquorice powder. Potassium Permanganate should be 
 worked up with kaolin and a very little water. Resin Cerate, Soft and Hard Paraffin 
 and Cacao-butter are also used as its excipients. 
 
 Quinine ,— requires very clean hands and tools, and a colorless excipient, as Glycerin 
 or Glucose, to make a nice-looking pill. If one part of Tartaric Acid is added to four of 
 the Quinine salt the mass will be less likely to crumble and will be of less bulk. Sul¬ 
 phate of Quinine may be made into small and soluble pills by simply triturating it with 
 Aromatic Sulphuric Acid rtpiij to each 5 grains of the salt. The moulding into pills 
 should be done at the moment when the mass has begun to dry. A drop of syrup or 
 honey, added at this time, will prevent the too rapid hardening of the mass. 
 
 Rhubarb ,— in powder makes a good mass with one-fifth of its weight of Glycerin; but 
 Soap is the excipient ordered for the official Pilulse Rhei. 
 
 Substances Unsuited to the pilular form are: — 
 
 Those requiring large doses, and those which are volatile. 
 
 Emetics, and other agents administered for immediate effect. 
 
 Essential Oils in quantity exceeding half a drop to each pill. 
 
 Oils and other bodies which require much solid matter to make a mass; 
 
 except those having a very small dose, as Croton Oil. 
 
 Deliquescent Salts, unless intended to be used immediately. 
 
 Efflorescent Salts, unless deprived of their water of crystallization. 
 
 Deliquescent Salts. 
 
 Ammonii Iodidum. 
 
 ■-Nitras. 
 
 -Valerianas. 
 
 Auri Chloridum. 
 
 Calcii Chloridum. 
 
 Chinoline Salts, except the Tartrate, which 
 is stable. 
 
 Lithii Citras. 
 
 - Bromidum. 
 
 -Salicylas. 
 
 Magnesii Citras. 
 
 Potassa. 
 
 -cum Calce. 
 
 Potassii Acetas. 
 
 - Carbonas. 
 
 -Citras. 
 
 -Cyanidum. 
 
 - Hypophosphis. 
 
 -Sulphis. 
 
 -Tartras. 
 
 Sodii Hypophosphis. 
 
 - Iodidum. 
 
 Zinci Bromidum. 
 
 -Chloridum. 
 
 - Iodidum. 
 
 Efflorescent Salts. 
 
 Alumen (slightly). 
 
 Ammonii Carbonas. 
 
 - Phosphas. 
 
 Ant. et Potass. Tartras (slightly). 
 Cupri Acetas. 
 
 - Sulphas. 
 
 Magnesii Sulphas (slightly). 
 Potassii et Sodii Tartras (slightly). 
 
 - Ferrocyanidum (slightly). 
 
 Quininse Bisulphas. 
 
 -Sulphas (after a time). 
 
 Soda. 
 
 Sodii Acetas. 
 
 -- Arsenias (slightly). 
 
 -Benzoas. 
 
 - Boras (slightly). 
 
 - Carbonas. 
 
 - Hyposulphis. 
 
 - Phosphas. 
 
 - Santoninas (slightly). 
 
 -Sulphas. 
 
 -Sulphis. 
 
 Strychninae Sulphas. 
 
 Zinci Acetas. 
 
 -Sulphas. 
 
 Coated Pills are manufactured upon a large scale by the large drug 
 houses, extensive machinery being employed for the purpose. The coat¬ 
 ing material used is either Sugar or Gelatin. The U. S. Pharmacopoeia 
 directs that two of the official pills shall be coated by being shaken with 
 a solution of Balsam of Tolu in Ether, viz.—Pil. Ferri Iodidi and Pil. 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 467 
 
 Phosphori. In extemporaneous pharmacy it is rarely practicable to coat 
 pills with anything except gold or silver leaf, and this is sometimes directed 
 by the prescribes the word “ Deaurenter —let them be gilded” being 
 used in the subscription. To do this neatly the pills should have no trace 
 of powder on them, but should be first coated with a trifle of fresh mucilage 
 by rolling between the mucilage-moistened fingers, each pill being then 
 dropped directly on to a sheet of gold or silver leaf, until a dozen or more 
 are so deposited. The leaf and its pills are then allowed to slide into a 
 globular boxwood shaker, or the leaf may be first placed in the shaker and 
 the pills dropped on it there. A cautious circular movement being given 
 to the shaker the pills are caused to travel around its walls, and when the 
 cover is removed they will be found to have each received an even coat¬ 
 ing of the metal used. Gold leaf should always be employed for pills of 
 Blue Mass or Asafetida, as silver is amalgamated with the former and 
 turned black by the latter. 
 
 Albumen may be used for coating small numbers of pills, which should be of very firm 
 consistence before the coating is applied. Each pill is rolled between two fingers with a 
 little white of egg, and then revolved in a warm pan. Another method of finishing them 
 is, after coating with albumen, to rotate them in a tray with powdered French chalk until 
 their surfaces become smooth and shiny. When carefully done this process gives a very 
 nice finish. 
 
 Compressed Pills, as now largely manufactured by several reliable 
 firms, consist of various medicinal powders pressed into pill or tablet shape 
 by machinery. They are extremely convenient preparations for the phy¬ 
 sician’s use, as quite a variety can be carried in a pocket-case, and as slight 
 pressure is sufficient to reduce them to powder, they can be dispensed with 
 facility and accuracy of dosage. Messrs. John Wyeth & Brother, of Phila¬ 
 delphia, manufacture a very extensive line of these pills, including nearly, 
 all those put up in the sugar-coated or gelatin-coated form by other houses. 
 The trade-list of this firm should be in the hands of every physician who 
 keeps a small stock of medicines in his office, or who carries a pocket-case 
 of drugs. The following list includes the most important of these prepa¬ 
 rations, the figures representing the number of grains in a pill in each 
 case. 
 
 Acid, Arsenious, fa, fa, 3V’ 2V 
 
 -Benzoic, 5. 
 
 -Gallic, 5. 
 
 -Salicylic, 2 y 2 , 5. 
 
 -Salicylic, 2^, and Morphine fa. 
 
 -Tannic, 2, 5. 
 
 Aconitina, fa. 
 
 Aloes, 2. Aloes et Ferri (U. S. P.). 
 
 Aloes 2, et Myrrh 1. 
 
 Aloes et Rhei et Gentian 
 Aloin, yf. ]/ 2 . 
 
 Ammonium Bromide, 5, 10. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride, 3, 5, 10. 
 
 Atropine, fa. 
 
 Bismuth Subcarb., 5. 
 
 -Subnitrate, 5, 10. 
 
 Borax, 5. 
 
 Caffeine Citrate, I. 
 
 Calcium Sulphide, y 1 ^, X? X> 1. 
 
 Calomel, X> X> G 2 > 3 > 5 - 
 Calomel 2, Opium 1. 
 
 Camphor Monobromated, 2, 3, 5. 
 Cathartic Comp. (U. S. P.) and Imp’ved. 
 Cerium Oxalate, 2. 
 
 Cinchona Alkaloids (Mixed). 
 
 Cinchonine Sulphate, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 
468 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Cinchonidine Sulphate, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 Codeine, y. 
 
 Digitaline, f 0 . 
 
 Extract of Cannabis Indica, y. 
 
 Extract of Ignatia Amara, y, ]/ 2 . 
 Extract of Nux Vomica, y, y. 
 Ferrum (Quevenne’s), I, 2. 
 
 Ferrum Arseniate, y, y. 
 
 - Proto-carb., 3, 5. 
 
 -Lactate, 1. 
 
 -Pyrophosphate, 2. 
 
 -and Quinine Citrate, 2, 3, 5. 
 
 Hydrargyrum, I, 3, 5. 
 
 Chlor. Corros., 4*0 > 2V tV* 
 
 - Iod. Rub., 3L, t l 
 
 - Proto-Iodide, T X o, Ve, K* 
 
 Ipecac, et Opii, 2, 3, 5. 
 
 Morphine Sulphate, yL-, y, l /e, y, y. 
 Opium Deodorized, 1. 
 
 Opium y, and Lead Acetate I y. 
 
 Pepsin Sacch., 2, 5. 
 
 Podophyllin, y, y , 1^, 1, 2. 
 Potassium Bromide, 5, 10. 
 
 - Chlorate, 5. 
 
 - Iodide, 5. 
 
 - Nitrate, 5. 
 
 —-Permanganate, X / Zi 1, 2. 
 
 Quinine Bisulphate, I, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 
 - Salicylate, 2. 
 
 -- Sulphate, I, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 
 Quinquinine, 2, 3. 
 
 Rhubarb 3. Rhei Co. (U. S. P.). 
 Rhei 2, et Magnesiae, 2. 
 
 Salicin, 2^, 5. 
 
 Santonin, 1. 
 
 Santonin 1, et Calomel 1. 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, 5. 
 
 - Salicylate, 3, 5. 
 
 Strychnine, T ^, up to 
 Zinc Phosphide, yE up to 
 
 The following prescriptions represent the composition of a few unoffi¬ 
 cial pills in general use. A complete pill formulary is easily obtained, 
 being published annually by each of the principal manufacturers. 
 
 Pills of Iron. 
 
 be . Ferri Reducti,.gr. 1 . 
 
 Mannae,.gr. xv 
 
 Glucosi, q. s. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xxv. 
 
 Sig.—One after each meal. 
 
 Emtnenagogue Pill ( Otto ). 
 
 pc. Ferri Sulph. Exsic., . . . gr. xlviij. 
 
 Pulv. Aloes,.gr. xij. 
 
 Terebinthinae,.gr. xxxij. 
 
 01 . Terebinth.,.rrpx. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xxx. 
 
 Sig.—Two, three times a day. 
 
 Hooper's Female Pills. 
 
 bt. Pulv. Aloes Socot., . . . gr. xlviij. 
 Ferri Sulph. Exsic., . . . gr. xxiv. 
 Ext. Hellebori Nig., 
 
 Pulv. Myrrhae, 
 
 Saponis,.aa gr. xij. 
 
 Pulv. Canellae Alb., 
 
 Pulv. Zingiberis, . . . aa gr. vj. 
 Aquae vel Syrupi, q. s. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil., quisque pondo 
 gr. ijss. 
 
 Sig.—One to three at a dose. 
 
 Anaphrodisiac and Sedative. 
 
 B . Camphorae.gr. xxx. 
 
 Lupulini, . . . . . . . . gr. xx. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xx. 
 Sig. —One thrice daily. 
 
 Astringent Pill. 
 
 1 £ . Plumbi Acetatis.gr. xvj„ 
 
 Pulv. Camphorae,.gr. xij. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.. . . gr. iij. 
 
 Bismuthi Subcarb., . . . . gr. xij. 
 Ext. Gentiance, q. s. 
 
 Fiat mass, et div. in pil. xij. 
 
 Sig.—One thrice daily. 
 
 Astringent Pill. 
 
 be. Argenti Nitratis,.gr. xx. 
 
 Pulv. Cretae (Gallicae), . . gr. lxxx. 
 Petrolati, q. s. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xl. 
 
 Cholagogue Pills (Squibb). 
 
 be. Resinae Podophylli, . . . . gr. vj. 
 Ext. Belladon. Alcohol, . . gr. iij. 
 Pulv. Capsici, 
 
 Pulv. Sacch. Lactis, . . aa gr. xxiv. 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae,.gr. vj. 
 
 Glycerini Syrupi, q. s. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xxiv. 
 
 Sig.—One or two as required. 
 
 Aperient Pills. 
 
 R. Pulv. Aloes Socot., . . . gr. xxiv. 
 
 Pulv. Rhei.gr. xlviij. 
 
 Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, . . gr. iv. 
 Ant. et Potas. Tart., . . . gr. ij. 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xxiv. 
 
 Sig.—One or two as needed. 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 469 
 
 Tonic Pill for Women. 
 
 B* Strychninae Sulph., 
 
 Ac. Arseniosi, . . . . aa gr. j. 
 Ext. Belladonnas, . . . . gr. v. 
 
 Quininae Sulph.,.gr. xxxv. 
 
 Massae Ferri Carb., . . . gr. xc. 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xxxv. 
 
 Sig.—One three times daily. 
 
 Anti-bilious Pills. 
 
 B . Pulv. Scammonii, 
 
 Pulv. Aloes Socot., 
 
 Pulv. Gambogiae, 
 
 Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, 
 
 Potass. Bitart., . . , . aa gr. xx. 
 Ext. Taraxaci, q. s. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xx. 
 
 Gelatin Capsules are to be obtained from the drug stores, of various 
 sizes from o to 10. They are a convenient means of administering oils or 
 nauseous solids, and when filled may be swallowed as easily as a large pill. 
 By some of the manufacturers Soluble Elastic Capsules are prepared, each 
 containing an ordinary dose of such medicines as Castor Oil, Cod-liver 
 Oil, etc. The largest of these capsules makes a bolus which may be swab 
 lowed with a little effort, as it is quite compressible and changes its shape 
 to suit the calibre of the passage. The ordinary capsules are easily filled 
 by the aid of a paper funnel, and the end of a pen-holder as a packer ; 
 but simple devices (< capsule-fillers ) may be obtained for the purpose of 
 facilitating the operation. 
 
 B . Pulv. Opii,.gr. x. 
 
 Pulv. Camphorae, . . . . gr. xx. 
 
 Sacch. Alb., q. s. 
 
 Trit., et fiant capsulae x. 
 
 Sig.—One at bedtime for chordee ; re¬ 
 peat in two hours if necessary. 
 
 B . Copaibae,.3 iss. 
 
 Oleo-resinae Cubebae, ... 3 ss. 
 
 M., et fiant capsulae xij. 
 
 Sig.—Two capsules three times daily, 
 soon after meals, for gonorrhoea. 
 
 Troches (Trochisci),—also named Tablets, Pastilles, Lozenges, etc., 
 and Compressed Pills, are not readily compounded at the dispensing 
 counter, but may be obtained in all first-class shops, being prepared in 
 great variety by the manufacturers. Besides the official Troches (see 
 ante , page 431), those named in the following list are generally for sale :— 
 
 Troches ( 
 
 Alum, gr. ij. 
 
 Alum gr. 1^4, Catechu gr. ij. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride gr. ij, and Cubebs 
 
 g r -j- 
 
 Ammon. Chlor. gr. ij, Liquorice gr. viij. 
 Benzoic Acid, gr. y 2 . 
 
 Borax, gr. iij. 
 
 Bismuth, gr. ij, and Charcoal, gr. v. 
 Bronchial,— 01 .-res. Cubebs, gr. 4 , Tolu, 
 gr. L 01 . Sassafras, gr. j 1 ^, and Ext. of 
 Liquorice, gr. vij. 
 
 Brown Mixture. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, gr. j. 
 
 Lozenges.) 
 
 Ginger and Sodium Bicarb. 
 
 Guaiac., gr. ij. 
 
 Kino, gr. ij. 
 
 Lettuce, gr. j. 
 
 Lime-juice. 
 
 Logwood, gr. ij. 
 
 Magnesia, gr. iij. 
 
 Pellitory, gr. j. 
 
 Pepsin, gr. iij. Charcoal, gr. iij, Magnesia, 
 gr. ij, and Ginger, gr. j. 
 
 Potassium Bitartrate, gr. iij. 
 
 Potassium Citrate, gr. iij. 
 
 Santonin, gr. y, and Calomel, gr. l / 2 . 
 
470 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Compressed Tablets. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride, gr. iij. 
 
 Charcoal, gr. x. 
 
 Cocaine Hydrochlorate. 
 
 Dover’s Powder. 
 
 Mercury, Yellow Oxide, gr. ^ 1 ^. 
 
 Pepsin and Pancreatin. 
 
 Potassium Bicarb., gr. v. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate, aa gr. v. 
 
 Potas. Chlorate and Borax, gr. 2 j 4 - 
 Potas. Chi. and Ammon. Chloride. 
 Spencer’s Chloramine Pastilles. 
 
 Sodium Bicarb., gr. iv, Ammon. Carb., gr. 
 01 . Menth. Pip., gtt. 
 
 Compressed Tablets. 
 
 Sodium Salicylate, gr. iij. 
 
 Antiseptic. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr.,gr. vijss. 
 Fehhng’s Test for grape-sugar in the urine. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets. 
 
 Morphine Sulphate, gr. to ]/ z . 
 
 Morph. Sulph. and Atropine Sulph. 
 Atropine Sulphate, gr. 4 0 V 
 Strychnine Sulphate, gr. 
 
 Apomorphine Muriate, gr. ^, T E. 
 Pilocarpine Muriate, gr. /i- 
 (And several others.) 
 
 Confections (Confectiones), and Electuaries (Electuaria),—are 
 very seldom prescribed, and therefore can have but little place in extem¬ 
 poraneous pharmacy. They are medicinal powders, etc., beaten up with 
 sugar, honey or molasses, to the consistence of a thick paste, and are 
 administered with a spoon like preserved fruits. The two official con¬ 
 fections are described on page 431, and a few old formulae for similar 
 preparations are given below as pharmaceutical curios. . The first is a 
 meritorious prescription. 
 
 Electuary for Piles. 
 
 R. Potassii Bitartratis, 
 
 Potassii Nitratis, 
 
 Pulv. Jalapae,.aa 5 ss. 
 
 Confectio Sennae, . . . ^j. 
 
 Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. 
 
 M. Fiat electuarium. 
 
 Sig.—A piece the size of a marble to be 
 taken thrice daily. 
 
 The Chelsea Pensioner. 
 
 R . Sulphuris Loti,.3 ij. 
 
 Potassii Bitart.,.Jj. 
 
 Pulv. Rhei,. % ij. 
 
 Guaiaci Resinje,.^j. 
 
 Mellis Despum.,.tbj. 
 
 Myristicam Pulv., . . . . j. 
 
 M. Fiat electuarium. 
 
 Sig.—A dessertspoonful twice daily, as 
 a laxative in chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Confectio Damocratis. 
 
 [An ingredient of Warburg’s Tincture.] 
 
 This preparation was official in the London Pharmacopoeia of 1745. It contained I 
 grain of Opium in ^ss, and consisted of 45 ingredients, as follows, viz. : Cinnamon, 14 
 parts; Myrrh, 11 parts;—White Agaric, Spikenard, Ginger, Spanish Saffron, Treacle, 
 Mustard Seed, Frankincense and Chian Turpentine, of each 10 parts;—Camel’s Hay, 
 Costus Arabacus, Zedoary, Indian leaf, Mace, French Lavender, Long Pepper, Seeds of 
 Harwort, Juice of ripe Cistus, strained Storax, Opponex, strained Galbanum, Balsam of 
 Gilead, Oil of Nutmeg, Russian Castor, of each 8 parts;—Water Germunder, Balsam-tree 
 Fruit, Cubeb, White Pepper, Seeds of Cretian Carrot, Poley Mont, strained Bdellium, of 
 each 7 parts;—Gentian-root, Celtic Hard, Leaves of Dittany of Crete, Red Rose, Seeds 
 of Macedonium, Parsley, Sweet Fennel Seeds, Seeds of Lesser Cardamom, Gum Arabic, 
 Opium, of each 5 parts;—Sw r eet Flag, Wild Valerian, Anise seed, Sagapenum, of each 
 3 parts; Spigrul, St. John’s Wort, Juice of Acacia, Catechu, Dried Bellies of Skunk, of 
 each 2 y z parts;—the roots finely powdered and the whole mixed thoroughly into a paste 
 with Clarified Honey. 
 
 Powders (Pulveres),—as prepared extemporaneously are generally 
 compound, and may be mixed on a slab with a spatula, but a much better 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 471 
 
 method of mixing them is by trituration in a mortar. The latter should 
 always be employed except in the case of substances which may explode 
 if so treated, as Potassium Chlorate with oxidizable substances. (See 
 a?ite, page 449.) The Diluent best employed in powders is Sugar of Milk, * 
 on account of its hardness, its density and its comparative insolubility. 
 
 A coloring agent, as Carmine in minute quantity, is a useful ingredient, 
 enabling the eye to judge of the degree of mixing and subdivision ob¬ 
 tained. Powders containing soluble salts, extracts, volatile oils, camphor, 
 or any other hygroscopic or volatile substances, should be dispensed in 
 waxed paper. For ordinary powders the plain white paper of the drug 
 stores will answer, but a better paper for small powders is one having a 
 high surface finish and made very thin, as the white glazed French demy. 
 Powders are often ordered in Wafers (Cachets), to be swallowed without 
 unfolding. The division of powders into the number of papers ( Char - 
 tulce) ordered, and folding them neatly, requires a considerable amount 
 of practice. A small machine is used over which the ends of the papers 
 are bent, in order to have them of the proper size for the box in which 
 they are usually dispensed. If they are to be put into an envelope less 
 exactness of folding is required, and the mechanical contrivance may be 
 dispensed with. 
 
 Substances suitable to administration in the form of powders are those 
 which are insoluble, those which would be chemically incompatible in fluid 
 form, and certain pulverizable extracts. Those which are unsuited to this 
 form are such as have a very nauseous taste or odor, substances of which 
 the dose is large, those which are deliquescent, efflorescent or very vola¬ 
 tile, and those which liquefy on mixing. A list of deliquescent and efflo¬ 
 rescent salts is found on page 466, while the following named, though 
 dry alone, become moist when triturated together, viz: — 
 
 Sodium Sulphate and Potassium Carbonate. 
 
 Zinc Sulphate and Lead Acetate. 
 
 Camphor and Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 Many substances cannot be powdered without the intervention of another 
 body : thus Opium requires a hard substance like Sugar of Milk or Potas¬ 
 sium Sulphate, Camphor requires a minute quantity of Alcohol, Myrrh, 
 needs Sugar or Gum, etc. Substances, as the alkaloids and their salts, 
 which are very active and are used in very small doses, require some 
 inert substance to give them bulk enough for division and handling. 
 Sugar of Milk will be found the best agent for this purpose. Prescrip¬ 
 tions may order the ingredients for a single powder, with directions to 
 dispense a certain number of the same composition ; or they may give the 
 quantities for the whole number of powders ordered, with instructions to 
 divide into a certain number. The dispenser should carefully scan the 
 prescription in order to avoid the multiplication of quantities where divi- 
 
472 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 sion is intended. The official powders are enumerated on page 431 ; and 
 the following formulae will serve to illustrate those generally prescribed :— 
 
 Astringent Powder for Infants. 
 
 R. Plumbi Acetatis,.gr. ij. 
 
 Pulveris Opii,.gr. ss. 
 
 Camphorse,.gr. j. 
 
 Sacchari Lactis,.gr. iij. 
 
 Trit. et div. in chartulas xij. 
 
 Sig.—One every 2 or 3 hours in diar¬ 
 rhoea of infants. For an adult the above 
 represents one dose. 
 
 Gastric Sedative. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnitratis, . . . ^j. 
 Pulveris Rhei, 
 
 Pulveris Aromat.aa 3 ss. 
 
 M., et div. in chartulas vj. 
 
 Sig.—One before each meal. 
 
 Laxative Powder. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, . . gr. x. 
 
 Sacchari Lactis,.gr. xx. 
 
 M., et fiant pulv. x. 
 
 Sig.—One powder twice daily. 
 
 Bismuth and Soda. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnitratis, 
 
 Sodii Bicarb.,.aagij. 
 
 Pulv. Zingiberis,.gr. xl. 
 
 M., et div. in chartulas xij. 
 
 Sig.—One after each meal. 
 
 Corrective in dyspepsia, acne and eczema. 
 
 A ntipruritic Powder. 
 
 R. Pulveris Camphorae, . . . gj. 
 
 ZinciOxidi,.3 iv. 
 
 Pulv. Amyli,.^j. 
 
 M., et fiat pul vis. 
 
 Sig. —Use locally as a dusting powder to 
 relieve itching. 
 
 Catarrh Powder. 
 
 R . Bismuthi Subnitratis, ... 3 iij. 
 
 Pulv. Acacise,.gij. 
 
 Pulv. Talc.,.3 ij. 
 
 Morphines Muriatis, . . . gr. j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use by insufflation. 
 
 Compressed Pills are really powders which have been compressed into 
 pill shape by machinery. A little pressure from the blade of a spatula will 
 restore them to powder form. (See ante, page 467.) 
 
 Triturations (Triturationes),—are powders containing minute doses 
 of very active agents diluted with Sugar of Milk, and possessing a definite 
 relation between the active ingredient and the diluent, namely, 1 in 10, 
 according to the general formula of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, which, as 
 well as the one official trituration, is described on page 432. Sugar of 
 Milk is employed as the diluent because of its hardness and its compara¬ 
 tive insolubility. The first of these qualities secures the fine comminu¬ 
 tion of the active ingredient whereby the action of the medicine is 
 increased and better distributed. Its insolubility makes it the best 
 diluent for powders or triturations administered from a spoon or glass 
 with fluid, as is so often done, for unlike cane sugar it is not readily dis¬ 
 solved and does not leave the active substance behind on the surface of 
 the utensil. Triturations are excellent forms for the administration of 
 powerful alkaloids, which may thus be divided with great accuracy into 
 the minute quantities required. Mercury and its salts are especially 
 adapted to this method of preparation, being more uniformly divided 
 and hence more active than when administered in any other form. 
 Triturations of mercury with sugar were commonly used in England a 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 473 
 
 hundred years ago, and triturations of many substances were employed 
 by the Arabian physicians of the 13th century. But the subsequent 
 adoption of these preparations by the homoeopathists produced such a 
 prejudice against them in the ranks of the regular profession that until 
 recently any one using them stood in danger of being stigmatized as a 
 homoeopath. Their recent recognition by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia 
 under their proper title does away with any such implication, though it 
 is much to be regretted that the compilers of the last revision of the 
 British Pharmacopoeia should have shown their fear of a name by con¬ 
 tinuing the title “ Pul vis Elaterini Compositus ” to designate a prepara¬ 
 tion which in every respect is a trituration. The preparations of Pepsin 
 daily prescribed by physicians all over the country are really sugar-of- 
 milk triturations of that ferment, and not pure Pepsin as many suppose. 
 Prof. H. G. Piffard, Med. Dept. Univ. of the City of New York, in his 
 treatise on the Materia Medica and Therapeutics of the Skin (N. Y., 
 1881), after detailing several microscopical examinations of pills and 
 triturations, uses the following language: — 
 
 “ It is to be expected, .therefore, that the protoiodide trituration will prove, ceteris 
 paribus , more active than the pill, and such we have found it. . . . Iodides of Mercury 
 .... Since we have used the triturations, however, in preference to the ordinary pills, 
 patients more rarely complain of disagreeable sensations. We have been enabled to 
 materially reduce the size of the dose in order to obtain the desired effect. In other 
 words, a larger proportion of the drug is utilized f< r specific purposes, while but a small 
 
 amount remains to give rise to local irritation .I have nothing to add to this, 
 
 except that I continue to use triturations of Mercury and other substances with increasing 
 satisfaction. Beside those mentioned I employ Calomel, Cyanide of Mercury, Black 
 Oxide of Mercury and Corrosive Sublimate in this form.” 
 
 The following examples will illustrate the mode in which Triturations 
 may be prescribed : — 
 
 R. ITydrarg. Oxidi Flavi, . . . gr. ss. 
 
 Sacchari Lactis,.gr. 1. 
 
 Trit., et div. in chartulas xxiv. 
 
 Sig.—One twice daily. 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Sacchari Lactis,.gr. xyj. 
 
 Trit., et div. in chartulas, viij. 
 
 Sig.—One every six hours. 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, . . gr. x. 
 Sacchari Lactis, q. s. 
 
 Trit., et div. in chartulas x. 
 
 Sig.—One powder daily. 
 
 R. Acidi Arseniosi, . . . . gr. ss. 
 
 Sacch. Lactis,.gr. xl. 
 
 Trit., et div. in chartulas xx. 
 
 Sig.—One powder thrice daily. 
 
 Suppositories (Suppositoria),—are small, conical, medicated bodies 
 intended for introduction into the rectum, uterus, or urethra (bougies) 
 occasionally into the vagina. No official suppositories are enumerated, 
 but a general formula is prescribed by the pharmacopoeia for their prepa¬ 
 ration (see ante, page 432). The basis is usually Cacao-butter, but for 
 those intended for the urethra or uterus a mixture of Gelatin and Glycerin 
 
474 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 is considered the best excipient, being firmer and more plastic than 
 cacao-butter, and more easily handled. Hollow cones of cacao butter, 
 or some composition resembling it, are kept in the shops, and will be 
 used by the average druggist in filling prescriptions for rectal supposito¬ 
 ries unless prohibited, as they save him considerable labor; the active 
 drug being simply placed in the centre of the cone which is then sealed 
 with a plug fitting in its base. These contrivances are by no means so 
 efficient as the regular suppository, in which the medicinal agent is 
 thoroughly incorporated with the excipient, for the former smear the 
 rectum with a quantity of melted grease before the active portion of the 
 preparation is permitted to come in contact with its walls. The agents 
 used in suppositories are chiefly extracts and alkaloids ; some few powders, 
 and a few metallic salts are occasionally employed. Those for the adult 
 rectum should contain from 15 to 30 grains of the excipient, for the 
 vagina a drachm of cacao-butter is the average quantity. Those for the 
 uterus and urethra are made of cylindrical instead of conical form, and 
 about the diameter of a No. 9 catheter. 
 
 The methods of compounding suppositories are two, viz.:—that by 
 the use of moulds (the official method), and that by hand. The former 
 process is described on page 432, but many prefer the hand method, 
 which is as follows: The medicament is mixed with finely shaved Cacao- 
 butter by the aid of a spatula on a board or tile lightly dusted with 
 Lycopodium or Starch. After a smooth and uniform mixture is thus 
 obtained, the mass may be rolled into cylindrical form, cut into the 
 required sizes and with the spatula given the required shape. When 
 dispensed, they should be placed in a powder-box, between layers of 
 cotton. 
 
 Bougies or Pencils , as urethral and uterine suppositories are often 
 termed, may be prepared by melting together White Gelatin 3, Glycerin 
 1, and Distilled Water 1 part by weight, then adding the medicament, 
 and drawing the mass into a glass tube previously oiled inside. When 
 cold the bougie may be pushed out and cut into suitable lengths. 
 
 The Br. Pharmacopoeia describes 8 official suppositories, as follows, 
 viz.:— 
 
 Suppositoria Acidi Carbolici cum Sapone ,—Carbolic Acid, 12 grains; Curd Soap, in 
 powder, 180 grains; Glycerin of Starch, 40 grains; to make 12 suppositories, each 
 containing I grain of Carbolic Acid. 
 
 Suppositoria Acidi Tannici ,—Tannic Acid, 36 grains; Oil of Theobroma, 144 grains; 
 to make 12 suppositories, each containing 3 grains of Tannic Acid. 
 
 Suppositoria Acidi Tannici cum Sapone, —Tannic Acid, 36 grains ; Glycerin of Starch, 
 30 grains; Curd Soap, in powder, 100 grains: Starch in powder q. s.; to make 12 sup¬ 
 positories, each containing 3 grains of Tannic Acid. 
 
 Suppositoria Hydrargyri, —Mercurial Ointment, 60 grains; Oil of Theobroma, 120 
 grains; to make 12 suppositories, each containing 5 grains of Mercurial Ointment. 
 
 Suppositoria Iodoformi, — Iodoform, 36 grains; Oil of Theobroma, 144 grains; to 
 make 12 suppositories, each containing 3 grains of Iodoform. 
 
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 475 
 
 Suppositoria Morphines, —Morphine Hydrochlorate, 6 grains; Oil of Theobroma, 174 
 grains; to make 12 suppositories, each containing y 2 grain of the Morphine salt. 
 
 Suppositoria Morphines cum Sapone, —Morphine Hydrochlorate, 6 grains; Glycerin 
 of Starch, 30 grains; Curd Soap, in powder, 100 grains; Starch, q. s. to make 12 sup¬ 
 positories, each containing y 2 grain of the Morphine salt. 
 
 Suppositoria Plumbi Coniposita, —Acetate of Lead, 36 grains; Opium, in powder, 12 
 grains; Oil of Theobroma, 132 grains; to make 12 suppositories, each containing 3 grains 
 of Lead Acetate and 1 grain of Opium. 
 
 Suppositories and Bougies may be prescribed in the manner illustrated 
 by the following formulae :— 
 
 Anodyne Suppository. 
 
 R. Ext. Opii,.gr. vj. 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae,.gr. ss. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami,.gr. ij. 
 
 Olei Theobromas, q. s. 
 
 M. Fiant suppositoria vj. 
 
 Sig.—One into the rectum morning and 
 night. 
 
 A nthelrnintic. 
 
 R. Santonini,.gr. xij. 
 
 Olei Theobromas,.^j. 
 
 M. Fiant suppositoria vj. 
 
 Sig.—One into the rectum as directed. 
 
 Quinine Suppository. 
 
 R. Quininae Sulphatis, . . . . gr. v. 
 
 Olei Theobromae,.gr. x. 
 
 Fiat suppositorium unum, mitte tales sex 
 
 Wade's Bougies. 
 
 R. Iodoformi,. gj. 
 
 Bismuthi Subnitrat., . . . . ^j. 
 
 Chloralis,.gr. viij. 
 
 Morphinas Sulphat., . . . . gr. iij. 
 
 01 . Rosas,.rrpx. 
 
 Gelatini, et Glycerini, q. s. 
 
 M. Fiant bougia xij. 
 
 Sig.—One into urethra thrice daily. 
 
 Bougie for Gleet. 
 
 R. Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. vj. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,.Tip iij. 
 
 Pulv. Hydrastis,.gr. xij. 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae,.gr. xij. 
 
 Gelatini, et Glycerini, q. s. 
 
 M. Fiant bougia xij. 
 
 Sig.—One into urethra night and morn- 
 
 Ointments (Unguenta) and Cerates (Cerata),—are frequently ordered 
 on extemporaneous formulae, though the 34 official preparations of these 
 classes (see ante , pages 432, 433) would seem to give the physician a 
 sufficiently wide field for selection. The basis used is usually either the 
 official Ceratum or Unguentum, but Petrolatum, Lard, Lead Plaster with 
 a fixed oil, etc., maybe used. Lard is probably the best basis for all oint¬ 
 ments, as it softens the skin better than any other similar substance. Its 
 disadvantage is that it soon becomes rancid, so that preparations made 
 with it must be quickly used. Cerates only differ from ointments in their 
 firmer consistence, melting at temperatures above 104° F., while the latter 
 melt below the ordinary temperature of the body. Oleates are described 
 fully on page 71. 
 
 The process of compounding an ointment or a cerate is sufficiently sim¬ 
 ple, being generally a mere matter of triturating the ingredients together 
 in a mortar, or of their incorporation on a slab by means of a spatula. 
 Rarely will melting be required in the compounding of extemporaneous 
 ointments. When extracts, powders or gritty substances are ordered, the 
 ingredients should be first pulverized into a fine powder, then triturated 
 with a small quantity of the basis into a smooth, impalpable paste ; the 
 
4/6 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 remainder of the basis being added gradually, until the whole is thoroughly 
 incorporated. A warm mortar may be required for hard extracts. Soluble 
 salts should be triturated with a little water before adding the excipient. 
 Camphor needs a little alcohol to enable it to be pulverized ; and Iodine 
 should be rubbed to a fine powder, then a little alcohol added and finally 
 the excipient by degrees. Iodide of sulphur requires persevering work 
 with a small portion of olive oil. Borax should be triturated with glycerin 
 and Red Oxide of Mercury with distilled water. A bone or horn spatula 
 should be used for all ointments, as steel or iron blades will injure many 
 substances, particularly alkaloids, free acids, tannin or iodine, and several 
 of the mercurial salts. Volatile substances should be added last, and 
 quickly worked in, so that their evaporation may be as slight as possible. 
 
 Ointments are dispensed usually in amber-colored glass pots with wooden 
 or metallic covers, or in porcelain jars called Gallipots. In hospital and 
 dispensary practice the common chip pill-box is used, but soon becomes 
 excessively dirty and disagreeable to handle. 
 
 Ung. Iodoformi Compos. 
 
 R. Iodoformi, . . *.£j. 
 
 01 Anisi,.xx. 
 
 Ol. Rosae, 
 
 01 . Ylang ylang, . . . . aa TT\, v. 
 
 Ung. Aquae Rosae,.^j. 
 
 M. Fiat unguentum. 
 
 Sig.—Ointment. 
 
 Unguen turn A nti-pruriticuin. 
 
 R. Camphorae, 
 
 Chloralis Hydrat.,.aa^j. 
 
 Tere una ad liquorem, dein 
 adde cum tritu— 
 
 Unguenti Aquae Rosae, . . . . ^j 
 M. Fiat unguentum. 
 
 Sig.—Ointment. 
 
 Plasters (Emplastra),—are rarely prepared extemporaneously, the 
 official and many other ones being produced on a large scale by the manu¬ 
 facturers, and kept in stock by all druggists. As a consequence the com¬ 
 pounding and spreading of a plaster by the pharmaceutist has become a 
 lost art. The official plasters are enumerated and described on page 433, 
 and may be ordered by prescription in the manner illustrated below. 
 Blisters may be produced by the application of any preparation of Can- 
 tharides sufficiently strong for the purpose. Either of the official Cerates 
 of Cantharides (see page 151), may be spread on Adhesive Plaster (Em- 
 plastrum Resinse), making a blistering plaster; or Cantharidal Collodion 
 (see page 151), maybe painted over the surface. Plasters are usually 
 ordered by the square inch, but a model of the shape and size may be 
 drawn on paper, and the plaster be directed to conform thereto, as in the 
 first of the following prescriptions. Two of the official Papers (Chartae) 
 are practically plasters, viz.—Charta Cantharidis and Charta Sinapis. 
 
 Emplastrum Vesicatorium. 
 
 R . Cerati Cantharidis. q. s. 
 
 Extende supra Emplastrum Resinae hujus 
 formae et magnitudinis. 
 
 Sig.—Blistering Plaster, to be applied 
 over the region of the heart. 
 
 Counter-irritant and Anodyne. 
 
 R. Chartce Sinapis, 
 
 Emplas. Belladonna, aa 3 // x 6 7/ . 
 Sig.—Apply the mustard paper first, to 
 be followed by the plaster when the surlace 
 has been well reddened. 
 
GASEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 477 
 
 Poultices (Cataplasmata),—are usually prepared at the residence of 
 the patient, the ingredients only being ordered from the druggist. They 
 are generally employed as a means of applying heat and moisture to a cer¬ 
 tain portion of the body, but are sometimes medicated with anodyne, 
 counter-irritant or disinfectant agents. Poultices are not official in the 
 U. S. Pharmacopoeia, but are in the British, the following list including 
 all so recognized. 
 
 Cataplasma Carbonis ,—Wood Charcoal i, Crumb of bread 4, Linseed Meal 3, Boiling 
 Water 20 parts. 
 
 Cataplasma Conii ,—Hemlock-juice I, evaporated to half its volume, Linseed Meal 4, 
 Boiling Water 10 parts. 
 
 Cataplasma Fermenti ,—Beer Yeast 3, Wheaten Flour 7, Water at ioo 0 F., 3 parts. 
 
 Cataplasma Lini ,—Linseed Meal 2, Boiling Water 5 parts, mixed with constant 
 stirring. 
 
 Cataplasma Sinapis, —Mustard, Linseed Meal, Boiling Water and Water, of each a 
 sufficiency. 
 
 Cataplasma Soda Chlorinata ,—Solution of Chlorinated Soda 1, Linseed Meal 2, Boil¬ 
 ing Water 4 parts. 
 
 Paints (Pigmenta),—are preparations for external use, which cannot 
 be classed with the preceding. They are generally prescribed in skin- 
 
 diseases, for use over inflamed joints, 
 a camel’s-hair brush. 
 
 R . Tinct. Iodi,.3 j. 
 
 /Etheris Fort.ijiij. 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti,.3ss. 
 
 Ext. Belladon. FL, . . . . 3iv. 
 
 Morph. Sulph.,.gr. ij. 
 
 Iodi,.3jss. 
 
 M. et fiat pigmentum. 
 
 Sig.—Paint 4 or 5 coats freely over the 
 inflamed and painful parts. 
 
 or for application to the throat with 
 
 Pc. Alcoholis, Saponis Viridis, 
 
 Olei Cadini,.aa^j. 
 
 M. et fiat pigmentum. 
 
 Sig.—Paint over the part. 
 
 R. Olei Tiglii,.£j. 
 
 yEtheris Fort.,.3 ij. 
 
 Tinct. Iodi,. v ) \. 
 
 M. Sig.—Paint on once in 3 days. 
 
 GASEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Vapors (Vapores) and Inhalations (Inhalationes),—are medicines 
 in the form of a vapor, a gas or an atomized spray, to be inhaled by the 
 patient for their local action on the respiratory tract. The well-known 
 steam-atomizer is the agent by which most of these preparations are 
 administered, though many substances may be inhaled from the surface of 
 hot-water, from a sponge in a bottle surrounded by a hot cloth, or from a 
 heated shovel. They are prescribed in the usual manner, as follows:— 
 
 Stimulant Inhalation. 
 
 R. Olei Cubebae.3 ij. 
 
 Magnesii Carbon at., . . . 3j. 
 Aquae,.3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful in a pint of 
 water at 150° F., for each inhalation. 
 
 Carbolized Inhalation. 
 
 R . Acidi Carbolici,.rtpxlviij. 
 
 Aquae, q. s. ad£ ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use one-half in the cup of a 
 steam-atomizer for each inhalation. 
 
473 
 
 GASEOUS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Oil of Pine. 
 
 R. 01 . Pini Sylvestris, . . . . 3 ij. 
 
 Magnesii Carb.,.£j. 
 
 Aquae, . §iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful in a pint of 
 hot water for each inhalation. 
 
 Tar and Turpentine. 
 
 R . 01 . Picis Liquidoe, 
 
 01 . Terebinth., . . . . aa^ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Pour slowly in a hot shovel 
 in the sick-room, keeping the vapor confined 
 therein. 
 
 The official Charta Potassii Nitratis, Nitre-paper (see ante, page 323), 
 is a preparation intended for use as an inhalation, its vapors while burning 
 being taken into the lungs. 
 
PART III. 
 
 SPECIAL THERAPEUTICS. 
 
 Applied Therapeutics may be studied either with the various thera¬ 
 peutic agents as the objects of chief consideration, as in the first part of 
 this work ; or with the different diseases and morbid conditions forming 
 the objects of study in respect to their modification and treatment by 
 medicines. In the following pages the latter method is followed, the 
 therapeutics of each affection being exhibited in the form of an Analyti¬ 
 cal Index to the recognized text-books of the day. Every indication for 
 the use of a drug, or statement regarding its value, is followed by the 
 initial (in parentheses) of its author: these references enabling the book 
 to be used as an index to the authorities, for more strict differentiation 
 between indicated remedies,—while the brief analyses given include 
 enough to make each section a complete synopsis of the most advanced 
 therapeutics of the disease forming its title. 
 
 The principal authors to whom references are made, and the various 
 initials indicating them, are comprised in the following list: 
 
 References and Bibliography. 
 
 (A.) Aitkin. —The Science and Practice of Medicine, 7th edition, revised. 
 
 (Ag.) Agnew. —The Principles and Practice of Surgery, Philadelphia, 1878. 
 
 (B.) Bartholozv. —Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 6th edition. 
 
 (Br.) Brunton. —Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Materia Medica, 3d ed., 1888. 
 
 (C.) Carter. —A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Eye, edited by Green. 
 
 (Cl.) Clarke. —A Manual of the Practice of Surgery, New York, 1881. 
 
 (D.) Druitt. —A Manual of Modern Surgery, 12th edition, London, 1882. 
 
 (E.) Emmet. —Principles and Practice of Gynaecology, 3d edition. 
 
 (El.) Ellis. —A Practical Manual of Diseases of Children, 3d edition. 
 
 (F.) Fothergill. —The Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment, 2d edition. 
 
 (G.) Goodell. —Lessons in Gynaecology, Philadelphia, 1882. 
 
 (H.) Hamilton . —Nervous Diseases, their Description, etc., 2d edition. 
 
 (L.) Leishman .— A System of Midwifery, 3d edition, Philadelphia, 1884. 
 
 (M. & P.) Meigs and Pepper. —Diseases of Children, 7th edition. 
 
 (N.) Niemeyer. —A Text-book of Practical Medicine, 9th edition. 
 
 (P.) Phillips. —Materia Medica and Therapeutics, revised edition, 1886. 
 
 (Pf.) Piffard. —Materia Medica and Therapeutics of the Skin, N. Y., 1881. 
 
 (R.) Ringer. —A Handbook of Therapeutics, 11th edition, New York, 1886. 
 
 (Ros.) Rosenthal. —Diseases of the Nervous System, New York, 1884. 
 
 479 
 
480 
 
 ABDOMINAL PLETHORA-ABORTION. 
 
 (S.) Sti/le. —Therapeutics and Materia Medica, 4th edition. 
 
 (St.) Sturgis. —The Student's Handbook of Venereal Diseases, 18S3. 
 
 (T.) Tanner .—An Index of Diseases and their Treatment, 2d edition. 
 
 (Tr.) Trousseau and Pidoux .—A Treatise on Therapeutics, 9th edition. 
 
 (Tt.) Tait. —Diseases of Women, by Lawson Tait, New York, 1879. 
 
 (W.) Wood , H. C. —Therapeutics, Materia Medica, etc., 6th edition. 
 
 (\Va.) Waring .—Practical Therapeutics, 4th edition, edited by Buxton. 
 
 Besides the above named, occasional references are made to other works by the same 
 authors. References will also be found, with names in full, to Anstie, Brown-Sequard, 
 Clymer, Cohen, Da Costa, Fordyce-Barker, Gross, Hammond, Hilton, Lister, Mitchell, 
 Nelaton, Noyes, Nussbaum, Ricord, Roosa, Simpson, Thomas, and others. When a 
 statement is not followed by any reference it is to be understood as coming from the 
 writer of this book. 
 
 Abdominal Plethora. 
 
 Cathartics. The saline and hydragogue cathartics are of value in congestion 
 of the portal circulation (B.). Saline Mineral Waters, especially the purgative 
 saline waters, as Vichy and Saratoga, in plethora of the abdominal viscera (B.). 
 Grape-cure has helped many cases, particularly those of hepatic engorgement 
 and sluggish portal circulation ; is best used after a preliminary course of power¬ 
 ful mineral waters (P.). Aliment is very important. A dry diet is particularly 
 indicated in cases of dyspepsia and hepatic enlargement due to excessive beer¬ 
 drinking. Avoid much bread, also salted or twice-cooked meats, rich sauces, 
 solid vegetables especially cucumbers, soups and fruits. Biscuits, fresh meat, 
 lemons, fish, fowl and game, may be used. [Compare Hepatic Congestion,. 
 Obesity.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Bicarbonatis, 
 
 Sodii Sulphatis,.aa 3 iv. 
 
 Dissolve in pint of Water, and add 
 Acidi Tartarici (cryst.), . ... £ij. 
 
 Cork quickly and firmly, yi d to be taken 
 thrice daily. 
 
 lit. Resinte Podophylli, . . . gr. vj. 
 Ext. Colocynthidis Co., . . gr. xij 
 Ext. Belladonnae, . . . . gr. iij. 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. no. xij. 
 
 Sig.—One pill every night. 
 
 Abortion. 
 
 Opium, cautiously in threatened abortion, is often very valuable (Wa.);—the 
 tincture, rrpxx-xxx by rectum (Parvin);—Opium to check uterine action and 
 Ergot to restrain hemorrhage (B.). Ergot, small tonic doses give excellent 
 results in threatened abortion (P.). Tannin, combined with Opium and Ipecac. 
 (W.). Cimicifuga, to prevent miscarriage when uterus is irritable and prolapsed 
 (R.). Savine, the dried powder of the leaves, gr. xv-xx, thrice daily, one of the 
 most powerful remedies against the hemorrhage indicative of approaching 
 abortion (Wa.);—the tincture in doses of 5 to 10 drops, every y z to 3 hours, 
 useful against the hemorrhage (P.). Viburnum Prunifolium, in threatened and 
 habitual abortion, has a very high reputation. Aurum Chloride, to avert the 
 tendency to habitual abortion (B.). Iron, with Potassium Chlorate, throughout 
 the pregnancy, when fatty degeneration the cause of habitual abortion (McLane). 
 Tamponade, of the cervix uteri, with cotton or sponge, dipped in vinegar or 
 glycerin, when abortion is inevitable and it is desirable to hasten it and restrain 
 hemorrhage. Empty uterus thoroughly with the finger, placenta-forceps liable 
 to do harm (Barker). Abortifacients see pages 48 and 230. Quinine and 
 Ergotin, of each gr. ij in pill every 3 hours, the routine abortifacient of many 
 irregular practitioners. Only by the production of such violent irritation of the 
 abdominal and pelvic organs as generally endangers life, can the pregnant 
 uterus be stimulated to expel its contents (P.). The abortifacient effect of Savine 
 and other drugs cannot be obtained unless by the administration of a quantity 
 sufficient to endanger life (B.). 
 
ABSCESS-ACIDITY. 
 
 481 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotae Fluidi, . . . gv. 
 Tinct. Opii Deodorat., . . ziij. 
 
 Syrupi Limonis,.5j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful thrice daily. 
 
 R . Acidi Tannici,.gr. xv. 
 
 Pulv. Ipecacuanhas, . . . gr. xij. 
 
 Extracti Opii,.gr. iij. 
 
 Ft. pil. xij. Sig.—One every six hours. 
 
 Abscess. 
 
 Poultices to check or to assist in maturation, may be smeared with Belladonna 
 or Opium (R). Belladonna, as plaster to subdue (B); painted around areola 
 (\Va.) ; internally often successful in aborting (R.). Sulphide of Calcium, half¬ 
 grain doses frequently repeated, to abort abscess or to hasten formation of pus 
 (B) ; gr. -jE every hour or two, gives striking results in healing large abscesses 
 (R.). Phosphate of Calcium, in large abscesses (R.). Mercury and Morphine, 
 the Oleate locally, diminishes induration due to old abscesses and prevents the 
 formation of new ones (R.). Carbolic Acid, a weak solution as injection after 
 evacuation, also as a dressing (Lister). Silver Nitrate, a strong solution in 
 Nitrous Ether if applied early to adjacent surface will check inflammation (B.). 
 Blisters or Iodine, as counterirritants around or adjacent to seat of disease (R.). 
 Potassium Permanganate, 3 j to the pint of water, to correct fetor (B.). Iodine, 
 the tincture injected after opening large abscesses (R.); especially in scrofulous 
 abscess (Wa.). Salicylic or Boracic Acid, as dressings (B.). Sarsaparilla, a 
 very useful remedy in chronic abscess with profuse discharge (P.). Cod-liver 
 Oil, improves and lessens discharge from scrofulous abscesses (Wa.). Surgical. 
 Opening necessary in all deep abscesses, or when on face, near anus, mammary, 
 or if danger of its opening into an internal cavity. Open with grooved director 
 and forceps (Hilton). Never open a deep abscess with a plunge. Drainage- 
 tube may be required, also irrigation of the cavity and pressure (Agnew). 
 Weaning of child necessary in chronic mammary abscess (Gross). Psoas abscess 
 may result from strain or laceration of muscle, as by heavy lifting, effort to re¬ 
 cover balance when skating, etc., as well as from spinal disease. Symptoms 
 often obscure and simulating those of chronic malaria. Early opening by 
 lumbar incision necessary; then tonics, good food, and daily irrigation of the 
 cavity with an antiseptic solution. [Compare Suppuration, Carbuncle.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Syrupi Ferri, Quininae et 
 
 Strychninse Phosphatum, ^vj. 
 
 Sig.—A teaspoonful in water thrice daily. 
 To repair waste from suppuration. 
 
 R . Syrupi Hypophosphitum, . ~ vj. 
 Sig.—A dessertspoonful thrice daily. 
 
 R. Quininae Sulph.,.£j. 
 
 Ferri Pyrophosphatis, . . 3j. 
 Strychninae Sulph., . . . gr. j. 
 Ac. Phosphor. Dil., . . . ^ij- 
 Syrupi Zingiberis, . . . . ^ij. 
 Aquae, q. s. ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. ft. mistura. Sig.—A teaspoonful 
 thrice daily. 
 
 Acidity. 
 
 Acids, Hydrochloric or Phosphoric before meals ; acid wine, a genuine Rhine 
 wine best; Sulphurous Acid npv-xxx well diluted ; for acid fermentation of starchy 
 foods (R.); acids after meals for alkaline pyrosis (R.). Tannic Acid, useful 
 in pill, gr. iv with TT\J of Glycerin (B.). Carbolic Acid, often arrests eructations 
 (B.). Alkalies, after meals for immediate relief, effects only temporary, bicar¬ 
 bonate best (R.): frequent use of alkalies enhances the mischief (B.). Nux 
 Vomica, gtt. ij-iij of tincture before meals, excellent in small doses (B.); espe¬ 
 cially in qcidity of pregnancy (R.). Pulsatilla, gtt. v of tincture every 4 hours in 
 acid dyspepsia (P.). Silver Oxide, extremely useful (B.). Manganese Oxide, 
 gr. x-xx of the purified black oxide relieves (B.). Kino, a favorite remedy (B.). 
 Ipecacuanha, in acidity of pregnancy (R.). Mercury, gr. ss of gray powder ter 
 in die, when acidity with clayey stools (R.). Bismuth, gives excellent results, 
 3i 
 
482 
 
 ACNE. 
 
 combined with Opium or Morphine, sometimes with Magnesia (R.). Diet. Use 
 lemon-juice, aerated or old bread, plain biscuits. Avoid new bread, pastry and 
 vegetables. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnitrat., . . . giij. 
 Acidi Carbolici, .... gr. ij-v. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae,. t ^j. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., .... 3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful 3 or 4 times 
 daily for adults. 
 
 R . Sodii Bicarb.,.3 ij. 
 
 Spt. Ammonite Aromat., . 3 ij. 
 Tinct. Zingiberis, . . . . p > ]. 
 Infus. Gentianae Co. (U. S. 
 
 P., 1870), q. s. . . .ad 3 viij. 
 M. Sig.—A tablespoonful or two. 
 
 Acne. 
 
 Alkalies, internally yield the best results in a number of cases (Bulkley); 
 alkaline lotions for cases with seborrhoea (B.). Borax, a weak solution in rose¬ 
 water (^j—3viij), of great benefit locally in acne simplex (Wa.) Potassium 
 Bromide, in moderate doses has proved curative in some obstinate cases (R.). 
 Sulphur, internally and as a lotion. In severe forms an ointment of the iodide 
 or hypochlorite, 3 ij ad 5j (R.). Belladonna locally, is of some service, check¬ 
 ing the abundant secretion from the sebaceous follicles (R ). Arsenic, in old 
 cases, especially in acne indurata, but often disappoints. Given with bromides 
 it prevents the bromic acne (R.). Phosphorus, is an excellent substitute for 
 arsenic (B.); the compound syrup of the hypophosphites in acne indurata (R.). 
 Mercury, in lotion is much employed (B.) ; a weak lotion of the bichloride to the 
 face two or three times daily (R.). The iodo-chloride (gr. v-xv ad 5) as irritant 
 application (Fox); or ointments containing the bichloride or biniodide may be 
 employed instead of the green soap application (Pf.) Glycerin, internally, has 
 been used with success (B.). Berberis, n\,v of a fresh tincture thrice daily for 
 the acne of girls at puberty. Bromide of Arsenic is adapted to the majority of 
 cases of acne vulgaris (Pf.). Calcium Sulphide is indicated in cases characterized 
 by a tendency to pustulation (Pf.) Bismuth, locally as a cosmetic (B.). Mag¬ 
 nesium Sulphate, as a purgative daily before breakfast, in cases of acne vulgaris 
 depending on derangement of stomach and bowels (Duhring); the salt, finely tri¬ 
 turated, is an excellent dusting-powder for cases of acne rosacea. Water, hot 
 sponging for 15 or 20 minutes several times a day, followed by glycerite of 
 starch to allay irritation (R.); the local use of very hot water is of the greatest 
 benefit in all inflammatory forms of acne (Bulkley). Puncturing each papule 
 with a lancet point, followed by very hot water, and ointments of sulphur iodide, 
 ammoniated mercury, etc., diluted (Pf.). Ergot is well used in acne rosacea 
 and other forms of acne; a good fluid extract with glycerin and water, giving 
 5 ss internally per diem (B.). Diet and Hygiene, require careful attention (B.); 
 powerful tonics are often required (Bulkley). Sapo Viridis, as an active irritant 
 in subacute cases, applied every night as long as bearable, then emollients until 
 irritation subsides, when the green soap should be removed (Pf.). [Compare 
 Seborrhoea.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Acetatis,.o ss- j* 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, . . . ^ ij. 
 Ext. Rumicis Fluidi, . . . . t ^iv. 
 Misce. Sig.—A teaspoonful, largely di¬ 
 luted, half an hour before meals. 
 
 R. Sulphuris,.^j. 
 
 Glycerini,.3 j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.5 vij 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion. 
 
 R. Potassii Acetatis,. %j. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, .... 5jss 
 
 Ac. Acetici Dil.,. %j. 
 
 Ext. Taraxaci FI.,.3 ij. 
 
 Misce. Sig.—A teaspoonful, well di¬ 
 luted, on an empty stomach. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . . . gr. x. 
 Alcoholis, q. s. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.3 ij. 
 
 M. Fiat. sol. Sig.—A teaspoonful in 
 pint of water as a lotion, twice daily. 
 
483 
 
 addison’s disease—adynamia. 
 
 R. Magnesii Sulphatis, . . . ^jss. 
 
 Ferri Sulphatis,.gr.xvj. 
 
 Acidi Sulphurici, . . . . £ij. 
 
 Aquae,. q. s. ad 5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablespoonful in a glass of 
 water before breakfast. 
 
 R. Potassii Acetatis,.3 iv- g], 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom., . . . gij. 
 
 Infusi Quassiae, vel 
 
 Tinct. Cinchonae Co., . ad g iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful in water after 
 meals, as an antacid tonic. 
 
 R. Liq. Potassae,. %j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae, . ... ad $ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply with a soft sponge 
 twice daily. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit.,. gj. 
 
 Ung. Hydr. Ammoniat., . £ij. 
 
 Ung. Aq. Rosae, . . . . ad gj. 
 M. et fiat unguentum. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Iodo-chlor., . . , gr.v-xv. 
 
 _ Adipis,. gj. 
 
 Fiat unguentum. An irritating applica¬ 
 tion, requiring care. 
 
 Addison’s Disease. 
 
 Arsenic, with cod-liver oil, gives the best results (Da Costa). Iron, and other 
 tonics are useful, especially a combination of the chloride, glycerin and chloro¬ 
 form (Greenhow). Phosphorus, has seemed to exert a beneficial influence 
 (Wilks). Treatment must be symptomatic, and is of little use, the disease 
 being always fatal (H.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . . gj. 
 
 Spt. Chloroformi,.5 j. 
 
 Glycerini,. g vj. 
 
 M. Sig.— A dessertspoonful in water 
 thrice daily. 
 
 R. Quininae Sulph.,.3 j. 
 
 Ferri Reducti,.£jss. 
 
 Ac. Arseniosi, 
 
 Strych. Sulph., .... aa gr. iij. 
 
 Confect. Rosae, q. s. 
 M. et div. in pilulas lx. 
 
 Adynamia. 
 
 Cinchona or Quinine, with arsenic, for pale, badly-fed town-dwellers (R.) ; 
 as a general tonic when flesh flabby, skin perspiring (P.). Arsenic, for swelled 
 feet of old or weakly persons, and breathlessness from weak heart (R.) ; tonic 
 in continued doses of gr. g 1 ^ to (Wa.). Nux Vomica, in adynamia of drunk¬ 
 ards. R. Tinct. Capsici 3vj ; Tinct. Nucis Vom. gij ; gtt. xx in water every 
 four hours (B.). Lime Salts, the phosphate, when from prolonged town-life or 
 overwork, gr. j, with grain j each of Phosphate of Iron and Carbonate of Lime, 
 for a dose (R.); Hypophosphites, of Lime or Soda, in nervous or general debility 
 (R.) Iron, promotes appetite and digestion ; gr. j—iij of the Sulphate, or the 
 official iron and aloes pill, or with manganese (B.) ; anaemic subjects (R.). 
 Hydrastine, as substitute for Quinine, to promote appetite and digestion and 
 improve assimilation (B.). Digitalis or Eucalyptus, in debility with weak heart- 
 action (B.). Bitters, especially Calumba and Gentian, useful for a short time 
 (B.). Sanguinaria, when stomach needs stimulation (P.). Sarsaparilla, broken- 
 down, syphilitic constitutions (P.). Alcohol is of great value, but has been 
 abused ; hurtful when it increases temperature and pulse, dryness of tongue, 
 etc. (B.); a wine with much ether in debility of old age, especially where sleep¬ 
 lessness, indigestion and stomach cramps (R.). Aliment, sugar and saccharine 
 fruits, vegetables, oil, milk, cod-liver oil, wine of good body and strength (B.). 
 Porter or rum-and-milk for town-living women (R.) Sea-bathing is useful in 
 chronic illness, with much debility (R.). Turkish Baths, when debility is 
 caused by the tropics, but caution necessary, When town-dwellers become 
 stout and flabby, are easily tired, suffer from a lack of energy and from mental 
 depression, a course of baths is beneficial (R.). [Compare Anlemia, Conva¬ 
 lescence.] 
 
4§4 
 
 AFT\pR-PAINS-AGALACTIA-ALBUMINURIA. 
 
 Tonic Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Quinine Sulph.,.gr. xxx. 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Dil., q. s. 
 
 Tinct. Perri Chlor., . . . . gij. 
 
 Aquae,. ad 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful thrice daily. 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chlor., . . . . 5 iv. 
 
 Ac. Phosphor. Dil., . . . . 3 vj. 
 
 Sp. Limonis,.^ ij. 
 
 Syrupi,.q. s .ad 3vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertspoonful in water 
 after each meal. 
 
 R . Quininae Sulph.,.£j. 
 
 Strychninae Sulph., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Tr. Ferri Chloridi, . . . . 3 v. 
 
 Ac. Phosph. Dil.,.3 ij. 
 
 Syr. Limonis,- . . . . ad 3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful in water thrice 
 daily, in nervous debility. 
 
 R . Ac. Arseniosi,.gr. j. 
 
 Quininae Sulph.,.gr. xl. 
 
 Ferri et Pot. Tart., . . . . gr. lxxx. 
 M. Fiant pil. no. xl. 
 
 Sig.—One after each meal. 
 
 After-pains. 
 
 Opium, more certain in action than any other remedy (Wa.); Morphine and 
 Atropine (gr. ^ and gr. combined (B.), hypodermically (Wa.). Belladonna, 
 as ointment, much used in France (L.). Camphor, gr. x with gr. of mor¬ 
 phine, an effective remedy (B.); 3J in 3yj of mucilage, tablespoonful doses 
 every hour or two (Wa.). Chloral, will stop the pains, but large doses, gr. 
 xx-xl, are necessary (R.). Chloroform, the linimentum chloroformi, 3j with 
 linim. Saponis gvj, applied on flannel to the abdomen (Barker). Quinine, gr. 
 v-x night and morning, with the above chloroform liniment locally, in neuralgic 
 after-pains which do not yield to opiates, the uterus being tender on pressure 
 (Barker). Gelsemium, suspends them, large doses (rr^xx) necessary (B.). Cimi- 
 cffuga, relieves the pains, and allays general nervous excitement (P.) Ergot, 
 is better than cimicifuga (R.). Poultices, warm, over the hypogastrium, with 
 soothing injections into the vagina (L.). 
 
 Agalactia. 
 
 Ricinis Communis, gr. v of extract, or oj-ij of strong decoction, daily in 
 water ; also the leaves, or an infusion, locally to mammae (T.). Gossypium, 
 an emulsion of the seeds has repute in India, as a galactagogue. A wineglass 
 of the decoction every 20 or 30 minutes (P.). Pilocarpus, remarkably increases 
 the secretions (B.). Tea, a good black tea promotes the milk-supply. [Com¬ 
 pare Lactation.] 
 
 Albuminuria. 
 
 Aconite, in incipient, high body temperature (R.). Lead, diminishes the 
 albumen (R.). Turpentine, gtt. ss-j, every 2 to 4 hours, or one to two drop 
 doses night and morning, of great value in chronic albuminuria without marked 
 symptoms of Bright’s disease (P.). Gallic Acid, the most efficient agent in the 
 acute form to restrain loss of albumen (B. P.) See Aitken’s formula below. 
 Cannabis Indica is indicated when bloody urine (R.). Chimaphila, has un¬ 
 questioned power over albuminuria (P.). Cantharis rr\J every three hours, of 
 the tincture, after the subsidence of acute symptoms, especially when bloody 
 urine (R.). Fuchsine, in doses of gr. j-iij, completely arrested albuminuria in 
 many cases with oedema (Bouchut). Alkalies, the citrates and acetates as 
 diuretics (R.) ; the Buffalo Lithia Water of Virginia, is highly recommended. 
 Nitro-glycerin, vt\, j of a one per cent, solution to dilate the peripheral vessels, 
 relieving the heart and lessening the renal congestion (B.). Turkish Baths, 
 benefit by relieving the kidneys of work (R.). Milk-cure, with buttermilk, 
 has proved very efficient in many cases (B.). Chalybeate Waters, especially 
 those having purgative qualities, are beneficial (B.). [Compare Bright's 
 Disease.] 
 
ALCOHOLISM. 
 
 485 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Acidi Gallici,.gj-ij. 
 
 Ac. Sulphurici Dil., . . . . Z ss. 
 
 Tinct. Lupuli,..qj. 
 
 Infusi Lupuli,. ad 3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. thrice daily. 
 
 [A it ken.) 
 
 $. Mist. Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis 
 
 (U.S.P0,.5 v i- 
 
 Sig.—Teasp. to a tablesp. according to 
 age, well diluted, thrice daily. 
 
 [Basham.) 
 
 Alcoholism. 
 
 Arsenic, for distressing vomiting, one drop of liquor arsenicalis before break¬ 
 fast (R.). Capsicum, in dyspepsia of chronic alcoholism, and to induce sleep ; 
 also as a substitute for the alcohol. Gr. x, with honey (B.). With bromide or 
 arsenic and bitters to assist in overcoming habit, by removing the distress at 
 pit of the stomach. The tinct. in 10-minim doses should be taken shortly before 
 meals, or whenever there is depression or craving for alcohol. It obviates the 
 morning vomiting, and promotes appetite and digestion (R.) Ammonia, a full 
 dose (3ss) of the spirit will often sober a drunkard speedily (R.) ;—a few drops 
 of liquor ammoniae, diluted, have prompt action (S .);—Zj of the aromatic spirit 
 with capsicum, see formula below. Ammonium Chloride, of high value (see 
 ante , page 96). Quinine, especially the cinchona rubra, for gastric catarrh of 
 drunkards (B.); gr. ij-vj daily to raise the nervous tone (P.). Nux Vomica, 
 for after stomachal disorders (B.); in tremor of chronic alcoholism, of much 
 value (P.). Strychnine Nitrate, hypodermically ter in die for ten days, an 
 absolute cure for dipsomania (Luton). Bromides, Zj every 4-6 hours in the 
 “horrors” (B.). Phosphorus, in chronic alcoholism, recommended by Anstie 
 (R.). Opium, cautiously, if at all (B.);—Morphine with tonics before meals for 
 pain, nausea, and want of appetite (R.). Cocaine, has been pronounced of great 
 benefit, restoring appetite, inducing sleep and promoting digestion, while it 
 soothes the brain and induces a feeling of contentment and calm (R.). Cimici- 
 fuga, is said to be useful in the treatment of the drunkard’s stomach (R.). Chloral, 
 is very successful, gr. xv-xx, but must be cautiously used with old worn-out 
 drunkards (B.) Picrotoxin, small doses for the tremor, gr. ^ repeated (B.). 
 Lupulin, is the best substitute for alcoholic stimulants, and extremely serviceable 
 in delirium tremens (B.). Zinc Oxide, is very useful in chronic alcoholism, to 
 diminish the craving, to relieve the gastric catarrh and lessen the tremor (B.). 
 Acute Alcoholic Poisoning requires an emetic orthe stomach-pump, cold douche 
 to the head and breast, warmth to the feet and limbs. Artificial respiration may 
 be required. Milk, mucilaginous drinks, and black coffee, are the principal 
 remedies. A milk diet often creates a disgust for alcohol. [Compare Deli¬ 
 rium Tremens and Vomiting.] 
 
 Prescr 
 
 5 c. Tinct. Capsici,.^ ss. 
 
 Potass. Bromidi,.3 ss. 
 
 Vet Liq. Potass. Arsenit., . rr[l. 
 
 Vet Tinct. Nucis Vom., . 3 ij. 
 
 Spt. Ammonia; Aromat., . x. iij. 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,. ad^ vj. 
 
 M. Fiat mistura. Sig. — A dessert¬ 
 spoonful in water four or five times daily. 
 
 BC 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom., . 
 
 • • z j • 
 
 Tinct. Gentianae Co., . 
 
 . . Z iij- 
 
 Spt. Limonis, .... 
 
 • • "DT 
 
 Spt. Chloroformi, . . 
 
 . . zj- 
 
 Aquae,.q. 
 
 s. ad x, vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-sixth to be taken 3 or 4 
 times daily, for insomnia. 
 
 iptions. 
 
 5 c. Zinci Oxidi,.3 j. 
 
 Piperinae,.gr. xx. 
 
 M. Fiant pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill 
 thrice daily. 
 
 Be. Ext. Lupulini FI., .... 5J. 
 
 Ext. Aromatici FI., ] 
 
 Tinct. Capsici, . V . aa^vj. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae, . j 
 
 Aquae Menth. Viridis, . ad£ iv. 
 
 Fiat emulsio. Sig.—A teaspoonful or 
 two as required. 
 
 3'b 
 
 d>j- 
 
 Be. Tinct. Gentianae Co., 
 
 Tinct. Calumbae Co., 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom., . . . rrLlxxx. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. before each meal, 
 for lum-stomachs. (Loomis,) 
 
486 
 
 ALOPECIA-AMAUROSIS-AMENORRHCEA. 
 
 Alopecia. 
 
 Cantharides tincture, 1 part to 8 of castor oil, well rubbed into roots of hair, 
 night and morning (Wa.). Arsenic, rtpv of liq. arsenic, ter die, exercises a more 
 or less powerful influence (Wa.). Nitric Acid, with olive oil, makes a service¬ 
 able liniment (Wa.). Pilocarpine, has a decided influence on the growth of the 
 hair (B.). Glycerin in combination with the above remedies (Wa.). Sulphur 
 Iodide, has been found very effectual, used internally and externally (Wa.). 
 Frequent shaving may often save the hair in alopecia after illness. Use clean 
 brushes with long bristles, and brush against the natural lay of the hair. [Com¬ 
 pare Tinea.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Tinct. Cantharidis, .... t ^jss 
 
 R. 
 
 01 . Amygdalae Expres., 
 Aq. Ammoniae, . 
 
 01 . Rosmarini, . 
 Alcoholis, . . . 
 
 Aquae Destillat., 
 
 Mellis Despumat., 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion for the hair. 
 
 aa^j. 
 
 . 5>i- 
 
 • o’J- 
 
 • St. 
 
 ad 3 viij. 
 
 ( Wilson.') 
 
 R. 
 
 Tinct. Macis,.3jss. 
 
 Olei Olivae, . ad^ ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion for baldness. 
 
 ( Hebra .) 
 
 Tinct. Capsici,.rr^xx. 
 
 Glycerini,.j|ss. 
 
 Spt. Odorat.,. adgvj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Hair tonic. (Gross.) 
 
 R. Pilocarpin. Hydrochlorat., gr. j. 
 Aquae Destillat., . . . . %j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ten to thirty drops twice daily, 
 according to age, to improve the growth of 
 the hair. ( Bartholow .) 
 
 Amaurosis and Amblyopia. 
 
 Arnica, has long been a popular remedy for amaurosis in Germany. Man- 
 noir employed it with much success (P., Wa.). Rue, in minim doses night and 
 morning,for dimness of vision from functional amaurotic condition. Elgajaki says 
 it produces dimness of vision, and in smaller doses improves the eyesight (P.). 
 Strychnine, may cure, in functional amaurosis from lead, tobacco and alcohol 
 (B.). Gr. ^0 hypodermically (Nagel). Hypodermically in tobacco and trau¬ 
 matic amaurosis, and in progressive nerve atrophy not dependent on inter-cra¬ 
 nial disease (R.). Guaiac, is advised for cases of amaurosis occurring in persons 
 of a rheumatic diathesis (Wa.). Santonin, has given very satisfactory results 
 in amaurosis (Wa.). Veratrine, as lotion brushed over eyelids, brows and 
 temples once a day, is often useful, but should not be permitted to touch the 
 conjunctiva, or great pain will result. See formula below (Wa.). Potassium 
 Iodide, in amblyopia from lead-poisoning (Wa.). Seton, a small seton in the 
 temple kept open for along period, has been found effectual when other reme¬ 
 dies failed (Wa.). Amaurosis and Amblyopia are names formerly much used 
 to denote the various conditions of blindness, before ocular diagnosis became 
 as exact as it now is. Amblyopia is still used to designate certain impairments 
 of vision not accounted for by any organic changes visible ( Roosa ). 
 
 R . Veratrinae,.gr. 
 
 Aitheris,.3 ij 
 
 Alcoholis,.3 j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use with a brush once 
 over eyelids, eyebrows and temples. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Strychninae Sulphatis, . . gr. j. 
 
 Alcoholis,.3 j. 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . ad$ iv. 
 
 M. Fiat solutio. Sig.—A teaspoonful 
 thrice daily before meals, when not used 
 hypodermically. 
 
 a day 
 
 Amenorrhcea. 
 
 Aconite, sudden suppression from cold or wet feet (B., R., P.). Pulsatilla, in 
 sudden suppression, also aconite (B.); often of the greatest value in functional 
 
AMENORRHCEA. 
 
 487 
 
 form (P.). Iron, when from anaemia, the most frequent cause. Small doses 
 preferred. Solution of acetate, or ferri et ammonii citras (gr. ij), or ferri et 
 strychnine citras (gr. j), also chalybeate waters. Caution.—Careful diagnosis 
 before giving iron (B.). Aloes, when dependent on anaemia (B.); at the pe¬ 
 riods. with hot pediluvia, friction, etc. (R., P.). Potassium Permanganate, gr. j 
 thrice daily increased to gr. ij, is the best of all remedies for bringing back the 
 menses, having specific action on the uterine tissue (R.) ;—excellent in amen- 
 orrhoea from cold feet, and is by far the best emmenagogue. In pill it may 
 explode ; best in capsule with powdered elm or liquorice (Parvin). Manganese 
 Biniodide, in pill, gr. ij thrice daily, is a very efficient emmenagogue. Mercury. 
 The Biniodide is a certain and safe emmenagogue, gr. in pill, four times 
 daily. Oxalic Acid, is highly praised, gr. in mixture, every hour 
 
 (Poulet). Apiol, when from functional inactivity. First give iron for the blood; 
 next aloetic purgatives, then apiol (gr. xv) just preceding the period ; or a daily 
 dose for a week, or several days before (B.). The best emmenagogue next to 
 Potass. Permang. (Parvin). Senega, a saturated decoction of the root, to extent 
 of a pint in 24 hours, during preceding two weeks, advantageous (P.). Polygo¬ 
 num, has given excellent results when used in £>ss doses four times daily for a 
 week (B.). Cimicifuga, has been recommended (R.); is of very great value 
 (P.). Arsenic, combined with iron, when from functional inactivity of ovaries 
 (B.) Aurum Salts from torpor of ovaries (B.). Ignatia, in suppression of hys¬ 
 teria (P.). Cinnamon, causes a flow of blood to the womb (Goodell). Indigo, 
 is considered very efficient, in doses of from 3 j to Z'w. Larger doses produce 
 nausea and vomiting. Nux Vomica, small doses of the extract, of benefit in 
 some obstinate cases (Wa.). Silver Nitrate, in substance lightly to the os uteri, 
 at time of expected discharge (Wa.). Colocynth, in chlorotic amenorrhoea (P.). 
 Ergot, has cured when due to plethora (B.); when anaemia after use of iron 
 (R.); in chlorotic (P.); npj every yi hour for 5 or 6 hours the day before and 
 that of the expected flow, is very efficient when the cessation is not due to 
 anaemia (A. A. Smith). Senecio Aureus, seems to have a well-founded reputa¬ 
 tion. Rue, in functional inactivity. 01 . rutae, n\j-v (B., P.). Sanguinaria, 
 functional amenorrhoea, in absence of plethora (B., P.). Savine, general 
 atony. Extractum sabinae, fl., rrpv-x (B., R., P.). Serpentaria, with anaemia 
 or chlorosis (B.), Ammonium Chloride, for headache (R.). Sitz-baths, hot, 
 for six days before period ; mustard may be added at period. Often effectual 
 in sudden suppression (B.). Spinal-ice-bag, to lower dorsal and lumbar 
 vertebrae; or cold sponging useful (R.). Electricity, in atony of uterus and 
 ovaries (B.). [Compare Anaemia, Chlorosis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Olei Sabinae,. p ) ). 
 
 Olei Rutae,."j. 
 
 Tinct. Polygon. Hydropip., . . ^j. 
 
 01 . Amygdalae Expres., 
 
 Mucil Acaciae, 
 
 Aquae Menthae Pip., . . . , aa 3 ij. 
 Fiat mistura. Sig.—A teaspoonful two 
 or three times daily. ( Bartholow .) 
 
 Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, 
 
 . 3 
 
 i ij - 
 
 Tinct. Cantharidis, . . . 
 
 rr 
 
 * O 
 
 j- 
 
 Tinct. Guaiaci Ammon., . 
 
 • 5 
 
 jss. 
 
 Tinct. Aloes,. 
 
 
 ss. 
 
 Syrupi,.q. s 
 
 ad z 
 
 v i- 
 
 Fiat mistura. Sig.—A tablespoonful 
 
 thrice daily, in simple atonic amenorrhoea. 
 
 (//. C. Wood. Dewees .) 
 
 R. Extr. Aloes Aquosi,.^j. 
 
 Ferri Sulph. Exsic.,.£ij. 
 
 o 
 
 IV. 
 
 Asafoetidae, 
 
 Fiant pilulae 100. Sig.—One pill after 
 each meal, gradually increased to three. 
 
 {Goodell.') 
 
 R. Quininae Sulphat.,.^jss. 
 
 Extr. Nucis Vom.,.gr. xij. 
 
 Olei Sabinae,. 3 ss. 
 
 Aloes Socotrin.,.gr. viij. 
 
 Cantharidis.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Fiant pilulae xlviij. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily. 
 
488 
 
 AN/E MI A. 
 
 Anaemia. 
 
 Nux Vomica, stimulates blood-making organs, and is used as an adjunct to 
 restorative remedies (B.). Iron, its chief value is to improve digestion ; also 
 furnishes haematin to the blood. The most astringent preparation is the best, 
 and should be used after meals. Also chalybeate waters (B.). Some stomachs, 
 with irritable mucous membrane, require bland preparations. A pale, flabby 
 tongue indicates large doses of the perchloride or sulphate (R.). Arsenic, as 
 adjunct to iron, and where iron cannot be borne, or fails (B.). Quinine, for 
 badly-fed town dwellers (R.). Hypophosphites, are useful, but should not be 
 given with iron, cod-liver oil, or stimulants (R.). Phosphate of Calcium, in 
 anaemia of growing persons, and of women weakened by rapid child-bearing 
 or excessive menstruation (R ). Lacto-phosphate of Calcium, for nursing 
 mothers, or in waste from suppuration (B.). Acids, added to purgative salts as 
 tonics to the mucous membrane (R.). Pepsin, is recommended by Hollmann 
 (B.). Manganese, alone not of much use ; is best combined with iron (B.). Is 
 not, like iron, found in the faeces, nor does it cause constipation (Wa.). Gal¬ 
 vanization, as aid to remedies (B.). Cold Sponging, needs great cautidn, or 
 may lower tone by minute degrees (R.). Diet and Hygiene, of prime import¬ 
 ance. Nourishing, digestible food, in as large quantities as can be assimilated 
 —milk, eggs, animal broths; afterwards, fish, poultry, game, mutton, etc. 
 Moderate daily out-of-door exercise, in pure air, is indispensable. Bathing, 
 especially sea-bathing, aids restoration. Wines, often useful. Red wines are 
 the best. 
 
 Tonic Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Ac. Phosphorici Dil., . . . . gvj. 
 
 Spt. Limonis,.."ij. 
 
 Syrupi,.q. s. ad % vj., 
 
 Misce. Sig.—A dessertspoonful in water 
 after meals. To the above may be added 
 g ij of the Liquor Strychninae Hydrochlo- 
 ratis of the B. P. ( Goodell.) 
 
 Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . . 
 
 gr-J-b 
 
 Liq. Acidi Arseniosi, .... 
 
 si- 
 
 Tinct. Ferri Chlor.,. 
 
 3 IV. 
 
 Ac. Hydrochlor. Dil., . . . 
 
 7 \ iv. 
 
 Syrupi,. 
 
 
 Aquae,.q. s .ad 
 
 3 V J- 
 
 Misce. Sig.—A dessertspoonful in a 
 wineglassful of water after each meal, as 
 an alterative tonic. ( A. H. Smith.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Nucis Vom., .... £pjss. 
 Tinct. Cinchonae, . . . . ad 25 iv. 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful after each 
 
 meal. 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, .... ^iij. 
 
 Potassii Chloratis,.sjj. 
 
 Liq. Strychninae (B. P.), . . ,qj. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,.3 iv. 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, ad 5 iv. 
 
 Misce. Sig.—One or two teaspoonfuls 
 after each meal. 
 
 R . Quininae Sulphatis,.gr. xx. 
 
 Ferri Sulph. Exsic.,.gr. xl. 
 
 Strychninae Sulph.,.gr. ss. 
 
 Fiant pilulae xx. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily. ( Bartholozv .) 
 
 R. Ferri Sulph. Exsiccat., 
 
 Potass. Carbonatis, . . aa . . gij. 
 Syrupi, q. s. 
 
 Fiant pilulae no. xlviij. Sig.—One pill 
 after each meal, gradually increased to 
 
 three. ( Blatid .) 
 
 R. Acidi Arseniosi,.gr. j. 
 
 Quininae Sulphat.,.gj. 
 
 P’erri et Potass Tart., . . . . 3 ij. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xxx. Sig.—One pill 
 
 after each meal. 
 
 R. Pil. Ferri Comp. (U.S.), . . . xlviij. 
 Sig.—One to three after meals. 
 
 R. Pil. Ferri Iodidi (U.S.), . . . xlviij. 
 Sig.—One to three after meals. 
 
 R. Massae Ferri Carbon at., . . . £j. 
 
 Acidi Arseniosi,.gr. j. 
 
 Quininae Sulphatis,.gr. xl. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pilulas xl. 
 Sig.—One or two thrice daily. 
 
ANAESTHESIA-ANEURISM-ANGINA PECTORIS. 
 
 489 
 
 Anaesthesia. 
 
 Morphine, subcutaneously before inhalation, diminishes the danger, and 
 lessens the after-pain if an operation is to be performed (Nussbaum); Morphine 
 gr. and Atropine gr. y^, hypodermically, after emergence from anaesthesia, 
 will relieve the nausea and vomiting. A preliminary injection of Morphine 
 lessens the stage of rigidity and spasm, enables a smaller quantity of the 
 anaesthetic to be used with full effect, prolongs the stage of insensibility, 
 prevents shock, and antagonizes the cardiac and respiratory depression (B.). 
 Atropine, is decidedly the best antagonist to the respiratory paralysis of Ether, 
 and should be given hypodermically (gr. y 1 ^) as soon as alarming symptoms 
 manifest themselves (Amidon). The writer of this book has saved at least 
 four subjects of chloroform-narcosis by the hypodermic use of Atropine after 
 both heart and respiration had apparently failed. Alcohol, 3j —ij of whiskey 
 or brandy, before inhalation, to sustain the heart and prolong narcosis (B.). 
 [Compare pages 80 and 171, ante, for the general subject of Anaesthesia, and 
 page 25 for a list of Local Anaesthetics. See also the article Erythroxy- 
 lon, ante , page 209, for the use of Cocaine as a local anaesthetic.] 
 
 Aneurism. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, in large doses^ (gr. xv-^ss), 3 or 4 times a day, gives great 
 relief, and has cured (B.); combined with recumbent position and restricted 
 diet (R.). Veratrum Viride, aids surgical expedients ; also in large internal 
 aneurisms, with absolute recumbence and a little Opium to relieve pain, 
 vomiting to be avoided (B.). Ergot, with recumbent position ; favors coagula¬ 
 tion of the blood in sac (B.); Ergotin (P.). Gallic Acid and Iron, internally, 
 have cured cases of aortic aneurism (Speer). Chloroform, inhalation, great 
 dyspnoea (R.). Plumbic Acetate, a valuable auxiliary to the more important 
 items of rest, diet and mechanical appliances, gr. iij-v ter die (Wa.); its use 
 limited to the sacculated form (S.). Electrolysis, galvano-puncture in deep 
 aneurisms; not very successful (B.). The object sought is the coagulation of 
 blood within the aneurismal sac. Cures have not been attained by this treat¬ 
 ment, but in many it has produced great amelioration of the most distressing 
 symptoms (Petit). Aliment, milk regimen, Jor denutrition (B.) ; a low diet, 
 with absolute rest; Ergotin and Iodide of Potass, for deep aneurisms beyond 
 reach of surgical treatment (B.). Rest, in recumbent posture, and light, 
 unstimulating diet, are primary and essential elements in treatment of aneu¬ 
 risms. Surgical Treatment includes ligation of the vessels, also pressure by a 
 tourniquet or bags of shot, the operator’s fingers, etc., applied to the main 
 artery above the tumor, and the introduction of fine wire into the sac to favor 
 coagulation. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.^j. 
 
 Tinct. Veratri Viridis, . . ^jss. 
 
 Tr. Cinchonae Co., . . .5]. 
 
 Tr. Cardamomi Co., . . ^jss. 
 
 Tr. Gentianae Co., . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Syrupi Simplicis, 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa ^ iv. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad J xvj. 
 
 Misce. Sig.— 3 ss thrice daily. Each 
 dose has gr. xv of Pot. Iod. 
 
 li . Acidi Gallici,.3 j. 
 
 Ext. Ergotae,.gr. xx. 
 
 Digitalis, ..gr. xx. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xx. 
 
 Sig.—One every two hours. 
 
 R. Plumbi Acetatis,.gr. xxxvj. 
 
 Extracti Opii,.gr. iv. 
 
 Confectionis Rosae, q. s. 
 
 Ft. pil. xij. One every four hours. 
 
 Angina Pectoris. 
 
 Aconite, believed by Gubler to be appropriate, and by Fleming to have been 
 curative in many severe cases resisting other remedies (P.). In cardiac disease 
 its action is uncertain (Br.). Arsenic, lessens or prevents paroxysms, if used in 
 the intervals (B., R., Anstie). Amyl Nitrite, as inhalation, affords signal relief 
 
490 
 
 ANUS, FISSURED-APHONIA. 
 
 (R., B.); unsafe in advanced degeneration of cerebral vessels and fatty 
 degeneration of heart (B.) ; gives great relief during paroxysms (Br.). Nitrite 
 of Sodium, is less rapid in action than Nitrite of Amyl, but is more efficient in 
 preventing return of symptoms (Br.). Laurocerasus, as anodyne (P.). Strych¬ 
 nine, in the milder forms ; very small doses, gr. to ^ (P.). Glonoinum, 
 doses of PVrjj(j have been used with success (Pf., R.). Chamomile, in pseudo¬ 
 spasms of hysterical persons (P.). Ether, aborts a mild attack (B.); Sulphuric 
 Ether, in nervous form ; a spoonful immediately on commencement of attack 
 will greatly mitigate it (Anstie). Phosphorus, often serviceable (R.). Morphine, 
 hypodermically, especially in cardiac dyspnoea; strengthens the heart (R.). 
 Turpentine, applications, hot, over chest, to mitigate severity of the paroxysms, 
 especially in the aged (Wa.). Quinine, when intermittent (Wa.) or when any 
 malarial taint (Br.). Brandy, in frequent small doses, with hot bran poultice 
 over heart, and warmth to extremities. Cocaine, in doses of gr. to y z thrice 
 daily for two days, proved curative in four very severe cases (Laskevitch). 
 
 Anus, Fissured. 
 
 Hydrastis, locally, promotes healing (B.). Rhatany, as injection, night and 
 morning, after enema in the morning to move the bowels (Pf., Tr.). Iodoform, 
 improves and relieves pain (B.). Iodo-tannin, well applied effective (B.). 
 Belladonna, locally, of great service for painful spasms of sphincter (P.). 
 Opium, with gall-ointment for fissures of anus; mild purgatives should be 
 simultaneously employed (R.). Sulphur, as a mild purgative, to cause soft 
 motions (R.). Tannin, 3j-glycerin ~ij; introduced on a tent, night and morning, 
 with great advantage (Wa.). Collodion, as protective covering (P.) Potassic 
 Bromide, with 5 parts glycerin, as local application (R.). Castor Oil, as a mild 
 purgative (R.) ; to keep motions soft (Br.). Surgical Means, the most efficient; 
 forcible dilatation of sphincter, or partial division in severe cases, through the 
 mucous membrane, and a few fibres of sphincter. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Kramerice, . . . . 3 j. 
 
 Ext. Kramerite,.£ij. 
 
 Aquae,. ad ^\\\). 
 
 M. Sig.—One-fourth as injection, night 
 and morning, after using enema. 
 
 R. Sulphuris,.^j. 
 
 Pulveris Aromat., . . . . spj. 
 
 Confec. Rosae, .gij. 
 
 Misce. Sig.—One-third to be taken at 
 bedtime as a laxative. 
 
 Aphonia. 
 
 Ignatia, in hysterical women (P.). Atropine, in hysterical aphonia, and for 
 fatigue of vocal chords, gr. T ^y to -gL, morning and evening (B.). Nitric Acid, 
 rr^v-x of the dilute acid, for hoarseness of singers, in fatigue of vocal cords, 
 and when stomachal (B.). Benzoin, the tincture by inhalation in laryngeal 
 catarrh (Br.). Oil of Rue, as inhalation in chronic catarrh (Br.). Nitrate of 
 Uranium, as spray in very chronic catarrh (Br.). Alum, gr. x-^j aq., as spray, 
 in chronic coughs and hoarseness (R.). Borax, a piece the size of a pea 
 allowed to dissolve in the mouth (R.). Glycerin of Tannin, locally in chronic 
 inflammation of the throat (R.). Sulphurous Acid, by inhalation, spray or 
 fumigation, in clergyman’s aphonia (R.). Ipecacuanha, wine, as spray, when 
 congestion of vocal cords (R.) ; in laryngeal catarrh (Br.). Ammonium 
 Chloride, vapor inhaled, of great value in catarrhal aphonia (Wa.). Turkish 
 Bath, at commencement of a feverish cold (R.) ; in acute laryngeal catarrh (Br.). 
 Galvanism, localized, the best means for hysterical aphonia. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Liq. Ammonite,.5). 
 
 A q u ^>.. • • A j- 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful in a pint of hot 
 water for each inhalation. 
 
 R. Acidi Nitrici Dil., . . . . £ij. 
 Tinct. Calumbte, . . . . £j. 
 
 Aquce,. ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. in a winegl. of 
 water thrice daily. 
 
APHTHAE-APOPLEXY-APPETITE. 
 
 49 1 
 
 Aphthae. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate, the best remedy. Solution of gr. x to the 5, as wash, 
 alone or with borax (Br.), and gr. x to xx by the stomach (B.). Borax, with 
 honey, or as glycerin of borax, frequently used (R.) ; crystals allowed to dissolve 
 in the mouth (W.). Sulphurous Acid, as solution, strong or diluted, locally (R.). 
 dilute as spray (B.). Mineral Acids, formerly much used (B.). Mercury, Hydr. 
 cum creta in small doses to remove the indigestion on which aphthae often 
 depends (B.), borax being used locally, when aphthae exist in the mouth (Wa.). 
 Copper Sulphate, a weak solution painted over mucous membrane (R.). Potas¬ 
 sium Iodide, gr. j-v-jfj aquae, locally (B). Salicylic Acid, one part (dissolved 
 in alcohol) to 250 of water (R.). Quinine, gr. j every 2 or 3 hours, in infants 
 (B.), especially when consequent on diarrhoea (Br.). Coptis, the infusion has 
 repute in New England (B.). Bismuth, freely to parts (B.) ; as a local applica¬ 
 tion (Br.). Glycerin, will sometimes cure (R.). Rhubarb the compound 
 powder of rhubarb, to remove indigestion (Br.) ;—is highly useful in small 
 doses (Wa.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Ac. Sulphurosi,. 3 ij. 
 
 Aquae,. ad^'i). 
 
 M. Sig.—Mouth-wash, or use as a spray. 
 
 R. Pulv. Rhei Co., . . . . 
 Sacch. Lactis, q. s. 
 Triturat. et div. in pulv. xij. 
 thrice daily. 
 
 34 
 
 Sig.—One 
 
 Apoplexy. 
 
 Aconite, full strong pulse ; hot, dry skin, plethoric cases. The best remedy 
 (P.);—to lower blood-pressure and prevent further hemorrhage, where the pulse 
 is strong and the arterial tension high (Br.). Elaterium, as a purgative ; a 
 large dose (gr. ij) in suppository with soap ; or as an injection into large bowel 
 (P.). Croton Oil as purgative, a drop may be put on the back of the tongue 
 (Br.) ;— or l A each hour (R.). Colocynth, as a derivative purgative (Br.); 
 appears to act well (P). Cold Water, often harmful, though frequently used. 
 Injurious when face pale, surface cool, circulation depressed (B.). Electricity. 
 Very mild galvanic currents to promote absorption. Caution necessary, espe¬ 
 cially if much headache and vertigo (B.). Diet and Hygiene, of great import¬ 
 ance in patients subject to apoplexy. Avoid stimulating food and drink 
 (especially beer), overeating, excitement, haste, exposure to hot sun, heated 
 rooms, etc. At no subsequent period should a full animal diet or the use of 
 undiluted wines be indulged in (A.). Diagnosis. Should be carefully differ¬ 
 entiated from drunkenness, with which it is often confounded. [Compare 
 Cerebral Congestion.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Aconiti,.TT^x. 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, . . adf^ ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every X hour for 2 
 hours, then every half-hour. 
 
 R. Ext. Colocynthidis Co., . . gr. xx. 
 
 Olei Tiglii,.tryj. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. iv. 
 
 Sig.—One pill as required, until free 
 purgation ensues. 
 
 Appetite. 
 
 Ignatia, will correct diseased appetite (P.); especially in hysterical subjects 
 (Br.). Anthemis, will stimulate the appetite. Bitters, to stimulate the appe¬ 
 tite (R.). Food should be savory and well cooked. Habits require examining 
 into, when lost appetite complained of. Fluorides of Sodium or Potassium will 
 produce almost total anorexia, and may be employed with advantage in bulimia 
 (Da Costa). [Compare Dyspepsia. | 
 
492 
 
 ASCITES-ASTHENOPIA-ASTHMA. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Gentians, Quassias, 
 
 Cinnamomi,.aa gij. 
 
 Sig.—Put into a pint of boiling water, 
 and when cold, strain; take a winegl. 
 thrice daily as an appetizer. 
 
 R. Anthemidis, 
 
 Quassiae,.aa £j. 
 
 Sig.—Put in a pint of boiling water, and 
 when cold, strain; take a winegl. thrice 
 daily before meals as an appetizer. 
 
 Ascites. 
 
 Digitalis of the greatest service, except where aortic regurgitation and car¬ 
 diac hypertrophy (P.) ; fresh infusion best (R.);—its action increased by com¬ 
 bination with squill and pil. hydrargyri (Br.). Arsenic, when from feeble heart, 
 and in old age (B.). Apocynum Can., an active diuretic (P.). Copaiba, excel¬ 
 lent in hepatic dropsy (Br.). Jaborandi, has given good results (B.). Stillingia, 
 in ascites due to hepatic changes (B.). Jalap, the compound powder, with 
 podophyllum, the most generally approved hydragogue purgative (B.). Ela- 
 terium, to produce free watery evacuations. Cautiously in debilitated subjects. 
 Contraindicated when gastro-intestinal irritation or inflammation. Is depres¬ 
 sant (B.). Milk-diet, successful; an ancient practice; causes profuse alvine 
 and urinary discharges (B.) ;—sometimes very useful when the kidney action 
 is inadequate (Br.). (Compare Dropsy.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Resinae Copaibae, . . . . 5 iij. 
 
 Alcoholis,. % v. 
 
 Spt. Chloroformi, . . . . £j. 
 Mucil. Acaciae, . . . , . 3 ij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad$x ij 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. thrice daily. 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, 
 
 Pulv. Digitalis, 
 
 Pulv. Scilloe,.aa gr. vj. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. vj. 
 
 Sig.—One pill thrice daily, in ascites 
 from hepatic changes. 
 
 Asthenopia. 
 
 The proper glasses; cold douche; rest of eyes. Atropine, systematically 
 instilled, to prevent strain, and control spasm of the accommodation (C.). 
 [Compare Myopia.] 
 
 Asthma. 
 
 Aconite, in spasmodic (P.); often averts the attack, if given at commence¬ 
 ment ; useful also in the asthma following coryza and sneezing in children. 
 (R.). Ipecacuanha, the wine as spray to the fauces, sometimes useful in severe 
 bronchial asthma, but not of much service in genuine asthma (R.); nauseating 
 and emetic doses in spasmodic form (B.). Lobelia, gtt. x of the tincture every 
 hour during paroxysm ; rr^x ter die, with additional doses at night, in bron¬ 
 chitic asthma when worse at night. Cautiously if heart disease (R.). Often 
 gives permanent relief (B.) Arsenic, as cigarettes as well as by internal admin¬ 
 istration (B.). One drop of liquor arsenicalis ter die, in attacks from bronchitis, 
 local irritation, etc., allied to hay fever (R.). Belladonna, relieves paroxysm 
 when expectoration abundant, skin cool and moist (B.). Internally in large 
 doses, also in cigarettes (Br.). Atropine hypodermically is more efficient, gr. 
 -fo at bedtime to abort morning paroxysm (B.). Large doses required, but very 
 satisfactory (R.). Was much valued by Dr. Salter and M. See (P.). Potassium 
 Iodide, when from acute bronchial catarrh, gr. xv-xx each 2, 3, or 4 hours (B., 
 R.). The best medicament to suppress the asthmatic attack, in bronchial asthma, 
 is iodide of potassium and chloral (Lazarus). Is the specific in asthma, if any 
 drug can be so called ; should be given with Lactucarium (See). Cocaine, hypo¬ 
 dermically, is used with the best results, even where other remedies failed to 
 relieve (Mosler). The leaves of the coca-plant make the best cigarettes for 
 asthma (Nachtigal). Pilocarpine Hydrochlorate, gr. l /e in water, at bedtime, 
 
ASTHMA. 
 
 493 
 
 promptly and effectively relieves, in cases of bronchitic asthma with hypertro¬ 
 phic rhinitis. In some of nine years’ standing it gave permanent relief appa¬ 
 rently (Wyss). Nux Vomica, in nervous subjects (B); in spasmodic asthma, 
 often of great benefit (P.). Chloral, may arrest paroxysm (B., R.). Chloroform, 
 inhaled from warm water. Anaesthetics relieve, but increasing doses required, 
 leading to habit (B., R.). Ether, full dose, may avert a mild attack (B.). Amyl 
 Nitrite, inhaled, quickly checks spasmodic asthma (B., R.) Antimony, in an 
 affection of children like asthma. Dissolve a grain of tartar-emetic in half a 
 pint of water, and give a teaspoonful of this every X hour for the first hour, 
 then hourly. If vomiting induced, lessen the dose (R.) Coffee, a small cup of 
 very strong coffee often useful in a paroxysm (R.). Asthmatics should not use 
 it as a beverage (P.). Stramonium, twenty grains of the dried leaves or ten of 
 the powdered root may be smoked. Datura tatula sometimes better. Stramo¬ 
 nium preparations often bad. Asthmatics advised to grow the drug themselves 
 (R.). Grindelia, gives relief in spasmodic form (B.); three grains of extract 
 thrice daily, to prevent attacks, or i^xx-xxx of liquid extract every half-hour or 
 hourly from onset of paroxysm (R.). Ethyl Iodide, very valuable in spasmodic 
 form, and lessens liability to subsequent attacks. rr\,v-xx thrice daily by inha¬ 
 lation (B.). Cannabis Indica, has been useful (R.). Sulphurous Acid, by inha¬ 
 lation, spray, or fumigation (R.). Morphine, hypodermically, quickly cuts short 
 a paroxysm (B.) ; in some cases morphine will induce a paroxysm (R.). Apo- 
 morphine, gr. T X hypodermically, has been found effective; or gr. every 3 or 
 4 hours in camphor water, with or without morphine or ipecacuanha. Tobacco, 
 smoking sometimes relieves (R., P.). Asafcetida, has been recommended (R.); 
 palliative only (P.). Colchicum,in gouty subjects (R.). Bromides, relieve but 
 soon lose effect (B., R.). Eucalyptus, smoked with stramonium, belladonna, 
 tobacco (B.). Quinine, after acute symptoms subside, as antipyretic to succeed¬ 
 ing fever and restorative tonic (B.). Potassium Nitrate, the inhalation of fumes 
 of burnt nitre paper will sometimes avert a paroxysm. Different methods of 
 preparation useful for different cases (R ). Oxygen, when no heart disease (R.). 
 Silver Nitrate, sometimes injected into trachea (R.). Chamomile Oil, has been 
 found very serviceable (P.). Sanguinaria, is very useful in humid asthma, and 
 occasionally so in the spasmodic form (R.). Galvanism, of pneumogastric 
 often relieves ; -)- pole beneath mastoid process ; — pole to epigastrium. Farad- 
 ism of no use (B.). Prophylaxis, avoidance of exciting causes, especially indi¬ 
 gestible food, wet, damp, and sudden changes of temperature. Attention to 
 the stomach will do most for many asthmatic patients. An important point is 
 to take the heaviest meal early in the day, and very solid food after 2 p.m. 
 Shower-bath and out-of-door exercise, not, however, to a fatiguing extent (R.). 
 In special cases operative treatment of the nose and naso-pharynx is required 
 (Lazarus). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Moisten unsized white paper, and roll 
 into cigarettes, each containing gr. X to 
 gr. j of the salt. Two or three of these 
 to be inhaled daily. ( Bai'tholow .) 
 
 Arsenical Cigarettes. 
 
 R . Sodii Arseniatis, .... 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . 
 
 ."ss-j. 
 
 si- 
 
 R. Belladonnae Fob, . . . 
 Stramonii Fob, 
 
 Hyoscyami,. 
 
 Extracti Opii, .... 
 Aquae Lauro-cerasi, q. s. 
 
 aa Z ss. 
 
 . . gr. iij 
 
 3 J- 
 
 Dissolve the opium 'in the water, and 
 moisten the leaves therewith. When dry, 
 roll into tw'elve cigarettes. Smoke two to 
 
 four daily. 
 
 ( Trousseau .) 
 
 R . Ext. Grindeliae Fluidi, . . jf ss. 
 
 R. Tinct. Sanguinariae, 
 
 Ext. Lobeliae Fh, . . 
 Ext. Belladonnae Fh, . 
 Potassii Iodidi, . . . 
 Glycerini,. 
 
 Tinct. Lobeliae, 
 Ammonii Iodidi, . . 
 Syr. Tolutani, . . 
 
 . aa 3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every 2, 3 or 4 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertspoonful as required. hours, in humid asthma. 
 
 (B-> 
 
494 
 
 ASTIGMATISM—ATHEROMA-ATROPHY-BALANITIS. 
 
 R. Chart. Potass. Nitratis, . . . j. 
 
 Burn in a close room and inhale the 
 fumes. 
 
 R. Ammonii Bromidi, . . . . gr. clx. 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . . . gr. xc. 
 
 Tinct. Lobelia,. z iij. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Comp., . . . ^j. 
 Syrupi Acaciee, . ... ad ^iv. 
 
 M. Sig.— \ dessertspoonful in water, 
 every hour or two, for the paroxysm. 
 
 (. Pepper .) 
 
 R. Spt. Etheris Comp., . . . . gj. 
 Tinct. Belladonna?, . . . . z ) ). 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful ter in die. 
 
 R. Tinct. Lobeliae,.^j. 
 
 Ammonii Iodidi, . . . . 3 ij. 
 Ammonii Bromidi, . . . 5iij. 
 Syrupi Tolutani, . . . . ;jij. 
 
 M. Sig.— A teaspoonful every 1, 2, 3 or 
 4 hours. (B.) 
 
 R. Spt. Etheris. Compos., 
 
 Liq. Morph. Sulph. 
 
 (g r - j ad oJ)> • • • • aa gj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every half-hour 
 or hour in the paroxysm. 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, .... % qj. 
 
 Potasii Iodidi,.^ ss. 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful in water every 
 half-hour or hour. (B.) 
 
 Astigmatism. 
 
 Atropine, a weak solution to aid examination of eye by dilating pupil, and 
 paralyzing accommodation (B.). Duboisine, as substitute for atropine, has more 
 rapid action, with shorter duration of effects, and less conjunctival irritation. 
 Glasses, of suitable form, cylindrical in simple astigmatism, bi-cylindrical in 
 mixed astigmatism. Pray’s Test Letters, to determine degree and direction of 
 the defect (C.). 
 
 Atheroma. 
 
 Phosphorus, in minute doses, for atheroma, with cod-liver oil (B.). Arsenic, 
 often of great value in atheroma, especially where imperfect action of kidneys 
 (Br.); indicated when there are puffy eyes, drowsiness, intellectual torpor (B.). 
 Quinine, gr. iij-x daily, in atheroma, with advantage (B.). Ammonium Bro¬ 
 mide, in atheroma, to promote absorption of deposit (Wa.). Digitalis, may be 
 useful in general capillary atheroma; cautiously ! (W.). Cod-liver Oil, with 
 phosphates, hypophosphites, or the lacto-phosphate of lime, in combination (B.). 
 [Compare Aneurism.] 
 
 Atrophy. 
 
 Cod-liver Oil, has proved beneficial (Wa.). Olive Oil, by inunction, every 
 12, 6, or 4 hours, successfully employed (Wa.) Arsenic, has had remarkable 
 success in muscular atrophy (Tr.). Electricity, in progressive muscular atrophy, 
 the induced current very strong at first, then weaker as improvement; interrupted 
 currents from vertebral column and plexuses to nerves of affected muscles; in 
 more extended forms, the constant current to the nerves, the induced to the 
 muscles (Ros.). Massage, removes the waste products and restores the muscular 
 power (Br.). [Compare Emaciation, Locomotor Ataxia.] 
 
 Balanitis. 
 
 Mercury, Hydr. Chlor. Corr. gr. j to ^jss aquae calcis, as lotion, if not much 
 inflammation (Br.). Oil, on linen, to inflamed part, beneath foreskin, which 
 must be again drawn forward; strict cleanliness. Astringent Lotions, Alum, 
 Sulphate of Zinc, with warm water injections (Br.). Lime-water, the best lotion 
 if much inflammation (D.). Tannin, in alcohol, equal parts, as dressing after 
 washing with a weak solution of common salt. Carbolic Acid, a 5 per cent, 
 solution, on cotton rag after washing, thrice daily, is generally sufficient. [Com¬ 
 pare Phimosis, Gonorrhoea.] 
 
 (V 
 
BED-SORES-BILIOUSNESS. 
 
 495 
 
 Bed-sores. 
 
 Alcohol, Brandy, or eau-de-cologne, to harden skin of parts exposed to pres¬ 
 sure (R.) ; as wash to parts threatened (B.). Glycerin, or glycerin-cream, 
 rubbed over the parts exposed to pressure, after washing, morning and even¬ 
 ing, is one of the best preventives (R.). Alum, 3SS, whites of four eggs, Tinct. 
 Camphorae, ifij, an excellent application (B.). Charcoal, sprinkled over the 
 black slough, which is then covered with poultice (R.). Galvanic Couplet, of 
 zinc and silver, connected by a copper wire ; one element on sore, the other on 
 adjacent part (B.). Silver Nitrate, a solution (gr. xx-^j) to be painted on the 
 threatened but unbroken skin, as soon as it becomes red, will prevent sores; if 
 Nitrous Ether solution be used, 5 grs. to the oz. is enough (R.). Iodoform, dusted 
 over sores (R.). Linen, air-dried better than that which is ironed or mangled, 
 by reason of its greater softness. 
 
 Biliousness. 
 
 Podophyllum, acts as a cathartic (B.); corrects deficient secretion of bile, espe¬ 
 cially in children and infants ; gr. ^ to y 1 ^, every six hours, to correct white or 
 clayey stools ; also in general hepatic derangement (P.). Aconite, in occa¬ 
 sional doses, improves the effect of Podophyllum (R.). Mercurial Cathartics, 
 act only as purgatives, Calomel gr. j-x, or Pil. Hydrarg. gr. v-x ; Mercury 
 as purgative restricted to cases where there is excess or deficiency of bile (B.). 
 Frequent small doses of gray powder for deficiency (R.) ; Calomel, gr. iij, fol¬ 
 lowed by gij each of Rochelle and Epsom Salts, when the tongue is heavily 
 coated and furred (Gross). Yellow Oxide of Mercury, in doses of gr. to 
 in trituration with sugar of milk, exceedingly efficient in many disordered con¬ 
 ditions of the alimentary canal and its appendages (Schaffer). Bryonia, is 
 worthy of commendation in the ordinary bilious headache with vomiting, and 
 in general hepatic derangement known as sluggish liver (P.). Hydrastis, gtt. 
 v-xv fl. ext. daily before meals, when with chronic gastric catarrh and dys¬ 
 pepsia (B.). Mineral Acids, before meals, Hydrochloric Acid and Pepsin after 
 meals, in atonic dyspepsia (B.). Stillingia, when deficient biliary secretion (B.); 
 may be used in place of Mercury (Br.) Ammonium Iodide, gr. j-iij in water each 
 2, 3, or 4 hours, when catarrh of duodenum and biliary ducts (B.). Ammonium 
 Chloride, is much employed in Germany for hepatic derangements, and with 
 good success. Euonymus, is considered very efficient by many practitioners 
 in cases of hepatic dyspepsia, or “bilious attacks,” so-called. Manganese, 
 gouty subjects. Rhubarb, as a cholagogue. Aloes, with constipation. Angos¬ 
 tura, is suitable to worst forms of bilious fevers (P.). Calumba, is of benefit in 
 many forms (P.). Alkalies, and their laxative salts, when bilious state, with 
 uric acid diathesis (B.). Milk-cure, in obstinate cases ; buttermilk or skimmed 
 milk often agrees best (B.). [Compare Dyspepsia, Hepatic Congestion, 
 Duodenal Catarrh.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Stillingiae FL,.£v. 
 
 Tinct. Aloes,.3 ij. 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom.,.3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Twenty drops in water thrice 
 daily. (B.) 
 
 R . Ext. Euonymi,.3 ss. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami,.gr. xv. 
 
 Ext. Gentianae,.gr. vj. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xij. 
 
 Sig.—One pill every other day. 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Oxidi Flavi.gr. j. 
 
 Sacch. Lactis, q. s. 
 
 Triturat. et div. in chart, xlviij. 
 
 Sig.—One powder dry on the tongue 
 twice daily. 
 
 R. Massae Ilydrargyri, 
 
 Ext. Colocynthidis Co., aa gr. iij. 
 M. et div. in pil. ij. 
 
 Sig.—Take at once, and follow in a few 
 hours with a saline cathartic. 
 
496 
 
 BLADDER-BLEPHARITIS-BOILS. 
 
 Bladder, Irritable. 
 
 Belladonna, in nocturnal incontinence, due to relaxation of sphincter, or irri¬ 
 table mucous membrane (B.); gtt. v-xx of tinct. every 3 or 4 hours give gradual 
 but sure relief (P.). Cantharis, in women, without acute inflammation (B.) ; 
 on coughing (R.). Benzoic Acid, when from enlarged prostate, removes fetor 
 of urine; also renders phosphatic or alkaline urine acid (P.). Ammonium Ben¬ 
 zoate, may be used instead of Benzoic Acid (Br.) Gelsemium, the best remedy 
 for irritable bladder of women of hysterical type, with constant desire to urinate 
 (B.). Cubebs, is often successful in women, but Cantharides generally better 
 (B.) ; is of especial value when vesical catarrh present (P.). Aqua-puncture, 
 strange to say, has been used with considerable success (B.). Cannabis Indica, 
 in spasm of the bladder, and in irritable conditions of that organ is generally 
 useful. Eucalyptol, is often very efficient, but frequently fails, tr^ij on sugar 
 two or three times a day. [Compare Cystitis, Dysuria, Enuresis, Lithiasis, 
 Calculi, Urinary Disorders.] 
 
 R . Tinct. Gelsemii. . 
 Sodii Bromidi, . 
 Ext. Tritici Fluidi, 
 
 Prescription. 
 
 Sig.—A teaspoonful in water every four 
 hours, for irritable bladder. 
 
 Bladder, Paralysis of, 
 
 Cannabis Indica, in retention from spinal disease (R.). Ergot, in paralytic 
 dysuria, especially when sensation of bladder being only partially emptied 
 (P.); when incontinence from paralytic sphincter, and in paralysis from over 
 distention (B., Wa.). Arnica, has proved curative (P.). Strychnine, gr.^ to ^ 
 useful (B.). Cantharides, often given with excellent effect, when bladder atonic 
 (Wa.). Galvanism, may greatly benefit (B.); electro-magnetic current from 
 the bladder to the spine, of great use (Wa.). 
 
 Blepharitis. 
 
 Pulsatilla, internally and externally (P., B.). Mercury, after detaching crusts, 
 rub in brown citrine ointment (B.); should be diluted with vaseline or simple 
 ointment (Br.). Tannin, powdered, or tannic acid solution, gr. j-x to the 5 
 (B.). Alum, after acute symptoms subside (B.).; a solution, gr. viij-^j aquae, 
 every % or % hour, an excellent application (R.). Hydrastis, as lotion, very 
 serviceable (P.). Bismuth, equal parts of the subnitrate and glycerin to the 
 inflamed surface, in ciliary and glandular blepharitis (Wa.). Ergot, the fluid 
 extract locally, gives excellent results (B.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Aluminis,.gr. x 
 
 Aquee Rosae,.5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion for the eyelids. (B.) 
 
 R. Unguent. Hydrarg. Nitrat., %]. 
 
 Vaselince Albae,.^iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ointment for the margins of 
 the eyelids. 
 
 Boils. 
 
 Belladonna, as plaster, to subdue inflammation, or use lint wetted with Atro¬ 
 pine, gr. iv, Aquae Rosae, 5j (B.); with Glycerin locally, to allay pain ; inter¬ 
 nally often successful (R., Wa.). Sulphides, in small doses (gr. ^ to of Calx 
 Sulphurata) every hour or two, or Sulphurous Mineral Waters will abort or 
 mature, and aid to expel pus (B., R.) ; of no use in the boils of diabetes (R.). 
 Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, for the tendency, gtt. x-xv, in plenty of water thrice 
 daily. Silver Nitrate, gr. v—XX-5J of nitrous ether, painted over adjacent part, 
 to abort; specific if used early (B., R.). Arsenic, long-continued for succes- 
 
497 
 
 BONE-BREATH-BRIGHT’S DISEASE. 
 
 sion of boils (B.); to lessen tendency to recurrence (Br.). Opium, a thick 
 extract locally (R.). Camphorated Alcohol, smeared over boils in the earliest 
 stage, then, when skin dry, smear with camphorated oil, to abort (R.). Sodium 
 Phosphate, the best remedy for the systemic condition which produces boils 
 (R.). Carbolic Acid, undiluted, on a thread passed through centre of boil while 
 recent, will abort it. Counter-irritation, by blisters or Iodine around the boil 
 (R.). Collodion, at papular or pustular stage (R.). Salicylic Acid, locally to 
 destroy the parasitic organism (staphylococcus pyogenes), on which boils de¬ 
 pend. See formula below. (Heitzmann.) Hydrarg. Biniodide, the oint. 
 locally, with Calcium Sulphide, gr. j daily in divided doses internally, leaves 
 little to be desired so far as treatment is concerned. Poultices to assist matu¬ 
 ration and allay pain, may be'smeared over with Belladonna or Opium (R.). 
 [Compare Acne, Carbuncle.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Calcis Sulphurat., . . . . gr. iij. 
 Sacch. Lactis, q. s. 
 
 Triturat et. div. in chartas xxx. 
 
 Sig.—One powder every 2 hours. 
 
 R. Acidi Salicylici,.^ij. 
 
 Emplast. Saponat., . . . . ^ ij. 
 Emplast. Diachyl., . . . . 
 
 Sig.—Ointment. ( Heitzmann .) 
 
 Bone, Diseases of. 
 
 Iodine, in scrofulous affections of bones, should be used locally, with the 
 iodide ot iron or cod liver oil internally, nutritious diet, wine, out-door exercise 
 (Wa.). Cod-liver Oil, in scrofulous affections, may be relied on if perseveringly 
 used, and accompanied by good hygienic conditions (Wa.). [Compare Caries, 
 Exostosis, Nodes, Periostitis, Rachitis, Spina Bifida, etc.] 
 
 Breath, Fetid. 
 
 Potass. Permang., gr. j-^j aquae rosae, as a wash for the mouth (B.). Chlo¬ 
 rine, as solution of chlorinated lime, to remove fetor (B.). Carbolic Acid, a 
 dilute solution, as wash for mouth (W.). Camphor, is used as a corrective (R.). 
 Look for bad teeth, disordered digestion ; in very offensive cases, gangrenous 
 lungs, cleanliness of teeth and mouth are essential. Thymol, in solution, as a 
 mouth-wash, is very efficient in removing the odor of tobacco from the breath. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Calcis Chlorat.,.5 iij. 
 
 Aqute Destillatae, 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa 3 ij. 
 
 Olei Rosae,.rt^R. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful in a glassful of 
 water as a lotion for the mouth. (B.) 
 
 R. Acidi Salicylici,. ’Z). 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acet., . . . :jiij. 
 
 Glycerini,.]|j. 
 
 Aquae, q. s. act 5 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablespoonful every six 
 hours. ( Robinson .) 
 
 Bright’s Disease, Acute. 
 
 Aconite, should be given immediately on the appearance of the nephritis in 
 scarlatina (R.); as a diuretic, advocated (P.). Cantharis, after subsidence of 
 the acute stage, one-minim dose every 3 hours will stop the hematuria (R., 
 B.). Digitalis, (infusion ^ss) the best remedy in renal dropsy from acute 
 desquamative nephritis (B.); only diuretic as long as dropsy lasts (R.). Can¬ 
 nabis Indica, as diuretic; is especially useful when bloody urine (R.). Eu¬ 
 calyptus, sometimes effective; cautiously, or it will aggravate symptoms (B.). 
 Hyoscyamus, in irritable kidneys (P.); may be substituted for Belladonna 
 (Wa.). Jaborandi, is much used (Da Costa); large doses very depressant to 
 the heart, but rr^v-x of the fluid extract every half-hour or hour will produce 
 sweating. It may be combined with tinct. of Digitalis (A. A. Smith); or the 
 Nitrate of Pilocarpine, to excite skin when symptoms urgent, gr. to yi for 
 
49 8 
 
 bright’s disease, chronic. 
 
 adult (B.). Turpentine, in drop or half-drop doses every 2 to 4 hours, controls 
 the dropsy in a remarkable manner (P.); hot turpentine epithems are service¬ 
 able, but may increase the action of the kidneys (Wa.). Belladonna, has 
 often proved useful (P.); may be used with benefit (Wa.). Jalap, the com¬ 
 pound powder is the most generally useful purgative, used in the early morn¬ 
 ing, to produce free watery evacuations, when uraemic symptoms supervene 
 (B.). Gallic Acid, checks albuminuria (B.). [See Albuminuria, for formula.] 
 Juniper, as diuretic; often aggravates (P.). Poultices, large, of linseed meal, 
 made light and soft as possible, beneficial (Wa.). Cupping, in lumbar region, 
 ameliorates acute desq. nephritis, and congestion of the kidney (B.); cupping 
 or leeches over the loins, with opiates freely, diluents, and demulcents, with 
 rest and an antiphlogistic regimen, often suffice (Wa.). Vapor-bath or Warm 
 Pack, to increase the action of the skin (B.). Diluents, as milk, and cream-of- 
 tartar in solution, should be used freely to relieve the congestion and remove 
 obstructions from the tubules (B.). Iron, after the acute symptoms have sub¬ 
 sided, as a ionic, the most suitable preparation being Basham’s mixture, the 
 now official Mist. Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, in 5SS doses thrice daily. (Da 
 Costa). [Compare Albuminuria, Hematuria, Uremia.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Potassii Acetatis.3 ijss. 
 
 Infusi Digitalis, .... 5 lij. 
 
 Infusi Juniperi, .... i*iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every 2 to 4 hours 
 
 as a diuretic. 
 
 R . Pulv. Jalapse Comp., . . 3 iv. 
 Div. in chartulas no. iv. 
 
 Sig.—One in water before breakfast. 
 
 o 
 
 bt. Mist. Ferri et Ammonii Ace¬ 
 tatis, . .'.]|viij. 
 
 Sig.— A tablesp. thrice daily, as soon as 
 hematuria disappears. 
 
 bt. Ext. Pilocarpi FI., . . . % ss. 
 
 Vini Ipecac.,.gjss. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae,.3 j. 
 
 Aq. Cinnamomi, ... ad % ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every four hours 
 until free diaphoresis. 
 
 Bright’s Disease, Chronic. 
 
 Milk-cure, has been very successful; skim-milk alone for some time, then 
 gradual addition of other diet (B.). Water, in large draughts, as diuretic, 
 when excretion of solids is deficient (Br.); hot fomentations to lumbar region 
 (B.). Lead, diminishes the albumen (R.). Gallic Acid, to lessen the albu¬ 
 minuria. See under Albuminuria for formula (A.). Hydrastis, lessens excre¬ 
 tion of albumen (B.). Potassium Bitartrate, to prevent dangerous accumula¬ 
 tions in cellular tissue or important cavities, also to draw off effete matters; 
 care must be used as it is a brisk purgative, and is weakening (R.); in form of 
 “ cream-of-tartar lemonade,” an agreeable diuretic (B.). Jalap, the compound 
 powder occasionally, as derivative cathartic, to relieve the kidneys (Da Costa.) 
 Nitro-glycerin, rtp T i^- to dilate peripheral vessels, relieves the heart and the 
 renal congestion, and diminishes albumen (B.). Fuchsin, in doses of gr. vij-xv 
 daily, used with considerable success in different stages of the disorder, and was 
 well borne (Riess). Oleum Erigerontis, lessens albumen, lowers vascular ten¬ 
 sion, improves general condition, and favorably influences the headache, nausea, 
 and other uraemic symptoms (B.). Tartrates, excellent diuretics (R.). Cod- 
 liver Oil, is very useful (R.). Baths, warm and Turkish, when uraemic symp¬ 
 toms and dropsy; discretion needful, as baths may weaken (R.). Cannabis 
 Indica, as diuretic when bloody urine (R.). Turpentine, sometimes given in 
 very small doses as a diuretic, and to check hematuria (R.); half-drop or drop 
 doses every 2 to 4 hours very successful in dropsy with albuminous urine de¬ 
 pending on non-desquamative disease of the kidneys. Jaborandi, in uraemia 
 is very satisfactory (B.); large doses very depressant to the heart (A. A. Smith); 
 up xx of the fluid extract ter in die if the urine decreases much (Da Costa). 
 
BRONCHIECTASIS-BRONCHITIS, ACUTE. 
 
 499 
 
 Iron, to improve digestion and correct anaemia ; the tinct. of the chloride or 
 tinct. ferri acetatis preferred (B.) ; in chronic tubular nephritis with cardiac 
 hypertrophy the mist, ferri et ammonii acetatis, ^ss ter in die, with an occa¬ 
 sional vapor-bath (DaCosta). Chimaphila, has power over various forms of 
 nephritic disease, especially when albuminuria present (P.). Eucalyptus, in 
 chronic desquamative nephritis, cautiously used will cause improvement (B.). 
 Elaterium, for the dropsy, as a derivative cathartic : must be cautiously used 
 (R.). Bromides, are useful in the convulsions (R.). See Uremia. Potassium 
 Iodide, has improved some cases, which were possibly due to syphilis (R.). 
 Aurum, the chloride in pill, gr. fa to fa ter in die, persistently, in the chronic 
 interstitial nephritis, to arrest hyperplasia of the connective tissue ; may be 
 combined with Arsenic, which has a similar influence (B.). Mercuric Chloride, 
 acts in the same manner, gr. fa bis die (DaCosta). Food, should be nourish¬ 
 ing, particularly suitable are milk, eggs and rare beef (Da Costa). Buffalo 
 Lithia Water, of Virginia, has many advocates. [Compare Dropsy, Uraemia.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 (Compare those under Bright’s Disease, Acute.) 
 
 R. Strychninse Sulphatis, . . . . gr. l /-. 
 Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Acidi Acetici,.3jss. 
 
 Cura^oae,. fa). 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acetat., . . ad Jvj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every 6 hours, fol¬ 
 lowed by a glass of water. For the anaemia. 
 
 R. Tinct. Nitro-glycerini, . . . £j. 
 
 Sig.—One drop, gradually increased to 
 
 five, four times daily on sugar. (B.) 
 
 R. Auri et Sodii Chlor., . . . . gr. jss. 
 Aquae Destillatae..i-iv. 
 
 Solve. Sig.—A teasp. ter in die. 
 
 Bronchiectasis. 
 
 Quinine, the most useful remedy as a tonic (B.). Phosphates, are undoubt¬ 
 edly useful, so also are the Hypophosphites, (B.). Chlorine, in solution as a 
 stimulant and deodorizer, or as inhalation to lessen fetor (Br.). Palliation of 
 the cough and expectoration, with care of the general health of the patient, is 
 all that can be accomplished. [Compare Emphysema.] 
 
 Bronchitis, Acute. 
 
 Aconite, gtt. ss-j every hour (B.) ; in catarrh and bronchitis of measles (R.). 
 Tartar Emetic, first stage, gr. fa to fa, especially if cough is violent (B.) ;— 
 gr. j to a quart of water, a teasp. of this every hour for the wheezing and 
 cough of slight bronchitis in children (A. A. Smith) ;—gr. % to every 2 or 
 3 hours (R.). Ipecacuanha, as wine, when expectoration profuse and difficult 
 to expel (R.); dry stage (P.) ; Ipecac, when secretion is scanty and dry; Squill, 
 when the secretion, though copious, is difficult to expel (Brunton). Lobelia, 
 as expectorant (B.) ; for paroxysmal dyspnoea (R.). Sanguinaria, after subsi¬ 
 dence of acute symptoms, as expectorant (B.); very successful (P.). Quinine, 
 to reduce temperature (R.). Colchicum, useful when gouty diathesis (P.). 
 Opium. Morphine and quinine combined, or Dover’s powder, to abort an 
 attack ; also with expectorants to allay cough (B.). Frequent and violent 
 coughs, without obstructed oxidation ; also to check excessive secretion (R.). 
 As sudorific very useful, grs. x of Dover’s powder (P.). Carbolic Acid, as 
 spray, a 5 per cent, solution with steam atomizer, prompt and efficient. Apo- 
 morphine, the hydrochlorate in doses of gr. fa every 3 hours, the best of all 
 expectorants. Cimicifuga, an excellent expectorant, and useful when acute 
 symptoms have subsided (B.). Nitric Acid, n\,x of dilute acid relieve (B.). 
 Asafcetida or Ammoniacum, the last best, in bronchitis with wheezing of old 
 people (R.). Asafcetida, is an excellent stimulant of respiration, especially 
 when the capillaries have become clogged with the products of inflammation, 
 and suffocation seems imminent. Here also the Cold Bath is a means of 
 enabling the patient to expel the mucus, the equal of which has not been yet 
 
500 
 
 BRONCHITIS, CAPILLARY. 
 
 advanced. The cold bath may be used for even very young infants, and 
 should be but momentary (W.). Ammonium Carbonate, when the expectora¬ 
 tion is profuse, and the condition low (R.). Ammonium Acetate, from its sudor¬ 
 ific action is always indicated, especially in children (Dessau). See formula 
 below. Cubebs, very useful, especially when secretion copious and system 
 relaxed (P.). Copaiba, after subsidence of the fever, the most serviceable ex¬ 
 pectorant, but nauseous (B.). Counter-irritants, mustard as poultice (large), 
 with linseed or oatmeal, or both, very useful (R.). Iron, Lead, Zinc Oxide! 
 to check profuse secretion (R.). Heat to chest by linseed poultices, of great 
 service. Diet, should be light and in liquid form. Temperature of atmosphere 
 in room about 8o° F., and the air moistened by steam. [Compare Cough.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Antim. et Pot. Tart., . . . . gr. ij. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acet., . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, . . . . ~j. 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti,.3 ss. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, . . . q.s. ad Jvj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every 2 or 3 
 hours. In first stage. 
 
 R. Liq. Ammon. Acetat., . . . 5 iv, 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, 
 
 Syr. Ipecac.,.aa 3 iss. 
 
 Syr. Senegae,.3 j. 
 
 Syr. Limonis,.j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every 3 hours 
 for children. (Dessau.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Aconiti,.rtLviij. 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi,.3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every y hour 
 for 2 hours, then every hour. In acute in¬ 
 flammatory form. 
 
 R. Vini Ipecac.,.^ij. 
 
 Liq. Potassii Citratis, . . . . 3 iv. 
 Tinct. Opii Camphorat., 
 
 Syr. Acaciae,. aa ^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. ter die. In first stage 
 of ordinary acute bronchitis. (Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Ext. Cimicifugae FI., . . . . ^ss. 
 Tinct. Opii Deodorat., . . . . p, ). 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,. ad £ ij 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every 4 hours. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Sanguinariae, 
 
 Tinct. Lobelias,.aa %j. 
 
 Vini Ipecac.,.^ij. 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani, . . . q. s. ad 3 iv. 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 3 hours. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Apomorph. Hydrochlor., . . gr. y 
 Ac. Hydrochlor. Dil., . . . rr\nj. 
 
 Syrupi Senegas,.^ v. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,. p > ). 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every 2 hours. 
 For a child of 3 years as expectorant. 
 Should be put up in a blue bottle. 
 
 R. Ext. Eriodyctii FI.,.3 vj. 
 
 Ext. Senegae FI.,. g iv. 
 
 Syr.Pruni Virginian., . . . . p ij. 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful every 3 hours. 
 
 Bronchitis, Capillary. 
 
 Ipecacuhana, as emetic, preferred to tartar emetic in capillary bronchitis of 
 very young or very old (B.) ; as wine, when expectoration profuse and difficult 
 to expel (R.). In very young infants should be used in place of antimony 
 (M. & P.). Squill, as expectorant, may be used with benefit (Wa.). Antimony, 
 sulphurated, gr. T x ^ in combination with Dover’s powder, every 2 or 3 hours, 
 when the temperature very high, and pulse full and strong. Must be stopped as 
 soon as nausea and vomiting begin (M. & P.). Lobelia, for paroxysmal dysp¬ 
 noea (R.). Ammonium Carbonate, when expectoration profuse and strength 
 diminishing ; in severe bronchitis or broncho-pneumonia of children, especially 
 when prostrate and livid (R.) ; has probably a specific action on the diseased 
 tissue and its products (Clymer.). Ammonium Iodide, in small, rapid doses, 
 often gives great relief to the catarrhal process (Da Costa) ; often gives the 
 most astonishing relief (B.). Ammonium Muriate, gr. ij every 2 hours, either 
 alone or with potassic chlorate (Clymer). Serpentaria, in capillary bronchitis 
 of children gives excellent results (B.). Turpentine, one of the best stimulants 
 when vital powers are depressed and peripheral circulation feeble (B.). Cam- 
 
I 
 
 BRONCHITIS, CHRONIC. 
 
 501 
 
 phor, to allay cough and promote expectoration (B.). Hydrocyanic Acid, for 
 cough and tendency to spasm. Hydrarg. Subsulph. effective as emetic (B.). 
 Mustard, as poultice or bath, useful (R.);—the most important part of the treat¬ 
 ment (M. & P.). Poultices, to encirqle the whole chest in children (R.). A 
 jacket of cotton-wool around the chest. Steam, by inhalation, may be impreg¬ 
 nated with sedatives, or with carbolic acid ;—is of great importance (M. & P.). 
 Quinine, in that form of capillary bronchitis occurring in tropical climates, and 
 where marked debility (M. & P.). Stimulants, are often necessary, especially 
 in the suffocative form, and where marked prostration (M. & P.). Emetics are 
 necessary when suffocative symptoms become prominent. [Compare Cough.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 pc. Ext. Serpentaria FI., . . . t ^ss. 
 
 Ammonii Carb.,.£ ij. 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,.jjjss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2, 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Quininae Sulph.,.gr. vj. 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Dil.,.ir^xi). 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,.jfss. 
 
 Aquae,.3 ijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 hours to child 
 of 2 or 3 years; older children require 
 more quinine. (M. & P.) 
 
 R. Liq. Ammonii Acet., . . . ^ss. 
 
 Syr. Ipecac.,. gj. 
 
 Liq. Morp Sulph. 
 
 (gr. j ad £j), . . . . TT\xl. 
 
 Syr. Acaciae,.3 j. 
 
 Aquae,.Sj ss - 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 hours for a 
 child 2 years old. When surface pale and 
 expression languid, skin cool. (M. & P.) 
 
 R. Ammonii Iodidi, .... ,"j-ij. 
 
 Ammonii Carb.,.3 ij—iij. 
 
 Syr. Glycyrrhizae, . . . . ^ij. 
 
 Syr. Tolutani.,3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 or 3 hours. 
 
 Bronchitis, Chronic. 
 
 Antimony, when expectoration copious and difficult to expel (R.). Arsenic, 
 where emphysema, in cigarettes (B.). [See ante, Asthma, for formula.] Sul¬ 
 phur, gr. v-x, in severe cases, with abundant discharge, especially where con¬ 
 stitutional debility (R.). Sulphurous Acid Gas, inhalations, or the acid in form 
 of spray, sometimes beneficial (B., R.). Lobelia, for paroxysmal dyspnoea (R.). 
 Ammonium Chloride, combined with stimulating expectorants, such as Serpen¬ 
 taria, Sanguinaria, or Eucalyptus (B.);—when secretion is thick and abundant, 
 may be applied by an atomizer (R.). Carbolic Acid as inhalation of spray, 1 
 part to 100 of water; may be combined with tincture iodine (B. R.). A 5 per 
 cent, solution in steam atomizer as inhalation. Hydrastis, fluid extract, locally 
 and internally (B.); of great value internally and externally in chronic coryza 
 (P.). Senega, especially in the aged (R.). Iodine, by inhalation, sometimes 
 used (R.) ;—the Iodides, especially the iodide of ammonium, are very service¬ 
 able in combination with expectorants (B.). Colchicum, in gouty subjects (R.). 
 Balsams of Peru, and Tolu, when copious secretion of pus (R.). Ammonia, 
 inhalation, to lessen expectoration (R.). Oleum Anthemidis, in pulmonary 
 catarrh with excessive secretion and difficult expectoration, a very useful 
 remedy, hpij-iv (P.). Ammoniacum, the mistura, with chloride or carbonate of 
 ammonium, efficient in the bronchitis of old people, with wheezing and abund¬ 
 ant secretion (R.). [See Bronchorriicea, for formula.] Benzoin, 3j of the 
 compound tincture to boiling water, as inhalation; eases cough and lessens 
 expectoration (R.). Sometimes used by atomization (B.). Phosphates, for the 
 resulting cachexia (B.). Phosphate of lime (R.). Serpentaria, as stimulant. 
 Alum, powdered, dusted over surface (B.). Silver Nitrate, locally (gr. v-»}j- 
 3j) on sponge probang (B.). Camphor, to allay cough and promote expectora¬ 
 tion (B.). Sumbul, has decided efficacy (P.). Opium, with expectorants, to 
 allay cough (B.). When frequent and violent cough, without any signs of ob¬ 
 structed oxidation ; also to check excessive secretion (R.). Codeine, gr. ]/6 
 
502 
 
 BR0NCH0RRHCEA. 
 
 every 3 to 6 hours, when other opiates are not well borne (P.). Ethyl Iodide, 
 by inhalation, is very valuable by reason of its local influence, rr^v-xx thrice 
 daily (B.). Grindelia, an excellent expectorant, and especially when cough is 
 troublesome (B.). Strychnine, as a respiratory stimulant and to check the re¬ 
 flex vomiting (B.). The syrup of the phosphates of iron, quinine and strych¬ 
 nine. Squill, in chronic forms with tenacious sputa, but not when fever or 
 acute inflammation (R.). The Pil. Ipecac, cum Scilla, of the Br. Ph. in 10- 
 grain doses night and morning, is a most useful remedy (Br.). Tar, diminishes 
 the secretion and allays the cough (P.); gr. ij in pill every 3 or 4 hours in 
 chronic paroxysmal winter cough (R.). Digitalis, when interstitial pneumonia 
 and general anasarca (B.). Eucalyptus, valuable in chronic cases of broncho¬ 
 pulmonary catarrh (B.). Gallic Acid, useful in some forms of chronic broncho¬ 
 pulmonary catarrh (B.). Iron, with free expectoration, mistura ferri composita ; 
 or better, the phosphate of iron, quinine, and strychnine (B.). To check pro¬ 
 fuse bronchial secretion (R.). Myrtol, in fetid bronchitis, of great value 
 (Gubler). Copaiba, when purulent secretion (R.);—for profuse secretion, the 
 best of all expectorants, but nauseous (B.). Cubebs, when profuse expectora¬ 
 tion, has similar remedial influence (B.). [See Bronchorrhcea, for formula.] 
 Terpine Hydrate, gave immediate and curative results in cases of long-stand¬ 
 ing and obstinate bronchitis, which had resisted all other treatment; gr. xlviij, 
 in Glycerin, q. s. ut. ft. solutio, Syr. Lactucarii, q. s. ad 3ij, of which a teasp. 
 every three hours (Boyland). Terebene is proving very valuable ; requires an 
 equal weight of light carbonate of magnesium to suspend it. Koomiss-cure, 
 possesses great value (B.). Cod-liver Oil, a teaspoonful ter die after meals, of 
 great service, if continued (B.) ; to control expectoration (R.). Poultices, made 
 large, of hot linseed meal to cover the chest, when congestion of lungs. Olive 
 Oil, inunctions to chest, has soothing and strengthening effects. Diet, nutri¬ 
 tious, and stimulants necessary when great prostration. Koomiss is an excel¬ 
 lent article of diet. [Compare Cough, Emphysema.] 
 
 R. Ext. Eucalypti FI.if j. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . . . gij. 
 Ext. Glycyrrhizse, . . . . £ij. 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani,.3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. 4 to 6 times daily. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Syrupi Scillse,.if ss. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Camph., . . . ^ij. 
 
 Ammoniaci,. % ss. 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani, . . . . £x. 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. p. r. n. 
 
 R. Tinct. Sanguinarire, . . . gj. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . . . gj. 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani,.3 ij. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, . . . 3 ss. 
 Aqure,.5 iijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. p. r. n. 
 
 R. Ammonii Carbonat., . . . gr. xl. 
 Infusi Serpentarite, ... 5 iv. 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every 3 hours. 
 
 R. Ammonii Chloridi., . . . % iij. 
 Syrupi Picis Liquidoe, . . if vj. 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. 4 times daily. 
 
 Bronchorrhcea. 
 
 Ammonium Iodide, often improves the condition, especially if used with 
 arsenic (B ). Oil of Eucalyptus, of great utility (B.); rr^ij ter die on sugar, or 
 see formula above. Sulphurous Acid Gas, as inhalations, or the sulphurous 
 acid as spray, sometimes improve (B.). Lead Acetate, as astringent to restrain 
 secretion (B.); gr. j —ij every 2 hours. Petroleum, crude, in capsules, has been 
 administered with rapid amelioration as the result (Blache). Grindelia, an 
 efficient remedy (B.). Iodine, as liniment, over front and back of chest (R.). 
 Spinal Ice-bag, to restrain excessive secretion (R.). Quinine, and the Phos- 
 
BRUISES-BUBO. 
 
 503 
 
 phates, also Cod-liver Oil, as restoratives (Wa.). Copaiba, the most serviceable 
 expectorant, but nauseous (B.); when copious secretion of pus (R.). Cubebs, 
 has remedial effect in chronic bronchial affections with profuse expectoration 
 (B.). Asafetida, is of great benefit (B.). Turpentine, an excellent remedy 
 when fetid expectoration ; may be used internally (tt^v) or by inhalation from 
 atomizer. Terpine Hydrate, seems to be even more efficient than turpentine, 
 in doses of gr x-xx daily. Carbolic Acid, internally (try), and by spray (gr. v 
 ad 3j aquae), often of great utility (Da Costa). Benzoin, by inhalation, for its 
 local influence. Myrtol, is largely eliminated by the lungs, and is a most valu¬ 
 able agent in bronchorrhcea and fetid bronchitis, acting as a stimulant and 
 antiseptic (Gubler) ; dose vryj in capsules (Br.). [Compare Cough.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Copaib?e, 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani, . . . . aa 3 ss. 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, . . . . 3_j. - 
 Aqu?e Menth. Pip., . . . . 3 ij. 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 4 hours. 
 
 R. Copaibae Bals. Tolutan., 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae,.aa 3 ss. 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Aromat., . . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.3vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. bis vel ter in die. 
 
 R. Ammonii Chloridi,.3_j. 
 
 Mist. Asafoetidae,.3 iv. 
 
 Misce. Sig.—Tablesp. as required. 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.3]. 
 
 Ac. Nitrici Dil .3iij. 
 
 Tinct. Belladonnae, . . . . 3_j. 
 
 Ac. Salicylici,.3 j. 
 
 Aquae Camphorae, . . .ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. in water 3 or 4 
 times daily, for fetid bronchitis. 
 
 Bruises. 
 
 Arnica, the infusion very useful as an external application for bruises and 
 cuts ; also an excellent internal remedy for internal bruises, shake, falls, blows, 
 or shock ; npv-x every 2 or 3 hours (P.); in bruises, sprains, etc. (Wa.). Aconite, 
 the liniment locally to painful sprains and bruises (Wa.). Capsicum, a strong 
 tinct. applied with gum, said to act like a charm on discolored bruises (R.). 
 Sulphurous Acid, a solution constantly applied (R.). Oil of Bay, as stimu¬ 
 lating liniment (P.). Opium, the tincture with linimentum saponis ( 3 j to 3j) 
 diligently rubbed in two or three times a day, affords great relief (Wa.). 
 
 Bubo. 
 
 Mercury, necessary in the indurated buboes diagnostic of syphilis (Ricord) : 
 the powder of calomel locally applied for indolent buboes refusing to heal after 
 opening (H.). Nitric Acid, indolent and broken bubo (R.). Sulphides, are 
 less useful in maturating than in the case of ordinary boils or abscesses (R.); to 
 check suppuration (St.). Iodoform, locally, has proved useful (Wa.). Iodine, 
 applied to produce vesication around a bubo, relieves inflammation (R.) ; freely 
 every day, with rest and compression, to cause absorption (St.). Silver Nitrate, 
 lightly to surface, to stimulate indolent buboes (Wa.). Potassio-tartrate of Iron, 
 30 parts to 250 aquae destil., three tablesp. daily ; also as lotion to sore (Ricord); 
 phagedena (St.). Tartar Emetic, gr. j every two hours reduces inflammation 
 in many cases (Wa.). Ice, greatly relieves (E.). Surgical.—Open freely with 
 a bistoury when suppurating; if pus is virulent, the open bubo is a chancroid, 
 and must be treated as such (Keyes). Pressure, by compressed sponge under 
 a spica bandage, or a shot bag, the best local treatment for indolent bubo 
 {Keyes); in all cases cleanliness, rest in recumbent posture, emollient poul- 
 ices. Diet, should be generous, with cod-liver oil, in phagedenic bubo. 'The 
 treatment of Syphilitic Bubo is that of general syphilis, local measures are use¬ 
 less, and no treatment called for until a general eruption appears (Keyes). 
 [Compare Chancroid, Syphilis.] 
 
504 
 
 BUNION-BURNS-BURSITIS-CACHEXIA. 
 
 Bunion. 
 
 Iodine paint, or Emplastrum Hydrargyri, for indolent form, thick but not 
 tender (D.). Rest, fomentations, and anti-arthritic remedies for thickened 
 bunion ; burst it by pressure if recent and sac thin (D.). [Compare Bursitis,] 
 
 Burns and Scalds. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, i part to 30 of lin. calcis, or 1 part to 6 of olive oil ; the latter 
 speedily relieves pain, and promotes healing without suppuration (Wa.); 1 part 
 to 10 of olive oil, applied on layers of cotton batting, the best application for 
 burns of all degrees. Boracic Acid, a saturated watery solution, used with 
 great success by Lister (B.). Lead Carbonate, white lead paint, an excellent 
 application to burns of small extent (B.). Salicylic Acid, 3 j—3viij ol. olivae is 
 an efficient local application (B.). Collodion, flexible, to burns of first degree 
 (B., R., P.). Phytolacca, relieves pain (B.). Lime, as lime-water and oil, equal 
 parts (R.); or lime-water with linseed oil, a favdrite application (P.). Rhus 
 Toxicoden., externally 5 to the pint, in superficial but extensive burns (P.). 
 Cantharis, the tincture diluted with 40 parts of water and applied on rags, is a 
 most excellent application. Sodium Carbonate, in solution as lotion, immedi¬ 
 ately relieves pain and promotes rapid healing. Turpentine, in dangerous 
 cases, where great constitutional depression (P.) ; as wash to severe burns, then 
 locally basilicon ointment mixed with turpentine (B.). Cotton-wool, to allay 
 pain and exclude air (P.). Warm Bath, immerse for some days (R.)exclu¬ 
 sion of air the main indication (H.) Pinus Canadensis, the concentrated 
 extract, painted on freely, relieves the pain effectually. 
 
 Lime and Linseed. 
 
 R . Olei Lini,. 
 
 Aquas Calcis,. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply on sheet 
 
 cover with oiled silk. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 S V1 J- 
 
 Sp¬ 
 
 lint, and 
 
 R. Iodoformi,. 7,]. 
 
 Cetacei,. p ) ). 
 
 Ext. Conii Alcohol., . . . . gr. xl. 
 
 Acidi Carbolici,.gtt. x. 
 
 M. Sig.—Spread on lint and cover the 
 parts therewith. 
 
 R . Sodii Carbonatis, .... 5 vj. 
 
 Aquae,.Oiij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply freely for 3 days on 
 old cloths or lint. 
 
 R. Pulv. Carbonis Ligni, . . . ^viij. 
 
 Sig.—To be dusted thickly over the 
 burned parts. 
 
 Bursitis. 
 
 Iodine, painted on outside, after removal of fluid with aspirator (D.) ; after 
 blistering (Wa.) Blisters, in rheumatic enlargement of bursae, are almost 
 indispensable for a rapid cure (Wa.). Fomentations, with rest, to relieve pain 
 and swelling. If unavailing, a crucial incision into the bursa, care being taken 
 not to open the capsule of the knee (D.). Excision, when chronic, tumor hard, 
 resisting other measures (C.). 
 
 Cachexiae. 
 
 Lime, the phosphate, in scrofulous affections and anaemia (Wa.); in phthisis, 
 and affections marked by mal-nutrition (B.). Iron, in splenic, syphilitic, and 
 strumous, and especially in all anaemic states; also in the malarial and phthis¬ 
 ical; chalybeate waters (B.). The ammonio-citrate the best tonic in the ca¬ 
 chexia of gastric ulcers, especially in chlorotic females (Wa.). Arsenic, a 
 prompt remedy in the malarial cachexia; also in cancerous of real value 
 (Wa.). Hydrastine, in paludal and splenic cachexiae, stands in high esteem 
 (B.). Nitric Acid, is adapted to the cachexia following acute disease or intern- 
 
CALCULI. 
 
 505 
 
 perance ; also as alterative after long course of mercury (Wa.). Potassium 
 Iodide, in constitutional syphilis, and resulting affections of bones and skin 
 (Wa.). Mercury, in the syphilitic ; but its utility much questioned (Wa.). 
 Aurum, in cancerous, mercurial, and syphilitic cachexias, especially when 
 bones, glands, and oculo-nasal mucous membrane affected. Phosphates, in 
 bone diseases, wasting, bronchitic, leucorrhceic, etc. (B.). Arnica, in very 
 developed cachexiae, has excitant action on the nervous system (Wa.). Euca¬ 
 lyptus, a serviceable tonic and stimulant in cachectic states generally (B.). 
 Manganese, the syrup of the iodine of iron and manganese in anaemic, syphi¬ 
 litic, strumous, malarial, cancerous, etc. (B.). Grape-cure, often modifies most 
 happily many conditions (P.). Air, in good condition, an important element 
 (B.). Water, the Turkish bath and wet pack as aids to remedial action, in 
 plumbic, mercurial and paludal (B.). Oils and Fats, to promote constructive 
 metamorphosis in many cachexiae, especially cod-liver oil (B.); the latter a 
 most valuable remedy in scrofula, phthisis, atrophy, tubercular and jail ca¬ 
 chexiae, anaemia, etc. (Wa.). Massage, has been productive of remarkable 
 results in many forms of cachexiae (B.). Aliment, of prime importance (B.). 
 [Compare the various titles. Anaemia, Scrofula, Syphilis, etc., and the 
 formulae for tonics, on pages 484 and 488, ante.] 
 
 Calculi, Biliary. 
 
 Chloroform, is supposed by some to act as a solvent in 20 to 6o-drop doses 
 every 3 or 4 hours ; it cannot act as a solvent, but undoubtedly affords some 
 relief (B.); as an inhalation it may be used to relieve the pain of the paroxysm 
 (Br.). Ether and Turpentine, equal parts of each, Zj once daily for a year, is 
 Durande’s solvent remedy ; is not solvent, and as an anodyne inferior to mor¬ 
 phine or chloral (B ). Morphine, gr. % with Atropine gr. T ^, hypodermically, 
 the best anodyne for the pain and vomiting during the paroxysm (Br.). Chloral, 
 sometime relieves the pain (R.). Counter-irritants, as mustard poultices to 
 relieve the pain during the paroxysm (Br.). Olive Oil, 3ij at night, followed 
 next morning by 3 or 4 seidlitz powders an hour apart, efficient in facilitating 
 the expulsion of accumulated gall-stones. Nitro-muriatic Acid, as bath, found 
 useful in India to relieve the pain and promote expulsion of the calculus, 3iij 
 of the acid to a gallon of water (Scott.). Sodium Phosphate, in Z doses before 
 each meal for several months, to prevent recurrence (B.) ; should be given in 
 plenty of water (Br.). Sodium Salicylate, increases the secretion of bile and 
 renders it more watery. It is therefore indicated in cases where there is a 
 tendency to the formation of gall-stones (Br.). Succinate of the Peroxide of 
 Iron, hydrated, contains a large proportion of nascent oxygen, and is given in 
 teaspoonful doses after meals for several months, and resumed at intervals 
 afterwards to prevent reformation of the calculi (Buckler). Diet, is import¬ 
 ant; withhold all starches, sugars and fats, also malt liquors and spirits ; mod¬ 
 erate exercise out of doors, lean meats, eggs, fish, fruits and succulent vegetables 
 to be used freely. Mineral Waters, the alkaline are useful, especially Vichy, 
 which is deemed of great benefit. [Compare Colic, Jaundice.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Succinat. Hydrat. Ferri Per- R. Spt. Etheris Comp., . . . gij. 
 
 oxidi,.3 jss. Liquor. Magendie, .... Vtpxxx. 
 
 Aqua;,.3 v j ss . Syr. Zingiberis, . . . .ad J j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. after each meal for M. Sig.—Teasp. doses, an hour apart, 
 several months. | until pain is relieved. 
 
 Calculi, Renal and Vesical. 
 
 Alkalies, especially potassium salts, if long continued will effect solution of 
 uric acid calculi (R.) ; sodium salts should not be used (B.). Potassium Citrate, 
 in large doses for bloody urine containing uric acid crystals (R.) ; the citrate 
 
506 
 
 CANCER. 
 
 and carbonate of potassium are the most desirable solvents for uric acid 
 gravel (Sir H. Thompson). Potassium Tartra-borate, if long used, is very 
 efficient as a solvent for uric acid calculi (B.). Potassium salts are much more 
 efficient than those of Lithium as solvents for uric acid (Prof. Rogers). Alka¬ 
 line Mineral Waters, those rich in potassium preferred, especially Vichy (B.). 
 Ammonium Benzoate, long-continued, will dissolve phosphatic calculi (B.). 
 Ammonium Biborate, will prevent attacks of colic where uric-acid calculi, in 
 20-grain doses every two hours until free urination, then gr. 15 thrice daily in a 
 glass of flaxseed tea. Magnesium Boro-citrate, is a good solvent of uric acid 
 calculi (Madsen). Lithium Citrate, to promote oxidation (Da Costa). Hy¬ 
 drangea, in decoction, used by the Cherokees in all calculous affections with 
 uniform success (Butler). Lead Acetate, gr. y 2 to the 5 of distilled water, in¬ 
 jected into the bladder to prevent formation of phosphatic calculi, or a solu¬ 
 tion of Dilute HC 1 Acid, up ij-iij to the 5 (Sir H. Thompson). Nitric Acid, 
 very dilute, as injection for phosphatic calculi (R.); gtt. j to the 3, as injection 
 into the bladder in chronic cystitis and phosphatic deposits (B.). Cotton-root, in 
 decoction, as a demulcent for strangury and graVel (P.). Castor Oil, of value as 
 a purgative (P.). Calumba, to relieve the vomiting (P.). Counter-irritants, as 
 mustard-poultices, or turpentine stupes, to relieve pain of the paroxysm (R.). 
 Anaesthetics, for the same purpose (B.). Morphine, hypodermically, as an ano¬ 
 dyne and to relieve the vomiting (B.). Hot Fomentations, to alleviate spasm 
 and pain while calculus is passing. Diet. Restrict the use of sugar in any 
 form or combination, also fats and alcoholic beverages. Fresh, green vege¬ 
 tables may be used freely, also skimmed milk or buttermilk. Mineral waters, 
 preferably Vichy, Friedrichshall and Carlsbad. Frequent abstinence from 
 animal food. Lemon-juice and soft water in large draughts, are useful. Sur¬ 
 gical Measures.—Lithotomy or Lithotrity for removal of stone from bladder. 
 Solvents are of no use except for a very small calculus, and even then a con¬ 
 siderable time must be occupied in the process. No operation in surgery more 
 certainly safe, rapid and successful than lithotrity (Sir H. Thompson.) [Com¬ 
 pare Colic, Lithiasis, Oxaluria, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Magnesium Boro-citrate. 
 
 R. Magnesii Carbonat., . . . 3j. 
 
 Sodii Biborat., 
 
 Acidi Citrici,.aa zij. 
 
 Aquee Bullientis, .... 5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablespoonful 3 or 4 times 
 daily. (B.) 
 
 Potassium Tartra-borate. 
 
 R. Potassii Bitariratis, .... partes iv. 
 
 Ac. Borici,.partem j. 
 
 Aquae,.partes x. 
 
 By heating the above together, the salt 
 is obtained as a white powder, of which 
 gr. xx in a large draught of water 3 or 4 
 times daily. 
 
 Cancer. 
 
 Arsenic, in cancer of the stomach, diminishes pain and checks vomiting ; also 
 in scirrhus of stomach and epithelioma ; is believed to retard the growth of 
 uterine cancer (Br.). Arsenious acid, pure or with starch, as a caustic; enough 
 should be used to set up active inflammation (R.). Belladonna, locally and 
 internally (rrp v-x), of great benefit as palliative in severe pains of cancer (P.). 
 Conium, as poultice, and internally to relieve pain (R.) Is particularly 
 applicable to pain of cancer (P.). As palliative (Wa.). Hydrastis, has a 
 renewed interest (Pf.) Carbolic Acid, undiluted, to sore, and injected beneath 
 it, limits and retards (B.); pure, as anaesthetic, before applying caustics; with 
 glycerin, as application to fetid cancers (R.). Mercuric Chloride, in small 
 doses, long-continued, will retard the growth of gastric cancer (Da Costa.). 
 Citric Acid, 3 j— 3 viij aquae, useful in allaying pain of cancerous ulcerations 
 (Wa.). Acetic Acid, i to 3 aquae; up xxx injected into the tumors, has been 
 used with varying success (Wa.). Chloral, in gr. x doses, 3 times a day, has 
 relieved most severe pain of cancer (R.). Chloroform, as vapor to raw surface 
 
CANCRUM ORIS-CARBUNCLE. 
 
 507 
 
 (R.). Pyoctanine, or Methyl Violet, in solution, by injection into the neoplasm, 
 to bring about the shrivelling up and final disappearance of carcinoma (von 
 Mosetig). Hyoscyamus, bruised leaves, locally (P.). Bismuth, relieves pain 
 and vomiting of gastric cancer (B.). Glycerin of Tannin, with glycerin of car¬ 
 bolic acid, checks discharge and stench of uterine cancer (R.). Carbonic 
 Acid, injected up vagina in cancer of uterus, to relieve pain (R.). Iodoform, 
 applied to diseased surface, relieves pain and removes fetid odor (B., P.). 
 Resorcin, 15 parts to 20 of Vaseline as an ointment twice daily after washing 
 with a solution of pot. permanganate has successfully stopped epithelioma 
 (Antonio). Potassium Chlorate, in impalpable powder, dusted on epithelioma, 
 said to be curative (B.). Pepsin, injections into tumor (B.). Salicylic Acid, 
 pure, applied in powder (B.). Zinc Chloride, the most efficient and safe 
 escharotic. Parts j-ij-v flour, or “caustic arrows” inserted at base of tumor 
 (B )„ Potassa Fusa, as escharotic (B.). Opium, to cancerous sores. Mor¬ 
 phine, dissolved in glycerin, and spread on lint, very useful where there is 
 much pain. Opium is also used in cancer of the stomach (R ). Codeine 
 (gr. T V to y 1 ^), a good hypnotic (P.). Zinc Sulphate, dusted over, dry. An 
 excellent caustic. Remove the eschar by poultice (B.) Bromine, for destruc¬ 
 tion of uterine cancer, is preferred by some (B.). Chromic Acid, a power¬ 
 ful escharotic (B.). Carbonate of Lime, as calcined oyster-shell, very efficient 
 in arresting growth of cancerous tumors, and in alleviating the pain thereof 
 (Hood). Rumex Acetosa, an excellent local application ; has a popular 
 reputation. Iron and Manganese, the syrup of the iodide, for resulting cachectic 
 state (B.). Poultices, of starch, applied cold (R.); or poultices of bread, 
 sprinkled with charcoal or freshly ground coffee, as deodorizers to open cancers. 
 Water Enemata, to relieve pain and straining in intestinal cancer (R.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit.,.^ij. 
 
 Morphince Sulph., . . . . gr. j. 
 Fiant pulv. vj. Sig.—One thrice daily 
 in milk, when gastric pain and vomiting. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Acidi Arseniosi,.gij. 
 
 Mucil. Acacise,.sjj. 
 
 As paste on cancerous sore, followed after 
 2 or 3 days by bread poultices until slough 
 separates. 
 
 Cancrum Oris. 
 
 Arsenic, in medicinal doses (R.). Nitric Acid, to surface (R.) ; strong nitric 
 acid the best caustic for worse forms of the disease (Wa.). Potassic Chlorate, 
 gr. xx-xl in 24 hours, has been strongly recommended (D.). Quinine, made 
 into a syrup, or as enema, to support the strength (Wa.). [Compare Aphthae, 
 Stomatitis.) 
 
 Carbuncle. 
 
 Belladonna, with glycerin, as local application to relieve pain (R., P., Wa.). 
 Ammonium Acetate, to support the system (Cezard). Carbolic Acid, on lint, 
 with glycerin or oil, into discharging sinuses (R.); or hypodermically into the 
 sloughing tissues. Iodine, to produce vesication around carbuncle ; reduces 
 inflammation (R.); part j of the tincture to iij aquae, locally, has most striking 
 effect (Wa.); may be used with benefit internally or hypodermically (Cezard). 
 Calcium Sulphide, gr. yL hourly, or every two hours, of great service (R.). 
 Opium, a thick extract, locally (R.). Potassium Chlorate, highly recommended, 
 also Quinine and Iron, freely to support the system and counteract the carbun- 
 cular poison. Poultices, the inflamed surface having been previously smeared 
 with belladonna and glycerin (R.). Long-continued poulticing thought to 
 create tendency to a fresh crop. Strapping, with plaster, concentrically from 
 border inwards, leaving the centre free, will sometimes arrest extension (R.). 
 Collodion, as protective covering (P.); as zone around base, leaving the centre 
 exposed (Wa.). Collodium cum cantharide in a broad zone painted around the 
 carbuncle, to relieve the tension (Ag.). Ice, or Ice-bags or iced-water on cloths 
 in early stage, changing to warm fomentations as soon as suppuration has 
 begun (Hebra). Galbanum and Opium as plaster to relieve pain, the separa- 
 
508 
 
 CARIES-CATALEPSY—CATARACT. 
 
 tion of the core then proceeding painlessly (Hill). Crucial Incisions are not 
 so frequently made now as formerly; they relieve tension but often give rise 
 to severe hemorrhage. Diet should be very supporting, and stimulants may 
 be used freely when the patient is debilitated. Saline purges occasionally 
 (Hill). Cauterization, with fuming nitric or carbolic acid, on top of a free 
 crucial incision, followed by dressing with carbolized oil, is the course to pursue 
 in malignant pustule. Caustic Potash, applied before an opening occurs, or 
 small pieces inserted into openings made by scalpel, to cause the rapid separa¬ 
 tion of the slough. The resulting ulcer should be treated on general principles. 
 [Compare Boils.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 B- Calcis Sulphurat., . . . gr. iij. B* 
 
 Sacchari Lactis, . . . . q. s. 
 
 Triturat. et div. in chart, xxx. 
 
 Sig.—One powder every 2 hours, to be 
 taken dry on the tongue. M. 
 
 Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . . % j. 
 
 Potass. Chlorat.,.£iij. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acetat., . . 3 iij. 
 Syrupi et Aqure . . q. s. ad g viij 
 Sig.—Dessertsp. every 2 hours. 
 
 Caries. 
 
 Aurum, in syphiloma of bones (B.). Calcium Chloride, where strumous 
 cachexia (B.). Phosphoric Acid, with 8 parts water, locally applied, has been 
 of benefit (Wa.). Phosphates, best is syrup of lacto-phosphate of lime, or 
 Parrish’s phos. (B., R.). Villate’s Solution, to dissolve the carious bone, has 
 cured many cases (B.); see formula below. Sarsaparilla, a very useful medi¬ 
 cine (P.). Iodine, locally, with iron or cod-liver oil internally (Wa.) ; see 
 Bone. Potassic Iodide, in syphilitic caries, holds the first place (Wa.). Cod- 
 liver Oil, to promote constructive metamorphosis (B., R.). Mechanical Contri¬ 
 vances, necessary in most cases; Sayre’s plaster jacket, Agnew’s jacket of 
 leather and steel, Taylor’s apparatus, etc., are used in spinal caries to separate 
 the diseased bones, and extend the spinal column. [Compare Necrosis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Vilfate's Solution. 
 
 B • Cupri Sulphat., 
 
 Zinci Sulphat., aa partes xv. 
 Liq. Plumbi Subacetat., p. xxx 
 
 Aceti,.p. cc. 
 
 To be injected through the sinuses. 
 
 B • Syrupi Caleb Lacto-phos- 
 
 phatis (U. S. P.), . . . 3 viij. 
 
 Sig.—A dessertsp. to a tablesp. 3 or 4 
 times daily. 
 
 Catalepsy. 
 
 Turpentine, in enemas, and embrocations along the spine, affords the best 
 chance of stopping the paroxysms (Wa.). Treatment must be essentially tonic 
 and restorative (H.). No constant line can be stated (A.); external stimulation 
 to arouse consciousness, by Ammonia, cold douches, Faradism, etc. Apomor- 
 phine, gr. to ^, in the paroxysm ; with the onset of nausea, consciousness 
 returns and spasm ceases ; in the intervals between the attacks the treatment 
 should be .that of hysteria (Gowers). 
 
 Cataract. 
 
 Phosphorus, with oil. by frictions to the forehead, and instillation of the same 
 into the eye, may cause absorption of the lens or capsule (Wa.). Codeine, in 
 diabetic cases (Br.). Sodium Sulphate, a solution suggested as injection into 
 anterior chamber, in hope to dissolve the nebula (Wa.). Galvanism, has been 
 successfully employed in incipient stage (Wa.). Mydriatics, Atropine, Duboi¬ 
 sine, etc., to secure full dilatation of pupil, as a means of ascertaining when 
 the operation should be made, which is when the cataract is mature, there being 
 
CATARRH, ACUTE NASAL. 
 
 509 
 
 no vision even with dilated pupil (Wa). Diet and Regimen, may do much 
 to retard degeneration of the lens, in cases due to diabetes, or malassimilation 
 in gouty or rheumatic persons (C.). Iridectomy, made early and effectually 
 may postpone the progress of lenticular opacity, if due to increased intraocular 
 tension (C.). In partial cataracts, which have become stationary, iridectomy 
 for artificial pupil may be done to expose clear portion of lens (Roosa). Medi¬ 
 cine accomplishes nothing except to improve general health and so delay the 
 progress of the opacity. Removal may be performed by one of several opera¬ 
 tions (Roosa). 
 
 Catarrh, Acute Nasal. 
 
 Sodium Salicylate, to abort a cold (see ante page 351). Aconite, in severe 
 coryza with much chilliness, aching limbs, hot and dry skin, and quick pulse ; 
 also in catarrhs of children and that accompanying measles (R.); in acute 
 coryza (P.); with Belladonna in ordinary colds with sore throat and high fever 
 (B.); in doses of J/3 every X hour, very useful for a commencing cold in 
 the head (A. A. Smith). Belladonna, in acute nasal catarrh with profuse watery 
 secretion, tt\, v of tincture, then np j each hour (B ). Nux Vomica, has great 
 effect upon a dry cold in the head (P.) Euphrasia, is of decided utility in 
 coryza (P.). Pulsatilla, a warm lotion, Sj-ij in 5A aquae, syringed into the 
 nasal passages in subacute coryza with muco-purulent secretion (P.); acts simi¬ 
 larly to Aconite, but is contraindicated if much gastric or intestinal irritation 
 exists (B.). Iodine, by inhalation in daily attacks with itching nose (R.) ; gij 
 of the tincture with 3j of carbolic acid inhaled from a sponge in the bottom of a 
 wide-mouthed bottle placed in hot water (B.). Iodides, are unquestionably 
 serviceable, their action being local and substitutive ; Ammonium Iodide, gr. j 
 every two hours, the best mode of using them (B.). Sodium Iodide, gr. x ter 
 die, with Pil. Ferri Iodidi, in catarrhs of specific origin (B.). Potassium Iodide, 
 gr. x at bedtime at the onset, to cut short an acute cold in the head ; also useful 
 in chronic colds (R.). Quinine and Morphine, gr. x with gr. 1 , at incipiency, 
 will often abort (B.). Opium, at night, if taken early, will often abort an 
 attack of coryza; a glass of hot grog assists its action (R.) ; Dover’s powder, 
 in a full dose at the onset may abort (B.). Codeine, is useful in common colds, 
 as a palliative (B.). Ammonia, may be inhaled in the early stage (R.). Potas¬ 
 sium Chlorate, 8 or 10 lozenges a day will abort many a cold (R.). Cam¬ 
 phor, as inhalation, the spirit in form of vapor (R.); with Opium and ammonium 
 carbonate as powder (see formula below), to break up or modify a cold (Beard). 
 Tartar Emetic, gr. ^ to in the first stage (B.); in acute catarrh of children 
 often accompanied by vomiting and diarrhoea (R.). Arsenic, when sneezing, 
 itching of nostrils, frontal headache (R.); as cigarettes (B.); see under Asthma, 
 for formula. Veratrum Viride, if arsenic fails (R.). Ipecacuanha, for acute 
 nasal and bronchial catarrh, and ordinary colds in children (B.). Cimicifuga, 
 when headache, stiff muscles, dull aches, bone-pains, etc. (R.) ; an excellent 
 expectorant (B.) ; rheumatic colds, neuralgic pains in jaw (P.). Jaborandi, 
 the fluid extract in doses of tt\, x to xxx, every half-hour until profuse diaphoresis 
 sets in, is one of the best modes of aborting a cold ; or Pilocarpine Hydro¬ 
 chlorate, gr. ]/e in water at bed-time, will give prompt relief, and cure in a 
 few days (Wyss). Cocaine, a 4 or 5 per cent, solution locally as spray, to 
 empty the engorged venous sinuses of the nasal mucous membrane, by their 
 contraction, which it induces. The fluid extract of Erythroxylon diluted with 
 water is equally efficient if enough be used (Cohen). Resorcin, the best of 
 all applications (see Catarrh, Chronic). Cubeb, or Ammonium Chloride, 
 in the dry, congestive stage of a cold in the head; Cubeb cigarettes may be 
 smoked as a temporary palliative with great relief. Sulphurous Acid, in coryza, 
 by inhalation, spray or fumigation, is very efficient (R.). Oil Inunctions, daily 
 to the whole body, in cases of undue susceptibility to taking cold, will prevent 
 the frequency of the attacks (B.). Baths, a warm foot-bath before*going to 
 bed; Turkish bath, at onset in coryza, may prove abortive; also useful later on. 
 Cold sponge bath, in cases of extreme susceptibility, supplemented by occa¬ 
 sional Turkish baths (R.). [Compare Cough, Hay-Fever, Influenza.) 
 
CATARRH, CHRONIC NASAL. 
 
 51° 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Quininse Sulph.,.gr. xviij. 
 
 Liq. Arsenicalis (B. P.), . rip xij. 
 Liq. Atropinae (B. P.) . . rr^ j. 
 
 Ext. Gentianae,.gr. xx. 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae,.q. s. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One every 3, 4 or 
 six hours, for acute colds. ( Whalen.) 
 
 R . Camphorae,.gr. 1 . 
 
 ZEtheris,.q. s. 
 
 Dissolve to creamy consistence, 
 then add— 
 
 Ammonii Carbonat., . . . gr. xl. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.gr. x. 
 
 Divide into thirty papers. 
 
 One or two powders, according to age, 
 twice or thrice daily. [Beard.) 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici,.gr. lxxx. 
 
 Alcoholis,.5 ss. 
 
 Aq. Ammoniae,.rtplxxx. 
 
 Aquae,.3 b ss * 
 
 M. Sig.—A few drops as an inhalation 
 from a cone of blotting paper. [Brand.) 
 
 R . Morph. Acetat.,.gr. iv. 
 
 Bism. Subnitrat., 
 
 Pulv. Talc.,. 
 
 Ft. Chartulas, No. xxx. 
 
 Sig.—Use as snuff in acute rhinitis. 
 
 [Sajous). 
 
 R. Codeinae,.gr. ij. 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani, 
 
 Syr. Scillae Comp., . . . . aa 3 j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful occasionally for a 
 common cold. (B.) 
 
 R . Tinct. Aconiti,.rip x. 
 
 Tinct. Belladonna;, . . . ^ss. 
 Syrupi Zingiberis, . . . ad 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Half to one teasp. according to 
 age, every hour. 
 
 Ferrier 1 s Snuff. 
 
 R. Morph. Hydrochlor., . . . gr. ij. 
 Bismuthi Subnit., . . . . £vj. 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae,.3ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as snuff, % to y 2 the above 
 in 24 hours. 
 
 Catarrh, Chronic Nasal. 
 
 Sanguinaria, the tincture in io-drop doses thrice daily, or gr. T U of the alka¬ 
 loid, internally, and the powder in small quantity locally to the mucous mem¬ 
 brane, is successful treatment for chronic nasal catarrh (B.). Hydrastis is of 
 value in chronic coryza, also in ulceration of the septum or any other part of 
 the nasal fossae, gtt. v of the tincture thrice daily internally, and 3j to 3viij of 
 water locally with syringe (P). Pulsatilla, is excellent in subacute inflamma¬ 
 tion of nasal passages, with offensive muco-purulent discharge, 3j-ij a d ^iv 
 of water, as wash (P.). Potassium Bichromate, is an excellent local application 
 in a solution of gr. j-x to 5A water (B.). Iodoform and Tannin, 1 of the former 
 to 2 or 3 of the latter, carefully triturated, and applied by an insufflator every 
 other day only, is the very best of all applications (B.). Sodium Chloride or 
 Phosphate, a teasp. to the pint of warm water as cleansing solution, or the 
 Bicarbonate in the same proportion. A sea-water gargle in the naso pharyn¬ 
 geal space, has been used with success (Mosler). Wei de Meyer’s Catarrh 
 Cure is simply bicarbonate of sodium and a little pink coloring matter (Robin¬ 
 son). Potassium Permanganate, gr. j-x to the pint of warm water, as a deodo¬ 
 rant solution when necessary. Ammonia, by inhalation, when painful inflam¬ 
 mation of nasal mucous membrane and frontal bones (R.). Carbolic Acid, a 
 1 per cent, solution as spray, or inhalations of the vapor with that of iodine 
 from a bottle in hot water, or vaporized by the warmth of the hand (B.). Sali¬ 
 cylic Acid, in weak solution, 1 to 500 of water, as a disinfectant and astringent 
 injection, used with a retro-pharyngeal syringe, and followed by applications 
 of powdered Calomel, through a speculum, upon the ulcerated parts of the 
 mucous membrane (Massei). Cubebs, finely powdered and blown into the 
 nares by an insufflator (B.), have proven very useful (P.); may be smoked, 
 and administered internally in teasp. doses (Wa.); in freshly ground powder, 
 as a confection (see below for formula), very efficient in follicular disease of the 
 naso-pharyngeal space (Robinson). Ammoniacum, in the same condition, verv 
 small doses, gr. j-iij, with ipecac, or carbonate of ammonium, will greatly lessen 
 the amount of secretion (Robinson). Bismuth, in powder, with gum acaciae, as 
 
CATARRH, CHRONIC NASAL. 
 
 5 1 1 
 
 in Ferrier’s snuff (see above for formula), or with tannin, calomel, iodoform,, 
 etc., used by insufflation, daily (Robinson). Aurum Chloride, in mercurialized 
 and syphilitic subjects, with offensive discharge, depressed spirits and soreness 
 of the nasal bones Iodides, of iron and sodium, in catarrh of specific origin 
 (B.). Silver Nitrate, in powder, as alterative application, gr. x-xv to the 5 of 
 menstruum, is often a useful adjunct to treatment, used once every 4 or 5 days 
 (Robinson). Cod-liver Oil, should be used in strumous subjects (R.). Alum, 
 in powder, dusted over the affected surface, is a useful application (B.). Resor¬ 
 cin, the best of all applications, in acute and chronic catarrh. After cleansing 
 the nose with a Boracic Acid solution, or Dobell’s, use a 2 to 10 per cent, oint¬ 
 ment (vaseline), also a spray every other day, of 2 to 4 per cent, solution. It 
 gives the same results as Cocaine, but is slower in action and more lasting, and 
 does not suppress the normal function of the mucous membrane, as Cocaine 
 does. Eucalyptus, has been employed with benefit (Wa.). Bromine, the 
 vapor may greatly benefit, but must be used with caution (B.). Senega has 
 been found serviceable (Wa.). Douche is dangerous, being likely to cause 
 extension of the catarrh to the Eustachian tube and the middle ear. It has 
 been very generally abandoned. Sprays by hand-ball atomizers, or com¬ 
 pressed air apparatus, of warm watery solutions, vaseline, etc., are used with 
 considerable success (Cohen). The Hank’s atomizing tubes, with a 2-ball 
 rubber syringe, are very serviceable for office use, and for the application of 
 Rumbold’s hot vaseline spray. (See formula below.) Sulphur Waters, inter¬ 
 nally, of great benefit in follicular disease (Robinson). [Compare Oza:na.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Acidi Carbolici,.trpx. 
 
 Glycerini,.g ij. 
 
 Vaselini,. 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Warm and use as a spray 
 every 4 hours. ( Rumbold.) 
 
 R. Pulv. Argenti Nitrat., . . . gr. vij. 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae.^j. 
 
 Bismutbi Subnitrat., . . . % iij. 
 Triturat. Sig. — Apply with insufflator 
 once in 4 or 5 days. [Robinson.) 
 
 R . Bismuthi Subcarb , . . . . 3 vj. 
 Morph. Muriatis, . . . . gr. ij. 
 
 Pulv. Amyli,.3 ij. 
 
 Triturat. Sig.—Burness’ modification of 
 Ferrier’s snuff. 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici,.npxl. 
 
 Sodii Boratis, 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonat., . . . aa 3 ij. 
 
 Glycerini,. o v 'J- 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad $vnj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use daily as spray. 
 
 [Dobell.) 
 
 Sodii Boro benzoatis, . 
 
 • • Ei- 
 
 Ext. Plydrastis FI., 
 
 ■ • 5 J- 
 
 Glycerini, .... 
 
 • . si- 
 
 Ac. Carbolici, . . , 
 
 . . TAXX. 
 
 Aquae Camphorae, . . 
 
 . . E v i- 
 
 Aquae,.q. 
 
 
 M. Sig.—Use with syringe or atomizer 
 thrice daily. ( Chamberlain .) 
 
 R . Bismuthi Subcarb., 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae,.aa^ss. 
 
 Ztnci Sulphat.,.gr. x. 
 
 Morph. Sulphat., . . . . gr. ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Snuff, to be used thrice daily. 
 
 [Sajous.) 
 
 R. Sodii Iodidi,. £ ss. 
 
 Syrupi Picis Liq., . . . . 5 vj. 
 
 M. Sig. — Dessertsp. thrice daily with 
 Pil. Ferri Iodidi (U. S.) one thrice daily, in 
 chronic nasal catarrh of specific origin. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Pulv. Cubebae,. £ ij. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii,.. 3 iij. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., . . . . ^ ij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad ^ viij. 
 
 Ft. mistura. Sig.—A teaspoonful every 
 3 or 4 hours. [Robinson.) 
 
 R. Ext. Pini Canad., .... TT\^xx. 
 
 Glycerini,.Trpxxx. 
 
 Aquae,.Oj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use with post-nasal syringe. 
 
512 CEREBRAL ANAEMIA-CEREBRAL SOFTENING. 
 
 R . Acidi Carbol.,.gtt. xv. 
 
 Extr. Hydrastis FL, . . . £). 
 
 Sodii Bicarb., 
 
 Sodii Biborat., .... aa^j. 
 
 Glycerini,.3 j. 
 
 Aquae Camphorae, . . . ad^\\\). 
 
 M. big. — Use with posterior nasal 
 sprayer. 
 
 R . Sodii Salicylatis,.3 ij. 
 
 Sodii Boratis,.g nj. 
 
 Glycerini,.^ss. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad^V). 
 
 M. Sig.—Of this put a dessertspoonful 
 into a pint of warm water, and snuff it fiom 
 the hollow of the hand thrice daily. 
 
 (Sajous.) 
 
 Cerebral Anaemia. 
 
 Iron, the tincture of the chloride, or mild chalybeate waters, in chronic 
 cases from general antemia (B.). Amyl Nitrite, in vaso-motor spasm ; affords 
 relief in sudden attack (B.). Chloral, in small doses with stimulants, warm 
 baths (Ros.). Camphor, or other cerebral excitants, as asafoetida, valerian, 
 serpentaria (B.). The mono-bromide of camphor in one to five-grain doses 
 (Hammond). Glonoinum, rr\j of 1 per cent, solution (P.). Phosphorus, sup¬ 
 plies the needed material for healthy brain-action (B.). Strychnine, stimu¬ 
 lates the circulation generally ; as a tonic with iron preparations. Galvanism, 
 a mild current transversely through the head, gives excellent results in the 
 confusion of mind, vertigo, etc., due to imperfect nutrition of the brain from 
 atheroma of the cerebral vessels (B.). Arsenic, is highly efficient in some 
 hypochondriacal cases (B.). Aurum, is of great utility in vertigo, melan¬ 
 cholia, etc., when due to or accompanied by cerebral anaemia (B.). (Compare 
 Insomnia.] 
 
 Cerebral Concussion. 
 
 Arnica, when from a fall, cannot be too highly spoken of (P.). Warmth, to 
 extremities, rest, expectant treatment, will suffice in mild cases (Ag.). The 
 indications are: (1) to recover from insensibility and collapse; (2) to prevent 
 inflammation; (3) to restore impaired faculties (D.). Stimulants or Venesec¬ 
 tion, cannot be too strongly reprobated (Ag.). 
 
 Cerebral Congestion. 
 
 Aconite, in active form, renders important service (B.). Is much the best 
 remedy in this condition (P.). Belladonna, one of the best remedies in all 
 hyperaemic conditions of the brain or spinal cord (P.). Gelsemium, rr^v of the 
 fluid extract every 2 hours, very useful (B.). Bromides, are very useful (B.); 
 must be used in full doses. Colocynth, as counter-irritant, appears to act well 
 (P.). Cathartics, lessen blood-pressure (B.). Colchicum, in plethoric subjects 
 (B.). Galvanism, of brain and cervical sympathetics (B.). Chloral, when tem¬ 
 perature high (B.). Arsenic, sluggish venous circulation, torpor (B.). Hydro¬ 
 cyanic Acid, TT\jj-v of Scheele’s dilute acid (B.). Venesection, will prevent 
 injury to brain. Not to be adopted as a matter of course. It is contraindicated 
 when anaemia, aortic valvular disease, or in cases commencing with syncope 
 (A.). Water, cold douche to head, feet in warm water; ice and hot water 
 alternately to head and nape of neck, often more effective than ice alone (B.). 
 Hot water to head on flannels ; mustard and hot-water packing for 20 to 30 
 minutes, around legs, when active congestion. Protect bowels well (R.). Diet, 
 should be low, but not too low, until all fear of relapse past. Full animal 
 diet should be avoided, also undiluted wines (A.). [Compare Apoplexy, 
 Coma.] 
 
 Cerebral Softening. 
 
 Venesection, and antiphlogistic treatment generally, most beneficial in red 
 softening, result of inflammation. Require wise discretion, and should be used 
 early. Not to be thought of in the yellow form, from want of nutrition; where 
 restoratives and food, perhaps wine (A.). Phosphorus, in threatened softening 
 of the brain; is the only drug which affects the nerve-centres (W.). 
 
CHANCRE-CHAPPED HANDS-CHEST-PAINS. 
 
 513 
 
 Chancre. 
 
 Mercury, small doses steadily, ptyalism must not be induced. Black-wash 
 (calomel gr. viij, aq. calcis 3j), or yellow-wash (hydr. chlor. corr. gr. j, aq. 
 calcis ^j) on lint, to-erosions and ulcerated indurations (B.). Calomel alone 
 as dry dressing. Internal use of mercury best postponed until secondary 
 symptoms appear (St.). Carbolic Acid, as wet dressing, gr. ij of crystals to 
 3D aquae ter die (St.). Iodoform, heads the list of dry dressings ; with lyco¬ 
 podium, equal parts, or 1 to 2 zinci oxidi ; 2 to I hydr. chlor. mite (St.). Hy¬ 
 drogen Peroxide, said to destroy the specific character. Wash lesions ter die, 
 and apply lint soaked in it (R.). Caustics, should never be used unless chan¬ 
 cre attacked by phagedena (St.). Caustic Alkalies, to hard edges (R.). Bro¬ 
 mine, Chromic Acid, best escharotics (B.). Dressings, are effective as far as 
 the local trouble is concerned in the majority of cases; sometimes a piece of 
 lint on the erosion will suffice. Never cauterize an initial lesion unless it is 
 attacked by phagedena (St.). Cleanliness, of great importance; tepid water 
 locally frequently suffices for the outward treatment of infecting chancre. 
 [Compare Syphilis.] 
 
 Chancroid. 
 
 Mercury, the acid nitrate one of the best caustics ; apply with a glass rod 
 (B.). Nitric Acid, fuming, as caustic (B., R.) ; 3 j to ^viij aquae is an excel¬ 
 lent dressing (St.). Carbolic Acid, injected into sore (B.); 3 ij-v to Oj aquae 
 locally in phagedena (St.). Ferri et Potas. Tartras, the “ born enemy of 
 phagedena” (Ricord); §j to 3 vj aquae, internally, teasp. doses thrice daily; 
 also locally (St.). Ferric Iodide, in sloughing phagedena, or simple c. in de¬ 
 bilitated constitutions (B.). Iodoform, powdered and dusted over the sore, 
 allays pain, changes morbid action, and is antiseptic (B., R.); 1 part to 2 of 
 lycopodium, or one of tannic acid ; as stimulant and alterative (St.). Does 
 no good except to relieve pain (Gross). Potassium Chlorate, in impalpable 
 powder, is better than Iodoform (B.). Chloral, gr. iij ad 3j aquae, the best 
 local application to relieve pain (Gross). Caustics, in severe cases, the white 
 iron strong sulphuric acid, pure nitric acid, pure carbolic acid, are effective in 
 the order named (St.). [Compare Bubo.J 
 
 Chapped Hands and Lips. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid, as solution, or by fumigation, will speedily cure (R.) 
 Glycerin, diluted, or better still, glycerin of starch, or with ]/ z the quantity of eau 
 de cologne (R.). Benzoin, the comp, tinct., 1 part to 4 of glycerin ; an admira¬ 
 ble application (P.). Hydrastis, on compress as lotion (P.). Collodion, is 
 usefully employed (P.). Carbolic Acid, 1 to 2 of glycerin, locally; one appli¬ 
 cation is generally sufficient. Unguentum Aquae Rosae alone, is often efficient; 
 may be combined with oxide of zinc. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Resinae,. %j. 
 
 Cerx Albae,.3 ij. 
 
 Adi pis,.3 ij. 
 
 Zinci Oxidi,.3 vij. 
 
 R. Cetacei,. gj. 
 
 Glycerini,. 3 ij. 
 
 Cerae Albae, • • . . . . gr. xv. 
 
 01 . Amygd. Amarae, . . . ftp iij. 
 
 Chest-pains. 
 
 Belladonna, as ointment, when tenderness is in skin (pleurodynia) (R.). 
 Iodine, oint.; pain in muscles (myalgia) of chest, they being tender on pressure, 
 while the skin may be pinched without pain (R.). Strychnine, affords relief in 
 functional irritability of the nervous system, manifested by wandering neural¬ 
 gic pains (B.). Arnica, for a “stitch” in the side. Bryonia, when painful 
 catching of breath. Cimicifuga, for intercostal rheumatism and pains under 
 the breasts in women. 
 
 33 
 
CHICKEN-POX-CHILBLAINS-CHLOROSIS. 
 
 5H 
 
 Chicken-pox. 
 
 Aconite, is of great value (B.) Water, hot and cold baths and packs are of 
 great utility; cold, if hyperpyrexia; cold compress if sore-throat; hot or warm 
 pack when free diaphoresis required (B.). Treatment-, precautionary only 
 required. Avoid exposure to cold and wet; maintain the action of skin and 
 bowels (H.). Acetate of Ammonium, in diaphoretic and antifebrile mixture. 
 See Fever, Simple, for formula. Inunction, with camphorated oil, or thin 
 starch, to relieve itching and allay inflammation (P.). 
 
 Chilblains. 
 
 Arnica, a useful application (Wa.). Iodine, ointment, the best application 
 (R.). Carbolic Acid, an efficient application is an ointment of carbolic acid and 
 iodine (B.). Benzoin, the tincture in glycerin, applied after thorough washing 
 in soap and water and drying, the best application. Sulphurous Acid, an effi¬ 
 cient application ; 3 nj- 3 j each of water and glycerin (B.); as solution or fumi¬ 
 gation (D.). Balsam of Peru, in ointment for broken chilblains (R.). Capsi¬ 
 cum, tinct. painted over unbroken chilblains (R.). Cajuput Oil, applied 
 locally (R.). Turpentine, as wash, then apply basilicon ointment mixed with 
 turpentine (B.). 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici, . . . . 
 
 Tinct. Iodi,. 
 
 Ac. Tannici,. 
 
 Cerati Simplicis, . . . 
 M. Sig.—Ointment. 
 
 3 J- 
 S’j- 
 7 > r F 
 5 1V - 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. 
 
 (B.). 
 
 M. 
 
 Tinct. Benzoini, . . 
 Olei Lini, . . 
 
 Cere Flave, . . . 
 
 Glycerini. 
 
 Sig.—Ointment. 
 
 • 34 
 
 . 3 iv. 
 
 • £ij- 
 
 . q. s. 
 
 ( Reveil.) 
 
 Chlorosis. 
 
 Iron, combined with arsenic or strychnine. Occasional purgation and active 
 exercise. Also chalybeate waters for blood deficiencies (B., R.) ; is not a specific 
 in chlorosis, and acts best in the purest types (Tr.); the iodide, when much 
 torpor of the system, is often speedily efficacious (Wa.). Arsenic, if iron fails, 
 or disagrees (B.). Ergot, in chlorotic amenorrhoea (P.). Manganese, the sac- 
 charated carbonate of manganese and iron (B ). Nux Vomica, stimulates the 
 blood-making organs, and may be combined with iron. A very generally useful 
 preparation is the syrup or elixir of iron, quinine and strychnine (B.). Cocculus 
 Indicus, with amenorrhoea and exhausting leucorrhoea (P.). Hypophosphites, 
 of lime or sodium (R.). Benzoin, has been used with advantage (P.). Pepsin* 
 benefits, especially where digestive derangement (B.). Sulphur, of great benefit 
 in cases where iron is of no effect; also to prepare the system for benefit from 
 iron (Schulz). Purgation, is very important, to prevent auto-infection from 
 putrid intestinal decomposition, which is the true cause of this disease (Duclos); 
 absorption of such products tending to impoverish the blood, and produce a 
 “fecal anaemia” (Sir A. Clark). Oils and Fats, as inunctions after baths, of 
 great benefit (B.). Galvanization, central: will aid the action of the remedies 
 (B.). [Compare Anaemia, Amenorrhcea.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ferri Arseniatis, . . . gr. ij. 
 Extracti Cinchone, . . gr. xij. 
 
 Fiant pil. xij. Sig.—One after each meal. 
 
 _ (B.) 
 
 R. Ferri Sulph. Exsiccat., . gr. xl. 
 Quinine Sulphatis, . . gr. xx. 
 Strychnine Sulphat., . gr. ss. 
 
 Ft. pil. xx. Sig.—One thrice daily. 
 
 R. Pulv. Aloes Socot., . . . gr. v. 
 
 Ferri Sulph. Exsiccat., . gr. xv. 
 
 01 . Tanaceti vel 
 
 01 . Sabine,.gtt. xxx. 
 
 Myrrhe, Croci, 
 
 Cantharidis, . . . . aa gr. xxx. 
 
 Ft. pil. lx. Sig.—Two thrice daily 
 gradually increased to four. 
 
 ( Wallace .) 
 
CHOKING-CHOLERA. 
 
 515 
 
 Choking. 
 
 Potassic Bromide, benefits a curious affection, sometimes found in children 
 who from their birth can swallow solids with ease but choke at drinks (B.). Oil 
 of Cajuput, in one case of persistent “ choking” sensation in the throat, a few 
 doses removed the symptoms which had lasted several weeks (Hale). 
 
 Cholera Asiatica. 
 
 Camphor, a drop or two of the saturated tincture, or v-x drops of the spirits 
 with a little opium every half-hour (B.); gtt. iv-vj of strong spirits every ten 
 minutes until symptoms abate, then hourly (R.). Arsenic, in epidemic cholera; 
 some cases of arsenic poisoning not distinguishable from cholera (B.); for the 
 vomiting and in collapse (R.). Copper salts have been given (R.). Turpen¬ 
 tine, npx-xx every two hours promises to be a remedy of value (Wa.). Chloral, 
 as injection, the most efficient treatment, especially when morphine and atropine 
 are given coincidently (B.). Chloroform, a few drops frequently repeated, or 
 x-xxx drops of chlorodyne, of great value (B.). Opium, T \y to X gr. morph, 
 hypodermically in preliminary diarrhoea (B., P.); l /% to % g r - °f the greatest value 
 even in collapse (R.); dangerous if kidney complications exist (P.). Lead, the 
 acetate in early stages (R.). Carbolic Acid, with iodine, has given good results 
 (B.). Sulphuric Acid, the aromatic, with opium, is very effective (B.); two parts of 
 the former with one of laudanum, of this 5 to 30 drops as per age, is one of the 
 best prophylactics (McClellan). Strychnine, as prophylactic during the pre¬ 
 liminary diarrhoea, and in epidemic when nearing collapse (B.). Alcohol, small 
 doses of iced brandy for vomiting (B.). Spinal Ice-bag, for cramps (R.). 
 Saline Injections, into the veins, have been successful in the collapse (B.). 
 Transfusion, of milk, in collapse (B.). Absolute Rest, recumbent posture, no 
 food, ice ad libitum; enemata of warm milk; fresh air, friction, and heat to 
 abdomen, legs and feet; stimulants worse than useless. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Chloralis Hydrat., .... 3 iij. 
 Morphinse Sulph., .... gr. iv. 
 Aquae Laurocerasi. . . . %]. 
 
 M. Sig.—Fifteen to twenty drops as in¬ 
 jection hypodermically. (B.) 
 
 R. Chloroformi,.^ ij. 
 
 Tinct. Opii, 
 
 Spt. Cam phone, 
 
 Tinct. Capsici, . . . . aa g vss. 
 
 Alcoholis,.j. 
 
 M. Sig.—30 to 60 drops in water. 
 
 {Squibb's Cholera Mixture .) 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici,.gr. iv. 
 
 Tinct. Iodi,.gtt. xvj. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip.,.5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every hour or oft- 
 ener. (B.) 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici,.gr. viij. 
 
 Bismuthi Subnit.,.:qij. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae, 
 
 Aquae Laurocerasi, . . . aa ^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every hour or two for 
 vomiting and diarrhoea. 
 
 Cholera Infantum. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, greenish stools with mucus and often blood (B.). Arsenic, for 
 vomiting and collapse (R.). Mercury, gr. of gray powder hourly of great 
 service in infantile cholera with incessant sickness, profuse almost continuous 
 diarrhoea, offensive and nearly colorless stools. A starch injection, with a 
 minute quantity of laudanum, assists the gray powder, and should be given in 
 urgent cases (R.). Zinc Oxide, with bismuth and pepsin, is very useful (B.)„ 
 Camphor, ^j-jjiv of milk, very serviceable (B.); an admirable remedy for 
 summer and choleraic diarrhoea (R). Opium, generally necessary. Enemata 
 of starch and laudanum (see above under Mercury). Morphine, hypoder¬ 
 mically, in doses of gr. to according to age, the latter dose for a child of 
 
5i6 
 
 CHOLERA SIMPLEX. 
 
 one year, with 5 or 6 drops of ether, to be repeated in an hour, the most effi¬ 
 cient treatment (E. Smith). Copper Sulphate, often very successful (B.). Car¬ 
 bolic Acid, with Bismuth, may arrest the disorder promptly (Br.). Lead Ace¬ 
 tate, is one of the most useful astringents in this complaint (Br.). Potassium 
 Bromide, when due to nervous irritation or cerebral congestion (B.). Silver 
 Nitrate, is beneficial after the acute symptoms have passed (B.). Caffeine, 
 when due to nervous irritation (R.). Coto Bark, the tinct. gtt. j-iij is highly 
 recommended by Rohrer for choleraic diarrhoeas in children. Alcohol, in grave 
 cases, with tendency to collapse, gtt. x-xx of brandy with milk every 30 to 60 
 minutes. Diet. Farinaceous food a common cause. Cow’s milk OX with 
 sacch. lactis 5J to OX aquse-bul., or cold milk with lime-water (R.); milk, ani¬ 
 mal broths; no starches or fats (B.). Drinks, as water, weak tea, etc., freely, 
 to keep vessels filled and prevent paralysis of the heart (Meinert). Spice Poul¬ 
 tice, to abdomen, composed of cloves, ginger and cinnamon, mixed with brandy 
 or whiskey. Mustard Bath, in stage of collapse, with mustard over the heart, 
 and ether hypodermically (Smith). Lactic Acid, a 2 per cent, solution in 
 drachm doses, 5 to 8 times in 24 hours, in epidemic diarrhoea of infants with 
 green discharges, with local antisepsis as to linen and diapers, on the theory of 
 a bacillary origin for the disease (Hayem). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Acidi Carbolici,.gr. iv. 
 
 Bismuthi Subnit., . . . . gij. 
 Mucil Acacke,. 
 
 Aquae Menth. Pip., . . . 5 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 2, 3, or 4 hours. 
 
 (B-) 
 
 R . Acidi Carbolici,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Spt. Vini Gallici, .... gtt. xxiv. 
 
 Aquae Menth. Pip., . . . 5jss. 
 
 Mucil. Acacias,.^vj. 
 
 Syr. Papaveris,.gvj. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deod., . . . gtt. x. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 hours. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, . . gr. -jL 
 Bismuthi Subnitrat., . . . gr. ij-v. 
 
 In powder every half-hour for the vomit¬ 
 ing and purging. 
 
 R. Cupri Sulphat.,.gr. j. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deod., . . . . gtt. viij. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.^iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 2, 3, or 4 hours 
 for a child of one to two years old. (B.) 
 
 R. Plumbi Acetat.,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.gr. xij. 
 
 Pulv. Camphorae . . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Sacch. Lactis.,.q. s. 
 
 Triturat. et div. in chart, xij. 
 
 Sig.—One every hour. (B.) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, . . gr. i. 
 Piumbi Acetatis, . . . . gr. i. 
 
 Opii,. g r -i to To- 
 
 Ft. pulv. no. j. Repeat every half-hour 
 or hour for the acute gastric symptoms. 
 
 Cholera Simplex. 
 
 Camphor, an admirable remedy (R., B.). Veratrum Album, for the vomiting 
 (R.). Copper Salts, have been given (R.). Arsenic, for vomiting; also for col¬ 
 lapse in latter stages (R.). Chloral, by injection, the most efficient treatment 
 (B.). [See C. Asiatica for formula.] For the cramps, Chloral £j, in Lin. 
 Saponis ^iv-vj, applied with friction to the abdomen (Da Costa). Carbolic 
 Acid, with bismuth, very effective (B.). [See above, C. Infantum.] Lead, 
 the acetate, in early stages (R.). Opium, gr. X - X morphine, hypodermically; 
 very useful (B.). Gr. jf, X» or X °pii, every 2, 4, or 6 hours in early stage (P.). 
 Calumba, as anti-emetic, of great value (P.). Ipecacuanha, has been used 
 with much advantage (Wa.). Sumbul, said to have proved successful (P.). 
 Mustard, as an emetic in collapse, to stimulate a failing heart (P.). Cajuput 
 Oil, much used in India for choleraic affections (P.). Alcohol. Iced brandy 
 in small doses for vomiting (B.). The value of stimulants justly doubted; if 
 given, should be largely diluted (Wa.). [Compare Cholera Asiatica and 
 Infantum, above.] 
 
CHORDEE-CHOREA. 
 
 517 
 
 Chordee. 
 
 Aconite, gtt. j hourly, will relieve (R. P.). Belladonna, combined with cam¬ 
 phor or opium, gives the best results of remedies administered internally (St.). 
 Camphor, 3 j doses of the spirits will relieve (R.). Cantharis, gtt. j ter die, will 
 prevent (B., R.). Cannabis Indica or Cannabis Sativa (P.). Lupulin, valu¬ 
 able (P.); said to prevent (B.). Morphine, hypodermically, the one sure 
 remedy; should be injected into the perineum at bedtime (St.). Cocaine, a few 
 drops of a 4 per cent, solution, locally to the glans ; or injected into urethra, 
 promptly relieves chordee. Diet should be plain, even low, no stimulants ; 
 copious draughts of barley-water, or linseed tea. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Liq. Morph. Magendie, . giv. 
 Atropinae Sulphat., . . . . gr.j. 
 
 Acidi Acetici,.q. s. 
 
 Aquae Destillat., . . . ad gj. 
 
 M. Sig.—rrc v—viij hypodermically at 
 bedtime. (St.) 
 
 R. Pulv. Opii.gr. xij. 
 
 Pul. Camphorae,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Sacch. Alb.,.q. s. 
 
 Fiant capsulae xij. 
 
 Sig.—One at bedtime, to be repeated in 
 2 hours if required. (St.) 
 
 Chorea. 
 
 Cimicifuga, in cases due to menstrual derangement, is very useful (B., P.); 
 when rheumatic history (R.); a very valuable remedy (P.). Strychnine, in 
 doses gradually increasing to toxic (Tr.); minute doses (gr. ^ to ^y) have 
 been of much use when from fright or commencing puberty (B.); Arsenic, 
 large doses required v ter die, when non-ansemic (B.); very successful in 
 uncomplicated cases (R.). Zinc, the Sulphate, has similar action to Arsenic, 
 but is inferior (B.). In large and increasing doses it is very useful (R.). Iron, 
 large doses of the Subcarbonate in anaemic cases, about the time of puberty 
 (B.) Chalybeate waters often relieve or cure. Arsenic generally better, unless 
 anaemia coexists (R.). Hyoscyamine, gr. ter die, gradually increased, has 
 cured cases which resisted all other remedies (Da Costa). The mydriatics are 
 very suitable in nervous, delicate children. Copper. Cupr. Ammoniatum has 
 been used successfully (B.). Veratrum Viride, has been employed (R.). Coc- 
 culus, picrotoxine, large doses (B., P.). Conium, in large doses, to quiet mus¬ 
 cular agitation (B.); is only palliative (R.); evidence contradictory as to its value 
 (P.). Valerian, said to restrain the movements (R.). Useful when from worms 
 (P.). Chloral, contributes to a cure by inducing quiet sleep (B., R.). Chloro¬ 
 form, inhalations, often of great service in severe cases (R.). Morphine, with 
 Chloral, hypodermically in large doses for severe cases (Tr.) ; when the move¬ 
 ments prevent sleep (R.). Physostigma, is recommended (R.);—of doubtful 
 benefit (B.). Musk, has been given (R.). Cod-liver Oil, in low nutrition (B., 
 R.). Water. Cold affusion to head and spine, and cold-baths, important (B.); 
 not to be used if rheumatism, fever, or pain in joints. Tepid water first (R.). 
 Galvanism, the constant current, used by Benedict in twenty cases, all recov¬ 
 ering. Galvanic chain around neck and down the back. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . %j. 
 
 Liq. Acidi Arseniosi, . . . 7 , ij. 
 
 Syr. Limonis,.3 ss. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, 
 
 Aquae, . . . . aa q. s. ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Half a teaspoonful thrice 
 daily, after meals, gradually increased, and 
 effects carefully watched. 
 
 R. Chloralis Hydrat., .... giv. 
 Tinct. Hyoscyami, . . . . 3 j. 
 
 Syr. Limonis,.3j. 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. 3 or 4 times daily, 
 according to age. 
 
5i8 
 
 CHOROIDITIS-COLIC, INTESTINAL. 
 
 Choroiditis. 
 
 Mercury, as in iritis; cannot be borne to the same extent as in latter dis¬ 
 ease (A.). Opiates, necessary externally and internally to overcome pain (A.). 
 Treatment, is generally the same as in corresponding forms of iritis, but when 
 atrophic spots appear on the choroid, no treatment can repair the damage 
 (A.). Rest of eyes and protection from light by blue glasses. In suppurative 
 form (panophthalmitis) use Atropine in strong solution, with ice compresses 
 and leeches in early stage. Paracentesis repeatedly to relieve tension and 
 give exit to pus. Canthoplasty of outer canthus to relieve the pressure of the 
 lids (Roosa). 
 
 Climacteric Disorders. 
 
 Aconite, for nervous palpitations, and restlessness or “fidgets;” gtt. j hourly 
 (R.). Cimicifuga, for distressing headache (R.). Nitrite of Amyl, in small 
 doses when the “ heats ” predominate, followed by cold, clammy, pale skin 
 (R.). Ergot, for the flooding, gr. ij of Squibb’s extract, in fresh pill every hour 
 until relieved. Cannabis Indica may be well combined with it. Cannabis 
 Indica, is used in the headaches of the menopause with uniformly good results. 
 [See Headache, for formula.] Nux Vomica, Opium, and Belladonna, when 
 symptoms described under Iron are limited to head and face (R.) Iron, for 
 flutterings of the heart, with fullness of head, heat and weight on the vertex, 
 frequent flushings, and hot and cold perspirations. Large doses of Sesqui- 
 chloride ter die (R.). Ammonia, Raspail’s sedative lotion to painful part of 
 head, in headaches (R.) Potassium Bromide, for despondency, with sleep¬ 
 lessness and irritability, often also with heats, flushings, perspirations (R.). 
 Physostigma, the extract, gr. every yi hour for 7 or 8 doses for flatulence 
 and a sensation of fluttering at the pit of the stomach (A. A. Smith). Cam¬ 
 phor, for drowsiness and headache. Eau-de-cologne saturated with camphor 
 rubbed to head (R.). Zinc Valerianate, hysterical symptoms (R.). Change of 
 air and scene, where other treatment only partially successful (R.). Warm 
 Bath, to promote free perspiration, go 0 to 95 0 Fah. for an hour once a week, 
 will obviate many of the symptoms (R.). [Compare Metrorrhagia.] 
 
 Coccyodynia. 
 
 Chloroform, injected as deeply as possible about seat of greatest pain (B.). 
 Electricity, has cured one severe case of 12 years’ standing, and helped others. 
 Surgical treatment the only resource in rebellious and painful cases (Ros.). 
 Nott extirpated the coccyx; Simpson performed subcutaneous section of mus¬ 
 cles and ligaments. Goodell removes the bone, after first treating the case as 
 a local expression of a general neurosis. 
 
 Coldness. 
 
 Strychnine, for cold hands and feet (R.). Cold Baths, with friction to the 
 skin, nightly for cold feet (R.). Spinal Ice-bag, is often efficiently employed 
 in general coldness of the surface, and persistent coldness of the hands and 
 feet (R.). 
 
 Colic, Intestinal. 
 
 Nux Vomica, quickly subdues abdominal cramps and spasms (P.) Bella¬ 
 donna, especially in children (R.). Chamomile Oil, Try iv-vj, in colicky 
 attacks of hysterical women (P.). Cocculus, of great value, especially during 
 pregnancy (P.). Chloral, sometimes relieves (R.). Chloroform, effective in 
 flatulent colic ; also useful in hepatic and saturnine (B.). Often used combined 
 with Opium (D.). Potassium Bromide, in a peculiar form in young children 
 (R.). Given in anise or peppermint water is of greater efficacy for the colic of 
 infants than the opium preparations in general use, and perfectly safe (B.). 
 
COLIC, LEAD. 
 
 519 
 
 Asafcetida, no better remedy in flatulent colic of infants. Teasp. doses of the 
 mistura asafcetidae (B.). Morphine, gr. \ hypodermically, repeated in 15 
 minutes, gives more relief than any other remedy, in all forms of colic (B.). 
 Frequent small doses (R., P.). Arsenic, will cure in a surprising manner when 
 enteralgia is idiopathic (B.). Essential Oils, especially those of Cloves and 
 Cinnamon (R.), Anise, Cardamom, etc. Oil of Rue in flatulent colic of 
 children (P.). Magnesia, the carbonate with Opium and Asafetida, as in 
 Dewees’s Carminative, now official as Mistura Magnesias et Asafcetidae, the dose 
 being rtRxx for an infant of 2 to 4 weeks old. Tobacco, as enema ; dangerous ! 
 (B.) ; as clyster, or by stomach (R.). Ammonia, in spasm of intestinal canal 
 and in colic of children or infants from bad feeding (R.) Lime Water, for 
 young children who eject milk in lumpy masses, with colic and flatulence 
 (R.). Water. Hot fomentations to ease pain (R.). A copious enema of 
 warm water often gives immediate relief. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Spiritus Chloroformi, 
 
 Tinct. Cardamomi Co., . aa 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. in water every y z 
 hour. (B.) 
 
 R. Atropinse Sulph.gr. j. 
 
 Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. xxx. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.5 j. 
 
 M. Sig.—3 to 5 drops 2 or 3 times 
 daily. (B.) 
 
 R. Ext. Gentianae, 
 
 Pulv. Rhei, aa^j. 
 
 Ft. pil. xx. Sig.—One or two thrice 
 
 daily for tendency to colic. 
 
 R. Pulv. Camphorae, 
 
 Pulv. Capsici, 
 
 Pulv. Zingiberis, . . . aa gr. ij. 
 Ft. pil. ij. Sig.—One as required. 
 
 Colic, Lead. 
 
 Alum, singularly, is the best remedy (B.); gr. x hourly (R.); converts the 
 poisonous salt of lead in the system into a comparatively innocuous sulphate ; 
 3jss-ij daily with ttbxl -1 Tinct. Opii, and an occasional dose of castor or croton 
 oil to procure one or two motions daily (Wa.). Opium, gives more relief than 
 any other remedy, gr. X to X of morphine hypodermically (B.) ; gr. ij-iv of 
 opium, with a moderate dose of castor oil (P.). Sulphuric Acid, diluted 
 well, as a prophylactic, and is useful in the treatment of the disease (B.) ; con¬ 
 sidered remarkably efficient when used in association with repeated sulphur 
 baths (Wa.). Calomel, a full dose, with or without opium, followed in a few 
 hours by castor oil and a turpentine enema, often affords speedy and marked 
 relief (Wa.). Tobacco, may control, but is dangerous (B.). Croton Oil, in 
 half-drop closes, with sufficient opium to relieve the pain, repeated every 3 
 or 4 hours until free evacuations are produced ; proves effectual when other 
 remedies fail (Wa.). Magnesium Sulphate, for the constipation, and to remove 
 the poison from the system; should be combined with Iodide of Potassium, 
 3j of the former given ter in die and about two hours after gr. v-x of the 
 iodide. This treatment dissolves the lead in the tissues, causes its elimination 
 by the intestinal mucus, renders it insoluble after it has entered the intestinal 
 canal, and quickly removes it from the body (Br.). [Compare the treatment 
 of Lead-poisoning, ante , page 319.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Aluminis,. 3 ij. 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Dil.,. zj. 
 
 Syr. Limonis,.^j. 
 
 Aquae, .lij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablsp. every hour or two 
 for colic. (B.) 
 
 R. Magnesii Sulphatis,.!|j. 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Dil.,. Zj. 
 
 Aquae,.5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. every 3 hours (B.); 
 or thrice daily, each time preceded by a 
 5 to 10 grain dose of Potassium Iodide. 
 
 (Br.) 
 
520 
 
 COLIC-COMA-CONJUNCTIVITIS. 
 
 Colic, Renal and Hepatic. 
 
 Ether, inhaled in paroxysms of hepatic colic (R.). Chloroform, inhalation 
 in renal and biliary colic, inferior only to morphia injection, superior to opium, 
 warm baths, etc.; two or three administrations may be required (R.). [See also 
 Colic, Intestinal.] Counter-irritation, flying blisters for renal colic (R.). 
 Opium, small doses with spt. chloroform, every five or ten minutes until the 
 pain gives way, or morphia hypoderm. (R.). Turpentine, has been given with 
 benefit in biliary colic (R.). Dioscorea, is used successfully in so-called bilious 
 colic, rr^xv-xxx of the fluid extract. Water, warm baths to ease the pain (R.). 
 Aliment. Withhold all starches and fats. Alkaline mineral waters are useful 
 (B.). [Compare Calculi.] 
 
 Coma. 
 
 Blisters, in a comatose condition, large blisters or mustard poultices should 
 be applied in quick succession to different parts of the body—chest, abdomen, 
 thighs and calves; often very valuable in the critical condition near the end of 
 an acute illness (R.). Cold Douche, for stupor of drunkenness or of opium 
 poisoning. May have to be repeated if relapses occur. It should be kept up 
 for a long time if pulse and breathing improve, or no worse (R.). Croton Oil, 
 as purgative, X or X every hour (R.). Potassium Bitartrate, as purgative 
 when blood is poisoned (R.). Mustard, as poultice to the feet and ankles in 
 the coma of narcotic poisoning (P.). Exercise. In coma from poisoning the 
 patient should be persistently walked about. [Compare Cerebral Conges¬ 
 tion, Uraemia, and the treatment of Narcotic Poisoning, a,7ite, page 297.] 
 
 Condylomata. 
 
 Nitric Acid, §j to Oj aquae, as wash, frequently used (B., R.). Thuja, 
 locally a strong tinct. with gtt. v in water, night and morning, internally, for 
 warts with narrow base and pendulous body. Warts about anus or pudenda of 
 either sex, whether syphilitic or not, often rapidly cured by Thuja (P.). In non¬ 
 syphilitic warts of penis or vulva, I have employed it with satisfaction (Pf.). 
 Mercury, Calomel dusted over, after washing with a solution of chlorinated 
 soda (Ricord, R., B.); the nitrate locally or a 20 per cent, oleate (R.). Zinc, 
 the chloride, iodide or nitrate as local applications (R.). Arsenic, arsenious 
 acid as a caustic (R.). Carbolic Acid, as a mild escharotic (B.). Chromic 
 Acid, gr. c-5j aquae dest.; a good local application (B.). [Compare Syphilis, 
 Warts.] 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Catarrhal. 
 
 Zinc, a weak solution of the sulphate or acetate as astringent collyrium (B.); 
 gr. ij ad §j aquae destil. as mild astringent lotion every few hours, with ice locally 
 in the earlier stage (Roosa). Borate of Sodium, gr. v ad §j aquae dest. a good 
 and mild astringent for ordinary cases. Boric Acid, gr. vj ad §j each of aq. 
 camph. and aq. destil., as collyrium (Fox). Boro-glyceride 3 ss ad Jj of aq , 
 camph. and aq. dest. a very efficient application. See a.7ite, page 59. Carbolic 
 Acid, a 5 percent, solution applied every two hours by spray of steam atomizer, 
 which dilutes it one-half, an extremely efficient application, relieving the pain 
 and contracting the vessels. Cocaine, the hydrochlorate in 3 to 5 per cent, solu¬ 
 tion or oleate, applied to the palpebral conjunctiva, is a very efficient palliative, 
 especially where much pain and photophobia (Roller). Alum, potassa alum 
 after acute symptoms subside (Br.); gr. iij-v ad 3ij aq. destil. brushed over the 
 conjunctiva twice daily. Pulsatilla, 3 j-ij of tincture to $iv aquae as wash sev¬ 
 eral times daily, also internally every 3 or 4 hours (P.). Opium, the wine 
 
 dropped into the eye relieves pain and improves the condition of the conjunc¬ 
 tiva (R.); Morphine, gr. j-ij ad 3j, is often used in collyria with zinc salts or 
 alum. Mercury, Calomel dusted over the palpebral conjunctiva, in severe 
 cases ; should be finely levigated and dusted from a camel’s-hair brush (B.); the 
 
CONJUNCTIVITIS. 
 
 521 
 
 oleate of mercury and morphine to the outside of the lids in palpebral conjunc¬ 
 tivitis (R.); the red oxide as ointment, gr. x ad §j vaseline (Bader); the yellow 
 oxide, gr. viij-x ad £j vaseline (Seely). Cadmium, as collyrium gr. ij of the 
 sulphate to 2;j aquae rosae (B.). Tannin, in glycerin, 3 j ad 3j, every second day 
 in chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis, presenting diffused injection of vessels with 
 oedema (Hansell). Silver Nitrate, solutions of strength gr. j-iv ad 3j applied by 
 physician to conjunctiva (R.); should not be given to patient. Zinc and copper 
 salts are preferred (B.). Copper, the sulphate crystal in chronic cases where 
 great swelling or hypertrophy of the papillary layer. Is too irritating to be 
 entrusted to the patient. Lead salts should never be used lest deposits occur 
 in slight abrasions or ulcerations of the cornea. Sulphates, of zinc, copper 
 and iron with alum, aa gr. j to 3j of aq. destil. as collyrium, extremely effi¬ 
 cient ; in severe cases may be used in saturated solution by the physician 
 (Holmes). Castor Oil, a drop placed in the eye often allays the pain and pho¬ 
 tophobia caused by an irritant (R.). Belladonna, locally and internally (B.). 
 Atropine in strong solution, gr. iv to 3j, is one of the best local applications 
 where mydriasis is not objectionable. Euphrasia, as a mild astringent (P.). 
 Blisters, behind the ears in bad cases (R.). Ergot, the fluid extract locally 
 gives excellent results in acute conjunctivitis (B.). Staphisagria, especially in 
 tarsal ophthalmia (P.). Colchicum, when gouty diathesis (A.). Spigelia, in 
 rheumatic form (P.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. ij. 
 
 Morphinse Sulph.,.gr. ij. 
 
 Atropinse Sulph.,.gr. ss. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Eye-water. (B.) 
 
 R. Liq. Plumbi Subacetat., . . . 3 j. 
 
 Aquae Destillatae,.3iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—For local use. To be brushed 
 over conjunctiva of everted lids by the sur¬ 
 geon and washed off with water. [Bidleri) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Oxidi Rub., . . . gr. x. 
 
 Atropinae Sulph.,.gr. j. 
 
 Vaselini,.^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A minute portion as an oint¬ 
 ment for the eye. ( Bader .) 
 
 R. Ung. Hydrarg. Nitrat., . . . gr. xx. 
 Cocainae Hydrochlorat., . . gr. v. 
 
 Vaselini Albi,.£ij. 
 
 Use a fresh ointment, triturate thor¬ 
 oughly, and label “ Ointment for the eye.” 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Diphtheritic. 
 
 Zinc Chloride, gr. ij-iv ad 3j, as collyrium, has succeeded admirably 
 (Wa.). Atropine, locally, throughout the disease. Treatment not very effectual 
 (Roosa); is, for severe cases, powerless; cornea sure to be attacked and liable 
 to slough (Noyes). Boric Acid, 4 per cent, solution, as antiseptic, the best 
 application, with Quinine, internally in full doses (Noyes). Iron, the pyro¬ 
 phosphate for children, 3j in 3iij of simple syrup, of which a teasp. thrice daily 
 after meals, with quinine in 1 to 3-grain doses thrice daily, and good food 
 (Derby). Cold by compresses, as in purulent ophthalmia, in early stages. 
 Silver Nitrate in solution locally, a 10-grain solution or the mitigated stick in 
 the second stage. Tannin, gr. xx to the 3 of glycerin, later on, applied every 
 day, with hot water lotions if corneal complications. 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Gonorrhoeal. 
 
 Zinc Chloride, gr. j-ij ad £j aquae, as collyrium, with marked benefit (Wa.). 
 Silver Nitrate, a 2-gr. to the 3 solution, after syringing out the eye with warm 
 water, followed by ice compresses, in hope to abort the attack, if seen early 
 (Roosa). Cold, by ice or wet compresses, essential in the early stage (C.). 
 Atropine, may be used from the beginning, as corneal complications begin 
 very early. Treatment, generally the same as for Purulent Conjunctivitis. 
 Isolation and cleanliness are of prime importance. 
 
522 
 
 CONJUNCTIVITIS. 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Granular. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, the diluted stick (see page 113) applied lightly and quickly 
 (C.); strong solutions to granular lids, gr. xx ad jjj cautiously when corneal 
 ulcers exist (B.); mild solutions better, gr. v ad 3j, daily in the papillary 
 form ; in miliary trachoma it should not be stronger than gr. ij ad 3J (Noyes). 
 Applications lose their effect after a time, and should be changed (Roosa). 
 Copper Sulphate, the solid crystal lightly touched to the membrane once a day, 
 the favorite astringent and caustic in all forms of trachoma (Roosa); when 
 membrane torpid to other stimulation and when lymphoid substance is pre¬ 
 dominant. As ointment gr. v-x ad §j vaseline, when for use by patient 
 (Noyes). Alum, a smooth crystal is a useful daily application (Noyes). 
 Tannin, gr. x-xxx ad glycerini 3), an application to change to from others 
 (Roosa). Bismuth is one of the numerous applications in chronic conjuncti¬ 
 vitis and granular lids (B.). Phytolacca internally, is undoubtedly efficient in 
 granular conjunctivitis (W.). Jequirity, to excite substitutive inflammation. 
 See ante, page 55. Atropine, gr. ij ad 3j aquae, thrice daily, is often advisable, 
 where moderate irritation and haziness of the cornea (Noyes). Hygienic Meas¬ 
 ures, of great value. Protection by blue or smoked glasses. Rest of eyes, best 
 secured by using atropine collyria. Hot or cold water as local bath frequently. 
 Tobacco must be avoided, also all locations contaminated by impure air. 
 Canthoplasty of outer commissure when lids press on globe. 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Phlyctenular. 
 
 Mercury. Calomel finely levigated and dusted from a camel’s-hair pencil 
 over the membrane in phlyctenular ophthalmia, an excellent local applica¬ 
 tion ; which should never be used when iodine is being taken. In more obsti¬ 
 nate cases a small bit of Pagenstecker’s ointment, the size of a pin-head (Hy- 
 drarg. Ox. Flav. gr. j-iij, Vaselini 5 j), placed between the lids (Noyes). Ergot, 
 the fluid extract, applied undiluted, gives excellent results in the phlyctenular 
 ophthalmia of children (B.). Antimony. Tartar emetic gr. to ^ 3 or 4 
 times daily in strumous ophthalmia, with sharp purgation at the outset (R.). 
 Belladonna, or Atropine, locally in strumous ophthalmia, of great service in 
 relieving pain ; constitutional treatment also required (Wa.). Arsenic, invalu¬ 
 able in inveterate cases of strumous ophthalmia, especially when complicated 
 with cutaneous eruptions (Wa.). Tannin, finely powdered and dusted over the 
 everted lid, gives remarkably good results in this and other forms of conjunc¬ 
 tivitis, causing very little pain and no inflammatory reaction (B). Carbonic 
 Acid Gas, applied to the eye is said to relieve the pain and photophobia of 
 strumous ophthalmia (R.). Hydrastis, as lotion, is serviceable when Meibo¬ 
 mian follicles are implicated, causing adhesion of lids in the morning (P.). 
 Eserine, locally, to reduce the pupil and shut out the light (P.). Iodine, is em¬ 
 ployed locally in strumous ophthalmia, for its alterative stimulation (W.). Zinc 
 Chloride, gr. ij-iv ad jjj, as collyrium, has succeeded admirably in pustular 
 ophthalmia (Wa.). Zinc Sulphate, gr.j-iv ad 5 j, is very serviceable; the addi¬ 
 tion of liquor plumbi improves its efficacy (Wa.). Rhubarb, the mistura rhei et 
 sodae where much disturbance of digestion present. Tonics, may be given 
 later, preparations of Cinchona and Iron. Cod-liver Oil, in strumous subjects, 
 tends to remove the manifestations of the disease (R.). 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Purulent. 
 
 Alum, gr. ij ad £j aquae, a sufficient astringent application in ophthalmia 
 neonatorum (Roosa); gr. viij ad 3j aquae, applied every % or X A hour in the 
 purulent ophthalmia of children, its success depending on the frequency of the 
 application (R.). Copper Sulphate, gr. j ad 31 aquae camph. as collyrium in 
 purulent ophthalmia of infants (Wa.). Silver Nitrate, gr. iij-x ad 3j aquae destil., 
 rarely so strong as gr. x, once daily applied by brush to everted lids in purulent 
 
CONSTIPATION. 
 
 523 
 
 ophthalmia of infants (Noyes); solution gr. ad %j twice daily under lids 
 (Meigs)—by many it is considered needless and injurious (Roosa). Boric Acid, 
 a 4 per cent, solution, as antiseptic, is all that is necessary in mild cases; in 
 others it is the proper fluid for cleansing the eye (Noyes). Atropine, when the 
 cornea becomes invaded, and shows haziness, a solution gr. ij ad 5), must be 
 instilled every 3 hours (R.) Cold, by ice or wet compresses, essential in the 
 early stages of acute purulent ophthalmia (C.). Cleanliness, a matter of great 
 importance. As the discharge is infectious the patient should be isolated and 
 care taken to prevent inoculation of the other eye therewith. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Sodii Boratis,.. gr. xij. 
 
 Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Camph.,. %}. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.,3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply to lids 2 or 3 times daily 
 in oph. neonatorum, with solution of Silver 
 Nitrate, gr. ^ ad injected under lids 
 twice daily. (Meigs.) 
 
 R. Sodii Boratis,.gr. iij. 
 
 Aquae Rosae, 
 
 Aquae,.aa 25j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply beneath lids three or 
 four times daily after cleansing. 
 
 R . Atropinae Sulph.,.gr. j. 
 
 Glvcerini, ^ss. Aquae, . . . ppj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Two drops into the eye. 
 
 Constipation. 
 
 Nux Vomica, gtt. j-ij of tincture bis vel ter in die (R.) ; gtt. v-x in a glass of 
 cold water before breakfast and dinner, often overcomes the most obstinate 
 constipation (P.) ; especially useful when great fecal accumulations from torpor 
 of bowel (B.). Sulphur, gr. x with confectio sennae, often succeeds after other 
 remedies fail (R.). Sulphurous mineral waters (B.); or sulphates in purgative 
 waters; frequent small doses (R.). Podophyllum, the most generally used 
 cathartic when deficient secretion (B.). Gr. to p<s night and morning when 
 constipation with nervous and bilious headaches (P.). Senna, as in the pulvis 
 glycyrrhizae compos. U. S., which may be taken in doses of a teasp. to a tablesp. 
 as required, and kept up for months (Goodell). Mercury, Calomel or gray 
 powder as cathartic (R.). Hydrastis, very valuable, when constipation refer¬ 
 able to a sluggish liver (P.). Magnesium, the bi-carbonate, a useful and mild 
 aperient (R.) Alum, cheap and serviceable laxative (B.). Aloes, in minute 
 doses, in pill with Sulphate of Iron, as the official Pil. Aloes et Ferri, is one of 
 the best agents in the management of chronic cases:—purgation should not 
 be aimed at. Ipecacuanha, gr. j every morning, fasting, when great torpor of 
 bowel (R.). Cocculus, flatus, hard lumpy motions (P.). Turpentine, in purely 
 atonic constipation, with gaseous distention of colon, has triumphed when all 
 other remedies failed (P.). Physostigma, very effective in intestinal torpor (B.). 
 Stillingia, rr^x of fluid extract in habitual constipation (B.). Castor Oil, a mild, 
 efficient cathartic (B.). Ammonium Chloride, in the so-called bilious state, with 
 constipation (B.). Arsenic, small doses (npij) of Fowler’s solution often over¬ 
 come constipation (R.). Belladonna, gr. ]/ 2 of the extract at night, in habitual 
 constipation (B.) ; gr. ]/(,-}£ once a day, especially when dyspepsia (R.). Acts 
 directly on the bowel as a stimulant (P.). Croton Oil, the most efficient ca¬ 
 thartic, when simple impaction without inflammation. Gtt. j-ij (B.); when 
 evacuation of blackened feces (R.). Cascara Sagrada, the fluid extract in 
 doses of 3j, produces large, soft evacuations without griping, and leaves behind 
 it a laxative influence. Frangula, in similar doses, is equally efficient, but if 
 from a fresh bark may produce griping. Cathartics, especially confectio sennae, 
 pil. rhei compos., pil. aloes, the comp, cathartic pill, as well as those above 
 (B.). Purgation as usually practiced denounced by editor of the Lancet , Octo¬ 
 ber 1, 1870. Saline Waters, are useful (B.). Pullna, Friedrichshall, or Hun- 
 yadi; the first two with milk, are good for children (R.). Enemata, of soap¬ 
 suds and salt, or a pint of cold water (B.); or turpentine, castor oil, aa ^ss, to 
 Oss-j of gruel (P.). The habitual use of warm enemata increases torpor of the 
 
524 
 
 CONVALESCENCE-CONVULSIONS. 
 
 bowels (R.). Tamar-Indien, a favorite.. mild aperient, is proprietary, and sup¬ 
 posed to contain cocculus, Glauber’s salts, etc. Aliment, important in habitual 
 constipation ; corn bread, cracked wheat, oatmeal, bread of unbolted flour, 
 fruits, green corn, tomatoes, and celery. ]/ 2 dozen each of almonds and rai¬ 
 sins daily. A glass of cold water before breakfast may overcome habitual 
 constipation (B.). An orange or a smoke after breakfast (R.). Tobacco 
 habitues rarely suffer from constipation. [Compare Intestinal Obstruc¬ 
 tion.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Colocynth. Co., . . . gr. xij. 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae, . . . . gr. ij. 
 
 Ext. Gentianee,.gr. vj. 
 
 Olei Cari,.gtt. iij. 
 
 Ft. pil. vj. Sig.—One pill at bedtime. 
 
 (Goodell.) 
 
 R. Podophylli Resime, . . . . gr. ij. 
 Quininae Sulphatis, 
 
 Ext. Aloes Aquosi, . . aa gr. viij. 
 
 Fellis Bovini.gr. xvj. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xvj. Sig.—One or two at 
 bedtime. (Goodell.) 
 
 R. Ext. Cascarae Sag. FI., . . p ) ). 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae FI., . . . ^j. 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom., . . . . ,"ij. 
 Syrupi et Aquae, . . aa ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily in obsti¬ 
 nate constipation. (Clarke.) 
 
 Castor Oil Emulsion. 
 
 -V 
 
 R. 01. Ricini, 
 
 Glycerini,.aa %). 
 
 Tinct. Aurantii,.rrpxx. 
 
 Tinct. Senegae,.rrpv. 
 
 Aq. Cinnamomi, . . . ad g ss. 
 M. ft. emulsio. Sig.—One dose. 
 
 Artificial Hunyadi Water. 
 
 R. Magnesii Sulph., 
 
 Sochi Sulph.,.aa ^ss. 
 
 Potas. Sulph.,.gr. ij. 
 
 Sodii Bicarb.,.gr. viij. 
 
 Sodii Chloridi,.gr. xx. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s .ad ^viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A winegl. before breakfast. 
 
 Convalescence. 
 
 Lime, as lime-water, or the carbonate, in convalescence from serious dis¬ 
 ease (R.). Quinine or Hydrastine, to promote digestion and appetite (B.). 
 Fats, especially cod-liver oil (R.). Alcohol, before or during meals (R.). 
 Koumiss, possesses great value (B.). Bitters, especially gentian and calumba 
 (B.); the latter especially when stomach weak(R.). Eucalyptus, a serviceable 
 tonic (B.). Coca, 3 ss—ij of the fluid extract as a dose (B.). Guarana, gr. xv- 
 3 j may be given (B.). Opium, as laudanum, injected per rectum, for insomnia 
 of convalescents (R ). Sea-Baths, valuable in many cases (R.). Diet, requires 
 the most careful attention ; the prevalent error of giving food of difficult diges¬ 
 tion too early must be guarded against, especially in intestinal and gastric dis¬ 
 orders. The strictest moderation should be enjoined. The symptoms must 
 be watched closely, and combated by appropriate medication. [Compare 
 Adynamia for Tonic Prescriptions.] 
 
 Convulsions. 
 
 General Directions .—In all cases, horizontal posture, fresh air, loosen the 
 clothing ; insert a plug of soft wood, or a cork, between the teeth, to prevent 
 biting the tongue; sprinkle the face and chest with cold water. Epileptic.— 
 The general directions above will usually suffice. [See also Epilepsy.] Hys¬ 
 terical.—The diagnostic peculiarities are : pupils not dilated, but are sensitive 
 to light; no wounding of tongue; face not livid ; pulse usually normal. [See 
 also Hysteria.] Infantile.—Administer some anti-spasmodic, as Ether, alone 
 or combined with Musk or Belladonna; then search for any mechanical cause, 
 as a pin in the dress, etc. Lance gums if dentition the cause (A.). [See Con¬ 
 vulsions, Infantile.] Uraemic.—[See Uraemia ; Puerperal Convulsions.] 
 
CONVULSIONS-CORNEAL OPACITIES-CORNS. 
 
 525 
 
 Convulsions, Infantile. 
 
 Belladonna is of the highest value in certain congestive forms, as in fits due 
 to the irritation of teething, or those referable to whooping cough (P.). Ignatia, 
 is efficient in convulsions of children from intestinal irritation, no cerebral con¬ 
 gestion being present (P.). Valerian, has been successfully used when from 
 worms, to which parasites it is fatal (P.). Potassium Bromide in all forms of 
 convulsions in children ( 7 ?.) ; children bear it in large doses, gr. v thrice daily 
 or oftener for a child a year old in convulsions from teething (Br.). Chloral, 
 in large doses, gr. v, by mouth or rectum (Br.); best used as a suppository 
 rather than by liquid injection, and often very useful (R.). It gives better results 
 than any other agent. Chloroform, inhalations of great service (R.) ; useful in 
 all forms (B.); should be used to arrest the convulsion and prevent recurrence 
 (A. A. Smith). Alcohol, has remarkable power in arresting convulsions of den¬ 
 tition ; small doses of wine or brandy (Wa.). Asafetida, in the convulsions of 
 teething, a small portion in enema, appears to mitigate them (Wa.). Opium, 
 efficient, but dangerous in young children. Veratrum Viride, has been em¬ 
 ployed successfully (R.). Amyl Nitrite, gtt. v with gr. of morphine used in 
 one case as a last resort, after five hours’ convulsions in a child of 18 months, 
 which resulted in producing quiet sleep (Engel). Hot Baths, are important, 
 with cold affusions or ice to the head (B.). Spinal Ice-bag, may be very effi¬ 
 cient (R.). 
 
 R. Chloralis Hydratis, . . . gr. v. 
 
 Lactis,.^ j- 
 
 M. Sig.—As rectal injection. Or the 
 dose may be made into a suppository with 
 cacao-butter and inserted well up into the 
 rectum. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Sodii Bromidi, 
 
 Chloralis Hydratis, 
 
 Sodii Bicarb.,.aa gr. viij. 
 
 . 5 J- 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every hour to 
 a child under four months old. 
 
 Corneal Opacities. 
 
 Cadmium, is said to promote their absorption; gr. ij of the sulphate to 5j of 
 rose-water as collyrium (R., Wa.). Mercury, Calomel by insufflation, or the 
 red iodide gr. ij, cerate gr. xl, oil gtt. xx, as ointment, successfully used (Wa.); 
 weak solutions of the bichloride, or ointments of the oxides, gr. ^ ad 3j, as 
 remedies, among many others to hasten their absorption in recent cases (Arlt). 
 Oils, eel-liver and cod-liver oils, ox-gall, juniper oil, oil of turpentine combined 
 with olive oil, and others, dropped into the eye once or twice daily for the same 
 purpose (Arlt). Opium, the wine at first, then insufflations of calomel and red 
 precipitate or yellow oxide of mercury ointment, most frequently used by me in 
 recent cases (Arlt). Potassium Iodide, as ointment with carbonate of potassium 
 after cod-liver oil or oil of turpentine with olive oil, in cases of longer standing 
 (Arlt). Silver Nitrate, gr. v-x ad §j aquas, as lotion (C.). Iodine, internally 
 and as collyria, has been efficacious, especially in strumous cases (Wa.). 
 Sodium Chloride, gr. % ad Jj aquas destil., of which rq, v-x injected subcon- 
 junctivally, to hasten disappearance of turbidity (C.). Operative Measures, 
 only in case of incrustations, as of lead and lime, situated superficially by 
 removal of epithelium and anterior elastic layer. Deeper interference may lead 
 to suppurative keratitis. Excision of opaque cornea and transplanting of one 
 from an animal’s or a recently enucleated human eye (keratoplasty), has always 
 failed. Artificial pupil by iridectomy, for central opacities which are unre¬ 
 movable. Tattooing to relieve deformity of disfiguring leucomata (Arlt). Pannus 
 and leucoma are best let alone (D.). Stenopaic Spectacles, for semi-transparent 
 opacities in pupillary region (Donders). [Compare Keratitis.J 
 
 Corns. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, solid, aftersoakingand paring(Wa.); the best application for soft 
 corns, and very irritable ones (D.). Acetic Acid, strong, to remove corns (Wa.). 
 Mercury, corrosive sublimate in alcoholic solution locally to remove corns (Wa.). 
 Iodine, gr. xl ad 5j alcoholis, locally (Wa.). Poultices are useful; or a plaster 
 
526 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 of soft material with hole in centre (D.). Water, hot and cold, alternately 
 applied to inflamed corns. Keep a corn thin by frequent washing and paring. 
 In performing the latter operation, the knife should work downwards to the apex 
 of the corn, so as to remove pressure from its centre. 
 
 Prescription. 
 
 R. Acidi Salicylici, . . . . gr. xv. 
 
 Extract. Cannabis Ind., . gr. vijss. 
 
 Alcoholis, 90°,.TTL xv. 
 
 /Etheris, 62°,.tTLxxxvij 
 
 Collodii Flexilis, . . . . Tr^ lxxv. 
 
 Mix, and keep in closely-corked vial. 
 Paint the corn every other day for a week, 
 then it can be easily squeezed out. 
 
 ( Vigier.) 
 
 Cough. 
 
 Opium, in some form, is much used in cough-mixtures; morphine and gly¬ 
 cerin to fauces (B.); moderate doses only are useful in irritative affections of the 
 air-passages, to allay irritation and hypersecretion, but it may do even fatal 
 mischief in cases where secretion is copious and expulsory power feeble (P.); 
 opiates inadmissible when with copious expectoration there is any indication of 
 bronchial congestion (Wa.); very useful in violent and frequent cough with 
 little rhonchus and no signs of obstructed oxidation ; also, when cough is due to 
 red, inflamed and ulcerated throat; opium or morphine given so as to cling for 
 some time in contact with the pharyngeal structures (R.). Codeine is often effi¬ 
 cient in cough when morphine cannot be borne (Br.). Apomorphine Hydro¬ 
 chlorate, very valuable in cough where a persistent hacking without expectora¬ 
 tion, or with difficult expectoration. The dose is only gr. to T x g in the 24 hours. 
 The solution rapidly alters unless a few drops of hydrochloric acid are added 
 (Stocquardt). Terpine Hydrate, in bronchial cough, and night-cough from 
 habit, is very efficient in a 2-grain dose at bed-time, repeated early in the 
 morning (Boyland). See under Bronchitis, Chronic, for formula. Aconite, 
 irritable, tickling throat-cough ; short, dry cough of asthmatics, with anxious 
 look, full, strong pulse (P.). Belladonna, often useful. No indications (R.). 
 Internally and externally as plaster to the chest, very serviceable in spasmodic 
 and nervous coughs (Wa.). Hyoscyamus, very useful in spasmodic, tickling 
 night coughs (P.). Hydrocyanic Acid, for nervous, irritable cough, and cough 
 of phthisis and mother’s sympathetic cough (B.); no more certain palliative for 
 simple, nervous cough due to irritable state of the system (Stille) ; a valuable 
 adjunct to ordinary remedies in cough of phthisis (Wa.). Potassium Cyanide* 
 is equally useful, gr. iij with §j each of Ext. Grindeliae FL, Syr. Scillae and Syr. 
 Tolutan., makes a good non-opiate cough mixture, of which the dose is 3 j 
 every 4 hours (Waugh). Prunus Virginiana, has some influence due to its 
 hydrocyanic acid ; is much used in cough-mixtures (B., P.). Laurocerasus, used 
 as substitute for hydrocyanic acid in spasmodic coughs (B.). Conium, supposed 
 to be useful (R.); is very useful in spasmodic cough (Wa ). Ipecacuanha, the fl. 
 ext. for troublesome night-cough (B.); in obstinate winter-cough, with wheezing* 
 the wine as spray to fauces efficacious (R.); in coughs of childhood ipecac is one 
 of the most generally serviceable expectorants we can use (Wa.). Lobelia, dry 
 cough, continued tickling sensation, even in sleep (P.). Sanguinaria, combined 
 with hyoscyamus, in nervous, spasmodic cough (P.). Senega, as a stimulant 
 expectorant in the cough of chronic bronchitis and subacute chest affections. 
 Gelsemium, excessive irritability of the respiratory centre (R.); often remarkably 
 relieves convulsive or spasmodic, reflex, nervous coughs (B.). Nux Vomica, 
 has specific action on the pneumogastric, and is one of the most efficient reme¬ 
 dies in cough of any kind, whether from bronchitis, pneumonia, phthisis or 
 emphysema, but especially in nervous coughs and periodic coughs which come 
 on in evening and stay all night. (Jour, de Med.) Pulsatilla, as anemonine, 
 y 2 gr. and gr. doses, very useful in irritative cough, asthma, whooping-cough 
 (P.). Iodine, by inhalation for children in hoarse, hollow cough, wheezing (R.). 
 Alum, internally in spasmodic cough, gr. x to aq. as spray, in chronic cough 
 also (R). Drosera Rotundifolia, the fluid extract in ]/ 2 teaspoonful dose to an 
 adult every 2 or 3 hours, of high value when spasm predominates. See ante 
 
COXALGIA. 
 
 527 
 
 page 202. Potassium Bromide, serviceable in various reflex coughs (uterine, 
 renal, etc.), and in cough of phthisis occasionally ameliorative as a gargle (B.) 
 Cubebs, 3 ss-j of the tinct. in half-glass of linseed tea thrice daily, often cures 
 like a charm the coughs of chronic catarrh, of emphysema, or acute catarrh, or 
 following an attack of influenza (R.). Asafcetida, Garrod ascribes its value to 
 the sulphur in it (P.). Very serviceable in after-cough from habit, and in 
 mother’s sympathetic whooping-cough (B.). Carbolic Acid, as spray, a 5 per cent, 
 solution in a steam atomizer will often prevent as well as cure a cough from cold. 
 Valerian, in asthmatical and hysterical coughs (P.). Chloroform, with morphine 
 and molasses in paroxysmal dry cough. May be painted on throat also (R.); 
 in irritable reflex cough the vapor of a teaspoonful of the spirit may be inhaled 
 from the surface of hot water and repeated every five minutes for four or five 
 times (B.). Chloral, in convulsive coughs, ameliorates symptoms after hypnotic 
 effect (Wa.). Camphor, equal parts of camphor and chloral triturated together 
 are said to allay spasmodic cough when painted over larynx (B.). Glycerin of 
 Tannin, applied to throat when chronically inflamed and so producing cough ; 
 often the case with children (R.). Grindelia, used in cough of habit and 
 spasmodic cough (B.). Squill, in catarrhal cough, should not be employed 
 until active inflammation has subsided (Wa.), the syrup or vinegar of squill is 
 the best preparation for cough with tickling in the throat (P.). Cod-liver Oik 
 in chronic coughs (R., Wa.). Lactucarium, the syrup as vehicle in cough-mix¬ 
 tures (B.). Chamomile Oil, gtt. ij-viij, in coughs due to heightened reflex 
 irritability, especially in hysterical women (P.). Pix, Tar-water, in winter cough, 
 especially when paroxysmal (R.). Allays the cough of bronchitis and phthisis 
 (P.). Emplastrum Picis, as rubefacient and counter-irritant in chronic coughs 
 (Wa.). The frequency and violence of nervous coughs may be controlled by 
 a determined effort of the patient’s will. [Compare Bronchitis, Pertussis,. 
 Phthisis.] 
 
 Prescriptions for Cough Mixtures. 
 
 Adults. 
 
 R. Spiritus Etheris Nitrosi, . . sjij. 
 
 Vini Ipecac.,. t ^ss. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deodorat., . . gj. 
 Syrupi Tolutani, . . . ad 5 lj 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful twice or thrice 
 daily. ( Bowditch .) 
 
 R. Liq. Morph. (Magendie), . £j. 
 
 Syr. Scillse Comp., 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,.aa^j. 
 
 Syr. Ipecac. 
 
 Spt. Lavand. Co., . . . aa^ss 
 
 Spt. Limonis,.gj. 
 
 Syr. Pruni Virgin., . . . ad $ vj 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. as required. 
 Each dose has of Morph, gr. 
 
 Children. 
 
 R. Mist. Glycyrrh. Co., . . . 3 ij. 
 
 Syr. Pruni Virginian., 
 
 Syr. Tolutan .. 
 
 M. Sig.—Half teaspoonful 3 or 4 times 
 daily for infants, teaspoonful doses at 1 to 
 2 years, larger doses for older children. 
 
 [Potter.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Opii Deodorat., 
 
 Vini Antimonii, aagss. 
 
 Ext. Valerianae FI., 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, aagij. 
 
 Aquae, ^jss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful every hour or 
 two until cough controlled, for those 4 
 years and upward. ( Aleigs < 2 r= Pepper.) 
 
 Coxalgia. 
 
 Barium Chloride, in considerable doses (gr. j—ij) persevered in for a month, 
 thought to be a most valuable remedy in scrofulous diseases of joints (Wa.). 
 Sulphuric Acid, 3 j ad gj adipis, as ointment, persevered in, has resulted in 
 great benefit. A powerful irritant (Wa.), Counter-irritation, by blisters 
 around the hip, with perfect rest in the straight posture, cod-liver oil, etc. (I).). 
 Iodide of Iron, in scrofulous disease of the joints, with cod-liver oil and nutri¬ 
 tious diet (Wa.). Iodoform, very successfully used by many continental prac¬ 
 titioners in scrofulous diseases of the joints (Wa.). Cod-liver Oil, the remedy 
 on which most reliance is to be placed (R.). [Compare Ap.scess, Caries, Sup¬ 
 puration, Synovitis.] 
 
528 
 
 CROUP. 
 
 Croup, Catarrhal. 
 
 Aconite, valuable (R., Wa.); has been employed with the best results (P.) ; 
 from gtt. to j every half-hour, until an impression is made on the fever- 
 movement, then every hour or two (B.). Hot Water, applications beneath the 
 chin and along the whole course of the larynx (Wa.). Hot fomentations or 
 turpentine stupe to throat (El.); hot bath (95°-io2°) in the paroxysm a good 
 method (M. & P.). Potassium Bromide, locally, a solution by atomization has 
 proved highly efficient in spasmodic croup (Wa.). Lobelia, has been used with 
 occasional success (P.). Ipecacuanha, the syrup or fluid extract as an emetic 
 at the outset (El.); is a slower emetic than tartar emetic (P.); the syrup to 
 vomiting during the paroxysm, and tr^v-x every 2 or 3 hours next day (M. & 
 P.). [Compare Laryngismus Stridulus.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Citratis,.^j. 
 
 Syr. Ipecac,.£ij. 
 
 Tr. Opii Deodorat., . . . gtt. xij. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,.^ij. 
 
 Aqua?,.3jss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful every two hours 
 at 2 years of age. In severe form of spas¬ 
 modic laryngitis. ( M,\ o° Pi) 
 
 R . Tinct. Belladon., .... gtt. iv. 
 Tinct. Opii Camph., . . . gtt. 1 . 
 
 Pulv. Aluminis,.gr. vj. 
 
 Syr. Acaciae,.,25 ss. 
 
 Aquae, . . * *.5jss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful every 2 or 3 
 hours at 6 months old when cough frequent 
 and harassing. [ M . P.) 
 
 Croup, Membranous. 
 
 Mercury, a remedy of established value, gr. ss-j of calomel, with gr. Y%-% 
 of ipecac, according to age, every 2 hours, with local and other general meas¬ 
 ures, especially the use of a hot (7o°-73°) and moist atmosphere (Wa.). The 
 sub-sulphate, given early, is the best emetic, gr. iij—v ; calomel is strongly urged as 
 a laryngeal sedative and aplastic agent, allaying laryngeal spasm and preventing 
 formation of membrane (B.). Alum, one of the best emetics in this disease, a 
 teasp. in honey or syrup, repeated every 10 or 15 minutes until it operates (M. & 
 P.); a very useful and non-depressant emetic (B.). Sanguinaria, by many 
 considered specific, is undoubtedly the best emetic for this disease (P.); is too 
 harsh and too uncertain in action (B.). Tartar Emetic, as an emetic, has 
 established value in croup (Wa.). Is injurious; too depressant (B.). Potas¬ 
 sium Chlorate, as alkali, after emetics, the most reliable internal remedy, gr. 
 ij-iij every 2 hours to a child of 4 years (M. & P.). Chloride of Iron, may be 
 combined with the preceding, in doses of 3-5 drops of the tincture, at the same 
 age (M. & P.). Emetics, besides the above : Copper Sulphate, in small frequent 
 doses (R.). Ipecacuanha, inferior to mercury (B.). In severe cases, vomiting 
 should be caused 3 or 4 times a day, and should be commenced early (R.). 
 Apomorphine, effective, but highly dangerous (B.). Senega, is considered a 
 valuable auxiliary (P.), has been employed (R.). Quinine, in full doses is highly 
 useful (B.). Sulphurous Acid, as spray, hourly or more frequently (R.). Tannin, 
 a 5 per cent, spray, several times a day for 15 or 20 minutes (R.). Lactic Acid, 
 as solvent of membrane (B ). Iodine, the tincture, externally, affords great 
 relief, and tends to prevent formation of false membranes (Wa.). Water.— 
 Warm bath, hot fomentations or compress to throat. Watery vapor in room. 
 Steam inhalations, with a few drops of Iodine or Bromine. Diet.—Water only 
 in small quantities during attack. Supporting diet may be required afterwards. 
 Lime-water, by vaporization, or inhalations of the vapor of slaking lime for a 
 few minutes in every hour, or some other alkaline solution during the whole 
 treatment (M. & P.). Tracheotomy fully justifiable, 21 y z per cent., recovered, 
 out of 1024 operations ; should be done when paroxysms become very frequent, 
 and dyspnoea is rather persistent than paroxysmal (M. & P.). [Compare 
 Laryngitis, Diphtheria.] 
 
CYANOSIS—CYSTITIS. 
 
 529 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 $ . Acidi Lactici,.5 iijss. 
 
 Aq. Destillat.,.3 x. 
 
 M. Sig.—To be used as a spray, or ap¬ 
 plied by a mop. 
 
 (London Throat Hospital .) 
 
 Cyanosis. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite, by inhalation, often gives marked relief (P.). Quebracho, in 
 that from asthmatic attacks of consumptives, lessened the cyanosis or entirely 
 relieved it (Rohrer). Leeching is of service, in a manner not easily understood 
 (P.). Treatment must depend on the nature of the lesion or disease giving 
 rise to the cyanotic condition (A.). 
 
 R. Pulv. Sanguinarise, . . . gr. xx. 
 
 Pulv. Ipecac.,.gr. v. 
 
 Syr. Ipecac.,.5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every % hour until 
 emesis, then G teasp. every hour. . (P.) 
 
 Cystitis, Acute. 
 
 Belladonna, is a good remedy in almost every form of vesical irritation (G.); 
 when the vesical mucous membrane is irritable (B.) ; very useful in recent 
 catarrh from chill, with pain (P.). Cantharis, in large doses causes inflamma¬ 
 tion of the urinary tract, but gtt. j of the tincture every hour will often relieve 
 vesical catarrh (A. A. Smith); in small doses continued, very efficient (B.); 
 gtt. j-v of the tincture thrice daily, when bladder is irritable, its sphincter weak, 
 and pain along the urethra (P.); may be employed in cystitis with benefit (R.) ; 
 the best remedy in small doses for acute cystitis. Aconite, for febrile symptoms 
 (R., P.). Quinine, often useful for acute symptoms (B.). Iodoform, in sup¬ 
 pository for painful cystitis (R.). Opium, a rectal injection of starch and lau¬ 
 danum will subdue pain and prevent the frequent micturition (R.) ; opium is 
 dangerous if kidneys are diseased (P.) Alkalies, the citrates and bicarbonates 
 if urine is highly acid ; stop when it becomes alkaline (R.) Liquor Potassse in 
 barley-water or in a decoction of Triticum repens, preferred to all other alka¬ 
 lies ; urine must be maintained at a neutral or very slightly acid reaction 
 (Thompson). Cannabis Indica, an excellent anodyne in all bladder cases, 
 having specific effect on that organ. Rest in horizontal posture, mucilaginous 
 drinks, hot fomentations arid hip-baths, from ioo° to no 0 , laxatives for the 
 bowels, light food. Milk-diet often necessary, especially in children. [ Com¬ 
 pare Bladder Irritable, Calculus, Dysuria, Enuresis, Hematuria.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Atropinoe Sulphatis, . . . gr.j. 
 
 Acidi Acetici,.gtt. xx. 
 
 Alcoholis, 
 
 Aquae,.aa 5 ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Four drops in a winegl. of 
 water before each meal. (G.) 
 
 R. Pulv. Opii,.gr. xij, 
 
 Camphorae,.gr. xxx. 
 
 Ext. Belladon.,.gr. iij. 
 
 01 . Theobrom., q. s. 
 
 M. et div. in supposit. no vj. 
 
 Sig.—One at bed-time. 
 
 Cystitis, Chronic. 
 
 Benzoic Acid, and the benzoates, in chronic cystitis, from any cause, when 
 urine is alkaline (B.); has some balsamic character, and is useful in some cases 
 of chronic cystitis; gr. xxiv at least in the day, in pills made with glycerin 
 (Thompson). Sodii Benzoas 3 j in Tinct. Gelsemii 5>j-iij And water to ^vj 
 makes an excellent wash for painful cystitis of old men with enlarged prostate. 
 A fluid ounce should be warmed and injected, and retained 20 to 30 minutes 
 (Copeland). Alkalies, when urine is acid ; the liquor potassse, with hyoscyamus 
 as an anodyne, preferred notwithstanding its chemical incompatibility, to con¬ 
 trol painful and frequent micturition (Thompson); bicarbonates or citrates 
 better, as the strong reaction of liq. potassse unfits it to be given in doses suf¬ 
 ficiently large to affect in any great degree the reaction of the urine (R.). 
 
 34 
 
530 
 
 CYSTITIS, CHRONIC. 
 
 Triticum, is very efficient as an internal remedy, ^ij-iv of the rhizome boiled 
 in a quart of water until reduced to a pint, this strained to betaken in four doses 
 in the 24 hours (Thompson); a very useful remedy (Pancoast). Buchu, is 
 probably the most efficient of the urino-genital remedies, the fluid extract in 
 doses of TT x - 3 j (B.); the best drug in chronic cystitis, especially when the 
 catarrh implicates the ureters or the kidneys themselves, producing consider¬ 
 able muco-purulent discharge (P.) Uva Ursi, is decidedly effective (P.); is less 
 so than Buchu (B.). Stigmata Maydis, an infusion, 3ij ad Oj, wineglassful 
 every 3 or 4 hours, has been used internally with considerable success (Des- 
 sein). Pareira, considered superior to Uva-Ursi (Brodie); often very successful 
 (P.). Chimaphila, is often very efficient, but is more actively diuretic than the 
 preceding named remedies (B.); by many practitioners it is considered the best 
 remedy for chronic cystitis. Copaiba, is very useful by virtue of its local action 
 on the mucous membrane, but objectionable for its nauseous taste and resulting 
 gastric disturbance (B.). Cubeb, is often useful from its stimulating effect (P.). 
 Turpentine, has been useful in many cases (R., P.); when cystitis due to 
 urethral inflammation or prostatic disease (B.). Juniper, the oil is indicated 
 under the same conditions as is turpentine (B.). Eucalyptus, there is no more 
 efficient remedy in chronic cystitis than this (B.); the oxygenated oil of Merck 
 is best in doses of 3 drops on sugar every 6 or 8 hours. Salicylic Acid, in large 
 doses, either internally or by injection into the bladder, is most efficient (B.); 
 the acid or salicylates often useful to prevent decomposition (P.) Carbolic Acid, 
 and sulpho-carbolates to preserve the urine sweet (R.) Sulphites will accom¬ 
 plish the same object (B.). Silver Nitrate, by intra-vesical injection, gr. j ad 
 5iv to begin with, increased gradually to gr. ^ ad 5j at most (Thompson). 
 Stronger solutions are advocated by Professor Richardson of New Orleans, and 
 Prof. Gardner of McGill College, Montreal. In the writer’s experience a 
 5 gr.to SJ solution, used as a vesical wash, has been promptly efficient in curing 
 many cases which resisted other treatment for months. It sometimes produces 
 serious symptoms, and it is therefore well to have a neutralizing solution of 
 sodium chloride on hand for use if required. Other Injections which may be 
 used to wash out the bladder, are—Lead Acetate, gr. j to ^iv of warm water y 
 once daily : Nitric Acid, dilute, j -ij to the of water : Tannic Acid, gr. j to 
 5j : Borax, 5j in 3ij of glycerin and 3ij of water, of which £ss to £iv of warm 
 water for one injection ; Quinine, gr. j -ij to the 5 of water, with a drop of acetic 
 acid. All injections must be used with great care, not more than ^ij forced in 
 at once and that very slowly. Use flexible catheter, warm solutions, and a 
 rubber-injecting bottle with a long nozzle and stop-cock (Thompson). Washing 
 the bladder is of great value (R.). Evacuation of the urine, some of which is 
 often retained in the bladder, is a matter of great importance. Ergotin, hypo¬ 
 dermically, increases the contractile power of the bladder, and enables it to 
 empty itself more perfectly (Langenbeck). Pichi, the fluid extract, rtpxx to xxx 
 four times daily, gave excellent results in bad cases of long standing, urine 
 being alkaline, ammoniacal, ropy and purulent (Delamere). [Compare Blad¬ 
 der Irritable, Calculus, Dysuria, Enuresis, Hematuria.] 
 
 Prescriptions . 
 
 R. Uvae Ursae Fob, R. Quininae Sulphatis, . . . . >jss. 
 
 Pareirae Radicis, . . . aa 3 j—ij. Acaciae,. £ \). 
 
 Sig.—Boil in 3 pints of water until re- Morphinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. jss. 
 
 duced to a quart, then strain, and take I or Aquae. s. ad £ \\). 
 
 2 wineglassfuls 3 or 4 times daily. M. Sig.—A tablesp. to 3j£ ounces of 
 
 ( Thompson .) warm water, which inject in 3 parts, daily. 
 
 R. Sodii Boratis,.5j. 
 
 R. Ext. Tritici Fluidi, . . . . 3 ij. Glycerini, 
 
 Syr. Amygdalae,.3 ij- Aquae,.. . . aa 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. in water 5 or 6 M. Sig.—Tablesp. in four ounces of 
 times daily. (Pancoast.) warm water as an injection. 
 
CYSTS-DEAFNESS-DELIRIUM TREMENS. 
 
 531 
 
 R. 01 . Terebinth., ..... 5 ss. 
 
 Camphorae,.gr. xv. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, ... • gr. ss. 
 
 Fiat massa. Sig.—Take a piece the size 
 of a cherry-stone morning and evening. 
 
 ( Chauvel .) 
 
 R. Argenti Nitratis,.gr. vij. 
 
 Aquae Destillat., .... 5 iijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Injection every third or fourth 
 day after washing the bladder out with 
 
 warm water. ( Ricord .) 
 
 Cysts. 
 
 Iodine, injection very effective in cysts of neck, and sometimes in unilocular 
 ovarian (B.) ; £x after tapping (R.). Silver Nitrate, gtt. v-x of solution, 9 j-ij 
 as injection, will cure after setting up inflammation (B.). Galvano-puncture, 
 will permanently occlude cysts of neck (B.). Aurum Chloride, may sometimes 
 cure ovarian dropsy (B.). Remedies internally have all been proved worth¬ 
 less (E.). 
 
 Deafness. 
 
 Quinine, cures some forms, and often causes deafness (Brown-Sequard). 
 Glycerin, for dryness of meatus ; also to form a film to ruptured tympanum 
 (R.); either alone or in combination with olive oil (P.); effects are temporary 
 (Wa.). Tannin, the glycerite as application for throat deafness (R., Wa.). 
 Colchicum, when from gout in ear (A.). Cantharides, as ointment; gr. xxx 
 ad 5J adipis, below and behind the ear bis die, with alterative mercurial treat¬ 
 ment, in deafness from thickened tympanum (Wa.). Gargles, in throat-deaf¬ 
 ness, are of great value ; potassium nitrate, borax, etc., in sthenic ; tincture of 
 capsicum added in nervous forms; hydrargyrum perchloride, when from 
 secondary syphilis (Wa.). Water, washing in warm water, in deafness from 
 general debility (Toynbee). Faradization, of the ear in nervous deafness, in 
 which slight results only to be expected from the treatment (R.). Demands 
 the utmost caution (Wa.). Collodion, contractile, applied to the membrana 
 tympani, in deafness from relaxation of the membrane, has exerted a perma¬ 
 nently beneficial influence, even in cases of long standing (Wa.). Turpentine, 
 gtt. xl in 5SS glycerin, a few drops into the meatus, in deafness depending on 
 deficient secretion of cerumen, results in much benefit (Wa.). Morphine, 
 gr. ss sprinkled on surface behind the ear denuded by a small blister, has 
 proved curative in chronic deafness, after all other remedies had failed (Wa.). 
 
 Delirium. 
 
 Belladonna, delirium of typhus and other fevers (R.); severe forms of de¬ 
 lirium (P.). Hyoscyamus, delirium of typhus; mild, less inflammatory form, 
 hallucinations, nervous excitement, little cerebral congestion (P.) Stramo¬ 
 nium, in wild and furious delirium of puerperal mania, with general restless¬ 
 ness and suicidal or destructive tendency (Wa.); no drug deserving of more 
 confidence in the greater number of maniacal cases (Cullen). Opium, in 
 traumatic delirium, as a rectal injection, combined with tartar emetic in fevers, 
 or, better still, morphine hypoder. Laudanum in low, muttering delirium (R.). 
 is regarded with suspicion (P.). Cannabis Indica, the extract in doses of gr. 
 yi-yi in nocturnal delirium occurring in softening of the brain (Wa.). Potas¬ 
 sium Bromide, in delirium resembling delirium tremens (R.). Camphor Mono¬ 
 bromide, useful in rambling delirium (Wa.). Camphor, in 20-gr. doses, every 2 
 or 3 hours, especially in low muttering delirium (R.). Chloral, in violent deli¬ 
 rium of fevers (R.). Antimony, delirium of fevers (R.). [See Fevers.] 
 Water, the cold douche in maniacal delirium ; place patient in warm bath 
 during application (R.). [Compare Cerebral Congestion, Fever, Mania.] 
 
 Delirium Tremens. 
 
 Belladonna, of proven efficacy when congestion of the brain (P.); useful 
 for the insomnia when coma vigil, cold surface, cyanosis (B.). Stramonium 
 can do all that Bell, can do, and is more powerful (Tr.). Hyoscyamus, in 
 
532 
 
 DEMENTIA AND INSANITY. 
 
 some forms admirable (P.). Opium, cautiously, if at all (B.); as rectal injec¬ 
 tion, hypodermically, or with spirits. If patient strong, delirium boisterous, 
 and pulse full, add Tartar Emetic or Aconite (R.). Bromides in the “hor¬ 
 rors” preceding the delirium, £>j every 4 to 6 hours. Are of less value in the 
 delirium and in subsequent attacks (B., R.). Ammonium Bromide has been 
 used with very good results (Wa.). Chloral, at outset (R.) ; very successful, 
 but dangerous to old drunkards, or when heart disease exists (B.). If long 
 continued to produce sleep chloral will produce a condition of insomnia. 
 Chloroform, inhalations to procure sleep (R.). Anaesthetics dangerous (B.). 
 Cannabis Indica, gr. ss-j of extract, one of the least dangerous and most use¬ 
 ful hypnotics (P.). Tartar Emetic, as hypnotic (B.); combined with opium to 
 control mania and insomnia (R.). Capsicum, to induce sleep in early stages, 
 gr. xx-xxx in a bolus with honey, repeated after three hours (R.). In 20-30 gr. 
 doses has remarkable success (P.). The tincture in £ss-doses every three 
 hours of great benefit (YVa.). Nux Vomica, or Strychnine, should be more 
 freely used than it is in alcoholism, and in delirium tremens may be used hypo¬ 
 dermically almost to the commencement of tetanic action (Luton). Arnica, 
 the tincture is exceptionally serviceable in cases where there is depression (B.). 
 Coffee, often exceedingly useful (P.). Digitalis, gss of tinct. repeated in 4 to 6 
 hours (R.); a tablesp. of the infusion every 4 hours in pale subjects, anaemia 
 of brain, with effusion and oedema (B.) has cured many cases promptly with¬ 
 out producing any unfavorable symptoms. Its safety and efficacy are alike 
 questionable (Wa.). Cimicifuga, an excellent tonic for the nervous system, 
 very successful (P.). Quinine, with a mineral acid to restore digestion, in the 
 “ horrors,” and in adynamic states (B.); gr. j two or three times daily as a 
 tonic, the best to produce nervous tranquillity (Anstie). Sumbul, very efficient 
 for insomnia (P.). Zinc Phosphide, gr. jss daily, in divided doses, for many 
 weeks, is used with decided benefit. Zinc Oxide, is of essential benefit as a 
 nerve tonic and sedative, gr. ij-viij, twice daily, gradually increased to the 
 higher dose named (Wa.). Lupulin, the tinct. or oleo-resin, useful in mild 
 cases as stomachic tonic and cerebral sedative (B.). Ammonium Carbonate, 
 when anaemia of brain and feeble heart-action (B.). Conium, combined with 
 opium, useful (P.). Alcohol, of undoubted use where failure of stomach to ap¬ 
 propriate food (B.). Water, about 6o° with ice to head, to reduce temperature 
 in the hyperpyrexia (B., R.). Treatment, should tend to nourishment, and 
 establishing of digestion. Concentrated liquid nourishment, with moderate 
 use of stimulants (H.). Diet and Hygiene. The immediate source of danger 
 is exhaustion, hence animalized and nutritious, digestible diet in fluid form, 
 small quantities frequently repeated ; beef-tea, soups, yolk of eggs, warm milk, 
 cocoa, cayenne pepper or stimulants in soups; coffee, to still nervous excite¬ 
 ment ; hot baths and wet pack to eliminate the poison. A quiet, dark room, 
 sleep a necessity, often induced by Belladonna. [Compare Alcoholism.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Capsici, 
 
 Ext. Lupulini FI., . . . aa Jj. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae,.5 ss. 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, . £ jss. 
 
 M. Sig. — Dessertsp. as required for 
 the wakefulness and excitement which pre¬ 
 cedes an attack. 
 
 R. Chi oralis Hydrat., . . . . gvj. 
 
 Ext. Conii FI.,.,5 iij. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami FL, . . . £iv. 
 Mucil. Acacke,.3 ij. 
 
 Aquae Menth. Virid.,. . ad ^ij. 
 
 M. Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after 
 each meal. 
 
 Dementia and Insanity. 
 
 Moral or Mental Treatment in recent times, is confided in greatly. With 
 correct management from the start, nearly all cases of insanity unattended by 
 paralysis or physical decay may be cured (Savage). This can be best admin¬ 
 istered in a well-conducted asylum or hospital for the insane, where security 
 and the prospect of recovery will be better than in the best home. The total 
 
DEMENTIA PARALYTICA-DENGUE-DENTITION. 
 
 533 
 
 abolition of any one plan of treatment in favor of another would be a great 
 mistake. More than half of first attacks of insanity are recovered from under 
 good management, which is best attained under the direction of persons trained 
 in this specialty (H.). Recently, efforts have been made at the improvement 
 of the insane condition by requiring them to attend school daily, with remark¬ 
 ably good results. Tonics and Hypnotics, should be used in cases requiring 
 them. Food, of good quality is at the basis of treatment. Opium, morphine, 
 the best form, especially for melancholics, climacteric and senile cases, which 
 improve under its use; is hurtful in mania. Chloral, does as much harm as 
 good, is best suited to wildly maniacal and erotic patients. Potassium Bromide, 
 is almost discarded, except for epileptic cases. Conium, is useful, sparingly, 
 for noisy patients, so also is Hyoscyamine. Colchicum, for gouty cases, which 
 are numerous. Cure the gout, and you may cure the insanity. Shower-bath, 
 suitable for cases due to self-abuse, and the wet pack in the mania of hystero- 
 epilepsy. Stimulants rank high, next to quiet and absence from home. Kou¬ 
 miss, a good food in hysterical dyspepsia and anorexia, being easily digested 
 and preventing waste {Dr. Savage, Bethlehem Asylum). [Compare Delirium, 
 Hypochondriasis, Mania, Melancholia.] 
 
 Dementia Paralytica. 
 
 Physostigma, has seemed to retard the progress of the disease in some few 
 cases (B.). Paraldehyde, in one or two drachm doses as a calmative and hyp¬ 
 notic is as efficient as chloral and without danger (B.). Tonics, may be used, 
 though treatment is only palliative. Lacto-phosphate of Calcium, Cod-liver 
 Oil, etc. No remedies have hitherto been of any avail (B.). 
 
 Dengue. 
 
 Emetics and Purgatives are indicated at the outset, also free diaphoresis. 
 Treatment is entirely symptomatic. Quinine, in five-grain doses every four or 
 five hours for the fever (Da Costa); should be given more for its tonic than 
 for its antiperiodic effects (Fayrer). Opium, in some form for the pains and 
 nocturnal restlessness. Salicylic Acid or salicylates for the pains in joints and 
 muscles. Carbolic Acid, as lotion, a 5 per cent, solution, for the itching, or 
 camphorated oil. Belladonna confers great relief in this disease, tru x-xv of 
 the tincture may be given every hour for two or three doses (Fayrer). Aconite, 
 with saline sand nitric ether, during the pyrexia, which may be so high that 
 cold sponging or the cold bath may be required. Bitter Tonics, as gentian and 
 calumba, with quinine and a mineral acid or strychnine during convalescence. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Colchici Sem., . . . gij. 
 
 Spt. yEtheris Nitrosi, . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Potassii Nitratis,.gr. xl. 
 
 Aquae, . ad $ vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablespoonful well diluted 
 every hour or two until profuse dia¬ 
 phoresis occurs. For relief of the violent 
 pains. 
 
 I£. Tinct. Aconiti,.npxyj. 
 
 Morph. Acetatis, . . . . gr. ij. 
 
 Spt. yEtheris Nitrosi, . . . 7 , iv. 
 
 Liq. Ammon. Acetat., . . jjiij. 
 Aquae Camphorae, . . . ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. to dessertp. according 
 to age, every hour for three hours, then 
 every two hours. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Belladonna, in convulsions of dentition rarely fail to relieve (P.). Hyoscy- 
 amus, to alleviate pain and subdue irritation ; better than opium for children 
 (P.). Chamomilla, tt\J of the tincture every ^ hour, an excellent sedative for 
 children (A. A. Smith). Potassium Bromide for irritability and convulsions in 
 teething (R.) Dulcamara, the infusion, in diarrhoea of dentition quickly 
 checks symptoms (P.). Calumba, excellent for the accompanying vomiting and 
 
534 
 
 DIABETES INSIPIDUS-DIABETES MELLITUS. 
 
 diarrhoea (P.). Hypophosphites, of lime or sodium, as a general tonic, are 
 highly recommended (R.). Rhubarb, with soda, internally for the aphthje, with 
 perfect cleanliness of the mouth and a wash of Borax or Potassium Chlorate 
 in glycerin, gr. x ad (E. Smith). Castor Oil, for the diarrhoea of dentition 
 to clear out the bowels, then a mixture of Chalk and Catechu, or Oxide of 
 Zinc, gr. j to the dose, with gtt. j of Laudanum if required to reduce peristalsis 
 (E. Smith). Lancing the Gums to relieve tension when gum is actually 
 swollen : should not be indulged in indiscriminately. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, . . . . gj. 
 
 Olei Anisi,.rr^ij. 
 
 Mucil. Acacice, 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., . . . aa ^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every half-hour until 
 relieved. (B.) 
 
 R . Sodii Bromidi, 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonat., 
 
 Chloralis,.aa gr. xx. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Viridis, . . . j|jss. 
 
 Syr. Zingiberis,.3 ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Half-teasp. to dessertsp. ac¬ 
 cording to age. 
 
 Diabetes Insipidus. 
 
 Opium, large doses necessary, gr. vj-xij a day (B.) ; combined with gallic 
 acid the most generally useful remedy (W.). Ergot has cured many cases, the 
 fluid extract in doses of 3ss-j thrice daily (Da Costa) ; one of the most efficient 
 remedies (B.); is the most useful remedy (R.). Iron and Strychnine are very 
 useful for tonic effects (Da C.). Valerian restrains the flow of urine but does 
 not cure (B.). Muscarine has been used with apparent success (R.). Potassium 
 Iodide is curative in many cases of syphilitic origin (B.). Alum has produced 
 good results (B.). Jaborandi, used successfully to reduce the quantity of urine 
 (B.) Valerian, large, increasing doses (R.). Krameria lessens the quantity of 
 urine (P.). Diet, a dry diet beneficial (B.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotse FL, .... ^ iij. 
 
 Sig.—Half-teasp. thrice daily, gradually 
 increased to a dessertspoonful. 
 
 R. Acidi Gallici, . . . 
 Div. in chartulas xij. 
 Sig.—One thrice daily. 
 
 5 [[ b 
 
 Diabetes Mellitus. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid, largely diluted, assuages the inordinate thirst. In one case 
 it seemed to act as a curative agent (Wa.). Arsenic, when from faulty assimi¬ 
 lation, in diabetes of hepatic origin, and in thin subjects (B.); the Bromide of 
 Arsenic is credited with several cures. The Lithiated Arsenical Water, used 
 in 70 cases with cure of 96 per cent. (Martineau). See infra for formulae. 
 Morphine, is very efficient in reducing sugar when used by mouth, but is of no 
 value when employed sub-cutaneously, even in the same case (Bruce). Opium 
 in large doses (gr. vj-xij a day), ameliorative. Codeine, is especially service¬ 
 able (B.). Abates thirst and controls appetite (R.) Its value much disputed 
 (P.); is of great value in many cases (W.) Codeine gr. ]i~Yz one of the best 
 remedies (Da Costa). Sodium Salicylate has cured when all other drugs have 
 failed (R.); gr. x-xv in compound spirit of lavender, and water, thrice daily, is 
 my favorite remedy (Da Costa). Ergot is one of the useful drugs (Da C.) ; 
 decreases the quantity of sugar and the volume of urine. Potassium Bromide, 
 gr. xx ter die, cured two cases in six weeks (Begbie, R.) ; useless (Da C.). 
 Krameria lessens the quantity of urine (P.). Phosphates, to avert failure of nutri¬ 
 tion (B.) Glycerin has produced good results (B.). Used in place of sugar 
 (W.). Aurum Chloride is one of the promising remedies (B.). Iodoform, in 
 doses of gr. j-ij, rapidly reduced the sugar and caused its disappearance in 4 or 
 5 days, in five cases, without any change in diet being made (Moleschott); the 
 
DIARRHCEA. 
 
 535 
 
 amount of testimony for its value in this disease is quite considerable (B.). 
 Iodol, can be advantageously substituted for Iodoform in all the diseases to 
 which the latter is applicable (B.). Oxygen, as oxygenated water, instead of 
 carbonated, very successfully used (Le Blond). Uranium Nitrate, gr. i-iij, 
 thrice daily has caused decided improvement in several cases (Hughes). Alka¬ 
 lies are used on theoretical grounds, but have not produced much benefit. One 
 case apparently cured by the diligent use of Ammonium Carbonate (B.) ; are 
 serviceable (Da Costa). Alkaline mineral waters for diabetes of hepatic origin 
 and in obese subjects, are extremely useful (B.). Salines, a warm solution of 
 phosphate and chloride of sodium, by intravenous injection, in diabetic coma, 
 produced astonishing results in one case (B.). Aloin, for the accompanying 
 constipation (Da C.). Nux Vomica, or Strychnine, is generally beneficial. 
 Calcium Lactophosphate benefits the thin, nervous type of diabetes remarkably 
 (B.). Aliment. All saccharine and farinaceous foods forbidden. Use fats, 
 animal food, and gluten or almond bread. Milk-cure, buttermilk best, to be 
 the only food until cessation of symptoms. Alkaline Waters, when of hepatic 
 origin and in obese subjects. Tepid drinks in the intense thirst (B.) Diet and 
 Hygiene are of the utmost importance. Avoid amylaceous food, and everything 
 containing sugar, especially ordinary bread. Use fresh, nutritious animal food, 
 with bread of bran or almonds. Warm baths, warm climate, flannel under¬ 
 clothing. Milk-cure, by skimmed milk, very successful, 6 to io pints daily. 
 No other food for six weeks, then animal food. Caittion ,—the urine of patients 
 taking salicylic acid gives the reaction of sugar with Trommer’s test (R.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Liq. Potassii Arsenitis, . . ^jss. 
 Tinct. Opii Deodorat., . . % v. 
 Syrupi Zingiberis, . . . . %). 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, . . ad 5 iv. 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily. 
 
 R. Lithii Carbonat.,.gr. xl. 
 
 Sodii Arseniat.,.gr. j. 
 
 Ext. Gentianae,.gr. xx. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xxv. Sig.—One night and 
 morning until sugar disappears from urine. 
 
 ( Vigier.) More convenient than Marti- 
 neau’s liquid. 
 
 R. Codeinae,.gr. viij. 
 
 Syrupi, et Aquae,.3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Half teasp. thrice daily, grad¬ 
 ually increased up to two teaspoonfuls. 
 
 (Pavy.) 
 
 R. Sodii Arseniat.,.gr. iij. 
 
 Aquae,.Oj. 
 
 A tablesp. of this with Lithii Carbonat. 
 gr. iij into a quart siphon filled with car¬ 
 bonated water, which is to be taken freely, 
 as daily beverage. ( Martineau .) 
 
 Diarrhoea. 
 
 Aconite, when from chill, high fever, cutting abdominal pains (P.). Mercury: 
 Calomel for infantile diarrhoea (ileo-colitis), gr. ^ to y 1 ^ every half-hour (B.). 
 The bichloride, gr. j in ^x aquae, a teasp. frequently in acute or chronic diarrhoea 
 of adults or children with slimy, bloody stools, pain and straining. Gr. ]/e of 
 gray powder hourly, or gr. yi^ of corrosive sublimate every two or three hours 
 (R.); gr. j of the bichloride to the quart of water, of this a teasp. every hour 
 in mucous diarrhoea (A. A. Smith). Camphor, in summer diarrhoea and the 
 preliminary diarrhoea of Asiatic Cholera (B.); when from effluvia of drains or 
 exposure to cold (R.) ; useful in many forms (P.). Ipecacuanha, in summer 
 diarrhoea and dysentery of children with greenish stools (B.); hourly drop- 
 closes of the wine especially if vomiting (R.); when from nervous irritation, 
 especially young children (P.) Dulcamara, in diarrhoea of children from damp, 
 or with dentition (P.). Pulsatilla, dyspeptic diarrhoea, mucous discharges, 
 active piles (P.). Quinine, in periodic diarrhoea, with dysentery and jaundice 
 (B.). Veratrum Album, in the vomiting and purging of summer diarrhoea 
 (R.). Podophyllum, in chronic, with high-colored motions and cutting pains, 
 also, in morning diarrhoea (R.). Gr. ^ to y 1 ^, with occasional doses of aconite, 
 for vomiting and diarrhoea of gastro-enteritis and prolapse of rectum (P.). 
 
DIARRHOEA, 
 
 DO 
 
 6 
 
 Chamomile, an infusion in summer diarrhoea of adults, or in that of dentition 
 (R.). The oil in diarrhoea of children, especially from worms (P.). Arsenic, 
 for evacuation of undigested food (B.); gtt. j of liq. arsen. before meals when 
 diarrhoea excited by food; also in chronic and membranous forms (R.). Nux 
 Vomica, a very useful adjunct to other remedies (B.) ; often of much service in 
 epidemic diarrhoea (P.) Sulphuric Acid, in summer and choleraic diarrhoea. 
 Small doses in chronic form and in the straining diarrhoea of children (R.). 
 Iron, sol. of pernitrate in army diarrhoea (B.). Lime Carbonate, in later stages, 
 as chalk mixture in diarrhoea of typhoid or phthisis (R.). Zinc Salts, very effi¬ 
 cient in summer diarrhoea of children (B.). Rhubarb, in early stages to get rid 
 of irritant, afterward to check the diarrhoea (R.); when torrefied it has no pur¬ 
 gative power, but its astringency is retained. Rumex, in morning diarrhoea 
 (R.). Arnica checks exhausting diarrhoea with great certainty (P.). Silver 
 Nitrate, in diarrhoea of children. White, pasty and offensive stools. Combined 
 with opium the most effective remedy for that of phthisis and typhoid (B.). Min¬ 
 eral Acids, in painless, watery stools, light color and alkaline (B.). Alkalies, 
 mistura cretse in sour-smelling stools (B.) Sodium, potassium or magnesium 
 bicarbonates when acid canal (R.). Lead Acetate is excellent in all forms (B.); 
 with opium as an injection (R.). Bismuth is effective, requires large doses. Gr. 
 xxx-lx every three or four hours ; is especially indicated when desire for stool 
 is felt immediately after eating (B.). Gr. j hourly with milk, sometimes with gr. 
 l A> gray powder, in various forms of infantile diarrhoea (R.). Opium, com¬ 
 monly used, but is best in watery evacuations, combined with mineral acids or 
 acetate of lead (B.). An injection with starch in severe cases (R.). Calumba, 
 when not inflammatory (B.). Coto Bark, the fluid ext. or Cotoin is one of the 
 new remedies for atonic diarrhoea. Purgatives, Saline, a teasp. of Epsom salts 
 (magnes. sulph.) in a wineglass of water every three hours when intestinal 
 inflam’n (B.). Copper Sulphate, the most effective astringent in chronic diar¬ 
 rhoea and that of phthisis (B.). Ergot, in persistent chronic diarrhoea (B.). 
 Iodine, one or two drops of tinct. in diarrhoea from atony of mucous membrane 
 (B.). Tannic Acid, very useful in profuse and chronic diarrhoea. Stille advises 
 tannic acid and milk diet for chronic diarrhoea and dysentery (B.). Thymol, 
 gr. xx to o\] in 24 hours in divided doses for adults, is a very efficient internal 
 antiseptic in all cases of diarrhoea, especially that of phthisis, teething children, 
 chronic diarrhoea, etc. (Martini). Carbolic Acid, very useful in fermentative 
 diarrhoeas, especially when combined with bismuth in cholera nostras and 
 cholera infantum (B.). Diet. Cool or cold, light, bland food. Gruel, rice, 
 arrow-root, whey, barley-water, in recent cases. In chronic cases the most 
 digestible but nutritious food, as fresh fish, game, raw eggs, rice, mucilaginous 
 drinks. Milk-and-lime-water or soda-water very useful. Also raw meat pulp. 
 Avoid beef, pork, veal, and much starchy food. [Compare Dysentery, 
 Cholera.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit., .... ^j-ij. 
 Pepsini Saccharat., . . . . ^ss. 
 
 Zinci Oxidi,.gr. vj-xij. 
 
 Trit. et div. in chartulas xij. 
 
 Sig.—One every four hours in summer 
 diarrhoea of children. 
 
 R . Sodii Bromidi,.3 ss. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae, 
 
 Aquae Purae, . . aa q. s. ad 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every three hours in 
 the diarrhoea of dentition, for child less than 
 a year old. ( A . A. Smith.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Opii Deod., . . . . £j. 
 
 Tinct. Calumbae, . . . . ad £ ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. in a winegl. of water 
 before meals. 
 
 R. CupriSulphat.,.gr. j. 
 
 Morph. Sulph at.,.gr. ij. 
 
 Quininae Sulph.,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Fiant pil. no. xij. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily. 
 
 R. Zinc Oxidi,.gr. xvij. 
 
 Sodii Bicarb.,.gr. viij. 
 
 M. et div. in chartulas iv. 
 
 Sig.—One every 6 hours. 
 
DIPHTHERIA. 
 
 537 
 
 R. Zinci Sulphatis, 
 
 Pulv. Opii, 
 
 Pulv. Ipecac., . . . . aa gr. xij. 
 
 M. Fiant pil. no. xij. Sig.—One 3 or 4 
 times daily in chronic diarrhoea of adults. 
 
 R. Tinct. Opii Camph., 
 
 Tinct. Catechu, . . . . aa £iij. 
 
 Mist. Cretae,.5 x. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. four or five times 
 daily for children. 
 
 R . Spt. /Etheris Co., 
 
 Tinct. Opii Camph., . . aa ^j. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,.sjij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. after each move¬ 
 ment. 
 
 R. Plumbi Acetat.,.gr. xx. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.gr. x. 
 
 Fiat massa, et div. in pil. x. 
 
 Sig.—One twice daily. 
 
 R. Ac. Nitrici Diluti, . . . . gij. 
 Tinct. Camphorce, 
 
 Tinct. Opii,.aa 3 j. 
 
 Syr. Zingiberis,.3 iv. 
 
 Aq. Menthae Pip., . . .ad ^vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. doses to be used after 
 a cathartic. [Hope's Mixture modified by 
 Thompson.') > 
 
 R. Tinct. Opii Camph., 
 
 Syr. Rhei Aromat., . . aa £ ss. 
 
 Aquae Calcis,. ad 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. for children. 
 
 Diphtheria. 
 
 Belladonna, an excellent remedy ; if given early will abort the exudation and 
 later is useful to sustain the heart (B.) ; especially when throat and tonsils 
 acutely inflamed and much swollen (R.). Corrosive Sublimate, gr. 2 1 0 -1 every 
 
 2 or 3 hours, has given me most success, with Thymol or Boric Acid gargle ; 
 
 and Potassium Chlorate, Iron and Quinine together, where the membrane is 
 not spreading (Da Costa): gr. jss in 5A of glycerin and water, of which 
 every y 2 hour for 6 doses, then every hour night and day, to a child of 4 years. 
 (Grant-Bey): locally very efficient, gr. ij to Oj of water, applied on a cotton 
 swab, which should be burned after one using ; this hourly night and day (Oat- 
 man). Hydrarg. Cyanide, in solution of gr. ^ to the 5, of which a teasp. every 
 Yi hour day and night to older children and adults, with a gargle of the same 
 solution (Sellden) ; gr. according to age, every hour or two (Erichsen). 
 
 Calomel is next in importance to quinine and iron, has proved successful in 
 cases where other means failed, gr. yi-]i every 3 hours, with a little Dover’s 
 powder (Da Costa), checks plastic exudation ; its use limited to children of good 
 constitution, with sthenic symptoms. Gr. )/ 2 to j every 2 or 3 hours with or 
 without Dover’s powder (gr. j) or ipecac, (gr. j) till bowels become relaxed, with 
 greenish stools (Wa.). Gr. v. repeated boldly every hour to £iv, for a child of 
 
 3 years, until the stools appear like polyps in water-troughs, gelatinous, and of 
 
 a bright, dark-green hue. Then a dose of castor oil if salivation is feared 
 (Reiter’s Monograph). The safest and most efficient germicide with which we 
 can saturate the system ; nothing like it in diphtheria,— gr. every hour, 
 
 even gr. j every 2 hours, has no bad effects, no salivation (Fowler). Calcium 
 Chlorate, solution locally as lotion for the mouth. Considered almost specific 
 by some; its chief utility is in removing fetor; may influence germs (R., B.). 
 Potassium Chlorate, grain-doses every x / z hour (A. A. Smith); is more largely 
 used than any remedy, both internally and locally (B.) ; in full doses with Liq. 
 Cinchome, seems to be of service in some cases (Wa.). Pilocarpine, used in 80 
 cases without a single death ; produces free salivary discharge but is depressant 
 to the heart (Guttmann); many opinions for and against it. Is decidedly inju¬ 
 rious in adynamic cases (B.). Quinine, in tonic doses recommended from my 
 experience (Da C); when headache with high temperature, vomiting, and 
 symptoms of septic poisoning, then in full doses (Wa.); is most useful after 
 serious symptoms have abated, then with Iron and a mineral acid (Mackenzie). 
 Carbolic acid, in spray, locally to the fauces, to remove fetor and destroy disease- 
 germs (B.). As caustic, the concentrated acid in glycerin on a mop or brush 
 (W.). With iodine to prevent systemic infection (B.). Arsenic, in medicinal 
 doses, when sloughing of throat, or malignant diph. (R.). Salicylic Acid, locally 
 
53§ 
 
 DIPHTHERIA. 
 
 and internally (gr. x), has produced g'ood results (B.). Sulphurous Acid Gas, 
 recommended by a royal commission in Victoria, as a means of arresting the 
 disease. Crude sulphur burned in the room, all apertures being closed (R.). 
 Sulphurous Acid, in full and frequent doses, causes rapid disappearance of the 
 exudation, and improvement in the general condition. 3j every y z hour to an 
 adult in severe cases, in ordinary ones every two hours. An 8-ounce mixture 
 should have 2 or 3 ounces of syrup, and should be given in milk to very young 
 children (Snow). Sodium Sulphite, 3 j~£j aquae, locally, an easily managed 
 application (B.) ; an injection for nares in nasal diphtheria (Da C). See for¬ 
 mula below. Sodium Hyposulphite, in solution of 5 j to^ij of water, of which 
 hourly doses of 3j, to be retained in throat several minutes before being swal¬ 
 lowed, an excellent local and constitutional remedy, which may also be used 
 by a brush or spray to the throat, and by a syringe to the nares (Fruitnight). 
 Sodium Benzoate, is highly efficient, 75 to 100 grains daily, according to age, 
 also used locally (B.). Sodium Sulpho-Carbolate, has been found useful in lieu 
 of carbolic acid (Wa.). Lime Water, dissolves false membrane. The vapors 
 of slacking lime inhaled ; or better, lime water by atomizer to back of fauces 
 while patient respires deeply (W.). Ferric Chloride, as solution painted on or 
 applied by spray to the throat (R.). Of no advantage locally, internally may 
 serve by supporting the organism (B.); the tinct. of the chloride, gtt. xx every 
 2 or 3 hours; or better the perchloride, gr. ]/ z to j every 2 hours in syrup and 
 water, is easier to take and doesn’t hurt the throat (Da C.). Strychnine, hypo¬ 
 dermically, for the subsequent paralysis (R.). Tartaric Acid, locally, converts 
 membrane into a gelatinous mass, easily expelled (Vidal). Thymol, gr. xx to 
 the 5 of water, with a little glycerin, is the best gargle ; may need weakening 
 (Da C ). Boracic Acid in solution, is next best as gargle (Da C.). Alum and 
 Sulphur, equal parts, powdered and blown into the throat at moment of deep 
 inspiration, as often as asphyxia is threatened, has been found efficient (Jones). 
 Trypsin, is a good solvent of the false membrane; of all remedies used with 
 the spray-atomizer, it has given me the largest percentage of recoveries (Fruit- 
 night). Chinolin, a 5 per cent, solution painted over the affected parts with 
 great advantage (Seifert); the tartrate in 10-grain doses internally (B.). Bro¬ 
 mine, the vapor by inhalation, is useful (Wa.); a solution in distilled water, 
 of which gtt. j-iij every y z hour in a teasp. of sweetened water, using a glass 
 spoon ; and a saucer full of bromine water in the room, renewed every 12 hours, 
 has seemed to be extremely efficient in a number of cases. Iodine as inhala¬ 
 tion frequently (see formula below); with use the solution may be increased to 
 3SS at each inhalation (R.). Potassium Permanganate, gr. y z in distilled water, 
 internally, and also used locally, is of undoubted benefit (B.); is credited with 
 brilliant results even in malignant cases. Sanguinaria, the best emetic, and by 
 many is considered specific in this disease (P.). See formula below. Lactic 
 Acid, .^iijss to 5X of distilled water, as gargle, on mop or by spray, to dissolve 
 membrane (B.). Tannin, a 5 per cent, solution, as spray (R.). Alcohol, is 
 probably as good a local antiseptic as any; diluted with equal parts of water, 
 by hand-ball atomizer every y z hour. Is the prince of antiseptics, and the most 
 perfect and reliable medicine in diphtheria of which we have any knowledge 
 (Hills). Stimulation, freely, the essential part of the treatment; infants are not 
 injuriously affected by even teasp. doses of whiskey every y z hour. Stimulate 
 for effect and not by dose ; those cases do best which are stimulated freely and 
 early (Da C.). There is more danger from giving too little alcohol than from 
 too much. A three-year old child can comfortably take from 3j-5v of Cognac, 
 or gr. xv of Musk or Camphor, or gr. xv-oj of Ammonium Carbonate in 24 
 hours. In the septic form especially, the intoxicating action of alcohol is out 
 of the question. Young children with general sepsis began to improve when 
 their ^iv of brandy were increased to ,§xvj daily (Jacobi). Turpentine, 3 j of 
 the oil thrice daily, with rrpiv of Spiritus /Etheris as a corrective, at the same 
 time using ice-bags, and a gargle of Potas. Chlorate solution, and internally y z - 
 ounce doses every 2 hours of a 2 per cent, solution of Sodium Salicylate 
 (Roesse, Baruch). Tar and Turpentine vapor, made by burning in the room 
 coal-tar 7 parts to 01 . Terebinth. 3 (Delthil). Chlorine-Water, tablesp. doses 
 
DIPHTHERIA. 
 
 539 
 
 internally and as a gargle, highly efficient. Cubebs, are very efficient in the 
 catarrhal forms of diphtheria (B. Robinson): the freshly ground berries in large 
 doses in early stages of the disease, a very successful treatment (Trideau). 
 Water. Ice in the mouth, and the wet pack to the throat are extremely service¬ 
 able (B.). Ice sucked, especially at commencement, and continued until the 
 disease declines (R.). Ice packed in bladders or thin india-rubber bags, to the 
 throat (W.). Aliment. Good foods, wines or brandy necessary from the start 
 to maintain the patient’s strength (R.). A teasp. of glycerin every 3 or 4 hours, 
 plenty of good soup and wine, nutritive enemata, are necessary to sustain sys¬ 
 tem. Moist inhalations. Temp, of room 68° Fah. Removal from the house 
 wherein attacked is advisable. Ice very grateful to the patient. Tracheotomy, 
 only in extremis (R.): is not successful in diphtheria, though very much so in 
 membranous croup (Da C.). Intubation of the Larynx, as an alternative to 
 tracheotomy, is enthusiastically advocated by many operators. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . . 5). 
 Syrupi Tolutani, .... ,3 ijss. 
 Liq. Potassii Citratis, . . . 3 ijss. 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. to dessertsp, accord¬ 
 
 ing to age, every 3 hours, gj — ft\x °f the 
 tincture. (Anderson.) 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros., gr. j, may 
 be added to the above formula, which 
 should then be given in teasp. doses. 
 
 R. Potassii Chloratis, . . . . gr. xl. 
 Syrupi Simplicis, calid., . . 3 ijss. 
 Solve, et adde— 
 
 Ac. Sulphur. Aromat., 
 
 Tinct. Ferii Chloridi, . . aa £j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. doses for adults, every 
 2 to 4 hours, reduced as improvement ad¬ 
 vances, but kept up throughout disease. 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Bichlor., .... gr. jss. 
 
 Glycerini,.^j. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every j V 2 hour for 6 
 doses, then every hour night and day to a 
 child of 4 years. Also— 
 
 R. Ung. Todoformi, 1 in 10, rubbed in 
 over swollen glands every 3 hours. 
 
 ( Grant- Bey .) 
 
 R. Pulv. Potass. Chlorat., . . . 3 j. 
 
 Ac. Hydrochlor.,.£ij. 
 
 Mix in a strong pint bottle, cork until 
 effervescence ceases. Add 3 xvj of Water, 
 3j at a time, shaking at each time. Cork 
 tightly. Paint the bottle. 
 
 Sig. Chlorine-water. A tablesp. or two 
 to be taken frequently, according to age. 
 
 R. Acidi Lactici, 
 
 vel Tartarici, .... 5 ijss. 
 
 Glycerini,.5 iv. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., .... 3vij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Locally to patches every 3 
 hours. 
 
 R. Thymol,.3j. 
 
 Glycerini,.3 j. 
 
 Aquae,.J3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Gargle. (Da Costa.) 
 
 R . Sodii Sulphit.,.3 iij. 
 
 Glycerini,.3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Nasal injection. (Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . . 3 j. 
 
 Potassii Chloratis, . . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Misce et adde— 
 
 Aquae,.q. s .ad 3 viij. 
 
 Sig.—Gargle. ( Jacobi .) 
 
 For the chemistry of this combination 
 see under Chlorum, ante , page 173. Gly¬ 
 cerin should not be added, as in Dr. Ja¬ 
 cobi's original R, which makes an explo¬ 
 sive mixture. 
 
 R. Bromi,.gr. j 
 
 Potass. Iodidi,.3). 
 
 Aquae,.J-j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Inhale from a cone, as solvent 
 of membrane. 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici, .ttbxv. 
 
 Aquae Calcis,.3 vj, 
 
 M. Sig.—Spray. To be used with a 
 hand-ball atomizer several times daily, for 
 5 minutes each time. 
 
DROPSY. 
 
 540 
 
 R. Pilocarpinae Muriatis, . . gr. 
 
 Pepsini, .gr. x-xx. 
 
 Acidi Hydrochlor., . . . gtt. ij. 
 
 Aquae Destill.,.3viij. 
 
 M. Sig. Teasp. every hour for a child. 
 
 R. Pulv. Sanguinariee, . . . gr. xx. 
 
 Pulv. Ipecac.,.gr. v. 
 
 Syrupi Ipecac., . . . . 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every *4 hour until 
 vomiting; afterwards, y 2 teasp. every hour, 
 
 (. Phillips .) 
 
 R. Liq. Ferri Subsulph., . . £ij. 
 Glycerini, . . . . q. s. ad 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply with brush to throat 2 
 or 3 times a day. 
 
 R. Ac. Tartarici,.Jfj. 
 
 Glycerini,.oj ss - 
 
 Aquae Menth. Pip., . ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Gargle frequently. ( Vidal.) 
 
 R. Ac. Salicylici, 
 Sodii Boratis, . 
 
 . . . aa £ij. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici, . 
 
 .... zi- 
 
 Aquae, .... 
 
 . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as a 
 
 gargle or wash. 
 
 R. Iodi,. 
 
 . . . . gr. iv. 
 
 Potassii Iodidi, . 
 
 , . . . . gr. iv. 
 
 Alcoholis, . . . 
 
 . ... z iv - 
 
 Aquae,. 
 
 , . . ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. in boiling water as in¬ 
 halation. (Waring- Curran.^ 
 
 Dropsy. 
 
 Arsenic, in dropsy from feebleness of heart, and in old age (B.); swelled 
 feet from debility (R.). Digitalis, one of the best remedies, esp. in renal dropsy 
 from acute desquamative nephritis. The infusion in doses of 3ss(B.). The 
 fresh infusion best for heart disease, esp. when tricuspid regurgitation (R.). In¬ 
 duces striking effects in cardiac dropsy, when scanty urine and venous engorge¬ 
 ment. Has high rank as a diuretic (P.). Apocynum Cannabinum, actively 
 diuretic (P.). Caffeine, the citrate in 5-grain doses is eminently diuretic. Hy¬ 
 drargyrum, a classical pill in dropsy with dyspnoea from cardiac disease is the 
 combination of Dr. Baillie, containing Mercury, Digitalis and Squill (see for¬ 
 mula below). Calomel in doses of gr. ss-ij is eminently diuretic, especially in 
 cardiac dropsy : but by many it is thought to act by aiding the action of other 
 diuretics. Bryonia, as a drastic purgative and diuretic; care necessary as it 
 depresses the heart. The infusion best (P.). Hellebore, the tinct. in doses of 
 gtt. v-xv, every 2 or 3 hours, very successful in dropsical effusions, especially 
 in general anasarca after scarlatina (P.). Senega, as a diuretic when depend¬ 
 ent on kidney disease; has been praised (P.). Chimaphila, is useful as a diu¬ 
 retic in renal dropsy esp. when with loss of appetite and debility (P.); may be 
 substituted for Scoparius (B.). Juniper, largely used as a diuretic in cardiac 
 and renal dropsy (B.); esteemed in post-scarlatinal dropsy (R.). Iron, purga¬ 
 tive chalybeate waters (B.) : the Mistura Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis (Basham’s 
 Mixture), in anaemic dropsy (Da C.). Pilocarpus, very valuable in renal dropsy 
 when secretion of urine is much reduced or suppressed (B.). Jalap, the com¬ 
 pound jalap powder, gr. xv-xx, with 3hj of potas. bitart, and a little ginger, early 
 in the morning, 2 or 3 times a week; no hydragogue superior, in dropsy from 
 Bright’s disease (Wa.). Turpentine, controls dropsy with albuminous urine, 
 from non-desq. renal disease. Gtt. ss. every 2 to 4 hours (P.). Colchicum, as 
 a hydragogue in hepatic and cardiac dropsy when patient is vigorous, also in 
 post-scarlatinal dropsy (B.). Scoparius, esteemed by English physicians (B.) ; 
 is most useful in cardiac dropsy. Cullen found it the most certain diuretic. 
 Diluents should be freely used with it (P.). Squill, in cardiac dropsy ; cautiously 
 if from kidney disease. If anaemic add iron (B., R.). Taraxacum, is occa¬ 
 sionally used as a diuretic, with limited utility (B.). Copaiba, gives good results, 
 especially in Ascites, which see for formula (B.). Potassium Bitartrate and 
 Acetate, are very certain as diuretics when largely diluted with water. “ Cream- 
 of-tartar lemonade.” Indicated in desquamative nephritis, and general dropsy 
 from valvular disease of the heart (B., R.). Elaterium, of unquestionable value 
 as a derivative in many passive forms of dropsy; though many fear it (P.) Acu¬ 
 puncture, or better still, incisions from y to an inch long, one over each exter- 
 
DUODENAL CATARRH-DYSENTERY. 
 
 541 
 
 nal malleolus generally sufficient. A hot sponge, moist with weak carbolic 
 acid solution kept to incisions (R.). Aliment: dry diet is of advantage in dropsy 
 of serous cavities (B.). Diet. Should be light in acute dropsies ; in chronic, 
 nourishing. Water not injurious but beneficial as drink. Warm baths, Hol¬ 
 lands gin in small doses, tapping, for alleviation in incurable cases. A moder¬ 
 ately warm, dry atmosphere. Skim-milk diet said to be of very great value in 
 renal dropsy. [Compare Ascites, Hydrocele, Hydrocephalus, Hydro¬ 
 thorax, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Yini Colchici Seminis, . . 5 ss. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acetat., . . 5 ijss. 
 Infusi Petroselini, . . . . 5 V. 
 
 M. . Sig.—Teasp. every 4 hours. An 
 excellent diuretic, esp. adapted to dropsy 
 of scarlatina. (B.) 
 
 Elaterini,. 
 
 • • g r - j 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, . 
 
 • • 5 ’J* 
 
 Tinct. Scillae, 
 
 
 Tinct. Colchici, . . . 
 
 . aa g ss. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, .... 
 
 
 M. .Sig.—Teasp. 3 or 4 times daily, in 
 hepatic and cardiac dropsy in sthenic sub¬ 
 jects. 
 
 R . Pulv. Digitalis,.gr. j-jss. 
 
 Pulv. Scilke,.gr. j. 
 
 Hydrarg. c. creta vel 
 
 Pil. Hydrargyri,.gr. j-iij. 
 
 Ft. pil no. j. Sig.—One thrice daily. 
 
 R. Pulv. Scillae, 
 
 Pulv. Digitalis, . . . . aa 3 ss. 
 Potassii Nitratis, . . . . . %). 
 M. Fiat massa, et div. in pil. xxx. 
 Sig.—One pill thrice daily. 
 
 R . Aceti Scillae,.^ ss. 
 
 Infusi Digitalis, . . . . ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. 2 or 3 times daily. 
 
 R. Potassii Acetatis, . ... g vss. 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, . . . £ij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad 5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. every 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 R. Potassii Bitartrat., . . . . 3 j. 
 
 Ext. Taraxaci,.g ss. 
 
 Decocti Taraxaci, .... ,3 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—winegl. twice or thrice 
 daily. 
 
 R. Tinct. Digitalis, ..... 3;j—ij. 
 
 Tinct. Scillae,. g ij. 
 
 Spt. Juniperi Comp., . . . giv-vj. 
 Potassii Acetatis, . . . . £iv. 
 
 Yini Albi, . . . . q. s. ad g vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 R. Mist. Ferri et Ammonii Ace¬ 
 tatis (U. S. P.),. g vj. 
 
 Sig.—Dessertsp. or two three or four 
 times daily. (. Basham's Mixt.) 
 
 Duodenal Catarrh. 
 
 Sodium Phosphate, oj four times daily, extremely efficient in catarrhal con¬ 
 ditions of the duodenum and bile-ducts, resulting in jaundice, hepatic colic, 
 etc. (B.). Vichy Water, in similar conditions, probably owes its efficacy to 
 the phosphate of sodium contained in it (B.). Potassium Bichromate, in doses 
 of gr. tV - ?’ tw0 or three times a day, is an excellent remedy in so-called duo¬ 
 denal dyspepsia, manifested by a bitter taste, coated tongue, pale stools, vom¬ 
 iting of glairy fluid and dull pain in right hypochondrium. Arsenic, has been 
 used with success in jaundice from catarrh of bile-ducts after duodenal 
 catarrh (B.). Podophyllum, in catarrhal and malarial duodenitis. Nitro- 
 muriatic Acid, in mucous duodenitis ; also as bath to right hypochondrium 
 (^iij-gall. j), temp, of bath 96° (B.). Aliment. No starches or fats; milk, eggs, 
 oysters, beef-broth, broiled or raw beefsteak, whitefish (B.). Diet should be 
 exclusively animal, in order to let the stomach deal with it. [Compare Jaun¬ 
 dice, Biliousness.] 
 
 Dysentery. 
 
 Aconite, fever and cutting pains (P.). Mercury, in minute doses for the ileo¬ 
 colitis of children, Gr. to T b of calomel or hydrargyrum cum creta every 
 half hour (B.). Gr. of the bichloride hourly or every 2 hours, in acute or 
 
542 
 
 DYSENTERY. 
 
 chronic dysentery if stools are slimy or bloody (R.) Ipecacuanha, is par excel- 
 letice the remedy for acute dysentery of the ordinary type; large doses. Gr. 
 xxv-xxx (P.); gr. xv in milk (B.). Valuable in acute or epidemic, also in 
 summer dysentery of children, with greenish stools, mucus and blood, gr. 
 ii-v every 2 hours in milk (B.). Dysenteric diarrhoea of children, especially 
 with vomiting, will often yield to hourly drop doses of ipecacuanha wine (R.). 
 Hamamelis, when the discharges contain much blood (R.) Nux Vomica, in 
 epidemic dysentery (P.); prune-juice stools, much gas, vital depression (B.). 
 Arsenic, Fowler’s solution gtt. ij with gtt. v of opium often benefits (B.). 
 Quinine, when periodic (B.); in malarial subjects is as successful as ipecacu¬ 
 anha in dysentery of the ordinary type (P.). Gamboge, gr. ^ in 24 hours, 
 exceedingly valuable, especially in young persons (P.). Castor Oil, as a mild 
 cathartic, is very valuable in appropriate cases (YVa.); gtt. v every hour, in 
 water with sugar and gum, is excellent for dysenteric diarrhoea of children 
 (A. A. Smith). Arnica, when vital powers are greatly depressed, is highly 
 extolled (Wa.). Saline Purgatives, Epsom salts the best treatment for acute 
 dysentery, especially when fever, pain, tenesmus and stools of mucus and 
 blood (B.). Silver Nitrate, in pill, gr. ]i~ j, with opium, in acute dysentery 
 after subsidence of acute symptoms. Also as enema beyond the sigmoid flexure 
 (gr. x-xx ad Oj aquae). Also as escharotic through speculum to ulcer of rectum 
 (B.). Opium, as enema, with starch and milk, after canal is emptied by salines. 
 Indispensable in chronic dysentery (B.). For the purging (R.). A remedy of 
 great value, and applicable to every stage and every form of the disease, allaying 
 pain and vascular excitement, moderating peristalsis, promoting the cutaneous 
 secretion. Is inferior to ipecac, in acute dysentery, and is most valuable in the 
 .chronic form (Wa.). Glycerin, with infusion of flaxseed (1 to 4), to allay 
 tenesmus (B.). Lead Acetate, as enemata in acute and chronic dysentery, 
 to allay tenesmus (B.); with ipecac, and opium in pill, for acute form. See 
 formula (Da C.). Sulphuric Acid, with saline purgatives (B.). Copper Sul¬ 
 phate, useful in acute dysentery ; in chronic the most valuable astringent (B.). 
 Gr. x-xx ad Oj aquae (R.). Ergot, in chronic, after acute ; and also in the 
 acute form (R.). Grape-cure, is used successfully in the chronic form (P.). 
 Iron Pernitrate, sometimes in chronic (army) dysentery (B.). Calumba, is 
 of great value in chronic, with ulceration of colon (P.). Injections of muci¬ 
 laginous enemata (as flaxseed) are of great value (R.). Diet is of prime 
 importance (B.). Avoid animal food and stimulants. Liquid foods best; all 
 cold (R.). [Compare Diarrhcea, Enteritis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Plumbi Acetat.,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Ipecacuanha,.gr. iij. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.gr. iij. 
 
 Fiant pil. no. xij. Sig.—One every 2 
 
 hours until blood ceases, then at longer 
 intervals. (Da Costa.) 1 
 
 R. Plumbi Acetat.,.gr. iv. 
 
 Morph. Acetat.,.gr. ss. 
 
 Aq. Fervid.,.^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Enema to allay tenesmus. 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. ij. 
 Strychninae Sulph., . . . gr. 
 
 Ac. Sulphurici Dil., . . . :jss. 
 
 Aquae Camphorae, .... 5 iijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. well diluted, every 
 
 hour or two. In epidemic dysentery with 
 prune-juice stools and marked depression. | 
 
 R. Magnesii Sulph.,. . . . ^viij. 
 
 Ac. Sulph, Dil., . . . . gss. 
 
 Aquae,.5 viij 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. in a winegl. of water 
 every hour or two until it operates. (B.) 
 
 R . Ergotini,.gr. xx. 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vom., . . . . gr. v. 
 
 Ext. Opii,.gr. x. 
 
 Fiant pil. no. xx. Sig.—One every 6 
 hours. (King.) 
 
 R. Liq. Ferri Nitratis, 
 
 Ac. Nitrici Dil., . . . aa 3 ss. 
 
 Syr. Zingiberis,.j^j. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad 5 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—teasp. thrice daily for a child 
 of 2 years. Tonic to follow palliative treat¬ 
 ment. (Starr.) 
 
DYSMENORRHCEA. 
 
 543 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit., . 
 
 Spt. Ammon. Aromat. 
 
 Tinct. Opii. 
 
 Syrupi Simplicis, 
 Misturse Cretae, . . 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotas FI., . . . . 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deodor., . . . 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily. 
 
 (Andrew.') 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. to child over one 
 year; tablesp. or more to an adult, every 2 
 or 3 hours, after emptying bowels by a 
 laxative. 
 
 R. Ferri Subsulphatis, . . . . gr. xl. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.gr. xx. 
 
 Fiant pil. no. xx. Sig.—One thrice daily. 
 Chronic dysentery. 
 
 Dysmenorrhcea. 
 
 Pulsatilla, in the functional form, is of much benefit when discharge is 
 scanty or profuse, black and clotted; should be persevered in for 2 months or 
 more (P.); gtt. ij every hour is most effective when the affection is not of mem¬ 
 branous, obstructive or neuralgic character (A. A. Smith). Belladonna, in 
 neuralgic or spasmodic forms, dark and fetid discharge, crampy pains and 
 cold chills, a suppository or mild injection, together with internal administra¬ 
 tion, will relieve (P.); in neuralgic dysmenorrhoea it will permanently relieve 
 (B.). Aconite, a valuable remedy when commenced early (P.); for the con¬ 
 gestive form in plethoric subjects (B.). Cimicifuga, relieves the pain in con¬ 
 gestive variety, and is decidedly useful (P.); is said to be very efficient (R.) ; is 
 valuable (Wa.). Opium, necessary when pain is very severe ; one hypodermic 
 of morphine at each period is often sufficient (Wa.). Codeine, when morphine 
 is not well borne, has given very complete satisfaction in several cases ; gr. y 
 morning and evening (Oliver). Gelsemium, relieves pain in the neuralgic form, 
 npv-x of the fluid extract every 2 hours (B.). Chloroform, as the liniment on a 
 flannel wrung out of hot water, or by inhalation as anaesthetic when pains very 
 severe ; sometimes exerts a permanent influence (Wa.). Ergot, given when 
 the molimen begins, is useful in the congestive form (B.). Amyl Nitrite, may 
 be inhaled with benefit in the neuralgic variety, especially in chlorotic girls 
 (Wa.). Sodium Borate, in the membranous form, has been used with great 
 benefit combined with ext. belladonnae (Wa.). Ammonium Acetate, has 
 remarkable power over many forms of dysmenorrhoea. The liq. ammonii 
 acetatis, in ^ss doses, with gr. y of ipecac., every 2 or 3 hours, to keep up the 
 action of the skin until the flow is well established (E.). Camphor, is my 
 favorite remedy, gr. x in mucilage and cinnamon-water; repeat the dose in 
 an hour or two if necessary (Dewees). Guaiacum, is very useful (P.) ; drachm 
 doses of the ammoniated tincture in the neuralgic or rheumatic forms (B.). 
 Caulophyllum, is by many considered the best curative remedy for spasmodic 
 dysmenorrhoea, if given in the intervals. Viburnum Opulus, the fluid extract, 
 in half-drachm doses, has considerable reputation in some sections for uterine 
 pains of various kinds, and is useful in the spasmodic variety of this affection; 
 may be used in combination with cannabis indica (Thomas). Arsenic, gtt. iij-x 
 of Fowler’s sol. with gtt. x of tinct. digitalis, ter die between the periods, gives 
 excellent results (Athill); indicated when copious membranous discharge from 
 bowels and uterus (R.). Cannabis Indica, is very useful as a palliative in 
 painful menstruation (B.); gr. ss-j thrice daily to relieve the pain (R.). Nux 
 Vomica, in neuralgic form. Syrup or elixir of iron, quinine, and strychnine 
 (B.). Apiol, neuralgic form (B.); as emmenagogue, night and morning, for 
 several clays near the period (Wa.). Electricity: in neuralgic, a galvanic cur¬ 
 rent; in congestive, inverse current (B.) Croton-Chloral, in neuralgic form 
 (R.). Iron, if depending on anaemia (B.). [See Amenorrhcea for formula.] 
 Cajuput Oil, said to relieve the pains (R.). Rue and Sumbul, are reported 
 useful (P.). Emetic of ipecac, with warm covering in bed, feet in hot water, 
 hot ginger tea, liquor ammonii acetat. If pain very severe, a suppository of 
 morphine and belladonna per rectum ; best to avoid anodynes (E.). Acces¬ 
 sories, spinal ice-bag, when scanty discharge ; when menorrhagic, hot water 
 spinal-bag. Sitz baths, either hot or cold, or cold alone, during intervals. 
 
544 
 
 DYSPEPSIA. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Cimicifugae FI., . . . % iv. 
 
 Ext. Pulsatillae FI., ... £jss. 
 
 Ext. Eriodyctii FI., . . . % j. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii, . . q. s. ad ^ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—One or two teasp. every 2 
 hours to six doses. 
 
 R. Ext. Belladonnas, . . . . gr. iv. 
 
 Ext. Straraonii, 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . aa gr. v. 
 Quininae Sulphatis, . . . gr. xl. 
 Fiant pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily. Neuralgic dysmenorrhcea. 
 
 R . Ext. Opii,.gr. v. 
 
 Ext. Cannabis Ind., 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . aa gr. x. 
 
 Camphorae,.gr. xxv. 
 
 M. Fiant pil. no x. Sig.—One pill 2 
 or 3 times daily. ( McLane .) j 
 
 R. Ext. Viburni Prunifol. FI., 5 ij. 
 
 Ext. Senec. Aurei, . . . ^ij. 
 Tinct. Guaiaci Volat., 
 
 (Dewees.) See U. S. Disp., 
 
 P- HS 6 ,. 3 xi J- . 
 
 Sig.—A teasp. in new milk, thrice daily, 
 between attacks, every hour during at¬ 
 tack, and a hot sitz-bath. 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotae Fluidi, . . . 3 vij. 
 Tinct. Gelsemii, . . . . 3]. 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti,.Ppxvj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 2, 3 or 4 hours. 
 In congestive dysmenorrhoea. 
 
 R. Ext. Cannabis Ind. FI., . . ^jss. 
 Ext. Viburni Op. FI., . . . 3 vj. 
 Mucil. Acaciae, ..... .^ iij. 
 
 Aq. Cinnamomi, . . . ad g iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. every 4 to 6 hours. 
 
 Dyspepsia. 
 
 Nux Vomica, gtt. v-x ter in die before meals as stomachic tonic (B.); when 
 flatulence, weight on head and heartburn (R.). Often of the highest possible 
 value in simple atonic form, or in the dyspepsia of drunkards (P.). Arsenic, 
 drop doses of Fowler’s solution before meals in irritative dyspepsia (B.); also 
 when diarrhoea is excited by food (R.). Bryonia, in dyspepsia of liver origin, 
 “bilious” headache with vomiting (P.). Charcoal, when flatulence; nux 
 vomica in 5-TTp doses, before meals, better (R.). Mercury, gray powder gr. j, 
 3 or 4 times a day, when dyspepsia during chronic disease or convalescence. 
 If constipated, calomel, gr. ss with extract hyoscy. gr. iij in pill for 3 nights (R.). 
 The yellow oxide, in doses of gr. f° r dyspepsia septica and kindred 
 
 disorders of the alimentary canal; remarkably efficient in Austrian navy 
 (Schaffer). Ipecacuanha, rrpv-x of the wine most valuable in atonic and 
 chronic catarrhal dyspepsia (P.); constipation, depression, food “ like a heavy 
 weight” (R.). Hydrastis, gtt. v-xv of the tincture before meals, a good stom¬ 
 achic tonic (B.); in chronic dyspepsia, sluggish liver (P.). Pulsatilla, a good 
 remedy when depression with fear of death, white-coated tongue, little or greasy 
 taste, nausea, flatulency, heartburn; gtt. v in water every 4 hours (P.). Cin¬ 
 chona, with mineral acids in atonic dyspepsia (P.). Quinine, especially for 
 town-dwellers and elderly people; checks excessive fermentation in aliment¬ 
 ary canal (R., P.). Chamomile, hQ) of oil, very useful in atonic dyspepsia (P.) 
 Ignatia, useful in nervous dyspepsia (P.). Taraxacum, certainly does good in 
 simple atonic dyspepsia (P.). Belladonna, gr. £ to % of the extract, once a 
 day when there is constipation (R.). Bismuth, mixed with vegetable charcoal 
 in flatulent dyspepsia (R.); gr. x with, same quantity of calcined magnesia, in 
 chronic gastric catarrh, where diet cannot be regulated (Rose). Manganese, 
 gr. x-xv of the black oxide in gastrodynia and pyrosis (B.). Sanguinaria, 
 gtt. ij-v of tincture or gr. ^ of alkaloid, in atonic dyspepsia promotes secretion 
 and increases the appetite (B.). Silver Oxide, '/>-grain doses with same quan¬ 
 tity of ext. hyoscyami before meals in nervous dyspepsia (B.). Xanthoxylum, 
 as stomachic tonic, 3 j A- ext. in atonic dyspepsia (B.). Simple Bitters, calumba 
 best, quassia or gentian or infusions of them as vehicles for acids and alkalies 
 (B.). Calumba easily tolerated when stomach weak (R.). Gentian as stom¬ 
 achic and tonic very useful in atonic dyspepsia, and that of gouty subjects. 
 The tinct. in some aromatic water, or in combination with alkalies and seda¬ 
 tives (Wa.). Pepsin, very beneficial. Scheffer’s or Beale’s saccharated pepsirr 
 
DYSPEPSIA. 
 
 545 
 
 with hydrochloric acid. Ingluvin also promotes digestion (B.). Mineral 
 Acids. Hydrochloric or lactic with pepsin after meals in atonic dyspepsia. 
 Hydrochloric after meals for acid pyrosis. Nitro-muriatic for dyspepsia with 
 mental despondency, oxalate of lime in urine, offensive gas, sallow complexion 
 (B., R.); Phosphoric, dilute, very efficient before meals (Da C.). Sulphurous 
 Acid, rrpv- 3 j well diluted, for acid pyrosis (B.). Alkaline Mineral Waters, 
 before meals in atonic dyspepsia, and highly useful in the dyspepsia of obese 
 subjects (B.). Alkalies, shortly before a meal increase the gastric juice, and 
 are usually better than acids in atonic dyspepsia. Sodium bicarbonate is the 
 best (R.); a full dose (gr. xl-lx), in dyspeptic attacks, with flatulence, etc., 
 usually affords speedy relief (Wa.). Cascara Sagrada, in all cases of dys¬ 
 pepsia, associated with a torpid liver and constipation ; small doses at first, 
 gradually increased (Wa.). Chloroform, gtt. xv-xx in sweetened water, when 
 rapid fermentation of food and evolution of gas soon after eating ; is promptly 
 efficient in giving relief (Willis). Aloes, combined with other agents, where 
 habitual constipation accompanies dyspepsia (R.); especially indicated in 
 duodenal dyspepsia, gr. ij-iv with ipecac, gr. j-ii, two or three times a week 
 (Wa.). Water. A dry diet will entirely relieve the ice-water dyspepsia, or 
 that due to excessive beer-drinking (B.) ; half a tumbler of cold water y 2 hour 
 before breakfast acts to some people as a purgative and removes many dys¬ 
 peptic symptoms, but flatulent dyspepsia is often traceable to excessive water 
 drinking at meals, especially that of iced beverages (R.). Hot Water, ]/ 2 a 
 pint to a pint at uo°-i5o° F. an hour before each meal and y 2 an hour before 
 going to bed, each draught sipped slowly during 15-30 minutes. As a cure 
 for dyspepsia this is an old and efficient practice (Wa.). Milk-cure, has suc¬ 
 ceeded admirably (B.); fresh buttermilk a most excellent article for dyspep¬ 
 tics, as also is koomis. Alcohol, in any form, especially good wines, is useful 
 in the atonic dyspepsia of sedentary livers (B.); when loss of appetite and of 
 digestive power from fatigue, a glass of wine or brandy-and-water before eating 
 is very appropriate; useful also in indigestion of town dwellers, or during con¬ 
 valescence from acute disease (R.). Diet. Avoid tea and hot beverages, 
 over-cooked food, over-feeding and iced-water ; masticate all food well, eat 
 slowly, small quantities and frequently. Active out-of-door habits should be 
 cultivated, and all articles of food known to disagree should be strictly avoided. 
 [Compare Acidity, Biliousness, Flatulence, Gastralgia, Pyrosis.] 
 
 Prescriptions . 
 
 R. Acidi Hydroch. Diluti, . . gjss. 
 
 Glycerini,.3 ij. 
 
 Syr. Rubi Idaei,.jjjss. 
 
 Liq. Pepsini (Fairchild), . 3 lij. 
 Spt. Chloroformi, . 
 
 Vini Albi vel Xerici, 
 
 ss. 
 
 ‘ ' • Q . 
 
 q. s. ad 3 xij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. thrice daily after 
 meals. 
 
 R. Tinct. Nucis Vom., . . . ^jss. 
 
 Ac. Hydrochlorici Dil., . . gijss. 
 
 Glycerini,.Sjj. 
 
 Aquae Lauro-cerasi, ... 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. before meals, to 
 improve appetite and digestion. 
 
 R. Tinct. Capsici,.TTLxvj. 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom., . . . % ij. 
 
 Tinct. Gentianae Co., . ad q ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ateasp. in water thrice daily, 
 with gr. i Aloin at bedtime, avoiding a 
 starchy diet. For aggravated dyspepsia 
 with constipation. (Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Sodii Bicarb.,._qij. 
 
 Spt. Ammon. Aromat., . . 75 ij. 
 
 Tinct. Zingib.,. gj. 
 
 Infusi Gentianae Co., 
 
 U. S. P. 1870. q. s. ad % viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. or two thrice daily. 
 For acid dyspepsia. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit., .... ."jss. 
 
 Pepsini,.£j. 
 
 Strych. Sulph.,.gr. j. 
 
 Tinct. Cardam. Co., . . ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily in water. 
 For bilious dyspepsia. 
 
 35 
 
 R. Pepsini (Jensen), .... % iijss. 
 
 Ac. Tartarici,.gr. v. 
 
 Glycerini,.,5 jss ; / 
 
 Vini Xerici,. ad 3 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. after meals. 
 
DYSPHAGIA-DYSPXCEA. 
 
 546 
 
 R. Creasoti,.rr^viij. 
 
 Bism. Subcarb.,.£ij. 
 
 Glycerini, 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., . . . aa ^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—To be well shaken. A teasp. 
 every 3, 4 or 6 hours, for pain in stomach 
 and wind. (B.) 
 
 R. Ac. Hydrochlorici Dil., . . gj. 
 
 Tinct. Capsici,.ss. 
 
 Tinct. Calumbae, .... 5 jss. 
 
 Vini Pepsini,. ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. after meals. In 
 atonic dyspepsia. ( Pancoas /.) 
 
 R. Rhei, Gentiance, et Carda- 
 
 momi, contus., . . . aa^ij. 
 
 Spt. Vini Gallici, .... 
 
 Aquse,. g vj. 
 
 Macera per horas 48, cola, et adde— 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom., . . . ^j. 
 Potassii Carbonat., . . . . zj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. in water thrice daily,, 
 before meals. 
 
 R. Tinct. Gentianae Co., . . . 5 ij. 
 Sig.—Teasp. in water thrice daily. 
 
 Dysphagia. 
 
 Cocaine, the hydrochlorate in solution, 20 per cent., as spray or by swab, re¬ 
 lieves the dysphagia of phthisical laryngitis (P.). Cajuput Oil, in nervous dys¬ 
 phagia, used in India with considerable success (P.). Potassium Bromide, for 
 congenital dysphagia of liquids in children, when no diphtheria or malforma¬ 
 tion (R.) ; in hysterical dysphagia (Wa.); benefits a curious affection sometimes 
 seen in children, who from their birth can swallow solids with ease but choke 
 at liquids (R.). Sprays of ammonium bromide, chlorine water, or other sedative 
 agents in warm solution, for the dysphagia depending on specific disease of the 
 larynx (Muirhead). Galvanism, in the vicinity of the oesophagus will speedily 
 remove hysterical dysphagia (Muirhead). Tonics, as strychnine, iron and qui¬ 
 nine, for post-diphtheritic dysphagia. Iced Fluids, slowly swallowed, will often 
 remove spasmodic dysphagia (Wa.). 
 
 Dyspnoea. 
 
 Morphine, hypodermically, the most efficient agent in relieving dyspnoea 
 from cardiac disease, or any other form ; but if albumen in the urine it must be 
 withheld (Allbutt); controls dyspnoea from any cause, more energetically than 
 any other agent, giving the very power to breathe (Huchard). Grindelia, of 
 great service in dyspnoea with cough, occurring in emphysema (W.). Cimici- 
 fuga, has often relieved most distressing cases from cardiac disease (P.). Spigelia 
 Anthelmia, produces and often relieves it when with palpitations (P.). Valerian, 
 proved useful when nervous (P.). Prunus Virginiana, has proved very effica¬ 
 cious in cardiac dvspnoea (P.). Amyl Nitrite, serviceable in cardiac dyspnoea 
 and other forms (Wa.). Asafcetida, in combination with other antispasmodics, 
 often very beneficial in the dyspnoea of chronic bronchitis (Wa.). Chloroform, 
 a few whiffs give temporary relief in the cough and dyspnoea of phthisis and 
 bronchitis (Wa.). Iodide of Ethyl, by inhalation, is very serviceable in many 
 forms (See). Terpine Hydrate, of especial value in asthmatic dyspnoea, gr. ij 
 every hour until gr. x are taken (Boyland). Terebene, for the dyspnoea 
 of chronic emphysema of the lungs; efficient in combating this symptom 
 of various pulmonary affections. Arsenic, for the dyspnoea of weak heart. 
 Dyspnoea is a symptom, and may be referable to cardiac, pulmonary, pharyn¬ 
 geal, laryngeal or tracheal disease (T.). [Compare Asthma, Bronchitis, 
 Croup, Emphysema, Phthisis, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.gj. 
 
 Tinct. Lobeliie,.iv 
 
 Syr. Sanguinarice, . . . . ^j. 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every hour. 
 
 R. Liq. Morph. (Magendie), . ^j. 
 Spt. Etheris Compos., . . gij. 
 
 Syr. et Aquee,. ad 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.— ^ss-j thrice daily. 
 
DYSURIA-ECZEMA. 
 
 547 
 
 Dysuria. 
 
 Cantharis, gtt. j (sometimes v) of tinct. ter die, for frequent micturition with 
 pain (R.). Irritable bladder, vesical tenesmus (B.). Cannabis Indica, relieves 
 dysuria (R.) ; when bloody urine (P.) ; an excellent anodyne in painful affec¬ 
 tions of the bladder, having specific action on that organ. Belladonna and 
 Hyoscyamus have similar sedative effects in vesical and urethral irritation (P.). 
 Linseed, as infusion, is often a valuable adjunct (P.). Opium, in suppository, 
 combined with hyoscyamus, gr. ij with gr. x, an excellent palliative (P.) ; an 
 enema of laudanum or morphine hypodermically to relieve the strangury caused 
 by blisters (B.). Camphor, is said to relieve strangury (R.). Chimaphila, has 
 undoubted power (P.). Squill often produces the best effects, especially a com¬ 
 bination of the acetum with spt. etheris nitrosi, equal parts, of which 5ss in 5ij 
 anise water, every hour or oftener (Wa.). Gelsemium, a useful remedy (B.). 
 Ergot, in paralytic dysuria, with sensation of bladder being imperfectly emptied 
 (P.). Alkalies, the citrates, when dysuria from uric acid crystals in young male 
 children (R.). Nitrous Ether. Spt. etheris nitrosi 5 j-jss in any convenient 
 vehicle, a popular and efficacious remedy (Wa.). Diluent Drinks, freely, 
 especially a decoction of uva ursi, or of cotton-root (P.). [Compare Vesical 
 Sedatives, page 45, also, Bladder, Irritable, page 496, and Cystitis, 
 page 529.] 
 
 Ecchymosis. 
 
 Arnica, rapidly disperses, if administered shortly after injury, npv-x in water 
 every two or three hours (P.). Alcohol, diluted more or less, according to the 
 amount of irritation present, is a good lotion (P.). Hamamelis, the tincture 
 diluted with 5 to 8 parts of water, as lotion when much discoloration. Ammo¬ 
 nium Chloride, in solution, as lotion on lint, or with bread or linseed to form a 
 poultice, in ecchymosis of the eyelids (Wa.). [Compare Bruises, Purpura.] 
 
 Ecthyma. 
 
 Quinine, cures, though in many subjects will cause it (B.); malnutrition (R.). 
 Lead, the liquor plumbi subacet., £j ad Oj aquae, a soothing application (Wa.). 
 Zinc Oxide, the glycerite, with a little camphor, an excellent application (Wa.). 
 Cod-liver Oil, internally and locally (B.). Grape-cure, often happily modifies 
 (P.). Borax, a solution in rose or elder-flower water (Wa.). Chlorinated Lime, 
 a solution as a lotion (Wilson). Chrysarobin, internally, half-grain doses, in 
 water or pill, given with good results (Stocquart). 
 
 Ectropium and Entropium. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, freely to the exposed surface, in ectropium of lower lid due to 
 hypertrophy of conjunctiva after inflammation (C.). Collodion, successfully 
 used in entropium to restore position of the lid by its contraction. Should be 
 concentrated (Wa.). Faradization, in paralytic ectropium (C.). Operative 
 Measures, of great variety, are in use, Arlt’s being the best for bad cases in the 
 upper lid (Roosa). Epilation of lashes gives temporary relief in entropium. 
 
 Eczema. 
 
 Mercury, as black and yellow wash in early vesicular and pustular conditions. 
 Mercurial ointments are the most efficient of the local applications, especially 
 those of white precipitate, nitrate, mild chloride, and black oxide. Ointments 
 of the biniodide or bichloride as irritating application in chronic indolent form 
 (Pf.). Brown citrine ointment nightly in eczema of the margin of the eyelids 
 after detaching scales (B.); very useful when eczema on hairy parts of face, 
 often is best mixed with a tar oint. (R.). Arsenic, rr^v of Fowler’s solution thrice 
 daily on a full stomach, gradually diminishing the dose for chronic type (B.) ; 
 
548 
 
 ECZEMA. 
 
 especially in eczema of vulva, anus and scrotum (R.). Small doses for acute, 
 full doses for chronic form ; the urine to be closely watched and the drug dis¬ 
 continued on the least sign of renal irritation (Pf.). Arseniate of Sodium, 
 hypodermically into an eczematous patch, to change the indolent form into an 
 active one (Pf.). Rhus Tox., externally and internally, when burning and 
 itching, quickly subdues in some cases (P.); in chronic form with rheumatism, 
 worse at night-time ; also in acute cases if given at the very beginning, rt\ /r i r _. 
 of a good tincture enough dose to begin with (Pf.). Phosphorus, of undoubted 
 service in eczema of long standing, probably acts as a hepatic stimulant, gr. 
 Tiro t0 ws i n °il» or reliable pill (Pf.). Viola Tricolor, an infusion the best form, 
 with purgative doses of senna for a few days, then alone, in eczema of the head 
 and face; gives prompt results (good or bad), often aggravating, which, though 
 good in chronic forms, must be avoided in acute types (Pf.). Calcium Sulphide, 
 gr. to in acute and chronic cases of pustular character, the impetigo of 
 old writers ; small doses in acute form, larger ones in chronic cases (Pf.). Sul¬ 
 phur, internally and sulphides as baths, but not in the acute stage (R.); solution 
 of potassium sulphide in water locally (B.). Liquor Potassse, or a stronger 
 solution of potash, to infiltrated patch of chronic eczema, before attempting to 
 heal it (Pf.). Croton Tiglium, the seeds bruised in alcohol, as liniment (Wa.); 
 the oil as basis of stimulating applications in the chronic form (Pf.). Glycerite 
 of Tannin, locally (R.). Potassium Iodide, is often efficient where a syphilitic 
 history or inheritance can be traced. Salicylic Acid, locally, in eczema of hands 
 and feet has been very successful (B.); in plaster is of very great value, and 
 becoming more recognized every day, especially by Unna, Pick, etc. The best 
 form is a salicylated soap-plaster (see formula below). Belladonna, gr. % of 
 extract with gr. iij of quinine sulphate thrice daily in eczema of the hand, with 
 bismuth subcarbonate as a dusting powder (B.). Zinc Salts, the oxide and 
 carbonate as dusting powder, or the sulphate, etc., in astringent ointments 
 (Bulkley). Buckwheat Flour, one of the best dressings; a limb may be envel¬ 
 oped in a bag filled with the flour (Bulkley). Tar, internally, the pix liquida in 
 doses of gr. ij-v thrice daily, when arsenic fails to relieve or is contraindicated ; 
 locally in third stage when redness, dryness and scaling. Oleum Cadini, when 
 genuine, is the best form of tar, mixed with simple ointment (3ss-j ad 5). 01. 
 
 Rusci or Pix Liquida may be used (Pf.). Conium, the tincture may be added 
 to one of the ointments for the pruritus, which is usually very obstinate. So 
 also Stramonium or crude Petroleum (Pf.). Hamamelis, locally as antipruritic, 
 and in chronic eczema marked by decided venous retardation (Pf.). Benzoin, 
 to allay itching, the compound tincture painted on the skin (R.). Lead, soluble 
 salts as lotions when much inflammation and discharge (R.); also in early vesicu¬ 
 lar and pustular conditions. Diachylon ointment comes next in efficiency to mer¬ 
 curial ointments (Pf.). Zinc, the oxide and carbonate as dusting powders (R.); 
 the sulphate with alum, glycerin and rose-water, an excellent lotion (B.); the 
 oxide is not curative, but as a protective is the best ointment when freshly and 
 well made, for use over a large surface (Pf.). Lime-water, as sedative applica¬ 
 tion and to check discharge; after inflammation is subdued, lime-water and 
 glycerin (R.). Carbolic Acid, externally and internally in chronic forms (B.) ; 
 is analogous to tar, and suitable to the same types of the affection as the latter 
 is given for (Pf.). Phytolacca has cured obstinate cases (B.). Graphite, in 
 ointment, 1 to 10, or with some inert powder, as lycopodium or precipitated 
 phosphate of calcium, in fissured eczema, especially that of the hands and 
 behind ears (Pf.). Bismuth, the subnitrate or subcarbonate locally (R.). 
 Anacardium Orientale (oil of Cashew), as ointment in patches of indolent 
 chronic eczema (Pf.). Iris Versicolor, in chronic eczema of gouty patients 
 invaluable as a hepatic stimulant, rr^v-x of tincture from the fresh root twice 
 daily (P.). Glycerin, locally at night when caustic lotions have been used 
 (R.). Electricity has cured obstinate cases (B.). Milk-cure, when acid indi¬ 
 gestion present (B.). Water, locally is injurious, unless its sp. gr. approaches 
 that of the blood serum. Rose-water with a little glycerin and sodium chloride 
 when ablution necessary in second stage, that of exudation and crusting (Pf.). 
 Soaps, petroleum, cade or carbolic (R.); sapo viridis, to soften up infiltrated 
 
EMACIATION. 
 
 549 
 
 patches of chronic form, instead of the potash solutions mentioned above (Pf.). 
 Diet should be largely vegetable, especially those which are eaten raw. Cod- 
 liver oil as a supplemental article of diet. Chaulmoogra Oil, in old cases is 
 often of great benefit, as an ointment. The oil i part to 2 or more of vaseline 
 (Wa.). Oil of Cajuput, put up by mistake of druggist for oil of cade made a 
 remarkable cure in a case which had resisted treatment for some time. 
 (Claiborne.) 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 R. Violse Tricolor,.5 j. 
 
 Sennoe,.5 ss * 
 
 M. Fiant chartulae no. iv. 
 
 Sig.—Make an infusion with hot water 
 from each paper, and take every night. 
 
 (. Piffard.) 
 
 R. Emplas. Diachyli Simplicis, 
 
 Emplas. Saponat., . . aa p. xl. 
 
 Petrolati,.p. xv. 
 
 Acidi Salicylici,.p. v. 
 
 Sig.—Emplas. Salicyl. Compos. ( Pick .) 
 
 R. Picis Liquidae, 
 
 Pulv. Sem. Anisi, . . . aa 5 ijss. 
 Magnesias Calcin., q. s. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. c. Sig.—Two to ten 
 pills daily. ( Miguet .) 
 
 R . Vini Ferri Amari, .... l$jss. 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani,.g iij. 
 
 Liq. Potass. Arsenit., . . j. 
 
 Aquae Anethi,.^ij. 
 
 M. Sig. — Teasp. to dessertsp. thrice 
 daily. ( Wilson.) 
 
 R. Ferri et Ammon. Citrat., . 
 
 Potassii Citratis.^ij. 
 
 Liq. Potassii Arsenit., . . ^j-ij. 
 Tinct. Nucis Vom., . . . ^ij. 
 Tinct. Cinchon. Comp., ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig —Teasp. in water, after meals, 
 as tonic and alterative. ( Bulkley.) 
 
 Local. 
 
 R. Ung. Zinci Oxidi, • . . . J|ss. 
 
 Ung. Plumbi Subacet , . . 5 ss. 
 Chloralis, Camphorae, . aa gr. xv. 
 
 M. Sig. — Use as oint. 2 or 3 times 
 daily after bathing with warm water. For 
 local use in general eczema. [Gross.) 
 
 R. Olei Cadini,.£ss-j. 
 
 Zinci Oxidi,.g ss-j. 
 
 Ung. Aquae Rosae, . . . 3 j. 
 
 M. Sig. — Ointment, antipruritic and 
 mildly astringent. [Bulkley.) 
 
 R. Aluminis,.gr. xx. 
 
 Zinci Sulphat.,.gr. x. 
 
 Glycerini,.^j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion. (B.) 
 
 R. Liq. Plumbi Subacet., . . $). 
 
 Glycerini,.3 ss. 
 
 Aq. Laurocerasi, .... 5 ijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion, when there is much 
 weeping. (B.) 
 
 R. 01. Cadini,.^ss. 
 
 Glycerini. %). 
 
 Ung. Diachylon, .... 5 ijss. 
 
 M. Ft. unguentum. In squamous ec¬ 
 zema with thickened skin. [Pox.) 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Ammoniat., . . gr. xv. 
 
 Glyceriti Amyli,. y ) ). 
 
 M. Ft. unguentum. [Muller.) 
 
 Emaciation. 
 
 Calcium Phosphate, is especially useful in chronic wasting disease (R.). 
 Arsenic, is used by cattle-breeders to fatten oxen, etc., quickly (Tr.). Iodine, 
 improves the appetite and digestion, and gives strength and plumpness to the 
 body (Wa.). Cinchona, in small doses improves the appetite, and the general 
 tone (Wa.). Iron Salts, cause marked gain in flesh and color (Wa.); remark¬ 
 ably promote the appetite and digestion (B.). Cod-liver Oil, internally and 
 externally with friction, often very effective in the mal-nutrition and marasmus 
 of children (P.). Olive Oil, by friction, daily inunctions are of value in many 
 wasting diseases (P.). Pepsin, to promote digestion of food (P.). [Compare 
 Tabes Mesenterica.] 
 
550 
 
 EMISSIONS-EMPHYSEMA-EMPYEMA. 
 
 Emissions and Erections. 
 
 Belladonna, when emissions, genitalia relaxed, atonic state (B.): in gradu¬ 
 ally increasing doses produces good results, even in extreme cases of emis¬ 
 sions (Wa.). Camphor, fails as often as it succeeds (P.). Potassium Bromide, 
 exercises special influence as a sedative in irritable states of the genito-urinary 
 organs (Wa.). Cimicifuga, as tonic to the nervous system, removes irritation 
 and melancholy, procures sound and refreshing sleep (Wa., P.). Lupulin, 
 useful to check emissions (P.); gr. v-x, or xv, to keep penis at rest (Wa.). 
 Ruta, in small doses to limit discharge (P.). Chloral, at bed-time, repeated 
 every night until the habit is broken off (Wa.). Iron, the tincture of the chlo¬ 
 ride in 5 doses at bed-time, sometimes conquers nocturnal emissions (Wa.). 
 Cocaine, a few drops of a 4 per cent, solution upon the glans penis, promptly 
 controls an erection. [Compare Anaphrodisiacs, page 47, also Chordee, 
 Spermatorrhoea.] 
 
 Emphysema of the Lungs. 
 
 Morphine, gr. l /e, and Atropine, gr. t ^-q, hypodermically for the asthmatic 
 attacks : no remedy so efficient. The disease being incurable, treatment must 
 be chiefly palliative (B.). Potassium Iodide, in full doses alone, or combined 
 with the bromide, affords most relief next to morphine (B.). Strychnine, is 
 a valuable respiratory stimulant; useful where there is constant dyspnoea with 
 prolonged expiration (Wa.). Stramonium, the leaves smoked for the asthma 
 and dyspnoea before retiring, will often give a good night’s rest (Wa.). Am¬ 
 monium Iodide, with arsenic, for the bronchitis, with copaiba, turpentine or 
 eucalyptol, continued for some time (B.). Digitalis, or hydragogue cathartics 
 as pulvis jalapas comp, for the dropsy (Da C.). Arsenic, when connected with 
 recession of a rash is esp. useful (R.). Long-continued it ameliorates (B.). 
 Terebene, gives good results upon the dyspnoea. Lobelia, allays the dyspnoea 
 which accompanies capillary bronchitis in emphysema (R.). Senega, often 
 acts beneficially (P.). Cod-liver Oil, continued for a long time (R.). Hypo- 
 phosphites, are useful (B.). Chalybeates, the phosphate of iron, quinine and 
 strychnine (B.). Grindelia, for asthmatic breathing and bronchitis (B.) ; of 
 great service (Wa.). Chloral, for the short breath of such patients brought on 
 by catching cold. If obstructed circulation, caution required (R.). Bleeding 
 and Purging, have been used with great success in many emphysematous con¬ 
 ditions (R.). Compressed Air, the only scientific remedy yet brought forward 
 for this disease; affords much relief which is sometimes permanent (B.); the 
 apparatus of Waldenberg is the best for this purpose. [Compare Asthma, 
 Bronchitis, Dyspncea.] 
 
 • Prescriptions . 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.£iij. 
 
 Strychnin® Sulph., . . . gr. j. 
 
 Liq. Potassii Arsenit., . . 3 ijss. 
 
 Aquse Laurocerasi, . ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. 4 times daily. For 
 relief of dyspnoea, toning the cardiac action, 
 removing the bronchial catarrh, and pre 
 venting the progress of the affection. 
 
 {Hughes f) 
 
 R. Potassii Chlorat., .... 3jss. 
 Tinct. Belladon., .... ^jss. 
 
 Ext. Pruni Virgin. Fluidi, 
 
 Tinct. Cinchon® Comp., aa 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. 4 times a day. 
 Where chronic bronchitis and anorexia. 
 Dry cups also to chest night and morning. 
 
 (Da Costa.) 
 
 Empyema. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, a weak solution to be injected after evacuating the pus (R.). 
 Carbolate of Iodine, has been injected with benefit (B ). Iodine, in solution to 
 be injected after tapping (R.); the undiluted tincture may be thrown in without 
 risk and with great benefit; or the compound solution ^j to 3.W aquas, as wash 
 for the cavity to prevent reformation of pus (B.). Chlorine-Water, or solution 
 of Quinine, to wash out the cavity *(R.). Salicylic Acid, in solution, answers 
 
ENDOCARDITIS-ENDOMETRITIS. 
 
 551 
 
 well for the same purpose (P.). Ammonium Acetate. The official mistura 
 ferri et ammonii acetatis, with quinine and stimulants, if the affection shows a 
 tendency to linger (Da Costa). 
 
 Endocarditis. 
 
 Aconite, should be given early in all inflammations of serous membranes 
 (Wa.); gtt. or less, frequently (R.); it is rare to meet with permanent organic 
 heart disease as a result of rheumatic fever when the disorder is treated with 
 aconite from its commencement (P.). Spigelia Anthelmia, is very useful in 
 rheumatic endocarditis (P.). Opium, in inflammation of serous membranes 
 (B.). Digitalis, to control the circulation, especially where irregular heart 
 action (Da C.). Veratrum Viride, has been used with remarkable effect on the 
 pulse (Wa.). Alkalies, as potassium or ammonium carbonate, freely until urine 
 is alkaline, to prevent permanent changes about the valves or orifices (Da C.). 
 Potassium Iodide, to promote absorption of the exuded lymph. Quinine, at 
 the onset, may check the inflammation (B.). Salicylic Acid, is useful in the 
 rheumatic form (P.). Rest for some days after active signs have abated, with 
 agents to lower the blood-pressure within the heart and vessels (Fothergill). 
 Leeching, in the acute inflammation is to be recommended if done early, later 
 is useless. Use cups if no leeches are at hand (Da Costa). Poultices, give great 
 relief and are of decided benefit (Da C.). Stimulants, as ammonium carbonate, 
 etc., freely, if signs of oppressed circulation appear (Da C.). Iron, the tincture 
 of the chloride with alkalies, if pyaemic symptoms are manifested (Da C.). 
 [Compare Pericarditis.] 
 
 Endometritis. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, undiluted, on cotton-wrapped probe; no better method of 
 treating uterine catarrh (B.). Iodine, the most valuable of all local remedies 
 (E.); Churchill’s tincture (Iod. gr. 75, Pot. Iod. gr. 90, Alcohol $)), one of the 
 most useful applications to the endometrium (Munde). Iodized Phenol (Iod. j, 
 Ac. Carbol. iv), on cotton-wound probes, applied to the uterine cavity, has given 
 the best results of any agent used for 8 years past (Battey). Chromic Acid, as 
 caustic, when slough is required; should only be used after dilatation of cervi¬ 
 cal canal, and at the patient’s house (Munde); a solution of gr. xv to 3 j of hot 
 water applied with success to the uterine cavity for catarrh (Wooster). Nitric 
 Acid, fuming, to uterine cavity through intra-uterine speculum (Atthill); is con¬ 
 sidered by many the one agent for all forms of intra-uterine medication. Is 
 efficient and comparatively safe, but produces too much cicatricial tissue 
 (Munde). Iodoform, as suppository in rectum (B.); in pencils to uterine canal. 
 Iodo-tannin, locally in chronic cases (B.). Ergot, or better Ergotine, gr. j, sub¬ 
 cutaneously, for the train of uterine disorders depending on passive congestion 
 of the organ (P.). See Hysteria for formula. Glycerin, as a local application 
 introduced by Sims, is of great value ; esp. as vehicle for impure carbolic acid, 
 iodine, on cotton, or oakum (E.). Hot Water injections in large quantity about 
 the os uteri, are of great value (E.); as usually made are of no value, must be 
 applied by special syringe, in the dorsal recumbent posture with elevated hips, 
 at a temperature of ioo° to 120° F. twice daily for at least 20 minutes each time, 
 and persevered in for months and years (Munde). [Compare Uterine Con¬ 
 gestion and Hypertrophy.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi, 
 
 R. Ergotini, . 
 
 . gr. xx. 
 
 Potassii P>romidi, . 
 Tinct. Iodi, . . 
 Aquae, .... 
 
 . . aa gr. xx. 
 
 Tinct. Iodi, 
 Glycerini, . 
 
 M. For hypodermic injection into cer¬ 
 vix, in chronic cervical metritis. 
 
 {Bennett.') 
 
 M. For 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply twice daily with cam¬ 
 el’s hair brush, in cervical metritis. 
 
 (Dabney.) 
 
552 
 
 ENEMATA-ENURESIS. 
 
 Enemata. 
 
 Enemata, for an infant, 3ss-j ; child 2 to 5 years, ^ij-vj ; 5 to 15 years, 
 5 v j-0j ; adult, Oj-i quart. A simple domestic enema consists of soapsuds with 
 a little common salt, or a pint of cold water (B.). Simple warm water or gruel 
 sometimes ; or, to one or the other of these add soap, turpentine or castor oil, 
 with soap or gruel to suspend the two latter. Very cold water may be used 
 without inconvenience. Starch, boiled or raw, of cream consistence, tempera¬ 
 ture ioo°, with a few drops of tinct. opii, in extreme cases of choleraic diar¬ 
 rhoea, or that of phthisis, or typhoid fever (R.). Nutrient Enemata, should 
 contain materials for artificial digestion, as the rectum is not an organ of diges¬ 
 tion, and to secure rapid osmosis should have an acid reaction. A suitable 
 formula is appended below. Inject slowly and not frequently; five times in 
 twenty-four hours should be the maximum. Defibrinated blood has also been 
 used as a rectal injection with good results, being completely absorbed (B.). 
 Should not exceed three or four ounces of bland material, injected slowly, after 
 ascertaining that the rectum is not filled with faeces (R.). [Compare Enemata, 
 ante , page 462.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Nutrient Enema. 
 
 BA Infusi Carnis (Beef-tea), . 3 iv. 
 Acidi Hydrochlorici, . . . nyx. 
 Glyceriti Pepsini (Scheffer), 3 ij. 
 
 If rectum irritable add 10 to 20 drops of 
 Laudanum. 
 
 Enema Ricini et Terebinth. 
 
 BA 01 . Ricini,. 3 j ss - 
 
 01 . Terebinth., .3 ss. 
 
 Ovum,.no. j. 
 
 Decocti Hordei, vet 
 
 Aq. Fervid.,.3 xiv. 
 
 Enteritis. 
 
 Opium, to the point of tolerance, is the remedy, the deodorized tincture in 
 io-drop doses every second or third hour, according to age (Da Costa); of 
 great value to control inflammation and quiet the intestines (B.); proves of 
 signal use (Wa.). Aconite, of great utility in acute inflammation with high 
 temperature, sthenic condition, resisting pulse (R., P.). Arsenic, surprisingly 
 curative; small doses, with opium (B.). Podophyllum, with occasional doses 
 of aconite, will often allay the vomiting and diarrhoea (P.). Ricinus Communis, 
 is employed with great advantage (P.). Turpentine, stupes, hot, over seat of 
 disease, are of manifest advantage (Wa.). Skim-milk, is of the highest value 
 as sole diet in acute inflammation of digestive organs (B.). Water, cold and 
 hot, principally cold, or ice, of unquestionable advantage (B.). Poultices, 
 linseed, large and hot (Wa.); may be used or not, as the patient feels benefit 
 from them or otherwise (Da C.). Water, hot fomentations constantly, fol¬ 
 lowed by a wet compress. Perfect quiet in bed. Ice or cold water freely 
 swallowed. No food until inflammation subsides, then beef-tea, milk, gum- 
 water, etc., the very mildest and most bland diet for four or five days (Da C.). 
 [Compare Diarrhcea, Dysentery, Cholera, Peritonitis, Typhlitis.] 
 
 Enuresis. 
 
 Belladonna, no single remedy so uniformly successful. Children require 
 large doses. A solution of atropine, best, gr. to (B.). The best 
 remedy for children, gtt. x-xx of the tinct. three times a day. If unsuccess¬ 
 ful, and no worms or other irritation exist try strychnine, cantharides, turpen¬ 
 tine, santonin or galvanism (R.). Small doses are useless (P.). Santonin, 
 in over doses produces incontinence of urine in children, but curiously will 
 sometimes stay the habit, even when not dependent on worms, and in cases 
 where belladonna fails (R.); in the enuresis from worms (P.). Cantharides, 
 one or two drops of the tinct. three or four times a day in middle-aged women 
 or the aged, even when due to paralysis ; sometimes also in children, but for 
 them belladonna is generally better (R.). Chloral Hydrate, enuresis in chil- 
 
EPIDIDYMITIS-EPILEPSY. 
 
 553 
 
 dren (R.); three-grain doses thrice daily for infantile incontinence (Da C.). 
 Strychnine, may succeed when above remedies fail (B.); sometimes useful 
 for old people with paralysis of bladder, also for children (R., P.). Buchu, 
 often successful in chronic enuresis (P.). Turpentine, small doses sometimes 
 remove the trouble (B.). Lupulin, said to be useful; Herzfelder used it with 
 advantage. Rhus Aromatica, has proven curative in 75 per cent, of cases 
 treated with it, and of great benefit in the other 25 per cent. The fluid ex¬ 
 tract, rr^x-xv four times daily in glycerin and water (Stein). Scutellaria, re¬ 
 markably efficient in many instances, 3 doses of the fluid extract thrice daily 
 for a child of 12 years old. Potassium Nitrate, has been recommended for 
 children (R.). Potassium Bromide, succeeds in some cases (Wa.). Collodion, 
 painted to form a cap over end of prepuce (R.). Ergot, when from paralytic 
 state of sphincter (B.); said to be useful (R.). Iron Iodide, the syrup nbxv-xx, 
 well diluted with water, ter die, in pale, delicate, strumous children (B.); some¬ 
 times useful even when no worms (R.). Habits. Children to be taught to 
 retain water as long as possible during the day ; little salt to be eaten ; absti¬ 
 nence from fluids not necessary; bland fluids diminish acridity of the urine. 
 Stopping meat from the diet has cured several cases permanently, after all 
 remedies had been tried without success. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 fie. Strychnime Sulph., . . . gr. j. 
 Pulv. Cantharidis, . . . . gr. ij. 
 Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. jss. 
 
 Ferri Reducti,.gr. xx. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xl. Sig.—One thrice daily 
 
 to a child of 10 years. (Gross.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . 3 ij. 
 
 Ext. Ergotae Fluidi, . . . 3 v. 
 
 Spt. Chloroformi, . . . . 3 ij. 
 Tinct. Quassiae, ... ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in a winegl. of water 
 thrice daily for children. 
 
 Epididymitis. 
 
 Aconite, alternately with Pulsatilla, the latter in very small doses, a few 
 drops of tinct. in a glass of water, a teasp. every 2 or 3 hours produces the 
 happiest effects (Pf., St.). Belladonna, the extract, 3 j-ij ad gj of glycerin and 
 water, on lint, applied to the inflamed testicle (Bumstead). Tobacco, with lin¬ 
 seed meal, as poultice, cautiously (P.). Mercury and Morphine, locally, a 20 
 per cent, oleate by inunction, in cases of syphilitic origin (R ). Silver Nitrate, 
 ^iv ad 3iv. aq. destil. freely applied to the scrotum will sometimes abort an 
 epididymitis (Wa.). Strapping and suspensory bandage to support the testi¬ 
 cle, and rest it in the recumbent posture from the beginning, with a saline 
 cathartic to clear the bowels, are all measures of great importance (Bum- 
 stead). [Compare Orchitis.] 
 
 Epilepsy. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite, inhaled at the beginning of the aura will prevent an attack 
 (B.); or n\jj-v in mucilage, when fits are very frequent (R.). Nitro-glycerin, 
 TTr hj< slower in action than amyl nitrite, but more enduring (Pf.). Ignatia, 
 convulsions unattended with cerebral congestion (P.). Par excellence the 
 controller of functional phenomena of the cerebro-spinal axis (Pf.). Bella¬ 
 donna, in petit mal and nocturnal epilepsy, in pale anaemic subjects, should 
 be given for a year or more (B., Tr.); extr. and leaves i of each in pill, every 
 day at same hour, one additional pill every month (Tr.). Useful, especially 
 when from fright (P.). Atropine better, drop-doses of a 1 per cent, solution 
 of the neutral sulphate in white brandy (Tr.). Arsenic, in epileptiform ver¬ 
 tigo from stomach disorder (B.); sometimes useful (R.). Chloroform, by 
 inhalation during paroxysm and also in interval (Wa.); is of high value 
 especially in cases of an hysterical character (Brown-Sequard). Chloral, the 
 most suitable remedy for the nocturnal variety, in full doses at bed-time (B.). 
 
554 
 
 EPILEPSY. 
 
 Cannabis Indica, has given good results; is suitable for petit mal, the nocturnal 
 variety, and with strychnine, belladonna, or picrotoxin, for cases characterized 
 by anaemia and depression (B.). Quinine, when of malarial origin (P.) ; often 
 useful in intermittent epilepsy (Ros.). Silver Nitrate is not without efficacy, and 
 was formerly much used, but the danger of staining the skin has caused its 
 disuse, especially as better agents have been found (\Va.). Picrotoxin, anaemic 
 subjects, attacks occurring at night, to ^ of a grain hypoderm., or to yC 
 by stomach (B.). Benefits cases resulting from onanism (P.). Copper Salts, 
 may be useful in cases originating from stomach, formerly much used (B.) ; 
 the nitrate or oxide often given with benefit (R.). Strychnine, idiopathic 
 epilepsy, injurious in symptomatic. Benefits when bromide of potassium fails. 
 Cerebral anaemia; nocturnal epilepsy (S., Pf.); if bromides fail and case is 
 anaemic, give Strychnine, gr. ter die, and push it (B.). Sodium Bromide, 
 gr. xx ter die, will arrest epilepsy without producing the cerebral symptoms of 
 bromism (Clymer). Potassium Bromide, gr. xl ter die before meals, double 
 dose at bed-time, for two or more years after all epileptic indications have 
 ceased. Is generally useful, especially in daytime seizures and grand mal of 
 sexual origin ; also for infantile convulsions (B.); especially in convulsive 
 form, but often powerless (R.). Digitalis, trpx of the tincture, with gr. xx of 
 potas. brom. thrice daily, in cases complicated with cardiac dilatation (Gowers). 
 Lithium Bromide, Ass daily, acts in some cases after pot. brom. has failed, 
 and is generally efficient in about one-half the dose of the latter salt (S. Weir 
 Mitchell). Nickel Bromide, gr. v thrice daily, is remarkably efficient in the 
 epilepsy occurring at the menstrual epoch, and those which have withstood 
 the action of the other bromides (Da Costa). Ferrum Bromide will often cure 
 cases in weak and anaemic subjects; also with potassium bromide to combat 
 the anaemia and depression produced by the latter (B.). Zinc Oxide, probably 
 useful only in cases originating from the stomach. Much said for and against 
 it (B., R.). Turpentine, has long been used, when due to reflex impression of 
 intestinal parasites (B.). Conium, not equal to the bromides (B.) ; not of much 
 value (P.). Valerian, has been used with some advantage (R.). Bryonia, has 
 an ancient reputation (P.). Rue, may benefit when seminal emissions (P.). 
 Anaesthetics, are rarely called for (W.). Fats and Oils, especially cod-liver 
 oil when faulty assimilation exists (B.). Galvanism, only in idiopathic epilepsy 
 (B.). Meat Diet, in many cases must be prohibited entirely (B.). [Compare 
 Convulsions.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, . . . . 5 ss. 
 
 Sodii Bromidi,. a ss. 
 
 Liq. Potas. Arsenitis, ... 5 ss. 
 
 Ext. Conii FI.,.rt\L 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, . . . . A ij. 
 
 Infus. Gentian. Co., . . ad j|viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. two hours after each 
 meal. 
 
 R. 
 
 Potassii Bromidi, . . . 
 
 • oJ- 
 
 
 Ferri Bromidi, .... 
 
 . ST iv. 
 
 
 Aquae,. 
 
 • Sd- 
 
 
 Syrupi Simplicis, . . . 
 
 • ,5 V J- 
 
 M 
 
 t. Sig.—Tablesp. twice d 
 
 aily. 
 
 R. 
 
 Strychninae Sulphatis, 
 
 • g r -j- 
 
 
 Acidi Sulph. Dil., . . . 
 
 
 
 Aquae Destill., .... 
 
 . A tv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. after each meal, gradu¬ 
 ally increased to a dessertsp. 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, 
 
 Sodii Bromidi, 
 
 Ammonii Bromidi, . . aa ^iij. 
 Potassii Iodidi, 
 
 Ammonii Iodidi, . . . aa Ajss. 
 Ammonii Carbonat., . . . A j. 
 
 Tinct. Calumbae, .... Ajss. 
 
 Aqute,.q. s. ad g viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. and a haif before 
 each meal, and three teasp. at bed time. 
 
 (. Brou'n-Sequard .) 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, 
 
 Ammonii Brom., . . . aa A ij. 
 
 Ext. Ergotae FI., . . . . Sj. 
 
 Aq. Cinnamomi, . . . ad 5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.— Dessertsp. in water thrice 
 daily. When maniacal excitement and 
 danger of cerebral hemorrhage. [Smithi) 
 
EPISTAXIS-ERUPTIONS-ERYSIPELAS. 
 
 555 
 
 Epistaxis. 
 
 Aconite, has been used with the best results (P.) ; small frequent doses 
 quickly check epistaxis in children and plethoric people (R.). Arnica, is of 
 great service when from mechanical violence (P.). Belladonna, when of con¬ 
 gestive origin (P.). Ipecacuanha, has been highly praised (R.) ; acts upon the 
 vessels (B.); gr. j-ij every quarter hour until nausea is felt, but vomiting need 
 not be excited (Wa.). Hamamelis, venous hemorrhage (Pf., R.). Ergot, 
 5 ss-3j of fresh powdered ergot, or £j-3ij of flu. ext. every half hour or hour, 
 necessary in urgent cases (B.). Alum, injected or snuffed up in powder (R.). 
 Iron Spray, in obstinate cases liq. ferri subsulph. ^j-^viij aquae by spray or 
 injection. The tinct. of the chloride also useful (B.); diluted 3 (j in 3vj injected 
 into the nostrils is often effectual (Wa.). Tannin, finely powdered, blown into 
 the nostrils through a quill (Wa.); a strong solution, £ij ad ^iv, by nasal 
 syringe (B.). Turpentine, may be given internally with advantage (Wa.) ; 
 especially in debilitated conditions (B.). Lead Acetate, gr. ij-iv with opium 
 gr. ss-j, proves signally useful (Wa.). Vinegar, on lint introduced into the 
 nostrils, sometimes highly efficient (Wa.). Digitalis, is of undoubted benefit 
 (B) ; the infusion best (R.). Transfusion, when death from exhaustion is ap¬ 
 parently imminent (B.). Facial Artery, compression of (R.). Sundry. Keep 
 head elevated and cool; warm the feet and hands by plunging into hot water ; 
 apply ice over the nose; resort at once to the tampon, if bleeding becomes 
 alarming. [Compare Hemorrhage, for formulae.] 
 
 Eruptions. 
 
 The following-named Drugs produce the eruptions indicated respectively 
 after each, viz.—Aconite—vesicular exanthemata. Arsenic, erythema and 
 papules, vesicles and pustules. Belladonna—as Quinine. Bromide of Potas¬ 
 sium—papules, pustules, deep tubercles with ecchymoses, ulcers, pemphigus. 
 Cinchona—as Quinine. Carbolic Acid—erythema. Chloral—erythema, itch¬ 
 ing, desquamation, eczema, purpura and petechia. Copaiba and Cubebs— 
 pemphigus, erythema, eczema. Cod-liver Oil—acne. Digitalis—erythema 
 after long usage. Iodide of Potassium—papules, vesicles, pustules, eczema, 
 ecthyma, ecchymoses and purpura. Mercury—erythema, eczema. Opium 
 and Morphine—erythema, papular eruption with marked desquamation and 
 itching. Phosphorus—purpura. Quinine—erythema, scarlatina, papular ery¬ 
 thema, hemorrhagic purpura, pemphigus and prurigo. Rhus Toxicodendron 
 (and other varieties of Sumach)—vesicles, perhaps pustules, with redness, 
 swelling and intolerable itching. Salicylic Acid—purpura, pemphigus, vesi¬ 
 cular angina. Santonin—pemphigus, vesicles. Stramonium—as Quinine. 
 Strychnine—as Quinine. Turpentine—as Copaiba. 
 
 Articles of Food producing eruptions are—Acid Fruits—may cause acute 
 eczema. Strawberries—urticaria. Apples—acneform efflorescence about the 
 mouth. Walnuts—inflammation of buccal mucous membrane. Shell-fish— 
 urticaria. Roast Turkey—in one case caused great urticaria. Lager Beer— 
 acne in some. Alcohol—aggravates cutaneous inflammations. Butter, Oat¬ 
 meal, Buck-wheat, Fish—are popularly credited with causing eruptions, but 
 there is no evidence therefor. 
 
 Erysipelas. 
 
 Pilocarpine, to abort the disease, very efficient if used early, gr. x /e hypoder¬ 
 mically, or fluid extract of Jaborandi internally : when free diaphoresis occurs, 
 the temperature and pulse fall to normal, and the disease is checked. Not 
 suitable to debilitated cases, or those with a weak heart (Da Costa). Aconite, 
 a favorite remedy with Liston, if used at beginning, when fever high (Wa.) ; 
 no more useful agent in idiopathic erysipelas, especially facial, and cases of 
 sthenic type (B.); at onset, often cuts the attack short; is very useful in the 
 erysipelas following vaccination (R.); very valuable in sthenic cases (P.); espe¬ 
 cially so in traumatic erysipelas (Tr.). Belladonna, r^v of tincture in water 
 
556 
 
 ERYSIPELAS. 
 
 every hour for five or six doses, also locally; has astonishing power in super¬ 
 ficial and non-vesicular forms, also when erysipelas attacks the brain, and in 
 the phlegmonous type (P.); for similar indications as noted under Aconite, also 
 when adynamia ; if much fever, combine it with digitalis or aconite ; when much 
 depression, give it with quinine ; gr. % of the extract with gr. ij of quininae 
 sulph. every 3 or 4 hours (B.); the extract with glycerin, equal parts, spread 
 thickly over the surface (Ouain); should be used both internally and externally, 
 and may be combined with aconite (R.). Iron, Tincture of the Chloride, the 
 nearest to a specific yet discovered; the remedy of most service, any man 
 being decidedly to blame who neglects its use ; requires decided doses, gtt. xl 
 every 4 hours (Da Costa); treatment by it very general, but questionable (B.) ; 
 should be given with shorter intervals than 4 hours (R.) ; is very successful in 
 this disease (P.); ten-drops doses every hour, or rr^xl every 4 hours (Ouain). Is 
 also used locally with much success, being painted over the surface in full 
 strength. Quinine, may be given with the iron ; also alone if thoracic compli¬ 
 cations, wherein iron might be contra-indicated (Da Costa); if pulse soft and 
 tremulous, or very rapid, low muttering delirium (D.); a combination of qui¬ 
 nine and tincture of the chloride of iron offers special advantages (Wa.); in 
 the more severe cases to sustain the vital powers, and prevent cerebral embol¬ 
 ism ; but large doses, gr. v-xx every 4 hours, are alone of any use (B.). Am¬ 
 monium Carbonate, when feeble circulation, cyanosis and delirium ; also when 
 any signs of embolism appear (B.) ; highly useful in debilitated subjects (Wa.); 
 after free purgation the continued use of this salt is all that is needed in most 
 cases (Sir T. Watson). Potassium Iodide, with agents to secure free action of 
 the bowels, skin and kidneys, the only efficient treatment in erysipelas ambu- 
 lans, in which iron and quinine are useless (Da C.). Antipyrin, is particularly 
 efficient when hyperpyrexia (Ernst). Rhus Tox., a very useful remedy in the 
 vesicular form (P.). Tartar Emetic, in doses of gr. y 1 ^ frequently repeated, 
 renders incontestable service (B.). Calomel and Jalap, as purgative at onset, 
 followed in 4 or 5 hours by magnesium sulphate, gss (Da C.). Chloral, is an 
 admirable adjunct to give sleep at night (Da C.). Turpentine, as a stimulant 
 in traumatic erysipelas, more generally serviceable than alcohol (B.). 
 
 Local Applications. Silver Nitrate, by Higginbotham’s method in trau¬ 
 matic form ; gr. lxxx of the brittle stick dissolved in giv of water and painted 
 2 or 3 times over inflamed surface and beyond, after careful washing and drying 
 (R.) ; no agent more useful in subduing external inflammation. Iodine, painted 
 over affected and neighboring surface, to prevent spreading (R.). Iodized 
 Collodion, very successful as a local application, see formula below. Collo¬ 
 dion, a thick coating relieves (B.). Digitalis, an infusion locally is of much 
 service applied as a lotion (R.). Sulphurous Acid, and glycerin, equal parts, 
 or a solution of Sodium Bisulphite (Dewar). Zinc, Benzoated, as ointment, or 
 the unguentum zinci oxidi, anything to exclude the air, and whichever one is 
 most agreeable to the patient (Da C.). Bismuth, the ointment of the oleate, a 
 very certain application to allay itching and burning, lessen pain, etc. (Shoe¬ 
 maker). Oil, by inunction, is very grateful in simple erysipelas (B.). Oil of 
 Turpentine, painted over surface is said to be remarkably efficient. Vaseline, 
 lard, or mercurial ointment, diluted, gj to gj of vaseline; the simplest applica¬ 
 tions are the best (B.). Carbolic Acid, one part, with 8 to 14 parts of oleic acid, 
 locally by inunction for 3 or 4 minutes every ^ hour, all around the edge of 
 the diseased part until it ceases to spread (Jacobi). Cotton Wool, sprinkled 
 with flour or a mixture of starch and zinc oxide, is a good application (B.). 
 Earth, clean yellow clay, free from grit or sand, and powdered, applied directly 
 to the skin in the form of a smooth paste, made by mixing it with water, the 
 best of all applications, having properties of antiseptic, antiphlogistic, anti¬ 
 pyretic and antimorbific nature (Hewson). 
 
 Tracheotomy, promptly if oedema of glottis occurs, the operation giving time 
 for inflammation to subside (Da C.). incisions, may be necessary in traumatic 
 erysipelas, when limb is greatly swollen andinflamed; also in the phlegmonous 
 variety (Da C.). Diet, a milk-diet is generally suitable ; should be light but 
 nutritious (R.) ; feed the patient well (Da Costa). [Compare Phlegmon.] 
 
ERYTHEMA-EXHAUSTION. 
 
 557 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 ; . Quininae Sulphatis, . . . 
 
 5SS. 
 
 Ext. Belladonnas, .... 
 
 gr. ijss. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—Two pills every 
 
 hours, where much depression. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 ; . Quininae Sulphatis, . . . 
 
 El 
 
 Ac. Sulphurici Dil., q. s. 
 
 
 Aquae, . 
 
 .ru- 
 
 Tincturae Ferri Chlor., . . 
 
 0 ss * 
 
 Spt. Chloroformi, .... 
 
 E v j • 
 
 Glycerini, . . . . q. s. ad 
 
 5 1V * 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in water every two 
 hours. ( Loomis .) 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . ^j. 
 
 Syrupi Tolutani, . . . . ,|j. 
 
 Liq. Potassii Citratis, . . . 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. to tablesp., according 
 to age,jsvery 3 hours. ajj = rr\x, gij = | 
 rtpxx, 5 ss = 11 ^x 1 . {Anderson.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chlor., . . . 3 ij—iij. 
 Glycerini, Aquae, . . . aa % j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 2 hours for chil¬ 
 dren. ( Gibney .) 
 
 For Local Use. 
 
 R. Aitheris, 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa 5 v. 
 
 Pyroxylini,.gj. 
 
 Solve, et adde— 
 
 Ammonii Iod.,.gr. xl. 
 
 Cadmii Iod., 
 
 Cadmii Brom., . . . . aa gr. xx. 
 
 M. Sig.—For local use with a camel’s- 
 hair pencil. If the cadmium salts are not 
 to be had use 3 j Amm. Iod., and gr. xx 
 Pot. or Amm. Bromide. ( Humphreys .) 
 
 R. Plumbi Acetatis, 
 
 Ammonii Carb., . . . aa gj. 
 
 Aquae Rosas,.~ viij. 
 
 Ft. lotio. Sig.—Apply on lint, to allay 
 irritation. (Pearl.) 
 
 R . Acid. Carbol., 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa ^ij. 
 
 01 . Terebinth.,.^iv. 
 
 Tinct. Iodi,.£ ij. 
 
 Glycerini, . .*.g x. 
 
 M. Sig.—Brush over surface every 2 
 hours, and cover with a thin layer of wad¬ 
 ding. 
 
 Erythema. 
 
 Belladonna, useful in cases resisting ordinary treatment (B.). Quinine, the 
 most valued remedy in erythema nodosum (B.). Rhus Toxicodendron, a valu¬ 
 able remedy (P.). Zinc Sulphate, as lotion, with alum and glycerin. See 
 Eczema, for formula; or the Acetate, in ointment, see below. Bismuth, dusted 
 over erythema about genitals of infants soothes pain and promotes healing (B.). 
 Mineral Acids, nitric and nitro-hydrochloric, have been advantageously used 
 when from imperfect digestion (B.). Dusting Powders, of starch, lycopodium 
 or buckwheat Hour are very useful. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Plumbi Carbonatis, 
 
 Bismuthi Subnit., . . . aa 3j. 
 Sodii Bicarbonat., . . . . 3 ss. 
 Ung. Zinci Oxidi Benz., . 5 ij. 
 Ft. unguentum. Sig.— Local use. 
 
 R . Zinci Acetatis,.gr. ij. 
 
 Aquae Rosae.3j. 
 
 Ung. Aquae Rosae, .... Jj. 
 M. Sig.—Ointment. 
 
 Exhaustion. 
 
 Arnica, a few drops internally for aching of the muscles (R.); in nerve pros¬ 
 tration with general aching from over-fatigue (P.). Phosphorus, for physical or 
 mental exhaustion ; also in depression from over-work (R.). Calcium Phosphate, 
 combined with Calcium Carbonate and Phosphate of Iron, gr. j of each for a 
 dose (R.). Potassium Bromide, when insomnia, bad dreams and irritability 
 (R.). Opium, gtt. j of laudanum with 2 or 3 of the tinctura nucis vomicae, 3 or 
 4 times a day, for symptoms of exhaustion with headaches, flushing and dys¬ 
 pepsia (R.). Ammonia, internally ; its influence is but brief (R.). Coffee or Tea, 
 in hot or cold climates (R.). Castor, is serviceable, but seldom used (P.). Musk, 
 
553 
 
 EXOPHTHALMOS—EXOSTOSIS-EYE-DISEASES. 
 
 benefits all forms of nerve-exhaustion (P.). Cimicifuga, for headache from 
 over-study or excessive fatigue (R.). Alcohol, of value in all conditions of 
 fatigue (P.). Coca, lessens the sense of fatigue under exertion, relieves thirst, 
 and obviates the effects of a too rarefied atmosphere ; is suitable for weakly 
 subjects easily fatigued, and to convalescents (P.). Cocaine, has been used 
 successfully in exhaustion from sunstroke, loss of blood, and diarrhoea (P.). 
 Wet Sheet, dripping, cold, as a restorative, and to prevent aching of muscles 
 (R.). Sea Bathing, is also valuable (R.). Habits, change of occupation 
 better than absolute rest. [Compare Adynamia, Convalescence, Insomnia, 
 Myalgia.] 
 
 Exophthalmos. 
 
 Belladonna, rrpv of tincture hourly, of great service (R.); results recorded from 
 its use are very remarkable, but Digitalis will usually answer better (P.). Duboi¬ 
 sine, gr. of the sulphate 2 or 3 times daily, has produced remarkable results 
 in one case (Hunt). Opium, may be of use in some cases (P.). Digitalis, to 
 raise the arterial tension and slow the heart, decidedly ameliorative in young 
 subjects (B.). To tranquillize the heart is the main indication. Iron, with Digi¬ 
 talis, seems to do more good than any other medicines (Da Costa). Chalybeate 
 Waters, are beneficial (B.). Convallaria, ameliorates the painful palpitation 
 (YVa.). Galvanism, of the cervical sympathetic and pneumogastric, and eyes 
 and thyroid gland, is decidedly curative in uncomplicated cases (B.). 
 
 Exostosis. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, may promote absorption when recent; also friction with 
 ointment of Mercury or Iodine (D.). Aconite, was used by Storck (P.). Mer¬ 
 cury, a moderate course of mercurials may be effectual, when exostoses due to 
 a blow or from syphilis (D.). Exostoses of clavicles in children almost always 
 disappear themselves (D.). Excision if required (MacCormac). 
 
 Eye-Diseases. 
 
 Belladonna, locally and internally in iritis, conjunctivitis and other inflam¬ 
 mations. Atropine, in iritis, locally; hypodermically, in glaucoma (R.) ; the 
 best application in inflammatory conditions generally. Euphrasia, had an 
 extended reputation in Germany, is a mild astringent, and of service in catar¬ 
 rhal conjunctivitis (P.). Pulsatilla, as lotion in inflammations and ophthalmic 
 cases (P.). Santonin, gives good results in inflammatory and atrophic condi¬ 
 tions of the retina and optic nerve, and the stage of effusion of many other 
 inflammations (Wa.). Ruta, minim doses, night and morning, in dimness of 
 vision depending on functional amaurotic condition, produces good results (P.). 
 Physostigma, topically, to contract pupils; to reduce excessive atropinization. 
 Stimulates the third nerve (P.). Strychnine, hypodermically in muscular 
 asthenopia, amblyopia, amaurosis, and in progressive nerve-atrophy not de¬ 
 pendent on intercranial diseases (R.). Increases the sensibility of the eye, the 
 field of vision becoming extended, and the vision more acute (Br.). Ergot, 
 useful in many eye affections, especially disturbances of accommodation, acute 
 and chronic inflammations, and the blepharitis and pustular conjunctivitis of 
 children (Wa.). Is myotic. Pilocarpus, is used with great benefit in many eye- 
 affections, particularly amblyopia from alcohol and tobacco, detachment of the 
 retina, chronic iritis, keratitis, hemorrhage into the vitreous, glaucoma, muscse, 
 atrophic choroiditis, hemorrhages of the retina, white atrophy of the optic 
 nerves, and inflammatory affections with effusion and exudation to promote 
 resolution and absorption (Wecker). Cocaine, as a local anaesthetic in oph¬ 
 thalmic surgery, a 4 per cent, solution, by instillation, sometimes injection 
 required, as into the muscles for squint operation. Is mydriatic, and in rare 
 cases panophthalmitis has resulted after operations under cocaine (R.). Chlo¬ 
 roform, vapor, close to a photophobic eye, relieves (R.). Oleate of Mercury 
 
EYELIDS-FEET. 
 
 559 
 
 and Morphine, outside the eye in palpebral conjunctivitis, and stye; also in 
 syphilitic iritis (R.). Silver Nitrate, Copper and Zinc Salts, are much used 
 (B.). [See Conjunctivitis, etc. Compare Mydriatics, Myotics, pages 28, 29; 
 also in this section the titles Amaurosis, Asthenopia, Cataract, Conjuncti¬ 
 vitis, Corneal Opacities, Glaucoma, Iritis, Keratitis, Myopia, Ophthal¬ 
 mia, Photophobia, Retina, Strabismus, etc.] 
 
 Eyelids. 
 
 Calomel, locally, or brown citrine ointment, as application in many diseases 
 (B.). Mercury and Morphine, the 20 per cent, ointment with lard, outside lid, 
 for stye (R.). Pulsatilla, internally, and externally as wash, in ophthalmic 
 cases and inflammations; the so-called “ stye ” may often be aborted by this 
 treatment (P.). Cadmium, much esteemed as collyrium, gr. ij of sulphate to 
 5j aquae rosae (R.). -Zinc and Copper Sulphates, are esteemed applications 
 (B.). [See Conjunctivitis for formulae.] Ergot, an aqueous infusion, as a 
 collyrium, in ptosis and paralysis of the eyelids (Wa.). Tannin, a strong 
 solution (1 to 3 aquae), locally ; or a weaker solution (1 to 20, 30 or 50 aquae), 
 is much employed. Also used in pomade, or as fine powder (Wa.). Veratrine, 
 in solution, brushed over lids once daily in painful spasmodic contraction of the 
 orbicularis (Wa.). Ammonium Chloride, in solution as lotion, for ecchymosis 
 of eyelids, vulgarly known as “black eye.” [See Ecchymosis, Blepharitis, 
 Conjunctivitis, Ptosis, Ectropium, etc.] 
 
 Face. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite, tAtu to in 30 times its volume of spirits, for flushing of face, 
 or sensation of flushing, with cold feet and hands, and great prostration, chiefly 
 in women at change of life (R.). Curare, effective in facial spasm, when other 
 remedies failed (P.). Blisters, behind the ear, in facial palsy, followed by warm 
 covering to part (H.). Strychnine, has improved some cases of facial palsy 
 (P.). [Compare Neuralgia, Odontalgia, Tic-Douloureux.] 
 
 False Pains. 
 
 Tartar Emetic, combined with small doses of opium, together with external 
 fomentations, where evidence of congestion (L.). Opiates, to allay uterine 
 irritation, after rectifying any derangement of bowels (L.). Opium, is valuable, 
 having specific action on uterine muscular fibres, relaxing some, stimulating 
 others (Wa.). 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Arsenic, swelled feet of old or weak persons (R.); oedema of feet and ankles 
 in the old, from feebleness of the heart (B.). Lead, as ointment of equal parts 
 of emplastrum plumbi and linseed oil spread on linen, and wrapped round the 
 feet when they sweat—to be renewed every third day for nine days (R.). 
 Potassium Permanganate, gr. j—3j, as wash, will remove fetor of feet (B.) ; tem¬ 
 porarily discolors the skin. Boracic Acid, in strong solution, is used with good 
 results. Chloral, 1 in 50 of water, as bath, efficient. Sodium Bicarbonate, a 
 solution freely applied will remove fetor (B.). Belladonna, will check fetid 
 secretions (R.). Salicylic Acid, in solution with borax, the most agreeable and 
 efficient deodorant for fetid perspirations (B.). 3jss—iij with 3iij of dried alum, 
 in powder, applied freely to foot after washing and drying. Acid, salicylic. 3, 
 magnesium silicate 87, is the composition of the powder used in the German 
 army for sweating of the feet. Ice, to the spine, or heat and cold alternately, 
 to equalize the circulation, has been strongly advocated (Wa.) Stockings, 
 should be changed every day, and if dipped in a strong solution of boracic acid 
 and dried will effectually check fetid perspirations. Cold Foot-Bath, and dry¬ 
 ing with friction, for cold feet (R.). 
 
FEVER. 
 
 560 
 
 
 
 R. 
 
 Ac. Salicylici, . 
 
 . . . . gr. xv. 
 
 
 Amyli, .... 
 
 . . . . gr. cl. 
 
 
 Talci, . . . . 
 
 .... |iij. 
 
 M. 
 
 feet. 
 
 et trit. 
 
 Sig.—Locally for sweating 
 ( Kohnhorn ). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ac. Borici (pulv.), . . . 5jss. 
 
 Vaselini,.^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ointment for bromidrosis. 
 
 ( Champion n iere .) 
 
 Fevers. 
 
 [See also the titles of the various fevers, in their respective alphabetical 
 
 order.] 
 
 Aconite, has the highest value in the eruptive fevers, also in all hyperpyrexiae 
 (B.). Always indicated in early stage of simple inflammatory fevers, pneu¬ 
 monia, and in most acute congestions (P.). Has marvellous power over sthenic 
 fevers. Thermometer should go hand in hand with Aconite (R.). Veratrum 
 Viride, possesses considerable power as an antipyretic; useful in rheumatism, 
 pneumonia (P.); in delirium ferox of fevers it is of value (B.). Strongly recom¬ 
 mended in both sthenic and asthenic fevers (R.). Belladonna, in the eruptive 
 fevers, especially scarlatina (B.). In typhus, with delirium, insomnia, painful 
 sensitiveness to light and sound. In all hyperaemic states of brain and spinal 
 cord (P.). Is prophylactic often against scarlet fever (P., Pf.). In delirium; 
 also excellent in typhus (R.). Gelsemium, in remittent and typho-malarial, of 
 real benefit. Is antipyretic (B.). In bilious remittent, of value (Pf.). Arsenic, 
 in prostrating acute fevers to strengthen pulse and invigorate patient. Except 
 quinine, no drug subdues intermittents so well (R.). In malarial, especially 
 typho-malarial, it is of great value (B.). Cinchona. Quinine in the eruptive, 
 and all malarial, remittent, and intermittent; as apyretic, less effective and 
 more dangerous than cold baths. Useless in typhus and typhoid, except for 
 hyperpyrexia (B.). It is anti-miasmatic, antiseptic, and antiphlogistic ; of great 
 value in intermittent, septicaemic, and hectic fevers (P.). Large doses at night 
 to reduce temperature in typhoid and other fevers strongly urged in Germany. 
 Cinchonine best as prophylactic against ague (R.). Antipyrine, the type and 
 the best of the new series of synthetical antipyretics, which includes kairine, 
 chinoline, thallin, etc. (see pp 56, 105, 179); is antipyretic and diaphoretic, mod¬ 
 erates the intensity of the febrile movement, and is especially indicated in self¬ 
 limited diseases with persistant hyperpyrexia, especially pneumonia, typhoid, 
 etc. Kairine, is an efficient antipyretic, but profusely diaphoretic, also a cardiac 
 and nerve depressant of great power, and highly dangerous in pneumonia, and 
 other fevers where the heart is weak. It often produces nausea and vomiting 
 with headache and tinnitus aurium (P.). Resorcin, has been given in acute 
 rheumatism, typhoid, typhus, pneumonia, erysipelas, etc., as an antipyretic ; 
 like Kairine, however, its action in lowering temperature is transient as com¬ 
 pared with quinine or salicylic acid (P.); may be used hypodermically as it is 
 not irritant (B.). Salicylic Acid, or salicylate of sodium, nearly equal to quinine 
 as antipyretic. Very useful in all forms with high temperature and in intermit¬ 
 tents. Especially in septicaemia, pyaemia, erysipelas, and surgical fevers (B., 
 R.). Digitalis, the German antipyretic. Very useful in scarlet fever, rheu¬ 
 matic, and pneumonia (B.); especially in typhoid (R.). Cimicifuga, as substi¬ 
 tute for digitalis, but less effective; good in hectic (B.). Hydrastine, intermit¬ 
 tents, typhoid with copious sweats (P.). Arnica, is antipyretic, full doses in 
 sthenic cases, small (tt\,v of tincture) in asthenic. Large and small doses pro¬ 
 duce different results (B.). In rheumatic and typhoid is highly extolled (P.). 
 Camphor, subdues reflex excitability ; praised as stimulant in adynamic fevers 
 (P.). In adynamic fevers and where there is delirium (R.). Mercury, large 
 closes of calomel, the German “ specific ” treatment of typhoid (B.). Small 
 doses in typhoid at commencement; has marked effect on tonsils in scarlatina 
 (R.). Rhus Tox., in rheumatic fever after aconite, and in scarlatina with typhoid 
 symptoms, is invaluable (P.). Opium, much less used than formerly. Useful 
 in delirium, and with quinine in remittents and intermittents (B.). For fevers 
 
FEVER, SIMPLE. 
 
 56l 
 
 characterized by prostration, insomnia and delirium, noisy or muttering, with 
 picking of bed-clothes and twitching of the muscles ; in such cases opium, judi¬ 
 ciously given, may save an almost hopeless case (R.). Morphine, hypodermi¬ 
 cally, the best form in febrile diseases, being less disturbing to the stomach and 
 digestive power (P.). Turpentine, in typhoid, puerperal, and yellow, as a stimu¬ 
 lant to vaso-motor nervous system 0 A x- 5 ss ) (B.); as enema (np3o-6oin starch 
 mucilage with rtpx of liq. opii if pain) invaluable when in typhoid hemorrhage 
 occurs with tympanitis (P., R.). Tartar Emetic, minute doses (gr. y 1 ^) frequently 
 repeated, and with opium, are of great value in many acute febrile diseases 
 (B.); as a diaphoretic ; in ague ; in large doses to abort specific fevers (R.). 
 Muriatic Acid, very useful in all forms, especially in typhoid and the exanthe¬ 
 mata; relieving dryness of the mouth and fauces, increases digestion, and re¬ 
 strains the diarrhoea (B.). Acid Drinks, such as raspberry vinegar, citric acid, 
 etc., very grateful and useful (R., B.); two sliced limes or lemons, with 3ij of 
 sugar, in Oj of boiling water, cooled and strained, make an agreeable refriger¬ 
 ant beverage (Wa.). Baptisia, useful in common continued fever, or in the first 
 stage of typhoid ; drop doses of a fresh tincture every hour. Eucalyptus, has 
 given varied results in malarial fevers, some observers praising it very highly 
 (P.). Valerian, has done much good in fevers of a nervous character (P.). 
 Sumbul, is used in Russia for low fevers of a typhoid type (P.). Cocculus, for 
 tympanitis of typhoid (P.). Ammonium Acetate, as a diaphoretic, and in simple 
 forms, as catarrhal ; the Carbonate in scarlet fever and measles (R.). Purga¬ 
 tion, by castor oil, sulphate of magnesium, etc., before exhaustion (R.). Mus¬ 
 tard Bath, on recession of rash in eruptive fevers (R.). Aliment, milk and 
 beef-tea alternately, every 3 hours. Milk only, in fevers and inflammations of 
 the digestive tract (B.). Alcohol, in low conditions is useful when causes im¬ 
 provement in symptoms, which may become worse (B., R.). Coffee better than 
 alcohol (P.). Water, is a valuable adjunct to remedies in the treatment of 
 fevers. Warm baths, the wet pack, hot and cold compresses, fomentations, 
 moist inhalations, etc., have great value [see various fever titles] : a most im¬ 
 portant agent. Cold baths or cold wet pack to reduce temperature (B.); cold 
 affusion, baths, packing, ice, and ice-bag; hot affusion and sponging, all of 
 great value in every form (R.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Ext. Aconiti FI., .... rrpxvj. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitros., . . . ."ij. 
 Glycerini, . . . . q. s. ad 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every hour to an 
 adult, as a febrifuge. 
 
 R. Antipyrini,.gr. xlv. 
 
 Aquae Cinnam., . . . . 25 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 hours for 
 children, to control pyrexia. 
 
 Fever, Simple. 
 
 Aconite, in small repeated doses, the best remedy for febricula, etc. (B.) 
 in ordinary febrile conditions, if given early, will abate fever and induce free 
 perspiration ; may be administered in conjunction with any other remedy indi¬ 
 cated (R-). Veratrum Viride, in small doses, as antipyretic (P., R.). Hyoscya- 
 mus or Belladonna, very useful in febricula, especially for head symptoms and 
 constipation (P.). Gelsemium, with remittent or bilious symptoms (P., B.). 
 Arsenic, if typho-malarial symptoms (B.). Antipyrine, in hourly doses of 
 gr. iv or less, in the simple continued fever of children, as antipyretic. Even 
 infants bear it well (Penzoldt). Hydrochloric Acid, in the continued fever of 
 childhood, has a beneficial influence (West). Valerian, when nervous excita¬ 
 bility (P.). Lemon-juice, as “lemonade,” or with bicarbonate of potass., as 
 mild diaphoretic and diuretic (P.). Pomegranate-juice is very grateful if mixed 
 with sugar or honey (P.). Bromides, gr. ss-j every quarter-hour are excellent 
 for the febrile disturbances of children (A. A. Smith). Baths, warm, in simple 
 fevers of children (R.). Aliment, milk and beef-tea alternately every 3 hours,, 
 the most useful (B.). . 
 
 3 6 
 
I 
 
 562 FISTULA-FLATULENCE. 
 
 v 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ac. Hydrochlor. Dil., . . 3SS. 
 
 Spt. FEtheris Co., .... 3jss. 
 
 Syr. Rosae,.3 ss. 
 
 Aquae Camph., . . . cd 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. to tablesp., according 
 to age, every 6 hours. 
 
 (Modified from West.) 
 
 R. Potassii Acetatis, . . . . 3 ij. 
 
 Spt. /Etheris Nitrosi, . . . giv. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,.^j. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acetatis, . 3 ? lj. 
 Aquae Camphorae, . . ad 5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. to tablesp. doses, ac¬ 
 cording to age. Diaphoretic and anti¬ 
 febrile. 
 
 Fistula. 
 
 Piper Nigrum, the confection, as a gentle stimulant in anal fistula (P.). 
 Iodine, by injection, sometimes curative, but generally fails (Wa.). Sanguinaria, 
 as injection, has cured (P.). Capsicum, the weak infusion, a useful stimulant 
 in fistulous ulcerations (P.). Surgical. Division of sphincter in anal fistula, by 
 knife or ligature, the best treatment (D.). In fistula lachrymalis, dilatation of 
 passage by probing the canaliculus, or slitting the canaliculus up (D.). In 
 vesico-vaginal, or recto-vaginal, surgical methods best. Diet should be nour¬ 
 ishing and digestible ; fresh air and general hygienic conditions are neces¬ 
 sary (R.). 
 
 Flatulence. 
 
 Nux Vomica will remove flatulence and intestinal indigestion (B.) ; when ' 
 constipation, heart-burn, weight on head (R.). Charcoal, gr. v. or x, soon 
 after or just before meals (R.); mixed with bismuth (R.). Chloroform, pure, 
 in drop doses, benefits (R.). Carbolic Acid, when no acidity present (R.). 
 Turpentine, gtt. iij-v on sugar, will quickly relieve (B.). Asafcetida or Vale¬ 
 rian, quickly relieves the flatulence of hypochondriasis (B., P.). Asaf. 3 j of 
 tinct. to O y 2 water, give 3 j ; useful for children (R.). Sodium Sulpho-carbo- 
 late, gr. xxx after eating, will be found very serviceable (R.). Phosphoric 
 Acid, dilute, is often promptly alleviative. Anise, the oil, also Ether, or any 
 other member of the Carminative group (see page 37), will promote the expul¬ 
 sion of gas from the stomach and intestines. Mercury, when with clayey 
 stools (R.). Calumba, an effective remedy for flatulent disposition is an infu¬ 
 sion of 5SS each of calumba and ginger, 3 j of senna, hot water Oj, a wine- 
 glassful ter die (B., P.). Potassium Permang., in flatulence attendant on 
 obesity (B.). Physostigma, flatulence of women at climacteric (B.). Sulphur¬ 
 ous Acid, in 5 to 10 minim doses, when due to fermentation (R.). Diet. 
 Abstain from sugar, starchy food and tea—especially sugar ; eat little, slowly 
 and regularly; as a general rule abstain from alcoholic drinks and vegetables, 
 especially cabbage. Pepsin [or Ingluvin] after meals, to promote digestion 
 (R.). [Compare Colic, Dyspepsia. J 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, 
 
 Tinct. Physostigmatis, 
 
 Tinct. Belladonnae, . . aa 3 j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Fifteen drops twice daily in a 
 little water. 
 
 R . Tinct. Illicii Anisati, 
 
 Tinct. Gentianae, 
 
 Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, . aa 3j. 
 
 Chloroformi,.TTLxv-xxx. 
 
 M. Sig.—8 to 10 drops in a winegl. of 
 water, before meals. 
 
 R. Gummi Camphorae, 
 
 Pulv. Zingiberis, 
 
 Pulv. Capsici, . . . . aa gr. j. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. vj. Sig.—One pill as re¬ 
 quired for gastric and intestinal flatulence. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Salicyl., . . . . 3 lv - 
 
 Magnes. Calcinat., . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Pulv. Carb. Ligni, . . . . 3 vj. 
 
 Olei Anisi,.3 ij. 
 
 Ft. pulv. Sig. — A teaspoonful before 
 I each meal. , [Huehard.) 
 
FLUSHING-HEATS-FRECKLES. 
 
 563 
 
 Flushing-heats. 
 
 Nux Vomica, rtyij of the tinct. with minim doses of laudanum in hysterical 
 flushings of the middle-aged, with flatulence, weight on head and perspirations 
 (R.). Nitrite of Amyl, TT to t0 l A thirty times its volume of rectified spirits. 
 Effective for flushing of face, or sensation of flushing, followed by coldness, 
 with cold feet and hands and great prostration, occurring at climacteric chiefly 
 (R.). Potassium Bromide, at climacteric, with mental depression (R.). Zinc 
 Valerianate, or Valerian, flushings at the climacteric (R.). Eucalyptol, for 
 the flushings, palpitations and flatulence incident to the change of life (R.). 
 
 Foreign Bodies. 
 
 In the Eye,—Remove by bathing, or wiping towards the lower inner corner 
 with a soft, moistened handkerchief, or a bent bristle, the two ends being held 
 in the fingers. Use tepid solution of vinegar (gss-^j) for removing lime, tepid 
 water for powder. Then apply a weak zinc or alum collyrium, or instil a 
 solution of Atropine, gr. ij to the 3, or Cocaine, 4 per cent. In the Ear,— 
 Examine carefully with speculum before removal; first syringe with warm 
 water, or a drop of sweet oil to drive out insects, before using forceps ; apply 
 equal parts of laudanum and olive oil, a few drops on cotton, if much pain. 
 In the Nose,—A current of tepid salt water, forced up one nostril, may force 
 down the body through the other, if the mouth be held open. In the Larynx 
 or Pharynx,—if water can be swallowed, the obstruction is in the trachea. 
 Never push a body down. Remove by curved forceps or blunt hook. If 
 passed into the stomach use solid diet to imbed the article. If all fail and the 
 case be urgent, resort to catheterism or tracheotomy. In the Flesh,—remove 
 at once by forceps, or sponge and water. 
 
 Fractures and Dislocations. 
 
 Arnica, is excellent to neutralize the ill effects of mechanical injuries, TTv-x 
 in a wineglassful of water every 2 or 3 hours. When used after amputations, 
 it certainly has the power of promoting the rapid union of the surfaces. The 
 infusion is better than an alcoholic preparation for external use (P.). Aconite, 
 quickly and repeatedly if feverish symptoms ensue (P.). Iodine, int. and 
 frictions, occasionally useful in ununited fractures (Wa.). Calcium Phosphate, 
 promotes formation of callus (Wa.). Opium, useless in surgical fever, and 
 may do harm (Cl.); for nervousness or muscular spasms after dressing, gr. % 
 of morphine hypodermically as anodyne (Ag.). Benzoin, the tincture on lint, 
 as a dressing for compound fractures and other severe injuries, leads to rapid 
 and satisfactory healing (Bryant). Carbolic Acid, 1 to 20 or 1 to 40 solutions, 
 for irrigation and dressings in compound fractures, obviates pyaemia and most 
 of the other preventable causes of death (P.). Leadwater and Laudanum, on 
 lint, ora Calendula lotion to the part, after reduction of the injury, with mor¬ 
 phine hypodermically and perfect quiescence. Diet, should be very simple 
 for a week or ten days. [Compare Wounds.] 
 
 Freckles. 
 
 Iodine, the tincture or glycerite, locally (B.). Liquor Potassae, 3 j to 3ij 
 Aquae Rosae, as a lotion (Todd). Benzoin, the compound tincture with water, 
 as cosmetic to remove freckles (P.). Sodium Borate, a saturated solution of 
 borax is a safe and often efficient lotion to remove freckles (B.). Lime-water, 
 and olive oil, equal parts, with a little liq. ammoniae, as liniment (Wa.). Po¬ 
 tassium Carbonate, makes a good lotion for freckles, sunburn and tan (B.). 
 Mercury, the bichloride, with alcohol and glycerin, as a lotion, has been found 
 effective. Donovan’s solution, r»blxxx to 3viij of Water, and 3j every three 
 hours, has been found highly successful (Wa.). 
 
564 
 
 GANGRENE-GASTRALGIA. 
 
 R. Potassii Carbonatis, . . . 
 
 Sodii Chloridi,. 
 
 Aquas Aurantii Flor., . . 
 
 Aquae Rosae,. 
 
 M. Sig.—Face-wash. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 3 U F 
 
 3'i- 
 
 5 V11 J- 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . gr. vj. 
 Ac. Hydrochlor. Dil., . . £j. 
 Alcoholis, Aq. Rosae, . aa 2; ij. 
 Glycerini, ^j, Aquae, . ad 3 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply at night, and wash off 
 in the morning. 
 
 Gangrene. 
 
 Salicylic Acid, pure, in powder locally, to destroy fetor and change the 
 character of the morbid action (B.). Carbolic Acid, acts in the same way 
 (B.); a 1 per cent, solution as lotion in gangrenous ulcers (Wa.). Sodium 
 Sulphite, in solution, 1 to 5 or 10 of water, as lotion or applied on compresses, 
 to destroy odor, soothe pain and restore healthy action (Wa.). Ammonium 
 Chloride, in solution as bath and fomentations, very successful in one case of 
 senile gangrene (Wa.). Cinchona, or better, quinine, or the hydrochlorate, 
 often proved of value (P.); generally decoction of cinchona best (Wa.). Tur¬ 
 pentine, locally, after removal of gangrenous part, a most efficient application 
 (B.); by stomach and inhalation from hot water in gangrene of lungs; the 
 oil locally in dry and chronic gangrene (P.). Sanguinaria, has been recom¬ 
 mended (P.). Oxygen, as gaseous bath in senile gangrene (R.). Charcoal, as 
 poultice, value doubtful (R.). Citric Acid, lemon-juice dropped into wound, 
 which is then covered with lint steeped in a solution of chlorine. Very effec¬ 
 tive for hospital gangrene, in Parisian hospitals [ Lancet , October, 1879]. Per- 
 chloride of Iron, locally, is considered superior to the mineral acids (Wa.). 
 Nitric Acid, strong, applied carefully until the ulcer is converted into a firm, 
 dry mass (Wa.); is probably the best escharotic, next to bromine, for gan¬ 
 grenous destruction (B.). Bromine, is the best escharotic for hospital gan¬ 
 grene (B.). Chromic Acid, is a very efficient caustic, penetrating deeply with 
 but little pain (B.). Opium, to soothe the pain, and diminish restlessness and 
 irritability (Wa.). 
 
 Gastralgia and Gastrodynia. 
 
 Opium, in some form necessary to relieve the pain in severe cases (Da 
 Costa). Morphine, is of great value (P.) ; subcutaneously in epigastrium very 
 efficient, or in small doses with bismuth and milk before meals (R.). Bella¬ 
 donna, is useful in painful affections of the stomach (R.). Atropine, often 
 relieves promptly, and is excellent in neuralgic pain of the abdominal vis¬ 
 cera (P.). Nux Vomica, an excellent stomachic, gtt. v-x of tincture before 
 meals (B); gtt. j-ij every 2 hours in many forms of gastric derangement 
 (R.). Strychnine, hypodermically for gastralgia and gastrodynia (R.); in very 
 small doses, gr. yuo~^> tw0 or three times daily, a very successful remedy 
 (P.). Arsenic, sometimes dissipates the pain surprisingly (B.) ; a drop of liquor 
 arsenicalis before food in irritative dyspepsia and gastralgia with heartburn 
 (R.). Bismuth, when gastralgia due to irritation of mucous membrane, acts 
 well alone, but is most efficient when given with aromatic powder and a little 
 morphine (R.); or a combination of bismuth and arsenic in more chronic cases 
 (B.); subcarbonate is especially adapted to gastralgia with laborious digestion 
 and putrid or acid eructations (Wa.). Manganese, the black oxide in gastro¬ 
 dynia and pyrosis (R.). Zinc Oxide, an excellent remedy when gastralgia 
 after food, gr. v-x with aromatic powder and morphine, before meals (B.). 
 Silver Nitrate, in solution to check the pain of many stomachal disorders (R.) ; 
 a pill of gr. ss, with extr. hyoscyami gr. ij-iv (Wa.). Hydrocyanic Acid, often 
 cures rapidly when gastralgia from nervous derangement (B.); may check 
 vomiting as well as relieve pain (R.); cherry-laurel water a useful form (P.). 
 Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, gtt. ij-iij of the dilute acid, is serviceable (Da Costa). 
 AEther, a few drops of sulphuric ether or the compound spirit n\,x-xx, often 
 
GASTRIC DILATATION-GASTRITIS. 
 
 565 
 
 relieves quickly (B.). Chloro'orm, R\jj-v on sugar, often relieves (B.). Chlo¬ 
 ral, sometimes relieves pain in gastralgia (R.). Pulsatilla, is efficient in many 
 cases of painful dyspepsia, with coated tongue, headache and nervous depres¬ 
 sion (P.). Pepsin, when gastrodynia from indigestion (P.). Creasote, checks 
 pain after food (R.). Alum, often affords relief (B.). Ergot, of value in vis¬ 
 ceral neuralgias (P.). Alkalies, for pain in stomach, liquor potassas generally 
 employed (R.). Quinine, in cases showing periodicity, and those of neuralgic 
 type (P.). Sodium Salicylate, for gastralgia with fermentation (R.). Nitro¬ 
 glycerin allays the pain speedily (B.). Carbonic Acid Water, in painful and irri¬ 
 table conditions ; may be mixed with milk (R.). Milk-cure, very efficacious 
 in obstinate cases (B.). Galvanism of the pneumogastric, and locally to the 
 organ itself (B.). Aquapuncture has given extraordinary relief (B.). Diet is of 
 the greatest importance. Food should be easily digestible, varied and plainly 
 cooked. Sedentary livers should refrain from much animal food. Meals 
 should be regularly and frequent, eating little at a time, and that very slowly. 
 Alcoholic beverages do harm as a rule, but may benefit particular cases. Eat¬ 
 ing should be done in as agreeable a frame of mind as possible, and the patient 
 should rest for a time after a meal. [Compare Acidity, Dyspepsia, Neu¬ 
 ralgia.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Morphinse Sulph., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,. % ss. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., . . . ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily. 
 
 [Da Costa.) 
 
 R . Atropinse Sulph.,.gr. j. 
 
 Zinci Sulph.,.. % ss. 
 
 Aqu?e Destill., .ijj. 
 
 M. Sig.—3 to 5 drops two or three 
 times daily. (B.) 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit., 
 
 Magnesii Carb., . . . . aa gr. xvj. 
 Ac. Hydrocy. Dil., .... rr\x. 
 
 Aquae,.• ,3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. for a child of 3 
 years in flatulent gastrodynia and gastralgia. 
 
 ' R. Ac. Hydrocy. Dil., .... gij. 
 Aq. Laurocerasi, . . . . ad 5 iv. 
 M. Sig. —Teasp. every 4 hours. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit.,.^ij. 
 
 Aq. Hydrocy. Dil., . . . . £ ss. 
 Mucil. Acacise, 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., . . . . aa ijij. 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. thrice daily. 
 
 R. Pepsini,. gj. 
 
 Ac. Hvdrochlor. Dil., . . . Z ss. 
 
 Glycerini,.^jss. 
 
 Aq. Cinnam.,.3 ijss. 
 
 M. et filtra. Sig.—Tablespoonfui doses 
 I for slow and feeble digestion. 
 
 Gastric Dilatation. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, internally to allay fermentation, with an occasional washing 
 by the stomach pump (Da Costa). Strychnine, hypodermically or by the 
 mouth, or Nux Vomica, the best remedy, conjointly with washing of the sto¬ 
 mach and strict diet (Da C.). Bismuth, with magnesia or soda, or lime-water 
 frequently, for the acidity, which is one of the most distressing symptoms (Fen¬ 
 wick). Diet, should be free from all starch and sugar, and from vegetables of 
 any kind (Fenwick). Milk not advisable, as much fluid will further dilate the 
 organ ; solids better, as small quantities of dry, stale bread, or gluten bread, 
 and underdone meat (Da Costa). 
 
 Gastritis, Acute. 
 
 Mercury, calomel in broken doses, with ice, frequently swallowed, for the 
 idiopathic form, which is occasionally seen and cannot be distinguished from 
 that due to irritant poisons (Da Costa). Bismuth, subnitrate or subcarbonate 
 in full doses after more acute symptoms have abated (Da C.). Morphine, 
 
566 
 
 GASTRITIS. 
 
 hypodermically for pain (B.) Ice, internally and externally gives great relief 
 (R.). Aliment should be given per rectum ; no food, except milk and lime- 
 water, being admitted to the stomach for some time (Da C.). Antidotes, in 
 cases of irritant poisoning, as alkalies to neutralize acids, dialyzed iron or the 
 hydrated sesquioxide for arsenic, turpentine for phosphorus, etc. [See page 
 52, ante .] Then oil, albumen or milk, to protect the mucous membrane, 
 stimulants, opium, ammonia, etc., to antagonize the depression of the vital 
 powers. 
 
 Gastritis, Chronic. 
 
 Arsenic, sometimes surprisingly curative ; for the vomiting gtt. j-ij of Fowler’s 
 Solution before meals (B.). Pulsatilla, in subacute gastritis of phlegmatic 
 temperaments, white tongue, heartburn, nausea, flatulency, little or no taste 
 (P.). Hydrastis, gtt. v-xv of tincture or fluid extract, daily before meals, espe¬ 
 cially for gastric catarrh of acute alcoholism (B.). Nux Vomica, gtt. j of tinc¬ 
 ture every 5 to 10 minutes for 8 or 10 doses in acute gastric catarrh, with 
 headache or sick-headache; also drop or 2-drop doses every 2 hours or 
 oftener, when chronic gastric catarrh in the course of chronic disease (R.). 
 Cinchona, to promote healthy state of mucous membrane, the infusion best 
 with mineral acids, or quinine; the red bark in gastric catarrh of drunkards 
 (B.). Alkalies, either shortly before meals, to stimulate production of gastric 
 juice; or some hours after, to neutralize the acids of decomposition (Da C.). 
 Pepsin, gr. v immediately after a meal, to assist digestion (Da C.). Podophyl¬ 
 lum, in small doses at night, to act on upper bowel. Purgation as a method of 
 treatment stands at the head (Da Costa). Ipecac, in small doses may prove 
 highly useful, rt^ v-x of the wine (P.); for the nausea and vomiting (R., B.). 
 Tannic Acid, in 4-grain doses with a drop of glycerin to make a pill (B.). 
 Hydrocyanic Acid, is much used (R.) ; in subacute gastritis it often proves 
 useful given in an ordinary effervescing draught (Wa.). Silver Nitrate, in Y 
 or y 2 -grain doses with opium if pain, or preferably belladonna, is extremely 
 useful (Da C.); to check pain and vomiting (R.). Silver Oxide, is nearly as 
 good as the nitrate, and not liable to produce staining (Da C.). Opium, or 
 Morphine, to quell pain in chronic gastritis from alcoholic excess (R.). Euca¬ 
 lyptus, a most useful stomachic, not to be used in inflammatory states (B.) ; is 
 used with benefit (R.). Mercury, the yellow oxide, in doses of gr. ^ 0 —5 5 , 
 chronic form. [See under Dyspepsia.] Calumba, and other bitters are use¬ 
 ful (B.). Ammonium Chloride, in high repute in Germany (B.). Caffeine, 
 especially when associated with migraine (B.). Bismuth, is very useful in 
 chronic gastritis, especially that of drunkards, and the chronic gastric catarrh 
 of children with vomiting (R.) ; invaluable for its sedative, alterative and 
 astringent action ; 10-15-grain doses several hours after meals (Da C.). Lead 
 Acetate, in chronic gastritis with gastralgia and pyrosis, may be combined with 
 morphine beneficially (B.). Alum, when vomiting of glairy mucus (B.). Ali¬ 
 ment, such as will be digested in the small intestines ; requires careful atten¬ 
 tion. The milk-cure has been very effective in bad cases; malt liquors are 
 harmful (B.). Mineral waters of purgative type, to keep the portal system 
 drained. Exercise is not beneficial; better live quietly, and occasionally 
 spend a day or two in bed (Da C.). Kumyss very agreeable, and tolerant to 
 stomach; the milk-cure and buttermilk have been very efficacious. The 
 farinaceous vegetables, rice, tapioca, arrowroot, aerated bread. [Compare 
 Dyspepsia, Gastralgia.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Sodii Bicarbonat., .... ^jss. 
 Tinct. Aurantii Cort., ... 5 ss. 
 Infusi Calumbae, . . q.s. ad 5 viij. 
 M. Sig.—Two tablesp. before each 
 meal. In chronic gastric catarrh. 
 
 R. Magnesii Sulphatis, . . . ^ j -ij. 
 Sodii et Potassii Tart., . . gss-j. 
 
 Ac. Tartarici,.gr. xx. 
 
 Sig.—Dissolve in a glass of water, and 
 drink, an hour before breakfast. 
 
GASTRIC ULCER. 
 
 567 
 
 R. Aluminis,. 3 ij. 
 
 Ext. Gentianae,. 7 , ss. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xxx. Sig.—Two twice 
 daily. 
 
 R. Argenti Oxidi,.gr. xij. 
 
 Ext. Belladonna.gr. iij. 
 
 Olei Caryophylli, .... gtt. xx. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xxiv. Sig.—One pill 
 twice daily. {Da Costa.) 
 
 Gastric Ulcer. 
 
 Arsenic, Fowler’s solution in drop doses lessens the pain and relieves the 
 vomiting remarkably (B.); has given relief when commonly-used remedies 
 failed (R.) ; gives good results when used in very small doses (Da Costa). 
 Bismuth relieves pain and vomiting, and contributes to the cure (B.). [See 
 under Gastralgia for formulae.] Silver Nitrate, in solution, to check pain 
 and relieve the vomiting (R.); is next in value to bismuth, promoting cicatriza¬ 
 tion and easing the pain (B.). Silver Oxide is equally efficient, and is not 
 liable to produce staining (Da C.). Atropine often happily relieves the pain 
 and vomiting, even when given in very small quantity (B.). Morphine, for the 
 pain and vomiting (R.); in full doses if perforation occurs, to localize peritonitis 
 until adhesions take place (Da C.). Ergotin, j to water x, of which gtt. xv 
 hypodermically several times a day for the hemorrhage. Gallic Acid, in 5- 
 grain pill every hour for hemorrhage. Lead Acetate, is sedative and hemo¬ 
 static ; gr. ss—ij in pill with opium, very useful to check hemorrhage and allay 
 pain (R.). Turpentine, 5 to 10 drops frequently repeated in hemorrhage (R.). 
 Charcoal is said to ease the pain by preventing formation of acid products (R.). 
 Mercury. Corrosive sublimate an effective remedy ; gr. gV^o thrice daily 
 before meals (B.). Pepsin, by facilitating digestion, is useful (B.). Iron for the 
 anaemia: the lactate or ammonio-citrate if stomach irritable (Da C.). Ice-bag, 
 to the epigastrium, for pain and vomiting, etc. (R.). Nutrient Enemata, to rest 
 the stomach. [See under Enemata for formula.] Brandy may be added, 
 also laudanum, gtt. x-xx, if the rectum is irritable (B.). Milk-cure, has suc¬ 
 ceeded admirably (B.) ; a strictly skimmed milk diet with lime water, 2 parts of 
 milk to 1 of aqua calcis (Da C.). Diet, should be of non-irritating character, 
 which, with cold or hot compresses to the epigastrium, leaves little room for 
 medicine. In bad cases nourish per rectum, so as to give the stomach complete 
 rest. In any case such food as is chiefly digested in the small intestines, e.g. y 
 farinaceous vegetables, rice, arrow-root, etc. A nice change from milk diet is 
 a warmed pancreas, chopped up with rare meat, being nutritious and well 
 relished (Da C.). Rest in bed for several months is imperative (Da C.). 
 Defibrinated Blood, by injection into rectum, in doses of from 3iij—vj (A. H. 
 Smith). [Compare Hematemesis.] 
 
 R. Sodii Bicarbonat., . . . . gr. lxxx. 
 Spt. Chloroformi, .... 3jss. 
 Tinct. Gentianae, . . . . j? ss. 
 
 Infusi Rhei,.^ iv. 
 
 Aq. Mentk. Pip., q. s., ad 5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. or two before each 
 meal. In chronic gastric catarrh, with flat¬ 
 ulence. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Argenti Oxidi, 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . aa gr.x 
 Ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily before meals. 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subcarb., . . . 5 iij. 
 Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. j-ij. 
 
 Pulv. Aromat.,.3j. 
 
 Ft. pulv. no. xij. Sig.—One powder in 
 milk before each meal. 
 
 R . Argenti Nitratis,.gr. v. 
 
 Ext. Opii,.gr. iij. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily. 
 
 R . Argenti Oxidi,.gr. v. 
 
 vel Zinci Oxidi,.S SSl 
 
 Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. j-ij 
 
 Ft. pil. no. x. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 
 daily, before meals. 
 
568 
 
 GLANDERS-GLEET. 
 
 Glanders and Farcy. 
 
 Ammonium Carbonate, in water, hourly, as concentrated as can be swallowed, 
 followed by an opiate, and preceded by an emetic of ipecac, and an incision 
 into each of Wharton’s ducts; proved successful in a case of acute glanders 
 (Wa.). Carbolic Acid, and the Sulphites, as sodium sulphite, are most worthy 
 of trial. Creasote, or Carbolic Acid, in glycerin, locally (Wa.) ; or dilute chlori¬ 
 nated soda, and lime-water. Escharotics, to destroy the affected spot, if inocu¬ 
 lation occurs. Iodine, internally, also Arsenic and Strychnine, have been 
 recommended. Quinine in large doses, and Chloride of Iron, may be useful. 
 No drug yet tried has any marked specific effect on the disease (Durham). 
 
 Glandular Enlargements. 
 
 Iodine and Iodides, no remedy more efficient, when simple hypertrophy. 
 Useless (with all other medicines) when caseation or suppuration has set in. 
 Iodine injected into cystic and glandular growths of neck. Syrup of the Iodide 
 of Iron occupies an important place (B.). The iodide of potassium for 
 mammae and testicles, but especially for thyroid (R.). Iodoform is equal, if not 
 superior to iodine, in enlarged scrofulous glands, and other glandular swellings 
 (Wa.). Iodide of Lead, as an ointment. Ung. Hydrarg. Iodidi Rubri, produces 
 very striking effects in goitre, enlarged spleen, etc. (B.). Sulphides, especially 
 the Blue Lick water, are said to abort or to mature suppuration in glands (R.). 
 Calcium Sulphide, for hard, swollen glands behind the angle of the jaw, with 
 deep-seated suppuration (R.). Calcium Chloride, highly useful in strumous 
 inflammation and suppuration (B.). Pilocarpus, is curative in acute affections 
 of parotid and submaxillary glands (B.). Mercury, useful in acute inflamma¬ 
 tory states, tonsillitis, parotitis, etc. Hydr. chlor. corr. gr. or hydr. cum creta, 
 gr. L, every 2 hours (B.). The oleate of mercury and morphine in obstinate and 
 painful tonsillitis, and inflammation of lymphatic glands (R.). Belladonna, 
 especially in tonsillitis (P.). Valerian with Guaiacum, in strumous enlarge¬ 
 ment (P.). Hydrastis, frequently controls (P.). Carbolic Acid Injections, a 2 
 per cent, solution injected into substance of gland (B.). [Compare Bubo, 
 Goitre, Tabes Mesenterica, Parotitis, Tonsillitis, etc.] 
 
 Glaucoma. 
 
 Atropine, gr. ^ hypodermically beneficial (Anstie) ; imprudently used has 
 caused the disease (Von Graefe, Scelberg Wells). Eserine, lowers intra-ocular 
 tension, and is indicated with Quinine in all cases of threatened glaucoma, to 
 preserve the eye from the risk of consecutive glaucoma, and after iridectomy 
 or sclerotomy (De Wecker). Iridectomy, the only remedy for the disease, 
 medicine being worse than useless. The operation should be performed as 
 soon as a state exists which can be called glaucomatous. Even when vision is 
 lost, the operation will best relieve the pain (C.). Almost a certain cure in early 
 stages ; in later, nearly always palliative; often curative. Drainage of Eye, 
 by gold wire or catgut, has had success (De Wecker). 
 
 Gleet. 
 
 Cantharides, in drop doses, when frequent desire and pain in region of 
 prostate (R.); of benefit in subjects of relaxed fibre and feeble circulation 
 (B.). Blisters, to the perinaeum, of undoubted benefit (B., R.). Piper Me- 
 thysticum, has cured obstinate gleet (Switzer). Bismuth, 1, glycerin 1, water 
 6 parts, as an injection, often useful in gleet (R.). Eucalyptol, is used with 
 benefit in chronic catarrh of the genito-urinary tract (R.). Iron, the tincture 
 of the chloride, 3ss in Oss of water with 5 j of laudanum, makes a good injection 
 for gleet (R.); internally for anaemic subjects (St.). Mercury, yi grain of cor¬ 
 rosive sublimate in 3yj of water, is a good injection in gleet, used every 2, 3 
 
GLOSSITIS-GOITRE. 
 
 569 
 
 or 4 hours (R.). Zinc Salts, the sulphate or chloride, gr. ij of the latter to a 
 pint of water, as injection every hour (R.). Bougies, of gelatin, medicated 
 with astringents, are extremely efficient. Turpentine, in moderate doses, when 
 due to relaxed condition (B., R.). Copper Sulphate, a solution as injection 
 (R.). Astringent injections may be used with benefit (Wa.). Copaiba, smeared 
 on a bougie, and introduced into the urethra, will sometimes cause gleet to 
 yield (Wa.). Oil of Sandalwood, tr^xv ter die (R.). Glycerite of Tannin, 
 with equal quantity of olive oil or mucilage, as injection, £ij enough. Per¬ 
 severe 8 or 10 days after discharge ceased, and do not use at bedtime (R.). 
 Balsams of Peru and Tolu, Buchu, Canada Balsam, Copaiba, Mastic, and 
 Tannin, are used with advantage (P., R.). Often kept up by over-treatment. 
 Will some time or other come to an end (St.). Diet and Habits important. 
 Stimulants, both solid and liquid, should be rigidly avoided, also coffee. Fre¬ 
 quent ablutions, fresh air, good nourishment. [Compare Gonorrhoea.] 
 
 Pi'escnptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Ferri Chlor., . . . £vj. 
 Tinct. Cantharidis, . . . . gij. 
 
 M. Sig.—15 drops in water three times 
 daily. 
 
 R. Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. iij. 
 
 Ac. Carbol.,.rr^ij. 
 
 Ext. Hydrastis, 
 
 Ext. Belladonna, . . . aagr. vj. 
 Gelatini,.q. s. 
 
 M. Ft. bougia no. vj. Sig.—One in 
 urethra at bedtime. 
 
 R. Pulv. Cantharidis, . . . . gr. iij. 
 
 Ol. Terebinth.,.^j. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One thrice 
 daily in obstinate gleet. If strangury 
 occur, stop for a day or two. 
 
 R. Ac. Tannici,.gr. x. 
 
 Bismuthi Subnit., . . . . f g ij. 
 
 Aq. Rosae,.5 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Shake and use as an injection 
 thrice daily. (Afaury.) 
 
 Glossitis. 
 
 Bismuth, gr. xx of subnit., with gj of glycerin and 3vij of water, as lotion, 
 for erythematous inflammation of tongue (A.). Purgatives, with gargles, 
 leeches, antiphlogistic regimen generally (D.). Quinine and Iron, should be 
 given internally, with dilute acid washes, and free purgation (Cl.). Alum, dry, 
 powdered, may be dusted on tongue (CL). Leeches, applied beneath the jaw, 
 if symptoms are urgent (Cl.). Abscess, should be opened, if any form. In¬ 
 cisions, along superior surface, followed by vapor of hot water, may instantly 
 relieve congestion (A.). Tracheotomy, or Laryngotomy, if suffocation is immi¬ 
 nent (A.). 
 
 Glottis, CEdema of. 
 
 Emetics, non-depressing when oedema slight (A.). Inhalations, of steam 
 with benzoin, or conium, of great service (A.); or of tannin, gr. viij or x to 
 ^j of water; or alum, gr. x to the 5, or a saturated solution of potassium 
 chlorate, all as spray (Walker). Ethyl Iodide, by inhalation, proved curative 
 in one case in which it was repeated twelve times (See). Scarification, by 
 laryngeal lancet, of paramount value (A.). Tracheotomy, if the above fail 
 (A.). O’Dwyer’s laryngeal tubation promises well. [Compare Croup. Laryn¬ 
 gitis.] 
 
 Goitre. 
 
 Iodine, is curative in simple hypertrophy (ordinary goitre), used both inter¬ 
 nally and externally. Deep injection of the tincture is very successful in cystic 
 degeneration of the gland (B.) ; also in the fibrous and fibro-cystic varieties, 
 if injection be made into the tumor; dangerous, if into a vein or into the 
 surrounding areolar tissue (Wa.). Mercuric Iodide, as oint. assisted by the sun’s 
 rays, a piece the size of a large pea rubbed in daily, very successfully used in 
 India for simple hypertrophy (R.); the official unguent, hydrarg. ioclidi rubri, 
 1 in 10 daily (B.) ; is too strong (Gross); gr. xv to the 5 strong enough for the 
 worst cases (Wa.). Potassium Iodide, internally, also externally as ointment, 
 
570 
 
 G0X0RRHCEA. 
 
 in simple hypertrophy of the gland (R.). Strychnine, gr. thrice daily, has 
 been successful in several cases (Holmes). Chloride of Iron, injections of the 
 solution used in thirty-eight cases with curative results (Mackenzie). Ergotin, 
 injected with benefit into the parenchyma of the goitre (P.) ; also used hypo¬ 
 dermically with good results (Wa.). Ammonium Chloride, as an internal 
 remedy, has proved curative (Stevens). Electrolysis, has sometimes cured in 
 cases of simple hypertrophy and cystic gland (B.). Spongia Usta, was formerly 
 considered a sovereign remedy (Wa.). Seton has cured. Fluoric Acid, in 
 doses of tr^xv to 5j thrice daily, largely diluted, cured seventeen cases out of 
 twenty (Woakes). Excision, is a very difficult operation, only to be considered 
 in extreme cases; it has been performed successfully by Desault, Harris, 
 Hedenus, Billroth and Greene. [Compare Exophthalmos.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 $. Ammonii Chloridi, . . . 3 vss. 
 
 Syrupi Simplicis, . . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Aq. Cinnamomi, . . . . ~ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily. 
 
 R. 
 
 Ung. 
 
 Hydrarg. Iodidi Ru- 
 
 T bri > ;.3J*„ 
 
 \ aselini,.3 vij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as directed. (Gross.) 
 
 Gonorrhoea. 
 
 Aconite, a drop of tinct. each hour in the acute stage (R.); when inflam¬ 
 mation (Pf., St.). Gelsemium, serviceable, acute stage (Pf.). Cannabis Sativa, 
 after acute symptoms subside, a few drops 3 or 4 times a day, is fully as effect¬ 
 ual as copaiba or sandal, and infinitely more pleasant to take (Pf.). Canna¬ 
 bis Indica, relieves pain, diminishes discharge (P.); occasionally useful (R.). 
 Mercury, excellent results from corrosive sublimate (Pf.); gr. to 3 viij aquae 
 
 destill, in subacute and chronic stages, as injection thrice daily; may have 
 gr. ss-j of zinc chloride added with benefit. Often effectual (Wa.). See page 
 462 for formula. Hydrastis, the infusion best for injection, oj of root to 3viij 
 aquae (Pf.); the fluid extract is one of the best injections, properly diluted ; or 
 the muriate of berberine (hydrastin) oj to 5D of mucil. acaciae (B.). Col- 
 chicum, the wine of the seed has frequently cured gonorrhoea, and was used 
 in thirty-minim doses nightly for the relief of chordee by Brodie (B.). Chlo¬ 
 ride of Iron, when acute stage has passed and the discharge is degenerating 
 into gleet, few remedies are more useful than this tincture, in doses of n\,xv- 
 xx thrice daily (Wa.). See Erysipelas for formula. Alkalies, citrates or 
 bicarbonates to render the urine alkaline (R.) ; Lithium Carbonate in five-grain 
 doses thrice daily for the same purpose. Alkalies are the chief factor in 
 Otis’s treatment; Potassium Bicarb., gr. x in a tumbler of water, or in flaxseed 
 tea, or infusion of triticum, with gr. xv of Potass. Bromide, if great pain 
 present. Vichy Water (Celestin’s) freely (Otis.). Turpentine, in chronic 
 stage, when parts are relaxed, moderate doses are of great benefit (B.). Can- 
 tharides, drop-doses may be used (R.) ; in the chronic stage (B.). Pulsatilla, 
 in subacute and gonorrhoeal ophthalmia (P.). Copaiba, especially adapted to 
 gonorrhoea (B.); pour it upon a half a wineglassful of water to which add some 
 bitter tincture (Chapman); if given too early in the disease it will aggravate 
 the symptoms (P.); should not be used until pain in urinating is nearly gone, 
 chordee ceased, and the discharge is diminishing and of yellow color (Wa.); 
 is no good, but rather injurious, and prolongs the disease (Otis). See page 
 459 for formula. Sandalwood Oil, valuable in subacute (P.) ; a good quality 
 difficult to obtain (Pf.). Best internal remedy ; Copaiba next (St.). Silver 
 Nitrate, a weak solution (gr.j-v-.5j) as injection. In vaginal gonorrhoea a 
 strong solution (Sj~sj) through speculum to every part of canal (B.). As 
 abortive injection is useless and dangerous (St.). Cubeba, unlike copaiba, given 
 with good effect in acute stage ; best results from mixture of both as in electu¬ 
 ary. See formula below. Is not irritating to the stomach, and agrees with some 
 patients better than copaiba (Wa.). Zinc Salts, a weak injection of the chlo¬ 
 ride, gr. j to 3yj or viij of rose-water; or the sulphate gr. j to the ,5, frequently 
 repeated, is probably the best treatment (B.). The best injections are those of 
 
GONORRHCEA. 
 
 571 
 
 the sulphate or acetate, gr. vj-xij to ,$iv aquas, after the acute inflammation 
 subsides (St.). Bismuth, the oleate, smeared on a sound, and inserted for 5 
 minutes (Shoemaker); with mucilage as an injection, excellent in chronic gon¬ 
 orrhoea (Hill). Lead Acetate, the dilute solution of the subacetate, as injection, 
 may be employed at any stage (B.). Chloral, a week solution, gr. j-iv to the 
 3, a very good injection (Hill). Resorcin, a 1 per cent, solution makes a use¬ 
 ful injection (Wa.). Injections, of tannin, copper sulphate, iron, cadmium, port- 
 wine, brandy-and-water, and 1000 other agents (R.). Injections are very bad, 
 especially in the acute stage; should never be used until the 5th week and 
 then only if the case is not progressing (Otis). True gonorrhoea is never cured 
 in less than four weeks (Van Buren and Keyes); urethritis is a different 
 disease entirely (Otis). Balsams of Peru and Tolu, also Buchu, Uva Ursi, Chi- 
 maphila, Pareira, etc., are among the numerous remedies used for gonorrhoea 
 (R.). Alcohol, as a beverage, or any other stimulant, must be avoided entirely 
 (R.). Soluble Bougies made of iodoform, eucalyptus and cacao-butter, are 
 highly recommended to cut the disease short (Wa.); a series of similar prepa¬ 
 rations, having a basis of gelatin and glycerin, medicated with the usual astrin¬ 
 gent and sedative drugs, is manufactured by C. L. Mitchell of Philadelphia, 
 and may be obtained of the drug trade. Wrappings of several folds of cotton 
 are heating and uncomfortable, also dirty and productive of balanitis, etc. Pin 
 a false front to shirt for covering (St.). Rest in bed is an absolute desideratum, 
 especially during the inflammatory stage. Hot water, ioo° F., to the penis 
 during urination, extreme cleanliness, milk diet; water freely as a beverage; 
 flavored with a few drops of oil of gaultheria, or flaxseed tea, or infusion of triti- 
 cum with potassium bicarbonate. Sexual thoughts to be entirely avoided (Otis). 
 [Compare Chordee, Gleet,Orchitis, Rheumatism Gonorrhceal, Urethri¬ 
 tis, Urethral Stricture, Vaginitis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 For Internal Use. 
 
 
 R. Potassii Citratis,. 
 
 3 S H • 
 
 Spt. Limonis,. 
 
 3 SS - 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,. 
 
 3 'J- 
 
 Aquae,. 
 
 Si- 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. largely diluted, 3 
 
 or 4 times daily. As alkali for the increas- 
 
 ing stage. 
 
 ( Otis.) 
 
 The Black Paste. 
 
 
 R. Pulv. Cubebae, 
 
 7 i'J* 
 
 Copaibae,. 
 
 .3 jss. 
 
 Aluminis,. 
 
 3 >j- 
 
 Sacchari Albi,. 
 
 3 J- 
 
 Magnesiae,. 
 
 3 jss- 
 
 Olei Cubebae,. 
 
 3 J- 
 
 Olei Gaultheriae, .... 
 
 33 - 
 
 M. fiat elactuarium. Sig.—A 
 
 piece the 
 
 size of a walnut after each meal. 
 
 ( Otis .) 
 
 R. Oleoresinae Cubebae, . . . 
 
 Z iv. 
 
 Potassii Bromidi, .... 
 
 3 J- 
 
 Olei Sassafras,. 
 
 npx. 
 
 Syr. Acaciae,. 
 
 3 'J- 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad 
 
 3 V J- 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 (/. Wm. White.) 
 
 [For Alkaline Emulsion of Copaiba see 
 ante, page 459.] 
 
 For Local Use. 
 
 R. Resorcini,.^j. 
 
 Ac. Bond,.gr. xx. 
 
 Zinci Acetatis,.gr-X - /^* 
 
 Aquae Destil.5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. as injection. 
 
 R. Pulv. Iodoformi, . . . . 5 ss. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,.^ ij. 
 
 Glycerini,. ~ ij. 
 
 Aquae Destil., . ... ad 3 viij. 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. as injection. 
 
 R. Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. vj. 
 
 Plumbi Acetatis.gr. viij. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . . . gr. iv. 
 
 Aluminis,.gr. v. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,. £j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Injection, to be used after 
 acute symptoms subside. 
 
 R . Zinci Sulphatis,.gr. viij. 
 
 Liq. Plumbi Subacet. Dih, £ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as an injection. 
 
 R . Zinci Chloridi,.gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.5 vj-viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as injection. 
 
 [For Injection Brou and others, see ante, 
 page 462.] 
 
 1 
 
572 
 
 GOUT. 
 
 Gout. 
 
 Morphine, hypodermically, as close to the affected joint as possible outside 
 of the red areola, is miraculous in giving immediate relief. Antipyrine, 
 remarkably efficient for relieving the pain as well as prophylactic against 
 future attacks (Marshall). Aconite, may certainly relieve pain (P.). Belladonna, 
 the best remedy to effectually and speedily soothe pain ; also in gout of the 
 stomach, 5-rrp doses efficacious (P.). Potassium Iodide, especially when pain 
 is worse at night (R.). Colchicum is merely palliative ; a large dose ( 3 j) of the 
 wine often removes the severest pain in an hour or two, and soon after the swell¬ 
 ing and heat subside (R.); it is especially useful in acute and rheumatic gout (B.); 
 is not specific, nor a lasting or final remedy for gout, but acts very directly on 
 the pain and inflammation of acute attacks. Laville’s tincture is a colchicum 
 preparation, though colocynth is also a constituent (P.) : is useful in the bron¬ 
 chitis, asthma, dyspepsia, urticaria, etc., of gouty subjects (R.). Veratrine, as 
 ointment to painful joints (R.). Sulphides, as baths in chronic gout, or fumi¬ 
 gation with sulphurous acid, and bed-clothes exposed to strong fumes (R.); sul¬ 
 phur waters certainly benefit (B.). Iodine, painted round joints in chronic (R.). 
 Strychnine, hypodermically for later stage of gout paralysis (R.). Arsenic, very 
 serviceable in a form of chronic arthritis allied to neuralgia (B.). Lithium, the 
 bromide internally and a strong solution of lithia to the joints (B.): the bro¬ 
 mide is the most efficient agent in combating the disease (Aulde) : the carbo¬ 
 
 nate (gr. v to the 3) on lint around 
 
 gouty 
 
 enlargements, joints, etc. (R.). 
 
 Sodium Salicylate, gr. x internally every 2 hours, also 3 (j to 3vij water warmed, 
 as lotion on lint covered with oiled silk. Guaiacum has long had high repute, 
 and may be given for a long time without injury (Wa.). Rhubarb with an 
 alkali, regularly during intervals, very serviceable (Halford). Manganese, 
 syrup, ferri et mang. iodidi (np x- 3 ss) for the cachectic state (B.). Alkalies, to 
 relieve indigestion, especially lithium salts. Alkaline mineral waters have long 
 had a deserved reputation (B.): Magnesia and its carbonates often of great 
 service; the latter dissolved in excess of C 0 2 an elegant form of administra¬ 
 tion (Wa.). Alkaline Poultice, 9 of linseed meal to one of sodium bicarb, is a 
 useful application (R.). Turkish Baths, are useful in chronic gout (B., R.). 
 Aliment. Farinaceous vegetables and acid fruits. Avoid animal or saccha¬ 
 rine food. Milk-cure has improved cases, and apparently removed the diathe¬ 
 sis (B.). Cod-liver oil in chronic gout(B., R.). Entire abstinence from alcoholic 
 beverages is best; the worst wines are port, sherry and madeira. Local 
 Measures. The affected limb should be raised, and surrounded with hot, moist 
 flannels. Wrap the hands in flannel dripping with water, and cover with 
 water-proof bag, to dissolve gouty deposits. [Compare Rheumatic Arthritis, 
 LlTH/EMIA.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Scudamore " 1 s Mixture ( Modified ). 
 
 R. Vini Colchici Radicis, . . Jjj. R • 
 
 Magnesii Sulphatis, . . . 3j. 
 
 Magnesias Optimas, . . . . 3 ij. 
 
 Aquae Menth. Pip., . . . . 3 x. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. every hour until it 
 operates. 
 
 M. 
 
 Lallemand's Specific. 
 
 Ext. Colchici Acet. (B. P.), 
 
 Ext. Opii Aquosi, . . . aa gr. xv. 
 
 Potass. Iodidi,.3’iv. 
 
 Potass. Acetatis,.39. 
 
 Aquae Destill.,.^ iijss. 
 
 Vini Albi,.3 ss. 
 
 Sig.—20 drops thrice daily. 
 
 R . Colchicinae,.gr. j. 
 
 Ext. Colocynthidis Co., . . 3 ss. 
 Quininae Sulphat., .... 3 iij. 
 Ft. pil. no. lx. Sig.—One every 
 
 hours. 
 
 R. 
 
 aa 
 
 
 four 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Vini Colchici Sem., . . . 
 
 Tinct. Digitalis,. 
 
 Liq. Potassii Citratis, . . . 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in water 
 hours. 
 
 ! SS. 
 
 o 
 
 7\ ij* 
 
 3ijss. 
 every six 
 
 Lithii Citratis, 
 
 Magnesii Carbonat., 
 
 M. et div. in pulv. no. 1 . 
 
 Sig.—One in water thrice daily. In 
 chronic gout. 
 
 R. Lithii Bromidi,.^j. 
 
 Liq. Potas. Citrat., . . . . 3W. 
 
 Syr. Tolutan.,.3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.— A teasp. in plenty of water 
 
 after each meal. 
 
 {Aulde.) 
 
GUMS-HAIR-HAY-FEVER. 
 
 573 
 
 Gums. 
 
 Myrrh, the tincture for spongy and ulcerated gums (P.); 3ij-iv in 5 iv of 
 water or infusion of cinchona, is highly serviceable as a gargle or mouth-wash 
 (Wa.). Alum, for spongy and ill-conditioned gums, tending to recede from the 
 teeth, whether of mercurial or scorbutic origin (Wa.). Catechu, a piece dis¬ 
 solved slowly in the mouth is often of service in similar conditions (Wa.). 
 Rhatany, the powder as a dentifrice, keeps gums in good order (P.). Potassium 
 Chlorate, gr. ij every four hours for a child of one year, for inflammation of 
 gums in teething (Wa.). Carbolic Acid, gr. iij ad 3j aquae, as lotion in diseases 
 of the gums (Hilditch). Pomegranate, the bark an excellent basis for gargles 
 in relaxed gums (P.). Potassium Iodide, gr. x thrice daily, for periostitis of 
 alveolar processes, marked by looseness of teeth, pain and swelling of gums 
 (Graves). Iodine, gr. j ad $j aquae, applied by a camel’s-hair brush, after each 
 meal, for retraction of gums with loosening of the teeth (Stille). Tannin, the 
 glycerite, for spongy and bleeding gums (B.). Carbolate of Iodine, when fetor, 
 (B.). Benzoin, the tincture a good application (B.). [Compare Scurvy, 
 Teeth.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Aluminis,.3 ss. 
 
 Tinct. Myrrhae, . . . . gj. 
 Tinct. Cinchonae, .* . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Mel. Rosae,.2; j. 
 
 Vini Albi,.. 3 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Mouth-wash 
 
 R. 
 
 M. 
 
 Tinct. Orris, 
 
 Spt. Rosae, 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa 5 iv. 
 
 01. Amygd. Amar., . . . gtt. ij. 
 
 Sig.—Violet Mouth-wash. 
 
 (Piesse.) 
 
 Hair. 
 
 Rosemary, encourages the growth of hair, mitigates baldness, and is supposed 
 to prevent uncurling in a damp atmosphere (P.). Hydrogen Peroxide, and 
 other preparations of oxygen, are used to “blonde” the hair, for purposes of 
 fashion (Wilson). Hair-dyes, comprise potassium permanganate, pyrogallic 
 acid, black oxide of lead, which are temporary, and the black oxide of silver, 
 which is permanent in its action (Wilson). Depilatories usually consist of 
 powders containing quicklime 3 parts, sodium sulphide 1, and starch 4. A 
 powerful depilatory is barium sulphide made into a thin paste with starch 
 (Wilson). Another contains yellow sulphide of arsenic, gr. xx, quicklime, 3ss, 
 starch, 3 '\). A very effective one is barium sulphide and oxide of zinc (B.). 
 Sarsaparilla is stated by Teste to possess the curious property of changing red 
 hair to a light flaxen color when taken internally for three months. [Compare 
 Alopecia, Syphilis, Tinea Tonsurans, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Sodii Boratis,.3 iv. 
 
 Aq. Ammoniae,.3j. 
 
 Spt. Myrciae,.3 ij. 
 
 Aq. Rosae,.3xiij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Shampoo Hair Wash. 
 
 R . Ac. Salicylici,.gr. xl. 
 
 Tinct. Benzoini, . . . . 3 ss. 
 Alcoholis, Glycerini, . aa 3 viij. 
 M. Sig.—Hair Wash. 
 
 R. 01. Ricini,.J-jss. 
 
 01. Bergamii,.3J SS * 
 
 01. Cinnamomi, 
 
 01. Caryophylli, . . . . aa rqyij. 
 
 01. Lavandulae,.lrpxl. 
 
 Tinct. Cantharidis, . . 3j. 
 
 Aq. Ammoniae,.3 ij. 
 
 Alcoholis, . . . . q. s. ad Oj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Hair Tonic. 
 
 Hay-Fever. 
 
 Arsenic, especially valuable when disease is more of catarrhal than of asth¬ 
 matic type, 3-minim doses of liquor arsenicalis (Mackenzie); as cigarettes, 2 
 or 3 daily (see Asthma for formula) (B.). Belladonna, when nasal secretion is 
 
574 
 
 HAY-FEVER. 
 
 very profuse (B.). Euphrasia, of decided benefit for the catarrhal symptoms 
 (Pf.). Quinine, very useful after the more acute symptoms have subsided (R.); 
 injected into the nares checks catarrhal discharge and spasmodic symptoms 
 (P.); a solution of the hydrochlorate, gr. iv-viij ad §j aquae, applied locally to 
 nasal mucous membrane by a spray-producer or a brush, will arrest the disease 
 if confined to the nares and fauces (B). Ipecacuanha, in hay-asthma (R.) ; 
 is of great value, though the smallest doses cause similar effects (P.). Aconite 
 is better than arsenic in true hay-fever (R.) ; has been used with the best results 
 (P.). Grindelia benefits cases of asthmatic type (B.). Iodides are very ser¬ 
 viceable, locally and internally; large doses until some iodism observed, may 
 be combined with arsenic (B.). Opium, especially as morphine, of great value 
 in any stage, but great danger of the opium-habit (B.); the tincture in doses of 
 rr^ij —iij every 2 hours for three doses, then rrpj every 2 hours until the discharge 
 abates, has given excellent results (Wa.). Black Coffee is highly recommended 
 (P.). Cocaine, a 5 to 20 per cent, solution of the hydrochlorate, brushed over 
 the nasal mucous membrane after drying it as far as possible, is the most effi¬ 
 cient palliative yet obtained (R.) : a 4 per cent, solution dropped from a medi¬ 
 cine-dropper well into anterior nares, the head being thrown well backward, or 
 sprayed up the nostrils from a small atomizer; gives immediate relief, and 
 though not curative it prevents so much suffering and distress that in no case 
 should it be left untried (Da Costa). Ignatia, the tincture has seemed to benefit 
 some cases, and to favorably influence the course of the disorder (Da C.). 
 Lobelia, has been found an efficient remedy (Wa.). Tobacco, smoking helps 
 some and aggravates the symptoms in other instances. Internally ad nauseam 
 it helps, but there are better and safer remedies (Wa.). Removal to the sea- 
 coast, or a barren, mountainous district, gives the only relief to sorrte sub¬ 
 jects ; though many of the worst cases, hitherto unaffected by medicine, are 
 now relieved by the local application of Cocaine. [Compare Asthma, 
 Catarrh, Conjunctivitis, Influenza.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 For Internal Use. 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.qj. 
 
 Liq. Potass. Arsenit., . . .”j. 
 
 Aquae Cinnam.,.5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 4 hours. 
 
 For Local Use. 
 
 R. Tinct. Iodi,.^j. 
 
 Ac. Carbol.,.gtt. x. 
 
 Aq. Destill.,.[5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—For local use with atomizer 
 or post-nasal syringe. 
 
 R. Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . . gr. xij. 
 
 Potassii Iodidi,.^j. 
 
 Potassii Bicarb.,.gij. 
 
 Ext. Glycyrrhizae Pur., . . 3 iv. 
 
 Aq. Anisi,.~ ivss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. every 4 hours until 
 
 relieved. ( IVeber.) 
 
 R. Menthol,.^j. 
 
 Ac. Carbol.,.^ss. 
 
 Zinci Oxidi,.^j. 
 
 01 . Amygd. Dulcis, . . . ^jss. 
 
 Cerati Simplicis, . . . . q ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply thoroughly to the nos¬ 
 trils every few hours. 
 
 R. Liq. Potassii Arsenit., . . 5 j. 
 
 Tinct. Belladonnas, . . . ~ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—5 to 10 drops after meals, as 
 a prophylactic. 
 
 R. Quininae Bisulph., . . . . ^ iij. 
 
 Aquae,.^ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Irrigate the nares, after 
 
 cleansing with a weak alkaline solution. 
 
 R. Tinct. Euphrasia, .... gjss. 
 
 Aq. Camphorae, . . . ad 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. four times daily, for 
 the catarrh. 
 
 R. Cocainae Hydrochlor., . . gr. vj. 
 Aquae Destill., . . . . £ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—5 per cent, solution. A few 
 drops to be instilled into nares while head 
 is lowered. ( Da Costa.) 
 
HEADACHE. 
 
 575 
 
 Headache, Bilious-sick. 
 
 Antipyrine, the most valuable single remedy for headaches; an 8-grain dose 
 in dyspeptic headache, in a little water, at commencement of attack, the 
 patient lying down in a dark room. A second dose one hour after is generally 
 enough, but a third or fourth may be required. Sleep generally follows, and 
 there are no unpleasant after effects. Acetanilide, in 4-gr. dose, equally effec¬ 
 tive. Nux Vomica, gtt. j of tinct. frequently, when acute gastric catarrh, with 
 headache and nausea (R.); gtt. j every 10 minutes, soon after meals, often 
 gives marked relief in sick-headache not of neurotic origin (A. A. Smith). 
 Strychnine, with aloin and belladonna, in minute granules, for bilious head¬ 
 ache from obstinate constipation, effective if given several times a day for a 
 week or ten days (Roy). Belladonna, the extract in doses of gr. in 
 
 similar form. Iris, blinding headache in right supraorbital region, nausea, 
 vomiting, usually the result of hepatic derangement. rr\j every half-hour for 
 three doses. Usually relieves promptly (Pf.). Bryonia, ordinary bilious with 
 vomiting (P.). Picrotoxin, gr. by stomach, in periodical form (B.). Cha¬ 
 momile, a popular remedy (R.). Podophyllum, in sick headache, with dark, 
 bilious diarrhoea, or constipation with dark motions (R.). Sanguinaria, when 
 due to stomach derangement, a few doses relieve (P.). Hydrastis, from con¬ 
 stipated bowels (P.). Mercury, as “blue pill,” to prevent or mitigate; or, 
 gr. T £ n of bichloride when with light-colored diarrhoea (R.). Ammonium 
 Chloride is an efficient remedy in most forms of headache (Wa.). Sodium 
 Phosphate, a useful laxative in so-called “ bilious-sick-headache ” (B.). Po¬ 
 tassium Bromide, a large dose in ordinary or sick-headaches (R.). Ginger, 
 in paste, as counter-irritant (P.). Water, as cold or hot affusion, or ice-bag 
 to head; hot sometimes best. The purgative waters (as Friedrichshall) before 
 breakfast in a cup of hot water (R.); a brisk saline, purgative, or small doses 
 of Epsom salts thrice daily, very effectual for frontal headache with constipa¬ 
 tion (Br.). Nitro-muriatic Acid, 10 drops of the dilute acid in a winegl. of 
 water, before each meal, often an effectual remedy (Br.). Charcoal, two tea¬ 
 spoonfuls stirred in half-glass of water, as a draught, is an efficient remedy 
 for sick-headache with sour stomach and flatulence, etc. [Compare Hemi- 
 CRANIA.] 
 
 Prescriptiotis. 
 
 R. Ammonii Chloridi, . . . 3 iij. 
 
 Morphinae Acetatis, . . . gr. j. 
 
 Caffeinse Citratis, . . . . 5 ss. 
 
 Spt. Ammonii Aromat., . . ,"j. 
 
 Elix. Guaranae,.5 iv. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.^iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertsp. every quarter-hour 
 until relieved. ( Carpenter .) 
 
 R. Podophylli Resinae, . . . gr. ij. 
 Tinct. Zmgiberis, . . . . 5pj. 
 Alcoholis, . . . . q. s. ad 5j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. in a winegl. of water 
 every night at bed-time, or every second, 
 third or fourth night as required. 
 
 {Dobell.) 
 
 Headache, Congestive. 
 
 Aconite, to reduce the circulation (R.). Veratrum Viride, at menstrual 
 periods (R.). Belladonna, relieves cerebral congestion, and distress from light 
 and sound (P.); pain over brows and in eyeballs—often due to stomach or 
 uterine derangements—especially in young women ; rtpiij of tinct. every three 
 hours (R.). Potassium Bromide, a large dose (gr. xv-xx) in ordinary or sick- 
 headaches (R.); Bromides are useful when nervous system has been irritated, 
 but when exhausted they do harm (Hammond). Calomel, gr. every hour 
 for ten or twelve doses, will relieve the headache of syphilis occurring at night 
 (Tr.). Cannabis Indica is given with uniformly good results in the headache 
 of the climacteric. Potassium Iodide, throbbing, intolerance of light, pain 
 passing from back of neck over vertex to brow, nocturnal, tender scalp, almost 
 unbearable ; ten-grain doses ter die will cure (R.). Hydrastis, when consti¬ 
 pated bowels (P.). Amyl Nitrite, for headaches with severe flushing heats at 
 menstruation or climacteric, a sufficient dose (R.). Mustard, in hot foot- 
 
576 
 
 HEADACHE, NERVOUS. 
 
 bath, or as poultice to nape of neck in various forms of headache (R.). Water, 
 cold water poured gently over forehead, sometimes warm water better (R.). A 
 very hot foot-bath often effectually relieves (Wa.). Purgatives are often bene¬ 
 ficial, especially when congestive headache arises from suppression of hemor¬ 
 rhoidal discharge, or in persons of phlegmatic habit; aloes best (Wa.); or 
 colocynth, as derivative, when cerebral hypersemia (Da Costa). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Ext. Colocynthidis Co., . . gr. xij. 
 
 Pulv. Capsici,.gr. iv. 
 
 Ext. Gentians,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily. Also a 25 grain dose of Sodium 
 Bromide every night at bedtime. 
 
 [Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Spt. Ammonioe,. $j. 
 
 Spt. Camphorse,.^ ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—For a quart of water in which 
 a handful of common salt has been dis¬ 
 solved. Cork tightly and use locally on 
 lint as an evaporating lotion. 
 
 Headache, Nervous. 
 
 Cannabis Indica, ten-minim doses of the tincture thrice daily in the intervals, 
 often curative in bad cases of neuralgic headache; or % to )4-grain doses of 
 the extract (P.). See under Hemicrania. Belladonna, tr\Jij of tinct. every 
 3 hours, when pain over brows and in eyeballs, especially when at men¬ 
 strual periods; also when from overstudy or fatigue (R.). Nux Vomica, if with 
 gastric symptoms (R.); is better than strychnine, and should be given in quarter- 
 grain doses of the extract after meals, combined with iron and quinine if patient 
 is chlorotic (Hammond). Bromides, when the nervous system has been irritated 
 are useful, but harmful when it is exhausted (Hammond). Silver Nitrate, half¬ 
 grain doses with minute doses of pil. coloc. comp., invaluable in headaches of 
 hysterical women, and especially stomach headaches of delicate and literary 
 men (Wa.). Ignatia, removes clavus hystericus (Pf.). Ammonia, the aromatic 
 spirits (3ss-3ij) or the carbonate (gr. v-x) in nervous headache (B.); the hydro¬ 
 chlorate (gr. x-xx) in bilious and hysterical headaches, especially in hard-worked 
 and delicate young women (Wa.). Amyl Nitrite, inhaled when extreme pallor 
 of face (B.). Arsenic, throbbing supra-orbital (R.); as a nerve tonic stands 
 next in value to Zinc (Hammond). Cimicifuga, in nervous or hysterical women, 
 especially at menstrual periods (R.); in rheumatic headaches and menstrual 
 (P.). Coffee and Tea, when from nervousness or exhaustion (R.); coffee espe¬ 
 cially useful (P.). Guarana, a very effective palliative, gr. xx every half-hour 
 for three doses (P.); rr^xv of the fluid extract every quarter-hour increased to 
 rr\pd will often relieve periodical headaches not of malarial origin (A. A. Smith). 
 Sodium Salicylate, in small doses, gr. ij-iij every quarter-hour, is very efficient 
 in neuralgic headache (Br.). Caffeine Citrate, two-grain doses, in capsule, every 
 half-hour, a very effectual remedy for nervous and sick-headache, but causes 
 insomnia if used in the evening. Phosphorus, as dilute phosphoric acid, in 
 doses of Rbxxx well diluted, thrice daily ; or zinc phosphide, gr. ^ in pill, ter 
 die, very useful in most forms of nervous headache (Hammond). Cajuput Oil, 
 well rubbed in twice daily (P.). Menthol, locally to forehead in frontal head¬ 
 ache (Wa.). Potassium Cyanide, locally in reflex headaches, as gastric, cardiac, 
 pulmonary, menstrual (B.). Valerian is of great value in excitable persons 
 (P.). Camphor, a saturated solution in eau-de-cologne rubbed on head, when of 
 uterine origin (R.); in hysterical females, internally, with magnesium carbonate 
 (P.). Podophyllum, purgative doses often give relief when near menstrual 
 periods, with constipation and dark stools (R.). Zinc Oxide, two- to five-gr. 
 doses useful (R.); a remedy of great value (Hammond). Bismuth, the sub¬ 
 carbonate, in two-grain doses after each meal, often better than zinc, especially 
 where gastric disturbance (Hammond). Ether Spray, for frontal headache 
 after acute illness or fatigue (R.). Chloroform, ffb xv-xxx of the spirit internally, 
 often effective (Wa.). Galvanism, sometimes valuable; the constant current 
 always, avoiding too great intensity lest amaurosis ensue (Hammond). [Com¬ 
 pare Hemicrania, Neuralgia.] 
 
HEART DISEASES. 
 
 577 
 
 R. Potassii Cyanidi,.gr. x-xx. 
 
 Aquae Laurocerasi, . . . . ^ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply locally on a compress 
 for % to y z an hour. (B.) 
 
 R. Zinci Phosphidi,.gr. iij. 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vom., . . . . gr. x. 
 Confect. Rosae, q. s. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no xxx. 
 
 Sig.—One pill after each meal. 
 
 (Fordyce Barker.') 
 
 Extracti Nucis Vom., . . . gr. iij. 
 
 Ferri Reducti,.gr. xij. 
 
 Quininae Sulphatis, . . . gr. vj. 
 
 Ft. pil no. xij. Sig.—One after each 
 meal. (Hammond.) 
 
 R. Ext. Cann. Ind. FI., . . . 5 ss. 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae,.g v. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii Cort., . . . ^ij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad 5 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 3 hours. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. 
 
 Heart Diseases. 
 
 Aconite, in the highest degree serviceable to diminish excitement or irrita¬ 
 bility. It is more a remedy for functional derangement than for organic disease 
 (Wa.). In pericarditis (R.). Nervous palpitations and hypertrophy (P., B.). 
 The heart seldom affected in rheumatic fever if aconite be used from the start 
 (P.). Veratrum Viride, as cardiac depressant (B.); in chronic cardiac diseases 
 where excessive hypertrophy, i. e., when digitalis is contraindicated (W.). Cimi- 
 cifuga, safer than digitalis in fatty heart (B.). Its action is strongly stimulating 
 and tonic ; it relieves excessive dyspnoea when weak heart (P.). Caffeine, an 
 excellent cardiac stimulant, and diuretic, gr. ij-v of the citrate every three hours 
 (Da C.). Arsenic, for dyspnoea from weak heart (R.) ; in all cardiac neuroses 
 it is especially valuable when combined with iron and strychnine, and is 
 regarded as indispensable in all forms of weak heart accompanied by pain 
 (Wa.). Digitalis, acts as a stimulant tonic (P.) ; small doses for sedative action; 
 tonic or physiological doses to create hypertrophy in dilatation (Tr.); irregularity 
 of pulse is best indication (R.). Irritable heart (Da Costa). The freshly-made 
 infusion the best preparation (B.); especially indicated in weak heart acting 
 rapidly because of its weakness, and in valvular disease (Wa.). Convallaria 
 Majalis, will usually succeed in all cases in which digitalis is useful, acting 
 similarly to that drug, but with less reliability ; is useful in aortic disease and in 
 others where digitalis cannot be used (Wa.) ; valuable in all forms of heart 
 disease where there is oedema of tissues (See). Strychnine, in medicinal doses, 
 said to strengthen heart-beats (R.). Blisters, flying, over prascordial region, to 
 stimulate action in extreme weakness (R.). Alcohol, brandy when heart sud¬ 
 denly enfeebled by fright, loss of blood, etc. (R.). Ether, rrpxx hypodermically, 
 repeated soon, is a very promptly-acting stimulant in sudden heart-failure. 
 The compound spirit in gj doses for less urgent cases. Morphine, next to 
 Digitalis, is in general the most indispensable remedy in the treatment of severe 
 heart disease, being by far the most efficient agent for the dyspnoea (Striimpell), 
 hypodermically, is employed in many cardiac disorders with marked advan¬ 
 tage, especially in dyspnoea and angina with diseased coronary arteries ; mitral 
 regurgitation, with its dyspnoea and insomnia ; aortic disease, etc. Iron, useful 
 in various forms, especially anaemic disorders and palpitation. Also in dilata¬ 
 tion and fatty heart, and mitral regurgitation (B.). Hyoscyamus, in functional 
 derangement from emotion, is specially indicated ; requires large doses (np x l- 
 lx), or gr. of hyoscyaminae sulph. hypodermically (Wa.). Amyl Nitrite 
 relieves heart-pains resisting all other treatment (W.). [Compare Angina Pec¬ 
 toris, Dropsy, Endocarditis, Pericarditis, and the five following articles.] 
 
 Prescriptio?is. 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotae FI.,.^iijss. 
 
 Tinct. Digitalis,.5 ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily in enlarged 
 heart without valvular lesion. (B.) 
 
 R. Spt. Adheris Comp., 
 
 Liq. Morphinae Sulph. 
 
 (U. S. P., 1870), . aa J j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. as required for the 
 dyspnoea. 
 
 37 
 
578 
 
 HEART, DILATED-PALPITATION. 
 
 . Heart, Dilated. 
 
 Digitalis, where much dilatation, and hypertrophy of left ventricle without 
 valvular disease. Is not contraindicated when aortic disease (R.) ; physiologi¬ 
 cal doses (Tr.). In simple dilatation gives most favorable results (W.). Very 
 useful in mitral disease, with dilatation of the left ventricle (P.); gives miracu¬ 
 lous relief, is not sufficiently appreciated, but requires skilful administration. 
 Use the infusion in preference to other preparations, a tablespoonful thrice daily, 
 watching its effects (Da Costa). Scoparius, the infusion (broom-tea), to main¬ 
 tain the kidney action if digitalis is not sufficient (Da C.). Purgation, brisk, 
 free, watery stools next to digitalis are the best treatment (Da C.). Morphine, 
 hypoderm. gr. y%-yi two or three times a week in dilated heart with dyspnoea 
 (B.). Amyl Nitrite, dyspnoea from dilatation (R ); is useful when great dysp¬ 
 noea (cardiac asthma) (P.). Ether, the compound spirit an excellent remedy for 
 the dyspnoea (Da Costa). Mercury, a classical pill and a very efficient one as 
 a diuretic in dropsy from cardiac disease is the combination of gr. j each of Pulv. 
 Digitalis, Pulv. Scillae and Hydrarg. cum Creta (B. Foster). 
 
 Heart, Fatty. 
 
 Iron, the tinct. ferri perchlor. in small doses for a long time, has been of 
 remarkable benefit (Wa.). Cimicifuga, safer than digitalis (B.); the latter should 
 not be used (Wa.). Digitalis of no value except for very temporary use and for 
 some special indication (Da Costa). Strychnine, often the first remedy to do 
 good. Unduly pushed will produce nervous worry and be injurious (P.); is the 
 remedy with iron, nourishing but not fat making diet, and wine to keep up the 
 tone of the blood (Da C.). Ergot, occasional doses have been given with appa¬ 
 rent benefit (Wa.). Ether, the compound spirit for sudden attacks of pain or 
 dyspnoea (Da C.). Amyl Nitrite, for the same, but chloral must be entirely 
 debarred (Da C.). Stimulants, freely, in an acute attack of any kind, give the 
 only chance (Da C.). 
 
 Heart, Hypertrophied. 
 
 Aconite, often better than digitalis (R.); dangerous in hypertrophy of left side, 
 with diseased valves, but useful in simple hypertrophy (P.); for overaction, with 
 hypertrophy (B.); the one remedy which can be depended on. Small doses for 
 months, say gtt. j of a good tincture ter die, to lower the heart gradually and 
 keep it low (Da Costa). Digitalis, very useful in pure hypertrophy due to val¬ 
 vular disease or excessive muscular exertion (R.). The primary action (small 
 doses) required, as it creates hypertrophy when given in physiological or tonic 
 doses (Tr.). Veratrum Viride, as a cardiac depressant (gtt. v ter die) will 
 relieve in simple hypertrophy, and irritable heart from abuse of tobacco, inad¬ 
 missible when valvular lesions exist (B.); gives the best results, next after aco¬ 
 nite (Da C.). Lead Acetate, for violent palpitations, in some instances (Wa.). 
 Amyl Nitrite, in dyspnoea, syncope (R.). Ergot, in enlarged heart without val¬ 
 vular lesion; may be combined with digitalis (B.). Potassium Iodide, small 
 doses long continued, benefit some cases (Wa.). Camphor, in doses of gr. iij-xij 
 daily for tumultuous palpitations, and dyspnoea of hypertrophy with dilatation 
 (Wa.). Iron is necessary where anaemia exists (Da C.). Quiet Life of great 
 importance, no stair-climbing, no long walks; rest in bed often of service for 
 days at a time, moderate diet, avoiding fattening foods, meat, and stimulants 
 (Da C.). 
 
 Heart, Palpitation. 
 
 Aconite, for “ fluttering ” of nervous persons, and nervous palpitations (R.); 
 for over-action, with hypertrophy (B.); for palpitation with simple hypertrophy 
 (P.). Hydrocyanic Acid, when from dyspepsia (P.). Iron, when due to anae¬ 
 mia, a very frequent cause. Other causes are tobacco, coffee, tea, etc., to excess, 
 
HEART, VALVULAR DISEASE. 
 
 579 
 
 dyspepsia, venery, excessive exercise (Da. C.). Spigelia Anthelmia, when due 
 to mitral and aortic disease, with much dyspnoea (P.). Digitalis, in small doses 
 as sedative (Tr.); combined with iron in palpitations with valvular disease, or 
 alone in very severe cases (Wa.); suits a large number of cases, especially for 
 temporary purposes (Da C.); the only remedy for positive service for the actual 
 palpitation (Richardson). Camphor, recommended in nervous palpitations 
 (R.). Veratrine, as ointment to chest, when rapid, irregular pulse, hurried 
 breathing, dropsy and lividity, palpitation, inability to lie down (R.). Nux 
 Vomica, of great value in nervous palpitation. Bromides, in “fluttering” 
 heart (B.); are useful when tolerated by the stomach (Da C.). Hyoscyamus, in 
 nervous, and violent palpitations from excited state of the brain (P.); in large 
 doses, for functional disturbance arising from emotion (Wa.). Belladonna, in 
 small doses, may also be applied externally, when irregularity of rhythm (Da C.) 
 Valerian, nervous, with dyspnoea (P.). Eucalyptus, palpitation and weak heart 
 (B.). Galvanization, of cervical sympathetic and pneumogastric, for palpitation 
 (B.). Hot Foot-Bath relieves palpitations (R.). Milk-cure, has been beneficial 
 in irregular action (B.). Ice, to the cardiac region, has benefited many cases ; 
 is of chief value when patient can be kept in bed, which sometimes becomes 
 necessary (Da C.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Pulv. Digitalis, . . . . gr. xx. 
 
 Pulv. Colchici Sem., . . gr. xl. 
 
 Sodii Bicarb.,.gr. lx. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. xl. Sig.—One pill 
 at first 3 or 4 times daily, gradually reduced 
 to one at bedtime. For irregular cardiac 
 
 action. ( Bozvditch .) 
 
 R. Tinct. Digitalis,.gij. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, . . . 5j. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acet., . ad ^ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. every 4 hours. 
 If prolonged insomnia with palpitation add 
 of Morph. Sulph. gr. to each dose. 
 
 ( Richardson .) 
 
 Heart, Valvular Disease. 
 
 Digitalis, in aortic regurgitation (R.); most effective in mitral insufficiency 
 (P.) ; in rapid action with low arterial tension ; and in mitral disease. Infusion 
 best; tablesp. doses twice daily (B.) ; rrpj of tinct. every ]/ 2 hour or hour, often 
 gives more relief than larger doses (A. A. Smith); when heart is weak and 
 struggling (Da Costa). Morphine, hypodermically for dyspnoea, better in mitral 
 than in aortic disease (R.); the agent above all others in aortic insufficiency, 
 combating the two great symptoms therein, the cerebral anaemia and the dysp¬ 
 noea ; is to aortic regurgitation what digitalis is to mitral (Dujardin-Beau- 
 metz). Aconite, useful for the palpitation, but dangerous in hypertrophy of left 
 side with diseased valves (P.); for cases presenting excessive growth and strong 
 action, diminishes the blood-pressure in the arterial system, and gives great 
 relief (Da C.). Veratrum Viride, has similar applicability, but is more apt to nau¬ 
 seate. An admirable sedative, and one which does not sicken is a mixture of 
 Tinct. Aconiti,rr\j, Tinct. Verat. Vir.,TT\jij, Tinct. Zingib., Trpvij (Da C.). Strophan- 
 thus, is a cardiac tonic like Digitalis, but does not contract the vessels nearly as 
 much (Br.). Nitroglycerin, is the best of all remedies when actual cardiac pain ; 
 it lessens blood-pressure and diminishes the resistance the heart has to over¬ 
 come (Da C.). Caffeine, as a tonic and diuretic, of especial value in cases where 
 urine is scanty, with cardiac pains, headache and dyspnoea, and weak heart; 
 gr. ij of the citrate every three hours (Da C.). Adonidine, in doses of gr. ^ to 
 £ thrice daily, acts excellently as a cardiac regulator (Da C.). Barium Chlo¬ 
 ride, gr. yq in pill three or four times daily, is diuretic, lessens cardiac pain, 
 increases tone in the vessels, and is a good general and cardiac tonic (Da C.). 
 Purging, with Jalap, etc., in engorgement of right side of heart (R.); occasion¬ 
 ally purging (Da C.). Treatment is directed chiefly to the dilatation or hyper¬ 
 trophy resulting from the valvular disease. The simplest rule is to use judg¬ 
 ment as to when the heart needs strengthening by Digitalis or reducing by 
 Aconite or by Veratrum Viride (Da C.). [Compare Endocarditis.] 
 
580 
 
 HECTIC FEVER-HEMATEMESIS-HEMATOCELE. 
 
 Hectic Fever. 
 
 Quinine, large doses, gr. xv-xx daily, if stomach and intestines don’t rebel 
 (P.); given before the paroxysm, to limit it (Roberts). Antipyrine, is better 
 than quinine, but must be used in much smaller dosage than ordinarily employed, 
 say gr. iv or v about ]/ z hour before fever rises, then doses of gr. ij hourly as 
 long as temp, remains above 100.5 0 . This daily, will give excellent results in 
 hectic of phthisis (Pribram). Aconite in small doses, a remedy of much value 
 in the irritative fever of phthisis (Da C.). Morphine and other anodynes, are of 
 especial value, given in full doses toward bed-time (Gross). Prunus Virginiana, 
 the bark has been found useful, especially when irritable cough (P.). Calcium 
 Phosphate, is especially useful (R.). Calumba, excellent for tonic effects (P.). 
 Digitalis, the tincture, combined with tinct. ferri chloridi, abates the tempera¬ 
 ture and diminishes the sweats (B.). Iron, the mistura ferri composita has 
 obtained great celebrity, especially when much debility and anaemia (Wa.); the 
 sulphate and tincture of the chloride of especial value in the treatment of hectic 
 (Gross). Ipecacuanha. A few r grains of Dover’s powder at bed-time, will stop 
 the profuse perspirations (Wa.). Salicin, for profuse perspirations (Wa.) ; as 
 antipyretic. [Compare Perspiration, Phthisis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Tinct. Digitalis,.3 iij. . 
 
 Tinct Ferri Chlor , . . . 3 v. 
 
 M. Sig.—15 drops 3 or 4 times a day. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Quininae Sulph.,.^jss. 
 
 Elix. Taraxaci,.3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful every hour for 
 six hours. 
 
 Hematemesis. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, is decidedly effective in small doses, also when hematemesis 
 is vicarious of menstruation (P., Wa.). Hamamelis, rt\J —ij of tinct. every 2 or 
 3 hours (R.); effective from its tannin (B.). Alum, serviceable in passive hem¬ 
 orrhage ; iron better (B.). Turpentine, especially in passive hemorrhage 
 with debility (R.); and in hemorrhagic transudations on the free mucous sur¬ 
 faces—hematemesis, etc. (B.). Ergot, has often cured when other means failed 
 (P.); most valuable. In urgent cases ergotine in 2- to 5-gr. doses hypodermi¬ 
 cally (R.). Iron, the subsulphate (Monsel’s solution) or pernitrate, the best 
 remedies ; gtt. j —ij frequently, diluted with ice-water (B.). Lead Acetate, espe¬ 
 cially in gastric ulcer, gr. ss-gr. v (B.). Tannic Acid, gr. x-^j, when from 
 gastric ulcer or obstructive disease of liver (B.). Gallic Acid, an extremely useful 
 agent; is best used in combination with dilute sulphuric acid(Wa.). Ice, small 
 pieces swallowed, a most useful agent, with perfect rest for stomach ; when 
 hematemesis from that organ, nutrient enemata must be employed. Iced cham¬ 
 pagne to arrest faintness, if persistent; when moderate need not give cause for 
 alarm. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Olei Terebinth , . . . 
 
 
 Ext. Digitalis Fluid., . 
 
 • • 3 )- 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae, . . . 
 
 ■ • 3 ss 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., . . 
 
 • • 3 J- 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 3 
 
 hours. 
 
 R . Ac. Gallici,.3 j. 
 
 Ext. Ergotas Aquosi, 
 
 Digitalis,.aa gr. xx. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. xx. Sig.—One 
 every 4 hours. 
 
 Hematocele, Pelvic. 
 
 Opium, or morphine, if needed for pain, with absolute rest in bed, and a 
 moderately tight abdominal bandage (E.). Hemostatics, as gallic acid, lead, 
 turpentine, etc., to arrest the hemorrhage, if it still be going on, combined with 
 opiates, and the use of ice-bags or cold lotions to the abdomen or per vaginam. 
 Tonics, as iron and quinine, while resolution of the extravasation is going on. 
 
HEMATURIA-HEMERALOPIA. 
 
 581 
 
 Bromides and Iodides, to quiet the action of the ovaries, if the hemorrhage 
 recurs at different periods. Potassium Iodide, as an absorbent, may be given 
 with quinine (Braxton Hicks). Iodized Cotton, an excellent application to the 
 cervix uteri in cases of hematocele (Wa.). Leeches, should be applied early 
 in cases of peri-uterine hematocele ; later, except to check inflammation, they 
 are inadmissible (Wa.). Mercury, gr. ^ of the bichloride thrice daily, with 
 iron and ergot, conjoined with vaginal injections of hot water morning and 
 evening ; later in lieu of the mercurial the syrup of the iodide of iron in 20- 
 drop doses thrice daily, was thoroughly efficient treatment in one very bad case of 
 retro-uterine hematocele (Hengst). Surgical interference has many advocates, 
 but is criminal in a large majority of the cases (E.). If the case does not end 
 in resolution it will terminate in pelvic abscess. 
 
 R. Iodi., . . . . 
 
 Potassii Iodidi, 
 Glycerini, . . 
 
 Prescription. 
 
 Mix and saturate 8 oz. of cotton with the 
 mixture ; then carefully dry, and label 
 “ Iodized Cotton.” 
 
 Hematuria. 
 
 Turpentine, when with constitutional debility (B.); in very small doses (R.) 
 often is very efficacious (P.). [See ante, Hematemesis, for formula.] Hama- 
 melis, has arrested severe cases (R.). Chimaphila, controls hematuria (P.). 
 Gallic Acid, the most uniformly successful remedy (B.); gr. x-xx every 
 hour or two (Da Costa). Sulphuric Acid, alone or with gallic acid, is an 
 efficient remedy (Da C.). Acetic Acid, in a case of alarming hemorrhage 
 from the bladder, which occurred after an operation for vesico-vaginal fistula, 
 and resisted all other means, an injection of apple-vinegar and ice-water, 
 equal parts, succeeded in arresting it (Ghent). Quinine, large doses necessary ; 
 cures when intermittent or from malarial infection (B.) ; useful in some cases 
 of intermittent hematuria (R.). Iron. Tinctura ferri perchlor., rtpx-xx several 
 times daily; in this affection the best form of iron for internal use (Wa.), Ipeca¬ 
 cuanha, exercises a powerful influence (Wa.). [See ante, Hematemesis.] Ergot, 
 by stomach or subcutaneously ; may be combined with ipecac, krameria, or 
 other astringents (B.). Ergotine, hypodermically, is far superior for efficacy 
 and rapidity of operation (Wa.). Matico, the infusion, in doses of 3ij every 2 
 or 3 hours, is fully equal to gallic acid, lead, etc. (Thompson). Ammonium 
 Benzoate, in 5-grain doses, for the albuminuria and hematuria of scarlatina 
 (Hillier). Cannabis Indica, is especially indicated in dysuria and strangury 
 when there is bloody urine (R.). Camphor, in 2 to 5-grain doses is said to 
 promptly remove the renal hyperaemia with bloody, coagulable urine, caused 
 by cantharis, turpentine, oil of mustard, copaiba, etc. (R.). Ice in rectum or to 
 perineum, for vesical hemorrhage (Thompson). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Acidi Gallici, . . . 
 
 . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Ac. Sulphurici Dil., 
 
 • • • 3 b 
 
 Tr. Opii Deodor., . 
 
 . • . 3 j- 
 
 Infusi Digitalis, . . 
 
 • • • giv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. every 4 hours or 
 oftener. In hematuria, menorrhagia, pur¬ 
 pura hemorrhagica, and the hemorrhagic 
 diathesis. (D.) 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotae Fluidi, 
 
 Tine. Krameriae, . . . aa Jj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every hour or two. 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotae, (Squibb), . . 3 j. 
 
 Aquae. %'). 
 
 M. Sig.—For hypodermic use; tt^x 
 
 contain gr. j. 
 
 Hemeralopia and Nyctalopia. 
 
 Strychnine, night-blindness; small doses, gradually increased, of service 
 (Wa.). Mercury, Hydrarg. chlor. corr. gr. ij ad aquae 3j, dropped into the eye 
 twice daily, with blister on each temple, and mild aperients, cured hemeralopia 
 
582 
 
 HEMICRANIA. 
 
 (Smith). Quinine, in as large doses as can be borne, after cathartic and emetic, 
 for night and day-blindness (Howard). Blisters, small, 1 y z inches in diameter, 
 close to external canthus of the eye (Bampfield). Electricity, occasionally 
 useful (Wa.). Rest, protection of eyes from bright light, constitutional reme¬ 
 dies, as indicated by state of general health, change of climate, speedily cures 
 hemeralopia. It is sometimes merely a symptom of pigmentary degeneration 
 of the retina, or a feature of scurvy. 
 
 Hemicrania. 
 
 Belladonna, when due to vaso-motor spasm, the face being pallid (B.); the 
 tincture in small and repeated doses if the disease be of reflex character (H.). 
 Iris, in blinding form, from hepatic trouble, right supra-orbital region; w\J 
 every half-hour for 3 doses, usually relieves promptly (Pf.). Cannabis Indica, 
 one of the most valuable remedies for megrim or sick headache, apparently 
 acting on the nervous centre whence the disorder springs; is most useful in 
 the intervals to prevent the attacks, and especially when the paroxysms are 
 becoming more frequent; it may be combined in pill with either iron or aloes 
 (K.); in the congestive form of especial value, the tincture in repeated doses 
 until physiological action is induced (H.); gr. y$ of the extract before each 
 meal, increased gradually to ]/ 2 or % grain, in the intervals, kept up for 3 
 months (Seguin) ; gr. y of the solid extract night and morning, very efficient 
 in migraine, if used continuously for some time (Hare). Camphor, gr. iij-v, 
 with xx or xxx-grain dose of magnesic carbonate, is very useful, especially in 
 hysterical females (P.). Croton-chloral, in milder forms without severe vomit¬ 
 ing, headache being predominant; the bromides are useful after it (R.); rarely 
 of any use, but if given it should be in 20-grain doses twice daily (H.); Gua- 
 rana, is useful (B.), a very effective palliative; gr. xx every y 2 hour, for three 
 hours (P.); efficacy diminishes by degrees, attacks usually become longer (Tr.); 
 £ij of fluid extract in course of an hour or two, to anticipate the attack when 
 expected (Seguin). Caffeine, in typical migraine; gr. j ad rr^xxv-xxx aquae 
 hypodermically (P.); is especially adapted when chronic gastric catarrh, gr. j 
 every y z -hour (B.). The citrate in grain doses every hour for some time before 
 a paroxysm (Wa.); gr. j every ^-hour often gives marked relief (A. A. Smith). 
 Valerian, of especial value when in excitable temperaments ; after profuse or 
 painful menstruation (P.). Ammonium Chloride, is exceptionally serviceable ; 
 seldom fails to cut short an attack (Austin), x-xv gr. doses (B., R.); as a diffu¬ 
 sible stimulant is very efficient, gr. xx up to £j every hour during the attack 
 (H.). Sodium Chloride, in small doses, proved very efficient in six positive 
 cases attended by gastric distress (Rabon). Antipyrine, the most valuable 
 single remedy for headache, especially in migraine and those cases of it for 
 which Ergot and Amyl Nitrite are indicated. 5 grains at beginning of the attack 
 often sufficient (Birdsall); of great value in true migraine, employed in twenty 
 cases with unfailing benefit; less useful in the malarial or dyspeptic forms, and 
 useless in uraemic (Thompson); one dose of gr. xx, or 2 doses of gr. x each, 
 J^-hour apart, given in the prodromal period, or at the very beginning of a 
 paroxysm, will invariably cut it short within an hour (Sprimon, Ungar, etc.). 
 Podophyllin or Mercury, bilious origin (R.). Bromides, for true migraine. Ras- 
 pail’s eau sedative locally, gives great relief (B.). When due to uterine disorder 
 (R.). Potassium Bromide, very serviceable in the paroxysm, also in continu¬ 
 ous form (R.). Eucalyptus, in cerebral anaemia (B.). Digitalin, granules (^ 
 bis die), for congestive hemicrania (B.). Ergot, if due to miliary aneurisms of 
 intercranial arterioles; also in congestive migraine, and in nearly all kinds 
 (B.). Menthol, locally in frontal headache due to migraine, is said to be very 
 efficient (Wa.). [See formula below.] Piscidia, is highly recommended (Wa.) ; 
 efficient in doses of 5 >j of the fluid extract (Ford). Arsenic, for cerebral con¬ 
 gestion and hemicrania (B.); for throbbing pain in one brow (R.).; often has 
 the best effect. Watson believed that gtt. iv-vj of liq. arsenic, 3 or 4 times a 
 day, with due attention to the bowels, would cure 9 out of every 10 cases 
 (Wa.). Aconitine or Veratrine, ointment, over brow (R.); Aconitine is of great 
 
HEMIOPIA-HEMIPLEGIA-HEMOPTYSIS. 
 
 583 
 
 service internally (Seguin). Phosphorus, is strongly recommended (R.). Amyl 
 Nitrite, by inhalation, in migraine, with pallor of face (B., R.). Sanguinaria, 
 a few doses very successful, when m. due to stomach derangement (P.). Igna- 
 tia, removes clavus hystericus (Pf.). Nux Vomica, when of gastric origin (R.). 
 Cimicifuga, is strongly recommended (P.). Rubber Bandage, applied tightly 
 from eyes up, protecting the temporal arteries by pads, or a dry muslin band¬ 
 age wetted after being put on (Weir Mitchell). Acupuncture, the needle run 
 down to the cranium, will give relief to clavus hystericus, when nothing else 
 will do so (Pancoast). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Quininae Sulph., 
 
 . . . . 3 SS - 
 
 Pulv. Belladon., . 
 
 . . . . gr. x. 
 
 Ext. Digitalis, 
 
 . . . . gr. xv. 
 
 Ext. Valerianae, . 
 
 . . . . ^ss. 
 
 Mellis, .... 
 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xl. Sig.—2 to 10 pills daily, 
 gradually increased, during 3 or 4 days be¬ 
 fore the expected attack. 
 
 R. Amgnonii Chloridi, . . . gvj. 
 
 Ammonii Bromidi, . . . £ iv. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, . . . j. 
 
 Syr. Pruni Virgin., ... 5 iij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad g vj. 
 
 M.. Sig.—Dessertsp. 3 or 4 times daily, 
 conjoined with the use of Raspail's Eau 
 Sedative (see page 94), locally. 
 
 R. Mentholi,.£j. 
 
 Alcoholis,.5J. 
 
 01. Caryophylli, 
 
 01 . Cinnam., .... aa rt\xx. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply with finger over seat 
 of pain. 
 
 R. Aconitine (Duquesnel), . gr. T L. 
 Alcoholis, 
 
 Glycerini,.aa ^j. 
 
 Aq. Menth. Pip., . q. s. ad 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily. 
 
 [Seguin.) 
 
 Hemiopia. 
 
 When established, hemiopia offers little hope of cure, though it has no ten¬ 
 dency to progress. In hemiopia scintillans, Potassium Bromide, gr. xl-lx 
 daily, or band of such metal as idiosyncrasy of the patient may decide, with 
 stimulants to ward off the aura ; Quinine, Iron, Hydropathy, when Potassium 
 Bromide fails (De Wecker). 
 
 Hemiplegia. 
 
 Strychnine, is most useful when members are relaxed; hypodermically, 
 when paralysis incomplete, and the muscles flaccid but not wasted (B.). [See 
 Paralysis for formula.] Potassium Iodide, gr. x-xviij daily, occasionally 
 proves effectual (Wa.). Galvanism, constant current to the brain or cord, 
 faradic to the muscles opposite those contracted (Hammond). Physostigma, 
 prevents muscle wasting, and hence is given with benefit to hemiplegics; gr. 
 
 of the extract repeated frecpiently (R.). Massage, in hemiplegia and 
 other forms of paralysis due to intercranial lesions, when cold and blue skin, 
 wasting and contracted muscles, ulcerations, etc. (B.). Cocculus, in hysterical, 
 epileptic, and choreic hemiplegia, acts well; also in hemiplegia from cold (P.). 
 [Compare Paralysis, Facial.] 
 
 Hemoptysis. 
 
 Gallic Acid, exceedingly effective (P.); may be combined with ergotin and 
 digitalis. [See Hematemesis and Hematuria for formulae.] Acetate of 
 Lead, with opium (B.); proves signally useful (Wa.). Ergot, the fluid extract 
 in 30 to 40-minim doses, every 3 01*4 hours, or hourly in severe cases; or 
 Ergotin hypodermically for urgent cases, in 2 to 3-grain doses (R.). Opium, 
 should be freely used for the attendant excitement (W.). Turpentine, drachm- 
 doses every 3 hours, may cause unpleasant symptoms which soon disappear on 
 its discontinuance (R.); has proved very efficient (P.) ; after other hemostatics 
 fail it is worthy of trial (Wa.). Alum is serviceable in purely atonic hemor¬ 
 rhages (Wa.); in 10-grain doses every 2 hours (B.). Oil of Erigeron, is very 
 
5 §4 
 
 HEMORRHAGE. 
 
 efficient when no fever or other signs-of constitutional irritation (Wa.). Hama- 
 melis, TT\j—ij of tincture, every 2 or 3 hours (R.); tr^ij-x of fresh tincture sev¬ 
 eral times a day (Pf.). Ipecacuanha, has been highly praised (R.) ; in emetic 
 doses (Tr.); arrests as emetic (B.) ; arrests, though in poisonous doses pro¬ 
 ducing hemoptysis (P.). Ferric Acetate, a little added to water so as to taste, 
 this constantly sipped (R.). Iron spray will often arrest (B.). Digitalis, has 
 undoubted power over hemoptysis (B.). Small doses daily (P.). Infusion in 
 large doses (R.). Arnica, of great service, if from violence (P.). Aconite, 
 employed with best results (P.). Sodium Chloride, half a teaspoonful of com¬ 
 mon salt, taken dry, repeated till nausea (R.). Sulphuric Acid, the dilute acid 
 a useful adjunct to other treatment (Wa.). Spinal Hot-Water Bag, to cervical 
 or upper dorsal vertebrae (R.). Auxiliaries.—Cold externally, acidulated 
 drinks, perfect rest, and antiphlogistic diet (Wa.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotae FI., .... ^jss. 
 Ext. Ipecac. FI., 
 
 Tr. Opii Deod., . . . aa gij. 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every y z hour. 
 
 R. Plumbi Acetat.,.gr. xx. 
 
 Pulv. Digitalis,.gr. x. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.gr. v. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. x. Sig. — One every 4 
 hours. (B.) 
 
 R. Aluminis,.gj. 
 
 Sacch. Alb.,.gss. 
 
 Pulv. Ipecac. Comp., . . . gr. xx. 
 
 M. ft. pulv. no. vj. Sig.—One every 2 
 hours. [Skoda.) 
 
 R. Liq. Ferri Subsulph., . . rrpxx. 
 
 Aquae,. gij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as spray by inhalation 
 for 5 minutes every hour. 
 
 Hemorrhage, Hemorrhagic Diathesis. 
 
 Acids. Sulphuric sometimes very effective in uterine hemorrhage (B.). 
 Dilute Vinegar to leech-bites, piles, cuts, etc. (R.). Apple-Vinegar as injec¬ 
 tion for vesical hemorrhage. [See under Hematuria.] Iron, when hemor¬ 
 rhagic diathesis due to anaemia; the tincture of the chloride preferred (B.). 
 The tincture of ferric perchloride as styptic (Wa.); 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of the 
 concentrated solution in a glass of water, an excellent hemostatic (Tr.). The 
 acetate, just enough to make water taste, in hemorrhage of lungs and kidneys 
 (R.). Ergot, in uterine hemorrhage of any kind, and many forms of hemor¬ 
 rhage, ergot or ergotine of great value (P.); not to be relied on alone (B.). 
 Alum, is sanctioned by high authority (B.); dusted on in slight cases (R.) ; in 
 uterine and traumatic hemorrhage, when small vessels open (Tr.). Hamamelis, 
 Trpj-ij of tincture every 2 or 3 hours, effective in many forms (R.). Ipecac¬ 
 uanha, produces hemorrhage in poisonous doses, yet has great energy in 
 arresting it (P.); exercises a powerful influence on internal hemorrhage gener¬ 
 ally, and in exhaustion therefrom ; gr. j-ij every % hour (Wa.). In emetic 
 doses serviceable (Tr.). Turpentine, few agents more useful in the passive 
 forms (B.); small doses in hematuria (R.); for serious hemoptysis, and hemor¬ 
 rhage of typhoid (P.). Belladonna, hemorrhage from rectal ulcers (P.). Digi¬ 
 talis, in uterine, and many other forms, of great value (P.); with restoratives 
 has undoubted power in the hemorrhagic diathesis (B.). [See Hemoptysis.] 
 Chimaphila, controls hematuria (P.). Gallic and Tannic Acid, in all passive 
 hemorrhages, especially in that of the bladder (P.). Tannic acid for local 
 use, Gallic for systemic effects upon remote parts. When hemorrhage occurs 
 in relaxed and debilitated constitutions, Gallic Acid may be combined with 
 Ergot and Digitalis (B.). Matico, proves useful in many cases, especially 
 menorrhagia, hematuria and hemoptysis (Wa.). Nux Vomica, in hemorrhagic 
 diathesis, especially when occurring in anaemic subjects. Also the syrup of 
 iron, quinine, and strychnine; no prescription more generally useful (B.). 
 Aconite, to reduce the circulation, in epistaxis, hemoptysis, etc. (P.). Cinchona, 
 internally very efficient in some forms of hemorrhage (Tr.). Copper Sulphate, 
 in stick, solution, or ointment, to arrest hemorrhage from small vessels (R.), 
 
HEMORRHAGE, INTESTINAL-POST-PARTUM. 
 
 585 
 
 Arnica, in hemorrhages (ecchymoses), from mechanical violence (P.). Rhatany, 
 the extract, one of the most powerful hemostatics (Tr.). Grape-cure, as tonic 
 for convalescents (P.). Alcohol, in hemorrhagic diathesis, to elevate the arte¬ 
 rial tension (B.); brandy, wine, when heart suddenly enfeebled by hemorrhage 
 (R.). Venesection, will promptly arrest pulmonary hemorrhage (B ). Styptics, 
 are either needless or inefficient, hence practically useless in general surgery ; 
 hemorrhage should be controlled by either pressure or ligation (Roberts). Hot 
 Water, sponged over a bleeding surface, the best agent to stop hemorrhage 
 (Gross). Transfusion, when death imminent (B.). Ice, internally in wounds 
 or hemorrhage of lungs, or from stomach ; small pieces frequently (R.). Rest. 
 Perfect rest often indispensable, especially in hematemesis, in which nutrient 
 enemata may be required. [Compare Dysentery, Epistaxis, Hematemesis, 
 Hemoptysis, Hemorrhoids, Hematuria, Hemorrhage, Post-Partum— 
 Intestinal, Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia, Purpura, Wounds, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 PagliarVs Styptic. 
 
 R. Tinct. Benzoini,.^ v iij. 
 
 Aluminis,.lb. j. 
 
 Aquae,.lb. x. 
 
 Boil 6 hours in a glazed earthenware 
 vessel, adding hot water in lieu of that 
 vaporized, and keeping well stirred ; filter, 
 and put up in stoppered bottles. 
 
 R. Infusi Digitalis,. g\). 
 
 Ext. Ergotae Fluidi, 
 
 Tinct. Krameriae, . . . aa gj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. as required in 
 
 hemorrhagic conditions generally. (B.) 
 
 Pancoast's Styptic. 
 
 R. Potassii Carbon at., . . . . ^ij. 
 
 Saponis,.j —ij. 
 
 Alcoholis,.^ iij. 
 
 Mix and use as a styptic especially for 
 operations about the face. ( /os Pancoast .) 
 
 R. Ext. Ipecac. FI.,.3 ij. 
 
 Ext. Ergotae FI., . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Ext. Digitalis FI., . . . . ^ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Halfteasp. to a teasp. at a 
 dose, repeated as required. An excellent 
 anti-hemorrhagic combination. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 Hemorrhage, Intestinal. 
 
 Turpentine, should be used (B.); especially in typhoid (P.). [See Hema¬ 
 temesis, for formula.] Belladonna, for irritable and bleeding rectal ulcers 
 (P.). Iodine, in passive, gtt. j-ij of tinct. frequently repeated, of great service 
 (B.). Sulphuric Acid, is serviceable (B.) Acetate of Lead, often of great 
 service, especially when used as an enema (Jenner). Tannin, one of the most 
 serviceable remedies for the intestinal hemorrhage of typhoid fever (B.). 
 Hamamelis, very effective in intestinal hemorrhage, owing to its large propor¬ 
 tion of tannin (B.). Ergot is most valuable; may be given hypodermically in 
 urgent cases (R.). Gallic Acid, gr. xv with gtt. iij—v of laudanum, in a winegl. 
 of iced water, every 2 or 3 hours in the hemorrhage of typhoid (Jenner). 
 Opium, a valuable adjunct to astringents, allaying the nervous excitement 
 (Wa.): is most useful (Da Costa). [Compare Hemorrhoids, Dysentery, 
 Typhoid Fever.] 
 
 Hemorrhage, Post-Partum. 
 
 Hamamelis, for persistent oozing (R.). Ipecacuanha, in flooding after de¬ 
 livery (R.). Iron, Monsel’s solution, j-iij of water, strong enough and safe 
 as injection (B.); the perchloride diluted (R.). Amyl Nitrite, rrpv by inhala¬ 
 tion, has stopped a hemorrhage promptly and permanently (Kerr). Ergot, 
 a full dose of the fluid extract as soon as birth is completed as a prophylactic 
 (Playfair); hypodermically in urgent cases, gr. ij of Bonjean’s Ergotine deeply 
 into the tissues of the arm (Wa.); £ss doses of the fluid extract every 4 hours 
 in secondary hemorrhage. Cimicifuga, will check post-partum hemorrhage, 
 especially when tediously prolonged (P.). Digitalis, the infusion best; a 
 tablesp. bis die, or in urgent cases every half hour for 4 doses (B.). Nux 
 Vomica, gtt. xx ; ext. ergot, fl. gtt. xxx; each hour for 2 or 3 doses (B.). 
 
586 
 
 HEMORRHOIDS. 
 
 Opium, the tincture 3 j, with brandy, in profuse flooding (R.). Vinegar, a 
 handkerchief soaked in vinegar and carried into the uterus, will often check 
 a severe hemorrhage (Landis); is antiseptic, astringent and sufficiently irri¬ 
 tating to produce contraction, yet not so irritating as to cause subsequent mis¬ 
 chief, and always acts promptly (Penrose). Tamponade by absorbent cotton, 
 plugs of linen, etc., is indicated in hemorrhage from abortion or placenta 
 praevia (Parvin) ; never tampon after delivery ! you might as well hang the 
 woman by the neck (Wallace). Auxiliary Measures of importance are firm 
 pressure on the uterus, compression of the abdominal aorta, the plug, and if 
 necessary intra-uterine injections (Wa.). Hot Water, iio° to 122 0 F., injected 
 into uterus, extremely successful in checking post-partum hemorrhage (Att- 
 hill) ; the most prompt and certain method, and the least unpleasant to the 
 patient (Parrish). See also Dr. Cameron in Canada Med. and Surg. Jour., 
 March, 1878, with record of 16 cases so treated. Ice, to abdomen or within 
 the womb (B.); into womb or rectum (R.). As a prophylactic against hem¬ 
 orrhage and to secure firm contraction of the uterus, a good method is to 
 grasp the womb through the abdominal parietes with a hand kept cold by 
 frequent immersion in a pan of broken ice, while waiting for the expulsion of 
 the placenta. While one hand is kept on the uterus the other may be im¬ 
 mersed in the ice. Transfusion of milk into veins may be necessary in cases 
 of collapse (Thomas). 
 
 Hemorrhoids. 
 
 Galls, as ointment, very useful: the official unguentum gallae, or combined 
 with lead and opium. See formula below (R.). Iron, a solution of the sub¬ 
 sulphate as wash to bleeding piles, which should then be well oiled (B.); or 
 an ointment of the subsulphate, gr. xv to the 3, locally night and morning, 
 with gr. j of the salt thrice daily by mouth ; gives excellent results. Haraa- 
 melis, by mouth, also lotion or injection in bleeding piles (R.); is employed 
 with satisfaction ; rr^ij—x; of tincture several times a day; also enema or 
 suppository (Pf.). Nux Vomica, emphatically beneficial (P.). Sulphur, gr. 
 v-x, with 3 j confec. sennae, as laxative (R.). Exercises a most soothing in¬ 
 fluence (Wa.). Sulphides, especially Blue Lick waters (B.). Podophyllum, 
 as cathartic for hemorrhoids of recent formation, bleeding from stasis in portal 
 circulation (B.). Aloes, causes congestion of pelvic viscera, yet Fordyce 
 Barker shows it to be curative in piles, especially in recent ones, as after de¬ 
 livery (B.); to greatly relieve bowels (R.) ; cures by removing constipation 
 (P.). Hydrastis, as lotion or ointment to external piles, of great value ; h\, v 
 of tincture ter die internally at same time (P.). Ergot, with or without nux 
 vomica, in dilated hemorrhoidal veins without new tissue, given by the stomach 
 and used locally will .often cure (B.). [See Diarrhcea for formula.] Stil- 
 lingia, will remove permanently when due to constipation, and temporarily 
 when from hepatic obstruction (B.). Senna, to procure soft and easy evacu¬ 
 ations, use the confectio sennae at bedtime, gr. cxx in a bolus (B.). Iodoform, 
 the ointment, and in suppository (B.). Nitric Acid, as caustic, followed by 
 free use of olive oil (B., R.) ; ^ss-^j ad Oss of water as lotion for bleeding 
 piles (R.). Hyoscyamus or Stramonium, leaves bruised, or ointment, locally, 
 for pain (P.). Oleum Lini. Linseed Oil, boiled, in doses of 3ij twice daily, 
 has quite a reputation as a remedy for piles (W.). Alum, to painful bleeding 
 piles, a crystal trimmed and passed into rectum, or as an ointment (B.). Ice, 
 to painful, bleeding piles, or cold water injected daily (B.); locally, for pain 
 after operation (R.). Leeches, directly to swollen, irreducible, and painful piles 
 (B.). Alkaline Mineral Waters, excellent (B.). Carbolic Acid, 3 parts to I 
 of olive oil, a few drops injected into the tumor. A favorite and successful 
 treatment by itinerants (Andrews); uncertain in all cases and in many fraught 
 with danger (Gross). A good procedure, use 4 drops each of pure carbolic 
 acid and glycerin, and inject one tumor at a time (Hunt). Grape-cure, is used 
 with success (B.). Saline Purgatives, notably Epsom salts, in bleeding piles, 
 combined with sulphuric acid, will often stop the hemorrhage (B.). [See Dys- 
 
HEPATALGIA-HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS. 
 
 587 
 
 entery for formula.] Diet, etc. Avoid stimulants, indigestible food and over¬ 
 eating ; during an attack use little animal food. Petroleum soap when piles 
 protrude, with cold or tepid water ablutions. Injections, Oj cold or tepid 
 water, are very useful. Stool should be at night. Surgical Methods are—the 
 ligature for internal hemorrhoids, excision for external ones. Ligation is the 
 proper treatment for the former, all other methods of operating radically being 
 now discarded as unsurgical, and dangerous to life (Gross). The thermo-cau¬ 
 tery is used by Smith of London and many other surgeons, but is apt to leave 
 behind fissures and ulcers, which are with difficulty healed. Prevention. Soft 
 seats favor the production of piles, as also of uterine disorders, by pressure on 
 the arteries as they emerge from the pelvis, and so tend to drive the blood into 
 the interior of that cavity (Holden). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Pulv. Galke,.gr. xxx. 
 
 Pulv. Opii,.gr. x. 
 
 Ung. Plumbi Subacet., . . gr. xl. 
 
 Ung. Simplicis, - .g j. 
 
 M. et ft. unguentum. Sig.—Ointment 
 
 for piles. ( CEsterlen.) 
 
 R. Ext. Colocynth. Co., . . . gr. xx. 
 Ext. Nucis Vom., . . . . gr. vj. 
 Hydr. Chlor. Mitis, 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . aa gr. xij. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. xij. 
 
 Sig.—One as required for sluggish bowels. 
 
 {Barker.') 
 
 R . Ac. Carbolici,.gij. 
 
 Ac. Tannici,.gj. 
 
 Alcoholis,.giv. 
 
 Glycerini,.3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Hypodermic injection for piles. 
 
 ( Girard .) 
 
 R. Iodoformi,.^j. 
 
 Balsam. Peruv., . . . , . gij. 
 Magnes. Calcin., .... gj. 
 01 . Theobromse, 
 
 Cerae Albae,.aa ^jss. 
 
 M. et fiant suppositoria xij. Sig.—One 
 twice daily. 
 
 R. Pulv. Gallce, 
 
 Pulv. Opii, 
 
 Plumbi Acetat, . . . . aa gr. xx. 
 Ung. Picis Liquidae, 
 
 Cerati Simplicis, . . . aa 5 ss. 
 
 M. et ft. unguentum. Sig.—Apply night 
 and morning after bathing parts with cold 
 water. 
 
 R . Ext. Opii,.gr. x. 
 
 Pulv. Stramonii,.^j. 
 
 Pulv. Tabaci,.£ss. 
 
 Ung. Simplicis,.Ejss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ointment for piles. 
 
 [Shoemaker.) 
 
 Hepatalgia. 
 
 . Ammonium Chloride, grains xx-xxx, every 4 hours, is highly efficacious 
 (Anstie). Bryonia, worthy of commendation in many liver affections (P.). Nux 
 Vomica, has been found of much benefit. Dose should be small, gr. T Ly to 
 twice or three times a day (P.). Quinine, would naturally be thought of in 
 malarial subjects, but does not afford any relief (Anstie). 
 
 Hepatic Cirrhosis. 
 
 Nitric Acid, in long-standing diseases, as this, will augment flow of bile after 
 liver has struck work from mercury (R.). The mineral acids do not benefit 
 (B.). Arsenic, small doses perseveringly, give good results in improving the 
 nutrition of the organ (B.) Bryonia, of great value in many liver complaints 
 (P.). Iodides, are the best remedies for the first stage (B.): the potassium iodide 
 is highly recommended by some authorities (Da Costa): the great measures in 
 the treatment of this affection are potassium iodide, hydrotherapy, and a milk 
 diet (Lanceraux). Stillingia and Alkaline Mineral Waters, are important in 
 the first stage ( 13 .); alkalies early, especially Carlsbad water, with total absti¬ 
 nence from alcoholic beverages (Legg). Mercury. Corrosive sublimate in 
 small doses, gr. thrice daily, for a long time, does benefit the condition, and 
 has possibly cured a few cases (Da C.). Sodium Phosphate is said to produce 
 
588 
 
 HEPATIC CONGESTION. 
 
 good results (Da C.); has power to retard the sclerosis, and may possibly arrest 
 the changes and restore a state of comparatively normal function (B.). Chloride 
 of Gold and Sodium, in doses of gr. 3^, as an hepatic alterative, may be used 
 conjointly with phosphate of sodium (B.). Tapping becomes necessary for 
 the dropsy, though purgation and diuresis may help to lessen it (Da C.). Diet, 
 should be easily digested, especially milk, avoiding starches and fats, and quit¬ 
 ting alcohol (Da C.). 
 
 Hepatic Congestion. 
 
 Nitric Acid, in chronic congestion, will augment flow of bile after liver has 
 struck work from excessive use of mercury (R.). Nitro-Muriatic Acid, is found 
 useful in India, with the acid bath (3iij ad gall, j) to hypochondrium (B.): 
 formerly held high rank but is now superseded by ammonium chloride; the 
 acid baths being now rarely employed (Fayrer). See page 462 for formula. 
 Sulphur, Sulphates in purgative natural waters, small doses often repeated; 
 potassium sulphate is occasionally poisonous (R.). Chelidonium, as deobstruent 
 (P.); energetically affects the liver (Pf.). Iodine, tincture and unguent, locally 
 for hepatic engorgement after malarial attack. The iodide of ammonium in 
 moderate frequent doses in functional derangement, from malarial disease (B.). 
 Sodium Phosphate, £j-ij, 3 or 4 times daily, in plenty of water, as a purgative 
 (B.). Ammonium Chloride, in passive congestion, and chronic torpidity, is 
 well worthy of attention ; gr. xx every 4 hours (Wa.); an excellent remedy 
 (Da Costa). Turpentine, epithems, hot, often found very beneficial (Wa.). 
 Quinine, gr. xv-xx with morphine, gr. i n th e acute congestion due to 
 
 climatic or malarial causes, no remedy so efficient (B.). Bryonia, is worthy of 
 commendation in liver affections of various kinds (P.). Iris, really serviceable 
 when stools clay-colored and skin jaundiced (B.); is one of the best aperients 
 in hepatic derangement (P.). Mercury, valuable only as a purgative; its use 
 restricted to cases where there is deficiency or excess of bile (B.); a full calo¬ 
 mel purgative is of utility in cases of congestion (Wa.). Podophyllum, the resin 
 in congestion of the portal circulation, is especially useful (B.); l / 6 -% gr. doses 
 every six hours will speedily relieve symptoms (P.). Sanguinaria, is useful in 
 hepatic engorgement without organic disease (P.). Colchicum, in hepatic con¬ 
 gestion and dropsy; an active remedy in congestion of the liver (B.). Resin¬ 
 bearing Purgatives, as Rhubarb, Podophyllum, Iris, Euonymus, etc., are all 
 actively cholagogue. (See list on page 39.) Ipecacuanha, decidedly stimulant 
 to the flow of bile (B.); is the Indian treatment now for the local liver, given 
 in large doses for a week or two (Da C.). Taraxacum, has had a reputation, 
 but I cannot recommend it (DaC.). Aliment. No starches or fats. Milk, 
 eggs, oysters, beef broth, whitefish, etc. (B.). Cold Water Belt around the 
 abdomen, covered with oiled silk, gives great comfort in chronic cases (DaC ). 
 [Compare Biliousness, Jaundice, etc.] 
 
 R . Elaterii, ........ gr. j. 
 
 Spt. ^Etheris Nitrosi, . . . ^ij. 
 Tinct. Scillae, 
 
 Tinct. Colchici, . . . . aa 5 ss. 
 Syrupi Simplicis, . . . . §j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful thrice daily. (B.) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, . . gr. vj. 
 
 Pulv. Ipecac.,.gr. j. 
 
 Sodii Bicarb.,.gr. x. 
 
 Div. in pulv. no. ij. Sig.—One at bed¬ 
 time, followed by the following : — 
 
 R. Ac. Nitro-hydrochlor. Dil., iij. 
 
 Elix. Taraxaci Co., . . ad 25 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertspoonful before meals, 
 and a milk diet. 
 
 Ext. Taraxaci,.gr. lxxij. 
 
 Ext. Aloes,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Ext. Colchici Rad., 
 
 Pulv. Ipecac., . . . . aa gr. xij. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. xxiv. 
 
 Sig.—2 nightly in chronic enlargement 
 
 and torpidity. ( Martin .) 
 
 R. Sanguinariae,.gr. viij. 
 
 Podophyllini,.gr. iij. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . . gr. iij. 
 
 Saponis,.gr. viij. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. xx. 
 
 Sig.—2 to 4 pills daily. In hepatic tor¬ 
 por without organic disease. ( Phillips .) 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. 
 
HEPATIC DISEASES. 
 
 589 
 
 &. Pil. Hydrargyri, . . . 
 
 Pulv. Aloes Socot., . . aa gr. iv. 
 Pulv. Rhei, 
 
 Extr. Hyoscyami, . . aa gr. vj. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. vj. 
 
 Sig.—2 pills every other night. 
 
 R. Cinchonidinae Sulph., 
 
 Euonyraini, 
 
 Leptandrini, 
 
 Juglandini, 
 
 Irisini,.aa 3 ]. 
 
 Podophyllini, 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae, 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . aa gr. x. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. lx. 
 
 Sig.—One pill thrice daily. In obstinate 
 hepatic torpor. ( Blackwood .) 
 
 R. Euonymini, . ..gr. xij. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . . gr. vj. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. vj. 
 
 Sig.—One at bedtime, followed next 
 morning by a full dose of an aperient min¬ 
 eral water. 
 
 R. Potass. Bicarb., 
 
 Potass. Citratis, . . . . aa^j. 
 
 Syrupi Simplicis,. 5 v j* 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful to a tablesp. 
 with a similar quantity of lemonjuice, in ]4 
 glass of water; the whole to be drank 
 while effervescing. ( Wood .) 
 
 Hepatic Diseases. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride is highly serviceable in all cases of liver disease, 
 whether due to organic changes or to functional derangement; especially 
 indicated after the more acute symptoms have abated (Wa.). Nitro-hydro- 
 chloric Acid formerly held high rank, but is now superseded by ammonium 
 chloride (Wa.); even the acid baths, so long considered of great importance, 
 are now but little, if ever, used in India (Fayrer). Nitric Acid acts in some 
 way beneficially on long-standing liver-diseases, as in chronic congestion and 
 cirrhosis (R.); with vegetable bitters, long continued, useful in waxy liver 
 (Wa.). Podophyllum has a high reputation in a variety of liver diseases (P.) ; 
 is actively cholagogue (R.). Mercury, mercurial purgatives are used for both 
 deficiency and excess of bile; harmful in many acute forms of hepatic disease, 
 and generally are of doubtful propriety in liver affections (B.); in hepatic con¬ 
 gestion a full calomel purge is of great benefit (Wa.). Red Iodide of Mercury, 
 as ointment, gr. j to 3 v, gives best results in malarial enlargement of the liver 
 (W.). Calomel is used in inflammatory disorders of the liver, but is less suited 
 to parenchymatous than to serous inflammations (Da Costa). Ipecacuanha 
 promotes the flow of bile (B.); may be used in small doses with great advan¬ 
 tage in functional derangement of the organ (Wa.). Resinous Purgatives, as 
 Leptandra, Iris, Euonymus, Rheum, etc., are decidedly cholagoguo (B.). 
 Euonymin is of great value in torpid liver and its accompanying headache 
 (W.). Bryonia is worthy of commendation in liver affections of various kinds 
 (P.). Chelidonium powerfully affects the liver (Pf.). Taraxacum is highly 
 recommended in all chronic affections of the liver, especially in indolent 
 enlargement and incipient scirrhus (Watson). Sodium Phosphate is cholagogue, 
 and extremely useful in liver affections, especially the jaundice of children and 
 hepatic calculi (Thudicum). Phosphorus specifically affects the liver, and used 
 early in acute yellow atrophy may have an action of antagonism upon the 
 disease (B.). Potassium Salts, as depuratives, are of decided value, especially 
 the citrate, in hepatic torpor and other affections (W.). See preceding article 
 for formula. Sulphur, the sulphurous mineral waters, prolonged, give excel¬ 
 lent results in liver disorders (B.). Alkaline Waters are very serviceable (B.); 
 especially the sulphur waters. Glauber’s salt in their place (Da Costa). Chlo¬ 
 rine Water has been employed with benefit in chronic hepatic affections, in 
 doses of 3 ss-ij in t ^iij or iv of water (W.). Iron preparations, long continued, 
 in amyloid degeneration (Da C.). Gentian, and other bitter tonics, in func¬ 
 tional disorder; also Nux Vomica occasionally, but use mercurials and podo¬ 
 phyllum sparingly (Da C.). Iodine and Iodides in waxy enlargement, simple 
 hypertrophy and chronic congestion, of great value (Wa.); the iodide of 
 potassium alternately with the iodide of iron in waxy liver (Frerichs); a few 
 
590 
 
 HEPATITIS-HERNIA—HERPES. 
 
 drops injected into hydatids (B.). Sanguinaria is of great value in hysteria 
 from chronic hepatitis, and in hepatic engorgement without organic disease 
 (P.). See preceding article for formula. Stillingia, for torpid liver and jaun¬ 
 dice following ague, in the first stage of cirrhosis, and in ascites from hepatic 
 changes (B.). Malt Liquors are harmful in all chronic affections, especially in 
 fatty liver (B.). Galvano-puncture for hydatids, the negative needle into the 
 hydatid (B.). [Compare Lists of Agents acting on the Liver, page 39, ante; 
 also, the articles in this section entitled Biliousness, Calculi, Cancer, 
 Hepatalgia, Hepatic Congestion, Hepatic Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Jaun¬ 
 dice.] 
 
 Hepatitis and Hepatic Abscess. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride, is almost a specific in hepatitis and abscess of the liver 
 (Stewart); often preventing the latter disorder, and in many instances curing 
 it (Wa,). Quinine, in large doses for the acute parenchymatous inflammation 
 (Da Costa). Tartar Emetic, gr. every two or three hours, with opium or 
 
 calomel as indicated by symptoms; of especial value early in the acute attack 
 (Wa.). Leeches to margin of the anus in the acute type (B.); to unload the 
 portal system (Wa.). Mercury is used, but is better suited to serous inflamma¬ 
 tions than to parenchymatous ones (W.). Chelidonium has been used with 
 benefit in both acute and chronic hepatitis (P.). Alkalies and Colchicum, 
 when the affection is of a gouty nature (Wa.). Sulphites are recommended in 
 chronic forms (Da Costa). Sinapisms and linseed poultices over the hepatic 
 region in acute hepatitis (Wa.). Saline Purgatives, as the sulphates of sodium 
 or magnesium, to increase the watery exudation from the mucous membrane 
 of the intestines, in acute hepatitis (Wa.). Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid, for some 
 time in chronic form tending to abscess (Da C.). Aspiration, when pus forms; 
 early operation the rule of practice ; has induced many recoveries (Da C.). 
 [Compare Jaundice.] 
 
 Hernia. 
 
 Opium, or morphine hypoder. to narcotism, often obviates the necessity of 
 an operation in strangulated hernia (Wa.). Chloroform, of evident benefit 
 (Wa.); inhaled to assist reduction (R.); has superseded the use of tobacco and 
 lobelia in strangulated hernia (P.). Coffee, large doses, has certainly a remark¬ 
 able influence in aiding or causing reduction of strangulated hernia (Wa.). 
 Oak Bark extract, as injection into the tissues, for a radical cure by stimulating 
 the occlusion of the rings (Heaton’s radical cure). A similar operation was 
 patented by a Dr. Gage in 1840, the oil of cloves being the injection used. 
 Professor Pancoast injected tincture iodine for the same purpose. Operations 
 for radical cure all satisfactory. A properly adjusted truss (Ag.) : is the best 
 remedy for a reducible hernia, answering the purpose of a retentive apparatus, 
 and often permanently curing the disease by the steady, gentle and uniform 
 pressure of its block (Gross). Ice Poultice is of use if no strangulation of gut 
 or omentum (Wa.). Sternutatory, as snuff or ipecac, to cause sneezing while 
 patient lies on his shoulders with elevated hips and legs over the back of a 
 chair, frequently successful after taxis has failed to effect reduction. 
 
 Herpes. 
 
 Ferrum Arseniate, in doses of gr. ^ daily, will effect the cure of a herpetic 
 affection in the adult, however extensive or long established (Duparc). Mer¬ 
 cury, calomel ointment, 3 j to the 5, is one of the best mercurial preparations 
 (Pereira). Potassium Carbonate, as lotion, gr. xxx to Oj, to allay irritation 
 (Wa.); or as ointment, gr. xx to 3j, smeared over eruption at night, and 
 washed off in the morning with a solution, gr. xxx to Oj (Neligan). Glycerin, 
 diluted, is a serviceable application in herpes labialis (Wa.). Ergot, the oil 
 prepared by the action of benzin upon ergot, which, upon evaporation of the 
 solvent, makes a valuable application in herpes genitalium and other skin 
 
HERPES ZOSTER-HICCOUGH. 
 
 591 
 
 affections (Shoemaker). Alum, in herpes praeputialis, a solution of 3 j to 
 aquae, applied on lint to the glans penis, is generally effectual (Wa.). Collo¬ 
 dion, the flexible form, is applicable to various kinds of herpes (Wa.). Mag¬ 
 nesium Citrate, as a cooling laxative, with soothing and protective lotions and 
 ointments, and the Liquor Picis Alkalinus, diluted 10 to 20 times for the itch¬ 
 ing (Bulkley). Astringent Lotions, of tannin or zinc sulphate, in herpes prae¬ 
 putialis, to render the parts less sensitive (Da Costa). [For Herpes Circinatus 
 see Tinea Circinata.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Tragacanthae,. % ij-iv. 
 
 Liq. Calcis,.5 iv. 
 
 Glycerini.3 j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.5 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A soft jelly for local use as 
 ointment. 
 
 R . Ac. Carbolici,.gtt. v-xv. 
 
 Pulv. Calaminae Praep., 
 
 Zinci Oxidi,.aa " ss-j. 
 
 Ung. Aq. Rosae, . . . . gj. 
 
 M. et ft. unguentum. 
 
 A soothing and protective application. 
 
 Herpes Zoster. 
 
 Rhus Toxicodendron, very readily subdues, especially when burning or itch - 
 ing (P.). Aconite and Opium, locally for pain (Wa.). Morphine, oleate ext*, 
 without friction (R.) ; hypoder. to mitigate the pain (Anstie). Celandine has 
 been recommended (P.). Dulcamara has an old reputation (P.). Silver Ni¬ 
 trate, painted on the warning patch of erythema, before or as soon as ves icles 
 begin to form (R.). As a local application, reported on favorably (Wa.). Vera- 
 trine, as ointment, Bj-ij-jfj, in neuralgia following shingles (R.). Zinc Phos¬ 
 phide, gr. ^3 every 3 hours, is said to control the pain and abort the eruption 
 (Hughes). Grindelia is reputed to relieve the pain (Stille). Mercury, the Ung. 
 Hydrarg. Ammoniat. is said to relieve the pain and irritation remarkably (Wa.). 
 Blisters, for subsequent neuralgia (R.). Hot Fomentations will often disperse 
 (R.). Baths daily, exercise out of doors, abundant nutritious food. Flexible 
 Collodion, constantly reapplied to exclude air (Anstie). Galvanization of the 
 affected intercostal nerves, the positive pole over their points of emergence, the 
 negative brushed over the terminal filaments in the skin (B.). Starch, dusted 
 over the eruption, and on a muslin band sewed tightly around the body to pro¬ 
 tect it from the friction of the clothes, gives the greatest relief (Bulkley). Rest, 
 absolute, when eruption is extensive (Fournier). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Zinci Phosphidi, 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vomicae, . . aa gr. x. 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no xxx. 
 
 Sig.—One every 2 to 4 hours, as a nerve 
 tonic. [Bulkley.) 
 
 R. 
 
 iv. 
 
 Liq. Sodii Hypochlorit., 
 
 Aquae,.^ ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Wash for ulcerated vesicles. 
 
 [Fournier.) 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnit., . . . . 3 iv. 
 Hydr. Chlor. Mitis, 
 
 Zinci Oxidi,.aa gj. 
 
 M. ft. pulvis. Sig.—To be dusted on 
 cotton-wool, and applied to the ulcerated 
 vesicles, after washing with the solution of 
 Sodium Hypochlorite. [Fournier). 
 
 Hiccough. 
 
 Nux Vomica, in 5- or io-np doses of tincture, with rr^xv of dilute nitric acid; 
 a short course frequently curative (P.). Chloroform, combined with opium (R.). 
 Pepper, gr. ij-x, to stop hiccough (P.). Laurel-water, a useful remedy, ffb v (P.). 
 Morphine, hypoderm., often arrests (R.). Camphor has been recommended 
 (R.). Mustard, , 3 j infused in jfiv aq. fervid, has cured most obstinate cases 
 (R.). Pilocarpine, gr. ^ of the muriate, has cured bad cases which resisted 
 all other means (Ortille). Ether,-as spray to the epigastrium for ten minutes, 
 then the site of the phrenic in the neck (Regoni); or the spirit, nuxx-xxx in 
 
592 
 
 HYDROCELE-HYDROCEPHALUS-HYDROPHOBIA. 
 
 some aromatic water, given internally, will often arrest the spasm immediately 
 (Wa.). Zinc Valerianate, gr. % with a small portion of extr. belladonnae, cured 
 a severe case of fifteen days’ duration (Danet). Nitro-glycerin, sometimes 
 arrests (R.). In mild cases deep inspirations, holding breath as long as pos¬ 
 sible, or a firm belt around epigastrium (T.). 
 
 Hydrocele. 
 
 Iodine, injection of tincture i, water 2, into the sac to excite obliterative 
 inflammation, the usual procedure for radical cure after tapping the sac (Wa.); 
 may be used full strength, or with equal part of water; the latter the safest 
 method in ordinary cases, but relapses are not infrequent (Gross). Carbolic 
 Acid, 3 ss, with a minute quantity of water or glycerin to render it fluid, injected 
 into sac and manipulated to bring all portions under its action, after which 
 rest in bed and support to scrotum (Levis); a very efficient method for radical 
 cure, but may cause erosion of vessels and hemorrhage into sac (Gross). Am¬ 
 monium Chloride, as discutient lotion to the scrotum in hydrocele of children 
 (Wa.). Galvano-puncture, a current of 20 to 40 elements, by two needle elec¬ 
 trodes, will invariably cure (B.). Operations for radical cure include that by 
 iron-wire sutures to excite adhesive inflammation (Simpson); and the incision 
 of the hydrocele under antiseptic precaution (Volkmann); the same end may 
 be obtained by the simpler methods of injection noted above (Gross). [Com¬ 
 pare Dropsy, Orchitis.] 
 
 Hydrocephalus, Acute. 
 
 Iodine, lotions to scalp, or inunction of iodine ointment together with ferric 
 iodide and cod-liver oil internally, offer the best chance of success, although 
 most remedies often fail (Wa.). Tartar Emetic, oint. as counter-irritant to 
 scalp in tubercular meningitis (R.); in large doses internally was formerly 
 employed (Wa.). Croton Oil, is said to have removed the excess of fluid from 
 the ventricles (R.). Mercury, hydrarg. chlor. corr., in doses of gr. to T x ^, has 
 proved successful (Wa.). Magnesium Carbonate, £j-ij saturated with lemon- 
 juice, every 2 or 3 hours, a useful purgative in hydrocephalus (Wa.). Turpen¬ 
 tine, in doses of n^v-x with tr^xx-xl of castor-oil, or terebinthinate enemas, in 
 incipient hydrocephalus (Wa.). Purgatives, in small doses every 4 or 6 hours 
 after having overcome the constipation, to maintain action for some days. 
 A single dose of calomel, followed up by magnesium sulphate at short intervals. 
 Their value can hardly be overrated (Wa.). Leeches, on crown of head rather 
 than on temples, when much febrile action ; inadmissible if patient is much 
 debilitated ; sometimes serviceable (Wa.). 
 
 Hydrocephalus, Chronic. 
 
 Mercury, holds a high place in the opinion of many. Calomel gr. ^->2 
 twice daily, with mercurial inunction to the shaved head, or the latter alone ; 
 child to wear a woollen cap. This treatment for 30 or 40 days (Wa.). Ferric 
 Iodide, with cod-liver oil, always gives good results among the poor (Wa.). 
 Iodine, lotions. [See Hydrocephalus, Acute.] Potassium Iodide, may arrest 
 progress (Wa.); is of value certainly; appears to have power of promoting 
 absorption (W.). Cod-liver Oil, sometimes improves the condition, especially 
 in scrofulous children (Wa.). [Compare Dropsy.] 
 
 Hydrophobia. 
 
 Belladonna, in all hypersemic states of the brain and spinal cord, is one of 
 the very best remedies (P.). Stramonium, is used by Brahmins in India with 
 apparent success. Glonoin, may be of benefit (Wa.). Nicotine, rightly used,, 
 will probably prove to be our best remedy (B.). Amyl Nitrite, should be fairly 
 
HYDROTHORAX-HYPOCHONDRIASIS-HYSTERIA. 
 
 593 
 
 tried (B.). Curare, is encouraging, grm. 0.02 injected, 7 doses in 5^ hours, 
 dispelled the symptoms, but replaced them by paralysis of limbs continuing 
 over 2 months (Ros.) ; has seemed to antagonize the convulsive phenomena 
 (B.) Chloride of Lime, a filtered solution injected into wound, very effective 
 in snake bites (Binz.). Morphine, chiefly palliative. For deep injection into 
 the tetanized muscles (B.). [See Tetanus.] Coniine, is indicated ; has not 
 succeeded (B.). Cauterization, with hot iron or caustic potash after cleansing 
 wound, which should be kept open by unguentum basilicon for 5-6 weeks (Ros., 
 A.); with Silver Nitrate sharpened to a point, and applied freely to every 
 sinuosity of the wound as preventive (Wa.). Excision, the safer practice (Wa.). 
 Baths, warm and hot, produce calm (Ros.). Pasteur’s Inoculation, with a 
 “ modified virus,” is claimed to protect the person bitten from the disease. 
 
 Hydrothorax. 
 
 Digitalis, in purely dropsical form, also in passive pleuritic effusions ; used as 
 a diuretic (3 j-ij of infusion bis die, or oftener) of great value (R.). Ela- 
 terium, unquestionably of value as a derivative, though many fear it (P.). 
 Jaborandi, produces good results (B.). Iodine, 3j of tincture injected in re¬ 
 turning hydrothorax (B.). Sanguinaria, has been used with the best effects 
 (Wa.). Blisters, when effusion has taken place, certainly seem to stimulate 
 the absorbents to action (Wa.). Dry Cupping, over the chest, gives relief 
 (Da Costa). Thoracentesis, if much distress. [Compare Dropsy.] 
 
 Hypochondriasis. 
 
 Arsenic, in the aged, gives great comfort, especially when combined with 
 opium (B.). Ignatia, is useful. Tincture, best (P.). Cimicifuga, of singular 
 value in puerperal hypochondria, and in that accompanying spermatorrhoea, 
 etc. (P.). Aurum, Chloride, gr. to ^ ter die gives excellent results, when 
 depression, vertigo, cerebral anaemia (B.). Valerian, quickly relieves flatulence 
 (B.). Asafcetida, especially indicated in cases marked by flatulence and gloom 
 (B.). Potassium Bromide, especially among female town-dwellers, but also in 
 male (R.) ; effects are variable, relieves some, not others (Wa.). Hyoscyamus, 
 when syphiliphobia (P.). Opium, stimulant doses of the tincture are of great 
 importance (B.). Caffeine, the citrate (gr. j-v) has been used as a cerebral 
 stimulant with advantage (B.). Alcohol, in hypochondriasis gives temporary 
 relief; should never be given for its narcotic stimulant effects in these cases 
 (W.). Cocaine, especially useful in cases marked by debility and nervousness, 
 and in mental affections accompanied by depression ; the fluid extract of Coca 
 may be used, either alone or in wine (Br.). Turkish Baths, are useful for town- 
 dwellers, with soft, flabby tissues, and mental depression (R.). [Compare 
 Melancholia.] 
 
 Hysteria. 
 
 Ignatia, useful in many forms of hysteria, with feeling of suffocation, sensa¬ 
 tion as of a ball rising to the throat, convulsive crying, flatulence, etc. (P.). 
 Camphor, in hysterical excitement (P.). Musk, for many anomalous and dis¬ 
 tressing symptoms (R.). Chamomile Oil, in the spasmodic and pseudo-neuralgic 
 affections of hysterical women, a very excellent remedy (P.). Cimicifuga, in 
 hysterical chorea, is rapidly curative (P.); for the headache (R.). Asafcetida, 
 in hysterical convulsive affections, with flatulence and cough (P.) ; arrests 
 paroxysm, valuable for flatulence (B.) ; removes headache, peculiar sensations 
 in head, and flatulence (R.). Valerian, has great value, £ss doses of fluid ex¬ 
 tract (B.) ; useful in most cases, especially those of hysterical dyspepsia (P.). 
 Zinc Valerianate, especially at the climacteric age, for hysterical symptoms 
 which can be traced to no particular cause (R.). Ergot, with iron and other 
 tonics (see formula below), in cases depending on sub-involution of the uterus, 
 with indigestion and antemia (B.). Nux Vomica, of great use in middle-aged 
 subjects, with flatulence, weight on head, flushings and perspirations (R.). 
 
 38 
 
594 
 
 ICHTHYOSIS-IMPETIGO. 
 
 Atropine, for hysterical aphonia, gr. to g 1 ^ morning and evening (B.). Ether, 
 for the flatulence, and for the hysterical paroxysm in sudden seizures (B.). 
 Ammonia, the aromatic spirits for the acidity and eructations (B.); the fetid spirit 
 for flatulent colic, etc., may be given with great advantage in doses of 3ss-j 
 (\Va.). Potassium Bromide, gives control, and prevents paroxysms. When 
 verging on nymphomania large dosgs required (R.). Iron, a course often use¬ 
 ful, especially when anaemia or uterine obstructions (R.). Phosphorus, in 
 hysterical paralysis (R.). Arsenic, lessens mobility of nervous system, and 
 improves nutrition (B.). Opium, gtt.j of laudanum with gtt. ij of tinctura nucis 
 vomicae 3 or 4 times a day, for flushings, weight on head, depression (R.). 
 Ovarian Compression, has in many cases relieved recent hysterical contractions, 
 and many other similar phenomena (Bourneville). Electricity, for aphonia, 
 paralysis and anaesthesia, and to educate the nervous control. Electricity is 
 the sworn enemy of hysteria. Accessory Measures. Occupation of mind and 
 body. Removal from influence of friends. Complete abandonment of use of 
 alcohol. The shower-bath, or cold-bath, as an educator of the will, as well as 
 to invigorate the body. Excitement to be avoided. The word “ Hysteria ” 
 should never be applied to the case in the patient’s hearing. Disorders of 
 vision are often found at the bottom of hysteria; look for hypermetropia and 
 astigmatism. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Ext. Ergotx,.3 j. 
 
 Ferri Sulphatis,. gss. 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vomicae, . . . gr. viij. 
 Hydr. Chlor. Corros., . . gr. ss. 
 
 M. Fiant pil. no. xxx. Sig.—One pill 
 thrice daily. To improve digestion and 
 anaemia. (B ) 
 
 R. Tinct. Asafcetidae, 
 
 Tinct. Valerianae Ammon., 
 
 Tinct. Castorei, . . aa . . % ij. 
 
 Aquae Camph.,.jvij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablespconful or two every 
 hour. 
 
 Ichthyosis. 
 
 Zinc, the ointment or glycerite of the oxide, especially the latter with a little 
 camphor added to it, is a most useful application (Wa.); an ointment of the 
 sulphate, 3 j to 5J, found very efficient (Wilson). Sodium Bicarbonate, as oint¬ 
 ment, gr. xv-xxx to 3j, or lotion, 3 ij —iij to Oj (Devergie). Copper Sulphate, 
 gr. x ad 5j Unguentum Sambuci, a useful application (Wilson). Ulmus, in 
 decoction, used internally, has cured the disease (Wa.). Cod-liver Oil, applied 
 locally with friction, has proved promptly curative. Warm Baths, may gener¬ 
 ally be employed with benefit (R.); alkaline and vapor baths, with sapo mollis ; 
 and inunctions of oil or simple ointment, to prevent Assuring of the new skin 
 (Duhring) ; frequent alkaline baths, with internal and external use of oily 
 preparations, as linseed and cod-liver oils, yield the best results (Bulkley). 
 
 Impetigo. 
 
 Arsenic, is very useful. [See Eczema.] The iodide in doses of gr. T \y has 
 been employed with great success. Or Donovan’s Solution, rr\,v-x (Wa.). 
 Nitric Acid, internally, frequently benefits (Wa.). Glycerite of Tannin, an 
 excellent application (B.); during day, with poultice at night to remove scabs 
 (R.). Quinine, Mineral Acids, when from imperfect digestion (R., B.). Zinc, 
 the ointment of the oxide, after subsidence from inflammation (R.). Sulphur, 
 internally, serviceable (R.). Calcium Chloride, gr. xv-xxx, daily, in some 
 vegetable infusion, well spoken of (Wa.). Mercury. Citrine ointment dilute, 
 locally, is an excellent application (Wa.) ; a very weak white precipitate oint¬ 
 ment answers best in impetigo contagiosa, with a little carbolic acid lotion (1 to 
 20) if it does not yield (Bulkley). Calomel to cover the floor of the pustules, 
 after opening, evacuating and washing them out (Da Costa). Laurel-water, 
 relieves itching (P.). Grape-cure, has proved excellent (P.). Flexible Collo- 
 dium, or liquor guttae perchae, to cover the pustules, if located where they are 
 liable to irritation (Da Costa). [Compare Eczema.] 
 
IMPOTENCE-INFLAMMATION. 
 
 595 
 
 Impotence. 
 
 Phosphorus, no remedy more efficient. The pill of zinc phosphide the most 
 convenient form (B.) ; gr. thrice daily. Phosphoric Acid, full doses, with 
 gr. ss of pulvis cantharidis, an effective combination, especially in impotence of 
 old age (B.). Chloride of Gold, prevents decline of sexual power (B.). Can- 
 tharis, with iron, is beneficial (B.). In large doses (gtt. xx-xxx), with iron and 
 phosphoric acid or nux vomica (R.). Of doubtful efficacy (Wa.). Cubebs, 
 removes functional trouble (B.). Nux Vomica. Drop doses of tincture in 
 atonic impotence (B.). In large doses when spermatorrhoea (R.). Sanguina- 
 ria, has decided aphrodisiac properties, but useful only in functional form (B.). 
 Serpentaria, in relaxation and feeble erections, will often restore power. £>ss 
 doses of tincture bis in die (B.). Ergotin, hypodermically about the dorsal vein 
 of penis, when its enlargement and too rapid emptying is the cause of impo¬ 
 tence (B.). Cannabis Indica, is a useful remedy ; the best combination for 
 functional impotence would be one of Cannabis, Nux Vomica and Ergot (B.). 
 Polygonum Hydropiperoides, is a useful remedy in the functional form, erections 
 feeble, semen watery and testes soft (B.). Arseniate of Iron, acts as a tonic to 
 the organs, and in full doses often benefits cases of functional form (B.). 
 Damiana, has been brought forward as a genital stimulant, and a remedy for 
 impotence, but there is probably no ground for any confidence in such claims 
 (Stille). [Compare Emissions, Spermatorrhcea, also List of Aphrodisiacs, 
 ante , page 47.J 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R 
 
 . Ferri Arseniatis, 
 Ext. Ergotse, . 
 Ft. pil. no. xxx. 
 
 Sig. 
 
 . . . gr. v. 
 
 . . . gr. xxx. 
 -One twice daily. 
 
 R. Sanguinarinae, 
 Ext. Ergotse, . 
 M. Ft. pil. no. 
 thrice daily. 
 
 xx. 
 
 . . . gr. ij. 
 
 . . . gr. xx. 
 Sig.—One pill 
 
 R. Ext. Cann. Indicae, . . . . gr. x. 
 
 Ext. Ergotae,.gr. xl. 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vom., . . . . gr. x. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill night 
 and morning. 
 
 R. Tinct. Sanguinariae, . . 
 
 Ext. Stillingiae FI., . . 
 
 M. Sig.—15 to 20 drops in water, 
 thrice daily. 
 
 3 n J- 
 .0 v - 
 
 R . Quininae Sulpli., . 
 Strych. Sulph., . 
 Ext. Ergotae, . . 
 Mas. Ferri Carb., 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xxx. 
 or 3 times daily. 
 
 , . . . gr. xxx. 
 
 . . . gr. ss. 
 
 . . . gr. xv. 
 
 . . . gr. xlv. 
 
 Sig.—One pill 
 
 R. Phosphori,.gr. ss. 
 
 Ext. Nucis Vom., . . . . gr. vj. 
 
 Mas. Ferri Carbonat., . . . gr. xl. 
 
 Ext. Gentianae,.gr. xxx. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xxv. Sig.—One 2 or 3 
 times daily. 
 
 Inflammation. 
 
 Aconite, especially in inflammation of respiratory organs, eruptive fevers, and 
 all inflammatory states of high temperature and sthenic reaction. Not in ady¬ 
 namic states, or continued fevers, except for hyperpyrexia. May be advantage¬ 
 ously combined with opium (B.); gives most brilliant results in many forms (R.). 
 Always indicated in early stages of simple inflammatory fevers, in all inflam¬ 
 mation of serous membranes, pneumonia, tonsillitis, acute rheumatism, ery¬ 
 sipelas, etc. Is especially adapted to the uses for which bleeding was formerly 
 employed (P.). Arnica is antipyretic, large doses (£ss of tinct.) in sthenic, 
 small doses (n\, x ) i n asthenic inflammation (B.); in inflammation of serous 
 membranes it has given good results (P.). Belladonna, in many forms no 
 remedy more useful, notably scarlet fever, erysipelas, low fevers. Inflamma¬ 
 tion of eyes, boils, carbuncles, etc., by atropine externally, belladonna inter¬ 
 nally. When much fever, may be combined with aconite (B.); both locally 
 and internally in inflammation of the eye; is effectual in inflammation which 
 threatens to end in abscess (R.). In erysipelas, inflammatory sore throat, 
 encephalitis, gouty and rheumatic inflammation, cystitis, pneumonia, etc. (P.). 
 
59 6 
 
 INFLAMMATION. 
 
 Gelsemium, especially inflammation of lungs and pleurae, and in pneumonia 
 (rrpv-x of fl. extr. every two hours) (B.). In acute stage of acute gonorrhoea is 
 valuable (P.). Bryonia, exceedingly valuable in pleurisy and other serous 
 inflammations, especially pericarditis. After the aconite stage (P.). Veratrum 
 Viride, when much delirium and arterial excitement, useful at beginning only 
 (B.). In pneumonia, Veratrine is most valuable, also in acute rheumatism and 
 generally as an antipyretic (P.). Tartar Emetic, in frequent minute doses, 
 gr. ^g, renders incontestable service (B.). In pneumonia, tonsillitis, pleurisy, 
 bronchitis, and other inflammatory affections (R.). Pulsatilla, in acute and 
 subacute inflammations with muco-purulent discharges, especially of eyes, ears, 
 and nasal passages (P.); also with aconite in epididymitis (Pf.). Mercury, in 
 acute glandular inflammation of throat and neck, in ileo-colitis, iritis, syphilitic 
 inflammations of serous membranes, laryngitis (B., R.). Silver Nitrate, locally 
 in strong solution, gr. clx to §j of distilled water, painted over surface and 
 beyond, after thorough cleansing and drying; no agent so safe, powerful or 
 efficacious in subduing external inflammation (Higginbotham). A strong solu¬ 
 tion in nitrous ether is a most efficient application to check inflammation in 
 superficial parts, as boils, felons, orchitis, synovitis, erysipelas, erythema, 
 eczema, etc. (B.). Iodine, as liniment in vicinity of local inflammation to pro¬ 
 duce vesication (R.). Sulphides, especially that of calcium (doses gr.) 
 appear often to arrest suppuration. After formation of pus they hasten matura¬ 
 tion and circumscribe inflammation. In boils, abscesses, and deep-seated 
 suppuration, they improve the condition and promote healing (R.). Antipyrine, 
 Kairine, and other antipyretics. See under the title Fever. Alkalies, espe¬ 
 cially ammonium and potassium salts, are very valuable in the stage of exuda¬ 
 tion (B.). Astringents, locally in inflammations of mucous membranes (R.). 
 Lead, the liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus as a soothing and astringent appli¬ 
 cation to inflamed and erysipelatous surfaces (Wa.) ; to eczema and other 
 inflammatory diseases of the skin (Pf.). For Leadwater and Opium formulae 
 see page 460. Digitalis, the German antipyretic, is especially useful in pneu¬ 
 monia, bronchitis, rheumatic fever and scarlet fever (B.). Aconite safer and 
 better (R.) ; locally and internally is useful in inflammations, especially those 
 of joints, of breast, erysipelatous and varicose : a fomentation of a teasp. of 
 the dried leaves in half a pint of boiling water, or Sj of tincture to the same 
 quantity of water, applied by flannels to the part, will quickly subdue (Fair- 
 bank). Quinine, in peritonitis (Tr.). It is indicated in most acute forms, unless 
 objections occur (P.). Has power to arrest inflammation in formative stage. 
 With morphine and in full doses (gr. xv-xx) may suppress many forms (B.). 
 Chloral, excellent when temperature is high, much delirium; gr. v every 3 
 hours (B.). Opium, is important in most inflammations, but especially those of 
 serous membranes ; a full dose (gr. X of morphine) at first, smaller doses after. 
 Is especially curative in inflammation of intestines and peritoneum, and of 
 cerebro-spinal meningitis, arachnitis, etc. (B., R.). Saline Purgatives, valuable 
 as part of the denutrition treatment, and to diminish arterial tension (B.). Sali¬ 
 cylic Acid is antipyretic, especially in septicemic inflammation, and acute rheu¬ 
 matism, erysipelas, pneumonia (B.). Salicylate of sodium more soluble (R.). 
 Colchicum often exercises a happy influence over certain acute inflammations, 
 as bronchitis, conjunctivitis, etc., especially if occurring in gouty subjects (P.). 
 Cocaine, locally in commencing inflammations of mucous surfaces, to con¬ 
 strict the bloodvessels of the part (R.). Pilocarpus gives good results in the 
 exudative stage of pleuritis, iritis, keratitis, etc. (B.). Cold, by ice in bags, or 
 cold water, a very useful agent. Heat, by hot water, fomentations, etc., often 
 much better. Ice, in small pieces in a bladder applied to inflamed part(R.). 
 Water, cold and hot baths and packing very useful in all inflammations (B.). 
 Alcohol is constantly prescribed, and is of value in low states, if symptoms 
 after its administration are ameliorated (B.). [See Fever.] Poultices, useful 
 in many inflammatory states, but often abused (B.). To check formation of 
 pus and assist in maturation (R.). Venesection, when pulse hard, strong, full 
 and frequent, a plethoric state of the system and great intensity of morbid 
 action ; if required the earlier it is done the better (Gross). Leeches very useful 
 
INFLUENZA. 
 
 597 
 
 in many forms where sthenic reaction and plethora. Value of blood-letting 
 probably due to derivative and counter-irritant effect (B.); a remedy of great 
 power for good or evil, now much neglected (Wa.). Local bleeding by leeches, 
 cups, scarification, etc., should generally be preceded by some form of general 
 depletion (Gross). Aliment: when no inflammation of digestive tract, use milk 
 and beef-tea alternately every 3 hours. No starches or fats. In intestinal inflam¬ 
 mation, milk, eggs, animal broths, oysters, fish, but must be used with great 
 caution. Skim-milk treatment (B.). Cod-liver oil in many chronic inflamma¬ 
 tions, as of heart, lungs, kidneys, etc. (R.). [Compare the various titles, as 
 Bronchitis, Pleuritis, etc., also the list of Antiphlogistics, on page 43.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Aconiti,.^j. 
 
 Tinct. Belladon., .... ^ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Three or four drops in water 
 every hour. (B.) 
 
 R. Ammonii Chloridi, . . . 3 v. 
 
 Acidi Acetici, 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa 3 x. 
 
 Aquae, .... q. s. ad 3 x. 
 
 M. et fiat lotio. Evaporating and dis- 
 cutient lotion. 
 
 Antim. et Pot. Tart., . 
 
 . . gr. ijss. 
 
 Magnesii Sulph., . . 
 
 • • 3T 
 
 Morphinae Sulph., . . 
 
 • • ,‘g r - ) l A- 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Aromat., . 
 
 . . sj-ss. 
 
 Tinct. Verat. Virid., 
 
 • • 3JSS. 
 
 Syr. Zingiberis, . 
 
 • • d'j- 
 
 Aquae Destill., . . . 
 
 . . sx. 
 
 M. Sig.— Tablesp. every 2, 4, or 6 
 hours. Antimonial and Saline Mixture. 
 
 ( Gross .] 
 
 [See pages 460 and 461 for Lotion and Liniment formulae.] 
 
 Influenza. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid, by fumigation or inhalation, a few drops on boiling water 
 or as a spray, often controls (R.). Tartar Emetic has been recommended 
 strongly, but is too depressant (Wa.). Quinine has been used beneficially 
 throughout the disease, especially after the acute stage, for neuralgic pains 
 (Wa.). Ammonium, the liquor ammonii acetatis, combined with nitric or 
 chloric ether, is often of great service (Wa.). Sanguinaria, used with much 
 benefit (Wa.). Cimicifuga has been given with much success (R.). Spiritus 
 Etheris Nitrosi, in doses of 3 j-jss, in any convenient vehicle, is a popular and 
 efficacious remedy (Wa.). Cocaine, a 4 per cent, solution snuffed up nostrils 
 or applied by spray-producer, very efficacious in the early stage (R.). Cubebs, 
 3ss or 3j doses of the tincture in j^-glass of linseed tea thrice daily, for the 
 subsequent cough, often curing like a charm (R.). Opium, best avoided in 
 early stage, but later for the cough, with ipecac., gives great ease. Dover’s 
 powder, with nitre and lobelia is a good form (Wa.). Potassium Nitrate, nitre 
 largely diluted, as lemonade, 3j-ij in the course of the day, proves highly 
 useful (Wa.). Turkish Baths have been employed with marked advantage 
 (Wa.). Hot Fomentations, for headache (R.). Benzoin, the compound tinc¬ 
 ture, .3ss-j, inhaled from a pint of hot water frequently (Da Costa). [Compare 
 Bronchitis, Catarrh, Hay-Fever.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Ipecac. FI., . . . . 3 ij. 
 Tinct. Opii Deod., . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti,. %j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Five to ten drops every two 
 hours. For the bronchitis. 
 
 R. Ext. Cimicifugae FI., . . . ^ss. 
 Tinct. Opii Deod., . . . sjj. 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,.3 xj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every four hours. 
 
 R. Ammonii Chloridi, . . . 3jss. 
 Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. ij. 
 Tinct. Sanguinariae, 
 
 Syr. Ipecac., . . . . aa giv. 
 
 Mist. Glycyrrh. Co., 
 
 Aquae,.aa ^jss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. as required for the 
 cough. Each dose has of Morph. Sulph. 
 
 g r - tV 
 
598 
 
 INSOMNIA-INTERMITTENT FEVER. 
 
 Insomnia. 
 
 Chloral, the best hypnotic (gr. xv-xx), quite unrivaled. Cautiously in deli¬ 
 rium tremens, which see (B.). In many forms of sleeplessness (R.); acts best 
 in cases which are of purely nervous type (Wa.); in combination with alcoholic 
 preparations, especially if potassium or sodium bromides are present, it is apt 
 to separate to the top as an alcoholate. See a?ite y page 165. Croton Chloral, 
 3j may be given (R.). Potassium Bromide, when from cerebral overaction, 
 gr. xv before each meal, and gr. xxx on retiring. Cumulative effect (B.). It 
 increases hypnotic effect of hyoscyamus, belladonna, cannabis indica, ether 
 and chloroform (R.). Hyoscyamus, an effective substitute for opium in chil¬ 
 dren, oij — 3 J °f tinct. necessary, and without danger (B.); when opium dis¬ 
 agrees (R.). Belladonna, hypnotic in some morbid states, especially those 
 marked by prostration, low arterial tension, contracted pupils. Atropine, 
 gr. to jj 1 ^ (B.). Paraldehyde, in doses of hhxxx- 1 , is an efficient hypnotic 
 with little or no depressing action on the heart (C.). Ignatia, for sleeplessness 
 from nervous erethism, better than morphine (Pf.). Gelsemium, in simple 
 wakefulness (B.); and in that of drunkards, mania and over excitement (R.). 
 Coffee, insomnia from lowering of nervous power, and chronic alcoholism (P.). 
 Opium, Morphine the best form, gr. %-gr. ss, when pain (B.). Codeine and 
 Narceine, also hypnotic, should be given to act at natural time for sleeping 
 (R.). Sumbul, hixxx-xl of tinct., with a little chloric ether, very efficient in the 
 insomnia of chronic alcoholism (P.). Tartar Emetic, and opium, very effect¬ 
 ive when due to cerebral congestion, and when opium stimulates (B.). Ether 
 or Chloroform in a full dose (R.). Phosphorus, nutrition inactive. Insomnia 
 of the aged (B.). Humulus, a hop-pillow effective (B., P.); tinct. lupulinae, 
 3SS-5SS, as cerebral sedative (B.). Cocaine has been used with some success 
 (Wa.). Chamomilla, TT\j of the tinct. every quarter-hour, an excellent sedative 
 for children (A. A. Smith). Cannabin Tannate, in 8-grain doses, a good hyp¬ 
 notic (Fronmliller) ; very inefficient (W.). Cannabis is very uncertain in its 
 action (R.). Alcohol, if from cerebral anaemia, a full dose of whiskey or 
 brandy ; or in some a glass of ale or beer answers better (B.). Water, a tepid 
 bath just before retiring often effective. When head is hot, cold to it, and 
 tepid bath to the body (B.). [Compare Nervousness; also the list of Hyp¬ 
 notics on page 27 ; also the Analogues of Chloral, page 163.] 
 
 R. Paraldehyde,. Sd ss - 
 
 Alcoholis (90 per cent.), . ^jss. 
 
 Tinct. Vanilloe,.^ ss. 
 
 A d u?e > .. 3 b 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, ... ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. or two every hour 
 until sleep is obtained. 
 
 ( Yvon's Hypnotic Elixir.) 
 
 R. Chloralis Hyd.,..3 ij. 
 
 Potassii Brom.,.spij. 
 
 Tinct. Opii, . gj. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii Cort. g iij. 
 
 Aquae, . ad g ij. 
 
 M. Sig. — Teasp. dose. May be re¬ 
 peated if necessary. 
 
 Potassii Bromidi, . . . . g iv. 
 
 Chloralis Hydrat., . . . . 3 iij. 
 
 Tinct. Asafoetidae, . . . . £iv. 
 
 Syrupi,.gvj. 
 
 Aquae, . . . . . q. s. ad ^vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. every 2 hours until 
 sleep is induced. In the insomnia of hys¬ 
 teria. 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, .... 
 
 Chloralis Hydrat. . . aa ^ss. 
 
 Syr. Pruni Virgin., . . . . j§j. 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. in a winegl. of water. 
 Repeat in one hour if necessary. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. 
 
 Intermittent Fever. 
 
 Cinchona. Quinine as prophylactic, gr. v-x each morning in black coffee ; 
 begin with gr. v, add gr. j each week (R.). In ordinary intermittents give 6 or 
 10 grain doses up to 20 or 30 grains, so as to have it all in 4 or 5 hours before 
 the expected paroxysm ; give the sulphate and in solution to get its full action 
 (Da Costa). For acute ague, gr. x in sweating stage, and same 5 hours before 
 next paroxysm, and gr. x-xv at the septenary periods, until the third has 
 
INTERMITTENT FEVER. 
 
 599 
 
 passed. In pernicious form, gr. xx-xl are required, by stomach, rectum or 
 skin, to secure safety of patient. Best in combination with morphine, and with 
 continuous administration of arsenic during intermissions. May be given in 
 solution by rectum, or hypodermically (B., R.). Is almost specific in inter- 
 mittents when uncomplicated, and of recent origin (Wa.). Chinoidine may 
 be used as a substitute for quinine in doses twice as large (B.). Cinchonine, 
 Cinchonidine, Quinidine, the sulphates of these alkaloids are scarcely, if at all, 
 inferior to quinine as therapeutical agents. (Report of the Madras Commis¬ 
 sion, 1866.) Average dose of each, gr. x (Wj\.). Salicylate of Cinchonidine, 
 promises well as an antiperiodic (B.). Opium, as morphine, gr. hypo¬ 
 
 dermically, not only lessens the chill but aids the action of the antiperiodic ; is 
 to be strongly urged (Da Costa); is useful in the pernicious variety, in combi¬ 
 nation with quinine (B.). Arsenic, the best remedy next to quinine, especially 
 useful in long-standing agues, of quartan type (R.). Useful as adjunct to qui¬ 
 nine daily, to prevent relapse. Most important in chronic ague, with iron ; 
 also as prophylactic small doses of Fowler’s solution (B.). Capsicum, the 
 resins of black and red pepper, as adjuvants chiefly (B.); promotes action of 
 quinine (Pf.). Nux Vomica, has been used with success, but now used as 
 adjunct to quinine (B.) ; good in convalescence (P.) ; has antiperiodic value 
 not inferior to quinine. Strychninae gr. equals gr. j of quininas sulphas 
 (Wa.). Hydrastine, stands next after arsenic ; same indications as quinine 
 (B.) ; in doses of gr. ij-ix is strongly recommended (P.). Pilocarpine, gr. yi 
 of the muriate, in the cold stage, is strongly recommended by high authority, 
 to excite profuse perspiration and thus lessen the attack (Da Costa). Apiol, 
 when prejudice exists against quinine. Gtt. xv during an hour, in divided 
 doses, 4 hours before paroxysm (B.); is one of the minor remedies which often 
 prove successful in mild cases (Wa.). Salicin, as substitute for quinine, but 
 inferior (B.); grs. x-xl, in mild cases (P.). Chloroform, to prevent an impending 
 paroxysm ; 3 j-£ij (of spt.) before the chill, or by inhalation (B.). Narcotine, 
 gr. ij-v ter die, is eminently antiperiodic. No drug (except quinine) cures 
 intermittents so rapidly and surely, or with more freedom from disagreeable 
 effects (Wa.) ; said to be superior to quinine (R.). Nitric Acid, full doses 
 every 4-6 hours (B.). Sodium Chloride, in large doses during the apyrexia, 
 3 viij-xij, may occasionally prove efficacious (Wa.). Eucalyptus, during con¬ 
 valescence (B.); has been successfully used in treatment of ague, £>j-ij of a 
 tincture (Wa.). Carbolic Acid, in 4-grain doses with infusion of ginger, cured 
 a series of 8 cases which had resisted quinine (Wa.); its value established; 
 TWss-ij in mint-water; or gr. ^ in rr^xx of water, hypodermically (Tessier); 
 combined with iodine is of great value in chronic malaria, and in acute cases 
 after quinine has stopped the paroxysm (B.). Mercury, uncalled for in ordi¬ 
 nary cases ; but hydrarg. cum creta, quinine and rhubarb of service in obstinate 
 intermittents of children in tropical regions (Wa.). Sodium Hyposulphite, 
 gr. xv-xx every two hours is said to cure (R.). Cascarilla, Chamomile, Quassia, 
 used (R.). Gentian, is valued chiefly as vehicle (P.). Ammonium Picrate, 
 proved wonderfully effective in India, where 10,000 cases were treated there¬ 
 with (Clark). Lemon, in decoction, exceedingly efficient in preventing recur¬ 
 rence of the paroxysms after they have been broken up by the use of Quinine 
 (Crudeli). Emetics, may cure many cases ; one each morning will assist the 
 action of quinine. Ipecacuanha preferred to antimony (R.); only at com¬ 
 mencement, inadmissible if gastric irritation (Wa.). Antimony, at the onset, 
 and continuously in mild, uncomplicated cases. Tartar Emetic, gr. 
 every 2 hours, has been followed by complete cures (Moore). Antipyrine, is 
 useless (Falkenheim). Resorcin, and similar agents, have no specific action, 
 merely controlling the pyrexia (Wa.). Warburg’s Tincture is a remedy of 
 great power, but produces such severe diaphoresis as to be dangerous to adyna¬ 
 mic subjects (Prof. Maclean). Purgatives, in the intermission, before using the 
 antiperiodic, is good practice ; podophyllum, colocynth or jalap (Da Costa). 
 Iron is valuable in chronic cases ; the system should be thoroughly saturated 
 with it (Da C.). Ergot, for the enlarged spleen (Da C.). [Compare the title 
 Malaria ; also the List of Antiperiodics on page 43.] 
 
6oo 
 
 INTERTRIGO-INTUSSUSCEPTION. 
 
 R. Quininae Sulph., 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae, 
 
 Syr. Eriodyctii Aromat. 
 
 (Parke, Davis & Co.), vel 
 Mist. Glycyrrhizae Co , vel 
 Velatine, . . . . q. s. ad ^ ij. 
 
 M. Fiat emulsio. Sig.—A teasp. con¬ 
 tains gr. ij of Quin. Sulph. Suspension of 
 the quinine without dissolving it makes the 
 bitter taste less perceptible (Squire), and 
 the Syrup of Yerba Santa covers the taste 
 w T ell. (Potter.) 
 
 R. Ac. Carbolici,. gj. 
 
 Tinct. Iodi Comp.3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—4 drops every 4 hours in suf¬ 
 ficient water. (B.) 
 
 R. Massae Ferri Carb., . . . £j. 
 
 Ac. Arseniosi,.gr. j. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One thrice 
 daily in chronic ague. (B.) 
 
 R. Quininae Sulph., . . . . gr. xl. 
 Ferri Sulph. Exsic., . . gr. xx. 
 
 Ac. Arseniosi,.gr. j. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One thrice 
 daily. (B.) 
 
 Quininae Sulphat., . . . . gr. lxxx. 
 Ac. Sulph. Diluti, . . . . q. s. 
 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, ... 7 , iv. 
 
 Syr. Tolu, Aquae, . . . ad£ ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. contains gr. v of 
 
 Quin. Sulph. ( Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Quininae Sulphat., .... £j. 
 
 Ac. Hydrobrom. Dil., . . 3 ij. 
 
 Aquae,.3 xiv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. contains gr. iij 3^ of 
 Quin. Sulph. The acid directed prevents 
 the unpleasant cerebral action. (B.) 
 
 R. Quininae Sulph.,.gss. 
 
 Pulv. Acaciae,.3 ss. 
 
 Syr. Zingiberis,.3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. contains one grain of 
 Quin. Sulph. A good formula for children, 
 the quinine being suspended, not dissolved. 
 
 R . Quininae Sulph...gr. xxx. 
 
 Capsici,.gr. xv. 
 
 Opii Pulveris,.gr. iij. 
 
 M. Ft. pil. no. xxx. Sig.—One to five 
 pills as required. ( Piffard .) 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 . gr. xxxij. 
 
 3 si¬ 
 
 ft 
 
 Intertrigo. 
 
 Bismuth, nitrate or carbonate, as dusting powder (R., B.). Tannin, the 
 glycerite, excellent (R., P.). Camphor, added to dusting powders, to allay 
 heat and itching (R.). Lime-water, to obviate irritating urine (R.). Soap, free 
 ablution with, when caused by acid secretions; use greasy applications after¬ 
 wards (R.). Boracic Acid, as ointment, £jss to §j of vaseline, a very useful 
 application (Wa.). Glycerin, with tragacanth, etc. [See under Herpes for 
 formula.] Calomel, as ointment, gj to 3), is especially useful (Wa.). Zinc 
 Carbonate. Calamine is a good dusting powder; so also is the oxide, or 
 fuller’s earth. 
 
 Intestinal Obstruction. 
 
 Opium, even yi-g rain doses every 4 hours, for 2-4 days, arrests dangerous 
 symptoms, and brings a painless purgation (Brinton, P.). Morphine, endermi- 
 cally (Wa.). Belladonna, often successfully employed (P.) : gr. yi~Vi every 
 few hours, when from want of tone and partial spasm (Tr.). Strychnine, occa¬ 
 sionally beneficial; cautiously in acute cases (Wa.). Mercury. A full dose of 
 calomel, followed in a few hours by castor oil, and a turpentine enema, affords 
 relief (Wa.). Caffeine acts upon the muscular tissue and often proves of the 
 utmost value (Wa.). Senna, the infusion, in doses of 3j—iij, forms an efficient 
 purgative (Wa.). Purgation to be refrained from (Brinton). Enemata, insuf¬ 
 flation and surgical measures are often necessary. [Compare Constipation, 
 Intussusception, Hernia.] 
 
 Intussusception. 
 
 Belladonna, gr. iv of extract in an enema, has been successfully used (Wa.). 
 Opium, in full doses carried to narcotism, has been successful in many cases 
 (Wa.); must be used freely to prevent inflammation (Macleod). Effervescent 
 Enemata, have been employed with success (B.). Tobacco Enema, may over- 
 
IRRITABILITY-IRITIS-JAUNDICE. 
 
 601 
 
 come, and has proved exceedingly effective, but is dangerous. Produces most 
 depressing nausea. Not safe to use more than ^iv of the infusion ; 3 j-Oj (B.). 
 Inflation, of intestines with air ( Hippocrates ), seems a most reasonable mechan¬ 
 ical remedy. Irrigation, by hydrostatic pressure is resorted to with success. 
 Requires care and gentleness (B.). Hot water (Wa.); ox-gall, gr. x-xxx in the 
 solution used, is especially efficient in cases arising from partial paresis of the 
 bowels (Hawkins). The knee-chest position is the best during irrigation or in¬ 
 flation. [Compare Hernia, Typhlitis.] 
 
 Irritability. 
 
 Ignatia, in small doses diminishes, in large doses excites irritability of cerebro¬ 
 spinal axis. The remedy par excellence (Pf.). Chloral gr. v, 2 or 3 times a 
 day, in irritability with nervousness and restlessness (R.). Chamomilla, is an 
 excellent sedative for children, in doses of n\j of the tincture every % hour (A. 
 A. Smith). Opium, gives calm to the nervous system if used in medium doses. 
 Strychnine, in functional irritability of the nervous system. [Compare In¬ 
 somnia, Nervousness.] 
 
 Iritis. 
 
 Belladonna, locally and internally (R.); rtpv every 3 hours, also lotion ( 5 j of 
 extract to ^iv aquae), is of great value (P.). Atropine (solution gr. iv ad 5j) 
 has a wide field of utility, as mydriatic (B.); should never be omitted (C.) ; is 
 essential in the treatment of every form, should be applied early in the case 
 and persevered in throughout its continuance (Lawson). Mercury, when of 
 syphilitic origin, as it usually is (B.) ; the bichloride is of great service (R.). In 
 plastic iritis of original severity, or in cases aggravated by improper treatment, 
 mercury is imperative, gr. ij of blue pill twice a day, until blue line on gums 
 (C.). Duboisine, as substitute for atropine, is more rapid for effecting dilatation, 
 less irritating to the conjunctiva, and has less permanent after-effects (B.). 
 Turpentine, in so-called “rheumatic iritis’’ is very successfully used; small 
 repeated doses (P.). Opium, when much pain, an indispensable adjuvant. 
 Morphine, hypodermically (C.). Copaiba, Z\) in mucilage, thrice daily, gives 
 excellent results in iritis and sclerotitis, diminishing pain in 24 to 48 hours, and 
 restoring sight (Hall). Quinine and Iron, when the patient is feeble or anaemic. 
 Irritants, or astringents should never be employed (C.). Surgical. Paracen¬ 
 tesis when increased tension. Corelysis when only one or two adjacent ad¬ 
 hesions. Iridectomy. Complete functional rest to the eyes, by atropine and a 
 bandage with compression-pad, an absolute necessity during the whole period 
 of treatment (C.). [Compare Syphilis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Hydr. Chlor. Corr., . . . gr. j. 
 
 Potassii Iodidi.zj. 
 
 Tinct. Calumbae, . . . . 3 ij. 
 Aquae Destil., . . . . ad 5 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertspoonful, in a wine¬ 
 glass of water, 2 or 3 times daily. 
 
 (Lawson.) 
 
 R. 01 . Terebinth.,.^iij. 
 
 Syr. Acaciae,.oj ss - 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, ... 5 ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful 4 or 5 times 
 daily. 
 
 R. Extracti Belladon., . . . sjj. 
 Ung. Hydrargyri, . . . . =vj 
 M. Sig.—For inunction to brow. 
 
 Jaundice. 
 
 Mercury, in attacks with depression, sickness and coated tongue, gr. 
 of gray powder taken at onset, and repeated three or four times a day, very 
 valuable (R.). As purgative in jaundice from both deficiency and excess of 
 bile, singularly enough (B.). Gray powder with ipecac, followed next morning 
 by castor oil, is well adapted to the jaundice of infancy and childhood (Wa.). 
 
602 
 
 JOINT AFFECTIONS. 
 
 Mercurials and podophyllum are better avoided, especially in obstructive jaun¬ 
 dice, unless very marked indications for them exist (Da Costa). Celandine, was 
 formerly employed as deobstruent (P.); energetically affects the liver (Pf.). 
 Hydrastis, useful if continued for some time, in jaundice from catarrh of ducts 
 (B.). Arsenic, has been used with success in jaundice from catarrh of bile ducts 
 after catarrh of duodenum. Better for jaundice of malarial origin (B.). Nitro- 
 Hydrochloric Acid, internally, and acid bath to right hypochondrium ; tempera¬ 
 ture of bath 96°, ^iij-gall. j (B.); when jaundice depends on torpor of the liver, 
 or is catarrhal in origin (W.); during convalescence, tt\,v-x of the dilute acid 
 in 3 j of a compound elixir of taraxacum before each meal (Da Costa). Quinine, 
 when due to malarial miasm, or when periodic (B.). Euonymin, an hepatic 
 stimulant of especial power (B.). Podophyllum, in catarrhal and malarial 
 jaundice (B.); when stools exhibit no trace of bile, one dose has cured (Wa.). 
 Best avoided, unless markedly indicated (Da C.). Sodium Phosphate, no 
 remedy superior in jaundice from catarrh of gall-ducts; 3 j doses every four 
 hours for adults : gr. x-£)j for children (B.). Manganese, in jaundice from 
 malarial origin, or catarrh of biliary passages (B.). Aloes, for simple jaundice 
 of an atonic kind (B.); when hypochondriasis (P.). Rhubarb, for above mala¬ 
 dies in children; white or clay-colored pasty stools; skin jaundiced (B.). 
 Saline Purgatives to depurate the upper bowel, as Rochelle salt; with alkaline 
 baths, diaphoretics and diuretics (Da C.). Ammonium Iodide, gr. j-iij in water 
 every 2 or 3 hours in catarrh of bile ducts and jaundice. Also Ammonium 
 Chloride, with fluid extract of taraxacum (B.). The Chloride, in 20-grain doses 
 every 4 hours, produces a decided change (Wa.). Stillingia, relieves jaundice 
 and torpid liver following intermittent fever (B.). Dulcamara, employed with 
 advantage (P.). Iris, in malarial jaundice and that from duodenal catarrh (B.). 
 Alkaline Mineral Waters, especially in catarrh of duodenum or bile-ducts (B.). 
 Potassium Salts. The Chlorate in chronic or asthenic jaundice. The Sulphate 
 the most useful saline purgative in jaundice (Wa.). Aliment. No starches or 
 fats. Milk, eggs, oysters, beef broth, broiled or raw beefsteak, or whitefish (B.). 
 Plenty of green vegetables at each meal, use cold water freely, avoid all high 
 seasoning in food, and all liquors. [Compare Hepatic Cirrhosis, Hepatic 
 Diseases, Calculi.] 
 
 Joint Affections. 
 
 Aconite, for pains in inflamed joints (R.) ; the liniment locally in chronic 
 arthritic swellings (Wa.). Mercury, the oleate in chronic inflammation of the 
 knee (R.). Diluted Ung. Hydrarg. Ammoniat. £>j to 3 iv at first, then gj to §j, 
 by gentle friction 2 or 3 times daily, in chronic articular inflammations by far 
 the best application (P.). Rhus Toxicodendron, internally and as lotion, is 
 invaluable for subacute stiffness and aching of joints after acute rheumatic 
 fever (P.). Iodine, 3iij-vj ad glycerini 3iij, aq. destil. ifiv, in numerous ob¬ 
 stinate cases of joint affections consequent on rheumatism (Wa.). Ferric 
 Iodide, with Iodine locally, in scrofulous affections of the bones and joints 
 (Wa.). Iodoform has been used with satisfactory results in scrofulous affections 
 of the joints and bones by many continental authorities (Wa.). Salicylic Acid, 
 Sj with 3 iv of Lanolin, and 01 . Olivas, q.s. to make a paste, applied locally and 
 covered with cotton, or rubbed in once daily for 3 or 4 days, then omitted fora 
 week, and again renewed, is of proven value in many obstinate cases of stiff 
 knees, pains from so-called rheumatism, painful ankle and wrist-joints, etc. 
 (Aulde). Arsenic, often serviceable in rheumatoid arthritis and nodosity of 
 joints. Large doses continued necessary (R.). Alcohol, and water, equal parts, 
 an excellent evaporating lotion (B.). Silver Nitrate, a strong solution in nitrous 
 ether is the most efficient application to check inflammation in small joints if 
 applied early to adjacent vascular parts (B.). Cod-liver Oil, in strumous subjects 
 (R.): the remedy on which most reliance may be placed in scrofulous joint 
 affections (Wa.). Cold Douche, Galvanism, Turkish Baths, for stiff joints 
 (R.). Digitalis, as fomentation, 3j of tincture to boiling water, applied on 
 flannel, has proved very efficient in acute inflammations of joints (Fairbank). 
 
KERATITIS-LABOR. 
 
 603 
 
 Turpentine, the liniment a serviceable application in chronic enlargement of 
 the joints (Wa.). Sulphuric Acid, as irritant ointment, S] of acid to §j of lard, 
 very beneficial in chronic diseases of joints (Wa.). [Compare Bursitis, Cox- 
 algia, Gout, Rheumatic Arthritis, Rheumatism, Synovitis.] 
 
 Keratitis. 
 
 Atropine, renders great service by contracting vessels (B.). Atropine by 
 instillation, with enforced disuse, and a protective bandage, should be regarded 
 as measures of course (C.). Mercuric and ferric perchlorides, with cod-liver 
 oil, will accomplish all that medicine can do for interstitial keratitis in syphilitic 
 subjects (C.). Calcium Sulphide, proves most useful in doses of gr. to X , 
 thrice daily, in sugar-of-milk trituration (Snell). Arsenic, Potassium Iodide or 
 Bromide, Iron or Quinine, for constitutional effects in vascular keratitis. Also 
 counter-irritation by iodine painted on the temples till soreness (C.). Ferric 
 Perchloride, successfully employed in panniform keratitis. A large drop of the 
 solution dropped from a quill every second or third day (Wa.). Eserine, lowers 
 intra-ocular tension (B.). Astringents or Irritants (as alcohol in any form, zinc 
 sulphate, silver nitrate, etc.), are entirely inadmissible (C.). Iridectomy, is often 
 beneficial in severe vascular keratitis (C.). Pressure-Bandage, in severe sup¬ 
 purative forms, limits extent. Water, cold when inflammatory symptoms 
 marked: hot (90-100° F.) in non-inflammatory form, to excite inflammatory 
 reaction ; should be discontinued when marked injection. [Compare Corneal 
 Opacities.] 
 
 Prescription. 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . gr. j. 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . . gr. vj. 
 Tinct. Belladonnae, . . . 3 ij. 
 Aquae Destillatae, . ... g viij. 
 M. et fiat, collyrium. 
 
 Sig.—A teasp. in a winegl. of tepid 
 water, to be applied frequently with a 
 pledget of lint on the closed lids. In 
 phlyctenular keratitis of children. 
 
 ( Turnbull .) 
 
 Labor. 
 
 Ergot, when uterine inertia, after the first stage passed. Is dangerous if any 
 obstacle in front. Danger to child in paralysis of foetal heart (B.). Is best 
 given when head has passed the brim of pelvis (Wa.). Anaesthetics, in pro¬ 
 tracted and painful labor; cautiously with primiparae (B.); increase the risk of 
 post-partum hemorrhage (W.). Chloroform, not to complete anaesthesia, lest 
 uterine action be interrupted. Usually begin when os is dilated (Simpson). 
 Chloral, of great value to relieve pain ; does not interfere with the exhibition 
 of chloroform ; should be given in 15-grain doses every J^-hour till effect pro¬ 
 duced (Wa.); the best of all remedies for rigid, undilatable cervix, gr. xv every 
 20 minutes for 3 doses, perhaps a 4th after an hour’s interval (Playfair). 
 Ethyl Bromide, a rapid, sure and safe anaesthetic, particularly suited to labor 
 cases (Levis). Opium, facilitates dilatation, promotes expulsive power of uterus, 
 lessens hemorrhage, stimulates longitudinal and oblique fibres of the os (Wa.). 
 Cimicifuga, exercises special action, similar to that of ergot; is less dangerous 
 to life of child and soft parts of mother (Wa.); for mental disturbance and 
 suppressed lochia (R.); as partus accelerator in lieu of ergot, also to allay ner¬ 
 vous excitement after labor, and to check post-partum hemorrhage (P.). Opium, 
 a full dose of Morphine, gr. in tedious labors with severe pains, will aid 
 patient greatly and promote progress of the child. No bad results ensue. 
 Morphine, for relief of pains and after-pains, or painful complications (Wa.). 
 Hypodermically in rigid os and cervix (R.). Belladonna, topically to uterus, of 
 great service in long-protracted labors from rigidity of os and cervix (H.). 
 Gelsemium, quiets the “ nagging ” pains of the first stage; requires physiologi¬ 
 cal doses (B.); relaxes spasm in rigidity of the os (Wa.). Quinine, to strengthen 
 uterine contractions ; used by many in place of ergot (R.). Cannabis Indica, 
 the tincture gtt. xxx, as stimulant to uterine contractions, more prompt, less 
 lasting, than ergot (Wa.). Ipecacuanha, after delivery ; to promote natural 
 
6 c >4 
 
 LACTATION-LARYNGISMUS STRIDULUS. 
 
 functions (R.). Cotton-root, as excitant of uterine contractions may be more 
 energetic than ergot (P.). Althaea, the decoction, as vaginal injection in diffi¬ 
 cult labor (P.). Sodium Borate, excites activity of the uterus, and is well em¬ 
 ployed in tedious labor, where there is deficiency of uterine contraction (Rigby). 
 Amyl Nitrite, has acted admirably in a case of hour-glass contraction of the 
 uterus ; seems to antagonize the action of ergot (Barnes). Oil of Eucalyptus 
 is very valuable in effecting antiseptic midwifery (Wa.). Mercury. The 
 bichloride, gr. vijss to a quart of hot water gives a 2wo solution, probably the 
 worst of all antiseptics for this purpose: is too dangerous for obstetrical use 
 (Fleischman). [Compare Abortion, After-pains, False Pains, Hemor¬ 
 rhage Post-partum, Lactation, Puerperal Convulsions,—Mania,— 
 Fever,—Disorders.] 
 
 Lactation. 
 
 Pilocarpine, as a galactagogue, gr. y% of the muriate in brandy on retiring, 
 the patient to be covered well in bed. Is efficient in direct proportion to its 
 diaphoretic and sialagogue effects, these being evanescent, but its galactagogue 
 power remaining for weeks, an occasional dose only being required to spur up 
 the secretion when flagging (Minges). Belladonna, internally or externally or 
 both in excessive lactation (R.). Atropine gr. iv-^j aquae rosae on lint around 
 the breast to arrest secretion of milk. Remove when fauces become dry and 
 pupils dilated (B.). Camphor, locally to arrest the secretion ; a saturated solu¬ 
 tion in olive oil or glycerin, is more efficient than belladonna (Wa.). Potassium 
 Iodide, in 25 to 30-grain doses internally, for the same purpose, is very effectual 
 (Rousset). Calcium Phosphate and Hypophosphite, in debility from over-lacta¬ 
 tion (R., Wa.). Ammonium Chloride, for the intercostal neuralgia of suckling 
 women ; gr. x-xx, every 3 or 4 hours (Wa.). Quinine, Tannin, are used to 
 arrest the secretion (R ). Alcohol, as beer or porter, often useful in excessive 
 lactation—not always (R.). [Compare Abscess, Agalactia, Mastitis, Nip¬ 
 ples, also the List of Galactagogues on page 49, ante.] 
 
 Excreted in the milk, when taken by the nursing woman, are the oils of 
 anise, cumin, dill, wormwood and garlic,—turpentine, copaiba,—the active 
 principles of rhubarb, senna, scammony, and castor-oil,—opium, iodine, indigo, 
 antimony, arsenic, bismuth, iron, lead, mercury, and zinc. Acids given to the 
 mother cause griping in the child. Natural salts, as a rule, and the purgative 
 agents above-named, act as purgatives to the child, and potassium salts as 
 diuretics. Turpentine, copaiba and potassium iodide given to the mother, can 
 be detected in the urine of the child. Opium given to the mother may narcot¬ 
 ize the child, and mercurials in the same manner may salivate it (Br.). Atro¬ 
 pine, hyoscyamine, the salicylates, and potassium sulphide, have also been 
 found in the milk after their ingestion by the woman. 
 
 Prescription for Milk-Fever. 
 
 $. Tinct. Aconiti,. 
 
 Antim. et Potass. Tart., . 
 Spt. Etheris Nitrosi, 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, . . . . ka 
 Aquae Aurantii Flor., . . 
 M. 
 
 rn xx. 
 
 g r - ij- 
 
 Sig.—A teaspoonful in a wineglassful of 
 sweetened water, every two hours. 
 
 (Fordyce Barker .) 
 
 Laryngismus Stridulus. 
 
 Aconite, checks the spasm and relieves the croupous breathing (R.). Bella¬ 
 donna, promises to be of value (Wa.). Atropine, gr. in a goblet of water 
 (60 doses), of which give a teasp. every hour or )^-hour, will give prompt 
 relief (A. A. Smith). Bromides, when uncomplicated except with convulsions 
 (R.). Full doses will suspend an attack, and moderate doses steadily contin¬ 
 ued, will prevent recurrence (B.). Ipecacuanha, an emetic dose to cut short 
 an attack (B.). Lobelia, has been employed (R.). Chloroform, quickly cures 
 
LARYNGITIS. 
 
 605 
 
 the paroxysm, a few drops on a handkerchief sufficient (B.); may often be 
 used with advantage (W.). Nitroglycerin, will speedily allay the spasm (B.). 
 Chloral, gr. v-xv to prevent or arrest (B.). Quinine, given between attacks to 
 prevent (B.); a most valuable remedy, but in small, repeated doses (P.). 
 Emetics. Tartar emetic; mercuric sulphate (gr. iij-v) safer and better (B.). 
 Conium, is valuable, carried to a point of physiological effect (B.). Water, 
 wet pack to neck (B.); cold sponging twice or thrice daily more successful than 
 anything else, with out-of-door exercise. Cautiously if hoarse voice indicates 
 laryngitis (R.). [Compare Croup, Laryngitis.] 
 
 Laryngitis, Acute Catarrhal. 
 
 Aconite, very valuable (R.); especially indicated in inflammatory states of 
 respiratory parts ; gtt. ss-j every half-hour till an impression is made on the 
 fever, then every hour or two (B.). Antimony. Tartar emetic, gr. a very 
 excellent remedy internally; larger doses in oedematous laryngitis, gr. ^ with 
 gr. iij of Dover’s powder every 2 or 3 hours (DaCosta). Iodine, inhaled; 
 also as counter-irritant painted over neck (B.). Morphine, small doses to allay 
 cough (A.). Sulphurous Acid Spray, is vaunted (Wa.). Leeches to throat are 
 valuable auxiliaries to general treatment in sthenic cases ; or cupping at the 
 nape of the neck(Wa.). Rumex, has selective action on the laryngeal mucous 
 membrane. See page 345. Zinc or Copper Sulphates, as emetics, in large 
 quantities of warm water, where oedema slight (A.); a solution of zinc sulphate, 
 gr. xx to §j on sponge to larynx with aid of the laryngoscope if possible to use 
 it (Da C.). Scarification, by Mackenzie’s laryngeal lancet, of great service in 
 the oedematous form (Da C.). A Purgative and Diaphoretic, with mucilagi¬ 
 nous drinks, if given at the start may be sufficient (Da C.). Iron, Monsel’s 
 solution, 1 part to 2 or 3 of water and glycerin, an excellent local application 
 (Da C.). Heat, by poultices or fomentations (A.). Hot-water stupes may 
 succeed (Wa.). Inhalations of hot steam, with benzoin, the comp, tinct. gtt. 
 x-xv to 3j, with gtt. x tinct. opii, or hops, or conium, of great service (DaC.). 
 Tracheotomy ought not to be delayed, if inhalations, leeches, and fomenta¬ 
 tions fail (A., Wa.): is especially indicated in sudden attacks of oedematous 
 laryngitis, as those occurring in Bright’s disease (DaC.). Ice, steadily applied 
 in bags over the larynx, if tracheotomy refused, has succeeded in bad cases. 
 Small pieces may be slowly swallowed (Da C.). [For Croupous Laryngitis, 
 see Croup, Membranous ; for Spasmodic Laryngitis, see Croup, Catarrhal; 
 for CEdematous Laryngitis, see Glottis, CEdema. Compare also Laryngis¬ 
 mus Stridulus, Pharyngitis.] 
 
 Laryngitis, Chronic. 
 
 Iodine, painted over neck as a counter-irritant, and inhalation of its vapor 
 (B.). Sulphur. Sulphurous acid as spray in syphilitic or tubercular laryn¬ 
 gitis, or a solution of sodium sulphite (£>j to the oz.) in water (B.); by inha¬ 
 lation, spray, or fumigation (R.). Carbolic Acid, where long-standing hyper- 
 semia with diminished secretion, 3j-ij to the ,3 of glycerin is a most successful 
 application (Morell Mackenzie). Silver Nitrate, powdered or in solution to 
 chronically inflamed larynx, as in phthisis (R.); a solution of gr. x or xx ad 
 ^j, applied with a brush by the aid of the laryngoscopic mirror (W.). Form¬ 
 erly much used, but is objectionable (B.). Should be used with great caution, 
 and only when a particular point can be seen for it with the laryngoscope 
 (Da C.). Ferric Perchloride, solution gr. lx-cxx ad gj glycerini as local applica¬ 
 tion (A.). Zinc Chloride, gr. xx-xxx ad 3j, in glycerin. Alternation of topical 
 applications, of great value (A.). Copper Sulphate, gr. xx to 5 jj of water, 
 locally twice a week (Da C.). Bismuth, the sub-nitrate by insufflation, is highly 
 recommended in the worst forms of laryngitis, even in that accompanying 
 phthisis (Tr., Wa.). Guaiacum, as lozenges, very useful in mucous laryngitis 
 (A.). Althaea, as pectoral lozenges to relieve laryngeal irritation (P.). Cubebs, 
 the berries chewed are very efficient in relaxation of the larynx following a 
 
6o6 
 
 LARYNGOTOMY-LEPROSY-LEUCOCYTHSEMIA. 
 
 cold or long speaking (Wa.). Cocaine, a 20 per cent, solution of the hydro¬ 
 chlorate by spray, mop, or brush, is very efficient in many laryngeal affections 
 (Prosser James). Benzoin, in strumous laryngitis (Wa.) ; in chronic, benzoin 
 on hot coals, or inhaled from boiling water, of great service (Tr.). Tannin, in 
 chronic catarrh and ulcerations, a solution (gr. x-^j-^iv) applied by hand-ball 
 or steam atomizer (B., A.). Inhalations, or spray, of the best agents very 
 grateful (B.); air loaded with vapors of ammonium muriate by inhaler, said to 
 be used successfully (W.); vapors from boiling tar, turpentine, etc., placed on 
 hot water, or better by steam atomizer (DaC.); chloroform, hops, benzoin, 
 etc., by atomization (Walker). Insufflation, substances to be in small quantity, 
 mixed with bland powder (B.). Functional Rest of voice often requisite, especi¬ 
 ally in phthisical and syphilitic laryngeal ulceration (A.). Chronic Laryngitis 
 includes many disorders of the larynx, which of late years have been differ¬ 
 entiated, as—thickened vocal cords (chronic laryngitis proper), laryngeal ulcers, 
 polypi, cysts, cauliflower growths, tubercular and syphilitic laryngitis, etc., in 
 all the voice being similarly affected. Dysphagia, as a concomitant symptom, 
 is constantly indicative of tubercular laryngitis (Da Costa). [Compare Cough, 
 Phthisis, Syphilis, Dysphagia.] 
 
 Laryngotomy. 
 
 Laryngotomy is more quickly and easily performed on the adult than trache¬ 
 otomy, being farther from the lungs and less dangerous. It is usually directed 
 to be performed by cutting longitudinally through the skin, then horizontally 
 through the crico-thyroid membrane, which may be felt as a soft depression, 
 an inch below the pomum Adami. In urgent cases, however, Prof. Wood 
 recommends a narrow-bladed knife to be passed horizontally through both 
 skin and membrane at once, and then to enlarge the opening laterally to the 
 required extent. The advantage of having a horizontal incision in the skin is 
 the greater openness of the wound when the patient throws up his head under 
 a sense of dyspnoea (D.). In Laryngo-Tracheotomy, the deep incision is car¬ 
 ried downwards from the crico-thyroid membrane, through the cricoid cartilage 
 and one or two of the upper rings of the trachea (Cl.). 
 
 Leprosy. 
 
 Anacardium Orientale (Oil of Cashew), has been much lauded. Investiga¬ 
 tion established that much of its success was due to hygienic measures and 
 use of fresh meat as food (P.). Arsenic, with 5 or 6 times the quantity of black 
 pepper, in est.eem in India (Wa.). Sarsaparilla, as tonic and alterative, valu¬ 
 able (P.). Gurjun (Wood Oil), as ointment and emulsion, has been used with 
 success in alleviating the disease, by Dr. Dougall, Port Blair, Andaman Islands. 
 The ulcers of 24 lepers healed thereby. Ferri Arsenias, gr. ^ daily, is used 
 with success (Wa.). Mercury, the oint. of the red iodide, diluted 1 to 10, or 
 gr. j of the salt to 3 v of unguentum, gives very good results (Wa.). Diet. 
 Nutritious food, cleanliness, bath, will do much to prevent the manifestations 
 of the disease (R.). Chaulmoogra Oil, see page 162, is credited with a few 
 cures and many cases improved. The oil is mixed with Psoralea corylifolia as a 
 liniment, and also used internally (Wa.). Hoang-Nan, is considered of utility 
 by a number of writers on leprosy, and is given in combination with Alum 1, 
 Realgar 2 or 1, and the drug 2 parts, the whole being made into 3-grain pills, 
 one pill daily being given at first and gradually increased (Pf.). Argenti 
 Nitras, is said to act as a tonic and alterative, and to control leprosy for a 
 limited period (Pf.). 
 
 Leucocythsemia. 
 
 Alkaline Hypophosphites, have been used with more or less benefit (Wa.). 
 Digitalis, in young subjects (B.). Nitro-muriatic Bath, should not be neglected, 
 with tonics and nutrients (A.). Iron, is of little value (B.); large doses may do 
 
LEUCORRHCEA-LICHEN. 
 
 607 
 
 good in early stage, with careful diet, and Ergot to contract the spleen (Da 
 Costa). Phosphorus, gr. ^ increased to gr. has proved successful in several 
 cases (Wa.). Arsenic, in as full doses as can be borne, may be of service 
 though hitherto ineffectual (Gowers). Galvanization of the spleen causes im¬ 
 provement of the blood, increasing the number of its red corpuscles (Gowers); 
 is curative in uncomplicated cases (B.). 
 
 Leucorrhcea. 
 
 Hydrastis, the fluid extract, undiluted topically, quickly improves in uterine 
 and vaginal leucorrhoea (B.). Pulsatilla, 5-drop doses ter die for a few weeks ; 
 also a teasp. in a pint of cold or tepid water, as vaginal enema daily, when 
 pain in loins, depression of spirits, loss of appetite, etc. (P.). Silver Nitrate, 
 in solution locally, also tampon saturated with £j each of alum and bismuth, 
 when leucorrhoea due to granular vaginitis (Parvin). Balsam of Peru and 
 Tolu, internally (P.). Glycerin, is largely prescribed for vaginal leucorrhoea, 
 and for erosions and ulcerations of the cervix uteri (B.); the best vehicle for 
 other agents (E.). Borax, £j to Oj water as vaginal wash for the leucorrhoea 
 of pregnancy (Parvin). Cimicifuga, is said to be useful (P.). Copaiba, has 
 been used with success (P.). Cocculus Indicus, when sero-purulent discharge, 
 pain in lumbar region (P.). Carbolic Acid, diluted, as injection (B.); for 
 vaginal leucorrhoea (R.). Bismuth, with mucilage, as injection ; or with 
 cocoa-butter as suppository (B.). Copper Sulphate, in solution, as injection 
 (R.). Tannic Acid, in chronic cases serviceable as injection, 3 ss of tannic 
 acid in j§viij of claret wine (B.). If os ulcerated, a suppository of tannin and 
 cocoa-butter to mouth of uterus (R.). Iodo-Tannin, an excellent application, 
 3j of iodine to §j of tannic acid, a sufficient quantity to be packed dry around 
 the cervix (B.). Alum and Borax, makes a useful injection in vaginal leu¬ 
 corrhcea (R.). Belladonna, with tannin as bolus where neuralgia or ulceration 
 of os. When disease due to over-secretion of mucous glands about the os, and 
 much pain present, inject sodii bicarbonas, 3j ; tinctura belladonnae, 3ij ; 
 aquae, Oj (R.). Potassium or Sodium Bicarbonate, 3 j to Oj aquae as injection, 
 especially when discharge alkaline and copious (R.). Pareira, Uva Ursi, suc¬ 
 cessfully used (P.). Sumbul, recommended in atonic form (P.). Myrrh, with 
 iron or aloes, beneficial (P.). Ergot, said to be useful in some cases (R.). 
 Potassium Permanganate, has no special advantage; is used in solution (gr. 
 ij — 3j (B.). Potassium Chlorate, £j to Oj of water as injection in simple cases 
 (Parvin). Iron, the iodide, internally and externally has proven serviceable ; 
 the mistura ferri composita, when anasmia and general debility (Wa.). The 
 styptic preparations, locally (B.). Phosphates, for the cachexia (B.). The cal¬ 
 cium phosphate, gr. j-ij several times daily, of great value in checking profuse 
 discharge (Wa.). Injections, water at 6o° F. to prevent recurrence (R.). Hot 
 water injections best tonic to pelvic vessels, to relieve venous congestion ; use 
 with elevated hips (E.). [Compare Endo-metritis, Uterine Ulceration, 
 Vaginitis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Aluminis, . . . . 
 
 • • • 3 b 
 
 Zinci Sulph. 
 
 . . . 3 SS. 
 
 Sodii Boratis, . . 
 
 . . . . gr. iv. 
 
 Aq. Rosse, . . . . 
 
 . . . 5 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Injection. 
 
 (B- 
 
 R . Liq. Plumbi Subacet., . . . ,5 jss. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,.^ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-fourth to be added to a 
 pint of water and used as an injection. 
 
 Lichen. 
 
 Aconite, sometimes useful (R.). Mercury, calomel and nitrate of mercury 
 oint. mixed (also tar oint. added), in patches of obstinate lichen (R.). Silver 
 Nitrate, the nitrous ether solution painted every day or two over patch (R.). 
 Baths, warm or of sulphides (R.); sponging with alkaline lotions, diluted 
 lead water, fluid extract of grindeha well diluted, or solution of copper sulphate. 
 
6o8 
 
 LITH/EMIA-LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA. 
 
 gr. x to the 3, in miliaria, or prickly heat (lichen tropicus); with dusting pow¬ 
 ders of lycopodium, zinc oxide or starch, singly or combined (Hughes). Potas¬ 
 sium Citrate, or some other refrigerant diuretic, and light, unstimulating food 
 (Da Co^ta). [Compare Eczema.] 
 
 Lithsemia. 
 
 Lithium Salts, especially the citrate, gr. xx thrice daily, is very efficient (Da 
 Costa); the carbonate invaluable (Wa.).; the bromide, in solution of citrate of 
 potassium, given after stomach digestion is completed, one of the very best 
 agents (Aulde). Pichi, of great value in lithaemia with cystitis (Wyman). 
 Arsenic, in small doses, is also useful (Da C.). Nitric Acid, 10 minim doses 
 of the dilute acid in half-glass of water thrice daily, with an occasional dose of 
 pil. rhei compos, at bedtime, is the most efficient treatment for the class of 
 patients who will not diet themselves (Hughes). Purgatives, especially alkaline 
 mineral waters, to clear the portal system (Da C.). Sodium Phosphate, in laxa¬ 
 tive doses, 3 j thrice daily, gives good results. Alkalies, in biliousness; also 
 the continued use of alkaline waters rich in potassium salts, for solution of 
 calculi (B.). Acids, hydrochloric often of great service ; also lactic acid, when 
 faulty digestion and assimilation (Br.). Potassium Permanganate, prevents 
 calculi by converting uric acid into urea (B.). Buchu, combined with an alkali, 
 has been a beneficial remedy (P.). Colchicum, 15 rt^ doses of the wine, twice 
 or thrice daily; is very useful (Wa.). Chimaphila is believed to check the 
 secretion of lithic acid (P.). Aliment, farinaceous vegetables and acid fruits 
 are suitable (B.). Alcohol in any form is poison to a lithasmic (Da C.). Succu¬ 
 lent vegetables and fruits, occasional abstinence from animal food. High living, 
 alcoholic liquors, and sedentary habits are injurious. Milk diet, and frequent 
 draughts of pure water also recommended. Removal to a locality where pure 
 soft water can be procured, is often curative. [Compare Calculi, Dyspepsia, 
 Gout.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Lithii Bromidi,. 5 ss ~j- R- Potas. Nitratis,.3]. 
 
 Liq. Potas. Citrat., . . . 5 iv. Ext. Pichi FI.,.3]. 
 
 Syrupi Simp.,.3 ij. Elixir Simpl.3 iij- 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in a wineglassful or M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 hours, 
 more of water, 2 hours after each meal. 
 
 Reduce after a week. 
 
 R. Tinct. Belladon., . . . . rqxviij. 
 Vini Colchici Rad., . . . 3 ij. 
 
 Liq. Potas. Citrat., . . ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. well diluted, 
 
 every 3 hours. 
 
 R. Vini Colchici Rad., . . . . 3ij. 
 Ext. Phytolaccse FI., . . . 3]. 
 
 Potas. Acetatis,.3 iij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad J vj. 
 
 I M. Sig.—A tablesp. four times daily. 
 
 Locomotor Ataxia. 
 
 Belladonna and Ergot are highly recommended by Brown-Sequard (R.). 
 Silver Nitrate, when motor disturbances are very marked. Improved 1 in 20 
 (R.); gives the best results in doses of gr. % to gr. yi thrice daily, withholding 
 it after a few weeks to prevent argyria. The Oxide may be used instead of the 
 nitrate, in half-grain doses (Da Costa). Potassium Iodide, Corrosive Sublimate, 
 or Chloride of Gold and Sodium, all in full doses, often retard the progress of 
 the disease (Da C.). Physostigma has proved beneficial (R.). Phosphorus, use¬ 
 ful, but may not cure (B.). Hyoscyamine, ameliorative, gr, gradually to gr. 
 T C (B.). Electricity, galvanic, relieves pain ; faradic stops wasting of muscles 
 (B.); in stage of irritation the constant current (ascending) through spinal 
 column (R.). Water, one of the most efficient agents ; friction with a cloth 
 dipped in water of 60-65° F., a cold compress to head ; 4-8 minute bath of 70- 
 
LUMBAGO-LUNG DISEASES. 
 
 609 
 
 75 0 gradually lowered to 6o°, then shower-bath, frictions (R.). Rest, as com¬ 
 plete as possible, must be insisted on ; with good, nutritious diet, milk being 
 desirable (Da C.). Pilocarpine produces general improvement if given in the 
 incipiency, gr. j to §j of water, of which rtpxxx twice daily (B.). Strychnine, 
 gr. in 3j of syr. hypophosphitum, thrice daily, when the system is saturated 
 with silver (Da C.). Suspension daily, by head, has seemed to give relief to 
 pain and improve condition. Is known as Charcot’s treatment, but discovered 
 by Matchoukowsky, of Odessa, and carried out systematically by Hessing, of 
 Pesth, before Charcot took it up. Antipyrin, relieves the pains remarkably. 
 
 Lumbago. 
 
 Cimicifuga, said to be more effectual than any other remedy (R.); has some¬ 
 times wonderful success; no indications can be given for it; 3ss-ij 0 f fluid 
 extract (B.). Curative (P.). Rhus Toxicodendron, in subacute muscular or tendin¬ 
 ous rheumatism, worse at night; completely relieves some cases (Pf.). Veratrum 
 Viride, the tincture useful (R.). Aconite in doses of tincture every two 
 
 hours, with linim. aconiti locally (Wa.). Iodides, if referable to syphilis, mer¬ 
 cury, copper, tin, or lead poisoning (B.). Ammonium Muriate, is very efficient 
 in myalgic lumbago, gr. xx thrice daily for 2 days or until signs of congestion 
 of the nasal mucous membrane appear,—then to be replaced by Quinine, 
 gr. v, thrice daily for a week (Waugh). Antipyrine, gr. vij, hypodermically, 
 completely banished it in a very bad case at the Hotel Dieu, Paris. Morphine, 
 hypodermically to relieve pain (B., R.); gr. l /e with Atropine gr. hypoder¬ 
 mically, will frequently cure lumbago in two or three hours (Da C.). Capsicum, 
 a strong infusion applied on lint, and covered with oiled silk, very efficient in 
 recent lumbago (R.); a capsicum plaster is a very efficient application. Potas¬ 
 sium Nitrat.e, in ten-grain doses hourly or every two hours, when urine scanty 
 and high-colored (R.). Belladonna, as plaster, very valuable for persistent 
 lumbago remaining in a small spot (R.). Turpentine, in doses of rr\pcx-xxx 
 (carefully, lest strangury and nephritis), of greatest value when the bowels 
 regular and urine clear and abundant (Wa.). Ether Spray, externally as freez¬ 
 ing mixture (R.). Guarana, xv-xl-gr. doses removed severe chronic (Rawson). 
 Chloroform Liniment, affords relief (Wa.). Canada Balsam, gr. v-xx, is useful 
 or Burgundy Pitch, as plaster (P.). Acupuncture, occasionally gives instant 
 relief (B.). Not when high fever (R.). Aquapuncture, has been employed 
 with extraordinary success (B.). Heat, by hot douche to seat of pain (B.); or 
 by very hot poultices for three hours, then the skin covered with flannel and 
 oiled silk ; or a hot flat-iron (R.). Galvanism, the constant current (B.) ; is 
 highly useful; faradization almost as successful as acupuncture (R.). Strap¬ 
 ping from the thigh upwards with layers of adhesive plaster which overlap each 
 other. Nothing is so instantaneously beneficial. Diet, should be generous and 
 nutritive. Lemon-juice as a beverage. Absolute rest is of great importance. 
 [Compare Rheumatism.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Collodii, 
 
 Tinct. Iodi., 
 
 Spt. Ammoniae, 
 
 aa part aeq. 
 
 Sig.—Paint over the part with a camel’s- 
 hair brush. ( Burggraeve .) 
 
 R. Ext. Cimicif. FI., . . . . j|ij. 
 Ammon. Chloridi, . . . . ijj. 
 
 Aq. Laurocerasi, 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, . . aa . . 3J*. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. thrice daily. 
 
 [Potter.) 
 
 Lung Diseases. 
 
 Aconite, is indicated in most acute congestions (P.); is especially indicated 
 in inflammatory states of respiratory organs (R.); Belladonna, in rtp doses of 
 the tincture frequently, is of great benefit in pulmonary oedema, to retard exu¬ 
 dation of serum and to counteract the failure of the heart (A. A. Smith). 
 Terebene, is very valuable in many conditions. Terpine Hydrate, is still more 
 
 39 
 
6io 
 
 LUNGS, GANGRENE OF-LUPUS. 
 
 efficient and more easily administered. [See under Bronchitis.] Ammonium 
 Acetate, serviceable not only in bronchitis, but in the whole range of acute pul¬ 
 monary complaints as occurring in children (Dessau). See under Bronchitis, 
 for formula. Veratrum Viride renders important service in acute parenchy¬ 
 matous congestions (B.); gr. l /e of resin in pill when temperature and pulse 
 are high. It tends to induce prostration, collapse, etc. (A.). Blisters. Flying 
 blisters to chest, and perhaps along pneumogastric nerves in hypostatic con¬ 
 gestion (R.). Copaiba, exercises a powerful influence over the pulmonary 
 mucous membrane, and is beneficial in lung diseases generally, when attended 
 with excessive secretion (Wa.). Jaborandi, is serviceable for the attacks of 
 breathlessness attendant on lung affections, but must be watched lest collapse 
 ensue (Berkart). Liquor Potassae, in doses of tr^x-xv added to an ordinary 
 expectorant mixture, is often attended with good results in congestions of 
 bronchi and lungs, chronic bronchitis, plastic bronchitis, etc. (Walshe). Cimi- 
 cifuga, is a useful sedative in many irritative affections of the lungs and bron¬ 
 chial tubes, relieving cough, improving appetite, and ameliorating the general 
 condition (Wood). Croton Oil, as liniment, is a highly useful counterirritant in 
 many chronic lung diseases, and even in the bronchitis of infancy (Park). Cubebs, 
 in small and oft-repeated doses, is efficient in chronic bronchitis and other lung 
 affections of old persons, checking the excessive secretion and gently stimulat¬ 
 ing the system (Wa.). [Compare Bronchitis, Emphysema, Hemoptysis, 
 Phthisis, Pleuritis, Pleurodynia, Pneumonia.] 
 
 Lungs, Gangrene of. 
 
 Creasote, by inhalation, to obviate the fetor (R.). Carbolic Acid inhalations, 
 are used with marked benefit (Wa.). Mineral Acids, especially nitro-hydro- 
 chloric, with Quinine, the main reliances in chronic pulmonary gangrene (A.). 
 Stimulants, as malt liquors, with general tonic treatment, are necessary (A.). 
 Ammonium Carbonate, one of the most reliable remedies ; is best given in 
 decoctum cinchonge (Wa.). Eucalyptus, the oil with alcohol, equal parts of 
 each, of which 3 j as inhalation by steam atomization, is useful (Wa.). Turpen¬ 
 tine, the spirit on boiling water inhaled for fifteen minutes every two hours, suc¬ 
 cessfully employed (Skoda). [Compare Pneumonia, Phthisis.] 
 
 Lupus. 
 
 Arsenic, in chronic cases, not of syphilitic origin (B.). Arsenious acid as 
 caustic (R.). The best remedy in lupus of head and face (Wa.). The oleate 
 of arsenic, in ulcerating forms, constantly applied, will destroy cell-infiltration 
 in a mild and comparatively painless manner; is also well employed in the 
 tubercular variety (Wa.). Iodine, useful, whether syphilitic or scrofulous ; the 
 tinct. or a glycerin solution (B.); as tincture or liniment to edges and around 
 (R.). Mercury, as ointments in erythematous lupus, calomel ointment in 
 scrofulous and tubercular lupus of children (R.). Calomel int., gr. j-ij in¬ 
 creased to iv, will quickly check (Wa.). Emplastrum hydrargyri very efficient 
 in lupus erythematodes and allied affections (Kohn). Cod-liver Oil, internally 
 and locally (B.). Lead, liq. plumbi, with one or two parts of glycerin, applied 
 warm after removal of crusts, in milder forms (R.). Carbolic Acid, as a mild 
 escharotic (B.). Zinc Sulphate, dried, as caustic, freely dusted over surface, 
 and a poultice to remove slough (B.). Jequirity, a most useful application 
 (Shoemaker). Sodium Ethylate on absorbent cotton, is the best of all caustics, 
 followed by the Oleopalmitate of Bismuth as a soothing and astringent appli¬ 
 cation (Shoemaker). Chromic Acid, an efficient local application, gr. c-^j 
 aquae destil. (B.). Phosphorus, as substitute for arsenic (B.). Silver Nitrate, 
 a weak solution gradually strengthened, in superficial forms (R.). Cauteriza¬ 
 tion, with the actual cautery at white heat, after scraping out as much as possible 
 of the diseased parts, so as to destroy the lupus cell. Seek to replace the lesion 
 by a cicatrix, to prevent relapse in situ, and the development of the disease 
 elsewhere. Internal remedies only useful for the general health. 
 
LYMPHANGEITIS-MALARIA. 
 
 6l I 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Iodi, 
 
 Potassii Iodidi, . , . . aa | ss. 
 
 Glycerini.^ j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Locally in Lupus. 
 
 (.McCall Anderson .) 
 
 R. Ung. Arsenici Oleat., . . . ^ij. 
 
 Ung. Simplicis,.g j. 
 
 M. ft. unguentum. Sig.—Use constantly 
 over the affected surface. If pain sets in 
 Opium may be added. ( Shoemaker .) 
 
 R. Hydrargyri Bromidi, . . . gjss. 
 
 Adipis,.^ v. 
 
 M. ft. unguentum. Sig.—To cover the 
 part affected, using cod-liver oil freely, and 
 the following solution internally. In tuber¬ 
 cular lupus of the face. (Hardy.) 
 
 R . Potassii Iodidi,.gr. lxxv. 
 
 Sodii Chloridi, ... . ^ ss. 
 
 Aq. Destil.,.^viijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. before meals, night 
 and.morning. (Hardy.) 
 
 Lymphangeitis. 
 
 Belladonna, the extract softened with glycerin, freely applied, is of great 
 service ; when pain is severe, a poultice may be applied over the extract for a 
 few hours only (Wa.). Lead, liq. plumbi subacet. dil., as an external applica¬ 
 tion, constantly applied, to soothe and restrain the inflammation (Wa.). Iodine, 
 in strong tincture, around glands, to prevent suppuration (Roberts). Quinine, 
 or Salicin, with alcoholic stimulants freely, in septic cases (Roberts). [Com¬ 
 pare Bubo.] 
 
 Malaria, Chronic. 
 
 Quinine is less curative than when the infection is recent, but in periodical 
 affections depending on the malarial cachexia it is of specific value, large doses 
 being required (B.). Salicylates, of quinine and cinchonidine are especially 
 effective in chronic malarial disease (B.). Arsenic plays an important role in 
 chronic malarial disease (B.); diminishes splenic engorgement, and com¬ 
 bined with iron is rapidly curative of many affections due to the paludal 
 miasm (Boudin); is a powerful prophylactic against malaria, and in chronic 
 malarial poisoning, with frequent return of fever and neuralgia, the continued 
 use of arsenic is of great benefit (Fayrer). Iron, the sulphate has decided 
 antiperiodic power, and is particularly successful in anaemic subjects and in those 
 with enlargement of the spleen (Wa.); it improves the anaemia of chronic 
 malaria, and should generally be combined with arsenic (B.). Iodide of Iron 
 and Manganese, the syrup in doses of rr^xx-xxx, is a successful remedy for 
 chronic malarial infection, and the Sulphate of Manganese gives excellent re¬ 
 sults in jaundice of malarial origin (B.). Cornus, Calumba, and other bitters, 
 are highly efficient, especially the first-named, in chronic malarial poisoning, 
 and in convalescence after malarial fever (B.). Carbolic Acid and Iodine com¬ 
 bined are of great value in chronic malarial infection ; both are highly anti¬ 
 periodic, and the latter is the best substitute for quinine and the most active 
 reducer of splenic enlargement (Gimwell). Eucalyptus is of high utility to 
 reconstruct the damages in the organs of assimilation (B.). Baths, the vapor- 
 bath and Turkish baths are efficient aids to medicinal treatment in breaking up 
 chronic cases, and may of themselves cure such by inducing profuse perspira¬ 
 tion (Da Costa). [Compare Intermittent Fever, Remittent Fever.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Cinchonidinae Salicylat., . 3 ij. R. Quininae Sulph.,.gr. xl. 
 
 Ac. Arseniosi,.gr. j. Ferri Sulph. Exsic., . . . gr. xx. 
 
 Ferri Sulph. Exsiccat., . . gr. xx. Ac. Arseniosi,.gr. j. 
 
 M. ft. cachets no. xx. Sig.—One wafer M. ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 
 thrice daily. daily. 
 
6l2 
 
 MANIA-MASTITIS. 
 
 R. Cornus, 
 
 Calumbse, 
 
 Liriodendri, 
 
 Pruni Virgin., . . . . aa ^ vj. 
 
 Eupatorii, 
 
 Capsici,.aa ^ iv. 
 
 Pulv. et misce. Sig.—A teasp. in cold 
 or warm water, three or four times daily. 
 
 A good tonic tincture may be made from 
 the above combination. (B.) 
 
 Mania. 
 
 Stramonium, of value ; allays irritation and induces tranquil sleep ; wild and 
 furious delirium, but intermittent; also in nymphomania (P.). Many facts 
 seem to confirm its reported value (Tr.). Daturine, gr. Thr~&u hypodermically 
 in acute mania, but is less useful than atropine or hyoscyamine (Wa.). Duboi¬ 
 sine, gr. 3^ hypodermically in acute mania (Gubler.) Belladonna, is useful, 
 especially in monomania, with fixed hallucinations, though a large dose causes 
 a temporary insanity (Tr.) ; one of the very best remedies in all hyperaemic 
 conditions of the brain (P.). Hyoscyamus, in violent intermittent forms, to 
 procure sleep and calm violent delirium (R.); delirium with hallucinations but 
 not congestion ; milder and less inflammatory forms ; also in hypochondriacal 
 monomania (P.). Veratrum Viride, successfully combats the excitement in 
 acute mania (B.). Camphor, has been used successfully ; its action is uncer¬ 
 tain (P.). Opium, and tartar emetic are satisfactory for many cases; also mor¬ 
 phine hypodermically to induce sleep (R.); narcotic effect of doubtful utility ; 
 better in insanity with depression (P.); will not produce narcotism in many 
 cases, even in 2-grain doses. Cannabis Indica, gj of tinct. with 3 j of potas¬ 
 sium bromide, is recommended (R.). Bromides are used in puerperal mania, 
 that of pregnancy, nymphomania and other forms (R.). The combined use of 
 potassium bromide and tinct. of cannabis indica, in equal parts, 3j of each 
 thrice daily for weeks and months, has proved very efficient in acute and peri¬ 
 odical mania, senile mania, and other forms (Clouston). Chloral, as calma¬ 
 tive, hypnotic, has induced mental improvement, gr. v-xx (B.). Coniine, most 
 suitable to acute mania, quiets muscular action or hypoder., com¬ 
 
 mencing with b\,To). Very successful with morphine conjointly injected (B., 
 R.). Digitalis, 3 ss- 3 j of tinct., valuable in acute and chronic mania, espe¬ 
 cially when complicated with general paresis and epilepsy (Maudsley). Cau¬ 
 tion ! watch the pulse for any marked intermittence (B.). A very valuable 
 palliative in acute mania (Van der Kolk). Ergot, large doses, £ss-j 0 f fluid 
 extract, to reduce excitement, shorten attacks, widen intervals between them, 
 and prevent exhaustion, hence is very useful in recurrent and epileptic forms, 
 and in chronic mania with lucid intervals (Crichton Browne). Iron, as a resto¬ 
 rative, is frequently used in chronic mania with benefit, the tincture of the chlo¬ 
 ride in 5-10 minim doses (B.). Gelsemium, is more useful than conium in 
 mania with great motor excitement and wakefulness; large doses required, 
 tt^xv-xx of tincture. Croton Oil, as a purgative, triX - K every hour, as revul¬ 
 sive in mania from cerebral congestion (R.). Cimicifuga, is often efficiently 
 used in cases of mania occurring during the puerperal or pregnant condition 
 (R.). Galvanism, of the head and cervical sympathetic, has produced distinct 
 improvement (B.). Paraldehyde, as a hypnotic, in doses of rrbxxx- 1 , is often 
 decidedly useful (R.). Cold Douche, in maniacal delirium, the patient being 
 in a warm bath during the application of the douche to the head (R.). Re¬ 
 moval from home, from sympathetic friends, and from surroundings connected 
 with the origin of the malady, is a prime necessity to a cure. [Compare De¬ 
 lirium, Puerperal Mania.] 
 
 Mastitis. 
 
 Belladonna, Atropine locally (see Lactation), or combined with morphine 
 and chloral, when much pain (B.). Especially as liniment to check secretion 
 
 R. Tinct. Iodi, ....... ^ij. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,. ^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Two to three drops three or 
 four times a day in water. 
 
 R. Ac. Arseniosi,.gr. j. 
 
 Mas. Ferri Carb., .... ^j. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 dailv. 
 
MASTODYNIA-MEASLES. 
 
 613 
 
 of milk when inflammation is imminent (R.); or when distended by milk (P.). 
 When inflammation has set in, continuous application of Belladonna for 24 
 hours often arrests it. It is also useful when an abscess has formed. Fomen¬ 
 tations useful in addition, but skin must be dried well before the belladonna 
 is rubbed in (R.); rr^v-x of tinpt. internally as well (P.). Camphor, a saturated 
 solution in glycerin, locally, in mammary congestion threatening abscess 
 (Wa.). Phytolacca, has power to arrest inflammation of the mammae and to 
 prevent suppuration ; the fluid extract in 10-minim doses internally, and the 
 solid extract on a cloth to the inflamed breast (B.). Conium, the extract in 
 small doses several times a day, of striking benefit in mastitis and impending 
 abscess of breast (Wa.'). Calcium Sulphide, internally in abscess, occasionally 
 increases pain (R.). Hyoscyamus, as plaster, to relieve painful distention from 
 milk (P.). Stramonium, fresh leaves as cataplasm to discuss indurated milk 
 (P.). Iodine, tinct. and ointments to remove indurations of breasts after inflam¬ 
 mation (B.). Mercury and Morphine, the oleate locally in mammary abscess 
 (R.). Tobacco, leaves as poultice in abscess (R.). Digitalis, the infusion 
 locally as fomentation in severe inflammation of the breasts, causes it to yield 
 speedily (Fairbank). Ammonium Chloride, 3 j ad Oj spt. rosmarini, as lotion 
 on linen rags, kept constantly to the part, especially in induration, after abscess 
 has suppurated (Wa.). Tartar Emetic, in small and frequent doses, given 
 early, is beneficial (Wa.). Oil frictions in first stage of inflammation of breasts, 
 from circumference toward the nipple (L.). Rest, by supporting mammas with 
 strips of plaster, and bandaging the arm to the side, to prevent motion (T.). 
 Sponging, with alcohol (over proof) until part is cold ; renewed if heat return. 
 Heat, applied by a basin lined with flannel saturated with hot water, to relieve 
 pain and prevent suppuration. [Compare Abscess, Lactation.] 
 
 Mastodynia. 
 
 Dr. Tanner advises non-interference in simple cases of enlargement and 
 tenderness, which will spontaneously subside if let alone. In severe cases sup¬ 
 port by strips or bandage, if breast pendulous; belladonna ointment or lini¬ 
 ments; amputation of mamma has been necessary. Conium, has specific 
 anodyne action on the mammae and generative organs. Cimicifuga, relieves 
 infra-mammary pains of uterine origin in spinsters. Olive Oil, 2 parts, to 1 of 
 tinct. opii, may be used by gentle friction to painful breasts after parturition 
 (Parvin). 
 
 Measles. 
 
 Aconite, for febrile symptoms, and especially to arrest the catarrhal pneu¬ 
 monia (R.); a valuable remedy (P.); the best drug when fever is very high, 
 )4-drop doses of the tincture every 2 hours (Da Costa). Jaborandi, with a hot 
 bath, as diaphoretics, in cases of delayed eruption (Da C.). Asclepias, an 
 infusion or decoction freely as a diaphoretic, to promote the eruption (W.). 
 Veratrum Viride, has been employed (R.). Pulsatilla, for the catarrhal oph¬ 
 thalmia, nasal and intestinal catarrh; ,3j-ij of tincture to ^iv water as wash 
 (P.). Ammonium Carbonate, dissolved in a solution of the acetate, is much 
 vaunted. When feeble circulation, cyanosis, delirium, gr. v-x to 5SS-5J’ liq. 
 ammonii acetatis (B.); gr. iij-vj or vij, every hour or two, in cinnamon-water 
 or milk ; one of the reliable remedies (W.). Camphor, the mixture, with liq. 
 ammon. acetatis, excellent when cough and catarrh the most urgent symp¬ 
 toms (A.). Ipecacuanha, for cough and catarrh, gr. j-ij every 4 or 6 hours (A.). 
 Antimony, preferred to ipecac by some (A.). Quinine, in small doses for the 
 adynamia (gr. j—iij), or large (gr. xv) for hyperpyrexia, and catarrhal pneumo¬ 
 nia, etc. (B.). Carbolic Acid, has been employed in several hundred cases with 
 decided advantage; most useful at early stage (Wa.). Cod-liver Oil and Iron, 
 to scrofulous children, a long course of such medication after convalescence 
 (Da C.). Purgatives, must be given with caution (R.) ; the milder purging salts, 
 as magnesium sulphate, to be preferred (A.). Mustard, as bath on sudden retro¬ 
 cession of rash (R.); often increases the fever without benefiting the pneumonia 
 
614 
 
 MELANCHOLIA-MENINGITIS. 
 
 and other complications (A.). Water, cold affusion at commencement; pack¬ 
 ing, especially when retrocedent (R.); hot foot-baths for convulsions (A.) ; tepid 
 bath with cold douche to head, if cerebral symptoms are severe (Da C.). Oil 
 Inunctions, cocoa-butter very grateful, and reduces temperature. Also in 
 roseola (B.). Hands and feet to be rubbed with a firm fat to remove heat and 
 tightness produced by rash (R.). Aliment, low diet and slops; no animal food 
 during whole course (A.). Hygiene, dark room, complete disuse of eyes, strict 
 cleanliness (A.). [For Sequelae see Bronchitis, Cough, Ophthalmia, Otor- 
 rhcea, Pneumonia, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ac. Carbolici, 
 
 Ac. Acetici,.aa ^j-^jss. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deod., . . . ^j. 
 
 Spt. Chloroformi, . . . . £j. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad $ viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablespoonful every 4 hours, 
 until fever abates. (Jfri/h.) 
 
 R. 
 
 Tinct. Tolutanas, . . . . g ij. 
 
 Syr. Senegae,.^ss. 
 
 Ac. Acetici,. 3 jjss. 
 
 Syr. Pruni Virg., . . . ad £ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful as required for 
 cough after convalescence. 
 
 Melancholia. 
 
 Aurum, gives excellent results; gr. 2V to ¥0 °f chloride ter die, especially 
 when cerebral anaemia coexists (B.). Bromides, sometimes afford relief which 
 no other agent will; no indications (B.). Potassium Bromide for townspeople, 
 especially women with unendurable despondency (R.). Cocaine, a useful tonic, 
 especially beneficial in nervous affections accompanied by depression (Br.). 
 Cimicifuga, in puerperal or uterine despondency, of singular value (P.). Ig- 
 natia, has soothing effect in great mental depression (P.). Arsenic, in melan¬ 
 choly of aged persons gives great comfort. Best with small doses of opium. 
 Fowler’s solution, gtt. ij; tinctura opii, gt. iij-v, ter die (B.). Opium, in stimulant 
 doses of tincture, gives good effects (B.); especially when paroxysms of acute 
 anguish and despair, or when suicidal impulse (Wa.). Morphine hypodermi¬ 
 cally is of great benefit in some persons who have a peculiar idiosyncrasy 
 therefor (R.). Camphor has been highly recommended (R.). Musk and 
 Castoreum are employed in melancholia with benefit (R.). Cannabis Indica, 
 sometimes relieves (B.). Phosphorus, depression from over-work (R.). Chloral, 
 as hypnotic, has been followed by marked amelioration and cure (Wa.). 
 Valerian, in hysterical or suicidal melancholia, is often beneficial (Wa.). 
 Caffeine has been useful (B.). Iron, as restorative. Tincture of chloride (B.). 
 Water-cure, shower-bath, 15-20 seconds, or warm-bath, 95 0 Fah. for 30 min¬ 
 utes ; the shower or cold douche may be usefully employed in certain cases 
 where reaction takes place after it (Wa.). [Compare Hypochondriasis, 
 Hysteria.] 
 
 Meningitis, Cerebral. 
 
 Aconite, is as serviceable in this as in the other acute inflammations; during 
 the stage of excitation, the tincture, gtt. ij with gtt. v of deodorized tincture 
 of opium, every 2 hours, gives admirable results (B.). Belladonna, in all 
 hyperaemic conditions of brain and spinal cord one of the very best remedies, 
 especially during the period of excitement (P.). Hyoscyamus, valuable in sub¬ 
 acute form (P.) ; for nervous irritability during convalescence (A.). Gelsemium, 
 extremely useful; rr^v of fluid extract every 2 hours (B.). Mercury, as ointment 
 gives good results in children (A.); Calomel in small, frequent doses, so as to 
 bring the system under it quickly, a most valuable remedy apart from its purga¬ 
 tive effects (Wa.). Potassium Iodide, has cured (Niemeyer), especially valuable 
 in the tubercular form (B.). Ergot, the fluid extract in $ss doses, with 3 ss of 
 potassium bromide, every 4 hours, to diminish the vascular excitement (B.). 
 Potassium Bromide, in the convulsions following simple meningitis (R.). Opium, 
 in small doses; by clinical evidence proved to be the best treatment, especially 
 for the acute stage before exudation, or during the stage of excitation (B.). 
 
MENINGITIS. 
 
 615 
 
 When collapse, may sustain powers of life ; with tartar emetic has proved 
 most beneficial, but should be used with great caution, as it may do great harm 
 (Wa.). Bryonia, exceedingly valuable for serous inflammations in stage of 
 effusion (P.). Pulsatilla, valuable in the acute form (B.). Purgatives, as soon 
 as possible, unless exhaustion. Calomel and jalap the most active and search¬ 
 ing (A.). Croton oil as a derivative and revulsive ; also locally to the shaven 
 scalp, productive of the best results in tubercular meningitis (Wa.). Venesection, 
 or arteriotomy (temporal artery) gives good results (B.); when high cerebral 
 excitement and vascular action (A.). Blisters, on nape of neck if coma, after 
 active symptoms are subdued (A.). Water. Cold water for hyperpyrexia 
 (C.); pounded ice in bag or bladder, as a cap to the head (R.). [Compare 
 Hydrocephalus.] 
 
 Meningitis, Cerebro-Spinal. 
 
 Opium, no remedy so effective in small doses. Utility ends when effusion, 
 stupor, and coma ensue (B.) ; large doses (Valleix), gr. j every hour in very 
 severe cases (S.); has been used in France and Germany with much success 
 (Tr.) ; is the best remedy of all, gr. j every hour for 4 days ; even such doses 
 will not narcotize (Da Costa). Aconite, useful combined with opium (B.) ; 
 affects the cranio-spinal axis from 3d nerve to phrenics, the region where this 
 disease is most manifest (Harley). Gelsemium, extremely valuable, rr^v of 
 fluid extract every 2 hours, to maintain constant physiological effect (B.); 
 efficient for the delirium. Belladonna, in all hyperaemic conditions of brain 
 and spinal cord, especially during stage of excitement (P.). Iron, the tincture 
 of the chloride, in 20-30 minim doses, every 2 hours, suggested by the simi¬ 
 larity of the disease to erysipelas, has made many successful cures without 
 leaving any sequelae (Klapp). Bromides to guard the opium and enable the 
 latter to be pushed, 20-grain doses every 4 hours (Da C.). Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 dilute, n\j-ij, with g r - iij —v °f sodium bicarbonate, every 3 or 4 hours, for 
 severe vomiting (Delafield). Quinine in large doses at the commencement 
 (B.); has been exhaustively tried in this disease and failed (Da C.). Potassium 
 Iodide for the sequelae, a long course of iodides during convalescence is the 
 best .treatment (Da C.). Cold to the spine, the most satisfactory treatment 
 (Radcliffe); to head and upper spine for 5 minutes only at a time, for the 
 headache and tetanic symptoms (Da Costa). Venesection, or arteriotomy 
 (temporal artery), probably of service, but cautiously (B.); leeches at back of 
 neck and on temples, to relieve the terrible headache, if patient is strong and 
 vigorous (Da C.). Digitalis, in early stage (Rummel). Ergot, one of the best 
 remedies (B.). Turpentine, enema, as derivative (B.). Stimulants, in small 
 quantities (A.). Counter-irritation, by actual cautery freely applied to back, 
 alleviates pain (A.). Water, cold baths or wet pack for hyperpyrexia ; warm 
 bath in uraemia (B.); hot-water bottles or sand-bags to trunk and extremities 
 to keep up warmth. Bath of 102-106° for short time only, then wrapped in 
 blankets (A.). Heat to the body, except the head and neck (Da C.). Aliment, 
 nutritious and suitable food at short intervals, day and night (A.); tonics with 
 fresh air and good diet during convalescence (A.). Ventilation, of dwellings, 
 the best sanitary precaution when the disease is epidemic (Simon). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. ss. 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Aromat., . . . ^j. 
 
 Tinct. Cinchonae Co., . ad ^vj. 
 
 \I. Sig.—Tablesp. every 2 hours, for a 
 boy of 12 years old. 
 
 (Meigs &= Pepper.') 
 
 R . Potass. Iodidi,.3 iv. 
 
 Tinct. Gentian. Comp., 
 
 Syr. Sarsae Co.,.aa 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily, to pro¬ 
 mote absorption during convalescence. 
 
 Meningitis, Spinal. 
 
 Aconite, is very useful (B.); with Ergot and an Opium impression to reduce 
 the amount of blood in the vessels of the cord (Da Costa). Potassium Iodide 
 
616 
 
 MENORRHAGIA. 
 
 see below. In the chronic form, with the bichloride of mercury when a specific 
 history present (Hammond). Belladonna, strongly to be relied on, even when 
 brought on by external violence (P.). Bryonia, in serous inflammations, when 
 effusion, is extremely valuable (P.). Purging, by magnesium sulphate, combined 
 with tinct. hyoscyami (A.). Quinine, when paralysis occurs, in 3-grain doses thrice 
 daily, with X-grain doses of extract, belladonnas, or 20-30 grain doses of potas¬ 
 sium iodide, and flying blisters along the spine (Da Costa). Opium, in some 
 form must be used for pain (Bastian). Mercury, gr. of the bichloride, with 
 increasing doses of potassium iodide, to promote absorption of inflammatory 
 products, if the inflammation subsides (Bastian) ; a mercurial impression often 
 benefits the paralysis (Da C ). Cold, by ice to spine is deemed necessary, and 
 no doubt alleviates the pain, though heat would be a more rational application 
 for the inflammation (Bastian). . 
 
 Menorrhagia. 
 
 Opium, has specific action in reducing the uterine circulation,should be pushed, 
 even to inducing habit, in severe cases (Lutaud). Ipecacuanha, in full emetic 
 doses (Wa.); is excellent (B.); Ergot is better (P.). Savine, enlarged, relaxed, 
 and passively congested uterus (B.). In 5-10 drop doses of tinct. in water every 
 half-hour to three hours, has proved useful (P.); when due to want of tone in 
 uterus (R.). Ergot, large spongy uterus ; bromides better (B.). Ergotin gr. j 
 or ij in glycerin and water, undoubtedly efficacious as hypodermic injection 
 (P.); all forms (R.) ; minim doses of the fluid extract are very beneficial (A. A. 
 Smith). Hamamelis, has decided influence on venous system ; of high repute 
 (Pf.). Arsenic and Iron, when from anaemia (B.). Cannabis Indica, often suc¬ 
 cessful (R.); gtt. v-x of tinct., thrice daily, productive of extraordinary success 
 (Wa.) ; has a stimulant action on the uterine muscular fibre, and may be given 
 in combination with Ergot (B.). Iron, when dependent on anaemia (B.). Rue, 
 low vascular tonus; should never be used in the pregnant state (B.). Oil of 
 Erigeron, in io-drop doses, is efficient (Wa.). Gossypium, a favorite uterine 
 hemostatic in many hospitals, in 30-minim doses of the fluid extract every four 
 hours (Parvin). Quinine, has been recommended (R.) ; after Ergot it is the 
 very best agent, in 6-grain doses every 3 hours (Parvin). Digitalis, very useful, 
 especially when from heart disease, in plethoric subjects (B., R.); 3j-jss of infu¬ 
 sion as dose will arrest menorrhagia when unconnected with any disease (P., 
 R.). Aloes, debilitated and relaxed subjects, with Iron (B.). Cimicifuga, pas¬ 
 sive, coagulated and dark(P.) ; for accompanying headache (R.). Gallic Acid, 
 is very efficient (R.). Potassium Chlorate or Bromide, in doses of gr. xv thrice 
 daily, combined with Ergot, has an almost infallible influence over uterine 
 hemorrhage, unless caused by cancer, polypi, adherent placenta, or other similar 
 affections (Tait). Bromides, usually arrest promptly (B.). That of potassium 
 most useful in young women if loss occurs at natural period only ; commence 
 bromide a week before and discontinue when discharge ceases till a week before 
 next time. If loss occurs every two or three weeks give bromide continuously, 
 10-grain doses, but more when organic changes in womb (R., Wa.). Ammonium 
 Chloride, for headaches (R.). Calcium Phosphate, in anaemia from excessive 
 menstruation (R.). Magnesium Sulphate, very small doses with a little dilute 
 sulphuric acid and syrup, is exceedingly useful (Wa.). Oil of Cinnamon, in 
 drachm doses (R.). Water, hot-water bag to lower dorsal and lumbar verte¬ 
 brae (R.); cold sitz-bath, feet in warm water, especially valuable. 6o°-65° Fahr. 
 for 5-15 minutes, patient then quickly dried and put to bed. [Compare 
 Metrorrhagia.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ext. Tpecac. FI., . . . 
 
 • • • 3 'F 
 
 R . Ext. Ergots (Squibb’s), . . gr. xij. 
 
 Ext. Ergotae FI., . . . 
 
 
 Ext. Opii Aquosi, . . . . gr. vj. 
 
 Ext. Digitalis FI., . . 
 
 • - • 7 > ij- 
 
 M. et div. in pil. no. xij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A half teasp. 
 
 to a teasp. as 
 
 Sig.—One pill every hour, in profuse 
 
 required until emesis. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 menstruation of atonic type. 
 
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS-METRORRHAGIA. 
 
 617 
 
 Menstrual Disorders. 
 
 Aconite, gtt. j every half-hour to hour promptly restores discharge when 
 sudden suppression from chill (P., B., R., Wa.); as emmenagogue (Tr.). Pul¬ 
 satilla, often of the greatest value when menses scanty or delayed, or suppressed 
 by fright or chill (P., B.). Ignatia, in suppression of hysteria (P.). Savine, a 
 powerful uterine tonic ; as emmenagogue certain, powerful, safe (P.). Ferrum, 
 in anaemic subjects (B.). Aloes, as emmenagogue [vide Amenorrhcea] . 
 Cocculus Indicus, for irregular menstruation with colicky pains and scanty dis¬ 
 charge. Should be given for a few days prior to and during period (P.) ; TT\jj-iij 
 of a saturated tincture thrice daily. Opium, in suppression from violent mental 
 emotions, a valuable remedy (Wa.). In many menstrual disorders opium 
 proves invaluable, but must be cautiously administered lest the habit be formed. 
 Cimicifuga, relieves heat and pains in the head, flushings in the face, pains in 
 back and limbs, etc., when occurring as the result of menstrual perversion 
 (Wa.). [Compare Amenorrhcea, Dysmenorrhcea, Menorrhagia, Climac¬ 
 teric Disorders.] 
 
 Mentagra. 
 
 Mercury, the oleate, or the bichloride, gr. ij to 3j water, applied as lotion after 
 each epilation (R.). Citrine oint. extensively employed (Wa.). Sulphurous 
 Acid, with an equal part of glycerin, is an efficient application (Jenner). Arsenic 
 has a more or less powerful influence, used internally in doses of \\v of liquor 
 arsenicalis thrice daily (Wa.) ; the oleate of arsenic is an efficient local applica¬ 
 tion. Sulphur Iodide, as ointment gj to Sjjss, is efficient, with Donovan’s solu¬ 
 tion internally (Sir E. Wjlson). Copper Sulphate, as lotion, £j to 5xvj of water, 
 with ^ss of zinc sulphate, and 3jss of aquae laurocerasi (B.). 
 
 Metritis, Acute. 
 
 Opium, locally, in suppositories or enema is more effectual than if admin¬ 
 istered internally (Wa.). Aconite, is invaluable in early stage of simple in¬ 
 flammatory fevers (P.). [Compare Puerperal Fever.] Heat, to the feet T 
 and by large poultice to the abdomen. Also hot water vaginal injection 
 literally for hours, if possible; repeated at short intervals, from a Davidson 
 syringe. The only means of aborting an attack of cellulitis (E.), which is the 
 condition generally present in cases which are usually supposed to be ones of 
 acute metritis (Playfair). Turpentine, as hot epithems ; few measures are more 
 generally serviceable (Wa.). Linseed Poultices, produce great relief to pain 
 and favorably affect the course of the disease (Duncan). Leeches, to the hypo¬ 
 gastric region, may be required in patients of full habit. [Compare Puerperal 
 Fever, Puerperal Metritis.] 
 
 Metrorrhagia. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, possesses considerable energy in arresting flooding (P.); in 
 full emetic doses, gr. xx in evening, followed by an acidulated draught in the 
 morning (Wa.). Hamamelis, when persistent oozing (R.). Ergot, the most 
 valuable; full doses, repeated every hour or so (R., P.). [See Menorrhagia 
 for formula. ] Savine, 5 to io-drop doses of tincture in cold water every y z hour 
 to 3 hours (P.). Iron, styptic preparations as injections (B.). |See Hemor¬ 
 rhage, Post-Partum.] Opium, has specific action on the uterine circulation 
 (see a 7 ite, page 296), and should be given freely in intractable cases of metror¬ 
 rhagia from uterine fibroids or cancer, in which the establishment of the opium- 
 habit is often advisable (Lutaud). Cannabis Indica, often arrests, especially when 
 at climacteric; tincture gtt. v-xx ter die (P.); has had extraordinary success in 
 number and rapidity of cures (Wa.). Sulphuric Acid, sometimes very effective, 
 especially when due to fibroid or polypus. Ac. sulph. dil., gtt. v-xx, well 
 diluted ( 13 .) ; long extensively prescribed (Wa.). Cinnamon, is used with good 
 effect (P.); has a specific action of the uterus (T.). Digitalis, in plethoric sub- 
 
618 
 
 MILIARY FEVER-MUSCLE-MYELITIS. 
 
 jects. The infusion best, a tablesp. bis die (B., P.); the effect is prompt and 
 decided (\Va.). Magnesium Sulphate, often succeeds (B.). Senegin, in 2-grain 
 doses, successfully employed (P.). [Compare Amenorrhcea.] Ice, to abdo¬ 
 men, or within the uterus (B.); ice in every form first thing to try (Wa.). Rest, 
 absolutely necessary. Dry cupping over sacrum is found useful (R.). [Com¬ 
 pare Menorrhagia, Uterine Tumors.] 
 
 Prescription. 
 
 R. Ext. Ergotse FI.,.^ss. 
 
 Ext. Senec. Aur. FI., . . p t ]. 
 Ext. Viburn. Prunif. FL, . %]. 
 
 01 . Myristicae,.rr^xx. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, . . . ad j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. every % hour 
 until relieved, then reduce dose. Keep 
 the head low, and apply cold over hypo- 
 gastrium. 
 
 Miliary Fever. 
 
 Aconite, for the hyperpyrexia (R., P.). Cooling Drinks, purgatives and anti- 
 phlogistics, in mild cases ; malignant ones sometimes occur, and are dangerous 
 (A.). Lime-water applied by sponging, is very useful; or a lotion of zinc 
 oxide suspended in lime-water, gr. xl to gj, painted on the affected parts of the 
 skin, and permitted to dry thereon (E. Wilson). 
 
 Muscse Volitantes. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, very effectual in curing muscae depending upon hepatic 
 derangement (Wa.). Valerian, often found curative (Wa.). Muscae Volitantes 
 are due to shadows cast on the retina by fibrillae floating in the vitreous body, 
 and are most visible to myopic persons. They do not merit attention unless 
 very abundant, or steadily increasing (C.). Rest of the eye necessary. Neu¬ 
 tral-tint glasses may be worn to render the muscae less visible, if troublesome. 
 
 Myalgia. 
 
 Arnica, the best agent for contused muscular fibre; also for shake, concus¬ 
 sion, shock, npv-x every 2 or 3 hours in water (P.) ; a few drops of tincture 
 internally removes stiffness, after packing with cold, wet sheet (R.). Cimici- 
 fuga, often succeeds wonderfully, as often fails ; no indications for its use (B.); 
 general bruised sensation (R.). Ammonium Chloride, in 10 to 20-grain doses, 
 the most efficient remedy (Anstie); is effective (R.). Veratrine, the ointment 
 externally may control (B.). Belladonna, as liniment, is often successful (R.). 
 Gelsemium, frequently cures but large doses are necessary, rrbv-xx of the fluid 
 extract every 3 hours (B.). Coca, to relieve the sense of fatigue (P.). Opium, 
 by frictions or poultices (R.). Iodine, ointment for pain and tender muscles of 
 the chest, when skin may be pinched without pain (R.). Ammonium Muriate, 
 is very efficient. (See Lumbago.) Xanthoxylum, externally and internally, 
 has a deserved reputation (B.). Chloroform Liniment, with friction, often affords 
 great relief (Wa.). Firing, sometimes very beneficial (B.). Packing, with 
 dripping wet sheet (R.). Counter-irritation, by firing, aquapuncture, acupunc¬ 
 ture (B.). Electricity, the constant current (B.). Baths, Turkish, in aching 
 muscles, from over-exertion (R.). Poultices, very hot, followed by applications 
 of lint and oilskin (R.). Rest, is the remedy of course (Wa.). Rest and support 
 to weak muscles important till they regain their tone ; especially in painful 
 muscular affections following prolonged or excessive exertion, or in the sore¬ 
 ness or stiffness which occur during convalescence from any long illness, or 
 accompanying general debility. These are generally better after repose, but 
 increase with fatigue. [Compare Pleurodynia, Lumbago.] 
 
 Myelitis. 
 
 Belladonna, is decidedly effective, especially when brought on by external 
 violence (P.). Ergot, most successful; large doses are necessary (B.). Elec¬ 
 tricity, in chronic, not in recent form (B.). Silver Nitrate, in chronic inflam- 
 
MYOPIA-Ni'EVUS—NAILS-NASAL AFFECTIONS. 
 
 619 
 
 mations of the cord, one of the few remedies which are ever of service ; gr. 
 
 (W.). Phosphorus, of marked benefit in myelitic paraplegia from 
 excessive venery (W.). Water-cure, ice-bag to spine, feet in hot-water; or 
 better, hot douche to spine (B.). Cold, externally, by ice-bags, along the spine, 
 with cupping or leeching if much localized pain or tenderness ; spoon diet 
 and a sparing amount of stimulants, also copious warm enemata to relieve the 
 bowels and act as derivatives. Little, if anything, is to be done with mere 
 drugs. Posture should be prone, or on side ; absolute rest (Bastian). [Com¬ 
 pare Meningitis, Spinal.] 
 
 Myopia. 
 
 Atropine, by daily instillation, systematically, for the purpose of sacrificing 
 either the convergence or the accommodation, in cases where failure of the 
 internal recti occurs, the disability assuming the form of muscular asthenopia 
 (C.). Glasses, properly adjusted, should be worn from the commencement. 
 
 Naevus. 
 
 Ferrum Perchloride, injected, is effectual; but dangerous when applied thus 
 to naevi about the head (Wa.). Creasote, pencilled over twice a day, may re¬ 
 move naevi (Wa.). Chromic Acid, as escharotic, or local application, gr. c ad 
 3j aquae destil. (B.). Electrolysis, or galvano-cautery, to remove naevi (B.). 
 Nitric Acid, strong, as eschaiotic for small superficial naevi, followed by ol. 
 olivae (B.). Zinc Chloride, Iodide and Nitrate, locally, especially the first 
 named (R.). Setons, threads passed across the growth in various directions, to 
 produce suppuration ; when pus appears the threads should be removed. So¬ 
 dium Ethylate, prepared by adding the metal sodium, piece by piece, to abso¬ 
 lute alcohol in a wide-mouthed bottle ; the crystalline substance found deposited 
 after effervescence ceases is an excellent caustic for naevi; painted over them it 
 causes a rapid eschar, and usually gives but little pain (Richardson). Mercury, 
 the Acid Nitrate an excellent caustic for removing moles from the face (Thomas). 
 
 Nails, Ingrowing. 
 
 Liquor Potassae, a solution ( 3 ij~Sj) on cotton-wool in ingrowing toenail, to 
 margin of nail at ulcerated surface, to soften the nail (B.). Glycerin, or Silver 
 Nitrate, on a fold of lint, to the ulcerated surface (C.). Lead Carbonate, a 
 piece softened between the fingers, and applied as plaster beneath the fungous 
 cushion, cures in a few days (Tr.). Paring the nail, after softening in warm 
 water, and cutting a V-shaped incision in centre of nail; the ingrowing portion 
 should not be cut. 
 
 Nasal Affections. 
 
 Ammonia, by inhalation, in pain and inflammations of nose and frontal bones 
 (R.). Potassium Iodide, large doses (gr. xxx-lxxv daily), valuable in syphilitic 
 affections of the nose (Wa.). Glycerite of Tannin, to excoriations of inside of 
 nose, after measles, scarlatina, etc. Also for impetiginous eruptions of inside, 
 most severe where hair grows, epilation sometimes needful. Also in discharge 
 of greenish, black, stinking mucus (R.). Glycerin of Starch, or Zinc Ointment, 
 applied often, a good supplementary application (R.). Hydrastis, in chronic 
 catarrhal conditions and nasal ulcers, used internally and externally, with great 
 benefit (P.). Pulsatilla, may be employed both internally and externally in 
 nasal inflammations (P.), and in acute inflammation of nose (B.). Cod-liver 
 Oil for chronic discharge (R.). Injections, by nasal douche, are used with 
 benefit in catarrhal states (Wa.). Zinc Chloride, gr. ij to the 3, or the Sulpho- 
 carbolate, gr. v to the 3, as solutions locally by cotton-wrapped probe to dimin¬ 
 ish sensibility of the nasal mucous membrane (Sajous). Cocaine, has many 
 applications in treatment of nasal affections; a 4 per cent, solution by mop or 
 
620 
 
 NAUSEA-NECROSIS-NERVOUS AFFECTIONS. 
 
 spray will empty the engorged venous sinuses, and is very useful in acute 
 catarrh, hay fever, etc., also in posterior and anterior rhinoscopy (R.). [Com¬ 
 pare Acne, Catarrh, Epistaxis, Hay Fever, Influenza, Oz^na, Polypus, 
 Sneezing.] 
 
 Nausea. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, has no rival in sickness of pregnancy, scarcely less useful in 
 that of chronic alcoholism. Very small doses, gr. g 1 ^ equals n\j of wine (P.). 
 Pulsatilla, in dyspeptic nausea, with coated tongue, flatulence, sick-headache, 
 (P.). Cocculus Indicus, in cephalic nausea, violent but ineffectual efforts at 
 vomiting (P.). Calumba, in nausea of languid stomach with flatulence, has 
 considerable reputation (P.). Cinnamon or Cloves, will check nausea (P.). 
 Nutmeg, the simple powder in wine (P.). Pimenta, Pepper, Peppermint, relieve 
 (P.). Tartaric Acid, as effervescing draught, with a few drops of tinct. opii, 
 tinct. calumbse, or hydrocyanic acid added, when from morbid gastric irritation 
 (Wa.). Cold Compress or Ice-bag, over the stomach very useful. Bismuth Sub¬ 
 nitrate, or the Liquor Bismuthi, when the salt in substance disagrees, is a rem¬ 
 edy of established value in nausea and vomiting arising from gastric disorders ; 
 may be combined with Hydrocyanic Acid (Wa.). [Compare Vomiting, Vom¬ 
 iting of Pregnancy, Seasickness.] 
 
 Necrosis. 
 
 Sarsaparilla, a very useful medicine in diseases of the bones (P.). Rest, in 
 a “Salter’s swing,” with poultices, water-dressing, or stimulating lotions, to aid 
 work of repair (Cl., Hilton). Tonics, nutritious food, baths, good hygiene, all 
 are necessary adjuncts to local treatment (Andrews). Acid Solutions, of no use 
 as solvents, may be employed with benefit for detergent and alterative effects 
 to expedite the sloughing and restorative processes (Gross). Operation to re¬ 
 move sequestrum is generally necessary; or resection of the devitalized bone, 
 the latter in young subjects greatly exhausted, where delay would endanger life. 
 (Gross). Potassa cum Calce introduced into fistulas, to convert them into large 
 openings, permitting the removal of diseased bone (Kirkpatrick). [Compare 
 Caries, Bone Diseases, Syphilis, Scrofulosis.] 
 
 Nervous Affections. 
 
 Arsenic, of especial value in nervous affections resulting from malaria, in 
 which large doses are required ; v^x of Liq. Arsenicalis, increased to rt\,xxx 
 thrice daily (Wa.). Asafcetida, is a remedy of much value in nervous affec¬ 
 tions connected with uterine derangement, also in dyspeptic hypochondriasis 
 and other nervous affections; may be combined with bitter tonics and mild 
 aperients (Wa.). Potassium Bromide, takes precedence in epilepsy, epilep¬ 
 tiform convulsions, hysterical convulsions and spasms, tetanus, etc., is of 
 great value in chorea, insanity, acute mania, insomnia, delirium tremens, some 
 forms of neuralgia, and the numerous symptoms of vaso-motor disturbance, 
 such as—numbness, coldness, deadness, pricking sensations, indefinable but 
 distressing sensations in abdomen, hypogastrium or epigastrium; feelings 
 similar to rigors, with anxiety, palpitation or fluttering of the heart,—all due 
 to interference with the local circulation (Reynolds). Valerian and Valerian¬ 
 ates, are thought to exercise some special influence over nervous affections, 
 especially the Valerianate of Zinc, in half-grain to grain doses in pill, or the 
 Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian, from which every good that can be expected 
 from the valerianates will be more certainly obtained (Wa.). Sumbul, acts as 
 a nervous stimulant, and is especially efficacious in neurotic migraine, also in 
 hysteria and the obscure paralytic affections associated therewith (Wa.). Caf¬ 
 feine, is of signal value in neuralgia, hemicrania and other nervous affections 
 (Shaffer); grain-doses in solution hypodermically, afford great relief in 
 dorso-intercostal neuralgia attending shingles, insomnia, etc. (Anstie). Cocaine 
 
NERVOUS EXHAUSTION-NERVOUSNESS. 
 
 621 
 
 is a powerful nerve stimulant, destroying the sense of fatigue, and often 
 evincing marked analgesic power in neuralgias. Is effective in melancholia, 
 hypochondriasis, etc., as well as locally in nerve pain over a limited area. It 
 acts as an excitant upon the central nervous system (R.) Opium, is a remedy 
 of marked value in insanity, melancholia, mania, and all nervous affections 
 accompanied by pain (Wa.); gives general repose to both body and mind, is 
 of decided value in diabetes, and produces marked improvement in melan¬ 
 cholia and despondency (R.). Lupulin, is peculiarly useful in nervous affec¬ 
 tions when Opium cannot be tolerated, especially in chronic hysteria attended 
 with morbid vigilance, 10-grain doses every 6 hours afford great relief, without 
 causing any unpleasant symptoms (Eberle). Santonin, in convulsions, epilepti¬ 
 form seizures, and affections regarded as choreic, etc., the result of reflex irrita¬ 
 tion from worms (Wa.). Phosphorus, of occasional utility in affections of the 
 nervous system induced by mental exertion or over-excitement. Danger from 
 its use is its liability to produce fatty degeneration of the internal organs (Wa.). 
 Phosphate of Silver is regarded as of special value in myelitis with disturbance 
 of bladder and rectum, and in sclerosis of the nervous substance (Wa.). 
 Nitrate of Silver, the only remedy which has done good in progressive locomo¬ 
 tor ataxia; gr. two or three times daily, with Hypophosphite of Sodium, 
 both to be discontinued when blue line appears on gums (Althaus). Cold 
 Shower Baths, are often beneficial in nervous diseases unconnected with disease 
 of the brain. [Compare Hysteria, Melancholia, Mania, Diabetes, Loco¬ 
 motor Ataxia, Hemicrania, Neuralgia, Nervousness, Insomnia, Hemi¬ 
 plegia, Paralysis, Spinal Paralysis, etc.] 
 
 Nervous Exhaustion. 
 
 Ammonia, the Aromatic Spirit proves very serviceable; Sss-j in water 
 thrice daily (Wa.). Hypophosphites of lime or sodium, or iron, are actively 
 tonic in cases of nervous depression and torpor, with occasional shooting 
 pains (Wa.). Strychnine Acetate, a remedv of great promise, when com¬ 
 bined with a rigid system of diet, mental discipline, etc. (Marshall Hall). 
 Oxide of Zinc, often excellent as a tonic and sedative, in nervous irritability 
 and depression from anxiety, over-study, etc., (Wa.). Phosphorus, of occasional 
 utility in nervous breakdown from over-study, etc., (Wa!). Caffeine, gr. j or 
 more in a cup of coffee, to relieve brain weariness and nervous exhaustion 
 (Wa.). Cocaine, in l / z -grain doses proves serviceable in nervous exhaustion 
 (R.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Strychninae Acetatis, . . . gr. j. 
 
 Ac. Acetici Diluti, .... rrpxx. 
 
 Alcohol is,.spj. 
 
 Aquae destill.,.^vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ten drops thrice daily. 
 
 (.Marshall Hall.) 
 
 R. Ac. Phosphorici Dil., . . . £j. 
 Elixir Calisayae (U. S. Disp.), 3 vj. 
 Elix. Ammonii Valerian, . . f ^ij. 
 
 Glycerini,.J iij. 
 
 Vini Xerici, . . . . q. s. ad Oj. 
 M. Sig.— Jj thrice daily. 
 
 Nervousness. 
 
 Aconite, gtt. j of tinct. at bedtime, repeated if needful, for restlessness and 
 fidgets ” of men as well as women (R.). Ignatia, in small doses better than 
 morphine for mental excitement and nervous erethism (P.); for the nervous 
 exaltation of cinchonism (Pf.). Caffeine, for restlessness due to great lowering 
 of nervous power (P.). Chamomile, lowers reflex excitability (P); minim doses 
 of the tincture every 15 minutes an excellent sedative for children (A. A. 
 Smith). Potassium Bromide, especially for women who are despondent, irrita¬ 
 ble, and sleepless, from overwork, grief, worry, etc.; often connected with 
 migraine (R.); gr. ss-j of any bromide every 34!-hour, is very efficient for the 
 nervous disturbances of children (A. A. Smith). Conium, where a great deal 
 •of motor agitation, especially in the typhoid-like condition often resulting from 
 
622 
 
 NEURALGIA. 
 
 mental overwork, with insomnia, exaggerated nervousness and delirium,—it 
 acts charmingly in securing sleep, by removing the motor agitation ; rrpx of a 
 fluid extract of the unripe fruit, every y 2 hour, carefully watched (Madigan). 
 Strychnine, affords relief in functional irritability of the nervous system, mani¬ 
 fested by restlessness and wandering neuralgic pains (B.); especially useful as 
 a tonic in nervousness from over-use of tobacco (H.). Valerian, extremely 
 useful as a sedative to reflex excitability, calms nervousness, does much good 
 in fevers where restlessness, fidgets, anxiety, etc. (P.). Musk, serviceable in 
 nervous affections when from uterine derangement (Wa.). Opium, calms the 
 nervous system and gives general repose to both body and mind (R.). Sumbul, 
 often invaluable in restlessness of pregnancy; rrpxxx-xl 0 f tinct. with a little 
 Chloric Ether as draught (P.). Camphor, a powerful subduer of reflex excita¬ 
 bility (P.). Chloral, where restlessness, debility (R.). Chloroform, the spirit 
 of chloroform internally (R.). Hops, the hop-pillow is deserving of trial. Lu- 
 pulin, peculiarly useful when opium cannot be tolerated (Wa.). Water, warm 
 sponging to induce sleep and calm restlessness in convalescence. Also, cold 
 sponging (R.). [Compare Insomnia, Irritability.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Strychninse Sulphatis, . . gr.j. 
 Quinine Sulphatis, . . . gj. 
 
 Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . . ^v. 
 
 Ac. Phosphor. Dil., 
 
 Syrupi Limonis, . . . . aa ^ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in water thrice daily. 
 
 (M.) 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, . . . . ^j. 
 
 Ext. Guaranoe FI., .... Ajss. 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,.^iij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad % vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. to a dessertsp. three or 
 four times daily. To relieve nervousness. 
 
 Neuralgia. 
 
 Phenacetine, Antipyrine and Acetanilide, are giving great satisfaction in 
 many forms. Of the three, Phenacetine in io-grain doses, is the safest and 
 most efficient. Morphine, hypoder. in the neighborhood of the affected nerve, 
 the best treatment. Caution ; morphine-habit (B.); gr. y 1 ^ to y often relieves 
 and frequently cures after a few repetitions (P.). No remedy promises more 
 speedy and permanent relief than morphine by subcutaneous injection in 
 sciatica, lumbago, tic douloureux and other neuralgic affections (Wa.). Aconite, 
 when arterial excitement (B.); in congestive neuralgias, and acrodynic, at 
 extremities ; has important, role (P.); as ointment or liniment, especially when 
 fifth nerve affected ; also in neuralgic headache (R.). A remedy of great value 
 (Wa.); a perfect physiological remedy against neuralgia, especially those forms 
 which are based on congestive or sub-inflammatory affections ; but its action is 
 often slow, so that Morphine must be given with it as a palliative. Aconitine, 
 with Veratrine as an ointment locally, a good application (Da Costa) ; inter¬ 
 nally the best agent of all in essential neuralgia; should be combined with 
 quinine in intermittent forms and those which resist quinine alone. (See 
 formula below). Belladonna, must be persisted in with full doses ; gr. of atro¬ 
 pine, or gr. to hypodermically, in vicinity of nerve, has special utility in 
 tic douloureux and sciatica; also in peri-uterine and dysmenorrhceal neuralgias 
 (B.). n\j of solution of gr. j-Sij of water hypodermically (P.). Spinal irrita¬ 
 tion, intercostal neuralgia. The liniment or ointment of atropine in facial (R.). 
 Gr. 0.15 of the extract every hour till giddiness, then lessen doses. Continue 
 for several days (Tr.). Veratrum Viride, tincture, said to be very useful (R.). 
 Veratrine, ointment for facial and sciatica (R.). Oint. (gr. viij-Jj) frequently 
 of much benefit (P.). Nux Vomica, is most useful in visceral neuralgiae, as 
 gastralgia, hepatalgia, etc., the tincture with carminatives in the former affec¬ 
 tion ; or strychnine, gr. y^y to twice or thrice daily. In all forms of neu¬ 
 ralgia this remedy should be used in small doses (P.). Arsenic, cures by its 
 influence on bodily nutrition; directly so in neuralgias of malarial origin, 
 though inferior to quinine (B.) In various neuralgias, also in angina pectoris 
 (R.). Phosphorus, gr. y 1 ^ every few hours, has made very effective cures (B.). 
 
NEURALGIA. 
 
 623 
 
 Gr. x ^o t° tV every 3 hours. Very useful in all forms, especially when uncom¬ 
 plicated (R.); always a good remedy except for cases due to cold or inflamma¬ 
 tion, and those not depending on depraved nutrition (H.). Quinine, large 
 doses (gr. v-xx, in sherry), just before attack in periodical neuralgia, whether 
 malarial or not. Useful also in small, frequently repeated doses in other types, 
 especially of supra-orbital nerve (P.); has selective action upon supra-orbital 
 form (Spender). Salicylates in large doses cured a case of tic doul. of 12 years’ 
 standing (Dercum). Sumbul, for certain types, of more value than any other 
 remedy. Facial, sciatic, or ovarian, in women of nervous constitution, often 
 yield to it at once (P.). Cimicifuga, in neuralgia of the 5th from cold, and in 
 ovarian neuralgia (B.) Gelsemium, successful in neuralgia of 5th (B.) ; espe¬ 
 cially dental branches (R.); of value in trigeminal, ovarian, etc. (W.) ; in suita¬ 
 ble cases small doses answer as well if not better than large ones (Pf.); rtpfij of 
 the tincture every hour often succeed miraculously with no ill results in neu¬ 
 ralgias about the head and face (A. A. Smith); no better remedy in tic doulou¬ 
 reux, but must be given in large doses, rrpx-xv of a strong tincture or fluid 
 extract (H.). Zinc Valerianate, extremely beneficial in neuralgia from reflex 
 irritation of female pelvic organs (B.). Spigelia Anthelmia, useful in facial (P.). 
 Ammonium Valerianate, or Zinc Val. in neuralgia of face or head (R.); the 
 latter in nervous cases, and uterine (Wa.). Chamomile, in neuralgia of 5th 
 nerve (R.)* Staphisagria, internally and externally often curative in obstinate 
 facial and cervical neuralgia (P.). Ignatia, in hysterical and intercostal neu¬ 
 ralgia, with nervous erethism, is valuable (P.). Ergot, much employed in 
 visceral forms, especially gastralgia (P.); said to be useful (R.). Ammoniated 
 Copper, in neuralgia of the 5th, lately used by Fereol with remarkable success; 
 Yz -grain doses pushed. Eserine, very efficient in neuralgia of the eye-ball, a 
 solution of gr. ij to the 3 by instillation. Cannabis Indica, %-% gr. doses of 
 extract 2 or 3 times a day ; especially for neuralgic headache (P.); found useful 
 (R.). Cod-Liver Oil, when low nutrition, faulty assimilation (W.). Iron, when 
 from anaemia. Tincture of chloride (np xxx-xl ter die), also chalybeate waters 
 (B.). Moderate doses only required (R.). In chlorotic subjects, of whom 
 nearly all will have neuralgia (Tr.). Iodides, for neuralgia of fifth, dependent 
 on syphiloma of the nervous system, pain nocturnal chiefly (B.). Bromides, 
 benefit some kinds, especially ovarian (B.); potassium bromide occasionally 
 relieves (R.). Ammonium Chloride, half-drachm doses in facial and other 
 neuralgias, is much used (R.); a very efficient and diffusible stimulant, gr. xx 
 - 3 j at first, repeated every hour during the attack (H.). Chloroform, as anaes¬ 
 thetic to relieve pain, is occasionally useful locally, also as spray for uterine 
 neuralgia (R.); by deep injection into vicinity of affected nerve rtp v-xv of pure 
 chloroform, a very efficient method of dealing with long-standing cases (B.); 
 used in one case it caused symptoms so severe as to imperil the life of the 
 patient (W.). Theine, hypodermically, is promptly analgesic, and has pro¬ 
 longed influence, but must be aided by remedies to improve the nutritive state of 
 the affected nerves, or which are capable of removing the diathesis upon which 
 the neuralgise depend (Mays). See Formula below. Caffeine, hypodermically 
 has been found useful, especially in cervico-brachial neuralgia (P.). Cocaine, 
 as a hypodermic injection, a 4 or 5 per cent, solution is very effective if admin¬ 
 istered in the vicinity of the aching nerve (R.); also by instillation in neuralgia 
 of the eyeball, and whenever it can be applied to the mucous surface in the 
 vicinity of the pain. Croton Chloral, very effective, especially in tic douloureux 
 and sciatica, gr. ij-v every hour till gr. xv are taken (B.) ; in facial, that from 
 carious teeth, that of neck and back of head, tic douloureux, etc. (R.). Gr. j 
 every y hour is a very efficient dose (A. A. Smith); rarely of any value, but 
 when used is best given in 20-grain doses twice daily (FI.). Chloral and Cam¬ 
 phor, parts tequales, triturated together, and painted over surface (B., R.); 
 also with morphine (B.). Aquapuncture, strangely relieves pain in a superfi¬ 
 cial nerve, so much so, that some hold the curative effects of morphine injection 
 to be due to the water (B.). Counter-irritation. Mustard poultices in neuralgic 
 pains (P.). Blisters to a posterior branch of the spinal nerve-trunk from which 
 painful nerve issues (Anstie). Amyl Nitrite, inhaled in dysmenorrhoeal neu- 
 
624 
 
 NEURALGIA. 
 
 ralgia (B.); and when of 5th nerve (R.) Nitro-glycerin, has often afforded great 
 relief (Wa.). Carbonic Acid Gas, injected into vagina for neuralgia of uterus 
 (R.). Digitalis, is strongly recommended in sciatica, also locally in earache 
 (P.). Valerian, serviceable in facial neuralgia of hysterical type *(P.). Bibiru 
 Bark, in intermittent forms (P.). Pyrethrum, root, is chewed with benefit in 
 facial neuralgia (P.). Capsicum, a strong infusion on lint covered with gutta¬ 
 percha (R.). Coccus Cacti, has been very successful in 20-30 minim doses of a 
 th tincture twice daily, the larger dose in the paroxysm (W.). Peppermint, Oil 
 of, painted over the part in facial neuralgia (R.); especially the Chinese oil, 
 which contains a large excess of Menthol, a very useful application in superfi¬ 
 cial neuralgiae (W.). Turpentine, has cured tic douloureux and sciatica (B.) ; 
 often of wonderful service (P.). Potassium Chlorate, for facial neuralgia (B.). 
 Alcohol, with much volatile ether; care must be taken in prescribing it (R.). 
 Piscidia, almost specific in many forms, useless in many cases (W.) Tonga, 
 is efficient in facial neuralgia, rrpx-xx every two hours (H.). Osmic Acid, a one 
 per cent, aqueous solution with glycerin to prevent change, of which 5 to 10 
 drops hypodermically, has made striking cures of inveterate neuralgiae, with 
 no ill effects resulting (Shapiro). Wet Pack, is of great benefit, especially in 
 sciatica. Intense Cold, produced by a spray of Chloride of Methyl,or concentrated 
 carbonic acid gas, directed along the nerve from special apparatus, immediately 
 relieves the pain, and usually cures (Jacoby). Compressed Air, by insufflation 
 into the middle ear, in cases of persistent and paroxysmal temporo-occipital 
 neuralgia, due to chronic follicular pharyngitis and inflammation of middle 
 ear (Legal’s Disease). If these insufflations result in diminution of the pain, 
 treatment should be directed to the naso-pharynx and Eustachian tubes 
 (Masucci). Galvanism of the affected nerve, one of the most important cura¬ 
 tive measures; a continuous current of 4 to 8 cells down the nerve generally 
 answers best, though some cases are helped more by a rapidly interrupted 
 faradic current. Electricity is of no value in cases dependent upon organic 
 lesions, and in any individual case is purely experimental (W.). Diet. Animal 
 fats necessary, as cod-liver oil, butter, cream, etc., in as large quantity as can 
 be digested. Rest often needed, with protection from cold and damp, flannel 
 clothing, bathing and shampooing. [Compare Gastralgia, Hepatalgia, 
 Sciatica, Tic Douloureux, Hemicrania, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Local Use. 
 
 R. Chloroformi, 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti, . . . aa 3SS. 
 
 Linim. Saponis,.3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply on flannel and cover 
 with oiled silk for superficial neuralgia. 
 
 Internal Use. 
 
 R. Phosphori,.gr. ss-jss. 
 
 Alcoholis, q. s. ad solv. 
 
 Spt. Menthae Piperitae, q. s. 
 Glycerini, . . . . q. s. ad ^ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. after each meal. 
 
 (H.) 
 
 R. Aconitinae (Duquesnel), . gr. iv. 
 
 Veratrinae,.gr. xv. 
 
 Glycerini, .... , . 3 ij. 
 
 Cerati,.3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—To be rubbed over the part, 
 avoiding any abraded surface carefully. 
 
 (Da Costa.) 
 
 R . Cupri Ammonio-sulphat., . gr. j-iv. 
 Syr. Aurantii Flor., . . . gj. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.3 iij 
 
 M. Sig.—One-third as a dose, thrice 
 daily. ( Prof. Fereol.) 
 
 R. Mentholi,.gr. xlv. 
 
 Cocainae,.gr. xv. 
 
 Chloralis,.gr. x. 
 
 Vaselini,.3 v. 
 
 M. ft. ung. Sig.—For local use. 
 
 (Potter.) 
 
 R . Quininae Sulphatis, . 
 Ferri Pyrophosphatis, 
 Strychninae Sulphat., 
 Ac. Phosphor. Diluti, 
 Syr. Zingiberis, . . 
 Aquae,.q. s 
 
 . 3 b 
 
 • 3 b 
 
 . gr. ss. 
 
 . 7 ) ij* 
 
 • * l b 
 
 ad 3 iv. 
 
 M.‘ Sig.—A tablespoonful twice daily. 
 
NIGHT-MARE-NYMPHOMANIA. 
 
 625 
 
 R . Veratrinae,.gr. xl. 
 
 Adipis, zWUnguenti, . . . %j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Local use. (Da Costa.') 
 
 R. Theinae, 
 
 Sodii Benzoatis, . . . . aa^j. 
 
 Sodii Chloridi,.gr. x. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.Jj. 
 
 M. Sig.—3 to 20 drops hypodermically 
 at central seat of disturbance. ( Mays.) 
 
 TT\vj = gr. ss of Theine. 
 
 R. Aconitinae Crystal., . . . . gr. 
 
 Quininae Hydrobrom., . . . gr. xx. 
 M. ft. massa, et div. in pil. no. xij. 
 
 Sig.—One every 4 or 5 hours. {Potter.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Aconiti, 
 
 Tinct. Colchici Sem., 
 
 Tinct. Cimicifugae, 
 
 Tinct. Belladonnae, aa part aeq. 
 M. Sig.—6 drops every hour until re¬ 
 lieved. [Metcalf.) 
 
 Night-Mare. 
 
 Potassium Bromide, in night-mare of adults : and children’s attacks of night- 
 screaming often associated with squinting. Digestive organs may also require 
 attention (R.). Camphor-water, a teaspoonful or two the most suitable medi¬ 
 cine (H.). Sleep, in abundance, may prevent (H.). Diet, light; avoid late 
 meals. 
 
 Nipples, Sore, Fissured. 
 
 Benzoin, an admirable local application (P.); the tincture locally for slight 
 erosions (Parvin). Arnica, the cerate, or Glycerin of Starch, or glycerin, 1 to 2 
 of eau de cologne (R.). Silver Nitrate, touched lightly; effectual (Wa.). 
 Sulphurous Acid, solution neat or diluted, constantly applied, or with equal 
 quantity of glycerin as lotion (R.). Collodion, sometimes used (R.) ; useful for 
 protection (P.); as coating (B.). Alcohol, brandy and water as lotion before 
 delivery and after each suckling to prevent cracking (R.). Borax, saturated 
 solution, beneficial (Wa.). Iron, the solution of the subsulphate diluted with 
 3 parts of glycerin, and applied with a camel’s-hair brush, an effective applica¬ 
 tion for fissured nipples (B.). Tannin, the glycerite, one of the best applica¬ 
 tions to fissured nipples (B.). Lead Nitrate, in glycerin, or ointment 
 in fissured nipples (B.). Zinc Shield, constantly worn (R.). Balsam of Peru 
 or Tolu, valuable as application, with oil of almonds, gum arabic, and rose¬ 
 water (P.). Rhatany, as wash or cerate, has had great success in fissure 
 (Tr.); 1 part of extract to 15 of cocoa butter (Wa.). Nipple-shield, to give the 
 nipple rest while the child sucks, gives great comfort. [Compare Lactation, 
 Mastitis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Balsam. Peruvian., . . . 3 ij. 
 
 Olei Amygdalae, .... gjss. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae,.^ ij. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.q. s. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply to the nipples after 
 
 each nursing. [Phillips.) 
 
 R . Liq. Plumbi. Subacet. Dil., 3 ss. 
 
 Ext. Opii Aquosi, .... ^j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,. % iijss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion, to be used after a 
 bread-and-milk poultice, for inflamed nip¬ 
 ples. [F. Barker.) 
 
 Nodes. 
 
 Mercury. The oleate of mercury and morphine externally, is very valuable 
 (R.). Potassium Iodide, as ointment in conjunction with internal use, in syph¬ 
 ilitic nodes of children ; also in non-syphilitic periosteal thickenings (R.). In 
 syphilitic nodes it holds the first place, especially when pains are worse at 
 night, and by heat of bed (Wa.). Stramonium leaves, locally, relieve (Wa.). 
 [Compare Exostosis, Periostitis.] 
 
 Nymphomania. 
 
 Potassium Bromide, when from plethora ; not useful when relaxation, or 
 from cerebral lesion (B.) ; large doses required, at least gr. xx ter die (R.); an 
 40 
 
626 
 
 OBESITY-ODONTALGIA. 
 
 abundance of evidence testifies to its value (W.). Tobacco, to nausea, effect¬ 
 ually cures, but is horribly depressing (B.). Camphor, in considerable doses 
 said to control inordinate sexual desire (R.); at present not much relied on 
 (Wa.) Lupulin, seems worthy of fair trial (Wa.). Sulphur, or dilute sul¬ 
 phuric acid, internally, when arising from hemorrhoidal congestion, not an 
 infrequent cause (Wa.). 
 
 Obesity. 
 
 Banting Dietary is alone sufficient to improve the condition. Its chief fea¬ 
 ture is the exclusion of two elements—starch and sugar—from the food. There¬ 
 fore bread (except toast, or the crust of a common loaf), potatoes, sweet roots, 
 butter, sugar, cream, beer, porter, and champagne, should be avoided. In one 
 year, on this diet, Mr. Banting reduced his weight 46 pounds, and his girth 
 about 12 inches; at the same time, his numerous corporeal infirmities were 
 greatly mitigated or altogether removed. Cannot be recommended indiscrimi¬ 
 nately. This was the method of Hippocrates, avoiding all fats, starches, and 
 sugars ; in fact, all roots or vegetables grown underground (B.). Meat Diet, 
 very successful in 42 cases, the diet being confined to rump-steak, hot water 
 and codfish, for 14 days, absolutely excluding everything else. (Dr. Smith in 
 Brit. Med. Jour., Nov. 20th, 1888). The Schweninger or CErtel method is 
 similar, using chiefly albuminous food, excluding fat and carbohydrates, limit¬ 
 ing the fluids drank, especially at meals, and enforcing exercise. Iodoform, is 
 highly efficient, but causes wasting, and anaemia by injuring red blood cor¬ 
 puscles (B.) Iodol, in 2-grain doses thrice daily, is equally effective (B ). Al¬ 
 kalies. Solutions of oxides or bicarbonates (R.); alkaline mineral waters, 
 with exercise and dietary (B.); serviceable (Wa.). Liquor potassae 5 ss in 
 milk, thrice daily, of established value (Wa.); generally fails (R.). Ammo¬ 
 nium Bromide, sets up gastric catarrh (B.) ; but lessens corpulency (Wa.). 
 Sulphurous Waters, especially Blue Lick, ijiv before each meal (B.) Potas¬ 
 sium Permanganate, for attendant dyspepsia and flatulence ; also useful for the 
 obesity ; gr. %-j ter die, in aq. dest. (B.). Vinegar, only successful at expense 
 of serious injury to the body (R.). Fucus Vesiculosus, has power to reduce 
 adipose tissue. An extract is sold under the title “Antifat” as a proprietary 
 medicine (W.). Exercise, daily, in the open air is necessary, and if carried on 
 systematically is the most efficient and least injurious method of reducing an 
 excess of adipose tissue. 
 
 Odontalgia. 
 
 Aconite ointment or liniment for facial neuralgia due to diseased teeth, will 
 succeed quickly if at all (R., Wa.). Arsenic, gr. as escharotic to destroy 
 pulp, when used for pain may be mixed with opium. It sometimes at first 
 aggravates pain (R., W.). Staphisagria, the alcoholic solution dropped into 
 the cavity (P.). Alum, a solution of nitric ether ( 3 ij~ 3 vij) is said to be an 
 effectual application (B.). Alum and salt powdered and placed in the cavity, 
 excellent when nerve exposed. Chloral, rubbed up with equal weight of 
 camphor, rubbed or put into cavity (R.). Chloroform or Croton-Chloral, equal 
 parts of the former and creasote, a good application (R.). Tannin, a solution 
 in ether is a good application to a carious tooth (B.). Creasote, with tannin or 
 opium or chloroform, placed in the cavity of a decayed tooth, often gives 
 relief (R.). Cocaine, a 5 per cent, solution of the hydrochlorate on cotton ap¬ 
 plied to a cavity will often bring instant relief. Coniine, solution in alcohol 
 placed into a hollow painful tooth (R.). Collodion and Carbolic Acid, equal 
 parts as jelly for stopping carious teeth (R.). Opium, mixed with tannin or 
 creasote inserted in cavity of painful tooth (R.). Morphine, hypodermically 
 for severe toothache (R.). Oil of Cloves, inserted into cavity (B., P.). Camphor, 
 with morphine and flaxseed, as a cataplasm to the cheek (B.). Xanthoxylum, 
 a domestic remedy (B.). Capsicum, a strong infusion on lint (R.). Gelse- 
 mium, useful in some forms (R.). Zinc Chloride, to destroy exposed painful 
 pulp (R.). Ginger, Mezereon, Pyrethrum, are useful masticatories in tooth¬ 
 ache (P.). 
 
CESOPHAGUS-OPHTHALMIA. 
 
 627 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Linim. Aconiti (B. P.), 
 
 Chloroformi,.aa^iij. 
 
 Tinct. Capsici,.gj. 
 
 Tinct. Pyrethri, 
 
 Olei Caryophylli, 
 
 Pulv. Camphorae, . . . aa^ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A few drops to be placed on 
 a pellet of cotton and applied to the cavity. 
 
 [Mason.) 
 
 & . Ac. Tannici,.gr. xx. 
 
 Mastiches,.gr. x. 
 
 Athens,.^ ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—On cotton to cavity. (D.) 
 
 R. Creasoti,.3 ij. 
 
 Ol. Caryophylli, . . . . 5 iv. 
 01 . Menth. Piperit., . . . 5 j. 
 
 Camphorae,.3 ijss. 
 
 Alcoholis, . . . q. s. ad Oj. 
 
 M. Sig.—“ Toothache Drops.” 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. iv. 
 Atropinae Sulph., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Destill.,.3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A few drops on cotton, placed 
 in the cavity. (B.) 
 
 CEsophagus, Affections of. 
 
 Belladonna, the liniment with frictions to the sternum, often very useful as a 
 palliative in stricture of the oesophagus (Wa.). Conium, in spasmodic contrac¬ 
 tions, with crampy pains of stomach, flatulence, and globus hystericus, has 
 proved very serviceable (Wa.). Hyoscyamus, or Conium, in stricture of oesoph¬ 
 agus, if much irritability ; with occasional leeching to relieve exacerbations 
 of pain or spasm (D.). Silver Nitrate, in stricture of the oesophagus, a weak 
 solution on sponge probang (D.). Anaesthetics, should be used only to meet 
 temporary indications (W.). Nutrient Enemata, in stricture of the oesophagus, 
 when swallowing impossible (R.); may, in some cases, even preserve life (Wa.). 
 [See Enemata.J Bougie Dilatation, in non-spasmodic (structural) stricture, 
 the only appropriate treatment (H.). [Compare Dysphagia, Choking.] 
 
 Onychia and Paronychia. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, a strong solution in nitrous ether, painted over the adjacent 
 tissue, will abort if applied early (B.) ; frequently causes resolution of the 
 inflammation (Wa.). Lead Nitrate, dusted over night and morning (R.) ; 
 relieves pain, and hastens healing process (B.). Turpentine, applied on a piece 
 of lint or other absorbent material, stops the pain at once, and seems to kill the 
 felon. Mercury, as ointment, for 10 minutes in every hour; poultices in interim 
 (R.). Arsenic, gr. ij. ad Adipis, as ointment, almost specific in onychia 
 maligna (Wa.). Tartar Emetic, will shorten course, and render it milder (R.). 
 Iodoform, oint. or powder dusted on (B.) ; or 1 part to 9 of Ether applied by a 
 dropper in syphilitic onychia (Fox). Iodine, a strong alcoholic solution locally 
 will often subdue the disorder (Wa.). Chloral, a solution locally, as antiseptic, 
 and to promote healing (B.). Sodium Chloride, common salt roasted until 
 chlorine is driven off, equal parts of this, castile soap and Venice turpentine, 
 as a poultice, is a very efficient application. Carbolic Acid, to benumb surface 
 during incision (R.); which should be carried down to the bone, especially in 
 .tendinous whitlow (D.). Cocaine, hypodermically, will accomplish the local 
 anaesthesia more thoroughly, if delivered deeply into the tissue. Morphine, 
 powdered, as local application to relieve pain. Heat, by poultices, is very use¬ 
 ful. In Opening a felon avoid the lines of the arteries, on the sides of the 
 fingers, and that of the flexor tendons which is the median line on the palmar 
 surface. The incision should be made midway between these lines. If the 
 sheath of the tendon be opened the tendon may slough, and the finger be ren¬ 
 dered useless (Ashhurst). 
 
 Ophthalmia. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, a strong solution (gr. xx ad 3j) in granular lids; cautiously 
 when corneal ulcers exist (B.); solid stick diluted with 2 to 4 parts of potassium 
 nitrate, applied lightly and quickly, or a solution (gr. ij-x ad 3j) painted over 
 
628 
 
 OPIUM HABIT. 
 
 everted lids, which should be washed with a solution of common salt, and then 
 with water before being replaced (C.); in solution, gr. v ad gj aquae destillatae, 
 locally once a day in purulent ophthalmia of the new-born, washed off with a 
 weak solution of common salt (Noyes); in solution, gr. iij to the g to abort the 
 discharge in catarrhal ophthalmia (Fox). Boro-Glyceride, in many catarrhal 
 affections, especially ophthalmia neonatorum, is a most efficacious application, 
 the solutions used being of io, 25 and 50 per cent, strength (Fox). Alum, gr. 
 viij ad 3j aquae, applied every y or y hour in purulent ophthalmia of children; 
 success depends on the frequency of the application (R.); a crayon formed of 
 a crystal of alum, a mild and occasionally useful application (C.). Mercury. 
 Calomel dusted over membrane in phlyctenular ophthalmia; or after detaching 
 scales rub in brown citrine ointment every night for eczema of margin of lids 
 (B.). Pulsatilla, as lotion to conjunctiva 8 or 10 times in 24 hours, also inter¬ 
 nally (P.) ; much used by homoeopaths (B.). Spigelia, useful in rheumatic 
 ophthalmia (P.). Antimony. Tartar emetic, gr. to three or four times a 
 day in strumous ophthalmia, with sharp purgation at commencement (R.). 
 Belladonna, or Atropine, locally, of great service in strumous ophthalmia to 
 relieve pain ; constitutional treatment also required (Wa.). Atropine, gr. ij of 
 neutral sulphate to the 5 of aqua destillata, twice or thrice daily, as soothing 
 application (C.). Arsenic, invaluable in inveterate cases of strumous ophthal¬ 
 mia, especially when complicated with cutaneous eruptions (Wa.). Copper 
 Sulphate, gr. j ad 5j aquas camphorae as collyrium in purulent ophthalmia of 
 infants; in substance to inner part of lids in granular conjunctivitis (Wa.). 
 Tannin, powdered (or in solution gr. j-x ad 3j) produces remarkable results 
 (B.). Lead Acetate, gr. j ad 3 j aquae destillatae, applied by camel’s-hair pencil 
 to surfaces of everted lids, washed away before the lid is replaced. Or the 
 Tannate of Lead \ l / 2 ad 3 parts fine oil, and 1 of fresh lard, a very small piece 
 as ointment to lid (C.). Carbonic Acid Gas, said to relieve the pain and photo¬ 
 phobia of strumous ophthalmia when locally used (R.). Physostigma, to reduce 
 pupil and shut out the light (P.). Iodine, is employed in scrofulous ophthalmia, 
 locally for its alterative stimulation (W.). Iodoform, in gonorrhoeal ophthalmia, 
 and purulent conjunctivitis, of very great value locally, but should be pulver¬ 
 ized very finely (Grossmann); does not bear out the claims made for it (Keyser). 
 Zinc Chloride, gr. j ad §j aquae as collyrium, in gonorrhoeal ophthalmia, used 
 with marked benefit; also a stronger solution (gr. ij-iv ad ^j), effectually 
 arrests the muco-purulent discharge remaining after subsidence of purulent 
 ophthalmia, and has succeeded admirably in diphtheritic conjunctivitis and 
 pustular ophthalmia (Wa.). Zinc Sulphate, as collyrium, gr. j-iv ad §j, is very 
 serviceable in ophthalmia of infants or adults; liquor plumbi added improves 
 (Wa.). Staphisagria, especially in tarsal ophthalmia (P.). Colchicum, when 
 gouty diathesis (P.). Cod-liver Oil, in strumous subjects, tends to remove the 
 manifestations of the disease (R.). Cold Wet Compresses, or iced, are held to 
 be essential in early stage of acute purulent and gonorrhoeal ophthalmia (C.). 
 [Compare Blepharitis, Conjunctivitis, Keratitis.] 
 
 Opium Habit. 
 
 Capsicum, very serviceable from its power as a stimulant to the stomach, and 
 its sedative action on the cerebrum (B.); removes the sinking sensation at the 
 pit of the stomach experienced by alcoholics, when trying to break off that habit 
 (R.). Bromide of Sodium, in large and increasing doses, 3 j twice daily, 
 increased by 20 grains each day, to a maximum of 100 to 120 grains twice in 
 twenty-four hours, with simultaneous gradual reduction of the opiate dose, so 
 that from the 8th to the 10th day it is entirely abandoned. Each dose of the salt 
 should be given in 6 or 8 fluid ounces of cold water (Mattison). A combination 
 of bromides (see formula below), commencing with 40 grains twice daily, 
 increasing to 100 grains twice daily, at 10 A. m. and 4 p. m., freely diluted with 
 water, does not depress vitality, or produce the injurious results of the bromides 
 as commonly administered. This, with 3j of Warburg’s tincture before break¬ 
 fast each morning, with the use of Spt. Etheris Nitrosi to eliminate the bromides 
 
OPIUM HABIT. 
 
 629 
 
 rapidly, electricity, a mixture of iron and strychnine, and an occasional hypo¬ 
 dermic of 5 or 10 minims of a 4 per cent, solution of Cocaine for nervous rest¬ 
 lessness, is the general line of my treatment (Mann). Bromides may do great 
 harm, if recklessly administered, paralyzing the muscular system and causing 
 prolonged delirium. Cocaine, or the fluid extract of Coca (Erythroxylon), has 
 been used to relieve the depression caused by the withdrawal of the drug (B.); 
 has been, by many careful observers, pronounced of great benefit, restoring 
 appetite, inducing sleep, promoting digestion, while soothing the brain and 
 inducing a feeling of contentment and calm (R.). Should never be entrusted 
 to the patient, lest he jump out of the frying-pan into the fire. Gelsemium 
 subdues the restlessness and motor excitement; proved of great value in one 
 case where 30 grains of morphine were used daily ; tt\j of tincture every % 
 hour (Pennoyer). Conium, in io-drop doses of a good fluid extract, to check 
 motor activity and relieve the wandering pains. Sparteine, in doses of gr. 1/3 
 to hypodermically, at moment of systolic cardiac depression which answers 
 to the period of craving, and corresponds to the truncated curve of the sphyg- 
 mographic trace, which is characteristic of the period when the stimulant effect 
 of morphine has passed (Jennings). Nitroglycerin acts in the same manner, 
 but its effect is more rapid and more ephemeral (Idem). Cannabis Indica, may 
 be required in full doses, for restlessness after withdrawal of the opiate, ,5-doses 
 of Squibb’s fluid extract, repeated every hour or two, as required (M.). Galvan¬ 
 ism, is very efficient for the neuralgic pains in various parts ; a strong faradic 
 current sometimes acting better (M.). Baths, if hot, 105° to 112 0 F., are of 
 great value to relieve disquiet; warm baths are worthless (M.). Chloral, as a 
 hypnotic, fails in the first few days of abstinence; later in full doses, 45 grains 
 at once, rather than three 15-grain doses, alone or with a bromide, it can be 
 relied on (M.). Hyoscyamine, Merck’s amorphous, gr. ^ to tr hypodermically, 
 or more, is useful as a hypnotic, and perfectly safe, in patients of good general 
 condition, in whom the disuse of Opium produces unusual insomnia and motor 
 activity (M.). Lupulin, with Phosphoric Acid (see formula below), helps to 
 sustain the patient, lessens the force of his suffering, and shortens its duration 
 (Fleming). Zinc and Iron as blood tonics, given for a month at least, are 
 valuable, and are best given on alternate days (see formula below) (Fleming). 
 Piscidia Erythrina, has been proposed as a substitute, and highly commended, 
 but is worthless, as are also Avena sativa and many other falsely termed sub¬ 
 stitutes (M.); there is no remedy for the opium-habit (Da Costa). Zinc Oxide, 
 for the vomiting and diarrhoea, beginning with gr. j once daily and increasing 
 to tolerance (Da C.). Withdrawal of the drug suddenly and completely, is 
 the method of Levinstein and other Germans, and is preferred when we can 
 have absolute control and surveillance of the patient (Da C.); entails horrible 
 suffering, and is utterly inexcusable (M.). A more gradual reduction is the 
 method usually employed, taking off one-third the first day, one-fourth the 
 second day, and then gradually reducing the amount until the sixth or seventh 
 day, when it is entirely withdrawn. No agent is of any value unless strengthened 
 by moral courage and perseverance on the part of the patient (Squibb). Use¬ 
 less to try to cure a patient while he is pursuing his ordinary avocations. 
 Failure will result unless there is complete seclusion and entire giving up to 
 the treatment (Mann). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Capsici,.5 iv. 
 
 Potassii Bromidi, . . . . 5 iv. 
 
 Spt. Ammoniae Aromat., . ^ hj- 
 Aquae Camphorae, . .ad ^vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. several times 
 daily, in the depression of alcoholism and 
 opium-habit. Instead of the bromide, Fow¬ 
 ler’s Solution (Liq. Potass. Arsenitis), tt\J, 
 may be added; or Tinct. Nucis Vomicae 
 5 ij, or Tinct. Aurantii Amari 5 v. 
 
 ( Ringer .) 
 
 R. Strychninae Sulphatis, . . gr. ss. 
 Tinct. Belladonnae, 
 
 Tinct. Capsici, . . . aa giij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ten drops every three hours, 
 increasing three drops daily. 
 
 R. Tinct. Cannabis Ind., . . rr^xl-lx. 
 
 Spt. Aitheris,. 51 - 
 
 Aquae, . . . . . q. s .ad 5 j. 
 
 M. Sig.—One dose, if insomnia is very 
 protracted. ( Fleming .) 
 
630 
 
 ORCHITIS-OTALGIA-OTITIS. 
 
 Combination of Bromides. 
 
 R. Animonii Bromidi, 
 
 Sodii Bromidi, . . . aa 5 ss. 
 Potassii Bromidi, . . . . ^j. 
 
 Liq. Potass. Arsenit., . . . %]. 
 
 Syr. Tolutan., .j|j. 
 
 Aqum Menthse Piper., . . ;jjss. 
 
 Syr. Hypophos. Comp., . . 3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.— ^j to 3 ij in water thrice 
 daily. Has a total of Bromides, gr. 21 
 in each 3 . [Mann.) 
 
 R. Strychnine Sulph., . . . . gr. ss-j. 
 Tinct. Gentianae Co., 
 
 Tinct. Cinchonae Co., . aa 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. before each meal, as a 
 stimulant to the appetite and nervous sys¬ 
 tem. 
 
 R . Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, . . 3 iij. 
 
 Ac. Phosphor. Diluti, . . ^v. 
 
 Syr. Pruni Virg., , . . . 3 ij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad ^ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.— 3 ij twice daily as a nerve- 
 tonic. ( Potter .) 
 
 I 
 
 Orchitis. 
 
 Pulsatilla, rr\J or less, every hour, relieves pain rapidly, though not the 
 oedema (St.). Belladonna, int., and as oint. (extract j ad iij adipis) when in¬ 
 flammation has subsided (Wa.). Sodium Salicylate, in gonorrhoeal orchitis, 
 subdues pain in a few hours. Iodine, tinct. locally to remove swelling after the 
 acute stage has passed (B.). Mercury, the oieate locally (B.); Calomel gr. iij 
 with Ipecac, gr. x at once, followed by a saline next morning, and smaller 
 doses of calomel and ipecac, every 6 hours, with morphine hypodermically, gr. 
 
 into cellular tissue of scrotum (McElroy). Ammonium Chloride, makes a 
 good evaporating lotion, in solution with alcohol and water (R.). Silver Nitrate, 
 a strong solution to the scrotum, with gentle pressure (Wa.). Tartar Emetic, 
 in acute orchitis (R.). Digitalis, locally, is found most useful (P.). Alcohol, 
 with equal quantity of water, as evaporating lotion (B.). Ice, benefits and 
 relieves pain (B.). [Compare Epididymitis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ammonii Chloridi, . . . gr. xl. 
 Alcoholis, Aquae, . . aa ^ ij. 
 
 M. Sig. — Lotion, to be applied on 
 cloths to the part. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Ammoniat., . . 7 ,). 
 
 Cerati Simplicis, . . . . £j. 
 
 M. ft. unguent. Sig. — Apply locally, 
 with gentle friction. 
 
 Otalgia. 
 
 Aconite and Opium, equal parts of the tinctures, a few drops well down the 
 external meatus, will often subdue the pain. Blistering Fluid, or Croton Oil 
 Liniment, behind the ear often relieves earache (R.). Glycerin, for dryness 
 of meatus (R.); or oil for accumulation of wax in external meatus dropped in 
 every night, gentle syringing in the morning with warm water (CL). Opium, 
 Morphine in solution, gr. iv to the 5, with gr. j-ij of Atropine, is an excellent 
 application (B.). Atropine, gr. g 1 ^ in £>xx of water, a teasp. every three hours 
 for a child in the acute otitis media of children from coryza, very successfully 
 used to abort the otitis, and relieve the earache (Miot). Pulsatilla, internally 
 and externally, is often used with advantage (P.). Cocaine, a 4 per cent, solu¬ 
 tion sprayed over the tympanic membrane through the external meatus, and 
 forced into the Eustachian tubes by inhaling the vapor and then expanding the 
 tubes by Valsalva’s method ; this repeated every three minutes, is a very sure 
 method of curing otalgia (R.). 
 
 Otitis. 
 
 Pulsatilla, in inflammation of external auditory canal; in otitis, as lotion 
 warmed and applied by syringe, three or four times a day (P.). Aconite, 
 quickly relieves the pain (R.); should be used internally and locally. Carbolic 
 Acid, a 20 per cent, solution instilled into ear in moderate otitis, relieves 
 
OTORRHCEA-OVARIAN NEURALGIA—OVARITIS. 
 
 631 
 
 pain at once and checks progress. A solution in glycerin is best (Rohrer). Atro¬ 
 pine, in the acute otitis media of children, is very efficient. See Otalgia, above. 
 Blisters, behind ears, either kept discharging or repeated, often very useful 
 (Wa.). Leeches, behind the ear, afterwards a small blister upon the same 
 place, when leech-bites have healed (H.). Warm Douche frequently, to the 
 ear, to secure cleanliness, then drying the parts (Roosa). 
 
 Otorrhcea. 
 
 Mercury, in chronic cases, the brown citrine ointment (B.). Lead lotions 
 much employed (B.). [See Gonorrhoea, for formula.] Potassium Perman¬ 
 ganate, as injection or spray, gr. j-^j aq. destil. (B.). Silver Nitrate, locally, 
 a solution of gr. iv to the 3 (B.) ; gr. x to the 3 (Roosa). Copper Sulphate, 
 gr. j-v to the 3 (Roosa). Tannin, the glycerite, locally, is successful (B.); 
 especially in children (Wa.). Zinc Sulphate, locally, in solutions of gr. ij-viij 
 to the 3 (B.) ; gr. j-v to the 3 (Roosa). Cadmium, gr. ij-^j rose-water (B.). 
 Liquor Sodae Chloratae, ltpxv-xxx ad 3j aquas when discharge fetid: is highly 
 useful as injection (Wa.). Quinine, with sulphuric acid, advisable in otorrhcea 
 after scarlatina (Wa.). Boracic Acid, finely pulverized, as astringent and dis¬ 
 infectant application ; may be mixed with pulv. Alum, and just enough pow¬ 
 dered Lycopodium to keep it dry;—this packed carefully through speculum, 
 after washing with a weak and tepid alkaline solution. Absorbent Cotton, on 
 holder, may be used every few hours by patient to keep pus removed from the 
 canal. Syringing with warm salt water, once daily, as absolute cleanliness is 
 essential in the treatment. Politzer Bag is a useful adjunct in keeping secre¬ 
 tions out of tympanum and breaking up adhesions (Roosa). [Compare Otitis.] 
 
 Ovarian Neuralgia. 
 
 Atropine, subcutaneously, the best remedy for pain in the pelvic viscera 
 (Wa.). Ammonium Chloride, gr. xxx with gtt. ij-v tinct. aconiti, repeated in 
 ^-hour if necessary to remove pain (W.). Camphor, with Cannabis Indica, of 
 great service in relieving ovarian pain, especially when spasmodic in character 
 (Wa.). Opium, often the cause; if use stopped entirely improvement may 
 ensue (E.); one of the best remedies in ovarian pain of non-inflammatory 
 character (Graily Hewitt). Hot Water, vaginal injections, night and morning; 
 sunlight baths, fresh air (E.). Ether, the compound spirit, in doses of rrpxxx-xl 
 as a palliative (Anstie). Gelsemium, deserves a trial; its power is great but 
 not certain (Wa.). Leeches over the groin, or inside the thigh, where ovarian 
 pain persistent, or tenderness and aching (Wa.). Surgical, Battey’s operation 
 as a last resort (E.). [Compare Dysmenorrhcea.] 
 
 Ovaritis. 
 
 Turpentine Epithems, may be applied hot over the seat of the disease (Wa.). 
 Tartar Emetic, as ointment for counter-irritation over seat of disease, in sub¬ 
 acute ovaritis; at same time a pill of opium, hemp and camphor. See for¬ 
 mula below (Hewitt). Opium, in suppository or enema, more effectual than 
 internally (Tilt). Mercurial Ointment, combined with camphor and bella¬ 
 donna, over the seat of the disease by friction (West). Blisters, in subacute 
 ovaritis are often of great service, placed over the region or to the cervix uteri 
 (Wa.). Enemas, of warm water, simple or medicated, in subacute ovaritis, 
 are warmly recommended; they should be retained as long as possible (Wa.). 
 Salix Nigra, the “pussy willow,” in doses of rt\, xxx of the fluid extract thrice 
 daily, of decided benefit in ovarian hyperaesthesia, etc., of highly nervous 
 women. Ergot, is valuable in chronic ovaritis, with rest and Pota'ssium Bro¬ 
 mide (Tait). Ice, in bag, over seat of pain, when intolerable, and patient too 
 much reduced to bear leeches; is often of benefit (Wa.). Poultices of Linseed 
 meal, as light as possible, often produce great benefit in ovarian inflammation. 
 
632 
 
 OXALURIA-OZzENA-PAIN. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Ext. Opii, ..gr. iij. 
 
 Ext. Cannabis Ind., 
 
 Camphorae,.aa gr. vj. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. vj. Sig.—One pill twice 
 
 daily. (Graily Hezvitt.) 
 
 R. Ung. Hydrargyri, . . . . £vj. 
 
 Camphorae,.gr. xl. 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae, . . . gij. 
 
 M. ft. unguent. Sig.—To be rubbed in 
 twice daily. ( West.) 
 
 Oxaluria. 
 
 Mineral Acids, when eructations of sulphuretted hydrogen (R.). Nitro- 
 muriatic Acid, is of important service (B.) ; especially in the condition show¬ 
 ing general malaise, weakness, and depression of spirits, with oxalate crystals 
 in the urine (W.); also in sciatica and other forms of neuralgic rheumatism 
 accompanied with oxaluria, full doses (ff\, v j-x) of this acid, with an occasional 
 brisk purgative, and cold douche, followed by friction (Wa.). Zinc Sulphate, 
 often very serviceable in irritability of the nervous system, associated with dys¬ 
 pepsia and oxaluria (Bird). Lactic Acid, aids imperfect digestion (B.). 
 
 Ozsena. 
 
 Gold, the auric salts are very serviceable in syphilitic ozaena (B.). Mercury, 
 ointment of the nitrate in syphilitic form ; the white or red precipitate with 58 
 times its weight of sugar snuffed after clearing the nose in non-syphilitic forms 
 (R.). Potassium Permanganate, 3 j~Oj solution as an injection or spray (B.). 
 Hydrastis, the fluid extract locally (B.); 5 j-^viij solution as lotion with trpv 
 of the tincture thrice daily internally (P.). Bromine, as inhalation (see form¬ 
 ula below); or Iodine with Carbolic Acid, or the latter in one per cent, solution, 
 as inhalations (B.). Carbolic Acid, inhaled, 1 per cent, solution (B.). Silver 
 Nitrate, applied behind veil of palate;—gr. v-xx ad gj (B.). Alum, solution 
 ( 3 j-Oj) for irrigation (R.). Glycerite of Tannin, by irrigation (R.). Salicylic 
 Acid, in very weak solution (1 to 500), as cleansing, astringent, and disinfectant 
 wash, used by retro-pharyngeal syringe, and followed by applications of Calo¬ 
 mel, in powder, to the ulcerated portions of the mucous membrane (Massei). 
 Cubeba, the oleo-resin, gtt. xv-xx on sugar after each meal, to restrain the 
 secretion and perhaps modify its character (Cohen). Chloride of Lime, 
 gr. xxx-lx with jfj decocti kramerise ; of which 3ij-iij, diluted with an equal 
 quantity of water, should be injected twice daily after cleansing with salt and 
 water (Cohen). [Compare Catarrh, Chronic Nasal.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Tinct. Iodi,. 3 iv. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,.^j-ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use on sponge in a wide¬ 
 mouthed bottle as inhalation. 
 
 (Potter.) 
 
 R . Bromi,.3 ss. 
 
 Alcoholis,.^ ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Inhalation when vaporized by 
 heat of the hand. 
 
 R. Sodii Carbonatis, 
 
 Sodii Boratis, . . . . aa t ^ij. 
 
 Liq. Sodse Chloratse, . . . ^ss-gij. 
 
 Glycerini. p ) ). 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad 3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply by means of a hand- 
 spray apparatus. ( Thornton .) 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici,.rrpxx. 
 
 Aquae Calcis,.Oj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as wash or spray. 
 
 Pain. 
 
 Opium, is universally used to quiet pain. Morphine, hypodermically, in 
 vicinity of nerve, is curative when not so by stomach. Morphinae acetas vel 
 sulphas gr. with atropinae gr. y^ to y^. Caution, morphine habit (B.). 
 
 Sometimes a single injection curative of sciatica and neuralgia. Poultices con¬ 
 taining laudanum useful in inflammation. Linimentum opii by friction, relieves 
 
PARALYSIS. 
 
 633 
 
 pleurodynia, neuralgias, etc. Opiates soon lose their influence in any certain 
 dose, requiring increased quantities to keep up analgesic influence, so in chronic 
 cases it is best to exhaust all other means before resorting to it (R.). Chloral, 
 has no direct pain-relieving power, except in dangerous doses. To relieve pain 
 and promote sleep, the best agent is a combination of chloral and morphine, 
 cautiously, if heart trouble, or to old drunkards; gr. xv-xxx -f- gr. % (B.). 
 Sometimes relieves neuralgia, chronic rheumatism, gall-stones, colic, gastralgia, 
 and even cancer (R.). Aconitine, locally over seat of pain ; one of the most 
 certain and powerful palliatives in neuralgic, rheumatic, and gouty affections 
 (Wa.); especially serviceable in neuralgia of 5th nerve (B.). Belladonna, the 
 best remedy for every kind of pain in pelvic viscera (Anstie). Atropine hypo¬ 
 dermically in local pain, neuralgia, sciatica, glaucoma, etc. When it succeeds, 
 has more lasting effect than morphine (R.); sciatica, tic douloureux, etc. (B.). 
 Iodides, are magical in syphilitic nocturnal pains of head (B.). The iodide of 
 ammonium, gr. iij ad 5j ol. olivae, with friction ; causes the disappearance of 
 nocturnal syphilitic pains (W.). Cimicifuga, relieves many kinds ; neuralgia 
 of 5th, rheumatic headache, ovarian neuralgia, dysmenorrhcea. Inferior to 
 ergot in labor-pains or after-pains. 3 j doses (B.). Conium, in cancer, rheu¬ 
 matism, neuralgia, etc. (R.) ; also for the fulgurant pains of locomotor ataxia, 
 chronic alcoholism, sciatica, phthisis, etc., doses of tr^x of a fluid extr. of the 
 unripe fruit, every y 2 hour, well watched (Madigan). Iron, with Belladonna, 
 for the wandering pains of anaemia, in which morphine is dangerous and 
 bromides useless (Waugh). Antipyrina, a most efficient analgesic, may be ad¬ 
 ministered hypodermically. Is especially adapted to neuralgias, migraine, and 
 gouty pains. (See ante, page 106.) Theine, of very great value for neuralgic 
 pain, affects the nerve outwardly along its course from the site of the injection 
 (Mays). Chloroform, locally, inferior to other local anaesthetics, two or there 
 drops on cotton into the ear for faceache or toothache ; vapor on raw surface 
 of cancers, neuralgia of uterus, photophobic eye, etc., by inhalation in renal 
 and biliary colic, and to produce general anaesthesia, which see (R.). Ether, 
 syray for local anaesthesia ; inhaled for general anaesthesia (R.). Carbolic Acid, 
 as local anaesthetic (R.). Cocaine, as a local anaesthetic to mucous surfaces, or 
 hypodermically for minor operations involving a small area, as circumcision, 
 eye operations, etc., has no equal ; a 4 per cent, solution of the hydrochlorate 
 is generally employed (R.); has many applications, as odontalgia, otalgia, neu¬ 
 ralgia of superficial nerves, etc., etc. Iodoform, as suppository in painful dis¬ 
 eases of the rectum or bladder (R.). Stramonium, is used as ointment (R.). 
 Duboisine, used instead of atropine (B.). Rhatany, relieves the pain of ulcera¬ 
 tive disease of mucous membranes, pain of burns, ulcers, and especially of 
 blisters (Tr.) Cannabis Indica, formerly used (B.). Aquapuncture (B.). [See 
 Neuralgia.] Galvanism, of an affected nerve gives certain relief. Positive 
 pole on point of emergence ; negative over superior ganglion of cervical sym¬ 
 pathetic (B.). Heat, if pain is without fever or inflammation (B.); warm injec¬ 
 tions soothe the pain of cystitis, prostatitis and abdominal pains generally (B.). 
 Cold, when pain is inflammatory (B.). [See After-pains, Anaesthesia, 
 Boils, Chest-pains, Colic, Gastralgia, Headache, Hepatalgia, Inflam¬ 
 mation, Lumbago, Myalgia, Neuralgia, Odontalgia, Otalgia, Rheuma¬ 
 tism, etc.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Antipyrinse,.gr. xv. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.rr^xv. 
 
 Cocainae Hydroch., . . . gr. ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-half as hypodermic in¬ 
 jection, or the whole when rapid action de¬ 
 sired. [See.) 
 
 Paralysis. 
 
 Strychnine, gr. to [gr. ^ to ^ (R.)] ; also hypodermically into 
 the affected muscles,—for hemiplegia, paraplegia, local, mercurial, paludal, 
 rheumatismal, facial, infantile, and diphtheritic paralyses; in that of spinal 
 
634 
 
 PAROTITIS. 
 
 muscles, of bladder and all local forms (B.); often of use in hysterical (P.); all 
 forms, except, according to Barwell, in cerebral and spinal paralyses (R.). Nux 
 Vomica, in hysterical, and in that from lead-poisoning ; only in chronic cases 
 (P.) ; in paraplegia from softening and wasting of cord (Brown-Sequard). 
 Hyoscyamine, gr. gradually increased to T C in par. agitans, locomotor ataxia 
 (B.). Rhus Toxicodendron, certainly efficacious in cases depending on rheu¬ 
 matism (P.). Ammonium, the iodide and carbonate to aid in absorption of 
 thrombi and thus promote cerebral nutrition in cases of incipient hemiplegia, 
 due to endarteritis deformans reducing the lumen of the vessels in the brain 
 (B.). [See formula below.] Arnica, paralysis of the bladder, and many forms 
 (P.). Phosphorus, with cod-liver oil in paralysis agitans, small doses ; also in 
 the paralysis of white softening of the brain (B.) ; in hysterical paralysis (R.) ; 
 in myelitic paraplegia from excessive venery; the only drug which really 
 affects the nerve-centres (W.). Belladonna, when depending on chronic 
 inflammation of the cord (R.) ; externally as ointment along spine, with Ergot 
 internally (Brown-Sequard). Physostigma, into the eye in ocular paralyses 
 (B.); in general paralysis of the insane, also in progressive muscular atrophy 
 without much mental disorder, long-standing hemiplegia, paraplegia, loco¬ 
 motor ataxia (R.). Coniine, in some cases of paralysis agitans (B.). 
 Ergot, in paralysis of bladder from over-distention (B.); paralytic dy- 
 suria, sensation of but partial emptying of bladder (P.) ; said to be useful in 
 paraplegia (R.) ; in paraplegia complicated with menstrual irregularity and 
 forms of paralysis arising from spinal congestion (Wa.); has cured 
 cases of constipation of the paralytic when all the most powerful cathartics 
 failed (Curran). Cocculus Indicus, valuable in hemiplegia, paraplegia, and 
 paralytic stiffness (P.). Ignatia, in paralysis of lower extremities (P.) Can¬ 
 nabis Indica, for retention of urine from spinal disease (R.). Capsicum, in ]/ 2 
 to 2-grain doses every 4 hours as general stimulant (P.). Colocynth, in cere¬ 
 bral paralyses, sometimes seems to act favorably upon principles of revulsion 
 or counter-irritation (P.). Mustard, as an emetic to stimulate failing heart in 
 certain forms of paralysis (P.). Senega, in rheumatic, is a powerful help (P.). 
 Nutmeg, the oil as external stimulant (P.). Oil of Bay, has been given ; is 
 obsolete (P.). Cajuput Oil, efficacious in palsy (P.). Counter-irritation, by 
 blistering fluid in peripheral paralysis of the 7th nerve (R.). Cod-liver Oil, 
 Anstie insists on it when low nutritition and faulty assimilation (B.). Galvan¬ 
 ism, in hemiplegia and many forms (B.). Electricity, faradization of the muscles 
 affected. Localized electricity probably of more importance in confirmed spi¬ 
 nal paralysis than medicinal treatment. Massage, in infantile paralysis, given 
 with lacto-phosphate of calcium and cod-liver oil. Strychnine injected into the 
 muscles (B.). [Compare Hemiplegia, Locomotor Ataxia, Tongue.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Strychnine Sulph., . . . . gr. ij. 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . . i|j. 
 
 M. Sig.—For hypodermic administra¬ 
 tion : rr\v = gr. of strychnine sulphate. 
 
 R. Ammonii Iodidi, . . . . %j. 
 Ammonii Carbonatis, . . % ij. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acetatis, . ^vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. thrice daily. See 
 Ammonium , above. (B.) 
 
 Parotitis. 
 
 Aconite, in febrile conditions (R.). Mercury, ^ grain of gray powder, 3 
 or 4 times a day, very useful, relieving pain and swelling (R.). Poultice of 
 flaxseed meal, a good local application for gland. Leeching, often gives speedy 
 relief, when pain is great and resists hot fomentations (Wa.). Care to avoid 
 chilling, important. Incision, when suppuration occurs. Stimulants and Ton¬ 
 ics internally are very necessary in symptomatic parotitis, occurring as a com¬ 
 plication or sequel of other diseases, with adynamic symptoms. 
 
PEDICULI-PEMPHIGUS-PERICARDITIS. 
 
 635 
 
 Pediculi. 
 
 Mercury. Citrine ointment or wash of corrosive sublimate, for lice on all 
 parts of body. The oleate destroys lice immediately, and also kills the ova (R.). 
 For crab-lice the ordinary blue oint. is very disagreeable, and often toxic in its 
 effect on the patient. A better preparation is Calomel in 5 per cent, oint., or the 
 Bichloride, a 1 per cent, solution in alcohol, of which a teasp. to a pint of water, 
 as a bath to parts twice daily. Cocculus Indicus, destroys pediculi (P.); the tinc¬ 
 ture undiluted as a wash. Staphisagria, as oil or ointment of the powder (R.); 
 “ lice-bane ” (P.) ; the tincture a very efficient application, and much more 
 cleanly than an oil or an ointment. Acetum. Vinegar will kill the nits, as it 
 softens the adhesive chitin by which the ova are glued to the hairs. Ether, 
 washed over the parts, effectually destroys crab-lice. Tobacco, a decoction of 
 the leaf is an efficient application, but requires care, especially if the surface is 
 abraded (Wa.). Essential Oils, will kill, as rosemary, anise (P.); or powdered 
 pyrethrum (R.). Cleanliness, cannot be dispensed with, and in many cases 
 may alone be sufficient. Boil underclothing. Isolation of person, and of 
 brushes, towels, etc., to prevent infection. In Vienna the following prescrip¬ 
 tions are used :— 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Bals. Peruvian., 
 
 Petrolei, . . . . aa part. xv. 
 
 Oil of Laurel, . . . part. j. 
 
 To be applied and washed off after 3 
 hours. 
 
 R. Ac. Salicylici, . . part, ij-iij. 
 Toilet Vinegar, . . part. xxv. 
 Alcohol (80 per cent.) part. lxxv. 
 
 To be rubbed on with a bit of flannel. 
 Once often enough. 
 
 Pemphigus. 
 
 Arsenic, is curative, especially when chronic (B.); largest dose, rtpv liquor 
 arsen. 3 times a day, on full stomach (R.); exercises a powerful influence 
 (Wa.). Mercury. Citrine ointment is largely used (Wa.). Potassium Iodide, 
 improves the condition in pemphigus (Wa.); with good, simple diet; quinine, 
 cod-liver oil, etc. Silver Nitrate, in pemphigus, after the bullae have burst, and 
 excoriations remain (gr. ij ad §j aquae) (Wa.). Water Dressings, on lint, 
 covered with oiled silk, constantly, in pemphigus and rupia (Wa.). Cod-liver 
 Oil, with nutritious diet, is a powerful auxiliary to treatment (Wa.). Puncturing 
 the blebs and evacuation of their contents is necessary as soon as formed. 
 Then dusting-powders of zinc oxide, starch, or buckwheat flour, or lotions of 
 liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus. 
 
 Pericarditis. 
 
 Aconite, when violent throbbing and extreme pain (R.); of great value, if 
 given early (P.) ; proves in the highest degree serviceable, when object is to 
 diminish vascular excitement or irritability (Wa.). Spigelia Anthelmia, useful 
 in rheumatic pericarditis (P.). Digitalis, when rapid and feeble heart, cyan¬ 
 osis and dropsy (P. N.) ; in second stage when heart flags, a tablespoonful of 
 the infusion every 4 hours is beneficial. Bryonia, exceedingly valuable in 
 second stage, that of exudation ; fully equals any remedy in pericarditis (P.). 
 Opium, regularly in grain doses, every 3, 4, 6, or 8 hours, is very beneficial 
 (Wa.). Veratrum Viride, extract made by inspissating the juice of the root, of 
 which gr. ij, with j of calomel, every 2 hours, valuable (Waring-Curran). Quinine, 
 gr. xv-xx may suppress an acute attack, if given at critical moment (B.); may 
 be used as an antipyretic. Counter-irritation, has been much abused ; useful 
 at commencement, but not in acute inflammatory stage (B.). Iodine painted 
 over the cardiac region, or flying blisters in the second stage. Iron, the tinc¬ 
 ture in full doses may be required in the second stage. Poultices, large, hot, 
 often renewed (R.). Ice may be used instead of poultices in the early stage. 
 Paracentesis, by aspiration may be required in the second stage. [Compare 
 Endocarditis.] 
 
PERIOSTITIS-PERITONITIS-PERSPIRATION. 
 
 636 
 
 Periostitis. 
 
 Mezereon, in the rheumatic and scrofulous form (P.). Mercury and Mor¬ 
 phine. The oleate externally (R.). Potassium Iodide, in syphilitic children, 
 also in non-svphilitic periosteal thickening (R.) ; holds the first place for syphi¬ 
 litic affections of the bones (Wa.). Ammonium Iodide, cures periostitis most 
 readily when syphilitic (Wa.). Staphisagria, when long bones affected (P.). 
 Iodine, the tincture, or blisters locally of great service in chronic form (R.) ; 
 under the external use of Iodine it often rapidly improves (Wa.). Poultices, 
 after an early and free incision, when suppuration takes place (C.). Incisions, 
 carried deeply, should be made without waiting for fluctuation, when great ten¬ 
 sion exists and there is a tendency to suppuration. The sides of the abscess 
 should then be brought together with compresses and a bandage (Gross). 
 Tonics and stimulants, as milk-punch, quinine, iron, and opium, in full and 
 sustained doses, are imperatively demanded in many cases (Gross). [Compare 
 Nodes, Onychia.] 
 
 Peritonitis. 
 
 Aconite, of great utility when sthenic reaction ; see Opium (B.) ; should be 
 given early in all inflammations of serous membranes (P.). Bryonia, exceed¬ 
 ingly valuable in second stage, when exudation (P.). Mercury, when tendency 
 to fibrinous exudations, is employed with good effect (W.). Opium, to quiet 
 intestinal movements (R.); by far the best agent (P., B.). Morphine, gr. l / z 
 hypodermically, will often abort, if given early. Aconite and Opium, the tinc¬ 
 tures, gtt. ij of the former with gtt. vj of the latter, in water every hour or two ; 
 a larger dose of opium if pain is severe (B.). Large doses easily borne in this 
 affection (Wa.). Cocculus Indicus, for tympanites ; a few doses will often re¬ 
 move the pain and relieve distention (P.). Quinine, strongly urged by Trous¬ 
 seau ; is naturally indicated in most inflammations (P.). Turpentine, for tym¬ 
 panites (P.); turpentine stupes, v-xv drops of turpentine on flannel wrung out 
 of hot water during acute stage, then blisters for a short time (B.). Leeches, to 
 abdomen, if patient plethoric, and sthenic reaction, relieve pain (B.). Purga¬ 
 tives, are inadmissible when from perityphlitis or inflammation of appendix 
 vermiformis (B.). Poultices, large, hot, and frequently renewed. Should be 
 thin, and covered with cotton-wool (R.). Ice, to abdomen (B.). Cold relieves 
 (W.). Water, hot fomentations to relieve pain, sometimes cold compress better. 
 Ice, sucked or swallowed, to assuage the vomiting; sips of cold water. Diet,, 
 after acuteness of attack passed, should be mild and unstimulating. [Compare 
 Puerperal Peritonitis.] 
 
 Perspiration. 
 
 Belladonna, as liniment locally, also the tincture internally, especially in 
 weakly children who sweat profusely (R.). Atropine, gr. to hypoder. 
 (or in exceptional cases even gr. ^ in pill) in sweating of phthisis and exhaust¬ 
 ing diseases (R.) ; gr. ^ at bedtime for sweats of phthisis (B.). Jaborandi, gr. 
 -fa of pilocarpine, thrice daily, checks profuse perspiration (R., Pf.). Naphthol, 
 in a 5 per cent, ointment or alcoholic solution, is a very efficient application for 
 local sweating (Kaposi). Potentilla Sarmentosa, the Cinquefoil, an infusion of 
 the vine, leaves and root, may be drank ad libitum, and is a very efficient 
 remedy for night-sweats, having stopped them when Atropine failed to relieve 
 (Pope). Agaricine, is used very successfully. (See formula below.) Salvia, the 
 ordinary sage-tea is very efficient, used internally and locally by sponging the 
 body. The infusion for night-sweats of phthisis (DaC.). Quinine, in exhaust¬ 
 ing diseases. In many, a night-draught of quinine, sulphate of zinc, and sul¬ 
 phuric acid, useful (R.). Opium, as Dover’s powder, may succeed in profuse 
 colliquative sweating (R.) ; a fact, though hard to account for it (Wa.). Aro¬ 
 matic Sulphuric Acid, to check sweats of phthisis. Bad for digestion (B.). 
 Muscarine, has been used with great success in the sweats of phthisis and of 
 other morbid states (R.). Zinc Oleate, rapidly controls excessive and offensive 
 sweating on slight exertion in the axillae and groins, also the night-sweats of 
 
PERTUSSIS. 
 
 637 
 
 phthisis (Murrell). Zinc Oxide, gr. iij, with gr. ss of ext. belladonnse, in a pill 
 at bedtime for the sweats of phthisis (R.). Gallic Acid, is very useful for the 
 same condition, and may be combined with extract of belladonna (B.). Tannic 
 Acid, may also be used with benefit. Aluminium, the oleate, checks hyperi- 
 drosis and antiseptizes the sweat, thus forming a useful application to the axillae 
 and groins of children (Wa.). Potassium Permang., gr. j-^j, for fetid perspira¬ 
 tions of axillae, feet, etc. (B.). Salicin, profuse sweats of hectic fever (Wa.). 
 Salicylic Acid, in solution with borax, the most agreeable and efficient deodor¬ 
 ant for fetid perspirations (B.). Carbolic Acid, 2 parts to 3 of glycerin and water, 
 twice daily for fetid sweat (Wa.). Oils, rubbed into the whole skin to prevent 
 sweating accompanying exhausting diseases, as phthisis ; but sponging with a 
 weak acid wash better (R.). Ergot, said to arrest sweating (R.). Sponging, 
 with acidulated water, or very hot sponging in phthisis (R.). [Compare Feet.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 B. Acidi Gallici,.gr. xxx. 
 
 Ext. Belladonnse, . . . . gr. ij. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. x. Sig.—Two pills at bed¬ 
 time (B.). For sweating of phthisis. 
 
 B. Acidi Tannici,.gr. xxx. 
 
 Pulv. Digitalis,.gr. xv. 
 
 Ext. Cinchonae,.q. s. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. xx. Sig.—One pill at bed 
 time. 
 
 B> Agaricinae (Merck), . . . gr. x. 
 Atropinae Sulph., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Aromat., . . . rrpi200. 
 Solve et filtra. 
 
 Dose, irpx in syrup or simple elixir, 5 or 
 6 hours before retiring, as action is slow. 
 
 Pertussis. 
 
 Aconite, in all acute congestions (P.); as a preventive or abortive remedy 
 very efficient, when associated with ipecac, and cherry-laurel water (Dervieux). 
 See formula below. Amyl Nitrite, with Carbolic Acid, in steam atomizer, has 
 proved a very efficient inhalation (Bayliss). Ipecacuanha, useful in many cases 
 (R.) ; irpj for 5 years of age, every hour or two, with the greatest relief (P.) ; 
 when bronchitic or pneumonic complications, combined with ammonium bro¬ 
 mide (Wa.). Pulsatilla, gr. j of anemonine (P.). Belladonna, obviously of 
 value in febrile stage, is of special use when dentition is in progress ; relieves 
 the congestion of air-passages and also the determination of blood to the head 
 (P.) ; good when profuse bronchial secretion ; best in spasmodic stage. Chil¬ 
 dren bear this drug well ; rrp x of tinct. may be given hourly to a child 2 or 3 
 years old (R.). Benzoate of Sodium is highly efficient. See formula below. 
 Conium,or the Hydrobromate of Coniine, in doses of gr. to gr. ^ according to 
 age, a very efficient remedy (W.). Drosera, small doses are very effective 
 (Murrell). Chamomile Oil, a very useful remedy (P.). Coccus Cacti (Cochi¬ 
 neal), in doses of gr. y$ thrice daily for infants, has been highly recom¬ 
 mended (W.) ; proves very effective in most cases. Hydrocyanic Acid, very 
 serviceable in cough by habit, after cessation of whooping-cough proper, or in 
 nervous sympathetic cough of mothers (B., P.). Opium, in convulsive stage, 
 to produce and maintain slight heaviness (R.). Cocaine, a 5 per cent, solution, 
 painted on tonsils, fauces, back of tongue, and if possible on larynx, is very 
 efficient (Labrie). Bromides, relieve spasmodic element (B.) ; that of ammo¬ 
 nium will readily cure many cases ; gr. ij or iij ter die for infants (Wa.). Lobelia, 
 in spasmodic stages; well tolerated by children ; rr^x of tinct. every hour for 
 child 2 years old ; also additional dose when cough is imminent (R., P.). Alum, 
 when acute stage over and no complication, gr. ij-vj every three hours, or less 
 every hour in glycerin or honey (R.). Chloroform or Ether, to lessen severity 
 of the paroxysms; as inhalations (R.). Chloral, gr. v-x in spasmodic stage, 
 relieves quickly (B.) ; gr. iij-viij every 4 hours (Porter). Carbolic Acid, as 
 vapor, with steam atomizer; found to be very beneficial (J. L. Smith). Castanea, 
 a decoction of chestnut leaves has been used with much success ; dose ad 
 
6 3 8 
 
 PHARYNGITIS. 
 
 libitum (B.) ; the fluid extract, in 3-doses, exercises a remarkable influence 
 over the cough (W.). Valerian, said to control the paroxysms (R.). Nitric 
 Acid, well diluted in sweetened water, after the subsidence of the catarrhal 
 stage (B.). Gelsemium, in spasmodic stage (B.). Mono-bromide of Camphor, 
 gr. v in mucilage and syrup, tolu. 3 or 4 times a day, has been very serviceable 
 (B.). Zinc Sulphate, gr. with ext * belladon. gr. yi-yi, has varying degree 
 of success (B.). Lactucarium, the syrup as vehicle for cough-mixtures (B.). 
 Quinine, in solution, locally to fauces (Dawson); the tannate with sodii bicarb, 
 of each 5, and pulv. acacias 100 parts, used with an insufflator (Pollack). Petro¬ 
 leum, on rags around head of the bed, is recommended highly by Hildebrandt. 
 Silver Nitrate, when acute stage passed (Tr.); probably inferior to alum (Wa.). 
 [Compare Cough.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 Chloralis,. 
 
 • • 3 b 
 
 Potassii Bromidi, 
 
 • • 3 ij 
 
 Syr. Pruni Virgin., . 
 
 • • Si- 
 
 Aquae,. 
 
 ■ ■ 3 J- 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. thrice daily for in¬ 
 fants in the convulsive stage. 
 
 (Dessau.) 
 
 R . Ext. Aconiti,.gr. j. 
 
 Syr. Ipecacuanhse, . . . rr^xlv. 
 Aquae Laurocerasi, . . 3j. 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae, .... 5 vjss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. to a tablesp. accord¬ 
 ing to age, every hour. 
 
 (Dervieux.) 
 
 R. Olei Morrhuae, 
 
 Mellis Despumat., 
 
 Succi Limonis, . . . . aa p. aeq. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. or two as required. 
 
 (Sir Wm. Gull.) 
 
 R. Scdii Benzoatis,.gr. lxxx. 
 
 Aquae Menth. Pip., 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . aa^x. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii,.gij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. every hour or 
 two. (Letzerich.) 
 
 R. Acidi Carbolici,.^ss. 
 
 Potassii Chloratis, . . . . ^ij. 
 
 Glycerini,.g iv. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad ]|vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use with steam atomizer thrice 
 daily. (J. Lewis Smith.) 
 
 R . Amyl. Nitritis.,.£ ss. 
 
 Acidi Carbolici, .... rr\x. 
 Glycerini, 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa^ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use by inhalation with steam 
 atomizer. ( Bayliss.) 
 
 Pharyngitis. 
 
 Aconite and Belladonna, for acute attacks (B.) ; when high temperature (R.). 
 Belladonna, is very useful, relaxes the pharyngeal muscles (W.). Capsicum, as 
 gargle, 3 j ad 0)4 aquae, in very early stage only (R.). Alum, gargles, in chronic 
 inflammations (R.). Silver Nitrate, gr. v-xx ad 5j , on sponge probang, suc¬ 
 cessful if systematically applied (B.) ; in early stage of inflammation ; also in 
 chronic on brush, or as spray (R.). The solid stick to each diseased follicle, 
 after scraping (A.). Ammonium Chloride, gr. ij with npxv of tinctura cubebae, 
 every half-hour, often controls acute pharyngitis; when a gouty diathesis exists 
 add npx of the ammoniated tincture of guaiac, and give every hour (A. A. 
 Smith). Xanthoxylum, a decoction of the bark locally to throat, and npx-xxx 
 of the fluid extract thrice daily, a very successful remedy for chronic pharyngitis 
 (B.). Tannin, insufflation to affected surface (B.). Cubebs, powdered, locally, 
 useful (B.). Glycerin, pure, locally, with tannic acid, very serviceable (B.); in 
 chronic inflammation of the throat (R.). Hydrastis, the fl. extr., locally, and 
 gtt. v-x per stomach (B.). Alcohol, dilute, gargle in relaxed throat (R.). Cimi- 
 cifuga, when pharynx dry and spotted over with inspissated mucus (R.). Ipe¬ 
 cacuanha, the wine as spray in non-inflammatory sore throat, with hoarseness 
 from congestion of vocal cords (R.). Pomegranate Bark, as gargle (P.). 
 Potassium Chlorate, as lozenge to stimulate the follicular secretions to a healthy 
 condition (A.). Iron, Quinine, and Strychnine, as tonics, are mainly indicated 
 A.). Zinc Sulphate, as gargle, occasionally employed in relaxed throat (R.). 
 Inhalation of vapors, or of pulverized fluids, by the atomizer, found very bene- 
 
PHIMOSIS-PHLEBITIS-PHLEGMASIA. 
 
 639 
 
 ficial (Wa.). Food, of piquant kind, spices, pepper, mustard, etc., should be 
 strictly prohibited. All fluids should be used at a moderate temperature (A.). 
 Water, by throat compress, relieves ; also in daytime, in obstinate cases. Rest 
 to voice, and cultivation of beard, are useful aids. 
 
 Presci 
 
 1 $. Tinct. Aconiti, 
 
 Tinct. Belladonnae, . aa . gss. 
 
 Tinct. Guaiaci Ammon. . . 3 v. 
 
 Syr. Limonis,.^ ss. 
 
 Aquae Cinnamomi, . . ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 3 hours for 
 acute pharyngitis. 
 
 R. Tinct. Aconiti,.5 ss. 
 
 Ac. Hydrocyan. Dil., . . . rr^xl. 
 
 Liq. Ammonii Acetat., . . £ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 2 or 3 hours 
 according to the severity of the case. In 
 acute and subacute pharyngitis. 
 
 iplions. 
 
 R. Aluminis,.gr. xxx-^ij. 
 
 Sodii Boratis,.^jss. 
 
 Glycerini,.^ij. 
 
 Tinct. Myrrhae, . . . . ,^ij. 
 
 Aquae, . . . . q. s . ad $ iv. 
 
 M. Sig-—Use as an astringent gargle, 
 4 or 5 times a day. 
 
 R. Acidi Tannici,.gr. lx. 
 
 Alcoholis, .rrpxxx. 
 
 Aquae Camphorae, . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—An astringent gargle, to be 
 used several times a day. 
 
 Phimosis. 
 
 Belladonna, as ointment, extract vij-ad xx of lard, has proved effectual 
 (Wa.). Lupulin, 5-15 gr. doses, of advantage after operation, to keep penis at 
 rest (Wa.). Surgical. Division of the prepuce by a bistoury and director ; 
 circumcision (D.). Cocaine, a 4 per cent, solution injected at several points 
 around edge of prepuce, as local anaesthetic during the operation of circumci¬ 
 sion. Chloroform, or Ether, may be used as anaesthetic in paraphimosis, before 
 attempting reduction (Wa.). 
 
 Phlebitis. 
 
 Hamamelis, has as decided an influence on the venous system as Aconite on 
 the arterial (Pf.). Mercury, in frequent and liberal doses, to early and decisive 
 constitutional impression, the best form being Calomel, or Calomel and Blue 
 Mass (Gross). Rest, fomentations, poultices, early incision of abscesses, aperients, 
 opium to relieve pain and insure quiet of mind and body (D.). Blister, over 
 course of an inflamed superficial vein (R.). Diet, nutritious, and wine, espec¬ 
 ially if great loss of blood (D.). Stimulants, as Quinine and Iron, especially 
 the tincture of the Chloride, also milk-punch, are needed to combat the depres¬ 
 sion which is sure to arise. The disease is always dangerous and often fatal 
 (Gross). Incisions, must be freely made if abscesses form, and the internal 
 organs watched for multiple abscess. Ulceration, if it occur, must be watched 
 for hemorrhage, which should be arrested by compression and styptics (Gross). 
 [Compare Phlegmasia, Varicosis.] 
 
 Phlegmasia Alba Dolens. 
 
 Belladonna, and Mercury, equal parts, as ointment, often of much benefit 
 (Wa.). Hamamelis, has specific action on venous system (P.); extolled by Dr. 
 Preston (R.). Blisters, in early stage ; are extremely useful if judiciously em¬ 
 ployed (L.). Ammonium Carbonate, often valuable where great prostration ; 
 full doses (Wa.). Creasote, injections daily (Wa.). Hydrochloric Acid, %j of 
 dilute acid in Oij of barley-water, with ^ss of potassium chlorate, to be taken 
 daily (Mackenzie). Opium, large doses internally, with leeches and anodyne 
 ointments (Wa.) ; laudanum, if pain severe, sprinkled on hot fomentations (L.). 
 Leeches, of great service during the acute inflammatory stage (Wa.). Bandag¬ 
 ing, when the more acute symptoms subside ; at first with flannel, afterwards 
 with ordinary roller bandage (L.). Regimen, should be tonic (L.). Water, 
 compresses in active stage ; douches, hot and cold in chronic form. 
 
640 
 
 PHLEGMON-PHOTOPHOBIA-PHTHISIS. 
 
 Phlegmon. 
 
 Aconite, or Belladonna, are certainly efficacious. Aconite best (R.). Sulph¬ 
 ides, to abort, or, if inevitable, to promote ; gr. ss-j every hour or two of Potassa 
 Sulphurata (B.). Silver Nitrate, strong solution may check if applied early in 
 the vicinity (B.). Carbolic Acid, injections ; a 2 per cent, solution (B.) ; used 
 with great success (W.). Iodine Injections, after evacuation (B.). [Compare 
 Erysipelas.] 
 
 Photophobia. 
 
 Atropine, a neutral solution of the sulphate, gr. j ad §j, for adult, dropped 
 into the eye every 4 hours (C.). If much lachrymation, so as to dilute the 
 solution, it may be applied more frequently. In some cases belladonna irritates 
 and has to be abandoned (Wa.) Conium, in scrofulous photophobia, gr. ss of 
 
 Coniine in £j of 01 . Amygdalae, locally twice or thrice daily ; or the vapor of 
 
 Coniine (Wa.). Mercury, Calomel by insufflation (C.). Canthoplasty, for the 
 spasm of the orbicularis in severe photophobia (C.). Glasses of cobalt blue, 
 the best (R.). Arsenic, in the condition described by old writers as strumous 
 ophthalmia, with its attendant photophobia, is very valuable as an internal 
 
 remedy (C.). Chloroform, the eye exposed to the vapor of a few drops in 
 
 severe photophobia will be speedily relieved (Jones). Croton-Chloral, gr. v-x, 
 in young people and those suffering from syphilitic corneo-iritis (Bader). Potas¬ 
 sium Chlorate, internally, is most useful in some cases (Vernon). Cocaine, 
 a solution of the hydrochlorate, from 2 to 4 per cent., a few drops upon the con¬ 
 junctiva, will be found promptly efficient in most cases. 
 
 Phthisis. 
 
 Creasotum, gives excellent results (Bouchard); is directly curative, at least in 
 the initial stage of the disease (Frantzel); promotes the sclerotic change by 
 means of which recovery is found to occur (Jaccoud) ; Morson’s beechwood 
 creasote should be used, in doses of R\j i n whiskey and glycerin, every 3 or 
 4 hours. Should be largely diluted to prevent irritation, and continued for 
 many months,—relieves cough, diminishes expectoration, stops night-sweats, 
 increases weight, decreases fever, promotes appetite, and in many cases im¬ 
 proves the local condition, as shown by the physical signs (Robinson). Crea¬ 
 sote, tar or carbolic acid, to check expectoration (R., P.); Creasote is often 
 curable in many forms, gr. iij in a pill with Bals. Tolu., three or four times 
 daily, the dose being increased until urine is darkened ; or it may be inhaled 
 with Iodine from hot water (B.). Iodine, or Iodoform with creasote, carbolic 
 acid, eucalyptus, chloroform, alcohol and ether, as combination for an antiseptic 
 inhalation (Br.) ; extremely useful; also as intra-pulmonary injection, a solu¬ 
 tion of the compound tincture of iodine 1 to 4 of distilled water, of which 
 rr^x-xx injected once every 4 or 5 days, through the 1st, 2d or 3d intercostal 
 spaces, anteriorly or in the axillary region, avoiding the pericardium and great 
 vessels (Robinson). Iodoform internally, has proved extremely effective in all 
 forms, as witnessed by numerous observers in various countries (S. Smith); 
 though not one of the most active germicides, it is very destructive to the 
 bacillus tuberculosis (B.). Iodol may be advantageously substituted for Iodo¬ 
 form (B.). Cod-liver Oil, holds first rank as a remedy and food in the chronic 
 forms ; a teasp. after meals ter die is enough ; when not well borne may be 
 combined with aqua calcis, comp, tinct. of gentian ; or, when not digested, with 
 ether (B., R.) ; is of great utility by improving nutrition, and by affecting the 
 tubercle; give 3SS thrice daily one hour after meals, with Tv^x-xv of Ether, or 
 an equal quantity of malt or whiskey; do not give it in hot weather (DaC.). 
 Terebene, with Thymol and Carbolic Acid, equal parts of each, and 3 ss to a 
 pint of hot water as an inhalation : is extremely useful for the dyspnoea (Cam- 
 man). Aconite, in small doses for the irritative fever, is a remedy of much 
 value (DaCosta). Antipyrine in a 2)4 grain dose hourly for 3 doses daily, for 
 the hectic fever (Pribram). Cinchona, for the hectic and sweats, gr. xv-xx 
 quinine (B.); if small doses fail, a dose of 6 or 8 grains at once, or in portions 
 
PHTHISIS. 
 
 64I 
 
 repeated hourly (R.). Ipecacuanha, spray to throat when bronchial asthma and 
 emphysema combined with fibroid phthisis (R.). Opium, or Morphine, in a 
 viscid vehicle for cough, or morphine lozenges when cough due to inflamed 
 throat (R.) ; must in time be given for the cough, which is an irritative one. 
 Codeine, gr. to }£ in simple elixir, is useful and does not constipate (Da C.). 
 Alcohol, an important remedy; may be given with cod-liver oil; or spt. fru- 
 menti ^j-Jij with some bitter, immediately after meals, or the stronger wines. 
 If it disagrees, it harms. Curiously, it induces an intractable form of phthisis 
 (B.). Verbascum, the Mullein-plant, has long been a popular remedy in 
 phthisis ; it facilitates expectoration, improves the general condition, and palli¬ 
 ates the cough. Calcium Phosphate, in diarrhoea, and in chronic forms of 
 phthisis, with little or no fever (R.). Iodine, should be more used than it is ; 
 the compound solution, gtt. j-iij thrice daily, or when anaemia and not much 
 fever use Iodide of Iron, gr. xv of the syrup pushed to £j ter die (Da Costa); 
 as inhalation in chronic phthisis ; to lessen expectoration and cough ; also as 
 liniment painted under clavicles, to allay harassing cough, and to check secre¬ 
 tion (R.). Cimicifuga, useless in tuberculosis, but in phthisis it relieves cough, 
 improves appetite, lessens intercurrent bronchitis, and so improves the patient’s 
 general condition (Wa.). Arsenic, valuable in chronic forms as is no other 
 remedy; but not in caseous, or where much hectic ; may be given by stomach 
 or fumigation (B.). [See under Asthma.] As cigarettes, useful in the diar¬ 
 rhoea, probably diminishes temperature ; caution required (R.) ; of great value 
 in early stage, in later stages it is of no avail, Arsenious Acid, gr. -fa, or tt\Jij 
 of Fowler’s solution, thrice daily (Da Costa). Cocaine, locally, for the throat 
 symptoms, to be applied just before meals are eaten (Da C.). Sulphurous 
 Acid, by inhalation, spray, or fumigation, in chronic phthisis (R.). Sanguinaria, 
 helps expectoration, and revives the enfeebled stomach (P.). Chloroform, with 
 glycerin or honey, for the cough in fibroid phthisis (R.) ; by inhalation con¬ 
 tinuously as germicide, in connection with other agents of same action (Pot¬ 
 ter, see Pacific Medical Journal, October, 1890). Ferrum, often pre¬ 
 scribed ; has no especial influence on deposit (B.). Prescribed in tuberculosis 
 (Tr.). Liquor Ferri Perchloridi, gj ad §j aquae, the most serviceable local 
 application in laryngeal phthisis, diminishing irritability of the mucous mem¬ 
 brane, and quieting cough (Mackenzie). Mercury, gr. of corrosive sublim. 
 every two or three hours, for the diarrhoea (R.). Benzoin, as inhalation, to 
 lessen cough and expectoration (R.). Acids, Mineral, for the indigestion. The 
 acidum muriaticum dilutum (B.). Prunus Virginiana, the wild cherry has a 
 domestic reputation, probably due to its influence over cough ; the syrup is 
 much used as vehicle for cough-mixtures (B.). Hypophosphites, are very useful 
 in chronic cases (B.); have no special effect (Da C.). Digitalis, as antipyretic ; 
 deranges intestinal canal, therefore injurious in phthisis (B.). Phosphate of 
 Copper in nascent form soluble in an alkaline body, is held to be specific by 
 Prof. Luton of Rheims. His formula contains Neutral Acetate of Copper 0.15, 
 Cryst. Phosphate of Sodium 0.75, Glycerin and Pulv. Licorice, aa q. s. for one 
 pill. Copper Sulphate, gr. ^, or Silver Nitrate, gr. ^ > or Bismuth, gr. xx, for 
 the diarrhoea (Da C.). Gaseous Enemata, Bergeon’s treatment, made a noise 
 for a few months, but soon fell into contempt. Baths, sea-bathing, if chronic, 
 little or no fever, without active deposition of tubercle, or scrofulous pneumonia ; 
 Turkish baths for the cough (R.). Grape-cure, is serviceable (B.). Aliment, 
 should be nutritious and digestible, malt liquors better than wine or spirits. 
 Extract of malt, cod-liver oil, plenty of meat, and alcohol in moderation (DaC.). 
 Warm clothing, bathing and friction of skin, moderate exercise, and a suitable 
 climate. Forced Alimentation, when anorexia appears, and super-alimentation 
 at all times, necessary to successful treatment. Washing out the stomach daily 
 by syphon-tube, with warm water alkalinized with borax, and then feeding 
 through tube (Robinson). Climate, the best by far is that of Egypt, or Algeria ; 
 next coming New Mexico, Southern California, especially in the desert along 
 the Colorado River, South Carolina, and portions of Georgia and Florida; the 
 latter being especially suitable for cases having a co-existing bronchitis. For 
 some cases Colorado is very good, and the Adirondack region for early cases 
 
 4i 
 
PITYRIASIS. 
 
 642 . 
 
 in which there is no tendency to hemorrhage (Da Costa). Tuberculin or Koch’s 
 Lymph has been a deceptive bubble which for a short time commanded the 
 attention and admiration of the whole world, but which has been ruthlessly 
 pricked by the critical scalpel in the hands of the father of modern pathology 
 (Senn). [Compare Cough, Hemoptysis, Hectic Fever, Perspiration.] 
 
 Prescnplioits. 
 
 R . Quinince Sulphatis, . . . gr. xviij. 
 Pulv. Digitalis, . . . . gr. vj. 
 
 Palv. Opii,.gr. iij. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily, for the irritative fever. [Niemeyer.) 
 
 R. Pepsini (Jensen), . . . . gr.xl. 
 Ac. Hydrochlor. Dil., . . 3 ijss. 
 
 Glycerini,.5 v. 
 
 Succi Limonis,.3 iv. 
 
 Aq. Aurantii Flor., q. s. ad 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Dessertspoonful with meals 
 
 for the dyspeptic symptoms. 
 
 R. Codeinoe Sulphat., . . . . gr. v-viij. 
 Ac. Hydrocyan. Dil.,* . . rtpxx. 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,.^ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teaspoonful several times 
 daily, for the cough. ( Potter.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Belladonnse, . . . . sjij. 
 
 Syr. Scillse,. t ^ij. 
 
 Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Syr. Tolutani,. ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablespoonful at bedtime, for 
 cough and restlessness, to be repeated if 
 necessary. [H. Gibbons, Jr.) 
 
 R. Creasoti (beech-wood), . . TTpvj. 
 
 Glycerini,. 5 j. 
 
 Spt. Frumenti,.5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—For one day’s use, as directed, 
 in 3 ss doses. [Robinson.) 
 
 R . Iodoformi,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Creasoti,.rrpiv. 
 
 01 . Eucalypti,.tqviij. 
 
 Chloroformi,.rtpxlviij. 
 
 Alcoholis, 
 
 Etheris, . . . aa q. s . ad ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—10 to 20 drops on the sponge 
 of perforated zinc inhaler, to be worn 20 
 minutes thrice daily. [Brunton.) 
 
 R. Extr. Opii Fluidi, . . . . gj. 
 
 Syr. Rhei Aromat., . . . . giv. 
 Syr. Glycyrrhizge,.gj. 
 
 Liq. Ammon. Acet., . . . 3 v. 
 
 M. Sig.—.Shake well. A teaspoonful 
 every 2 or 3 hours. A soothing mixture, to 
 quiet cough, allay nervousness, and stimu¬ 
 late the patient. ( Johnson .) 
 
 R. Iodoformi, 
 
 Creasoti, 
 
 Pulv. Benzoini, 
 
 Bals. Tolu.,.aa gr. j. 
 
 In pill, of such 2 to 4 daily. 
 
 [Hu chard.) 
 
 R. Petrolei Massae,.3_j, 
 
 Pulv. Cubebae, 
 
 Pulv. Doveri,.aa^ss. 
 
 Cinchonidinse Sulph., . . gij. 
 
 M. ft. massa, et div. in pil. no. cclxx. 
 Sig.—One pill every 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 [Griffith.) 
 
 R. Olei Morrhute,.3SS. 
 
 Mucil. Acacise,.^ ij. 
 
 Sacchari, .3 ij. 
 
 Tinct. Lavandulae Co., . . rtpxx. 
 
 Aquae,.^ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teaspoonful for children. An 
 agreeable mixture. [Farquharson.) 
 
 [For a Cod-liver Oil Emulsion see formula on page 459.] 
 
 Pityriasis. 
 
 Alkaline and Tonic Remedies generally control mild cases, together with 
 baths and emollients ; the more severe ones requiring constant envelopment in 
 oil, as linseed or cod-liver oil (Bulkley). Mercury, in obstinate cases, Dono¬ 
 van’s solution of Arsenic and Mercury is highly successful (Wa.); the green 
 iodide, gr. x to 3j of lard, or a 5 per cent, solution of the oleate of mercury in 
 oleic acid with one-eighth part of ether, applied by a camel’s-hair brush (B.); 
 citrine ointment, especially when the hairy parts of the face are affected (R.); 
 an ointment of ammoniated mercury and calomel is very useful in ordinary 
 cases of dandruff or pityriasis simplex (Bronson). Sulphur, 3 j of sulphur 
 lotum to 3j of vaseline applied every morning to the scalp, with sweet almond 
 oil anointing at night (Jackson). Soap, the tincture of green soap as shampoo 
 every morning for cleanliness, or Borax and water, or the yolks of three eggs 
 
PLETHORA-PLEURITIS. 
 
 beaten up in a pint of limewater with jfss of alcohol, all of which make good 
 shampooing mixtures (Jackson). Borax, to cleanse the scalp, a saturated 
 solution ; or the glycerite of borax (R.). Lead, the liquor plumbi, with glycerin 
 equal parts, and two parts of water, as lotion for cases where there is high in¬ 
 flammation and abundant weeping (R.). Carbolic Acid, 2 parts to 3 of glycerin 
 and water, twice daily, with the daily use of a carbolized soap, is often effectual 
 (Wa.). Sulphides, ^ss of Potassa Sulphurata to Oj of Lime-water, as a lotion, 
 or the Bareges Pomade, see formula below (B.). Baths, frequently, and hard 
 rubbing after shampooing the scalp ; avoid stimulating food in bad cases, as 
 well as the use of a fine-toothed comb on children’s heads. [Compare Sebor- 
 rhcea, and for Pityriasis Versicolor, see Tinea Versicolor.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Sodse Sulphuratae, 
 
 Sodii Carbonatis, . . . aa % ij. 
 
 Axungise,.5 ijss. 
 
 M. Sig .—Pomade de Bareges. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Ammoniat., . . gr. xx. 
 Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, . . gr. x. 
 
 Petrolati,.5 j. 
 
 M. ft. unguent. Sig.—Local use. 
 
 Plethora. 
 
 Aconite, is useful for affections of plethoric subjects. Decidedly the best 
 remedy for apoplexy in the plethoric (P.). Arsenic, used with advantage when 
 determination of blood to the head (Wa.). Sulphur, as mild purgative for 
 plethora, from cessation of the menses (Wa.). [Compare Abdominal Ple¬ 
 thora.] 
 
 Pleuritis. 
 
 Aconite, no remedy more effective prior to stage of effusion (R., P.). [See 
 Inflammation.] The tincture in doses of >4 drop every 3 hours to a child 3 
 years old, for 2 or 3 days (J. Lewis Smith). Veratrum Viride. Opinions 
 differ as to whether it should be used in sthenic or asthenic forms (R.); gtt. 
 viij of tincture every 3 hours, with a drop added to each dose until pulse 
 reduced or nausea (Wa.). Bryonia, exceedingly valuable in second stage; 
 should follow aconite (P.). Tartar Emetic, see Inflammation. In early 
 stages and young plethoric subjects, when much febrile action, small doses 
 (gr. tV t0 X) maybe useful (Wa.). Digitalis, as antipyretic (R.); deranges 
 intestinal canal (B.); aconite preferred (P.); the tincture in doses of one drop 
 every 3 hours to a child of 2 years old (J. Lewis Smith). Potassium Iodide, 
 to promote absorption of effusions, steadily for a long time (R.); also chest 
 painted with tincture of iodine, one day on each wall alternately ; may be 
 washed off with iodide of potassium, alcohol or ether (B.); as a diuretic to 
 remove effusion (Clark). Iodine, also as injections, with great benefit and with¬ 
 out risk, in empyema and hydrothorax (B., R.). Quinine, has abortive power, 
 increased by combination with morphine (gr. xv -j- gr. ss) ; also as restorative 
 tonic in low-type cases (B.). Opium, cannot be too highly extolled (P.) ; is es¬ 
 pecially beneficial; gr. ss of morphine hypodermically at beginning will often 
 cut short an attack. During the disease, its effects are very beneficial. A slight 
 physiological effect should be maintained (B.). Morphine for severe pain (R.). 
 Burgundy Pitch, plaster externally as a mechanical support (P.). Asclepias, 
 the popular “pleurisy-root,” is a favorite remedy in the south (W.). Pilocar¬ 
 pus, in subacute cases to remove fluids (Caro) ; or the nitrate of pilocarpine, gr. 
 
 bis die, for children (Vigier); is too depressing and therefore unsafe (Smith). 
 Sodium Chloride, £ss in $j of water, flavored with licorice, in tablesp. doses 
 every 3 hours, often very useful in causing absorption of pleuritic serous exuda¬ 
 tions ; but is contraindicated when exudation is purulent (Br.). Bloodletting, 
 by cups or leeches, useful by reason of counterirritation produced, and to relieve 
 pain, only in robust sthenic cases (B.). Blisters, often greatly abused ; are 
 harmful during inflammatory stage (B.). Poultices, large, hot, and frequently 
 renewed (R.). Water, cold wet-pack to chest probably better than a hot one, 
 pinned tightly to limit movement of chest-walls (B.). Thoracentesis, by 
 aspiration, if the quantity of fluid seriously embarrasses respiration. [For 
 
644 
 
 PLEURODYNIA-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Chronic Pleurisy see Empyema, also compare Hydrothorax, Pleuro¬ 
 pneumonia.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Acetat.,.3 j. R. 
 
 Infusi Digitalis, . . . ad £ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 3 hours to a 
 child of 4 or 5 years, in the seeond stage. M. 
 
 Morph. Sulphat., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti,.npxxiv. 
 
 Liq. Potas. Citratis, . . . ^ij. 
 Sig.—A teasp. every 3 hours. 
 
 Pleurodynia. 
 
 Cimicifuga, curative when rheumatic, valuable in sympathetic cases from 
 irritability of uterus (P.) ; or uterine derangements (R., Wa.). Croton Oil, in 
 obstinate pleurodynia especially when blackened feces (R.). Belladonna, 
 plaster or liniment; the latter generally best (R.). Chloral, made liquid with 
 equal weight of camphor, rubbed in gently, often affords instant relief in severe 
 pleurisy (R.). Sodium Salicylate, gr. xv-xx, every 2 or 3 hours, useful in most 
 cases (Hughes). Ether, as spray, sometimes immediately and permanently 
 removes the pain (R.). Opium, liniment rubbed in after warm fomentations 
 (Wa.); or a hypodermic injection of morphine (R.). Iodine, as liniment painted 
 on the chest, often relieves where mustard fails (R.). Blistering, often success¬ 
 ful when other means fail; sometimes strong vesication necessary (R.). Rest, 
 is important and may be obtained by strapping the affected side with strips of 
 adhesive plaster. Poultices, very hot, followed by application of lint and oil¬ 
 skin. Belladonna liniment generally better (R.). Mustard, as a poultice, is 
 generally efficient, and can be renewed when pain returns (R.). [Compare 
 Neuralgia, Myalgia.] 
 
 Pleuro-Pneumonia. 
 
 Bryonia, often of great service; limits effusion and assists absorption (P.). 
 Carbolic Acid, a 2 per cent, solution injected parenchymatously, once or twice 
 a day, has had remarkable success (B.). Sanguinaria, as a contra-stimulant 
 (P.). Turpentine, as a fomentation (P.). Arnica, the tincture in doses of 
 rrpx every 3 or 4 hours, very useful in controlling the heart’s action (Wa.). 
 Pilocarpine, gr. ss, or gij of the tincture of Jaborandi, benefits cases of pleuro¬ 
 pneumonia (Wa.). [Compare Pneumonia.] 
 
 Pneumonia. 
 
 Aconite, gives good results in catarrhal and fibrinous (B.); has marked effect 
 (R.); very valuable in first stages (P.); in several cases it apparently cut short 
 the attack (Wa.); to reduce circulation either Aconite or Veratrum Viride, until 
 pulse is impressed (Da Costa). Veratrum Viride, valuable (P.); in the very 
 incipiency (B.); opinions differ as to whether it should be used in sthenic or 
 asthenic cases (R.). Bryonia, when pleural complications (P.). Phosphorus, 
 especially when typhoid symptoms; approved by Fleischmann (R.). Bella¬ 
 donna is useful in the first stage (P.); Harley esteemed it highly in pneumonia 
 (Wa.); as an adjuvant to Digitalis in infantile pneumonia, to soothe the irri¬ 
 table nervous system and curtail superabundant secretion (Brown). Tartar 
 Emetic, formerly given in large doses ; now abandoned; small doses may 
 be useful, but should be used with care, lest depression ensue (B.); at com¬ 
 mencement with alcoholic stimulants, if patient be weak (R.); may benefit 
 young, robust subjects (Wa.). [See Pleuritis.] Sanguinaria, as a contra-stimu¬ 
 lant, when fever abated, and graver symptoms have amended (P.). Iodides, 
 none more efficient; the Iodide of Ammonium with Arsenic, to prevent casea¬ 
 tion of inflammatory products (R.) ; Ethyl Iodide, gtt. v-xx ter die by inhala¬ 
 tion, very valuable in catarrhal form (B.). The Iodide of Sodium is useful in 
 catarrhal pneumonia (Da C.). Ipecacuanha, the wine in infantile pneumonia, 
 should never be dispensed with, as it promotes expectoration, controls hemor¬ 
 rhage and regulates secretion (Brown). Senega, in advanced stages as expec¬ 
 torant, when cough is dry, irritating and painful, tightness and oppression of 
 chest (P.). Opium, morphine by injection, sometimes needed for severe pain 
 
POLYPUS. 
 
 645 
 
 (R.); opium is very desirable in many cases, relieves the symptoms and arrests 
 delirium (Wa.). Copper Acetate, Kissel regards it curative ; under it the mor¬ 
 tality was only 4^ per cent. Ammonium Carbonate, at crisis for depression ; 
 give in infusion of senega (B.); see formula below ; is useful as expectorant 
 late in disease when lung tissue breaks down (Da C.). Digitalis, of doubtful 
 value; may be useful for high temperature, ischaemia, and low tension of ves¬ 
 sels (B.); as case goes on and circulation is to be further controlled, digitalis is 
 indicated (Da C.) ; the best agent to slow the heart in infantile pneumonia, with 
 Belladonna as an adjuvant (Brown). Antipyrine, to reduce pyrexia; is deci¬ 
 dedly more serviceable in pneumonia than quinine (Wa.); gr. xv several times 
 a day, or 3 hourly doses each of gr. xxx, then stopping until temperature rises 
 again (R.). Stimulants, in asthenic cases, those of malignant type, and those 
 occurring in aged people (Wa.). Ammonia, the aromatic spirit as substitute for 
 Ammon. Carbonate, in doses of 3 ss in simple elixir (Da C.). Turpentine, as 
 stimulant at crisis (B.). Serpentaria, with carbonate of ammonium in low 
 types, as a stimulant about the crisis. Quinine or Salicylic Acid, to reduce tem¬ 
 perature (R.); Quinine as a tonic in cases which are asthenic from the first 
 (P.); in conjunction with Aconite and Veratrum, gr. viij-xij daily at start, is 
 beneficial (Da C.). Blisters, useful at very beginning only or at crisis of dis¬ 
 ease ; harmful in inflammatory stage (B.) ; to lessen the pain, but should be 
 used in moderation (R.). Wet-pack, hot, tightly pinned to limit motion of chest- 
 walls (B.). Poultices, encircling whole chest in children (R.). Diet, farina¬ 
 ceous, mucilaginous drink, and rest in warm room (R.). 
 
 R . Tinct. Verat. Viridis, . . . n^xl. 
 
 Spt. ^Etheris Nitrosi, . . . gvj. 
 
 Liq. Potassii Citratis, . . 'Z ivss. 
 Syr. Zingiberis, . . q. s. ad 3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every 3 hours, in 
 the early stage. (Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Sodii Iodidi,. 3 J SS - 
 
 Morphinae Sulph., . . . . gr. ss. 
 Elixir Simplicis,.^ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. thrice daily, with blis¬ 
 ters over the apex, in catarrhal pneumonia. 
 
 (.Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.3 j. 
 
 Ammonii Muriatis, .... 3jss. 
 Mist. Glycyrr. Comp., . . 3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. 4 times daily, to pro¬ 
 mote absorption, together with blisters to 
 the chest. ( Univ. Penna.) 
 
 Ammonii Carbonat., . . . gr. xl. 
 Infusi Serpentariae, . . . 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 3 hours, as a 
 stimulant about the crisis. (B.) 
 
 R. Ammonii Iodidi, . . . . gr. xl. 
 Spt. Ammon. Aromat., . . 3ij. 
 
 Elixir Simplicis, . . . . j|j. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad 3 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-eighth thrice daily, in 
 syphilitic lobar pneumonia, together with 
 the following pill. (Da Costa.) 
 
 R. Digitalis,.gr. vj. 
 
 Quininae Sulph.,.gr. xij. 
 
 Extr. Opii,.gr. iij. 
 
 Extr. Ipecac,.gr. iij. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily, with the preceding mixture. 
 
 (Da Costa.) 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 ( Si- 
 
 Polypus. 
 
 Sanguinaria, has been employed as snuff for nasal polypi (P.); with doubtful 
 benefit (Wa.). Tannin, finely powdered, as snuff blown daily into nostrils 
 through a quill, is especially adapted to the soft and gelatinous varieties ; while 
 it has apparently no effect on the healthy mucous membrane, it causes the 
 complete withering of the polypus (Wa.). Zinc Chloride, has been injected 
 interstitially with success in a case of naso-pharyngeal polypus (Barthelemy). 
 Iron, a solution of the perchloride is advised as an interstitial application 
 (Auger). Acetic Acid, glacial, injected into the body of the tumor, will cause it 
 
646 
 
 POULTICES-PREGNANCY. 
 
 to shrink up and to drop off in a few days. Alum, in powder, applied to point 
 of origin to prevent recurrence (D.). Surgical. A nasal polypus should be 
 seized with polypus forceps and twisted off at the neck; it may be removed 
 through the mouth or the nostril. In a few cases the nostril must be dilated 
 with a speculum, or the ala slit to give access to root of tumor (D.). 
 
 Poultices. 
 
 Poultices and Fomentations are simply local baths utilizing warmth and 
 moisture, relaxing the tissues and relieving pain. If applied early they will 
 check inflammation, or assist the evacuation of pus when suppuration has set 
 in. Poultices should be applied thick (thin in peritonitis), as hot as possible, 
 covered with cottonwool, and frequently changed ; large at onset, very small 
 after maturation. Belladonna and Glycerin, partes aequales, smeared over tis¬ 
 sues under a poultice, aid the latter greatly, alsoTinctura Opii, especially where 
 skin is broken. Linseed-meal or Oatmeal, Starch, Bread, Bran, are best in the 
 order mentioned; add meal to boiling water, stir and spread quickly on warm 
 linen. Charcoal under the poultice, when foul sores are being treated. 
 
 An excellent method of preparing poultices is to make a lot of bags of various 
 sizes, and of the fabric known as “ Swiss,” filling each one half-full of the lin¬ 
 seed-meal or other agent employed before sewing up its open end. When 
 wanted for use one of these bags is submerged in boiling water for a few minutes, 
 and on taking it out the meal is found to have swelled so as to fill the bag, which 
 should then be squeezed enough to rid it of the superfluous water, laid on the 
 part and covered with oiled silk and a bandage. 
 
 Fomentations. Flannel should be wrung very dry out of boiling water, and 
 covered with oiled silk. Spongio-piline, a fabric composed of sponge and wool, 
 coated with india-rubber, is an excellent vehicle for the application of warmth 
 and moisture. The inner surface is moistened with hot water ; and its utility 
 may be increased by sprinkling the moistened surface with charcoal, yeast; or 
 saturating it with any desired lotion or liniment. 
 
 Pregnancy, Disorders of. 
 
 Mercury, a few grains of blue pill to correct clay-colored stools (L.). Iodine, 
 the tincture internally for cardialgia (Wa.). Aloes, have cured piles in preg¬ 
 nancy, by removing constipation ; cautiously (P.). Alum, Tannin or Catechu, 
 in medicated pessaries for vaginal leucorrhcea (L.). Castor Oil, an excellent 
 laxative (P.) ; to clear out the bowels in diarrhoea (L.). Cocculus Indicus, 
 when intestines much distended with flatus, and frequent desire to urinate from 
 flatulent pressure on bladder (P.). Bismuth, Calumba and Antispasmodics, 
 with minute doses of Opium, for gastrodynia and pyrosis (L.). Potassium Bro¬ 
 mide, with chloroform, as an antispasmodic in dyspnoea (L.). Sumbul, is invalu¬ 
 able in restlessness ;—lib xxx-xl of tincture with a little chloric ether, giving 
 quiet nights for a long time (P.). Galla, unguentum gallae cum opio, the best 
 local application to hemorrhoids, also fomentations with sponges wrung out in 
 very hot water, to relieve pain (L.). Digitalis, in infusion, very beneficial in 
 albuminuria (L.). Potassium Acetate, with Basham’s mixture (Liq. Ammonii 
 Acetatis), when albuminuria with anaemia. Calcium Phosphate, believed to 
 exert an influence on the foetus if administered during pregnancy, so that mothers 
 who have borne only rachitic or scrofulous children will bear healthy ones (W.). 
 Berberine, found very useful in the periodical neuralgiae of pregnancy, even in 
 cases in which quinine had previously failed (Maclagan). Camphor, liniment 
 for lumbar pains (Wa.). Senna, the confection proves a mild and efficient 
 purgative in the constipation of pregnancy (Wa.). Milk-diet, for albuminuria 
 of pregnancy the best remedy, if strictly carried out (Parvin). Injections, must 
 be used carefully, even.tepid water often induces uterine contractions (L.). 
 [Compare Vomiting of Pregnancy, Ptyalism, Albuminuria, Nephritis, 
 Nervousness.] 
 
PROLAPSUS ANI-PROSTATORRHCEA. 
 
 647 
 
 Prolapsus Ani. 
 
 Nux Vomica. Strychnine, especially when in children, with constipation ; in 
 the latter event add nux^vomica to a purgative, as tincture of rhubarb (R., P.), 
 or strychnine hypodermically, gr. ^ for an adult every 48 hours, ^ inch from 
 anus and parallel to rectum, into the cellular tissue; generally requires 4 to 8 
 injections (Weber). Piper, the confectio piperis in doses of gr. lx-gr. cxx, 
 persevered in for 3 or 4 months, in chronic, weak subjects (Wa.). Sulphur, 
 has a beneficial effect in addition to its laxative value (R.). Alum, in solution, 
 gr. vj to the 3 (R.). Ice, locally, when parts inflamed (R.). Ergot, the fluid 
 extract injected into the perineum, is followed by immediate relief (Vidal). 
 Ferrum Sulphate, 3 j to 3viij aquae, of which one-third by enema twice daily. 
 Podophyllin, in small doses for rectal prolapse in children (P.). Tannin, injec¬ 
 tion to restrain the prolapsus (R.). Hydrastis, by enema, or as a lotion (P.). 
 
 Prolapsus Uteri. 
 
 Cimicifuga, to prevent miscarriage in prolapsus uteri (R.); has a remarkable 
 effect upon the uterus (P.). Astringents, decoctum quercus, decoctum gallae, 
 (Wa.). Pomegranate bark (P.). Tannin, as catechu, kino, red gum, rhatany. 
 Alum, a solution gr. vj ad 3j (R.); lb. j ad Cj aquas, as hip-bath, also should 
 be passed well up vagina (Wa.). Ice, locally when parts inflamed (R.) ; ap¬ 
 plied to the spine (Wa.). Pessaries, in any form, are of but temporary benefit, 
 and in the end positively detrimental (E.); but many cases cannot be treated 
 without mechanical support of some kind. 
 
 Prostate, Hypertrophied. 
 
 Alkalies, for the cystic irritation with acid urine. Great benefit from liquor 
 potassae, citrates and acetates of potassium (B.). Triticum Repens, benefit 
 follows its use in the prostatic enlargement of old men (Sir H. Thompson). 
 Ammonium Benzoate, for the cystitis, urine alkaline (B.). Ammonium Chloride, 
 is occasionally useful, gr. xv-xxx, 3 or 4 times daily (Wa.). Iodine Injections, 
 through rectal walls (B.); a weak ointment applied by rectum (Wa.). Iodine, 
 has been tried in all forms, but is of no value (Thompson). Iodoform, as sup¬ 
 pository in rectum, has proven of great value (B.). Colchicum, in persons of a 
 gouty diathesis (Wa.). Medicine is not likely to have any control over this 
 condition, which is a simple hypertrophy. [Compare Cystitis.] 
 
 Prostatitis. 
 
 Cantharides, gtt. j of tincture (5 may be required) 3 or 4 times a day (R.). 
 Triticum Repens, is found to be of benefit (Sir H. Thompson). Urino-Genitals, 
 especially turpentine, cubeb, juniper, cantharis (B.); cubeb, in doses of gr. xx 
 daily, is found of much benefit (Wa.) ; buchu relieves (P.). Silver Nitrate, a 
 solution (gr. v-x ad j§j), applied to the prostatic urethra in chronic prostatitis, 
 may be useful (Wa.). Blisters, in chronic prostatitis, a small blister on each 
 side of the raphe of the perineum, kept open 4 to 6 weeks, has given the best 
 results (Wa.). Tonic medicines and regimen should be prescribed (Wa.). Hot 
 Injections, to relieve pain (R.). [Compare Prostatorrhcea.] 
 
 Prostatorrhcea. 
 
 Iron, the tincture of the chloride, when there is much debility (B.); chalybeate 
 tonics with quinine and strychnine (Gross). Atropine, indicated in all cases, 
 with potassium bromide (Gross). Potassium Bromide, when irritability and 
 excitement (B.) ; indicated in all cases (Gross). Lead, injections of Goulard’s 
 extract, 3j to £x of water, night and morning, for 10 minutes at a time (Gross). 
 Ergot, when relaxation exists (B.). Bougie, methodically introduced, is one of 
 the best local measures (Gross). Hydrastis, locally applied, a useful medicine 
 (B.). [Compare Prostatitis. ] 
 
648 
 
 PRURIGO-PRURITUS. 
 
 Prurigo. 
 
 Alkaline Baths, followed by a carbolized ointment, and carbolic acid inter¬ 
 nally, are of value in the papular eruption, known as prurigo (Bulkley). Sul¬ 
 phides, Potassa Sulphurata, with tar and benzoated lard, as ointment in genuine 
 prurigo (R.). Arsenic, in doses of npv of liquor arsenicalis thrice daily and 
 gradually increased, has exercised a more or less powerful influence (Wa.) ; 
 has only a moderate effect (Bulkley). Belladonna, controls cases which have 
 resisted ordinary treatment (B.). Carbolic Acid, locally and internally, is 
 especially serviceable in prurigo senilis (B.). Mercury, the bichloride, gr. xx 
 with Ammonii Chloridi, gr. xxx, in Oj of pure water, as lotion in prurigo con¬ 
 tagiosa, “ army-itch nothing equal to it (White). Borax, a saturated solution 
 in rose-water locally (R.); gr. v-x to §j of hot water for pruriginous eruptions 
 on mucous membrane of vulva and vagina (R.). Galvanism, when prurigo is 
 referable to alterations in the cutaneous nerves (B.). Tonics, are required, 
 nerve-tonics as well as general ones, Cod-liver Oil, Quinine, Strychnine and 
 Phosphorus (E. Wilson). Quinine, in large doses, gr. v-x, will control violent 
 exacerbations (Wilson). Baths, the Turkish, frequently repeated, with inunc¬ 
 tion of the skin, may be regarded as curative in most cases (Wilson). ]Com¬ 
 pare Pruritus.] 
 
 Pruritus. 
 
 Alkaline Baths, locally, followed by the application of Carbolic Acid Oint¬ 
 ment, give great comfort in all forms of pruritus (Bulkley). Sodium or Potas¬ 
 sium Carbonate preferred (Tr.); in solution locally, £>iij ad ^iv (B.). Carbolic 
 Acid, as lotion with glycerin, to the itching surface, gives great relief (Bulkley); 
 internally and locally in pruritus senilis (B.); a one per cent, solution as lotion 
 in pruritus ani (R.). Mercury, strong solutions of the Bichloride, black wash, 
 yellow wash or mercurial ointment, in itching of skin affections (R.); Yellow 
 Wash is one of the most efficient applications for pruritus ani. Solutions of the 
 Bichloride are very useful applications in pruritus vulvas etani (Tr.) ; for pruri¬ 
 tus vulvas a lotion of the Bichloride 1 to 2500 parts of water, with alum and 
 starch, is recommended (B.). Calomel 3 j to of lard, as ointment, is the best 
 application, except in the pruritus of urticaria; very useful in pruritus ani, less 
 so in pruritus pudendi (R.). The Oleate, a 5 per cent, solution in oleic acid 
 with one-eighth part of ether, applied by a camel’s-hair brush, in pruritus ani et 
 pudendi (Marshall). Alum, a strong solution is very useful for pruritus vulvas 
 (Tr.). Hydrocyanic Acid, diluted as lotion, often very serviceable; may be 
 prescribed in solution with borax (B.); or laurel-water as lotion, especially in 
 pruritus senilis (P.). Potassium Cyanide, 3 j to Oj of water, as lotion for pru¬ 
 ritus of various kinds when the skin is unbroken (R.) ; as ointment or solution, 
 if strong enough, relieves greatly, but must be used with caution (B.); or rtbxxx 
 of the dilute acid of the Br. Pharmacopoeia in of water or glycerin, may be 
 used instead (R.). Silver Nitrate, a solution, gr. xx ad gj, painted over the 
 affected parts in pruritus vulvse, is very effective (B.). Tobacco, is an effective 
 but dangerous application (B.). Iodoform, as ointment, 3 j ad §j adipis (R.). 
 Iodine, for itching of the nose or inner canthus, sneezing, etc., iodine inhala¬ 
 tions have a marked effect (R.). Arsenic, for itching of the nose, accompany¬ 
 ing asthmatic symptoms (R.). Benzoin, the compound tincture painted on the 
 skin, for the itching of eczema, urticaria, etc. (R.). Boracic Acid makes an 
 excellent lotion in pruritus pudendi, a teasp. to the pint of hot water (R.). 
 Borax, gr. v-x ad 3 j hot water (R.). See Prurigo. Balsam of Peru, is a very 
 good application in pruritus ani, scabies, and many other forms of itching 
 (Auerbach). Camphor, with Chloral, rubbed together, makes a liquid which, 
 added to vaseline, makes an ointment which is powerfully antipruritic (Bulkley); 
 added to dusting powders, allays heat and itching of eczema and intertrigo 
 (R.). Chloroform, as ointment to allay itching of skin diseases (R.). Gelse- 
 mium, TT\,xv of the tincture every half hour, up to 3j. for itching which is out of 
 proportion to the cutaneous lesion (Pelcher). Lead Lotions, to ease the itching 
 of urticaria, pruritus pudendi, etc., especially when the mucous membrane is red 
 
PSORIASIS. 
 
 and excoriated (R.). Salicylic Acid, as ointment, in pruritus ani et vulvae (R.). 
 Sodium Salicylate, in 15-grain doses by mouth every four hours, will greatly 
 relieve pruritus vulvae, when due to diabetes (Goodell). Tar, as ointment, is 
 strongly recommended (Tr.) ; for general pruritus, if no cause can be found, 
 the two best remedies are Tar and Sulphur, as lotion or bath (Sparks); oint¬ 
 ments containing Tar give relief in many instances (Bulkley). Sulphur, may 
 be employed as a bath, Potassa Sulphurata, ^ij ad Cxv of hot water (Sparks); 
 or the alkaline sulphites locally (Wa.); the iodine of sulphur externally and 
 internally, in pruritus senilis (Wa.). Chlorine, the liquor Sodae Chloratae, diluted, 
 a useful application in pruritus ani (Wa.). Cocaine, in 5 per cent, solution or 
 oleate, is by far the most efficient of all antipruritics ; relieves the itching of 
 scrotal eczema, pruritus ani et pudendi, and especially in lesions of the epider¬ 
 mis where the oleate or solution can penetrate at once to the true skin. [Com¬ 
 pare Eczema, Erythema, Lice, Pediculi, Prurigo, Scabies, Urticaria.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ac. Carbolici,.£ij. 
 
 Glycerini,.^j. 
 
 Aquae Rosae, . . . q. s. adgv iij. 
 M. Sig.—Lotion for pruritus. 
 
 R. Ac. Hydrocyanici Dil., . . ^ss-j. 
 
 Infusi Altheae,.Jv-viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion. ( Fox .) 
 
 R. Potassii Cyanidi, . . . 
 
 . . gr. xv. 
 
 Aquae Laurocerasi, . . 
 
 . . ,1 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion. 
 
 (Anderson.) 
 
 R . Liq. Carbonis Detergentis, . 25 ss. 
 
 Glycerini,. t ^j. 
 
 Aquae,. ad^x. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion. ( Sparks.) 
 
 R . Acidi Benzoici,.gr. cx. 
 
 Ol. Caryophylli, . . . . gtt. xl. 
 
 Alcoholis,. % ijss. 
 
 Solve et adde— 
 
 Cerati Simplicis, .... ^viij. 
 Balsami Peruviani, . . . % j. 
 
 M. ft. unguentum. Especially good for 
 scabies, but may be used for any pruritus. 
 
 R. Ac. Hydrocyan. Dil., . . 3 ij. 
 
 Sodii Boratis,.zj. 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.^ viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion. (Pox.) 
 
 R. Potassii Cyanidi, . . . . gr. vj. 
 
 Pulv. Cocci,.gr. j. 
 
 Ung. Aquae Rosae, . . ^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ointment. (Anderson.) 
 
 R. Cretae Praeparatae, . . . . ^j. 
 
 Coal Tar,.zj-ij. 
 
 01 . Lini,.3 ijss. 
 
 M. ft. unguent. 
 
 R. Gummi Camphorae, 
 
 Chloralis Hydratis, . . aa ^ j—ij. 
 Rub together until liquefied, 
 then add, slowly with friction,— 
 
 Unguenti Aquae Rosae, . . gj. 
 
 Sig.—Ointment for itching. 
 
 (Bulkley.) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . gr. j. 
 Pulv. Aluminis, ..... gr. xx 
 
 Amyli,.^jss. 
 
 Aqua.',.3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply locally. ( Goodell.) 
 
 Psoriasis. 
 
 Arsenic, at first apparently aggravates, but soon heals the disease (R., B.); 
 in lepra must be persistently used for a long time (B.); exercises a powerful 
 influence (Wa.); maximum dose rr^v liquor arsenicalis ter die, never on empty 
 stomach (R.). Mercury, in patches of obstinate psoriasis, especially of hands 
 even when not syphilitic. Calomel and mercuric nitrate ointment may be 
 mixed, and tar ointment added (R.). Lappa Major, a tincture of the seeds in 
 whiskey, used by tablespoonful doses, curative of psoriasis of long standing 
 (Reiter). Carbolic Acid, 1 to 4 of lard, as ointment (Wa.). Mezereon, a useful 
 adjunct (Wa.). Sulphur, internally (R.) ; a solution of potassa sulphurata in 
 
650 
 
 PTERYGIUM-PUERPERAL CONVULSIONS. 
 
 water, is excellent in chronic psoriasis (B.) ; not in acute (R.). Sulphur Iodide, 
 externally and internally, in doses of gr. j-vj used with great advantage (Wa.). 
 Silver Nitrate, in psoriasis of tongue and buccal mucous membrane occasion¬ 
 ally ; if syphilitic, mercurials best (R.). Chrysarobin, has the most decided 
 effect on psoriasis, 3ss—ij ad ^i of ung. aquas rosae ; often irritates, and should 
 be employed at first with caution (Bulkley). Nitric and Nitro-Hydrochloric 
 Acids, when symptomatic of imperfect digestion and assimilation (B.). Phos¬ 
 phorus, as substitute for arsenic (B.). Coptis, has reputation in New England 
 (B.). Copper Sulphate, applied solid to spots (R.). Lead, the ointment of the 
 iodide (B.). Tar, painted on, in obstinate cases (R.). Oils, Cod-liver Oil inter¬ 
 nally and locally, is the sheet-anchor, especially when of strumous origin (B.); 
 oils and fats to lubricate skin, with warm baths (R.). Diet and Hygiene, 
 nourishing diet, frequent small quantities of raw vegetables. Cod-liver oil for 
 growing persons, especially when stale fish the cause. Rest and change for 
 overworked subjects. Daily baths and cold sponging. Free, open-air exercise 
 is also most useful. Warm or tepid soft-water baths at night, with use of pure 
 soap. 
 
 Pterygium. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, locally, especially when pterygium with catarrhal conjunc¬ 
 tivitis (Wa.). Treatment unavailing. Benefit seldom derived from any opera¬ 
 tion (C.). Arlt’s Operation, the most satisfactory ; cut away as little tissue as 
 possible, dissect cleanly, close with suture (Green). 
 
 Ptosis. 
 
 Veratrine, gr. x in £ij of sulphuric ether and 3] of alcohol, brushed over 
 the eyelids, brows and temples every morning, till a slight burning sensation 
 is produced; conjoined with the use of electricity (W.). Ergot, aqueous 
 infusion as collyrium (Wa.). Electricity, the constant current may often relieve 
 recent cases (C.). Operation for shortening the lid, by removing an elliptical 
 piece of skin and subjacent muscle (C.); is not advisable unless the ptosis is 
 nearly or quite complete, and of great inconvenience. 
 
 Ptyalism. 
 
 Iodine, as gargle, 3 ij of tinct. ad 3 viij aquae (R.); is worthy of trial (Wa.). 
 Acids, as astringents, small medicinal doses (R.). Sulphuric, int. and as a 
 gargle with decoctum cinchonae, of great benefit in mercurial ptyalism (Wa.). 
 Potassium Chlorate, in simple or mercurial ptyalism (R.) ; in the latter form 
 3j ad 5vj aquae as mouth-wash, and internally in teasp. doses, 4 or 5 times 
 daily (St.). Belladonna, very effective in mercurial ptyalism, and that of preg¬ 
 nancy. Gtt. v-x, or Atropine gr. y^y to T Ry every 4 to 6 hours (B.). Atropine 
 hypodermically (R.) ; should be useful (W.). Tannic Acid, in mercurial ptyal* 
 ism is an excellent gargle, 3) of tannin to 3ij of mel rosae, and 3yj of water 
 (B.). Alcohol, diluted, as a gargle (R.). Potassium Iodide, sometimes bene¬ 
 ficial in mercurial ptyalism, but often aggravates it (R.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Sodii Boratis. 3 ij. 
 
 Pulv. Myrrhae,. 3]. 
 
 Aquae,.3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Mouth-wash or gargle. 
 
 Puerperal Convulsions. 
 
 Aconite, one of the best agents (P.); gtt. j-ij of tinct. every 10 or 15 minutes 
 for the first hour, then at longer intervals (B.). Belladonna, the tincture in¬ 
 ternally with atropine hypoder., of verified utility (P.). Veratrum Viride, in 
 3ss doses of fluid extract every 15 minutes, to nausea, invaluable (R.) ; the 
 fl. extract, in doses of npviij-x hypodermically, may be repeated in half-hour 
 
 R. Tinct. Myrrhae, . . 
 
 Aquae,. 
 
 M. Sig.—Mouth-wash. 
 
PUERPERAL DISORDERS-PUERPERAL FEVER. 
 
 651 
 
 with Morphine, or rr^x by enema, promptly efficient in the worst cases (Elmer) ; 
 a very bad case cured by 20-minim doses every hour for 5 days (Dunn); the 
 worst case seen in my 30 years’ experience, after 14 seizures was promptly 
 cured by a hypodermic injection of tt\Jv of Norwood’s tincture in a little water 
 (Etheridge). Pilocarpine Nitrate, gr. ^ hypodermically every 2 hours, very suc¬ 
 cessfully used in several cases (Finniss). Potassium Bitartrate, administered 
 for a month prior to confinement, in quantity sufficient to bring about free 
 action of kidneys and bowels, will certainly prevent puerperal convulsions. 
 (Anderson). Opium is apt to induce eclampsia, unless its use be preceded by 
 free purgation or venesection (Idem); as morphine hypodermically ; the most 
 important agent for cure of uraemic convulsions (B.) ; with the lancet, some¬ 
 times required (P.). Anaesthetics, especially chloroform (R.); utility unques¬ 
 tionable, when not due to cerebral hemorrhage (B.). Chloral, full doses (gr. 
 xx-xxx) every 2 hours, may arrest (B.); a remedy of the greatest value, a full 
 dose, gr. xx-xxx, before proceeding to one of the bromides (Playfair, Barnes, 
 etc.). Amyl Nitrite, by inhalation (B.); may cause alarming hemorrhage (W.). 
 Ice, to the head (R.); and mustard poultices at same time to the feet (Wa.). 
 Venesection, by far the most efficient measure (Wallace) ; when great cerebral 
 congestion and vascular tension, shown by a livid face, a full and bounding 
 pulse, and strong pulsation in the carotids (Playfair). 
 
 Puerperal Disorders. 
 
 Cimicifuga, in puerperal hypochondriasis, and depression (Wa., P.). Opium, 
 either alone or with alteratives, highly serviceable in puerperal intestinal irri¬ 
 tation ; a few drops of tincture effectually arrests the diarrhoea (Wa.) ; when 
 shock and marked exhaustion, a moderate dose is of benefit (L.). Castor Oil, 
 undoubtedly the best laxative (L.) ; purgatives generally are not required. 
 Castor oil the very worst (Fordyce Barker); action uncertain (Parry). Rhu¬ 
 barb, or enemas, best means of stimulating bowels after fourth day (L.) ; gr. 
 xx-xxx in some aromatic water a good aperient (Wa.). Aliment, in puerperal 
 state should be easy of digestion and sustaining (L.). Catheter necessary often 
 for several days when bladder paralyzed, if warm water lavements fail to excite 
 (L.). Water, tepid sponging of external parts, vaginal washings daily with warm 
 water, with part carbolic acid (L.). [See After-pains, Hemorrhage, 
 Labor, Lactation, Mastitis, Nipples, Phlegmasia Alba-Dolens, etc.] 
 
 Puerperal Fever. 
 
 Aconite, drop doses every one or two hours steadily, with an occasional dose 
 of castor oil, and repeated hot poultices or laudanum fomentations, the most 
 successful treatment, even in the worst cases, but is useless if not promptly 
 efficient (P.). Veratrum Viride, is used with great benefit in most cases (F. 
 Barker). Opium, for wakefulness and delirium (B.); a very valuable remedy, 
 tending to allay pain, and reduce excitement of the nervous and vascular 
 systems (Wa.). Alkaline Sulphites, especially valuable in early stages, inter¬ 
 nally and locally ; gr. xx-xxx of magnesium or calcium sulphite every 2 or 3 
 hours, with injections every day (Wa.). Stramonium, when cerebral excite¬ 
 ment (P.). Potass. Permang., gr. ter die, has been given with benefit (B.). 
 Alcohol, freely used, until all evidence of sepsis subsided, caused recovery in 
 one of the most desperate cases of puerperal septicaemia, of three weeks’ stand¬ 
 ing, with temp, falling to 95 0 and rising to 107° (Hills). Calumba, preferable 
 to cinchona (P.). Quinine, only large doses are useful : gr. v-xx every 4 hours 
 (B.); reduces temperature (P.). Turpentine, when depression of vaso-motor 
 nervous system, cardiac weakness, and tympanitic distention of abdomen 
 (P., R.). Resorcin, is much used in Vienna by Braun ; gr. xl repeated p. r. n. 
 Antiseptic Injections into uterus, opposed very strenuously by many of our best 
 men. See N. Y. Med. Rec., 1884. p. 14. For antiseptic treatment by Hydrarg. 
 Bichlor., see Dr. Garriguesin N. Y. Med. Rec. of December 29, 1883, and N. Y. 
 Med. Jour, of March 1, 1884, and the discussion in the N. Y. Academy of Medi- 
 
652 
 
 PUERPERAL MANIA—PURPURA. 
 
 cine, reported in the N. Y. Med. Record of January 5 and February 16, 1884, 
 et seq. Water, hot fomentations frequently to parts, a valuable preventive. 
 Rest, and quiet but attentive nursing ; frequent liquid nourishment. Warburg’s 
 Tincture, is more efficient than the largest doses of quinine in cases of puerperal 
 malarial fever, ^ss every four hours until fever abates, then in diminishing 
 doses to 3 j-ij, until convalescence is established {Fordyce Barker). [Compare 
 Puerperal Peritonitis.] 
 
 Puerperal Mania and Melancholia. 
 
 Stramonium, will allay cerebral excitement, and soothe nervous system ; 
 when delirium wild and furious, but intermittent; tendency to suicide or to 
 destroy the child, vr^x-xx of tinct. every 3-4 hours (P.). Hyoscyamus, in 
 milder cases; nervous system greatly excited (P.). Aconite, in puerperal 
 mania, with high fever, restlessness; speedy and marked success if given soon 
 after chill (P.). Cimicifuga, has cured (B.); its effects are truly remarkable in 
 mania, and hypochondriasis of puerperal state (P.). Chloral, often alleviates 
 symptoms (B.) ; to produce sleep (Wa.). Potassium Bromide, in sthenic cases 
 (R.); its effects are very variable (Wa.). Anaesthetics, ether inhaled in violent 
 paroxysms of mania (B.). Tartar Emetic, in frequently repeated doses (Wa.). 
 Quinine, when much weakness; skin cold and sweating (B.). Chalybeates, 
 tinct. ferri chlor. (rr^v-xx) in anaemic form (B.). Opium, cautiously (B.) ; gives 
 the best results in such doses as may be necessary to allay irritation and procure 
 sleep (Wa.). Poultices, hot fomentations, enemas, or gentle laxatives; nutri¬ 
 tious and stimulating diet. Lochia should be watched (P.). Weaning, impera¬ 
 tive in melancholia; not so in acute mania. 
 
 Puerperal Peritonitis. 
 
 Aconite, has cured cases of the usual type (P.). [See Puerperal Fever.] 
 Cimicifuga, in rheumatic form especially, has remarkable effects (P.). Opium, 
 its curative power in this, one of the best established facts in therapeutics (B.); 
 is good, but aconite often better (P.); especially valuable in adynamic cases 
 (Wa.) ; the drug of all others to be relied on (Godson). Turpentine, as stimu¬ 
 lant, rtpx frequently repeated ; better than alcohol (B.); enemas, also hot tur¬ 
 pentine epithems, may be used with advantage (Wa.). Quinine, in consider¬ 
 able doses, with or without opium (B.); gr. x-xx twice daily as an antipyretic 
 (Wa.). Antimony, as Tartar Emetic, gr. to ^ every hour to shorten attack 
 and render it more mild (R.). Cathartics, advised by many, prohibited by as 
 many; evidence is in favor of mild aperients combined with Dover’s powder or 
 Hyoscyamus (Wa.). Poultices, hot, of very great value (B.). Water, ice in 
 mouth or swallowed, hot fomentations to abdomen. In some cases cold com¬ 
 presses best. [Compare Puerperal Fever.] 
 
 Pulse. 
 
 Aconite, for a quick, resisting pulse (P.); a moderate dose, while it makes the 
 pulse less frequent, renders it fuller, stronger and less compressible (R.). 
 Veratrum Viride, reduces febrile heat with abnormal rapidity of pulse (P.). 
 Veratrine, pulse at first quick and strong, then slowed; afterwards quick, weak 
 and irregular (R.). [Compare Vascular Stimulants, etc., ante , page 34.] 
 
 Purpura. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid, often acts happily (B.). Ergot, has been strongly urged 
 (R.); is most useful in removing purpura (P.); many cases are recorded as 
 cured by hypodermic injections of Ergotin (Wa.). Turpentine, has been used 
 (R.) ; with invariable benefit (Wa.). [See Hematemesis.] NuxVomica.no 
 prescription more generally useful than the Syrup of Iron, Quinine, andStrych- 
 
PUSTULE, MALIGNANT-RACHITIS. 653 
 
 nine (B.). Iron, when due to anaemia ; the tincture of the chloride (B.); is 
 preeminently the curative remedy for purpura hemorrhagica, arresting the 
 hemorrhagic tendency in 24 to 48 hours (Pize). Vinegar, and water, is an 
 excellent application by sponging over the body (E. Wilson). Quinine, or Hux- 
 ham’s tincture of bark, are much used (H.). Potassium Nitrate, gr. x thrice 
 daily in purpura simplex, used successfully (Wa.). Styptics, as the ammonio- 
 ferric alum, tinct. of ferric chloride (Tr.); tannic and gallic acids, used in some 
 cases (H.). Alum, and brandy, or whiskey and water at such temperature as 
 is not chilling, applied by sponging the body, is the best local measure (H.). 
 Wines are generally indicated (B.). [Compare Hemorrhage, Scurvy.J 
 
 Pustule, Malignant. 
 
 Nitric Acid, strong, applied steadily (after thorough cleansing and drying) to 
 destroy the diseased mass (D.). Bromine, to saturate the surface (D.). Car¬ 
 bolic Acid, undiluted, as caustic, or with oil, the favorite (D.); the most prefer¬ 
 able caustic (Greenfield). Quinine and Carbolic Acid, internally, are indicated 
 in all forms, also stimulants, as Ammonia, Ether, and Alcohol (Greenfield). 
 Eschar should be promptly destroyed, to avoid contagion (R.). Excision and 
 cauterization demanded, when from direct inoculation ; the two most successful 
 remedies (Greenfield). 
 
 Pyaemia and Septicaemia. 
 
 Quinine, large doses only (gr. xv-xx) are useful (B.); supposed to diminish 
 the temperature (R.); to cinchonism, in childhood the best remedy (Wa.); is 
 probably the most useful medicine, given in full and frequently repeated doses 
 (Haward). Salicin, to reduce the temperature in septicaemia and to relieve the 
 cerebral symptoms (R.). Salicylic Acid, has decided value (B.). Potassium 
 Permanganate, given with advantage, gr. %-gr. j thrice daily in distilled water 
 (B.). Boracic Acid, a saturated solution to wounds, ulcers, etc. Also Chlorine, 
 as disinfectant (B.). Oleum Caryophylli, locally. Also olei gaultheriae, thymi, 
 etc. (B.); as antiseptics. Water, cold, as dressing. Hot better, 95°-ioo® F. 
 Hamilton’s immersion plan for wounds (B.). Stumps to be immersed in a 
 warm bath, to avert pyaemia (R.). Sulphites, may do some good in chronic 
 cases, but the use of sulphurous acid has not given the results in man which 
 Polli obtained from its use on animals (Haward). Turpentine, is a better stim¬ 
 ulant than alcohol (B.). Ice, dissolved in the mouth (Wa.). Aliment. Plentiful 
 nourishment, with wine and good ventilation, are not to be neglected (Wa.). 
 Malt liquors are justly esteemed (B.). Stimulants necessary; brandy the best 
 (Wa.). Abscesses, must be opened early, especially when in joints. 
 
 Pyrosis and Cardialgia. 
 
 Capsicum, in atonic dyspepsia, with heartburn and diarrhoea (P.). Nux 
 Vomica, of the highest possible value in atonic dyspepsia with heartburn, hic¬ 
 cough, regurgitation, etc. An excellent combination is npv-x of the tincture 
 with rr^xv of dilute nitric acid for one dose (P.). Pulsatilla, a good medicine 
 in heartburn of dyspepsia in phlegmatic subjects (P.). Podophyllin, gr. night 
 and morning in obstinate heartburn, with liver derangement (P.). Almonds, 
 six or eight blanched, said to relieve heartburn (P.). Diet, lemon-juice, aerated 
 bread, plain biscuit, etc.; but avoid new bread, much vegetable food, and 
 pastry. [Compare Acidity, Dyspepsia.] 
 
 Rachitis. 
 
 Lime, as lime-water, or the carbonate, or the syrupus calcii lacto-phosphatis 
 (B.); in small doses (R.); the phosphate may be advantageously combined 
 with cod-liver oil (Wa.). Iron, the syrup of the iodide preferred ; calcium and 
 ferric phosphates excellent in combination (B.); must be continued a long time 
 
654 
 
 RECTUM, DISEASES OF-RELAPSING FEVER. 
 
 (R.). Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, as baths, gives excellent results (Wa.). Qui¬ 
 nine, often very valuable (P.). Aliment, food rich in phosphate of lime and 
 other phosphatic salts ; oatmeal, Graham bread, etc. (B.). Cod-liver oil, the 
 best constructive agent (B.). A full animal diet (Wa.). Cold sponging (R.). 
 
 Rectum, Diseases of. 
 
 Podophyllum, in doses of gr. -^o to y 1 ^ night and morning, for a child, may 
 relieve prolapsus of the rectum (P.). Belladonna, the extract locally in fissure 
 (R.); and irritable ulcers (P.); internally and locally to remove ulcers, also 
 excellent in burning pain following defecation, or with mercurial ointment in 
 equal parts, for fissures and ulcers (P.). Phosphorus, in chronic inflammation 
 of the rectum, has been highly recommended (R.). Cocaine, gr. xl to §j of 
 Glycerite of Starch, applied by Seeley’s Pile-pipe, very efficient in controlling 
 spasm of the rectum. Potassium Bromide, in 5 parts of glycerin, locally, fis¬ 
 sures and painful growths (R.). Iodoform, as suppository in painful diseases, 
 relieves greatly (R.). Pepper, the confection, as gentle stimulant in fistula, 
 ulcers, hemmorrhoids (P.). Castor Oil, in fissure and hemorrhoids, is commonly 
 used as purgative (R., P.). Sulphur, with confectio sennae, in irritable rectum, 
 is very soothing (Wa.). Stramonium, ointment from fresh leaves to alleviate 
 pain (P.). Conium, the extract in doses of gr. x to allay pain and irritability in 
 cancer (Wa.). Purgatives, best for proctalgia (D.). Surgical, in ulcer or fissure, 
 an incision through mucous membrane, and in severe cases to divide part of 
 the sphincter. A flake of cotton should be laid in the wound, so that it may 
 heal by granulation (D.). [See Anus, Diarrhcea, Dysentery, Rectum Ul¬ 
 ceration of, Hemorrhage Intestinal, Hemorrhoids, Prolapsus.] 
 
 Rectum, Ulceration of. 
 
 Mercury, the red oxide, £j to the 5 of unguentum, as ointment in flat ulcers 
 of rectum existing just within the anus (Coulson). Belladonna, locally the 
 extract for rectal ulcers, is very efficient (P.). Carbonic Acid, the gas, per anum, 
 is strongly advised (Wa.). Chloroform, as ointment, in irritable ulcer of rectum 
 (Curling). Iodoform, in suppository, extremely useful in painful ulceration (R.); 
 used in many cases with very satisfactory results, but in some instances poison¬ 
 ing occurs; hence it should be used with caution (Wa.). Phosphorus, as an 
 internal remedy, is highly recommended in chronic inflammation of the rectum 
 (R.). Copper Sulphate, with opium, may often be used internally with advan¬ 
 tage, and a weak solution of the same, or of Silver Nitrate, locally (Curling); 
 the writer had a case which resisted treatment for 3 years, and in which a cure 
 was effected by a persevering use of a pill of Cuprum Sulphate, Extract of 
 Opium, and Quinine Sulphate. Silver Nitrate, gr. combined in pill with 
 Opium, gr. ss; and a solution, gr. x-xx to the pint, by enema (B.). 
 
 R. Cupri Sulphat., 
 
 Morphinae Sulphat., 
 Quininae Sulphat., . 
 M. ft. pil. no. xxiv. 
 thrice daily. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Chloroformi, 
 
 . . aa gr. ij. 
 
 . . . gr. xxiv. 
 Sig.—One pill 
 (. Potter .) 
 
 Zinci Oxidi, . . 
 Olei Olivae, . . 
 Cerati Cetacei, 
 M. ft. unguentum. 
 
 SH- 
 S ss - 
 Zb 
 Z 1V -. 
 
 {Curling.') 
 
 Relapsing Fever. 
 
 Cathartic, mild at beginning (H.) ; if jaundice or other hepatic derange¬ 
 ment, a calomel purgative, cautiously, lest irritation (Wa.). Potassium Citrate, 
 as cooling diaphoretic. Quinine, in moderate doses after the crisis, at least 
 until the relapse, which will not be prevented by any amount of quinine (Wa.). 
 Leeches or Cupping, best for headache (A.). Alcohol, required by some pa¬ 
 tients. Diet, supporting, especially in third week, beef-tea, etc. Urine, should 
 be watched carefully (A.). [Compare Typhus Fever.] 
 
REMITTENT FEVER-RHEUMATIC ARTHRITIS. 
 
 655 
 
 Remittent Fever. 
 
 Aconite, in hot stage, if any febrifuge is required, frequently repeated doses 
 (B.) ; is next in value to quinine for high fever and headache, gtt. j of a good 
 tincture every hour (Da Costa). Quinine, 20 to 30 grs. in single dose once 
 or twice daily till temperature is reduced, with other appropriate remedies 
 (B.) ; 15 to 20 grs. at most (Maclean); 30 to 50 or 60 grs. in severe cases of 
 pernicious remittents several times a day without regard to exacerbation (P., 
 B.). Warburg’s Tincture, has achieved a very high reputation, but must be 
 used in less dosage than directed, and supporting treatment given when its 
 sudorific action commences (Wa.). Gelsemium, exercises a really beneficial 
 influence; depresses temperature (B.) ; valuable in bilious remittents of the 
 South (Pf.). Morphine, gr. % hypodermically to abort pernicious remittent 
 fever (B.). Purgation, by calomel with jalap or salines afterward, is very 
 necessary during course of the disease (Da Costa). Quassia, an excellent tonic 
 in convalescence, combined with mineral acids (Wa.). Packing, by wet sheet, 
 is resorted to with advantage, except when hepatic or splenic congestion 
 (Wa.). 
 
 Retina, Affections of. 
 
 Mercury, in syphilitic retinitis is of great value; calomel gr. j-ij with opium 
 gr. every 4 or 6 hours ; also mercurial inunction till the gums are affected 
 
 or the disease yields (Wa.). Potassium Iodide and Bromide, in combination, 
 in retinal hemorrhage, to promote absorption of the effused blood, and benefit 
 congestion (C.). Eserine, locally to contract pupil, and diminish the amount of 
 light admitted to the eye (Wa.). Iron, in full doses, generally the tinct. of 
 the perchloride, in pigmentary retinitis ; seems to have a tendency to arrest the 
 malady (C.). Leeches, to the temple better than general bloodletting (Wa.). 
 When much local congestion present, depletion by artificial leech is almost 
 always indicated (C.). Pilocarpus, in detached retina and optic neuritis ; has 
 been found a very useful remedy in retinal affections generally. [Compare 
 Amaurosis.] 
 
 Rheumatic Arthritis. 
 
 Aconite, highly spoken of; as liniment, conjoined with internal use (Wa.). 
 Cimicifuga, when joints enlarged and much stiffened, and when traceable to 
 uterine derangement, is very useful (R.); when pains worse at night (Wa.). 
 Iodine, tinct. internally, said to be better than potassium iodide (R.), Iodoform, 
 10 parts to 20 of Ether and 20 of Alcohol, as liniment to the joint, applied by 
 a pencil, and covered with oiled silk (Gubler). Iodides, often signally benefit, 
 especially when due to syphilitic, mercurial, or mineral poisoning (B.). Large 
 doses of potassium iodide sometimes required (R.); combined with guaiacum, 
 or corrosive sublimate, often curative in cases resisting these remedies given 
 separately (Wa.); Potassium Iodide should always be fairly tried (Da Costa). 
 Guaiac, the ammoniated tincture, in doses of gj-ij in milk, often gives excel¬ 
 lent results (Da C.). Colchicum, with alkalies, extremely useful (B.). [See 
 Gout, for formulas.] Arsenic, when referable to nervous affections (B.) ; as a 
 bath containing 3iv washing soda and gr. xx arseniate of sodium; in large 
 doses, continued for some time, sometimes of great benefit, but action is capri¬ 
 cious (R.) ; in small doses is of great benefit (Da Costa). Lithium Salicylate, 
 very efficient in acute and progressive subacute articular rheumatism, and has 
 some effect also in chronic cases, where some of the joints are deformed, 
 swollen and painful; £j may be given daily, in doses of gr. vij to x, in water 
 (Vulpian). Lithium Bromide, of great value in acute and chronic (B.). Potas¬ 
 sium Bromide, sometimes allays the severe pain (R.). Arnica, the tincture and 
 infusion are said to be of great value (P.). Cod-liver Oil, internally and 
 locally, of much value (R.). Baths, Turkish or sulphur. The cold douche, 
 which may be slightly warmed in winter; use for one or two minutes and rub 
 dry (R.). Adhesions may be broken up under the anaesthetics (DaC.). Mas¬ 
 sage may be used with benefit to ameliorate the condition in chronic cases,where 
 a cure cannot be obtained (Da C.). 
 
RHEUMATISM, ACUTE. 
 
 656 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Vini Colchici Sem., . . . 3 iij. 
 
 R. Lithii Bromidi, 
 
 Spt. Ammon. Aromat., . . £xiij. 
 
 Syr. Zingiberis, 
 Aquae, . . . . 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 3 hours, until 
 some physiological effect is produced. (B.) 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. thrice daily, con¬ 
 jointly with a lotion of the same. (B.) 
 
 Rheumatism, Acute. 
 
 Aconite, very serviceable when much heat and dry skin (B.); subdues pain 
 in inflamed joints and perhaps shortens the fever (R.); small doses frequently 
 repeated of the greatest value, and if used from the start prevent permanent 
 organic disease (P.); is not reliable as a cure, but a valuable adjunct to other 
 remedies (Wa.). Veratrum Viride, tinct. said to be useful (R.) ; as antipy¬ 
 retic, small doses; may be combined with opium (P.). Bryonia, has proved 
 useful, especially for painful and stiff rheumatic joints (P.). Salicin, gr. x-xxx 
 every 2, 3, or 4 hours. Gr. xv every 3 hours in powder mixed with water (Mac- 
 lagan), or same dose of Salicylic Acid, is of great benefit; good effect gener¬ 
 ally experienced within 48 hours (R.); the acid is better than the salicylates, 
 but must be abandoned if not effective after 3 or 4 days (Da Costa). Salol, the 
 great remedy, none superior (B.). Sodium Salicylate, behaves as Salicin (R.). 
 Oil of Gaultheria, as a substitute for salicylic acid, used very successfully in 
 form of emulsion (B.). Rhus Toxicodendron, positively invaluable in after¬ 
 stage, also in subacute forms, muscular or tendinous, worse at night (P., Pf.). 
 Hydriodic Acid, the syrup, in dessertsp. doses every 2 or 3 hours, the best 
 remedy for acute and subacute rheumatism, relieving pain and swelling in 18 
 to 24 hours (Craig). Cimicifuga, excellent reports from (B.); has been much 
 used, said to quell the pain speedily (R.); found very serviceable (P.). Dulca¬ 
 mara, recommended especially in persons who are subject to catarrhal affec¬ 
 tions in cold and damp weather (P.). Ammonium Bromide, a very excellent 
 treatment, followed by quinine ; gives a very low proportion of cardiac compli¬ 
 cations, gr. xv-xx every 4 hours (Da C.); disagreeable but strongly recom¬ 
 mended (B.). Arnica, lowers pulse and temperature, relieves articular pain 
 and swelling, diminishes urea (P.). Trimethylamine, rnjv-viij in peppermint 
 water, often has remarkable power in acute rheumatism and gout (B.). Spi- 
 gelia Anthelmia, rheumatic pericarditis and endocarditis; rheumatic fever with 
 pain shiftingffrom joint to joint (P.) : seems to fix the disease in certain joints, 
 and prevent its shifting around (P.). Sulphurous Acid, fumigation, and patient 
 covered with blankets exposed to strong fumes, produces perspiration, sleep and 
 relief (R.). Colchicum, alleviates the symptoms, and shortens their duration 
 (Wa.). Laville’s Mixture, is said to be a tincture of quinine and colocynthine, 
 but it is more than probable that colchicine is the active agent therein. (See 
 N. Y. Med. Record, Dec. 5, 1885, page 642.) Quinine, as antipyretic; not so 
 useful as wet pack or cold bath ; gr. ij-v after the more acute symptoms have 
 subsided (B.); is best for the head symptoms (Da C.). Opium, strongly recom¬ 
 mended as anti-rheumatic; gr. j every 2 or 3 hours, increased to gr. xij in 24 
 hours ; tolerance remarkable in this disease. Also, in rheumatic carditis it is 
 indispensable (Wa.); a very good remedy in moderate doses (Da C.). Lithium 
 Bromide, equally good in all forms, especially for insomnia, delirium, etc. (B.). 
 Digitalis, in powder, gr. ij every 4 hours, usually effective after 2 to 7 days; 
 especially useful in cardiac complications with cyanosis and oedema. Iron, 
 tincture of chloride very serviceable in pale, delicate subjects, rr^xx-xxx every 
 4 hours ; also as prophylactic where tendency (Anstie); harmful to the plethoric 
 and overfed (B.). Alkalies. The alkaline treatment is now seriously ques¬ 
 tioned ; an injurious dyscrasia results from their use (B.). Potassium Bicarbon¬ 
 ate, gr. xxx every 4 hours, in a dilute solution, until joint-symptoms and fever 
 disappear (Wa.). Lime-juice, 3viij daily, lemon-juice inferior (R.). Blisters, 
 are a very effective method; a number of small blisters applied to vesication 
 around a joint (B.); large flying blisters around a joint (R.). Water, cold baths 
 for the hyperpyrexia (Da C.); the wet pack very efficacious in rheumatism, also 
 
RHEUMATISM. 
 
 657 
 
 a vinegar vapor bath (B.); the wet pack, 20 or 30 minutes, and tepid (70°) 
 shallow bath 1 or 2 minutes. Cold applications only when skin hot and dry, 
 and temperature high. Warm baths, or hot compresses very useful. Spongio- 
 piline an excellent substance for applications. Diet, low during the fever, 
 water, barley water, milk-and-water, gruel, etc. All through use liquid food. 
 Avoid malt liquors, port wine, and sugar. Lemon-juice maybe used freely. 
 Blankets, instead of sheets to sleep in, and flannel underclothing are useful 
 adjuncts. Pack the joints with cotton covered with rubber cloth or oiled silk. 
 
 Plans of Treatment, may be resolved into three, viz.,— (1) that by Salicin, 
 (2) that by Alkalies, (3) that by Iron. Salicylic Acid and the Salicylates, in 
 20-grain doses, to not less than Aij in 24 hours, in solution with excess of 
 alkali, is especially suited to vigorous, sthenic subjects, whose stomachs will 
 bear it, in whom it often effects a cure in 3 or 4 days. Alkalies, for flabby, 
 fat subjects; alkaline carbonates, as the Potas. Carb., Ajss, every 24 hours, 
 alone or with a vegetable acid, until the urine becomes neutral or alkaline, 
 when it may be reduced one-half, and so maintained for some days, when 
 quinine or iron maybe used. If successful, this treatment brings about a cure 
 in two weeks. Tincture of the Chloride of Iron, for the feeble, anaemic, and 
 nervous subjects, rtkxxx every 4 hours, with an occasional saline laxative, 
 blisters around joints, and Atropine as an anodyne rather than Opium, used 
 hypodermically in the vicinity of the affected joints (B.). Iron and Salicylic 
 Acid in combination, should be most valuable, but as heretofore prescribed 
 has always made an insoluble precipitate. This is overcome by Dr Peabody 
 in the formula given below, which makes a ruby-red mixture, and has the 
 advantage of preventing the anaemia which results from Salicylic Acid given 
 alone. 
 
 Cardiac Complications require Ammonium Carbonate, in 5-grain doses fre¬ 
 quently, also Infusion of Digitalis with hypodermics of Morphine, and a blister 
 over the praecordium, followed by Iron and Quinine after the acute symptoms 
 have subsided (B.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Olei Gaultheriae,..5 j. 
 
 Acidi Salicylici, .... 
 
 . gr. lxxx. L 
 
 Sodii Boratis, ..... 
 
 • si- 
 
 Syr. Picis Liquidae, . . 
 
 . A'J- 
 
 Aquae Anisi,. 
 
 • AT 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. every 
 
 two hours. 
 
 R. Propylaminae Chlorid., 
 
 . gr. xxiv. 
 
 Aquae Menthae Pip., . . 
 
 • A V J* 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every two or three 
 
 hours. 
 
 ( Tyson.) 
 
 R. Acidi Salicylici, .... 
 
 • AT 
 
 Ferri Pyrophosphat., . . 
 
 • si- 
 
 Sodii Phosphatis, . . . 
 
 . gr. xij. 
 
 Aquae,. 
 
 • 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every 2 hours. 
 
 ( Peabody.') 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.gij. 
 
 Virii Colchici Sem., 
 
 Syr. Simplicis, . . . . aa q iv. 
 Aquae Menthae Pip., . . . ^ v. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. every 4 hours. 
 
 (Ne 70 Orleans Charity Hosp.) 
 
 R. Ammonii Phosphatis, . . . ^jss. 
 Tinct. Colchici Seminis, . . %)■ 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti,.£ij. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,.Jjiij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every three or four 
 hours. (Corson.) 
 
 R . Sodii Salicylatis,.3 ss. 
 
 Tinct. Lavand. Co , .... giij. 
 Glycerini,.^vj. 
 
 Aquas.q. s. ad 3 vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. every three hours, 
 well diluted. 
 
 Rheumatism, Chronic. 
 
 Arsenic, is very good in most cases, given in small doses steadily (Da C.) ; 
 with Guaiac instead of Sulphur in the Chelsea Pensioner (see ante , page 470), 
 the latter is more efficient (Fothergill). Bryonia, is useful, especially for pain¬ 
 ful and stiff joints (P.). Rhus Toxicodendron, a very powerful agent in sub- 
 42 
 
6 5 8 
 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 acute muscular or tendinous rheumatism, worse at night (Pf.); the tendons, 
 ligaments, and fasciae are most benefited ; externally, as lotion on compresses ; 
 also, internally, small doses every two hours (P.). Potassium Iodide, especially 
 when pains are worse at night, or of syphilitic origin (R.); should always be 
 fairly tried in chronic rheumatism (Da C.); was Sir Astley Cooper’s remedy for 
 rheumatism. Cimicifuga, sometimes has wonderful success, yet often fails ; 
 no indications (B.) ; in rheumatic neuralgias and headaches, and rheumatism of 
 uterus (P.); signally beneficial in many forms (R.). Mercury, and Morphine, 
 the oleate locally, for joint affections (R.). Colchicum, is of decided advantage 
 in neuralgia of chronic rheumatism (B.). Mezereon, strongly recommended 
 (P., R.). Phytolacca, has been useful (B.). Iodides often prove very satisfac¬ 
 tory, especially in strumous or syphilitic subjects (B.). Aconite, the extract as 
 plaster to joints is unquestionably very useful (P.); is more useful in chronic 
 than acute rheumatism (Wa.) ; the liniment of the B. P. locally over the 
 sciatic nerve when affected (Fothergill). Dulcamara, has been employed with 
 advantage (P.) ; Sulphur, locally, also sulphides as baths (R.); is certainly of 
 benefit (B.); sulphur waters are undoubtedly efficient (DaC.); sulphur is an 
 ingredient of the Chelsea Pensioner (see ante , p. 470), an old English remedy 
 for rheumatism. Iodine, for pain around joints (R.). Lithium Bromide, gives 
 excellent results, when smaller joints swollen, tender (B.). Lithium Salicylate, 
 in 15 to 20 grain doses every four hours, gives good results in lingering, sub¬ 
 acute cases after acute attacks (Da C.). Quinine, in rheumatism with debility, 
 shown by night sweats, or sweats during sleep, and only then (Wa.). Arnica, 
 the tincture and infusion are useful (P.). Cajeput Oil, internally and externally 
 in muscular rheumatism (P.). Turpentine, benefits and relieves the pains; in¬ 
 ternally and externally as liniment (P.). Guaiac, used with varying success 
 (B.); often gives excellent results; the ammoniated tincture, Sj-ij in milk 
 (Da C.); is vile to the taste. Eucalyptus, the leaves wrapped around the 
 affected part, renewing them daily for a week or more, often very efficient as 
 a local stimulant, and will produce vesication if too long continued (Gibbons). 
 Xanthoxylum, has long had deserved reputation, rr^xv-3 ij fluid extract (B.). 
 Thuja Occidentalis, is useful for rheumatic pains (P.). Manganese Sulphate, 
 is one of the remedies (B.). Belladonna, the extract locally very valuable for 
 pains (P.). Cod-liver Oil, internally and externally, exercises some influence 
 (B.). Chimaphila, may prove useful, especially when lithiasis (P.). Lupulin, 
 as an anodyne (P.). Burgundy Pitch, as plaster locally (P.). Aliment, avoid 
 alcoholic and malt liquors, coffee, also starchy, animal and saccharine food. 
 The farinaceous vegetables and acid fruits suitable (B.). Alkaline mineral 
 waters have deserved reputation (B.). Turkish Baths, in chronic muscular 
 rheumatism (B ); steam bath daily of great benefit, may be obtained at home 
 by pouring water on hot bricks in a tub, the patient sitting on a board or chair 
 above, enveloped in a blanket (Brick). Red Flannel, next skin, very popular, 
 but white better, as the red gives rise often to eruptions (Da C.). [Compare 
 Lumbago, Myalgia, Pleurodynia, Rheumatic Arthritis, Sciatica.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Pulv. Resin. Guaiaci, 
 
 Potassii Iodidi, . . . . aa gj. 
 Tinct. Colchici Seminis, . . 3 iij. 
 Aqum Cinnamomi, 
 
 Syrupi, , . . . aa q. s. ad gvj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. to a tablesp. 
 
 thrice daily. 
 
 ( Pepper .) 
 
 R. Tinct. Guaiaci TEther., . . 
 
 • SJ- 
 
 Tinct. Colchici Alther., . 
 
 • 3 V F 
 
 Tinct. Cann. Ind. ./Ether., 
 
 • ST 
 
 M. Sig.—25 to 30 drops on sugar, every 
 4 hours, for rheumatic and neuralgic symp¬ 
 toms. ( Atlee .) 
 
 R. Linim. Aconiti (B. P.), 
 
 Linim. Belladon., . . . aa % ij. 
 
 Glycerini, . . . . q. s. ad 5 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply locally over the seat of 
 pain. ( Fothergill .) 
 
 R. Olei Sinapis,.£ss. 
 
 Olei Terebinth., . . . . 3 iij. 
 
 Camphorse,. 3 iv. 
 
 Liq. Ammon. Fort., . . . 5 iij. 
 
 Tinct. Capsici,. 3 iv. 
 
 Alcoholis, . . . . q. s. ad 5yj. 
 
 M. Sig.—Russian Spirit, a liniment for 
 rheumatism. 
 
RHEUMATISM-SCABIES. 
 
 659 
 
 R . Ac. Arseniosi,.gr. iij. 
 
 Pulv. Guaiaci,.3 iij. 
 
 Pulv. Capsici,.3 ss. 
 
 Pil. Aloes et Myrrh., . . . 3 iij. 
 
 Ft. pil. no. cxx. Sig.—One thrice daily. 
 The modified Chelsea Pensioner. 
 
 (. Fothergill .) 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.gj. 
 
 Potassii Nitratis,.3 ss. 
 
 Ext. Cimicif. FI., 
 
 Glycerini,.aaj^ss. 
 
 Vini Colchici Sem., . . . acTi* ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. after each meal. 
 
 ( Potter.) 
 
 Rheumatism, Gonorrhoeal. 
 
 Opium, as Dover’s powder, in the acute stage, full doses (Wa.). Potassium 
 Iodide, with tonics and stimulants, after the acute stage has passed, followed by 
 friction, shampooing, and passive movements of the joints (Wa.). Ammonium 
 Chloride, in free doses, especially when the muscles are affected (Fuller). 
 Potassium Chlorate, internally, and as urethral injection, until urethral dis¬ 
 charge is entirely stopped, then npxx of tinct. ferri. chlor. 4 times daily, with gr. 
 x of quinine daily, and good food (Da Costa). Aspirate, when pus is dis¬ 
 covered around the joints, as the case will be one of pyaemic rheumatism, and 
 may involve more joints than one (Da C.). 
 
 Rheumatism, Muscular. 
 
 Diaphoretics, as Dover’s powder, with Potassium Nitrate, or Salts of Ammo¬ 
 nium, with dry heat to the part involved and rest in bed (Da C.). Morphine 
 and Atropine, gr. and gr. together hypodermically, are of great service 
 in most forms (R.). Lithium Bromide, is almost specific (B.). Jaborandi, or 
 Pilocarpine hypodermically, to get the skin acting freely, a great desideratum 
 (Da C.). Potassium Iodide and Colchicum,or Quinine, gr. xij-xvj in 24*hours, 
 if case lingers over a week (Da C.). Liniments are of little use except to 
 amuse the patient, but Chloral Jj in Jjvj of Linim. Saponis, makes a good one 
 (Da C.). Capsicum, powdered, with lard, gij ad §j, rubbed over the part, night 
 and morning, with a gloved hand, is very efficient (Macdonald). Cimicifuga, is 
 often very efficient in lumbago, myalgia, pleurodynia, and similar conditions 
 (Wa.). Xanthoxylum, gives relief in some cases of muscular rheumatism (B.). 
 Lithium and its salts, where there is a uric-acid diathesis (B.). Colchicine, 
 5-minim doses of a t solution of Merck’s, hypodermically into affected muscles, 
 thrice daily, very effective in cases resisting other treatment. [Compare Lum¬ 
 bago, Myalgia, Pleurodynia, Torticollis.] 
 
 Roseola. 
 
 Scarcely any treatment called for ; no local application needed, as the rash 
 is but slightly irritating. Aconite or Belladonna, according to the symptoms, or 
 the Carbonate of Ammonium, answers all the indications. [ Compare Measles.] 
 
 Sarcinse. 
 
 Sulphites and Hyposulphites, have been employed to destroy sarcinae and 
 torulae in the stomach (R.) ; or Sulphurous Acid, diluted, before each meal 
 (Wa.). 
 
 Scabies. 
 
 Sulphur, a solution of pot.issa sulphurata Sss-3j, as local application. An 
 extemporaneous sulphide may be made by boiling one part of quick-lime and 
 two of sulphur in ten of water (B.). Sulphurous acid, as gaseous bath, the 
 quickest method. Hebra’s mixture of sulphur, chalk, tar, soap and lard, less 
 irritating, and equally sure (R.). Calcium Sulphide, as a bath (W.). Sul¬ 
 phuric Acid, internally, has cured when other remedies failed (Wa.). Storax, 
 equally serviceable and not irritating as is sulphur, one part to two of olive oil, 
 with a warm bath (R.). Mercury, the bichloride is very efficient, if used 
 
66 o 
 
 SCARLATINA. 
 
 strong enough, but caution is required in its employment (B.). See formula 
 below. Staphisagria, a certain remedy; 3 parts to 5 of lard, boiled at 212 0 
 F. for 24 hours, when cooled after straining add a little essence ; friction with 
 this 4 times daily (Wa.). Balsam of Peru, the best of all applications, killing the 
 acarus, relieving the itching and dermatitis, and disinfecting the parts ; rub in 
 3j over the body after a warm bath (Bruce) ; is fatal to the itch-mite (Oldberg). 
 Manganese, the oxide, Sij-^j adipis suilli as ointment (B.). Copper Sulphate, 
 as lotion (5j—Oj) has been used with great success, after crusts are thoroughly 
 removed with soap-and-water (B.). Alkalies, as soaps or ointments to remove 
 cuticle and break up burrows (R.). Carbolic Acid, locally (B.). [See Tinea 
 for formula.] Cocculus Indicus, as ointment, useful (P.). Tar Ointment, 
 relieves itching quickly and cures disease in 10 to 12 days (P.). Anise, Ka- 
 mala, as ointments, efficient (P.). Benzoic Acid, gr. x-xx ad 0 ]/ 2 aquae, as 
 lotion, effectual for the pruritus (R.). [See last formula on left-hand column, 
 under Pruritus.] Linen should be immersed in boiling water ; other gar¬ 
 ments well fumigated with sulphur vapor to destroy insects or their ova, or 
 baked in oven (R.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Styracis Liquidis,.^ij. R. Sulph. Sublimat.,.3 j. 
 
 Ung. Sulphuris,. 3 iv. Balsam. Peruv.,.£ss. 
 
 Ung. Petrolei,.Adipis,.. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply after washing. M. Sig.—For children. ( Duhring .) 
 
 [Bulk ley.) 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . . gr. iv. 
 
 Alcoholis,.3 vj. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . . . 3 ss. 
 Aquae Rosae, . . . . q. s. ad£x). 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion for scabies, phthi- 
 riasis, and tinea versicolor. [Pox.) 
 
 R. Sulph. Sublimat., 
 
 Olei Cadini,.aa^ij. 
 
 Cretae Preparatae,.3 ijss. 
 
 Saponis Viridis, 
 
 Adipis,.aa^j. 
 
 M. ft. unguentum. [Bulkley .) 
 
 Scarlatina. 
 
 Aconite, of the highest value for all marked increase of temperature (B., R.); 
 helps the development of eruption when due (P.); in the early stage, when 
 not decidedly adynamic, is very useful (W.). Belladonna, during the erup¬ 
 tive stage, when depression exists, and rash is imperfectly evolved (B.). As 
 prophylactic has been recommended (R.); is often efficacious as prophylactic 
 (P.); the preponderance of evidence is certainly in favor of such use of the 
 drug (Pf.); this virtue is claimed by imposing authorities; when so given its 
 dose is gr. several times a day (Tr.). Mercury, of gray powder every 
 hour has marked effect on inflamed tonsils (R.). Ammonium Carbonate, feeble 
 circulation, cyanosis, delirium (B.); in all forms, especially if given early (R.); 
 one of the most reliable remedies ; gr. iij-vij, according to age, in milk or cin¬ 
 namon water, every hour or two (Wa.). Potassium Iodide, in full doses, a very 
 sadfactory remedy (Mitchell). Mineral Acids. Muriatic, internally and as 
 gargle; Nitric, to sloughs in throat (R.). Carbolic Acid, internally and as 
 gargle, successfully used. [See Measles, for formula.] Seems to exercise 
 some influence as prophylactic (Wa.); is good for the vomiting and for its gen¬ 
 eral effect on the disease; tr^ss, every 2 or 3 hours (Da Costa). Veratrum 
 Viride, in convulsions (R.). Rhus Toxicodendron, of great service, if typhoid 
 or rheumatic symptoms (P.). Digitalis, very useful; lowers temperature and 
 maintains kidney action (B.); the best antipyretic and diuretic, the infusion 
 with dry cups for the renal dropsy in its inception. Later on, milk diet and 
 Basham’s Mixture (Da C.). Potassium Permanganate, locally to throat, and 
 internally (gr. %-) ter die) has undoubted benefit (B.). Sulphurous Acid, by 
 inhalation, spray, or fumigation, in malignant sore throat (R.). Chlorine Water, 
 in sloughing of throat (R.) ; seemingly prophylactic (Wa.). Quinine, small 
 doses, in adynamic states, large in hyperpyrexia (B.); very successful when 
 
SCIATICA. 
 
 661 
 
 used systematically from the start (Wa.). Ferrum Perchloride, the tincture in 
 doses of tt^x-xv, according to age, in advanced stage, when with albuminuria 
 and hematuria, is very valuable (Wa.). Potassium Chlorate, in grain-doses 
 every X hour, will not injure the kidneys, and will give equal results as larger 
 doses on the throat inflammation (A. A. Smith). Asclepias, to promote the 
 eruption (W.). Zinc Sulphate, gr. ^ every 3 hours, believed to have specific 
 influence on the disease (Hoyt). Sodium Benzoate, is highly efficient, having 
 slower but more permanent effects on the fever than quinine or the salicylates 
 (Klebs). Boric Acid, makes an excellent gargle (Da C.). Juniper, as diuretic 
 when dropsy (R.). Magnesium Sulphate, as purgative, to prevent sore throat 
 and other sequeke (R.). Sodium Sulpho-carbolate, as a means of introducing 
 carbolic acid into the system. Has been successfully employed (Wa.). Mustard 
 Bath, on recession of rash, to bring it back (R.). Oil Inunctions, very grateful, 
 especially useful in desquamative stage. Cocoa-butter the most elegant (B.). 
 Ice sucked, in the sore throat (R.). Water, cold baths with oil are all that are 
 needed in mild cases. When temperature above 104°, urine scanty and rash 
 retroceding, the cold wet-pack renders signal service (B., R.). A cold wet 
 compress to neck, through the whole course, renewed every 3 hours (R.). 
 Diet, fruit, if ripe, in season, toast, gruel, etc., in simple cases. In malignant, 
 extract of beef, stimulants as per pulse. Milk the most suitable aliment, both 
 as nutrient and as diuretic. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ac. Borici,.3?s. 
 
 Potassii Chloratis, . . . . gij. 
 Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, . . ^ ij. 
 Glycerini, Syrupi, . . . aa £j. 
 
 Aquae,. 5 H* 
 
 M. Sig.—Tablesp. every 2 hours, to a 
 child of five years. ( Smith .) 
 
 R . Acidi Salicylici, .... 
 
 . 3 »j. 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti, . . . . 
 
 . gtt. xij. 
 
 Infusi Digitalis, . . . . 
 
 • 5 J- S - 
 
 Spt. Ammon. Aromat , . 
 
 • 3 11 j- 
 
 Syr. Aurantii Cort., . . 
 
 . gss. 
 
 Aquae, . 
 
 • 3 J- 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. every 3 
 
 hours, for 
 
 child of five years. 
 
 (. Brown 
 
 R. Acidi Carbol.,.gss-j. 
 
 Vaselini,.^ iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—By inunction to the entire sur¬ 
 face. 
 
 R. Acidi Borici,.3 iij. 
 
 Glycerini,.5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—For a pint of water as a gar¬ 
 gle. (Da Costa.) 
 
 Sciatica. 
 
 Aconite, locally (P.); as ointment controls in some instances (R.) ; valuable 
 and efficient in many obstinate forms (Wa.). Rhus Toxicodendron, a very pow¬ 
 erful therapeutic agent in various rheumatic affections of the fibrous tissues (P.). 
 Cimicifuga, is highly extolled (R.). Turpentine, causes an exquisite sensibility 
 along the track of the great nerves (Tr.); occasionally of great value in sciat¬ 
 ica, yet not a specific, nor have we scientific indications for its use (P.); 5SS 
 doses for 4 or 8 successive nights (R.). Sulphur, locally, believed to relieve 
 the pain ; effect probably due to the flannel surrounding it (R.) ; is worthy of 
 trial after active symptoms are subdued (Wa.). Phosphorus, in neuralgic form ; 
 less satisfactory in sciatica than in other neuralgias (R.). Nux Vomica, often 
 successful in chronic (Wa.). Belladonna, has afforded relief (R.). Atropine, 
 hypodermically, is curative ; large doses, gr. ^ to ^ in vicinity of nerve (B.). 
 Cocaine, hypodermically along the nerve, has afforded instant relief (Wa.). 
 Veratrine, as strong ointment; Veratrum Viride, as tincture, is also recom¬ 
 mended (R.). Ammonium Chloride, in mild forms (R.) ; occurring in the young 
 (Anstie). Ether Spray, generally of temporary value (R.) ; Chloroform, on 
 flannel along course of nerve, covered with oiled silk (Wa.); injected deeply 
 into vicinity of nerve, gives the best results in old cases, rrpxv of the spirit hypo¬ 
 dermically (B.). Stramonium, gr. every 3 or 4 hours for 4 or 5 doses, 
 
 often affords decided relief. Stop when slightest symptoms of narcotism appear 
 (P.). Opium, internally and externally (Wa.); Morphine, hypodermically is 
 
662 
 
 SCLERODERMA—SCROFULOSIS. 
 
 especially curative in sciatica (B.); 3 or 4 injections of gr. yi each; it may 
 almost be regarded as a specific (Wa.) ; a single application sometimes cures 
 long-standing cases permanently; if not it may be repeated every second day 
 or so (R.); should be injected deeply into the adjacent muscular structure 
 (Pepper). Iodides, in syphilitic or metal poisoned subjects (B.); often fails (R.). 
 Potassium Iodide in doses of Zj daily, dissolved in decoction of sarsaparilla, 
 most efficacious in subacute or chronic (Wa.). Salicylic Acid, as paste locally, 
 Zj with 3iv of Lanolin and 01 . Olivae, q. s., also Rhus Tox., gtt. j. of a 1 percent, 
 solution of the fluid extract every 4 hours, cured one very obstinate case (Aulde.) 
 Salol, gr. vij in evening and gr. xv more at midnight, completely cured me after 
 3 weeks’ suffering in bed, unrelieved by other remedies (Aschenberg). Cold of 
 intense degree, produced by refrigeration of limb by Methyl Chloride, extremely 
 efficient (Jacoby). Has been found effectual when applied to the sound limb. 
 Cantharides, as counter-irritant, to free vesication (R.). Aquapuncture, has 
 had extraordinary success (B.). [See under Neuralgia.] Acupuncture, 
 occasionally affords instant relief (B.) ; often cures cases of long standing (R.). 
 Nerve-stretching, by forcibly flexing the thigh on the abdomen (Lange). Poul¬ 
 tices, applied very hot (R.). Turkish Baths, are often very useful (R.). Elec¬ 
 tricity, produces excellent results (B.); does great good, but often aggravates ; 
 the continuous current best, when stage of acute inflammation past (W.); gal¬ 
 vanism often quickly relieves the pain (Pepper). Cod-liver Oil, should always 
 be tried in obstinate cases (W.). [Compare Neuralgia, Rheumatism 
 Chronic.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R . Tinct. Colchici Seminis, 
 
 * Tinct. Belladonnas, 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti, . . . . aa £j. 
 
 M. Sig.—n\vj every 6 hours. Remark¬ 
 ably efficient. {Metcalf.') 
 
 R . Tinct. Cholchici Sem., 
 
 Tinct. Cimicifugae, 
 
 Tinct. Belladonnae, 
 
 Tinct. Aconiti, . . . . aa rr[xv. 
 
 M. Sig.—rqjij every 3 to 6 hours. 
 
 {Metcalf.) 
 
 Scleroderma. 
 
 Cod-liver Oil, our sheet-anchor, used internally and locally (B.). Electricity, 
 is used successfully (B.); with stimulating inunctions offers the best prospect of 
 improvement (Bulkley). 
 
 Scrofulosis. 
 
 Iodides, the Iodide of Ammonium when glandular enlargement; that of Iron 
 when debility and emaciation, a powerful and efficacious remedy; also in 
 anpemia of scrofula, the syrup r^xx-^j, ter die (Wa.); disappointing, useful in 
 simple glandular hypertrophy (B.). Iodine, tinct. or oint. applied over scrofu¬ 
 lous glands—take care not to increase inflammation (R.). Iodine and Iron the 
 best remedies, but all medicines utterly useless without strict hygiene (A.). 
 Calcium, the chloride, in doses of gr. x-xx in milk after food, when glandular 
 enlargement of neck and chronic diarrhoea. The phosphate of great use for 
 sores (R.) ; is of eminent service as a palliative (Wa.); see Sulphides below. 
 Spongia Usta, formerly held in high repute ; has fallen into perhaps unmerited 
 neglect. Contains sodium iodide, magnesium bromide, calcium phosphate, and 
 ferric protoxide, in small quantities (Wa.). Iron,ferrum and calcium phosphates 
 combined give good results, also chalybeate waters (B.); must be long continued 
 (R.). Sulphides, for sores, abscesses, suppurating glands ; gr. or ^ of cal¬ 
 cium sulphide every hour or two (R.). Coniine, gr. yi to Zj almond oil, 
 locally, two or three times a day to conjunctivas in “ scrofulous” photophobia ; 
 has proved very successful (P.). Cod-liver Oil, the best remedy to promote 
 assimilation (B.) ; of great service in the various manifestations of this disease 
 (R.). Stillingia, a domestic remedy, used with much success (B.). Capsicum, 
 in scrofulous and fistulous ulcerations, a weak infusion becomes a useful stimu¬ 
 lant (P.). Mezereum, strongly recommended (P.). Sarsaparilla, useful by reason 
 
SCURVY-SEA-SICKNESS-SEBORRHCEA. 
 
 663 
 
 of its tonic and alterative properties (P.). Hyoscyamus, the bruised leaves as 
 cataplasm for scrofulous ulcers (P.). Phosphates, for mal-nutrition (B.). Prunus 
 Virginiana, is found very useful in the hectic (P.). Chimaphila, holds a cer¬ 
 tain amount of reputation as a useful remedy (P.). Tussilago, was employed 
 by Cullen (P.). Gentian, is valued. As infusion a useful vehicle for chaly- 
 beates, etc. (P.). Blisters, for scrofulous glands (R.). Grape-cure, renders 
 much service (B.). Alcohol, no doubt as to its great value ; with cod-liver oil, 
 or in small amounts at meals (Wa,). Phosphorus, eminently serviceable in 
 scrofuloderma, gr. x in 01 . Olivae ^j, doses of rr^v-x, thrice daily after meals 
 (Broadbent). Aliment, raw or broiled meat, the latter for children. Abun¬ 
 dance of fresh air and sunshine. Sea-air, sunlight, moderate exercise, and light, 
 digestible food are necessary. [Compare Cachexia, Glands, Coxalgia, 
 Ophthalmia.] 
 
 Scurvy. 
 
 ' Citric Acid, used with great advantage, though inferior to lemon-juice (Wa.). 
 Lemon- or Lime-juice, of the utmost value, both as preventive and a curative 
 agent. Efficacy believed to be due to its potassium salts. Oranges highly 
 useful (Wa.). Acids, especially vinegar, to prevent scurvy, in the absence of 
 lime-juice or fresh vegetables (R.); dilute Muriatic Acid, gtt. v, thrice daily 
 with juice of three lemons daily, vegetables and fresh meat (Da Costa). Po¬ 
 tassium Chlorate, is probably a remedy of some value (Wa.); is not (W.). 
 Cinchona, a decoction, or the dilute tincture with myrrh or the chlorates, a 
 very useful gargle. Quinine, internally when much prostration, combined 
 with mineral acids (Wa.). Alcohol, diluted, as gargle (R.). Atropine, hypo- 
 derm. for salivation (R.). Alum, a solution in water with tinct. myrrhae 3 ss, 
 several times daily as lotion for ulceration of the gums (W.). Liquor Sodae 
 Chloratse, gvj ad ^xij aquae, as a mild application to gums (Wa.). Dietetic 
 Treatment alone required. Lemon-juice plays no essential part in the treat¬ 
 ment. The full diet of an hospital, comprising fresh meat, vegetables, and 
 milk, is generally sufficient. [Compare Cancrum Oris, Purpura.] 
 
 Sea-sickness. 
 
 Chloral, the most effective remedy ; gr. xv-xxx every four hours (R.). Sta- 
 phisagria, has given relief (P.). Creasote, checks the vomiting (R.). Chloro¬ 
 form, drop doses pure (R.); n\jj-v on sugar (B.). Atropine, hypodermically, 
 gr. yIq in epigastrium, will relieve (B.); gr. -3^ to 250 given with Strychnine, 
 gr. 7C to ^0 hypodermically, is really specific in most cases, and in some if given 
 before sailing, will prevent for the whole voyage, though but one dose be ad¬ 
 ministered (Giberson). Cocaine, quite efficient; the hydrochlorate in water 1 to 
 100, of which rr\Jv—v on a bit of ice thrice daily (Otto). Morphine, gr. -fa to jf 
 hypodermically, will often relieve severe cases (B.) ; often fails (Wa.). Amyl 
 Nitrate, by inhalation (B.); is strongly recommended, but must be cautiously 
 used. Champagne, iced ; tablesp. doses every quarter-hour (B.). Calumba, a 
 few drops of the tincture will sometimes relieve (B.). Spinal Ice-bag, often 
 successful (R ). Cocaine is reported quite successful. Bromides, in lull doses 
 (Beard). [Compare Nausea, Vomiting.] 
 
 Seborrhcea. 
 
 Glycerin, especially useful; with lead acetate, borax, zinc, diminishing secre¬ 
 tion ; also acts efficiently when there is a want of sebaceous secretion (W.). Zinc 
 Oxide, 3 j. plumbi carbonat. 3 j, cetacei 3j, ol. olivae q. s. Ft. unguent (B.). 
 Oleate of Arsenic, is of benefit (Wa.). Mercury, an ointment of the white 
 precipitate is serviceable on the scalp, with an occasional shampoo with tar soap 
 or green soap in solution, followed later by mildly stimulating iotions (Bulkley). 
 [Compare Acne, Pityriasis.] 
 
66\ 
 
 SNEEZING-SPERMATORRHOEA. 
 
 Sneezing. 
 
 Arsenic, a drop of liquor arsenicalis three times a day in paroxysmal sneez¬ 
 ing, allied to asthma (R.). Potassium Iodide, gr. x, several times a day (R.). 
 Iodine, inhalations in paroxysmal sneezing, with itching of nose (R.). Camphor, 
 in incessant sneezing, with profuse running from eyes and nose. The powder 
 should be snuffed, or the alcoholic solution inhaled (R.). [Compare Catarrh, 
 Hay-fever, Influenza.] 
 
 Somnambulism. 
 
 Potassium Bromide, will give decided relief in the somnambulism of children 
 allied to epilepsy, often with squinting, which may become permanent; generally 
 the result of deranged digestion. The nightmare of adults will usually yield to 
 the same drug (R.). [Compare Nightmare.] 
 
 Spasmodic Affections. 
 
 Aconite, ext. and int. for spasms not of a severe type ; Aconitine, as ointment 
 in the most severe, as well as in the milder local spasmodic affections ; in angina 
 pectoris, spasmodic asthma, cough, etc. (P.); in spasmodic laryngitis of good 
 effect (R.). Camphor, in many forms said to relieve, as strangury, etc. (R.). 
 Belladonna, of value for spasms of sphincter muscles, especially of pelvic organs 
 (P.); atropine hypoderm. in local spasm (R.). Strychnine, of great value in 
 spasmodic asthma (P.) ; also in tetanus, chorea, and epilepsy (Pf., S.). Vera- 
 trine, as solution, brushed over lids once a day in painful spasmodic contraction 
 of the orbicularis (Wa.). Opium, very useful as an antispasmodic, especially 
 if given with a stimulant, as alcohol, ether, or chloroform (R.). Ipecacuanha, 
 in spasms of respiratory organs, of great value (P.). Chamomile Oil, in spasms 
 of hysterical persons, in 4 to 6 doses, a very excellent remedy ; also useful in 
 pseudo angina pectoris (P.). Lobelia, a valuable antispasmodic in cautious 
 hands (P.). Lupulin, in gouty spasms (P.). Tobacco, in spasmodic asthma, 
 and for relaxation of muscular spasms (P.). Sumbul, in gastric spasms is of 
 use (P.). Cardamoms, are usefully employed in gastric spasms (P.). Ammonia, 
 useful in children's colic (R.). Chloroform, inhaled for intestinal spasm (R.). 
 Sulpho-carbolates, in flatulent “spasm,” sometimes phosphorus better (R.). 
 Mustard Poultice, an excellent counter-irritant in spasmodic affections (P.). 
 [Compare list of Antispasmodics on page 28, and in this section the titles 
 Angina Pectoris, Asthma, Chorea, Colic, Cough, Convulsions, Croup, 
 Dysuria, Epilepsy, Gastrodynia, Hydrophobia, Hysteria, Laryngismus, 
 Pertussis, Tetanus, Torticollis, Trismus.] 
 
 Spermatorrhoea. 
 
 Potassium Bromide, when plethora-erections normal, but persistent and 
 teasing ; is harmful in debilitated states, or daily losses (B.); with cold sponging 
 and use of a hard bed (R.). Digitalis, Tj or ij of the infusion twice or thrice 
 daily; few remedies are more successful in arresting spermatorrhoea (R., P.) ; 
 feeble erections, frequent emissions, cold hands and feet (B.). Cantharis, defi¬ 
 cient tone of seminal vesicles, erections feeble, sexual feeling torpid; tinct. gtt: 
 ij-iij ter die (R.); with Iron internally in emissions (R.). Phosphorus, for the 
 induced physical and mental debility; also, hypophosphites of lime and soda 
 (R.). Gelsemium, as anaphrodisiac, may be combined with Belladonna or 
 Cimicifuga (B.). Nux Vomica, relaxation and atony (B.). Strychnine, in large 
 doses, especially when impotence (R.). Quinine, has been recommended (R.). 
 Belladonna, gr, of extract with gr. jss zinci sulphat., three or four times a 
 day, often successful in nocturnal emissions (R.). Atropine, relaxed genitalia, 
 no dream or orgasm (B.). Camphor Bromide, has been useful (W.). Lupulin, 
 is a good anaphrodisiac; with Camphor, when a genital sedative is required 
 (B ). Iron, the iodide, useful in anaemic cases (B.). Ergot, beneficial in relaxed 
 
SPINA BIFIDA-SPINAL PARALYSIS. 
 
 state (B.). Hydrastis, is a useful injection, gtt. x of the fluid ext. through a 
 urethral tube to the prostatic portion of the urethra (B.). Cimicifuga, useful in 
 weak, relaxed conditions (B.); with hypochondriasis, very beneficial (P.). Silver 
 Nitrate, a vesicating solution applied to perineum generally useful, and without 
 danger (B.). Arsenic, when from weak and relaxed seminal vesicles. Kind 
 Advice, frequently the best treatment, as this is often the phantasm of a morbid 
 imagination. Bladder should be emptied after the first sleep. [Compare 
 Emissions, also List of Anaphrodisiacs on page 47.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Bromidi, . . . . gj. 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonat., . . . . gr. xv. 
 
 Infusi Digitalis,.3 ss. 
 
 Atropinae Sulphat., . . . gr. ^L. 
 
 M. Sig.—One dose, to be taken at bed¬ 
 time. (Cross.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Gelsemii, . . . . %}. 
 
 Tinct. Belladonnas, . . . £ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—15 drops thrice daily. 
 
 (B.) 
 
 R. Lupulini,.gr. x. 
 
 Pulv. Camphoroe, . . . . gr. vj. 
 
 Ext. Belladonnae, . . . . gr. ij. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One pill thrice 
 daily. (B.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Cantharidis, . . . £ij. 
 Tinct. Ferri Chlor., . . . £vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—20 drops in water thrice daily. 
 In impotence with spermatorrhoea, of great 
 utility. (//I C. Wood.) 
 
 Spina Bifida. 
 
 Iodine, injected into the sac, £ss of tinct., or gr. ss, with potassium iodide gr. 
 v, aquae £j, has cured numerous cases (B.) ; iod. gr. ) 4 , pot. iod. gr. x / 2 ad aq. 
 3 j (Wa.). Collodion, as a means of compression (B.). 
 
 Spinal Concussion. 
 
 Lead Water and Opium, as lotion over the seat of injury (A.). Leeches, if 
 pain persistent (A.). 
 
 Spinal Congestion. 
 
 Ergot, gives excellent results (Brown-Sequard). Turpentine, hot epithems, 
 useful (Wa.). Antiphlogistic measures, with rest and absolute diet; wet cups 
 or leeches to the column ; cool affusions to the spine while patient in a warm 
 half-bath (Ros.). [Compare Meningitis.] 
 
 Spinal Irritation. 
 
 Aconite, as ointment locally (R.). Belladonna preparations, locally, gen¬ 
 erally are better than Aconite (B.). Ignatia, in small doses diminishes irrit¬ 
 ability of cerebro-spinal axis (Pf.). Strychnine, persistently, will ameliorate 
 wandering neuralgic pains due to irritability of nervous system (B.). Ergot, 
 large doses for congestion (Hammond). Conium, in functional derangement 
 of the cord, with excessive irritability of the reflex function (Wa.). Firing, 
 sometimes very beneficial (B.). Electricity. An inverse galvanic current 
 gives much relief (Hammond). Blisters, with hot-water bag to spine, large 
 doses of strychnine, phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and opium, are the methods 
 based upon the anaemic theory of the disease. Out of 156 cases 133 were 
 thoroughly cured (Hammond). [Compare Meningitis, Myelitis.] 
 
 Spinal Paralysis and Softening. 
 
 Ergot, to starve the inflammation by occluding the spinal arteries (Ham¬ 
 mond). Electricity, best; galvanic current from spine to nerves and muscles 
 (Ros.). Treatment must be palliative and supporting only, in softening (H.). 
 
666 
 
 SPLENIC AFFECTIONS-STERILITY. 
 
 Splenic Affections. 
 
 Mercury Biniodide, gr. j ad unguent. 3 j, rubbed in before a hot fire, has 
 given excellent results in chronic malarial enlargements of spleen (Wa.). 
 Quinine, in simple malarial enlargement (B.) ; gr. xv or xx or more daily, one 
 of the most effectual remedies (Wa.). Ergot, the most effective remedy for 
 enlarged spleen (Da Costa). Ammonium Iodide, effective in chronic splenitis, 
 with unguent, hydrarg. iod. rubri externally ; also small doses frequently re¬ 
 peated in all splenic derangements from malaria (B.). Iodine, locally in chronic 
 forms (B.). [Compare LeucocytHvEMIA.] 
 
 Sprains. 
 
 Arnica, is very useful; the infusion internally and externally (P.); the tinct. 
 diluted as lotion is very effectual (Wa.). Aconite, the liniment to painful 
 sprains often affords speedy relief (Wa.). Turpentine, the oil as a liniment 
 (P.). Ammonium Chloride, in solution, as lotion, or with bread as poultice, 
 to remove discoloration from sprains (W.). Rhus Toxicodendron, the tinct. 
 Ass to Oj of water a good external application to sprains. Oil of Bay as 
 stimulating liniment (P.). Cold Douche, salt may be added. The force must 
 be regulated by the condition of the tissues (R.). Rest, the most essential 
 measure, should be perfect. Warm fomentations, or cold affusion, opiates, 
 and plain diet (D.). A roller bandage with splints, often required to secure 
 rest of the part. 
 
 Stains. 
 
 Nitrate-of-silver Stains may be removed by washing with Potassium Cyanide 
 oijss; Iodine, gr. xv ; Water, 5iij ; or, after moistening the spots, drop on 
 them a few drops of Tinct. Iodine, and wash out with a solution of Sodium 
 Hyposulphite, Sss-3j (B.). Blood-stains, if on dark-colored materials are 
 best seen by an artificial light. After a few hours they become of a rusty, 
 reddish-brown color, which they maintain for years. The microscope shows 
 the characteristic corpuscles. These stains when on iron are difficult to dis¬ 
 tinguish from rust; the latter is not soluble in water, while blood is extremely 
 so. Heat applied to the metal will cause the blood to peel off, unless the stain 
 has been exposed long enough to have rust mingled with the blood. A solu¬ 
 tion of blood in water, heated, forms a coagulum which is soluble in hot caustic 
 potash, the solution thus formed is green by transmitted light, and red by 
 reflected light. Menstrual blood cannot be distinguished from that resulting 
 from a wound (Husband). 
 
 Stammering. 
 
 Vocal Training. The rhythmical method, the most successful; the chief 
 end in view is to regulate the precipitate, irregular form of respiration. Long 
 continuance necessary, six months, a year, or more, in special institutions 
 (Ros.). The patient must be taught the use of language anew, treated with 
 especial kindness, and never subjected to mockery or punishment. [See Potter 
 on Defects of Speech, Lea Prize Essay, Philadelphia, 1882.] 
 
 Sterility. 
 
 Aurum, cures sterility when dependent on chronic metritis or amenorrhcea 
 or coldness, more certainly than any other remedy. Auri chlor. gr. ^ (B.). 
 Potassium Iodide, when due to syphilis (R.). Dilation of os and cervix care¬ 
 fully when sterility depending on obstruction, with dysmenorrhcea (H.). Ster¬ 
 ility is frequently associated with uterine displacement (Meadows) ; less often 
 with atresia. In persons of good health may be caused by an acid discharge 
 from the uterus, which kills the spermatozoa ; for this Vichy water internally 
 
STINGS AND BITES-STOMATITIS. 
 
 667 
 
 and per vaginam, and alkaline baths (Charrier). Is due to aspermatism of the 
 husband in more cases than generally believed (Gross). Many cases are due 
 to blocking of the cervical canal with a morbid discharge from the cervical 
 glands, and such may be relieved simply by repeated cleansing thereof with a 
 cotton-wrapped probe or forceps. 
 
 Stings and Bites. 
 
 Ammonia or Alkalies, a weak solution, in stings of insects, to neutralize the 
 formic acid (R.). Ammonia, as nervine stimulant in snake-bites, more useful 
 than brandy or any other stimulant; rr^x-xx of liquor ammonias in water or 
 wine, every half-hour or oftener; also externally or hypodermically, 1 part to 
 2 aquas into a vein (Wa.). Carbolic Acid, a weak solution sponged over the 
 body, to keep off mosquitoes (R.). Salicylic Acid, 1 to 19 of Flexible Collo¬ 
 dion, locally for bites of insects, allays pain at once, and only in rare cases 
 is the neighboring tissue swollen. Mercury. The Bichloride, 1 to 1000 of 
 Flexible Collodion, is equally effective. Potassium Permanganate, in strong 
 solution, 1 to 6, locally, is promptly efficient for all reptile-bites and insect- 
 stings. If wound is small, make incision to enlarge it, and insert lint soaked 
 in the solution. If a rattlesnake-bite, inject the solution hypodermically above 
 the wound (Dupon). Viola Cucullata, the common violet, is used as an inter¬ 
 nal remedy in Pennsylvania for rattlesnake bite, and is successful in a remark¬ 
 able degree. The leaves are eaten, and a poultice of indigo and salt is at the 
 same time applied to the wound. Arsenic, 1 part to 5 of black pepper, is the 
 “Tanjore Pill,” highly esteemed in India for bites of venomous snakes (Wa.). 
 Chloride of Lime, a filtered solution injected into wound from snake bite, suc¬ 
 cessful in seventeen cases (Binz). Silver Nitrate, the sharpened stick applied 
 to every sinuosity of the wound. Excision safer (Wa.). Sugar, applied to 
 stings of wasps, said to relieve almost instantly (Wa.). Ipecacuanha, as poul¬ 
 tice or paste, allays pain and irritation ; is regarded by some as almost specific 
 (Wa.). Stimulants, in snake-bites, freely ; most important. Liquor ammonias 
 the best (Wa.); stimulants are indicated in snake-bites, but there is no remedy 
 of any value (Gross). Sting, should always be removed if left in the wound ; 
 pressing upon it with the barrel of a small key will expose it. 
 
 R . 01 . Picis Liquidae, 
 
 01 . Olivse, 
 
 01 . Hedeomse, . . . . aa £]. 
 Spt. Camphorge, 
 
 Glycerini,.aa 3 ss. 
 
 Ac. Carbolic!,.^ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Shake well. Lotion against 
 mosquitoes, for fLhermen and hunters. 
 
 Carho Vegetab.,.fbj. 
 
 Potassii Nitratis, . . . . ^ij. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,.s; jss. 
 
 Persian Insect Powder, . . 3 viij. 
 
 Mucil. Tragacanth., q. s. 
 
 To make fumigating pastilles for use 
 against mosquitoes. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. 
 
 Stomatitis. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate, locally and internally. Large doses necessary (gr. x-xx); 
 in ulcerative stomatitis of nursing women, and aphthae; of no value in mercu¬ 
 rial form (R.). Hydrastis, fluid extract locally in mercurial and aphthous 
 stomatitis (B.). Carbolic Acid, concentrated, in glycerin, carefully, as a mild 
 caustic in aphthous stomatitis (Wa.). Alcohol, Brandy-and-water an excellent 
 lotion (B.). Acids, Mineral, pure Hydrochloric on pine wood to ulcers (B.). 
 Eucalyptus, a decoction of the leaves an efficient local application (B.). Gly¬ 
 cerin of Tannin, in ulcerative stomatitis (R.). Copper Sulphate, solution painted 
 over edges of gums in ulcerative stomatitis; generally dry alum better (R.). 
 Alum, in ulcerative, applied dry with the finger several times a day, especially 
 when disease affects one-half the jaw (R.). Salicylic Acid, to ease the pain of 
 catarrhal stomatitis. One part (dissolved in sufficient alcohol) to 250 parts of 
 water (R.). [Compare Aphtha:, Caxcrum Oris.J 
 
668 
 
 STABISMUS-SYNCOPE. 
 
 Strabismus. 
 
 Belladonna, for the strabismus of encephalitis (P.). Atropine, with strong 
 convex glasses, to suspend accommodation for months, or years if necessary; 
 may cure convergent strabismus in its earlier stages, in children of 3 years of 
 age or younger (Green in C.). Operation, required in most cases, especially 
 when of congenital origin. Glasses, properly adjusted to sight, serve to 
 strengthen the weak muscles in children, and to pull the axes right (Gould). 
 
 Strophulus. 
 
 Glycerin, locally, combined with bismuth, and digitalis (Wa.). Lancing the 
 gums is proper (H.). 
 
 Sunstroke. 
 
 Water. Cold affusion when patient is stricken down unconscious (R.); abso¬ 
 lute rest and quiet, free air, loose clothes. Potassium Bromide, in cold water 
 enemata. Stimulants when frequent and feeble pulse. Chloroform, if convul¬ 
 sions. Leeching, in stage of reaction (Wa.). Veratrum Viride, and Gelsemium, 
 as sedatives, instead of stimulants, when pulse full and strong (Ely). 
 
 Suppuration. 
 
 Sulphides, small doses (gr. ss-j), frequently repeated, are very serviceable 
 (B.). Calcium Sulphide, when ichor secreted instead of pus; also arrests sup¬ 
 puration, or if that is impossible will hasten maturation (R.). Quinine, recom¬ 
 mended in profuse suppuration (R.); to sustain system when suppuration pro¬ 
 longed (B.). Sarsaparilla, is very useful (P.). Phosphates, Parrish’s to repair 
 waste from suppuration (B.). Iodide of Manganese and Iron, the syrup in 
 cachectic states resulting from suppuration (B.). Alcohol, an excellent anti¬ 
 septic dressing (B.). [Compare Abscess, Boils, Carbuncle, Pyaemia.] 
 
 Surgical Fever. 
 
 Aconite, quickly and repeatedly in early stages, during chill or soon after, 
 the safest treatment (P.). Salicylic Acid, or Salicylate of Sodium, especially 
 useful as an anti-pyretic (B.). Chloral, gr. xx-xxx of the hydrate every 2 hours, 
 no better treatment (Wa.). 
 
 Sy cosis. 
 
 Nitric Acid, $j to Oj aquae, as wash, used frequently (R.). Boracic Acid, 
 3jss finely powdered and incorporated with gj of vaseline, is found most use¬ 
 ful (Wa.). Mercury, citrine ointment has been extensively employed, also the 
 oleate of mercury, both with good results (Wa.). Arsenic, the oleate is found 
 beneficial, and the Solution of Arsenic and Mercury, Donovan’s solution, inter¬ 
 nally is highly useful. Mercurial Ointments are extensively employed (Wa.). 
 Sodium Sulphite, 3 j ; glycerini, ; aquae, 3 hj ; locally, when of parasitic 
 origin (Wa.). [Compare Condylomata, Mentagra.] 
 
 Syncope. 
 
 Cinnamon, the oil, as a powerful stimulant, sometimes employed (P.). Alco¬ 
 hol, as brandy, or wine, when heart suddenly enfeebled from fright, etc. (R.). 
 Amyl Nitrite, in some forms, especially in anaemic subjects, its inhalation 
 speedily restores consciousness (O’Neill). Atropine, gr. iiyo - ?o subcutaneously, 
 the best means of resuscitation, there being no medicine which so promptly exalts 
 the force and rapidity of the heart’s action (Harley). Ammonia, internally, or 
 breathed into the air-passages (R.); the carbonate as “smelling salts” (Wa.). 
 Lavandula, the compound tincture (Wa.). Chloroform, internally, for hysteri¬ 
 cal people, as cardiac stimulant (R.). Position, leaning forward, with head as 
 low as possible (R.). Galvanization of pneumogastric (B.). Cold Water over 
 the face, and volatile substances to the nose (R.). Cold affusion always (Wa.). 
 
SYNOVITIS—SYPHILIS. 
 
 669 
 
 Synovitis. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, with iron and quinine, in syphilitic patients with consti¬ 
 tution broken down (D.). Iodide, in chronic, painted around joint; the solu¬ 
 tion injected into white swelling (R.). Quinine, and free stimulation in all 
 cases of pyasmic synovitis, such as occurs in acute rheumatism of gonorrhoeal 
 causation, occasionally in typhoid fever, and may from a trifling injury in 
 strumous subjects. Mercury, and Morphine, the oleate locally (R.) ; an ele¬ 
 gant and efficient application (B.); in syphilitic cases Mercury internally when 
 acute symptoms have subsided (D.). Aconite, for pains in inflamed joints (R.). 
 Silver Nitrate, locally, to vesication almost, often very beneficial (Wa,). Car¬ 
 bolic Acid, injected into joint (B.). Alcohol, and water, equal parts, an excel¬ 
 lent evaporating lotion (B.). Blisters, a flying blister every night in chronic 
 synovitis (R.). Cod-liver Oil, in strumous cases (B.). Surgical Treatment. 
 Splints to keep limb motionless in all cases arising from injury ; during acute 
 stage splint should be fastened at some distance above and below joint, 
 and not touch joint itself. Straight position, leeches to joint, or cupping near 
 it; ice, evaporating lotions or hot fomentations. Blisters inapplicable until 
 acute stage subsides (D.). If suppuration occurs the joint must be dealt with 
 as any other abscess cavity (MacCormac). Heat, as fomentations or poultices 
 in the acute form. Bandage, or Strapping, to cause absorption of fluid; 
 bandages (cold water) after alternate bathing with hot and cold water, in 
 chronic. [Compare Coxalgia, Joint Affections.] 
 
 Syphilis. 
 
 Mercury, the mainstay in earlier and later stages ; the protiodide in pills of 
 gr. jt each, one after each meal increased by one every third day, until teeth 
 sore or bowels disordered, then drop two pills from each dose (Keyes). The 
 best remedy for primary and secondary, not so in tertiary, or in chancroid ; 
 small doses are best, to stop short of ptyalism (B.). Blackwash, calomel or 
 citrine oint. very useful in mucous sores, tubercles, and elevated indurations ; 
 in syphilitic ozaena, psoriasis, rashes, condylomata, etc., the bichloride, gr. ij- 
 v in ^j alcoholis, painted over syphilitic mouth lesions daily (Keyes). The 
 serious secondary and tertiary symptoms can be produced both by syphilis and 
 by mercury ; the phenomena produced by mercury are singularly similar to 
 those which result from syphilis. Mercury believed to be a true vital antidote 
 against the virus (R.); used for at least two years can eradicate it (Keyes). 
 Nitric Acid, in secondary forms (R.); holds a high place as an internal remedy 
 (Wa.); when sponginess of gums excessive, ^ iv—^ij aq., teasp. 4 times daily; 
 also use locally (St.); as cautery for the initial lesion, the fuming acid, if done 
 at all, should be early and thoroughly, followed by Blackwash locally on lint 
 (Bulkley). Potassium Iodide, approached by no remedy in constitutional syph¬ 
 ilis ; also for mercurial cachexia, syphiloma of nervous system, and many dis¬ 
 orders of syphilitic origin. Will certainly arrest ulceration of nares, palate, etc., 
 if given in large doses, gr. xx-,Tj every 4 hours (R.) ; is of little value in early 
 stages ; in later should be combined with mercury (St.). Iodine, as gargle for 
 ptyalism; the tincture applied to syphilitic sores of the throat (R.); or 3SS of 
 tincture to ^iv syr. fusci; a teaspoonful well diluted ter die, after meals, when 
 Pot. Iod. cannot be borne (St.). Iodoform, powdered and dusted over ulcers 
 (B.). Aurum, after mercury and the iodides, in old cases of secondary and 
 tertiary, ulceration of the throat, ozaena, phthisis, syphilitic bone-diseases (B.); 
 its beneficial action incontestable (Tr.). Stillingia, with nitric acid in chronic 
 cases of broken-down constitutions from mercury and iodides; has been most 
 satisfactory (B.). Cascara Amarga, is said to have remarkable powers as an 
 alterative in syphilis, but to be useless if alcohol and tobacco are used at the 
 same time. Sanguinaria, in secondary and tertiary, is held to be very useful 
 (P.). Sarsaparilla, a most important remedy, as adjunct to, and in abuse of 
 mercury (P.) ; with guaiac and mezereon, as the compound decoction of sarsa¬ 
 parilla, in tertiary form (B.). See Guaiac, below. Belladonna, with mercurial 
 
670 
 
 TABES MESENTERICA. 
 
 ointment, for secondary ulcerations of rectum (P.) ; tincture £iv ad 3 ij aquae, a 
 teaspoonful 4 times a day in water, instead of mercurials (St.). Iron, the 
 iodide in constitutional syphilis, to promote constructive metamorphosis (B.) ; 
 where anaemia exists (R.) ; the potassio-tartrate, gr. xv-xx, every 4 hours, 
 especially in the gangrenous form (Otis). Guaiacum, in tertiary only ; or as 
 vehicle for potassium iodide and mercuric chloride (B.). Carbolic and Salicylic 
 Acids, locally to syphilitic abscesses, carbolic best (B.). Zinc Chloride, Iodide, 
 Nitrate, locally to syphilitic ulcers (R.). Denutrition. The Arabic “ hunger- 
 cure ” efficient, but unpopular (B.). Turkish Baths, or wet packing, amelio¬ 
 rate and aid cure of constitutional syphilis (B.). Hygiene, is of the greatest 
 importance in syphilis (Bulkley). Cod-liver Oil, remarkably improves condi¬ 
 tion resulting from prolonged use of mercury and iodides, the syphilodermata, 
 and squamae ; internally and by inunction (R.). [Compare Chancre, Con- 
 DYLOMATA, ULCERS, PTYALISM.J 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Massae Hydrargyri, . . . gr. ij. 
 
 Ferri Sulph. Exs-iccat., . gr. j. 
 
 Extr. Opii Aquosi, . . . gr. l /±. 
 
 In pill, thrice daily. ( Otis.) 
 
 j R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . gr. viij. 
 Potassii Iodide, . ... g viij. 
 
 Syr. Sarsaparillae Co., . . ^ viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—“ The Three Eights” —Dose, 
 a teasp. thrice daily. 
 
 R . Hydrargyri Bichloridi, 
 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . aagr. iij. 
 Tinct. Cinchonae Comp.,. 3 iij* 
 
 Aquae,.3 iij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. thrice daily. Each 
 5 contains gr. Jg of corrosive sublimate. 
 
 (Bumstead.) 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi, . . . . 5 pj. 
 Ammonii Carb., . . . . 3 ss. 
 
 Tinct. Cinchonae Comp., 3 iv. 
 
 Glycerini,.j§j* 
 
 Syr. Aurantii Cort., . . . ^jss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in plenty of water 
 
 after each meal. (Keyes.) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis., . gij. 
 
 Lycopodii,. % ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Use as snuff thrice daily, in 
 lesions of the nostrils. (Diday.) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Iodidi Rubri, . gr. ij. 
 Ammonii Carbonatis, . . gr. xx. 
 
 Potassii Iodidi,.3 iij. 
 
 Tinct. Gent. Comp., . ad 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in water after each 
 meal. (Fox, for the Mixed Treatment.) 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Iodidi Rubri, . gr. iij. 
 Potassii Iodidi, .... 3 iij—vj. 
 Tinct. Aurantii Cort., 
 
 Syrup. Aurantii Cort., aa :|j. 
 
 Aquae,.3 viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. thrice daily after 
 
 meals. ( Gtis,for the same.) 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Bichloridi, . . gr. iv. 
 
 Tinct. Benzoini, . . . . 3 ss - 
 Aquae Cologniensis, . . §]■ 
 
 Aquae Rosae,.3 i yss - 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply locally with sponge to 
 skin for 20 minutes. For squamous syphil- 
 ides. (S. W. Gross.) 
 
 Tabes Mesenterica. 
 
 Lime, the chloride and phosphate (R.); the chloride is a powerful remedy if 
 kept up (Wa.). [See Scrofulosis.J Iodine, by inunction with cod-liver oil 
 (El.); locally over glands ; carefully, lest inflammation be increased (R.). Potas¬ 
 sium'Iodide in small repeated doses, valuable (Wa.). Mercury. Corrosive 
 Sublimate with bark (gr. j ad £ij tinct. cinchonae) after meals, for chronic gland¬ 
 ular disease (D.). Phosphates, for malnutrition (B.). The hypophosphites act 
 slowly but surely (Wa.). Iron and Iodine, in various forms are the most useful 
 remedies in scrofulosis, but medicine is powerless without strict hygienic meas¬ 
 ures (A.) ; the Iodide or Phosphate of Iron and Cod-liver oil, as for tubercle 
 
TASTE-TEETH-TESTICLES-TETANUS. 
 
 67I 
 
 elsewhere (El.). Fel Bovinum, is worthy of trial, though at best a palliative 
 (Wa.). Cod-liver Oil, is the best remedy to promote assimilation (B.); of great 
 service (R.). Chaulmugra Oil, is of benefit, used by inunction (Wa.). Aliment. 
 Raw meat, cream, chocolate, and cocoa, are valuable nutriments in these cases 
 (EL). Peptonized foods are of inestimable value (Wa.). Hygiene. Change of 
 air, especially to sea-air, is all-important (EL). [Compare Scrofulosis.] 
 
 Taste, Disordered. 
 
 Mercury or Podophyllin, as purgative for cankery taste unconnected with 
 alcoholism ; or half-glass of pure cold water daily half an hour before break¬ 
 fast (R.). 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, in doses of gr. x, thrice daily, often cures looseness of 
 teeth from periostitis of alveolar processes (Wa.). Iodine, tincture painted over 
 gums close to the teeth when the gums begin to recede ; also to remove tartar 
 (R.). Cinchona, powdered bark often used in tooth-powders (R.). Collodion, 
 on cotton, as stopping for carious teeth (P.). Liquor Sodae Chloratae, o v j ad 
 3xij aquae, a highly useful application in fetid discharges from carious teeth 
 (Wa.). [Compare Dentition, Odontalgia.] ' 
 
 Testicles. 
 
 Mercury, the ointment, locally in indurations and enlargements of testes 
 (Wa.). Corrosive Sublimate, with cinchona or sarsaparilla in sarcocele (D.). 
 Water, cold applications in neuralgia of testes, with tonics and neuralgic treat¬ 
 ment generally (D.). Suspensory Bandage, with rest, in many affections of 
 the testes (D.). [Compare Hydrocele, Okchitis, Varicocele.] 
 
 Tetanus. 
 
 Strychnine, of decided service (P.); cured 8 cases of traumatic form, in 
 doses of gr. -jJg- to ^ (S.); is conclusively curative, especially in chronic and 
 spontaneous, rather than in traumatic. Strychninae Sulphat., gr. to (B.). 
 Aconite, has benefited many cases (P.); its success warrants further trial (W.). 
 Belladonna, successfully used in many cases; the extract, internally, and 
 locally to wound (Wa.); gr. atropine injected into muscle (B.); bleeding, 
 vapor-baths, and large doses of belladonna have cured tetanus (Tr.). Nico¬ 
 tine, by rectum or hypodermically, appears to be useful in many cases (R.); 
 much evidence for it as the best remedy (P.); effective but dangerous (B.). 
 Physostigma better (Wa.). Potassium Bromide, not less than 5SS during the 
 day, with chloral at night as a hypnotic ; out of 21 cases but 3 died. Its physio¬ 
 logical action indicates it to be the best remedy known (W.). Chloral, in 
 large doses (gr. xx) no remedy more effectual (B.) ; has sometimes cured (R.); 
 best used in combination with potassium bromide (W.). Gelsemium, cured 
 several cases (P.). Hyoscyamine, gr. gradually up to gr. T V, ameliorates 
 (B.). Cocaine. A mixed solution of Cocaine and Morphine, of each 5 per 
 cent., 3 syringesful hypodermically, immediately relieved and finally cured 
 a bad case of idiopathic tetanus unrelieved for 3 days by chloral, morphine, 
 etc. (Lopez). Physostigma, has been used with excellent results (P.); the fluid 
 extract by mouth if possible, at very beginning, and must be pushed until just 
 short of arresting breathing (B.); evidence is discrepant (W.). Apomorphine, 
 may prove antagonistic (P.). Curare, hypodermically, has much evidence for 
 its power (P.). Cannabis Indica, used with marked success in traumatic form 
 (P.). Difficult to obtain an active extract (W.). Anaesthetics. Ether, to relieve 
 pain (B.). Chloroform, in small and frequently repeated doses, also by fric¬ 
 tion, has been useful in many instances (Wa.). Amyl Nitrite, used in 3 cases 
 with marked benefit as spinal sedative (W.); has been used with success (R ). 
 
672 
 
 THIRST-TIC DOULOUREUX. 
 
 Morphine, hypodermically, deeply into tetanized muscles (B.); of no value 
 (Wa.). Conium, is indicated, but has not been successful (B.). Water. 
 Warm baths, and cold, or ice, afford only temporary amelioration (B.). Spinal 
 Ice Bag, extremely useful (R.). Division, or stretching of any nerve-trunk 
 connecting wound with spinal cord. [Compare Spasms.J 
 
 Thirst. 
 
 Acid Drinks, promote secretion of saliva in fevers (R.). Tepid Drinks, are 
 useful in the thirst of diabetes (R.). Ice, sucked, allays thirst (R.). 
 
 Throat, Sore. 
 
 Aconite, when temperature high, half-drop doses of tincture, every ^ hour 
 for 2 hours, then every hour, will almost certainly prove efficacious (R.); valu¬ 
 able in ordinary sore throat (P.). Belladonna, is very admirably adapted to 
 the treatment of ordinary sore throat. When much fever, combine with Aco¬ 
 nite (R., P.). [See Catarrh, Acute.] Mercury, in acute tonsillitis, which 
 see (R.). Nitre, dissolved in mouth, to abort a sore throat (Wa.). Tannic 
 Acid, as powder, gargle, spray (P.). Glycerin of Tannin, after acute inflamma¬ 
 tion ; in ulceration of aphthous sore throat daily when tendency to catarrh (R.). 
 Ipecacuanha, the wine as spray, in non-inflammatory sore throats and hoarse¬ 
 ness from congestion of vocal cords (R.). Capsicum, 3 j of tincture to 0)4 
 aquae as gargle, in some sore and malignant sore throats (R., P.). Potassium 
 Chlorate, in grain doses every half-hour (A. A. Smith). Alum, dry, or in solu¬ 
 tion (R.). Myrrh, as gargle in ulcerated sore throat (P.). Cimicifuga, in 
 simple (R., P.), and malignant forms when mucous membrane dry and spotted 
 with inspissated mucus (R.). Arsenic, in medicinal doses, in sloughing of 
 throat or malignant sores (R.). Iodine, tincture, locally to sores, whether 
 syphilitic or not (R.). Rhus Glabra, a very efficient gargle, a decoction, ^j- 
 ad Oj, boiled to 0 ) 4 , with Potassium Chlorate, ^ss (W.). Nitric Acid, undi¬ 
 luted to sloughs (R.). Silver Nitrate, locally, in early stage of inflammation 
 may cut it short (R.). Sulphurous Acid, by inhalation, spray, or fumigations 
 for malignant sore throat, scarlatinal or otherwise (R.). Water, cold compress 
 nightly, to harden the throat when tendency to catarrh (R.). Ice, constantly 
 sucked (R.). [Compare Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis, and formulae for Gargles, 
 on page 460.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Bichlor., . . . . gr. iv. 
 
 Alcoholis,.5 ij. 
 
 Solve, et adde— 
 
 Decocti Cinchonse, 
 
 Mellis Ros?e, 
 
 Tinct. Myrrhae, . . . aa % ij. 
 
 M. ft. gargarysma. Gargle, to be di¬ 
 luted if too severe. For ulcerated forms 
 of syphilitic sore throat. [Sir Chas. Bell.) 
 
 R . Tinct. Guaiaci Ammon., 
 
 Liq. Potassae, . . . . aa 3 iij. 
 
 Tinct. Opii,.3 ij. 
 
 Aq. Cinnamomi, . . . ad 3 viij. 
 
 M. ft. gargarysma. Sig.—To be used 
 every hour, as a gargle, in clergyman’s 
 sore throat. ( Garner .) 
 
 Tic Douloureux. 
 
 Arsenic, cures, influences nutrition (B.). Phosphorus useful ; gr. to y 1 ^ 
 every 3 hours (R.). Belladonna, Aconite, Spigelia, Iodides, Morphine, Cimici¬ 
 fuga, Gelsemium, Turpentine, Galvanism (B.). [See under Neuralgia.] 
 Croton-Chloral, palliative in doses of gr. v every )4 hour till gr. xxx taken 
 (W.). Salicylates, in large doses, cured a case of 12 years’ standing. Stramo¬ 
 nium, gr. % to )4 every 3 or 4 hours for 4 or 5 doses, often affords decided 
 relief; stop if narcotic symptoms appear (P.). Laurocerasus, sometimes 
 removes (P.). [Compare Hemicrania, Neuralgia.] 
 
TINEA CIRCINATA-TINEA TONSURANS. 
 
 673 
 
 Tinea Circinata—(Ringworm of the Body). 
 
 Mercury, the bichloride, 1 part to 250 of water, as parasiticide solution, after 
 depilation (A.). [See also T. Tonsurans.] Carbolic Acid, a very efficient 
 application ; 3 j ad 5 J glycerini, locally (B.); or equal parts of Carbolic Acid 
 and Glycerin, is a very efficient application. Sulphurous Acid, better and 
 safer (A.); must be fresh to be of use (Bulkley). Cocculus Indicus, the decoc¬ 
 tion locally, after washing the skin well (P.). Oil of Cade, the best depilatory 
 known (A.). Arsenic will not cure, but may do service as a nerve tonic or an 
 improver of nutrition, in connection with other remedies (Bulkley). Cuprum 
 Acetate, gr. x ad §j adipis, as ointment, is very effective (B.). Sodium Hypo¬ 
 sulphite, gj ad 3xij aquae, locally, used by Dr. Tilbury Fox. Mercury. Calo¬ 
 mel ointment ( 3 j ad 3j) useful (B.). Hydrarg. nitrate as strong citrine oint¬ 
 ment, rubbed in twice daily, often effectual. Hydrarg. oxid. rubrum, as oint¬ 
 ment, often cures ringworm on body or limbs, when other remedies fail (Wa.). 
 Cocculus, ointment from kernels, or decoction (P.). Iodine, liniment once 
 applied (R.); with oil of tar (1 to 4 of latter) locally, is excellent (Wa.). 
 Kamala, used locally by the Hindoos (P.). Tar Ointment, is used with good 
 effect (P.). Acetic Acid, applied to cut it short (R.). Cod-liver Oil, a power¬ 
 ful auxiliary in weakly and cachectic subjects (Wa.). Diet and Hygiene, are 
 important. Food should be nutritive and abundant, especially animal fats. 
 Daily baths, out-of-door exercise. Fungus, is the Tricophyton tonsurans (A.). 
 
 Tinea Decalvans—(Alopecia Areata). 
 
 Parasiticide Lotions, must be used after epilation, and washing of head 
 daily with soft or black soap. Stimulants (as Collodium with Ether Cantha- 
 ridalis, equal parts), after fungus is destroyed (A.). Tonics are necessary, 
 especially to the nervous system (Bulkley). Fungus —Microsporon Audouini 
 (A.); but I have never seen it, though having made repeated and thorough 
 searches (Bulkley). 
 
 Tinea Favosa—(Favus). 
 
 Mercury. Hydrarg. chlor. corr. gr. xx ; cerat. simplicis ifj; efficient when 
 used early (B.); or gr. ij ad §j aquae after each epilation (R.). Sulphurous 
 Acid, Sulphites, and Hyposulphites, as parasiticides. R. Sodii hyposulphitis 
 3iij ; ac. sulphurosi dil. 3ss ; aquae q. s. ad ^xvj (Startin). Carbolic Acid, Cod- 
 liver oil, locally (B.). Oils, to facilitate removal of scabs; head to be greased 
 freely to prevent spreading. A mild mercurial pomade, or quinine in glycerin 
 best (R.). Cleanliness, and free use of soap and water, is a sine qua non , 
 and in some cases of tinea may be alone sufficient to produce curative results. 
 Isolation of person, and brushes, towels, etc., necessary to prevent infection. 
 Fungus —Achorion Schonleinii (A.); a very rare affection in this country 
 (Bulkley). 
 
 Tinea Tonsurans—(Ringworm of the Scalp). 
 
 Mercury. Hydrarg. chlor. corr. gr. xx ad §j unguent, simplicis, an effective 
 application when used early (B.); must be employed with great caution. 
 Sulphurous Acid, with glycerin (R.). Carbolic Acid, 3 j ad glycerini (B.). 
 Viola Tricolor, the leaves are employed in Italy for tinea capitis (P.). Cocculus 
 Indicus (P.). [See T. Circinata.] Potassium Sulpho-cyanide, 3 ss with 3j 
 glycerini, 3 viij aquae, as lotion (R.). Iodine, £ij ad 3j of oil of wood tar (R.). 
 Arsenic Iodide, the best constitutional remedy; gr. ^ increased to gr. for an 
 adult: gr. to y 1 ^ for children, with alkaline lotions locally (Wa.). Lead, in 
 chronic porrigo capitis; the ointment of the iodide (B.); will complete a cure 
 after alkaline lotions (Wa.). Fungus —Tricophyton tonsurans (A.). [Compare 
 Tinea Circinata.] 
 
 43 
 
674 
 
 TONGUE-TONSILLITIS-TONSILS. 
 
 Tongue. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate, gr. v internally and 3 j-ij ad Oj aquae locally ; in ulcers 
 of tongue (Wa.) ; also in rawness of tongue in advanced phthisis. Potassium 
 Iodide, in syphilitic ulcers of tongue (D.) ; and in hypertrophy (A.). Potas¬ 
 sium Bromide, 3 j to §vj water as wash, may soothe morbid sensibility of the 
 tongue (A.). Borax, gr. xl; glycerini jfj ; aquae % iv. As application in 
 cracked tongue (Wa.). Iodine, the tincture locally by a fine brush,.or as a 
 gargle with 7 or 10 parts of water and some honey, has given uniform success 
 in malignant ulcers (Wa.). Conium, thought to act specifically with benefit 
 in ulcer of the tongue (Wa.). Cinnamon, the oil as a powerful stimulant in 
 paralysis of tongue (P.). Ginger, Cochlearia, Pyrethrum, as gargle; Cloves, 
 Mezereon, Pepper, as masticatories, in paralysis (P.). Fraenum, should be 
 divided in tongue-tie ; use blunt-pointed scissors, directing the points down, 
 close to the jaw, so as to avoid wounding the ranine artery (D.); better to 
 cut as little as possible, and that directly backwards, as the artery of the frae¬ 
 num may proceed from the sublingual (Holmes). [Compare Glossitis, Ran- 
 ULA.] 
 
 Tonsillitis. 
 
 Aconite, when accompanied by fever and elevated arterial tension, relieves 
 greatly; gtt. ss-j every ]/ 2 -hour or hour (B.) ; every %-hovLT for 2 hours, 
 then every hour, will almost certainly prove efficacious (R.). Belladonna, of 
 surprising efficacy ; gtt. v of tinct. every 3 hours in 5ss aquae (P.). Mercury, 
 often speedily removes. Calomel, gr. or hydr. cum creta, gr. A every 2 
 hours ; not in chronic forms (B.); gr. ]/$ of gray powder every hour when ton¬ 
 sils almost meet, has marked effect. The oleate of mercury and morphine in 
 obstinate and painful tonsillitis (R.). Silver Nitrate, locally may abort, if 
 applied early (R.); the solid stick, once thoroughly applied in first stage, rarely 
 fails to prevent suppuration (Howard). Guaiac, disagreeable, but very effec¬ 
 tive (P.); 3 ss doses of tincture every 4 hours has remarkable power; should 
 be given in emulsion with mucilage or yolk of an egg (B.); makes an excel¬ 
 lent gargle, see page 460 for formula. Tinctura Guaiaci and Glycerin, equal 
 parts, in teaspoonful doses every hour or two, gives excellent results in acute 
 tonsillitis. Opium, gr. v-x of Dover’s powder at bedtime, is in many cases 
 curative (Shoemaker). Cocaine, in 10 per cent, solution, locally, at intervals of 
 15 minutes, removes pain at once and promotes resolution. A very efficient 
 application in 5 or 10 per cent, solution, but causes temporary paralysis of pala¬ 
 tal muscles, so that liquids regurgitate through nose (Boeckel). Alum, dry or 
 in solution (R.). Potassium Iodide, locally (gr. j-v-3), is useful (B.). Potas¬ 
 sium Chlorate, in grain doses every half-hour, very efficient (A. A. Smith). 
 Capsicum, the dilute tincture in a gargle, or in powder applied on a swab, is 
 useful in severe tonsillitis, especially in that accompanying scarlatina (W.). 
 Quinine, gr. x-xv will sometimes abort (B.). Tannic Acid, is useful (P.) ; as 
 gargle, see page 460. Ice and wet pack, extremely grateful (B.). Cold Wet 
 Compress, nightly, useful (R.). Incision, of the tonsils gives immediate and 
 marked relief in all cases, especially those which are not amenable to ordinary 
 treatment. Sodium Bicarbonate, locally by wetted finger to surface of tonsils 
 every five minutes for J^-hour, then every hour during the same day, will pre¬ 
 vent necessity for lancing (Lyon Medical). 
 
 Prescription. 
 
 R. Tinct. Aconiti,. 7, ss. M. Sig.— 3 ss-ij, every 2 hours accord - 
 
 Tinct. Guaiaci, . . . , . ,3 ss. ing to age. In severe cases, with high 
 
 Syr. Zingiberis,.5 ss. fever, bounding pulse, severe headache. 
 
 Syr. Simplicis,.^ij. | ( Shoemaker .) 
 
 Tonsils, Enlarged. 
 
 Ammonium Iodide, £ss in 3j glycerin, applied every night by a camel’s hair 
 brush, very efficacious (Wa.). Baryta Iodide, in hypertrophy of the tonsils, 
 
TONSILS-TYMPANITES. 
 
 675 
 
 effects a rapid diminution in their size, even when indurated for years (Hale). 
 Liquor Ferri Perchloridi, 3 j-ij ad %j, painted over tonsils twice daily, is one 
 of the most effective astringents (Mackenzie). Aluminium Sulphate, a satu¬ 
 rated solution applied daily by a brush, as a mild caustic (W.). Ergot or Ergc- 
 tine, injections into tonsils (Meigs). Zinc Chloride, as caustic, the most efficient 
 and least annoying method ; a saturated solution applied on a wire cotton- 
 holder to each crypt and held there a few seconds; a few applications will 
 shrink the gland in a week. Tannin, a strong solution touched daily to tonsils 
 (H.); a few sips of a saturated solution (3ss in ^iij aquae) slowly sipped, will 
 stop bleeding, if profuse (A.); gr. xx to §j aquae, hypodermically, as in nasal 
 polypus. Silver Nitrate, touched daily to tonsils, will sometimes make them 
 shrink (H.). Catechu, a serviceable astringent gargle; the infusion §vj with 
 tincture of kino oij. as gargle (Wa.). Oxgall, locally, is praised (Wa.) ; is of 
 real utility (W.). Citric Acid, rubbed daily to tonsils, is highly praised in 
 enlargement thereof. Excision of a part of tonsil (H). Mackenzie’s double 
 guillotine removes both tonsils at once. Hemorrhage seldom happens; ice 
 will generally check it (A.). Surgical measures should receive unprejudiced 
 consideration, as the medical treatment is tedious in the extreme. 
 
 Tonsils, Ulcerated. 
 
 Coptis, the infusion as a gargle (B.). Sulphurous Acid, dilute, locally by 
 spray, or a solution of sulphite of sodium in water (Sj~Sj) (B.). Potassium 
 Iodide, will arrest syphilitic ulcerations at once (B.). Carbolic Acid, a 5 per 
 cent, wash with tincture of myrrh, a good application by sponge to throat (Wa.). 
 Cimicifuga, a decoction of the root as a gargle (Wa.). 
 
 Torticollis. 
 
 Cimicifuga, has curative efficacy (P.). Capsicum, a handful of the crushed 
 pods infused for 36 hours in a pint of hot or cold water, and applied on lint 
 covered with gutta-percha (R.) gives striking results (Wa.). Opium, as lini¬ 
 ment with friction, or an opium plaster, is often serviceable (Wa.). Galvaniza¬ 
 tion of affected muscles, and faradization of opposed ones quickly relieves (B.). 
 
 Trismus. 
 
 Aconite (A.), Atropine (R.), hypodermically. Cannabis Indica, has been used 
 successfully in trismus neonatorum (B.). Opium, doses of laudanum, with 
 castor oil and warm bath, in trismus infantum. Treatment of any kind seldom 
 effectual (D.), never (El.). Ether, Chloral, Gelsemium, Physostigma (B.). [See 
 Tetanus.] 
 
 Tumors. 
 
 Mercuric Bromide, in gr. doses, has benefited abdominal tumors (Wa.). 
 Chloroform, in diagnosis of abdominal tumors when deep-seated, and when 
 walls of the belly are hard and rigid; also in phantom tumors (R.). Pepsin, 
 hypodermically, to dissolve. Hyoscyamus, the leaves as cataplasm or fomenta¬ 
 tions to painful tumors, afford great relief (Wa.). Electrolysis, employed with 
 more or less benefit in sebaceous, lipoma, bronchocele, enlarged glands, etc. 
 (Wa.). Iron, the liquor ferri perchloridi is found to be valuable as a curative 
 application to fungous or hemorrhoidal tumors (Wa.). Galbanum, as plaster to 
 indolent, non-malignant tumors, to diminish or cause their absorption (Wa.). 
 [Compare Cancer, Cysts, Glandular Enlargement, Goitre, Polypus, 
 Uterine Tumors, Wen.] 
 
 Tympanites. 
 
 Turpentine, often greatly benefits (P., Wa.); £j every 6 hours in tympanites 
 of typhoid, with prostration but without diarrhoea (R.). Asafcetida, in hysteri¬ 
 cal, internally or as enema, beneficial (P.); also in that of fever (Wa.). Capsi- 
 
6y6 
 
 TYPHLITIS-TYPHOID FEVER. 
 
 cum, gr. ss-ij, every 4hours (P.). Cocculus Indicus, a few doses of tincture will 
 often succeed in the tympanites of peritonitis and enteric fever (P.). Ginger, 
 with drastic purgatives (P.). Aspiration, in extreme cases and as a last resort. 
 [Compare Typhoid Fever, Peritonitis.] 
 
 Typhlitis. 
 
 Opium, of undoubted curative power (B.). Purgatives, are inadmissible; 
 Epsom salts may be used, but no drastics (B.). Leeches, should never be 
 omitted when tenderness and fever begin (B.). Ice-bag, over the swelling (B.). 
 
 Typhoid Fever. 
 
 Baptisia, is very useful in the early stage (W.). Mineral Acids, are very 
 useful generally, especially HC 1 acid (Wa.). Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, is to be 
 preferred over all other plans of treatment, 20-drop doses in simple elixir; Sul¬ 
 phuric is useful for intestinal hemorrhage (Da Costa). Sulphurous Acid, is 
 highly praised by Dewar, and has real antidotal power; rr\,ijss-n\,xx every 4 
 hours according to age, continued for a week or ten days, until the patient’s 
 complaints show him to be saturated. If diarrhoea be present, add Sulphuric 
 Acid and Opium (Wilks). [See formulae below.] Opium, small doses at night, 
 for insomnia with delirium ; also as injection for the diarrhoea (R.); in one case, 
 when vital powers seemed hopelessly depressed, gr. ]/ 2 opii caused improve¬ 
 ment (Wa.); for spreading tenderness (peritonitis), give 10-minim doses of the 
 deodorized tincture, also gr. j in suppository every four hours (Da C.). Vera- 
 trum Viride, to reduce temperature (R.); delirium ferox (B.) ; strongly recom¬ 
 mended (Wa.); its efficacy difficult to believe (S.). Cinnamon, efficiently 
 used to abort the disease. [See ante , page 183.] Potassium Bromide, is as 
 much a specific for typhoid fever as quinine sulphate is for ague, aborting the 
 fever in 8 or 10 days (Hawkins). Carbolic Acid, 3 j, with Tincture of Iodine 
 3ij, of which rr\j-iij every 2 or 3 hours is a very good plan of treatment (Da C.). 
 Turpentine, invaluable, when hemorrhage and extreme tympanites (P., R.) ; 
 ttlxxx-1x in starch mucilage, tt\, x of liquor opii (P.); trb v-x frequently for hemor¬ 
 rhage or TAx every 2 hours in advanced stage, with dry tongue (R.); coma, 
 stupor, etc.; often arouses the vital powers (Wa.); rrbvij with gr. 4V °f morphine ; 
 of especial value when marked fever and congested lungs, as well as for the 
 tympany (Da C.). Chloral, is the best drug for nervous symptoms, but must 
 not be used when the heart is weak (Da C.). Arnica, highly extolled: its 
 “picture” shows definite powers in this disease (P.); small doses in asthenic 
 conditions (B.) ; when vital powers greatly depressed (Wa.). Belladonna, con¬ 
 tracted pupils ; low, muttering delirium (B.); thought to counteract the poison 
 of typhoid (Wa.). Mercury, corrosive sublimate gr. T j^ every 2 or 3 hours for 
 the diarrhoea. Calomel in small doses at onset (R.); gr. x in one dose the first 
 day, gr. iij per diem for 3 or 4 days, the German “specific treatment” (B.). 
 Bismuth, gr. x-xxv of the subnitrate with gr. y 2 -j of Opium every 3 hours for 
 the severe diarrhoea (Da C.). Ergotin, gr. ij-vj hypodermically, or Zj of the 
 fluid extract of Ergot, for intestinal hemorrhage (Da C.). Tartar Emetic, with 
 opium, when wakefulness and delirium. Minute doses (gr. t l), frequently, are 
 of great service (B.). Digitalis, of value in many cases as a sustainer of heart 
 power, but may be dangerous in the later stages (Anstie, Murrell). Quinine, 
 may have efficacy in typho-malarial; is less effective as the typhoid element 
 predominates ; useless in purely continued fevers (B.) ; isjustly abandoned, but 
 may be used to maintain the circulation, in tonic doses, gr. vj-x in the 24 hours 
 (Da C.). Antipyrine, for hyperpyrexia, also Thymol, gr. ss-ij in solution (Da 
 Costa). Digitalis, used by the Germans when there is no cardiac weakness. 
 Gr. xj-xxij, as antipyretic, over a period of 36 hours (P.). Serpentaria, useful 
 when much depression exists. Cautiously, if intestines at all irritable (B.). 
 Hydrastine, when copious sweats (P.). Lead Acetate, with opium for the purg¬ 
 ing (R.). Also Alum (R.). Ergot, for intestinal hemorrhage, hypodermically, 
 if symptoms urgent (R.). Sodium Chloride, should not be withdrawn from the 
 
TYPHUS FEVER. 
 
 6/7 
 
 food (Wa.). Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, for great accumulation of mucus in 
 the throat (Da C.). Copper Sulphate, gr. ^, with Opium, gr. for the diar¬ 
 rhoea (Da C.). Strychnine, is the remedy for the functional palsies (Da C.). 
 Purgatives, only the very mildest, and they with the greatest caution (Wa.). 
 Water, a most important agent. Cold baths when temperature above 102° (B.); 
 in mild cases, cold wet compresses or wet sheets, or washing with cold water ; 
 in severe cases, affusion, shower, or general cold bath, 50° to 55 0 Fah., or better 
 95 0 cooled gradually to 6o° (R.). Medicine will never abort a case of true 
 typhoid ; its natural duration is from 28 to 30 days (Sir William Jenner). Stimu¬ 
 lants, freely, with quinine, for pysemic cases, showing joint complications. See 
 under Synovitis. Aliment. Milk alone, or alcohol with milk, eggs, broth 
 (B.). Coffee, a better stimulant than alcohol (P.). Alcohol is needed to sustain 
 the heart’s action (Da C.). Milk must be used with great caution, if the curd 
 be undigested great evils arise ; give essence of meat alone (Sir William Jen¬ 
 ner). Avoid the extremes; an absolute milk diet required if intestinal symp¬ 
 toms are grave ; no solid food until health is restored fully ; a scalded-milk diet 
 exclusively may be depended on. Adjuvants, water, especially the abdominal 
 compress, cleanliness, ventilation, absolute rest and quiet. Discharges should 
 be received in vessels containing carbolic acid or a solution of corrosive subli¬ 
 mate, and buried instantly. [Compare Hemorrhage, Intestinal, Rectal 
 Ulceration, Tympanites.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Tinct. Iodi, 
 
 Ac. Carbolici, . . . 
 
 . aa p. aeq. 
 
 M. Sig.—gtt. j-ij every 4 or 6 hours. 
 
 In typho-malarial fever. 
 
 r 
 
 (Bartholow.) 
 
 R. Quininae Sulphatis, . 
 
 . . . gr. x. 
 
 Ac. Hydrochlor. Dil. 
 
 , . . ,3 ss. 
 
 Vel Ac. Sulphur. Dil., . 
 
 . . . ASS. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii, . . . 
 
 • - • lY 
 
 Aquae Carui, . . . 
 
 . . ad gvj. 
 
 M. Sig.—A tablesp. in 
 
 an equal quan- 
 
 tity of water, every 3 or 4 
 
 hours. 
 
 (Murchison.) 
 
 R. Ac. Sulphurosi, . . 
 
 . . . Fl xv - 
 
 Ac. Sulphur. Dil., . 
 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deodor., 
 
 - - . rrtfj. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii, . . 
 
 . . . ^iv. 
 
 Aquae,. 
 
 . . ad£j. 
 
 M. Sig.—For infants, 
 
 one-sixth to be 
 
 taken every 4 hours. 
 
 ( Wilks.) 
 
 R. Ant. et Potassii Tartrat., . gr. j-ij. 
 Morphinae Sulphat., . . . gr. jss. 
 Aquae Laurocerasi, . . . ,3 j. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2, 3 or 4 
 
 hours. (Bartholow .) 
 
 R. Ac. Sulphurosi,. 3 ij. 
 
 Ac. Sulphur. Dil., . . . . gij. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deodor., . . . rrpxx. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii,. 3 iij. 
 
 Aquae,. ad^vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-sixth to be taken every 
 4 hours. ( Wilks.) 
 
 R. Ac. Sulphurosi,. % ij. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii.3 iij. 
 
 Aquae,. ad A vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-sixth every 4 hours. 
 
 (Wilks.) 
 
 R. Ac. Sulphurosi, .... Trpxv. 
 
 Syr. Aurantii, . . . . 3 iij. 
 
 Aquae,. ad%). 
 
 M. Sig.—For infants, one-sixth every 4 
 hours. ( Wilks.) 
 
 Typhus Fever. 
 
 Baptisia, is said to have proved very useful (W.). Belladonna, to cleanse 
 and moisten the tongue ; controls the delirium, shows and strengthens the pulse, 
 reduces the temperature, shortens course of disease (R., P.). In the early 
 stages, relieves severity of symptoms (P.) ; contracted pupils (B., Wa.). Arnica, 
 very highly extolled (P., Wa.). Hyoscyamus, mild brain symptoms (P.). Opium, 
 fulfils many important indications ; never when contracted pupil (Wa.). Mineral 
 Acids. Hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric; their use recommended in all countries 
 (Wa.). Tartar Emetic, with opium in the delirium with insomnia (R.). [See 
 Typhoid.] Chloral, to produce sleep, and allay violent delirium (R., Wa.); 
 
6yS 
 
 ULCERS AND SORES. 
 
 its use has often been followed by amelioration of the symptoms (Wa.). Anti- 
 pyrine or Quinine, as antipyretics, it being more necessary than in typhoid to 
 keep the temperature within safe limits (B.). Podophyllin, gr. ^ as mild 
 laxative at onset, when constipation, congestive headache, biliary derangement 
 (P.). Digitalis, in large doses, a favorite remedy in Germany (P.). Rhatany, 
 as tonic, in advanced stages (P.). Serpentaria, in low stages, delirium, watch¬ 
 fulness; tongue dry and brown, or black. Combine with ammonium, sesqui- 
 carbonate (P.) ; given occasionally to excite diaphoresis, and support the vital 
 powers (Wa.). Camphor, a remedy of considerable value ; contra-indicated 
 when flesh-red tongue, tender abdomen, diarrhoea (Wa.). Purgatives. [See 
 Typhoid Fever.] Coffee, better than alcohol for the adynamia (P.). Stimu¬ 
 lants, are not needed under the use of mineral acids and a supporting diet, in 
 many cases (Wa.); are needed sooner than in typhoid, as the adynamia is more 
 profound and appears sooner (B.). Diet, nutritious persistently. Beef-tea, 
 egg-nog ; nutrient enemata. Isolation, imperative, as the disease is eminently 
 contagious (B.). [Compare Delirium, Typhoid Fever.] 
 
 Ulcers and Sores. 
 
 Arsenic, improves rodent ulcer (B.). Belladonna, has a remarkable influ¬ 
 ence over various ulcerative processes (P.). Mercury, Calomel ointment or 
 black wash in scrofulous or tuberculous lupus, and in open scrofulous sores 
 (R.) ; corrosive sublimate, i per cent, solution, as application to syphilitic ulcers 
 (Fox) ; the Ung. Hydrarg. Nitratis, for serpiginous ulcerations, diluted one-half, 
 or the iodide, gr. xx-xl ad 5j Vaselini, in syphilitic ulcerations (Keyes). Lime, 
 as carbonate or lime-water to check discharge ; the sulphide when thin ichorous 
 discharge ; the phosphate has influence on scrofulous sores (R.). Phytolacca, 
 as a local application (B.). Hamamelis, employed with satisfaction in varicose 
 ulcers (Pf.). Opium or Morphine, with glycerin, as an application to relieve 
 pain (R.); gr. j-ij, daily, also locally, has a decidedly curative value in phage¬ 
 denic and indolent ulcers; not so useful in so-called “irritable” ulcers (Pf., P.). 
 Tannin, or glycerite of Tannin, to coat over wounds, or discharging sores (R.). 
 Potassium Chlorate, in solution as a wash to clean and stimulate foul ulcers 
 (R.); in impalpable powder, a better application than is Iodoform (B.). Cin¬ 
 chona, powdered bark dusted over foul, indolent, sloughing, and gangrenous 
 ulcers, promotes healing (R.). Conium, locally, by means of a poultice, will 
 ease pain and improve the sore (R.). Chlorine Solution, as a wash for slough¬ 
 ing and indolent sores (R.). Iodide of Starch, cold as a poultice (R.). Lead, 
 the soluble salts as lotions to unhealthy, over-secreting sores (R.). Pyrogallic 
 Acid, an excellent application in venereal ulcers (Vidal). Chloral, in lotion, 
 gr. v-xx ad 5j aquae, for sluggish sores (Keyes). Nitric Acid, as escharotic, 
 applied with a glass rod ; oil to protect surrounding tissues ; arrest by alkaline 
 wash. 5J-Oj is a good acid lotion for washing (B.); the lotion to indolent and 
 painful ulcers (R.). Hydrastis, internally and externally, employed with excel¬ 
 lent results in rodent ulcer, and ulcers of legs, rectum, and uterus (R.). San- 
 guinaria, locally, to repress fungous granulations of indolent ulcers, i to 80 
 parts glycerini (P.). Carbolic Acid, and Salicylic, locally (B.). The glycerin 
 of carbolic acid a good application to fetid sores (R.). Balsams of Peru and 
 Tolu, excellent (P.). Camphor, dusted over indolent sores (R.). Charcoal, 
 locally to sloughing sores (R.). Alcohol, to cover sores with thin protecting 
 layer of coagulated albumen (R.). Alum, dry or in solution to relaxed and 
 abundantly-secreting sores (R.). Turpentine, internally for ulceration of 
 bowels (P.). Collodion, as protective covering (P.). Capsicum, a weak solution 
 useful as a stimulant in scrofulous or fistulous sores (P.). Savine, as acrid (not 
 chemical) caustic (P.). Potassa Fusa, or the milder Vienna paste, as escharotic ; 
 to arrest, dilute acid (B.). Zinc Chloride, the most efficient escharotic consistent 
 with safety (B.). Zinc Sulphate, dried, dusted over (R.). Iodoform, dusted 
 over surface (B.) ; prevents granulation in all ulcers, and does no good except 
 to relieve pain (Gross). See Potassium Chlorate above. Silver Nitrate, as 
 caustic, quickly rubbed over (B.). Applied to unhealthy ulcers, also ulcers of 
 
UR/EMIA-URETHRITIS-URETHRAL STRICTURE. 
 
 679 
 
 the mouth (R.). Copper Sulphate, to indolent ulcers. Touch with a crystal, 
 or frequently apply a solution, gr. ij-x ad §j (B., R.). Coptis, the infusion has 
 high reputation (B.). Chimaphila, Copaiba, Catechu, Myrrh, Rhatany, Rhu¬ 
 barb, Storax, Benzoin, Tar water, locally, are useful (P.). Oxygen, to atonic, 
 painful ulcers (R.). Galvanic Couplet (B.). [See Bedsores.] Yeast, as poul¬ 
 tices (R.). Section of exposed nerve-filament, in irritable ulcer, by bistoury 
 passed beneath the sore (Hilton on Rest and Pain). Cod-liver Oil, especially 
 for ulcerations of the glands, or indolent ulcers with excoriated edges, lupus, 
 etc. Water, is sufficient as dressing in the majority of cases. Rest and support 
 of great value. Cleanliness, bandaging and recumbent position in ulcer of legs 
 facilitate recovery ; also daily washing to restore the lost vitality of parts ; elastic 
 stockings, and the Esmarch bandage in chronic cases. [Compare Chancre, 
 Chancroid, Bedsores, Throat, Gastric, Intestinal, and Uterine Ulcera¬ 
 tion, Syphilis.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Iodoformi, . . . 
 
 .... 3 ij- 
 
 Mucil. Acaciae, 
 
 .... rn, xv . 
 
 01 . Menthae - Pip., , 
 
 ."lii- 
 
 Glycerini, . . . . 
 
 .... n\xx. 
 
 M. Sig.—For unhealthy ulcers. 
 
 (Bronson.) 
 
 R . Emplas. Plumbi, , 
 
 .ST 
 
 Ung. Hydrargyri, , 
 
 . 5 ss - 
 
 Olei Cadini, . . . 
 
 . . . . 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Spread on 
 
 linen, and apply to 
 
 inflamed patches on palms from syphilis. 
 
 (Bumstead and Taylor.) 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . . gr. xv. 
 
 Ac. Carbolici,.rrpxxv. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad 3 iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—For syphilitic ulcers, pack on 
 cotton, and renew daily. (Pox.) 
 
 R. Ung. Petrolei,.j|ij. 
 
 Ung. Hydrargyri, . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Olei Cadini,.3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Apply after removing scales 
 to chronic palmar and plantar lesions. 
 
 (Bumstead and Taylor.) 
 
 Uraemia. 
 
 Digitalis, the infusion, or a poultice of leaves to abdomen and back (B.). 
 Jaborandi, diaphoretic ; eliminates urea (B.) ; or Pilocarpine hypodermically. 
 Opium. Scanzoni and Loomis urge morphine, hypodermically, as the most 
 efficacious agent (B.) ; in acute, not in chronic uraemia (Pf.). Colchicum, as 
 diuretic (B.). [See Dropsy.J Saline Cathartics, active are required (B.). 
 Hydragogue Cathartics. 01 . tiglii (gtt. i-ij), or elaterium (gr. ^ to ^), to 
 procure free watery evacuations. Cautiously (B.). Transfusion, in uraemic 
 eclampsia (B.). Water, the vapor bath, or hot wet-pack to induce powerful 
 diaphoresis (B.). [Compare Bright’s Disease, Puerperal Convulsions, 
 Scarlatina, and the list of Diuretics and Diaphoretics, on pages 43 and 46.] 
 
 Urethritis. 
 
 Aconite, is used to advantage in urethral fever ; also for prevention of chill 
 after passage of sound (Pf., W.). Silver Nitrate, locally, very efficient in 
 chronic urethritis in females (Wa.). Tannin, on bougies, once a week for 15 
 minutes, most efficient for urethritis in the female (Wa.). Zinc Sulphate, cast 
 in sticks, for introduction into the urethra (Wa.). Potassium Bicarbonate, 
 with Potassium Acetate, aa gr. x in a large cup of flaxseed tea or a glass of 
 Vichy water, every 4 to 6 hours ; with absolute rest in bed, a calomel purge, 
 and urination under hot water, sufficient for most cases of urethritis, which 
 may arise from lithiasis, leucorrhcea in females, etc. Many cases of aborted 
 gonorrhoea (so-called) were really simple urethritis (Otis). [Compare Gonor¬ 
 rhoea.] 
 
 Urethral Stricture. 
 
 Aconite, is of great service in spasmodic stricture (P.). Cocaine, locally by 
 catheter (Smith). Buchu, in irritable urethra, spasmodic stricture, and gleet 
 (P.). Opium, in full dose or an opiate suppository, with fomentations and a 
 warm bath, will often suffice in spasmodic stricture (CL). Catheterization, 
 
68o 
 
 URINARY DISORDERS. 
 
 under an anaesthetic in spasmodic stricture if other measures fail to relieve. 
 Also for gradual dilatation in organic stricture, the safest and most generally 
 applicable treatment (Cl.). Oil, injected before dilatation (Wa.). Thorough 
 Division, by a dilating urethrotome the best operation for a radical cure ; 600 
 cases thus treated without a death or permanent disability (Otis). 
 
 Urinary Disorders. 
 
 Aconite, of great service in retention from chill, sub-inflammatory (P.). Tur¬ 
 pentine, in hematuria and chronic catarrh of the bladder, incontinence from 
 atony, etc. (B.). Strychnine, sometimes employed with marked benefit in 
 retention or incontinence of the old (P.). Cantharis, frequent or involuntary 
 micturition, especially when coughing, in women from weakness of sphincter; 
 one or two drop doses (R.). Cannabis Indica, in retention from spinal dis¬ 
 eases (R.). Digitalis, holds high as a diuretic, 3 j or ij of the infusion night and 
 morning, or oftener if necessary ; in sudden suppression from cold or damp or 
 after scarlatina, if danger threatens (P.). Benzoic Acid, or the Benzoate of 
 Sodium, in 10-15-grain doses, to render alkaline urine acid, and check the 
 formation of phosphates (B.). Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, dilute, gtt. x-xv thrice 
 daily in water, for phosphatic deposits (Mears). Ammonium Carbonate, in 
 6-grain doses, 3 or 4 times a day, to make acid urine alkaline. Triticum 
 Repens, a favorite remedy with Sir Henry Thompson, in pint doses daily of its 
 infusion or decoction (3ij—iv ad Oj), for strangury, cystitis, and many other 
 complaints, connected with the urinary apparatus. Alkalies, to neutralize acid 
 urine, and control chronic cystitis ; the liquor potassae preferable to the bicar¬ 
 bonates, tartrates, and citrates, which all have diuretic action and increase the 
 frequency of micturition ; Liquor Potassae mixed with the tinctures of Hyoscy- 
 amus or Belladonna, may undergo chemical changes, but it materially controls 
 painful and frequent micturition in bladder troubles (Thompson). Buchu, 
 renders more help than any drug known in incontinence or retention from 
 catarrh of bladder implicating the ureters, and even the kidneys (P.). Water, 
 copious injections are beneficial in some cases of suppression (R.). [Compare 
 the list of diuretics on page 43 ;—and in this section see Bladder Irrita¬ 
 ble, and Paralysis of; Cystitis, Diabetes Insipidus, Dysuria, Dropsy, 
 Enuresis, Hematuria, Lithiasis, Nephritis, Oxaluria, Uraemia, Ure¬ 
 thral Stricture.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Pulv. Scillae, 
 
 Pulv. Digitalis, 
 
 Hydrarg Chlor. Mitis, . aa gr. xij. 
 M. ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One pill as a 
 
 diuretic twice daily. ( A . Clark .) 
 
 R . Potassii Bicarb.,.5 iijss. 
 
 Acidi Acetici,. £vj. 
 
 Aquae,. Jiij. 
 
 M. Sig.—Teasp. doses as required, as 
 a diuretic. Each contains about gr. x of 
 Potassium Acetate. 
 
 R . Acidi Benzoici,.3 ij. 
 
 Sodii Boratis,. % iij. 
 
 Aquae,.5 xij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. in water, thrice 
 daily, to keep urine acid. ( Emmett .) 
 
 R. Ext. Belladon. FI., . ... % ss-j. 
 
 Ext. Buchu FI.,. %j. 
 
 Spt. zEtheris Nitrosi, . . . 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. 3 or 4 times daily, 
 for dysuria in women. 
 
 R. Potassii Citratis,. £j. 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonat., . . . . 5J v. 
 
 Syr. Limonis,.3j. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. ad % iv. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 hours, to 
 render the urine alkaline. 
 
 [Roberts.) 
 
 R. Tinct. Digitalis,.5 ss-j. 
 
 Spt. zEtheris Nitrosi, . . . % iij. 
 Liq. Ammon. Acetat., . . . j^ss. 
 
 Aquae,.• q. s. ad % vj. 
 
 M. Sig.—One-sixth every 3 hours, to 
 
 re-establish the renal secretion. 
 
 (Good eve.) 
 
URTICARIA-UTERINE CONGESTION. 
 
 68 I 
 
 Urticaria. 
 
 Chloroform, as ointment to allay itching (R.). Potassium Cyanide, or Hy¬ 
 drocyanic Acid (R ). [See Prurigo.] Nitric Acid, a dilute wash,' controls 
 itching and prevents wheals (R.). Benzoin, the compound tincture painted 
 on the skin for itching (R.). Sodium Salicylate, gr. ij every hour, is re¬ 
 markably efficient (A. A. Smith) ; gr. xx thrice daily is effective. Copaiba, in 
 full doses will produce urticaria, but drop-doses every ]/ z hour will sometimes 
 control it (A. A. Smith). Strychnine, with emetics and purgatives, when the 
 affection is chronic (Guibout). Colchicum, in gouty persons (R.). Lead, 
 lotions to ease itching (R). Alkalies (R.). [See Prurigo.] Warm Baths, 
 may be employed with benefit. 
 
 R. Acidi Benzoici, 
 Aquae, 
 
 M. Sig.—Lotion for urticaria. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 gr. viij. R. Atropinae Sulphat., 
 
 5 iv. Aq. Destil., Glycerini, 
 
 Pulv. Tragacanthae, q. s. 
 (Squire.) Ft. pil. no. x. Sig.—One bis die. 
 
 aa 
 
 gr. 
 
 3ss. 
 
 Uterine Cancer. 
 
 Conium, useful as a palliative, ^iij-iv ad Oj aquae, as injection for extreme 
 pain of uterine cancer (Wa.). Arsenic, small doses for a long time, with a 
 strong iodine solution and glycerin locally (Atlee). Opium, stands first in the 
 list of palliatives, quieting irritation, allaying pain (Wa.). Morphine, the spe¬ 
 cific action of morphine upon the uterine circulation should be utilized in hope¬ 
 less cases of this disease (Lutaud). Carbolic Acid, a weak solution as injection, 
 an excellent cleanser, healer, disinfector and allayer of pain (R.). Bromine, 
 the best escharotic for destruction of the mass (E.). Glycerite of Tannin, checks 
 discharge and stench. Better still if mixed with glycerite of carbolic acid (R.). 
 Iodoform, with cocoa fat as bolus inserted into excavation produced by cancer 
 (R.) ; gr. v-x in each bolus (W ). Iodine, the saturated tincture thoroughly 
 applied to the entire surface of the mass, is frequently of great use in checking 
 hemorrhage, and seems to temporarily check the extension of the disease (E.). 
 Chloral, as anodyne, will agree with most persons (E.); relieves the pains 
 (W.). Chloroform Spray, for some minutes (R.). Cannabis Indica, to allay the 
 pain (Wa.). Surgical Measures, advisable ; medicine can only palliate. 
 
 Uterine Congestion and Hypertrophy. 
 
 Aurum, salts of, often beneficial in chronic metritis with scanty menstruation 
 (B.). Ergotine, long continued, successful in chronic metritis; lessens con¬ 
 gestion (B.); long continued has produced remarkable results in fibroids and 
 polypi and chronic metritis; large, spongy, subinvoluted uterus (P.) ; by inter¬ 
 stitial injection into the cervix, has been of great benefit (Goodell). Carbolic 
 Acid, undiluted, on cotton-wrapped probe. No better treatment for uterine 
 catarrh (B.). Iodine, has proved the most valuable of all remedies, as local 
 stimulant, and a reliable alterative (Thos., E.); and excitant of uterine con¬ 
 traction. Use a saturated tincture to any part not exposed to the air (E.); 
 may be injected into cervix (G.). Iodo-tannin, or Iodoformi 3j, Ac. Tannici 
 ^j ; a serviceable application in many inflammatory and hypertrophic condi¬ 
 tions. Iodoform suppositories in chronic metritis (P.). Potassium Bromide, 
 our main stand-by in uterine troubles ; apart from its soothing properties it 
 seems to divert the blood from the womb, and to lessen uterine congestion 
 (Goodell) ; a specific cure for simple subinvolution, the benefit being derived 
 from the potash (Tait). Digitalis, in subinvolution (B.). Glycerin, on cotton 
 tampon to cervix as local hydragogue (Thos.). Caustic Potash, and Potassa 
 cum Calce, said to be effective in chronic metritis; must be used cautiously 
 (B.). Chromic Acid, a strong solution to interior of uterus, a very useful ap¬ 
 plication. Ipecacuanha, in subacute metritis of the puerperal state (Tr.). 
 Iron, locally in uterine catarrh (R.) ; as tonic, Iron and other restoratives, a 
 
682 
 
 UTERINE DISEASES-UTERINE DISPLACEMENTS. 
 
 cardinal rule in the treatment of all uterine disorders, with Ergot, Quinine, 
 Arsenic or Potassium Bromide, whenever the womb as a whole is congested 
 or hypertrophied. Syr. Ferri Iodidi, with Cod-liver Oil, wins half the battle 
 (G.). Zinc Valerianate, in 2- to 4-grain doses thrice daily, is one of the best 
 nervines in these cases (G.). Scarification, after dry cupping, in chronic metritis 
 (Thos.). Electricity, in chronic congestive enlargement, a galvanic current of 
 moderate intensity, slowly interrupted (B.). Water, hot injections or douche, 
 also cold alternately ; one of the most effective measures ; a gallon very hot, ter 
 die (R.);—especially valuable in congestion, which is generally venous ;—ele¬ 
 vated hips a necessary part of treatment (E.). Cold water is often better than 
 hot (G.). Rest, to the patient and the organ, is of prirfte importance. Abdomi¬ 
 nal bandage, skirt-supporters, pessary if anteversion or retroversion, abstinence 
 from sexual intercourse (Thos.). 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 B . Ext. Humuli,.^j. 
 
 Elix. Ammon. Valerianat., 
 
 Syr. Lactucarii, . . . . aa 3 ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A dessertsp. at bedtime, or 
 during the day when needed, as an anti- 
 spasmodic. (Goodeii.) 
 
 R. Iodi, 
 
 Potas. Bromidi, . . . . aagr. xx. 
 
 Tinct. Iodi,.gj. 
 
 Aq. Destillat., . . . . adgiv. 
 
 M. Sig.—Tr^xxx to be injected into cer¬ 
 vix by 3-5 punctures. ( Goodell.) 
 
 Uterine Diseases. 
 
 Cimicifuga, to prevent miscarriage in irritable uterus and prolapsus (R.) ; 
 promises to be a valuable remedy in uterine affections (Wa.); is remarkably 
 efficient in neuralgia and sympathetic pains arising from an irritable uterus, no 
 matter what their precise character (P.). Belladonna, with tannin, as supposi¬ 
 tory in uterine neuralgia (R.); as vaginal or rectal injections, in neuralgic or 
 inflammatory pains (Tr.). Arsenic, in irritable uterus, of decided benefit; gr. 
 2*0 ter die, after meals (Wa.). Carbonic Acid, injection up vagina for neuralgia 
 (R., Wa.). Opium, with starch as injection into the rectum will subdue the 
 pain of uterine diseases (R.) ; gives more speedy relief than any other remedy 
 in irritable uterus, but long-continued is one of the worst (Wa.). Iodized Phenol, 
 has proved the most generally efficient agent for intra-uterine use during eight 
 years’ experience, applied by hard-rubber probes wound with cotton-wool. It 
 removes cervical mucus, gives freedom from pain, softens and dilates the cervix, 
 heals abrasions, removes induration, removes villosities, regulates the menses, 
 improves appetite and digestion, acts as a general alterative, overcomes barren¬ 
 ness, etc., if used long enough, but rapid results are not attainable by any 
 method of treatment (Battev). Lead, as plaster for pain in the back due to 
 uterine disease (R.). Chloroform, spray, in neuralgia (R.). Aqua-puncture, 
 has had extraordinary success in uterine colic (B.). Baths of warm salt water 
 remarkably useful in nervous or inflammatory hysteralgia (Tr.). [See Abor¬ 
 tion, Amenorrhcea, Climacteric, Dysmenorrhcea, Endometritis, Hem¬ 
 orrhage, POST-PARTUM, LeUCORRHCEA, MENORRHAGIA, MENSTRUAL DIS¬ 
 ORDERS, Metritis, Metrorrhagia, Prolapsus Uteri, etc.] 
 
 Uterine Displacements. 
 
 Anteversion without prolapse, not a mal-position (E.). Ice, locally when 
 parts inflamed (R.). Hot-water injections, to give tone to the vessels, essential. 
 Also valuable after reduction of mal-positions (E.). Mechanical Means, only 
 reliable or safe in retroversion and prolapse ; the sound, as a means to restore 
 a retroverted uterus to position, cannot be regarded as free from risk, even in 
 skillful hands (E.). Pessaries, harmful unless expertly fitted ; should be adjusted 
 so as to restore the uterus to the normal line, where the circulation will be least 
 obstructed; not too high. Should never be employed while cellulitis exists (E.). 
 Cotton Roll, as a substitute for the orthodox pessary, is far superior. Use the 
 
UTERINE TUMORS-VAGINISMUS. 
 
 683 
 
 Borated cotton in flat sheets, rolling it into a roll 2 inches long by 1 inch 
 diameter, and saturating it in Boroglyceride §j, Aluminii Acetatis 3j, Glycerini 
 Pur. q. s. ad Oj. If an astringent is required, the Acetate is replaced by Alum¬ 
 inii Sulphas (Wylie). [Compare Prolapsus Uteri.] 
 
 Uterine Tumors. 
 
 Mercury, the bichloride in small doses, long continued, of undoubted value 
 in treatment of fibrous or polypoid growths ; gr. T x g- every 6 hours, sometimes 
 restrains the hemorrhage, when other remedies fail (Wa.j. Calcium Chloride, 
 in 30-gr. doses thrice daily, has by prolonged use cured uterine fibroids, 
 (Hewitt); calcifies uterine arteries, also those of the body generally, and is 
 dangerous thereby (Tilt, Wells). Ergotin, hypodermically for fibrous tumor 
 (R.); gr. ij-vj, on alternate days, give excellent results (B.) ; nine cases of 
 fibroid treated by Hildebrandt with good results (P.); this method often causes 
 great pain and severe local inflammation (W.); one grain each of Ergotin and 
 Ferri Sulphas Exsiccat., in pill thrice daily, persistently, for uterine fibroids, 
 using for the hemorrhages a tampon saturated with Tincture of Iodine or Monsel’s 
 Solution (Parvin). Opium, has specific action upon the uterine circulation, and 
 in bleeding from hopeless cases of cancer or from fibroid tumors, should be used 
 freely, regardless of danger of opium habit. (Editorial, N. Y. Med. Rec., Dec. 
 10, 1887.) Ammonium Chloride, in fibrous tumors, gives more benefit than 
 any other remedy, gr. x, twice or thrice daily, for weeks and months consecu¬ 
 tively (Atlee). Ferric Subsulphate, injected to restrain bleeding. Cautiously ! 
 (B.). Saline Mineral Waters, especially those at St. Catherine’s Canada, are 
 useful (B.). Aliment, carefully regulated, chiefly of animal food ; with recum¬ 
 bent posture while flowing, and long-continued use of Ergot in small doses, may 
 accomplish something (E.). [Compare Cysts.] 
 
 Uterine Ulceration. 
 
 Hydrastis, quickly improves ; the fluid extract undiluted as topical application 
 in uterine and vaginal leucorrhoea, ulcerations and erosion of cervix (B.). 
 Carbolic Acid, pure, over the surface twice a week in simple ulceration (R.). 
 Silver Nitrate, a serviceable application, but is often abused (B.). The solid 
 stick applied to surface, after cleansing, and drying with cotton-wool (Wa.). 
 Alum, as hip-bath, ifej ad Cj, and vaginal injection is of great utility in 
 ulcerations of the os uteri, or of the uterine cavity (Recamier). Glycerin 25, 
 Alcohol 12^. an d pure Creasote 1 part, an excellent application to ulcers of 
 the neck. Bismuth Subnitrate, with enough Glycerin to make a thick cream, 
 is the best of all applications for ulceration of the os and cervix uteri (Suesse- 
 rott). Vegetable Astringents, Infusions or decoctions of galls, oak-bark, 
 hamamelis, geranium, alum-root, etc. The glycerite of tannin, tannin and 
 iodoform, packed around cervix (B.). 
 
 Uvula. 
 
 Tannin, Rhatany or Zinc, as astringent lozenges, for relaxed uvula (A.). 
 Amputation, of elongated part (A.). 
 
 Vaccination. 
 
 Aconite, with Belladonna ointment for erysipelatous redness after vaccination 
 (R.). Zinc Oxide, dusted over, to allay the subsequent local irritation (Wa.); 
 with Pulv. Amyli, equal parts, over the surface. Lead Acetate, 3 j to Oj water, 
 as lotion for irritable pock (Foster). Carbolic Acid, 3 j to Oj water, as lotion 
 for excessive redness, with burning and itching. 
 
 Vaginismus. 
 
 Ether, to ascertain cause; usually a displacement, fissure, or cellulitis (E.). 
 Hygiene, sun-baths, hot-water injections, fresh air, removal from husband, etc. 
 
684 
 
 VAGINITIS-VARIOLA. 
 
 (E.). Operation (Sims’), removal of hymen with scissors and insertion of glass 
 plug till parts are healed, when the cicatrix is to be divided, etc. (E.). Tents to 
 gradually dilate vagina, may be impregnated with various sedatives (Gallard). 
 Iodoform in a suppository, when redness and excoriation. Belladonna, the 
 extract, i part with 8 or 9 of fresh lard, if only pain (Gallard). 
 
 Vaginitis. 
 
 Tannin, the glycerin of tannin in chronic vaginitis of children (R.). Silver 
 Nitrate, gr. xl-^j aquae, applied within cervical canal, and over the vaginal 
 mucous membrane (E.). Emollient Injections, with Opium (Goodsell). [Com¬ 
 pare Gonorrhcea, Leucorrhcea.] Pinus Canadensis. The concentrated 
 extract (colorless), locally, has a very soothing influence in acute vaginitis. 
 
 Varicella. 
 
 Diet, no animal food, milk best; which, with careful attention to the bowels, 
 patient to be kept cool with light covering, and use of a mattress rather than a 
 feather bed, is all the treatment required (A.). Saline Mixture, if high fever. 
 Quinine, during convalescence. Complications to be treated symptomatically. 
 
 Varicocele. 
 
 Hamamelis, appears to have permanently cured one case (R.). Ergot, gr. 
 ij-vj of Ergotin hypodermically, the needle to be inserted among the affected 
 veins, care being taken not to puncture a vein, is effective; severe pain follows 
 for a few hours (R.). Water, cold douche to the perineum and buttocks, with 
 suspension of testicles in cold water (R.). Radical Cure, consists in obliterat¬ 
 ing the veins by wire ligatures, etc. (Cl.). 
 
 Varicosis. 
 
 Hamamelis, is employed with satisfaction in varicose veins and ulcers (Pf.). 
 Digitalis, by fomentation, in acute inflammation from varicose ulcers (R.). 
 Ergotin, injected along side of vein, but not within it, has cured (B.). Bandage, 
 or elastic stocking; with cold sponging, and rubbing upwards, as palliatives 
 (CL). [Compare Hemorrhoids, Ulcers.] 
 
 Variola. 
 
 Cimicifuga, is given internally by some, who assert that it prevents pitting 
 (R.). Mercury, in ointment or plaster, to prevent pitting in semi-confluent, or 
 barely confluent cases (Wa.); formerly used (R.). Camphor, is said to restore 
 the eruption, if retrocedent; in confluent malignant smallpox, camphor 
 alone, or with Opium, may be used for great depression of the vital powers 
 (Wa.). Belladonna, successfully used both as prophylactic and curative agent 
 (Erasmus Wilson). Gr. y z -j every 3, 4 or 6 hours, to dilatation of pupil and 
 some stupor; found effectual (Wa.). Carbolic Acid, is used with decided ad¬ 
 vantage (Wa.). [See Measles.] Has been much used on theoretical grounds, 
 but not with success (B.). Ammonium Carbonate, has had cheering success 
 (Wa.). [See Scarlatina.] Quinine, small doses in adynamic states, larger 
 in hyperpyrexia (B.). Chloral, temperature high, much delirium, and restless¬ 
 ness (B.). Opium, low, muttering delirium ; not so much used now as formerly 
 (B.); morphine in the insomnia of the advanced stage, once or twice only, but 
 not when copious salivation or mucous expectoration (Wa.). Silver Nitrate, 
 on a sharp-pointed stick, inserted into each vesicle after rupture, to prevent 
 pitting (B.); or simply paint skin with a solution of gr. xx to the 3 (R.). Iodine, 
 the tincture to prevent pitting, is painted ten times over face if on first day of 
 eruption, 12 if on the second day, 12-16 times if on third day (B.). Collodion, 
 or solutions of India rubber or gutta percha in chloroform, to prevent pitting ; 
 or cotton-wool dipped into lime liniment, applied to face or neck(R.). Water, 
 
VERTIGO—VOMITING. 
 
 685 
 
 Cold baths and cold pack of great utility (B.). Packing especially on retro¬ 
 cession of rash (R.). External Applications, as powdered starch, flour; zinc 
 carbonate, 3 parts to 1 of zinc oxide with olive oil; cold or tepid water with 
 vinegar, sponged over body twice or thrice daily (Wa.). Diet. Tea and dry 
 toast, raw eggs beaten in cold milk, beef-tea, grapes, roasted apples, ripe fruits 
 in season. Cold water may be drank freely. Fats. Bacon-fat smeared over 
 the face, to allay itching and prevent pitting. [Compare Vaccination.] 
 
 Vertigo. 
 
 Digitalis, in small doses, alternately month by month with tincture of larch, 
 and with a long course of the citrate of iron and strychnine, in essential ver¬ 
 tigo, without any other head symptoms, and with general depraved nutrition, 
 the most effectual treatment (Wa.). Potassium Bromide, often controls par¬ 
 oxysmal vertigo, without coexistent spasm, or organic brain-disease (Wa.). 
 Ammonium Bromide, in an effervescing form with cascarilla, for vertigo from 
 overwork, where there is usually restlessness, insomnia, depression of spirits, 
 with a sense of impending evil (Wa.). Alkalies and Bitter Tonics, give the 
 best results in vertigo of gastric origin. Sodium Bicarbonate, after meals, 
 tonics before meals. Strychnine with Iron, thrice daily, gives good results. 
 Corrosive Sublimate, in small doses, with attention to the bowels and diet. 
 Cod-liver Oil, giddiness of the aged, when no serious brain-disease (R.). Is 
 mostly symptomatic of disorder of the stomach, or of the liver (choloemia); 
 sometimes of general debility ; rarely of disease of the brain (H.). 
 
 Vomiting. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, in small doses, will arrest certain kinds—a curious fact; espe¬ 
 cially useful in certain forms ; rt\j of vinum ipecac., every y 2 hour or more 
 (B., R., P.); in sick stomach of nervous origin, minute doses are of undoubted 
 value (W.). Arsenic, in many forms of stomach vomiting, especially that of 
 alcoholism, and chronic ulcer (B.), and in the vomiting of cholera (R.) ; gtt. ss 
 of Fowler’s solution, every y 2 hour for 6 or 8 doses, often relieves vomiting 
 after a debauch, the a.m. vomiting of drunkards, and that of pregnancy (A. A. 
 Smith). Nux Vomica, stands next to arsenic; is useful in many ways (B.) ; 
 may be given with Ipecac., especially when tongue coated (R.). Iris, in 
 vomiting with blinding right supraorbital pain ; liver deranged (P.). Bismuth, 
 in many forms of vomiting in children, especially when from gastric catarrh 
 (R.). Carbolic Acid, with or without bismuth (B.) ; in nervous vomiting (W.). 
 Creasote, in the vomiting of cancer, gastric ulcer, etc. (R.) ; gtt. j-ij (W.). 
 Cocaine, in doses of gr. y thrice daily, controlled the vomiting of gastric car¬ 
 cinoma, after all other means failed (Meigs) ; 10-minim doses of a 4 per cent, 
 solution every hour, of inestimable value in the vomiting of yellow fever (Jen¬ 
 nings). Potassium Nitrate, one of the surest remedies against vomiting and 
 nausea, gr. y in 3SS of cold water every 4 or 5 minutes, until relieved, in all 
 cases, except reflex ones, and those due to irritant poisons (Moore). Mercury, 
 gr. y$ of gray powder every two hours, especially in children with clayey stools 
 (R.); Calomel, gr. j to Oj aquae, first dissolved in 5j of lime water—a teasp. 
 every ten minutes for the regurgitation of food in nursing children (A. A. 
 Smith). Sulphurous Acid, Hb v_ 3 ji well diluted, or less effectively, sodium sul¬ 
 phite. Sulphites often curative in vomiting of sarcinae, and acid matter, due to 
 acid fermentation of starchy elements (B.). Cocculus Indicus, efficient in 
 cephalic vomiting (P.). Opium, will arrest many kinds ; best in that of biliary 
 or renal calculi, dysmenorrhoea, sea-sickness, pregnancy. Morphine, hypoder., 
 gr. to l /e (P.). Bryonia, bilious vomiting and headache (P.). Veratrum 
 Album, in vomiting and purging of summer diarrhoea (R.). Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 often very serviceable in nervous vomiting; acts promptly if at all (R.). Hy- 
 drobromic Acid, 3 ss in §j of water, four times daily, useful for the vomiting 
 due to gastric ulcer. Chloroform, rt\jj-v, on sugar, for non-inflammatory 
 vomiting (R.); see Yellow Fever for formula. Bromides, in cerebral vomit- 
 
686 
 
 VOMITING OF PREGNANCY. 
 
 ing only; not in the gastric form (B.) ; potassium bromide in that of uterine 
 disease (W.). Cinnamon or Cloves, will check vomiting (P.). Calumba, in 
 vomiting from kidney disease and renal caculi; frequently allays that of preg¬ 
 nancy and dentition (P.). Serpentaria, for bilious vomiting (P.). Cerium 
 Oxalate, in that of pregnancy and from cancer (B.) ; gr. j every three hours 
 (R.). Sodium Bicarbonate, gss-j to a pint of milk, for infants especially if 
 constipated (R.). Ammonium Carbonate, may relieve when vomited matter 
 is acid (B.). Milk and Lime water, often relieves when other methods fail ; 
 also the effervescing soda powders in the vomiting of acute diseases, and 
 the exanthemata (B.). Alcohol. Iced brandy or champagne in spoonful doses 
 every hour in vomiting of cholera, pregnancy, and delir. trem. (B.). 
 Counter-Irritation, at epigastrium (R.). Nutrient Enemata (B.). [See Ene- 
 mata.] Ice, sucked, with horizontal posture, absolute rest and quiet (Wa.). 
 Iced champagne, ^ss every y hour (B.). Pepsin, for vomiting of food after 
 meals ; gr. x-xv before or during meals. Kumyss, has proved efficacious when 
 no other food would remain on the stomach. [Compare the List of Anti¬ 
 emetics, on page 37, also the articles entitled Hematemesis, Nausea, Sea¬ 
 sickness, Vomiting of Pregnancy.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Ac. Hydrocyan. Dil., . . . gj. 
 
 Aquae Laurocerasi, . . . 3 ij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. every 2 hours, for 
 nervous vomiting. 
 
 R. Ac. Hydrobromici Diluti, . ij. 
 
 Sig.— Half a teasp. in a winegl. of 
 water, 4 times daily. 
 
 Vomiting of Pregnancy. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, or Nux Vomica, either will generally succeed where the other 
 fails (R.); no other remedy of equal value to Ipecacuanha (P.). Nux Vomica, 
 is useful but often fails ; gtt. ss-j every hour or two in water (R.); in very 
 minute doses (S.) ; gtt. ij-iij of the tincture every two or three hours, or gtt. x 
 before each meal, with very hot water as a drink, is the best treatment (Parvin). 
 Arsenic, Fowler’s solution, gtt. j before each meal, will often relieve, when 
 vomiting of food, retching and straining, with blood and pain (B.). Creasote, 
 checks the vomiting (R.). Carbolic Acid, drop-doses of crystals liquefied by 
 heat, in mucilage ter die (Wa.). Staphisagria, has subdued when other reme¬ 
 dies failed (P.). Cerium Oxalate, gr. j every three hours (R.) ; ordinary doses 
 far too small, give as high as 10 grains (B.). Morphine, hypodermically in 
 severe vomiting (R.). Pepsin, has been used with success. Ingluvin, seems 
 almost specific (B.). Potassium Bromide, is often efficacious (W.) ; 3 ss doses 
 thrice daily, exceedingly effective in the combined diarrhoea and vomiting of 
 pregnancy. The first dose should be given an hour before rising. Hydrocy¬ 
 anic Acid, often the best remedy (P.). [See ante , Vomiting.] Copper Sul¬ 
 phate, sometimes effective, not more than gr. ^ ter die (B.). Iodine, hbv of 
 the tincture in 5SS of sweetened water, repeated in hour, of magical effect 
 in a bad case which had resisted every other treatment. Is often useful (B.). 
 Cocaine, locally to cervix, promptly cured a most intractable case of several 
 months’ duration, though it failed when used internally (Bois). Has given 
 excellent results when used internally. See formula below ; or may use tablet 
 triturates of gr. each. Calumba, as tincture often useful; drop-doses every 
 hour or two (B.). Bismuth, and Carbolic Acid, are effective (B.). Atropine, 
 frequently effective (R.) ; never failed to give relief in many years of using it 
 (Boys). Ether, sprayed over the epigastric region and the corresponding part 
 of the spinal column, for 3 to 5 minutes every 3 hours, gives immediate relief 
 (Lubelsky). Pop-corn, is a god-send in this complaint, having acted marvel¬ 
 lously in several cases in which I have used it (Sweringen). Aconite, in full 
 doses, is often very successful (W.). Dilatation of the cervical- canal, by the 
 index finger, is regarded as extremely efficient, and reasonably safe. It may 
 bring on abortion, if too extensive, but from records of several cases since 1875, 
 
VULVA-VULVITIS-WARTS. 687 
 
 it may be said that it is a safe and sure remedy (Copman). Ice-bag to spine, 
 an efficient measure (R.). 
 
 R. Atropin?e Sulphatis, . . . gr. j. 
 Morphine Sulphatis, . . . gr. iv. 
 Acidi Sulph. Aromat., . . ^ iij. 
 
 Aquae,. 3 v. 
 
 M. Sig.—Ten to twenty drops, thrice 
 daily. {Boys.) 
 
 R. Cocainae Muriatis, . . . . gr. xv. 
 
 Acidi Carbolici,.trpx. 
 
 Aq. Cinnamomi, . . . . ^ss. 
 
 Syr. Zingib., . . . q. s. ad ^ j. 
 
 M. Sig.—10 drops, gradually increased 
 to 20, in a little water every hour until re¬ 
 lieved, then every 2 or 3 hours. {Potter.) 
 
 Cerii Oxalatis,.gr. xij. 
 
 Ipecacuanha,.gr. xv. 
 
 Creasoti,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 M. ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One every hour. 
 
 (Goode It.) 
 
 R . Cerii Oxalatis,.gr. xxiv. 
 
 Ext. Hyoscyami, . . . . gr. xxxvj. 
 M. ft. pil. no. xij. Sig.—One pill twice 
 daily. ( Goodell.) 
 
 R. Bismuthi Subnitrat., . . . gr. clx. 
 
 Cerii Oxalatis,.gr. xl. 
 
 Morphinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. jss. 
 Syrupi, et Acaciae, . . ad £ ij. 
 
 M. ft. emulsio. Sig.—A teasp. every 
 
 hour until vomiting ceases. {VanValzah.) 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. 
 
 Vulva. 
 
 Sodium Hyposulphite, an unfailing remedy in lotion for aphthae of the vulva 
 (R.). Arsenic, much used for eczema (T.). Lead Acetate, a concentrated solu¬ 
 tion in glycerin, for eczema of vulva (T.). [Compare Pruritus, Prurigo.] 
 
 Vulvitis. 
 
 Alum, as lotion in vulvitis of children ; gr. lx-Oj aquae, or less strong if found 
 to increase discharge (R.). Lead, solutions of the acetate or the diacetate as 
 wash, after the acute stage has subsided. Lime Water, as wash (R.). [Com¬ 
 pare Vaginitis.] 
 
 Warts. 
 
 Thuja, worthy of recommendation in the highest terms, for the cure of warts 
 with a narrow base and pendulous body. A strong tincture locally three times 
 a day, for one or two weeks, with 5 drops in a wineglassful of water internally, 
 night and morning (P.). Iron, tincture of the chloride and dilute HC 1 acid, 
 applied night and morning, equal parts, very effective (Bulkley). Nitric Acid, 
 3j-ij of the dilute acid to a pint of water, as wash, to keep small syphilitic warts 
 constantly moist (R.). Sabina, as caustic (P.); j-ij of alum (Wa.). Rue, the 
 oil, with honey, locally (P.). Arsenious Acid, as a caustic; enough to be used 
 to excite active inflammation. Liq. arsenicalis painted over warts (R.) ; may 
 be taken internally (B.). Mercurial Ointment, containing 5 per cent, of 
 Arsenic, or a plaster having in each 8 square inches 154 grains of Arsenic and 
 77 grains of Mercury (Unna). Tannin, and Burnt Alum, equal parts, pow¬ 
 dered over warts twice daily, gives good results. Chromic Acid, gr. 100 to 
 aquae, with a glass rod, to saturate diseased growth. Remove any superfluous 
 acid ; dress with dry lint (R., Wa.). Mercuric Nitrate, locally (R.). Silver 
 Nitrate, as caustic, but is usually too superficial (R.). Dermal Curette, is much 
 used in Vienna to remove warts by enucleation. Strangulation, by tying a 
 string tightly around the base, will cause them to drop off in a few days. Heat, 
 is a most thorough measure for their radical removal; it may best be applied 
 by touching the wart 3 or 4 times daily with the hot end of a cigar; the first 
 few applications only give pain. Caustic Alkalies, locally (R.) ; a saturated 
 solution of potassa fusa, carefully applied by a brush or sponge fastened to the 
 end of a stick, is to be preferred (E. Wilson). [Compare Condylomata.] 
 
688 
 
 WEN-WORMS. 
 
 Wen. 
 
 Extirpation, the least troublesome and most speedily effective method. Run 
 a scalpel through it, seize the cut edge of the cyst, and gently tear it out with a 
 touch or two from the knife. Dressing of lint and carbolic oil to cause suppu¬ 
 ration and contraction (D.). 
 
 Worms. 
 
 Filix Mas, Brayera (Kousso), Rottlera (Kamala), Pepo, Granati Fructus 
 Cortex, as taeniafuges (B.). Filix Mas to be taken on an empty stomach, for 
 tape-worm, and followed by a purge (R., P.). Pepo, gij as emulsion, taken 
 fasting, one of the most efficient remedies against taenia (B.). Santonin, the 
 best anthelmintic ; laxative in morning, fasting all day, a dose (gr. ss- v) of 
 santonin and calomel, or troches of santonin (j-x), at bedtime, a senna draught 
 next morning. For ascarides (B., P.). For round and thread-worms, in 
 castor oil by mouth, or as injection (R.). Iron, the Syrup of the Iodide in¬ 
 ternally and a solution of the tincture locally, for ascarides (B.); the tincture 
 ferri sesquichlor. £ss ad Oj aquae, a good injection for thread-worms; coagu¬ 
 lates albumen (R.). Quassia, the infusion an effectual injection, conjoined 
 with simple bitters internally, for ascarides (R.). Pelletierine, the alkaloid 
 of Granatum, is by far the best vermifuge for a tape-worm, repeated after a 
 week for a second worm, as many as 3 having been found in one patient (Da 
 C.) ; gr. xv-xx of the tannate, followed in a few hours by Castor Oil (R.). 
 Chloroform, a very efficient taeniafuge, 3 j in §j of mucilage, after 20 hours’ 
 fasting, followed one hour later by §j of Castor Oil; this is an adult dose, Sj 
 should never be exceeded (Wilde). Lime Water, as injection for thread¬ 
 worms (R.) ; 3iij—iv repeated, for ascarides (Wa.). Sodium Chloride, in £ss 
 doses on empty stomach, expels ascarides and prevents reproduction (Wa.). 
 Quinine, as a tonic; also cold sponging, out-door exercise and judicious diet. 
 Useful probably by preventing the production of the abundant mucus which 
 favors the growth of worms (R.); especially useful for ascarides; also as injec¬ 
 tion for thread-worms and taenia (Wa.). Ignatia, for convulsive symptoms 
 (P.). Kamala (Rottlera), excellent for taenia, requires no purge (P.); gr. cl-clxxx 
 for an adult (Wa.). Eucalyptus, as injection, for ascarides (B.). Aloes, are 
 efficacious for ascarides (P.). Ailanthus, decoction of fresh bark, for taenia (B.). 
 Tonics, as cod-liver oil and iron to restore intestinal canal to healthy condition 
 (R.). Turpentine, as poison to tape and thread-worms (R.); also for taenia 
 (Wa.). Scammony, for thread-worms in rectum (R.); with calomel, effective 
 (Wa.). Tannin, as catechu, kino, red-gum, rhatany, haematoxylum, in injec¬ 
 tions to destroy thread-worms (R.). Alum, as solution for injection (R.). Am¬ 
 monium Chloride, to prevent formation of thick mucus which serves as nidus 
 for worms (R.). Valerian, especially when convulsions (R.). [Compare the 
 List of Anthelmintics on page 40.] 
 
 R. Chloroformi, 
 
 Ext. Filicis Maris, . . aa v ) ). 
 Emuls. 01 . Ricini (50 per 
 
 cent.),.3 iij- 
 
 M. Sig.—One dose after 24 hours’ fast¬ 
 ing. Does just as well if Male Fern be 
 omitted. _ ( Smith .) 
 
 R. Ext. Spigelise FI., .... y ) ). 
 
 Ext. Sennse FI.,.^ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. to a child of 3 to 5 
 
 years. _ {Smith.) 
 
 R. Ext. Spigeliae et Sennas FI., gj. 
 
 Santonini,.gr. viij. 
 
 M. Sig.—A teasp. to a child of 5 years. 
 
 {Smith.) 
 
 Granati Corticis, . . . . ^ij. 
 
 Ft. infusum. Sig.—To be taken before 
 11 A. M. —and followed after 2 hours by — 
 
 R . 01 . Ricini,.3 iij. 
 
 01 . Terebinth.,.£j. 
 
 Ext. Filicis Maris Aether., 7 > ). 
 
 M. ft. haustus. 
 
 Fasting unnecessary. ( Wilde.) 
 
 R. Magnesii Sulphat., . . . . ^ij. 
 Sodii Chloridi,.3 ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—A fluid ounce in half a glass 
 of water, with gtt. v of Carbolic Acid, night 
 and morning, for ascarides. Persevere. 
 
 {Barkley.) 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. 
 
WOUNDS-YELLOW FEVER. 
 
 689 
 
 Wounds. 
 
 Arnica, very useful for external bruises and cuts, also for internal injuries ; 
 unites surfaces very rapidly after amputations. The infusion or decoction best 
 (P.); very effectual (Wa.). Aconite, valuable in surgical fever (P.). Carbolic 
 Acid, solutions check suppuration, and correct fetor (B.). The “antiseptic” 
 treatment of wounds (Lister), especially surgical wounds. See Ag. vol. 1, 
 page 187. Bismuth Subiodide, dusted into a wound, one of the most effi¬ 
 cient antiseptics, non-irritant, and a prompt stimulant of granulation. An 
 excellent dressing for wounds after approximation of the edges, the powder 
 to be dusted thickly over the edges, and thoroughly smeared with Flexi¬ 
 ble Collodion (Potter). Sulphurous Acid, in solution, diluted or not, con¬ 
 stantly applied (R.); in .solution or by fumigation, is regarded by some as 
 superior in efficacy to carbolic acid, and less irritant (Wa.). Salicylic Acid, 
 Thiersch prefers to Carbolic ; may be applied pure in powder to gangrenous 
 and sloughing wounds (B.). Mercury, the bichloride, gr. vijss to quart j of hot 
 water, stirred with a stick, makes a solution of 1 to 2000; the best of all anti¬ 
 septics for washing a wound or cavity, and for saturating the dressings. See 
 List of Antiseptics on page 51. Boracic Acid, also applicable as Carbolic Acid 
 (B.). Balsam of Peru, excellent for closing recent wounds (P.). Benzoin, the 
 basis of healing “ balsams ” (P.). Aloes, topically as a slight stimulant; often 
 purges (R.). Gum Tragacanth, a thick aqueous solution to granulating sur¬ 
 faces, to protect them from the air (Wa.). Opium, to quiet intestinal move¬ 
 ments in wounds of the abdomen (R.); forwards the reparative processes (P.). 
 Tannin, or glycerin of tannin to coat over wounds (R.). Collodion or Liquor 
 Gutta-perchae, to secure primary union of incised wounds (B.); as protective 
 covering (P.). Iodoform, powdered and dusted over sloughing wounds, irri¬ 
 table and ill-conditioned ulcers, sores (B.). Iodoform 1, Collodion 9 parts, 
 painted on a superficial wound while edges are held together (Gross); may be 
 painted over edges when stitched together: gives excellent results. Galvanic 
 Couplet, to wounds of indolent form (B.). [See Bedsores.] Nitric Acid, as 
 escharotic for gangrene (B.). Turpentine, one of the most efficient applica¬ 
 tions in hospital gangrene (B.). Aloes, pulverized fine, as a dressing for wounds, 
 favoring cicatrization and closing them, also relieving the pain at once ; re¬ 
 quires removal only at long intervals (Millet). Poultices, are often abused. 
 Yeast or Charcoal best for foul wounds (B.). Alcohol, an excellent antiseptic 
 dressing when suppurating; also favors cicatrization of open wounds (B.). 
 Water, in universal use as dressing. Cold water often abused. Hot-water 
 dressing as advocated by Hamilton, of New York, promises better results (B.). 
 Turkish Baths, for pain in the seat of old wounds (R.). Ice and Salt, applied to 
 wound prevents inflammation (R.). [Compare Hemorrhage, Inflammation, 
 Pyemia, Surgical Fever, Gangrene, Ulcers.] 
 
 R. Acidi Tannici, . , . 
 Alcoholis Absolut., . . 
 
 vEtheris,. 
 
 Collodii,. 
 
 M. Sig.—Styptic Colloid. 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 |ij- I R- Collodii,.|j. 
 
 5 ss. | Olei Ricini,.5 ss. 
 
 jpjss. Acidi Carbolici,.^ ss. 
 
 5 xij. M. Sig.—Carbolized Collodion, for 
 
 ; wounds. 
 
 Yellow Fever. 
 
 Treatment must all be done at the beginning, no time to be lost. Cold 
 sponging early and frequently repeated. Calomel, Quinine and Salines at the 
 start. Potassium Acetate for the kidneys. Morphine for gastric irritation, the 
 feet to be in mustard water (Da Costa). Diaphoretics and Diuretics, also Lax¬ 
 atives, are very important throughout the disease (Da Costa). Pilocarpine, in 
 dose of gr. % hypodermically, in first stage, carried to the induction of emesis 
 and catharsis, as well as that of diaphoresis, the most efficient treatment known, 
 absolutely jugulating the paroxysm (Habersmith). Mercury, a calomel purga- 
 
 44 
 
690 
 
 YELLOW FEVER. 
 
 tive, gr. ss, 2 or 3 times on the first day, followed by a warm-water enema, is 
 good treatment (B.); has many advocates, and many opponents (Wa.); should 
 generally be abstained from (S.). Duboisine, gr. g 1 ^, subcutaneously, the most 
 efficient hypnotic and calmative (B.). Turpentine, when cardiac weakness, 
 depression of vaso-motor system, dissolved state of the blood ; rr^x-^ss ; small 
 doses, with tinctura ferri chloridi, in hemorrhagic form (B.). Quinine, has 
 some strong evidence in its favor as an abortive agent, one large dose (gr. 
 xxx-xl) with opium at outset (Wa.); is not a specific ; may hasten recovery in 
 mild cases (S.) ; gr. xx per rectum, to reduce temperature (B.). Liquor Calcis, 
 with milk, has been found efficient for the vomiting (Wa.). Capsicum, to obvi¬ 
 ate the black vomit, is highly spoken of (Wa.). Cocaine, for the vomiting, 
 nothing equals it in efficiency, it also acting as a diuretic, 10-minim doses of a 
 4 per cent, solution, by mouth, every hour for 2 or 3 doses, acts like a charm 
 (Jennings). Chloroform, for the vomiting, a few drops to prepare the stomach 
 for reception and retention of food ; effects transitory, has to be repeated before 
 each meal (Wa.); the Ammoniated Chloroform in zymotic pyrexia; its action 
 is sedative, analgesic and antipyretic (Richardson). Carbolic Acid, by stomach 
 and hypodermically, remarkably efficacious, even after the ominous “ coffee- 
 grounds ” vomit (Lecaille). Chlorodyne, is excellent for restlessness, insomnia, 
 irritability of stomach (A.). Veratrum Viride, gtt. j-x hourly, according to 
 age, till pulse and temperature subdued; successfully used in connection with 
 mercury, etc. (White and Ford). Stimulants, only in typhus form (B.); in 3d 
 stage must be bold, prompt and continued (Da C.). Diet, of the blandest 
 description (A.) ; milk and lime-water, half and half, in small quantities, is the 
 best aliment. In convalescence, the utmost care is necessary in giving aliments 
 (B.). Rest is very important (Da C.). Iced Champagne, in tablespoonful doses 
 every % hour, for the vomiting (B.). Purgation, throughout the disease 
 (Da C.). [Compare Remittent Fever.] 
 
 Prescriptions. 
 
 R. Potassii Carbonat., . . . . gr. xx. 
 Tiuct. Opii Camphorat., . . gj. 
 
 Aquae,.3 -viij. 
 
 M. Sig.— p ) ] every hour or two, as a 
 diaphoretic. [Dickson.) 
 
 R . Chloroformi, 
 
 Tinct. Camphorae, . . . aa ^ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—Two drops as required for the 
 vomiting. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC., USED IN WRITING 
 PRESCRIPTIONS; WITH THEIR CONTRACTIONS, AND 
 THE CORRESPONDING ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Abdomen 
 
 Abd. 
 
 The belly. 
 
 Absente febre 
 
 Abs. feb. 
 
 Fever being absent. 
 
 Accurate 
 
 Acc. 
 
 Accurately. 
 
 Ad 
 
 Ad 
 
 To, or up to. 
 
 Ad duas vices 
 
 Ad 2 vie. 
 
 At twice taking. 
 
 Ad secundum vicem 
 
 Ad sec. vie. 
 
 To the second time. 
 
 Ad tertiam vicem 
 
 Ad 3 tiam vie. 
 
 For the third time. 
 
 Adde 
 
 Add. 
 
 Add. 
 
 Addantur 
 
 Add. 
 
 Let (them) be added. 
 
 Addendus 
 
 Add. 
 
 To be added. 
 
 Addendo 
 
 Add. 
 
 By adding. 
 
 Ad defectionem animi 
 
 Ad def. an. 
 
 To fainting. 
 
 Ad gratam aciditatem 
 
 Ad grat. acid. 
 
 To an agreeable sourness. 
 
 Adhibendus 
 
 Adhib. 
 
 To be administered. 
 
 Adjacens 
 
 Adjac. 
 
 Adjacent. 
 
 Ad libitum 
 
 Ad lib. 
 
 At pleasure. 
 
 Admove 
 
 Admov. 
 
 Apply. 
 
 Admoveatur 
 
 Admov. 
 
 Let (it) be applied. 
 
 Admoveantur 
 
 Admov. 
 
 Let (them) be applied. 
 
 Adstante febre 
 
 Adst. feb. 
 
 The fever being on. 
 
 Adversum 
 
 Adv. 
 
 Against. 
 
 Aggrediente febre 
 
 Aggr. feb. 
 
 While the fever is coming on. 
 
 Agitato vase 
 
 Agit. vas. 
 
 The vial being shaken. 
 
 Aliquot 
 
 Aliq. 
 
 Some. 
 
 Alter 
 
 Alt. 
 
 The other. 
 
 Alternis horis 
 
 Alt. hor. 
 
 Every other hour. 
 
 Aluta 
 
 Aluta 
 
 Leather. 
 
 Alvo adstricta 
 
 Alv. adst. 
 
 The bowels being confined. 
 
 Alvus 
 
 Alv. 
 
 The belly. 
 
 Amplus 
 
 Amp. 
 
 Large. 
 
 Ampulla 
 
 Ampul. 
 
 A large bottle. 
 
 Ana 
 
 A. or aa 
 
 Of each. 
 
 Aqua 
 
 Aq. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Aqua astricta 
 
 Aq. astr. 
 
 Frozen water. 
 
 Aqua bulliens 
 
 Aq. bull. 
 
 Boiling water. 
 
 Aqua communis 
 
 Aq. com. 
 
 Common water. 
 
 Aqua fervens 
 
 Aq. ferv. 
 
 Flot water. 
 
 Aqua fluviatilis 
 
 Aq. fluv. 
 
 River water. 
 
 Aqua fontalis 
 
 Aq. font. 
 
 Spring water. 
 
 Aqua fontana or fontis 
 
 Aq. iont. 
 
 u ii 
 
 Aqua marina 
 
 Aq. mar. 
 
 Sea water. 
 
 Aqua nivialis^r nivalis 
 
 Aq. niv. 
 
 Snow water. 
 
 691 
 
692 
 
 LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Aqua pluvialis,0r pluvia- 
 
 Aq. pluv. 
 
 Rain water. 
 
 tilis 
 
 
 
 Aqualis 
 
 Aqualis 
 
 Pertaining to water. 
 
 Aut 
 
 Aut. 
 
 Or. 
 
 Balneum arenae 
 
 B. A. 
 
 Sand-bath. 
 
 Balneum marise, or maris 
 
 B. M. 
 
 Salt-water bath. 
 
 Balneum vaporosum, or 
 
 B. V. 
 
 Vapor bath. 
 
 vapor is 
 
 
 
 Balsamum 
 
 Bals. 
 
 Balsam. 
 
 Barbadensis 
 
 B. B. 
 
 Barbadoes. 
 
 Bene 
 
 Bene 
 
 Well. 
 
 Bibe 
 
 Bib. 
 
 Drink (thou). 
 
 Biduum 
 
 Bid. 
 
 Two days. 
 
 Bis 
 
 Bis 
 
 Twice. 
 
 Bis in die, or dies 
 
 Bis die 
 
 Twice a day. 
 
 Bolus 
 
 Bol. 
 
 A large pill. 
 
 Bulliat or Bulliant 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Let boil. 
 
 Butyrum 
 
 But. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Caeruleus 
 
 Caerul. 
 
 Blue. 
 
 Calefactus 
 
 Calef. 
 
 Warmed. 
 
 Calomel or Calomelas 
 
 Cal. 
 
 The mild chloride of mercury. 
 
 Cape 
 
 Cap. 
 
 Take (thou). 
 
 Capiat 
 
 Cap. 
 
 Let him take. 
 
 Capsula 
 
 Capsul. 
 
 A capsule. 
 
 Caute 
 
 Caute 
 
 Cautiously. 
 
 Charta 
 
 Chart. 
 
 Paper. 
 
 Chartula 
 
 Chartul. 
 
 A small paper. 
 
 Cibus 
 
 Cib. 
 
 Food. 
 
 Cochlear, or Cochleare, or 
 
 Coch., Cochleat. 
 
 A spoonful, By spoonfuls ( gj). 
 
 Cochleatim 
 
 
 Cochleare amplum 
 
 Coch. amp. 
 
 A dessertspoonful (^ij). 
 
 Cochleare magnum 
 
 Coch. mag. 
 
 A tablespoonful (3 ss). 
 
 Cochleare medium, or 
 
 Coch. med. or mod. 
 
 A dessertspoonful ( 3 ij). 
 
 modicum 
 
 
 
 Cochleare parvum 
 
 Coch. parv. 
 
 A teaspoonful (3j). 
 
 Coctio 
 
 Coct. 
 
 Boiling. 
 
 Cola 
 
 Col. 
 
 Strain. 
 
 Colaturae 
 
 Colatur. 
 
 To the strained liquor. 
 
 Col at us 
 
 Colat. 
 
 Strained. 
 
 Coletur 
 
 Colet. 
 
 Let it be strained. 
 
 Colentur 
 
 Colent. 
 
 Let them be strained. 
 
 C'ollutorium 
 
 Collut. 
 
 A mouth-wash. 
 
 Collyrium 
 
 Collyr. 
 
 An eye-wash. 
 
 Coloretur 
 
 Coloret. 
 
 Let it be colored. 
 
 Compositus 
 
 Comp. 
 
 Compounded. 
 
 Concisus 
 
 Concis. 
 
 Cut. 
 
 Confectio 
 
 Conf. 
 
 Confection. 
 
 Congius 
 
 Cong. 
 
 A gallon. 
 
 Conserva 
 
 Cons. 
 
 A conserve, also Keep (thou). 
 
 Continuantur remedia 
 
 Cont. rem. 
 
 Let the medicines be continued. 
 
 Contusus 
 
 Contus. 
 
 Bruised. 
 
 Coque, Coquantur 
 
 Coq. 
 
 Boil, let them be boiled. 
 
 Coque ad medietatis con- 
 
 Coq. ad. med. con- 
 
 Boil to the consumption of half. 
 
 sumptionem 
 
 sump. 
 
 
 Coque secundem artem 
 
 Coq. S. A. 
 
 Boil according to art. 
 
 Coque in sufficiente quan- 
 
 Coq. in S. A. 
 
 Boil in sufficient water. 
 
 titate aquae 
 
 
 
 Cor, cordis 
 
 Cor. 
 
 The heart. 
 
 Cortex, corticis 
 
 Cort. 
 
 The bark. 
 
LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 693 
 
 ( 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Coxa 
 
 Cox. 
 
 t 
 
 The hip. 
 
 Cras, Crastinus 
 
 Crast. 
 
 To morrow. 
 
 Cras mane sumendus 
 
 Cras mane sumend. 
 
 To be taken to-morrow morning. 
 
 Cras nocte 
 
 Cras nocte 
 
 To-morrow night. 
 
 Cras vespere 
 
 Cras vesp. 
 
 To-morrow evening. 
 
 Crastinus 
 
 Crast. 
 
 For to-morrow, early. 
 
 Cujus, Cujus-libet 
 
 Cuj. 
 
 Of which, of any. 
 
 Cum 
 
 C. 
 
 With. 
 
 Cyatho theae 
 
 Cyatho theas 
 
 In a cup of tea. 
 
 Cyathus, vel Cyathus vina- 
 
 Cyath., C. vinar. 
 
 A wine-glass ( Jj-ij). 
 
 rius 
 
 
 
 Da, detur 
 
 D., det. 
 
 Give, let be given. 
 
 De 
 
 De 
 
 Of, or from. 
 
 Deaurentur pilulae 
 
 Deaur. pil. 
 
 Let the pills be gilded. 
 
 Debita spissitudo 
 
 Deb. spiss. 
 
 A proper consistence. 
 
 Debitus 
 
 Deb. 
 
 Due, proper. 
 
 Decanta 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Pour off. 
 
 Decern, Decimus 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Ten, The tenth. 
 
 Decoctum 
 
 Decoct. 
 
 A decoction. 
 
 Decubitus 
 
 Decub. 
 
 Lying down. 
 
 De die in diem 
 
 De d. in d. 
 
 From day to day. 
 
 Dein vel Deinde 
 
 Dein. 
 
 Thereupon. 
 
 Deglutiatur 
 
 Deglut. 
 
 Let be swallowed. 
 
 Dejectiones alvi 
 
 Dej. alv. 
 
 Stools. 
 
 Detur in duplo 
 
 Det. in dup. 
 
 Let twice as much be given. 
 
 Dexter, Dextra 
 
 Dext. 
 
 The right. 
 
 Diebus alternis 
 
 Dieb. alt. 
 
 Every other day. 
 
 Diebus tertiis 
 
 Dieb. tert. 
 
 Every third day. 
 
 Diluculo 
 
 Diluc. 
 
 At break of day. 
 
 Dilue, Dilutus 
 
 Dil. 
 
 Dilute (thou), Diluted. 
 
 Dimidius 
 
 Dim. 
 
 One-half. 
 
 Directione propria 
 
 D. P., or Direct, prop. 
 
 With a proper direction. 
 
 Dividatur in partes 
 
 D. in p. aeq. 
 
 Let it be divided into equal parts. 
 
 aequales 
 
 
 
 Dividendus, -a, -um 
 
 Divid. 
 
 To be divided. 
 
 Dolor 
 
 Dolor 
 
 Pain. 
 
 Donee 
 
 Donee 
 
 Until. 
 
 Donee alvus bis dejicia- 
 
 Donee alv. bis dejic. 
 
 Until the bowels have been twice 
 
 tur 
 
 evacuated. 
 
 Donee alvus soluta fuerit 
 
 Donee alv. sol. ft. 
 
 Until the bowels shall be opened. 
 
 Donee dolor nephriticus 
 
 Donee dolor neph. 
 
 Until the nephritic pain is removed. 
 
 exulaverit 
 
 exulav. 
 
 Dosis 
 
 D. 
 
 A dose. 
 
 Drachma 
 
 Dr. or 3 
 
 A drachm (60 grains). 
 
 Durante dolore 
 
 Dur. dolor. 
 
 While the pain lasts. 
 
 Eadem (fern.) 
 
 Ead. 
 
 The same. 
 
 Eburneus 
 
 Eburn. 
 
 Made of ivory. 
 
 Ejusdem 
 
 Ejusd. 
 
 Of the same. 
 
 Electuarium 
 
 Elect. 
 
 An electuary. 
 
 Emesis 
 
 Emesis 
 
 Vomiting. 
 
 Enema 
 
 En. 
 
 A clyster or enema. 
 
 Enemata 
 
 Enem. 
 
 Clysters. 
 
 Et 
 
 Et 
 
 And. 
 
 Evanuerit 
 
 Evan. 
 
 Shall have disappeared. 
 
 Exhibeatur 
 
 Exhib. 
 
 Let it be exhibited. 
 
 Extende 
 
 Ext. 
 
 Spread. 
 
 Extende super alutem 
 
 Ext. sup. alut. moll. 
 
 Spread upon soft leather. 
 
 Extractum 
 
 Extr. 
 
 An extract. 
 
694 
 
 LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Extrahe 
 
 Extrahe 
 
 Extract thou. 
 
 Fac 
 
 F. 
 
 Make. 
 
 Fiat 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Let be made (sing.). 
 
 Fiant 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Let be made (pi.). 
 
 Fac pilulas duodecim 
 
 F. pil. xij 
 
 Make 12 pills. 
 
 Farina 
 
 Farina 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Fascia lintea 
 
 Fas. lint. 
 
 A linen bandage. 
 
 Fasciculus 
 
 Fascic. 
 
 A bundle which can be carried 
 under the arm. 
 
 Febre durante 
 
 Febr. dur. 
 
 During the fever. 
 
 Febris 
 
 Febr. 
 
 Fever. 
 
 Femoribus internis 
 
 Fern, intern. 
 
 To the inner thighs. 
 
 Fervens 
 
 Ferv. 
 
 Boiling. 
 
 Fac cataplasmatem 
 
 Ft. cataplasm. 
 
 Make a poultice. 
 
 Fiat ceratum 
 
 Ft. cerat. 
 
 Let a cerate be made. 
 
 Fiant chartulre xij 
 
 Ft. chart, xij 
 
 Let 12 powders be made. 
 
 Fiat collyrium 
 
 Ft. collyr. 
 
 Let an eye-wash be made. 
 
 Fiat emplastrum vesica- 
 torium 
 
 Ft. emp. vesic. 
 
 Let a blister be made. 
 
 Fiat emulsio 
 
 Ft. emuls. 
 
 Let an emulsion be made. 
 
 Fiat enema 
 
 Ft. en 
 
 Let an enema (an injection for the 
 rectum) be made. 
 
 Fiat injectio 
 
 Ft. inject. 
 
 Let an injection (for the urethra) be 
 made. 
 
 Fiat lege artis 
 
 F. L. A. 
 
 Let it be made by the rules of art. 
 
 Fiat massa, et divide in 
 
 Ft. mas. div. in pil. 
 
 Let a mass be made, and divide it 
 
 pilulas xij 
 
 xij 
 
 into 12 pills. 
 
 Fiant pilulae xij 
 
 Ft. pil. xij 
 
 Let 12 pills be made. 
 
 Fiat pulvis 
 
 Ft. pulv. 
 
 Let a powder be made. 
 
 Fiant pulveres xij 
 
 Ft. pulv. xij 
 
 Let 12 powders be made. 
 
 Fiat pulvis in chartulas 
 
 Ft. pulv. in chart, xij 
 
 Let a powder be made to be divided 
 
 xij dividenda 
 
 div. 
 
 into xij little papers. 
 
 Fiat solutio 
 
 Ft. sol. 
 
 Let a solution be made. 
 
 Fiant suppositoria iv 
 
 Ft. suppos. iv 
 
 Let 4 suppositories be made. 
 
 Fiant trochisci xxiv 
 
 Ft. troch. xxiv 
 
 Let 24 troches be made. 
 
 Fiat unguentum 
 
 Ft. ung. 
 
 Let an ointment be made. 
 
 Fiat venesectio 
 
 Ft. venesec. 
 
 Let a bleeding be done. 
 
 Fictilis 
 
 Fict. 
 
 Earthen. 
 
 Filtra 
 
 Filtra 
 
 Filter (thou). 
 
 Filtram, Filtrum 
 
 Filt. 
 
 A filter. 
 
 Fistula armata 
 
 Fistul. arm. 
 
 A syringe ready for use. 
 
 Fluidus 
 
 Fluid., FI. 
 
 Liquid. 
 
 Formula 
 
 Form. 
 
 A prescription. 
 
 Frustillatim 
 
 Frust. 
 
 In small pieces. 
 
 Fuerit 
 
 Fuerit. 
 
 Shall have been. 
 
 Gargarysma 
 
 Garg. 
 
 A gargle. 
 
 Gelatina quavis 
 
 Gelat. quav. 
 
 In any kind of jelly. 
 
 Gingivas incide 
 
 Ging. incid. 
 
 Lance (or cut) the gums. 
 
 Gradatim 
 
 Grad. 
 
 By degrees, gradually. 
 
 Grana sex pondere 
 
 Gran, vj pond. 
 
 Six grains by weight. 
 
 Granum, Grana 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Grain, Grains. 
 
 Gramme 
 
 Grm. 
 
 Gram. 
 
 Gratus 
 
 Grat. 
 
 Pleasant. 
 
 Grumus 
 
 Grum. 
 
 A clot (of blood.) 
 
 Gutta, Guttae 
 
 Gtt. 
 
 A drop, Drops. 
 
 Guttatim 
 
 Guttat. 
 
 By drops. 
 
 Guttis quibusdam 
 
 Gtt. quibusd. 
 
 With a few drops. 
 
 Flarum pilularum suman- 
 tur tres 
 
 Flar. pil. sum. iij 
 
 Let three of these pills be taken. 
 
LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 695 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Haustus 
 
 Haust. 
 
 A draught. 
 
 Haustus purgans noster 
 
 H. p. n. 
 
 A purgative draught after my own 
 (formula). 
 
 1 Hebdomad a 
 
 Ilebdom. 
 
 A week. 
 
 Herba 
 
 Herb. 
 
 An herb. 
 
 Herbarum recentium 
 
 Herb, recent. 
 
 Of fresh herbs. 
 
 Heri 
 
 Heri 
 
 Yesterday. 
 
 Hie, Haec, Hoc 
 
 Hie, Haec, Hoc 
 
 This. 
 
 Hirudo 
 
 Hirudo 
 
 A leech. 
 
 Hirudines appone 
 
 Hirud. app. 
 
 Apply leeches. 
 
 Hora 
 
 H. 
 
 An hour. 
 
 Hora somni 
 
 Hor. som. 
 
 At the hour of sleep. 
 
 Hora undecima matutina 
 
 Hor. xj matut. 
 
 At the eleventh hour of the morning. 
 
 Horse decubitus 
 
 Hor. decub. 
 
 At bedtime. 
 
 Horae unius spatio 
 
 Hor. j spat. 
 
 After one hour. 
 
 Horis intermediis 
 
 Hor. interm. 
 
 In the intermediate hours. 
 
 Idem 
 
 Id. 
 
 The same. 
 
 Idoneus 
 
 Idon. 
 
 Proper. 
 
 Imprimis 
 
 Impr. 
 
 First. 
 
 Incide, Incisus 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Cut (thou), Being cut. 
 
 In dies 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Daily, or From day to day. 
 
 Infunde 
 
 Infun. 
 
 Pour in. 
 
 Infusum 
 
 Infus. 
 
 An infusion. 
 
 Injectio 
 
 Injec. 
 
 An injection. 
 
 Injiciatur enema 
 
 Injic. enera. 
 
 Let a clyster be given. 
 
 In pulmento 
 
 In pulm. 
 
 In gruel. 
 
 Instar 
 
 Instar. 
 
 As big as. 
 
 Inter 
 
 Inter 
 
 Between. 
 
 Internus, -a, -um 
 
 Int. 
 
 Inner, or Internal. 
 
 Intus 
 
 Intus 
 
 Inwardly. 
 
 Tam 
 
 Jam 
 
 Now. 
 
 Julepus, Julepum, Julap- 
 ium 
 
 Jul. 
 
 A julep. 
 
 jusculum 
 
 Juscul. 
 
 A broth. 
 
 luxta 
 
 Juxta 
 
 Near to. 
 
 Ivali praeparatum 
 
 Kal. ppt. 
 
 Prepared Potash, or the Carbonate 
 of Potassium. 
 
 Lac, Lactis 
 
 Lac. 
 
 Milk, of Milk. 
 
 Lagena 
 
 Lag. 
 
 A flask, or bottle. 
 
 Lana 
 
 Lana. 
 
 Flannel. 
 
 Languor 
 
 Lang. 
 
 Faintness. 
 
 Lateri dolenti 
 
 Lat. dol. 
 
 To the painful side. 
 
 Lectus 
 
 Lect. 
 
 A bed. 
 
 Libra 
 
 Lb. or lb 
 
 A pound. 
 
 Ligatura 
 
 Lig. 
 
 A ligature. 
 
 Linimentum 
 
 Linim. 
 
 A liniment. 
 
 Linteum 
 
 Lint. 
 
 Lint. 
 
 Liquor 
 
 Liq. 
 
 A solution. 
 
 Lotio 
 
 Lot. 
 
 A lotion. 
 
 Mac era 
 
 Mac. 
 
 Macerate. 
 
 Magnus 
 
 Mag. 
 
 Large. 
 
 Mane 
 
 Mane 
 
 In the morning. 
 
 Mane primo 
 
 Mane primo 
 
 In the very early morning. 
 
 Manipulus 
 
 M. or Man. 
 
 A handful. 
 
 Manus 
 
 Manus 
 
 The hand. 
 
 1 Massa 
 
 Mass. 
 
 A mass, or pill mass. 
 
 Matutinus 
 
 Matut. 
 
 In the morning. 
 
 Medius 
 
 Med. 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Mensura 
 
 Mensur. 
 
 By measure. 
 
696 
 
 LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 • 
 
 Mica pan is 
 
 Mic. pan. 
 
 Crumb of bread. 
 
 Minimum 
 
 M. or Min. 
 
 A minim. 
 
 Minutum 
 
 Minut. 
 
 A minute. 
 
 Misce 
 
 M. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Mistura 
 
 Mist. 
 
 A mixture. 
 
 Mitte 
 
 Mit. 
 
 Send. 
 
 Mittatur 
 
 Mit. 
 
 Let (it) be sent. 
 
 Mittantur 
 
 Mit. 
 
 Let (them) be sent. 
 
 Mitte sanguinem ad uncias 
 
 Mit. sang, ad uncias 
 
 Take away blood to 12 ounces at 
 
 duodecim saltern. 
 
 xij salt. 
 
 least. 
 
 Modicus 
 
 Modic. 
 
 Middle-sized. 
 
 Modo praescripto 
 
 Mod. praesc. 
 
 In the manner prescribed. 
 
 Mora 
 
 Mora 
 
 Delay. 
 
 More dictu 
 
 Mor. diet. 
 
 In the manner directed. 
 
 More solito 
 
 Mor. sol. 
 
 In the usual manner. 
 
 Morturarium 
 
 Mort. 
 
 A mortar. 
 
 Ne trades sine nummo. 
 
 Ne tr. s. num. 
 
 Do not deliver without the money. 
 
 Necnon 
 
 Necn. 
 
 Also. 
 
 Nisi 
 
 Nisi 
 
 Unless. 
 
 | Non 
 
 Non 
 
 Not. 
 
 Non repetatur 
 
 Non repetat. 
 
 Let it not be repeated. 
 
 Noc, Noctis 
 
 Noc, Noct. 
 
 The night, of the night. 
 
 Nocte maneque 
 
 Noct. maneq. 
 
 At night, and in the morning. 
 
 Nucha 
 
 Nucha 
 
 The nape of the neck. 
 
 Numero 
 
 No. 
 
 In number. 
 
 Numerus 
 
 No. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Nux Moschata 
 
 Nux Mosch. 
 
 A nutmeg. 
 
 Octarius 
 
 O., Oct. 
 
 A pint (gxvj). 
 
 Octavus 
 
 Octav. 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Octo 
 
 Octo 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Oleum Lini sine igne 
 
 01 . Lini sine ig. 
 
 Cold-drawn Linseed Oil. 
 
 Oleum olivae optimum 
 
 01 . O. opt. 
 
 Best olive oil. 
 
 Omni hora 
 
 Omn. hor. 
 
 Every hour. 
 
 Omni bihorio 
 
 Omn. bih. 
 
 Every two hours. 
 
 Omni quadrante horae 
 
 Omn. quadr. hor. 
 
 Every hour. 
 
 Omni mane 
 
 Omni mane 
 
 Every morning. 
 
 Omni nocte 
 
 Omn. noct. 
 
 Every night. 
 
 Opus 
 
 Opus 
 
 Need, or occasion. 
 
 Ovum 
 
 Ov. 
 
 An egg. 
 
 Pannus 
 
 Pan. 
 
 A rag. . 
 
 Pars, Partis 
 
 Par., Pt. 
 
 A part, Of a part. 
 
 Partes aequales 
 
 Pt. aeq. 
 
 Equal parts. 
 
 Partitis vicibus 
 
 Part. vie. 
 
 In divided doses. 
 
 Parvulus 
 
 Parvul. 
 
 An infant, A parvule. 
 
 Parvus 
 
 Parv. 
 
 Little. 
 
 Pastillus, Pastillum 
 
 Pastil. 
 
 A Pastille. 
 
 Pediluvium 
 
 Peduliv. 
 
 A foot-bath. 
 
 Penicillum camelinum 
 
 Penicil. cam. 
 
 A cameks-hair pencil or brush. 
 
 Per 
 
 Per 
 
 Through, By. 
 
 Peracta operatio emetici 
 
 Peract. operat. emet. 
 
 When the action of the emetic is 
 finished. 
 
 Per deliquium 
 
 Per deliq. 
 
 By deliquescence. 
 
 Per fistulam vitream 
 
 Per fistul. vit. 
 
 Through a glass tube. 
 
 Pergo, Pergere 
 
 Perg. 
 
 To go on with. 
 
 Phiala prius agitata 
 
 P. P. A. 
 
 The bottle having been first shaken. 
 
 ! Phiala 
 
 Phil. 
 
 A vial, or bottle. 
 
 Pilula 
 
 Pil. 
 
 A pill. 
 
 Poculum 
 
 Pocul. 
 
 A cup. 
 
 Poc ilium 
 
 Pocill. 
 
 A little cup. 
 
LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 6 97 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Pond ere 
 
 P. 
 
 By weight. 
 
 Pondus civile 
 
 P. civ. 
 
 Civil weight (avoirdupois). 
 
 Pondus medicinale 
 
 P. med. 
 
 Medicinal weight. 
 
 Pone aurem 
 
 Pone aur. 
 
 Behind the ear. 
 
 Postsingulassedesliquidas 
 
 Post sing. sed. liq. 
 
 After every loose stool. 
 
 Pot us 
 
 Potus 
 
 Drink. 
 
 Praeparata 
 
 Praep. 
 
 Prepared. 
 
 Primo mane 
 
 Primo mane 
 
 Very early in the morning. 
 
 Primus 
 
 Primus 
 
 The first. 
 
 Pro 
 
 Pro 
 
 For. 
 
 Pro ratione aetatis 
 
 Pro rat. set. 
 
 According to the age of the patient. 
 
 Pro re nata 
 
 P. r. n. 
 
 Occasionally. According to circum¬ 
 stances. 
 
 Pugillus 
 
 Pug. 
 
 A pinch. 
 
 Pulmento 
 
 Pulm. 
 
 Gruel. 
 
 Pulvis 
 
 Pulv. 
 
 A powder. 
 
 Pulverizatus 
 
 Pulvz. 
 
 Powdered. 
 
 Pyxis 
 
 Pyxis 
 
 A pill-box. 
 
 Quadrans,—antis 
 
 Quad. 
 
 A quart. 
 
 Quantum libet 
 
 Q. lib. 
 
 As much as you please. 
 
 Quantum placet 
 
 Q. p. 
 
 << u u u u 
 
 Quantum vis 
 
 Q. v. 
 
 44 44 <4 4 4 44 
 
 Quantum volueris 
 
 Q. vol. 
 
 t< << U ii <( 
 
 Quantum sufficiat 
 
 Q. s. 
 
 As much as is sufficient. 
 
 Quantum satis 
 
 Q. s. 
 
 44 44 44 44 44 
 
 Quaqua hora 
 
 Qq. hor. 
 
 Every hour. { 
 
 Each, or Every. 
 
 Quaque 
 
 Qq. 
 
 Quart us 
 
 Quart. 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Quater 
 
 Quater 
 
 Four times. 
 
 Quatuor 
 
 Quat. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Quibus 
 
 Quibus 
 
 From which. 
 
 Quinque 
 
 Quinq. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Quintus 
 
 Quint. 
 
 The fifth. 
 
 Quoque 
 
 Q.q. 
 
 Also. 
 
 Quorum 
 
 Quor. 
 
 Of which. 
 
 Quotidie 
 
 Quotid. 
 
 Daily. 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Proportion. 
 
 Recens, -entis 
 
 Rec. 
 
 Fresh. 
 
 Recipe 
 
 R 
 
 Take. 
 
 Redactus in pulverem 
 
 Red. in pulv. 
 
 Let it be reduced to powder. 
 
 Redigatur in pulverem 
 
 Redig. in pulv. 
 
 44 44 44 44 
 
 Regio umbilici 
 
 Reg. umbil. 
 
 The umbilical region. 
 
 Reliquus 
 
 Reliq. 
 
 Remaining. 
 
 Repetatur 
 
 Rept. 
 
 Let it be repeated. 
 
 Repetantur 
 
 Rept. 
 
 Let them be repeated. 
 
 Respondere 
 
 Respond. 
 
 To answer. 
 
 Retinere 
 
 Retin. 
 
 To keep. 
 
 Saltern 
 
 Saltern 
 
 At least. 
 
 Saltim 
 
 Saltim 
 
 By leaps. 
 
 Saturatus, -a, -um 
 Scarificare 
 
 Sat. 
 
 Saturated. 
 
 Scar if. 
 
 To scarify. 
 
 Scarificatione explicata 
 
 Scarif. expl. 
 
 Scarification having been effected. 
 
 Scatula 
 
 Scat. 
 
 A box. 
 
 i Scilicet 
 
 Scil. 
 
 Namely. 
 
 Scrupulum 
 
 Scrup. or 7 ) 
 
 A scruple (20 grains). 
 
 Secundum artem 
 
 S. A. 
 
 According to art. 
 
 Secundum naturam 
 
 S. N. 
 
 According to nature. 
 
 Secundus 
 
 Secund. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Sedes 
 
 Sed. 
 
 The alvine evacuation. 
 
698 
 
 LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Semel 
 
 Semel 
 
 Once. 
 
 Semis, or Semissis 
 
 Ss. 
 
 A half. 
 
 Semi-drachma 
 
 Semidr. 
 
 Half a drachm. 
 
 Serai-hora 
 
 Semih. 
 
 Half an hour. 
 
 Septem 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Septimana 
 
 Septim. 
 
 A week. 
 
 Sesuncia 
 
 Sesunc. 
 
 An ounce and a half. 
 
 Sesquihora 
 
 Sesqh. 
 
 An hour and a half. 
 
 Sex 
 
 Sex 
 
 Six. 
 
 Sextus 
 
 Sext. 
 
 Sixth. 
 
 Si 
 
 Si 
 
 If. 
 
 Signa 
 
 Sig. 
 
 Write, or Mark (thou). 
 
 Signatur nomine proprio 
 
 Sig. nom. prop. 
 
 Let it be written upon with its 
 proper name. 
 
 Simul 
 
 Simul 
 
 Together. 
 
 Sine 
 
 Sin. 
 
 Without. 
 
 Singularum 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Of each 
 
 Singulorum 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Of each. 
 
 Si non valeat 
 
 Si non val. 
 
 If it does not answer. 
 
 Si opus sit 
 
 Si op. sit 
 
 If necessary. 
 
 Si veres permittant 
 
 Si vir. perm. 
 
 If the strength will bear it. 
 
 Sit 
 
 Sit 
 
 Let it be. 
 
 Solus 
 
 Sol. 
 
 Alone. 
 
 Solve 
 
 Solv. 
 
 Dissolve. 
 
 Solvo, Solvere 
 
 Solv. 
 
 To dissolve. 
 
 Solutus 
 
 Solut. 
 
 Dissolved. 
 
 Somnus 
 
 Somnus 
 
 Sleep. 
 
 Spiritus, -us 
 
 Spt. 
 
 Spirit. 
 
 Spiritus vini rectificatus 
 
 Spt. vin rect. 
 
 Rectified spirit of wine (i.e. Alco¬ 
 hol). 
 
 Spiritus vini tenuis 
 
 Spt. vin. ten. 
 
 Proof spirit. 
 
 Spiritus vinosus 
 
 Spt. vinos. 
 
 Ardent spirit (of any strength). 
 
 Statim 
 
 Stat. 
 
 Immediately. 
 
 Stet, or Stent 
 
 St. 
 
 Let it (or them) stand. 
 
 Stratum superstratum 
 
 S. S. S. 
 
 Layer upon layer. 
 
 Subactus 
 
 Subact. 
 
 Subdued. 
 
 Sub finem coctionis 
 
 Sub fin. coct. 
 
 When the boiling is nearly fin¬ 
 ished. 
 
 Subin de 
 
 vSubind. 
 
 Frequently. 
 
 Sumat talem 
 
 Sum. tal. 
 
 Let him take one like this. 
 
 Sume 
 
 Sum. 
 
 Take. 
 
 Sumat 
 
 4< 
 
 Let him take. 
 
 Sumatur 
 
 u 
 
 Let it be taken. 
 
 Sumantur 
 
 (< 
 
 Let them be taken. 
 
 Sumendus 
 
 u 
 
 To be taken. 
 
 Summitates 
 
 Summit. 
 
 The summits. 
 
 Superbibendo haustum 
 
 Sup. bib haust. 
 
 Drinking afterwards this draught. 
 
 Supra 
 
 Supra 
 
 Above. 
 
 Syrupus, -i 
 
 Syr. 
 
 Syrup. 
 
 Tabella 
 
 Tab. 
 
 A lozenge. 
 
 Talis 
 
 Tal. 
 
 Such a one. 
 
 Tempori dextro 
 
 Tempor. dext. 
 
 To the right temple. 
 
 Tempus, -oris 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Time, or Temple. 
 
 Ter 
 
 Ter 
 
 Thrice, or Three times. 
 
 Ter in die, or Ter die 
 
 T. i. d., or T. d. 
 
 Thrice daily. 
 
 Tere 
 
 Tere 
 
 Rub. 
 
 Tere simul 
 
 Tere sim. 
 
 Rub together. 
 
 Tero 
 
 Tero 
 
 I rub. 
 
 Tertius 
 
 Tert. 
 
 Third. 
 
LIST OF LATIN WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 699 
 
 . 
 
 Word or Phrase. 
 
 Contraction. 
 
 English Equivalent. 
 
 Tinctura 
 
 Tinct. or Tr. 
 
 Tincture. 
 
 Tincturae Herbarum Re- 
 
 Tinct. Herb. Recent. 
 
 Tinctures of Fresh Herbs. 
 
 centium 
 
 
 
 Tres 
 
 Tres 
 
 Three. 
 
 Triduum 
 
 Trid. 
 
 Three days. 
 
 Tritura 
 
 Trit. 
 
 Triturate. 
 
 Trochiscus, Trochisci 
 
 Troch. 
 
 A lozenge or troche, Lozenges or 
 troches. 
 
 Tussis 
 
 Tus 
 
 A cough. 
 
 Ultimo (or Ultima) prae- 
 
 Ult. praesc. 
 
 The last ordered. 
 
 scriptus 
 
 
 
 Una 
 
 Una 
 
 Together. 
 
 Uncia 
 
 Unc. or 3 
 
 An ounce. 
 
 Ut dictum 
 
 Ut diet. 
 
 As directed. 
 
 Utendum 
 
 Utend. 
 
 To be used. 
 
 Uto, Uti 
 
 Uto, Uti 
 
 To make use of. 
 
 Vas vitreum 
 
 Vas vit. 
 
 A glass vessel. 
 
 Vehiculum 
 
 Vehic. 
 
 A vehicle, or menstruum. 
 
 Vel 
 
 Vel 
 
 Or. 
 
 Venaesectio brachii 
 
 Venaesec. brach. 
 
 Bleeding in the arm. 
 
 Vesper, -eris 
 
 Vesp. 
 
 The evening. 
 
 Vices 
 
 Vic. 
 
 Turns. 
 
 Vinum 
 
 Vin. 
 
 Wine. 
 
 Vires 
 
 Vir. 
 
 Strength. 
 
 Vitellus 
 
 Vitel. 
 
 Yolk. 
 
 Vitello ovi Solutus 
 
 Vitel. ovi Sol. 
 
 Dissolved in the yolk of an egg. 
 
 Vitellus ovi 
 
 Vitel. ovi 
 
 Yolk of egg. 
 
 Vitreum, Vitrum 
 
 Vitr. 
 
 Glass. 
 
 Vomitione urgente 
 
 Vom. urg. 
 
 Vomiting being severe. 
 
 Note. —For the dangerous abbreviations, see an/e , page 443, under the title Pre¬ 
 scription Writing. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 Attention is particularly directed to the accentuation of words commonly mispronounced ; 
 as, for example, ac£tas, atropa, chimaphila ( kitna ), chloridum, codeia, conium, enema, 
 iodidum, radicis, ricinus, sinapis, syrupus, eczema, umbilicus, abdomen, bromidum, pare¬ 
 sis. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 The Verbs used in prescription writing are nearly all in the imperative mood, giving 
 directions to the compounder, and having their object in the accusative case. Such are— 
 
 Adde, add. 
 
 Cola , strain. 
 Divide, divide. 
 Extende, spread. 
 
 Fac, make. 
 
 Filtra , filter. 
 Afacera, macerate. 
 Mi see, mix. 
 
 Recipe , take. 
 Signa , write. 
 Solve, dissolve. 
 Tere, rub. 
 
 A few verbs are found in the subjunctive mood, taking their subject or predicate in the 
 nominative case. The most usual are— 
 
 Fiat, let be made. 
 
 Fiant , let be made. 
 Coletur , let be strained. 
 Coloretur, let be colored. 
 Sumatur , let be taken. 
 
 Bulliat, let boil. 
 
 Capiat, let take. 
 
 Detur, let be given. 
 Dividatur , let be divided. 
 Sit, let it be. 
 
700 
 
 PARTICIPLES-GENITIVE CASE ENDINGS. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Participles or Verbal Adjectives are occasionally used, and should agree with their 
 respective nouns in gender, number and case. Such are the following, viz.:— 
 
 Dividendus, -a, —um, to be divided. 
 
 Sumendus, -a, -um, to be taken. 
 
 Adhibendus, -a, -um, to be administered. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 Those in the first column require the noun following to be in the accusative case,— 
 those in the second column require the ablative case. 
 
 Ad, to, up to. Cum, with. 
 
 In. into Pro, for. 
 
 Supra, upon. Sine, without. 
 
 Ana, of each,—governs the genitive case. 
 
 Sundry Words and Phrases, in most frequent use. 
 
 Bene, well. 
 
 Bis, twice. 
 
 Dein, thereupon. 
 
 Et, and. 
 
 Gradatim, gradually. 
 Guttatim, by drops. 
 In dies, daily. 
 
 Da, give. 
 
 Non, not. 
 
 A T umerus, number. 
 Octarius, a pint. 
 Se/nel, once. 
 
 Simul, together. 
 Statim, at once. 
 Ter, thrice. 
 
 Quater, four times. 
 
 Ad saltirandum, to saturation. 
 
 Numero, to the number of. 
 
 Quantum sujjficiat, as much as necessary. 
 Pro re na/d, according to need. 
 
 In partes-czquales, into equal parts. 
 Redactus in pulveretn, let be pulverized. 
 Secundum artem, according to art. 
 
 Non Repetatur, let it not be repeated. 
 
 GENITIVE CASE ENDINGS, ETC. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 a 
 
 se 
 
 Cataplasma, Eneina, Physostigma, Aspidosperma and Gargarysma, all have the 
 genitive in -atis. Coca is unchanged, though the genitive Cocae is written by 
 some authorities. Folia is plural, gen. Foliorum. 
 
 us 
 
 um 
 
 os 
 
 on 
 
 i 
 
 Rhus, Rhois; Flos, Floris; Bos, Bovis; Linton, Lintonis; Erigeron, -ontis. 
 Fructus, Cornus, Quercus, Spiritus, Haustus, Potus, do not change, being of 
 4th declension. 
 
 as 
 
 atis 
 
 Asclepias, -adis ; Mas, Maris. 
 
 is 
 
 idis 
 
 Pulvis,-eris ; Arsenis, -itis; Phosphis, -itis; Sulphis, -itis, and all salts ending 
 'n -is, have genitive in -its. 
 
 o 
 
 onis 
 
 Mucilago, -inis; Ustilago, -inis ; Solidago, -inis. 
 
 1 
 
 -lis 
 
 Fel, Fellis; Mell, Mellis ; Sumbul, Sumbuli. 
 
 en 
 
 ps 
 
 rs 
 
 r 
 
 X 
 
 inis 
 
 pis 
 
 rtis 
 
 ris 
 
 cis 
 
 Words which do not change in the Genitive. 
 
 *Amyl. Catechu. Digitalis. Kino. 
 
 Azedarach. *Coca. Fructus. Matico. 
 
 Berberis. Cundurango. Haustus. Quercus. 
 
 Buchu. Cornus. Hydrastis. Sassafras. 
 
 Cannabis. Curare. Jaborandi. Sago. 
 
 Sinapis. Potus. Spiritus. 
 
 * But some authorities give Apiolum, -i; Sumbul,-i ; AmyI,Amylis; Coca,-ae. 
 
HYPODERMIC FORMUL/E. 
 
 701 
 
 HYPODERMIC FORMULAE. 
 
 Apomorphine. 
 
 R . Apomorphinae Muriat.. . . gr. j. 
 
 Div. in pulv. xvj. One to four in TTpxx 
 of water as required. 
 
 Aqua-puncture. 
 
 R. Aquae Destillatae, . . . . 3j. 
 Sig.— o ss- 3 j as an injection. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 R. Liq. Potassii Arsenitis, . . q. s. 
 Sig.—rrpij-x, hypodermically. 
 
 R . Liq. Arsen, et Hydr. Iodidi, q. s. 
 Sig.—rrpv-xx, hypodermically. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 R . Amyli Nitrit.,.3 j. 
 
 Sig.—rrpiij-v at a dose, which may be 
 repeated in x / 2 an hour if necessary. 
 
 Atropine. 
 
 R. Atropinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. ij. 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . . ^j. 
 
 Solve. Sig.— For hypodermic use, trpiij 
 
 = 8 r - "lb = S r - tzo- 
 
 Caffeine. 
 
 R. Caffeinae Citratis, . . . . gr. xxiv. 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . . 3j. 
 Solve. Sig.—trpxx contain gr. j. 
 
 Carbolic Acid. 
 
 R . Ac. Carbol. Purif., . . . . gr. x. 
 
 Aquae Destil., .^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—bbviij contain gr. of the 
 
 acid, which may be given up to gr. ij or iij. 
 
 Chloral. 
 
 R. Chloralis Hydratis, . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.3 j. 
 
 M. Sig.—tibxxx contain gr. xv of 
 
 Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 R. Chloroformi Purif., . . . ^ ss. 
 
 Sig.—trpv-xv can be used as one deep 
 injection. (See ante , page 623.) The 
 spirit is safer, in somewhat larger doses. 
 
 Coniine. 
 
 R. Coniinae Hydrobromat , . gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—rrpx contain gr. 
 
 Cocaine. 
 
 R . Cocainae Hydrochlorat., . gr. v. 
 ‘ Aquae Destillatae, .... 3j. 
 Solve. Sig.—trpvj contain gr. ss. 
 
 Curare. 
 
 R. Curarae (Merck), . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Acidi Acetici.npv. 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . ad rrpc. 
 
 M. et filtra. Sig—rrpx contain gr. T ^. 
 
 R. Curarinae Sulphat., . . . . gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.3 ss. 
 
 M. Sig.—trpiv contain gr. ^L. 
 
 Daturine. 
 
 IJ . Daturinae.gr. ss. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.^j. 
 
 Solve. Sig.—rr\qv contain gr. 
 Dose, trpiv-x. 
 
 Digitaline. 
 
 R . Digitalinae,.gr. ss 
 
 Alcoholis, 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.aa^ij. 
 
 Solve. Sig. — rrpiv contain gr. 
 Dose, rrpiv-viij. 
 
 Duboisine. 
 
 i 
 
 ! R. Duboisinae Sulphat., . . . gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.3j. 
 
 M. Sig.—trpiv contains gr. yiy. 
 
 Ergot and Ergotine. 
 
 R. Extr. Ergotae Fluid., . . . 3 ss. 
 Filtra. Sig.—Dose, rrpx. 
 
 R. Extracti Ergotae (Squibb), . 3j. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.3j. 
 
 Solve et filtra. Sig.—rrpx contain gr.j. 
 
 Dose, rrpx-xx. 
 
 Eserine. 
 
 R. Eserinae Hydrochlor., . .gr.j. 
 
 Aquae Destil.,.3 iv. 
 
 Solve. Sig.—npiv contain gr. 
 
702 
 
 HYPODERMIC FORMULAE. 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 R. Acidi Hydrocyan. Dil., q. s. 
 Sig.—rrpiv, a maximum dose. 
 
 Hyoscyamine. 
 
 R. Hyoscyaminae,.gr. j. 
 
 Ac. Sulphur. Dil., .... Trpv. 
 Aquae Destil.,.3J. 
 
 M. Sig.—IT^v contain gr. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 R. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr., . . gr. j. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—rrpx contain gr. Hg. 
 
 R . Hydrarg. Chlor. Corrosivi, 
 
 Ammonii Chloridi, . . aagr. iij. 
 Misce et solve in— 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, .... £jss. 
 Dein adde— 
 
 Albuminis Ovi,.^jss. 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . . 3 v. 
 Filtra, et adde— 
 
 Aquae Destil., . . . q.s. c^^x. 
 
 Sig.—try contains gr. ^o- Dose, rryij-x. 
 
 R . Hydrarg. et Sodii Iodidi, . gr. iij. 
 Aquae Destillatae, .... 3 iijss. 
 Solve. Sig.—trpx contain gr. Dose, 
 tr^x every second day. 
 
 Morphine. 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulphatis. . . . gr. xvj. 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . . §j- 
 Solve et filtra. Sig.—rrpvijss contain 
 
 gr. {Magendie's.) 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. xvj. 
 
 Acidi Carbolici,.rryiij. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.^j. 
 
 Solve et filtra. Sig.—rqvijss contain 
 gr. y(. {Antiseptic, A/agendie's.) 
 
 Morphine and Atropine. 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. xvj. 
 Atropinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. ss. 
 
 Acidi Carbolici,.rryiij. 
 
 Aquae Destillat.,.j 
 
 Solve et filtra. Sig.—trpvijss contain gr. 
 of Morphine Sulph., and gr. of 
 Atropine Sulphate. {Potter.') 
 
 R. Morphinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. xxiv. 
 Atropinae Sulphatis, . . . gr. j. 
 
 01 . Amygdalae Amar., . . git. j. 
 Aquae Destillat.,.^ij. 
 
 Solve. Sig.—rr^x contain gr. of 
 Morphine Sulphate, and gr. ^ of Atropine 
 Sulphate. {Didama's Solution .) 
 
 Pilocarpine. 
 
 R. Pilocarpinae Nitratis, , . . gr. xvj. 
 Aquae Destillat., .... ^j. 
 
 M. Sig.—rqv contain gr. * 4 - 
 
 Potassium Iodide. 
 
 R. Potassii Iodidi,.3 j. 
 
 Aquae Fontanae,.^iv. 
 
 Solve. Sig.—Dose, rrpvj-xx. 
 
 Quinine. 
 
 R. Quininae Disulph., . . . . gr. 1 (50). 
 Ac. Sulphurici Dil., . . . rqc(ioo). 
 
 Ac. Carbolici.rrpv (5). 
 
 Aquae Fontanae,. p > ). 
 
 Solve. Sig.— ^j contains gr. vj. {Lente). 
 Is irritant. (B.) 
 
 R. Quininae Hydrobrom., . . gr. xlviij. 
 Aquae Destillat., .... ^iv. 
 Solve. Sig.—rtqxx contain gr. iv. 
 
 R. Quininae Bimur. Carbamidat., 
 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . aa^iv. 
 Solve. Sig.—Ttpx contain gr. v. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 R. Strychninae Sulphat., . . . gr. j. 
 Aquae Destillatae, . . . . j|j. 
 
 Solve sine alcohol. Sig.—TTLx contain 
 
 g r - ?V 
 
 R . Strychninae Sulphatis, . . gr. j. 
 Aquae Destillatae, .... trpccl. 
 Solve. Sig.—rrpv contain gr. Dose, 
 rr^v-viij. 
 
 Notes. —Solutions for hypodermic use should be neutral in reaction, neither acid nor 
 alkaline; and freshly prepared, especially solutions of the alkaloids, which develop a 
 penicillium , which grows at the expense of the alkaloid. Aqua Fontana , if filtered, is a 
 better menstruum than Aqua Destillata which has been kept for a week, and frequently 
 exposed to the atmosphere. To run the least risk of producing a sore at the point of 
 
CHLORODYNE. 
 
 703 
 
 injection, use very fine needles, and deliver the injection into the areolar tissue beneath 
 the skin, instead of into the skin, as lay parties generally do for themselves. I have given 
 injections of Morphine and Atropine to a dying girl 3 and 4 times daily fo r two months, 
 and never produced a sore. Always force out all fluid, and wipe the needle-point dry 
 between the fingers, before returning it to the case; the sebaceous matter on the fingers 
 keeping it free from rust. There is an area of several inches square, on the upper and 
 exterior aspect of the thigh, just below the great trochanter of the femur, which is 
 remarkably insensible, being sparingly supplied with cutaneous nerves. (See Fig. 307, 
 Gray’s Anatomy, 10th English edition.) An injection delivered in this area will not be 
 felt by the patient. Avoid puncturing a vein ; if you do so, watch the patient and pre¬ 
 pare an injection containing gr. Jg- of Atropine Sulphate, to administer if dangerous 
 symptoms arise. Never, except under special circumstances, administer the salts of Mor¬ 
 phine or Atropine hypodermically to children less than 15 years of age. 
 
 CHLORODYNE. 
 
 A COMPARISON OF ITS INGREDIENTS, ACCORDING TO TEN FORMULAE 
 THEREFOR, THE QUANTITIES BEING CALCULATED FOR EACH 
 FORMULA TO A FOUR-OUNCE MIXTURE, OR rq, 1920. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Quantity of each article 
 
 in a 5 iv mixture as per the formula of 
 
 Squire, P.* 
 
 Smith, Edw.f 
 
 Chandler.J 
 
 U. S. Disp. 
 
 Nat’l Disp. 
 
 * 
 
 ■in 
 
 o’ 
 
 0 
 
 & 
 
 G 
 
 Oh' 
 
 d 
 
 $ 
 
 Bartholow. 
 
 Gilman. 
 
 Brit Phar.ff 
 
 Morphine Muriate, . . . 
 
 gr. 
 
 1 
 
 l 6 
 
 l 6 
 
 32 
 
 33/4 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 I 3 1 u 
 
 4 Fs 
 
 4 
 
 Chloroform,. 
 
 m 
 
 236 
 
 192 
 
 240 
 
 372 
 
 375 
 
 207 
 
 240 
 
 247 
 
 62 
 
 240 
 
 Chloral,. 
 
 gr- 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ether,. 
 
 m 
 
 59 
 
 96 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 62 
 
 
 60 , 
 
 Cannabis Indica, Tinct., . 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 00 
 
 250 
 
 207 
 
 20 
 
 
 • • 
 
 , # 
 
 Cannabis Indica, Extr., . 
 
 gr. 
 
 , 
 
 . , 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid, 2 p. c., 
 
 in 
 
 118 
 
 192 
 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 90 
 
 123 
 
 62 
 
 120 
 
 Ol. Menthae Pip , . . . . 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 l6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 Capsicum, Fluid Extr., . 
 
 m 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Capsicum, Tinct., .... 
 
 in 
 
 
 290 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 120 
 
 , . 
 
 62 
 
 . . 
 
 Capsicum, Oleo-res., . . 
 
 m 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alcohol,. 
 
 m 
 
 236 
 
 
 810 
 
 994 
 
 IOIO 
 
 690 
 
 . 
 
 247 
 
 495 
 
 240 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid, . . . 
 
 in 
 
 . 
 
 
 . j. 
 
 126 
 
 62 
 
 . 
 
 30 
 
 . , 
 
 
 
 Sugar, Burnt,. 
 
 gr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 Glycvrrhizae, Extr., . . . 
 
 gr. 
 
 *47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 154 
 
 
 240 
 
 Acacia, Mixture, . . . 
 
 HI 
 
 . . 
 
 3 8 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tragacanth, Mucil., . . . 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9°3 
 
 
 
 
 Theriaca, or Syr. Fusci, . 
 
 in 
 
 236 
 
 760 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 150 
 
 247 
 
 
 240 ; 
 
 Syrup.,. 
 
 m 
 
 . . 
 
 760 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 992 
 
 744 
 
 q. s 
 
 Glycerin,. 
 
 in 
 
 1033 
 
 . . 
 
 818 
 
 
 
 760 
 
 
 . 
 
 495 
 
 
 Aqua,. 
 
 m 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 126 
 
 128 
 
 * * 
 
 240 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 Total No. of Minims, . . 
 
 • • 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 • 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 1920 
 
 Adult Dose,. 
 
 m 
 
 5-10 
 
 5 - 3 ° 
 
 * * 
 
 3 _I ° 
 
 5-5 
 
 5-30 
 
 5-30 
 
 5-15 
 
 60 
 
 5-io 
 
 Morphine in Tflxv, .... 
 
 gr. 
 
 1 
 
 T 55 
 
 V& 
 
 Ls 
 
 
 x /4 
 
 Iff 
 
 Vs 
 
 1 
 
 T2S 
 
 35 
 
 !S 5 
 
 Note. —See ante, page 169, for remarks on this preparation, and the number of formulae representing it_ 
 * Author of “ A Companion to the Br. Pharmacopoeia.” 
 f See Hartshorne’s “ Essentials,” 5th ed., p. 625. 
 
 \ Made by Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis. ** Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit. 
 
 '[2d ed., page 430. ff Tinct. Chloroformi et Morphinae, B. P. 
 
704 
 
 PATENT MEDICINES. 
 
 PATENT MEDICINES. 
 
 Note. —These formulae have been published from time to time in various journals and 
 formularies, and are supposed to represent the preparations designated. The name of 
 the author is appended in each case when known. 
 
 Alcoholic Strength of Quack Bitters. 
 
 Hostetter,.43-20 
 
 Drake Plantation,.30.24 
 
 Rush,.34-20 
 
 Peruvian,.22.40 
 
 Hoofland,.20.85 
 
 Oxygenated.19.23 
 
 California Wine Bitters, .... 18.20 
 
 Walker’s Vinegar Bitters,.7.20 
 
 Ayer’s Ague Cure. 
 
 This, according to Churchill’s analysis, is 
 alleged to consist of a syrupy tincture of 
 Peruvian Bark with Aromatics, each bottle | 
 holding six fluid ounces, and each fluid 
 ounce containing 3.2 grains of amorphous 
 Cinchona alkaloids, 3 grains Cinchonia, 0.7 
 grain Cinchonidia, 0.8 grain Quinia, and 
 I grain of Quinidia. 
 
 Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral. 
 
 R. Morphnue Acetat., . . . . gr. iij. 
 Vini Antim. et Potass. Tartrat., 
 Vini Ipecacuanhae, . . aa^iij. 
 Tinct. Sanguinariae . . . 3 ij. 
 Syr. Pruni Virginian., . . ^ iij. 
 
 Ayer’s Pills. 
 
 Consist of Colocynth. Gamboge and 
 Aloes, coated with Starch and Sugar. 
 
 Ayer’s “ Recamier Balm.” 
 
 Zinc Oxide,.lbs. 5. 
 
 Glycerin,.dr. 2. 
 
 Alcohol, .oz. 2. 
 
 Mercuric Chloride, . . oz. 4. 
 
 Distilled Water, .... qts. 64. 
 
 (.Boston He?'a Id.') 
 
 Ayer’s “ Recamier Cream.” 
 
 Rice Flour,.oz. 48. 
 
 Zinc Oxide,.oz. 60. 
 
 Glycerin,.oz. 640. 
 
 Cocoa Butter,.oz. 48. 
 
 Lard,. oz. 48. 
 
 Mercuric Chloride, . . . oz. 4 
 
 Make 32 pints. [Boston He?'ald.') 
 
 Ayer’s Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Alcohol, .fl. oz. 3 
 
 Pluid Extr. of Sarsaparilla, fl. oz. 3 
 Fluid Extr. of Stillingia, . fl. oz. 3 
 P'luid Extr. of Yellow Dock, fl. oz. 2 
 Fluid Extr. of Podophyllum, fl. oz. 2 
 
 Sugar,. oz. I 
 
 Iodide of Potassium, . . grs. 90, 
 
 Iodide of Iron,.grs. 10. 
 
 Mix. 
 
 Ayer’s “Vita Nuova.” 
 
 Cocaine, .gr. 8. 
 
 Pepsin (golden scale), . . gr. 48. 
 
 Port Wine,.gall. 1. 
 
 [Bosto?i Herald.') 
 
 Brandreth’s Pills. 
 
 R . Podophylli Radicis, . . gr. x. 
 Extracti Podophylli, . . gr. x. 
 Extr. Phytolacca; Baccse, gr. xxx. 
 
 Pulv. Caryophylli, . . . gr. x. 
 
 Cambogiae,.gr. ij-v. 
 
 01. Mentha; Piperitse, . . npiij. 
 Croci, gr. ij. 
 
 Misce, fiat masse, et div. in pil.*xxiv. 
 
 [Hager.) 
 
 Castoria 
 
 is a mixture of Senna, Pumpkin-seed, 
 Anise, Levant Wormseed, Rochelle Salts, 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, Sugar, Od Gaultheria, 
 Oil Peppermint, and Water. 
 
 [Deutsch Am. Apothek. Zeil.) 
 
 “ Double Chloride of Gold.” 
 
 For drunkenness and the opium habit. 
 The composition is said to be as follows:— 
 
 R. Chloride of Ammonium, . gr. 1. 
 
 Aloin,.gr. 2. 
 
 Compound Tincture of 
 
 Cinchona.fl. 5 3. 
 
 Water, sufficient to make, fl. 5 4. 
 
 Ely’s Cream Balm 
 
 consists of Vaseline, 1 ounce ; Thymol, 3 
 grains; Carb. Bismuth, 15 grains; Oil Win- 
 tergreen, 2 minims. The directions are to 
 dip the little finger into the balm and insert 
 up the nostrils, giving two or three full in¬ 
 halations. [Medical Record.) 
 
PATENT MEDICINES. 705 
 
 Hamburg Tea. 
 
 $. Sennae Foliorum,.pt. viij. 
 
 Mannae,.pt. iv. 
 
 Coriandri,.pt. j. 
 
 Hamlin’s Wizard Oil. 
 
 R. Spt. Camphorae,.^j. 
 
 Spt. Ammonia, 
 
 Olei Sassafras, .... aa ^ ss. 
 
 Olei Caryophylli,.3 ij. 
 
 Chloroformi, 
 
 Olei Terebinthinae, . . aa 3 ss. 
 Alcoholis, ...... ad ^ v. 
 
 Helmbold’s Buchu. 
 
 Said to resemble the genuine. 
 
 Short Buchu,.oz. 9. 
 
 Uva Ursi,.oz. 4^. 
 
 Licorice root,.dr. 10. 
 
 Macerate in 9 pints of boiling water, 
 
 strain and add— 
 
 Caramel,.. . oz. 2. 
 
 Molasses,.oz. 8. 
 
 Mix well and add — 
 
 Cubeb (fluid extract) . . . oz. 5. 
 
 Alcohol,.pts. 2. 
 
 Peppermint Oil,.oz. 1. 
 
 Water, sufficient to make . pts. 12. 
 
 ( Lillard's Prac. Hints and Formula.} 
 
 Holloway’s Pills. 
 
 R Aloes, powdered,.gr. 36. 
 
 Jalap, powdered, 
 
 Ginger, powdered, 
 
 Myrrh, powdered, of each, gr. 18. 
 Mix. 
 
 Hostetter’s Bitters. 
 
 R. Sacchari Albi, 
 
 Aurantii Corticis, 
 
 Calami, 
 
 Cinchona?, 
 
 Gentianae, 
 
 Calumbae,.aa Ihj. 
 
 Rhei Pulv.,.3 iv. 
 
 Cinnamomi, .^ ij. 
 
 Caryophylli,.3 j. 
 
 Alcoholis Diluti,.C ij. 
 
 ( Med. Bulletin , 1884.) 
 
 Laville’s Gout Mixture. 
 
 Calcium Chloride, Chinoi- 
 
 din, each.grm. 5- 
 
 Extract Colocynth, . . . grm, 2.5 
 
 Water,.grm. 85. 
 
 Alcohol,.grm. 100. 
 
 Spanish Wine,.grm. 800. 
 
 Made into a solution. A pill of very 
 complicated composition is used in connec¬ 
 tion with the gout remedy. ( Hager .) 
 
 See also page 185, ante. 
 
 Morrison’s Pills. 
 
 Powdered Colocynth, . 
 
 • • gr- 
 
 3 - 
 
 Powdered Gamboge. . 
 
 . . gr. 
 
 6. 
 
 Powdered Aloes, . . 
 
 • - g r - 
 
 9 - 
 
 Cream of Tartar, . . . 
 
 . • gr- 
 
 12. 
 
 Syrup enough for 12 pills. Serious re¬ 
 sults are often produced by large doses of 
 these pills. 
 
 Orange Blossom. 
 
 Zinc Sulphate,.gr. 60. 
 
 Alum,.gr- 15 - 
 
 Oil Almond Exp., . . . . gr. 90. 
 
 Extract Hyoscyamus, . . . gr. 1. 
 
 White Wax,.gr. 30. 
 
 Oil Theobroma,.gr. 180. 
 
 Made into oblong suppositories, one inch 
 long, one and a half wide and half an inch 
 thick, weighing 32 grains each. 
 
 Perry Davis’s Pain Killer. 
 
 Tinct. Capsici, 
 
 . 3 J- 
 
 Spt. Camphorae, . 
 
 . 3 'j- 
 
 Guaiaci Resinae, . 
 
 • - - • 3 SS - 
 
 Alcoholis, . . , 
 
 .1 iij 
 
 Tinct. Myrrhae, q. 
 
 s. ad coloret. 
 
 Pierce’s Favorite Prescription. 
 
 R . Sabinae, Cinchonce, 
 
 Agarici Albi, .... aa ^ij. 
 
 Cinnamomi,.gr. xv. 
 
 Coq. in aq. suff., ut ft. decoct. 5 viij. 
 Deinde cola, et adde— 
 
 Sacchari Albi,.3SS. 
 
 Acaciae,. 3 J- 
 
 Solve, et addantur— 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deodorat., 
 
 Tinct. Digitalis, ... aa 3 ss. 
 
 01 . Anisi, gtt. viij, in Alco¬ 
 holis, .5j ss ‘ 
 
 Misce. (Hager.) 
 
 45 
 
7 o6 
 
 PATENT MEDICINES. 
 
 Pierce’s Golden Discovery. 
 
 R. Ext. Lactuci,.g j. 
 
 Mellis,.. . . ^j. 
 
 Tinct. Opii Deodorat., . . % ss. 
 
 Alcoholis Diluti. g iij. 
 
 Aquae,.5 iij. 
 
 {Hager.') 
 
 Radam’s “Microbe-Killer.” 
 
 Oil of Vitriol (impure), . . dr. 4. 
 Muriatic Acid (impure), . . dr. 1. 
 
 Red Wine,.oz. 1. 
 
 Water,.gall. 1. 
 
 (. Eckels.) 
 
 Radway’s Ready Relief. 
 
 R. Tinct. Capsici, 
 
 Aquae Ammoniae, 
 
 Alcoholis,.aa ijj. 
 
 Linimenti Saponis, . . . . Jiij. 
 
 M. ( Hager .) 
 
 Radway’s Resolvent. 
 
 R. Vini Zingiberis, 
 
 Vini Cardamomi, ... aa 3 iij. 
 
 Sacchari Albi,.q. s. 
 
 M. ( Hager .) 
 
 Sage’s Catarrh Remedy. 
 
 R . Salis Culinaris(Sodii Chlor.), partes xx. 
 Pulv. Camphorae, .... part. j. 
 
 Acidi Carbolici,.part. j. 
 
 M.—To be dissolved in water and either 
 injected or sniffed up the nose. 
 
 R . Pulv. Hydrastis Canadensis, partes v. 
 
 Pulv. Indigo,.part. y 2 . 
 
 Pulv. Camphorae, 
 
 Acidi Carbolici, . . . aa partes ij. 
 
 Sodii Chloridi,.partes L. 
 
 M. (New Remedies.') 
 
 Sanford’s Catarrh Cure. 
 
 According to an analysis made by Prof. 
 A. B. Lyons for the Neza Idea , this prepa¬ 
 ration is composed of distilled extract of 
 Witch-hazel, containing a little Alcohol and 
 Glycerin and some Morphine. The pro¬ 
 portions of the constituents were not de¬ 
 termined. (Nat. Druggist.) 
 
 St. Jacob’s Oil — Contimied. 
 Another, perhaps more nearly correct:— 
 
 Gum Camphor,.oz. 1. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate,.oz. 1. 
 
 Chloroform,.oz. 1. 
 
 Sulphuric Ether,.oz. 1. 
 
 Tinct. of Opium,.oz. y 2 . 
 
 Oil of Origanum,. oz. y. 
 
 Oil of Sassafras,.oz. y. 
 
 Alcohol,.gal. y 2 . 
 
 Dissolve the Gum Camphor in the Oils 
 and Alcohol, then add the other ingredients. 
 
 Squibb says that it is a weak Aconite 
 Liniment, also containing Ether, Alcohol, 
 Turpentines, red coloring matter, and water. 
 
 (Ephemeris, p. 114.) 
 
 Swift’s Specific “ S. S. S.” 
 
 Fluid Extr. of Smilax Sarsaparilla, 16 parts. 
 Fluid Extr. of Stillingia Sylvatica, 16 parts. 
 Fluid Extr. of Lappa Minor, . .16 parts. 
 Fluid Extr. of Phytolacca Decan- 
 
 dra,.16 parts. 
 
 Tinct. of Xanthoxylum Carolini- 
 
 anum,.8 parts. 
 
 (Registered Pharmacist.) 
 
 Stearns’ New Idea gives the following : 
 Stillingia, Pokeroot and Sarsaparilla, with 
 Nitrate of Potash and a small quantity of 
 Iron and enough Alcohol to preserve it. 
 
 Tamar Indien. 
 
 According to the Report de Pharmacie, 
 the formula for this preparation is as fol¬ 
 lows :— 
 
 Tamarind (pulp), 450; powd. Sugar, 
 40; powd. Sugar-of-milk, 60; pure Gly¬ 
 cerin, 50 (all parts). Mix and evaporate 
 to the consistence of a soft extract, then 
 add powd. Anise, 10 ; Ess. Lemon, 3 ; Tar¬ 
 taric Acid, 3 (all parts). Mix and divide 
 into 100 boluses. Roll in the following 
 mixture: Cream of Tartar, 5 ; White Su¬ 
 gar, 35 ; Sugar-of milk, 35 ; Tragacanth, 2 ; 
 Tartaric Acid, 2; powd. Red Sandal, 25 
 (all parts). Dry and put up in tin foil. 
 
 (American Druggist.) 
 
 St. Jacob’s Oil. 
 
 Said to be composed as follows :— R . 
 
 Sulphuric Ether.oz. 3. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine, . . . . oz. 50. 
 
 Oil of Origanum,.oz. 3. 
 
 Oil of Lavender,.oz. 1. 
 
 Alkanet Root, sufficient to color. 
 
 Thompson’s Eye-Water. 
 
 Sulphate of Copper, . . . gr. 10. 
 Sulphate of Zinc, . . . . gr. 40. 
 
 Rose-water,.pints 2. 
 
 Tincture of Saffron, .... drchm. 4. 
 Tincture of Camphor, . . . drchm. 4. 
 Mix and filter. 
 
THE TREATMENT OF POISONING. 
 
 707 
 
 Van Buskirk’s Sozodont. 
 
 R. Saponis Albi,. g ss. 
 
 Alcoholis,. 
 
 Aquae.3 vj 
 
 Glycerini,.spj. 
 
 Olei Gaultheriae, 
 
 Olei Caryophylli, 
 
 Olei Menthae Piperitae, 
 
 aa q. s. ad saporem grat. 
 Cocci Cacti, q. s. ad coloret. 
 
 R . Calcis Praecipitat., 
 
 Magnesia Carbonatis, 
 
 Indis Florent. Radicis, 
 
 aa p. aeq. 
 
 M. et trit. ( Hoffmann .) 
 
 Walker’s Vegetable Vinegar Bitters. 
 
 R. Aloes Socotrin.,.5 ij. 
 
 Guaiaci Resinae, . . . . 3 iv. 
 
 Sassafras Mucil., . . . . ^j. 
 
 Aceti,.3 ij. 
 
 Aquae,.q. s. 
 
 Coque, et ft. decoctum, ad 5 xix, 
 deinde cola, et addantur— 
 
 Walker’s Bitters— Continued. 
 
 Sodii Sulphatis, . . . 
 
 Acaciae,. 
 
 Spt. Anisi, 10 p. c., . 
 
 Alcoholis,. 
 
 M. Dose 5 ij. 
 
 5 J* 
 .3U- 
 7 > 0 * 
 
 *7 • 
 
 SJ- . 
 
 (. Eberbach .) 
 
 Warner’s Safe Kidney and Liver Cure. 
 
 It is said to be made after a formula of 
 which the following is a close approxima¬ 
 tion:— 
 
 R. Hepatica (herb), . . . . oz. j. 
 
 Boiling Water,.pt. j. 
 
 Make an infusion; strain and 
 dissolve in it: — 
 
 Extract of Taraxacum, . . oz. y 2 . 
 Nitrate of Potassium, . . gr. 320. 
 Cool and add [the following 
 mixture] : — 
 
 Alcohol, .fl. oz. 2 ]/ 2 . 
 
 Glycerin, .fl.oz .\]/ 2 . 
 
 Ess. of Gaultheria, . , . drops 40. 
 
 Water enough to make one pint. 
 
 This formula is furnished by a correspond¬ 
 ent of the Deutsche-A?nericanische Apothe- 
 ker Zeitung (in No. 5 of 1884). 
 
 [Am. Druggist.) 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF POISONING. 
 
 The most energetic poisons are Hydrocyanic Acid, some reptile poisons, Strychnine, 
 and Nicotine. (See pages 67, 288, 381.) Those usually selected for criminal purposes 
 are Arsenic, Colchicum, and Tartarized Antimony, the symptoms of which resemble those 
 of natural disease. 
 
 General Principles of Treatment. JeauneVs General Antidote. —R. Liq. Ferri 
 Sulphaiis (sp. gr. 1.45) 3 ij ss; Magnesite Calcinat. 5 ij; Carbonis Animalis 3 j; Aquae 
 
 xx. The ingredients should be kept separate—the solution of the sulphate in one ves¬ 
 sel, the others together. When needed, the former should be added to the latter and 
 violently agitated. Dose, ^jss to 3 iij. This is a perfect antidote to Arsenic, Zinc, Digi- 
 taline, etc. It delays the action of salts of Copper, Morphine and Strychnine, and slightly 
 influences compounds of Mercury. It is valueless for Cyanide of Mercury, Tartar Emetic, 
 Hydrocyanic Acid, Phosphorus, or the caustic Alkalies. 
 
 Bellini, of Florence, considers the Iodide of Starch a valuable antidote to alkaline 
 Sulphides, earthy Sulphides, vegetable and caustic Alkalies, and Ammonia. In the first 
 two cases, he considers it superior to all other antidotes. 
 
 A fresh mixture of the Sulphide of Iron, Magnesia, and the Sulphide of Sodium, is a 
 perfect antidote for salts of Copper, the Bichloride of Mercury (Corr. Sub.), and the 
 Cyanide of Mercury. 
 
 If the nature of the poison is unknown, a harmless yet in most cases effectual antidote 
 is: R. Magnesiae, Carbonis Ligni, Ferri Oxidi Hydrati, aa partes sequales; Aquae q. s. 
 Give ad libitum. 
 
 Castile Soap, dissolved in 4 times its bulk of hot water, drunk by the cupful, is one of 
 the best remedies in many cases, especially poisoning with metals, corrosive acids or cor¬ 
 rosive vegetable substances. It is injurious in cases of alkali poisoning. 
 
 Albumen. White of egg, dissolved in water, is especially useful for metallic substances. 
 
yo8 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF POISONING. 
 
 Vinegar, for alkalies, and many narcotics. Coffee, made strong (black), in general anti¬ 
 doting narcotic poisons. Camphor , the principal antidote to all vegetable poisons, espe¬ 
 cially the corrosive. Afilk, Oil , Mucilaginous Substances , for corrosive acids, and alkalies. 
 Charcoal , for Arsenic, Corrosive Sublimate, etc. 
 
 E/nelics.—Zinc Sulphate is the best(R.); gr. v-^ss; is non-nauseating. Apomor- 
 phine , gr. hypodermically, when narcosis prevents administration by stomach. For 
 children, Antim. Tart. gr. in a little sweetened water. Use but little water in mixing 
 the antidotes. 
 
 Antidote Bag, designed by Martindaleof London, contains the following-named articles, 
 labeled with directions for use, viz.— 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Dialysed 
 Syrup of Chloral. 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Spt. Chloroformi. 
 
 Spt. Ammonise Aromat. 
 Oil of Turpentine. 
 Acetic Acid. 
 
 Tinct. Digitalis. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 Zinc Sulphate. 
 Ipecacuanha. 
 Potassium Bromide. 
 
 Calcined Magnesia. 
 
 Tannic Acid. 
 
 Also a Hypodermic Syringe and Solutions therefor of— 
 
 Morphine Acetate. » Pilocarpine Nitrate. 
 
 . 0 . , . Apomorphine. ~ , K 
 
 Atropine Sulphate. r r Strychnine Nitrate. 
 
 Acids. Alkalies , for those least irritating. Magnesium Oxide, Slaked Lime , chalk, 
 or magnesia; plaster from wall, with water, milk, oil, white of egg. Bland mucilaginous 
 and oily fluids, and poultices (R.). Acetic. — Magnesia, or its carbonates. Arsenious; 
 see Arsenic. Carbolic. —Stomach-pump; a strong solution of the official Syrup of Lime. 
 Magnesium or Sodium Sulphate, up to 2; iij, to form a sulpho-carbolate, is a very efficient 
 antidote. Atropine is a good physiological antagonist (B.). Characteristic symptoms, 
 very dark, black urine. When used locally to excess, apply a strong solution of Sodium 
 Carbonate; also as a wash for the mouth, if necessary. Carbonic; see Gas. Hydro¬ 
 cyanic (Dilute).—rt^xl have killed. Ammonia, in any form ; cold douche ; Calcium or 
 Sodium Chloride, gtt. xxx-xl, in water; Aqua Chlori is the antidote. Inhalations of 
 Chlorine or Ammonia; artificial respiration. Muriatic, Nitric, or Sulphuric. —Albu¬ 
 men, Carbonate of Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, or Sodium, Chalk, Soap, or whiting, 
 in milk ; Oil. No water in Sulphuric cases. Oxalic. — Calcium Carbonate the antidote 
 (R.); Magnesium Oxide (R.). Prepared Chalk, plaster from ceiling, or common whiting, 
 made into a creamy paste with a little water. Bland mucilaginous drinks, and pouliices 
 to the abdomen. Avoid potash or soda, and all alkaline carbonates. “ Salts of Lemon,” 
 or of “ Sorrel,” is Potassium Oxalate, used for removing ink stains; it should be treated 
 as Oxalic Acid. 
 
 Aconite (compare Belladonna). Stimulants, emetics, Castor-oil or other purgatives; 
 powdered animal Charcoal, in water; coffee. Bland fluids, and poultices, for abdominal 
 irritation. Digitalis, to restore heart’s action (Fothergill). 
 
 Alcohol. [Compare Alcoholism and Delirium Tremens in Part III.] Cold water 
 smartly sprinkled over face, or cold douche from a height on the head (R.). Stomach- 
 pump; warmth to cardiac and gastric regions, and extremities. Artificial respiration. 
 
 Alkaloids. Tannic Acid, holds a high place (P.). 
 
 Alkalies. Dilute Acids, especially Vegetable Acids; fixed oils (R.). Vinegar unites 
 with them, producing innocuous acetates (L.). 
 
 Alum. Ammonium, or Potassium Carbonates, etc. 
 
 Ammonium. ( Common Sources of Danger, Spt. of Hartshorn, Smelling Salts, 
 Liquor Ammonise kept for cleaning purposes by housekeepers.) Vinegar, Lemon-juice, 
 Orange-juice, followed by demulcents. If vapor has been inspired, inhale Acetic or 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Antimony. Alkalies, Tannin, or strong tea and coffee (R.). Astringent infusions; 
 Magnesium and Sodium Carbonates; milk; large draughts of warm water; emesis by 
 tickling; Magnesia in milk, especially for Chloride of Antimony. Tannic Acid especially 
 valuable (P ) 
 
 Arsenic (Arsenious Acid). Gr. ij have been fatal. Magnesium Bicarbonate , or other 
 alkalies (R.). Charcoal 5 ss, or more (R.). Magnesium Oxide (R.). Emesis by Zinc 
 Sulphate (avoid tartar emetic), or by feather tickling. Albumen. Oil and Lime-water 
 mixed (Ta)lor), before and after emesis. Milk or other bland fluids to aid emesis in 
 
THE TREATMENT OF POISONING. 
 
 709 
 
 washing stomach. Castor-oil after emesis. Linseed tea and Magnesia. Dialysed Iron 
 is a good antidote, especially for chronic poisoning. After free emesis, the Ferri Oxidum 
 Hydratum (add Liq. Ammon, to Tinct. of Iron) ; Ferri Subcarbonaie just as good; 5 ij 
 followed by 01 . Ricini (Leale); or Hydrated Magnesia; or Magnesia and sugar (Carl), 
 as antidotes. Poultices and fomentations over abdomen. Common sources of danger are 
 arsenical wall-papers, arsenic mistaken for “ salts ” or “ magnesia,” or adulterated confec¬ 
 tionery; Paris Green (Aceto-Arsenite of Copper) taken with suicidal intent. 
 
 Barium. Fixed oils; Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, or Sodium Sulphates. 
 
 Belladonna, or Atropine. (Compare Aconite). Opium a direct antidote, gtt. iij-v 
 or more. Brandy, astringent infusions, Coffee. Cold to head, electricity, flagellation, 
 pepper. Alkalies, especially Magnesium Bicarbonate, in p nsoning by alkaloids (R.). 
 Ammonia , breathed into air-passages (R.). Charcoal, 3 ss or more necessary (R.). Phy- 
 sosligma possibly (R.). 
 
 Bees and Insects. Aq. Ammonias, solution of Sodium Bicarb., or Chloride, or Car¬ 
 bolic Acid, applied to the wound ; or rr^xv of a 2 per cent, s flution hypodermically, Liq. 
 Ammon. Acetatis internally. [Compare Stings, in main Index, Part III.] 
 
 Cannabis Indica. Stimulation by Brandy, evacuation of stomach, Strychnine and 
 Faradic Electricity are antagonistic, also Lemon-juice freely. 
 
 Camphor. Stimulants, as wine, and Opium. 
 
 Cantharis. Emesis. No oils, but oleaginous injections into bladder. Warm bath, 
 Camphor, Milk copiously, Broths, Enemata of demulcents, Opium. 
 
 Chloral. Strychnine, the antidote (R.). Hot bath, or pack, frictions, stimulants, arti¬ 
 ficial respiration. Coffee, fresh air, warmth over cardiac region. In fact, the treatment 
 of narcoti-m. 
 
 Chlorine. After emesis with warm water, give milk, white of egg, flour and water, 
 or Lime-water; Aqua Ammonite. 
 
 Chloroform, or Ether. Fresh air, cold effusions, flagellation, coffee, electricity, arti¬ 
 ficial respiration. Amyl A T itrite, as antidote (Schuller). Atropine, hypodermically as 
 antagonist to Ether (Amidon in N. Y. Med. Record, May 2d, 1885); is equally efficient 
 in chloroform narcosis, as I have found by experience (Potter). Invert patient, draw tongue 
 well forward with forceps, then compress and relax chest; the position to be maintained 
 until breath and pulse are good (Nelaton). Ice in rectum. Faradization of respiratory 
 muscles. If swallowed, use stomach-pump, then Ammonia and warmth. Liq. Ammon. 
 injected ( rt^x-xl aq.) into veins,—Bartholow says unsuccessfully. 
 
 Colchicum. Treatment same as for Aconite. 
 
 Conium. Alcohol, etc.; external warmth after evacuation from stomach. 
 
 Copper. Albumen, gluten, milk, sugar, Potassium Ferrocyanide. No vinegar. In 
 absence of eggs, give a thin paste of flour and water. 
 
 Creasote. Mucilage, Oil, are antidotes. Ammonia when great depression. 
 
 Digitalis. The treatment is similar to that for Aconite. Emetics, brandy, horizontal 
 position; galvanism, in bad cases. 
 
 Fish. Capsicum, Chloroform, Potassium Chlorate freely; Liq. Ammon. Acet., Opium. 
 
 Gamboge. Potassium or Sodium Carbonate, or Magnesium in milk ; mucilaginous 
 drinks, Opium. 
 
 Gases. Carbonic Acid. —Galvanism, Oxygen inhaled ; artificial respiration indis¬ 
 pensable. Ammonia inhalations. Sponge with brandy or alcohol and water. Open air, 
 horizontal position, clothing removed, cold douche, hot water to feet, stimulants, frictions. 
 Subsequently, warm bed, open windows; Condy’s fluid about room ; stimulants sparingly ; 
 cold acid drinks ad libitum. Sulphuretted Hydrogen. — Chlorine Gas, well diluted 
 with common air. 
 
 Gelsemium. Galvanic current, stimulants, Brandy and Cayenne Pepper, warm baths, 
 frictions, hot bricks to feet. 
 
 Glass, coarse or in powder. —Much bread in crumbs to envelope it, then emetics. 
 
 Gold. Ferric Sulphate, Mucilage. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. See Belladonna. 
 
 Iodine. Starch or flour given in tepid water; white of egg and milk; free emesis, so 
 long as liquid rejected tinges blue a solution of starch. Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
7io 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF POISONING. 
 
 Iron. Carbonates of Ammonium and Sodium ; Magnesia ; Mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 Lead. Albumen, milk; alkalies especially Magnesium Bicarbonate (R.). Lukewarm 
 drinks, or Sulphates of Sodium or Magnesium, or freshly precipita’e i Ferric Sulphate (R.). 
 Promote vomiting; stomach-pump (R.). Sulphicric Acid and Magnesium Sulphate , for 
 the constipation. The cachexia is much relieved by a combination of Sulphate of Quinine, 
 Sulphate of Iron, and dilute Sulphuric Acid (B.). Potassium Iodide, gr. xv-xx 3 or 4 
 times each day (B.); as after eliminative, in chronic cases (R.). When great pain at 
 defecation give Extr. Belladon., gr. y%, Rhei, gr. ij, in pill twice daily (Da Costa). Alum, 
 the most effective agent for the colic. [See Colic for formula.] Or to a pint of boiling 
 milk add 90 grs. of alum, powdered ; separate the curd, and sweeten with sugar. Sig.— 
 A wineglassful every hour or two (B.) Electricity, in the paralysis (dropped wrist), a 
 slowly-interrupted current until it causes reaction. Cure to be completed by the faradic 
 current (B.). Strychnine, in paralysis, gives good results (B.). Sulphides, as baths, in 
 chronic form (R.). 
 
 Marked Diagnostic Signs. —Drop-wrist (paralysis of extensor muscles) ; dark-blue line 
 around edges of gums. 
 
 Lime. Calcium Chloride. Albumen, mucilaginous drinks, oils, milk, flour, and 
 water. No acids. 
 
 Mercury. Gr. iij of Corrosive Sublimate have proved fatal. Albumen, Yolk-of egg, 
 vegetable astringents, gluten, flour, milk; Potassium Iodide , as after-treatment. The 
 Hydrated Protosulphide of Iron, if given within twenty minutes, is said to be a chemical 
 antidote. Potassium Iodide, converts the metal into soluble combinat'ons (B.). Bismuth, 
 locally in salivation (B.). Sodium Sulphite, locally 3j-3J aquae (B.). Tannic Acid, 
 locally, as gargle in salivation. R. Acidi Tannici, 3 j, Mel. Rosae 3 ij, Aquae 3 vj. M. 
 Gargle (B.). Belladonna, to diminish secretion in ptyalism, v-x drops of tincture every 
 4 to 6 hours (B.). Hyoscyamine, for tremor, gr. 3L gradually to T C (Oulmont). Alkalies, 
 Bicarb, of Magnesium best (R.). Baths, simple or sulphurous (R.). Charcoal, 3 ss or 
 more necessary in poisoning by Corrosive Sublimate (R.). Cod-liver Oil, in chronic cases 
 (B.). Nitric Acid, gtt. ij of the dilute acid in water ter die; also gargles of lukewarm 
 watef, acidulated with same (R.). Sulphurous Acid, int. and as gargle (R-). 
 
 Mezereum. Albuminous and mucilaginous drinks; milk, oils, and fats; albuminous 
 enemata; cool poultices to abdomen; Opium. 
 
 Mushrooms. Emetics, if soon after ; Purgatives, if some time has elapsed. After 
 general treatment, Stimulants, unless inflammatory symptoms present themselves. Poul¬ 
 tices to abdomen. Tannic Acid has been recommended. 
 
 Opium or Morphine. Common Sources of Danger .—Soothing Syrups for quieting 
 of children. (The American Journal of Pharmacy estimates the loss from this cause at 
 150,000 every year.) Paregoric. Overdosing with Cough-mixtures. 
 
 Treatment .—Vegetable astringents ; strongest, hot black Coffee. Cold douche, flagel¬ 
 lation, artificial respiration, persevered in for hours. Belladonna, Hyoscyamus or Stramo¬ 
 nium. Faradism of phrenic nerves; Stimulants. Comp. Tinct. Iodine. Emetics by 
 mouth are usually useless, may be given as enemata; or Apomorphine , gr. ^ to as 
 emetic (^hypoder. T C), must be administered before narcosis has set in (B.). Stomach- 
 pump probably best, after which Vegetable Acids, to contract the narcotism. Cream of 
 Tartar and water, Vinegar and water, Leman-juice, etc., every ten minutes (R.). Atropine, 
 gr. %-]/z hypodermically (R.); gr. T J- 0 - every 15 minutes up to three doses (B.); in large 
 amounts till pupil dilates, a successful antagonist (R.). No one is warranted in omitting 
 Belladonna (P.). - Amyl Nitrite, inhaled, has proved eminently successful in a case in 
 which Belladonna or its alkaloid proved useless to restore the patient. Ammonia, as 
 intravenous injection for failure of heart’s action from Opium and Chloroform narcosis, etc. 
 (B.) ; breathed into air-passages (R.). Potassizcm Bromide, controls the disagreeable 
 cerebral effects and vertigo resulting from Opium (R., B.). IVa/er, hot water and ice 
 alternately to nape of neck, in stupor of Opium-narcosis (B.). Copper Sulphate, as emetic, 
 prompt and effective (B). Zinc Sulphate , gr. vj as emetic, well diluted with water (B.). 
 Effervescent Emetics, effective but dangerous (B.). Caffeine, hypodermat. (B., P.). Heat, 
 alternately with cold (B.). Charcoal, 3 ss or more (R.). 
 
 Phosphorus. Emesis by Cupric Sulphate; Magnesia in Linseed-tea ; Carbo Animalis; 
 mucilaginous drinks; Liquor Calcis. Avoid all oleaginous mixtures. Poultices to epigas¬ 
 trium. Sulphate of Copper, the best emetic, combining to form the less active phosphide 
 (B.). Turpentine emulsion with hydrated Magnesia, freely (B., R.) ; TTLxxx in mucilage, 
 every hour, excellent (P.). Transfusion, has been employed to repair blood (B.). 
 
THE TREATMENT OF POISONING. 
 
 71 I 
 
 Physostigma. Minimum fatal dose, grain iy 2 ^. Chloral, the antidote (R.), if admin¬ 
 istered very early. Belladonna, gr. to Atropinse, hypodermically repeated until 
 effects are evident. The nine-thousandth of a grain of Atropine, injected five minutes 
 before giving a minimum fatal dose of physostigma, prevents its fatal effects (R.). 
 
 Picrotoxine, or Cocculus Indicus. Chloral , the antidote (B.). 
 
 Potassium Salts. Potassium Bromide. Nervous Stimulants —Brandy, Opium. 
 Potassium Nitras (Saltpetre),—No chemical antidote. Emetics and stomach-pump, 
 demulcent drinks, Opium, milk, aromatics, emollient enemata. 
 
 Quinine. Emetics and cathartics, Opium, Coffee, Brandy, or wine, diuretics and sudo- 
 rifics as after-eliminatives. 
 
 Reptiles. (Compare Stings.) Ligate limb above wound; cleanse thoroughly, and 
 cauterize with mineral acids or strong Carbolic. The w^ound should be forcibly sucked 
 by a person with perfect mucous surface. Internally, Arsenic, w r hen rapid prostration 
 (R.) ; Ammonium, diaphoretics, Sodium Bisulphate, Whiskey, largely. Agave Ameri¬ 
 cana. R. Potass. Iodidi gr. iv, Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr. gr. ij, Bromi 5 v, Aquae ; gtt. 
 x in £ % °f Brandy; repeat if necessary (Hammond). Ammonia, by intra- venous injec¬ 
 tion, is showm to be unavailing by Brunton and Fayrer (B.). 
 
 Rhus (Poison Oak or Ivy),— Carbolic Acid, locally, a 5 percent, sol. Sulphide of 
 Potassium , baths, 5 j to C xx. Lobelia, as infusion, ^ j ad Oj, a good application locally. 
 Grindelia, the fluid extract, I part to 10 of water, as lotion; may be used undiluted. 
 Cocaine, a 10 per cent, oleate, or a 5 per cent, solution in water, as a local application, 
 promptly relieves the symptoms. Acetate of Lead, gij, Ammonii Chloridi (crude) 2j ss, 
 Aquae % viij, as lotion on cloths constantly wetted therewith, used with uniform success 
 (Burns). Soapsuds and w'ater, hot, frequent w r ashing with this the surest, speediest, and 
 best treatment (Couch). 
 
 Silver Nitrate. Alkalies, especially the Magnesium Bicarbonate (R.). Sodium Chlo¬ 
 ride, largely diluted, effects a double decomposition, precipitating the silver as the harmless 
 insoluble chloride (R.). The resulting irritation may be allayed by milk, which should 
 serve as food until the stomach is restored. 
 
 Silver, Metallic. Albumen, Milk. 
 
 Stramonium. See Belladonna. 
 
 Strychnine or Nux Vomica. Fatal dose of strychnine gr. y z for adult, gr. for 
 child. Chloral, the antagonist, especially when given soon. Physostigma, as an anti¬ 
 dote (R ). Chamomile Oil, remarkably subdues reflex excitability in frogs after poison¬ 
 ing by Strychnine or Brucine (P.). Tobacco, a good antagonist. The Stomach-pump, if 
 available before tetanic symptoms. Animal Charcoal, largely ; Tannin freely ; Solution 
 of Iodine. Chloroform Inhalations, injections of Curare, or Urethan, or Methyl and 
 Ethyl compounds of Strychnine, Brucine, or Thebai'ne. Artificial respiration; fats; 
 Nitrite of Amyl, inhaled ; Magnesia (R.). Tube in oesophagus, and flexible catheter 
 into larynx (R.). Veratrum Viride has cured a bad case; a teasp. was given at once, 
 then gtt. ij every 10 minutes (R.). Ice to spine. Tobacco enemata. Lobelia, Potassium 
 Bromide, Monobromated Camphor, hot bath. Valerian mitigates the spasms (P.). 
 Curare, warmly recommended, but its claims are doubtful (P.). Nicotine, many cases 
 prove its curative powder (P.). 
 
 Tin. Albumen, Ammonium and Sodium Carbonates, Milk. 
 
 Tobacco. Strong Coffee and Brandy; warmth and friction; artificial respiration. 
 
 Vegetable Poisons. Generally albuminous or mucilaginous drinks, oils, etc. Stimu¬ 
 lants, Opium, ice ; cool poultices and fomentations to abdomen. 
 
 Veratrum Viride. Digitalis, Opium, Stimulants. 
 
 Zinc. Albumen, mucilaginous drinks, milk, Tannin. Potassium and Sodium Carbo¬ 
 nates, if given early. Soapsuds given freely. Warm water in copious draughts. 
 
712 
 
 FORMS OF BRIGHT’S DISEASE. 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. 
 
 Forms of Bright’s Disease. 
 
 Compared with Acute Nephritis and with each other. 
 
 Clinical Phenomena. 
 
 Acute Nephritis. 
 
 (1) Acute 
 Bright’s 
 Disease. 
 *Acute 
 Parenchy. 
 Nephritis. 
 
 Chronic Bright’s Disease. 
 
 (2) Chron. 
 Parenchy. 
 Nephritis 
 {Large 
 White 
 Kidney ) . 
 
 (3) 
 
 Fatty 
 
 Kidney. 
 
 (4) 
 
 Amyloid 
 or Waxy 
 Kidney. 
 
 (5) Chron. 
 Interstitial 
 Nephritis 
 ( Cirrhotic 
 Kidney ). ; 
 
 Quantity ,. 
 
 Normal 
 or — 
 
 — 
 
 — or + 
 
 Normal 
 or — 
 
 Normal 
 or + 
 
 Normal 
 or + 
 
 Reaction, . 
 
 Acid. 
 
 Acid. 
 
 Acid. 
 
 Acid. 
 
 Acid. 
 
 Acid. 
 
 Color, . 
 
 Wine 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 
 smoky. 
 
 Brown 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Pale. 
 
 Pale. 
 
 Clear. 
 
 Sp. Gr., . 
 
 Normal 
 or — 
 
 High. 
 
 
 1.015-1.030 
 
 — , above 
 1.010 
 
 - I.OIO 
 
 Urea, . 
 
 W 
 
 z 
 
 Normal. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Normal 
 or — 
 
 Normal. 1 
 
 Chlorides, . 
 
 Normal. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Normal. 
 
 Albumen {per cent ), . . . 
 
 Iff t0 B 
 
 1 to 6 
 
 Yz to 2 
 
 1 to 6 
 
 Ttf to 
 of 
 
 globulin. 
 
 xV to ^ 
 
 Casts, . 
 
 Hyaline 
 
 and 
 
 Epithel. 
 
 Blood 
 
 Epithel. 
 
 Hyaline. 
 
 Granular 
 Hyaline. 
 No blood. 
 
 Fatty. 
 
 Few and 
 hyaline. 
 
 Very few. 
 
 Sediment (macroscopical). 
 
 Mucus. 
 
 Blood. 
 
 Brown 
 
 cells. 
 
 Urates. 
 
 Kidney 
 
 epithel’m. 
 
 Blood 
 
 Lymph. 
 
 Free oil. 
 
 Seldom 
 
 any. 
 
 Seldom 
 
 any. 
 
 Dropsy,. 
 
 Seldom. 
 
 Great, 
 especially 
 of face. 
 
 Never 
 
 absent. 
 
 Great. 
 
 Trifling. 
 
 In last 
 stages. 
 
 ; Uremia, . 
 
 
 Often 
 
 great. 
 
 Not 
 
 marked. 
 
 Rare. 
 
 Rare. 
 
 Great. 
 
 Other Symptoms,. 
 
 Stiff 
 
 joints. 
 
 Sacral 
 
 pain. 
 
 Lassitude. 
 
 Fever. 
 
 Tempera¬ 
 ture low. 
 No fever. 
 Inflam, of 
 serous 
 membr’s. 
 Cardiac 
 hyper. 
 
 Face pale, 
 puffy. 
 Cardiac 
 hyper. 
 
 Emacia¬ 
 tion, sal¬ 
 low face, 
 enlarged 
 liver and 
 spleen, 
 thirst, 
 diarrhoea. 
 
 Retinitis. 
 
 Tense, 
 
 quick 
 
 pulse. 
 
 Hyper, of 
 heart. 
 
 Prognosis,. 
 
 Favorable. 
 
 Recovery 
 or No. 2. 
 
 Recovery 
 (?)or No.3. 
 
 Always 
 
 fatal. 
 
 Depends 
 on con¬ 
 stitutional 
 disease 
 present. 
 
 Unfavor¬ 
 able, but 
 course 
 perhaps 
 long. 
 
 Note.—T he signs -f and — respectively denote a specific gravity greater than 1.024, or less than 1.018, 
 in the line entitled Sp. Gr. 
 
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. 
 
 713 
 
 Cancer. 
 
 Cancerous ( Malignant ) Tumors. 
 
 Are of constitutional origin. 
 
 Have no cyst, but invade and convert the 
 surrounding tissues. 
 
 Cancer material is short-lived from rapid 
 deterioration, but is rapidly reproduced. 
 Severe increasing pain. 
 
 Extend to remote parts, reappearing chiefly 
 in lymphatic glands. 
 
 Cancerous cachexia of general health. 
 Recur after extirpation, fatal in end. 
 
 Scirrhus. 
 
 Is hard. 
 
 Appears mostly on female breast. 
 
 Hard kernel, movable under skin. 
 
 Becomes fixed to adjoining structures, which 
 it puckers. 
 
 Single and grows slowly. 
 
 Course slow—2-4 years. 
 
 Never in the young. 
 
 Non-malignant Tumors. 
 
 Origin, some local error of growth. 
 
 Limited by a cyst; may compress, but do 
 not invade adjacent tissues. 
 
 Have uncertain period of increase, after 
 which may remain stationary. 
 
 Usually no pain. 
 
 Are local, have no disposition to spread. 
 
 Impair functions of parts pressed on. 
 
 Do not recur. 
 
 Encephaloma. 
 
 Is soft and brain-like. 
 
 Most frequently on the limbs. 
 
 At first deeply seated, hard to recognize. 
 Spreads through loose textures, which it 
 pushes aside and distends. 
 
 Has numerous tumors, grows rapidly. 
 Generally fatal in 1-2 years. 
 
 Often in the young, even at birth. 
 
 Carditis. 
 
 Endocarditis. 
 
 Blowing sound. Excited heart action. 
 Slight if any increase of percussion dulness. 
 Impulse strong. 
 
 Sounds normal, or more distinct, except at 
 site where murmur is heard. 
 
 Pericarditis. 
 
 Friction sound. Excited heart action. 
 Marked increase in effusion stage. 
 
 Wavy and feeble. 
 
 i Feeble and muffled ; no blowing sounds. 
 
 Cerebral. 
 
 Concussion. 
 
 Patient can be roused; pupils act. 
 Breathing seldom stertorous. 
 
 Urinary action normal. 
 
 Symptoms appear closely after accident. 
 
 Compression. 
 
 Complete insensibility; motionless pupils. 
 Breathing usually stertorous. 
 
 May be either retention or incontinence. 
 Frequently do not. 
 
 Chancre and Chancroid. 
 
 Chancre. 
 
 Commences about 3d week after coitus. 
 First as a papule, abrasion, or crack. 
 
 Generally indurated (rarely not). 
 
 Develops slowly. 
 
 Discharge slight, unless irritated. 
 
 Is soon limited and seldom phagedenic. 
 
 Edges sloping, not undermined. 
 
 Scanty serous secretion. 
 
 Sore remains solitary, and cannot be multi¬ 
 plied. 
 
 Followed by numerous buboes, rarely sup¬ 
 purating, never furnish inoculable pus. 
 
 Chancroid. 
 
 Tn 24 hours to 3 days. 
 
 First as a red spot, then a pustule, then a 
 suppurating sore. 
 
 Not on an indurated base. 
 
 Develops rapidly. 
 
 Suppurates profusely. 
 
 Tends to invade surrounding tissues, or be¬ 
 come phagedenic. 
 
 Edges undermined. 
 
 Discharge is pus and copious. 
 
 May be transplanted at will, and is seldom 
 single. 
 
 A single bubo may appear and suppurate. 
 
7H 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. 
 
 Cholera. 
 
 Asiatic. 
 
 Preceded by painless diarrhoea. 
 
 Not directly from error in diet. 
 
 First pain shooting down thighs. 
 
 Prostration rapid and overwhelming, and 
 out of ratio to evacuations. 
 
 Rapid reduction of surface temperature; 
 
 high temperature in cavities. 
 
 Evacuations like rice-water from first. 
 
 Cramps commence in extremities. 
 
 Veins congested ; tongue, lips, and extremi¬ 
 ties livid purple. 
 
 Urine albuminous. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Seizure sudden. 
 
 Generally is from error in diet. 
 
 First pain, abdominal colic. 
 
 Prostration gradual, less marked than the 
 vomiting and purging. 
 
 Gradual reduction of surface temperature; 
 
 internal temperature normal. 
 
 Discharges bilious, causing burning and 
 smarting pain ; only colorless at very last. 
 Cramps commence in abdomen. 
 
 Not so. 
 
 Not so. 
 
 Croup and Diphtheria. 
 
 Croup. 
 
 • Premonitory hoarse, metallic cough, with¬ 
 out illness. 
 
 A child’s disease. 
 
 Tenacious mucus, covers the swollen mem¬ 
 brane. 
 
 A local disease. 
 
 Diphtheria. 
 
 Premonitory illness, shivers, fevers, sore 
 throat, without cough. 
 
 Attacks adults as well. 
 
 Distinguished by a false membrane. 
 
 A blood poison ; great general depression. 
 
 Epilepsy and Hysteria. 
 
 Epilepsy. 
 
 Sudden, complete loss of consciousness. 
 
 Livid face, frothy saliva escapes, eyelids 
 half open, eyeballs rolling, teeth grind¬ 
 ing, tongue biting ; more or less insensi- j 
 bility of pupils to light. 
 
 Countenance is distorted. 
 
 Patient shows no feeling. 
 
 Aura epileptica. 
 
 Short paroxysm, followed by heavy coma¬ 
 tose sleep and dull intellect. 
 
 Frequently occurs at night. 
 
 Not necessarily of uterine connection, 
 though a paroxysm often occurs at the 
 menstrual period. 
 
 Hysteria. 
 
 Gradual and partial or apparent. 
 
 Face flushed, or complexion unaltered, no 
 froth on lips, eyelids closed, eyeballs 
 fixed, no grinding of teeth, or biting of 
 tongue ; pupils react readily. 
 
 Is not. 
 
 Sighs, or laughs, or sobs. 
 
 Globus hystericus. 
 
 Longer paroxysm, not sleepy, but usually 
 wakeful and depressed in spirits. 
 
 Rarely occurs at night. 
 
 Often connected with uterine or menstrual 
 disorders. 
 
 Gout and Rheumatism. 
 
 Gout. 
 
 Chiefly affects small joints, especially the 
 metatarsal joint of the great toe. 
 
 From 35-50 years; rarely before puberty. 
 
 Most frequent in men, and result of idle, 
 intemperate and luxurious life. 
 
 Is strongly hereditary. 
 
 Chalk stones (urate of soda) in ext. ear, on 
 tops of fingers, or elsewhere. 
 
 Uric acid in the blood, absent from urine. 
 
 A fit often affords temporary relief. 
 
 Is confined to temperate zone. 
 
 Rheumatism. 
 
 Large joints chiefly implicated. 
 
 Generally in young adults. 
 
 Affects both sexes equally, and equally the 
 poor and the rich. 
 
 But slightly so. 
 
 Not so. 
 
 Lactic acid in the blood. 
 
 Quite the contrary. 
 
 Is ubiquitous—prevails in all climates. 
 
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. 
 
 715 
 
 Hematemesis and Hemoptysis. 
 
 Hematemesis. 
 
 If from the stomach, the blood is of a dark 
 color, and is vomited. 
 
 Often mixed with food, not froth. 
 
 Preceded by nausea and stomach distress, 
 and blood is passed with the stools. 
 
 Hemoptysis. 
 
 If from the lungs, it is bright red, and 
 generally coughed up. 
 
 Generally frothy, mixed with sputa. 
 Preceded by pain in the chest and dyspnoea. 
 No blood in the stools. 
 
 Pleurisy and Pneumonia. 
 
 Pleurisy. 
 
 Sharp pain, friction sound, dry cough, im¬ 
 paired chest motion. 
 
 In stage of effusion, obliteration of inter¬ 
 costal spaces, enlargement of the side, 
 viscera displaced. 
 
 Dulness, with enfeebled or absent respira¬ 
 tion, voice, and fremitus. 
 
 Sputa frothy, rarely any rales. 
 
 Febrile symptoms slight usually. 
 
 Temperature irregular, rarely high. 
 
 Pneumonia. 
 
 Dull pain, crepitant rale, cough followed 
 by expectoration. 
 
 In stage of hepatization none of these 
 signs are present. 
 
 Dulness, with marked bronchial respira¬ 
 tion, distinct thoracic voice, increased 
 vocal fremitus. 
 
 Sputa rusty color, rales common. 
 
 Febrile symptoms severe. 
 
 Sudden elevations and falls, high tempera¬ 
 ture not uncommon. 
 
 Phthisis. 
 
 Tubercular. 
 
 First symptom, a dry, short cough. 
 
 No exciting cause apparent. 
 
 Hereditary cases are of this class. 
 Frequently preceded by enlarged or sup¬ 
 purating glands, or other evidence of 
 scrofula. 
 
 Voice changes from tubercular deposit. 
 
 Non- Tubercular. 
 
 First stage follows catarrh, bronchitis, or 
 some other acute disease. 
 
 Is referable to some exciting cause, as cold, 
 inflammation, or inhaling of heavy dust. 
 Not hereditary. 
 
 No evidence of scrofula. 
 
 No change of voice. 
 
 Scarlet Fever. 
 
 Incubation I day to weeks. 
 
 Fever, great heat of skin, 
 and frequent pulse, un¬ 
 abated during eruption. 
 
 Brilliant stare. 
 
 Eruption on second day, not 
 rough, first on neck and 
 chest, spreads rapidly, 
 white streak on pressure 
 with nail. 
 
 Exanthemata. 
 
 Measles. 
 
 Incubation, 7-14 days. 
 
 Same fever rather increased 
 by eruption. 
 
 Liquid watery eye. 
 
 On fourth day, on face, 
 rough, spreads gradually, 
 streak lasts short time. 
 
 Small-pox. 
 
 Incubation, 6-20 days, 
 Average 10. 
 
 Fever often violent, bound¬ 
 ing pulse, pain in loins, 
 greatly relieved by erup¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Usually on third day, at first, 
 on lips and forehead, 
 spreading rapidly. 
 
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. 
 
 716 
 
 Scarlet Fever. 
 
 Uniform, or large patches, 
 interspersed raised spots 
 and some vesicles, rash 
 scarlet, on its seventh day 
 very complete desquama¬ 
 tion in large patches. 
 
 Sore throat, rarely coryza 
 or bronchitis. 
 
 “ Raspberry” tongue, red. 
 
 Cerebral symptoms frequent 
 and grave. 
 
 Temperature may be 105 0 - 
 122 0 to 10th day, subsides 
 gradually, falls on 5th, 
 10th, and 15th days. 
 
 No secondary fever. 
 
 Pneumonia rare, pleurisy 
 more frequent. 
 
 Sequelae : Bright’s disease, 
 dropsy, deafness, conjunc¬ 
 tivitis, phthisis, chronic 
 diarrhoea ; glandular en¬ 
 largements. 
 
 Measles. 
 
 Crescentic patches, last 
 about 5 days, and then 
 partial desquamation, i 
 scales very fine. 
 
 Coryza and bronchitis very 
 constant, rarely sore throat. 
 
 Tongue coated, may be red 
 at edges. 
 
 Not so. 
 
 io3°-io 6 before eruption, 
 remains high for 1-2 days 
 after, then falls suddenly. 
 
 None. 
 
 Pneumonia a frequent com¬ 
 plication. 
 
 Sequelae: chronic bronchitis, 
 phthisis, conjunctivitis. 
 
 Small-pox. 
 
 Papular, then vesicular, 
 finally pustular ; pustules 
 maturate on 8th day of 
 eruption. 
 
 Sore throat often and dry 
 cough. 
 
 Coated and swollen, may be 
 red at edges. 
 
 Cerebral symptoms are fre¬ 
 quent. 
 
 Before eruption often 106°, 
 then rapidly sinks to ioo° 
 in 36 hours; rises during 
 secondary fever. 
 
 Always secondary fever. 
 
 Pneumonia not a very fre¬ 
 quent complication. 
 
 Sequelae: chronic diarrhoea, 
 glandular enlargements, 
 various eye diseases. 
 
 Typhus and Typhoid. 
 
 Typhus Fever. 
 
 Attacks quickly, incubation 9 days. 
 
 Occurs at any age. 
 
 Rare among the higher classes, except 
 those exposed. 
 
 Mulberry eruption on 4th or 5th day, on 
 extremities, lasts till close. 
 
 Brain chiefly affected ; bowels are often but 
 little so; abdomen natural, evacuations 
 dark, but never bloody (these are occa¬ 
 sionally reversed). 
 
 Contracted pupils, dusky face. 
 
 Pulse and temperature rise to 120 and 105° 
 till 3d day, high for 6 days, then fall. 
 
 Lasts 2-3 wee*ks. 
 
 Relapses rare. 
 
 Death from coma, or congestion of the 
 lungs, in 1st or 2d week. 
 
 Arises from destitution, over-crowding, bad 
 ventilation, is contagious, and generally 
 epidemic. 
 
 Post-mortem : not constant, most frequent 
 are dark blood and enlarged spleen, soft 
 heart. 
 
 Typhoid ( Enteric ) Fever. 
 
 Commences slowly, incubation about 13 
 days. 
 
 Most common in youth and childhood, 
 rarely after 40. 
 
 As common among the rich as the poor. 
 
 Rose eruption, few, on abdomen, and in 
 successive crops, which fade and disap¬ 
 pear. 
 
 Bowels chiefly affected, evacuations ochre- 
 color and watery, sometimes hemorrhage, 
 or even ulceration, abdomen tumid. 
 
 Dilated pupils, cheeks flushed. 
 
 Pulse and temperature rise and fall inde¬ 
 pendently, and without uniformity, but 
 both are usually high to 15th day. 
 
 Lasts 4-6 or more weeks. 
 
 Relapses frequent. 
 
 Death from asthenia, pneumonia, hemor¬ 
 rhage, or perforation of intestine, in or 
 after 3d week. 
 
 Bad drainage, poisoned drinking water, 
 putrid animal matter, want of ozone, 
 certain electrical conditions; is not con¬ 
 tagious, often sporadic. 
 
 Post-mortem : morbid Peyer’s patches, en¬ 
 larged mesenteric glands, ulcerated 
 mucous coat of intestines; enlarged and 
 soft spleen, ulcerated pharynx. 
 
TEMPERATURE IN DISEASE. 
 
 717 
 
 Yellow and Bilious Fevers. 
 
 Yellow Fever. 
 
 Short duration; ends in 3-7 days. 
 
 Incubation 5-9 days. 
 
 A disease of one paroxysm, terminating in 
 recovery or collapse. 
 
 Very severe nausea and vomiting, early 
 epigastric tenderness. 
 
 Black vomit. 
 
 Hemorrhages from various parts. 
 
 Tongue clean, or slightly coated. 
 
 Pulse variable, slow at end. 
 
 Injected and humid eye. 
 
 Supra-orbital pain, pain in back and in 
 calves of legs. 
 
 Rarely delirious, mind clear generally. 
 
 Urine albuminous, usually suppressed. 
 
 Rapid convalescence, no sequelae. 
 
 Little muscular prostration. 
 
 High mortality, epidemic. 
 
 Treatment unsatisfactory. 
 
 Autopsy: inflamed or congested stomach, 
 enlarged yellow liver, filled with oil 
 globules, muscular fibres of heart are 
 often disintegrated. 
 
 • Bilious Remittent. 
 
 Lasts 9 days or more. 
 
 Incubation may extend to months. 
 
 A disease of several paroxysms, with in¬ 
 tervening remissions. 
 
 These symptoms are not so severe nor so 
 early. 
 
 Bilious vomiting. 
 
 No hemorrhagic tendency. 
 
 Tongue heaviiy coated. 
 
 Pulse quick to convalescence. 
 
 Eye natural. 
 
 Headache, sense of fullness in head, often 
 no loin or leg pains. 
 
 Delirium frequent, mind dull. 
 
 Not so. 
 
 Slow convalescence, tedious sequelae. 
 
 Greater muscular prostration. 
 
 Slight mortality, endemic.- 
 
 Very amenable to treatment. 
 
 Autopsy : stomach congested, rarely in¬ 
 flamed, liver olive or bronze hue, not 
 fatty. 
 
 Vomiting. 
 
 Cerebral. 
 
 Little or no nausea, vomiting continues after 
 stomach is emptied. 
 
 No tenderness or pressure over the liver or 
 stomach. 
 
 Pulse infrequent and hard. 
 
 Tongue clean, breath sweet, conjunctivas 
 normal or injected, and headache primary. 
 
 Generally obstinate constipation. 
 
 No salivation. 
 
 Gastric or Hepatic. 
 
 Nausea relieved by discharge, returns when 
 food is taken. 
 
 Liver and stomach are tender, pressure pro¬ 
 duces inclination to vomit. 
 
 Pulse frequent and weak. 
 
 Tongue furred, breath offensive, conjunc- 
 tivae often yellowish, and headache sec¬ 
 ondary as to time. 
 
 Griping abdominal pain, diarrhoea and 
 clay-colored stools. 
 
 Increased salivation. 
 
 NOTES ON TEMPERATURE IN DISEASE. 
 
 Temperature, average normal, of adults, 98.6° F.; of children, 99 0 ; of the aged 
 98.8°. Diurnal variation 1° to 1.5 0 F., highest from 9 A. M. to 2 P. M. Above 108 0 F. is 
 a fatal sign, which issue may be averted by cold baths, reduced by ice from 96° to about 
 6o° F. (A). The clinical thermometer placed in the mouth, axilla or rectum, and retained 
 in situ for five minutes, should go hand in hand with Aconite in the treatment of inflam¬ 
 mations (R). [For antipyretics see the articles Fever, Inflammation, in part 111 , also 
 the list of these agents on page 42.] 
 
 Clinical Thermometry is one of the principal means of positive diagnosis. The ther¬ 
 mometer should be self-registering, certified, and accurately marked according to the 
 Fahrenheit scale. The most reliable temperature is that in recto , or in the vagina; less 
 so in the axilla and folds of skin, and still less reliable in the mouth. A correct reading 
 of the thermometer cannot be obtained in less time than five to seven minutes. (Da Costa.) 
 
 The Average Normal Temperature of the body is 98.6° ; which, like the pulse, will 
 
718 
 
 TEMPERATURE IN DISEASE. 
 
 vary somewhat in individual cases ; as a general practical result, it is agreed that in tem¬ 
 perate regions the normal temperature at completely sheltered patts of the suiface of the 
 human body amounts to 98.4° Fahr., or a few tenths more or less; and a rising above 
 99.5 0 , or a depression below 97.3 0 F., are sure indications of some kind of disease, if the 
 increase or depression is persistent. The temperature is increased at the prime of life, is 
 raised and depressed temporarily by the influence of diet, stimulants, exercise, etc. The 
 minimum diurnal temp, is observed at 2 A. M., the maximum at 4 to 6 p. m. Any rise 
 above 99.5 0 , or fall below 97.3 0 , if persistent, indicates disease; on the other hand, a 
 normal temperature does not always indicate good health. The greatest recorded range 
 of temperature in disease is 50.4 0 ; the minimum is 71.6° in a case of sclerema neonatorum 
 (Quain’s Diet.), the maximum 122 0 . In severe and fatal cases it rarely exceeds 107°, 
 and rarely falls below 92 0 , even in fatal collapse. It may rise 3°-4° after d^ ath, as ob¬ 
 served in a case of typhoid fever in which death occurred with a temperature of 107°, 
 which increased shortly afterwards to 110.5 0 . A temperature of 107° indicates malig¬ 
 nancy, and where met with for two consecutive days in typhus, scarlatina, measles, pneu¬ 
 monia, pyaemia, meningitis or rheumatism, death may be expected shortly. In relapsing, 
 remittent and intermittent fevers, and in the initial chill of an abortion, the temperature 
 may reach 107° without indicating great danger. During the last hours of life, in many 
 diseases, the temperature rises to io9 0 -i n°; for example,'in tetanus, sun s’roke, typhus,, 
 etc. With a temperature of 96°, collapse is imminent. 
 
 Abnormally High Temperatures reported in the British Med. Jour., by Dr. Donkin. 
 In these eight cases all but one were in’females, and none proved fatal. Pain was a 
 prominent symptom in all. No. i,m.6°; convalescing from enteric fever. No. 2, 108 0 ; 
 no organic lesions : ovarian pain. No 3, 115.8° ; great abdominal pain and excitement. 
 No. 4, hi 0 ; convalescing from enteric fever. No. 5, 113 0 ; enteric fever and double 
 pneumonia. No. 6, 112 0 ; synovitis. This was the only male. No. 7, 112 0 ; painful 
 stump, with necrosis. No. 8, 117 0 ; pyonephrosis. 
 
 A High Average Te?nperature (above 104°), is found in severe pneumonia, scarlatina, 
 remittent, typhus, typhoid and relapsing fevers, pyaemia, etc. A Moderate High Tem¬ 
 perature (102 0 and above), is seen in peritonitis, acute rheumatism, pericarditis, pleurisy, 
 dysentery, cerebro-spinal meningitis, catarrhs, etc. A temperature of ioo° and above is 
 found in chronic affections, incipient inflammations, and mild fevers. When, in efferves¬ 
 cence, the heat increases rapidly, it will, in defervescence, decline proportionately fast, 
 and vice versa. Beware of a grave affection when the temperature is of acominuous type. 
 A distinct interval between morning and evening temperature is a favorable sign. A slow 
 and gradual increase indicates typhoid fever ; in rheumatism and anomalous fevers the 
 increase is more rapid, and still more so in acute inflammatory disease, pneumonia, angina, 
 pleurisy, typhus, scarlatina, rubeola, etc. It is usually very rap;d in intermittent fever, 
 febricula, and ephemeral fevers. A rapid effervescence and slow defervescence indicates 
 some complication of disease ; the reverse order indicates great danger. When the tem¬ 
 perature begins to fall from the evening to the morning, it is an indication of improvement; 
 while a rise of temperature from the evening to the morning is a sure indication that the 
 patient is worse. Stability of temperature from morning to evening is a good sign, but 
 from evening to the morning, unfavorable. 
 
 A Decrease of Temperature below the normal heat is rare. It occurs sometimes 
 transitorily, announcing thereby a favorable crisis, by preceding the return to a normal 
 temperature. It is also met with occasionally during the morning remission of remittent 
 fever; also during the apyrexia of intermittents; in acute collapse, preceded or not by 
 fever ; in chronic wasting diseases ; and sometimes, also, on the approach of death, 
 especially in typhus fever. 
 
 In Phthisis, the temperature is higher in the evening than in the morning ; later, higher 
 at early bedtime than at noon, and high again at dusk. This is a valuable and delicate 
 test of the progress of tuberculization. 
 
 In Typhoid Fever, the accession is by a rise of one degree each day, with the diur¬ 
 nal variation. If the evening temperature does not exceed 103.5 0 , the disease will 
 probably be mild; but a temperature of 105° in the evening indicates a severe type and 
 much danger. A sudden reduction to 95 0 in the third week denotes intestinal hemor¬ 
 rhage ; a lingering temperature of ioi°-io 2° in the fourth and filth weeks indicates non¬ 
 cicatrization of the intestinal ulceration. 
 
 In Scarlatina, the rise of temperature is rapid, 104.7 0 may be reached in a few hours. 
 It seldom rises above 105° and never above 106 0 ; is continuous until the eruption begins 
 to fade, when remissions take place, unless complications arise. 
 
 In Measles, 103° is the usual temperature, with daily variations, increasing with the 
 
OBSTETRICAL MEMORANDA. 719 
 
 eruption and catarrhal symptoms. A high temperature lasting beyond the tenth day 
 denotes complications. 
 
 In Diphtheria, the temperature by the end of the third day will, in uncomplicated cases, 
 not exceed I03°-I04°. It falls temporarily with the exudation. Defervescence in the 
 severe, favorable cases, is from the twelfth to the fourteenth day; in the milder cases not 
 before the sixth. In some fatal cases it occurs early, from the third to the fourth day. In 
 asthenic cases, the temperature of ihe suiface falls, while that of the interior remains high 
 — ioo° in the axilla, and 103° in the rectum. During convalescence, the temperature is 
 low, and readily depressed, but may be raised by intercurrent maladies. Any increase 
 after the first five days, or a continuous high temperature after the first ten days, is 
 unfavorable. A sudden rise may indicate complications. 
 
 Co-Relation of Pulse and Temperature. —As a general rule the co relation of pulse 
 *and temperature may be stated as follows, namely : an increase of temperature of one 
 degree above 98° F. corresponds with an increase of ten beats of the pulse per minute, as 
 in the following table :— 
 
 Temperature of 98° corresponds with a pulse of 60. 
 
 u 
 
 99 ° 
 
 C 6 
 
 66 
 
 70. 
 
 u 
 
 IOO° 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 80. 
 
 a 
 
 IOI° 
 
 66 
 
 (4 
 
 90. 
 
 << 
 
 102° 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 100. 
 
 u 
 
 l-« 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 110. 
 
 t 6 
 
 IO4 0 
 
 tc 
 
 66 
 
 120. 
 
 u 
 
 105° 
 
 66 
 
 6 . 
 
 130. 
 
 a 
 
 106 0 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 140. 
 
 OBSTETRICAL MEMORANDA. 
 
 Pregnancy.— Duration about 275 days; usually reckoned as about 280 days from 
 the first day of the last menstruation. The extremes of 405 cases at the Hotel Dieu were 
 6 months, and 11 months 8 days. Many rules- for the calculation of the date when labor 
 may be expected are given; as good a one as any is to count backward three calendar 
 months from the last day of the last menstruation, then add 7 days to obtain the date of 
 expected confinement (Naegele). The French law makes a child illegitimate if born 
 within 200 days after marriage, or over 300 days after the husband’s death. 
 
 Evidences of pregnancy may include : suppression of the menses; nausea and vomit¬ 
 ing, morning sickness ; salivation ; changes in the appearance of the breasts and nipples ; 
 changes in the position of the uterus, which descends during the first two months, rising 
 from the third m nth, until, at the fifth, its fundus is level with the umbilicus, at the eighth 
 nearly to the sternum, settling down at the ninth month; oedema of limbs; neck of 
 uterus becomes shortened, the os patulous. The most positive signs are quickening , if 
 the statements of the women are credible; ballottemenl; and above all, the pulsations of 
 the foetal heart. 
 
 Labor. Preliminary Signs. —Abdominal tumor sinks lower, occasional uterine pains 
 and contractions, freer respiration, dFcharge of glairy fluid from vagina, frequent desire 
 to urinate, hemorrhoids, oedema of legs. 
 
 Essential Signs. —Paroxysmal pains, at regular intervals ; os uteri generally low, neck 
 effaced, os aff cted by each pam (easily ascertained by keeping finger on it). Dilatation 
 of os uteri, requiring longer to acquite the size of a half-dollar, than from thence to 
 completion. Shiverings and vomiting, tremblings and fainting, especially at complete 
 dilatation. 
 
 Dead Positions (4).—Right (1st), or left (5) occipito-anterior, forehead backwards; 
 right (3d), or left (4th) occipito-posterior, forehead forwards. Order of their comparative 
 frequency ; 1st, 3d, 2d, 4th. The 3d rotates into the 2d, the 4th into the 1st. 
 
 Facial Positions (4)—Right (1st), or left (2d) mento-posterior, forehead forwards; 
 right (3d), or left (4th) mento-antenor, forehead backwards. The 2d rotates into the 3d, 
 and the 1st into the 4th. 
 
 Pelvic, or Breech Positions (4).—Left dorso-anterior (ist), left trochanter forwards; 
 right dorso-anterior (2), right trochanter forwards; left dorso-posterior (3), right tro¬ 
 chanter forwards; right dorso posterior (4), left trochanter forwards. Order of their 
 comparative frequency, 1st, 2d, 4th, 3d. 
 
720 
 
 OBSTETRICAL MEMORANDA. 
 
 Shoulder Positions .—Varieties (2); dorso-anterior, and dorso-posterior, the former 
 occurring twice as often as the latter. In each variety the head may lie in either iliac 
 fossa; the presenting shoulder being, in dorso-anterior position, the left if the head is in 
 the right fossa; in dorso-posterior position, the left if the head is in the left fossa, and 
 
 vice versa. 
 
 AVERAGE PELVIC DIAMETERS. 
 
 • 
 
 As usually given. 
 
 Prof. 
 
 E. Wallace gives— 
 
 Antero- 
 
 Posterior. 
 
 Oblique. 
 
 Transverse. 
 
 1 
 
 Antero- 
 
 Posterior. 
 
 Oblique. 
 
 Transverse 
 
 Brim,. 
 
 4 Y\ in. 
 
 4.8 in. 
 
 5.2 in. 
 
 4 O in. 
 
 —5.0 in. 
 
 + 5 -° in- 
 
 Cavity, .... 
 
 4.7 “ 
 
 5.2 “ 
 
 4 A “ 
 
 *A “ 
 
 4A “ 
 
 4A “ 
 
 Outlet, .... 
 
 5.0 “ 
 
 • • 
 
 4.2 “ 
 
 4.2 tC 
 
 4.0 “ 
 
 4.0 “ 
 
 Circumferential measurement of the brim—about 17 inches. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FCETUS. 
 
 [Entries in the column headed “ Month” refer to the end of each month,] 
 
 Month. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Length in 
 inches. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Appearance. 
 
 1st 
 
 Ovum 
 
 one-twelfth 
 
 . . 
 
 Appears as a gray gelatinous mass. 
 
 2d 
 
 Embryo 
 
 1.2 
 
 60 grains. 
 
 Extremities apparent; points of ossifica¬ 
 tion appear. 
 
 3 d 
 
 ii 
 
 2^ to y/ z 
 
 310 “ 
 
 Neck, eyes, fingers, nails begin to form ; 
 sexes distinct. 
 
 4th 
 
 Foetus 
 
 ON 
 
 nN 
 
 r-*- 
 
 O 
 
 ^4 
 
 9 oz. 
 
 Hair, fat; muscles capable of contrac¬ 
 tion. 
 
 5 th 
 
 U 
 
 8 to 10 
 
 IO to 12 OZ. 
 
 Eyebrows, skin, scrotum; nails nearly 
 solid. 
 
 6th 
 
 t; 
 
 11 to 12 
 
 i lb. 
 
 Pupillary membrane formed, lips closed. 
 
 7 th 
 
 4 . 
 
 1 2y z to 14 
 
 2 % lbs. 
 
 Eyelids open, testes begin to descend, 
 foetus is viable. 
 
 8th 
 
 4 . 
 
 15 to 17 
 
 4 to 5 lbs. 
 
 Skin red, smooth, covered with down. 
 
 9th 
 
 &4 
 
 19 to 24 
 
 7 to 7^ libs 
 
 Testes near scrotum, left often therein. 
 
 DIAMETERS OF THE FOETAL SKULL AT TERM. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Where measured. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Fronto-mental, ...... 
 
 Occipito-mental,. 
 
 Occipito-frontal,. 
 
 Sub-occipito-bregmatic, . . 
 
 Cervico-bregmatic, .... 
 
 Bi-parietal,. 
 
 Bi-temporal,. 
 
 Apex of forehead to chin, . . 
 
 Occipital protuberance to point of chin, . . 
 Occiput to centre of forehead, . 
 
 Midway between occiput and foramen mag¬ 
 num to centre of ant. fontanelle, .... 
 Ant. margin of foram. mag. to centre of an¬ 
 terior fontanelle,. 
 
 Between the parietal protuberances, .... 
 Between the ears,. 
 
 3>t 
 
 s'AsA 
 
 4'A-S 
 
 3 A 
 
 lA 
 
 zA-4 
 
 l'/z 
 
 [Compare the articles in Part III, entitled —Abortion, After-pains, False-pains, 
 Hemorrhage Post-Partum, Labor, Lactation, Pregnancy, Puerperal Disorders, 
 Vomiting of Pregnancy, etc.] 
 
ASPHYXIA AND APNCEA. 
 
 72 I 
 
 ASPHYXIA AND APNCEA. 
 
 From Drowning. —Remove the person from the water as rapidly and gently as 
 possible, turn the face downwards for a moment, and depress the tongue, in order that 
 water, mucus, etc., may be removed from immediately over the entrance of the windpipe. 
 Give the patient plenty of fresh air, fully exposing neck and chest to the breeze, unless 
 inclement. Turn gently on the face, one forearm being under the forehead, and raise the 
 body up that the water may have free discharge from the mouth. Place the patient upon 
 the side and apply stimulants (ammonia, etc.) near the nostrils ; or the cold douche, in 
 order to excite respiration. 
 
 The above measures being ineffectual, convey the body to the nearest convenient spot, 
 strip it carefully and dry it, and place it on a warm bed, with head and shoulders slightly 
 raised, and at once employ one of the following methods, known as Silvester’s and 
 Marshall Hall’s. 
 
 Silvester's Method. —Pull the tongue forward, to prevent obstruction to entrance of air 
 into the windpipe; produce expansion of the chest by drawing the arms from the sides of 
 the body and upwards until they almost meet over the head. Then bring the arms down 
 to the sides again, causing the elbows almost to meet over the pit of the stomach, and 
 thus producing contraction of the chest. This imitation of the act of respiration should 
 be continued at the rate of fifteen or sixteen times a minute, as in health. 
 
 Marshall Hall's Method. —The person should be placed flat on the face, gentle inter¬ 
 mittent pressure being made with the hands on the back, the.body turned on the side, or 
 a little beyond, then on the face, and the same pressure, etc., continued as at first. The 
 whole body must be worked simultaneously. The same number and frequency of these 
 artificial processes of respiration should be employed as in the other method. 
 
 The Michigan Method. —Lay the body face down, the head upon the arm, and stand 
 astride it; grasp it then about the shoulders and armpits, and raise the chest as high as 
 you can without lifting the head quite off the arm, and hold it about three seconds; then 
 replace the body upon the ground, and press the lower limbs downwards and upwards, 
 with slowly-increasing force, for ten seconds; then suddenly let go, to perform the lifting 
 process again. 
 
 Whichever process be employed, the effort to restore the temperature of the body must 
 be maintained, the body being well rubbed in an upward direction with the hands, with 
 warm flannels, etc.; bottles of hot water, hot bricks, etc , being applied to the stomach, 
 the axillae, the soles of the feet, etc., stimulants and beef tea being judiciously adminis¬ 
 tered when restoration is about taking place. The attempts at resuscitation must be per¬ 
 severed in for several hours, if necessary. 
 
 Laryngotomy or tracheotomy, with or without catheterization, or forced insufflations of 
 air or oxygen, have proved successful, as also electro-puncture (Garratt). 
 
 In artificial inflation, always press the larnyx and trachea against the vertebral column, 
 so as to close the oesophagus and thus prevent the air entering the stomach. 
 
 After Long Submersion is Recovery Possible ? —According to Harley (p. 881), dogs 
 kept under water I minutes always died, if water had entered the lungs. If it had not, 
 the trachea being plugged, they survived a submersion of 4 minutes. When persons rise 
 after sinking they usually get some air, and less speedily come into a state from which 
 recovery is impossible. The greatest period between the last inspiration and the stoppage 
 of the heart is 4 minutes. Some think that no recovery has been made after complete 
 cessation of the heart’s action. We infer that after complete submersion for 5 minutes 
 recovery is improbable, unless the person had been previously choked, or in a fainting 
 state, so that no water entered the lungs. But in Anderson’s case, the patient had been 
 under water at least 15 minutes, and in Garratt’s the time was variously estimated at from 
 15 to 60 minutes. 
 
 When is a Case Hopeless ?—Harley says (p. 892) : “ If the eyes are open, the pupils 
 dilated, the conjunctiva insensible, the countenance placid, the skin cold, frothy mucus 
 round the nostrils and mouth, no attempt at respiration, and the heart’s action inaudible 
 (when the ear is applied to the chest), the case is hopeless.” 
 
 Signs of Death. —The following have been suggested as methods of deciding whether 
 death has occurred :— 
 
 (a) Tie a string firmly about the finger. If the end of the finger becomes swollen 
 and red, life is not extinct 
 
 ( b ) Insert a bright steel needle into the flesh. If it tarnishes by oxidation in the course 
 of half an hour, life may be considered not extinct. 
 
 46 
 
722 
 
 CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. 
 
 (c) Inject a few drops of Liquor Ammoniae under the skin. During life a deep red 
 or purple spot is formed. 
 
 (d) Moisten the eye with Atropine. During life the pupil will dilate. 
 
 (<?) Look at a bright light or at the sun, through the fingers held closely side by side. 
 During life the color is pink ; after death a dead white. 
 
 (/) After death a dark spot is said to form gradually on the outer side of the white of 
 the eye, from drying of the sclerotic, so that the dark choroid shows through. 
 
 ( g) Putrefaction is an absolute sign of death. Better delay for it than run any risk of 
 burying alive. 
 
 From Foreign Bodies in Air Passages.—If round and smooth, invert the patient 
 and strike on the back : laryngotomy : tracheotomy. 
 
 Of the New-Born.—Clean the mucus out of nostrils and throat; catheterize the 
 trachea, and suck up the mucus. “ Marshall Hall’s Method:” by placing child on abdo¬ 
 men, then bringing into lateral posture, repeating slowly and deliberately. “ Schultze’s 
 method : ” by placing the thumbs upon the anterior surface of thorax, the indices in the 
 axillae, and the other fingers along the back, the face of the child being from you ; rotate 
 the child, by swinging upwards, so that the inferior extremities turn over towards you, 
 In a moment re-rotate to the original position. Do not support head or legs in the for¬ 
 ward rotation; their bending upon or towards the abdomen gives a forced expiration. 
 
 CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. 
 
 Note.—U se morning urine, or a sample of all passed during the 24 hours. 
 
 r 
 
 Color -{ 
 
 Smell 
 
 Pale (and copious), 1.030 -f- . . 
 Pale (and copious), below 1.018 
 Of urine and froth, very yellow 
 
 or greenish,. 
 
 Bright yellow to crimson, . . . 
 
 Dark, odor of violets,. 
 
 High (scanty), sp. gr. + . . . 
 
 High (scanty), sp. gr. — . . . 
 
 Dark, muddy, smoky,. 
 
 Black, . 
 
 Fragrant,. 
 
 Fetid,. 
 
 Of violets, . 
 
 indicates Sugar. 
 
 “ Hysteria and convulsions, 
 
 nervous disease. 
 
 Bile, Rhubarb. 
 
 “ Santonin, 
 
 “ Turpentine. 
 
 “ Fever, Uric Acid Dia¬ 
 
 thesis. 
 
 “ A grave symptom of 
 
 Bright’s Disease. 
 
 “ Blood, strong Coffee. 
 
 “ Putridity, disintegrated 
 
 Blood, Tar, Creasote. 
 
 “ Cystine, Sugar, etc. 
 
 “ Alkalinity. 
 
 “ Turpentine. 
 
 Quantity (in 24 hours). Normal about 50 fl. oz., from which there may be consider¬ 
 able variation either way, according to the quantity of sweat, the fluidity of food used, etc. 
 
 Specific Gravity. If possible, take the mixed urine. Normal is about 1.018, i. e., 
 18 grains of solids in each fl. oz. If sp. gr. is high, suspect sugar; if low, suspect 
 albumen. 
 
 Reaction, in health is always acid in 24-hours’ urine. It may be alkaline from medi¬ 
 cine, or disease, or shortly after a meal. If excessively acid, examine for crystal of uric 
 acid. If alkaline, let the test-paper dry, so as to ascertain whether the alkali be fixed or 
 volatile. 
 
 Albumen by Heat and Nitric Acid. With Acetic Acid, or dilute Ammonia, make 
 the urine slightly acid. If a precipitate appear on boiling, it may be Albumen or Phos¬ 
 phates\ Add a drop or two of Nitric Acid. If the precipitate dissolve, it is Phosphates; 
 if not, it is Albumen. If a deposit or turbidity disappears on heating, it consists of 
 Urates; if not, add a drop of Nitric Acid. If now dissolved, we have Phosphates ; if 
 not, Cystine. Other Tests are the Potassio-Mercuric Iodide , the Sodium Tungstate , 
 Potassium Ferro-cyanide , and Picric Acid Tests; but the above described one, if care¬ 
 fully done, will give as good results as any. 
 
 Bile Pigment and Acids, if necessary. Vogel's color-table. Marechal's Test m as 
 follows: Put of urine in a test-tube, and pour one or two drops of Tinct. Iodi. to 
 
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. 
 
 723 
 
 trickle down along the side of the tube, held horizontally nearly, so that the two fluids 
 may touch, but not mix. If bile pigment be present, a fine green color will at once be 
 developed below the red Iodine layer. Noel's Test, Pettenkofer's Test , Nitric Acid Test , 
 Oxide of Silver Test. 
 
 Sugar, if necessary. Urine containing sugar is usually light-colored, froths readily 
 when poured from one vessel to another, and has a high specific gravity. Fehling's Test, 
 as follows: Add to the boiling urine a few drops of freshly-prepared solution of Potassio- 
 Cupric Tartrate (Fehling's Solution). If sugar be present, a yellow, orange, or red pre¬ 
 cipitate of Cuprous Oxide will form, 10 cubic centimeters of the solution being reduced 
 by 0.05 gram, of diabetic sugar. To prepare Fehling's Solution, dissolve 34.639 grams 
 of pure, crystallized Copper Sulphate in about 200 grams of Distilled Water; also 173 
 grams of chemically pure, crystallized, neutral Tartrate of Sodium in 500 or 600 grams of 
 a solution of Caustic Soda, of specific gravity 1.12, pouring the first solution into the 
 latter, slowly and a little at the time. The clear, mixed fluid is then diluted with distilled 
 water up to a litre. * This solution soon spoils, and must be kept in a dark, cool place. 
 Much more convenient are Dr. Pififard’s Cupro-Potassic Paste, and Dr. Pavy’s Cupric 
 Test Pellets (see Tyson on Urine, page 57); and still more handy are Wyeth’s Compressed 
 Tablets for preparing Fehling’s Solution of Potassio-Cupric Tartrate, U. S. P., 18S0, a box 
 of which costs 50 cents, and may be obtained from any good drug-store. The writer has 
 used these Tablets for some two or three years, with extreme satisfaction. 
 
 Pavy's Solution is a modification of Fehling’s; is equally good for qualitative and 
 volumetric testing, and is intended for those who prefer the apothecaries’ weights and 
 measures to the metric system. It is made in the same manner as Fehling’s, 100 minims 
 corresponding to y z grain of diabetic sugar, and consists of—Copper sulphate, gr. 320 ; 
 Potassium Tartrate (neutral), gr. 640; Caustic Potash, gr. 1280; and Distilled Water, 
 
 f 5 2°. 
 
 Other Tests for Sugar are Bottcher's Bismuth Test, the Fermentation Test, Moore's, 
 Trommer's, the Picric Acid and the Indigo-Carmine. They are all useful, but will not 
 be detailed here, as one good method is all that the average practitioner wants. 
 
 Chlorides. Add a drop of Nitric Acid, and then Silver Nitrate until a precipitate 
 ceases to form. Thus estimate the amount of Chlorides. 
 
 Urea. Place a drop of urine on platinum-foil, and to it add a drop of Nitric Acid, 
 and leave undisturbed in a cool place for a minute or two. If the urea is in excess, 
 crystals of Uric Nitrate form immediately. 
 
 To ascertain the percentage of urea present, use Parke, Davis & Co.’s Ureometer, em¬ 
 ploying the Solution of Hypobromite of Sodium, instead of the solution of Chlorinated 
 Soda, the former giving much the best results. This apparatus is simple, reliable, and 
 quite accurate enough for clinical purposes. 
 
 Mucus and Pus resemble each other so closely under the microscope, that it is almost 
 impossible for any one, except an expert, to distinguish between them thereby. Mucus 
 is more cloudy and flocculent to the naked eye than Pus, which latter is generally of a 
 stringy consistence and thickish yellow appearance at the bottom of the vessel. The 
 supernatant liquid being poured off, and an equal bulk of Liquor Potassse added, the 
 deposit, if containing much pus, becomes gelatinized, and so tough that it cannot be poured 
 out. If Mucus, Acetic Acid added coagulates it, forming delicate molecular fibres. 
 
 Other Deposits are best examined with the microscope, and compared with good 
 plates, rather than with printed descriptions. The plates in Hoffmann and Ultzmann on 
 Analysis of the Urine, will answer the wants of most general practitioners, but the text 
 follows the metric system. The urinary deposits may be classified thus:— 
 
 In Alkaline Urine 
 only. 
 
 In Alkaline or Acid 
 Urine. 
 
 Organized Deposits. 
 
 Calcium Phosphates 
 Ammonium Urates 
 Ammoniaco- 
 
 magnesian, or the 
 Triple Phosphates. 
 
 Uric Acid 
 
 Urates 
 
 Phospb ates 
 Oxalates 
 
 Cystine 
 
 Mucus Toruloe 
 
 Pus Sarcinse 
 
 Blood Vibriones 
 
 Tube-casts Bacteria 
 
 Spermatozoids, etc. 
 
;24 
 
 ETHICS. 
 
 Necessary Apparatus. A dozen test tubes. Alcohol lamp. A small porcelain 
 dish. 2 watch-glasses. A sheet of platinum foil, ^ inch square. 3 pipettes of different 
 sizes, to be used only for urine. A 2-oz graduate. Urinometer. Blue and red litmus- 
 paper. The reagents mentioned above. A little Grape-sugar, for use in testing the 
 Fehling’s solution. Ureometer (Parke, Davis & Co’s). 
 
 The foregoing directions comprise all that the average practitioner will usually perform 
 in the matter of urinary analysis. For fuller directions, the reader is referred to one of 
 the numerous manuals on the subject, among which may be mentioned Da Costa on 
 Medical Diagnosis, Chapter vii.—Tyson on the Practical Examination of Urine,—and 
 Sir Henry Thompson’s Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Urinary Organs, Lecture 
 XXIV. 
 
 A “ Physician's Pocket Reagent Case," intended for urinalysis at the bedside, is put up 
 by Parke, Davis & Co., and sold at the low price of $1.50. It contains a set of Dr. 
 Oliver’s Test Papers or Pellets (the latter preferable), a color scale, specific gravity beads, 
 two test-tubes, a pipette, and full directions for the use of the reagents, which are to be 
 absorbed by the test-papers. 
 
 ETHICS. 
 
 The Hippocratic Oath, —I swear by Apollo, the physician, and Hisculapius, and 
 Health, and All-heal, and all the Gods and Goddesses, that according to my ability and 
 judgment, I will keep this oath and this stipulation :—to reckon him who taught me this 
 Art equally dear to me as my parents, to share my substance with him and relieve his 
 necessities if required; to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers, 
 and to teach them this Art, should they wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation ; and 
 that by precept, lecture, and every other mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge 
 of the Art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to disciples bound by a stipu¬ 
 lation and oath, according to the law of medicine, but to none others. I will follow that 
 system of regimen which according to my ability and judgment I consider for the benefit of 
 my patients, and abstain from what is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly 
 medicine to any one, if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will 
 not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and holiness I will pass 
 my life, and practice my art. I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will 
 leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. In whatever houses I 
 enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary 
 act of mischief and corruption; and further from the seduction of females or males, of 
 freemen and slaves. Whatever, in connection with my professional practice, or not in 
 connection with it, I see or hear in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of 
 abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. While I 
 continue to keep this oath unviolated, may it be granted me to enjoy life and the practice 
 of the Art, respected by all men, in all times. But should I trespass and violate this oath, 
 may the reverse be my lot! [Adam’s Genuine Works of Hippocrates, Sydenham 
 Society, London, 1849.] # 
 
 Extracts from the Code. 
 
 Consultations should be promoted in difficult cases. During them no jealousy or rival- 
 ship should be indulged. Candor, probity, and all due respect should be exercised 
 toward the physician in charge. The attending physician should first question the patient, 
 the consulting one afterwards putting such other questions as may seem fit to further eluci¬ 
 date the case. The discussion should take place in a private place, and no opinions de¬ 
 livered which are not the result of concurrence. In discussion, the attendant delivers his 
 opinion first, the others in the order in which they have been called. 
 
 A Regular Medical Education furnishes the only presumptive evidence of professional 
 abilities and acquirements, and ought to be the only acknowledged right of an individual 
 to the exercise and honors of his profession. No one can be considered a fit associate in 
 consultation, whose practice is based on an exclusive dogma, to the rejection of the accu¬ 
 mulated experience of the profession. 
 
 Punctuality should especially mark the keeping of these engagements; if one of the 
 parties be delayed, the other should wait a reasonable time, and then, if the attendant, 
 prescribe; if the consulting, he should retire, unless the case is urgent or he be called 
 from a distance, when he should prescribe for the emergency or leave a written opinion 
 under seal. All theoretical discussion should be avoided. Should diversity of opinion 
 
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND SPECIFIC VOLUMES. 
 
 725 
 
 prevail, the majority should rule; should the numbers be equal on each side, the decision 
 should rest with the attending physician. The consulting physician should always justify, 
 as far as may be consistent with truth, the course pursued by the attending one, and 
 no hint impairing confidence in him, or his reputation, should be thrown out. A double 
 fee should be expected in all consultations. 
 
 Interference .—A physician should not visit or prescribe for a patient who has been 
 under the care of another for the same malady, unless in, 1st, a case of emergency; 2d, 
 of consultation; 3d, of relinquishment, by the physician, of the case; 4th, or a regular 
 notification to him that his services are no longer desired. When the case is assumed by 
 another, he should indulge in no insinuations against the former attendant. If called 
 because the family physician is not at hand, or is sick, he should resign the case to him 
 on his arrival. In case several physicians are simultaneously called, as in accidents, the 
 first arriving should take full charge of the case, unless the family attendant be present, 
 when he should assume the charge; if not present, he should be sent for, and the further 
 treatment resigned to his hands. 
 
 Miscellaneous .—A case should never be abandoned because it is supposed to be a 
 hopeless one. 
 
 Contumelious and sarcastic remarks relative to the Faculty, as a body, should always 
 be avoided. “ It’s a foul bird that fouls its own nest.” 
 
 It is held unprofessional to resort to “public ” advertising, to hold a patent upon an 
 instrument, or to dispense or prescribe a secret nostrum. 
 
 Gratuitous services should be given to an afflicted brother practitioner. If compelled 
 to temporarily suspend his practice, on account of sickness, the physician who has been 
 invited to take charge of his cases should turn the accruing fees over to the sick one, save 
 in surgical or obstetrical cases. 
 
 TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND SPECIFIC 
 
 VOLUMES. 
 
 (Temperature at 59 0 F., except when otherwise stated.) 
 
 Liquid. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Volume. 
 
 Liquid. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Volume. 
 
 Acid, Acetic,. 
 
 I.O48 
 
 •954 
 
 Liq. Ferri Tersulph., . 
 
 9 
 
 1.329 
 
 •757 
 
 Ac. Acet. dil.,. 
 
 Ac. Hydrobromic 
 
 1.008 
 
 .992 
 
 Liq. Potassae,. 
 
 Liq. Sodae, .... 
 
 I.O36 
 
 I.O59 
 
 •965 
 
 •944 
 
 (34 per cent ), .... 
 
 r -303 
 
 .767 
 
 Mel (Honey),. 
 
 1-333 
 
 • 7 sO 
 
 Ac. Hydrobrom. Dil., . 
 
 1-077 
 
 .928 
 
 01 . Adipis,. 
 
 .900 
 
 l.III 
 
 Ac. Hydrochloric, . . . 
 
 1.160 
 
 .862 
 
 01 . Amyg Expres., . . 
 
 .917 
 
 I .091 
 
 Ac. Hydrochlor. Dil., . 
 
 1.049 
 
 •953 
 
 Ol. Aurant. Cort., . . . 
 
 .860 
 
 1.163 
 
 Ac. Lactic. 
 
 1.212 
 
 •833 
 
 Ol. Bergamii. 
 
 • 875 
 
 1 .143 
 
 Ac. Nitric,. 
 
 1 420 
 
 • 7°4 
 
 Ol. Caryophilli, .... 
 
 1.050 
 
 .952 
 
 Ac Nitric. Dil , . . . . 
 
 1 059 
 
 •944 
 
 Ol. Copaibae,. 
 
 .890 
 
 1.123 
 
 Ac. Oleic.,. 
 
 Ac. Phosphoric, .... 
 
 0.800 
 
 1.250 
 
 Ol. Cubebae,. 
 
 .920 
 
 1.087 
 
 1 347 
 
 .742 
 
 01 . Eucalypti, . . 
 
 .900 
 
 l.III 
 
 Ac. Phosphor. Dil., . . 
 
 1057 
 
 •945 
 
 Ol. Gaultheriae, .... 
 
 I-I 73 
 
 .852 
 
 Ac. Sulphuric, .... 
 
 1.840 
 
 •543 
 
 Ol. Gossyp. Sem , . . . 
 
 •925 
 
 1.081 
 
 Ac. Sulphuric. Dil., . . 
 
 1.094 
 
 .914 
 
 Ol. Lavandulae, .... 
 
 .890 
 
 1.123 
 
 Aether,. 
 
 • 750 
 
 T -333 
 
 01 . Limonis,. 
 
 .850 
 
 1.176 
 
 A£ther Fortior, .... 
 
 • 7 2 5 
 
 1 -379 
 
 Ol. Lini,. 
 
 01 . Menthae Pip., . . . 
 
 .956 
 
 1.068 
 
 Alcohol, at 6o° F., . . . 
 
 .820 
 
 1.219 
 
 .900 
 
 l.III 
 
 Alcohol, at 77 0 F., . . . 
 
 .812 
 
 1.231 
 
 Ol. Morrhuae,. 
 
 .920 
 
 1.087 
 
 Alcohol, Dil., at 6o° F., 
 
 .928 
 
 1.077 
 
 Ol. Olivae. 
 
 .916 
 
 I.O92 
 
 Alcohol, Dil., at 77 0 F., 
 
 .920 
 
 r.087 
 
 j 01 . Ricini,. 
 
 .960 
 
 I .042 
 
 Aqua Destill., at 39 0 F., 
 
 I.OOO 
 
 I.OOO 
 
 Ol. Rosmarini, .... 
 
 .900 
 
 I. OOO 
 
 Aqua Ammoniae, . . . 
 
 •959 
 
 1-043 
 
 01 . Sassafras,. 
 
 I.O9 I 
 
 ■ 9 J 7 
 
 Aq. Ammon., Fort., . . 
 
 .900 
 
 I.I I I 
 
 Ol. Sesami,. 
 
 .918 
 
 1.089 
 
 Benzin,. 
 
 Carbon Bisulphide, . . 
 
 .670 
 
 1-493 
 
 Ol. Terebinthinae, . . . 
 
 .862 
 
 1.160 
 
 1.272 
 
 .786 
 
 Spt. yEtheris Nitrosi, . 
 
 .824 
 
 1.214 
 
 Chloroform. Purif., . . 
 
 1.488 
 
 .672 
 
 Spt. Frumenti. 
 
 .920 
 
 1.087 
 
 Chloroform. Venale, 
 
 1.470 
 
 .680 
 
 Spt. Vini Gallici, . . . 
 
 • 93 ° 
 
 1-075 
 
 Glycerin. 
 
 1.250 
 
 .800 
 
 Syrupus Simplex, . . . 
 
 1- 3 10 
 
 • 7 6 3 
 
 Liq. Ferri Acet., .... 
 
 1.160 
 
 .862 
 
 Vinum Album, .... 
 
 I.OOO 
 
 I.OCO 
 
 Liq., Ferri Chlor., . . . 
 
 i- 4°5 
 
 • 7 " 
 
 Vinum Rubrum, . . . 
 
 I.OOO 
 
 I. OOO 
 
726 
 
 DROPS IN A FLUIDRACHM. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DROPS IN A 
 FLUIDRACHM OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS, ALSO THE 
 WEIGHT OF ONE FLUIDRACHM IN GRAINS. 
 
 (Compare page 438.) 
 
 Liquid. 
 
 Drops 
 in f 5 j. 
 
 onix.) 
 
 Weight 
 of f 5 j in 
 grains. 
 
 Liquid. 
 
 Drops 
 in f 5 j. 
 
 (mix.) 
 
 Weight 
 of f 5 j in 
 grains. 
 
 Acetum Opii,. 
 
 90 
 
 6l 
 
 Liq. Iodi Compos., .... 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 Acetum Scillse,. 
 
 68 
 
 57 
 
 Liq. Potassae,. 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 Acid. Acetic,. 
 
 108 
 
 58 
 
 Liq. Zinci Chloridi, .... 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 Ac. Acetic. Dil., .... 
 
 68 
 
 55 
 
 Oleores. Aspidii,. 
 
 I 3 ° 
 
 52 
 
 1 Acid. Carbolic,. 
 
 III 
 
 59 
 
 Oleores Capsici, .... 
 
 120 
 
 51 
 
 1 Ac. Hydrochloric, . . . 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 Oleores. Cubebae,. 
 
 123 
 
 52 
 
 Ac. Hydrocyanic, . . . 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 Oleum Anisi,. 
 
 119 
 
 54 
 
 Acid, Lactic,. 
 
 III 
 
 66 
 
 Oleum Bergamii,. 
 
 130 
 
 46 
 
 Acid, Nitric,. 
 
 102 
 
 77 
 
 Oleum Cari, . 
 
 132 
 
 50 
 
 Ac. Nitro hydrochlor., 
 
 76 
 
 66 
 
 Oleum Juniperi,. 
 
 148 
 
 49 
 
 j Ac. Phosphor. Dil., . . . 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 Oleum Liinonis,. 
 
 129 
 
 47 
 
 Ac. Sulphuric,. 
 
 128 
 
 IOI 
 
 Oleum Ricini,. 
 
 77 
 
 5154 
 
 | Ac. Sulph. Aromat., . . 
 
 146 
 
 53 
 
 Oleum Rosae,. 
 
 132 
 
 47 
 
 Ac. Sulph. Dil., .... 
 
 60 
 
 58}4 
 
 Oleum Terebinth,. 
 
 136 
 
 4554 
 
 Ac. Sulphurosum, .... 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 Oleum Tiglii,. 
 
 I04 
 
 50 
 
 1 iFther Fortior,. 
 
 176 
 
 39 
 
 Spt. ^Etheris Comp., . . . 
 
 148 
 
 45 
 
 1 Alcohol,. 
 
 146 
 
 44 
 
 Spt. ./Etheris Nitrosi, . . . 
 
 146 
 
 47 
 
 Aqua,. 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 Spt. Camphorae,. 
 
 143 
 
 47 
 
 Aqua Destillata, .... 
 
 60 
 
 5354 
 
 Syrupus Simplex,. 
 
 65 
 
 72 
 
 Bals. Peruvian,. 
 
 IOI 
 
 60 
 
 Syrupus Acaciae,. 
 
 44 
 
 73 
 
 Bromine,. 
 
 250 
 
 165 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Iod., .... 
 
 65 
 
 77 
 
 Chloroform, Pur., .... 
 
 250 
 
 80 
 
 Syrupus Scillae,. 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 Copaiba. 
 
 no 
 
 5 i 
 
 Syr. Scillae Comp., .... 
 
 102 
 
 70 
 
 Creasote,. 
 
 122 
 
 5654 
 
 Syrupus Senegae,. 
 
 106 
 
 70 
 
 Ext. Belladon. FI., . . . 
 
 156 
 
 57 
 
 Tinctura Aconiti,. 
 
 146 
 
 46 
 
 Ext. Buchu FI. 
 
 150 
 
 4754 
 
 Tinctura Belladonnae, . . . 
 
 *37 
 
 53 
 
 Ext. Digitalis FI., . . . 
 
 134 
 
 62 
 
 Tinct. Benzoini Comp., . . 
 
 148 
 
 48 
 
 Ext. Ergotae FI., .... 
 
 133 
 
 60 
 
 Tinct. Cantharidis, .... 
 
 I 3 I 
 
 51 
 
 Ext. Ipecac. FI., .... 
 
 120 
 
 60 . 
 
 Tinct. Digitalis,. 
 
 128 
 
 53 
 
 Ext. Rhei FI.,. 
 
 158 
 
 6l 
 
 Tinct. Ferri Chlor., .... 
 
 150 
 
 53 
 
 Ext. Senegae FI. 
 
 137 
 
 62 
 
 Tinct. Iodi,. 
 
 148 
 
 47 
 
 Ext. Valerianae FI., . . 
 
 150 
 
 49 
 
 Tinct. Opii,. 
 
 130 
 
 53 
 
 Ext. Zingib. FI., .... 
 
 142 
 
 48 
 
 Tinct. Opii Camph., .... 
 
 130 
 
 52 
 
 Glycerin. 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 Tinct, Opii Deodor., . . 
 
 no 
 
 54 
 
 Hydrargyrum,. 
 
 i =;o 
 
 760 
 
 Vin Colchici Rad., .... 
 
 107 
 
 55 
 
 Liq. Acidi Arseniosi, . . 
 
 67 
 
 55 
 
 Vin. Colchici Sem., .... 
 
 in 
 
 54 
 
 Liq. Ferri Chloridi, . . . 
 
 7 1 
 
 72 
 
 Vinum Opii,. 
 
 100 
 
 55 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Ounces. Drachms . 
 
 Scruples. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 Pints. 
 
 Pi’ ounces. 
 
 FI’ dr' ms. 
 
 Minim 
 
 Ib. 
 
 0 5 
 
 9 
 
 gr- 
 
 C. 
 
 O. 
 
 ft 
 
 f 5 
 
 m- 
 
 1 
 
 = 12 = 96 = 
 
 288 = 
 
 5760 
 
 1 • = 
 
 8 
 
 = 128 == 
 
 1024 = 
 
 61440 
 
 
 1=8 = 
 
 24 = 
 
 480 
 
 
 1 
 
 = 16 = 
 
 128 = 
 
 7680 
 
 
 = 1 = 
 
 3 = 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 8 - 
 
 480 
 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 60 
 
 APOTHECARIES OR WINE MEASURE. 
 
 i Milligram, 
 1 Centigram, 
 1 Decigram, 
 
 1 Gram, . . 
 1 Kilogram, 
 
 METRIC WEIGHTS. 
 
 . O.OOI 
 
 . 0.01 
 
 . 0.1 
 
 = S r - jh 
 
 = gr. h 
 = gr. 4 
 = gr. iS- 43 2 
 = lb 2.7 
 
 APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 i ll| or i gr.,.= .06 grams. 
 
 1 f 5 or 1 5 , ... ......= 4. 
 
 i fS, .. . . = 30. “ 
 
 1 S,.=31. “ 
 
 1 fS Glycerin,.= 37. 
 
 i fS Syrups,. =40. “ 
 
 1. 
 
 1000. 
 
METRIC CONVERSIONS. 
 
 TABLE FOR CONVERTING APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHTS 
 AND MEASURES INTO GRAMS. 
 
 Adapted from Maisch. 
 
 [Multiply all grains, or fractions of a grain, by 6479 ( or 648) for the metric equivalent 
 
 in millegrams.—P otter.] 
 
 Troy Weight. 
 
 Metric. 
 
 
 Grams for Liquids 
 
 
 
 Apothecaries’ 
 
 
 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Measure. 
 
 Lighter * than 
 Water. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity f of 
 Water. 
 
 Heavier J 
 than Water. 
 
 
 Millegram. 
 
 "1 1 
 
 •055 
 
 .06 
 
 .08 
 
 A 
 
 .001 
 
 2 
 
 .IO 
 
 .12 
 
 •"5 
 
 To 
 
 .0015 
 
 3 
 
 .16 
 
 .18 
 
 .24 
 
 l 
 
 3 0 
 
 .002 
 
 4 
 
 .22 
 
 .24 
 
 •32 
 
 l 
 
 1 0 
 
 .003 
 
 5 
 
 .28 
 
 •30 
 
 .40 
 
 l 
 
 l¥ 
 
 .004 
 
 6 
 
 •32 
 
 •36 
 
 .48 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 .005 
 
 7 
 
 ■38 
 
 .42 
 
 •55 
 
 1 
 
 TO' 
 
 .006 
 
 8 
 
 •45 
 
 • 5 ° 
 
 • 6 5 | 
 
 8 
 
 .008 
 
 9 
 
 •50 
 
 • -55 
 
 •73 
 
 Centigram. 
 
 10 
 
 •55 
 
 .65 
 
 .80 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 .010 
 
 15 
 
 .80 
 
 •72 
 
 .96 
 
 1 
 
 ¥ 
 
 .016 
 
 16 
 
 .90 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.32 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 .02 
 
 20 
 
 1.12 
 
 125 
 
 1.60 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 •03 
 
 25 
 
 1.40 
 
 i -55 
 
 2.00 
 
 1 
 
 .065 
 
 3 ° 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 Decigram. 
 
 35 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.20 
 
 2.90 
 
 2 
 
 •13 
 
 40 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 3-30 
 
 3 
 
 .20 
 
 48 
 
 2.70 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4 
 
 .26 
 
 50 
 
 2.80 
 
 3. 12 
 
 4 .i 5 
 
 5 
 
 •32 
 
 60 fgj 
 
 3-40 
 
 3-75 
 
 5.00 
 
 6 
 
 •39 
 
 72 
 
 4.00 
 
 4 - 5 o 
 
 6.00 
 
 8 
 
 .52 
 
 80 
 
 4 - 5 ° 
 
 5 -oo 
 
 6.65 
 
 10 
 
 •65 
 
 90 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.60 
 
 7.50 
 
 
 Gram. 
 
 96 
 
 5-40 
 
 6.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 15 
 
 1.00 
 
 100 
 
 5.60 
 
 6.48 
 
 8.30 
 
 20 9j 
 
 1.30 
 
 120 f 3 ij 
 
 6-75 
 
 7-50 
 
 10.00 
 
 24 
 
 1 50 
 
 160 
 
 9.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 13 - 3 ° 
 
 26 
 
 1.62 
 
 180 f% iij 
 
 10.10 
 
 11.25 
 
 15-00 
 
 30 3 ss 
 
 i -95 
 
 240 f ^ ss 
 
 i 3 - 5 o 
 
 15.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 40 
 
 2.60 
 
 f 3 v 
 
 16.90 
 
 18.75 
 
 25.00 
 
 50 
 
 3.20 
 
 f 3 v J 
 
 20.25 
 
 # 22.50 
 
 30.00 
 
 6° 3 j 
 
 3-90 
 
 f A vij 
 
 23.60 
 
 26.25 
 
 35 - 0 ° 
 
 100 
 
 6.48 
 
 f.tj 
 
 27.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 120 sy 
 
 7.80 
 
 Cll 
 
 54.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 80.00 
 
 180 
 
 11.65 
 
 1000 
 
 59.00 
 
 64.79 
 
 85.00 
 
 250 gss 
 
 i5-5o 
 
 Cl i'J 
 
 81.00 
 
 90.00 
 
 120.00 
 
 300 
 
 19.40 
 
 f 3 lv 
 
 108.00 
 
 120.00 
 
 160,00 
 
 360 
 
 2 3 - 5 o 
 
 . Cl v 
 
 i35-oo 
 
 150.00 
 
 200.00 
 
 420 
 
 27.20 
 
 fSvj 
 
 162.00 
 
 180.00 
 
 240.00 
 
 480 5 j 
 
 31.10 
 
 f^viij 
 
 216.00 
 
 240.00 
 
 320.00 
 
 960 ^ ij 
 
 62.20 
 
 
 
 
 
 1000 
 
 64.79 
 
 
 
 
 
 q iv 
 
 124.40 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 vi 
 
 186.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 V,, J 
 
 248.80 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Lighter than water are tinctures, spirits, compound spirit of ether, sweet spirits of nitre, fixed and 
 volatile oils. Hither Fortior, f 3 j = grams 2.80. 
 
 f Same as water are waters, liquids, decoctions, infusions, most fluid extracts, and tinctures made 
 with dilute alcohol. 
 
 X Heavier than water are syrups, glycerin, a few fluid extracts, and chloroform. Of the latter 
 f 3 j = grams 5.50. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Note. —This Index has been arranged with the object of enabling instant reference to 
 be made to the mention of every article of the Materia Medica, every drug, official or 
 unofficial, and each preparation, derivative or constituent thereof, which is treated of in 
 the first part of the book, every article, preparation or operation discussed in the pharma¬ 
 ceutical portion, and every disease or other title contained in the therapeutical section. 
 Many of the entries are only made once, but double and even treble entries are made for 
 every item which seemed of sufficient importance to warrant such repetition. 
 
 Salts are each placed but once in the Index, under their English names and the titles 
 of their acid factors, thus, Acetate of Potassium. A basic view of the salts under their 
 basis titles is seen in the section on Materia Medica, but as no such view of the Allyl, 
 Ethyl, Methyl, Propyl and similar compounds exists in the book, these are each indexed 
 twice, under both the acid and basic portions of their names, as Cetyl Palmitate and 
 Pabnitate of Cetyl. 
 
 Plants are indexed under both English and Latin names, except where the technical 
 name of the plant corresponds in part with the official drug-title, in which case the one 
 entry serves for both. Thus the entry Conium answers for the plant Conium maculatum , 
 as well as for the official drug; but the drug A T ux Vomica and the plant Strychnos A r ux- 
 vomica receive separate index entries. 
 
 Alkaloids are each entered once only and under their chemical termination, ine; their 
 salts following the same rule as other salts. 
 
 Glucosides and similar principles (except such as are acids) are indexed under their 
 chemical termination, in. 
 
 Preparations are indexed under their Latin names where the reference is to the class, 
 as Infusa, 422 ; but the several individual preparations are placed under their English 
 titles, thus, Infusion of Digitalis , 199 ; the reference being to the Infusum Digitalis,, 
 page 199. 
 
 Abbreviations, their use, 443 
 Table of, 443, 691 
 Abdominal Plethora, 480 
 Abies, 315 
 Abies balsamea, 384 
 canadensis, 315 
 excelsa, 315 
 Abietic Anhydride, 385 
 Abortion, 48, 480 
 Abrus, 55 
 Abscess, 481 
 
 of the Liver, 590 
 Absinthe, 56 
 Absinthium, 56 
 Abstract of Aconite, 76 
 of Belladonna, 126 
 of Conium, 186 
 of Digitalis, 199 
 
 Abstract of Hyoseyamus, 248 
 of Ignatia, 250 
 of Jalap, 258 
 of Nux Vomica, 288 
 of Podophyllum, 320 
 of Senega, 363 
 of Valerian, 394 
 Abstracta, 429 
 Acacia, 56 
 
 Catechu, 159 
 
 Aceta (see also Vinegars), 428 
 Acetanilide, 56 
 Acetate of Copper, 194 
 of Ethyl, 79 
 of Iron, 215 
 
 of Iron and Ammonium, 217 
 of Lead, 317 
 of Morphine, 293 
 
INDEX. 
 
 730 
 
 Acetate of Potassium, 322 
 of Sodium, 369 
 of Zinc, 403 
 Acetic Ether, 79 
 Acetous Preparations, 428 
 Acetum, 58 
 Acid Abietic, 334 
 Abric, 55 
 Acetic, 58 
 Aconitic, 76 
 Agaric, 83 
 Aloetic, 90 
 Anemonic, 328 
 Angelic, 380, 390 
 Arabic, 56 
 Arsenious, 116 
 Artanihic, 277 
 Benzoic, 129, 179 
 Boracic, 59 
 Boric, 59 
 Brassic, 367 
 Calumbic, 145 
 Camphoric, 147 
 Camphretic, 147 
 Capronic, 114 
 Caprylic, 114 
 Carbazotic, 72 
 Carbolic, 60, 179 
 Solutions of, 60 
 Gauze, 60 
 Carminic, 183 
 Caryophyllic, 156 
 Caryophyllinic, 156 
 Catechuic, 159 
 Catechu-tannic, 159 
 Cathartic, 364 
 Cathartogenic, 364 
 Cerotic, 160 
 Cetraric, 161 
 Cevadic, 396 
 Chelidonic, 162, 353 
 Chromic, 62 
 Chrysammic, 90 
 Chrysophanic, 174, 344 
 Cinnamic, 124, 129, 376 
 Citric, 266 
 Coca-tannic, 208 
 Copaibic, 189 
 Cresylic, 60 
 Cubebic, 193 
 Ergotic, 204 
 Ergotinic, 204 
 Erucic, 367 
 Eugenic, 284 
 Euonic, 213 
 Euphrastic, 214 
 Filicic, 121 
 Fluoric, 63 
 Gallic, 63, 223 
 Gallo-tannic, 74 
 Gambogic, 146 
 Gelsemic, 224 
 
 Acid Gentesic, 226 
 Gentianic, 226 
 Glvcyrrhizic, 228 
 Guaiac, 232 
 Guaiaconic, 232 
 Guaiarec, 232 
 Gurjunic, 234 
 Gynocardic, 161 
 Hydriodic, 252 
 Hydrobromic, 65 
 Hydrochloric, 65 
 Hydrocyanic, 67 
 Hypopicrotoxic, 310 
 Igasuric, 288 
 Ipecacuanhic, 256 
 Juglandic, 259 
 Kinic, 177 
 Kinotannic, 177, 261 
 Kinovic, 177 
 Kinovo-tannic, 177 
 Lactic, 69, 292 
 Lactucic, 263 
 Linoleic, 268 
 Lobelic, 269 
 Lupulinic, 238 
 Maizenic, 402 
 Malic, 126 
 Mastichic, 277 
 Meconic, 292 
 Melassic, 347 
 Methyl-salicylic, 224 
 Mezereinic, 281 
 Muriatic, 65 
 Myristic, 285 
 Nitric, 70 
 
 Nitro-hydrochloric, 65, 70 
 Nitro-muriatic, 65, 70 
 Oleic, 71, 290 
 Ophelic, 164 
 Oxalic, 48, 487 
 Palmaric, 334 
 Palmitic, 290 
 Phenic, 60 
 Phosphoric, 71 
 Phytolaccic, 309 
 Picric, 72 
 Picrotoxic, 310 
 Pinic, 334 
 Piperonylic, 191 
 Podophyllinic, 320 
 Polygonic, 321 
 Protocatechuic, 320 
 Prussic, 67 
 Punico-tannic, 230 
 Pyrogallic, 63, 179 
 P> roligneous, 315 
 Quercitannic, 74, 332 
 Rhatania-tannic, 74, 262 
 Rhtotannic, 336 
 Rheumic, 336 
 Ricinoleic, 340 
 Sabadillic, 396 
 
INDEX. 
 
 731 
 
 Acid, Salicylic, 179, 349 
 Salicylous, 349 
 Salicyluric, 350 
 Sanguinarinic, 353 
 Scheele’s, 67 
 Sclerotinic, 204 
 Silvic, 334 
 Sphacelinic, 205 
 Strychnic, 288 
 Sulphuric, 72 
 Sulphuric, Aromatic, 72 
 Sulphurous, 73 
 Succinic, 91 
 Tannic, 74, 223 
 Tannic and Iron, 453 
 Tartaric, 75 
 Thebolactic, 292 
 Tiglinic, 390 
 Toxicodendric, 339 
 Tropic, 126, 247 
 Valerianic, 380, 393 
 Vanillic, 395 
 Veratric, 396 
 Viburnic, 399 
 Xylic, 60 
 
 Acids, their action, 36, 65 
 Acidity, 481 
 Acipenser Huso, 249 
 Acne, 482 
 Aconine, 76 
 Aconite, 75 
 Aconitine, 76 
 Aconitum, 75 
 
 Cammarum, 76 
 Chinense, 76 
 ferox, 76 
 Japonicum, 76 
 Napellus, 76 
 Acorin, 143 
 Acorus Calamus, 143 
 Acrinyl, Sulpho-cyanate, 367 
 Acrolein, 227 
 Addison’s Disease, 483 
 Administration of Medicines, 20 
 Adynamia, 483 
 Adeps, 78 
 
 Benzoinatus, 78 
 Hither, 78 
 Hither, Acetic, 79 
 After-pains, 484 
 Agalactia, 484 
 Agaricin, 83 
 Agaricus albus, 83 
 chirurgorum, 83 
 muscarius, 84 
 Agave Americana, 90 
 Ague, see Intermittent Fever, 598 
 Ailanthus glandulosa, 85 
 Albau, 234 
 Albumin, 400 
 Albuminate of Iron, 217 
 of Mercury, 244 
 
 Albuminuria, 484 
 Alcohol, 85 
 
 Caustic, 369 
 Phenylic, 60, 87 
 Alcoholic Preparations, 423 
 strength of Bitters, 704 
 Alcoholism, 87, 485 
 Aldehyde, 87 
 
 Proto-catechuic, 395 
 Alder bark, 64, 89 
 Alder, Black, 327 
 Alder, Buckthorn, 221 
 Ale, 86 
 
 Alkalies, their action, 36 
 Alkaline Mineral Waters, 109 
 Alkaloids, 409 
 Allium cepa, 89 
 porrum, 89 
 sativum, 89 
 Allspice, 313 
 Allyl Sulphide, 119 
 
 Sulpho-cyanide, 367 
 Almond, 67, 97 
 Alnus, 64, 89 
 Aloe socotrina, 89 
 Aloes, 89 
 Alopecia, 486, 673 
 Alstonia scholaris, 202 
 Alteratives, 41 
 Uterine, 48 
 Althaea officinalis, 91 
 Alum, 91 
 
 Alum, Ammonio-ferric, 217 
 Alum root, 64 
 Alumen, 91 
 
 Alumen Exsiccatum, 91 
 Aluminium, 92 
 Amanita Muscaria, 84 
 Amaurosis, 486 
 Amber, 377, 385 
 Amblyopia, 30, 486 
 Amenorrhoea, 486 
 Amido-benzene, 179 
 Ammonia, 93 
 Ammonia-alum, 91 
 Ammoniated Mercury, 240 
 Ammoniacum, 93 
 Ammonium, 93 
 Amorphous Bodies, 415 
 Amygdala, 97 
 
 Amara, 67, 97 
 Dulcis, 97 
 Amygdalin, 67, 97 
 Amyl Chloride, 81 
 Hydrate, 87 
 Hydride, 81 
 Nitrite, 98 
 Amylene, 81 
 
 Hydrate, 164 
 Amylic Alcohol, 87 
 Amylum, 100, 348 
 
 Iodatum, 100, 252 
 
INDEX. 
 
 732 
 
 Anaemia, 488 
 
 cerebral, 512 
 Anaesthesia, 80, 171, 489 
 Local, 209 
 
 Anaesthetics, 25, 27, 80, 81, 171 
 Local, 25 
 Mixtures, 79 
 Modes of using, 171 
 Anacyclus Pyrethrum, 330 
 Analgesics, 27 
 Anamirta paniculata, 310 
 Anaphrodisiacs, 47 
 Anaphrodisiac Pills, 468 
 Anasarca, see Dropsy, 540 
 Andira Araroba, 174 
 Anemone, Meadow, 328 
 patens, 328 
 pratensis, 328 
 Pulsatilla, 328 
 Anemonin, 328 
 Aneurism, 489 
 Angelate of Butyl, 101 
 Angina.—See Croup, Laryngitis, Pharyn¬ 
 gitis, Throat, Tonsillitis, etc. 
 
 Angina Pectoris, 489 
 Anhidrotics, 46 
 Anilin, 179 
 Anilin Red, 222 
 Anise, 100 
 Star, 100 
 Anodynes, 25, 27 
 Local, 25 
 Ant-acids, 36 
 Antagonists, 52 
 
 List of, 53, 451 
 Anthelmintics, 40 
 Anthem is, 101 
 
 Anthrax.—See Carbuncle, 507 
 Antibilious Pills, 469 
 Antidote, Jeaunel’s, 707 
 Antidote-bag, 708 
 Antidotes, 52, 707 
 Anti-emetics, 37 
 Anti-fat, 222 
 Antifebrin, 56 
 Antilithics, 45 
 Antimonial Powder, 102 
 Antimony, 102 
 
 Sulphurated, 102 
 Antiperiodics, 43 
 Antiphlogistics, 43 
 Antipyretics, 42 
 Antipyrine, 104 
 Antiseptic Fluid, 389 
 Antiseptics, 51, 389 
 Antisialics, 35 
 Antispasmodics, 28 
 Antizymotics, 51 
 Anus, Fissured, 490 
 Prolapse of, 647 
 Aperients, 38, 468 
 Aphonia, 490 
 
 Aphrodisiacs, 47 
 Aphthae, 491 
 Apiin, 106 • 
 
 Apiol, 106 
 
 Apis mellifica, 160, 278 
 Apnoea, 721 
 Apocynin, 107 
 Apocynum, 107 
 Apomorphine, 107, 292 
 Apoplexy, 491 
 Apotheme, 429 
 Appetite, 491 
 
 Approximate Measures, 438 
 Aqua, 108 
 
 Bulliens, 108 
 Carbonata, 108 
 Communis, 108 
 Destillata, 108 
 Fervens, 108 
 Fluvialis, 108 
 Fontana, 108 
 Marina, 108 
 Pluvialis, 108 
 
 Aquae (see also Water of), 419 
 Aqueous Preparations, 419 
 Arabin, 56, 391 
 Arbor Vitae, 385, 388 
 Arbutin, 162, 180, 223, 393 
 Arctostaphylos glauca, 393 
 Uva-ursi, 392 
 Argentum, 112 
 Argol, 322 
 Argyria, 113 
 
 Aristolochia reticulata, 365 
 Serpentaria, 365 
 Aristolochine, 365 
 Arnica, 114 
 Arnicin, 114 
 
 Aromatic Fluid Extract, 183 
 Aromatic Powder, 183 
 Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, 72 
 Arseniate of Iron, 217 
 of Sodium, 116 
 Arsenic, 116 
 
 Arsemte of Bromine, 117 
 of Copper, 117, 709 
 of Potassium, 116 
 Arsenium, 116 
 Artemisia Absinthium, 55 
 maritima, 355 
 Arterial Transfusion, 21 
 Artanthe elongata, 277 
 Asafcetida, 119 
 Asagraea officinalis, 396 
 Ascarides.—See Worms, 688 
 Ascites, 492 
 Asclepias, 120 
 Ash, Flowering, 276 
 Prickly, 401 
 
 Asparagin, 91, 213, 228 
 Asphyxia, 721 
 Aspidium, 121 
 
INDEX. 
 
 733 
 
 Aspidosperma Quebracho, 331 
 Aspidospermine, 331 
 
 Asthenia.—See Adynamia, Convalescence, 
 Atrophy. 
 
 Asthenopia, 492 
 Asthma, 492 
 Astigmatism, 494 
 Astragalus gummifer, 391 
 Astringents, 42, 50, 64, 468 
 Intestinal, 39 
 Powder, 472 
 Urinary, 45 
 Atheroma, 494 
 Atrophy, 494 
 Atropine, 126 
 
 and Morphine, 299, 702 
 Atrosin, 126 
 Aurantiin, 121 
 Aurantium, 121 
 Aurum, 122 
 Ava kava, 261 
 Avena Sativa, 123 
 Ayer’s Ague Cure, 704 
 Cherry Pectoral, 704 
 Pills, 704 
 
 Recamier Balm, 704 
 Cream, 704 
 Sarsaparilla, 704 
 Vita Nuova, 704 
 Azedarach, 123 
 
 Azoturia.—See Urinary Disorders, 680 
 Azulen, 278 
 
 Balanitis, 494 
 
 Baldness.—See Alopecia, 486, 673 
 Balm, 279 
 
 of Gilead, 384 
 Balnea, 462 
 Balneum Maris, 108 
 Vaporis, 108 
 Balsam of Copaiba, 189 
 of Fir, 384 
 P'riar’s, 129, 376 
 of Peru, 124 
 of Tolu, 124 
 
 Balsamodendron Myrrha, 285 
 Balsamum Dipterocarpi, 233 
 Peruvianum, 124 
 Tolutanum, 124 
 Bandoline, 197 
 Baptisia, 125 
 Baptisin, 125 
 Barberry, 129 
 Bark, Cuprea, 176 
 Peruvian, 176 
 Tincture of, 177 
 Barley, 273 
 Barosma, 137 
 Barosmin, 137 
 Basham’s Mixture, 217 
 
 Basilicon Ointment, 334 
 Bassorin, 391 
 Baths, Formulae, 462 
 Bay-berry, 284 
 Bay Rum, 284 
 Bear-berry, 392 
 Bed-sores, 495 
 Beer, 86 
 Belladonna, 125 
 Belladonnine, 125 
 Benne Oii, 366 
 Benzene, 128, 179 
 Benzin, 128 
 
 Benzoate of Ammonium, 94, 129 
 of Lithium, 129, 268 
 of Sodium, 129 
 Benzoin, 129 
 Benzoinated Lard, 129 
 Benzol, 128, 179 
 Benzyl Cinnamate, 124 
 Berberine, 129, 145, 246, 320, 401 
 Muriate of, 129, 246 
 Berberis, 129 
 Bergamium, 130 
 Bergamot, Oil of, 131 
 Bergaptene, 130 
 Beta-naphthol, 286 
 Beta vulgaris, 347 
 Bhang, 150 
 
 Bibliography and References, 479 
 Bicarbonate of Potassium, 322 
 of Sodium, 369 
 
 commercial, 369 
 Bichloride of Ethene, 81 
 of Ethylene, 169 
 of Mercury, 239 
 of Methylene, 170 
 
 Bichlorinated Chloride of Methyl, 168 
 
 Bichromate of Potassium, 62 
 
 Bile, Agents affecting the, 40 
 
 Biliary Solvents, 45 
 
 Biliousness, 495 
 
 Bilious Remittent Fever, 717 
 
 Bind-weed, 237 
 
 Biniodide of Mercury, 240 
 
 Bird-lime, 400 
 
 Bismuth, 131 
 
 Bismuth Mixture for Children, 457 
 Bisulphate of Quinine, 177 
 Bisulphide of Carbon, 81, 154 
 Bisulphite of Sodium, 73 
 Bitartrate of Potassium, 323 
 Bites and Stings, 667 
 Bitters, Action of the Simple, 146 
 Alcoholic Strength of, 704 
 Bittersweet, 203 
 Black-berry, 64, 343 
 Bark, 343 
 
 Black Draught, 364 
 Drop, 293 
 Paste, 571 
 
 Bladder, Inflammation of, 529 
 
734 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bladder, Irritable, 496 
 Paralysis of, 496 
 -wrack, 222 
 Blende, 403 
 Blepharitis, 496 
 Blistering Cerate, 151 
 Blisters, 49 
 Blood-root, 352 
 Blood-stains, 666 
 Blue Flag, 257 
 Mass, 239 
 Ointment, 239 
 Pill, 239 
 Boiling, 411 
 Boils, 496 
 Boldine, 132 
 Boldo, 132 
 Boldus, 132 
 Bolus, 463 
 Bone Diseases, 497 
 Boneset, 213 
 Borate of Quinine, 178 
 of Sodium, 59 
 Borax, 59 
 
 Boro-citrate of Magnesium, 59 
 Boro-glyceride, 59 
 Bos-taurus, 214 
 Bots, 124 
 
 Bougies, Formulae for, 475 
 Boxwood, 301 
 
 Brain Disorders.—See Cerebral Anaemia, 
 Cerebral Concussion, etc. 
 
 Fever.—See Meningitis,Cerebro-spinal 
 Meningitis, Typhoid Fever, Typhus 
 Fever. 
 
 Brandreth’s Pills, 704 
 Brandy, 86 
 Brayera, 132 
 
 Breasts.—See Abscess, Lactation, Mastitis, 
 Nipples. 
 
 Breath, Fetid, 497 
 Bright’s Disease, Acute, 497 
 Chronic, 498 
 Diagnosis, 712 
 
 Bromide of Ammonium, 94, 133 
 of Arsenic, 117 
 of Calcium, 133 
 of Ethyl, 79 
 of Iron,133, 215 
 of Lithium, 133, 268 
 of Methyl, 81 
 of Potassium, 133 
 of Sodium, 133 
 of Zinc, 133 
 Bromidrosis, 559 
 Bromine and Bromides, 133 
 Bromism, 134 
 Bronchiectasis, 499 
 Bronchitis, Acute, 499 
 Capillary, 500 
 Chronic, 501 
 
 Bronchocele.—See Goitre, 569 
 
 Bronchorrhoea, 502 
 Broom, 360 
 Brown Mixture, 228 
 Brucine, 237, 250, 288 
 Bruises, 503 
 Bryonia, 135 
 Bryonin, 136 
 Bubo, 503 
 Buchu, 137 
 
 Helmbold’s, 705 
 Buckthorn, 158, 221 
 Bulimia, 491 
 Bunion, 504 
 Burdock, 264 
 
 Burnett’s Disinfectant, 51, 403 
 Burns, 504 
 Bursitis, 504 
 Butternut, 259 
 Butyl Angelate, 101 
 Butyl chloral Hydrate, 168 
 Chloride, 81 
 Plydride, 81 
 Valerianate, 101 
 Buxine, 301 
 
 Buxus sempervirens, 301 
 
 Cacao-butter, 387 
 Cachets, 471 
 Cachexiae, 504 
 Cadmium, 137 
 Caffea, 138 
 Caffeine, 138 
 Cajuput Oil, 142 
 Cajuputene Bihydrate, 142 
 Cajuputol, 142 
 Calabar Bean, 307 
 Calabarine, 307 
 Calamine, 403 
 
 Ointment, 405 
 Calamus, 143 
 Calcination, 412 
 Calcium, 143 
 Calculi, Biliary, 505 
 Renal, 505 
 Solvents of, 45 
 Vesical, 505 
 Calendula, 145 
 Calomel, 240 
 Calumba, 145 
 Calx, 143 
 
 Chlorata, 172 
 Sulphurata, 378 
 Cambogia, 146 
 Camellia Thea, 138, 139 
 Camp Fever.—See Typhus, 677 
 Camphor, 147 
 
 Baldrian, 393 
 Bergamot, 131 
 Carbolated, 148 
 -Chloral, 148 
 
INDEX. 
 
 735 
 
 Camphor-Cymol, 147 
 Monobromated, 147 
 Peppermint, 280 
 Salicylated, 148 
 Canadian Hemp, 107 
 Cancer, 506 
 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 of Uterus, 681 
 Cancrum Oris, 507 
 Cane Sugar, 347 
 Cannabene, 149 
 Cannabin, 149, 165 
 Cannabis, 149 
 
 Americana, 149 
 Indica, 149 
 sativa, 149 
 
 Cantharides, 151, 229 
 Cantharidin, 151 
 Cantharis, 151 
 Capsicin, 153 
 Capsicum, 153 
 Cap>ules, 469 
 Caraway, 156 
 Carbo, 154 
 
 Animalis, 154 
 Purified, 154 
 Ligni, 154 
 
 Carbolate of Iodine, 251 
 Carbon, 154 
 
 Bisulphide, 154 
 Dioxide, 81, 348 
 Monoxide, 81 
 Tetrachloride, 170 
 Carbolate of Iodine, 252 
 Carbonei Bisulphidum, 154 
 Carbonate of Ammonium, 94 
 of Calcium, Precipitated, 143 
 of Iron, 215 
 
 Saccharated, 215 
 of Iron and Manganese, 275 
 of Lead, 317 
 of Lithium, 268 
 of Magnesium, 271 
 of Potassium, 322 
 of Sodium, 369 
 Dried, 369 
 
 of Zinc, Precipitated, 403 
 Carbonated Mineral Waters, 108 
 Carbonization, 412 
 Carbuncle, 507 
 
 Carcinoma.—See Cancer, 506 
 Cardamom, 155 
 
 Cardiac Disorders.—See Heart. 
 Sedatives, 33 
 Stimulants, 33 
 Tonics, 33 
 
 Cardialgia.—See Pyrosis, 653 
 Carduus, 155 
 Carica Papaya, 300 
 Caries, 508 
 Carminatives, 37 
 Dewees’, 272 
 
 Carmine, 183 
 Caroval, 196 
 Carron Oil, 144, 268 
 Carthamus tinctorius, 193 
 Caruen, 156 
 Carum, 156 
 Caruol, 156 
 Caryophyllin, 156 
 Caryophyllus, 156 
 Casca Bark, 157 
 Cascara Amarga, 157 
 Sagrada, 158 
 Cascarilla, 158 
 Cascarillin, 158 
 Cassia acutifolia, 364 
 elongata, 364 
 Fistula, 158 
 Castanea, 64, 159 
 vesca, 159 
 Castor Oil, 340 
 
 Emulsion; Formula, 524 
 Castoria, 704 
 Catalepsy, 508 
 Cataplasmata, 477 
 Cataract, 508 
 
 Catarrh, Acute Nasal, 509 
 
 Broncho pulmonary.—See Bronchitis,. 
 
 Bronchorrhoea. 
 
 Chronic Nasal, 510 
 Duodenal, 541 
 
 Epidemic.—See Influenza, 597 
 Gastric.—See Gastritis, Chronic, 566 
 Genito-urinary.—See Bladder, Catarrh 
 of, Cystitis, Endometritis, Gonor¬ 
 rhoea, Leucorrhoea, etc. 
 
 Intestinal.—See Dysentery, Jaundice, 
 etc. 
 
 Summer.—See Hay Fever, 573 
 Catechol, 180 
 Catechu, 64, 159 
 Cathartics, 38 
 Catharto-mannite, 364 
 Caulophyllin, 159 
 Caulophyllum, 159 
 Caustic, Lunar, 112 
 Potash, 322 
 Soda, 368 
 Caustics, 49 
 Cedar, Oil of, 354 
 Red, 346 
 Celandine, 162 
 Cellulose, 229, 348 
 Centaurea benedicta, 156 
 Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 256 
 Cephalalgia, 575 
 Cera, 160 
 Cera Alba, 160 
 Flava, 160 
 Cerata, 433, 475 
 Cerate of Camphor, 147 
 of Cantharides, 151 
 of Cantharides Extract, 151 
 
INDEX. 
 
 736 
 
 Cerate of Cetaeeum, 161 
 
 of Lead Subacetate, 318 
 of Resin, 334 
 of Sabine, 346 
 Cerates, 433, 475 
 
 Compounding of, 475 
 Ceratum, 160, 433 
 Cerebellum, Agents affecting, 28 
 Cerebral Anaemia, 512 
 
 Compression, Diagnosis, 713 
 Concussion, 512 
 Diagnosis, 713 
 Congestion, 512 
 Depressants, 26 
 Excitants, 26 
 Softening, 512 
 Vomiting—Diagnosis, 717 
 Cerebro-spinal Fever, 615 
 Cerium Oxalate, 160 
 Cerolein, 160 
 Cetaeeum, 161 
 Cetin, 161 
 Cetraria, 161 
 Cetyl Palmitate, 161 
 Cevadilla, 396 
 Cevadilline, 396 
 Cevadine, 396 
 Chalk, Prepared, 143 
 Chalybeate Waters, 109 
 Chamomile, 101 
 German, 278 
 Chamomilla, 278 
 Chancre, 513 
 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 Chancroid, 513 
 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 
 Change of Life—See Climacteric, 518 
 Chapped Hands and Lips, 513 
 Charcoal, 154 
 
 Chartoe (see also Papers), 434 
 
 Chartulae, 471 
 
 Chaulmoogra Oil, 161 
 
 Chelerythrine, 162 
 
 Chelidonine, 162 
 
 Chelidonium, 162 
 
 Chelidoxanthin, 162 
 
 Chelsea Pensioner, 470, 659 
 
 Chemical Incompatibility, 448 
 
 Chenopodium, 162 
 
 Cherry-laurel, 67, 68 
 
 Cherry, Wild, 327 
 
 Chestnut, 159 
 
 Chestnut-leaves, 64 
 
 Chest-pains, 513 
 
 Chian Turpentine, 384 
 
 Chicken-pox, 514, 684 
 
 Chilblains, 514 
 
 Chidreti, Dosage for, 22 
 
 Chimaphila, 162 
 
 Chimaphilin, 162 
 
 China, Pride of, 123 
 
 Chininum Amorphum Boricum, 178 
 
 Chinoidin, 178 
 Chinoline, 163, 179 
 Chiratin, 164 
 Chiretta, 164 
 Chittem Bark, 158 
 Chloral, 164 
 
 Analogues of, 164 
 Butylic, 168 
 Hydrate, 164 
 Chloralamid, 165 
 Chloral-habit, 167 
 Chlorate of Potassium, 322 
 of Sodium, 369 
 Chloride of Ammonium, 94 
 of Amyl, 81 
 of Arsenic, 85 
 of Butyl, 81 
 of Calcium, 143 
 of Cocaine, 208 
 of Ethene, 81 
 of Ethyl, 81 
 of Ethylidene, 170 
 of Gold, 122 
 of Gold and Sodium, 122 
 Double, 704 
 of Iron, 215 
 of Lime, 172 
 Mercur-ammonium, 240 
 of Mercury, Corrosive, 2^9 
 Mild, 240 
 
 of Methane, 81, 170 
 of Methyl, 81, 170 
 of Sodium, 369 
 of Zinc, 403 
 Chlorinated Waters, 108 
 Chlorine, 172 
 Chlorine-water, 172 
 Chlorodyne, 169 
 
 Formulae for, compared, 703 
 Chloroform, 80, 168 
 Commercial, 169 
 Methylic, 169 
 Purified, 169 
 Chlorosis, 514 
 Chlorum, 172 
 Chocolate, 387 
 Choking, 515 
 Cholagogues, 39 
 Pills, 468 
 Purgatives, 38 
 Cholera Asiatica, 515 
 Infantum, 515 
 Simplex, 516 
 Diagnosis of, 714 
 
 Cholera Mixture (Squibb), 293, 515 
 Cholesterin, 400 
 
 Chondodendron tomentosum, 301 
 
 Chondrus, 174 
 
 Chordee, 517 
 
 Chorea, 517 
 
 Choroiditis, 518 
 
 Chrysarobin, 174 
 
INDEX. 
 
 737 
 
 Chrysophan, 336 
 Churrus, 150 
 
 Cigarettes, Formulae for, 493 
 Ciliary Excitants, 33 
 Cimicifuga, 174 
 Cimicifugin, 175 
 Cinchona, 176 
 Flava, 176 
 Rubra, 176 
 Cinchonidine, 177 
 Cinchonine, 177 
 Cinchonism, 181 
 Cinnabar, 240 
 Cinnamein, 124 
 Cinnamomum, 182 
 Camphora, 147 
 Cinnamon, 182 
 Cinquefoil, 636 
 
 Circulation, Agents affecting, 33 
 Circumcision, 639 
 Cissampeline, 301 
 Cissampelos Pareira, 301 
 Citrate of Bismuth, 131 
 
 of Bismuth and Ammonium, 131 
 of Caffeine, 138 
 of Cocaine, 208 
 of Iron, 215 
 
 of Iron and Ammonium, 217 
 of Iron and Quinine, 217 
 of Iron and Strychnine, 217 
 of Lithium, 268 
 of Magnesium, Granulated, 272 
 of Potassium, 322 
 Citrates, 266 
 Citrine Ointment, 240 
 Brown, 240 
 
 Citron, 266 
 
 Citrullus Colocynthis, 185 
 Citrus acris, 266 
 Aurantium, 121 
 Bergamia, 131 
 Limonum, 266 
 medica, 266 
 vulgaris, 121 
 Clarification, 415 
 Classification of Medicines, 23 
 Claviceps purpurea, 204 
 Clavus.—See Headache, 575 
 Clemen’s Solution, 117 
 Climacteric Disorders, 518 
 Cloves, 156 
 Club-moss, 270 
 Clysters, 461 
 Cnicin, 156 
 Cnicus benedictus, 156 
 Coca, 130, 208 
 Cocaine, 208 
 Cocaine-habit, 209 
 Cocculus Indicus, 310 
 Coccus, 183 
 Coccyodynia, 518 
 Cochineal, 183 
 
 47 
 
 Cocoa, 140 
 Codamine, 292 
 Codfish, 282 
 Codeine, 292, 294 
 Cod-liver Oil, 282 
 
 Emulsion, 282 
 
 Coffee, 138 
 Cohosh, Black, 173 
 Blue, 159 
 Colation, 414 
 Colchiceine, 184 
 Colchicine, 184 
 Colchicum, 184 
 Coldness, 518 
 Colic, Hepatic, 520 
 Intestinal, 518 
 Lead, 519 
 Renal, 520 
 Colic-root, 201 
 Collodia, 427 
 Collodion, 229 
 
 with Cantharides, 151, 229 
 Flexible, 229, 427 
 Styptic, 74, 229, 427 
 Colloids, 416 
 Collunarium, 461 
 Collyrium, 460 
 
 Formulae for, 460 
 of Four Sulphates, 460 
 Colocynth, 185 
 Colocynthein, 185 
 Colocynthin, 185 
 Colocynthis, 185 
 Colocynthitin, 185 
 Cologne-water, 86 
 Colophony, 334, 385 
 Columbo, 145 
 Coma, 520 
 
 Combination, Principles of, 441 
 Comminution, 412 
 Compounding Medicines, 434 
 a Mixture, 456 
 Condylomata, 520 
 Condy’s Fluid, 51 
 Confectio Damocratis, 470 
 Confection of Rose, 342 
 of Senna, 364 
 Confectiones, 431,470 
 Formulae for, 470 
 Conhydrine, 186 
 Coniine, 186 
 Conium, 186 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Catarrhal, 520 
 Diphtheritic, 521 
 Gonorrhoeal, 521 
 Granular, 521 
 Phlyctenular, 522 
 Purulent, 522 
 Conspergative, 463, 464 
 Constipation, 523 
 Constituents of Drugs, 408 
 Convalescence, 524 
 
INDEX. 
 
 738 
 
 Convallamarin, 188 
 Convallaria Majalis, 187 
 Convallarin, 188 
 Convolvulin, 258, 359 
 Convolvulus Scammonia, 359 
 Convulsions, 524 
 Infantile, 525 
 Puerperal, 650 
 Copaiba, 189 
 
 Emulsion, 459 
 Copaifera Langsdorffii, 189 
 Copper, 194 
 Cordial, Cascara, 158 
 Coriander, 190 
 Coriandrum, 190 
 Corneal Opacities, 525 
 Corneitis.—See Keratitis, 603 
 Corn, Indian, 402 
 Silk, 402 
 Smut, 402 
 Cornin, 190 
 Corns, 525 
 Cornus, 190 
 Cornutin, 205 
 
 Corpulence.—See Obesity, 626 
 
 Corrosive Sublimate, 239 
 
 Coryza—See Catarrh, Acute, 509 
 
 Coto Bark, 190 
 
 Cotoin, 190 
 
 Cosmoline, 304 
 
 Cotton, 229 
 
 Iodized, Formula for, 581 
 Cotton-seed Oil, 229 
 Couch grass, 392 
 Cough, 526 
 
 Mixtures, Formulae for, 527, 597, 638 
 Counter irritants, 49 
 Court Plaster, 249 
 Coxalgia, 527 
 
 Coxe’s Hive Mixture, 102, 360 
 Crab Lice.—See Pediculi, 635 
 Cramp Bark, 399 
 
 Cramps.—See Trismus, Spasmodic Affec¬ 
 tions. 
 
 Cranberry Tree, 399 
 Cranesbill, 64, 226 
 Cream, Cold, 342 
 of Tartar, 323 
 Creasol, 191 
 Creasote, 61, 191 
 Creolin, 192 
 Creta Praeparata, 143 
 Crocus, 192 
 
 Croton-chloral, 165, 168 
 Croton Eluteria, 158 
 Oil, 390 
 Tiglium, 390 
 Croup, Catarrhal, 528 
 Membranous, 528 
 Diagnosis, 714 
 Cryptopine, 292 
 Crystallization, 415 
 
 Cubeba, 193 
 Cubeben, 193 
 Cubebene, 193 
 Cubebin, 193 
 Cuca, 208 
 
 Cucumber, Squirting, 203 
 Cucumber Tree, 273 
 Cucurbita Pepo, 302 
 Cucurbitine, 302 
 Culver’s Root, 265 
 Cuprea Bark, 176 
 Cuprum, 194 
 
 Ammoniatum, 194 
 Curare, 196 
 Curarine, 196 
 Cutaneous Irritants, 49 
 Cyanide of Mercury, 240 
 of Potassium, 67 
 of Silver, 113 
 Cyanosis, 529 
 Cydonin, 197 
 Cydonium, 197 
 Cymene, 389 
 
 Cynips Gallae tinctorise, 223 
 Cypripedin, 197 
 Cypripedium, 197 
 Cystitis, Acute, 529 
 Chronic, 529 
 Cysts, 531 
 
 Damiana, 197 
 Dandelion, 383 
 Dandruff.—See Pityriasis, 642 
 Daphne Mezereum, 281 
 Daphnin, 281 
 Datura Stramonium, 374 
 Tatula, 198 
 Daturine, 198, 374 
 Deafness, 531 
 
 Death, Signs of.—See Asphyxia, 721 
 Debility.—See Adynamia, Anaemia, Con 
 valescence. 
 
 Decantation, 414 
 Decocta, 422 
 
 Decoction of Cetraria, 161 
 of Chimaphila, 163 
 of Dulcamara, 203 
 of Granatum, 230 
 of Haematoxylon, 235 
 of Hydrangea, 239 
 of Inula, 251 
 of Prinos, 327 
 of Quercus, 332 
 of Quillaia, 333 
 of Rumex, 344 
 
 of Sarsaparilla, Cofnpound, 357 
 of Stillingia, 373 
 of Viola Tricolor, 400 
 of Viscum, 400 
 of Xanthoxylum, 401 
 Decoloration, 415 
 
INDEX. 
 
 739 
 
 Deer, Musk, 283 
 Deflagration, 412 
 Deliquescence, 416 
 Deliquescent Salts, List of, 466 
 Deliriants, 26 
 Delirium, 531 
 
 Tremens, 531 
 Delphinine, 372 
 Delphinium Staphisagria, 372 
 Dementia, 532 
 
 Paralytica, 533 
 Demulcents, 51 
 Dengue, 533 
 Dentition, 533 
 Dentifrices, 34 
 Deodorants, 52 
 Depressants, Cerebral, 26 
 Hepatic, 40 
 Renal, 44 
 Respiratory, 30 
 Uterine, 48 
 Desiccation, 411 
 Destructive Metamorphosis, 42 
 Dew berry, 343 
 Dewees’ Carminative, 119,272 
 Dextrin, 348 
 Dextrose, 347 
 Diabetes Insipidus, S44 
 Mellitus, 534 
 Diachylon Ointment, 318 
 Plaster, 318 
 
 Diagnosis, Differential, 712 
 Dialysis, 416 
 Dialysed Iron, 217, 417 
 Diaphoretics, 46 
 Diarrhoea, 535 
 Diastase, 273 
 
 Pancreatic, 300 
 Dichloro-methane, 170 
 Diffusate, 416 
 
 Digestive System, Agents affecting, 34 
 
 Digitalein, 199 
 
 Digitalin, 199 
 
 Digitalis, 198 
 
 Digitonin, 199 
 
 Digitoxin, 199 
 
 Diluents, 46, 455 
 
 Dioscorea, 201, 399 
 
 Dioscorein, 201 
 
 Diospyros, 64 
 
 Dioxide of Carbon, 81, 348 
 Diphtheria, 537 
 
 Diagnosis of, 714 
 
 Dipsomania.—See Alcoholism, Delirium 
 Tremens. 
 
 Discutients, 42 
 Disinfectants, 51 
 
 Burnett’s, 52, 403 
 Condy’s, 52 
 Labarraque’s, 51, 172 
 Dislocations, 563 
 Dispensatories, 407 
 
 Dispensing, 434 
 
 by Physicians, 434, 445 
 Displacement, 417 
 Distillation, 411 
 Dry, 411 
 Fractional, 411 
 Disulphide of Iodine, 378 
 Dita Bark, 202 
 Ditaine, 202 
 Ditamine, 202 
 Diuretics, 43 
 
 Formulae for, 541, 680 
 Dizziness.—See Vertigo, 685 
 Dobell’s Nasal Wash, 462, 511 
 Dock, Yellow, 344 
 Dog-wood, 190 
 Jamaica, 314 
 Domestic Measures, 438 
 Donovan’s Solution, 117 
 Dorema Ammoniacum, 93 
 Dosage of Medicines, 54 
 of Opium, 294, 297 
 Dover’s Powder, 256 
 Fluid, 256 
 
 Drastic Purgatives, 38 
 Draught, 459 
 
 Black, 364, 459 
 Effervescing, 459 
 Drink, 459 
 
 Imperial, Formula, 460 
 Drops, 438 
 
 Table of Drops to a Drachm, 438, 726 
 Dropsy, 540 
 Drosera, 202 
 
 Drowning.—See Asphyxia, 721 
 Drugs, Their Constituents, 408 
 Drug-experimentation, 19 
 Duboisia, 202 
 Duboisine, 202 
 Dulcamara, 203 
 Dulcamarin, 203 
 Duodenal Catarrh, 541 
 Dutch Liquid, 169 
 Dyscrasiae.—See Cachexke, 504 
 Dysentery, 541 
 Dyspepsia, 544 
 Dysphagia, 546 
 Dysmenorrhoea, 543 
 Dyspnoea, 546 
 Dysuria, 547 
 
 Ear, Agents affecting it, 30 
 Earache, 630 
 Eau Sedative, 94, 147 
 Ebullition, 411 , 
 
 Ecballium Elaterium, 203 
 Ecbolics, 47, 48 
 Ecboline, 204 
 Ecchymosis, 547 
 Ecgonine, 208 
 
740 
 
 Eclampsia, 650 
 Ecthyma, 547 
 Ectropium, 547 
 Eczema, 547 
 Efflorescence, 416 
 Efflorescent Salts, List of, 466 
 Egg, Yolk of, 400 
 Eights, The Three, 670 
 Elaterin, 203 
 Elaterium, 203 
 Elder, 352 
 Elecampane, 251 
 Electuaria, 431, 470 
 Electuary for Piles, 470 
 Elixir of Orange, 122 
 of Opium, 293 
 of Vitriol, 72 
 Elixiria, 426, 459 
 Elm, Slippery, 392 
 Elutriation, 413 
 Ely’s Cream Balm, 704 
 Emaciation, 549 
 Embrocation, 461 
 Emetics, 36 
 
 General or Systematic, 37 
 Local, 37 
 Emetine, 256 
 Emissions, 550 
 Emmenagogues, 47 
 Formulae for, 487 
 Pills, 468 
 Emollients, 50 
 Emphysema of Lungs, 550 
 Emplastra, 433, 476 
 Empyema, 550 
 Emulsification, 457 
 Emulsin, 67 
 
 Emulsion of Cod-liver Oil, 282, 459 
 of Copaiba, 459 
 Pancreatic, 300 
 Emulsions, 457 
 Natural, 457 
 
 Encephaloma.—See Cancer, 506 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 Endarteritis.— See Atheroma, 494 
 Endocarditis, 551 
 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 Endometritis, 551 
 Enema of Tobacco, 381 
 Enemas, Formulae for, 462, 552 
 Enemata, 461, 552 
 Enteralgia.—See Colic, Intes., 518 
 Enteric Fever.—See Typhoid, 676 
 Enteritis, 552 
 Entropium, 547 
 Enuresis, 552 
 Epididymitis, 553 
 Epilation.—See Tinea Circin., 673 
 Epilepsy, 553 
 
 Diagnosis of, 714 
 Epispastics, 49 
 Epistaxis, 555 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Epsom Salt, 271 
 Epulis.—See Teeth, 671 
 Equinia.—See Glanders, 568 
 Erections, 550 
 Ergot of Rye, 204 
 
 of Corn.—See Ustilago, 402 
 Ergota, 204 
 Ergotine, 204 
 Ergotinine, 204 
 Ergotism, 205 
 Ericolin, 223, 393 
 Erigeron, 207 
 Eriodyction, 207 
 Errhines, 32 
 Eructations, 544, 562 
 Eruptions caused by Drugs, 555 
 Erysipelas, 555 
 Erythema, 557 
 Erythrophleine, 157 
 Erythrophloeum Guinense, 157 
 Erythroretin, 336 
 Erythroxylon, 140 
 Escharotics, 49 
 Eserine, 307 
 Essence of Lemon, 266 
 of Nutmeg, 285 
 of Peppermint, 280 
 of Spearmint, 281 
 Ethene, 81 
 
 Chloride, 81 
 Dichloride, 81 
 Ether, 78 
 
 Acetic, 79 
 Chloric, 169 
 
 Chlorinated Muriatic, 170 
 Hydrobromic, 79 
 Hydriodic, 79 
 Methylic, 81 
 Petroleum, 128 
 Ethereal Oil, 79 
 
 Preparations, 427 
 Ethics, 724 
 Ethyl Acetate, 79 
 Alcohol, 85, 87 
 Bromide, 79, 81 
 Carbamate, 166 
 Chloride, 81 
 Hydrate, 87 
 Hydride, 81 
 Iodide, 79, 253 
 Nitrite, 79 
 Oxide, 78 
 
 Ethylate of Sodium, 369 
 Ethylene Bichloride, 169 
 Ethylidene Chloride, 170 
 Eucalyptene, 212 
 Eucalyptol, 212 
 Eucalyptolen, 212 
 Eucalyptus, 212 
 Eugenia caryophyllata, 156 
 Pimenta, 313 
 Eugenin, 156 
 
INDEX. 
 
 741 
 
 Eugenol, 156 
 Euonymin, 213 
 Euonymus, 213 
 Eupatorin, 213 
 Eupatorium, 213 
 
 perfoliatum, 213 
 purpureum, 214 
 Euphrasia, 214 
 Evaporation, 410 
 
 Spontaneous, 411 
 Exanthemata, Diagnosis of, 715 
 Excipients, 430, 455 
 for Emulsions, 458 
 for Pills, 464 
 Excitants, Cerebral, 26 
 Ciliary, 33 
 
 Excoriation.—See Intertrigo, 600 
 Excretion.—Agents affecting, 43 
 Exhaustion, 557 
 Exogonium purga, 258 
 Exophthalmos, 558 
 Exostosis, 558 
 Expectorants, 32 
 Explosive Compounds, 449 
 Expression, 417 
 Exsiccation, 412, 416 
 Extemporaneous Pharmacy, 434 
 Preparations, 453 
 Prescriptions, 439 
 Extract of Aconite, 76 
 of Aloes, Watery, 90 
 of Arnica-root, 115 
 of Baptisia, 125 
 of Belladonna, Alcoholic, 126 
 of Cannabis Indica, 149 
 of Cinchona, 177 
 of Colocynth, 185 
 of Colocynth, Compound, 185 
 of Colchicum-root, 184 
 of Conium, Alcoholic, 186 
 of Convallaria, 188 
 of Damiana, 198 
 of Digitalis, 199 
 of Duboisia, 202 
 of Ergot, 205 
 of Eriodyction, 207 
 of Euonymus, 213 
 of Gentian, 226 
 of Glycyrrhiza, 228 
 Pure, 228 
 
 of Hsematoxylon, 235 
 
 of Hellebore, 236 
 
 of Hyoscyamus, Alcoholic, 248 
 
 of Iris, 257 
 
 of Juglans, 259 
 
 of Krameria, 262 
 
 of Leptandra, 265 
 
 of Malt, 273 
 
 of Mezereum, 281 
 
 of Nux Vomica, 288 
 
 of Opium, 292 
 
 of Physostigma, 308 
 
 Extract of Pichi, 310 
 
 of Pinus Canad., 316 
 of Podophyllum, 320 
 of Polygonum, 321 
 of Quassia, 331 
 of Quebracho, 332 
 of Rheum, 336 
 of Rhus Toxicodendron, 339 
 of Stramonium, 374 
 of Taraxacum, 384 
 Extracta, 428 
 
 Extracta Fluida.—See Fluid Extracts, 423 
 Extractive, 429 
 Eye-bright, 214 
 Eye Diseases, 558 
 
 Ointments.—Formulae for, 521 
 Sensibility, Agents affecting it, 29 
 Water, Formulae for, 521 
 Eyelids, 559 
 
 Fabiana imbricata, 310 
 Face, 559 
 
 Face-ache.—See Neuralgia, Tic Doulou¬ 
 reux, 622, 672 
 
 Fainting.—See Syncope, 668 
 False Pains, 559 
 Farcy, 568 
 
 Fat.—See Obesity, 626 
 Fatigue.—See Exhaustion, 557 
 Favus.—See Tinea Favosa, 673 
 Febricula.—See Fever, Simple, 561 
 Febrifuge, 178 
 Feet, 559 
 
 Fehling’s Solution, 194 
 Fel Bovis, 214 
 
 Inspissatum, 214 
 Purificatum, 214 
 Felon.—See Onychia, 627 
 Fennel, 221 
 
 Fermentation, Lactic, 348 
 Fern, Male, 121 
 Ferrier’s Snuff, Formula, 510 
 Ferro-cyanide of Potass., 67 
 Ferrum, 215 
 
 Dialysatum, 217, 417 
 Reductum, 215 
 Ferula galbaniflua, 222 
 Narthex, 119 
 Scorodosma, 119 
 Sumbul, 380 
 Fever, 560 
 
 Bilious Remittent, Diagnosis, 717 
 
 Cerebro-spinal, 613 
 
 Hay, 573 
 
 Hectic, 580 
 
 Intermittent, 598 
 
 Miliary, 618 
 
 Milk.—See Lactation, 604 
 Pernicious.—See Intermittent Fever, 
 Remittent Fever. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 742 
 
 Fever, Puerperal, 651 
 Relapsing, 654 
 Remittent, 655 
 
 Diagnosis oQ 717 
 Rheumatic, 656 
 Scarlet, 660 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Simple, 561 
 Spotted.—See Typhus Fever, also 
 Meningitis, Cerebro-spinal. 
 Surgical, 668 
 
 Traumatic.—See Surgical Fever, 668 
 Typhoid, 676 
 
 Diagnosis of, 716 
 
 Typho-malarial.—See Typhoid, 676 
 Typhus, 677 
 
 Diagnosis of, 716 
 Yellow, 689 
 
 Diagnosis of, 717 
 Ficus (Fig), 221 
 Filix Mas, 121 
 Filtering-paper, 414 
 Filtration, 414 
 Fir, Balsam of, 384 
 Scotch, 316 
 Silver, 384 
 Firs, 315 
 Fish-berries, 310 
 Fistula, 562 
 
 Fits.—See Apoplexy, Convulsions, Epi¬ 
 lepsy, Hysteria, Syncope. 
 
 Flatulence, 562 
 Flavoring Agents, 456 
 Flax-seed, 267 
 Flea-bane, 207 
 
 Fleming’s Tincture of Aconite, 76 
 Flooding.—See Hemorrhage Post-partum, 
 Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia. 
 Fluavil, 234 
 
 Fluid Extract of Aconite, 76 
 of Ailanthus, 85 
 of Arnica-root, 115 
 Aromatic, 183 
 of Aurantium Amarum, 122 
 of Baptisia, 125 
 of Belladonna, 126 
 of Berberis, 130 
 of Brayera, 132 
 of Buchu, 137 
 of Calamus, 143 
 of Calumba, 145 
 of Cannabis Indica, 149 
 of Capsicum, 153 
 of Cascara Amarga, 157 
 of Cascara Sagrada, 158 
 of Castanea, 159 
 of Chimaphila, 163 
 of Chirata, 164 
 of Cimicifuga, 175 
 of Cinchona, 177 
 of Cocculus, 310 
 of Coffee, Green, 138 
 
 Fluid Extract of Colchicum-root, 184 
 of Colchicum-seed, 184 
 of Conium, 186 
 of Convallaria, 188 
 of Corn-silk, 402 
 of Cornus, 190 
 pf Coto, 191 
 of Cotton-root, 229 
 of Cubeb, 193 
 of Cypripedium, 197 
 of Damiana, 198 
 of Digitalis, 199 
 of Drosera, 202 
 of Dulcamara, 203 
 of Ergot, 205 
 of Eriodyction, 207 
 of Erythroxylon, 208 
 of Eucalyptus, 213 
 of Eupatorium, 214 
 of Frangula, 221 
 of Gelsemium, 224 
 of Gentian, 226 
 of Geranium, 226 
 of Ginger, 406 
 of Glycyrrhiza, 228 
 of Gossypium, 229 
 of Granatum, 230 
 of Grindelia, 230 
 of Guarana, 233 
 of Hamamelis, 235 
 of Hellebore, Black, 236 
 of Hydrangea, 239 
 of Hydrastis, 246 
 of Hyoscyamus, 248 
 of Ipecacuanha, 256 
 of Iris, 257 
 of Jaborandi, 312 
 of Krameria, 262 
 of Lactucarium, 263 
 of Leptandra, 265 
 of Liquorice, 228 
 of Lobelia, 269 
 of Lupulin, 238 
 of Manaca, 274 
 of Matico, 277 
 of Mezereon, 281 
 of Nux Vomica, 288 
 of Orange, Bitter, 122 
 of Pareira, 301 
 of Phytolacca, 309 
 of Pichi, 310 
 of Pilocarpus, 312 
 of Pink-root, 372 
 of Piscidia, 314 
 of Plantago, 317 
 of Podophyllum, 320 
 of Poke-root, 309 
 of Polygonum, 321 
 of Prunus Virginiana, 328 
 of Quassia, 331 
 of Quebracho, 332 
 of Rhatany, 262 
 
INDEX. 
 
 743 
 
 Fluid Extract of Rheum, 336 
 of Rhubarb, 336 
 of Rhus Aromatica, 338 
 of Rhus Glabra, 338 
 of Rose, 342 
 of Rubus, 344 
 of Rumex, 344 
 of Sabina, 346 
 of Sanguinaria, 353 
 of Santalum, 354 
 of Sarsaparilla, 357 
 Compound, 357 
 of Savine, 346 
 of Scilla, 359 
 of Scutellaria, 362 
 of Senega, 363 
 of Senna, 364 
 of Serpentaria, 365 
 of Spigelia, 372 
 of Stigmata Maydis, 402 
 of Stillingia, 373 
 of Stramonium, 374 
 of Sumach, Smooth, 338 
 Sweet, 338 
 of Taraxacum, 384 
 of Tonga, 391 
 of Triticum, 392 
 of Ustilago, 402 
 of Uva-ursi, 393 
 of Valerian, 394 
 of Veratrum Viride, 396 
 of Viburnum, 399 
 of Wild Cherry, 328 
 of Witch-hazel, 235 
 of Xanthoxylum, 401 
 of Zingiber, 406 
 Fluid Extracts, 423 
 Flushing-heats, 563 
 Fly-agaric, 84 
 Foeniculum, 211 
 Foetal Development, 720 
 
 Skull, its Diameters, 720 
 Fomentation, 460 
 Food, Horlick’s, 273 
 Mellin’s, 273 
 Foods, 41 
 
 Foreign Bodies, 563 
 Formulae, Hypodermic, 701 
 Formyl Iodide, 252 
 Fotus, 460 
 
 Fowler’s Solution, 116 
 Fox-glove, 198 
 Fractures, 563 
 Franciscea uniflora, 274 
 Frangula, 221 
 Frangulin, 221 
 Frankincense, 385 
 Franklinite, 403 
 Fraxin, 276 
 Fraxinus Ornus, 276 
 Freckles, 563 
 Friar’s Balsam, 129, 376 
 
 Fuchsin, 222 
 Fucus Vesiculosus, 222 
 Furuncle.—See Boils, 496 
 Fusel Oil, 87 
 Fusion, 412 
 
 Gaduin, 282 
 Gadus Morrhua, 282 
 Galactagogues, 49 
 Galbanum, 222 
 Galla, 64, 223 
 Galena, 317 
 Gallipots, 476 
 
 Gall-stones.—See Calculi, Biliary, 505 
 Gallus Bankiva, 400 
 Gamboge, 146 
 Gangrene, 564 
 
 of Lungs, 610 
 Garcinia Hanburii, 146 
 mangostana, 276 
 Gargarysma, 460 
 
 Gargles, Formulae for, 460, 539, 639, 672 
 Garlic, 89 
 
 Gaseous Preparations, 477 
 Gastralgia, 564 
 Gastric Dilatation, 565 
 Gastric Fever.—See Fever, Simple,—Ty¬ 
 phoid Fever, Gastritis. 
 
 Gastric Pain, 37 
 Sedatives, 37 
 Tonics, 35 
 Ulcer, 567 
 
 Vomiting, Diagnosis, 717 
 Gastritis, Acute, 565 
 Chronic, 566 
 Gastrodynia, 564 
 Gaultheria, 223 
 Gaultherilene, 224 
 Gauze of Thymol, 389 
 Gelatin, 249 
 
 Capsules, 469 
 Gelsemine, 224 
 Gelsemium, 224 
 
 Generative System, Agents affecting, 47 
 
 Genitive Case-endings, 700 
 
 Gentian, 225 
 
 Gentianin, 225 
 
 Gentopicrin, 225 
 
 Geranium, 64, 226 
 
 Gin, 86, 259 
 
 Ginger, 405 
 
 Glanders, 568 
 
 Glandular Enlargements, 568 
 
 Glass, Soluble, 366 
 
 Glauber’s Salt, 369 
 
 Glaucoma, 568 
 
 Gleet, 568 
 
 Glonoin, 98 
 
 Glossitis, 569 
 
 Glottis, CEdema of, 569 
 
 Gluco-pepsin, 303 
 
INDEX. 
 
 744 
 
 Glucose, 347 
 Glucosides, 407 
 Glycerin, 227 
 
 Preparations, 428 
 Glycerita, 428 
 
 Glycerite of Carbolic Acid, 60 
 of Tannin, 74 
 of Starch, 100 
 of Yolk of egg, 400 
 Glyceryl, 290 
 
 Trinitrate, 98 
 
 Glycocholate of Sodium, 214 
 Glycogen, 348 
 
 Agents affecting production, 40 
 Glyconin, 400 
 
 Emulsion of, 282 
 Glycyrrhetin, 228 
 Glycyrrhiza, 228 
 Glycyrrhizin, 228 
 
 Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum, 228 
 
 Gnoscopine, 292 
 
 Goa-powder, 174 
 
 Goitre, 569 
 
 Gold, 122 
 
 Double Chloride of, 704 
 Golden Seal, 246 
 Gonorrhoea, 570 
 Gossypii Radicis Cortex, 229 
 Gossypium, 229 
 Goulard’s Cerate, 318 
 Extract, 318 
 Gout, 572 
 
 Diagnosis of, 714 
 Granatum, 64, 230 
 
 Granular Lids.—See Conjunctivitis, Oph¬ 
 thalmia. 
 
 Granulation, 416 
 Granule, 463 
 Grass, Ribbed, 317 
 Gravel-root, 214 
 
 Graves’ Disease.—See Exophthalmos, 558 
 Gray Powder, 239 
 Griffith Mixture, 215 
 Pills, 215 
 Grindelia, 231 
 Guarana, 140, 233 
 Guaranine, 140, 233 
 Guaiac, 232 
 
 Lignum, 232 
 Resina, 232 
 Guaiacol, 191 
 Gum Arabic, 56 
 Gumboil.—See Gums, 573 
 Gum-tree, Blue, 212 
 Gums, 573 
 Gun-cotton, 229 
 Gunjah, 150 
 Gurjun Balsam, 233 
 Gutta, 234 
 Gutta-percha, 234 
 Guttae (Drops), 438 
 Gynocardia odorata, 161 
 
 Hair, 573 
 Hair-tonic, 573 
 Hair Washes, Formulae, 573 
 Haller’s Dictum, 19 
 Hamamelin, 234 
 Hamamelis, 64, 234 
 Hamburg Tea, 705 
 Hamlin’s Wizard Oil, 705 
 Hands.—See Chapped Hands, 5 
 Hashish, 150 
 Haustus, 459 
 Haw, Black, 399 
 Hayah, 157 
 Hay-fever, 573 
 Haematics, 41 
 Haematoxylin, 235 
 Haematoxylon, 64, 234 
 Head-ache, Bilious Sick, 575 
 Congestive, 575 
 Nervous, 576 
 Heart, Fatty, 578 
 Dilated, 578 
 Diseases, 577 
 Hypertrophied, 578 
 Palpitation, 578 
 Valvular Disease, 579 
 Heartburn.—See Pyrosis, 653 
 Heart’s-ease, 399 
 Hectic Fever, 580 
 Hedeoma, 236 
 Helenin, 251 
 Hellebore, 236 
 American, 395 
 Swamp, 395 
 White, 396 
 Helleborein, 236 
 Helleborin, 236 
 Helleborus, 236 
 Hematemesis, 580 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Hematocele, Pelvic, 580 
 Hematuria, 581 
 Helmbold’s Buchu, 705 
 Hemeralopia, 581 
 Hemicrania, 582 
 Hemiopia, 583 
 Hemiplegia, 583 
 Hemlock, 186 
 Hemlock Spruce, 315 
 Hemoptysis, 583 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Hemorrhage, 584 
 Intestinal, 585 
 Post-partum, 585 
 Hemorrhagic Diathesis, 584 
 Hemorrhoids, 586 
 Hemostatics, 50 
 Hemp, 149 
 
 American, 149 
 Canadian, 107 
 Indian, 149 
 Henbane, 247 
 
INDEX. 
 
 745 
 
 Hepar Sulphuris, 378 
 Hepatalgia, 587 
 Hepatic Abscess, 590 
 Congestion, 588 
 Cirrhosis, 587 
 Depressants, 40 
 Diseases, 589 
 Stimulants, 39 
 Vomiting, Diagnosis, 717 
 Hepatitis, 590 
 Hernia, 590 
 Herpes, 590 
 Zoster, 591 
 Hesperidin, 121, 266 
 Heuchera, 64 
 Hiccough, 591 
 Hip-joint Disease, 527 
 Hippocratic Oath, 724 
 Hive Mixture, 102, 360 
 Syrup, 102 
 
 Hives.—See Urticaria, 681 
 Hoang Nan, 237 
 Hoarseness.—See Aphonia, 490 
 Hoffman’s Anodyne, 79, 83 
 Hoff’s Malt Extract, 273 
 Holloway's Pills, 705 
 Homatropine, 126 
 Honduras Bark, 157 
 Honey, 278 
 
 Clarified, 278 
 of Rose, 278, 343 
 Honeys (Mellita), 421 
 Hong-Pang-Chong, 337 
 Hooper’s Female Pills, 468 
 Hope’s Mixture, 537 
 Hop tree, 339 
 Hops, 238 
 
 Hordeolum.—See Eyelids, 559 
 
 Hordeum distichum, 273 
 
 Plorehound, 277 
 
 Horlick’s Food, 273 
 
 Hostetter’s Bitters, 705 
 
 Housemaid’s Knee.—See Bursitis, 504 
 
 Humulus, 238 
 
 Hunger.—See Appetite, 491 
 
 Hunyadi Water, 524 
 
 Pluxham’s Tincture of Bark, 177 
 
 Hydragogue Purgatives, 38 
 
 Hydrangea, 239 
 
 Hydrargyrism, 242 
 
 Hydrargyrum, 239 
 
 Ammoniatum, 240 
 cum Creta, 239 
 Hvdrastin, 246 
 Hydrastine, 246 
 Hydrastis, 246 
 Hydrate of Aluminium, 92 
 of Amyl, 87 
 of Amylene, 164 
 of Butyl-chloral. 168 
 of Chloral, 165 
 of Ethyl, 87 
 
 Hydrate of Magnesium, 271 
 of Methyl, 87 
 of Potassium, 322 
 of Sodium, 368 
 of Terpine, 385 
 Hydrated Oxide of Iron, 216 
 with Magnesia, 216 
 Hydrated Silicate of Magnesium, 36S 
 Hydride of Amyl, 81 
 of Butyl, 81 
 of Ethyl, 81 
 Plydriodic Ether, 79, 83 
 Hydrobromate of Coniine, 186 
 of Hyoscine, 165, 248 
 of Quinine, 177 
 Hydrobromic Ether, 79, 82 
 Hydrocele, 592 
 Hydrocephalus, 592 
 Hydrochlorate of Apomorphine, 107 
 of Cocaine, 208 
 of Quinine, 177 
 
 Carbamide, 178 
 of Morphine, 293 
 of Narcotine, 294 
 
 of Oxy-ethyl-chinoline-hydride, 179 
 of Pilocarpine, 312 
 of Rosanilin, 222 
 Hydrocotarnine, 292 
 Hydrocotyle, 247 
 Hydrogen, Sulphuretted, 378 
 Peroxide, 385 
 Hydro-naphthol, 286 
 Hydrophobia, 592 
 Hydroquinone, 179, 180, 393 
 Hydrothorax, 593 
 Hygrine, 208 
 Hygroscopic Bodies, 416 
 Hyoscine, 165, 247 
 Hyoscyamus, 247 
 Hyoscyamine, 247 
 Hyperidrosis, 636 
 Hypnone, 165 
 Hypnotics, 27, 165 
 Hypochondriasis, 593 
 Hypodermic Formulce, 701 
 Hypodermic Injections, 22, 702 
 Hypophosphite of Calcium, 305 
 of Iron, 216, 305 
 of Potassium, 305 
 of Sodium, 305 
 Hypophosphites, 305 
 
 with Iron, Syrup of, 305 
 Hyposulphite of Sodium, 73 
 Hysteria, 593 
 
 Diagnosis of, 714 
 
 Ice, no 
 
 Iceland Moss, 161 
 Ichthyocolla, 249 
 Ichthyol, 378 
 Ichthyosis, 594 
 
746 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Icterus.—See Jaundice, 601 
 Igasurine, 288 
 Ignatia, 250 
 Ignition, 412 
 
 Ileus.—See Intestinal Obstruction, 600 
 Ilex Paraguayensis, 140 
 Illicium, 250 
 
 Anisatum, 100 
 Impetigo, 594 
 Impotence, 595 
 Incineration, 412 
 Incompatibility, 448 
 Chemical, 448 
 Pharmaceutical, 448, 450 
 Rules for avoiding, 452 
 Therapeutical, 451 
 Indian Tobacco, 269 
 Indigestion.—See Dyspepsia, 544 
 Indigo, Wild, 125 
 Inflammation, 595 
 Influenza, 597 
 Infusa, 422 
 
 Infusion of Arnica, 115 
 of Brayera, 132 
 of Buchu, 137 
 of Cardamom, 155 
 of Caraway, 156 
 of Cascarilla, 158 
 of Cinchona, 17 7 
 of Cloves, 156 
 of Convallaria, 188 
 of Digitalis, 199 
 of Gentian, Compound, 226 
 of Hops, 238 
 of Jequirity, 55 
 of Juniper, 259 
 of Linseed, 268 
 of Lobelia, 269 
 of Pareira, 301 
 of Quassia, 331 
 of Sassafras, 358 
 of Senna, Compound, 364 
 of Spigelia, Compound, 372 
 of Tansy, 383 
 of Tar, 316 
 of Wild Cherry, 328 
 of Uva-ursi, 393 
 Infusions, 422 
 Ingluvin, 303 
 
 Inhalation of Thymol, 389 
 Inhalations, Formulae for, 477 
 Injection Brou, 462 
 
 of Morphine, Hypodermic, 294 
 Injections, 461 
 
 Formulae, 22, 462, 702 
 Injuries.—See Bruises, Burns, Ecchymosis, 
 Fractures, Sprains, Wounds. 
 Inoculation, 22 
 Inosit, 347 
 Insanity, 532 
 
 Insolation.—See sunstroke, 668 
 Insoluble Salts, 449 
 
 Insomnia, 598 
 
 Intemperance.—See Alcoholism, Delirium 
 Tremens. 
 
 Intermittent Fever, 598 
 Intertrigo, 600 
 Intestinal Astringents, 39 
 Intestinal Diseases.—See Colic, Constipa¬ 
 tion, Diarrhoea, Duodenitis, Dysentery, 
 Enteritis, Hemorrhoids, Hernia, In¬ 
 testinal Obstruction, Intussusception, 
 Typhlitis, Tabes Mesenterica, Worms. 
 Intestinal Obstruction, 600 
 
 Parasites.—See Worms, 688 
 Intussusception, 600 
 Inula, 251 
 Inulin, 114, 251 
 Iodide of Ammonium, 94, 252 
 of Arsenic, 116 
 of Cadmium, 137 
 of Ethyl, 79 
 of Formyl, 252 
 of Iron, 216 
 
 Saccharated, 216 
 and Manganese, 218 
 of Lead, 317 
 of Manganese, 274 
 of Mercury, 240 
 Green, 240 
 Red, 240 
 of Potassium, 252 
 of Silver, 113 
 of Sodium, 252 
 of Sulphur, 378 
 of Zinc, 403 
 Iodides, 252 
 Iodine, 251 
 Iodism, 253 
 Iodized Cotton, 581 
 Phenol, 252 
 Starch, 252 
 Iodol, 252 
 Iodoform, 252 
 Iodum, 251 
 Ipecacuanha, 256 
 Iridin, 257 
 Iris, 257 
 Irish Moss, 174 
 Irisin, 257 
 Iritis, 601 
 Iron, 215 
 
 Dialysed, 217, 417 
 Pills, 468 
 
 and Tannic Acid, 453 
 Irritability, 601 
 Irritants, Cutaneous, 49 
 Ischuria.—See Urinary Disorders. 
 Isonandra Gutta, 234 
 Iso-naphthol, 286 
 Itch.—See Scabies, 659 
 Itching.—See Lichen, Prurigo, Pruritus, 
 Pediculi, Scabies, Urticaria, etc. 
 
 Ivy, Poison, 338 
 
INDEX. 
 
 747 
 
 Jaborandi, 311 
 Jaborine, 311 
 Jalap, 258 
 Jalapin, 258, 359 
 James’ Powder, 102 
 Jamestown Weed, 374 
 Japaconitine, 76 
 Jasmine, Yellow, 224 
 Jateorrhiza Calumba, 145 
 Jaundice, 601 
 Jequirity, 55 
 Jervine, 396 
 Joint Affections, 602 
 Juglans, 259 
 Juniperin, 259 
 Juniper, 259 
 
 Juniperus communis, 259 
 Sabina, 346 
 Virginiana, 346 
 
 Kairine, 179 
 Kairoline, 179 
 Kalium, 322 
 Kalmia latifolia, 279 
 Kamala, 260 
 Kavahin, 261 
 Kava-kava, 261 
 Kawin, 261 
 Kefir, 263 
 Keratitis, 603 
 
 Kidneys, Diseases of.—See Albuminuria, 
 Bright’s Disease, Calculi, Diabetes, 
 Dropsy, Hematuria, Lithaemia, Ne¬ 
 phritis. 
 
 Kino, 64, 261 
 
 Kinoin, 261 
 
 Kino-red, 261 
 
 Kinovate of Calcium, 177 
 
 Kinovin, 177 
 
 Komb& arrow-poison, 375 
 
 Koussin, 132 
 
 Kousso, 132 
 
 Krameria, 64, 261 
 
 Kumyss, 86, 262 
 
 Kurung Oil, 321 
 
 Labarraque’s Solution, 51, 172 
 Labor, 603, 719 
 
 Positions in, 719 
 Signs of, 719 
 Lac Sulphuris, 378 
 Lactate of Iron, 216 
 Lactation, 604 
 Lactopeptine, 303 
 Lactophosphate of Calcium, 305 
 Lactose, 348 
 Lactuca virosa, 263 
 Lactucerin, 263 
 
 Lactucin, 263 
 Lactucarium, 263 
 Ladies’ Slipper, 197 
 La Fayette’s Mixture, 189 
 Lallemand’s Specific, 572 
 Lanolin, 263 
 Lanthopine, 292 
 Lapathin, 344 
 Lappa, 264 
 Larch, 83 
 
 European, 83, 385 
 Lard, 78 
 
 Benzoinated, 78 
 Oil, 78 
 
 Larix Europaea, 385 
 Laryngismus Stridulus, 604 
 Laryngitis, 605 
 Laryngotomy, 606 
 Latin Phrases and Terms, 691, 700 
 Laudanine, 292 
 Laudanosine, 292 
 Laudanum, 292 
 Laurel, Mountain, 279 
 Laurocerasus, 67 
 Lavandula, 264 
 Lavender, 264 
 Water, 265 
 
 Laville’s Anti-gout Remedy, 185, 656, 705 
 Laxatives, 38 
 
 Powder, 472 
 Lead, 317 
 
 Colic, 519 
 Plaster, 318 
 Sugar of, 317 
 Water, 318 
 
 and Laudanum, 460 
 White, 317 
 Leek, 89 
 
 Legal’s Disease, 624 
 Lemon, 266 
 Juice, 266 
 Peel, 266 
 
 Lentigo.—See Freckles, 563 
 Leopard’s Bane, 114 
 Leprosy, 606 
 Leptandra, 265 
 Leptandrin, 265 
 Lettuce, 263 
 Leucocytheemia, 606 
 Leucoline, 163 
 
 Leucoma.—See Corneal Opacities, 525 
 
 Leucorrhoea, 607 
 
 Levigation, 413 
 
 Levulose, 347 
 
 Lice.—See Pediculi, 635 
 
 Lichen, 607 
 
 Lichenin, 161 
 
 Licoperdon giganteum, 265 
 Lignum Vitae, 232 
 Lily-of-the Valley, 187 
 Lily, Water, 290 
 Lime, 143, 144, 266 
 
748 INDEX. 
 
 Lime, Chlorinated, 172 
 Sulphurated, 378 
 Water, 144 
 Limon, 266 
 Limonis Cortex, 266 
 Succus, 266 
 Linimenta, 427, 460 
 Liniment, Aconite, 76 
 Ammonia, 93 
 Anodyne, 461 
 Army, 561 
 Belladonna, 126 
 Camphor, 147 
 Cantharides, 151 
 Chloroform, 169 
 
 Compound, 169, 461 
 Croton, 391 
 Lead Subacetate, 318 
 Lime, 144 
 
 Mustard, Compound, 367 
 Soap, 357 
 Stokes’, 461 
 Turpentine, 384 
 Liniments, Formulae for, 461 
 Linseed, 267 
 Linum, 267 
 
 Lips.—See Chapped Lips, 513 
 Lip-salve, Red, 388 
 Liquid-ambar orientalis, 376 
 Liquids, Normal, 424 
 Liquores (See Solution of), 420 
 Liquorice Root, 228 
 Wild, 55 
 Lithaemia, 60S 
 Litharge, 318 
 Lithium, 268 
 Lithontriptics, 45 
 Liver.—See Hepatalgia, etc., 587 
 Liver of Sulphur, 378 
 Lixiviation, 417 
 Lobelacrin, 269 
 Lobelia, 269 
 Lobelin, 269 
 Lobeline, 269 
 
 Lochia.—See Labor and Puerperal Disor¬ 
 ders, 603, 651 
 
 Lock-jaw.—See Tetanus, 671 
 Locomotor Ataxia, 608 
 Log-wood, 64, 234 
 Lotion, 460 
 
 Black, of Mercury, 241 
 Yellow, of Mercury, 241 
 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, 332 
 Lozenges, 431, 469 
 Lugol’s Solution, 252 
 Lumbago, 609 
 
 Lumbrici.—See Worms, 688 
 Lungs, Diseases of, 609 
 Gangrene of, 610 
 Lupulin, 238 
 Lupuline, 238 
 Lupus, 610 
 
 Lycopodium, 270 
 Lyctonine, 76 
 Lymphangeitis, 611 
 
 Mace, 285 
 
 Oil of, 285 
 Maceration, 417 
 Macis, 285 
 Macrotin, 175 
 Magendie’s Solution, 294 
 Magenta, 222 
 Magma, 415 
 Magnesia, 271 
 
 Ponderosa, 271 
 Magnesium, 271 
 Magnolia, 273 
 Magnolin, 273 
 Maize, 402 
 Malaria, 611 
 Male Fern, 121 
 Mallotus phillipinensis, 260 
 Malt, 273 
 
 Extract, HofPs, 273 
 Maltum, 273 
 Mammary Abscess, 481 
 Manaca, 274 
 Mandrake, 320 
 Manganese, 274 
 Oxide, 274 
 Manganum, 274 
 Mangifera indica, 276 
 Mango, 276 
 Mango-fruit, 276 
 Mangosteen, 276 
 Mania, 612 
 
 Puerperal, 652 
 Manna, 276 
 Mannit, 276 
 Manzanita, 393 
 
 Marasmus. — See Atrophy, Emaciation, 
 Tabes Mesenterica. 
 
 Marc, 423 
 
 Marginal Shield Fern, 121 
 Marigold, 145 
 Marjoram, Wild, 300 
 Marrubiin, 277 
 Marrubium, 277 
 Marsh-mallow, 91 
 Mass of Copaiba, 189 
 
 of Ferrum Carbonate, 215 
 of Mercury, 239 
 Massm, 430 
 Mastic, 277 
 Mastiche, 277 
 Mastichin, 277 
 Mastitis, 612 
 Mastodynia, 613 
 
 Masturbation.—See Emissions, Spermator¬ 
 rhoea, 550, 664 
 Mate, 140 
 
INDEX. 
 
 749 
 
 Materia Medica, 17, 55 
 Matico, 277 
 Matricaria, 278 
 
 Chamomilla, 278 
 May Apple, 320 
 
 McMunn’s Elixir of Opium, 293 
 Meadow Anemone, 328 
 Saffron, 184 
 Measles, 613 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 False.—See Roseola, 659 
 Measures, Approximate, 438 
 Domestic, 438 
 and Weights, 435, 726 
 Meconidine, 292 
 Meconoiosin, 292 
 Meconin, 292 
 
 Medicines, Administration of, 20 
 Classification of, 23 
 Meerschaum, 367 
 Mel, 278 
 
 Despumatum, 278 
 Rosae, 278 
 
 Melaleuca Cajuputi, 142 
 Melancholia, 614 
 Puerperal, 652 
 Melia Azedarach, 123 
 Melissa, 278 
 Mellin’s Food, 273 
 Mellita, 421 
 
 Meningitis, Cerebral, 614 
 Cerebro-spinal, 615 
 Spinal, 615 
 
 Tubercular.—See Hydrocephalus, 592 
 Menispermin, 279, 310 
 Menispermum, 279 
 Cocculus, 310 
 
 Menopause.—See Climacteric, 518 
 Menorrhagia, 616 
 Menstrual Disorders, 617 
 Menstruum, 417 
 Mentagra, 617 
 Mentha Piperita, 279 
 Viridis, 280 
 Menthol, 280 
 Mercurial Ointment, 239 
 Plaster, 239 
 
 Mercuric Chloride, 239 
 Iodide, 240 
 Mercurio-vegetal, 274 
 Mercurous Chloride, 240 
 Iodide, 240 
 Mercury, 239 
 
 Ammoniated, 240 
 with Chalk, 239 
 
 Mesenteric Disease.—See Tabes Mesen- 
 terica, 670 
 
 Metabolism, Agents affecting, 41 
 Meta-dihydroxy-benzene, 334 
 Methane, 81 
 Methene Chloride, 81 
 Methyl Alcohol, 81 
 
 Methyl Bromide, 81 
 Chloride, 170 
 
 Bichlorinated, 168 
 Coniine, 186 
 Creasol, 191 
 
 Ether of Protocatechuic Aldehyde, 393 
 Hydrate, 87 
 Salicylate, 224 
 Terchloride, 168 
 Methylal, 166 
 Methylene Bichloride, 170 
 Methylic Alcohol, 87 
 Ether, 81 
 Methysticin, 261 
 Metric Prescriptions, 437 
 
 System of Weights, etc., 436 
 Table for Converting, 727 
 Metritis, Acute, 617 
 Metrorrhagia, 617 
 Mezereon, 281 
 Mezereum, 281 
 Microbe-killer, 706 
 Migraine, 582 
 Miliary Fever, 618 
 Milk.—See Agalactia, Lactation. 
 
 Milk Fever.—See Lactation, 604 
 Mindererus, Spirit of, 94 
 Mineral Waters, 109 
 Mint, 279 
 
 Miscarriage.—See Abortion, 480 
 Mistletoe, 400 
 Misturse, 421, 453 
 Mixture, Almond, 97 
 Ammoniac, 93 
 Asafetida, 119 
 Bismuth, 457 
 Chalk, 143 
 Chloroform, 169 
 Copaiba, Compound, 189 
 Coxe’s Hive, 102, 360 
 Ferro-saline, 218 
 Gentian, Alkaline, 226 
 and Senna, 226 
 Iron, Aromatic, 218 
 
 and Ammon. Acetate, 217 
 Iron, Compound, 215 
 Iron, Laxative, 218 
 Laville’s, 185, 656 
 Liquorice, Compound, 228 
 Magnesia and Asafetida, 119, 272 
 Neutral, 323 
 Quinine, 455, 457 
 Potassium Citrate, 323 
 Rhubarb and Soda, 336 
 Mixtures, 421, 453 
 
 Compounding of, 456 
 Substances suitable to, 454 
 Moccasin-plant, 197 
 Molasses, 348 
 Mole.—See Naevus, 619 
 Mollities Ossium —See Bone Diseases, 
 Rachitis, 497, 653 
 
INDEX. 
 
 750 
 
 Monoxide of Carbon, 81 
 Monsel’s Solution, 216 
 Moonseed, Canadian, 279 
 Morbilli.—See Measles, 613 
 Morphine, 293 
 
 and Atropine, 299, 702 
 Habit, 628 
 Morrhuse Oleum, 282 
 Morrison’s Pills, 146, 705 
 Moschus, 283 
 Mosquitoes, 667 
 Motor Depressants, 24 
 Excitants, 24 
 Mouth Diseases.—See Aphthae, Cancrum 
 Oris, Gums, Parotitis, Ptyalism, Stom¬ 
 atitis, Toothache, Tongue. 
 
 Mouth Washes, Formula;, 573 
 Mucilage of Acacia, 56 
 of Cydonium, 197 
 of Elm, 392 
 of Sassafras-pith, 358 
 of Tragacanth, 391 
 Mucilagines, 421 
 Mullein, 398 
 Mumps, 634 
 
 Muriate —See Hydrochlorate, 
 of Berberine, 130 
 of Cocaine, 208 
 Muscae Volitantes, 618 
 Muscarine, 84 
 
 Muscular Disorders.—See Atrophy, Cho¬ 
 rea, Hydrophobia, Laryngismus, Lum¬ 
 bago, Myalgia, Pleurodynia, Rheum¬ 
 atism, Tetanus, Torticollis. 
 
 Musk, 283 
 Mustard, 367 
 Black, 367 
 Flour of, 367 
 Oil of, 367 
 White, 367 
 Myalgia, 618 
 Mydriasis, 127 
 Mydriatics, 28 
 Myelitis, 618 
 Mykose, 204 
 Myopia, 619 
 Myotics, 29 
 Myrcia, 284 
 Myrica, 64 
 
 cerifera, 160 
 Myricin, 160 
 Myristica, 284 
 Myristicol, 285 
 Myronate of Potassium, 367 
 Myrosin, 367 
 Myroxylon toluifera, 124 
 Pereiroe, 124 
 Myrrh, 285 
 Myrrhin, 286 
 Myrrhol, 286 
 Myrtle, 64 
 Myrtol, 503 
 
 Naevus, 619 
 Nails, Ingrowing, 619 
 Napelline, 76 
 Naphthaline, 179, 286 
 Naphthol, 286 
 Narceine, 292 
 Narcotics, 26 
 Narcotine, 292 
 Nasal Affections, 619 
 
 Injections, Formulae, 539 
 Natrium, 368 
 Nausea, 620 
 Necrosis, 620 
 Nectandra, 301 
 Nervous Affections, 620 
 Exhaustion, 621 
 Nervousness, 621 
 
 Nervous System, Agents affecting, 24 
 Neuralgia, 622 
 Ovarian, 631 
 Neutral Mixture, 323 
 Nicotiana Tabacum, 381 
 Nicotianin, 381 
 Nicotine, 381 
 Nightshade, Black, 203 
 Deadly, 125 
 Woody, 203 
 Night-mare, 625 
 
 Night Sweats.—See Hectic Fever, Per 
 ration, Phthisis. 
 
 Nipples, Sore, 625 
 Fissured, 625 
 Nitrate of Ammonium, 94 
 of Iron, 216 
 of Lead, 317 
 of Mercury, 240 
 of Muscarine, 84 
 of Potassium, 323 
 of Silver, 112 
 Fused, 112 
 of Sodium, 369 
 Nitre, 323, 369 
 Chili, 369 
 Sweet Spirit of, 79 
 Nitrite of Amyl, 98 
 of Ethyl, 79, 98 
 of Potassium, 98 
 of Sodium, 98 
 Nitro-benzene, 179 
 Nitro-benzol, 97 
 Nitro-glycerin, 98 
 Nitrous Ether, 79, 82 
 Oxide, 81 
 Nodes, 625 
 Normal Liquids, 424 
 Norwood’s Tincture, 396 
 Norway Spruce, 315 
 Nucin, 259 
 Nutgall, 64, 223 
 Nutmeg, 284 
 Nux Vomica, 287 
 Nyctalopia, 581 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Nymphsea, 64 
 Odorata, 290 
 Nymphomania, 625 
 
 Oak-bark, 64, 332 
 Black, 333 
 Oak, Dyer’s, 223 
 Poison, 338 
 White, 332 
 Oat, 123 
 Obesity, 626 
 
 Obstetrical Memoranda, 719 
 Odontalgia, 626 
 CEsophagus, Affections of, 627 
 Official Operations, 410 
 Preparations, 419 
 Officinal.—See Preface. 
 
 Oil of Allspice, 313 
 
 of Almond, Bitter, 98 
 Expressed, 98 
 of Amber, 377, 385 
 of Anise, 101 
 of Anthemis, 101 
 of Aurantium Cortex, 122 
 Flores, 122 
 of Bay, 284 
 Benne, 366 
 of Bergamot, 131 
 of Cade, 259 
 of Cadinum, 259 
 of Cajuput, 142 
 of Caraway, 156 
 of Carum, 156 
 Carron, 144, 268 
 Castor, 340 
 of Caryophyllus, 156 
 of Cedar, 354 
 Chaulmoogra, 161 
 of Chenopodium, 162 
 of Cinnamon, 183 
 of Cloves, 156 
 Cod-liver, 282 
 of Copaiba, 189 
 of Coriander, 190 
 of Cotton-seed, 229, 290 
 Croton, 390 
 of Cubeb, 193 
 ofErigeron, 207 
 Ethereal, 79 
 of Eucalyptus, 212 
 of Fennel, 221 
 of Gaultheria, 223 
 of Gossypium-seed, 229, 290 
 of Hedeoma, 236 
 of Hemlock, 316 
 of Juniper, 259 
 Kurung, 321 
 Lard, 78 
 of Lavender, 265 
 Flowers, 265 
 
 Oil, of Lemon, 266 
 of Linseed, 267 
 of Linum, 267 
 of Mace, 285 
 of Mentha Piperita, 280 
 of Mentha Viride, 281 
 of Mirbane, 97 
 of Morrhua, 282 
 of Mustard, Volatile, 367 
 of Myrcia, 284 
 of Myristica, 285 
 of Neroli, 122 
 of Nutmeg, 285 
 Olive, 290 
 
 of Orange-flowers, 122 
 of Orange-peel, 122 
 of Origanum, 300 
 of Pennyroyal, 236 
 of Pepper mint, 280 
 Phosphorated, 304 
 of Pimenta, 313 
 of Pinus Sylvestris, 316 
 of Pix Liquida, 315 
 of Pongamia, 321 
 of Ricinus, 340 
 of Rose, 342 
 of Rosemary, 343 
 of Rue, 345 
 of Ruta, 345 
 of Sabina, 346 
 Salad, 290 
 of Sandalwood, 354 
 of Santal, 354 
 of Sassafras, 358 
 of Scotch Fir, 316 
 of Sesamum, 366 
 of Sinapis, Volatile, 367 
 of Spearmint, 281 
 of Spruce, 316 
 Sweet, 290 
 
 of Succinum, 377, 385 
 of Tabacum, 381 
 of Tanacetum, 383 
 of Tansy, 383 
 of Tar, 315 
 of Terebinthina, 384 
 of Theobroma, 387 
 of Thuja, 385, 388 
 of Thyme, 389 
 of Tiglium, 390 
 of Turpentine, 384 
 of Valerian, 394 
 of Winteigreen, 223 
 Wood, 233 
 Oils, Expressed, 417 
 Fixed, 417 
 Ointment, 160 
 
 Basilicon, 334 
 Belladonna, 126 
 Boracic, 59 
 Calamine, 405 
 Carbolic Acid, 60 
 
INDEX. 
 
 752 
 
 Ointment, Chrysarobin, 174 
 Citrine, 240 
 Diachylon, 318 
 Gallic Acid, 63 
 Gall, 223 
 Hamamelis, 235 
 Iodine, 252 
 Iodoform, 252 
 Lead Carbonate, 318 
 Iodide, 318 
 Mercurial, 239 
 
 of Mercury, Ammoniated, 240 
 Nitrate, 240 
 Red, 241 
 Oxide, Red, 240 
 Yellow, 240 
 Mezereum, 281 
 Nutgall, 223 
 Petroleum, 304 
 of Pix Liquida, 316 
 of Potassium Iodide, 252 
 of Rose-water, 342 
 of Staphisagria, 372 
 Stramonium, 374 
 Sulphur, 378 
 
 Alkaline, 378 
 of Tannic Acid, 74 
 Tar, 316 
 Thymol, 389 
 Veratrine, 396 
 White Precipitate, 240 
 Witch-hazel, 235 
 of Zinc Oxide, 403 
 Ointments, 432, 475 
 Compounding, 475 
 Formulae for, 476 
 Olea Europaea, 290 
 Oleaginous Preparations, 427 
 Oleata, 71, 428 
 Oleate of Aconitine, 71, 76 
 of Aluminium, 71 
 of Arsenic, 71 
 of Atropine, 71 
 of Bismuth, 71 
 of Cocaine, 208 
 of Copper, 71 
 of Iron, 71 
 of Lead, 71, 318 
 of Mercury, 71, 240 
 of Morphine, 71, 294 
 
 and Mercury, 71 
 of Quinine, 71 
 of Silver, 71 
 of Strychnine, 71 
 of Veratrine, 71, 396 
 of Zinc, 71 
 Oleates, 71, 428 
 Olein, 290 
 Oleoresina, 427 
 Oleoresin of Aspidium, 121 
 of Capsicum, 153 
 of Cubeb, 193 
 
 Oleoresin of Lupulin, 238 
 of Pepper, 314 
 of Zingiber, 406 
 Oleoresins, 427 
 Onion, 89 
 Onychia, 627 
 Operations, Official, 410 
 Ophelia Chirata, 164 
 Ophthalmia, 627 
 Opisthotonos.—See Tetanus, 671 
 Opium, 291 
 
 Denarcotized, 292 
 Habit, 628 
 Opodeldoc, 357 
 Orange, 121, 266 
 Blossom, 705 
 Orchitis, 630 
 Ordeal Bark, 157 
 Origanum, 300 
 Otalgia, 630 
 Otitis, 630 
 Otorrhoea, 631 
 Ovarian Neuralgia, 631 
 
 Tumors.—See Cysts, 531 
 Ovaritis, 631 
 Ovis Aries, 366 
 Oxalate of Cerium, 161 
 of Iron, 216 
 Oxaluria, 632 
 Ox-gall, 214 
 Oxide of Antimony, 102 
 of Calcium, 143 
 of Ethyl, 78 
 of Iron, Hydrated, 216 
 
 with Magnesia, 216 
 of Lead, 318 
 of Magnesium, 271 
 of Manganese, Black, 274 
 of Mercury, Red, 240 
 of Mercury, Yellow, 240 
 of Propyl, 282 
 of Silver, 113 
 of Zinc, 403 
 Oxidizers, 450 
 Oxy-benzene, 60 
 Oxymel, 279, 421 
 Oxytocics, 48 
 Oyster-shell, 143 
 Ozaena, 632 
 
 Pagliari’s Styptic, 585 
 Pain, 632 
 
 Chest, 513 
 Gastric, 37 
 Pains, False, 559 
 Paints, 477 
 
 Palmitate of Cetyl, 161 
 Palmitin, 290 
 Pancoast’s Styptic, 585 
 Pancreas, Agents affecting, 40 
 
INDEX. 
 
 753 
 
 Pancreatin, 300 
 
 Pancreopepsin, 303 
 
 Pannus.—See Corneal Opacities, 525 
 
 Pansy, 399 
 
 Papain, 300 
 
 Papaiva, 300 
 
 Papaver Somniferum, 291 
 Papaverine, 292 
 Papaw Milk, 301 
 Paper of Cantharides, 151 
 of Mustard, 367 
 of Potassium Nitrate, 323 
 Papers (Chartte), 434 
 Papine, 293 
 Parachinanisols, 179 
 Paraconi'ine, 186 
 Paracoto Bark, 191 
 Paracotoin, 191 
 Paraldehyde, 166, 301 
 Paralysis, 633, 665 
 Paramenispermin, 310 
 Paramorphine, 292 
 Paraphimosis.—See Phimosis, 639 
 Paraplegia.—See Paralysis, 633 
 Parasiticides, 52 
 Paregoric, 293 
 Pareira, 301 
 Parigenin, 357 
 Parillin, 357 
 Paris Green, 117, 709 
 Paronychia, 627 
 Parotitis, 634 
 Parsley, 106 
 
 Parrish’s Chemical Food, 305 
 Participles, 700 
 Parvule, 463 
 Paste, Black, 571 
 Pastilles, 431, 469 
 Pasque-flower, 328 
 Patent Medicines, 704 
 Paullinia curare, 196 
 Paullinia sorbilis, 233 
 Pearson’s Solution, 116 
 Pectin, 332 
 Pediculi, 635 
 Pelletierine, 230 
 Pellitory, 330 
 
 Persian, 330 
 Pelosine, 301 
 Pelvic Diameters, 720 
 Pemphigus, 635 
 Pencils, 474 
 
 Penis.—See Chancre, Chancroid, Chordee, 
 Gleet, Gonorrhoea, Phimosis, Urethra. 
 Pennyroyal, 236 
 Pennywort, 247 
 Pepo, 302 
 Pepper, Black, 313 
 Cayenne, 153 
 Water, 321 
 Peppermint, 279 
 Pepsin, 302 
 
 48 
 
 Pepsin, Liquid, 303 
 Saccharated, 303 
 Pepsinum, 302 
 
 Peptogenic Milk Powder, 303 
 Perchloride of Iron, 215 
 Percolation, 417 
 Pericarditis, 635 
 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 Periostitis, 636 
 Peritonitis, 636 
 
 Puerperal, 652 
 
 Permanganate of Potassium, 274 
 Pernicious Fever.—See Intermittent Fever, 
 Remittent Fever. 
 
 Peroxide of Hydrogen, 385 
 Perry Davis’s Pain-Killer, 705 
 Persimmon, 64 
 Perspiration, 636 
 Pertussis, 637 
 Peruvian Bark, 176 
 Petrolatum, 304 
 Petroleum Ether, 128 
 Ointment, 304 
 Petroselinum sativum, 106 
 Peumus Boldo, 132 
 Phaeoretin, 336 
 
 Phagedena.—See Chancre, Chancroid, 
 Gangrene, Ulcers. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Incompatibility, 448, 450 
 Rules, 447 
 
 Pharmaceutists.—Their objectionable prac¬ 
 tices, 444 
 Pharmacology, 17 
 Pharmacopoeias, List of, 407 
 Pharmacy, 17, 407 
 
 Extemporaneous, 434 
 Official, 410 
 
 Rules for neophytes, 447, 452 
 Pharyngitis, 638 
 Phaseo-mannit, 347 
 Phenacetine, 180 
 Phenol, 60, 179 
 Iodized, 252 
 Salicyl, 350 
 Sodique, 60 
 Pheno-resorcin, 180 
 Phenyl-acetamide, 57 
 Phenylic Alcohol, 60, 179 
 Phimosis, 639 
 Phlebitis, 639 
 
 Phlegmasia Alba Dolens, 639 
 Phlegmon, 640 
 Phlorol, 191 
 
 Phosphate of Ammonium, 94 
 
 of Calcium, Precipitated, 305 
 of Iron, 216 
 
 of Iron and Manganese, 218 
 of Sodium, 305 
 Phosphates, 304 
 
 Syrup of the, 305 
 Phosphide of Zinc, 305 
 Phosphites, 304 
 

 754 
 
 Phosphorus, 304 
 Photophobia, 640 
 Phthisis, 640 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Physeter macrocephalus, 161 
 Physiological Antagonists, 451 
 Physostigma, 307 
 Physostigmine, 307 
 Phytolacca, 309 
 Pichi, 310 
 
 Picraena excelsa, 330 
 Picrates, 72 
 Picroglycion, 203 
 Picropodophyllin, 320 
 Picrotoxin, 310 
 
 Pierce’s Favorite Prescription, 705 
 Golden Discovery, 706 
 Pigmenta, 477 
 Piles, 586 
 Pill of Aloes, 90 
 
 of Aloes and Asafetida, 90, 119 
 of Aloes and Iron, 90 
 of Aloes and Mastic, 90 
 of Aloes and Myrrh, 90 
 of Antimony, Compound, 102 
 of Asafetida, 119 
 Blue, 239 
 
 Compound Cathartic, 185 
 of Galbanum Comp., 119, 223 
 of Iodide of Iron, 216 
 of Iron, Compound, 215 
 Lady Webster’s, 90 
 of Mercury, 239 
 of Opium, 292 
 of Phosphorus, 304 
 of Rhubarb, 336 
 of Rhubarb, Compound, 336 
 Tanjore, 667 
 Pill-masses, 430, 463 
 Pills, 430, 462 
 Coated, 466 
 Compressed, 467, 469 
 Excipients for, 463 
 Formulae for, 468 
 Process of making, 463 
 Official, 430 
 
 Substances suitable for, 465 
 Pilocarpine, 311 
 Pilocarpus, 311 
 Pilulae, 430, 462 
 Pimenta, 313 
 Pimpinella Anisum, 100 
 Pimples.—See Acne, 482 
 Pine, Prince’s, 163 
 Yellow, 384 
 Pines, 315 
 Pinipicrin, 3S8 
 Piniies Succinifer, 377, 385 
 Pink, Carolina, 372 
 Pink-root, 372 
 Pinus, 315 
 
 Australis, 384, 385 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pinus, Palustris, 315 
 Sylvestris, 316 
 Taeda, 385 
 Piper, 313 
 
 angustifolium, 277 
 methysticum, 261 
 Piperine, 314 
 Pipsissewa, 162 
 Piscidia, 314 
 Piscidin, 314 
 Pissenlit, 383 
 Pistaceae Terebinthus, 384 
 Pistacia Lentiscus, 277 
 Pitch, 315 
 
 Burgundy, 315 
 Canada, 315 
 Hemlock, 315 
 Pityriasis, 642 
 Pix, 315 
 
 Pix Liquida, 315 
 Planat’s Tincture, 310 
 Plantago, 317 
 Plantain, 317 
 Plaster Adhesive, 334 
 Ammoniac, 93 
 
 with Mercury, 93 
 Arnica, 115 
 Asafetida, 119 
 Belladonna, 126 
 Capsicum, 153 
 Carbolic Acid, 60 
 Diachylon, 318 
 Galbanum, 223 
 Ichthyocolla, 249 
 Iron, 216 
 Lead, 318 
 Mercurial, 239 
 Opium, 293 
 Pitch, Burgundy, 316 
 Pitch with Canthandes, 151, 316 
 Pitch, Canada, 316 
 Resin, 334 
 Soap, 357 
 Strengthening, 216 
 Warming, 316 
 Plasters, 433, 476 
 
 Formulae for, 476 
 Preparation of, 433 
 Plethora, 643 
 
 Abdominal, 480 
 Pleurisy, 643 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Pleurisy root, 120 
 Pleuritis, 643 
 Pleurodynia, 644 
 Pleuro-pneumonia, 644 
 Plum, 327 
 Plumbum, 317 
 Plummer’s Pills, 102 
 Pneumonia, 644 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Podophyllin, 320 
 
INDEX. 
 
 75 
 
 Podophyllitoxin, 320 
 Podophyllum, 320 
 Poison Ivy, 338 
 Oak, 338 
 Sumach, 338 
 Poisoning by Acids, 66 
 Acid, Acetic, 708 
 
 Arsenious, 118, 708 
 Carbolic, 61, 708 
 Chromic, 63 
 Gallic, 64 
 
 Hydrocyanic, 68, 708 
 Mineral, 66, 708 
 Oxalic, 708 
 Sulphuric, 708 
 Sulphurous, 73 
 Tannic, 74 
 Aconite, 76, 708 
 Agaricus, 84 
 Alcohol, 88, 708 
 Alkalies, 370, 708 
 Alum, 708 
 Ammonia, 95, 708 
 Antimony, 103, 708 
 Arsenic, 118, 708 
 Atropine, 127, 709 
 Barium, 709 
 Bees, 709 
 
 Belladonna, 127, 709 
 Bromides, 134 
 Camphor, 148, 709 
 Cannabis Indica, 150, 709 
 Cantharis, 152, 709 
 Chloral, 167, 709 
 Chlorine, 172, 709 
 Chloroform, 81, 170, 709 
 Cinchona, 181 
 Cocaine, 210 
 
 Cocculus Indicus, 311, 710 
 
 Colchicum, 184, 709 
 
 Conium, 186, 709 
 
 Copper, 195, 709 
 
 Crea^ote, 709 
 
 Curare, 196 
 
 Cyanide of Pot., 68 
 
 Digitalis, 200, 709 
 
 Duboisine, 202 
 
 Ergot, 206 
 
 Ether, 81 
 
 Fish, 709 
 
 Gamboge, 709 
 
 Gas, Carbonic Acid, 709 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen, 709 
 Gelsemium, 225, 709 
 Glass, 709 
 
 Gold Salts, 123, 709 
 Hyoscyamus, 249, 709 
 Insects, 709 
 Iodine, 253, 709 
 Ipecacuanha, 256 
 Iron, 709 
 Lead, 319, 709 
 
 Poisoning by Lime, 144, 710 
 Lobelia, 270 
 Mercury, 244, 710 
 Mezereum, 710 
 Muscarine, 84 
 Morphine, 297, 710 
 Mushrooms, 710 
 Nitrites, 99 
 
 Nux Vomica, 289, 711 
 Oak or Ivy, 339 
 Opium, 297, 710 
 Phosphorus, 306, 710 
 Physostigma, 308, 710 
 Picrotoxin, 311, 710 
 Pilocarpine, 312 
 Potassa, 324 
 
 Potassium Salts, 324, 710 
 Pulsatilla, 329 
 Quinine, 181, 710 
 Reptiles, 400, 710 
 Resorcin, 334 
 Rhus, 339, 711 
 Sanguinaria, 353 
 Silver Salts, 113, 711 
 Snakes, 400 
 Sodium, 370 
 Stramonium, 374, 711 
 Strychnine, 289, 711 
 Sulphites, 73 
 Sulphur, 378 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen, 379 
 Sumach, 339 
 Tin, 711 
 
 Tobacco, 382, 711 
 Turpentine, 386 
 Vegetable Poisons, 711 
 Veratrum Viride, 397, 711 
 Zinc Salts, 404, 711 
 Poisoning, 52, 707 
 
 Antidotes and Antagonists, 53 
 Indications for Treatment, 53 
 General Principles, 707 
 Poisonous Compounds, 450 
 Poisons, Energetic, 707 
 Poke-berry, 309 
 Poke, Indian, 395 
 Poke-root, 309, 395 
 Polygala Senega, 363 
 Polygonum Hydropiperoides, 321 
 Polyporus fomentanus, 83 
 Polypus, 645 
 
 Polyuria.—See Diabetes Insipidus, 534 
 
 Pomade de Bareges, 643 
 
 Pomegranate, 64, 230 
 
 Pond’s Extract, 235 
 
 Pond Lily, 64 
 
 Pongamia, 321 
 
 Poppy, White, 291 
 
 Porphyrization, 413 
 
 Porphyroxine, 292, 353 
 
 Porrigo Capitis.—Tinea Tonsurans, 673 
 
 Porter, 86 
 
INDEX. 
 
 756 
 
 Port Wine, 86 
 Potassa, 322 
 Alum, 91 
 cum Calce, 322 
 Sulphurata, 378 
 Potassio Cupric-Tartrate, 194 
 Potassium, 322 
 Potato, 203 
 
 Potentilla Sarmentosa, 636 
 Potus, 459 
 Poultices, 477, 646 
 
 List of Br. official, 477 
 Powder of Aloes and Canella, 90 
 Antimonial, 102 
 Aromatic, 183 
 Chalk, Compound, 143 
 Dover’s, 256 
 Effervescing, Comp., 323 
 Gray, 239 
 
 Ipecac and Opium, 256, 293 
 Jalap, Compound, 258 
 James’, 102 
 Kino, Compound, 261 
 Liquorice, Compound, 228, 364 
 Morphine, Compound, 293 
 Opium, 292 
 
 Rhubarb, Compound, 336 
 Seidlitz, 323 
 Tullo’s, 293 
 Powders, 431, 470 
 Formulae for, 472 
 Substances suitable to, 471 
 Precipitant Solutions, Table of, 449 
 Precipitate, White, 240 
 Precipitation, 415 
 Pregnancy, Disorders of, 646 
 Signs of, 719 
 Vomiting of, 686 
 Premna tatiensis, 391 
 Preparations, Acetous, 428 
 Alcoholic, 423 
 Aqueous, 419 
 Ethereal, 427 
 Extemporaneous, 453 
 Gaseous, 477 
 Glycerin, 428 
 Liquid, 453 
 Official, 419 
 Oleaginous, 427 
 Solid, 428, 462 
 Prepositions, 700 
 Prescriptions, 439 
 Analysis of, 439 
 Blanks for, 443 
 Filling of, 445 
 Metric, 437 
 Renewals, 444 
 Tonic, 484, 488, 622 
 Prescription Writing, 442 
 
 Latin Words used in, 691 
 Prickly Heat.—See Lichen, 607 
 Prince’s Pine, 162 
 
 Prinos, 327 
 
 Proctitis.—See Rectum, 654 
 Prolapsus Ani, 647 
 Uteri, 647 
 Pronunciation, 699 
 Propyl Oxide, 282 
 Propylamine, 115 
 
 Prosopalgia.—See Neuralgia, Odontalgia 
 Tic Douloureux. 
 
 Prostate, Hypertrophied, 647 
 Prostatitis, 647 
 Prostatorrhoea, 647 
 Protectives, 51 
 Protiodide of Mercury, 240 
 Protopine, 292 
 Prune, 327 
 Prunum, 327 
 Prunus domestica, 327 
 Laurocerasus, 67 
 serotina, 327 
 Virginiana, 327 
 Prurigo, 648 
 Pruritus, 648 
 Pseudaconitine, 76 
 Pseudo-jervine, 396 
 Pseudo-morphine, 292 
 Pseudotropine, 247 
 Psoriasis, 649 
 Ptelea trifoliata, 339 
 Pterocarpus marsupium, 261 
 santaiinus, 354 
 Pterygium, 650 
 Ptosis, 650 
 Ptyalism, 650 
 Puccine, 353 
 
 Puerperal Convulsions, 650 
 Disorders, 651 
 Fever, 651 
 Mania, 652 
 Melancholia, 652 
 Peritonitis, 652 
 Puff-ball, 265 
 Pulmonary Sedatives, 31 
 Pulsatilla, 328 
 Pulse, 652 
 Pulveres, 431, 470 
 Pulverization, 413 
 Pumpkin-seed, 302 
 Punica Granatum, 230 
 Purgatives, 38 
 Purging Agaric, 83 
 Cassia, 158 * 
 
 Purpura, 652 
 Pustule, Malignant, 653 
 Pustules.—See Ecthyma, Eruptions, Im 
 petigo, Pustule Malignant. 
 
 Pustulants, 49 
 Pyaemia, 653 
 Pyrethrine, 330 
 Pyrethrum, 330 
 Roseum, 330 
 Pyridine, 179, 381 
 
INDEX. 
 
 757 
 
 Pyrocatechin, 179, 180 
 Pyrogallol, 63, 179 
 Pyrol, 252 
 
 Pyrophosphate of Iron, 216 
 of Sodium, 305 
 Pyrosis, 653 
 Pyroxylin, 229 
 
 Quassia, 330 
 
 Surinam, 330 
 Quassin, 330 
 Quebrachine, 331 
 Quebracho, 331 
 Queen’s Delight, 378 
 Root, 373 
 Quercin, 332 
 Quercitrin, 333 
 Quercus Alba, 64, 332 
 Lusitanica, 223, 333 
 Tinctoria, 333 
 Quicksilver, 239 
 Quillaia, 333 
 Quince-seed, 197 
 Quinetum, 178 
 Quinicine, 179 
 Quinidine, 177 
 Quinine, 177 
 
 Mixture, 457 
 Quinoidin, 178 
 Quinquinine, 178 
 Quinsy.—See Tonsillitis, 674 
 
 Rabies.—See Hydrophobia, 592 
 Rachitis, 653 
 
 Radam’s Microbe-killer, 706 
 Radway’s Ready Relief, 706 
 Resolvent, 706 
 
 Raspail’s Eau Sedative, 94, 147 
 Raspberry, 344 
 Recamier Balm, etc., 704 
 Rectum, Absorption by, 20 
 Diseases of, 654 
 Ulceration of, 654 
 Red Gum.—See Strophulus, 668 
 References and Bibliography, 479 
 Refrigerants, 35 
 Relapsing Fever, 654 
 Remittent Fever, 655 
 Diagnosis of, 717 
 Renal Depressants, 44 
 Renewals of Prescriptions, 444 
 Repercolation, 418 
 Resin. 334, 385 
 Cerate, 334 
 of Copaiba, 189 
 of Jalap, 258 
 Plaster, 334 
 of Podophyllum, 320 
 
 Resin of Scammony, 359 
 Resina, 334, 385 
 Resinse, 430 
 Resolvents, 42 
 Resorcin, 61, 179, 334 
 Respiration.—See Bronchitis, Croup, Dysp¬ 
 noea, Emphysema, Pneumonia, etc. 
 Respiration, Agents affecting, 30 
 Artificial, 721 
 
 Respiratory Depressants, 30 
 Stimulants, 30 
 Restoratives, 41 
 Retina, Affections of, 655 
 Rhamnoxanthin, 221 
 Rhamnus Frangula, 221 
 Purshiana, 158 
 Rhaphidophora vitiensis, 391 
 Rhatanine, 262 
 Rhatany, 64, 261 
 Rheum, 336 
 
 Rheumatic Arthritis, 655 
 Rheumatism, Acute, 656 
 Chronic, 657 
 Diagnosis of, 714 
 Gonorrhoeal, 659 
 Muscular, 659 
 Rhinacanthin, 337 
 Rhinacanthus, 337 
 
 Rhinitis.—See Catarrh, Acute Nasal, also 
 Nasal Affections. 
 
 Rhoeadine, 292 
 Rhubarb, 336 
 Rhus Aromatica, 337 
 diversiloba, 339 
 glabra, 338 
 pumila, 339 
 radicans, 338 
 Toxicodendron, 338 
 venenata, 339 
 t Ricinus communis, 340 
 Rickets.—See Rachitis, 653 
 Rigors.—See under Fever, 560 
 Ring-worm, 673 
 Roasting, 412 
 Rochelle Salt, 323 
 Rosa centifolia, 342 
 Damascena, 342 
 Gallica, 64, 342 
 Rosanilin, 222 
 Rose, 64, 342 
 
 Attar of, 342 
 Cabbage, 342 
 Pale, 342 
 Red, 64, 342 
 Roseine, 222 
 Rosemary, 64, 343 
 Roseola, 659 
 Rosin, 334 
 Rosmarinus, 343 
 Rottlera, 260 
 
 tinctoria, 260 
 Rottlerin, 260 
 
INDEX. 
 
 758 
 
 Rubefacients, 49 
 Rubeola.—See Measles, 613 
 Rubijervine, 396 
 Rubini’s Tincture, 147 
 Rubus, 64, 343 
 
 Canadensis, 343 
 Idaeus, 344 
 occidentalis, 344 
 trivialis, 343 
 strigosus, 344 
 villosus, 343 
 Rue, 345 
 
 Rules for Incompatibility, 452 
 for Pharmaceutists, 447 
 Rum, 86 
 
 Bay, 284 
 Rumex, 344 
 Rumicin, 344 
 
 Rupia.—See Pemphigus, 635 
 Ruta, 345 
 Russian Spirit, 658 
 Rye, 204 
 
 Sabadilla, 396 
 Sabina, 346 
 Saccharine, 347 
 Saccharum, 347 
 Lactis, 348 
 Sacred Bark, 158 
 Safflower, 193 
 Saffron, 192 
 
 American, 182 
 Meadow, 184 
 Saffron-tea, 192 
 Sage, 352 
 
 Sage’s Catarrh Remedy, 706 
 Salicin, 349 
 
 Salicylate of Cinchonidine, 178 
 of Cocaine, 208 
 of Lithium, 298, 349 
 of Methyl, 224 
 of Phenol, 350 
 of Physostigmine, 308, 349 
 of Sodium, 349 
 Saligenin, 349 
 Saline Mineral Waters, 109 
 Purgatives, 38 
 Salipyrin, 35 ° 
 
 Saliva, Agents affecting, 35 
 Salivation, 35, 242, 650, 710 
 Salix, 349 
 Salol, 350 
 Salt, common, 369 
 Epsom, 271 
 Glauber’s, 369 
 Rochelle, 323 
 Salt-petre, 323 
 Chili, 369 
 
 Salt-rheum.—See Eczema, 547 
 Salts, Deliquescent, List of, 466 
 
 Salts, Efflorescent, List of, 466 
 Salve, Red Lip, 388 
 Salvia, 352 
 Salviol, 352 
 Sambucus, 352 
 Sandal-wood Oil, 354 
 White, 354 
 Yellow, 354 
 
 Sanford’s Catarrh Cure, 706 
 Sanguinaria, 352 
 Sanguinarine, 352 
 Sanitas, 385 
 Santalum Album, 354 
 citrinum, 354 
 Rubrum, 354 
 Santonica, 355 
 Santonin, 355 
 
 Santoninate of Sodium, 355 
 Sapo, 356 
 
 Animalis, 356 
 Medicatus, 356 
 Mollis, 356 
 Viridis, 356 
 Sapogenin, 363 
 Saponification, 356 
 Saponin, 159, 333 
 Sarcinae, 659 
 
 Sarcocele.—See under Cancer, Testicles. 
 Sarothamnus Scoparius, 360 
 Sarsaparilla, 357 
 Sassafras, 358 
 
 Medulla, 358 
 Swamp, 273 
 Sassy Bark, 157 
 Saunders, Red, 354 
 Savine, 346 
 
 Sayre’s Method for Chloroform, 171 
 Scabies, 659 
 
 Scald-head.—See Eczema, Tinea. 
 Scalds, 504 
 Scammonium, 359 
 Scammony, 359 
 Scarlet Fever, 660 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Scheele’s Acid, 67 
 Green, 117 
 Sciatica, 661 
 Scilla, 359 
 Scillin, 359 
 Scillipicrin, 359 
 Scillitin, 359 
 Scillitoxin, 359 
 Scirrhus.—See Cancer, 506 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 Sclererythrin, 204 
 Scleroderma, 662 
 Scleromucin, 204 
 Scleroxanthin, 204 
 Scoparin, 360 
 Scoparius, 360 
 Scorbutus.—See Scurvy, 663 
 Screaming.—See Nightmare, 625 
 
INDEX. 
 
 759 
 
 Scrofulosis, 662 
 Scudamore’s Mixture, 57 2 
 Scurvy, 663 
 Scutellaria, 362, 399 
 Scutellarin, 363 
 Sea-sickness, 663 
 Seborrhoea, 663 
 Sea-wrack, 222 
 Secale cereale, 204 
 Secaline, 402 
 Sedatives, 24, 37 
 Cardiac, 33 
 Gastric, 37 
 Pulmonary, 31 
 Urinary, 45 
 Uterine, 468 
 Vascular, 34 
 Vesical, 45 
 Seidlitz Powder, 323 
 Senega, 363 
 Senegin, 363 
 Senna, 364 
 Sennacrol, 364 
 Sennapicrin, 364 
 Separation, 415 
 Septicaemia, 653 
 Serpentaria, 365 
 
 Serpent-bites.—See Poisoning by Reptiles, 
 also Stings. 
 
 Sesamum, Oil of, 366 
 Sevum, 366 
 Shampoo Mixtures, 642 
 Sheep, 366 
 Sherry Wine, 86 
 
 Shingles.—See Herpes Zoster, 591 
 Sialogogues, 35 
 
 Sickness at Stomach.—See Nausea, Sea¬ 
 sickness, Vomiting. 
 
 Siddhi, 150 
 
 Silicate of Magnesium, 366 
 Hydrated, 367 
 of Potassium, 323, 366 
 of Sodium, 366 
 Silicious Mineral Waters, 109 
 Silver, 112 
 Sinalbin, 367 
 Sinapine, 367 
 Sinapis, 367 
 Alba, 367 
 Nigra, 367 
 
 Singultus.—See Hiccough, 591 
 Sinigrin, 367 
 Sinistrin, 359 
 
 Skin, Agents affecting, 49 
 as an Absorbent, 21 
 
 Skin Diseases.—See Acne, Boils, Burns, 
 Carbuncles, Chapped Hands and Lips, 
 Chilblains, Condylomata, Ecchymosis, 
 Ecthyma, Eczema, Elephantiasis, 
 Eruptions, Erysipelas, Erythema, 
 Freckles, Herpes, Herpes Zoster, Ich¬ 
 thyosis, Impetigo, Intertrigo, Lichen, 
 
 Lupus, Mentagra, Naevus, Onychia, 
 Pemphigus, Phlegmon, Pityriasis, 
 Prurigo, Pruritus, Psoriasis, Roseola, 
 Scabies, Scleroderma, Seborrhoea, 
 Strophulus, Syphilis, Tinea, Ulcer, 
 Urticaria, Wart, Wen. 
 
 Skull cap, 362 
 
 Sleep, Abnormal.—See Delirium, Insom¬ 
 nia, Nightmare, Somnambulism. 
 
 Slippery Elm Bark, 392 
 Small-pox, 684 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Smart-weed, 321 
 Smell, Agents affecting, 30 
 Smilacin, 357 
 Smilax, 357 
 Snake-root, Black, 174 
 Virginia, 365 
 Sneezing, 664 
 
 Agents producing, 32 
 See also Catarrh, Hay Fever, Influ¬ 
 enza. 
 
 Soaloin, 90 
 Soap. 356 
 
 Bark, 333 
 
 Curd, 356 
 
 Green, 356 
 
 Insoluble, 356 
 
 of Lead Monoxide, 356 
 
 of Lime, 356 
 
 Soft, 356 
 
 Soda, Caustic, 368 
 Chlorata, 172 
 Chlorinated, 172 
 Soda-water, 108, 111 
 Sodium, 368 
 Solanine, 203 
 Solanum Dulcamara, 203 
 Solid Preparations, 428, 462 
 Soluble Substances, 454 
 Solution, 413 
 
 Aids to, 454 
 
 Circulatory, 414 
 
 of Aluminium Benzoate, 93 
 
 of Ammonium Acetate, 94 
 
 of Arsenious Acid, 116 
 
 of Arsenic and Mercuric Iodide, 116 
 
 of Arsenite of Bromine, 117 
 
 of Arsenite of Potassium, 116 
 
 of Carbolic Acid, 108 
 
 Clemen’s, 117 
 
 Donovan’s, 117 
 
 Fehling’s, 194 
 
 Fowler’s, 116 
 
 of Gutta-percha, 234 
 
 of Iodine, Compound, 252 
 
 of Iron Acetate, 215 
 
 of Iron Citrate, 215 
 
 of Iron Chloride, 215 
 
 of Iron Nitrate, 216 
 
 of Iron and Quinine Citrate, 217 
 
 of Iron Subsulphate, 216 
 
INDEX. 
 
 760 
 
 Solution of Iron Tersulphate, 217 
 of Lead Subacetate, 318 
 of Lead Subacet., Dilute, 318 
 of Lime, 144 
 of Lime, Chlorinated, 172 
 of Lime, Saccharated, 144 
 Labarraque’s, 172 
 Lugol’s, 252 
 Magendie’s, 294 
 of Magnesium Citrate, 272 
 of Mercuric Nitrate, 240 
 of Morphine Sulphate, 294 
 of Opium, Compound, 293 
 Pancreatic, 300 
 Pearson’s, 116 
 of Pepsin, 303 
 of Potassa, 322 
 of Potassium Arsenite, 116 
 of Potassium Citrate, 323 
 of Potassium Silicate, 366 
 of Soda, 368 
 of Soda Chlorinated, 143 
 of Sodium Arseniate, 116 
 of Sodium Silicate, 366 
 of Thymol, 389 
 of Zinc Chloride, 403 
 Solutions (Liquores), 420 
 Hypodermic, 702 
 Precipitant, Table of, 449 
 Stock, 447 
 Solvents, 414 
 Somnal, 371 
 Somnambulism, 664 
 Sores, 678 
 Sorghum, 347 
 Sorrel, 344 
 Sozodont, 707 
 Spanish Flies, 151 
 Sparteine, 360 
 Spasmodic Affections, 664 
 Spearmint, 281 
 
 Specific Gravity and Volume, 439 
 Table of, 725 
 Spermaceti, 161 
 Spermatorrhoea, 664 
 Spigelia, 372 
 Spina Bifida, 665 
 Spinal Concussion, 665 
 Congestion, 665 
 Inflammation.—See Meningitis, Mye¬ 
 litis. 
 
 Irritation, 665 
 Paralysis, 665 
 Softening, 665 
 Spirit of Ammonia, 93 
 
 of Ammonia, Aromatic, 93 
 of Ammonia, Fetid, 119 
 of Anise, 101 
 of Camphor, 147 
 of Chloroform, 169 
 of Cinnamon, 183 
 of Ether, 79, 83 
 
 Spirit of Ether, Compound, 79, 83 
 of Nitrous Ether, 79, 83 
 of Gaultheria, 224 
 Grain, 85, 87 
 of Hedeoma, 236 
 of Juniper, 259 
 of Juniper, Compound, 259 
 of Lavender, 265 
 of Lemon, 266 
 of Mentha Piperita, 280 
 of Mentha Viride, 281 
 of Mindererus, 94 
 of Myrcia, 284 
 of Myristica, 285 
 of Nutmeg, 285 
 of Orange, 122 
 of Pennyroyal, 236 
 of Peppermint, 280 
 Potato, 87 
 Proof, 86 
 Rectified, 86 
 Russian, 658 
 of Spearmint, 281 
 of Turpentine, 384 
 Wood, 87 
 
 Spirits (Spiritus), 426 
 Spleen, Affections of, 666 
 Spongia Usta, 662 
 
 Spotted Fever.—See Typhus Fever, Men 
 ingitis Cerebro-spinal 
 Sprains, 666 
 Spruces, 315 
 Spunk, 83 
 
 Squamae.—See Ichthyosis, Pityriasis, Pso 
 riasis 
 
 Squaw-root, 160 
 Squibb’s Mixture, 293, 515 
 Squill, 359 
 
 St. Ignatius’ Bean, 250 
 St. Jacob’s Oil, 76, 706 
 St. Mary’s Thistle, 156 
 Stains, 666 
 Stammering, 666 
 Staphisagria, 372 
 Star Anise, 100, 250 
 Starch, 100, 348 
 
 Iodized, 100, 252 
 Statice, 64 
 Stavesacre, 362 
 Sterility, 666 
 Sternutatories, 32 
 Stigmata Maydis, 402 
 Stillingia, 373 
 Stimulants, 23 
 Cardiac, 33 
 Hepatic, 39 
 Local, 25 
 Pancreatic, 40 
 Respiratory, 30 
 Vascular, 34 
 Stings, 667 
 Stock Solutions, 447 
 
INDEX. 
 
 76i 
 
 Stomach Diseases.—See Dyspepsia, Gas- 
 tralgia, Gastric Ulcer, Gastritis, etc. 
 Stomachics, 35 
 Stomatitis, 667 
 Stone.—See Calculi, 505 
 Storax, 376 
 Strabismus, 668 
 Straining, 414 
 Stramonium, 374 
 
 Strangury.—See Cystitis, Dysuria 
 Stricture.—See Rectum, Urethral Stric¬ 
 ture 
 
 of Urethra, 679 
 Strophanthin, 375 
 Strophanthus, 375 
 Strophulus, 268 
 Struma.—See Scrofulosis, 662 
 Strychnine, 237, 250, 288 
 Strychnos Ignatii, 250 
 Gaultheriana, 237 
 Nux-Vomica, 287 
 Sturgeon, 249 
 Stye.—See Eyelids, 559 
 Styptic Collodion, 74 
 Styptics, 50, 585 
 Styracin, 376 
 Styrax, 376 
 
 Benzoin, 129 
 Styrol, 376 
 
 Subacetate of Lead, 318 
 Subcarbonate of Bismuth, 131 
 Subchloride of Mercury, 240 
 Subiodide of Bismuth, 132 
 Sublimation, 411 
 Subnitrate of Bismuth, 131 
 Substances best given alone, 453 
 difficult to combine in pill, 465 
 suitable for mixtures, 454 
 suitable for pills, 465 
 suitable for powders, 471 
 unsuited to pill-form, 466 
 Subsulphate of Iron, 216 
 
 of Mercury, Yellow, 240 
 Succinum, 377, 385 
 Sudorifics, 46 
 Suet, 366 
 Sugar, 347 
 Beet, 347 
 Cane, 347 
 Diabetic, 348 
 Fruit, 348 
 Grape, 348 
 of Lead, 317 
 of Milk, 348 
 Starch, 348 
 
 in Urine, Tests for, 723 
 Sulphate of Aluminium, 92 
 
 of Aluminium and Ammonium, 91 
 of Aluminium and Potassium, 91 
 of Ammonium, 94 
 of Atropine, 126 
 of Cadmium, 137 
 
 Sulphate of Cinchonidine, 178 
 of Cinchonine, 178 
 of Copper, 194 
 of Duboisine, 202 
 of Hyoscyamine, 248 
 of Iron, 216 
 of Iron, Dried, 216 
 of Iron, Precipitated, 216 
 of Iron and Ammonium, 217 
 of Magnesium, 271 
 of Manganese, 274 
 of Morphine, 293 
 of Potassium, 323 
 of Quinidine, 178 
 of Quinine, 177 
 of Sodium, 369 
 of Sparteine, 360 
 of Strychnine, 288 
 of Tetra-hydromethyl-chinoline, 179 
 of Zinc, 403 
 Sulphide of Allyl, 119 
 of Antimony, 102 
 of Antimony, Purified, 102 
 of Calcium, 378 
 of Hydrogen, 378 
 of Mercury, Red, 240 
 Sulphite of Magnesium, 73, 271 
 of Potassium, 73 
 of Sodium, 73 <- 
 
 Sulpho-carbolate of Sodium, 61, 62 
 Sulpho-cyanate of Acrinyl, 367 
 Sulpho-cyanide of Allyl, 367 
 Sulphonal, 166 
 Sulphur, 377 
 
 Liver of, 378 
 Lotum, 377 
 Milk of, 378 
 Precipitated, 378 
 Sublimed, 377 
 Washed, 377 
 
 Sulphurated Antimony, 102 
 Lime, 378 
 Potassa, 378 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen, 378 
 Sulphurous Mineral Waters, no 
 Sumach, Poison, 338 
 Smooth, 338 
 Swamp, 339 
 Sweet, 337 
 Sumbul, 380 
 Sun-dew, 202 
 Sunstroke, 668 
 Suppositoria, 432, 473 
 Suppositories, Formula?, 475 
 Official in Br. Phar., 474 
 of Tannic Acid, 74 
 Suppuration, 668 
 Surgeon’s Agaric, 83 
 Surgical Fever, 668 
 Svapnia, 292 
 
 Swallowing.—See Dysphagia; Oesopha¬ 
 gus, Disorders of. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 762 
 
 Swamp Sassafras, 273 
 Sweet Bay, 273 
 Flag, 143 
 _ Gum, 376 
 
 Swift’s Specific, S. S. S., 706 
 Sycosis, 668 
 
 Sydenham’s Laudanum, 293 
 Syncope, 668 
 Synovitis, 669 
 Syphilis, 669 
 Syrup of Acacia, 56 
 of Allium, 89 
 of Almond, 97 
 of Althaea, 91 
 of Amygdala, 97 
 of Citric Acid, 266 
 of Garlic, 89 
 of Ginger, 406 
 of Hydriodic Acid, 252 
 of Hypophosphites, 305 
 of Hypophos. with Iron, 305 
 of Ipecacuanha, 256 
 of Iron Bromide, 215 
 of Iron Iodide, 216 
 of Iron and Mang. Iodide, 218, 274 
 of Iron and Mang. Phosphate, 218 
 of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine 
 Phosphates, 305 
 of Krameria, 262 
 of Lactophosphate of Calcium, 305 
 of Lactucarium, 263 
 of Lemon, 266 
 of Lime, 144 
 of Manganese Iodide, 274 
 of Orange, 122 
 of Orange-flowers, 122 
 of Phosphates, Compound, 305 
 of Prunus Virginiana, 328 
 of Rhubarb, 336 
 of Rhubarb, Aromatic, 336 
 of Raspberry, 344 
 of Rose, 343 
 of Rubus, 344 
 of Rubus, Aromatic, 344 
 of Rubus Idaeus, 344 
 of Sarsaparilla, 357 
 of Sarsaparilla, Comp., 3^7 
 of Scilla, 356 
 of Squill, 359 
 
 of Squill, Compound,- 102, 360 
 of Senega, 363 
 of Senna, 364 
 of Stillmgia, Comp., 373 
 of Tar, 316 
 of Tolu, 125 
 of Wild Cherry, 328 
 of Zingiber, 406 
 Syrupi (Syrups), 420 
 
 Tabacum, 381 
 
 Tabellae Nitroglycerini, 98 
 
 Tabes Mesenterica, 670 
 Table of Drops, etc., in f^j, 439, 726 
 of Latin Words, Phrases, etc., 691 
 of Metric Conversion, 727 
 of Precipitant Solutions, 449 
 of Specific Gravities and Volumes, 725 
 Tables of Differential Diagnosis, 712 
 of Weights and Measures, 435, 726 
 Tablets, 431 
 
 Compressed, List of, 469, 470 
 Hypodermic, List of, 470 
 Tag Alder, 89 
 Tamarind, 382 
 Tamar-Indien, 364, 706 
 Tamarindus, 382 
 Tanacetin, 383 
 Tanacetum, 383 
 Tanjore Pill, 667 
 
 Tannate of Cannabin, 149, 151, 165 
 of Pelletierine, 231 
 Tannin, 74 
 
 and Iron, 453 
 Tansy, 383 
 Oil of, 383 
 Tea of, 383 
 
 Tapeworm, 121, 231, 688 
 Tar, 315 
 Tar-water, 316 
 Taraxacerin, 383 
 Taraxacin, 383 
 Taraxacum, 383 
 Tartar, Crude, 322 
 Emetic, 102 
 
 Tartra-borate of Potassium, 59 
 Tartrate of Antimony and Potas., 102 
 of Chinoline, 163 
 of Iron and Ammonium, 217 
 of Iron and Potassium, 217 
 Potassio-Cupric, 194 
 of Potassium, 323 
 of Potassium, Acid, 323 
 of Potassium and Sodium, 323 
 Tartrates, 75 
 
 Taste, Agents affecting, 30 
 Disordered, 671 
 Taurocholate of Sodium, 214 
 Taeniafuges, 40 
 Taeniae.—See Worms, 688 
 Tea, 139 
 
 Flaxseed, 268 
 German Breast, 57 
 Saffron, 193 
 Tansy, 383 
 Worm, 371 
 Teeth, 671 
 
 Agents affecting, 34 
 Teething.—See Dentition, 533 
 Temperature of the Body, 717 
 Tenesmus.—See Dysentery, 541 
 Terchloride of Methyl, 168 
 Terebene, 385 
 Terebinthene, 385 
 
INDEX. 
 
 763 
 
 Terebinthina, 384 
 Canadensis, 384 
 Terpine, 385 
 Terpinol, 385 
 Tersulphate of Iron, 217 
 Testa Prceparata, 143 
 Testicles, 671 
 Testing, 417 
 Tests for Morphine, 294 
 Tetanus, 671 
 
 Tetrachloride of Carbon, 81, 169 
 Tetra-iodo-pyrol, 252 
 Tetter.—See Herpes, Pityriasis, Psoriasis. 
 Thalline, 179 
 Thebaine, 292 
 Theine, 138, 141 
 Theobroma Cacao, 140, 387 
 Theobromine, 141, 387 
 Therapeutical Incompatibility, 461 
 Therapeutics, 17, 479 
 Applied, 18, 479 
 Empirical, 18 
 Natural, 17 
 Rational, 18 
 Special, 479 
 Theriaca, 348 
 
 Thermometer, Clinical, 717 
 Thimble berry, 344 
 Thirst, 672 
 
 Agents allaying, 35 
 Thistle, Blessed, 156 
 Thompson’s Eye-water, 706 
 Thorn-apple, 374 
 Thorough-wort, 213 
 
 Throat.—See Aphonia, Croup, Diphtheria, 
 Laryngitis, Pharyngitis, Scarlet Fever, 
 Tonsillitis, etc. 
 
 Sore, 672 
 
 Thrush.—See Aphthae, 491 
 Thuja, 385, 388 
 Thujetin, 388 
 Thujin, 388 
 
 Thus Americanum, 385 
 Thyme, Garden, 389 
 Thymene, 389 
 Thymol, 389 
 Thymus vulgaris, 389 
 Tic Douloureux, 672 
 Tiglii Oleum, 390 
 Tincture of Aconite, 76 
 of Ailanthus, 85 
 of Aloes, 90 
 of Aloes and Myrrh, 90 
 of Arnica-flowers, 115 
 of Arnica-root, 115 
 of Asafetida, 119 
 of Aurantium Amarum, 122 
 of Aurantium Dulce, 122 
 of Baptisia, 125 
 of Belladonna, 126 
 of Benzoin, 129 
 
 of Benzoin, Compound, 129, 376 
 
 Tincture of Berberis, 130 
 of Bryonia, 136 
 of Calendula, 145 
 of Calumba, 145 
 of Camphor, 147 
 of Cannabis Indica, 149 
 of Cantharides, 151 
 of Capsicum, 153 
 of Cardamom, 155 
 of Cascarilla, 158 
 of Catechu, Compound, 159 
 of Chirata, 164 
 
 of Chloroform and Morphine, 169, 
 294 
 
 of Chloroform, Compound, 169 
 
 of Cimicifuga, 175 
 
 of Cinnamon, 183 
 
 of Cinchona, 177 
 
 of Cinchona, Compound, 177 
 
 of Cocculus, 310 
 
 of Colchicum, 184 
 
 of Conium, 1S6 
 
 of Coto, 191 
 
 of Crocus, 193 
 
 of Cubeb, 193 
 
 of Digitalis, 199 
 
 of Duboisia, 202 
 
 of Eucalyptus, 212 
 
 of Euphrasia, 214 
 
 of Galls, 223 
 
 of Gelsemium, 224 
 
 of Gentian, Compound, 226 
 
 of Ginger, 406 
 
 of Guaiac, 232 
 
 Ammoniated, 232 
 of Hemp, Indian, 149 
 of Hops, 238 
 of Humulus, 23S 
 of Hydrastis, 246 
 of Hyoscyamus, 248 
 of Ignatia, 250 
 of Iodine, 251 
 
 of Ipecac and Opium, 256, 293 
 
 of Iron Acetate, 215 
 
 of Iron Chloride, 215 
 
 of Kino, 261 
 
 of Krameria, 262 
 
 of Lavender, Compound, 265 
 
 of Lobelia, 269 
 
 of Lupulin, 238 
 
 of Matico, 277 
 
 of Musk, 284 
 
 of Myrrh, 286 
 
 of Nitro-glycerin, 98 
 
 Norwood’s, 396 
 
 of Nutgall, 223 
 
 of Nux Vomica, 288 
 
 of Opium, 292 
 
 of Opium, Camphorated, 293 
 
 of Opium, Compound, 293 
 
 of Opium, Deodorized, 292 
 
 of Opium and Ipecac, 293 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Tincture of Orange Peel, Bitter, 122 
 of Orange Peel, Sweet, 122 
 of Phosphorus, 304 
 of Physostigma, 308 
 of Phytolacca, 309 
 of Pulsatilla, 328 
 of Pyrethrum, 330 
 Pyrexialis, 178 
 of Quassia, 331 
 of Quebracho, 332 
 of Rhubarb, 336 
 of Rhubarb, Aromatic, 336 
 of Rhubarb, Sweet, 336 
 of Rhus Toxicodendron, 339 
 of Sanguinaria, 353 
 of Serpentaria, 365 
 of Soap, Green, 357 
 oT Squill, 359 
 of Stillingia, 373 
 of Stramonium, 374 
 of Strophanthus, 375 
 of Sumbul, 380 
 of Thuja, 388 
 of Tolu, 125 
 of Valerian, 394 
 of Valerian, Ammoniated, 394 
 of Vanilla, 395 
 of Veratrum Viride, 396 
 of Viscum, 400 
 of Zingiber, 406 
 Tincturae, 425 
 Tinea Circinata, 673 
 Decalvans, 673 
 Favosa, 673 
 
 Sycosis.—See Mentagra, 617 
 Tonsurans, 673 
 Tobacco, 381 
 Indian, 269 
 
 Symptoms.—See Nervousness, 621 
 Toe-nails.—See Nails, 619 
 Tolene, 125 
 Toluene, 347 
 Tomato, 203 
 Tonga, 391 
 Tongine, 391 
 Tongue, 674 
 Tonics, 41 
 
 Cardiac, 33 
 
 Formulae, 484, 488, 622 
 Gastric, 35 
 Hair, 486 
 Nerve, 622, 630 
 Pills for Women, 469 
 Uterine, 48 
 Vascular, 34 
 Vesical, 45 
 Tonsillitis, 674 
 Tonsils, Enlarged, 674 
 Ulcerated, 675 
 
 Toothache.—See Odontalgia, 626 
 Toothrash.—See Strophulus, 668 
 Torrefaction, 412 
 
 Torticollis, 675 
 Torulae.—See Sarcinae, 659 
 Tracheitis.—See Croup, 528 
 Trachoma.—See Conjunctivitis Granular, 
 Ophthalmia, 522, 627 
 Tragacantha, 391 
 Traumaticine, 234 
 Traumatic Fever, 668 
 Treacle, 348 
 Tree of Heaven, 85 
 Tri-chlor-aldehyde, 164 
 Tricophytosis Capitis.—See Tinea, 673 
 Trimethylamine, 114, 115, 238 
 Trinitrophenol, 72 
 Trinitrate of Glyceryl, 98 
 Trinitrin, 98 
 Trismus, 675 
 Triticin, 392 
 Triticum, 392 
 
 Vulgare, 100 
 Trituration, 413 
 
 of Elaterinum, 204 
 Triturationes, 432, 472 
 Triturations, Advantages of, 472 
 Formulae, 473 
 of Mercury, 240 
 1 Troches, 431, 469 
 
 of Ammonium Chloride, 94 
 of Catechu, 159 
 of Chalk, 143 
 of Cubeb, 193 
 of Ginger, 406 
 of Ipecac, 256 
 of Iron, 216, 395 
 of Krameria, 262 
 of Liquorice and Opium, 2.28, 293 
 List of, 469 
 of Magnesia, 272 
 of Morphine and Ipecac, 256, 294 
 of Peppermint, 280 
 of Potassium Chlorate, 322 
 of Santonin, 355 
 of Sodium Bicarbonate, 369 
 of Sodium Santoninate, 355 
 of Tannic Acid, 74 
 of Zingiber, 406 
 Trochisci, 431 
 Tropeius, 126 
 
 Tropical Fruit Laxative, 364 
 Tropin, 126 
 Trypsin, 300 
 
 Tubercular Meningitis.—See Hydroceph¬ 
 alus, Acute, 592 
 Tuberculin, 641 
 
 Tuberculosis.—See Phthisis, Scrofulosis, 
 640, 662 
 
 Tully’s Powder, 293 
 Tumors, 675 
 
 Diagnosis of, 713 
 Uterine, 683 
 
 Turnera aphrodisiaca, 197 
 Turpentine, 384 
 
INDEX. 
 
 765 
 
 Turpentine, Canada, 384 
 Chian, 384 
 Oil of, 384 
 Venice, 385 
 Turpeth Mineral, 240 
 Tympanites, 675 
 Typhlitis, 676 
 Typhoid Fever, 676 
 Diagnosis of, 716 
 
 Typho malarial Fever.—See Typhoid 
 Typhus Fever, 677 
 Diagnosis of, 716 
 
 Ulcers and Sores, 678 
 of Rectum, 654 
 Stomach, 567 
 of Tonsils, 675 
 of Uterus, 683 
 Ulmus, 392 
 Umbelliferon, 222 
 Umbrella-tree, 273 
 Unguenta, 432, 475 
 Unguentum, 160, 432 
 Uraemia, 679 
 
 Urea, Agents affecting, 40 
 Urethane, 166 
 Urethra, Stricture of, 679 
 Urethral Injections, 569, 571 
 Urethritis, 679 
 Urginea Scilla, 359 
 
 Uric Acid Diathesis.—See Lithaemia, 608 
 Urinary Astringents, 45 
 Disorders, 680 
 Sedatives, 45 
 Urine, Acidifiers of, 45 
 Alkalinizers of, 44 
 Examination of, 722 
 Urticaria, 681 
 Ursone, 223, 393 
 Ustilago, 402 
 Uterine Alteratives, 48 
 Cancer, 681 
 Congestion, 681 
 Depressants, 48 
 Diseases, 682 
 Displacements, 682 
 Hypertrophy, 681 
 Prolapse, 647 
 Tonics, 48 
 Tumors, 683 
 Ulceration, 683 
 Uva Ursi, 392 
 Uvula, 683 
 
 Vaccination, 683 
 Vaginismus, 683 
 Vaginitis, 684 
 Valerene, 393 
 
 Valerian, 197, 393 
 Valerianate of Ammonium, 94, 395 
 of Butyl, 101 
 of Iron, 217 
 of Quinine, 177 
 of Zinc, 395, 403 
 Valerianates, 394 
 Valerol, 238, 393 
 Vallett’s Mass, 215 
 Van Buskiik’s Sozodont, 707 
 Vanilla, 395 
 Vanillin, 395 
 Vao, 196 
 Vapores, 477 
 Vaporization, 410 
 Vapors, 477 
 Varicella, 684 
 Varicocele, 684 
 Varicosis, 684 
 Variola, 684 
 
 Diagnosis of, 715 
 Vascular Sedatives, 34 
 Stimulants, 34 
 Tonics, 34 
 Vaseline, 304 
 
 Vegetable Drugs, their Constituents, 408 
 Veins.—See Phlebitis, Phlegmasia, Vari¬ 
 cosis. 
 
 Veins, Transfusion by, 20 
 Veloutine, 182, 207 
 Vellarine, 247 
 Venous Medication, 20 
 Veratralbine, 396 
 Veratrine, 396 
 Veratroidine, 396 
 Veratrum Album, 396 
 Sabadilla, 396 
 Viride, 395 
 Verbascum, 398 
 Verbs, 699 
 Vermicides, 40 
 Vermifuges, 40 
 Vertigo, 685 
 
 Verucca.—See Warts, 687 
 Vesical Tonics, 45 
 Sedatives, 45 
 Vesicants, 49 
 Viburnin, 399 
 Viburnum, 399 
 
 Compound, 399 
 Opulus, 399 
 Prunifolium, 399 
 Vienna Paste, 322 
 Villate’s Solution, 195 
 I Vina (See also Wines), 426 
 Vinegar, 58 
 
 Bitters, 707 
 of Lobelia, 269 
 of Opium, 293 
 of Sanguinaria, 353 
 of Squill, 359 
 Vinegars (Aceta), 428 
 
INDEX. 
 
 766 
 
 Vinum, 86 
 
 Album, 86 
 Aromaticum, 86 
 Official (See Wine of —) 
 Portense, 86 
 Rubrum, 86 
 Xericum, 86 
 Viola cucullata, 400 
 Tricolor, 399 
 Violine, 399 
 Viscin, 400 
 Viscum, 400 
 
 Visions, Agents producing, 29 
 Vitellin, 400 
 Vitellus, 400 
 Vitriol, Elixir of, 72 
 Volkmann’s Antiseptic Fluid, 389 
 Vomiting, 685 
 
 of Pregnancy, 686 
 Diagnosis of, 717 
 Vulva, Eczema, etc., of, 687 
 Vulvitis, 687 
 
 Wade’s Bougies, 475 
 Wafers, 471 
 Wahoo, 213 
 
 Walker’s Vinegar Bitters, 707 
 Warburg’s Tincture, 178, 182 
 Warming-plaster, 120 
 Warner's Safe Cure, 707 
 Warts, 687 
 Wash, 460 
 
 Black, 241 
 Mouth, 573 
 Yellow, 241 
 Washing, 414 
 
 Waste, Agents promoting, 42 
 Wasting.—See Atrophy, Emaciation, 494, 
 549 
 
 Wasting Diseases, 549 
 Water, 108 
 
 Almond, Bitter, 97 
 of Ammonia, 93 
 of Ammonia, Stronger, 93 
 Anise, 101 
 Camphor, 147 
 Carbolic Acid, 60 
 Carbonated, 108 
 Cherry-laurel, 69 
 Chlorine, 17 2 
 Cinnamon, 183 
 Creasote, 191 
 of Crystallization, 416 
 Distilled, 108 
 Elder-flower, 352 
 Fennel, 221 
 Hunyadi, 524 
 Laurel, 67 
 Orange-flower, 122 
 Peppermint, 280 
 
 Water, Rose, 342 
 Soda, 108 
 Spearmint, 281 
 Tar, 316 
 Water-lily, 290 
 Water-pepper, 321 
 Waters (Aquce), 419 
 Mineral, 109, 112 
 Nomenclature, 108 
 Wax, 160 
 Wax Myrtle, 64 
 
 Weakness.—See Adynamia, Exhaustion, 
 
 483, 557 
 
 Weights and Measures, 435, 726 
 Apothecaries’, 436, 726 
 British Pharmacopoeial, 436 
 Metric, 436, 727 
 Wen, 688 
 Whiskey, 85 
 
 White-leg.—See Phlegmasia, 639 
 W r hite-swelling.—See Joints, Synovitis, 602, 
 669 
 
 Whitlow.—See Onychia, 627 
 Whooping-cough, 637 
 Willow, 349 
 Wine, 86 
 
 of Aloes, 90 
 of Antimony, 102 
 Aromatic, 86 
 of Cocaine, 208 
 of Colchicum-root, 184 
 of Colchicum-seed, 184 
 of Ergot, 205 
 of Ipecac, 256 
 of Iron, Bitter, 217 
 of Iron Citrate, 215 
 of Opium, 293 
 Port, 86 
 
 of Quebracho, 332 
 Red, 86 
 
 of Rhubarb, 336 
 Sherry, 86 
 of Tar, 316 
 of Tobacco, 381 
 White, 86 
 
 W 7 ines (Vina), 86, 426 
 W 7 inter-berry, 327 
 W’intergreen, 223 
 Witch-hazel, 64, 233 
 Wood Oil, 233 
 Woorara, 196 
 
 Words and Phrases, Latin, 691 
 Sundry, 700 
 W 7 orms, 40, 688 
 Worm-grass, 372 
 Wormseed, 162 
 Levant, 355 
 Worm Tea, 371 
 Wormwood, 56 
 Wounds, 689 
 
 Writer’s Cramp.—See Spasmodic Affec¬ 
 tions, 664 
 
Xantho-puccine, 246 
 Xanthoxyline, 401 
 Xanthoxylum, 401 
 Xeroderma.— See Ichthyosis, 594 
 
 Yam, Wild, 201 
 Yellow Fever, 689 
 Diagnosis of, 717 
 
 INDEX. 767 
 
 Yerba Santa, 207 
 Yolk of Egg, 400 
 
 Zea Mays, 402 
 Zincite, J03 
 Zincum, 403 
 Zingiber, 405 
 
 Zona.—See Herpes Zoster, 591 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 (169 of which are original). 261 pages. Cloth, $3.00 
 
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MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICA TIONS. 
 
 23 
 
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24 
 
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MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC A TIONS. 
 
 25 
 
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 WOLFF. Manual of Applied Medical Chemistry for Students and Practitioners of 
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 WYTHE. Dose and Symptom Book. The Physician’s Pocket Dose and Symptom 
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 17th Edition, Revised and Rewritten. 
 
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 YEO’S Manual of Physiology. Fifth Edition. A Text-book for Students of 
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 College, London. Fifth Edition; revised and enlarged by the author. With 
 321 Wood Engravings and a Glossary. Crown Octavo. Being No. 4 , Nesv 
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New Series of Manuals. 
 
 FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS. 
 
 Demi-Octavo. Price of each, book, Cloth, $3.00 5 Leather, $3,50. 
 
 The object held in view in the preparation of this Series was to make books that should be concise and 
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 WALSH AM’S PRACTICAL SURGERY. A Manual for Students and Physicians. Third Edition 
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 Fr °™ WhU^vfdendy intended to be a text-book for students, and therefore small in size and compactly written, is neverthe¬ 
 less full enough for the use of those practitioners who desire a short account of the various surgical principles and operations 
 involved in the Treatment of the ordinary run of surgical cases. The author seems to be a conservative and judicious surgeon 
 
 PARvTn^S-WINCKEL’S DISEASES OF WOMEN. Second Edition. A Treatise on the Dis¬ 
 eases of Women. Including the Diseases of the Bladder and Urethra. _ By Dr. F. WiNCKEL, Professor 
 of Gynaecology and Director of the Royal University Clinic for Women, in Munich. Revised and Edited 
 by Theophilus Parvin, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in Jeffer¬ 
 son Medical College. Illustrated by 150 fine Engravings on Wood, most of which are new 760 pp. 
 
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 GALABIN’S MIDWIFERY. A Manual of Widwifery. By Alfred Lewis Galabin, m.a., m.d., 
 Obstetric Physician and Lecturer on Midwifery and the Diseases of Women at Guy’s Hospital, London; 
 Examiner in Midwifery to the Conjoint Examining Board of England. 227 Illustrations. 753 pages. 
 
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 YEO’S MANUAL OF PHYSIOLOGY. Fifth Edition. A New Text-book for Students. By 
 " Gerald F. Yeo, m.d., f.r.C.s., Professor of Physiology in King’s College, London. 321 Illustra¬ 
 tions and a Glossary. 758 pages. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50 
 
 Fr/»n Prof Lewis A Stimson, M.D , 37 East 33d Street , New York. 
 
 “ The brief examination I have given it was so favorable that I placed it in the list of text-books recommended in the cir¬ 
 cular of the University Medical College.” 
 
 GOODHART AND STARR, DISEASES OF CHILDREN. Second Edition By J. F.Goodhart, 
 MD Physician to the Evelina Hospital for Children; Assistant Physician to Guys Hospital, London. 
 Second American from third English Edition. Revised and Edited by Louis Starr, m.d., Clinical 
 Professor of Diseases of Children in the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and Physician to the 
 Children’s Hospital, Phila. With many new Prescriptions and Directions for making Artificial Human 
 Milk, for the Artificial Digestion of Milk, etc. 760 pages. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, #3.50 
 
 Fr "" ”ftSid K oAomf ‘ '“L^so fAight be said ol some books that they are • born to greatness.’ This new volume has 
 we believe a mission, particularly in thebands of the young members of the profession In these days ol prol.xttj in medtca. 
 literature it is refreshing to meet with an author who knows both what to say and when he has said T , 
 
 WARING’S PRACTICAL THERAPEUTICS. Fourth Edition. A Manual of Practical Thera¬ 
 peutics, considered with reference to Articles of the Materia Mechca Containing aLo an Index of 
 Diseases with a list of Medicines applicable as Remedies, and a fu,l InJex of the Medicines and 
 Preparations noticed in the work. By Edward John Waring, m.d., f.r.c p., f.l s., etc. 4th 
 Edidon. Rewritten and Revised. Edited by Dudley W Buxton m.d , Asst to the Prof, of Medicine 
 at University College Hospital; Member of the Royal College of Phystctans of Dtadon. «*££»• 
 
 f ’""‘ As'l wo!kol retirenctitixcjh'in account of tile several complete in'Jette-t added to this ethtion It was deservedly 
 popular in former editions, and will be more so in the one before us, on account of the careful arrangement of the subjects. 
 
 REESE’S MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND TOXICOLOGY. Third Edition. By John 
 J. Reese, m.d., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology in the University of 1 ennsylvama; 
 late President of the Medical Jurisprudence Society of Philadelphia; Physician to St. Joseph s Hospital, 
 Member of the College of Physicians of Phila.; Corresponding Member of the New York Medico-Legal 
 Society, etc. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 666 pages. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, #3.50 
 
 From The American Journal of Medical Sciences. — “ 1 his admirable text-book. 
 
 Fr °™VJ l <z\"y this volume as idefafter a careful perusal of its pages, with the profound impression that it should be in the hands 
 
 of every doctor and lawyer. It fully meets the wants of all students. . . . He has succeeded in admirably condensing into 
 
 a handy volume all the essential points. 
 
 THE MOST PRACTICAL SERIES OF TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 Landois. A Text-Book of Human Physiology. 
 Edition. 692 Illustrations. 
 
 Third 
 
 1889. 
 
 SPECIMEN OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 INCLUDING HISTOLOGY AND MICROSCOPICAL ANATOMY, 
 with special reference to the requirements of Practi¬ 
 cal Medicine. By Dr. L. Landois, Professor of 
 Physiology and Director of the Physiological Insti¬ 
 tute in the University of Greifswald. Third Ameri¬ 
 can, translated from the Sixth German Edition, with 
 additions, by Wm. Stirling, m.d., d.Sc., Bracken- 
 bury Professor of Physiology and Histology in Owens 
 College, Manchester; Examiner in Physiology in 
 University of Oxford. With 692 Illustrations. En¬ 
 larged, Revised and Improved. Royal Octavo. 
 One Volume. Cloth, $6.50; Leather, $7.50 
 
 The practical value of this book to the physician 
 can scarcely be over-estimated. It is not a text-book as 
 the term is generally understood, but a treatise on Phy¬ 
 siology in its relations to practical medicine, and in¬ 
 cludes much clinical information. 
 
 “ It is the most complete and satisfactory text-book on physiology 
 extant. The translator and publisher have each done something to 
 increase the value of the volume. Dr. Stirling has added numerous 
 useful annotations and a large number of new plates. . . . We 
 
 wish that every medical student and physician could be drilled on 
 these volumes .”—The N Y. Medical Record. 
 
 Yeo’s Manual of Physiology. Fifth Edition. 1891. 
 
 A TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS OF MEDICINE. By 
 
 Gerald F. Yeo, m.d., f.r.c.s., Professor of 
 Physiology in King’s College, London, Fifth 
 Edition. With New Illustrations. 321 Wood 
 Engravings and a Glossary. Crown Octavo. 
 Being No. 4 , New Series of Manuals. 
 
 Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50 
 
 This volume was specially prepared to furnish 
 a new text-book of Physiology, elementary so far as 
 to avoid theories which have not borne the test of 
 time and such details of methods as are unnecessary 
 for students. While endeavoring to save the student 
 from doubtful and erroneous doctrines, great care has 
 been taken not to omit any important facts that are 
 necessary to an acquirement of a clear idea of the 
 principles of Physiology. Such subjects as are useful 
 in the practice of medicine and surgery are treated 
 more fully than those which are essential only to an 
 abstract physiological knowledge. A book in every 
 way suited for student’s use. 
 
 “ Dr. Yeo’s manual has reached the position of being, we 
 believe, the best by far of the smaller text-books on Physiology.” 
 — Therapeutic Gazette. 
 
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Taylor. Practice of Medicine. 1890. 
 
 a manual of the practice of medicine. By Frederick Taylor, m. d., Physician 
 to, and Lecturer on Medicine at, Guy’s Hospital, London; Physician to the Evelina 
 Hospital for Sick Children ; Examiner in Materia Medica and Pharmaceutical Chem¬ 
 istry, at the University of London. Cloth, $4.00; Leather, $5.00 
 
 “ By consulting the most recent works, especially those of Fagge, Strumpell, Payne, 
 Ziegler, Gowers, M. Mackenzie, Douglas Powell, Ralfe, H. Morris and Crocker, to 
 whom I must express my indebtedness, I have sought to bring this book fully up to the 
 modern state of knowledge. I have not, however, devoted much space to the discussion 
 of theories, finding that the facts of medicine are amply sufficient to fill, and more than 
 fill, a volume such as this, and being convinced that these facts require to be seized and 
 held fast by the beginners in medicine, not only for the sake of diagnosis and treatment, 
 but also for the right estimation of the various theories which are advanced. With a 
 brief statement, therefore, of such views I have in most cases been content. 
 
 “ It is an entirely original work, by one accustomed to teach his subject both didactically and clinically, 
 who knows and understands how to present to the reader 1 oth the essential elements and the endless detai s 
 of the science and art of medicine. How well Dr. Frederick Taylor has performed his task, may be Earned 
 
 almost ad aperturam. . . . The author has taken great pains to embody in this work the latest advances 
 
 in our knowledge of the nature and treatment of disease. We find, for example, accounts of actinomycosi 
 and the use of suspension, and even of the epidemic of Russian influenza which swept over Europe las 
 
 Wint <<\y e have noted with particular care, and we will say with particular approval, the extremely sensible 
 remarks which Dr. Taylor has given us under the head of treatment. In some respects the sections on treat¬ 
 ment must have been the most difficult part to write of a short treatise on the practice of medicine. 11 ni > y 
 the first and the chief end to be attained, is the inculcation of sound therapeutical principles, but m the 
 second place, the students and young practitioner must have something concrete supplied to them, 1 
 shape ofdetails to which they can refer, when they are either following the practice of their teachersi or 
 themselves face to face with patients of their own. Dr. Taylor has succeeded admirably in fulfilling both 
 these indications, if we may borrow what is itself a therapeutical phrase.”— The Practitioner , London, Sep- 
 
 '^‘"se^atEes, Dr. Taylor further says, in speaking of capillary bronchitis, must be given with the greatest 
 caution, or entirely avoided, for the reasons given. In referring to the treatment of chronic bronchitis the 
 author recommends, among other good agents, turpentine, copaiba, and the more modem drag tereben^ 
 This will, on examination, be found to abound in very many such practical observations, making the manual 
 of great service to the physician .”—Medical Bulletin, Philadelphia, January, 1891. . . ,, 
 
 Dr Taylor has given us a very valuable work. We are pleased to miss the long and mtermmable 
 dissertations on etiology and pathological anatomy, these subjects being clearly and briefy stated. On the 
 o her hand, the pages of the took are mostly taken up with the subjects of symptoms, d.agnosts prognosis and 
 treatment, all oftire utmost importance in actual practice. The work is up to date ^ 
 
 medical advance. This is one of the books to buy for this season. —Medical World Hula., DecemLer, lb, . 
 
 “ We have already spoken in warm praise of the took, and have only to add that it is just the one to put 
 in the hands of a student who wishes to read up a subject while he is listening to ketures^on practme|U s 
 full enough to be clear, without being full enough to confuse .”—Medical and Surgical Refoiter , Pbiladel 
 
 ph| a, J^book^ just such a one as may lead the student to regard the mastery of medical fcience asaneasy 
 task the subtle and obscure points having been placed in the background. It seems to us that m this the author 
 Ks acted well. We know of no work that, while being satisfactorily full, addresses itself more readily o the 
 understanding than does this. When this is mastered, the student will feel e«co U raged for greater tasks, 
 instead of being disheartened and having his ardor disappointed at the very threshold ot his studie . 
 
 “ So far as we are informed, this is the first instance in which Dr. Taylor has come before the Medical 
 World as an author. His reputation as a teacher and practitioner has, for some time been ™ e "' ,a 
 extensive one. Many candidates for degrees, and many now in the ranks of the 
 
 knowledge of medicine and his efficiency in his practice. His literary effort now just being F^ented deserves 
 respect and fair examination on account of the author’s record and position, irrespective of its intrinsic wortffi 
 But the book, we are convinced, has merits that will gain for it recognition, even if its author were unknown 
 
 or nameless. It is a handbook on the practice of medicine, p e b- 
 
 eliminated, and facts of practical utility alone recognized. — Pacific Medical Journal, San hi 
 
 ^ On ttowhole, we think it would be difficult to find another work on the same rfiect^Uch contained 
 in a similar space so much information. Dr. Taylor’s style of writing, too, is clear tfAfPf'T 
 sure that his book will be widely read and appreciated.”— The Dublin Journal of Medical Science. 
 
NEW AND REVISED EDITIONS. 
 
 ? QUIZ-COMPENDS. ? 
 
 A SERIES OF PRACTICAL MANUALS FOR THE PHYSICIAN AND STUDENT. 
 
 Compiled in accordance with the latest teachings of prominent lecturers 
 and the most popular Text-books. 
 
 Bound in Cloth, each $1.00. Interleaved, for the Addition of Notes, $1.25. 
 
 They form a most complete, practical and exhaustive set of manuals, containing information nowhere else 
 collected in such a practical shape. Thoroughly up to the times in every respect, containing many new pre¬ 
 scriptions and formulae, and over 300 illustrations, many of which have been drawn and engraved specially for 
 this series. The authors have had large experience as quiz-masters and attaches of colleges, with exceptional 
 opportunities for noting the most recent advances and methods. The arrangement of the subjects, illustrations, 
 types, etc., are all of the most approved form. They are constantly being revised, so as to include the latest 
 and best teachings, and can be used by students of any college of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. 
 
 No. 1. Human Anatomy. Fifth Edition (1891), including Visceral Anatomy, formerly pub¬ 
 lished separately. 16 Lithograph Plates, Tables, and 117 Illustrations. By Samuel O. L. 
 Potter, m.a., m.d., late A. A. Surgeon, U. S. Army. Professor of Practice, Cooper Med. College, 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 3. Practice of Medicine. Fourth Edition, Enlarged (1890). By Daniel E. Hughes, 
 m.d., late Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine in Jefferson Med. College, Phila.; Physician-in Chief, Phila¬ 
 delphia Plospital. In two parts. 
 
 Part I.—Continued, Eruptive and Periodical Fevers, Diseases of the Stomach, Intestines, Peritoneum, Biliary Passages, 
 Liver, Kidneys, etc. (including Tests for Urine), General Diseases, etc. 
 
 Part II. — Diseases of the Respiratory System (including Physical Diagnosis), Circulatory System and Nervous System; 
 Diseases of the Blood, etc. 
 
 *** These little books can be regarded as a full set of notes upon the Practice of Medicine, containing the Synonyms, 
 Definitions, Causes, Symptoms, Prognosis, Diagnosis, Treatment, etc., of each disease, and including a number of prescrip¬ 
 tions hitherto unpublished. 
 
 No. 4. Physiology, including Embryology. Sixth Edition (1891). By Albert P. Brubaker, m.d., 
 Prof, of Physiology, Penn’a College of Dental Surgery; Demonstrator of Physiology in Jefferson Med. 
 College, Phila. Revised, Enlarged and Illustrated. In Press. 
 
 No. 5. Obstetrics. Illustrated. Fourth Edition (1889). For Physicians and Students. By Henry 
 G. Landis, m.d., Prof, of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, in Starling Medical College, Columbus. 
 Revised Edition. New Illustrations. 
 
 No. 6. Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Prescription Writing. Fifth Revised Edition (1891). 
 With especial Reference to the Physiological Action of Drugs, and a complete article on Prescription 
 Writing. Based on the Last Revision (Sixth) of the U- S. Pharmacopoeia, and including many unofficinal 
 remedies. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., late A. A. Surg. U. S. Army; Prof, of Practice, 
 Cooper Med. College, San Francisco. 5th Edition. Improved and Enlarged. 
 
 No. 7. Gynaecology. (1891.) A Compend of Diseases of Women. By Henry Morris, m.d., Demon¬ 
 strator of Obstetrics, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Many Illustrations. 
 
 No. 8. Diseases of the Eye and Refraction. Second Edition (1888). Including Treatment and 
 Surgery. By L. Webster Fox, m.d., Chief Clinical Assistant Opthalmological Dept., Jefferson Medical 
 College, etc., and Geo. M. Gould, m d. 71 Illustrations, 39 Formulae. 
 
 No. g. Surgery, Minor Surgery and Bandaging. Illustrated. Fourth Edition (1890). Including 
 Fractures, Wounds, Dislocations, Sprains, Amputations and other operations; Inflammation, Suppuration, 
 Ulcers, Syphilis, Tumors, Shock, etc. Diseases of the Spine, Ear, Bladder, Testicles, Anus, and other 
 Surgical Diseases. By Orville Horwitz, a.m., m.d., Demonstrator of Surgery, Jefferson Medical 
 College. 84 Formulae and 136 Illustrations. 
 
 No. 10. Medical Chemistry. Third Edition (1890). Inorganic and Organic, including Urine Analysis. 
 For Medical and Dental Students. By Henry Leffmann, m.d., Prof, of Chemistry in Penn’a College 
 of Dental Surgery, Phila. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 
 
 No. 11. Pharmacy. Third Edition (1890). Based upon “ Remington’s Text-Book of Pharmacy.” By 
 F. E. Stewart, m.d., ph.g., Professor of Pharmacy, Powers College of Pharmacy; late Quiz-Master at 
 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Third Edition. Revised. 
 
 No. 12. Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. Illustrated. (1890.) By Wm. R. Ballou, m.d., Prof. 
 
 of Equine Anatomy, New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, etc. 29 Illustrations. 
 
 No. 13. Dental Pathology and Dental Medicine. (1890.) Containing all the most noteworthy points 
 of interest to the Dental Student. By Geo. W. Warren, d.d.s., Clinical Chief, Penn’a College of 
 Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. Ulus. 
 
 No. 14. Diseases of Children. (1890.) By Marcus P. Hatfield, Professor of Diseases of Children, 
 Chicago Medical College. With Colored Plate. 
 
 These books are constantly revised to keep up with the latest teachings and discoveries. 
 
 From The Southern Clinic. —“ We know of no series of books issued by a.7iy house that so 
 fully meets our approval as these ? Quiz- Compe7ids ? They are well arra7iged, full a7id co7icise, 
 a 7 id are really the best line of text-books that could be fowl'd for either student or practitio 7 ier." 
 
NEW REFERENCE BOOKS. 
 
 Fowler’s Dictionary of Practical Medicine. 1890. 
 
 BY VARIOUS AUTHORS. 
 
 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE. Edited by JAMES KINGSTON FOWLER, M.A., M D., 
 f.r.c.p., Senior Asst. Physician to, and Lecturer on Path. Anat. at, the Middlesex 
 Hospital; Senior Physician to the Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the 
 Chest, Brompton, London. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00; Half Dark Leather, $6.00 
 
 *** This work is an attempt to present in a concise form, an account of all the 
 important subjects comprised under the head of Practical Medicine, including the Dis¬ 
 eases of Women and similar branches. In its preparation, practical utility has been 
 considered, in the belief that a book of this character is used as one of quick reference, 
 rather than systematic reading. Each article concludes with the treatment of the disease, 
 and in order'to avoid as far as possible a criticism frequently expressed, that little help is 
 to be gained on that head from works on medicine, the exact doses and combinations 
 of the various drugs recommended have in most cases been given. 
 
 « If we turn to the list of contributors the names are those of competent men, and some of them eminently 
 so. What the writers know they tell simply and plainly, and generally manage to put it into a short com¬ 
 pass; and, what is m ire, the treatment that is recommended is clearly and succinctly set forth. The contribu- 
 [ions’ are generally signed by their authors, and the greater number of those not signed are by Dr. John 
 Abercromie, and the editor, Dr. James Kingston Fowler. The dictionary consists of 942 pages of double 
 column, and is furnished with a general index, including a list of articles, with cross references. ... It 
 is, however, impossible within the limits of space at our disposal, to direct attention to even one-tenth of t e 
 pages we had marked for reference. Where there is so much that is excellent selection becomes exceedingly 
 difficult. Let it suffice that we can heartily congratulate the editor and his colleagues on having admirably 
 fulfil 1 ed th-ir purpose, viz: To produce a first-rate dictionary of medicine—at once scientific and practical— 
 which will well deserve the success we have no doubt it will meet with .”—The Lancet , London, September 
 
 2/th ’« 'editor of this dictionary, and the contributors thereto, are to be congratulated upon having been able 
 to present, in these days of many volumed treatises on medicine, so much real information concerning the 
 subjects belonging to practical medicine within the moderate compass of a single octavo volume of less than a 
 thousand pa^es. . . . Not the least valuable feature of this book is the thoroughness with which the 
 
 various authors, as a rule, have incorporated in their contributions the most recent discoveries in the various 
 departments of medicine. Upon the whole, the dictionary may be said to be thoroughly up to date and may 
 be*recommended to those who wish concise information upon the newest additions to medical knowledge. 
 
 The American Journal of Medical Science, February, 1891. 
 
 Robinson. The Latin Grammar of Pharmacy and 
 Medicine. 1890. 
 
 By H. D. Robinson, ph.d., Professor of Latin Language and Literature, University 
 of Kansas, Lawrence. With an Introduction by L. E. Sayre, ph.g. , Professor of 
 Pharmacy, and Dean of the Dept, of Pharmacy, in the University of Kansas. i2mo. 
 
 275 Pages. Cloth > £ 2 -°° 
 
 «It is a work that meets with my hearty approval. There is great need of just such a book in our 
 American schools of pharmacy and medicine.”— E. S. Bastin, Professor of Botany, Dept, of Pharmacy, 
 
 Northwestern University , Chicago. . .. ... T .. , , 
 
 « The object of this useful book is a very laudable one, namely, to improve, if possible, the Latin used by 
 
 both physicians and druggists, chiefly in the prescribing of drugs. While it is true that many of the profession 
 find it unnecessary to remember the genitive endings of w’ords used in medicine, because of the customary 
 abbreviations in prescribing-writing, there are others who frequently desire to write their directions to the 
 druggist in Latin, in order that the patient may not learn of facts about which it is often necessary for him o 
 remain in ignorance. We hope that the book will prove a success, and by its general employment in both 
 pharmaceutical and medical schools, improve the knowledge of Latin in both pro essions. ic ‘ lca 
 
 News, Philadelphia, January loth, 1891. . ,. , . A . 
 
 “The plan of the book is excellent, the field new, as it fills a long-felt want. All medical students 
 
 should have it, both the collegian, as it will give a practical turn to his knowledge o atm, an e non 
 graduate, as it will give him a direct and useful acquaintance wdth that language. . e country . oc or w .iO 
 lias not had the advantages of the younger men will find it a great help in overcoming t is v, ec , am ma\ 
 speedily acquire a familiarity with this language that will surprise his classical conjreie . ou ern a . 
 Practitioner, December, 1890. 
 
SURGERY. 
 
 A COMPLETE PRACTICAL TREATISE, 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TREATMENT. 
 
 BY C. W. MANSELL MOU LLIN, M.A., M.D.. OXON., 
 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS; SURGEON AND LECTURER ON PHYSIOLOGY TO THE LONDON HOSPITAL, ETC 
 
 ASSISTED BY VARIOUS WRITERS ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS. 
 
 FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 200 OF WHICH ARE ORIGINAL WITH THIS WORK. 
 
 ROYAL OCTAVO. 1190 PAGES. 
 
 Royal 8vo. Handsome Cloth, $7.00; Leather, Raised Bands, $8.00. 
 
 Extract from the Preface. —Modern Surgery has advanced with such rapid strides, and in so many 
 cufferent directions, that it is almost impossible within the space of a single volume to give more than an 
 epitome of its main principles. I have therefore touched but lightly upon controversial matters, and have 
 cndea\ored to make this book a practical one, in the hope that it may be of greater service to students and 
 general piactitioners. With this object, I have given special attention to the question of Treatment; and I 
 have included under the head of each organ a brief description of the malformations to which it is liable, and 
 tne v anous operations that may be performed under it, instead of relegating them to chapters by themselves. 
 The General Pathology of Surgical Diseases is dealt with in Part I; that of Injuries in Part II. In Part III, 
 tne Diseases and Injuries of Special Structures and Organs are considered more fully. Throughout, I have 
 cndeavoied to enforce the idea that the chief aim and object of Surgery at the present day is, to assist the 
 tissues in every possible way in their struggle against disease. 
 
 . ^ ^ ve hundred illustrations, nearly two hundred were (with four exceptions) drawn from original 
 specimens by my brother, Dr. J. A. Mansell Moulin (to whom I am also indebted for the article on Diseases 
 of the Female Generative Organs), or myself. 
 
 I have to express my thanks to Mr. J. Hutchinson, junior, for his chapters on Diseases of the Skin and 
 
 Dye; to Mr. T. Mark Plovell, for that on Diseases of the Ear and Larynx; and to Mr. F. S. Eve, for that 
 on Tumors.” 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 OUTLINE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I.—GENERAL PATHOLOGY OF SURGICAL DISEASES. 
 
 TYi'c/LpPHTT 3 nt • r .. ~ . | III & IV. Diseases due to Infective Organisms. 
 
 Diseases due to Non-infective Organisms. | V. Tumors. 
 
 PART XL—GENERAL PATHOLOGY OF INJURIES. 
 
 The General Effects of Injury. 
 
 II. The Local Effects of Injury, 
 
 PART III.—DISEASES AND INJURIES OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES. 
 
 XV. Diseases of the Thyroid. 
 
 XVI. Injuries and Diseases of the Pharynx and 
 CEsophagus. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Chest. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Abdomen. 
 
 Diseases of the Skin. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of Blood-vessels. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of Lymphatics. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of Nerves. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of Muscles, Tendons, etc. 
 Injuries and Diseases of Bones and Joints. 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Head. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Back. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Eye. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Face and Nose 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Mouth and Jaws. 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Tongue, Salivary 
 Glands and Tonsils. 
 
 Diseases of the Ear and Larvnx. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Neck and Throat. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Rectum. 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Kidney. 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Bladdei. 
 Diseases of the Prostate. 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Urethra. 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Male Organs. 
 Diseases of the Female Generative Organs. 
 Diseases of the Breast. 
 
 Amputations. 
 
 Anaesthetics. 
 
 NOW READY. SUBSCRIPTION EDITION. COLORED PLATES. HALF RUSSIA, $9.00. 
 
Now Ready for 1892. 41ST Year 
 
 The Physician's Visiting List. 
 
 (LINDSAY & BLAKISTON’S.) 
 
 Contents.—Special Revision, 1892. 
 
 Calendar, 1892-1893 ; Table of Signs; The Metric or French Decimal System of Weights and Measures; 
 Table for Converting Apothecaries’ Weights and Measures into Grams; Posological Table (Meadows); Dose 
 Table, giving Doses in both English and Metric Systems to correspond with new U. S. P., rewritten foi 
 1892; List of New Remedies, prepared for 1892; Incompatibility; Poisons and Antidotes, revised for 1892; 
 Disinfectants; Examination of Urine (Dr. J. Daland, based upon Tyson ); Bright’s Disease, Differentia'. 
 Diagnosis of; Diagnosis and Treatment of the Simpler Diseases of the Eye (Dr. George M. Gould); The 
 Eruptive Fevers, Table of; Asphyxia and Apnoea; A New Complete Table for Calculating the Period of 
 Utero-Gestation; Comparison of Thermometers; Blank Leaves, suitably ruled, for V isiting Lists, Monthl} 
 Memoranda, Addresses of Patients and others; Addresses of Nurses, their references, etc.; Accounts asked 
 for; Memoranda of Wants; Obstetric and Vaccination Engagements; Record of Births and Deaths; Cash 
 Account, etc.; Special Pencil with Rubber Tip. 
 
 This Visiting List is published in November of each year. 
 
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 For 25 Patients weekly. Interleaved, tucks and Pencil, 
 
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 “ Nothing can seem better fitted to meet the purpose for 
 which they are designed than these Visiting Lists of 
 Messrs. Blakiston, and the forty years of patronage they 
 have enjoyed must have convinced public and publisher 
 alike of their value. We not only have the convenient 
 arrangement for keeping visiting accounts, but a fund of 
 useful information of all kinds, embracing dose tables, 
 weights and measures, posological tables, disinfectants, 
 urinary analysis, poisons and antidotes, etc., all arranged 
 for ready reference in a w'ell bound leather book that can 
 at all times be carried in the coat pocket. These books 
 are complete, comprehensive, and convenient.”— The 
 Physician and Surgeon , Ann Arbor , Mich. 
 
 “ It has long been known to the profession, and needs no 
 further notice than to say that it maintains the standard 
 of excellence acquired by its predecessors.”— New Orleans 
 Medical and Surgical Journal. 
 
 “ This oldest and best known of the Visiting Lists 
 comes with the new year unchanged in form, and with 
 such alterations in contents only as were called for by 
 recent therapeutic advance. In compactness, neatness, 
 and completeness it is a marvel.”— American Practitioner 
 and News , Louisville. 
 
 “ This is the thirty-ninth year of the publication of this 
 neat, compact, and universally-acknowledged-to-be the 
 best of its kind published. It has stood the test of time 
 and finds ready sale from a simple announcement that it is 
 ready ’ ’— The Medical Brief \ St. Louis. 
 
 ‘‘The best endorsement I can give of my appreciation 
 of the Lindsay & Blakiston Visiting List is, that I have 
 been using it from its first issue and find it is the best in 
 use.”— O. F. Potter, M.D., St. Louis. 
 
 “ This is the eleventh year that we are using this Visit¬ 
 ing List in our practice, and we can truly say that we 
 could not wish for anything better. It has saved us many 
 times its cost, and, besides, has furnished a permanent and 
 pleasing record of our daily work during the years that 
 have passed.”— Canada Medical Record. 
 
 Dear Sirs :—We received the Visiting List for 1891. It is 
 the finest of all. We had five (5) sent us, from the same 
 number of firms, and must acknowledge it is the smallest, 
 neatest and most compact, as any physician can place it in 
 his side pocket with ease, while, if you have noticed or 
 seen the others, they will require the tailor to enlarge the 
 coat pocket. Very truly yours, 
 
 N. W. Medical Journal, 
 Minneapolis, Minn 
 
 “ The fact that this Visiting List has been published an¬ 
 nually for forty years is sufficient guarantee of its excellence 
 and popularity. In addition to the visiting list proper, i 
 contains easily-accessible suggestions upon many of tin 
 emergencies that may arise in a physician’s practice, am 
 when he is too far from home to learn from his text-book, 
 the antidote for a poison that may have been swallowed 
 or the proper method of resuscitating a half-drowned per 
 son. True, he should know these things, but who does no 
 occasionally forget, when he most washes to remember. 
 There are also dose-tables, tables of the metric system, i 
 list of new remedies for 1890, rules for examining urine, t 
 table for calculating the period of pregnancy, and other 
 equally useful information. The arrangement for entering 
 patients, visits, consultations, etc., is exceeding simple 
 and the whole makes a thin, compact, and easily-carriec 
 volume.”— Medical News, Philada., January jd, 1891. 
 
 f 
 
 **p. Blakiston, Son & Co. wish to announce that the edition for 1892 contains severa. 
 
 7 * 
 
 improvements that will, without making any radical changes, greatly enhance its usefulness 
 compactness and durability. 
 
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