THE EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURES AND OF TEMPERATURES ON THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF VARIETIES OF WHEAT JOHN HENRY MacGILLIVRAY B.S. University of Illinois, 1921 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BOTANY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 1922 URBANA, ILLINOIS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/effectofsoilmoisOOmacg Nut UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL May 23 192 2 J HEREBY RECOMMEND THAI’ THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY_ John Henry MacGillivray-. — ENTITLED, The Effect of Soil Moistures and of Temperatures on the Germination and Growth of Varieties of Wheat. BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE degree OF Master of Science. Head of Department Recommendation concurred in* Committee on Final Examination* Required for doctor’s degree but not for master’s 488843 . 1 Table of Contents. I, Introduction, II, Materials and Methods, III, The Effect of Soil Moistures and of Temperatures on Ten Varieties of Wheat, a. Ten per cent soil moisture. b. Twenty per cent soil moisture. c. Thirty per cent soil moisture. d. Forty per cent soil moisture. e. Fifty per cent soil moisture. IV, The Effect of Different Soil Moistures and of Temperat- ures on Each Variety of Wheat. a. Dawson’s Golden Chaff. b. Illinois No, 1, c. Marquis. d. Red Cross. e. Turkey Red. f. Gladden. g. Indiana. Swamp. h. Michigan Amber. i. Red Wave. j. World's Champion, V, Discussion, VI, Conclusions, VII, Bibliography 2 I INTRODUCTION. Numerous experiments have teen conducted to determine the effect of the enviroment, more especially of soil moisture and of temperature, on germination and growth. These are among the more important factors with which the ecologist has to deal, and a knowledge of the growth response of plants to these factors is of great practical value to the agriculturist in the selection of varieties suitable to the prevailing climatic factors of temp- erature and of moisture in a certain locality. An examination of the records of wheat yields, brings to one’s attention the great variation in yields of the same variety from year to year and of different varieties under similar conditions in the same year. In the case of Illinois No. 1 grown at Urbana during the period of 1914-1918 we find an aver- age of 29.3 bu. (4), while the high and low yields were 43.1 and 13.9 bu. respectively. This is not an extreme case as similar results will be found for a number of varieties of both winter and spring wheats. In a state like Illinois extending north and south thru three growth zones, it is not surprising that a variety may yield high in one part of the state and low in an- other. In comparing the northern and southern districts, the form- er has an average rainfall of 33.99 inches for the year, the latter 43.28 inches (20). The rainfall from March to August for the northern district is 20.56 inches, for the southern 23.08 inches. The northern district has a yearly temperature average of 47.2 degrees F. and the southern, 57.9 degrees F. During the summer months the northern district has an average of 70.4 degrees F., the southern, 77.4 degrees F. . , « . . ■ , • , . I , 3 In this work ten varieties of wheat grown in Illinois have heen studied. Two of these, Illinois Ho. 1 and Marquis, are spring wheats. The eight others, Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Red Cross, Turkey Red, Gladden, Indiana Swamp, Michigan Amber, Red Wave, and World’s Champion are winter wheats. Of these Illinois Ho. 1, Marquis, Turkey Red, Gladden, Indiana Swamp, Michigan Amber, and World’s Champion are what are usually termed hard, Red Cross and Red Wave medium, and Dawson's Golden Chaff soft wheat . II MATERIALS AND METHODS. The ten varieties of wheat were grown in galvanized iron containers, seven inches deep and four inches square. White quartz sand free from organic matter was used. 100 grams of this sand will weight when saturated with water 121 grams. Soil moistures of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 per cent saturation were prepared. The water used was University tap water (28). The sand after being thoroughly mixed with the desired quantity of water was placed in the containers by allowing it to fall into the cans from a definite height. It was scraped off even with the top and was uniformily packed by allowing the can to fall five times a distance of four inches. The surface was leveled and ten holes equal distances apart and of equal depths were made by means of a spotting board (Fig. l). Five cans were fill- ed at the same time, and each wqs sown with a different variety of wheat. After planting, f the surface of the sand was covered with a wax mixture made as follows;- for temperatures 30, 25, 20 deg. C . - 20 per cent vaseline and 80 per cent commercial parawax; 15 and 10 deg. C. - 60 per cent vaseline and 40 per 4 cent parawax. The wax after melting was allowed to cool to near the coagulation point before it was poured on the surface. The cans were placed in cases maintained at a constant temperature, and left for the following periods; 30 Deg. C. - 8 days, 25 Deg. C. - 10 days, 20 Deg. C. - 14 days, 15 Deg. C. - 16 days, and 10 Deg. C. - 21 days. Preliminary experiments having shown that these periods gave ample time for germination and growth. The appearance of the plumules was noted each day. At the end of the growth period the cans were removed from the constant temperat- ure cases, the wax top taken off, and seedlings and ungerminated seeds removed. The ungerminated seeds were examined for signs of viability and notes taken on the different varieties. The sand was washed from the roots of the seedlings and the length of root and shoot measured. The average length for each variety being used for the final data. Each series was repeated five times so the final results are based on the average of fifty seeds of each variety. At the close of the experiments samples of the sand were dried and the loss in moisture during the per- iod of germination and growth was determined. The loss in soil moisture usually was 12 per cent of the original soil moisture. The sand was dried and again used. ■ . . t . 5 III THE E EJECT OF SOIL MOISTURES AND OF TEMPERATURES ON TEN VARIETIES OF WHEAT. In connection with the growth of wheat at different temp- eratures, the growth curve as published by MacDougal ( 16 ) is of interest. The growth curve for the ten varieties shows that the shoot growth per 48 hours is similar to MacDougal *s (Plate A) growth graph as to general outline, but not in detail (Plate B) . This may be in part explained by the fact that my results ex- press an average of ten varieties. The same reason will probably explain the sharp drop that MacDougal obtains in his graph at 26 Deg. C. before reaching the peak at 30 Deg. C. In the graph for the ten varieties a gradual rise is found from 10 to 20 Deg. C. followed by a sharp rise to 25 Deg. C. and continues with a slight lowering to 30 Deg. C. MacDougal’ s graph records practically the same growth from 10 to 15 Deg. C. and is follow- ed by a more rapid increase, reaching the highest point at 30 Deg. C. It should be noted that the root growth does not in- crease in proportion to the shoot growth at the higher temperat- ures. In the following tabulation of results, germination above 79 per cent has been regarded as high, a shoot growth 26 mm. longer than the shortest taken as a. base, has been regarded as large; and root growth 11 mm. larger than the base variety has been regarded as large. . - ■ , ■ . ■ l ' , 6 Ten Per Cent Moisture. The per cent of germination is high for Illinois No. 1, Marquis, Gladden Turkey Red, World’s Champion Dawson’s Golden Chaff Red Cross Indiana Swamp Michigan Amber Red Wave The shoot growth is large for Illinois No. 1 Gladden, Michigan Amber Indiana Swamp Red Wave World's Champion Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Red Cross Turkey Red Marquis The root growth is large for Dawson's Golden Chaff Illinois No. 1 World's Champion Gladden, Michigan Amber Red Cross, Turkey Red Indiana Swamp, Red Wave Marquis Deg c J. at 10 15 20 25 30 at 10 15 20 25 at 10 20 25 30 at 10 15 20 30 at 10 15 20 at 15 20 at 10 15 at 10 20 25 30 at 10 15 30 at 10 25 30 at 10 30 a t 10 15 at 30 at 10 at at 10 15 20 30 at 10 25 30 at 15 20 25 at 10 30 at 25 30 at 10 25 at 30 at 7 Twenty Per Cent Moisture. The per cent of germination is high for Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Illinois No. 1, Deg. C • Marquis at 10 15 20 25 30 J Turkey Red, World's Champion at 10 15 20 25 Gladden at 10 15 25 30 J Red Cross at 10 15 25 Michigan Amber at 10 15 20 Indiana Swamp at 10 20 Red Wave at The shoot growth is large for Indiana Swamp, Michigan Amber, World's Champion at 10 15 20 25 Gladden, Red Wave at 10 15 20 Illinois No. 1, Red Cross at 25 30 Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Turkey Red at 25 Marquis at 30 The root growth is large for Dawson's Golden Chaff at 10 15 20 25 Illinois No. 1 at 15 20 25 Turkey Red at 20 25 30 Marquis at 25 30 World's Champion at 15 25 Michigan Amber at 10 Indiana Swamp at 20 Red V/ave at 30 Red Cross, Gladden at ' , < 8 . Thirty Per Cent Moisture. The per cent of germination is high for Deg. C i. Dawson’s Golden Chaff at 10 15 20 25 30 World’s Champion at 10 15 20 25 Marquis at 10 15 20 Gladden at 10 15 Illinois No. 1 at 15 20 Red Cross, Turkey Red, Red Wave at 15 Michigan Amber at 20 Indiana Swamp at The shoot growth is large for Michigan Amber, World’s Champion at 10 15 20 25 30 Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Gladden, Indiana Swamp, Red Wave at 10 20 25 30 Marquis at 10 20 25 Illinois No. 1 at 20 25 Turkey Red at 25 Red Cross at 30 The root growth is large for Dawson's Golden Chaff, Michigan Amber, World ’ s Champi on at 10 15 20 25 30 Gladden at 10 15 25 30 Indiana Swamp at 10 20 25 30 Illinois No. 1 at 15 20 25 Marquis at 10 20 25 Red Wave at 10 25 30 Turkey Red at 15 25 Red Cross at 9. Forty Per Cent Moisture. The per cent of germination is high for Deg. C. - Turkey Red at 10 15 20 25 30 Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Illinois No. 1, Marquis, Red Cross, Gladden, World's Champion at 10 15 20 25 Michigan Amber at 10 15 20 Indiana Swamp at 10 15 Red Wave at 15 20 The shoot growth is large for Michigan Amber at 10 15 25 30 Illinois No. 1 at 15 20 25 30 World's Champion at 10 20 25 30 Red Cross, Turkey Red at 20 25 30 Gladden at 10 25 30 Red Wave at 10 20 30 Dawson's Golden Chaff at 20 25 Indiana Swamp at 10 30 Marquis at The root growth is la,rge for Dawson's Golden Chaff, Illinois No. 1 at 10 15 20 25 Turkey Red, World's Champion at 15 20 25 30 Marquis at 15 20 25 Red Cross at 15 25 Indiana Swamp at 10 25 30 Gladden at 25 Michigan Amber at 10 Red Wave at 10 Fifty Per Cent Moisture. The per cent of germination is high for Deg. C. Marquis, World’s Champion at 10 15 20 25 Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Gladden at 15 20 25 30 Turkey Red at 10 15 20 Illinois No. 1 at 15 20 30 Red Cross, Michigan Amber at 10 15 Indiana Swamp at 15 Red Wave at The shoot growth is large for World’s Champion at 10 15 20 25 30 Michigan Amber at 10 15 25 30 Gladden at 10 15 20 25 Indiana Swamp, Red Wave at 10 15 25 Marquis at 10 25 30 Turkey Red at 10 20 25 Dawson’s Golden Chaff at 20 25 30 Illinois 11 o. 1 at 25 30 Red Cross at The root growth is large for Marquis, World’s Champion at 10 15 20 25 30 Dawson’s Golden Chaff at 15 20 25 30 Gladden at 10 15 20 Red Wave at 10 15 25 Illinois No. 1 at 20 25 30 Michigan Amber at 10 15 Turkey Red at 10 20 Red Cross at 10 Indiana Swamp at 15 . , I 11 IV THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL MOISTURES AND OF TEMPERATURES ON EACH VARIETY OF WHEAT. Dawson’s Golden Chaff, The per cent of germination is high with Deg'. C. 20, 30 per cent moisture at 10 15 20 25 30 10 " " " at 10 20 25 30 40 at 10 15 20 25 50 at 15 20 25 30 The shoot growth is large with 30 per cent moisture at 10 20 25 30 50 « « « at 20 25 30 40 at 20 25 10 at 30 20 at 25 The root growth is large with 30 per cent moisture at 10 15 20 25 30 20, 40 " w " at 10 15 20 25 10 at 10 15 20 30 50 at 15 20 25 30 12 Illinois No* 1* The per cent of germination is high with Deg. C. 10, 20 per cent moisture at 10 15 20 25 30 40 11 " " at 10 15 20 25 50 at 15 20 30 30 at 15 20 The shoot growth is large with 10 per cent moisture at 10 20 25 30 40 •• » m at 15 20 25 30 20, 50 at 25 30 30 at 20 25 The root growth is large with 40 per cent moisture at 10 15 20 25 20, 30 " w " at 15 20 25 10 at 10 25 30 50 at 20 25 30 13 Marquis . The per cent of germination is high with Deg. C. 10, 20 per i cent moisture at 10 15 20 25 30 40, 50 II ii ii at 10 15 20 25 30 at 10 15 20 The shoot growth ie i large with 30 per cent mois iture at 10 20 25 50 n m ii at 10 25 30 20 at 30 10, 40 at The root growth is large with 50 per cent moisture at 10 15 20 25 30 30 CD *-i P CD O CD CO M- ►O CD • 3* H* o 3 C O ® CD « 2^ a 3 O VJ- *C a CO P' <• -* H* co O d S3 < CO o CD CO i a o CO D 1 o i-y CD ►5 ® tv • o 1$ o • • 1— 1 • 30 Deg. C. 5Q£ moisture 86 92 76 62 92 80 62 66 68 74 40 M « 58 64 48 60 80 76 64 60 64 74 30 84 58 50 34 44 64 76 72 62 72 20 84 94 88 74 52 80 76 70 66 68 10 84 90 82 82 28 86 66 62 70 62 25 " " 50 90 78 84 70 70 84 76 70 70 82 40 94 96 82 88 86 82 66 60 52 80 30 84 78 78 54 68 74 72 70 68 80 20 92 90 88 90 84 86 68 76 78 86 10 82 92 80 68 90 84 74 68 70 82 20 50 82 88 86 72 86 86 72 72 62 88 40 86 92 82 92 84 80 68 86 80 84 30 84 90 82 70 56 66 78 80 74 92 20 90 86 86 78 92 76 60 84 68 86 10 82 96 80 96 82 82 90 84 78 90 15 50 94 84 80 84 88 88 84 88 74 88 40 90 94 88 94 88 80 86 84 80 84 30 92 94 84 88 94 88 74 78 80 92 20 92 92 92 84 88 90 72 90 76 86 10 74 88 92 96 92 94 82 86 90 88 10 50 68 56 94 94 84 78 78 90 76 92 40 88 86 94 82 90 84 88 82 74 86 30 84 66 90 62 56 84 72 78 78 92 20 86 90 80 82 96 96 88 88 78 82 10 86 88 82 88 88 84 88 74 94 92 23 Table II. Per Cent of Viable Seeds. u M w »-3 Q M p H* p CD P H* 3 H- CD o S3 (- 1 ►4 CL P CL O CL CO H* K O. • 3' o 3 3 O o CL « Cl 3 O *4 << CD CO p — *• H- CD O 3 P M p H- a> b H* Co •i P Co O Co >-* to H- lO CO • P 4 H* o 3 P o a Co 4 5^ CO p O H- >-i << a> CO P «• H- CO c p > CO CO 10 ca W 3 a> 02 a o 1 a Q tej CO *o a> P* • o i o ►d H 30 Deg. C. 50$ moisture 68 62 65 52 57 58 50 54 56 61 40" " 42 44 41 48 60 50 57 48 51 61 30 69 33 35 42 42 50 54 59 61 58 20 60 54 68 62 70 60 56 63 73 63 10 66 64 55 65 49 63 69 60 63 59 25 " " 50 73 80 74 56 66 65 65 66 70 76 40 78 62 64 69 74 60 60 59 49 69 30 75 61 60 42 54 62 74 63 71 76 20 85 82 82 77 89 68 71 72 70 79 10 74 82 72 78 79 71 75 66 67 80 20 50 84 77 73 67 78 72 68 64 61 79 40 88 85 30 73 90 70 67 69 74 80 30 84 67 76 54 48 56 72 64 57 82 20 80 78 73 70 86 71 81 74 67 80 10 82 75 76 67 76 70 72 73 68 80 15 50 79 69 78 71 65 78 78 80 77 86 40 79 86 81 77 78 74 70 72 64 77 30 81 81 68 71 78 79 65 75 64 85 20 77 77 66 66 69 65 65 74 72 79 10 76 63 69 62 72 71 67 71 72 74 10 50 62 54 74 70 72 67 62 68 70 73 40 84 77 71 63 68 69 74 78 62 70 30 75 51 74 56 46 70 71 78 69 77 20 79 65 62 65 71 72 63 75 70 70 10 76 66 64 55 72 68 58 70 62 65 25 Table IV. Growth of Shoots in mm. n t.* 1 hi # H3 Q n g t— * P a P M a M* a> O 3 H 1 a. ** P Q. O ►1 CO H- *Q IN' D. . a' H o a p o a> Cu • Q. a O H- << § O Q a. ►d CD gf • o . S o • r-> • 30 Deg. G. 50$ moisture 133 184 184 148 154 171 158 131 162 177 40" " 113 134 101 126 128 152 163 134 147 150 30 178 93 73 110 88 117 152 176 155 140 20 150 163 168 170 144 137 134 147 138 132 10 144 157 116 146 97 144 147 153 141 112 25 " " 50 198 225 177 132 169 219 215 220 213 233 40 224 201 184 191 215 201 171 202 164 210 30 214 176 162 122 154 199 216 205 193 207 20 216 207 178 213 214 202 211 231 199 224 10 197 217 132 205 205 192 211 195 133 204 20 50 198 132 182 161 195 204 180 134 177 201 40 205 197 178 181 205 175 155 179 131 181 30 178 158 146 113 91 160 180 185 166 190 20 150 166 142 155 161 181 169 199 180 180 10 195 208 179 172 187 177 176 195 173 190 15 50 132 120 128 111 124 178 166 197 174 174 40 143 172 155 140 139 155 153 183 144 163 30 143 150 129 130 142 149 126 157 140 158 20 100 113 94 97 99 134 121 156 136 148 10 105 124 115 111 121 132 113 136 126 147 10 50 103 84 118 109 118 134 117 142 130 136 40 103 110 105 92 102 126 123 148 113 134 30 114 74 117 87 71 135 115 149 128 127 20 109 105 93 87 102 135 117 139 125 123 10 87 102 93 72 103 127 110 131 112 125 . ■ .... i : ■ 1 . 26 V DISCUSSION. All ten varieties of wheat seem to give high per cent of germination with 10, 20, 40 per cent soil moistures and at 10, 15, 20 Deg. C. The greatest variation seems to occur at 25 and 30 Deg. C. and with 50 and 50 per cent soil moisture. The per cent of germination of Turkey Fed (Plate II) is interesting especially at 30 Deg. C. A difference of 64 per cent is shown between the results with 10 (28$) and 50 (92 %) per cent soil moisture. The per cent of germination with 30 per cent soil moisture is high only at 15 Deg. C. The per cent of germination for Red Cross (Plate GG) with 30 per cent soil moisture is high only at 15 Deg. C. The per cent of germination is generally low with all soil moistures at 30 Deg. C. as can he seen for Indiana Swamp (Plate MM), Michigan Amber (Plate 00), Red Ware (Plate Q.Q.) , and World’s Champion (Plate SS) . Dawson’s Golden Chaff (Plate AA) has a high per cent of germination with 10, 20, 30, 50 per cent soil moisture at 30 Deg. C. and Illinois No. 1 (Plate CC) and Gladden (Plate KK) with three soil moist- ures, 10, 20, and 50 per cent soil moisture. The per cent of germination for World’s Champion (Plate SS) has only an average variation of 8 per cent between the different soil moistures at the same temperature. This would seem to show that in World’s Champion temperature is a more important factor in determining the per cent of germination than is soil moisture. The per cent of germination for Turkey Red (Plate II) has an average variation of 34 per cent between the different soil moistures at the same temperature. 27 Considering the performance of the varieties at the five soil moistures and five temperatures, Llarquis (Plate EE) and Dawson’s Golden Chaff (Plate AA) have 22 out the possible 25 above 79 per cent, Illinois No* 1 (Plate CC) and World’s Champ ion (Plate SS) have 20. Other varieties have few as Red Wave (Plate 0,0,) has only 5 and Indiana Swamp (Plate ISM) 6. This shows that some varieties are much better adapted to a wide range of soil moisture and of temperature conditions. The per cent of germination is four per cent higher in the seeds showing signs of vitality than the seeds having suffic- ient vigor to produce seedlings. There would probably be a much greater difference if compared with seeds germinated under con- ditions such as Plaster Paris blocks or Rag Dolls. Seedsmen frequently find that thru carelessness the var- iety names on seed in stock have been interchanged. Seedsmen sometimes try to introduce what they think is a new variety, but is really only an old variety renamed. Hew varieties must be tested for two years or more in field plots before they can be recommended for general use. Such considerations point out clearly the need for a method of making variety tests in the laboratory which will be rapid, and which can be done before seeding time. Such results should be collaborated by field tests. The germination results here given unquestionably show that some varieties can be distinguished by laboratory tests, however some can be distinguished with much less work than oth- ers. Thus Turkey Red (Plate II) might be identified from all the other varieties by comparing the per cent of germination at 30 Deg. C. with 10 and 50 per cent soil moisture, as only in •* r * ' . r ■>- ' ' 28 Turkey Red is there a difference of 64 per cent. This is per- haps the variety which can be most easily distinguished, but others could be as may be seen by an examination of the ger- mination results. VI CONCLUSIONS. The per cent of germination is high in Dawson’s Golden Chaff over a wide range of temperature and soil moistures. The per cent of germination is high for Illinois No. 1 with low moistures thruout all the temperatures, and high moistures at 15 and 20 Deg. C. The per cent of germination is high for Marquis thruout all moistures and temperatures except high moistures at 30 Deg. C. The per cent of germination is low for Red Cross under most of the moisture and temperature conditions. The per cent of germination is consistently high at low temperatures. The per cent of germination is high for Turkey Red with high or low moistures at low and medium temperatures. Except with high moistures, the per cent of germination is high for Gladden with all temperatures and with all moistures. The per cent of germination is high for Indiana Swamp at low temperatures. The per cent of germination is high for Michigan Amber at low temperatures. The per cent of germination is high for Red Wave at low temperatures and with low moistures. The per cent of germination is high for World's Champion at all temperatures, except 30 Deg. C., and with all moistures. , • w '' ,; . , 29 Acknowledgement . I find it a pleasant duty to acknowledge my gratitude to Professor Charles F. Hottes for his kindly advice, and for his continued interest and encouragement thruout the experimental work; I am also deeply indebted to him for the ideal he has shown me of how a teacher may take as much interest in anoth- er’s work as if it were his wwn. < 30 VII BIBLIOGRAPHY . 1. Appel, 0. and Gassner, C., 1907 Der Schadliche Einflusz zu h’oher Keimungstemperaturen auf die epatere Entwickelung^von Getreide-pflanzen . Mitt, Kais. Biol, Anstalt. fur Larab. und Fortwirt- schaft. 4:5. 2. Briggs, L. J. and Shantz, H, L., 1914 Water Requirement of Plants. Jour. Agr. Res. 3:0. 3. Briggs, L. J. and Shantz, H. L., 1911 A Wax Seal Method for Determining the lower limit of Available Soil Moisture. Bot. Gaz. 51:210. 4. Burl is on, W. L. and Stark, R. W. , 1919 Spring Wheat for Illinois, Univ. of 111. Agr. Exper. 8ta. Bulletin 214:317. 5. Call, L. E. and Hallsted, A. L., 1916 Relation between Humidity and Yield of Winter Wheat in Kansas. Internat. Rev. Sci. and Agr. 7:191. 6. Cannon, W. 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Seelhorst, C. von, t> 1900 Neurer Beitrage zur Frage des Einflusses des Wasser- gehalts des Bodens auf die entwicklung der Pflanzen. Jour, fur Landwirtschaft 48:165. 23. Seelhorst, C. von and Freckman, W. , 1903 Der Einfluss des Wassergehal tes des Bodens auf die Erten und die Ausbildung verschiedener Getreide-Var- i eta ten- Jour, fur Landw. 51:253. 24. Seelhorst, C. von and Krzymowski, Doctor, >( 1909 Die Bewurzelung verschiedener Sommerweizen-Varietaten Jour, fur Landw. 57:115. 25. Thatcher, R. W., 1911 Relation of Protein Content of Wheat to Rainfall. Amer. Soc. Agron. 3:42. 32 26. Tolsky, A., 1901 Influence of different Temperatures on the Growth of Roots. Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. 6:733. 27. Transeau, E. N., 1906 Bogs of Huron River. Bot. Gaz. 41:17. 28. University of Illinois, State Water Survey, 1915 Analysis of the Mineral Content of Tap Water of the University of Illinois. Lab. No. 30466. 29. Widtsoe, J. A., 1902 Irrigation Investigations, Utah Agr. Exper. Sta. 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