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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114 
 
 BY JOHN W. 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS, MARCH, 1907 
 
SUMMARY OF BULLETIN No. 114 
 
 1. Studies of apple blossoms in reference to time of opening, falling of 
 petals and closing- of calyxes, indicate that the first application of spraying 
 material for the codling moth should be timed with reference to the young 
 apples most advanced in development rather than to the average develop- 
 ment of the entire setting of fruit or the belated specimens. Page 377 
 
 2. A test of different methods of applj'ing spraying material indicated 
 that the most effective distribution for the control of the first brood of the 
 codling moth could be secured by the use of a Vermorel nozzle under high 
 pressure, and appl) r ing a comparatively large amount of material. Page 382 
 
 3. Although one thorough application of spraying material at the proper 
 time resulted in the control of a large percentage of the first brood of codling 
 moth, somewhat better results ma}' usually be expected from a greater num- 
 ber of applications. Page 385 
 
 4. In spraying for the second brood of codling moth in 1901, Paris green 
 applied without lime caused excessive dropping of the fruit. Page 393 
 
 5. Many apples from the sprayed trees were slightly blemished by 
 codling moth injuries which did not extend much below the surface. Fruit 
 so injured kept well in cold storage. Page 397 
 
 6. Laboratory experiments showed conclusively that it is possible to kill 
 at least part of the second brood larvae of the codling moth by means of a 
 poisonous spray applied even after the worms have entered the fruit. 
 
 Page 400 
 
 7. In 1902 double strength home-made arsenate of lead gave better re- 
 sults against the second brood of codling moth than did Paris green used 
 with lime. Page 403 
 
 8. In 1903 spraying for the second brood of the codling moth was much 
 less effective than in 1902, owing probably to the fact that a much larger 
 proportion of , the larvae entered the apples at the calyx. Paris green in 
 combination with Bordeaux mixture gave better results than any of the other 
 mixtures tested, though the double strength arsenate of lead proved nearly 
 as effective. Page 408 
 
 9. Since it seemed probable that the failure to secure more marked re- 
 sults from the late spra3 r ing in 1903 was due, at least in part, to a lack of 
 thoroughness in the early spraying, certain trees designed for the test of late 
 spraying in 1904 were selected while in bloom, and thereafter sprayed under 
 careful supervision. Heavy sprajung early in the season gave decidedly 
 better results than light spraying, in reference to the control of the second 
 brood of the codling moth, even though both lots of trees were treated alike 
 in the late sprayings. Page 412 
 
 10. Marked results were secured, from all the late spraying in 1904. The 
 double strength arsenate of lead gave the best results, though Paris green in 
 combination with dilute Bordeaux mixture resulted in the saving of nearly 
 as much fruit. . Page 415 
 
 11. The average results for three years in the test of different spraying 
 mixtures for the second brood of codling moth at Urbana, show a decided 
 advp.ntage in favor of late spraying as compared with no late spra3'irig. Of 
 the different mixtures used each of the three years, the double strength 
 arsenate of lead gave the best average results, though for the two years in 
 which Paris green was used in combination with standard Bordeaux mixture, 
 this material gave fully as good average results as the arsenate of lead. 
 
 Page 418 
 
 12. In 1906, tests in spra3'ing for the second brood of codling moth were 
 made in commercial orchards near Quincy and Griggsville. At both places 
 the attack of the codling moth was so slight that even the check trees were 
 not badly infested. Page 419 
 
 13. Conclusions. Page 427 
 
BY JOHN W. LLOYD, CHIEF ASSISTANT IN HORTICULTURE 
 
 Spraying is recognized by Illinois apple growers as one of the 
 essential operations in the production of high grade fruit. The 
 accepted practice is to spray the orchard three times each year, using 
 the combined mixture of Bordeaux and Paris green or some other 
 arsenical poison. The usual recommendation is to make the first 
 application just before the blossoms open, the second immediately 
 after the petals fall, and the third a week or ten days later; and 
 the best orchardists conform as closely to this outline as the weather 
 conditions and the size of the orchard as compared with the work- 
 ing force will permit. The first application is directed primarily 
 against the apple scab, but Paris green is included in the mixture 
 for the purpose of killing any canker worms or other leaf-eating 
 insects which may be present at that time. The second application 
 is considered the most important one in reference to the codling 
 moth, but is also important in reference to the scab. The third 
 application likewise is directed against both these enemies. It is not 
 a common practice in this State to spray for the codling moth alone, 
 since the scab is very prevalent and can be combated at the same 
 time. Hence, when spraying for the codling moth, the combined 
 mixture of Bordeaux and Paris green is ordinarily used. 
 
 TIME OF APPLICATION 
 
 To be most effective against the codling moth, the application 
 after the falling of the petals must be made while the calyxes of the 
 young apples are still open, in order that the poison may become 
 lodged in the calyx cavities and remain there in readiness for the 
 young worms, which enter after the calyxes have closed, and feed 
 for a few days within the calyx cavities before going deep into the 
 flesh. It is ordinarily considered that from 75 to 85 percent of the 
 larvae entering the apples in spring gain entrance at the calyx end ; 
 and observations made at the Illinois Experiment Station in 1904 
 correspond very closely to these figures. Careful examinations were 
 made of all the apples produced by three unsprayed Duchess trees 
 including all windfalls which dropped after the "June drop," and all 
 
 377 
 
378 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [ March, 
 
 the hand-picked fruit. Of these apples 1,065 had been injured by 
 the first brood of the codling moth ; and 77.74 percent of the injured 
 apples had been attacked at the calyx. Six hundred and eighty- 
 seven (687) windfalls from three unsprayed Whitney trees were 
 also found to be injured by the first brood of the codling moth, and 
 79.91 percent of these had been entered at the calyx. 
 
 The fact that so large a proportion of the apples attacked by 
 the codling moth are entered by way of the calyx emphasizes the 
 importance of getting poison into the calyx cavities. If only a few 
 trees are to be sprayed, there is usually little difficulty in making 
 the application before the calyxes close, but if the orchard is large, 
 or the working force and equipment inadequate, or the weather un- 
 favorable, the completion of this application may be so delayed that 
 some of the calyxes close before the poison is applied. It is im- 
 portant, therefore, to know how long the calyxes are likely to remain 
 open, in order that sufficient help and apparatus may be employed to 
 get over the orchard in ample time. 
 
 The length of time which elapses from the falling of the petals 
 until the calyxes are fully closed varies for different varieties, and 
 doubtless for the same variety in different seasons. It also varies 
 for different clusters upon the same tree. In 1902, twenty clusters 
 each of Whitney, Duchess, and Fameuse were marked with tags, and 
 a record kept regarding the date of opening of each blossom, the 
 falling of the petals and the closing of the calyxes. From this 
 record, the number of days from the falling of the petals of the 
 latest flower in each cluster to the complete closing of the first calyx 
 in the cluster was determined. The shortest time was eight days 
 and the longest seventeen days. The number of clusters for each 
 number of days is indicated in the following table. Since not all 
 the clusters set fruit, the total number is in each case less than 
 twenty. 
 
 TABLE 1. DAYS FROM PALLING OF PETALS TO CLOSING OF CALYXES IN 
 
 INDIVIDUAL CLUSTERS 
 
 No. of days. 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Total. 
 
 Whitney 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 Duchess 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 17 
 
 Fameuse 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 379 
 
 Observations were also made regarding the behavior of entire 
 trees of nine different varieties. The figures given below indicate 
 the number of days from the time when nearly all the petals had 
 fallen that is, the earliest date after blossoming that spraying 
 might be commenced until the first calyxes were fully closed. 
 
 Dominie 7 
 
 Duchess 7 
 
 Minkler 7 
 
 Whitney 8 
 
 Winesap 9 
 
 Grimes 10 
 
 Ben Davis n 
 
 Fameuse 1 1 
 
 Willow Twig ii 
 
 PIG. 1 THE CALYXES OF BLOSSOMS WHICH FAIL TO SET FRUIT 
 SEEM NEVER TO CLOSE. 
 
380 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 Nearly all the calyxes were closed on the respective trees in 
 from four to five days after the closing of the first calyxes. This 
 refers only to the calyxes of apples which were developing nor- 
 mally, and not to abortive specimens. The calyxes of blossoms 
 which fail to set fruit seem never to close even though the rudi- 
 mentary fruits may persist on the tree until after the other calyxes 
 are closed. (See Fig. i.) 
 
 Although several fruits may set in a cluster, many varieties nor- 
 mally mature only one fruit to each cluster. The others usually 
 drop off while quite small. The fruit which usually has the best 
 chance of surviving in the struggle among the individuals of a 
 cluster is the one which develops from the blossom which opens first. 
 This is usually the central blossom of the cluster and therefore has 
 an advantage in location with reference to the food supply as well 
 as an advantage in point of time. 
 
 Observations made on thirty clusters each of Whitney, Duchess, 
 and Fameuse in the spring of 1902, when the season was normal 
 and the conditions therefore favorable for the normal development 
 of the flowers, show that the length of time which elapsed between 
 the opening of the first and second blossoms in a cluster varied from 
 one to three days, as is indicated in the table below. 
 
 TABLE 2. DAYS FROM FIRST TO SECOND BLOSSOM IN SAME CLUSTER, 1902 
 
 Number of days. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number of clusters, "Whitney 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 " " Duchess 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 " " " Pameuse 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 
 30 
 
 In 1903, fifteen clusters each of Whitney, Duchess, Ben Davis, 
 and Grimes were marked for observation. The weather during the 
 blossoming season was abnormal, there being two short periods of 
 warm, bright weather, each followed by a cool period including a 
 frost. In some of the clusters of Whitney and Duchess the first 
 blossom opened at the very end of the first warm period, and the 
 cool period immediately following retarded the development of the 
 later flowers. None of the Grimes or Ben Davis opened during 
 the first warm period. The first blossom in nearly every cluster of 
 Grimes opened during the cool period, and the other flowers ap- 
 peared at the beginning of the second warm period. None of the 
 Ben Davis opened until the approach of the second warm period; 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 381 
 
 then they developed rapidly, so that in most cases the second blos- 
 som appeared within a day after the first. The following table 
 shows the range of time for each variety and the number of clusters 
 for each number of days. 
 
 TABLE 3. DAYS FROM FIRST TO SECOND BLOSSOM IN SAME CLUSTER, 1903 
 
 Number of days. 
 
 Less 
 than 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number of clusters, Whitney 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 14* 
 
 " " Duchess 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 " " Grimes 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 11 " " Ben Davis 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 These observations show that the first blossom in a cluster may 
 open from a few hours to three or four days ahead of any of the 
 other blossoms. This relative forwardness, especially if marked, is 
 usually maintained, so that the earliest blossom to open loses its 
 petals first, and the calyx of the young apple developing from it 
 closes before those of the other apples in the cluster. (See Fig. 2.) 
 
 If then, the earliest apple in each cluster and the one of which 
 the calyx closes first is most likely to persist and mature, it is 
 highly important that the spraying be timed with reference to the de- 
 velopment of these most advanced specimens rather than to the 
 average development of the entire setting of fruit, or the belated 
 specimens. 
 
 Taking into consideration the variation in the different clusters 
 on the same tree, and the fact that the calyx cavities can be more 
 readily reached by the spray if the calyx is entirely open rather than 
 partially closed, it is probable that the entire orchard should be 
 sprayed within seven days from the time that most of the petals 
 have fallen ; and sufficient force and apparatus should be available to 
 accomplish this end even if delays are encountered by reason of 
 rainy weather or unavoidable accidents. It is true that for some 
 varieties a longer time might be allowed, and that in a mixed or- 
 chard spraying could be commenced upon the earlier blossoming 
 varieties before the others were ready, and thus the time for the 
 entire orchard extended. Nevertheless, seven days is a safe basis 
 
 *One cluster was accidentally broken off before the second blossom opened. 
 
382 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 upon which to calculate the amount of working force and appara- 
 tus needed. 
 
 METHOD OF APPLICATION 
 
 The method of applying the material may have as important a 
 bearing upon the results as has the time of application. As already 
 mentioned, the prime object of the application just after the falling 
 of the petals is to place the poison within the calyx cavities of the 
 young apples. If it were possible to place a quantity of poison 
 
 FIG. 2. THE CALYXES OF THE DIFFERENT APPLES IN THE SAME CLUSTER 
 DO NOT CLOSE AT THE SAME TIME. 
 
1901.'} SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 383 
 
 within the calyx cavity of each and every apple upon the tree, very 
 few codling moth larvae attempting to enter by way of the calyx 
 would survive. 
 
 Although in commercial spraying it is practically impossible to 
 attain this ideal, nevertheless some methods of application more 
 closely approximate it than do others. In the spring of 1902 vari- 
 ous tests were made to determine, if possible, the most efficient 
 method of making the application. In all the tests the same pump 
 was used, but it was worked at different pressures and with differ- 
 ent nozzles, and different amounts of material were applied. A 
 small portion of a tree was treated according to each method. As 
 soon as the material was dry, notes were made regarding the amount 
 and distribution of the spraying material visible about the calyxes. 
 In all cases the combined mixture of Bordeaux and Paris green 
 was used. The methods and results were as follows : 
 
 1. Double Vermorel nozzle with fine caps : 
 
 a. High pressure;* spraying stopped before fine drops ran together. 
 
 Only a small amount of material visible, many apples showing none 
 whatever. 
 
 b. High pressure; spraying continued until after drops had run together. 
 
 Calyx cavities well filled with material. 
 
 c. Low pressure; spraying stopped before drops ran together. Few 
 
 calyxes hit; unsatisfactory.' 
 
 d. Low pressure; spraying continued for some time. Most of calyxes 
 
 hit, but not properly covered. 
 
 2. Double Vermorel nozzle with coarse caps : 
 
 a. High pressure; spraying stopped before drops ran together. Not 
 
 much material visible. 
 
 b. High pressure; spraying continued until after drops ran together. 
 
 Most of calyx cavities filled with the material. 
 
 c. Low pressure, using small amount of material. Not enough material, 
 
 and distribution poor; unsatisfactory. 
 
 d. Low pressure; spraying continued for some time. Distribution poor ; 
 
 unsatisfactory. 
 3. Bordeaux nozzle : 
 
 a. High pressure; spraying stopped very soon. Not much material 
 
 remained on the apples ; distribution poor. 
 
 b. High pressure; spraying continued for some time. Distribution poor. 
 
 The application which was most effective in filling the calyx 
 cavities was that made in the form of a fine mist by means of a 
 Vermorel nozzle under high pressure, and continued until the fine 
 drops gathering in the calyx cavity ran together in the form of one 
 or a few large drops. If sufficient pressure was kept up to make 
 
 *No pressure gauge was used, but the "high pressure" was probably about 
 eighty pounds and the "low pressure" about thirty-five pounds. 
 
384 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 the spray very fine, the coarse caps gave as good results as the fine 
 caps, but this was difficult to accomplish with a hand pump. It 
 seemed to make little difference whether the nozzle was held close 
 to the apples or at a distance of two or three feet, since the spray 
 leaves the nozzle in the form of a mist. 
 
 To further determine the distribution of spraying material ap- 
 plied in different ways, one hundred apples were picked at random, 
 June 26, from each of two Whitney trees which had received one 
 application of spraying material May 8. Both were sprayed with 
 fine Vermorel nozzles, under high pressure, but one was sprayed 
 until the drops of material ran together and the tree was dripping, 
 while in the other case care was taken to stop spraying before the 
 fine drops ran together. Each apple was cut open with a sharp 
 knife and the calyx cavity carefully examined under a lens in search 
 of particles of spraying material. It was observed that in some 
 cases the material had penetrated into the calyx cavity beyond the 
 point of attachment of the stamens, while in other cases it had not. 
 The results of the examination were as follows : 
 
 TABLE 4. DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIAL IN HEAVY AND LIGHT SPRAYING 
 
 
 Heavy 
 
 spray. 
 
 Light 
 spray. 
 
 Specimens in which spraying material was 
 visible in calyx cavity 
 
 86 
 
 20 
 
 Spraying material beyond stamens 
 
 67 
 
 8 
 
 Spraying" material not beyond stamens 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 Specimens in which no spraying material was 
 visible in catyx cavity 
 
 14 
 
 80 
 
 Number of specimens examined 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 That the method of application which left the spraying material 
 deposited in the calyx cavities of the greater proportion of the ap- 
 ples was of greater efficiency than the other in controlling the 
 codling moth is shown by the fact that ninety-seven of the hundred 
 apples from the heavily sprayed tree were perfectly free from worm 
 injury, and that only two worms had gained entrance by way of 
 the calyx, while in the hundred apples from the lightly sprayed tree 
 thirteen live worms were found, ten of which had entered through 
 the calyx. One other worm had also entered by way of the calyx, 
 but was not found. The test was repeated in 1904. Two Whitney 
 trees were sprayed May 18 ; one heavily and the other lightly. One 
 hundred apples picked at random from each were examined June 30. 
 Nine of the hundred apples from the lightly sprayed tree showed 
 evidences of codling moth attacks, though only two worms (one 
 
1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 385 
 
 living and one dead) were found in the calyx cavities. Refuse left 
 by the other seven worms was found in the calyx cavities, but the 
 worms themselves were lacking. It is probable that they died as a 
 result of eating poison, but did not consume sufficiently large quan- 
 tities to kill them immediately. Hence they were able to feed in 
 the calyx cavity sufficiently long to leave considerable refuse*. 
 On the other hand, in only one apple of the hundred from the heav- 
 ily sprayed tree was there any evidence of the visit of a worm, and 
 that worm did not proceed beyond the calyx cavity. If other worms 
 attacked these apples, they were evidently killed before they did 
 sufficient feeding to leave any traces of their work. 
 
 NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS 
 
 In the foregoing discussion regarding methods of application, 
 reference has been had merely to the application immediately fol- 
 lowing the falling of the petals. Experiments were also under- 
 taken to determine the relative efficiency of different numbers of 
 applications made in different ways. In the spring of 1902, eleven 
 Whitney trees which had already received .the usual application of 
 Bordeaux mixture and Paris green before blossoming, were selected 
 for the purpose of making this test. The various trees were sprayed 
 as indicated in the outline below. In all cases the combined mixture 
 of Bordeaux and Paris green was used, and was applied by means 
 of a barrel pump carrying one lead of hose, equipped with a bamboo 
 extension rod and a double Vermorel nozzle fitted with fine caps. 
 The "high pressure" used was about eighty pounds and the "low 
 pressure" about thirty-five pounds. Under the high pressure the 
 spray issued with considerable force and in the form of very fine 
 mist-like drops, while under the low pressure the drops were much 
 larger and the discharge weak. In making a "heavy application," 
 the spraying was continued until the fine drops ran together and 
 the material began to drip from the trees. In making a "light ap- 
 plication," the spraying was stopped before the fine drops ran to- 
 gether. In both cases, the attempt was made to secure a uniform 
 distribution of the material over the entire tree. In making a "care- 
 less application," low pressure and a small amount of material were 
 
 *It is true that there is no positive proof that these worms were killed by 
 eating poison, for further observations made in this connection show that apples 
 from unsprayed trees may sometimes contain similar evidences of worms having 
 ceased operations early in their career. 
 
386 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
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 P- -i-> *J O 
 
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1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 387 
 
 used ; and no particular care was taken to reach all parts of the tree. 
 The various treatments were as follows : 
 
 1. Check. Not sprayed (except before blossoming). 
 
 2. One heavy application; high pressure; May 8. 
 
 3. One light application; high pressure; May 8. 
 
 4. One careless application ; low pressure ; May 8. 
 
 5. Two heavy applications ; high pressure ; May 8, and 16. 
 
 6. Check. Not sprayed (except before blossoming). 
 
 7. Two light applications; high pressure; May 8, and 16. 
 
 8. Two careless applications ; low pressure ; May 8, and 16. 
 
 9. Three heavy applications ; high pressure ; May 8, 16, and 22. 
 
 10. Two heavy applications followed by two light applications; all under 
 
 high pressure; May 8, 16, 23, and June 5. 
 
 11. Check. Not sprayed (except before blossoming). 
 
 June 26, one hundred apples were picked without selection from 
 each of these trees, and carefully examined for codling moth in- 
 juries. Each apple was cut open so that its exact condition could 
 be determined. * The results of this examination are given in Table 5 . 
 
 Apples in which worms had been stopped in the calyx cavity 
 were counted as not injured ; those in which live worms were found 
 in the calyx cavity, or in which worms had proceeded to the interior 
 (whether found or not), were counted as injured. It is perfectly 
 evident that the heavy spraying was more effective than the light 
 or careless spraying, and there seemed to be a slight advantage in 
 favor of more than one application. The heavy spraying seemed 
 to be more effective than the other methods against the worms at- 
 tacking the sides of the fruit as well as against those seeking en- 
 trance at the calyx. 
 
 July 2, the ground under the trees in this experiment was cleared 
 of all windfalls, so that from that date an accurate record could be 
 kept of all apples which fell. The fallen apples were gathered at 
 frequent intervals from July 8 to 29 and the number from each tree 
 recorded. Each apple was cut open and a record made regarding 
 the number injured by the codling moth. On July 29, the apples 
 remaining on the trees were harvested, sorted and counted. Those 
 showing any indication of worm injury were cut open and .critically 
 examined. The second brood larvae of the codling moth were en- 
 tering the apples at this time, but their work could readily be dis- 
 tinguished from that of the first brood, and only the first brood 
 injuries are to be considered in this connection. The results of 
 these counts and examinations are given in Table 6. The windfalls 
 include only those which dropped after July 2 ; the "total crop" in- 
 
 *The apples from trees 2 and 3 are those previously mentioned as having 
 been examined to determine the distribution of the spraying material. 
 
388 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 
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1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 389 
 
 eludes the fruit picked from the trees July 29 and all windfalls which 
 dropped after July 2. The term "wormy," or "worm-injured" 
 means injured by a first brood larva of the codling moth. 
 
 By comparison of the figures for sprayed and unsprayed trees 
 it can readily be seen that all the spraying was of benefit, even the 
 careless applications resulting in the saving of considerable fruit. 
 One heavy application gave much better results than one light appli- 
 cation. The fact that the tree which received two heavy applica- 
 tions produced a greater percentage of wormy fruits than the one 
 which received only one heavy application can be partially accounted 
 for by the fact that this tree bore a much smaller number of fruits, 
 for it is generally conceded that the smaller the crop the higher the 
 percentage of wormy fruit is likely to be. It is also true that even 
 when the number or fruits borne by each of several trees is nearly 
 the same, one tree may be more severely attacked than another. This 
 is illustrated by the differences in the percentages of wormy fruit 
 from the three unsprayed trees, even though they were of the same 
 variety in the same orchard and within a few rods of one another. 
 If the percentage of the total crop which remained on the tree unin- 
 jured by the first brood of codling moth until picked be taken as 
 the basis of comparison, the tree which received two heavy appli- 
 cations is slightly ahead of the one which received only one appli- 
 cation. This is due to the fact that a smaller percentage of the 
 fruits fell before they were ripe. The two treatments which stand 
 out clearly ahead of the others in reducing the percentage of wormy 
 fruits, and in maturing a higher percentage of the total crop are 
 those given trees No. 9 and 10; namely: three heavy applications, 
 and two heavy followed by two light applications. 
 
 This experiment regarding the different methods of spraying 
 and number of applications was repeated in 1904. However, the 
 spray pump was fitted with a pressure gauge so that the exact pres- 
 sure could be known. The variety used this time was the Duchess. 
 The trees were selected while in bloom, and had been sprayed once 
 before blossoming. That application is not considered in this ex- 
 periment, since it has no direct bearing upon the control of the 
 codling moth. The first application after the petals had fallen was 
 made May 21, the "high pressure" spraying upon this date being 
 done with a gasoline power sprayer at a pressure of 125 pounds. The 
 "low pressure" spraying was done with a hand pump at a pressure 
 of 32^ to 371/2 pounds, there being a variation of five pounds be- 
 tween the beginning and end of each stroke. The second applica- 
 tion was made May 27, the high pressure spraying being done with 
 
390 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
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1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 391 
 
 a hand pump at a pressure of 80 to 100 pounds, for at this pressure 
 there was a range of twenty pounds at every stroke. The low pres- 
 sure used at this date was the same as for the first application. The 
 third application was made June 6, with a gasoline power sprayer 
 operated at a pressure of 125 pounds, and the fourth application, 
 June 13, with a hand pump at a pressure of 80 to 100 pounds. All 
 applications were made later than in 1902 on account of the season 
 being later. 
 
 On June 27, all windfalls of every description were gathered 
 from under each of the trees. All except the very small, shriveled 
 specimens which had dropped very early, were counted and exam- 
 ined for codling moth injuries. From that date until July 28, the 
 windfalls were gathered every few days, and a record kept regarding 
 the number from each tree. These windfalls were cut open and 
 examined for codling moth injuries, and a record kept regarding 
 the condition of those from each tree. 
 
 On July 28, the apples remaining on the trees were picked, 
 counted and carefully sorted. All fruits showing any indication of 
 having been attacked by the codling moth were cut open to deter- 
 mine the exact nature and extent of the injury. 
 
 The results of the above mentioned counts and examinations 
 are given in Table 7. 
 
 It will be seen that again all the methods of spraying employed 
 resulted in a diminution of the percentage of the crop injured by 
 the codling moth. However, the results appear less markedly in 
 favor of the greater number of applications, or of one heavy as 
 compared with one light application, than was the case in 1902. In 
 fact, the tree which was given only one "careless" application had a 
 smaller percentage of the total crop injured by worms than any 
 other tree except the one receiving three heavy applications ; and it 
 also had the largest percentage of the total crop remaining on the 
 tree uninjured until mature. It must be mentioned in this connec- 
 tion that this so-called "careless" application was probably made in 
 a more thorough manner than many orchardists usually spray, and 
 it is also possible that this tree may not have been so severely at- 
 tacked by the codling moth as some others in the experiment. 
 
 Another difference in the results as compared with those of 1902 
 was that a much larger percentage of the crop dropped before ripen- 
 ing. This can be partially accounted for by the fact that windfalls 
 dropping somewhat earlier were included in the count, and that the 
 Duchess in this locality usually drops worse than the Whitney. 
 However, the fact that the smallest percentage of fallen fruit was 
 
392 BULLETIN No. 114. [March, 
 
 from the tree receiving one "careless" application, and the next 
 smallest percentage from the tree receiving two such applications 
 challenges explanation. This may possibly have been due partly 
 to individual differences in the respective trees or to local conditions 
 affecting them. That such differences may occur is illustrated by 
 the fact that one of the unsprayed trees lost a much larger propor- 
 tion of its crop by dropping than did the other two. Yet it is prob- 
 able that another factor had a more important influence. The 
 foliage as well as the fruit dropped badly from the heavily sprayed 
 trees, and much of the fruit was russeted by the spray. The lightly 
 sprayed trees did not lose much foliage, but some of the fruit was 
 russeted, though not so badly as that from the heavily sprayed trees 
 The carelessly sprayed trees showed very little russet on the fruit 
 and practically no dropping of the foliage. There seemed to be a 
 fairly constant relation between the amount of spraying material 
 applied and the russeting of fruit and dropping of foliage. It is 
 possible that if more lime had been used these injuries would not 
 have followed. However, the whole question of russeting of fruit 
 and injury to foliage is not thoroughly understood and is now the 
 object of a special investigation by the department. 
 
 It seems then that the results of the work in 1904 do not war- 
 rant the drawing of definite conclusions regarding the best method 
 and number of applications of spraying material for controlling the 
 first brood of the codling moth. However, taking into considera- 
 tion both seasons' work, it appears evident that the application made 
 just after the falling of the petals should be sufficiently heavy and 
 applied with sufficient force to place considerable spraying material 
 within the calyx cavities of the young apples. It is probable that at 
 least one other application should be made, and the results in 1902 
 show a marked advantage in favor of three or even four applica- 
 tions. Whether these subsequent applications should be heavy or 
 light, does not appear from these investigations. It is thought by 
 some that the later applications should be rather light with a view 
 to securing a uniform distribution of the spraying material over the 
 sides of the young apples, for the purpose of poisoning the worms 
 seeking to enter at points other than the calyx. 
 
1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 393 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE1SECON1) BROOD 
 
 While spraying for the first brood of the codling moth is a com- 
 mon practice among Illinois apple growers, very few have as yet 
 attempted to control the second brood by spraying, and serious dam- 
 age often results from the work of this late brood even in orchards 
 which have been sprayed for the first brood. In central Illinois the 
 first worms of the second brood enter the apples about July 20, and 
 most of the codling moth injuries apparent upon winter apples at 
 picking time are due to the work of this brood. A serious attack 
 of the second brood is most disheartening to the grower, for the 
 
 FIG 3. APPLES RUINED BY SECOND BROOD LARVAE OF THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 injury is done after the apples have attained considerable size and 
 even commenced to color, so that after the crop is apparently made, 
 a large percentage of it may be ruined by the worms. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS IN 1901 
 
 In the summer of 1901, tests were made by the Illinois Experi- 
 ment Station to determine the feasibility of attempting to control 
 the second brood of the codling moth by means of a poisonous 
 spray. August 3, after the larvae were entering the apples in large 
 numbers, five trees, one each of Grimes, Ben Davis, Winesap, Fam- 
 euse, and Longfield, were sprayed with Paris green used at the rate 
 of one-fourth pound to 50 gallons of water. Five other trees of the 
 same varieties were selected and left unsprayed as checks. All 
 these trees had received the three usual applications of Bordeaux 
 mixture and Paris green in the spring. August 10, another appli- 
 cation of Paris green was made to the trees sprayed August 3. 
 
394 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 Beginning in the evening of August 17, there were frequent 
 showers during four or five days. The sprayed trees seemed to be 
 in normal condition August 19, but on August 23, it was discovered 
 that the foliage of all the sprayed trees was badly injured and that 
 the fruit was falling much worse than before the rains. The foliage 
 injury was least on the Grimes. Although the falling of the fruit 
 may have been due partly to a check in the normal activities of the 
 tree caused by the injury to the foliage, it was evidently due pri- 
 marily to injury to the stems of the apples themselves. The injury 
 was often greatest at the point of attachment of the stem and apple 
 both apple and stem being injured. In some cases the skin of 
 the entire cavity of the apple had turned brown and the flesh was 
 beginning to decay; and in some cases the entire stem had turned 
 brown and was apparently dead. Many apples apparently unin- 
 jured hung so loosely upon the tree that they would fall if jarred or 
 slightly brushed against. This was especially noticeable in the case 
 of the Winesap. The Grimes and the Fameuse were much less 
 injured in the flesh about the stem than were the other varieties. 
 
 The increase in the amount of windfalls from the sprayed trees 
 as compared with unsprayed trees immediately following the rains 
 is shown by the following table giving a record of the amount (in 
 pecks) of fallen apples gathered from under each tree on certain 
 dates preceding and following the injury. 
 
 TABLE 8. WINDFALLS BEFORE AND AFTER INJURY TO STEMS 
 
 
 Grimes. 
 
 Winesap. 
 
 Ben Davis. 
 
 Long-field. 
 
 Fameuse. 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
 % 
 
 n 
 
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 ' % 
 
 
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 00 
 
 5 
 
 Before injury: Aug. 16 
 
 .5 
 
 .2 
 
 .4 
 
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 .1 
 
 4. 
 
 3. 
 
 3. 
 
 3.5 
 
 " " 19 
 
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 1.25 
 
 .1 
 
 .1 
 
 .8 
 
 .2 
 
 7. 
 
 5. 
 
 4. 
 
 7. 
 
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 9 
 
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 7 
 
 6 2 
 
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 1.6 
 
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 3 
 
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 3 
 
 4 9 
 
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 2 5 
 
 ' " 28 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 .4 
 
 5. 
 
 .4 
 
 2. 
 
 1.2 
 
 2.5 
 
 l. 
 
 " " 31 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.5 
 
 .9 
 
 3.4 
 
 .6 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 Before the injury to the stems occurred nearly all the windfalls 
 consisted of apples which had been injured by worms. After the 
 injury to the stems, a large percentage of the apples which fell from 
 the sprayed trees were free from insect attack. The windfalls of 
 three varieties gathered on five different dates were examined, and 
 the percentage of sound (t. e., uninjured by worms) fruit deter- 
 mined. The percentages are given in the following table : 
 
1907.} 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 395 
 
 TABLE 9. PERCENTAGES OF SOUND WINDFALLS BEFORE AND AFTER 
 
 STEM INJURY 
 
 Date. 
 
 Grimes. 
 
 Wiuesap. 
 
 Ben Davis. 
 
 Average. 
 
 d 
 
 >-, 
 
 2 
 a 
 oB 
 
 A 
 I 
 
 J3 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 >> 
 
 ni 
 
 a 
 tn 
 
 ^ 
 1 
 
 J3 
 U 
 
 6 
 
 >> 
 a 
 K 
 a 
 
 O3 
 
 ji 
 
 u 
 
 
 si 
 
 
 i 
 
 >> 
 
 2 
 
 0, 
 
 tn 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 August 16 
 
 1.69 
 0.0 
 
 .84 
 
 
 
 
 
 23.07 
 6.66 
 14.86 
 
 7.89 
 0.0 
 3.94 
 
 1.78 
 0.0 
 .89 
 
 0. 
 0. 
 0. 
 
 5.53 
 
 1.31 
 
 " 19 
 
 Average before injury 
 
 August 23 
 
 41. 
 32. 
 18. 
 30.33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 92. 
 92. 
 86. 
 90. 
 
 4. 
 0. 
 0. 
 1.33 
 
 24. 
 52. 
 
 68. 
 
 48. 
 
 0. 
 4.54 
 1.96 
 2.16 
 
 56.11 
 
 1.16 
 
 " 26 
 
 " 31 
 
 Average after injury. . 
 
 In spite of this excessive dropping of the fruit from the sprayed 
 trees for a few days following the rain, the total percentage of the 
 crop on the trees August 15 which fell before the harvest averaged 
 greater for the unsprayed than for the sprayed trees. The percent- 
 ages for each variety are given in the following table : 
 
 TABLE 10. PERCENTAGE OF CROP WHICH FELL BEFORE THE HARVEST 
 
 
 Sprayed. 
 
 Check. 
 
 Grimes 
 
 62.6 
 
 92.5 
 
 W inesap 
 
 70.9 
 
 74.3 
 
 Ben Davis 
 
 70.3 
 
 63.5 
 
 Longfield 
 
 97.6 
 
 96.9 
 
 Fameuse 
 
 87.7 
 
 90.7 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 77.82 
 
 83.58 
 
 
 
 
 This means that the spray saved more apples from insect injury 
 than it caused to drop by reason of injury to the stems. 
 
 The fruit from the trees in this experiment was picked from 
 September 23 to September 28. In all cases, both trees of the same 
 variety were picked the same day. The fruit was carefully sorted 
 and examined for codling moth injuries. Many of the fruits which 
 had been attacked by second brood larvae of the codling moth were 
 only slightly injured, the worm having ceased operations and dis- 
 appeared without going much below the surface of the fruit. Such 
 injuries had usually partially healed over, and did not sufficiently 
 blemish the fruit to render it unfit for market or even for storage. 
 It would readily be classed as No. 2 under the most rigid grading. 
 
 Since nearly all the fruit had fallen from the Longfield trees 
 before picking time, the hand-picked crop of this variety was not 
 
396 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
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1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 397 
 
 examined for worm injuries. The results of the examination of the 
 four other varieties, reduced to percentages, are given in Table n. 
 Tables n and 12 show that with the exception of one variety (the 
 Fameuse) a smaller percentage of the apples from the sprayed trees 
 were visibly attacked by worms than from the unsprayed trees, and 
 that the average percentage for the four varieties (including the 
 Fameuse) was smaller for the sprayed than for the unsprayed trees. 
 The tables further show that a very much larger percentage of the 
 worms attacking the apples had stopped before going to the interior 
 in the case of fruits from the sprayed trees. 
 
 STORAGE TEST OF APPLES ATTACKED BY CODLING MOTH 
 
 The statement has been made that fruits attacked by second 
 brood larvae of the codling moth in which the worms did not pene- 
 trate much beneath the surface were not rendered unfit for storage. 
 Fruits in this condition from sprayed trees were placed in cold stor- 
 age for the sake of comparing their keeping quality with that of 
 unblemished specimens of the same varieties from the same trees. 
 The number of specimens in each lot was as follows : 
 
 Lot i. Lot 2. 
 
 Unblemished. Worm-attacked. 
 
 Grimes 35 24 
 
 Fameuse 27 17 
 
 Winesap 21 24 
 
 Ben Davis 23 22 
 
 Examinations were made at intervals during the season, and the 
 following notes were taken regarding the condition of the fruit. 
 
 November 19: 
 
 Grimes : Both lots perfectly sound, but showing some slightly withered 
 
 specimens. 
 
 Fameuse: Lot I (unblemished). Some specimens somewhat withered; 
 one entirely rotten; two showing rotten specks where skin had been 
 broken. (Only the entirely rotten specimen was removed.) 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Some specimens somewhat withered. No rotten 
 apples. Two specimens show rotten spots where skin had been broken. 
 One of these has two rotten spots, one of which is at a worm injury. 
 Balance keeping perfectly about worm injuries. 
 Winesap: Lot I (unblemished). In perfect condition. 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Keeping perfectly except that a few specimens 
 
 are slightly withered. 
 
 Ben Davis: Lot I (unblemished). In perfect condition. 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Keeping perfectly except one specimen which is 
 
 beginning to rot at the blossom end. 
 February 19 : 
 
 Grimes: Lot I (unblemished). No rotten apples, and none with rotten 
 specks. Quite badly withered. 
 
398 BULLETIN No. 114. [March, 
 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Five specimens specked with rot, one specimen 
 
 one-fourth decayed, eighteen badly withered but without rot. 
 Fameuse: Lot I (unblemished). One specimen shows a small rotten speck. 
 
 All other specimens are withered, but not rotting. 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Four specimens about half rotten; all others 
 
 badly withered, but not rotting. 
 Winesap : Lot I (unblemished). Perfectly sound. None withered. 
 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). No rot. A few specimens slightly withered. 
 Ben Davis: Lot I (unblemished). No rot. Keeping well. 
 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). No more rot than November 19. Keeping well. 
 March 18: 
 
 Grimes: Lot I (unblemished). Two specimens breaking down, two badly 
 spotted with rot, two slightly spotted, ten badly withered but not rot- 
 ting, nineteen perfectly sound though part of them are somewhat 
 withered. 
 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Four specimens badly rotted, five specked with 
 rot, seven badly withered but not rotting, eight sound (slightly more 
 withered than in lot i ) . 
 
 Fameuse: Lot I (unblemished). Two specimens badly decayed, five badly 
 spotted with rot, three slightly spotted, six badly withered but not rot- 
 ting, ten sound but slightly withered. 
 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Three specimens badly decayed, three badly 
 spotted with rot, three slightly spotted, eight sound but considerably 
 withered (much more so than in lot i). 
 Winesap: Lot I (unblemished). No signs of rot. Six specimens slightly 
 
 withered, fifteen perfectly sound (not withered). 
 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). No signs of rot. Two specimens badly with- 
 ered, seven slightly withered, fifteen perfectly sound (not withered). 
 Ben Davis: Lot i (unblemished). One specimen slightly spotted, three 
 
 slightly withered, nineteen perfectly sound (not withered). 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Two specimens badly spotted,- four somewhat 
 
 withered, sixteen perfectly sound (not withered). 
 At this date the Grimes and Fameuse were withdrawn from storage. 
 April 19: 
 
 Winesap: Lot I (unblemished). No signs of rot. Some specimens some- 
 , what withered. 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). No signs of rot. Many specimens still firm, 
 
 but on the average slightly more withered than lot I. 
 Ben Davis: Lot i (unblemished). One specimen slightly spotted, four 
 
 somewhat withered, eighteen perfectly sound and firm. 
 Lot 2 (worm-attacked). Three specimens with rotten spots. In only one, 
 however, does the rotten area surround the worm injury. One speci- 
 men scalded, four somewhat withered, fourteen perfectly sound and firm. 
 
 These notes show that apples attacked by the second brood of 
 the codling moth, in which the worm stopped before going deeply 
 into the fruit, kept in cold storage almost as well as fruits which 
 were without blemish, the chief difference being that the blemished 
 fruits became somewhat more withered than the unblemished speci- 
 mens. When the fruits began to decay, the rot usually did not start 
 from the point of worm injury, and was nearly as prevalent on un- 
 blemished as blemished specimens. The condition of the Winesap 
 and Ben Davis at the end of the storage period indicates that there 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH, 
 
 399 
 
 need be no great fear of loss by reason of rot or poor keeping of 
 apples injured in the manner specified, in the case of long keeping 
 varieties. 
 
 PIG. 4. APPLES ATTACKED BY SECOND BROOD OF CODLING MOTH. 
 
 FIG. 5. THE SAME FRUITS AS IN FIG. 4, CUT OPEN TO SHOW EXTENT OF 
 
 INJURY. THE WORM STOPPED CLOSE TO THE SURFACE 
 
 IN THE FRUIT AT THE LEFT. 
 
400 BULLETIN No. 114. [March, 
 
 Tables n and 12 (p. 396) show that many apples were injured 
 in the manner specified, and that the proportion was much greater 
 from sprayed than unsprayed trees ; that is, a much larger proportion 
 of the apples showing evidences of insect attack were only slightly 
 injured and not rendered unfit for storage in the case of sprayed 
 than unsprayed trees. In the case of unsprayed trees it is evident 
 that the worms which ceased activities and disappeared after enter- 
 ing the apple but before penetrating deeply into the flesh must have 
 done so from natural causes, but the fact that the proportion of 
 worms so doing was so much larger in the case of fruit from sprayed 
 trees indicates that at least part of these worms must have been killed 
 by the spray after they entered the fruit. It will be remembered that 
 the late spraying was not commenced until after many worms had 
 entered the fruit. 
 
 LABORATORY- INVESTIGATIONS 
 
 Investigations were made in the laboratory to determine whether 
 or not the worms could be killed by the spray in the manner above 
 suggested. The examination of windfalls which had been entered 
 by 457 larvae of the second brood showed that 43.76 percent of these 
 larvae entered at the side of the apple, 33.48 percent at the calyx, 
 and 22.75 percent close to the stem. Particular attention was given 
 to studying the effect of a poisonous spray upon the larvae entering 
 the side of the apple, applied after they had entered. 
 
 After entering an apple, the worm feeds for a few days close to 
 the surface, usually eating in a circle about the point of entrance, 
 just beneath the skin, sometimes even eating holes through the 
 skin. A deposit of excrement invariably covers the point of en- 
 trance and increases in size as the worm continues its work. When 
 the apple is sprayed, a drop of the liquid usually lodges on or in the 
 accumulation of excrement, since the particles of the latter present 
 a rough and porous mass which is sure to absorb and hold some of 
 the liquid. An examination of sprayed apples revealed the presence 
 of numerous particles of Paris green on the skin of the apple close 
 about the outer edge of the mass of excrement and also lodged 
 among its particles. 
 
 Six apples were sprayed in the laboratory August 7, by means 
 of an atomizer charged with Paris green used at the rate of one-half 
 pound to 50 gallons of water. All these apples had been entered by 
 worms. Five more apples were sprayed in like manner August 9. 
 In this case the Paris green was used at the rate of one pound to 50 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 401 
 
 gallons. August 12, these apples were examined to determine the 
 condition of the worms. The larvae were carefully sought and re- 
 moved under a dissecting microscope, and were then placed on a 
 glass slide and examined under a compound microscope. If they 
 showed no signs of life, they were designated "dead;" if they 
 showed slight signs of activity, such as the moving of the jaws, but 
 seemed weak and sick, they were designated "nearly dead ;" if they 
 wriggled vigorously, they were designated "healthy." In all cases, 
 the "dead" and "nearly dead" worms were close to the surface of 
 the fruit. In these examinations no note was taken as to whether 
 the healthy worms had gone to the interior of the fruit or not. The 
 condition of the worms was as follows : 
 
 Worms dead 4 
 
 Worms nearly dead 3 
 
 Worms healthy 9 
 
 Total 
 
 16 
 
 Since some of these worms had been in the apples several days 
 and had probably gone to the interior of the fruit before the spray 
 was applied, a fresh supply of apples was procured from the orchard 
 August 12, and sprayed in the laboratory, with Paris green used at 
 the rate of one pound to 50 gallons. The mixture was purposely 
 made much stronger than it would be used in orchard operations. 
 The apples were divided into three lots of seven each. In lot i, the 
 apples had been very recently entered by the worms; in lot 2, the 
 worms had entered somewhat earlier, while in lot 3, they had en- 
 tered still earlier, so that some of them may have gone to the in- 
 terior before the spray was applied. These apples were carefully 
 examined three days after the spray was applied. The condition 
 of the worms was found to be as follows : 
 
 TABLE 13. CONDITION OF WORMS IN SPRAYED APPLES 
 
 
 Lot 1. 
 
 Lot 2. 
 
 Lot 3. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Dead 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 Nearly dead 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Healthy (near surface) 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Gone to interior 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Not found . . . . 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 In all cases the worms which had gone to the interior were ap- 
 parently healthy. One of the dead worms in lot 3 had apparently 
 been killed by a fungous disease rather than by the spray, so that 
 
402 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 the total number of worms evidently killed by the spray would be 
 eleven, or fifty percent of the worms attacking the apples. As might 
 have been expected, a larger proportion of the worms succumbed in 
 the case of apples sprayed very soon after the worms had entered. 
 In order to test further this matter and to make sure that it was 
 the Paris green which caused the death of the worms, three lots of 
 apples were again selected, and sprayed in the laboratory, and the 
 same number in a similar condition in each case left unsprayed as 
 checks. The relative ages of the worms in the various lots were 
 the same as in the previous test. The examination made three days 
 after the spraying was done showed the condition of the worms to 
 be as follows : 
 
 TABLE 14 CONDITION OF WORMS IN SPRAYED AND UNSPRAYED APPLES 
 
 Dead 
 
 Lotl. 
 
 Lot 2. 
 
 Lot3. 
 
 Summary. 
 
 d 
 
 | 
 
 rt 
 
 Q. 
 X 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 o. 
 en 
 
 ,* 
 y 
 
 <u 
 a 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 !>> 
 
 2 
 
 a, 
 
 VI 
 
 1 
 - as o o o Check. 
 
 i 
 
 >> 
 
 2 
 a 
 tn 
 
 jj 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 3 
 4 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 12 
 1 
 
 Nearly dead 
 
 Healthy (near surface) 
 Gone to interior 
 
 Killed by parasites 
 
 Total 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 
 Of the fourteen worms in the unsprayed apples, every one, ex- 
 cept the one killed by parasites, was apparently healthy, while of the 
 fourteen worms in the sprayed apples, only six were in a like condi- 
 tion; and there seems to be no question but that the Paris green 
 was the cause of this difference. 
 
 The laboratory experiments, then, show conclusively that it is 
 possible to kill at least a part of the second brood larvae of the codling 
 moth by means of a poisonous spray applied even after the worms 
 have entered the fruit. However, the fruit in which a worm is 
 killed near the surface will be slightly blemished, and although it 
 will keep fairly well in cold storage, is not as high grade a product 
 as is fruit without blemish. This indicates that although an apple 
 crop may be saved from utter ruin by late spraying commenced af- 
 ter the second brood worms have begun to enter the apples, it would 
 be much better to kill the worms, if possible, before they enter 
 the fruit. 
 
1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 403 
 
 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS IN 1902 
 
 In 1902, the spraying was commenced before any worms of the 
 second brood had entered the apples, with a view to reducing, if 
 possible, the percentage of fruit slightly damaged by worms stopped 
 near the surface. An attempt was also made' to find a spraying 
 mixture that would be effective against the worms and at the same 
 time not cause excessive dropping of the fruit by reason of injury 
 to the stems. 
 
 For the purpose of this experiment, ten trees, five each of Grimes 
 and Ben Davis, were selected July 10, and sprayed on the same day 
 with mixtures made according to the formulas indicated below, 
 there being one tree of each variety under each of the different 
 treatments. All these trees had received the three usual applica- 
 tions of Bordeaux and Paris green in the spring. 
 
 1. Paris green J4 lb- l' m e about 2 lb., water 50 gal. 
 
 2. Paris green l / 2 lb., lime about 2 lb., water 50 gal. 
 
 3. Arsenate of lead : lead acetate 12 1 A oz., soda arsenate 5 oz., water 50 gal. 
 
 4. Double strength arsenate of lead : lead acetate 25 oz., soda arsenate 10 
 
 oz., water 50 gal. 
 
 5. Check no late spraying. 
 
 For making the arsenate of lead, the lead acetate and soda ar- 
 senate were each dissolved separately in small quantities of cold 
 water. The full amount of water for the complete mixture minus 
 that used in dissolving the salts was measured out into a large ves- 
 sel ; then the solutions were added separately to this large volume 
 of water, which was stirred thoroughly while they were being slowly 
 poured in. 
 
 The Grimes were large trees over twenty years old, and the Ben 
 Davis were small trees bearing their second crop. Twelve and one- 
 half gallons of material were mixed in each case, but in most cases 
 not quite all of the mixture was used in spraying the two trees. 
 
 The spray was applied by means of a hand pump worked at high 
 pressure, and carrying only one lead of hose. A double Vermorel 
 with fine caps was the nozzle employed. Particular care was taken 
 to secure as nearly as possible a uniform distribution of material 
 over all parts of all the apples, without allowing the fine drops to 
 run together. 
 
 Additional applications of the same materials were made to the 
 Grimes, July 25 and August 8, and to the Ben Davis July 25, Aug- 
 ust 8, 22, and September 5, so that altogether the Grimes received 
 three applications for the second brood of codling moth, and the 
 
404 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
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1907. J SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 405 
 
 Ben Davis five applications. All applications were made in the same 
 manner and with equal thoroughness. 
 
 July 12, the ground under the trees was cleared of fallen apples 
 of every description, so that a record could be kept of all apples 
 falling after that date. These were picked up at intervals through 
 the season, counted, and examined for insect injuries and also in- 
 juries to the stem apparently caused by the spray. Table 15 gives 
 a summary of the records, and includes all apples which fell from 
 the trees from July 12 until the hand-picked crop was harvested. 
 
 It will be seen that some of the windfalls from unsprayed trees 
 are designated as "apparently injured by spray at stem." It is evi- 
 dent that such injury could not have been caused by the spray, since 
 the trees were not sprayed. However, the stems were brown and 
 dead, and the injury could not be distinguished from that to the 
 stems of apples from the sprayed trees in the case of specimens in 
 which the injury was confined to the stem itself. It is probable 
 that some of the stem injury to apples from sprayed trees was not 
 due to the spray. However, the fact that the percentage of stem- 
 injured fruit was much greater for sprayed than unsprayed trees 
 indicates that the spray must have caused much of the injury. 
 Furthermore the high percentage of sound fruit among the wind- 
 falls from sprayed trees, especially those sprayed with. Paris green, 
 suggests that the spray must have caused the falling of much of 
 this fruit. 
 
 That the Paris green, especially the stronger mixture, did cause 
 an excessive dropping of the fruit is clearly shown by the following 
 figures which represent in each case the percentage of the total num- 
 ber of apples on the tree July 12 which dropped before the hand- 
 picked crop was harvested. 
 
 TABLE 16. PERCENTAGE OF CROP WHICH PELL BEFORE MATURITY, 1902 
 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 Grimes. 
 
 Ben 
 Davis. 
 
 1 
 
 Paris green, /^ lb. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 25.27 
 
 35.65 
 
 2 
 
 Paris green, % lb. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 45.61 
 
 47.02 
 
 3 
 
 Arsenate of lead 
 
 17.36 
 
 13.26 
 
 4 
 
 Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 10.02 
 
 15.65 
 
 5. 
 
 Check no late spraying 
 
 35.02 
 
 21.03 
 
 The crop of Grimes was picked from the trees September 9 and 
 10, and the Ben Davis October J. The apples were carefully sorted 
 and counted. All specimens showing any indication of worm in- 
 
406 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
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1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 407 
 
 jury were critically examined, and unless it was perfectly evident 
 that the worm had been stopped close to the surface of the fruit so 
 that the apple had not been injured for storage purposes, the speci- 
 men was cut open in order to determine the exact extent of the 
 injury. The results of the examination of the entire hand-picked 
 crop from each of the ten trees are given in Table 17. Injuries 
 other than those caused by the second brood of the codling moth 
 were recorded only in the case of specimens not visibly attacked by 
 the second brood, and in no case was more than one injury recorded 
 against the same specimen. All injuries are entered in the table 
 in the order of their precedence, the most important or worst in- 
 juries, from the standpoint of this investigation, preceding those of 
 less importance. 
 
 These figures show that in both varieties and under all treat- 
 ments, the spraying caused a decrease in the percentage of fruits 
 visibly attacked by the second brood of the codling moth. Although 
 the percentage of apples slightly damaged by codling moth stopped 
 near the surface was not as small as could have been desired, never- 
 theless the fact that in a much larger percentage of the apples vis- 
 ibly attacked the worms were stopped near the surface in the case 
 of fruit from sprayed than unsprayed trees, indicates a marked bene- 
 fit from spraying, and corroborates the results of the preceding year 
 in so far as they apply to the feasibility of killing the worms after 
 they have entered the fruit. The percentage of the entire hand- 
 picked crop uninjured for storage by the codling moth, including the 
 work of both broods, is much larger for the sprayed trees, under 
 every treatment, than for the unsprayed trees. 
 
 The above considerations refer merely to the hand-picked fruit. 
 Reference has already been made to the excessive dropping of fruit 
 from certain of the sprayed trees. In order to make a fair com- 
 parison of the results of different treatments, it is essential that the 
 windfalls as well as the hand-picked fruit be considered. So far as 
 suitability for storage is concerned, all the windfalls may be put in 
 one class, regardless of the cause or exact time of their falling. The 
 net crop really consists of the hand-picked fruit suitable for storage. 
 So far as this investigation is concerned, a true comparison of the 
 different treatments can best be made by considering as suitable for 
 storage all hand-picked specimens which have not been rendered 
 unfit for storage by the work of the codling moth. If the percent- 
 age of the apples on the trees July 12 which remained uninjured 
 for storage by the codling moth until gathered as hand-picked fruit 
 be taken as the basis of comparison, the true relative merits of the 
 
408 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 different treatments may readily be determined. Compared on this 
 basis, the results appear as follows : 
 
 TABLE 19. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CROP UNINJURED FOR STORAGE BY 
 
 CODLING MOTH, 1902 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 Second brood. 
 
 Both broods. 
 
 Grimes. 
 
 Ben 
 
 Davis. 
 
 Grimes. 
 
 Ben 
 Davis. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 .Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with 
 lime 
 
 61.65 
 
 47.38 
 74.98 
 82 50 
 4H.67 
 
 63.04 
 
 51.33 
 81.63 
 81.45 
 49.09 
 
 60.85 
 
 46.71 
 74.44 
 81^9 
 43.05 
 
 63.04 
 
 50.92 
 79.93 
 80.58 
 48.83 
 
 Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with 
 lime 
 
 Arsenate of lead 
 
 Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 Check no late spraying 
 
 It will be seen that the stronger mixture of Paris green gave 
 but slightly better net results than no late spraying whatever. This 
 was due to the excessive dropping of the immature fruit. The use 
 of the weaker mixture of Paris green materially increased the per- 
 centage of fruit suitable for storage, but the arsenate of lead gave 
 decidedly better results than the Paris green used at either strength. 
 The double strength arsenate of lead seemed more effective on the 
 Grimes than the usual strength, though on the Ben Davis, where 
 five applications were made, the net results from the use of the two 
 mixtures were practically identical. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS IN 1903 
 
 The results of the work in 1902 plainly indicated that one-half 
 pound of Paris green to 50 gallons of water, even when used with 
 lime, was too strong a mixture to be applied to bearing apple trees 
 in midsummer. This treatment was therefore not used in 1903. 
 Since it is often advisable to spray with a fungicide late in the sea- 
 son, it was thought best to test the efficiency of Paris green used in 
 combination with Bordeaux mixture as compared with Paris green 
 and lime and with arsenate of lead. The following treatments for 
 the second brood of codling moth were therefore tested in 1903. 
 
 1. Paris green % Ib., lime 4 Ib., water 50 gal. 
 
 2. Paris green % Ib., lime 4 Ib., copper sulphate 4 Ib., water 50 gal. 
 
 3. Arsenate of lead. 
 
 4. Arsenate of lead, double strength. 
 
 5. Check no late spraying. 
 
 The trees used for this experiment were the Grimes. All had 
 received the three usual applications of Bordeaux mixture and Paris 
 green in the spring. The method of application employed in the late 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 409 
 
 spraying was the same as in 1902. Applications were made July 
 17 and 27, August 10 and 24. No larvae of the second brood of 
 codling moth had been seen in the orchard up to the time of the first 
 application. 
 
 All fallen apples under the trees were gathered the day the first 
 application was made, and a record was kept of all apples falling 
 after that date, except that the record for the check tree (No. 5) is 
 incomplete on account of one of the workmen picking up the wind- 
 falls August 10, and mixing them with those from other trees in 
 the orchard. This makes it impossible to determine the relative 
 percentage of drop from the sprayed and unsprayed trees, but does 
 riot interfere with the comparison between the sprayed trees under 
 different treatments. Table 20 gives a summary of the examina- 
 tion of windfalls. 
 
 TABLE 20. EXAMINATION OF WINDFALLS, 1903 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 Apples apparently injured by spray at stem 
 Sound 
 
 152 
 61 
 
 300 
 105 
 
 255 
 96 
 
 609 
 147 
 
 289 
 33 
 
 Sound except for spray injury at stem 
 Total sound 
 
 31 
 
 92 
 
 39 
 144 
 
 20 
 116 
 
 79 
 
 226 
 
 10 
 33 
 
 Injured by first brood codling moth 
 
 139 
 
 392 
 
 311 
 
 499 
 
 330 
 
 Injured by curculio 
 
 33 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 68 
 
 Injured by second brood codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 85 
 
 234 
 
 258 
 
 336 
 
 350 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 14 
 
 40 
 
 67 
 
 58 
 
 102 
 
 Entering at side .... 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 
 27 
 
 Total injured by second brood codling 
 moth 
 
 129 
 
 334 
 
 403 
 
 477 
 
 479 
 
 Otherwise injured 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 43 
 
 Total number of windfalls 
 
 434 
 
 1009 
 
 945 
 
 1374 
 
 1067 
 
 Percentage of windfalls which were sound 
 Percentage of windfalls injured by second 
 brood codling moth 
 
 21.19 
 29.72 
 
 14.27 
 33.10 
 
 12.27 
 42.64 
 
 16.44 
 34.71 
 
 3.09 
 
 44.89 
 
 Percentage of windfalls apparently injured 
 by spray at stem 
 
 35,02 
 
 29.73 
 
 26.98 
 
 44.32 
 
 27.08 
 
 It will be seen that a much larger proportion of the windfalls 
 were infested with codling moth than was the case in 1902, and 
 that injuries caused by the first brood as well as the second were 
 very much in evidence. This suggests that the early spraying, be- 
 fore the trees were selected for the experiment, was not as effective 
 as it should have been. This spraying did not have special super- 
 vision, and no statement can be made regarding its thoroughness. 
 The injury to the stems was, on the whole, less apparent than in 
 1902, though the double strength arsenate of lead seemed to result 
 
410 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 in more injury than in the preceding year. The percentage of the 
 crop on the trees July 17, which dropped before maturity, was in 
 each case as follows : 
 
 TABLE 21. PERCENTAGE OF CROP WHICH FELL BEFORE MATURITY, 1903 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 
 1. Paris green, with lime 
 
 33.46 
 
 2. Paris green, with Bordeaux mixture 
 
 28.64 
 
 3. Arsenate of lead 
 
 35.83 
 
 4. Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 30.72 
 
 In spite of the greater proportion of stem-injured fruits among 
 the windfalls from the trees sprayed with the double strength ar- 
 senate of lead, the proportion of the crop which dropped was less 
 than for any of the other treatments except the Paris green with 
 Bordeaux mixture. This treatment resulted in the smallest percent- 
 age of dropped fruit and showed also a comparatively low percent- 
 age of stem injury. 
 
 The apples from the trees in this experiment were picked Sep- 
 tember 8 and 9. The same method of examination of the hand- 
 picked fruit was employed as in 1902, except that in addition, notes 
 were made as to the points of entrance of the second brood larvae. A 
 summary of the results of the examination, corresponding to the 
 items given for 1902, is given in Table 22. 
 
 TABLE 22 EXAMINATION OF HAND-PICKED CROP FROM TREES SPRAYED 
 FOR SECOND BROOD CODLING MOTH, 1903 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 Total number of apples 
 
 863 
 
 2513 
 
 1692 
 
 ^OQ8 
 
 2^87 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling 
 moth: 
 Injured for storage by second brood cod- 
 ling moth 
 
 317 
 
 819 
 
 8 %? 8 
 
 1079 
 
 1007 
 
 Worm found in apple 
 
 163 
 
 331 
 
 373 
 
 517 
 
 392 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not found: 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 105 
 
 300 
 
 280 
 
 363 
 
 487 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 
 
 49 
 
 188 
 
 175 
 
 199 
 
 128 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped 
 near surface) 
 
 80 
 
 112 
 
 129 
 
 222 
 
 102 
 
 Injured by first brood of codling moth 
 
 55 
 
 145 
 
 139 
 
 199 
 
 87 
 
 Injured by curculio 
 
 78 
 
 354 
 
 181 
 
 339 
 
 672 
 
 Bird-picked, rotting or otherwise injured. . 
 Sound 
 
 4 
 
 329 
 
 26 
 1057 
 
 15 
 
 400 
 
 29 
 1230 
 
 60 
 459 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reduced to percentages, the figures in reference to codling moth 
 injuries appear as follows : 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 411 
 
 TABLE 23. PERCENTAGE OF HAND-PICKED CROP INJURED BY CODLING 
 
 MOTH, 1903 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 Percentage visibly attacked by second 
 brood codling moth 
 
 46.00 
 
 37.04 
 
 56.56 
 
 -41.99 
 
 46.42 
 
 Percentage injured for storage by second 
 brood codling moth 
 
 36.73 
 
 32.59 
 
 48.93 
 
 34.82 
 
 42.15 
 
 Percentage in which worms stopped near 
 surface 
 
 9.27 
 
 4.45 
 
 7.63 
 
 7.17 
 
 4.27 
 
 Percentage injured by first brood only 
 
 6.37 
 
 5.77 
 
 8.21 
 
 6.42 
 
 3.64 
 
 Percentage uninjured for storage by cod- 
 ling moth (both broods) 
 
 56.90 
 
 61.64 
 
 42.86 
 
 58.76 
 
 54.21 
 
 Percentage of the apples attacked by sec- 
 ond brood, in which worms stopped near 
 surface. . 
 
 20.15 
 
 12.03 
 
 13.48 
 
 17.06 
 
 9.19 
 
 These figures show that the spraying was much less effective 
 than in 1902. Mention has already been made of the fact that the 
 first brood of codling moth was not controlled by the early spraying 
 This would naturally result in a severe attack of the second brood. 
 Furthermore, if worms of the first brood, which normally enter the 
 apples mainly by way of the calyx, were able to gain entrance with- 
 out being poisoned, it is evident that worms of the second brood 
 which sought entrance at the calyx would be safe from injury so 
 far as any poison remaining from the early applications was con- 
 cerned. In 1903, a much larger proportion of the second brood 
 entered by way of the calyx than in 1902. If all the windfalls in- 
 jured by second brood codling moth from the Grimes trees receiving 
 no late spraying are considered, the percentages injured by attack 
 at the different points, for the two years, were as follows : 
 
 Year. At calyx. At stem. At side. 
 
 1902 44-90 19.60 35.49 
 
 1903 73-07 21.29 5.63 
 
 The fact that a very large proportion of the injuries due to the 
 second brood of codling moth were caused by worms entering at the 
 calyx is further illustrated by the records regarding the examination 
 of the hand-picked fruit. Of the fruits injured for storage by the 
 second brood of the codling moth, the following percentages were 
 attacked at the calyx end : 
 
 No. i. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. 
 54.25 65.44 75.24 62.92 72.49 
 
 Under these conditions it is not surprising that the late spraying 
 was less effective than in 1902. 
 
 The percentage of the crop on the trees July 1 7, which remained 
 uninjured for storage by the codling moth was as follows : 
 
412 BULLETIN No. 114. [March, 
 
 TABLE 24. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CROP UNINJURED FOR STORAGE BY 
 CODLING MOTH, 1903 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 Second 
 brood. 
 
 Botn 
 broods. 
 
 1. Paris green. % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 4.9 OQ 
 
 Q7 Oft 
 
 2. Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with Bordeaux 
 
 4.0 no 
 
 4.1 Q8 
 
 3. Arsenate of lead 
 
 jo 7 A 
 
 97 4Q 
 
 4 Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 AK 1 A 
 
 4ft fiQ 
 
 
 
 
 These figures show that the best net results were secured from 
 the use of Paris green in combination with Bordeaux mixture, 
 though the double strength arsenate of lead proved nearly as ef- 
 fective. 
 
 Since it seemed probable that the failure to secure more marked 
 results from the late spraying in 1903, was due, at least in part, to 
 a lack of thoroughness in the early spraying, the trees designed for 
 the work in 1904 were selected while in bloom, and thereafter 
 sprayed under careful supervision. The trees were comparatively 
 young Winesaps, and had been sprayed once with Bordeaux mixture 
 and .Paris green before the blossoms opened. After the petals had 
 fallen, the two usual applications of Bordeaux mixture and Paris 
 green were made. However, a difference was made in the amount 
 of material used and the method of application for different trees. 
 Seven trees were given a light application, the spraying being stop- 
 ped before the fine drops ran together; and seven others were 
 sprayed very heavily. The plan for the late spraying was to use 
 one tree in each of these lots for each of several different treatments, 
 including those employed the preceding year. However, the trees 
 set so little fruit that it seemed best to treat them all alike in ref- 
 erence to the late spraying, in order to have sufficient fruit under 
 each treatment to furnish a fair test regarding the influence of the 
 method of the early applications upon the control of the second 
 brood of the codling moth. The fourteen trees were therefore 
 sprayed with Paris green and dilute Bordeaux mixture July 20 and 
 30, and August 10 and 26. The formula used in making the mix- 
 ture was y^ pound Paris green, 4 pounds lime, 2, pounds copper sul- 
 phate, 50 gallons water. The method of application was the same 
 as in 1902 and 1903. The ground was cleared of windfalls July 19, 
 and thereafter a record kept of all the apples which fell, the product 
 of the seven trees under each treatment being considered as one lot. 
 
1907.' 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 413 
 
 There appeared to be little injury to the stems, and no record re- 
 garding that point was kept. The fallen fruit was carefully exam- 
 ined for worm injuries, and records kept regarding the point of 
 entrance of the first brood as well as the second. A summary of 
 the results is given in Table 25. 
 
 TABLE 25. EXAMINATION OF WINESAP WINDFALLS, 1904 
 
 
 Early applications. 
 
 
 Light. 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Sound 
 
 243 
 
 92 
 5 
 24 
 121 
 15 
 
 85 
 15 
 118 
 218 
 26 
 
 623 
 39.00 
 19.42 
 
 76.03 
 34 .'99 
 
 38.99 
 
 584 
 
 52 
 2 
 32 
 86 
 23 
 
 62 
 22 
 192 
 276 
 60 
 
 1029 
 56.75 
 8.35 
 
 60.46 
 26.82 
 
 22.46 
 
 Injured by first brood codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 Total injured by first brood codling moth 
 
 Injured by curculio 
 
 Injured by second brood codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 Total injured by second brood codling moth 
 
 Otherwise injured 
 
 Total number of windfalls 
 
 Percentage of windfalls which were sound 
 
 Percentage of windfalls injured by first brood cod 
 ling moth 
 
 Percentage of the windfalls injured by first brood 
 codling moth in which the worm entered at the 
 calyx 
 
 Percentage of windfalls injured by second brood 
 codling moth 
 
 Percentage of the windfalls injured by second brood 
 codling moth in which the worm entered at the 
 calyx 
 
 The windfalls from the trees receiving the heavy early applica- 
 tions showed less worm injury from the first brood and also from 
 the second, and there was, in the case of both broods, a smaller per- 
 centage of injury due to worms entering at the calyx. 
 
 The percentage of the total crop on the trees July 19, which fell 
 before October 15, when the hand-picked fruit was gathered, was 
 for the trees receiving the light early applications 45.77 percent, and 
 for those receiving the heavy early applications 27.86 percent. This 
 shows a decided advantage in favor of the heavy early spraying. 
 
 The hand-picked apples were carefully sorted and examined for 
 codling moth injuries, and a complete record made as to the number 
 of worms entering at the various points and the extent of injury in 
 each case. The results of this examination are given in Table 26, 
 
414 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 TABLE 26. EXAMINATION OF HAND-PICKED CROP FROM WINESAP TREES 
 SPRAYED FOR CODLING MOTH, 1904 
 
 Early applications. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Total number of apples 738 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling moth at 
 calyx: 
 
 Injured for storage 20 
 
 Worm found in apple 14 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not found: 
 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 6 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped near sur- 
 face) 72 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling moth at 
 stem: 
 
 Injured for storage 1 
 
 Worm found in apple 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not found: 
 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 1 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped near sur- 
 face) 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling moth at 
 side: 
 
 Injured for storage 66 
 
 Worm found in apple 6 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not found: 
 
 Fruit badly damaged 8 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 52 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped near sur- 
 face) 32 
 
 Injured by first brood codling moth 11 
 
 Entering at calyx 10 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 Entering at side 1 
 
 Injured by curculio 2 
 
 Sound. . 534 
 
 2664 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 82 
 
 107 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 70 
 
 54 
 9 
 3 
 
 6 
 3 
 2384 
 
 If these items are summarized to correspond with the tables 
 given for preceding years, the figures appear as follows : 
 
 TABLE 27. SUMMARY OF EXAMINATION OF HAND-PICKED FRUIT FROM 
 
 WINESAP TREES, 1904 
 
 Early Applications. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Total number of apples 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling moth: 
 
 Injured for storage by second brood codling moth 
 
 Worm found in apple 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not found : 
 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped near surface). 
 
 Injured by first brood codling moth 
 
 Injured by curculio 
 
 Sound. . 
 
 738 
 
 87 
 20 
 
 59 
 
 104 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 534 
 
 2664 
 
 130 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 
 81 
 
 138 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 2384 
 
1907. \ 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH, 
 
 415 
 
 TABLE 28. PERCENTAGE OF HAND-PICKED WINESAPS INJURED BY COD- 
 LING MOTH, 1904 
 
 Percentage visibly attacked by second brood cod- 
 ling moth 
 
 Percentage injured for storage by second brood cod- 
 ling moth 
 
 Percentage in which worms stopped near surface. . . 
 
 Percentage injured by first brood only 
 
 Percentage uninjured for storage by codling moth 
 (both broods) 
 
 Percentage of the apples attacked by second brood, 
 in which worms stopped near surface 
 
 Percentage of the apples injured for storage by 
 second brood codling moth, which were entered 
 at calyx 
 
 Early Applications. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 25.88 
 
 10.06 
 
 11.78 
 14.09 
 1.49 
 
 4.87 
 5.18 
 .33 
 
 86.73 
 
 94.80 
 
 54.45 
 
 51.49 
 
 22.98 
 
 13.84 
 
 It will be seen that so far as the hand-picked fruit is concerned, 
 the trees which received the heavy early applications showed much 
 less injury from the second brood of the codling moth than did 
 those receiving the light early applications. Applying the final test, 
 the percentage of the entire crop on the trees July 19, which re- 
 mained until the harvest as specimens uninjured for storage by the 
 codling moth, the following figures are secured : 
 
 TABLE 29. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CROP OP WINES.VPS UNINJURED FOR 
 STORAGE BY CODLING MOTH, 1904 
 
 
 Second brood. 
 
 Both broods. 
 
 Light early applications 
 
 47.83 
 
 47 02 
 
 Heavy early applications 
 
 68.61 
 
 68.37 
 
 
 
 
 Viewed from every standpoint, the heavy spraying early in the 
 season gave decidedly better results than the light spraying, in ref- 
 erence to the control of the second brood of the codling moth, even 
 though all trees were treated alike in the late sprayings. 
 
 After it was decided not to use the Winesap trees for testing 
 different materials applied late in the season, six Ben Davis trees 
 that were well loaded with fruit were selected for this purpose. 
 These trees had been sprayed twice after the petals had fallen, but 
 the first application was made rather late, so that it is probable that 
 many worms of the first brood had escaped destruction and that 
 many apples were left unprotected against worms of the second 
 brood attacking- the fruit at the calyx. The usual mixture of Bor- 
 
416 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [Jf arc/i, 
 
 deaux and Paris green had been used in the early spraying. For 
 the second brood of the codling moth, these trees were sprayed four 
 times, the dates being the same as in the case of the Winesap. The 
 treatments given and the percentages of the fruit which fell before 
 maturity were as follows : 
 
 TABLE 30. PERCENTAGE OF CROP WHICH FELL BEFORE MATURITY, BEN 
 
 DAVIS, 1904 
 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Paris Green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 25.49 
 
 2 
 
 Paris Green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with Bordeaux 
 
 20.47 
 
 1 
 
 Arsenate of lead 
 
 23.63 
 
 4 
 
 Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 19.30 
 
 5 
 
 Check no late spraying 
 
 31.69 
 
 
 Paris green, J Ib. to 50 gal., with dilute Bordeaux 
 
 17.42 
 
 
 
 
 The examination of the windfalls revealed injuries as noted in 
 the following table : 
 
 TABLE 31. EXAMINATION OF BEN DAVIS WINDFALLS, 1904 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 No. 6 
 
 Sound 
 
 350 
 
 240 
 
 308 
 
 259 
 
 91 
 
 183 
 
 Injured by first brood codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 262 
 
 156 
 
 170 
 
 127 
 
 104 
 
 74 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 38 
 
 Total injured by first brood codling 
 moth 
 
 322 
 
 223 
 
 243 
 
 164 
 
 140 
 
 117 
 
 Injured by curculio 
 
 26 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 Injured by second brood codling moth 
 Entering at calyx ". 
 
 311 
 
 192 
 
 241 
 
 160 
 
 244 
 
 149 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 48 
 
 37 
 
 101 
 
 18 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 153 
 
 87 
 
 135 
 
 88 
 
 177 
 
 64 
 
 Total injured by second brood codling 
 moth 
 
 496 
 
 312 
 
 42-1 
 
 285 
 
 522 
 
 231 
 
 Otherwise injured 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Total number of windfalls 
 
 1214 
 
 803 
 
 994 
 
 760 
 
 772 
 
 556 
 
 Percentage of windfalls which were 
 sound 
 
 28.83 
 
 29.88 
 
 30.98 
 
 34.07 
 
 11.78 
 
 32.91 
 
 Percentage of windfalls injured by 
 first brood codling moth 
 
 26 52 
 
 27.77 
 
 24.44 
 
 21.57 
 
 18.13 
 
 21.04 
 
 Percentage of windfalls injured by 
 second brood codling" moth... 
 
 40.85 
 
 38.85 
 
 42.65 
 
 37.50 
 
 67.61 
 
 41.54 
 
 These figures show that a much larger percentage of the wind- 
 falls from the tree receiving no late spraying were injured by the 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 417 
 
 second brood codling moth than of those from any of the sprayed 
 trees. The examination of the windfalls from the tree receiving no 
 late spraying shows that of the apples, injured by the second brood 
 codling moth, 47.65 percent were entered at the calyx, 17.77 per- 
 cent near the stem, and 34.57 percent at the side. 
 
 The hand-picked crop of Ben Davis was gathered October i. 
 The apples were carefully sorted on the basis of codling moth in- 
 juries though no record was made as to whether the injuries were 
 caused by worms of the first or the second brood. The apples des- 
 ignated as "worm injured" included all specimens attacked by the 
 codling moth (of either brood), except those in which the worms 
 had stopped close to the surface without noticeably disfiguring the 
 fruit. Specimens in which the worms had not penetrated much 
 beneath the surface, but which were at all badly disfigured, even 
 though the injury was healed over, and specimens showing fresh 
 worm attacks, indicating the possible presence of the live worm even 
 though close to the surface, were considered as worm-injured. None 
 of the specimens were cut open to determine the exact extent of the 
 injury, but all were very carefully scrutinized during the sorting. 
 The results of this grading were as follows : 
 
 TABLE 32. EXAMINATION OP HAND-PICKED BEN DAVIS SPRAYED FOR 
 
 CODLING MOTH, 1904 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 No. 6 
 
 Total number of apples 
 
 3548 
 
 3119 
 
 3213 
 
 3177 
 
 1664 
 
 2634 
 
 Injured for storage by codling moth.. 
 Percentage of hand-picked crop in- 
 jured for storage by codling moth 
 (both broods) 
 
 1893 
 53.35 
 
 1095 
 35.10 
 
 1302 
 40.52 
 
 1010 
 31 79 
 
 1146 
 
 68.87 
 
 931 
 35.34 
 
 Percentage uninjured for storage 
 
 46.65 
 
 64.90 
 
 59.48 
 
 68.21 
 
 31.13 
 
 64.66 
 
 The percentage of hand-picked fruit injured for storage by the 
 codling moth was much greater in the case of the tree which re- 
 ceived no late spraying than for any of the sprayed trees. The Paris 
 green gave better results when used in combination with Bordeaux 
 mixture, either standard or dilute, than when used with lime. The 
 double strength arsenate of lead gave considerably better results 
 than the ordinary strength. 
 
 The net results from each treatment -(i. e., the percentage of the 
 crop on the trees July 19 which remained to be hand-picked as fruit 
 
418 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 uninjured for storage by the codling moth of either brood) were 
 as follows : 
 
 TABLE 33. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CROP UNINJURED FOR STORAGE BY 
 CODLING MOTH, BEN DAVIS, 1904 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 Both broods. 
 
 1. Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 34.75 
 
 2. Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with Bordeaux 
 
 51.60 
 
 3. Arsenate of lead 
 
 45 42 
 
 4. Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 55.04 
 
 5. Check no late spraying 
 
 21 26 
 
 6. Paris green, ^ Ib. to 50 gal., with dilute Bordeaux. . 
 
 53.38 
 
 Marked results were secured from the spraying under every 
 treatment. The double strength arsenate of lead gave the best 
 results, though the Paris green in combination with dilute Bordeaux 
 resulted in the saving of nearly as much fruit. Owing to the fact 
 that a somewhat smaller percentage of the crop fell before maturity, 
 the tree sprayed with Paris green and dilute Bordeaux gave a 
 slightly higher percentage of fruit suitable for storage than the tree 
 sprayed with Paris green and standard Bordeaux. Both trees 
 yielded a much larger percentage of storage fruit than the tree 
 sprayed with Paris green and lime. 
 
 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR THREE YEARS 
 
 In order to present in condensed form the results of the experi- 
 ments in late spraying for the control of the codling moth in 1902, 
 1903 and 1904, the following tables (34, 35 and 36) are intro- 
 duced. The percentages given for 1902 were obtained by averag- 
 ing the percentages for the two varieties. 
 
 TABLE 34. PERCENTAGE OF CROP WHICH PELL BEFORE MATURITY 
 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 1902. 
 
 1903. 
 
 1904. 
 
 Ave. 
 
 1 
 
 Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 30.46 
 
 33.46 
 
 25.49 
 
 29.80 
 
 2a. 
 
 ?,h 
 
 Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 46.31 
 
 28 '.64 
 
 2(V. 47 
 
 .... 
 
 8 
 
 Arsenate of lead 
 
 15.31 
 
 35.83 
 
 23.63 
 
 24.92 
 
 4. 
 
 Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 12.83 
 
 30.72 
 
 19.30 
 
 20.95 
 
 5 
 
 
 28.02 
 
 
 31.69 
 
 
 r> 
 
 Paris green with dilute Bordeaux 
 
 
 
 17.42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 419 
 
 TABLE 35. PERCENTAGE OP HAND-PICKED CROP INJURED FOR STORAGE 
 BY THE CODLING MOTH (BOTH BROODS) 
 
 Treatmeut. 
 
 1902. 
 
 1903. 
 
 1904. 
 
 Ave. 
 
 1. Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 10.28 
 
 21.55 
 
 53.35 
 
 28.39 
 
 2a. Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 8.98 
 
 
 
 
 2b. Paris green, with Bordeaux mixture 
 
 
 19.18 
 
 35. 16 
 
 
 3. Arsenate of lead 7 . . . 
 
 8.87 
 
 28.57 
 
 44.52 
 
 27.32 
 
 4. Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 6.83 
 
 20.62 
 
 31.79 
 
 19.74 
 
 5. Check no late spraying 
 
 35.94 
 
 22.89 
 
 68 87 
 
 42 56 
 
 6. Paris green, with dilute Bordeaux. . . . 
 
 
 
 35.34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE 36. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CROP UNINJURED FOR STORAGE BY 
 CODLING MOTH (BOTH BROODS) 
 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 1902. 
 
 1903. 
 
 1904. 
 
 Ave. 
 
 1 
 
 Paris green, / Ib. to 50 gal., with lime. . 
 
 61.94 
 
 37.86 
 
 34.75 
 
 44.85 
 
 2a 
 
 Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., with lime 
 
 46.86 
 
 
 
 
 ?h 
 
 Paris green, with Bordeaux mixture 
 
 
 43.98 
 
 51.60 
 
 
 3 
 
 Arsenate of lead 
 
 77.18 
 
 27.49 
 
 45.42 
 
 50 03 
 
 4 
 
 Arsenate of lead, double strength 
 
 81.23 
 
 40.69 
 
 55.04 
 
 58.98 
 
 5. 
 
 Check no late spraying 
 
 45.94 
 
 
 21.26 
 
 
 6 
 
 Paris green, with dilute Bordeaux 
 
 
 
 53.38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It will be seen that in two years out of the three, the benefits 
 derived from the late spraying were very marked, except in the 
 case of too strong a mixture of Paris green which caused excessive 
 dropping of the immature fruit. The average results for the three 
 years also show a decided advantage in favor of the spraying. Of 
 the different spraying mixtures used each of the three years, the 
 double strength arsenate of lead gave the best average results, 
 though for the two years in which Paris green was used in com- 
 bination with standard Bordeaux mixture, this material gave fully 
 as good average results as the arsenate of lead. Paris green was 
 used in combination with dilute Bordeaux mixture only one year. 
 The net results were slightly superior to those obtained by the use 
 of Paris green with standard Bordeaux, though this difference was 
 probably due to a slight variation in the severity of the attack upon 
 the different trees rather than to a difference in the real efficiency 
 of the two mixtures. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS IN 1906. 
 
 The investigations in reference to spraying for the second brood 
 of the codling moth in 1901, 1902, 1903 and 1904 were conducted 
 in the University orchard at Urbana, where the codling moth was 
 
420 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
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 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 421 
 
 abundant, but where very few trees of the same variety were avail- 
 able for the work. While the results showed decided average bene- 
 fits from the spraying, it was thought best to supplement this work 
 by a test conducted on a larger scale in one of the more distinctively 
 apple-producing regions of the state, and to include the use of a 
 larger number of different mixtures. Accordingly, in June, 1906, 
 arrangements were made for carrying on such a test in the orchard 
 of W. H. Perkins, near Quincy, Adams Co. A block of Ben Davis 
 trees, fourteen years old, was selected, and divided into twelve plats. 
 Each plat consisted of three rows of five trees each, so that a plat 
 contained fifteen trees, except in cases where one or two trees were 
 
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 DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL, BLOCK AT QUINCY, 1906. 
 
 missing. The trees had been sprayed twice in the spring, and were 
 carrying a fair crop of fruit. In the late spraying the various plats 
 were treated as follows : 
 
 I. Paris green J4 lb., lime 4 lb., water 50 gal. Five applications. 
 2.. Paris green J4 lb., lime 4 lb., copper sulphate 4 lb., water 50 gal. Five 
 applications. 
 
 3. Arsenate of lead (double strength) made from lead acetate 25 oz., soda 
 
 afsenate 10 oz., water 50 gal. Five applications. 
 
 4. Check no late spraying. 
 
 5. Commercial arsenate of lead 2 lb., water 50 gal. Five applications. 
 
 6. Commercial arsenate of lead i lb., Paris green J4 lb., lime 4 lb., water 
 
 50 gal. Five applications. 
 
 7. Commercial arsenate of lead 2 lb., lime 4 lb., copper sulphate 2 lb., 
 
 water 50 gal. Five applications. 
 
 8. Check' no late spraying. 
 
422 BULLETIN No. 114. [March, 
 
 9. Paris green % lb., lime 4 lb., copper sulphate 2 lb., water 50 gal. Five 
 applications. 
 
 10. Paris green J4 lb., lime 4 lb., copper sulphate 2 lb., water 50 gal. Three 
 
 applications. 
 
 11. Commercial arsenate of lead 2 lb., lime 4 lb., copper sulphate 2 lb., 
 
 water 50 gal. Three applications. 
 
 12. Check no late spraying. 
 
 The plats receiving five applications were sprayed July 10 or n, 
 20, August T, 17, and 29, while those receiving three applications 
 were sprayed July n, 20, and August i. The entire plat was 
 sprayed in each case, but records were kept regarding the product 
 of only three trees in each plat. Except where vacancies occurred 
 rendering such selection impossible, these trees were in the middle 
 of the plat. The accompanying diagram shows the arrangement of 
 the plats and the location of the trees selected for the records. 
 
 July 19 and 20 all windfalls were gathered from under the se- 
 lected trees, and a complete record was kept of all apples which fell 
 from these trees after that time, as well as of all hand-picked fruit 
 gathered at the harvest, October 5 to 10. Both windfalls and hand- 
 picked fruits were sorted on the basis of codling moth injuries, 
 though no records were kept regarding the point of entrance of the 
 worms nor the brood to which the various worms belonged. The 
 results are given in Table 37. 
 
 These figures show that in general the attack of the codling moth 
 was not severe, and that it varied in severity in different plats under 
 the same treatment. The three check plats showed wider differences 
 among themselves than any of the various sprayed plats. When the 
 highest percentage of injury to the total crop in a check plat is only 
 8.57, and the .difference betwen two check plats is 4.58, it is impos- 
 sible for the results of spraying to appear very marked, or for any 
 definite conclusions to be drawn regarding the relative efficiency of 
 various mixtures. When so small a percentage of the fruit is at- 
 tacked, spraying for the second brood of the codling moth would 
 not be attended with financial profit. 
 
 WORK AT GRIGGSVILLE 
 
 In addition to the test conducted in the commercial orchard near 
 Quincy in 1906, a few trees in the orchard of John Sawdon, near 
 Griggsville, Pike Co., were sprayed with special reference to the 
 second brood of the codling moth, and detailed records kept regard- 
 ing the extent of codling moth injuries to the product. Six trees 
 were selected which had been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and 
 
1907.' 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 423- 
 
 Paris green, April 25, May 14, and 21, for the scab and first brood 
 of codling moth, the last two applications being made after the petals 
 had fallen. Four other trees were selected which had received no 
 early applications. These trees were divided into five lots of two 
 trees each. Three of these lots were sprayed five times for the sec- 
 ond brood of the codling moth, the dates of application being July 
 14, 21, August 2, 15, and 30. The full treatment of the various lots 
 for the entire season was as follows : 
 
 1. Three early applications of Bordeaux and Paris green: five late applica- 
 
 tions of Paris green, y\ Ib. to 50 gal., with dilute Bordeaux mixture. 
 
 2. Three early applications of Bordeaux and Paris green ; five late applica- 
 
 tions of commercial arsenate of lead, 2 Ib. to 50 gal. 
 
 3. 'Three early applications of Bordeaux and Paris green. No later treatment. 
 
 4. No early spraying. Five late applications of Paris green, % Ib. to 50 gal., 
 
 with dilute Bordeaux mixture. 
 
 5. Check no spraying whatever. 
 
 The ground under the trees was cleared of all windfalls July 14 
 and 1 6, and complete records were kept regarding all apples falling 
 after this preliminary clearing. Table 38 gives the results of the ex- 
 amination of these windfalls in reference to codling moth injuries. 
 
 TABLE 38. EXAMINATION OF WINDFALLS, GRIGGSVILLE, 1906 
 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Sound , 
 
 284 
 
 305 
 
 205 
 
 273 
 
 39 
 
 Injured by first brood- codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 189 
 
 106 
 
 177 
 
 392 
 
 387 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 45 
 
 57 
 
 42 
 
 Total injured by first brood codling moth 
 Injured by second brood codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 242 
 311 
 
 140 
 251 
 
 232 
 343 
 
 455 
 468 
 
 438 
 449 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 43 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 65 
 
 47 
 
 117 
 
 65 
 
 128 
 
 Total injured by second brood codling 
 moth . , 
 
 401 
 
 310 
 
 503 
 
 555 
 
 605 
 
 Otherwise injured 
 
 739 
 
 467 
 
 707 
 
 721 
 
 2135 
 
 Total number of windfalls 
 
 1666 
 
 1222 
 
 1647 
 
 2004 
 
 3217 
 
 Percentage of windfalls which were sound. 
 Percentage of windfalls injured by first 
 brood codling moth 
 
 17.04 
 
 14.52 
 
 24.95 
 11 45 
 
 12.44 
 14.08 
 
 13.12 
 
 22 25 
 
 1.22 
 13.61 
 
 Percentage of the windfalls injured by first 
 brood codling moth, in which the worm 
 entered at the calyx 
 
 78.09 
 
 75.71 
 
 76.29 
 
 86.15 
 
 88.35 
 
 Percentage of windfalls injured by second 
 brood codling moth 
 
 24.07 
 
 25 . 36 
 
 30.54 
 
 22.70 
 
 18 80 
 
 Percentage of the windfalls injured by sec- 
 ond brood codling moth, in which the 
 worm entered at the calyx 
 
 77.55 
 
 80.96 
 
 68.19 
 
 84.32 
 
 74.21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
424 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 Eight of the trees in this experiment carried so much fruit that 
 thinning became necessary in order to prevent breaking of the limbs. 
 This thinning was done September 3 and 4. The apples were re- 
 moved without selection, but were all examined later in reference 
 to codling moth injuries, and the results recorded. It is impossible 
 to determine how much of this fruit would have fallen had it not 
 been thinned, and therefore impossible to determine which treat- 
 ment would have resulted in the retaining of the highest percentage 
 of the total crop on the trees until the final harvest, had thinning 
 been unnecessary. 
 
 The hand-picked fruit was gathered October 19 to 22, and sorted 
 on the basis of codling moth injuries. All specimens showing indi- 
 cations of the work of the codling moth were cut open to determine 
 the extent of the injury. The record of this examination is given 
 in the following tables. 
 
 TABLE 39. EXAMINATION OF HAND-PICKED FRUIT FROM TREES SPRAYED 
 FOR CODLING MOTH, GRIGGSVILLE, 1906 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 Total number of apples 
 
 3695 
 
 3546 
 
 4452 
 
 3881 
 
 2999 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling 
 moth at calyx: 
 Injured for storage 
 
 152 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 226 
 
 88 
 
 Worm found in apple 
 
 40 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 Worm gone tointeriorbutnot found: 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 72 
 
 48 
 
 59 
 
 ' 163 
 
 70 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 
 
 40 
 
 .6 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling 
 moth at stem: 
 In j ured for storage 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 Worm found in apple 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not found: 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped 
 near surface) 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Visibly attacked by second brood codling 
 moth at side: 
 Injured for storage 
 
 105 
 
 26 
 
 78 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 Worm found in apple 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not found: 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 55 
 
 19 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Uninjured for storage (worm stopped 
 near surface) 
 
 52 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 Injured bv first brood codling moth. ........ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 Entering at stem. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Not visibly attacked by codling moth 
 
 3234 
 
 3398 
 
 4239 
 
 3528 
 
 2836 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1907.] 
 
 SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 425 
 
 TABLE 40. SUMMARY OF EXAMINATION OF HAND-PICKED FRUIT FROM 
 TREES SPRAYED FOR CODLING MOTH, GRIGGSVILLE, 1906 
 
 
 
 No. i 
 
 No. 2 
 
 JNo. 3 
 
 JNo. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 
 3695 
 
 3546 
 
 4452 
 
 3881 
 
 2999 
 
 "Visibly attacked by second brood codling 
 moth 
 
 349 
 
 140 
 
 207 
 
 339 
 
 159 
 
 Injured for storage by second brood 
 codling moth 
 
 272 
 
 97 
 
 168 
 
 293 
 
 132 
 
 W^orm found in apple 
 
 64 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 41 
 
 13 
 
 Worm gone to interior but not 
 found: 
 Fruit badly damaged 
 
 136 
 
 67 
 
 130 
 
 217 
 
 105 
 
 Fruit not badly damaged 
 
 72 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 14 
 
 Uninjured .for storage (worm stopped 
 near surface) 
 
 77 
 
 43 
 
 39 
 
 46 
 
 27 
 
 Injured by first brood of codling moth 
 
 112 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 Not visibly attacked by codling moth 
 
 3234 
 
 3398 
 
 4239 
 
 3528 
 
 2836 
 
 TABLE 41. PERCENTAGE OF HAND-PICKED FRUIT INJURED BY CODLING 
 MOTH, GRIGGSVILLE, 1906 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 Percentage visibly attacked by second 
 brood codling moth 
 
 9.44 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.64 
 
 8.73 
 
 5.30 
 
 Percentage injured for storage by second 
 brood codling moth 
 
 7.36 
 
 2.73 
 
 3.77 
 
 7.55 
 
 4.40 
 
 Percentage in which second brood worms 
 stopped near surface 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.21 
 
 .87 
 
 1.18 
 
 .90 
 
 Percentage injured by first brood only 
 Percentage uninjured for storage by cod- 
 ling moth (both broods) 
 
 3.03 
 89.61 
 
 .22 
 97.05 
 
 .13 
 
 96.10 
 
 .36 
 
 92.09 
 
 .13 
 
 95.47 
 
 Percentage of apples attacked by second 
 brood in which worms stopped near sur- 
 face 
 
 22.06 
 
 30.71 
 
 18.84 
 
 13.56 
 
 16.98 
 
 Percentage of the apples injured for stor- 
 age by second brood codling moth, which 
 were entered at ralvx 
 
 55.88 
 
 73.19 
 
 45.83 
 
 77.13 
 
 66.66 
 
 It will be seen that the percentage of hand-picked fruit injured 
 by the codling moth was in every case comparatively small. The 
 highest percentage of injury was in lot No. i, which received both 
 early and late applications. The trees in this lot were not as thor- 
 oughly sprayed in 1904 as were those in the other lots, and were 
 badly infested that year. None of the trees in the orchard were 
 sprayed in 1905. It seems probable that the trees in lot No. i were 
 more severely attacked in 1906 than were those in the other lots. 
 They must certainly have been more severely attacked than the check 
 trees, for in spite of the spraying they showed a higher percentage 
 of injury. 
 
 On account of the necessity of thinning the fruit, it is impossible 
 to compare the results of the various treatments on the basis of 
 
426 
 
 BULLETIN No. 114. 
 
 [March, 
 
 "percentage of total crop remaining on trees uninjured till the 
 harvest." Under these circumstances it is probable that the fairest 
 way to compare the results of the different treatments is on the 
 basis of the percentage of the total crop (including windfalls, 
 thinned and hand-picked fruit) injured by the codling moth. The 
 data for determining these percentages and the percentages them- 
 selves are given in Table 42. 
 
 TABLE 42. EXAMINATION OF TOTAL CROP FROM TREES SPRAYED FOR 
 CODLING MOTH, GRIGGSVILLE, 1906 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Windfalls 
 
 1666 
 
 1222 
 
 1647 
 
 2004 
 
 3217 
 
 Thinned fruit 
 
 1507 
 
 1368 
 
 2575 
 
 1950 
 
 1556 
 
 Hand-picked (mature fruit) 
 
 3695 
 
 3546 
 
 4452 
 
 3881 
 
 2999 
 
 Total crop 
 
 6868 
 
 6136 
 
 8674 
 
 7835 
 
 7772 
 
 Injured by first brood codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 371 
 
 135 
 
 231 
 
 489 
 
 414 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 97 
 
 43 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 55 
 
 Total injured by first brood codling moth 
 
 Injured by second brood codling moth: 
 Entering at calyx 
 
 484 
 596 
 
 179 
 392 
 
 317 
 618 
 
 566 
 879 
 
 478 
 687 
 
 Entering at stem 
 
 49 
 
 18 
 
 90 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 Entering at side 
 
 221 
 
 110 
 
 264 
 
 161 
 
 210 
 
 Total injured by second brood codling 
 moth 
 
 866 
 
 520 
 
 972 
 
 1082 
 
 961 
 
 Not visibly attacked by codling moth 
 
 5518 
 
 5437 
 
 7385 
 
 6187 
 
 6333 
 
 Percentage of total crop injured by first 
 brood codling moth 
 
 7 04 
 
 2 91 
 
 3.65 
 
 7.22 
 
 6.17 
 
 Percentage of total crop injured by second 
 brood codling moth 
 
 12.61 
 
 8.47 
 
 11.20 
 
 13.81 
 
 12.36 
 
 Percentage of total crop injured by codling 
 moth (both broods) 
 
 19 65 
 
 11 38 
 
 14 85 
 
 21 03 
 
 18.53 
 
 Percentage of the apples injured by first 
 brood codling moth, in which the worm 
 entered at the calyx 
 
 76.65 
 
 75 42 
 
 72.87 
 
 86.39 
 
 86.61 
 
 Percentage of the apples injured by second 
 brood codling moth, in which the worm 
 entered at the calyx 
 
 68.82 
 
 75.38 
 
 63 58 
 
 81.23 
 
 71.48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The smallest percentage of injured fruit was from lot No. 2, 
 which, in addition to the early spraying, received five late applica- 
 tions of arsenate of lead. Lot No. 3, which received only the early 
 applications, showed only slightly more injury than this lot. Lot 
 No. 4, which received only the late applications and lot No. I, which 
 was sprayed both early and late, showed more injury than the un- 
 
1907.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 427 
 
 sprayed lot (No. 5.) Under the conditions existing in this orchard 
 in 1906, when the general attack of the codling moth was compara- 
 tively slight, none of the spraying for the second brood gave results 
 which would warrant the expense of the operation. 
 
 It is worthy of notice that a very large percentage of the apples 
 injured by the second brood of the codling moth were entered at 
 the calyx. The records of the previous experiments show that a 
 similar condition existed at Urbana in 1903, and that the results of 
 the late spraying were that year much less favorable than in years 
 when a smaller proportion of the injured apples were entered at 
 the calyx. The records for four years show wide variations in the 
 percentage of the apples injured by the second brood of the codling 
 moth which were entered at the calyx end. Records on this point 
 for the four years were kept in regard to the windfalls only. Con- 
 sidering all the apples which fell after about July 15 (the date vary- 
 ing in different years) from the trees under observation which had 
 received the usual early spraying but no late spraying, the per- 
 centages of the fruits injured by second brood codling moth larvae 
 in which the worm had entered at the calyx, were, for the different 
 years, as follows : 
 
 TABLE 43. PERCENTAGE OF INJURED FRUITS ENTERED AT CALYX 
 
 Year. 
 
 1902. 
 
 1903. 
 
 1904. 
 
 1906. 
 
 Number of injured specimens 
 
 sin 
 
 4.70 
 
 ^19 
 
 KA'i 
 
 Percentage entered at calyx 
 
 44 90 
 
 79 (\1 
 
 47 fi^ 
 
 us :<) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This indicates that the habits of the second brood larvae may be 
 different in different years, and that the poorer results of the late 
 spraying in 1903 and 1906 as compared with 1902 and 1904 may 
 have been due partly to this difference in the habits of the worms. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 1. Spraying for the first brood of the codling moth may be com- 
 menced as soon as most of the petals have fallen from the trees, and 
 the first application should be completed within seven days from 
 that time. 
 
 2. The method employed in this first application should be one 
 which will result in the lodging of considerable spraying material 
 within the calyx cavities of the highest possible percentage of the 
 young apples. A comparatively large amount of material applied 
 
428 BULLETIN No. 114. [March, 
 
 under high pressure through fine nozzles is most likely to secure 
 the desired end, though if the amount is excessive, russeting of the 
 fruit and injury to the foliage may follow. 
 
 3. While one thorough application at the proper time will re- 
 sult in the saving of a large percentage of the fruit that would 
 otherwise be injured by the first brood of the codling moth, it is 
 probable that at least one additional application for the first brood 
 should be made, and the investigations in 1902 indicate that one or 
 two further applications may result in the saving of still more fruit. 
 
 4. It is possible to kill many of the second brood larvae of the 
 codling moth by means of a poisonous spray applied late in the 
 season. 
 
 5. The habits of the second brood larvae of the codling moth 
 vary greatly in reference to the point of entrance into the apple. 
 
 6. Late spraying for the second brood of the codling moth is 
 more effective against the worms which attack the apples at the 
 side than against those which seek entrance at the calyx. There- 
 fore, when a large proportion of the second brood larvae enter the 
 apples by way of the calyx, the late spraying is less effective in 
 saving the crop than is the case when a larger proportion of the 
 larvae attack the apples at the side. 
 
 7. The thoroughness of the early applications of spraying ma- 
 terial for the first brood of the codling moth may have a marked 
 influence upon the control of those larvae of the second brood which 
 seek entrance at the calyx. 
 
 8. If the late spraying is not commenced until after the first 
 worms of the second brood have entered the apples, but an applica- 
 tion is made before these worms penetrate deeply into the fruit, 
 many of the worms which have entered the sides of the apples may 
 be killed by the spray applied after they have entered. 
 
 9. Since new larvae of the second brood may continue to appear 
 for a period of four or five weeks, repeated applications of spraying 
 material are necessary, and there will usually be some larvae which 
 have not been destroyed by previous applications, but which are 
 feeding just beneath the surface of the fruit at the time an applica- 
 tion is made. There may therefore be many apples at the harvest 
 which have been attacked by the codling moth, and slightly blem- 
 ished before the worms were killed. 
 
 10. Apples in which codling moth larvae have been killed close 
 to the surface are but slightly blemished, and keep in cold storage 
 almost as well as do specimens absolutely without blemish. 
 
too?.] SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 429 
 
 11. The use of a simple mixture of Paris green and water is 
 not to be recommended for the late spraying of apple trees, because 
 there is danger of injury to the foliage and excessive dropping of 
 the fruit by reason of injury to the stems. 
 
 12. Even when used with lime, Paris green, especially if used 
 in quantities greater than y^ Ib. to 50 gallons, is likely to cause ex- 
 cessive dropping of the fruit. However, when used in combination 
 with Bordeaux mixture, the Paris green does not have this unde- 
 sirable effect. 
 
 13. Paris green used in combination with Bordeaux mixture, 
 at the rate of y^ Ib. to 50 gallons, and arsenate of lead made from 
 25 oz. of lead acetate and 10 oz. of soda arsenate to 50 gallons, are 
 about equally efficient in late spraying for the control of the second 
 brood of the codling moth. 
 
 14. Late spraying for the second brood of the codling moth is 
 much more effective some years than others. 
 
 15. When the attack of the second brood of the codling moth 
 is not severe, late spraying for the control of this brood will not 
 result in sufficient benefit to pay for the expense of the operation. 
 If, however, an orchard is to be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture 
 late in the season for the control of fungous diseases, it will be ad- 
 visable to add Paris green to the mixture for the sake of its effect 
 upon the second brood of the codling moth. 
 

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