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 THE ILLINOIS-WABASH LAND 
 COMPANY MANUSCRIPT
 
 manuscript of the Illinois- 
 A Wabash Land Company was 
 recently purchased at an auction in 
 New York City. It is evidently 
 one of several copies made for the 
 various members of the company at 
 the time when the two companies, 
 the Illinois Land Company and the 
 Wabash Land Company, were 
 united. This reproduction has been 
 made for private circulation only, 
 and I take great pleasure in sending 
 it to you. 
 
 CYRUS H. McCoRMicK 
 
 November i, 1914 
 Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Copy No MU
 
 THE ILLINOIS-WABASH LAND 
 COMPANY MANUSCRIPT 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARENCE WALWORTH ALVORD 
 
 PRIVATELY PRINTED 
 
 By CYRUS H. McCORMICK 
 
 1915
 
 [A * " i 
 
 THE ILLINOIS -WAB ASH 
 LAND COMPANY 
 
 Trade and land-speculation! The story of these 
 activities contain the history of the early exploration 
 and colonization of western America. Such docu- 
 ments as the following, which have sprung out of the 
 very enterprises of nation-builders, tell this story so 
 teeming in interest and justify their preservation and 
 close study. In the acts here told and in others like 
 them is seen the germ of later vast enterprises which 
 have resulted in covering the almost deserted forests 
 and prairies of the Mississippi Valley with their popu- 
 lous cities, their lovely villages, and their wealthy farms. 
 The first men to find their arduous way across the 
 mountains, that vast buttress against the enterprise of 
 the British tide-water settlements, were hunters and 
 fur-traders, who were almost contemporary in their 
 undertakings. These brought back to the settle- 
 ments such glowing stories of the richness of the mid- 
 land valley that the land speculators were aroused to 
 energy and preceded the farmer in the mad rush west- 
 ward; and in many places along the Ohio and 
 Mississippi vasts tracts were covered with claims before 
 the first real home-builders drove their wagons or 
 guided their flat-boats to this Mecca of future hope.
 
 Who can measure the value to the West of the 
 labor of these enterprising speculators who by printed 
 pamphlet and spoken word have attracted the troops of 
 emigrants to seek out happier conditions? "Go West," 
 was the slogan which they cried; and their personal 
 gain or loss has resulted in the birth of many states. 
 
 If the complete history of these documents were 
 written, it would require many pages, because it 
 would develop into a treatise on the British land 
 system which cannot be understood without a disen- 
 tanglement of the chaotic politics of Great Britain 
 during the last half of the eighteenth century; but this 
 is neither the time nor place to enter into the many 
 complicated problems involved in such a study, and 
 it will be sufficient to give attention only to the most 
 conspicuous conditions and events. 
 
 To the numerous land speculators of Great Britain 
 and her colonies, the government seemed exceedingly 
 slow in determining the best means to employ in 
 developing the American West that had been ceded 
 by France in the Treaty of Paris of 1763; and, when 
 it was decided in London that expansion westward 
 should be gradual and only after the British Govern- 
 ment had duly purchased from the Indians their rights, 
 every speculator with his get-rich-quick scheme became 
 disheartened. The slow processes of British diplo- 
 macy did not offer much to satisfy their eager desires. 
 The Indian boundary lines which the British superin- 
 tendents ran during the years 1768-1770 along the 
 back of the colonies, opening up for immediate 
 settlement only part of western Pennsylvania, and 
 what is now West Virginia, cut off many a hope for 
 sudden wealth. It seemed that the British govern- 
 
 10
 
 ment was reserving the fair lands along the Ohio and 
 Mississippi to be the haunt of the red men and the 
 temporary sojourn of the fur-trader. 
 
 The first document in this volume, the opinion 
 of Lords Camden and Yorke, in regard to the 
 sovereignty of the Indian nations, aroused the land 
 speculators from their feeling of discouragement and 
 put new life into their schemes to exploit the West 
 which now seemed to lie open to them unprotected 
 by any imperial restriction. The history of this 
 opinion has, so far as is known, never been written. 
 In 1769 Samuel Wharton, a merchant of Philadelphia, 
 went to London in the interest of an association of 
 merchants who had suffered considerable losses at the 
 outbreak of the Indian war of 1763, known in history 
 as the Conspiracy of Pontiac. At the treaty of Fort 
 Stanwix in 1768, the Indians had been persuaded to 
 make a large grant of land in what is now West 
 Virginia in compensation for these losses, and Wharton 
 was sent to England by his partners to persuade the 
 ministry to issue letters-patent for this grant. In this 
 he did not succeed; but he wrote home that this 
 failure made no difference, because he had obtained 
 the opinion of Lord Camden and Lord Chancellor 
 Yorke as it is written in the following document. 
 The exact date of this opinion can not be established. 
 Charles Yorke was lord chancellor only a few days 
 before his death in January, 1770; and his mental 
 condition during that period was such that the opinion 
 must have been given some time previous to his 
 promotion. The date of the opinion, which was 
 wholy private, must, therefore, have been during the 
 year 1769. 
 
 1 1
 
 According to it any man or group of men could 
 purchase land directly from the Indian tribes which 
 were sovereign nations, and such titles would be 
 regarded as legal in the British courts. The opinion 
 was soon known in America, although Wharton tried 
 to keep it quiet; and it stirred up many an interest- 
 ing land scheme, among which are to be found those 
 of the Illinois Land Company and the Wabash Land 
 Company, later united into the Illinois-Wabash Land 
 Company, whose records are here illustrated. 
 
 Before this important event had taken place in 
 England, the country of Illinois had been the scene 
 of many interesting enterprises, that have a very direct 
 connection with this land speculation. 
 
 After the final occupation of the Illinois country 
 by the British troops in the fall of 1765, there was a 
 rush of traders into the region. The principal and 
 first firm to enter the eager competition for the 
 western fur-trade was that of Baynton, Wharton, and 
 Morgan of Philadelphia, who made elaborate prepar- 
 ations. In a letter from a member of the firm there 
 is found an estimate that over three hundred boat- 
 men were being employed by them to convey their 
 goods to Kaskaskia. These merchants were left only 
 a short time to enjoy their trade in peace. A Phila- 
 delphia and London firm, Franks and Company, 
 reached out also for this western trade; and for several 
 years there was a very bitter rivalry. Both firms tried 
 to obtain the concession to furnish the provisions for 
 the British troops in the country and both engaged 
 in extensive trading for furs. Baynton, Wharton, and 
 Morgan were the first also to attempt to gain a large 
 land grant in the Illinois, but in spite of the efforts 
 
 12
 
 of their representative in London, Benjamin Franklin, 
 they were unsuccessful; and since their trading venture 
 did not succeed, they gradually withdrew from the 
 country and left the field to their rivals. 
 
 The able representative of Franks and Company 
 at Kaskaskia was the William Murray who figures so 
 largely in the following documents. Concerning him 
 little is known. There are in existence, however, 
 several of his letters to his partners, which reveal him 
 as a man of pleasing personality and of jocose mood. 
 He calls himself at the time a merchant residing in 
 Philadelphia. He lived, however, several years in 
 Kaskaskia and left there finally two years before the 
 village was taken by the Virginians in 1778. From 
 his letters it is evident that his firm had not prospered 
 as the members had expected, and so they determined 
 on a bold venture. 
 
 Murray began the trip to Illinois, which ended in 
 the purchase of land by the Illinois Land Company 
 in the spring of the year 1773. From Pittsburg he 
 wrote to two of his partners, Bernard and Michael 
 Gratz, a letter in which he says that he had visited the 
 famous frontiersman and land speculator, George 
 Croghan, who, he writes, "assured me, That Lords 
 Camden and Yorke Personally Confirmed to him the 
 Opinion respecting Indian Titles, when C[rogha]n was 
 last in England. So Courage my Boys; I hope We shall 
 yet be Satisfied for our Past Vexations attending our 
 Concern in the Illinois. . . . Thos. Minshall, Capts. Col- 
 lander & Thompson and John Campbell have Signed 
 the Land Affair which makes twenty-two shares." 
 
 With light heart and in an optimistic mood, 
 William Murray shortly after set out on the Ohio 
 
 '3
 
 and reached his destination on June 11, as we learn 
 from a letter of Captain Hugh Lord, commandant 
 of Fort Gage in Kaskaskia village. Murray, upon his 
 arrival, showed the commandant a copy of the legal 
 opinion of the two noted jurists, but the captain does 
 not appear to have been frightened, for he informed 
 Murray that he "should not suffer him to settle any 
 of the lands as it was expressly contrary to his Majesty's 
 Orders;" but Murray's own narrative, as published in 
 one of the later pamphlets of the company, informs 
 us of his continued activities in spite of the hostile 
 attitude of the commandant. "In the month of 
 June, 1773," he writes, "I held several public con- 
 ferences with the several tribes of the Illinois Nations of 
 Indians, at Kaskaskia village; to all which conferences 
 I invited to be present, the British, officers and all the 
 inhabitants of the place, and a great number attended 
 accordingly." 
 
 He then goes on to relate how on July fifth he 
 entered into that agreement for himself and associates 
 with the chiefs of the Illinois Indians, a copy of which 
 may be found in the later pages. By this the Illinois 
 Land Company became the owner, under an Indian 
 title, of two large tracts of land, one on the Illinois 
 River and the other on the Ohio. This deed was 
 duly registered by the notary public at Kaskaskia 
 and was attested by Captain Hugh Lord, who reported 
 the sale immediately to his superiors with his own 
 adverse opinion. His prompt action led to some 
 correspondence and at length to instructions, which 
 belong to a later period of this story. 
 
 If the list of the members of the Illinois Land 
 Company is examined, it will be seen that they all
 
 belonged to the colony of Pennsylvania, where spec- 
 ulation in western lands had always been popular. 
 Still it was not to the authorities of that colony that 
 these men turned for assistance in making good their 
 title, but rather to the governor of Virginia, Lord 
 Dunmore. One of the reasons for this was that 
 Virginia's charter-claims extended over the Illinois 
 country; but probably of much greater importance 
 was the fact that Lord Dunmore's ambitions were 
 leading him to seek a fortune in land-speculation. 
 It was also probably well known to Murray and his 
 associates that Dunmore's chief legal adviser in his 
 western plans, Patrick Henry, shared the opinion of 
 Lords Camden and Yorke in regard to the sovereign 
 rights of Indians. 
 
 William Murray now became the prime mover 
 in the formation of a new land company, the later 
 Wabash Land Company, and the purpose of its 
 formation was to induce Lord Dunmore to give sup- 
 port to both enterprises. In a letter of May 16, 1774, 
 written at Philadelphia, Murray writes of both "the 
 old and new Affair," and again he writes, "Eight in 
 Maryland have signed to the new Affair." This "new 
 Affair" can only refer to the Wabash Land Company, 
 several members of which resided in Maryland, but 
 most important of all the leading member was John 
 Murray, Earl of Dunmore, governor of Virginia. 
 
 The occurrence of this name among the list of 
 members of the new company explains quite plainly 
 the petition of the Illinois Land Company which was 
 addressed to the Earl on April 19, 1774. The peti- 
 tion recites the circumstances of the purchase as they 
 have been here explained and prays that "your Lord-
 
 ship be pleased to take the petitioners and their 
 settlements into the protection of your Lordship's 
 Government of Virginia, and extend to them the 
 Laws and Jurisdiction of Your Colony Accordingly." 
 This petition Dunmore transmitted in May to Lord 
 Dartmouth, the secretary of state for the colonies, 
 with his most cordial recommendation. He writes: 
 "Whatever may be the Law with respect to the title, 
 there are, I think, divers reasons which should induce 
 His Majesty to Comply with the Petition, so far at 
 least as to admit the Petitioners and their Acquisitions 
 if not into this Government, into Some Other. . . . 
 I cannot then but think, that, Seeing there is no 
 possibility of setting bounds to the Settlements of the 
 Americans, it would tend most to the Advantage of 
 His Majesty and to preserve the peace and order of the 
 back Countries, that His Majesty should indulge the 
 views of Adventurers like the Present, who willingly 
 conform to Government." In a later letter Lord 
 Dunmore denied that he was in any way interested 
 in the Illinois speculation, which statement might be 
 regarded by a toughened conscience as true. Still the 
 Wabash plan was already launched and Dunmore's 
 name led all the rest. 
 
 The minister was not in a mood to receive the 
 advice of Lord Dunmore favorably. The problem 
 of the West had always been a perplexing one; but 
 in one view the ministers were unanimous, namely, 
 that no act should be tolerated which would tend to 
 arouse the Indians again; and they held that the per- 
 mission to form settlements west of the Indian 
 boundary line would be such an act. The first news 
 of William Murray's action was brought to the secre- 
 
 16
 
 tary for the colonies by General Gage, at the time 
 in England. The result was a letter of censure to 
 Lord Dunmore and instructions to the acting com- 
 mander-in-chief in America to prevent the undertak- 
 ings of Murray and his associates. A quotation from 
 the commander's letter to Captain Hugh Lord at the 
 Illinois will illustrate the situation: "Having laid 
 before His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for 
 America, your report to me of the transactions of 
 several persons, who in contempt of the King's Pro- 
 clamation herewith sent, have unwarrantly purchased 
 from the Indians such lands as are undoubtedly 
 intended to be reserved to them, and were never to 
 be acquired but under the Sanction of Government; 
 it is with great pleasure that I can communicate to 
 you his Lordship's Approbation of your commendable 
 attention to the very extraordinary attempts to acquire 
 a title to the possession of lands in a part of the 
 Country where all new settlement has been forbidden 
 by the King's said proclamation. 
 
 you will therefore take all opportunities to acquaint 
 the Indians with this, His Majesty's concern for their 
 happiness and welfare, in preventing persons taking 
 advantage of them and purchasing the lands which it 
 is the King's determined resolution to reserve to them, 
 and to prevent as much as lays in your power any 
 purchase so contrary to the Royal will and regula- 
 tions * * * and that his Majesty's new Subjects may 
 not be deceived and persuaded to act contrary to the 
 intent of it, JV. e. the proclamation}^ you will be pleased 
 to order the Notary Public to erase from his Registers 
 any of the proceedings relative to the purchase already 
 made and publicly to protest against them, and to 
 
 '7
 
 declare all that has been or may be done hereafter 
 relative to it void and of non-effect." 
 
 Not satisfied with this mere prohibition the min- 
 istry determined to remove the whole Northwest from 
 the danger of such lawless attempts. The news of 
 Murray's purchase arrived in England at the time when 
 the ministry had under consideration some important 
 changes in the constitution of the colony of Canada 
 and also at a time when the lack of government in 
 Illinois was forcibly called to their attention by a 
 petition of the Illinois French. The necessity of pro- 
 tecting the lands of the Indians from speculators 
 appeared to them of sufficient importance to justify 
 uniting the Illinois issue with the Canadian. The 
 result was the well-known Quebec Bill of 1774 which 
 extended the newly formed government of Canada to 
 the unsettled prairies of the Old Northwest; and it 
 was hoped in London that the new government would 
 prevent illegal settlement on the banks of the Ohio 
 and Mississippi rivers. 
 
 Meanwhile the news of the opinion of Lords 
 Camden and Yorke had become more generally known 
 to the land speculators and many purchases of land 
 were proposed and some were actually made from the 
 Indians, the most notable being that of Kentucky 
 and part of Tennessee by Richard Henderson and 
 Company of North Carolina. In the Illinois, Murray's 
 example was almost immediately followed by a couple 
 of Frenchmen who made a large purchase from the 
 tribe of the Mitchigami. The plans of the company 
 of which Lord Dunmore was a member were also 
 carried out and the record of their purchase forms one 
 of the following documents. 
 
 18
 
 That Captain Hugh Lord obeyed his commander's 
 orders to annul the purchase by the Illinois Land 
 Company we are informed by Murray, who writes: 
 "About eighteen months subsequent to this transac- 
 tion General Gage ordered the same commanding 
 officer to convene the Indian chiefs afresh, after I 
 purchased the lands, and to inform them: <That not- 
 withstanding the sale they had made, and the con- 
 sideration they had received, that they might hold 
 those lands, and that they were still their property.' 
 
 "After some deliberation, the chiefs replied, 'That 
 they thought what the Great Captain said was not 
 right; that they had sold the lands to me and my 
 friends not for a short time, but, as long as the sun 
 rose and set; * 
 
 That I had paid them what they had agreed for and 
 to their satisfaction and the more than they had 
 asked for." 
 
 Such a reply was naturally very satisfactory to the 
 speculators; and in September, 1775, William Murray 
 commenced negotiations at Vincennes with the chiefs 
 of the Piankashaw and.Wea tribes "with the same 
 caution, deliberation and form observed as in the first 
 land purchase." This time he allowed his partner, a 
 Frenchman of Kaskaskia, Louis Viviat, to act as the 
 agent; and he succeeded on October 18, 1775, in 
 consummating a purchase from the Indians of two 
 large tracts of land, one above and one below the 
 village of Vincennes. This deed was also duly reg- 
 istered by a notary at Kaskaskia. 
 
 The outbreak of the Revolutionary War changed 
 the whole condition in the West, which became the 
 scene of the murderous attacks of the savages and of 
 
 19
 
 the dramatic defense of their feeble settlements by the 
 frontiersmen. The destiny of the West remained in 
 the balance till the very end, when fate decreed that 
 a new nation should control the region. 
 
 One very dramatic western event belongs to this 
 period. The occupation of the Illinois country by 
 the Virginians under George Rogers Clark is so well 
 known in history and novel that the event does not 
 need to be described here; but the expedition of 
 Clark was not wholly unrelated to the actions illus- 
 trated by these documents, nor were the men 
 connected with the two land companies wholly 
 uninterested spectators of the deeds of Clark. Although 
 the proof of their direct influence upon the expedition 
 of that bold Virginian hangs upon a weak and 
 tortuous line of reasoning, yet the writer of this 
 introduction, who has long and carefully investigated 
 the men and measures of the West, is convinced that 
 the account which follows is approximately true. 
 
 In 1776 William Murray went to New Orleans 
 and was there when some Virginians under Captain 
 Gibson came down the Mississippi River to purchase 
 powder for the colonies from the Spaniards. The 
 expedition did not ascend the river until the spring 
 of 1777. With it went two letters. One we know 
 was written by William Murray to his brother Daniel 
 at Kaskaskia, wherein the latter was instructed to be 
 prepared to assist any company of Americans who 
 might come. The other letter, of which we know 
 very little, was to a merchant of Kaskaskia, Thomas 
 Bentley, from which he learned that spies were to be 
 sent to the village to investigate the conditions. A 
 few weeks later such spies were actually sent by 
 
 20
 
 George Rogers Clark. Here is certainly a connec- 
 tion between William Murray and Clark. 
 
 There is also some evidence of an eastern connec- 
 tion between the land companies and Clark, although 
 the character of the connection is very difficult to 
 discover. The governor of Virginia at the time was 
 Patrick Henry who had been the right hand man and 
 chief adviser of Lord Dunmore in all his western 
 enterprises. It was before Henry that Clark laid his 
 plans for the taking of the Illinois posts; and, when 
 he had successfully persuaded the governor to give 
 his consent to them he wrote triumphantly in his 
 diary: "taken in partnership by his Excellency P. 
 Henry in taking a Body of Land." Although we 
 know no more about this partnership, it seems very 
 probable that, when land speculation was being dis- 
 cussed, the purchase of the two land companies, so 
 well known to Henry, must have entered into the 
 conversation. It must be remembered, however, that 
 there is no evidence that Governor Henry ever had 
 any direct connection with either of the companies. 
 
 That the companies were carefully watching the 
 events in the West is shown by the immediate appear- 
 ance of their representative William Murray at the 
 capital of Virginia, as soon as Clark's success was 
 known, to petition the legislature to allow their pur- 
 chases. Virginia was not prepared, however, to grant 
 such a request and, in fact, prohibited all settlement 
 north of the Ohio River until the war was closed. 
 
 From the later documents it will be seen that 
 the two companies were united and preparations were 
 made to push their claims, but for the purposes of 
 this introduction the later history of the Illinois- 
 
 21
 
 Wabash Land Company need not be given in detail. 
 From scattered notices, it is evident that some few 
 settlers were actually sent by the company to Vin- 
 cennes. It is also well known that the company 
 pressed its suit before the Continental Congress, and 
 later before the Congress of the United States, but 
 all without success. Thus the purchases by the com- 
 pany came to naught; but the enterprise itself was 
 not without significance, for the Illinois -Wabash 
 Land Company was one of the first great companies, 
 some successful, some unsuccessful, which have aided 
 in the settlement of the West. William Murray, 
 whose name is almost unknown in history, was but 
 the prototype of hundreds who have followed his 
 example; and his name should be linked with those 
 of his contemporaries, Richard Henderson and George 
 Morgan, who, though unsuccessful, were pioneer 
 promoters of settlement on a large scale in the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley. 
 
 22
 
 FAC-SIMILE OF 
 
 THE ILLINOIS-WABASH LAND 
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 IN THE POSSESSION OF 
 
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